Present Day Political Organization of China

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CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE

THE GIFT OF

CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1676 1918

-

Cornell University Library

JQ 1508.B85 1912 Present day

political

organization of C)i

3 1924 023 317

138

Do

Circulate

Cornell University Library

The

original of this

book

is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in

the United States on the use of the

text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023317138

/%/,-

Present Day Political Organization of China. Changes

effected

during this volume's

journey

through the press and alterations made thereafter will be issued in the form of a Supplement.

The May, 1912.

Translators^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA BY

H.

S.

Brtjnnert and V. Y. Hagelstrom STUDENT-INTEEPEETERS OE THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEKING

REVISED BY N. Th.

KOLESSOFF

CHINESE SECRETARY OF THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN LEGATION, PEKING

TRANSLATED FROM THE

RUSSIAtsT

WITK THE authors' SANCTIOX BY

A. H.I.K.M.

E. E.

BELTCHENKO

CONSUL AT FOOCHOW

MORAN,

;

AND

Fh. B. (yale)

OF THE CHINESE IMPERIAL MARITIME CUSTOMS SERVICE

SHANGHAI

:

KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED HONGKONG

SINGAPORE 1912

YOKOHAMA

%.

Vl 362

Ov

TRANSLATORS' NOTE. Since

the issue

of

the

original

edition

the

of

"Present Bay

Political

Organization of China," in May, 1910, numerous and varied

changes

have

establishments Secretariat

been effected in China's government system.

and posts have

and the Ministry

re-organized, while

been

of Civil

abolished,

Many

such as the Grand

Appointments

;

some have been newly-mstituted,

others have been for instance, the

Cabinet and the Privy Council.

These changes and modifications, thanks to the untiring energy

of

Messrs. Brunnert and Hagelstrom, the joint-authors of the " Present

Day

Political Organization of China,"

have been incorporated ui the

text of this translation or are separately treated in the Supplement.

The translators

who

kuidly

tender their heartiest thanks to Mr. H.

checked the translation with the

S.

Brunnert,

original text,

Mr. E. T. C. Werner, H. B. M. Consul at Foochow,

and

interest in re-reading the manuscript.

A. B.

Foochow, 15th August, 1911.

to

for his kindly

BELTOHENKO. MORAN.

PEEFAOE "

The

has

it

activity for reform in Cliiiia has of late

affected

various

branches of the

—an

organization of the State

making way

become so intense that

for another, based, for the

most

and the old

Grovernment,

inheritance of grey antiquity part,

on

—

is

gradually

principles brought

China from other countries.

to

"

An

Imperial Edict stated that

it

was necessary

for

China

to

become

a Constitutional State and, conforming to this, there began a radical

demolition of existing institutions or their adjustment to a new govern-

ment organization.

The system

of competitive examinations for literary

was abolished, and the

degrees, held periodically, existing long since,

Grovernment

is

now occupied

in the organization of a net of schools,

where the younger generation may study sciences as in Europe, America

and Japan. " There judicial

is

being gradually introduced the principle of separation of

and administrative

authorities

and throughout the whole of

China new judicial establishments are making their appearance, organized on the European model. "

The

Police have been organized on

new

and the prisons

lines

reformed. "

With the

carried out a

object of strengthening the national power there

scheme for the organization of an

array,

is

being

and measures are

being taken to re-create a navy.

" The Bannermen, up to now a favoured

class, are

being gradually

placed on an equal footing with the mass of the population and are, bit

by

bit, losing

the privileges obtained three centuries ago.

" In the various towns and villages the Government

is

striving by

every means to inculcate the principles of local self-government.

"

The population

is

acquainted with the principles of representative

government and an assembly beginning

to

government "

be

a

organization,

deliberative

the

for

discussion

oi

affairs.

The whole country watches with

the Grovernment in

means

the people has been called, in the

of

strained attention the activity of

the enlargement and improvement of

its efforts for

and commerce, the

of communication, the fostering of industry

reinforcement of the colonization on the borders, and, finally,

its

measures

looking towards the placing of the control of the finances of the Empire in the

—

hands of one responsible establishment

the Ministry of Finance.

" In connection with general reforms the Grovernment a practice of centralization of power

phenomenon, was

and abolition

and irresponsible master and

government

At the same time

Government a

part of the Chinese

abnormal

of that

there

official

Central Govern-

ruler, to the

ment appertaining a general supervision and the right provincial ofiicials only.

materiaUzing

by which the highest provincial

historically formed,

its full

is

of appointment of

is

observed on the

policy of entire re-organization of the

of the dependencies, looking towards their gradual conver-

sion into actual provinces of China.

"Although

all

the proposed reforms are, so far, not completed,

nevertheless, the achievement in this direction has greatly altered the political

organization

of

entirely abolished, others

some have

the

country.

Many

institutions

have been re-organized on new

have been lines,

while

just been called into existence.

"For everyone

interested

the

in

life

attentively all the reforms in progress, it

and important to know, at

is,

of

China,

and following

of course, very interesting

least in general, the internal organization of

the old, the reformed, and the newly-organized institutions.

" Until lately there was no dearth of works in European languages furnishing copious information in this direction. " Every student of Chinese

known work

of

W.

is

F. Mayers,

acquainted, of course, with the well"

The Chinese Government," a work

enjoying a well-deserved reputation in the sinological world and, as a classic, unique in its genre, which, notwithstanding its small size, gives in a very concise form a mass of information and acquaints the reader

with the government organization of China as substantial changes, for a long period.

it

existed,

with

no

"

A

good sequel to the work

W.

of

Hoang (from

rAdministration," by P.

F. Mayers

" jVlelanges

is

siu'

"Varietes Hino]ogi(|ues,")

series

which, though not a systematic exposition,

gives

much

information

concerning the poUtical organization of China, gathered from Chinese sources chiefly.

" It first

in

is

to be regretted that both

works mentioned above, edited, the

1890 (3rd edition) and the second

obsolete

and hence

their use

1902, are

in

now

largely

by persons unable to follow the reforms in

China presents great inconvenience.

"The Trade and

Administration of the

H. B. Morse, issued in 1908, a masterpiece

the present go^'ernment organization of China

we

Empire," by

Chinese

in all other respects,

where

is

treated, does nothing,

regret to say, but disseminate the information

already compiled by

W.

F. Mayers, presenting nothing new in the literature on this subject.

"The

"Pekinger Zentralregierung," by Dr. Hauer, and

articles

" Die Provianzial behorden," by Dr. Betz, in " Mittheilungen des Seminars

fur OrientaMsche

Sprachen an der KonigUchen Friedrich-Wilhelms-

Jahrgang XII,"

Universitiit zu Berlin, first

and only attempts

to

organization of China from the

" In

Russia

our

we

are aware, the

of the

administrati"\'e

are, so far as

draw a general picture

latest sources of information.

and

venerable

P. S. Popoff, following attentively

respected

all

sinologue.

movements

Professor

in China, did

not

permit that part of which we are spealcing to escape him and in his

work " GrQvernment Organization tration," St.

China and Branches of Adminis-

of

Petersburg, 190M, Supplement, St. Petersburg, 1909, in a

compact form but, nevertheless, of

sufficient

fullness,

tlie

ordinary

reader (the book was chiefly intended for the use of the students of the Professor

—students

Petersburg

of

the

University)

is

Oriental

made

Languages Section

acquainted

with

organization, as well as with the latest reforms affecting

" the

On

the

of

the

St.

government

it.

the one hand, the obsoleteness of some works, on the other,

insufficiency

of

the

information

suppUed

(for

those

who

are

constrained to a close acquaintance of the complicated mechanism of the government establishments of China), encouraged us to devote part of

our leisure to the study,

from Chinese

undertaken by China during the past ten years. t

sources,

of

the

reforms

"As judgment

we hoW present

a result of our labours

of Russian students of Chinese,

inexactitudes and

this

whose remarks

book to the

as to mistakes,

received imperfections in general will be gratefully

and, should a subsequent edition be needed, taken into consideration. " Invaluable assistance was rendered us by Mr.

N. Th.

Chinese Secretary of the Imperial Eussian Legation, placed at our disposal his numerous

Kolessoti,

who not only

manuscripts but, also, undertook

the heavy task of scrutinizing the text from beginning to end and corrected numerous errors therein, for which

we

express our sincere

and

grateful thanks.

" In conclusion

we

His Excellency J. J.

consider

it

our duty to express our gratitude to

Korostovetz, Imperial Russian

Envoy Extra-

ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, to whose keen interest and moral

support the issue of this volume

is

greatly due."

H. V.

Peking,

28i!A

March, 1910.

BRUNNERT. HAGELSTROM.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGK.

PART

I

:

—The Emperor and the Imperial Court.

Government Estabhshments

Metropolitan

(Ministries excepted).

The Emperor and the Imperial Court

1

-

Establishment (Palace) of Princes of the Blood

10>

Eunuchs

10-

-

11

The Imperial Clan Court The Imperial Household The Imperial Equipage Department

-

13 35.

Eegency

-

-

39'

-

Parliament

40.

Council of State

41

Grand

Secretariat or Imperial Chancery

43.

46

Committee of Ministers

Committee for Drawing up Regulations

Government

;

The National Assembly and Committee

for Revising

for Constitutional

47

and Information Bureaux

Statistical

'

Provincial Assemblies

and Compiling

Civil

and Criminal 69'

Codes General Staff of the

Army

-

Commission for the Reorganization of the

Navy and

Naval Council of the

Committee in charge of

Construction "

of

Historiographical Commission

68 68

-

the

Imperial

70

Mausoleum " Ch'ung Ling

The National Academy The Censorate

64

Banner Organization

The Anti-Opium Commission

61

the

-

Commission for the Revision

Supreme Court

52'

-

71

72

-

75

-

of Justice

79'

-

Imperial Board of Astronomy [

-

i

]

-

82:

:

TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAET

I

page

:—continued.

The Imperial Medical Department

85

Board of Customs Control

86

The Imperial Maritime Customs

88

PART

:—Ministries

II

(Boards).

97

Ministries (Boards) in General

104

'Ministry of Foreign Affairs

"Ministry of Civil Appointments Ministry of the Interior

- Ministry

-

114

-

115

118

of Finance

-Ministry of Rites

-

-Ministry of

War

138

-

147

Ministry of Justice

-Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce ''Ministry of Posts '

152

and Communications

157

Ministry of Dependencies

160

Police

167

A.

Metropolitan Police

B.

Provincial Police

167 172

Police Schools

.

Local Self-government

-

-

Committee of the

185

for the Reorganization of the Financial Affairs

Empire

Branch Of&ces

of the

186

Committee

for the Reorganization of

the Financial Affairs of the Empire

Banks (Government and

others)

-

Mints Office for the Collection of Excise

Office of the

I88 I89

.

WSn

173 174

General Census

Head

124 131

'Ministry of Education

J

on Native Opium

93

194

Customs and Octroi of Peking at the Ch'uno-

Gate

Native (Land) Customs

.

Government Granaries

-

Financial College

195 jgg igg

197 [

ii

J

TABLE or CONTENTS. PART

II -.—continued.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART

PAftE

II .—continued.

A.

SMn

B.

Chien Ch'a T'ing or Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices

C.

Prisons

P'an T'ing or Judicial Establishments

Colonization

Railways

Commerce

PART

III

:

354

-

357

-

-

-

365 369

-

-

-

-

372'

-

.

-

-

373-

Telegraphs and Telephones of Communications

-

-

-

346-

353-

-

-----------

Agriculture, Industry and

Bank

-

—Metropolitan Prefecture and Manchuria, Provincial

Administration and Dependencies of China.

Peking and the Metropolitan Prefecture

-

-

-

377

Grovernment of Manchuria

-

-

-

-

334

Provincial Administration

-

-

-

-

395-

-

-

-

395'

A.

Higher Administration

B.

Local

-

Administration

(of

Departments and Districts)

The Dependencies

Sub-

----------

prefectures,

-

-

425'

-

-

-

433,

-

-

-

-

441

-

Administration of " Native " Districts Eastern Turkestan

Prefectures,

of the

Empire

439,

A.

Mongolia

B.

K'uk'unor (Kokonor)

-

-

-

463.

G.

Tibet and the Lamaist Hierarchy

-

-

465.

-

-

481

-

-

434

.

-

490,

442-

PART IV :—Appendix. Specially

Deputed

Officials

-

-

Establishments Abolished or Reorganized

Honorary Titles

-

-

Hereditary Ranks

and

Titles

-

of

Honour;

Posthumous

Titles

492-

Distinctions for Merit

-

-

-

.

-

Decorations

-

-

-

-

.

-499'

The Government

Service

-

-

-

.

.

Supplement. Alphabetical Index of Chinese Characters.

Sources of Information.

[

iv

]

497 504

PART

I

.

THE EMPEROR AND THE IMPERIAL COIJRT METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT

ESTABLISHMENTS (Mi]sriSTB,iES

excepted)

THE EMPEROR AND THE IMPERIAL COURT.

1

^^ Huang''

.

^±

Ti*,

The Emperor.

Huang= Shang"; Jh Shang^ Tzu^ the Son of Heaven.

T'ien^

^ ^ 1^ |g Tangi

Yeh^

Chini Fo=

Ordinary designation,

Title

of

Popular

the

^

respect,

Buddha

:f-

appellation,

of the present

^ ^ Sheng^ ^ ^ ^.

^

Also J- Chu= Tzu^ the Master, Lord ; Chu', the August Master, or Lord. In addresses, day.

Wan^

Lord of Ten Thousand Years f^ "fT Pi* Your Majesty (literally, beneath the footstool). The Emperor usually designates himself by the term Chen*, I, Sui* Yeh^,

;

Hsia*,

^

We.

A

symbol

the

of

Emperor's

mythological animal, the Dragon.

dignity

(Jhina

in

taining to the

Emperor

H^

Tso*, the Emperor's (Dragon) Throne, etc.

Lung'

Since 1644 the

dynasty has reigned this

styled f| Lung^,

±'M

in

^J]

China

;

Ta*

Dragon

known from

Ch'ing^ Oh'ao^ or

Manchu

the present Emperor, the tenth of

I^,

^ ^^ Hsiian' T'mig' and His ^ ^ Kuang^

his reign as

Emperor

a

for instance,

;

He

House, has reigned since the 22nd January, 1909.

of the late

P'u'

is

is

Therefore, everything apper-

Hsii*.

is

real

the

is

nephew

name,

^^

ceased to exist for his subjects on the daj- he ascended

the throne. lA.

Tsou'. the Heir

ffi

M ^ g fl ^

Kungi Hsing'

Performing duties at the Yii Ch'ing Palace (Palace

Apparent

;

the instruction of the 1

Tsai* Yii* Ch'ing*

see

No. 104a).

Emperor (j^ [

1

^^^ ]

of

This expression refers to

Shou* Huang^ Ti*

^

^^

-^

;

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

2

Tu^), for which diity

to

and most learned

5

Emperor

late

it is

customaiy to appoint the most worthy

^ |f

there were appointed the late

Kuang Hsu

Assistant

Grand Secretary

in 1904),

and the

^

^ Weiig^

IgJ

T'ung^-ho^^ (deceased

M^M S™^

Chia'-nai*

Emperor has been

entrusted,

Grand Secretary

late

Thus, as tutors of the

the Empire.

officials of

(deceased in November, 1909).

The

instruction of the reigning

by Edict of the Empress Dowager,

^ t^

Lung^ Yu\ dated the the National Academy,

10th July, 1911, to the Chancellor of

Grand Secretary P^ ?i j^ Lu* J^ln*-hsiang^ Vice-President (of Lieutenanta Ministry) ES fg Ch'tn' Pao'-ch'eni, and Deputy

^

General

^

|^ iH

I'

The latter is specially entrusted Emperor in the Manchu language and

K'o*-t'an^

with the instmction of the literature (^1 fg 2.

tion,

4*

^

jf

^ Kuo^

Yii^ Ch'ingi

Wen=).

jn Huang^ Hou*, The Empress.

^ Chung'

Kungi, the Central Palace (from her place

^ ^ Kuo^ Mu',

Title of respect,

of residence).

Literary designa-

ilother of the

State.

When by

are

there

impresses

t^vo

their places of residence

one

;

they

styled

is

distinguished

are

^g

Tung' Kung\

g

Hsi' Kimg' (the Empress occupying the and the other @g occupying the West Palace). the Empress and Palace East 3-

iK.

±

the Emperor. titles

^%

"I''"''

Also

are used only

;i[C

Shang* Huang"^ Ti\ the Father of

± :^

Shang* Hiiang^

T'ai*

when the Emperor's father

is

alive

These during

his son's reign. 4.

§. the Empress

^ jp

Huang^

of a deceased

T'ai^

Hou^, the Empress Dowager

Emperor.

The Empress Consort of Hsii'' is now known, from her

the late title

Emperor

^ -^ Kuang' ^ |g Lung'

of respect, as

Yii* 5-

:*:

^:

>fc

Empress Dowager.

jg

T'ai*

This

title

[

Huang"

T'ai*

HouS

the

Great

was bestowed after the death of 2

]

PEESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Emperor j^ |f Kuang^ Hsii^, which took place on the 14th Tzu' Hsi^ in order that November, 1908, on the Empress ^,

to

she might be distinguislied from the Empress of the preceding

13

the

H

Emperor 6.

No.

{see

4).

^ ft ^B Huang'

Knei' Fei', Imperial Concubine of

A

concubine of the second rank (see No. 7)

may be advanced by

imperial favour to this rank and, especially

the First Rank.

in

the event of giving birth to a

the

son,

having borne none, a concubine of the

first

Empress Consort

rank

may be

raised to

the position of Empress Consort. 7.

g ^B

Kuei'' Fei',

Imperial Concubine of the Second

Rank. Fei*, Imperial

Concubine of the Third Rank.

8.

^B

9.

1^ Pin', Imperial Concubine of the Fourth Rank.

10.

^\

Kuei* Jen^, Imperial Concubine

of

Fifth

the

Rank.

^

Female and ffi Ch'ang" Tsai*, Jg Ta' Ying= These may be elevated to the rank Attendants of the Emperor. 11.

^

of concubine.

In addition there are

^^

Shih^ Nii', Serving

Women

of

the Imperial Family. 12.

:*:

^

T'ai*

the Heir Apparent. designation,

Tzu= or

^

;^

Huang'

T'ai*

# ^ % ^ Ch'u= Chun', and Tzu^

Shih*

Also called

^. f^ Huang' Ch'u',

^

Tzu',

literary

-^

g

Tungi Kungi. Emperors

of the reigning dynasty,

presumably fearing the

have not, organisation of parties and intrigues for the succession, as a rule, appointed the

Heir Apparent duruig

their lifetime.

must be of the a general ride the Heir Apparent following that of

the

Exceptions to

Emperor.

noticed, however, as the

^'M Mu*

Emperor [

3

]

As

generation

this

may

be

Tsung' (1862-

Q

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ ^ Te" Tsung' ^ Tsai').

(1875-1908) were of

13

1875) and the Emperor

to

the same generation (of

16

^ ^ Huang^ Tzu', Prince, Son of an Emperor conversation ^ A* Ko*; further distinguished by ^ Ta*,

(in

13.

|ipl

and by numerals).

great, eldest,

of an

Emperor

^^

Ch'ini

This

title is

applied to the sons

such time as they receive princely rank,

until

Wang',

literary designation,

^ gg

Wang'

i.e.

Ti' or

BgTi*.

^ it Kungi Chu',

1^-

Emperor.

This

is

Imperial Princess

;

Daughter

of

an

the general designation.

^ &^

Ku^ Empress are called |3 Lun' Kungi Chu' (from the Manchu word Gurun, the equivalent Princesses born to an

Chinese Kuo, meaning State); those born to Imperial

of the

©Si

Concubines are called ^U the Manchu word Hoshe, Princesses retain these 1^-

^

ift

Ho'' She*

meaning

titles after

Kung^ Chu' (from

appanage).

Imperial

marriage.

E^ Fu*, Husband of an Imperial Princess (in

former dynasties the designation was Kf ,^ Fu* Ma^).

Conforming

to the

husbands are styled 1-

2. 3-

4. 5. 6. 7.

89-

16-

rank of the Imperial Princesses, their

:

m^mWi Kui Lun' Fu*, fO 51 H M Ho' She* E* FuS ^MW.M To^ Lo' E« Yn\ @ UJ ^ m Kui Shani E* Fu*, ± §1 m Chiin* Chu' E* FuS SS i M if Hsien* Chu' E* Fu*, ^ H if Chun* Chiini E* Fu*, !i ^ ^ if Hsien* Chun* t* Fu*, and ® ^ ^ if Hsiangi Chiini E* Fu*. «| ^ S Ho' She* Ch'ini Wang', Prince ]£*

gI5

115

ffl

Blood of the

first

degree.

C

4

]

of

the

PHESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CniNA.

This

title,

Manchus and Mongols

^^

I'i'-

conferred on

17

on kinsmen of the Imperial House.

^q

as well as the eleven following, are

SI5

only,

I

i.e.

To^ Lo^ Chiin^

Wang^

Prince

of

the

Blood of the second degree.

PM.^W\'^°^

18.

Pei>

Lo'^

L^S Prince

Blood

of the

of the third degree. 19-

UJ

M ^

Shan' Pei^

Kii^

Prince

Tzu',

of the

Blood of the fourth degree.

^ M II S S" i'eng^ Eni

20.

Chen* Kuo^ Kungi, Prince

of the Blood of the fifth degree.

^

21-

,i!,

ffl

S Feng*

gl

En' Fu' Kuo' KungS Prince

of the Blood of the sixth degree.

AA^

22. ::T; il ^ 5^ Pu^ Ju* Pa* Fen^ Oh^n* Kuo» Kung', Prince of the Blood of the seventh degree.

S

AA^

Pu* .111* Pa* Fen^ Fu» Kuo* fi la T: Kung^, Prince of the Blood of the eighth degree. 23.

24.

II

^

Hf

^

the Imperial lineage

Chgn* Kuo' Chiang' Chuni, Noble of This

of the ninth rank.

^ Teng^ 25. H ^ JH ?

title

of three

is

classes,

Imperial lineage classes,

of

Fu' Kuo^ Chiangi

the

Chiini,

This

Noble of the of

three

Kuo^ Chiangi Chun\ Noble

of the

rank.

tenth

title

is

^ Teng'

26.

$

a

J^

? Feng*

Imperial lineage of the eleventh rank.

^ Teng'. 27. $ ^ ^ Feng* £n'

This

title

is

of three

classes,

,§,

Chiangi Chiini,

jijo^jig

^f the

Imperial lineage of the twelfth rank.

27a.

S

sixth degree

Dynasty

Kungi, Princes of the Blood bear the

(State), and

titles |ffl[

^

^^

fifth

and

Chen* Kuo', Guarding the

Fu' Kuo', Assisting the Dynasty

(State). [

of the

5

]

27*

—

.

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 27b

The

distinction

'^KA^ P"* Ju^ Pa^ Fen=

in the title of

Princes of the Blood of the seventh and eighth degrees signifies that eight special privileges, allowed the Princes of the Blood of the

These privileges are

degrees, are denied them.

first six

:

1

The wearing

of a purple button,

2.

The wearing

of the three-eyed peacock feather,

3.

The wearing

of dragon embroidered plaques on official

The presence

of red-painted spears at the entrances of

dress, 4.

their residences, 5.

The attachment

6.

The using

of purple bridle reins,

The using

7.

servant

of tassels at the breasts of their horses,

of a certain

tea-pot (carried

by a

special

when going abroad),

The

8.

right to a small carpet of yellow or red colour for

seating themselves.

7^

"M-

Chiang' Chijn^, Nobles of the Imperial lineage, are

distinguished in the several grades

by the

Kuo', Guarding the Dynasty (State), the Dynasty (State) (State), and

^

,§t

^

^

Feng*

Feng*

filn^

The above-mentioned

By

titles

An

Serving the Dynasty

Imperial Favour. {see

For

transmitted in a descending scale. L6*'s eldest son becomes a

^^

Kvio^,

^

titles |g Chen* Fu' Kuo^ Assisting

^ Jp Pei'

Nos.

16

to

instance, a

27)

are

^^

Pei^

Tzu'.

exception to this rule appears, however, in those cases in

H ^

which the

titles are conferred it Shih* Hsi^ Wang' T'i*, |^ with Right of Perpetual Inheritance (for instance, the eldest son

of the Princes

^

^

Ch'un^

Kungi and

g Ch'ing* succeeds

to

father's rank).

27b. Imperial

The

following

titles of nobility

table

shows the

method

in

which

are transmitted to following generations: [

6

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. B

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

28 tQ

gy

28. first

? Shih^ Tzu', Son of a Prince of the Blood of the

-fg-

Designated thus until the

degree {see No. 16).

Prince

is

The

attained.

colloquial designation

title

A* Ko*.

is PrJ |§-

of a Prince of the Blood of

-^ :f Chang' Tzu', Son Designated thus until the

29.

the second degree {see No. 17). of

of

Prince

is

The

attained.

colloquial

designation

is

PBI

title

^

A^ Ko^ 30.

± Chiin* Chu^ Daughter of a Prince of the Blood

US

of the first degree {see

No.

16).

'^-^ Hsien* Chu^, Daughter

31.

of a Prince of the

Blood

of the second degree {see No. 17). 32. 8f5 %X Chiin* Chun^ Daughter of a Blood of the third degree {see No. 18).

II© Hsien^

33.

Chiin',

of the fom-th degi'ee {see

34.

©

^|!

Blood of the 35.

Hsiang'

i^ Ko"*

Daughter

Ko'',

Daughter

of a

Prince of the

thus

are designated,

in

colloquial

daughters of Princes of the Blood of the

They

first six

are fiu-ther distinguished as

:

ffl

® ^ I& Ho' She" Ko* Ko*, Daughter of a Prince

Blood of the •

Blood

degree {see Nos. 20 to 22).

degrees {see Nos. 30 to 34). f oUows

of a Prince of the

19).

Cliiln',

fifth (or sixth)

|§

usage, the

No.

Prince of the

first

^ M !§

!§•

of the

degree,

To^ Lo' Ko* Ko*, Daughter of a Prince of the

Blood of the second (or third) degree, and

©

lil

i^ II Kui Shan' Ko* Ko*, Daughter of a Prince of

the Blood of the fourth degree.

35a.

^^ Tsungi

Nii',

Daughter of

a

Prince of the Blood

of lower rank (below the sixth). 36.

Wk^ Fu'

Blood of the 37-

ffllj

Blood of the

first (or

H^ first

Chin*, Princess Consort of a Prince of the

second) degree.

Ts'e*

Fu2 Chin*, Concubine of a Prince of the

(or second) degree. [

8

]

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

-^

38.

A ^^^

Jen^ Princess Consort

of

a Prince of the

Blood of the third (or fourth) degree.

^ ^ Tsung'

39-

to

Shih*, Imperial Clansmen.

(Also called

^ ^ dF Huang^ Tai* Tzn', wearing a yellow girdle). the descendants of the acknowledged founder

Manchu

dynasty,

^^

40.

^

Imperial House.

iji|

Also called

They

a red girdle).

41-

ic

^^^

Tsii (spc

I

i^

IPi

Lo^

the

Tai'*

Thus

from the

collateral line

No. 39).

Mao* Tzu' Wang^ The Iron-

T'ieh'

(also called

Pal Ta* Chia,' Eight Great or Princely Houses).

are designated the descendants of certain of the supporters

of the

Manchu

Princes,

by

1-

first

2-

conquest of China.

Empei'ors in their

These

right of perpetual inhei'itance, are Princes of the

or second degree, as

the

reigning

Tzu' (wearing

capped Princes or Princes of the Iron Cap (Crown)

A ic ^

are

Collateral relatives of the

Hung'

are the descendants

Emperor Hsien

of the

of

They

Hslen^ Tsu,' A.D. 1583-16 lo.

Chio' (Chiiehi)

^^I

shown below Ch'in^

Tii^

first

:

Wang', Li (family name), Prince

of

degree,

# ^£

Jui**

Ch'in'

Wang', Jui (family name). Prince

of the first degree, 3.

MM'S.

Yii* Ch'in'

Wang',

Yu

(famil)-

name), Prince

of the first degree, 4-

the

MM^

first

degree,

5.

Mi ?^

Prince of the 6-

first

Su* Ch'ini Wang', Su (family name), Prince of

ChSng* Ch'in' Wang', Cheng (family name), degree,

^ M ^ Chuangi Ch'ini Wang',

Prince of the 7-

S

first

Chuang (family name),

degree,

M'^M'Ec.

Shim* ('h'eng' Chiin* Wang', Shun Gh'^ng

(family name), Prince of the second degree, 8-

^WiM^

K'o'

!C^Wfi*5'^

Chih^ Shou' Shih*, Chief of Office of Eunuch Affairs. 54.

If

® iC ^ ^ It Se

Shou' Ling' T'ai* Chien* Hsien'

Shih* Chien*, Senior Assistant C'hief of Office of

Eunuch

Affairs.

^^ ^

1- fl

Fu* Shou' Ling' T'ai* Chien* gfj :*C ft Hsien^ Shih* Chien*, Junior Assistant Chief of Office of Eunuch 54a.

Affairs.

55. 3f'

is;.

Tang',

^

Fjl

T'ai*

ChienS Eunuch (or -g 1" Huan* Kuan\

Chung' Fu*;

ffl[

^

colloquially called

i\

Lao'

Kung'; ^$\\ Yen' Ko').

THE IMPERIAL CLAN COURT.

^ AM

56.

Tsungi Jen" Fu', The Imperial Clan Court.

This department controls

Kindred

Nos. 39

(see

all

relating

affairs

to

the

and 40), has judicial and

Imperial

disciplinary-

authority over them, and preserves the Family Roll or Genealogical Record,

57.

Ch'ingi),

This

^

^^

Yii* Tieh.^

-^ Tsung' Ling*

Presiding

official is

(literary designation,

Controller

the

of

Imperial

^

p|p

Clan

Tsung' Court.

appointed from the ranks of the Senior Princes of

the Blood. 58.

:&

^

jE

Tso'

Tsung'

Cheng*,

Senior

Assistant

Controller of the Imperial Clan Court. 59.

7^^ IE

Yu* Tsung' ChSng*, Junior

Assistant Con-

troller of the Imperial Clan Court.

60.

&^A

Tso' Tsung' Jen^ Senior Director of the

Imperial Clan Court. [

11

J

51 ^Q

60

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL OBGANIZlATION OF CHINA.

^Q

Tsung' Jen^ Junior Director of the

:;&'^A Yu'

61.

61

Imperial Clan Coiu-t.

all filled

are positions aforementioned (see Nos. 58 to 61)

The

6lA.

7j

by Princes

f^^

62.

of the Blood.

Ch'cng^ Vice-director

Fiv'

Court (appointed from the ranks of Chinese)

M^

63.

Ohingi

pI

Imperial Clan C'ourt.

This office

64.

Two i^^ Chingi

65.

^

66.

ggyi^

Li4

p] Tso^ Ssu',

Li-*,

is

Imperial Clan

of the

3a.

;

supervised by

of

Office

Registry

the

:

Registrars; 6a.

First Depai-tment.

Department. nl Yu' Ssu\ Second Only Clansmen of the Imperial House

:;j^

66a.

No. 39)

{see

are eligible for office in the two departments mentioned above (see

Nos. 65 and 66).

Jl^'§'

67.

Kuan\

Li' Shih^

Administrators; 5a.

are two at the Registry Office (see

Department (see

Xo.

(see

one

65),

No. 63), three the

in

No. 66), and one at the Bidlion A^aults

SMl^'S'

68. trators

;

!''''

Li^ Shih*

No. 71).

(see

Assistant Adminis-

There are two at the Registry Office

5b.

in the First

Department

Second

Kuan\

(see

No. 63),

one in the First Department (see No. 65), and three

Second Department 69.

Four

^i^

(see

in

the

No. 66).

T'ang= Chu' Shih*, Senior Secretaries; 6a.

are stationed at the Registry Office (see

whom

There

No. 63), two of

are Chinese.

^y

69a. Secretaries

in

Chu' ,Shih^ Secretaries; 6a.

both

the

First

and

Second Departments

Nos. 65 and 66) and one at the Bullion Vaults 70.

^

ip,!;

There are two

x^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih^ Clerks.

(see

The number of

these officials to be employed at the Registry Office (see in the First

and Second Departments

at the Bullion Vaults

71.

M^ Yin=

(.see

No. 71),

is

(see

[

12

]

No. 63),

Nos. 65 and 66), and

not fixed.

K'u*, Bullion Vaults.

(see

No. 71).

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

72.

^mMBW^B Two

Treasurers-in-chief.

Kuan'

LP

WuS

Yin^ K'u* Shih^

72

of these officials are in charge of the

to

Bullion Vaults. 73.

Court (prison 74.

yg

^^ 1^

K'ung^ Fang^*, Prison

It"

Clan

empty room).

lit.

;

Imperial

the

of

M

Huang^ Tang* Fang^, Genealogical Record

Office of the Imperial Clan Court (see No. 56).

THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD.

^

75.

^

Wu*

Nei*

fi^

The Imperial Household.

Fu»,

This department serves numerous and Imperial Coiirt.

Being

mental, however,

it

Is

needs

varied

of

the

character more private than govern-

in

not included in the

list

of ^linistries or

" Boards."

^

S

Tsung' Kuan' Nei* Wu* Fu= Ta* Jf ic fi 'f f^ (their number is not fixed Household of the Ministers Ch'en^, 76.

;

at present there are four).

are directly subordinated

One

^ 15 tf

the ^Ministers of the Household

To

:

T'ang^ Lang' Chung', Department Director

(attached to the Ministers),

Two

^i^

Chu'

T'ang''

Secretaries

Shih*,

of

the

Ministers, and

^^

it T'ang' Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks. The estabhshment of the Imperial Household is divided into 7 departments (see below) and special bureaux and offices

Numerous

lp,S

;

employed therein are as follows Chung\ Department Directors 1 to 4 at the Lang^ U5 Ffl Bullion Vaults, although having the same rights as other

the

officials

:

(

Department

Directors,

they

are

called

||

^

;

15 4* Tsung'

Pan* Lang' Chung^), Yuan^ Wai* Lang^ Assistant Department Direcj'l' H15

H

tors

(from one to twelve), [

13

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

±#

77

C;hu3

]§l

pq

Wai*

^

Nei* Chiu*,

Chiu*, Provin-

and are directed by j^ ;g Chiu* Chang^ Inspectors of the Stables, and j^ ^Ij Chiu* Fu^ Assistant Inspectors of the cial Stables,

^

Mu* Chang', Inspectors of Besides there are |^ Inspectors of Droves. Assistant Fu*, Droves, and fjf gl] Mu* Stables.

89.

i^ fi

K

Wu'

Pel*

(in lakhinf's " Description of

"War fullery,

Depot"). harness

This

Yuan^ The

establishment

shop, saddle shop, [

Imperial

Armoury

Peking," under No. 68, styled

19

J

supervises

etc.,

the

arsenal,

where arrows, bows,

87b tO

og

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

90

armour, helmets, saddles, tents,

are manufactured for the

etc.,

Emperor's use and for the army.

In charge of the Armoury

^Mwl^^^B

Household, called Shih^

Wu*, Superintendent

^M^W Wu^ Armoury. there are

a Prince or Minister of the Kuan^ Li' Wu' Pei* Yiian*

is

of the Imperial

Pei* Yiian* Ch'ingS Directors of the Imperial

In addition, besides the o,

pS;

Armoury, and two

^ ^ Liu* P'in'

officials

in

No. 76,

Overseers of the

K'u* Changl

mM:^ati0-M

Sixth Class (six),

mentioned

Wei' Shu* Liu* P'in' K'u*

Chang^ Assistant Overseers

of the Sixth Class (three),

Jj ^

ChangS Unclassed Overseers

Wu^

P'in' Chi* K'u*

fe nn

^

(six)

%

i^ K'u* Shou', Storehouse Keepers (42), |ij Ssu' Han'' Supervisors of Armour-makings 'g] If Ssu^ Wo*, Supervisors of

Jg

Tent-making, Tent-making,

^

glj -g]

a]

^

fj Fu* Ssu^ AVo*, Assistant Supervisors of Ssu' Kung^, Supervisors of Bove-making, nj

Ssu^ Shih', Supervisors of Arrow-making,

San' Tsung' Ling', also

g^ ^^H@

^ ^ ^ Chang* i^.

Wei' Shu' Chang'

San' Tsung' Ling', Supervisors of UmbreUa-making, their Assistants and

Eighth

A ^ fS S Pal P'in' Ts'uii

Chang', Overseers of the

Class, as well as others.

^

^

Feng* Ch'en'' Yiian*, Bureau of Imperial "M Gardens and Hunting Parks ; controlling the Imperial Gardens and Hunting Parks and the growing of rice for the Court. 90.

The

chief of this bureau

Yiian* Shih*

is

Wu*, Superintendent

Hunting Parks.

a Prince or a Minister of the

^ Sg ^ jg ?£ ^ ^

Household, styled

He

is

assisted

Kuan' Li' F^ng* Ch'Sn*

of the Imperial

by two

^ ;^ ^q

9|P

Gardens and

Feng* Ch'en'

Yiian* Ch'ing\ Directors of the Imperial Gardens and

Parks, to tant

whom

are subordinated

Hunting

Department Directors, Assis-

Department Directors, Secretaries, Clerks,

etc.

(compare

No. 76).

Under the bureau's administration Peking

situated in or near

:

[

20

]

are the following estates,

PEESBNT -DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ ^ Nan' Yiian* (commonly called ^ ^ W m M Yiian= Ming' Yiian^

1-

2.

H # @ Ch'ang*

3-

Hai' Tzu').

tO

g#H

Ch'un^ YiJan' (also called

Ch'ang^ Ch'un' Yiian^), and

W

D

Ching" 1= Yuan' (also called Jf jg g) Ch'ingi I' Yiian' or |p BJJ Ching^ Ming' Yiian'). At the head of 4.

'iC

H

these are Ministers of the Household, styled

M9 B Kuan' (i.e.

JIB

IH

SI l§

(DJ

^

Li' Yiian' Ming' Yiian' Ch'ang* Ch'un^ Yiian'

Shih* Wu"*, Superintendents of the Yiian

Gardens

^

Ming and Ch'ang Ch'un

^^

Palace of Eternal Spring) or *g

^ ^ Kuan' Li'

(Jh'ing^ I' Yiian'

jgj Jf| J^ g| TSng' Ch'u* Shih" ^Yu\ Super-

intendents of the Ch'ing I and other Gardens.

The actual management ?a

S

seventh class (-b glj

is

vested in

Yiian* Cli'eng', Inspectors (nine at each garden or park)

of the sixth class (a\

^

of the various gardens

qJi

Yiian* Fu*,

garden)

of the

P'in' Yiian*

S § ?a

S!l

^ 1^ Liu*

^

%S

'-'h'i'

Fu* and

and eighth

A^

^£

P'in' Yiian* Oh'eng') and

P'in' Yiian* Ch'eng'), assisted

Deputy Inspectors

seventh

(not exceeding 21 classes {-{^

^

by

at each

^g] glj ("h'i^

Pa^ P'in' Yuan* Fu*), and

glj

Wei' Shu* Yiian* Fu*, Assistant Deputy Inspectors

(not exceeding 11).

Also under the supervision of the Bureau

Gardens and Hunting Parks

is

the

of

Imperial

:

|@ B3 j^ Tao* T'ien' Ch'ang', Imperial Agriculture controlling the sowing of rice and gardening for the

90a. Office

;

'

Court.

/

^ M M Yu* Ch'a' Shan* Fang', Imperial Buttery ^ Yii* Ch'a' Shan* Ch'u*). t0 ^

91(also

SP

J5i

In charge of the Imperial Buttery are Ministers of the Household, called

Shan* Fang'

Buttery

;

^mU^MB^B

Shih*

Wu*,

Kuan' Li'

Yii* Ch'a*

the

Imperial

Superintendents

there are also three 1^

Chief Trencher-Knights, one f^ [

of

p jE Shang*

P

|lj

21

J

90a

Shan* Cheng*,

Shang* Shan* Fu*, Assistant

g^

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PEESP.NT

92

Chief Trencher-Knight, twelve

to

three

1^

94

tSj

I^^jE

^ Shang* ^ Shang'

Fu*, Assistant Chief Cup-bearer, and six

Ch'a', Cup-bearers

92.

At

Ch'a''

S!|

its

head

^ Yii*

ii

ill

(compare No. 570).

Yao" Fang', The Imperial Dispensary.

a Minister of the Household, styled

is

one

Cup-bearers,

Chief

Cheng*,

Ch'a^

Shang''

^ Shang* Shan^ Serving-men,

fS]

^MM^^

^^

Kuan= Li= Yu* Yao* Fang^' Shih* Wu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Dispensary the subordinate officials (compare Chien» Li' Yii* Yao* No. 76) are styled 9'M ;

M^

Fang^ Shih* Wu*,

show that

to

in addition to those of

93. Its

tp US

chief

is

^

B

MB

their duties at the

a Minister of the Household having the

Kuan' Li'

(compare No. 76) bear the

Chieni Li' Yu* Ch'uan= Ch'u* Shih*

Game

M ^ jM

'0

One

Preserve.

Household

is

Kuan' Li'

at its

title

Wu

The subordinate

Game

2mm m ^

M M Wi ^ M ^ ^

Yu* Niao' Ch'iang^ Princes

the

of

head and

is

He

or

Imperial

Ch'u*,

Ministers

of

the

^ M M M Wl M 9 ^

styled

Preserve.

Wu*,

.

Yii* Niao' Ch'iangi Ch'u* Shih*

of the Imperial

hold.

title of

Yii* Ch'uan' Ch'u* Shih*

Superintendent of the Imperial Boats Office.

93a.

may

whatever substantive post they

Yii* Ch'uan' Ch'u*, Imperial Boats Office.

WMM^^^ 9B officials

Dispensary are

Wu*, Superintendent

has assisting him

:

Lan= Ling= Tsung' Ch'eng^ Senior Gamekeepers (Subalterns of the Guards, No. 99), 2 Fu* Si\ Tsung' Ch'eng^ Junior Gamekeepers, 5 ,^ ft Niao' Ch'iangi

^^

^

Chang', Keepers of the Gunroom, and 2

Huo' Yao* K'u* K'u* Chang', Keepers

il^f^mmm

^ ^ ^'

(^ |J

^ Nei*

of the Ammunition-store.

Wu'

Yingi Tien* Hsiui Shu^ Ch'u*, Printing Office and Bookbindery at the Throne Hall (see 94.

No. 104b).

This office prepares books for the Court use.

In the above-mentioned Throne Hall were stored, from times

,

long past, stereotype plates,

many

been destroyed by

have taken place there.

fires that

of which have, unfortunately,

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANJZATION OF CHINA. In charge of the Printing Office the Household, styled

Wu'

is

a Prince or Minister of

^ Mwl^^f^ ^ MW^ B Kuan' Li' WuS

Yingi Tien* Hsiui Shu^ Ch'u* Shih*

Superintendent

of the Printing Office and Bookbindery at the Throne Hall, and

subordinated to him, in addition to the usual are

1

Chien^ Tsao*, Overseer of Works,

Imperial Household, Tsao*,

(see

^

Works, 4

^ Jg Fu* Chien^ jj ^ K'u* Chang',

glj

g^ g^ Revisers ^ Tsung' Assistant Eevisers, f^ H

Wei^ Shu* K'u* Chang', Deputy

Inspectors,

6

Inspectors,

2 ||H

Manchu),

Ts'ai',

(1

T'i^ Tiao*,

2

s^ ChSng*

Assistant Chancellor of the

1

No. 85) styled

Assistant Overseer of

No. 76),

officials {see

Assistant Department Director, styled jE

^

Hsiui, Proof Readers, and 10

|I^

Chinese and

12

g

fif

1

Tsuan'

Hsieh^ Hsiu\ Assistant

Proof Readers.

^^@

94a.

Yu* Shu»

Ch'u*,

The Imperial Library

(also

the private library of the Emperor).

At

the

head of the Imperial Library

Li'

Shu'

Yii*

Library,

Ch'u*

subordinated

Wu*, Curator

him,

to

Prince or

a

^MMWlM^^ Kuan'

Minister of the Household, styled Shih*

is

in

addition

^ 51

mentioned in No. 76, designated

Li' Yii* Shui ch'u* Shih* Wu*, are

f|J

of to

the the

Imperial officials

# iS # S Chieni ^ 5g SI ® Ch^ng*

1 IE Chien^ Tsao* Ssu' K'u* Librarian-in-Chief (Overseer of Works),

1

III

^

jg J#

^

Fu* Chieni

^^^^^4

g'u* Chang', Deputy

Librarian-in-Chief (Assistant Overseer of Works), 2 J^

Chang^ Deputy 95.

Librarians, and 6

g § jg ^

^

K'u*

Wei' Shu* K'u* Chang',

Librarians.

^§M.X^M

Tsung' Li' Kung^ Ch'^ng^' Ch'u*,

Imperial Construction Office

Pan* Ch'u*

(see

No.

;

as opposed to the jg |/J Jg Tsao*

86), this office

has to do with large Palace

"buildings only.

At

the head of the Imperial Construction Office

or Minister of the Household, bearing the title E

23

J

is

a Prince

^MX^MV^^

94*.

tO

95

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

96

Kuan' Li' Kungi Ch'eng^

to

the Imperial Construction Office.

97

{see

No. 76) are styled Jg Si

^

i^ ^-

The

usual subordinate officials

X >g ft V ^

Chien^ Li'

Chu^

Chihi Jan'

Weaving and

Imperial

Dyeing

Office (where tissues for the Court use are

dyed)

supervised

called

;

Director of the

him,

E the

to

mm^y^Mi^^'^ Kuan', are

usual

Subordinate to

Office. {see

officials

No.

76),

Jan' Chii^

^'l^en^ She^ Chihi

styled

Wu^

Ssu^

:

%

1

K^iani Chihi Jan' Chii^ Ta* Ch'en^

Weaving and Dyeing

addition

in

ic

woven and

or Minister of the Household,

by a Prince

^ i^ ^ ^

Kung^

Wu*.

Ch'Ing'' Ch'u* Shih* 96.

Wu*, Superintendent of

(;h'u* Shili*

J^ Ssui

Inspector,

K'u*,

6

Overseers, 2 p] Jg Ssli' ()hiang\ Clerks of

jj fg K'u* Shih', Works, and 6 fg fg

Ling' Ts'ui' (idem.). 9'-

T^ Nei'

P3

Ch'i^,

Household Division of the Banners.

^

The Eight Banners /\ divided into the

and

3>[»

^

^

'^ Nei*

The Household

{see

in

(see

No. 718) are

Inner or Household Division^

Division.

Division of the Banners

of the Imperial Household chiefly

Ch'i^,

Wai* Ch'i^ Outer

Pa^ Ch'i=

(.see

is

No. 75) and

under the control duties consist

its

guarding the different parts of the Forbidden City

No. 104).

It

is

composed of the so-called

^ ^ Pao^

I^,.

Bond-servants, a class formed at the beginning of the rise of the

Manchu

dynasty, when, for the

Emperor and Princes, there were

appointed from the Banners a certain number of famiKes

who

continued to serve, from one generation to another, the Imperial

Household and the Princes of the Blood.

They

receive a fixed'

salary from the if

government treasury and retain their status evea they are employed on other service.

Like the

the

Banners

divided into

is

Banner

Forces,

made up from

the the

:

[

24

J

Household Eight

Division

Banners

and

o£ is;

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

1

H

_h

The Three Superior San' Ch'i^ The Three Imperial

Shang*

iffi

H

Banners,

Ch'i^

San'

or Pi IS ^^i'' Banners (composed o£ Bordered Yellow, Plain Yellow and Plain

White Banners), and

T

31 IE Hsia" Wu' Ch'i^ The Five Lower Banners (composed o£ the five remaining Banners compare No. 718). 2

;

The Three

Banners appertain to the Imperial

Superior

Household, and the Bond-servants composing them are called

^ "S ^ Huang'' Pao^

I',

the Imperial Household Bond-servants.

The Five Lower Banners

attached to

are

the

various-

Princely Houses, and the Bond-servants composing them

^

called 5! "&

Wang^ Pao'

I',

are

Bond-servants of Princes of the

Blood.

The Three Imperial Banners brigades

:

97a.

Pa

Guards.

Hu*

are divided into the following

Hu"

Nei'

organisation

Its

(Jhiin^

K^^

is

Chiin' Ying=,

similar to that of the

97b.

[Xi

g ^ ^. Nei* Hsiaoi ;

this

Ch'i'

^ its

;

{see

p -g Nei* Ch'ien^ Feng^ Ying^ The Household the g^ i^ ^ Ch'ien^ organisation is

similar to (see

mmM^MMW-'B

No. 735). Yiian^ Ming^

Ying^ The Imperial Guards Its organisd,tion is Palace, Yiian Ming Yuan.

Hu*

Ch'i^

Chiin^

mmm/^

mmm^

^'"^u^

Chiin^ Ying^ The Guards Brigade

Ming

at

the

Summer

the same as the

Mlng^ Yuan= Pal at the

Nei*

Yiian''

Summer

Ch'i^

Hu*

Palace, Yiian

Yiian (see No. 741).

97e.

^^M'M

Guards Brigade jg

^ ,@ ^

Nos. 718 to 732a).

B^

Flng^ Ying^, Banner Vanguard 97d.

Ying^ The Household

must be distinguished from

Hsiaoi Ch'i^ Ying^ Brigade of the Line

Vanguard

^ ^ ^

Ying^, the Guards (see No. 734).

Brigade of the Line

97c.

The Imperial

^ Hai=

at the

Tzu^*).

'^ Nan^ Yiian* Hu* Wei* Ying^ The

Nan^ Yiian* (The Southern Park

The

staff includes [

25

]

1

|i

^

;

also

Tsung' Kuan',

97a tO

gm^

PBESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGAN] ZATIOU OF CHINA.

98 to

6a, 10 ^ fg ^ Fang^ Privates. Hsiao^ Corporals, and 90 ^ ^ Wei* Ch'u*) Ling» M#^ ff ff ^ Shih* This the Imperial Body-guard. Wei* Fu', the ^ ^ ^ Ch'in^ Chimi ying*, the

Commandant; 4a,

Yii*, (Japtains

8 gg

Ling' Ts'ui',

99

98.

Shih*

;

Ch'i',

fl^

(also

Office

office controls

affiiirs

of

of

^t^W-

the Imperial Body-guard, composed oi {^

Shih*

Wei*

Ch'ini Chiin'.

The duty perform various

Body-guard

of the

offices in

Emperor's person.

It

is

escort

to

is

the

Emperor,

the interior of the Palace, and guard the

composed of young men from

chiefly

the Three Imperial Banners (see No. 97.)

The

administration of the Imperial

Body-guard

is

vested in

:

E

^

Ling' Shih* Wei* Nei* Ta* Six ff tf .^ ^^C Ch'en^, Chamberlains of the Imperial Body-guard ; 1a. Whether 1-

the as

Emperor

is

abroad or in the Capital, two of these are selected

^ M ic E Hou* Hu* Ta* Ch'en^ Chamberlains of

the Eear-

guard.

Six

2.

ptj

E

:/c

Ch'en^

Ta*

Nei^

Chamberlains of the Imperial Body-guard

;

Senior

Assistant

1b.

^ i^ 1^

San* Chih* Ta*

Ch'en', Junior Assistant Chamberlains of the

Imperial Body-

An

3.

guard

;

2b.

hereditary

indefinite

This

title

number of

||5f

^

Body-guard there

often conferred as a

appointed

are

E

ten

fj ^I ;/c Chamberlains of the Van-guard.

1.

is

the Senior and Junior Assistant Chamberlains of the

Chamberlains)

The Imperial Body-guard

99.

E

:/i;

title.

From Imperial

of fix

•^ fi Shih* Wei*, also

:(^

Ch'ien^"

is

to

Yin= Ta*

Ch'en^

composed of

^ i^W

the

(similarly

:

Huai Ling' Shih*

Wei*, the Senior Body-guards (wearing the Peacock Feather); Sixty are

— ^

I'

T^ngS

First [

26

Rank J

;

3a,

One Hundred and

•

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

H^

Fifty

Erh Teng', Second Rank

^^

and Seventy

Rank

Tgng', Fourth

4a, and

;

Rank

San^ Teng^, Third

;

^

Ssu*

5b.

;

M ^ # if Lan= Ling^ Shih* Wei*,

2-

Two Hundred

5a, and gg

guards (wearing the Blue Feather)

Body-

There are Ninety of

6a.

;

the Junior

these.

^ g ^ ^ Tsungi Shih" Shih' Wei*,

3.

^

!^ Sani II

T6ng^

Shih*

First

From as

H

jffi

Guards

H ^

^^

^

—

Erh T6ng',

San^ Teng^, Third Rank.

commonly known

the above-mentioned Body-guards,

It

Saul Ch'i= Shih* Wei*, there are selected an

number

indefinite

are

H if ^ ^

Nine of these are

Rank, Eighteen are

Second Rank, and Sixty-three

also

Wei*, the Clansmen

Shih*

Imperial Body-guards.

Corps of the

^

Tsungi

Ch'i^

B #

fP

of

Men- Shih* Wei*, Guards

Shih*

Ch'ien^

Yii*

tft

of the Ante-chamber, and $£ }f

pij

f#

^

Wei*,

Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^

at the Ch'ien Ch'ing Gate.

^

^

Pao* Wei^ Pan' In addition, there are Sixty f^ ISE ft Shih* Wei*, the Imperial Body-guards wearing the Leopard's Tail.

M

f# ffi Han* Shih* Wei*, Chinese Corps of the Imperial Body-guards these are of three ranks. When engaged on guard duty, the Body-guards are divided 4.

;

@J Pan', Reliefs, which, Wings.

into 6

In command of each Pan'^

Ling^ Commander

below him

is

a

g

Iji

H

in

turn, are divided into 2

a -^

relief is

of a

Rehef

^^

g

I*,

f| Shih* Wei* and

of the Body-guards,

Shu* Pan' Ling^ Second

in

Command

of a Relief of the Body-guards.

For every

ten Privates there

is

a ff

ffi

ff :^ Shih* Wei*

Shih^ Chang^ Sergeant. The Emperor's personal detachment 100. guards consists of 77 11!^; eA, 70

^ 1^ ^ ^

of

the

Body-

^ Ch'ini Ghiin' Hsiao*, Lieutenants;

Shu* Ch'in' Chiin' Hsiao*, Sub-Lieutenants; C

27

]

100

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 101 to

^ § ^1 .^

8b, 7

Wei^ Shu* Ch'ini

il^

chfjn' Hsiao*, Sergeants,

and 1,756 || j^ Ch'ini ChiinS Privates. 101.

103

General

mi

Ill

E

:/c

Yu*

Ch'ien^

Ta* Ch'en^ Adjutant

there are four of these, appointed from the Princes or

;

Ministers of the Household.

^ Yu*

lOlA.

iJ HO ^7 Emperor's Suite.

the

Attach^

Ch'ien^ Hsing^ Tsou',

This

title

is

usually

to

on

conferred

Mongolian Princes.

m'^fiM'^'^^tM

102.

Shou^ Wei^

Shih*

Tsung^ Ssui Chi^ Ch'a»

Ch'u*, Vigilance

I^

Office

(office

of

the

General Inspectors charged with the safety and tranquillity of the Palace precincts).

This

office

was established

^ ^^g jgt

V

Ta*

Cli'cn^,

tranquillity

;;^

g

accordance with an Edict of

^

is

General Inspectors (charged with the safety and Palace

the

of

appointed from the Princes or

Two

in

under the control of 3 || f| Tsung' Ssu^ Chi= Ch'-a^ Shou= Wei* Shih*

the 13th December, 1908, and

These

precincts).

High

Officials.

reports of the Vigilance Office, approved on the 19th

December, 1908, and the 9th January, 1909, show tration and staff to be as follows

The

are

officials

actual

Manager, and

1

management

^

^ ^ m^ Chi^ ^ S S ft Ch

j^|

is

vested in a

1^^

Pang' Pan*, Assistant.

Ch'a^

Ch'a'

its

adminis-

:

Changi Chlng^,

Wei'

^ Tsung' Pan*,

Below these

Secretaries,

Yiian^, Supervisors

are 4

and 10

(these

are

charged with keeping a sharp watch over the Palace

chiefly

Guard). 103.

The

^^

li:

Chin* Wei* ChiinS

organisation of this

New

Palace Guard.

body was decreed by Imperial

Edict of the 25th December, 1908, the tenor of which was as follows

:

" Prince Tsai Tao, Prince of the 3rd Order, Prince Yii

" Lang, Prince of the 3rd Order, and T'ieh Liang, President [

28

]

;

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. " o£ the Ministry of War, are appointed Superintendents for the " organisation and drilling of an Imperial Guards Corps. They " are authorised to select from any of the Banner Corps men of " good physique and health for these Guards and they are to be " conscientious and diligent in this work. The Corps will be " under the special command of the Prince Regent. further " Edict will be issued when the Corps is functioning smoothly.

A

" Such

the Emperor's pleasure."

is

The New Palace Guards are, so it seems, to replace Imperial Guards. They are to be organised as and will be in type similar to, the New Army.

103a. the original divisions of,

It

is

proposed to

New

of the

first

complete the formation of one division

Palace Guards, recruits to be drawn from the First

and Sixth Divisions

of the

New Army. With

^^5

there has been established the

this object in

|^

fl]

^

Chin^

New

Chiin^ Hslin* Lien* Ch'u*, Office for Drilling of the

Guards, under the supervision of three

Chuan^ Ssui

jjsiin*

"rI

pjll

i^

Wei* Palace

^ 1^ •¥ E :^C

Lien* Chin* Wei* Chimi Ta* Ch'en^ Super-

visors of the Drilling of the

attached

^

view

New

Palace Guards.

To

these are

:

a. ^B^'g" Chun^ Tzu^ Kuan\ Military Instructors I^ Teng^, First Hank, two are of (one is of the —

103b. six in

all

•

the Zl

^

3^

San^ Teng',

^

Erh* Teng^, Second Kank, and three are Third

Eank).

correspondence, supervise sections of the

and are

instruction,

These staiF,

Officers

of the

manage

are responsible for

in charge of the four sub-offices attached to

the Chief Drilling Office {see below. No. lOSc).

Directly subordinated to the above-mentioned are 1.

10

2.

5

3.

2

4-

1

Ift

#^

fi,

f^hih^ Shih* Yiian',

:

Adjutants,

^ gg ^ H m _R Hui* T'u^ Yxian^ Draftsmen, M A ^^°* Shua^ Yuan', Manager

Shu' Chi* Yiian^, Writers (of three ranks),

f'[\

Office, C

29

]

of Printing

103a tO i

qSb

PRESENT DAY

POI-ITICAI.

OKGAXIZATION OF CHINA.

5.

I

to

^-

'^

103d

7.

2

Treasurer, iJSC^ M. Shoui Chihi Yuan^, Shu^ Wu* Yiian^ General Supervisor,

103c

BB A

Jg

^ ^ Ti* Shih* YfianS Registrars. the Office for Drilling of the

To

B.

103c.

New

Guards there are attached the following four sub-offices 1f4 Chiini Hsieh* K'o^ Armoury, 2.

^M If ^

Palace

:

Chuni Fa' K'o^ Office of Military Jurispru-

f-^

dence, Hsii' K'o', Commissariat Department, and 5^^ K'o\ Medical Department. IP B f^ Chiini a ^ ^ there or the In each and from three Chien^ Tu\ Section ^ K'o^ Chiini

3.

4.

I"-

of

to five

Chief,

In addition, there are

Yiian^, Secretaries. 1-

2. 3.

4.

W ^ Ssui Shu' Sheng', Writers, 11 p] # ^ Ssui Shih^ Shengi, Clerks, 10 pp ^ Shua' Yin* Shou', Compositors, Servants. 26 ^ ^ Fui I*,

As

has been

Xew

Divisions

of

consists

instance,

1-

the

above

stated

103a), the

ISo.

{see

Palace Guards, with very few exceptions,

identical with that of the [?^

tions

and

JglJ

103d.

there are

^J}

:

17 pj

formation of the is

is

sections,

sub-offices,

New Army.

¥#^ The

Lu*

Chiini

artillery

Ko* Ch^n*,

detachment, for

of three companies of field artillery.

Also,

:

"KM ^

Chiao^ T'lmg^ Ying^, Military Communica-

composed of two companies,

Railway Company, and

%

is

M

^

^

T'ieh' Lu* Tui*, JS Tien* Hsin* Tui*, Telegraph

i.e.

Company. 2.

Tui*, will

1

^ Ying^

Corps, of i^

Machine-gun Corps

g$ [^ Chi^ Kuani P'ao* temporary organisation and

||I

(this is a

be abolished when the complete formation

Palace Guards has been effected), and

Chung^ P'ao* Tui*, Corps

of C

Heavy 30

1

^

Artillery. ]

of

Ying^,

the

New

^^^

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Later

3.

planned to organise a

is

it

Pigeon Corps, and a

Tui*, Carrier

^

3^

^ ^g ^ Chiin^ Ke^

[^ Ch'i* Ch'iu' Tui*,

Aeronautic Corps.

there will be attached a

^M^

of each brigade, regiment or battalion g|J

^ Fu* Kuan^, Adjutant.

The Imperial Palaces

Peking are situated

in

Tzu' Chin" Ch'eng^ Eed Forbidden

within the ^. ^^

Huang^

in the

which

City,

lies

Ch'eng^, Imperial City, where most of

the buildings and offices pertaining to the Imperial Household are to be foiuid.

Four gates

On On On On

1.

2.

3. 4.

104a.

Kung\

The 1-

the East, :^ the South,

the West,

Forbidden City

#

if-

P^

H^

Wu^

Wu= M^nl M^n^

P'J

Men^.

Hsi^ Hua^ Men^.

^

Tien^, Halls, and

known

tra

^

^

of the Palaces are

Ch'ing'

Ch'ien^

:

pg Tungi Hua^

Within the Forbidden City there

best

f2

afford access to the

the North, fp ^^ pg Shen'

Palaces,

a series of

is

^

Ko^, Pavilions. :

Kung^, where

Kepresentatives (since a few years ago),

the

most

granted to Foreign

brilliant receptions take place, audiences are

Chinese

are

officials

received, and state business transacted.

^

K'un^ Ning^ Kung\ Palace 2. itfl :^ Shamanic Chapel (see Nos. 79c and 573c). 3-

M&^

of an Empress, or

^^^ Ch'ing* Kung\ Palace

of

the

Heir

Apparent. 4-

^ ft S

are six gates

;

to

104a

To the Commander

104.

104

Ning2 Shou* Kung^-

To

the main gate, on the South,

is

this

Palace there

called

^

|i^

p^

Huang^ Chi' Men^. Beyond the gates there is the Throne Hall, Huang^ Chi' Tien", and behind this is the Palace Ning' Shou* Kung\ where the Empress Dowager ^Jo. Hsiao* Ch'in^ Hsien^ Huang^ Hou* resided.

^S®

0^§M

C

31

]

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OEGANJZATION OF CHINA. 104b

^ g Chaii Kung\ Palace

5.

The Emperor

visits this

of Expiation or Abstinence.

Palace to fast previous to important

sacrifices.

M^'S YuHgi Ho= KungS Buddhist

6.

At

Tibetan Monastery).

calls it the is

Temple (lakhinf

the head of this temple,

one of the four Hutukhtus living in Peking (see No. 917).

104b.

The

1-

fP

:*:

(or Hall of

^

known

of the Halls are

in

:

TienS Hall of Pei-fect Hai-mony

T'ai* Ho''

Harmony

New

levees on

best

Here the Emperor holds

Nature).

Year's Day, his birthday, and on the AVinter

solstice. 2.

rft

^

fp

Chungi Ho' Tien^ Throne Hall.

In this

Hall the Emperor scrutinises prayers written for state worship

and

examines

corn

the

and

implements

provided

for

the

ploughing ceremony. 3-

the

f^ fn

IBi

Pao' Ho' TienS Throne Hall.

Emperor attends examinations

X #^

4-

Emperor,

In this Hall

for highest literary degTees.

Wen' Hua= Tien^ Throne

Hall.

Here the

second moon, attends for explanation of the

in the

Classics. 5.

iE^

stereotype

^

Wu^

HJ

plates

are

Yingi TienS Throne

stored

(properly

HaU

Printing

where

Office,

see

No.:94). 6-

^^^

Eeng* Hsien^ Tien% Hall where the Emperor

worships his ancestors. 7-

Emperor

K

Jl!>

Bt Yang' Hsini Tien^ Hall

At

retires for relaxation.

to

which

the present time this

the

HaU

is

given up to the Prince Eegent for studying government affairs

and for small audiences which he 8-

4"

may

hold (see No. 86).

IE:® Chungi Cheng* TienS Buddhist

the Pavilions the best

known [

are

:

32

]

Chapel.

Of

—

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^

1-

found a

?JI3

H

Wen^ Yuani Ko^ The

Chinese

full collection of books, labelled in

Ssu* K'u* Ch'iian^

is

)$ :^

^

Shu\

No. 131), assisted by

Grand Secretary (compare

a

is

:

^ # ^ V

Chii'

T'i^

Ko' ShihS

Dh-ector of the

Library, 2

S ^

^1

Ling' Ko^

Shih**,

Assistant Directors of the

Library, 6

ii

^

ffl

Chih^

Ko' ShihS

Officials

on duty at the

Library, and 6

^

2

§§

!f^

Chien' Yiieh^, Inspectors,

^ |g

Tzu' Kuangi Ko^ (situated on the

side of the Imperial

vassals are received

C'ity),

Western

Pavilion of Purple Lustre, where

and entertained.

The most commonly known gates of the Forbidden Ch'ien' T'ai* Ho' Men' and the $^ Jf City are the P"] name {see the same Hall of to the leads the first Ch'ing' Men^ 104c.

^^

H

;

Ch'ien^ Ch'ing^ Palace (see

to the

104b) and the second

No.

No. 104a).

To South

the Imperial City there are the following gates at the

:

1-

:^

Jra

Tai*

P"?

Ch'ing^

entrance to the Imperial

City.

square court surrounded by

Men^

serving

as

the

Before this gate there

a granite palisade, called the

^S

main is

a

^ ^j

Gh'i P'an Chieh. 2.

^^n

3.

iQ\"] Tuan^ Men'.

Forbidden City

T'ien^

is

An^ Men'. Beyond

obtained through

this gate, entrance to the

the

^

pij

Wu' Men'

No. 104).

(see

In charge of the Palaces there are (in number from Ministers of the Household, Princes of the Blood

104d. 2

or

to

3)

Grand

Secretaries,

104c to

104d

In charge of the Library

1

Here

Lib.ary.

styled [

33

^ M ^ '§ ]

li^

B

K^^n' Li=

PEESENt DAY political ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 104b to

105

(Mou') Kung' Shin* Wu*, Superintendents of Affairs of such and such a Palace. Subordinated to them, deputed from the Household,

Imperial

title

Managers

Kuan^ Ling', Overseers, bearing (Allien' Li' (Mou') Kung^ Shih* WuS

fk]

of Affairs of such

In addition to the

number

i\i

gl5

^ ^Y ^ ^ fj Nei* ^JMK g ^B

Directors,

Directors, and

the

Lang" (Jhung\ Department Yiian' Wai* LangS Assistant Department are

of ^fe

#

and such a Palace. above-mentioned there are

officials

g^

Chu' Shih* and

Shih*, Secretaries,

and ^2

The management

Efe

a

#: Wei* Shu* Ohu'

J^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks.

Ipi

of Palace Halls

and Pavilions

is

arranged

on the same basis as the Palace management. 104e.

Emperor. late

gg in ffl I' Ho' Yuan^ This Palace was the fixed

Emperor and Empress Dowager.

Summer Palace of Summer residence of

At

the present time

The

under seal until the Emperor reaches his majority.

the the it is

grounds,

however, are opened on the 5th, 15th and 25th of each moon to the

inspection

Diplomatic

of

and

Representatives

eminent

foreigners.

The Summer Palace of Imperial

^

M \vi

^

under the supervision of the Bureau

ill

ffi

{see iS'os.

Shu' Shan^ Chuangi,

I'i*

Jehol (in the prefecture of

the North-east of

Summer 105. to

is

Gardens and Hunting Parks

Peking).

90 and 741).

Summer Palace

at

(^h'eng^ Te' Fu', to

;ic fi /f? Until 1860 this Palace was the

residence of the Emperors.

g # i®

the Emperor.

Tsou* Shih* Ch'u*, Chancery of Memorials;

At

the

Chancery are stationed 6

^ ^ 1"

Tsou* Shih* Kuan', Chancellors of Memorials to the Emperor, who receive memorials from the provinces which, if found to be written in accordance with fixed etiquette, are handed over to the

Grand Council

establishments

for presentation to the

present

their memorials

direct). [

34

J

Emperor (Metropolitan; to

the

Grand

Council

;

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. The Chancery two sections

;

of Memorials to the

one for Chinese and

Emperor

Manchu and

is

divided into

one for Mongolian

memorials.

The

the Chancery

is

the duty of

Yu* Ch'ien^ Ta* Ch'en', Adjutant Generals

{see

No. 101).

^± ^ V #S

105a.

At

Ch'ini F^ng* Shang* Yii* Shih^ fC Ch'u*, Chancery for the publication of Imperial Edicts.

the head of this Chancery

is

a

^^

(usually appointed from the ranks of the

^

106.

S

Chi^ Ch'a^, Inspector

Grand

t;hi' Ch'a^"

Secretaries).

T'an^ Miao* Ta* Ch'en=,

?g ±1 II! ic Superintendent of Altars and Temples, and

M ^ ^^ ^

15

Pei* Ch'a^ T'an^ Miao* Ta* Ch'en^, Assistant iSuperintendent of

Altars and Temples.

charged

By

these titles are designated the officials

v^ith the preparations for sacrifices at altars

^^M^ ^

107.

Hsi^ Ch'i^

Wu'

and temples.

Ta^ Ch'^n^ Director

of the Court Ballet.

108.

nl

1^ ;§ Ssu^ Yao^ Chang', Keeper

of Palace Keys.

THE IMPERIAL EQUIPAGE DEPARTMENT.

MM^

Wei* (previously

^^^

Wei*), the Imperial Equipage Department.

This has

109.

Luan^ charge

I^

of

necessary 110.

the

Luan'

Yii'

preparation of carriages,

chairs,

when the Emperor goes abroad. Chang' Wei* ic |g

^

#

E

Shih*

regalia,

etc.,

Ta* Ch'enS

Superintendent of the Imperial Equipage Department, usually appointed from the Princes of the Blood (literary designation

^ P Nuan' Ch'ing^). 111. S ^ fg Luan^

Yii^ Shih' (formerly

MMW. Luan^

I' Shih'), Commissioner of the Imperial Equipage Department

^ Ta* Wei'-wei*.

P

^

Wei* Yu* Ch'ing' and iz Ui There are two of these officials.

2a. Literary designation

gg

to Ill

general supervision of

®Bif:^cE

Chien''

105a

C

35

J

:

:

;

:

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 112 to

131

Han* Luan' Yu» ShihS Chinese Com-

^SUfi

112.

missioner of the Imperial Equipage Department

one of these

is

officials.

M^ ^M^M

113.

ti Chun' Shih^ Chief Marshals ment.

There

2a.

,•

Tsung' Li= Shih*

Wu" Kuan"

the Imperial Equipage Depart-

of

There are two of these and they have

the

general

supervision of the five sub-departments into which the Equipage

Department

is

divided (see Nos. 118 to 123).

Mm^BMMi^

114.

Hsieh^ Li=

Shih*

Wu*

Yun^

Hui' Shih^, Assistant Chief Marshals of the Imperial Equipage

Department

of this rank.

S¥

officials of this

rank.

^ i ^ T'ang2 Chu^ Shih*, Chief Secretary (compart

116.

No. 288)

;

one

^

official of this

rank.

M S 21 Ching' Li* T'ingi, Registry

117.

two ^g

officials

Pt inB fS P'ei' Ssu" Kuan* Chiin^ Shih', Marshals of the Imperial Equipage Department

115. Sacrificial

two

Xo. 113); two

(see

:

supervised by

Chingi Li*, Registrars; 6a.

S 6f Tso=

118-

So^ First Sub-department, divided

into

two sections 1-

^H

^-

B

DjI

119.

:§

RI

Luan'

b] Hsiin*

^

Yii^ Ssu^,

Ma'

Carriage Section, and

Ssu^, Equestrian Section.

Yu* So^ Second Department, consisting of two

sections

* # ^ Ch'ing^ Kai* Ssui, Umbrella Section, and ^ :^ Kungi Shihi Ssu', Bow and Arrow Section.

1-

2-

r]

tp

120. of

(;hungi So', Third Sub-department, consisting

two sections 1-

l&B^

2-

B

121of

^Jf

ill

m

n

Chingi Chieh* Ssui, Pennons Section, and Fani T'ung^ Ssu', Flags and Signals Section.

^ Ch'ien^ So\ Fourth Sub-department, consisting

two sections 1-

M^

'U Shan* Shou' Ssu^, [

36

J

Fan

Section, and

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ it

2-

122.

f^

Fu' Yiieh^ Ssu\ Halberd Section.

nl

122

Hou* So^ Fifth Sub-department, divided

ff^

into

eight sections:

jg,^

1-

MM ^

Pa-n^ Chien* Ssu^,

2-

'^i%^

Ko^ Chi'

3.

MM

Hsiin'' Hsiang"* So',

'3'f

Ssui,

Sword

Section,

Spear Section, Elephant-training Section.

"p^

5.

y^ ^"

Tung'^ 3sui, Eastern Section,

^

Hsi^ Ssu\ Western Section,

6-

is

¥^

7-

&

til

Tso' Ssu\ Left Section, and

;gf

^

Yu* Ssu\ Right

^-

8.

At

123.

^h'i'

Shou' Wei', Standard-bearers Section,

is

a

^

Shih', Sub-department

^^^g^

Section.

the head of each of the above-mentioned sub-

departments there

^ ^ f^

f |]

Chief;

(yhang' Yin"' to

3a,

whom

Kuan* Chun^ attached one

is

ff Chang' So' Shih* Yun= Huii Shih', Assistant

Sub-department Chief; 4a.

Each

section

directed

is

by a

Yiin^ Hui' Shih', Section Chief

^ pp ^ ^' f^

Chiin- Shih'), to

vphom

is

Chang' Yin*

4a, (for the Elephant-training

;

^ ^ f^ Chang' Yin* attached one ^ V ?n S IE

and Standard-bearers Section called

Kuan*

^

f fj

"^

^

Cheng* (formerly J§ IE Chih* I^ but for the ElephantCheng*), Assistant Section Chiefs ; 5a ;

Chang' Ssu^ Shih* Chih*

I^

training and Standard-bearers Sections the

^

Jgrr

flp

g^

the latter,

title is,

M^t^WMM

Department are

124.

for the former,

fg Chang' So' Shih* Yun= Huii Shih', and, for Chang' So' Shih* Kuan* Chuni Shih'.

In the Sub-departments and Sections of

(number not

also

employed

^

Ip^'

the

Equipage

5^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks

fixed).

§^

Kuan'

Li',

Overseers.

There

are

twelve

attached to the Equipage Department 1.

to

® ^

tf fi Heralds and Whips.

Ching*

[

37

Pien^

J

Kuan'

Li',

Overseer of

:

:

PRESEXT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA.

125

^ ^^

;g

2.

Kuan'

Chia"

K'u*

Pii"

Nien'

Overseer

Li',

of

Carriage Houses,

^ M ^ M

3.

Kuan'

Li',

Overseer of

Imperial Carriages,

5 ^ ® fM

4-

Yii*

Lo* Kuan' Li', Overseer of the Jade

Carriage,

^

^

55M Hsiang* Lo^ Kuan' Li', Overseer of the f§ Elephant Carriage,

^

6-

Golden

^

!§

Sg

Lo" Kuan'

C!hini

Li',

Overseer

of

Li',

Overseer

of the

the

(-arriage,

^ ^^^

7-

'Ko^

Lo^ Kuan'

M:u*

Lo^ Kuan' Li', Overseer of

Leather Carriage, 8-

^ W^

tIC

Wooden

Carriage,

^ S W 3 Tsung^

9-

the

T'an'

Kuan'

Li', Overseer of

Coir

Mats, 10.

^

^

|#

Ju*

Kuan'

Li',

Overseer

of

T'ou'

Kuan'

Li',

Overseer

of

Pai*

JH

Kneeling Rugs, 11-

lyfc

EH

^ S

Shu'

Combs, and 12.

E ^ 1^

for Servants

125.

and

To

"^hia,* I'

Kuan'

Overseer of Livery

Li',

('hair-bearers.

the Overseer of Heralds and

Whips

(see

No. 124)

there are attached 3 1

m fi fi 1" Ming2 Tsan* Pien^ Kuani, Heralds; 7a, and S fi fS Ming= Tsan* Pien^ Shih', Assistant Herald. Hft

To the Overseer

of Carriage

Houses

(see

No. 124) there

are

attached 1 1

B ^ fg Yiin^ Huii Shih', Assistant Marshal 4a, Cheng" (formerly V§ ^ IE Chih* ^^ a JE Chih* ;

I^

Cheng*), Controller of the Fifth Class

^M'MiWi

;

% ^ Secretaries of the Council of State to the clerical

divided into four sections 1

•

MMM 91 Hi

of

;

sixty in

the Council and are

:

^Jan' T'ou' Pan', and

First and Second 2.

work

M'Zi& Man'

£rh* Pan',

Manchu, and

a Han< T'ou» Pan', and g| H^E

Han* 6rh* PanS

First and Second Chinese.

At

the head of each section there

is

3a, assisted by a f^ 4a. ;

M

Chief of Section

;

Assistant Chief of Section

[

42

]

^

gj Ling' Pan', SE Pang' Ling' Pan', a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA. Ling' Pani Changi.Chingi

^^^^

Shang* Hsiang" Tsou^ Chief of Section, and f^HJjIJ^^lfijI Ling' Pan^ Ohangi ehingi Shang* Hsiang^ Tsou',

131

The

^i£M'^±fiit

titles

Pang^

Assistant Chief of Section, are often borne as honorary

titles

by

some of the Secretaries. 129c.

^

IE

Chi* Ming^, thus

designated a day-book,

is

kept at the Council of State, for recording praiseworthy actions of officials.

GRAND SECRETARIAT OR IMPERIAL CHANCERY. 130.

highest

p3 S] Nei* Ko'', Grand Secretariat; technically the government establishment; organized in the Ming

Dynasty. Before the establishment of the Grand Council, early in the 18tli

century (see No. 128), the duties of the Grand Secretariat

included

preliminary

the

examination

of

reports

from

Provincial Authorities, the making of recommendations

the

as

to

these before presentation to the Emperor, and the composition

and promulgation of Imperial Decrees. lost

much

of

its

importance and

It has now, however,

duties at present consist, for

its

the most part, in promulgating Edicts

and

in

keeping State

Papers.

The Grand Secretariat

Four

131.

lA

(colloquial

designation

is

'^'^ai^

of these are IManchus

distinguished officials

:

Ta* Hsueh' Shih^ Grand Secretaries;

i;^±

designation

^ ^9

composed as follows

Pft

^

Chungi T'ang^

Hsiang* and

f;g

epistolary

gj Hsiang* Kuo').

Two

and two are Chinese, chosen from the most of the Empire who are sine qua non,

Metropolitan Graduates.

Each

of the

Grand

Secretaries

is

entitled

Ta Hsiieh Fhih

Imperial of one or other of the Throne Halls or Pavilions of the [

43

]

*0

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF 132

Palace,

*°

i^^^

137

^^^

CHI^'A•

W^n' Hua» TienM ^

two

Censorate (one

Tu'

Manchu and one

This

the Censorate.

^

^^

SlJ

W>M^

^

designation,

(literary

glj

209 A.

W>M

^

glj

^

ShihS Senior Vice-Presidents

title is its

of

Chinese).

Yu^ Fu* Tu' Yii* Shih', Junior Vice-

('ensorate

Before

Yu* Fu^ Tu^

Yii*

Manchu and one

This

3a.

;

Fu^ Tui

Tso'

President of the

Hsien^)

Fu* Tui Yu< ShihS Senior

Before the reform of the Censorate there were two

the Censorate (one

209.

Tso=

3a.

;

208a.

&

Tu^ YtV Shih', Junior President of

Censorate

Vice-President of the

Fu* Hsien^)

Chinese).

borne by Goyernor-Generals.

title is

i?

glj

Senior Presidents of the

Yii* Shih',

-^^MMA Yu*

207b.

208.

reform at the head of the Censorate were

its

'^^^^

designation,

(literary

glj

^

Fu'I*

borne by Governors.

reform there were four

^

glj

^^^

Y'i* Shih', Junior Vice-Presidents of the Censorate

(two Manchus and two Chinese).

i^^tl* ^Pfj

210.

Scrutiny

^Ef]

^'l*

Censors

Chi= Shih* Chungi Ya' Men^, Office for

Metropolitan

of

Officials.

Its

staff consists

"Keepers

of the

Seal"); 4a, 18

Chi' Shih* Chung', Junior Metropolitan Censors correspondence, 30

(see

So',

At

No. 210)

two

Chang' Yin* Chi^ Shih* ChungS Senior Metropolitan

(literally,

210a.

of

^

iSfi

^ Pi' T'ieh^ Shih%

;

ijl^

^

tfl

5a, and, for

Cllerks.

^ 4i ^j f^ Chi' Shih* Chung' Ya^ Men' intended a ^ ff Yen^ Chiu'

the i^

it is

to establish

igf

Reference Library, containing various works, and where

Foreign and Chinese newspapers Oensors

may be

will

be kept on

file,

so that the

enabled to follow political events at

abroad and thus carry out their duties more thoroughly. [

76

]

home and

;

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. For managing the Reference Library there

^

11

^^

and two

Tiao*, Proctors,

T'i^

Pien'

are to be two

Translators

I*,

(Interpreters).

was organized somewhat

for Scrutiny of Metropolitan Officials differently than at present

^

consisted of

it

:

fij-

Liu* K'o', Six

Sections (there being six Ministries), for scrutinizing the doings of

the

various

In each Section there were two

Ministries.

Change Yin* Chi= Shih* ChungS Senior Metropolitan

^Enfa#4*

Censors, as Section Chiefs, assisted by two

Chung\ :^;

Junior

Metropolitan

M Ta* Chi'

I&

^^

Tu^ Shih*,

;

At

212a.

Chi' Shih*

designation,

of the Censorate

^

-^^

of the Censorate.

Ching^ Li*, Registrars

6a.

;

the Chancery (see No. 211) and the Registry

No. 212a) there

is

a staff of ^iffii^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih" (30 in

Also, at the Chancery there are an indefinite number of

all).

^ M* Hi ^ E^ Wai* Tu^ and

Offi'.-ials

MMM Ohing' Li* T'ing\ Eegistry

the Registry there are two

(see

^ 4*

6a.

212.

At

,fp

(literary

Tu' Shih* T'ingS Chancery of the Censorate

here are stationed two

Chancery

Censors

Chien*).

W.WM.

211-

Shih*,

Supernumerary Chancery

number

at the Registry there are an indefinite

of

^

Officials,, 5»|*

^^.

Jg

E* Wai* Chingi Li*, Supernumerary Registrars.

212b.

:^

^

f4 Ch'eng' Fa^ K'o^ Transmission

Office.

This office existed before the reorganization of the Censorate,

and

it

is

now

office similar to

the

p\

^ M-

^^^^

mission Office, Officials,

i^

M

it

again into being as an

Wu*

T'ing>, Chanceries (see

the intention to bring Ssu>

No. 296) which are found at styled the JK

^q

_^p

Previous to the reform of the (lensorate the Office

210b.

210b

the Ministries.

all

Shou^ Fa^

and have a

staff

oi.

Ching^ Li*, Registrars

Wen^ Shu>

^^ (see

i^ Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks (see No. 212a). [

77

]

It

is

to

be

Ch'u*, Trans-

Tu' Shih*, Chancery

No. 212), and

H

lll,5.

Should the idea be

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

213 to

acted upon, the

No. 212)

'hancery (see No. 211) and the Registry (we

be abolished.

will, in all probability,

^^^-

214a

(

^ f^ ^

'M

designation,

^^*

Shih^

Shih''

Censors

Provincial

colloquial designation,

Yii*,

(literary

^^

^R

There are 44 Provincial Censors, distributed

Tu' Lao' Yeh'); 5b.

over 20 J^ Tao*, or Circuits, which, excepting two, only bear the

names

^

»^ (Jhiang' Sii' Vl The two exceptions are the

of various provinces (for instance,

Kiangsu Censor

Tao*,

Circuit).

Chihli Censor Circuit, which

styled

is

^

^

|^-

(Jhing^ Chi^ Tao*,

Metropolitan Circuit, and the ^Manchurian Censor Circuit, one for the three provinces,

which

is

called

Liaoyang Moukden Censor Circuit

Tao^,

ig Pi Liao^ Yang^ and ancient name of Moukden). of

jS ?S

C&

^ Shen' for ?f

ifi

Liao^ ShSn'

Liao^, abbreviation

|^-

Shm' Yang^—the

The Metropolitan and the Manchurian Censor

have

(Circuits

each four Censors, for the others there are two for each.

The

full

a

of

title

Province for an example,

Hui^

Chien^ ("h'a^

Tao'*

is

Yii''

Provincial

Censor,

Anhui

taking

^^Mii;^^^!^ Chang' An^ Anhui

Shih', C'ensor overseeing the

Circuit.

For the Metropolitan and Manchurian Junior Censors are styled, for the former,

Circuits

the

^ ^- xM ^ ^ ® |£

Chingi Chi I Tao* Chien^ Ch'a^ Yii* Shih', and for the

it

-jf

5l

^ ^ il ^

as Superintendents of Police {see details in

for the five divisions of the city

1^ il|£ Wu' Ch'gng' which Peking 214a.

is

Yii* Shih', Censors of the

also

^ M U h in

Five

West

^

(Jities

Divisions

divided).

Oh'a'

Supervising the Government

chow);

No. 796a)

and suburbs and were styled

(these are the (Centre, North, South, East and into

latter,

Liao^ Shen' Tao* Chieni Ch'a^ Yii' Shih'.

Formerly, in Peking, a number of the Censors were

214.

employed

two

charge

Ts'angi

Yii*

Shih',

Censors

Granaries (at Peking and T'ung-

portage of Tribute Rice which

of C

78

J

is

;

VKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. brought from the South by the Grand Canal. -officials

no longer

At present

these

exist.

215 to

215a

SUPREME COURT OF 215.

Revision

:/c

M.

^

Ta*

SsuS

Li^

JUSTICE.

Court of Judicature and

the duty of this Court was the general supervision of

;

the administration of criminal law, and the examination, by this Court, of criminal cases where judgment had been delivered was

necessary before the decree became operative.

the Board of Punishment

This Court, with

No. 438) and the Censorate

(see

(see

H

No. 206), was styled by the general title '^ n] San^ Fa* Ssu', Three High C'ourts of Judicature, and formed something similar to the

By

Supreme Criminal Court.

Imperial Edict,

dated the 7th December,

Court of Judicature and Revision was reorganized as 215a.

;;/c

si

entrusted with the

administration

Empire.

At the present time

this

of justice in connection with instance,

Court

is

of justice

before the District Court

functions (as Court of

first

in

the

the supreme tribunal

cases which are brought, in the

all

(see

secondly, before the Court of Assizes (see No.

and

last

Xo.

760),

759).

and,

Also,

it

appeal) with reference to

crimes committed by Imperial Clansmen officials,

:

^ Ta* Li^ Yiian*, Supreme Court of Justice

specially

first

1906, the

(^ ^ Tsung'

Shih*) and

crimes against State Offices and State Officials, and,

finally, in cases of

extreme importance that are outside the scope

of inferior Courts (of Justices of Peace, of District Courts or of Courts of Assizes).

For the last-mentioned, the Supreme Court of

Justice must, after having examined the substance of the case

and

delivered judgment, forward

its

decision to the Ministry of

Justice for approval.

Although, as we have seen above, to the Ministry of Justice (see

No. 440) belongs the supreme control of the actions of the [

79

J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OPvGANIZATIOJf OF CHINA.

216 to

217

Supreme

Court

of

the

nevertheless

Justice,

latter

an

is

independent establishment, having the privilege of direct reports; to the Throne.

A new

arrangement of the Supreme Court of Justice, devised

by the Ministry State,

of Justice, with the assistance of the Council of

was proposed

sanctioned by the

The

216.

Revision was 1-

1

Throne

the

to

Memorial and was

a

in

Emperor on the 10th June, 1907. personnel

of

Judicature and

Ssu* Ch'ing',

Director of the

Court

the

of

:

ii

::^C

# HP

Ta* Li'

Court of Judicature and Eevision (literary designation, T'ing'' Tsg^") 2.

ic Ji

1

Director

;

the

of

designation, f^ 3.

1

^^

9iP

Ta"

Li'

Shao^ Ch'ingS

Ssu^

and

Court of Judicature

^ Tso' Chi-) 4a, ^ Tso' Ssu* Ch'eng^,

Revision

;

2£ T^

Senior Secretary of the

1

^ ^ ^ Yu* Ssu*

^

"gj

Ch'eng^, Junior Secretary of the

Court of Judicature and Revision (literary designation,

^

p]

Ssul); 6 A, 5-

1

^fP^ Tso' P'ing' Shih*,

of the Court of Judicature 6-

1

^ iP y

Senior Assistant Secretary

and Revision

Yu* P'ing^

216a. a ic

the

At the head

^ ^ JE

IIP

Supreme Court

;

7a, and

Shih*, Junior Assistant Secretary

of the Court of Judicature and Revision

is

Sub-

Ssui); 6a, 4.

P

^|J

(literary

Court of Judicature and Revision (literary designation,

P

^

3a,

of the

;

7a.

Supreme Court

of Justice ther&

Ta* Li' Yiian* Cheng* Ch'ing of Justice

;

'

,

President of

2a, assisted in the administration

of the affairs of the Court and in the general supervision of

matters of justice in the Empire by 217.

;fc

^ P^ ^ P Ta*

a

:

Li' Yiian* Shao* Ch'ing', Vice-

President of the Supreme Court of Justice [

80

]

;

3a.

rUESEXT DAY POLITTCAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHIXA. 218.

^

JflJ

:jf|

^

Department of

the

Hsing' K'qI T'ui^ Ch'^.ng2, Director of

Criminal

subordinated to him 19

f

Cases

4a.

;

This

to

^

Hsing^ K'o^ T'ui^ Shih*, f |{| Secretaries of the Department of Criminal Cases 5a. He is in J

(J-

;

charge of the 218a. this

:

^ij-

^iJ

Hsing' K'o\ Department of Criminal Cases

Pepartment consists of 4 1

^

.

inspired

-— S§

'^^^

I'

'^

^

by the Emperor and

T'ing^, ISections,

First Section

'ing',

;

namely

;

:

supervising cases

also cases concerning crimes against

the State,

^H^

2.

Erh* Ting', Second Section

Ti*

supervising

;

cases concerning crimes committed by Imperial Clansmen,

Tsung^ Shih^, and

^^

officials,

^ ^^

3.

^an^ T'ing^) Third Section

'^i^

supervising

;

appeals against judgments of the Metropolitan Court of Assizes, arid

^K^

4.

'^

i*

Ssu* T'ing', Fourth Section

supervising

;

appeals against judgments of Provincial Courts of Assizes. Min' K'qI T'ui' Ch'eng^ irector of the 219. J\J Pi 4fg

M

Department of to

him

1

Civil Cases

^

9

J^ Pi 4t Department of CJivil Cases 219a.

Jt^

consisting of 2 1.

^

with appeals, in

T'ui"-

He

5 a.

official

has

subordinated

Shih% Secretaries of

is

in charge of the

P( Min' K'o^, Department of T'ing\ as shown below

the

:

Civil

Cases,

:

^—^

cases concerning

;

This

4a.

;

Min2 K'qI

'Ji*

I^ '-I'ingS First Section

^

Sk

;

dealing with civil

Tsung' Shih*, Imperial Clansmen, and

civil cases, against

judgments of the Metropohtan

Court of Assizes, and 2.

#* "^

^

Ti*

f rh* T'ingS Second

Section

;

dealing with

appeals, io civil cases, against judgments of Provincial Courts of Assizes.

220. Office.

&% 'J

M M

his office

is

Tien^ Pu* T'iiigS supervised by a [

81

]

218

has

official

Chancery and Kecord fl5

tti

fg Tu^ Tien' Pu*,

220

;

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

221 to

228

Chief Archivist

ft

M

7a, and 30

;

5b, as Chancery Chief,

H^

who

is

assisted

by 4

:£ |f Chu' Pu*, Registrars Lu* Shih*, Writers (of the eighth and ninth

Pu*, Archivists

"l^ien^

6 b, 6

;

ranks).

#

ff K'ani Shou' So^ House of Detention. This K'an^ Shou' So= Chang', Chief charge oi a '-tf

221. is

*5*

^

in

^^

Supervisor of the House of Detention

^^

Jg/f

Detention

;

;

5 b,

who

is

assisted

by 4

K'an' Shou' So' Kuan\ Supervisors of the House of

'g*

m? Lu*

8a, and 2

Because of the pressure

Shih*, Writers

of aiFairs,

there

;

9a

(see

No. 767).

was established

in

1908, in accordance with a Memorial from the Supreme Court of Justice, the unclassed post of

^ ^ J^

^M K'an^ Shou' So'

tS?/

Hsieh* Li', Assistant Chief Supervisor of the House of Detention, for performing the duties of

which there are deputed

officials

from the Supreme Court.

M

222.

^M

'^

General's Office

;

Tsung' Chien' Ch'a^ T'ing\ Attorney-

established at the

lines similar to those of

Supreme

Coxort of Justice on

Prosecutors of judicial organizations

of

lower rank (see Nos. 762 to 765).

Besides

functioning

public prosecutor, the

as

Attorney-

General's Office holds inquests, where necessary, in cases in which

the Supreme Court

the court of

is

first

and

last

appeal (see No.

215a) and has control over Prosecutors of lower courts.

At li

the

head

^^ H g E

Attorney-General

;

of

the

is

a

^

He

"^ has subordinated to him 6 ;^ r^ 5a, 1 Chu' Pu*, Registrar ; ;

^

Chien' Ch'a^ Kuan', Attorneys 7a, and 4

Office

Chien' Ch'a^ T'ingi T'ingi (^h'eng^

'J'sung'

3b.

Attorney-General's

^ ^ Lu* Shih*, Writers

;

9a.

IMPERIAL BOARD OF ASTRONOMY. 223.

Astronomy

fC ?5 ;

^

compiles

Ch'ini T'ieni

the

Chien*,

calendar, [

82

]

Imperial

Board

of

makes astronomical and

;

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. meteorological observations, and selects so-called "§

Q

324

Chi' Jih*,

"lucky days," for important State undertakings.

At

the head of the Board

^i3.§:%^9M

224.

Shih*

is

Wu*, Chancellor

a

tO

:

£229

Kuan' Li' Ch'ini

T'ien^ Chien*

the Imperial Board of Astronomy

of

appointed by the Emperor, usually one of the Princes of the Blood.

§{^^^1E

225.

Oh'ini T'ien^ Chien^ Chien*

mperial Board of Astronomy

Directors of the

;

ChengS

5\ (one Manchu

and one Chinese). 226.

iK

^ Si :£ ^

Ch'in^ T'ien^ Chien* Tso^ Chien*

511

Fu*, Senior Vice- Directors of the Imperial Board of Astronomy;

6a (one Manchu and one Chinese). 227.

fC 5^ S. :&

S

Ch'ini T'ieni Chien*

M'J

Yu* Chien*

Fu*, Junior Vice-Director of the Imperial Board of Astronomy

;

6b (one Manchu and one Chinese). Formerly there were 2 g^

227a.

Directors; 6a,

^^

1

Tso' Chien*

glj

6b, and

Vice-Director;

Assistant Vice-Director

;

glj

^

Chien* Fu*, Vice-

¥n\

Senior Assistant

Yu* Chien* FuS Junior

glj ;g on the Board of Astronomy.

1

6 b,

^

Jf ft '-lai* Ch'ingi Hui* 'J'ien', or the " Institutes of the Empire of the Ta Ch'ing Dynasty," contains the proviso that the posts of Director, and Senior and Junior Assistant Vice-Director, of the Imperial Board of Astronomy

The

227b.

are to be held

;;/*;

by Europeans.

^ ^ Chu' Pu*, Kegistrar

228.

;

8a.

(one

Manchu and one

Chinese).

229.

Hf

the calendar periods

5

is

the

of

composed of 1.

M

^'\

Shih^ Hsien* K'oi, Calendar Section

;

here

compiled, the seasons are defined and the 24

year arranged.

The

staff of

this

Section

is

:

S'g'.lEW'u' Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomers; charged

with general astronomical calculations, [

83

]

PRESENT CAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION' OF CHINA.

230 ^Q

oqo

2.

# ^

1

Spring,

1

Summer, Mid-year,

1

^

1

p]

the the

IE Chung^ Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer for the §' IE Ch'iu' Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer for the

'g*

5f^

1

Autumn,

'g'

f|»

1

IE Ch'uni Kuan^ Cheng*, Astronomer for iE Hsia* Kuan^ Cheng*, Astrononaer for

'g*

'^ JE Tung^ Kuan^ Ch^ng*, Astronomer for

the

Winter, 3.

^ Ssu^ Shu*, Compiler

;

charged with issuing

the

calendar,

20 j^

4.

^

5.

^ Fo^ Shih*, Mathematicians

yz^^^

230.

Wen^

T'ieni

fi^lS

8

1.

Observatory

;

Ling^

T'ai'

1^ Chien* Hou*, Observer

1

4.

Lang^ Supervisors

j; ^o^ Shih*, Mathematicians

S ^ j^ T'ieh' 231. m M 1^ Lou* K'o* 3-

Pi'

Ijifi

Shih*, Clerks

(number not

important

This Section

afiTairs.

4

^^iE

2.

1

p]

3-

G

1M±

Hsieh*

Hu^

is

the

fixed).

of the Clepsydra;

"lucky" days by

caiTied on

for

:

Cheng*, Keepers of Clepsydra;

8a,

M Ssu* Ch'gn^, Assistant Keeper of the Clepsydra, Po- Shih*, Mathematicians

m^^^ ^ ^ g: ^

Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks

232.

of

and

K'o\ Section

the clepsydra and selects

4.

staff

9b,

;

9a,

;

observes time by

1.

The

observations.

:

7 b,

6 jf|

2-

composed of

is

fixed).

K'o', Astronomical Section;

makes astronomical and meteorological of this Section

9b, and

;

(number not

Pi' T'ieh' Shih*, Clerks

x^

ifrfi

;

9b, and

(number

T'ien* Wen"- Suan*

indefinite).

Hsueh\ Astronomical

where those who are desirous of joining the service at the Observatory are examined and where lectures on the College

;

sciences necessary

duties are held. 1-

T'ieni

W 5M Chien*

to the

proper performance

The College -is administered by fC

^^^

T'ien'

Kuan' Li' Hsueh= Shih*

Superintendent of the Astronomical College [

astronomical

V If

»: S-^ Wen^ Suan* iSC

84

of :

J

;

this

post

Ch'ini

Wu*, is

an

;

DAY POLITICAL ORGAXIZATIOX OF CHINA.

I'EESEXT

adjunct of that of Chancellor of the Imperial Board of Astronomy (see

No. 224), and 2.

^q

m m ^ m ^ ^ M-^m B Hsieh=

Wj

Wen^ 8uan* Hsueh^

Chien* T'len^

T'ien'

Astronomical

Superintendent of the

Wu*, Assistant

Shih*

College

Ch'ini

LI^'

this post

;

is

an

adjunct of that of Director of the Imperial Board of Astronomy (see

No. 225). 232a.

|5c

]Ijj

^. Chu* Chiao* T'ing', Preceptory

W] UC Chu* Chiao^ Preceptor, and 2

fgC

^

;

under a

Chiao* Hsi', Teachers.

THE IMPERIAL MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 233.

Department of this

S

Tt: ;

T'ai*

P^;

I'

Yiian*,

Emperor and

for the

Department

is

a

The Imperial Medical

At

his associates.

the head

:

^MikW^^V-B I^ufi"' Li' T'ai*

234.

Shih*

I^ Yiian*

Wu*, Superintendent of the Imperial Medical Department post

is

;

this

usually given to a Minister of the Household.

235.

^S

|i%

^ fg

Yuan* Yiian* Shih^ Com-

T'ai* I»

missioner of the Imperial Medical Department

XW^KiT^^^H

236.

I'

l^'ai*

;

5a.

Yuan* Tso' Yiian*

Senior Vice-t'ommissioner of the Imperial Medical

P'an*,

Department

6a.

236a.

:*:

S P^ ^ ^ W T'ai*

I'

Yiian'

Yu* Yiian*

P'an*,

Junior Vice-Commissioner of the Imperial Medical Department 6a.

237.

"^'"

managed by

f p]

Yen^ Fengi Ssu^ Department of Grants

regulates the bestowal of

;,

patents and presents, and here-

titles,

ditary titles on heads of tribes.

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF THE INTERIOR.

^ m

339.

Hsun2 Ching' Pu*, Ministry (Board) of

^\l

This was established by Imperial Decree dated the

Police.

8th October, 1905

(till

that time there was no special Ministry

overseeing the policing of the Empire), which reads as follows

" Police

affairs

" have

repeatedly

" both

in

" that "

a

we now

" appoint

the

are

the

utmost for

instructions

and

in

improvement,,

their

the provinces.

It

Shih-ch'ang,

Grand

its

Senior

(Secretariat,

"the rank of Metropolitan " Junior Vice-President.

as

Vice-President

Senior

Official of the

now

the

and

and

other

and

raised to

3rd rank, as Acting

Chinese

officials

in

charge of

maintenance of

the

sections

" Capital as well as the policing of the provinces. President

of

Yice-President,

This Ministry will be

"everything pertaining to policing " good order in the Manchu and " mentioned

and

President, Yii Lang, Sub- Chancellor

" Chao Fing-chiin, Ex2iectant Taotai of Chihli,

" devise

necessary

is

Ministry of Police and

direct the organization of a

Hsii

:

and we

importance

special establishment be in charge of these affairs

"Ministry of War, as " of

the

of

issued

Capital

are

of

the

The aboveto

utmost

earnestly in

the

" performance of their duties, take no heed of reproaches

and

measures,

to

33a Hsun^ Ssu\ llecord Department

Ohi^

^\

fjj

336-

exert

themselves

[

115

J

to

the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

S39a to

343a

" draw up strict regulations.

They must exercise a complete

" control that everything remain calm and

As

"turbed.

By

questions

regards

" Edict, the Ministry

is

arranged

not

by

for

Respect

and report.

to deliberate

people undis-

the

this

this."

an Imjjerial Decree of the 6th Xovember, 1906, the

Ministry of Police was transformed into

g

339a.

:

Min- Cheng* Pu', :Ministry (Board) of the

gjr *|5

Interior (or [Ministry of the Administration of the People).

The Ministry local

of the Interior controls police affairs generally,

census

self-government,

boundary questions, buildings,

The proposed presented to

tlie

taking,

internal organization

Throne

in a

:fc

organization questions

see

M

Cheng'

No.

285);

considers

attends

;

1st

Ch'cng^

gSt

matters,

of

the

land

Ministrv was

Memorial from the ^Ministry

and received Imperial sanction on the 340.

sanitary

etc.

itself

Januarv, 1907. T'ingi,

Council

most

the

(for

important

correspondence, accounting and general

to

administration of the Ministry.

^

|g J® Ts'ani organization see Ko. 285a). 341.

T'ing\ Secretarial

I^

This

Office

(for

charged with

the

Ts'ani Shih*, Assistant Secretaries

{see

office

is

drafting of rules and regulations.

Two

341a.

No. 2S6)

;

^^

5a, and

one

ig,

f^

^

Pieni

1*

Yiian=,

Translator

(Interpreter), are stationed in the Secretarial Office.

342.

Ji^

tration of the

?§

f]

Min^ Chih^ Ssu\ Department of Adminis-

People

;

supervises local self-government, census

taking, the improvement of the customs

and manners

of the

people, questions of emigration, colonization, etc.

To

this

Department was transferred

342a.

The

the former

^ iX

pm^ Hu^ pI

:

Chi^ K'o\ Census Section ; from Ching^ Cheng^ Ssu', Department of Police

Affairs. [

11«

]

rRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 343. Affairs

1? i^

Ching' Cheng^ Ssu^ Department of Police

B]

controls

;

and

administrative

judicial

police,

police

instruction, etc.

the Department of Police Affairs were trans-

ferred the tllitf'f Hsing2 Cheng" K'o^, Section of Administration

—from the previous ^ i^ Police — Affairs

of

^^ the

g -^

former

ment—

gj fjj

fjti

^-

Defence—^ Handicraft

jp-f

Ching^ Cheng* Ssu\ Department

Ssu^ Fa" K'qI, Judicial Section, and of International Affairs

Ching' Fa" Ssu^, Police

pj

f^-

^

p]

Ching^

Ssu\ Department of PoHce

Pao^

5fJf

same Department—and

the

Ch'eng^ K'o\ Section of Instruction Ssu^-,

^

343b.

Depart-

.Ridicial

Ying- Yeh" K'oS Section of Industry and

—from

Ching' Hsiieh^

—from

Fao^ Ani K'o\ Section of Public Safety—from

Jfll-

tt

the former

^

K'o^ Section

Kuo'^ Chi*

fjf

^£

Department Hsi^

ffr

—from

^@

the former

K'o*

^Jf

B^

^,

of Police Instruction.

I'

Workhouse.

So',

This

was-

formerly under the supervision of the Police Judicial Department {see

No. 343a)

Affairs

it is

;

No.

(see

Department

;

controlled Its

(.see

No. 292J

ffSl

Boundaries

now

343).

Director

Secretaries (see

344.

p1

;

by the Department consists

staff

No.

291)

of

one

of Police

Assistant

and two Second

8

]

of

:

Yiieh^ Shu' ^hu' ChengS

Director of the Office of Sacred Music there are subordinated two

by

directed

Chief

Musicians

(in

7 A,

an

:

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 3-

1^ filS Ssui number) ; 9b.

Lang^,

Bandmasters

of the

(in

an

Four Tributary

States

Envoys from Korea, Siam, Tonkin

and

;

I^

Knan', Residence

here were domiciled

Burma; no

longer

existing.

§

In charge of the Residence there was a |§ If Tui Kuan^ Wu*, Superintendent, who had under his control one :^i'^ Ta* Shih^, Residence Keeper 9a, two j^ gE Hsu* Pan', Ceremonial Ushers 9b, and a staff (8) jg 'g' T'ung' Kuan^,

^

T'i'

;

;

Interpreters (of the sixth, seventh and eighth ranks).

^

It Li' Hsiieh^ Kuan^ School of Ceremonials. fi This school was established by Imperial Edict of the 11th July, 393.

1907, which read as follows "

The most potent

forces in the maintenance of peace and

" in the government of the jjeople are the natural laws governing

" the

phenomena

" Emperors of *'

of

Being

nature.

Our Dynasty gave

improvement of

rites

"In the reigns " Kuang (1821-1850)

aware of

former

this,

their greatest attention to the

and education. of

Ch'ien

Lung (1736-1796) and Tao

the code of rites was repeatedly revised

" and,

in its improved form, promulgated for general observance " throughout the Empire.

With

" *'

the

new

lives of the people,

" education,

in the

order

of things that Jiave

come

into the

such as changes that have taken place in

Army

and

in social intercourse, it has

become

" evident that steps must be taken to adapt, or reorganize, the " customs hitherto observed by the populace with regard to the " details of funerals, sacrifices, head dresses, marriage ceremonies

" and

articles of use

"

On

and for adornment.

a previous occasion the Ministry of Rites memorialised

Us with regard to the establishment of a School of Ceremonials. " The said Ministry has now presented a detailed report as to

*'

[

9

392 .

^ mmWit Hui* T'ung^ Ssu*

392.

Envoys

for

Yiieh*

b]

indefinite

129

J

393

—

,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

894

"the

execution

" sanction that "

We

of

may

it

this

jjroject

and we hereby give

it

Our

be immediately put into force.

hereby further command that the Ministers of the

" said Ministry of Rites, with their subordinates, take the lead in

" the said School of ("eremonials, carefully consider the ancient " and modern customs and the everyday habits of the people, " select the best and bring them to

Our

We may

notice that

" promulgate them to the people of the Empire. " This

" of

Our

in proof of

is

way towards

the

earnest desire for the preparatioa

granting

the

a

of

constitution

" parliamentarj' representation to the country.

In charge of the School

of

of the two highest ranks of the

and

Vice-Presidents)

^

management ft

of

|l|

as

aiFairs

^

Ceremonials

Tsung'

Ts'ai'^.

in

Tsung^ Li= Li^ Hsueh^ Kuan' Shih*

the School of Ceremonials, and the foUowinsr

officials

the

Wu%

The |,f,

direct

Ji

jjif

^

Director of

i

H

1^ T'i^ Tiao^ Proctors, JI IS Pangi T'i^ Tiao', Assistant Proctor, -^ Tsung' Tsuan^ Chief Reviser.

1.

2 to 3

2.

1

3.

1

I-

1 1

•5-

are the

Ministry of Rites (President

however, vested

is,

and

Respect This."

# H M

1l§

Tsuan' Hsiu\ Revisers,

^MiWi Hsieh^ lisiu^ Assistant Revisers

(in

an

indefinite

number) 6. '•

8-

^Wi

Chiao*

P^l

Correctors

Tui'',

^ ^ Wen^ An\ # #1 H

Secretaries,

Ko^

'§•

(in

an indefinite mmiber),

and

Shgng'

Ku-*

Wen*

KiianS

Provincial Advisers (the schedule calls for 46 of these). 394.

{see

of Rites supervises

;

1.

Imperial Mausolea

2.

Metropolitan Temples and Sacrifices performed therein

{sec

Xos. 569

571a),

No. 572) and 3.

sec

The Ministry

Religions

(Biiddhist,

Taoist

Nos. 573, 573a to 573c). [

130

1

and Sba,manist

Priests;

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF

ClIIXA.

^^^

MINISTRY (BOARD) OF EDUCATION.

^ AR Hsiieh^ Pu^

395.

1905 for the supervision

established in of,

Empire

the

;

of the educational affairs

(before that time this duty devolved upon the

Ministry of Rites

The

to Ministry (Board) of Education

;

see

No. 376.)

internal organization of the ^Ministry of Education, as

proposed by the Ministry

itself,

was sanctioned by the Enjperor

on the 11th June, 1906.

^m^Ut^f^

395a.

Kuan= Li^ Hsueh" Pu* Shih*

Wu*, Controller of the Ministry of Education

^^

396. {see

No. 286 397.

398. Affairs

;

Ts'an^

Shih*,

Assistant

there are four of these

^ f§

j^,

f^

^

II!

(see

Xo. 276).

Secretaries

;

oAj

officials).

Wu^ T'ing', Chancery (see No. 296). Tsung= Wu^ Ssu^, Department of General

Ssu'

superintends the most important matters, correspondence^

;

archives,

compilation

regulations and

is

This Department

MMM

1-

framing

Memorials,

of

in charge of education is

*-l^i^

composed of three "^^ao*

K'o\

of

rules

and

throughout the Empire. K'o', Sections,

^Jf

Section

i.e.

Confidential

of

Affairs,

^ Rk ^^ 399. ^ 2.

fi\

An* Tu^

3.

^-4

Shen^ Ting* K'o', Inspection Section.

P"]

sities,

Chuan' ]Men-

RJ

and Special Schools

K'o', Correspondence Section, and

;

Ssu',

Department

Higher

of

charged with the supervision of Univer-

Higher and Special Schools.

This Department consists of two Sections

®

B

Wu*

Sn

B

Wu*

Chuan' Men^ Chiao* 1P5 S5: 5f^ and Special School Instruction Section, and 2. $^ Chuan' Men= Shu* B. and Special School Maintenance Section.

400. Schools

;

:

^-

S

"P]

K'o',

Higher

K'o',

Higher

P'u' T'ungi Ssu', Department of

Common

supervises Normal, IMiddle and Elementary Schools. [

131

]

4oa

;

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. 401 to

404

This Department has three Sections

W

1-

SR It IK School Section, f¥

2.

:

Shihi Fan^ Chiao*

^-4

Chungi Teng^

^WH'W^^

K'qI, Normal

Yu^

Middle

Chiao'^ Yii* K'o^,

School Section, and

¥

W

Hsiao^ Hsiiey Chiao* Yii* K'o^ Ele-

3. -J^ U: |5f mentary School Section.

^ ^ "^

401. Schools

Shih^ Yeh^ Ssu^, Department of Industrial

Manual Training, Commercial and Agricul-

controls

;

tural Schools, etc.

There are two Sections

^M^B^^

1-

to this

Department,

Shih^ Yeh< Chiao"

i.e.

Wu*

K'o', Industrial

Wu*

K'o', Industrial

School Instruction Section, and

KM&BM

2-

^hih^ Yeh^ Shu
C Ta* Oh'en^, Chancellor of the Imperial Academy (usually one of the senior

412a

;

8a,

of

the-

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

414 to

2

3.

^ m

o,

-{:

'^

P'in' (Feng*

t liB

^

Yao"

Wen'

Ku^ Tu'

Section of Secret Affairs,

Ku',

Section

of

Current

Correspondence, 4.

'^Wi^

Chihi Yingi Ku', Section of Finances, and

t% n\ M. 'i'ung^ Accounts. 5-

;

S

Mausolea

Mausolea

(at the

Eastern and at the Western Mausolea).

To is

the Chief of the Office of the Imperial ^Mausolea there

attached a staff of officials deputed from the Ministry of Rites

(I!S f{*

Lang^' Chung',

Department Directors,

^

Wai* Lang^, Assistant Department Directors and Shih*, Ssu',

and

Secretaries,

Department

officials

Chief

Cup-bearers,

Knight

jki

"^

^

T'ai*

Ch'ang*

Worship see Ko. 382b) and ^' JE tjhang* Ch'a* Cheng", (f^}

Sacrificial

of

from the Imperial Household

Trencher

of the

M Yiian^ ^ ^ Chu^

^\'

tSj

(see

g

IE Shang* Shan* Cheng*, Chief Xo. 91), ?3 fl ^'ei* Kuan^ Ling^-

W

[

201

]

570

.

TKESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. '571

to

Overseers,

g!j

^ ^ M

Fu* Nei* Kuan^

LingS

Assistant

Overseers see No. 85), etc.

^yo

For the General supervision

each group of Imperial

of

Mausolea there are deputed two or three Department Directors (or

Assistant

Department

from the Ministry

Directors)

of

Rites.

MMWcWJ

571.

Ling'

Chu* Fang'

Cli'in'

Garrisons at the Imperial Mausolea

No. 743b),

(see

charged with the guarding

;

of Imperial Mausolea.

At

the head of each Garrison there

Ch'in^ Tsung'

by an

^^

g[J

Kuan^, CJontroUer-General

Brigadier

;

and other

;

4a, a

4a, |^ JK

571 A.

G;^

MMMM

g

(see

Ling'

In addition to

2-

^

rI

XE

Works

Making 3-

Yii*, Captains,

provincial

to,

the officials mentioned above, for

and the maintenance

Ling'

Cla'in'

at the Imperial

Wa' Kuan\

for the Imperial Mausolea

in order

Kungi

Ssui

Ling'

;

Chiang*,

4a,

Ch'ins

Kuan'

Overseers of Brick and ;

of,

:

Mausolea

l^ft^JMMmSiSI'

Shao^ Tsao* Chuani

Assistant

Oh'in=* I* Chang',

same grades as those of

Imperial ^Mausolea there are the following

r^ Overseers of

is assisted

No. 746).

the supervision of repairs

1-

He

3a.

Ling' Ch'in' Fang'

of the

officials

Banner garrisons

;

^ Ling^ Ch'in^ Fu^ Tsung^ Kuan',

|i

Controller-General

^ ^ Ig ^ Ling'

a

is

Li' Tile

5a, and

MM^m^JM'^ Ling' Ch'in^ Chi* Ssu* Kung^ Yingi

Kuan\ Commissioner

of Sacrifices at the Imperial

Mausolea

;

6a.

METROPOLITAN TEMPLES,— SACRIFICES, -BUDDHISM, TAOISM AND SHAMANISM. 572. The Ministry of Eites (see No. 376) not only has the general supervision of temples but also directs the sacrifices

performed therein. [

202

J

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Sacrifices are of three grades

:

;^ JjiB ^^^ Ssu*, Great Sacrifices and animals are offered),

!•

-tissues 2.

t|*

^

3-

Chungi

jjiB

Sacrifices (at

which

Sacrifices (at

Ssu^

^

also

Tz'u* SsuS

jjtG

and animals are

silk tissues

Ch'Lin^

jjiB

Ssu*,

which jade,

(at

also

which animals are

/js

silk

Superior

offered),

and

Hsiao^ Ssu% Inferior

jjig

offered).

Great Sacrifices are performed at

^ ij T'ien' T'an\ The Altar or Temple of Heaven (also

1.

^ ^^

called

1420)

Nan^

A.

In the

The Southern Suburbs

Chiao^,

three times yearly

;

first

;

erected In

:

moon, the

for a Bountiful Harvest, at the

Ku', Prayer ^ ^ Ch'P Nlen^ Tien\ Altar

so-called

gf

i^

Ch'I^

jfjjp

of Supplication for a Bountiful Harvest,

In the fourth moon, the so-called

B.

Prayer for Eain (also '^

Round

Ch'iui,

C.

ii

Primary

Sani Xien^ Chi^ Hsiao' HsfieF

School

Junior

the

of

Grade with

of three years.

of subjects taught

was reduced from

eight to

geography and the natural sciences were discarded

ethics, literature,

arithmetic, the classics and callisthenics were

and gf ^^; ^Jf Sui^ I-* K'o^ Optional Subjects introduced (manual training, drawing, music and singing). retained)

On

completion

Schools of the

of

the

Junior

Schools {see below) or to

577a.

i^

^ />

Primary Schools

of

!^

course

of

were

study of the Primary

Grade, pupils proceed to Professional :

^

Kaoi Teng' Hsiao' Hsiieh^ T'ang^

the Senior

Grade.

These schools furnish

same subjects as do the Primary Schools of the Junior Grade, but more thoroughly and to a greater number of

instruction in the

^ours per week (36 instead of 30).

Their course of study covers

years.

Primary Schools are established

and marts

(of the Junior

in cities, tovras,

Grade, obligatory

optional) according to the following scheme [

2U

]

villages

of the Senior Grade,

;

:

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. In administi-ative centres of departments and districts the establishment of at least one Primary School of the Senior Grade is

Primary Schools

obligatory, the establishment of

Grade

establishment of Primary

in these centres, as well as the

both

of

Schools

administratiTe

centres,

number depending on the population

a

obligatory, to

grades in

other

of the Junior

is

of these

places.

Besides •of

S i

Schools

S

Kung^

For a Primary School

of Jg

^A

gij

638) and

1

Ssu^

fj, jj;

Li**,

either grade)

(of

^

-rJ

#

(see

No.

{see

No.

Ssu^ Shih*, Secretaries {see No. 650).

the

Grade

Senior

with

carries

the

it

following

:

Those who complete the course with one of the ratings (1st,

2nd or 3rd) may,

Middle Schools, Professional

Should

Schools.

they attain the

attain the

first

rating,

second rating, and

the third rating {see Nos.

they

one

join

they

receive

of

^^

pff

^

Fu* ShSng^,

629a and 631)

;

and

these,

Lin^ Sheng^,

if |^ Tseng^ Sheng\ if

if

they

they attain

should they attain the

for continued study and, should they again first

three

of the Junior Grade, or Middle

fourth rating, they are detained with the degree

one of the three

first

after a test examination, join the

Normal Schools

complete the course, they receive the degree

year,

is

Satisfactory completion of the course of a Primary

of

privileges

if

Private,

there

Cheng* Chiao* Yiian^, Teachers ^^ ^"* Chiao* Yuan^ Assistant Teachers

to 2

577c. School

and

Li*, Municipal,

Hsiao* Chang', Director {see No. 635a), who has a staff

made up •*3'')i

^ Kuan^ Li*, Government Schools, the founding

urged by the Government.

is

577b.

* '^

"g*

^^

fail

I*

ShengS

to qualify for

ratings and be unwilling to remain another a

document

certifying

that

they have

completed the course of study of a Primary School of the Senior Grade.

Those who attain the

fifth rating

of their examination marks. [

215

]

merely receive a

list

577b tO

577c

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

578

^ Jp

578.

Nii^

Hsueh^ Female

A

Schools.

scheme for

the establishment of such schools was brought forward by

the-

Ministry of Education in 1907 (sanctioned by the Emperor oa the

8th

March,

1907),

being clearly recognized that

it

the-

domestic education mapped out for females in the educational

programme

903 was incomplete, provision being made for the founding of ii 1^ 4" '^ 'M Nii' Tzu= Hsiao' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Eemale Primary Schools, to include, as in the case of male schools of

1

:

A ^ la ^

1-

Hsiieh'

^ ^

for

§i

g

Pai

(^h'i^

Bannermen, and HE

Hsiao' IfS

?^

Chu^ Fang= Man' Ying^ Hsiao' Hsueh^ T'ang",

Primary Schools

at the

Manchu

Garrisons are given in Nos.

717a and 717b.

MIDDLE SCHOOLS. 580. for those

tjt^^

Chungi

who have completed [

Hsiieh'' T'ang^,

Middle Schools;

the course of Primary Schools of

218

]

:

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Grade

the Senior

years

and 36

{see

No. 577a); with

hours

a course of study of five

These schools are

weekly.

instruction

established in pref ectural cities (obligatory

and

towns

district

The

(optional).

and

)

in departmental

enrollment

each

of

is

between 300 and 400 students, who follow a course of study

Normal Schools

similar to that of

Grade

of the Junior

No. 618), with the exception that much more

{see

on

stress is laid

the study of foreign languages.

By

581. sanctioned

Memorial from the Ministry

a

by the Emperor on

15th

the

organization of Middle Schools was revised distinct

courses

Course,

and

study

of

^

2.

1

:

Shih^

'^\

^

.

i]-

A.

Subjects

The

:

K'o\

The

:

and

Classics

the

two

Classical

Course.

Scientific

Classical Course comprises the following subjects

Major

1909,

so as to supply

Wen^

f

K'o',

Education,

of

May,

commentaries,

Chinese language and literature, foreign languages (English or

German

—by

choice

—and,

also, others

when

local surroundings

seem to demand them), history and geography. B.

Minor Subjects

Ethics, mathematics, physics, natural

:

economy, drawing and

history, jurisprudence, political

The

Scientific

A.

Major

Subjects

physics, chemistry,

B.

Minor

callisthenics.

Course comprises the following subjects Foreign

:

languages,

mathematics,

and natural history.

Subjects

Ethics,

:

the

Classics,

and

their

commentaries, Chinese language and literature, history, geography, drawing, manual training, jurisprudence, political economy and callisthenics.

In addition to the above-mentioned subjects, both courses supply instruction in music and singing to those 582. Du-ector {see

At {see

the

No. 635); instruction

No. 637).

Teachers see

head of each Middle

Also,

No.

there

639),

one [

are

is

J

desire

it.

there

is

a

supplied by Teachers

one Librarian

Secretary

219

who

School

{see

(one

No.

of

642),

the

one

581 tO

582

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

582a to

588

Accountant

No. 643), one Steward

{see

Proctors

tT\o

where

schools

(at

No. 641) and

{see

are

there

dormitories,

see

No. 646). Satisfactory completion of the course of the Middle

582a.

Schools carries with

three

the following privileges

it

who complete

Those

ratings

second

(first,

with

course

the

or

:

one

may,

third)

of

the

a

after

first

test

examination, join the Higher Schools, Normal Schools of the Senior Grade

one

join

the

of

^^

these,

^ ^ ^ Yu^

degree

rating,

and Higher Professional Schools.

f^

Sui^ Kung*,

and

complete

Pa-

Kung^,

Kung''. if

the

they

if

they

if

Should they

course

they receive

attain

attain

the

the

second,

first

and

they attain the third {see Nos. 629 and

631); should they attain the fourth rating, they are detained for

contimied

study,

with the degree

and, should they again

f^

^

fail to qiialify for

:3i

Yu^ Lin^

Sheng',

one of the three

first

ratings and be unwilling to remain another year, they receive a

document certifying they that have completed the course of a ^liddle School.

receive a

list

Those who attain the

of study

fifth rating

merely

of their examination marks.

HIGHER SCHOOLS. 583. for those

ig^^^

Kao^ Teng' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Higher Schools;

who have completed

Schools {sec Nos. 580 to 582)

;

the course of study of Middle

having 36 hours of instruction

weekly and a course of study of three years.

These schools

are

established at the provincial capitals, each with an enrollment of

from 300

to

500

scholars,

and their raison d'etre

is

the prepara-

tion of students for the Uni^-ersity.

The Higher Schools have three courses of study obligatory in

all

courses are

Chinese language and

:

literatiu-e [

;

subjects

ethics, the essentials of the Classics,

and

-20

callisthenics. ]

—

TRESEXT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. In addition to the foregoing, the course preparatory to study in the Classical

Law

;

and Administration

/History and

Department

•

Philology

—English

No.

Mathematics and Physics

ment

(see

of

Commercial

the

calls for the

study

law and

financial

French or German, as

optional.

study

to

the Department of

in

No. 589), the Engineering Depart-

No. 591) and the Department

(see

and

obligatory,

is

The course preparatory

Department

the

586),

587)

common and

is

the student elects, and Latin

I

No.

{see

(see

No. 592) of the University

(see

foreign languages :

No. 585), the Department of

(see

geography, logic,

of history,

:

Department

No.

of Agriculture (see

590) of the University demands, in addition to the subjects

common

to

coiu-ses,

all

study of the following

and foreign languages

physics, chemistry, geology, mineralogy

English

German,

as

the

Also, for those

who

or

intend

student

and

elects,

obligatory,

is

Latin

given

is

botany,

Latin

and

and English or French

the following rewards

degree

is

M\

^D

Nei* Ko^ ^'I'l

2.

degree

g

Chungi

(see

g^ Fu" Shii^

||

A

first

No. 137),

—

in

it

:

the

Nos. 629b

(see

is

carries with

rating receive the

and

631) and are

Shih', Test Examination, pU

Chihi Chou' (see No. 855)

Those who

chemistry,

— German

studied as the student elects.

and distinctions

Jen^

Chli^

physics,

languages

Higher School

Those who graduate with

appointed, after a

^

zoology,

the Medical Department

in

foreign

Completion of the course of a

1.

botany,

in

of the UniA-ersity comprises mathematics,

-obligatory

optional.

is

etc.

The course preparatory to study

zoology,

French

wish, and as an aid in the speciality they

instruction

follow,

to

topography,

German)

some cases

(and in

mathematics,

:

at

the

^ 4*

Capital

—or

the provinces.

graduate with the second rating receive the

Chiv^

appointed, after a test

Jen^

(see

Nos.

examination [

221

629b and 631) and

(see above), as 1^ ]

^

^I^

tf

are

^

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

583a to

Chungi or as

degree

^A

after a

test

in the provinces.

who graduate with the third rating receive the ChLi^ Jen^ {see Nos. 629b and 631) and are appointed,

^

examination, as "^

Capital— or

at the

the Capital—

'i'hose

^-

583o

—

Chi^ Hsien* {see No. 856)

J^

^11

137a)— at

K'o* Chiingi Shu^ {see No.

Sliui

jg ^U T'ung' P'an*

as

Wu*

Ssu^

No. 296)

{see

No. 849a)—in

{see

the

provinces. 4.

who

Those

with

graduate

they

have completed the 5.

receive

a

coiirse of

a,

Those who

receive a

list

rating

again

are

fail

to

to remain

document certifying that

they

Middle School.

graduate

with

the

rating merely

fifth

of their examination marks.

At

583a.

they

and be unwilling

attain one of the three first ratings

another year,

fourth

the

and, should

detained for continued study

No. 635), who a Steward {see

Higher

each

is

iSchool there

a Director

is

directly in control of a Preceptor {see

{see

No. 636),

No. 641) and an Inspector of Dormitories

{see

No. 645). The

Preceptor

Teachers

Assistant

is

in

{see

charge

No.

Teachers

of

and

638)

{see

the

No. 637),

Librarian

{see

No. 639).

The Steward's an Accountant

{see

staff consists

of a Secretary {see No. 642),

No. 643) and a Clerk of Works

{see

No.

644).

To

Inspector of Dormitories

the

there

are

subordinated

Proctors {see No. 646) and Assistant Inspectors of Dormitories {see

No. 647). 583b.

J^

^

For

particulars concerning

Tsungi Shih" Cliieh^ Lo^ Pa"

T'ang^, Higher Schools for Imperial see

^^^^ A]KiSr^

Ch'i^'

Kao' Teng' Hsueh*

(Clansmen and Bannennen,

No. 717a. 583c.

Men^

The majority

of the so-called

M^^^M

Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Special Schools, such as [

-22

]

the

^'li^a^i'

College of

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. Interpreters

No.

(see

may

626),

be

considered

as

Higher

Schools.

to

585

UNIVERSITIES.

^

Ta^ Hsiiey T'ang^, Universities; for ;^ Jp students who have completed the course of Higher Schools (see with a three years (in the Law and Medical No. 583) 584.

;

These are

Departments, four years) course. in all the

at

provinces

;

at present there

^

Peking, composed of eight

fl^ :Jz

to

be established

is

only one University

^

I^en^ K'qI

Ta* Hsiieh^

Departments. 585. Classical

M ^ f^

;/c

Department

;

^

Hsneh^ K'o^

Chingi

Ta*

Hsiieh^

with eleven courses of instruction

:

M^

"Book P^ *^^^o^^ I' Hsiieh^ Men^ Course in the JS Dynasty. Chou the in of Changes," as revised Course in the 2. tf9 P5 Shang' Shu^ Hsiieh^' Men^ "Book of History." 1-

^^

3-

"Book 4-

Men^

^ SJ ^

Course in the F^ ^lao^ Shihi Hsiieh^ Men^ of Odes," as revised by Mao Ch'ang.

^ ^ & M ^ ?^ Course

in

Ch'uni Ch'iui with

"Annals,"

the

'PsqS

the

Chuan* Hsiieh^

commentary

of

Tso-chuan. 5.

§^HS#P

Men^ Course 6.

"Book 7.

in

Ch'un^ Ch'iu' San^ Chuan* Hsiieh^

J

the "Annals," with three commentaries. Chou^ Li' Hsiieh^ Men^ Course

^^

in the P^ of Kites" of the Chou Dynasty compiled by Chou-kung.

J3

^ 3§ ^ P^

I'

Hsiieh^

Li'

Men^

Course

in

the

Men^ Course

in

the

"Ritual of Deportment." 8.

"Book 9.

584r

jii

qE

^ P5

Li^

Chi*

Hsiieh^

of Kites."

'^ua^?'i ^™^ ^^^

HsiieP Men^, Course

"Analects of Confuchis." [

223

J

in

the

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

685a to

^^

Men^

10. 3: pg :Meng^ Tzu' Hsiieh^ Writings of Mencius, and

Jl^n

11.

.ggy

Men^

Hsueh'

Li'

Course

Course

in the

Natural

in

Philosophy (of China).

In accordance with a recommendation from the

585a.

Ministry of Education, dated the

10th January,

sanctioned by the Emperor, foreigners

and

lectures

exercises

at

the

1910,

and

are permitted to attend

Department

classical

of

the

University and brief regulations for their observance have been

drawn up by the Ministry mentioned.

m^PtA^

586.

Department

of

of instruction

^

ESC P5 Administration, and

m ^ ¥ n Fa* X JP :^ ^ of

History

and

:\len",

Hsiieh^

Philology;

HsiiehS

two

courses

MOn^, Course

Course K-o^

in

in

Law.

Ta*

Hsiieh'',

consisting

of

nine

:

£$

Pg Clmngi Course in Chinese History,

in

Ta*

this gives

Ilsiieh^

Hsueh^

Wen^

ftj-

Department

KV

Chhig'

tJheng* Chih*

Lii*

2.

587.

courses

Fa*

and Administration;

:

^^

1-

Law

1.

4* HI

2-

^ gl ^ ^ P5

Kuo'^

AVan* Kuo'-

Sliih=

Hsueh^

Mc
, Preparatory

came

1904,

to

into

existence

prepare

students

for

Department

the University

at

enrollment

in

;

in

the

regular classes, thus playing the role of a Higher School (see Ko. 583).

Early

Autumn

in

1909

its

first

was graduated and,

class

of that }'ear, these students

in the

were enrolled in the varions

Departments of the University.

For the reason mentioned above, the ^Ministry of Education submitted a report (sanctioned hx the Emperor on the 25th April,

1909), recommending that the

Chingi Shih^ Ta* Hsiieh' T'ang= Yfi*

Department

of

the

Peking [

^Wii%

Fan* K'o\ Normal Department

Chi^ Shih'

programme

University in December, 1904, with a of

Normal Schools

Its first class is

later to

as

the

similar to that

Senior (ilrade (ipe Nos. 618 to 620).

of the

was graduated early

This Department

1909.

in

be removed from University control and reorganized

Normal School

a

organized at

;

Grade

Senior

the

of

618

Nos.

(see

to 620).

The

593. (see

No. 633), and he

various

University

senior official of the

Departments

is

is

Deans

directly in charge of the

No. 634

(see

eight in

;

the Rector

all,

of the

there

being

«ight Department).

To each Dean there are subordinated one

636),

Steward

No.

(see

:

one Preceptor (see No.

and

641)

Inspector

one

of

•Dormitories.

Ihe Preceptor '637)

is

directly in charge of Professors (see No.

and Assistant Professors

Works

(see

Inspectors of Dormitories {see Xsee

No. 644)

Proctors

supervises

Dormitories

No.

638)

;

No. 642), the Accountants

controls Secretaries .(see

and the Clerks of

(see

;

(see

the

Steward

(see

No. 643)

while the Inspector of

No.

646),

Assistant

No. 647) and the Heahh Officers

No. 648). In addition to the

officials

mentioned above, the Rector

is

charge of the various Professors who are deputed to carry on the duties of the positions given below ; Chingi Li' Kuani, 1^S *& ^^^^^ ^Y"" Y"a"^ ffl i^ SI Ourator of the Botanical Gardens, 2-1 "& T'ien^ Wen^ T'ai^ Ching^ Li' Kuan^, directly in

M

^ ^ 4 ?S

Director of the Observatory, 3-

fj

^ imS 11

'g'

Tung*

Wu*

Curator of the Zoological Gardens, [

227

J

Yiian^ Ching' Li' Kuani,

5933 to

593

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF 593a to

M^^MM'^ Yen'

4.

CIIIXA.

HsP Lin" Chingi LP KuanV

Director of the Forestry Station,

H ^ It IS M "T

5.

593c

T'u2 Shu^ Kuan' Cliingi Li'

KuanV

Librarian, and

m^Mm'S

6.

Yuan^ ChingiLi' Kuan',

I'

Sui^ervispr

of the Hospital.

^^

593a.

Hui*

gif

I*

yo'.

University Council

the presidency of the Rector (see No. 633).

under

;

This meets for the

discussion of questions affecting the University as a whole and

Deans

the

Professors

No.

(see (see

593 b. I* So',

Dean

of the

of the

Ko.

(see

No. 637), the Assistant Professors

and the Proctors make up

Hui*

Preceptor

634), the

M

636),

(see

membership.

its

$#M

li J^f Chiao* Yiian^ Chieni Hsiieh'^ fj[ Department Councils under the presidency of the ;

Department concerned.

These Councils, made up

Preceptor and the Professors, the Assistant Professors

and the Proctors of the respective Departments (compare

593a) meet 593c. with

it

to discuss questions affecting the

Department

Completion of the course of the University

the following rewards in the public service

1.

Those who graduate with the

degree of jg

Academy

No. 200b) and -^ f^ Chien^ T'ao^

expected to join the

Academy

they be unwilling to join,

(see

carries

:

Nos. 629c and

Pien^ Hsini |^ No. 200c), and are

as

{see

No..

alone.

rating receive the

first

± ^J ^ Chin" Shih^ Ch'ui Sh^n^

631), are enrolled at the National (see

the-

No. 638}

j!^

Sciences (see No. 594), should

of

they receive appointments

in the-

provinces.

The reward

to be bestoAved

the highest rank (optimus),

Academy

of Sciences as

be decided when the 2.

f^

on the student graduating with

who

}||

receives an appointment to the

Hsiui Cliuan*

first class is

(see

No. 200a),

graduating.

Those who graduate with the second rating

the degree oi Ig

±^^

Chin* Shih* Ch'u^ Shen' [

will,

228

J

are given (see

Nos.

— ;

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

and 631), are enrolled

•629c ,Si

±

"n

the

Shu* Chi^ Shih*

Academy

to join,

(see

of Sciences {see

as

to join

No. 594), should they not desire

they receive appointments in the provinces.

3.

Those who graduate with the third rating receive the

±

Degree of jg Chin* Shih* Ch'ui Shen^ flj J^ and 631), are enrolled in the Ministries as 5^ •{see

Academy

National

the

in

No. 201), and are expected

No.

292),

and are called upon

(see Nos.

629c

^ Chu'

Shih*

to join the

Academy

of

Sciences (see No. 594), in cases of unwillingness to join, appoint-

ments are granted in the provinces.

Those who graduate with the fourth rating receive the

4.

degree of [gj Ji

±

fli

^ T'ung' Chin* Shih* Ch'ui Shen'

629c and 631) and remain

Nos.

(see

University for another year's

at the

«tudy.

Should they then

ratings,

and be unwilling to remain for further study, they

fail

to attain one of the three senior

receive appointments in the provinces

as

^ Chih^ Hsien*

^fl

(see

No. 856). 5.

Those who attain the

on graduation merely

fifth rating

receive a list of their examination

marks and are not permitted

to remain for further study.

594.

^ T'ungi

Ju^

Yiian* (also

#

4

Ta'

^m Hsiieh^ Yiian*), Academy of Sciences (compare No. 574) ii fg

:/c

;

institution

is

who complete

intended for those

the University

course (see No. 584) and wish to perfect themselves in

The

chosen lines of study.

At

the

Academy

this

their

course covers five years.

Sciences there

of

is

no fixed course

the students themselves arrange the subjects they wish to study

by order of the Dean

(of the

University)

of one of the Professors (of the

lirhen

under the guidance

University) of the Department

conforming to the speciality followed. studies each student is called

;

upon

On

completion of their

to prepare

a thesis which,

approved by the Department Council concerned

-693b), is

(see

No.

submitted through the Rector of the University and [

229

J

594

PRESKNT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

595

Emperor and

the President of the [Ministry of Education to the

a reward

is

requested for the author.

Academy

Students at the

of Sciences

pay no

with the permission of the University Council be

sent

to

cj^uestions

by the Government

places

various

fees and may,

No. o93a),

{see

for

studying

pertaining to their specialities.

At the end of each year all those who are studying at the Academy of Sciences submit the results of their researches to the various Deans, who transmit them to the University Council for examination.

The Eector its affairs

Nos. 593 and 633)

of the University {see

the head of the Academy of Sciences

Deans

appertains to the

is

at

the direct supervision of

;

of the various Departments of

the University {see Xos. 593 and 634).

595.

f± Jp

established at the

present

Shih* Hsiieh' Kuan',

I'B

Peking (Metropolitan) University.

time this College

is

not functioning as

supj)lementing of the education of

by the College

Law

of

1.

Those

with

it

who

course

oi

^

f\^

recommended 2.

graduated

study

with

of

At

the

—the

work

carried on

Xo. 623). the

College for

first

and second

:

the

^ Fu* Pang'

glj

(see

Nos. 629b

course, they already possessed the degree

and according to their

official position

were

for promotion.

Those who graduated

recommended 3.

of

Chii' Jen^,

of

its

now

is

{see

the following rewards

ratings received the degree of

and 631), imless,

—

officials

and Administration

Completion of the Officials carried

College for OtHcials;

Avlth

the

third

rating were

for promotion, but got no degree.

Those

who graduated with

the

fourth

detained for further study and, should they again

rating

one of the three senior ratings and be unwilling to study they received a document certifying [

230

]

that

were

fail to attain

fm-ther,

they had attended

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. the full course of the College and were granted a one degree

m

promotion 4.

rank

—

(/;[]

Chia^ I^ Chi^).

|JJ

Those

who graduated with

a

of

received

list

the

^q rating

fifth

marks

examination

their

(#

merely-

^

1^

IJj

^

K'ao' Shih* Fen^ Shu* Tani).

595a. the

(in

ft

^ If

compare

provinces);

established with the

Kuan^

Shih* Hsueh^

No.

Colleges for Officials

have

These

595.

been

same object

as were the |^ |£ If K'o* Li* Kuan' (see No. 597); when Colleges of Law and Administration (.see Nos. 623 and 623a) have been established these will be abolished.

For

595b.

the

Officials, at

Graduates

;

1903

in

i||^ If

K'o* Li* Kuan^,

— supplementary

to

give

the

modern education

^ j^

degree

literary

of this institution

who have obtained

the

the

to

former scheme of

The

and 629c).

course

of

study

Attendance

and there are 24 lectures weekly.

obligatory for ^Metropolitan Graduates of less than 35 years

of age

;

those over 35 years of age

to attend

or,

f4 Shih* Study for

Shih*, ^Metropolitan Graduate, at

may

as District ^Magistrates in the provinces

or

|]S

of

No. 597a.

see

The aim

those

to

according

628

Nos.

{see

covers three years is

.(Jliin*

held

competitions

education

^ i^

regulations were compiled on the

26th September, 1904, at Peking. is

ft

K'o\ Accelerated Course

li -Jr It Chin* Shih* Kuan^ College for Metropolitan established in accordance with regulations drawij

596.

up

concerning

particulars

Hsiieh^ Su^ Ch'eng^

the local ft

M'^it when

these

Administration

The

^ If

K'o' Li* Kuan^* are

(.see

course

economy,

No. 597), Colleges for Colleges

the

abolished,

of

Officials,

Law

and

Nos. 623 and 623a). of

study

College for

law, [

^Metropolitan

:

pedagogy,

geography,

international

the

at

Graduates includes the following History,

request appointments

but they are comjDelled

Shih* Hsiielr Kuan^ {see No. 595a) {see

strategy,

231

]

595a

jurisprudence, engineering,

political

commerce

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

697

and

natural

to

and

Japanese

697a

Optional

science.

and

languages

subjects literature,

European

include

mathematics

and

callisthenics.

Those who successfully complete the three are presented to the

Emperor and

years

com-se

receive rewards according to

their attainments.

At there

the

head of the College for 3Ietropolitan Graduates

a Director (see No.

is

635) and, subordinated

to

him,

there are one Preceptor (see No. 636), one Steward (see No.

641) and one Inspector of Dormitories

The Preceptor

No. 645).

charge of the Chinese and foreign

in

is

(see

Professors (see No. 637) and the

0J

^

Chu* Chiao^ Assistant

Professors (see No. 638).

The Steward the

Accountant

is

(see

in

charge of the Secretary

No. 642),

(see

No. 638) and the Clerk of Works

(see

No. 644).

Under the the

Proctors

supervision of the Inspector of Dormitories are

No. 646) and the Assistant Inspectors

(see

of

Dormitories (see No. 647). 597. (for

ai-ieit K'o^ Li* Kuan^

providing

595a ).

These

officials

Colleges

with modern education

institutions are

for

Officials

compare No.

;

found throughout the provinces;

they are to be abolished on the institution of Colleges of

and Administration 597a.

(see

jtm-Mj^^^

Shih^ Hsiieh^

Accelerated Com-se of Study for Officials as proposed in a

Law

Nos. 623 to 623a).

;

Su= Ch'eng^ this

Memorial from the President

of Education (sanctioned

was

E'c^,

instituted,

of the Ministry

by the Emperor on the 3rd August,

1905), at the ^^ |£ If K'o" Li* Kiian^ (see No. 597) and the complete com-se covers one and one-half years. The studies are those of the Judicial Course of the

Administration of the University. [

232

J

Department

of

Law

and

DAY POLITICAL

I'KESENT

ORGAJJ IZATION OF CHINA.

598

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. «

^ H jp ^

598.

Shih^ Yeh^ HsiJeh^ T'ang=, Professional

Schools; these are intended to contribute towards the development of the country along the lines of agriculture, industry and trade.

Prom

the character of the instruction, Professional Schools

be arranged in the following groups 1-

H

1l

i. SI

fJt

^W

may

:

Yeh*

Shih=

Chiao\ Yuan'

€hiang' Hsi^ So', Schools for Training Teachers for Professional Schools (see No. 620). 2.

MM^ ^ Nung» 600 X M^^ Kimgi

Schools {see Nos. 3.

to 603),

j§j

^^

Yeh" Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Schools

of

Nos. 604 to 608), .^ Shang' Yeh* Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Commercial

Trades and Handicrafts 4.

Yeh* Hsiieh= T'ang=, Agricultural

{see

Schools (see Nos. 609 to 612), and 5.

fS

J5S

^^

Marine Schools

{see

Depending

Shang' Oh'uan^ Hsueh^ T'ang^, Mercantile

Nos. 613 to 616),

on

the

extent

of

their

courses

Professional Schools are divided into three classes

M^WM^^

Kao'

Schools (of the grade of Higher

Schools, see No3. 2.

T'ang^,

583

580

Shih^

Yeh* HsiJeh^

Chungi Teng^ Shi^ Yeh*

Professional Schools

jNIiddle

^

Teng^

to 583b),

t\i^MM^^

Schools, see Nos. 3.

study.

Higher Professional

1-

T'ang^,

of

:

to 582),

^MM^^

(of

and

Ch'ui

Teng'

Shih^

Yeh* Hsueh=

T'ang^ Lower Professional Schools (of the grade Schools of the Senior Grade, see No. 577a). Also,

K^fi^Wii^^

Hsiieh'

the grade of Middle

of

Primary

Shih^ Yeh* Pu' Hsi= P'u^ T'ung'

Hsiieh^ T'ang', Schools of Professional and General Education T'u^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Schools {see No. 599), and

g^¥^P

of Crafts

(see

No. 605), may be established at Primary and [

233

]

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'RESENT

Middle

being

Schools,

below

however,

considered,

these

as-

regards educational rating*

WMWCAM^ ¥f

Shih^

Yuan'

Ohiao*

Yell*

Chiang*-

Hsi^ So^ Schools for Training Teachers for Professional Schools,

may

be considered as

618

to 620).

e(|ual in

grade to Normal Schools

(^see

Isos.

Completion of the course of study of Middle Professional Schools carries

AA-ith it

the following privileges

Those who graduate with the

:

may

rating

first

Higher

join

Professional Schools and, should they do so, receive, according the literary degrees bestowed ou graduates of

to their rating,

Should they not care to attend

^Middle Schools (see Xo. 582a).

Higher Professional

i^^chools,

comjiletion of the course of a

appointed to the provinces as

J^

Ue

they receive a document certifying

Middle Professional School and j{'\

Chou' P'an*

^j]

(see

are-

No. 85 Ia),

^

fg Chu= Pu* (see No. Those who graduate with the fourth rating remain for

Fu= Chingi

|g?

857).

study

continued

Xo. 850), or

should they again

;

fail

to

attain one of the

principal ratings, and be unv>illing to study longer, they receive

a

docimient

School.

certifying

attendance

Those who attain the

fifth

at

Middle

a

Professional

rating merely receive a

list

of their examination marks.

On

who complete

those

the

course

of

studv

of

Higher-

Professional Schools the following privileges are conferred

Students eligible

for

who

one of the three senior ratings are

attain

teaching

:

and

administrative

posts

at

Middle

\

Professional Schools, receive the degree of |^ Chii^ Jen^ (see Xos. 629b and 631) and are enrolled as preferential candidates^ in

the provinces, for the posts of ^n

«55), (see

^tl

1^ Chihi Haien"

(see

'H'\

Chou'

Chili'

Xo. 856) or

'}l>\

|g]

(see

No.

Choui T'ung«

Xo. 855a). Those

who

continued study

;

attain

the

fourth

should they again

rating

are

fail to attain

detained

for

one of the three

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

senior ratings,

and be unwilling to study further, they receive a

593

document certifying attendance at a Higher Professional School

become

and

administrative

for

eligible

])osts

^q

Higher

at

p.Q„

Professional Schools.

Those who attain the their

rating merely receive a

fifth

that of Schools of General Education

{see

of

examination marks.

The administration of Professional Schools to

list

is

entirely similar

of corresponding grades

Nos. 577b, 582 and 583a).

^ m K H Jp ^:

598a.

Chingi Shihi Shih^ Yeh* Hsueh^

T'ang^ Peking (Metropolitan) Professional Schools

;

these are

under the joint control of the Ministries of Education and of Agriculture, Industry and see

Commerce (Department

of Industry

;

No. 464).

In the provinces the Professional Schools are under

598b.

the joint control of the

Commissioner of Education

(see

No. 827)

and the Industrial Taotai (see Xos. 839 to 839b).

±MM^'MM^-M

598c.

Yeh^

Shih^

School

this

;

Hslieh^ is

Communications 599.

T'ungi

Higher

Shanghai

Professional

under the control of the ^linistry of Posts and (see

No. 787).

"MMWMWm^P.

HsLieh'

Education.

T'ang^,

Shang* Hai^ Kao^ Teng^

T'ang\

Schools

^hih^ Yeh* Pu= Hsi^ P'u^

of

Professional

These are found at Primary

at Professional Schcols,

and are open

and

General

or [Middle Schools, or

to those

who

ha\-e, at least,

completed the course of a Primary School of the Junior Grade The instruction includes ^^ P'u^ T'ungi (see No. 577).

^M

Course of General Education (ethics, Chinese literature, Shih^ Yeh* K'oS fljmathematics and callisthenics), and K'o',

^^

Course of Professional Education.

^^^V^ XMPi Kung^ 1_

2.

Nung2

Y''eh*

The

235

Is

K'oS Course

Yeh* K'o', Course [

latter

J

sulj-divided into: in

Agriculture,

in Handicrafts, 3.

MM^^

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

600 to

Shangi

Yeh*

7j\:

^

as

well

Commercial Course, and

K'o',

Shui'

^1{

Ch'an^ K'o\ Course in Marine Industries.

The

QQ2

duration

determination of

course

the

of

the

subjects

to

study,

of

be taught in these

as

the

schools,

depends on local conditions. A.

Agricultural Schools

600.

M 3# ^ ^ In

^^

M

Nung' Yeh^ HsiieP T'ang^* (also IS Nung» Wu^ Hsuehs T'ang'^), Agricultural Schools.

Peking these schools are under the

^Ministries

Education

of

Commerce (Department

and

joint control of the

Agriculture,

of

of Agriculture

;

provinces they are under the control of the

Education

{sec

Industry and

Xo. 463)

see

;

in the

Commissioner

No. 827) and the Industrial Taotai

{see

of

Nos. 839

to 839b).

la^S^^^

601.

Ch'ui Teng5 Nung^ Yeh* Hsueh^

Lower Agricultural Schools

T'ang',

open to those who have

;

completed the course of Primary Schools of the Junior Grade {see

The

No. 577).

course of study covers three years and 30

hours of instruction are given weekly. includes

^

Education

and

The

and

latter

Yeh" K'o\ Course Course

K'o',

Course

The

K'o\

instruction given

Course

General

of

Chinese literature, mathematics, natural science

(ethics,

callisthenics),

Course.

T'ungi

P'u^

•§ p^

f_^P(

is

in

sub-divided into Agriculture,

Sericulture,

in

in Forestry,

and

4.

3.

gft

§

2.

:

1.

gH

-^^P; fi[-

K'o\

Hsi^

Shih"''

Shou^

^ |S ^ f

i]-

Lin^ I^

Practical

Nung^

Ts'an^ Yeh*

KV,

Yeh
]-.

^P^

'g-

Hslao^ Hsueh^ Pan^

who

School Inspector,

controls the

^

Shih* Kuani, Primary ffc jft

Hsiao' Hsiieh*

Chlao* Yiian^, Primary School Teachers, and the ^,.

Wu*

Yiian^,

Steward

{see

^^

No. 641).

Completion of the course of Lower Normal Schools with

It

the following privileges

of various types and receive the degree of

rank

(jf|n

:^

pO

fJ

The

first

places

the

^^

f|f f^hlao*

^

|g

list

^^

list

of

;?^

the

Shih*

it

sixth

second

of preferential candidates

Yii* {see No. 857)

graduate on the

the post of HI

|jp

rating carries with

Chiai Liu* P'in^ Hsien^);

rating places the graduate on the for the post of

ratings

appointment as teachers in Primary Schools

Fan* K'o^ Kung* Sheng^. class

carries

:

Those who graduate with one of the three senior are eligible for

Shu*

;

the third rating

preferential candidates for

Hsiin* Tao* {see No. 857).

Those who attain the fourth rating on graduation are given a diploma and are eligible for employment as Assistant Teachers at Primary Schools and, after a period of obligatory service, [

248

J

maj

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATIO.V OF CHINA.

Ibe

given the degree of

t'hengi,

with the

title

^

g)||

Those who attain the

Fan* K'o^ Kung*

Hsiiu* Tao" {see above).

merely obtain a document

fifth rating

Lower Normal

certifying attendance at a

^^

618b.

M ^ Shihi

i^ '^

$^l

School.

Yu' Chi^

Shihi Fan* Hsiieh' ff IS gip It T'ang^, Higher Normal School; furnishes training for teachers for {see

Lower Normal Schools

{see

No. 618a) and Middle Schools

The course of study covers three years

Nos. 580 to 582).

and there are 36 hours of instruction weekly. established at the Capital and at

students

Normal 580

are

drawn from

(Schools

(see

These schools are

provincial capitals and the

all

the ranks

Lower

graduates of

of

No. 618a) and Middle Schools

Nos.

{see

to 582).

During the

first

year students of Higher Normal

Schools

'Sftf^ Kung'- Kung' K'o^, General Course, comprising ethics, the origin of the Classics, Chinese literature, Japanese

follow the

literature,

From

English literature,

logic,

second year begins

the

Specializing Coui-ses,

made up

of

mathematics and

callisthenics.

5^|§ $^ Fen^ Lei*

the

K'o^,,

:

1.

Chinese literature and foreign languages,

2.

Geography and

history,

3.

Mathematics, chemistry and physics, and

4.

Botany, zoology, mineralogy and physiology.

General subjects taught

in all these

courses are

:

ethics, the

essence of the Classics, pedagogy, psychology and callisthenics.

The

Specializing Courses cover three years and those

complete them may, should they wish, take the

jjQ

^

^3[-

who

Chia'

Hsi^ K'o^, Supplementary Course, which extends one year and calls for

the presentation of a thesis on

There

are

later to

be instituted

K'o\ Special Courses, and ^H

On

completion of

^Jf

completion.

Ig

jlf

Hsiian' K'o\

the course of

the following privileges are granted [

its

249

:

]

5fif

Chuan^ Hsiu^-

Selected Courses.

Higher Normal

Schools-

618b

I'EESENT

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Those who graduate with the of IP fa

^A

1-^

rating receive the degree

first

Shihi Fan* K'qI Chii^ Jen^, are eligible for

teaching positions at Middle Schools or at

and become preferential candidates

Pu= Yung*) {see

for the post of pg [g

No. 137).

^

rank (^^ jE

They ff

(^

fjl

^

Lower Normal

^^

Wu'

same time,

Jen^

% M 1^ H A

on gradiiation

Shihi Fan* K'oi

above), are eligible for teaching posts

{see

fifth class

P'in' Hsien^).

Those who attain the second rating granted the degree of

Chin* Hsien^

ffl

Nei* Ko^ Chungi Shu^

are granted, at the

of

the

Yang'

is

Subordinated to her there

are

^^

glj

Fu*

(Jhiao*

Chien' Hsiieh^, Proctors.

# ^* ^ ;g

Inspectress

Meng^

Sd!^

as teachers.

Female Normal School there

Hsiao^

Hsiieh^

T'ang^

Chang',

Yiian*

^^ ^^

Hsi^ Assistant

Further, there are

Primary School, and the

Yiian*

a

Chang ',

T'ang^

^ ^ ^ f^ ;S

Inspectress

the

of

Elementary School.

To the

staiF of

Female Normal Schools there may be added

a Manager, a Secretary and a Steward (see No. 578).

619a. Shihi

Fan*

-^miC^M^^^ HsiJeh^

Normal School

;

T'ang^

Peking

Chingi

Shihi

Nii'

(Metropolitan)

Tzu*

Female

established in accordance with a Memorial from

the Ministry of Education (sanctioned by the [

252

]

Emperor on

the

:

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'KESENT

At

4th July, 1908).

Abridged Course

Course o£ Study, was

Chiang^ Schools

^^

Wan^

fi|-

K'o^ Complete

Ch'iian^

instituted, covering four years.

XHIfeftil^g;?

620.

Chien' I^ K'o',

jfjf

was supplied, the course covering

of Study,

Later the

two years.

®^

only a

first

Yeh*

'*^hih2

Chiao*

Yiian^

Schools for Training Teachers for Professional

Hsi'- So^,

open to those who have completed the course of iMiddle

;

Lower Normal Schools

Schools {see Nos. 580 to 582) or

No. 618a) and desire

{see

devote themselves to teaching at the

Schools

Professional

various

to

No.

{see

Schools

598),

of

Professional and General Education {see No. 599) and Schools of

Crafts

No.

{see

Agricultural

established

are

No. 590), Polytechnical

{see

Commercial

They

605).

No. 592) Department

{see

Higher Agricultural and Handicrafts

the

No. 591) and

of the University or at

No. 603), Schools of Trades

k^chools {see

{see

{see

in

No. 608) and Commercial Schools

{see

No. 612).

These schools are arranged as:

MIS^AjR.^WB'f

1.

Nung^ Yeh* Chiao* Yiian^ Chiang^ Hsi^ So', Schools for Training Teachers

for

i\

Yeh*

Shang^

Schools,

gricultural

Chiao*

Yiian^

2.

Chiang'

j^ Hsi^

^ ^ M B ^ Ff So',

Training Teachers for Commercial Schools, and in

W

Sf Kungi Yeh* Chiao*

for Training

The course

3.

Schools

for

IC^^^A

Yiian^ Chiang^ Hsi^ So', Schools

Teachers for Schools of Trades and Handicrafts.

of the first two covers

latter covers three years for the

two years

^

;

the course of the

:^ f4 Wan^

Complete Course, or one year for the f^

^

^J[

Ch'iian' K'o-,

Chien' I*

K'oS

Abridged Course. Special Schools

621.

Schools

;

5

PT

:

#^

Chuan- Men^ Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Special

their courses of study place these in the category of

Higher Schools (compare No. 583b). Special Schools include [

253

]

620 ^q ^„..

—

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

621 A

1.

T'ang^,

ft

^^

^

JP

igJC

Law and

College of

ChSng* Hsiieh*

Kuei* Chou* Fa*

Administration for Princes and

Nobles, at Peking (No. 622).

^

it ii Jl JFa* Cheng^ Hsueh^ T'ang^, CoUeges of and Administration, at Peking and in the provinces {see^

2.

Law

No. 623),

iiW^^

3.

at

Peking

Peking

{see

(see

5-

:tr

Languages,

Hsueh^ Kuan', College

I*

H

^ E'

Fangi Yen^ Hsueh^ T'ang', Colleges of

in the provinces (see

Higher

T'ang^,

Languages 7.

No. 626),

ffl

(see

^

School

Kaoi Teng»-

Manchu and Mongoliaa

of

No. 627), and

JP

^

Fu*

Oh'iii

History and Philology at Ch'ufu

Hsiieh^

(see

T'angS College of

No. 627a).

In addition to the above-mentioned, the following

621a. schools,

of Interpreters, at

No. 625),

MM^M^^ M Man' Meng^ Wen^

6-

Hsiieh-

of Law,,

No. 624),

^ ^ 1^

4.

Fa* Lu" Hsiieh^ T'ang^ College

under the joint supervision of the Ministry of Education

and various other Government

offices,

may

be considered as

Special Schools

M^M9^^

1-

Kaoi Teng' Hsiin^ Ching^ HsiieP

T'ang', Higher Police Schools, at Peking and in the provinces directly supervised

by the Ministry of the Interior

MSC?^

2.

(Political

Economy)

(see

No. 522),

Chgng* Hsueh^ T'ang^ Financial

Ts'ai^

College, at Peking

—

directly supervised

by

the Ministry of Finance (see No. 568), 3-

MB^M Peking —

College, at

Wu*

Slrai*

Hsueh^

directly supervised

T'ang^,

by the Board

Customs^

of Customs-

Control (see No. 252), 4.

T'ang^,

^^

ft

Military

f

S^

School

Lu* for

supervised by the ^Ministry of [

Chiini

Princes

War

(see

254

]

Kuei* Chou* Hsiieh*

and

Nobles

No. 71 a),.

—

dii-ectly

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL' ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

5.

^^^M.

Mlh

T'ang^

Shani Lu* Kung^ Hsiieh^

T'ang^ Eailway and Mining College

of Posts and

by the Ministry

supervised

at T'angshan

—

directly

Communications

(see

No. 786), 6.

Ml

S^^

Pieni

Chih2

Hsiieh^

T'angS College of

Mongolian and Tibetan Languages, at Peking vised

Stenography {see

¥^

ii 12

—

directly super-

of Dependencies {see No. 499), and

by the Ministry

7.

—

directly

Su2

Chi*

supervised

Hsiieh'^

T'ang^,

School

of

by the National Assembly

Supplement, No. 167b).

621b.

In accordance with the programme of measures to

be accomplished by the Ministry of Education within the period

1908-1916

(sanctioned

by the Emperor on the 18th April,

1909), the following schools, coming into the category of Special Schools, are to be instituted 1.

:(^

In 1910

^ ^^

and Philology 2.

—

:

:

Ts'un^

Ku'

Hsiieh^ T'ang-, Colleges of History

in all provinces

In 1911

(compare No. 627a),

:

^ pg g ^ ^

Chuani Men^

Ii

Hsiieh'

T'ang',

Special

College of Medicine, at Peking, 3.

In 1911

:

® P5 E ^ ^ ^ Chuan^ ilCn^ Nung' Yeh« Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Special College of Agricultural Science, at Peking, 4.

1912

:

M ?^XM^ ^ Chuani Men^ Kungi Yeh" Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Special College of Technology, at Peking, 5.

1912

:

® P3 i^ ^ ^ ^

Chuani Men^ Shang^ Yeh* Hsiieh^ T'ang^,

Special Commercial College, at Peking, and 6.

In 1915

"^M^M

:

Yin^ Yiieh* Hsueh^ T'angS Conservatory of

Music, at Peking. [

255

]

Q21b

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

622

622.

g

'^ iS

¥ ^ Kuei'

Law

College of

T'ang^,

Nobles

ft

Chou* Fa* Cheng* Hsiieh'

and Administration for Princes and

established, at Peking, in accordance with a ]Memorial

;

from the Committee for Drawing up Regulations for Constitutional Government, by Imperial Edict of the 9th April, 1909.

This

Edict also approved of the regulations for the College, drawn

by the

The

said committee.

object of the

those of princely and noble birth judicial

and administrative

The

as

(-oUege

is

to train

well as their sons

—

for

service.

by

supplied

instruction

—

iip

the

Administration for Princes and Xobles

is

College

Law

of

arranged as

and

:

years.

IE ^4 Cheng* K'o^, Complete Course; covering four P'u' During the first year the teaching is in jg

T'ung^

Hsiieli^,

1-

^

^

the instruction

General Education

is in

j^

I^lf

^ f4

daring the

;

last three years

Cheng* Chuan^ K'o\ Legal

^^''

and Administrative Subjects.

® j^

2.

The

two years.

Chien' I* K'o', Abridged Course

if^

first

and the remainder

half year of

is

;

covering

devoted to general education

the course to legal and administrative

subjects.

At

the College there

year and a half Students; of age,

who

in

—

for |j|

is

also a course of lectures

U

j^,

T'ing^

are persons of princely birth,

Government

tlie

service

;

—

lasting one

Chiang' Yiian^, Lecture

more than 30

officials

of

years

Manchu

and

Chinese birth, holding posts not lower than the fourth rank, also enrolled for this

At

the request of

of the third degree, Yii

and

M.W\

MM

Lang,

Pei''

Le^ Yii* Lang^ Prince

(Curator of the College of

Administiation for Princes and Nobles,

Law

there have been

introduced

some

changes

(sanctioned

by

Emperor on the 11th November, 1909),

the

the term of the

jears

—two years

are

Lecture Course.

in

the

regulations

of

the College

Complete Course has been extended of general education [

256

]

to

and three years of

i.e.

five

legal

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

and administrative education extended to three years

—

Lecture

the

;

years of special (legal and administrative)

1§

f4

"Cffl

^^-^* 1*^1*

Course has been

one year of general education and two education

;

and a

K'o^, Preparatory Section, with a course of

study of two years duration, and providing 32 hours instruction

At

weekly, has been introduced.

taught

are

ethics,

:

Chinese

the Preparatory Section there

literature,

history,

geography,

mathematics, natural science, drawing and callisthenics.

All males between the ages of 18 and 30 years who are

Clansmen, Princes or bearers of hereditary their sons in

—

if

as

well as

Children

schools, are obliged to join the College.

Manchu and

Clansmen, as well as

two ranks, are accepted at the

Middle Schools

course of

—

they are not in the Government service or enrolled

Government

of

titles

Chinese

College,

officials of

the

first

on completion of the

Nos. 580 to 582), after a test

(see

examination.

Supplementary B,egulations for the College of

Law

and

Administration for Princes and Nobles (providing for the changes

mentioned above) were drawn up by the Curator and sanctioned

by the Emperor on the 21st December, 1909. 622a. tion for

At the head

Princes and Nobles there

Subordinated to

fixed

^ IB IT 643), 7.

623.

T'ang^

him there

;

No. 637),

see

S^^^

C'^^*

Kuan\

Steward, and

^M'^i^ College

are

T'i^ Tiao*,

one Jg f^

635), 2.

not

of the College of

of

4.

is :

a

||1

1.

fg Tsung^ Li^ Curator.

Preceptor, 3.

two Proctors

Tutor

^M

Law

(see

and Administra-

two Directors

Secretaries, 6.

8.

Law

(see

No.

Teachers (number (see

No. 646),

Accountant

(see

5.

No.

No. 640).

Chingi Shihi Fa* Ch6ng* Hsiieh^'

and

Administration,

at

Peking;

established in accordance with a Memorial from the Ministry of Education, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 2nd February,

1907, for the purpose of preparing students for a judicial or The course of study covers five years ; administrative career. [

17

257

]

622a to

Q2R

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the

first

two years are spent at the

^^

Preparatory

Yii^ K'o',

and the remaining three at the jE fif Cheng* K'o', Specializing Section. The latter has two courses of study Section,

1-

and

i^ J§ P5 Cheng* Chih* Men^, Course in Administration, 2. }^ P5 Fa* Lii* M^n^ Course in Law.

^

At

this College there are also

Course,

Special

found

:

1

g!j fij-

.

and

years duration,

three

of

Pieh* K'o',

^^f

2.

;(•

Chiang' Hsi^ K'o\ Lecture Course, covering one year and a providing lectures,onadministrativeand financial law, for

For the Preparatory Section there 200 students.

after a test examination,

are

half,

ofiicials.

accepted^

j'early

They must be between

the ages of twenty and twenty-five years, of good behaviour, physically strong

Middle Schools

and educated to the standard reached by Nos. 580 to 582). For the Special Course

(see

there are yearly accepted, after a test examination,

These must be various

less

or

i\Iinistries

literary degrees

1

00

students.

than 35 years of age, be employed at the

—not

(Bachelor of Arts).

Government

other

offices,

or

possess

A

higher than || Chii^ Jen''', Graduate For the Specializing Section of the College

there are chosen 200 students from the ranks of those

who have

completed the course of the Preparatory Section, or externs corresponding education, after a test examination.

The €thics,

of

subjects of study at the Preparatory Section include

:

Chinese literature, Japanese, history, geography, mathe-

matics, natural science, logic, general outline of law, principles of financial

the

"

law and

The Course

callisthenics.

Specializing

Institutes of the

Section

provides

in Administration of

instruction

in

:

ethics,

Reigning Dynasty," laws of the Ta Ch'ing

Empire, State law, constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law, commercial law, general international

law,

special

international

law,

political

economy,

financial

civil

law, law,

sociology, history of international relations, statistics, Japanese,

English and callisthenics.

The [

subjects taught in the Course in

258

]

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

FKESiENT

Law

of tke Specializing Section are

Ta

Eeigning Dynasty," laws of the

" Institutes of the

ethics,

:

Gh'ing Empire, history of

Chinese legislation, history of foreign

[legislation, constitutional

law, admini'Strative law, civil law, criminal law, commerical law, civil

law proceedings, criminal law proceedings, general internalaw,

tional

prison

international law,

special

administration,

Japanese and callisthenics.

At

the head of the College of

Peking, there to

him

No. 637),

mot fixed; see

Olerks of

Two

He

Steward

Accountant

7.

644), and a

4.

(see

No. 641),

(see

No. 643), 8. Two 1* Chiang' flj- i|

^^

6.

Secre-

^

of Lecture

'^

j®t

^^

Course for

^a' Cheng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Colleges of

The

and Administration, in the provinces.

College of

No. 640),

(see

above).

623 a.

of these

has subordinated

Teachers (number

2.

Tutors

Pan* Shih* Kuan', Inspector

officials (see

Law

642),

Works (see No.

Hsi^ K'o^

and Administration, at

No. 636),

{see 3.

Librarian (see No. 639), 5. tary (see No.

Law

a Director (see No. 635).

One Preceptor

1.

:

is

Colleges

Law

is

course of study

similar to that of the Special Course of the

and Administration at Peking

duration of the course

is

not uniform in

the course covers two years

—

all

(see

No. 623); the In Chihli

provinces.

half a year at the

^f

ij-

Yii*

K'o^

Preparatory Section, and one year and a half at the :^p\ P^n^ K'o\ Specializing Section

^^ the ^ ^ f

the

^fif

;

Chien'

in I*

Anhui

the course includes two years for

K'o^ Abridged Course, and one year

for

Pu^ Hsi^ K'o^, Supplementary Course in Chekiang the course covers one year and a half, etc. The enrollment of the Colleges of Law and Administration 4-

;

Taries in different provinces (in

and

in

Chekiang

it is

200, in Chihli 120,

Shantung and Anhui 60).

from the Ministry of Education, dated the gth March, 1907, directed that the provincial Colleges of Law and Administration introduce ^following the example of the Peking Instructions

—

[

259

]

623a

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

628b to

624

Law

College of

^W^^M P(

and Administration )^

of Shantung), the birth-place and burial-place of Confucius.

The

College has two courses of study

Preparatory

Course,

similar

Schools {see No. 580), and

to

Jt^

the

:

^

Yii* K'o'j

fi}

programme

Middle

of

Cheng* K'o', Specializing Course,

supplying instruction in the Classics, history and literature.

For the Preparatory Course there are accepted scholars who have completed the course of Primary Schools of the Senior Grade

No. 57 7 A); for the Specializing Course there are who have completed the Classical Course of

(see

accepted scholars

Middle Schools

(see

Nos. 580 and 581) or the course of Lower

Normal Schools

(see

No. 618a).

At

the head of the College there

a

is

Director (see No. 635); to this position

Liang Ting-fen was appointed

^§

Chien' Tu^

the above-mentioned

(see report of the

Ministry of

Education, dated 7th February, 1910).

A

college similar to the College of History

many

at Ch'iifu has existed for

the

title

also

No. 62lB).

g^^

of ^i^

Ts'un-^

years in

Hupeh

and Philology province under

Ku' Hsueh^ T'ang^ (compare

EXAMINATIONS AND LITERARY DEGREES. It has already been mentioned (see No. 574) that

628.

the occupancy of public posts in China was dependent short time

ago

Metropolitan

—upon

Graduate,

the

possession

Provincial

with their various gradations).

^ Mi

Shih^

triennially, in the 2.

^ Mi

Hui*

Provincial

literary

—

until a

degrees (of

Graduate or Licentiate

These degrees were obtained

^'^o^ Shih*, Examinations,

Hsiangi

of

of

three

Examinations

kinds: (held,

as

at

^ gf

1.

a

rule,

autumn, at the provincial capital), followed by Shih*,

Metropolitan Examination [

266

1

(held

at

PUKSKNT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Peking the following spring), and

Examination (following

^

3.

immediately

Also,

were

there

—

by Imperial Favour.

held

^

styled ]§,

The

two terms

the

of

—

celebration

in

of

En^ Shih*, Examinations

Provincial and Metropolitan

^

Graduates were respectively styled combination

degrees was made.

final

examinations

special

Metropolitan

the

after

Examination), after which the award of

auspicious public events

Tien* Shih^ Palace

gj^

K'o^ and

Ep

fjf

K'o^

Chia' (the

EjS

commonly

Chia^,

meant "Graduate").

On

A

the 2nd September, 1905, following a Memorial from

Yiian^ Shih^-k'ai^ ex-Governor-General of Chihli, an

ifr ifl

Imperial Decree was promulgated recognizing that the system

degrees was effete

of competition for literary

shown

—and directing

its

—

as

events

At

from the year 1906.

abolition

had the

same time the various Governors-General and Governors were instructed schools

to

—the

take

steps

towards

the

increasing

number

of

completion of the courses of these to replace the

competitive examinations as a means of obtaining the various literary

the

However,

degrees.

Committee

as a special

case

{see

dated the

19th

March,

Ministers,

of

report

of

1906)

permission has been granted for holding the examinations in

1909 and 1912 for the degrees of and

g ;^ ^ At

Yu^ Kung* Sheng^

present,

a

^M&

(see

transitory

^^^ Kung* Sh6ngi

No. 629a).

period,

the

Higher

(previous to 1909) and, furthermore, the University of the courses of literary degrees

degrees

abroad

which serves as a means of attaining the highest

—having graduated no

of the

a

who have

been

educated

Education

possible

and at the Palace All

classes, the acquisition of

after passing examinations at the Ministry of

is

—

Schools

—completion

only

(see

to

those

Nos. 630 and 652c to 652e).

who attained literary

degrees previous to the promulgation

Edict (of 1905) mentioned above have been directed, with

view

to

the

advancement of [

267

their ]

education,

to join

the

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

629

± It

to

xi

629a

Li*

Kuan^

Shih* Hsueh2

jil^f^

Nos. 595 and 595a), the

(see

(see

629.

By

Nos. 597 and 597a). the old system of examinations, abolished by the

Decree of the 2nd September, 1905

No. 629a) first

candidate

first literary

certificate of

for

Shengi, which

literary

may

the distinguishing

degree

^^

honours to style himself

his

T'ung^

be taken as equivalent to " Student."

on the Magistrate's

first

list

received

first

literary

^ "^ An^ Shou^.

title of

^^

(literary

Ts'ai^ (see

'^^

merit from the Magistrate enabled the

The candidate ranking 629a.

No. 628), a person

an examination before the Magistrate of

to pass

A

district.

(see

Hsiu* degree ^ —such a person was designated as j^ ^ Chiin* Hsiu*,

wishing to obtain the

had

M M f^ K'o*

Chin* Shih* Kuan^ (see No. 596) or the

Kuan^

Hsiu*

Ts'ai'^,

Licentiate; the

^ ^

designation,

Sheng^

This

Yfian^).

degree was awarded by the Literary Chancellor (see No. 827a) at examinations held in prefectural cities (the highest candidate

^ "^

An^ Shou' compare No.

on the

list also

629).

The successfid candidates were divided

PjiJ

^

received the title

;

Fu* Shengi, Licentiates of the First

Tseng^ Sheng\

Licentiates

of

Second

the

highest candidates were granted

^^

|?fe

two groups: and if

Class.

Also,

^ the

Kao^ Huo', Government

Stipends, and for this reason they were

Shengi or /^ |§

into

Class,

known

as

^^

^ Lin^

Lin^ Shan* Shgng\ Stipendiaries.

The Licentiates as a whole were known generally as ;J; Kung* Shengi, Senior Licentiates, i.e., 1. j^, M. ^"^ Kung*

&

Sheng\

Senior

by

Licentiates

passed at one of the so-called 2-

WlmSS.^^^ Kung*

}g,

Imperial

Favour

|^ £n' Shih*

(see

3.

— having

No. 628),

Shengi, Senior Licentiates of the First

—having passed the examination held every R ^ Fu* Kung* Shengi, ]^ ^ ^ Shengi, Senior Licentiate the Second — Class

^

at

or

IIJ

of

12 years,

Sui*

Class

senior

by

Kung* virtue

of the date of their success at the examination or because of [

268

]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHINA. age

their

Sheng\

;

Unsalaried Licentiates, and

Senior

4.

Licentiates of the Third

shown noteworthy

achievements

Also, Licentiates of

the

at

SM4 Class — those

^'"^^

regular

Kung* ha^sing

examination.

First Class (Fu'' Sh6ngi; see above)

the

might obtain the degree of

|^|

iJ

^

Fu^ Kung* Sheng^ by

purchase.

H X

629b. Hsiao*

{see

(literary

^^

No. 628) by the JE

designation,

designation,

conferred at the so-called

;

E£

;/(;

;/i;

^ ^^^

^

designation,

(literary

|g

Graduate (Bachelor of Arts); the

Provincial

Lien-),

second literary degree Shih*

Jen^

Chii'

^^

Ta*

^^^^^ K'ao'),

Cheng*

Tsung'

^|5

|^ Hsiang^

K'ao' Kuan^

Ts'ai^

;

ordinary

Examiner appointed from

Peking.

Of some

ten

^

described as J^

to

twelve thousand competitors, commonly

Shih* Tzu^, Scholars, barely three hundred at

The successful candidates, whose

the utmost received degrees.

names appeared

in

an

official

Pang', were said to have f^

list

^

styled

Chung'

f|

Chii^,

Jf^

|^ Lung^ Hu^

Attained a Degree,

and were thenceforth known as !^ /v Chii^ Jen^, Promoted Men. In addition to the list of successful scholars, about forty candidates,

whose showing was adjudged

their successful

as scarcely inferior to

companions, were enrolled in a secondary

list,,

1^ Fu* Pang', a description of proxime accessit, their manner securing the honour of publicity although

styled

glj

names

in this

they failed to secure the degree.

The

first

on the

list

of graduates received the honorary title

^

7C Chieh* Yiian^, the following four were styled |g J^: Ching' K'uei^, while the next thirteen received the designation

of

^ K'uei^ or Chii' Jen^,

|||5

^ Hsiang' K'uei^

was sometimes bestowed

candidates over 80 or 90

j'ears

Finally, the degree of

^ A.

as an honorary reward

upon

of

age who had presented

themselves at successive examinations without success

complying with certain specified requirements. [

269

]

—on

their

629b

—

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'l'vlOSENT

.629c

j^j;

629c.

Chin* Shili^ Metropolitan Graduate (Doctor);

the third and highest literary degree

Hui* Shih*

(see

fifty

^

oi.

distinguished further,

i.e.

second to the

fifth as

-f^.

thirteenth as

^@

was

at

successful

the

Kung*

-j^

this

were

hundred

Shih*.

known by the Some were

Hui* Yiian^, the

^- ('hing^ K'uei^ and the sixth to the

The degree

Hui* K'uei^

The

Examination.

Palace

examination

examination

to three

^%

as

first

^^ essays

composed

and

scrutinized

of Chin* Shih*

Tien* Shih*

bestowed only after the so-called

628),

Fu* Shih^ Test

out of six thousand competitors) were designation

general

:

proving

some three hundred and twenty -five

((usually

and

^^

Ko. 628) following a

Those

Examination.

^^

conferred at the

;

by

classified

(see

No.

at

this

a

special

^^

^

Yiieh^Chuan* /^ Ta* Ch'en^, and the confirmation of the degree was made after

committee of Imperial Revisers, called

the

^

5§ Ch'ao^ K'ao^, Court Examination, at which the therae composed was selected by the Emperor himself.

of the essay to be

The examinations completed, the successful scholars were received in audience by the Emperor and those highest on the list

received various posts at the National

Academy

(see supra);

the others were given appointments either to provincial posts District INIagistrate

Peking

or the

The

—

Grand

or to

minor positions in the Six Boards

Secretariat.

scholar ranking first

received the

title

of

^

among

Hsiu^ Chuan*

(see

the ^Metropolitan Graduates

Chuang* Yuan^.

ji^

the highest literary award,

this,

No. 200a).

attained

The

the

recipient of

rank of

The graduate ranking

W BS

Yen^ and the third that

of

^

jj^

^

second in

order of merit at the Court Examination received the Pa.ng^'

at

title of

Ifg T'an* Hua^; both

these candidates were invested with the rank of jg f^ Pien^

Hsiu' the

li

(see

—

Ip

No. 200b). I^

± R$^

The

three graduates mentioned

Chia', First Class, of the year

Chin* Shih* Chi= [

Ti*.

270

]

made up

and were

styled

PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Those graduating highest at the

Chia',

in the

H

Second Olass,

Examination received the

C^ourt

title

Ep Erh*

o£

^

^

JjJ

Ohien^ Ch'uan^ Lu'' and were invested with the rank of ;^ T'ao' (see No. 200c) ; the remainder o£ this class received the title

E

of

a

Hi ^a- Chin* Shih* Ch'ui Sh^n^ and the rank of Shu* Chi^ Shih" (see No. 201).

±

Of

±

31

the graduates of the third and last class, designated

name

the general Shen'^; the {see

of

[g]

±

ii

{ft

known simply

in the various offices at

precisely similar course

character J^

Wu=

(Ihii^

abolished

Wu'

Jen^

Academy, the

and received appointments

followed

a

same degrees

as

degrees

military

career,

to the

with the exception that the

(Military) was prefixed (for instance,

±

or je^ it

On Manchus

own

Shu* Chi^ Shih*

in the provinces.

and gave access

civil

by Imperial Edict

629e. ing their

the

for

those

as Chin Shih

for

-f;

to the National

Peking and

Examinations

629d.

did

g

highest received the rank of |S

No. 201) and were attached

others were

^

Wu'

Chin* Shih*).

of 29th

August, 1901.

competing

^

A

|^ These were

in the examinations,

employ-

language rather than Chinese, there were conferred

the degrees mentioned above with the distinguishing term |g

Fan! I* prefixed (for instance, 630. {see

No.

by

T'ung'' Chin* Shih* Ch'u^

^ WS ±

^^n^

^

I* Chin* Shih*).

Since the abolition of the old system of examinations

628) there

transitory system their education

is

may be

operating what

according to

considered a

which students who have completed

abroad are required to undergo, on their return

to Peking, examinations of three grades (for details see Nos. '652c to 652e), following which, dependent on the literary degree attained, they receive various appointments.

631. (see

No.

The Imperial Degree 628),

introduced a

new

touching

the

of the 2nd September, 1905

school

regulations

of

1903,

system of competition for literary degrees, [

271

]

629i>

to gg.

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. directing their bestowal on students completing the courses of

the various types of schools in a satisfactory manner.

There are

examinations held at the schools

five distinct

#

^

2.

^ ^

fig

K'ao'

Shih^

1ei ff$ 1^ Lin'' Examination (once a month),

K'ao'

Ch'ii

Hsiieh^

ShihS

:

Periodic

Semestral

Shih*,

Examination (held twice a year), and

^ ^ ^ ^

3.

Nien^

Hsiieh^

Annual

ShihS

K'ao''

Examination.

The above-mentioned examinations

are carried on

by the

administration of the school concerned.

^

4.

M'MM'P'^' Yeh*

K'ao' ShIh^ Final Examination,

and

^^M

5.

for

5t Advancement

The two Peking in

—by

to a School of

last-mentioned

officials

provinces

the

Hsueh^ K'ao^ ShihS Examination

Shf';ngi

Higher Grading.

examinations are carried on

—at

deputed by the Ministry of Education and

—by

deputies

Governor-General

the

of

or

Governor.

At

all

Conforming

examinations the " one hundred the

to

percentages

received

mark

Yu^ Teng^ Excellent (80

Good (60 60), 4.

My ^

^

used.

1.

:

^

2-.

@^

;^

Yu^ Teng^,

ff Ohungi Teng^, Satisfactory (40

to

Hsia* TeDg^ Unsatisfactory (20 to 40), and

5,

to 80),

~f

lOOS

to

is

the examinations

in

students are arranged according to five ratings

Tsui*

total "

3.

Tsui* Hsia*

=1*

^

Teng^ Very Poor

Dependent on the type

of school

(1 to 20).

and on the attainments

of

the candidates at the final examinations, the following degrees are

conferred (in ascending scale)

m^

Fu* Shgngi,

ShcngS

5.

^

3.

MJM&

^

^

1. ft Tscngi Shgngi, :

it Yu' Lin' Shgng\

7. Yu' Kung*, fi Kung* Shgng\ 10. glj

8.

^ r

g^ J

^^

Kung% IL

Pa^

Fu* Pa"ng^ 272

6.

P

4.

^A

Sheng^,

J*

^

2.

Lin'

Sui' Rung*, 9.

Chii^

^^ JenS

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. and 12.

±

jg

Shih* (of two grades,

(^hin*

T'ung2 Chin* Shih* Ch'ui Shen^ and jl

i.e.

±

Jl

In]

^

fl»,

±

ffi

^^

Chin* Shih*

632 ^q

Ch'ui Sheni).

635a

For

particulars as to which schools appertain the various

degrees see the descriptions of the seTeral types of schools.

ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOLS. l^ Jl Tsung'

632.

Li', Curator; at the

of Law and Administration for Princes

This post

is

held

632a.

II

of the Military

abolished (see

633.

by a Prince III

^^

head of the University

Hsueh^

head of the Faculty of a

Feni

;

K'o^

Chieni

directly subordinate

No. 633).

(see

This

official is

found at

Nos. 582 and 583a), Middle

(see

(see

No. 598), Normal Schools

No. 618b) Grades,

(see

and Administration for Princes and Nobles

No. 622a), Colleges of

Law

and Administration, at Peking

No. 623) and in the province (jsee

No. 593)

[see

No. 618a) and Higher

Law

No. 593).

the

^ ^ Chien^ Tu\ Director. (see

(see

Ta*

and Higher Professional Schools

Lower

now

at

;

Hector of the University

College of

is

M#

Middle and Higher Schools

of

This post

Ta* Hsueh^ Tsung^ Chieni Tu', Eector of

Department of the University

635.

No. 622a).

Empire.

No. 713a).

:;^ f4 Department Dean

to the

(see

formerly at the head

;

School for Princes and Nobles.

ic^li^tf

634.

and Nobles

Official of the

TsungS Pan*, Curator

the University; 3a, at the

Tu^,

High

or

head of the College

No. 623a), College of

(see

No. 624), College of Interpreters

(iee

(see (see

Law

No. 625), Colleges of

No. 626), College of Manchu and Mongolian No. 627), College of History and Philology at

Languages

(see

Languages

(see

Ch'iifu (see

No. 627a),

He

etc.

is

the direct and administrative

chief of these institutions.

635 a. of

i^

^

Hsiao* Chang^, Director

;

at Primary Schools

both grades (see No. 577b) and at Lower Professional Schools

(see

No. 598). [

18

273

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^g

635b

635b.

to

Primary Schools 635c.

Q39

jj,

^

^

Head

T'ang' Chang',

Mistress

Female

at

;

of both grades {see No. 578).

^

|fj|

^^

Hsiao' Hsueh^ Pan* Shih* Kuan»

Chungi Hsiieh^ Pan* Shih* Kuan', Inspector »4* li Primary School and Director of Middle School at Normal

and of

'g*

Schools, of the lower (we No. 618a) and higher («ee No. 618b)

grades.

^f^^M

636.

Wu*

Chiao* is

Wu*

Chiao*

found at the University

(see

Tiao* or

T'i''

With

Chang', Preceptor.

the

i&

^ ^g

first title, this official

No. 593) and at the

Interpreters (see No. 625) and, with the second

College of

Higher

at

title,

Schools (see No. 583a), Higher Professional Schools (see No. 598)

At the

and Higher Special Schools. to the

Dean

;

JEW

637.

University

;

A

Cheng* Chiao*

At

No. 593).

see

Yuan^

Chiao*

University be

is

%^

subordinated

No. 635).

at other schools to the Director (see

Yiian^ Professor

other schools

iE

'

(at the

M. Cheng*

^JL

Chiao* Yiian^, or ffe^ Chiao* Hsi^ Teacher.

Professors are subordinated to the Preceptor (see Nos. 593

and 636).

Teachers

subordinated

are

—

Higher

at

Schools,

Higher Professional Schools, Higher Normal Schools and Higher

—

Special Schools

Law and

—

to the

Preceptor

No. 636) and

{see

—

at other

No. 635) at the College of and Administration for Princes and Nobles (see No. 622a)

schools

directly to the Director (see

at the Military School for Princes

;

and Nobles

No. 713a)

(see

they are subordinated to the Preceptor (see No. 649). 638.

I'll

the University

^ fl Pu* ;

Chiao* Yiian^ or dinated

to

the

see

Chiao* Yuan^, Assistant Professor (at

At

No. 598).

^Jj fj;

other schools

Preceptor

(see

No. 636)

Preceptor, to the Director (see No. 635

639.

glj

:

^ ft Fu*

Chu* Chiao*, Assistant Teacher.

;

or,

there

compare

also

Subor-

being no

No. 637).

^^ Chang' Shu^ or g^'g" Chang' Shu' KuanS Libra-

rian; subordinated to the Preceptor (see

no Preceptor, to the Director [

(see

No. 636)

or, there

No. 635; compare

274

J

also

being

No. 637).

;

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

639a.

rI

^ ft

Yuan',

Shu^

Ssu'

Librarian

;

the

at

Military School for Princes and Nobles {see No. 713a); subordiaated to the Preceptor (see No. 649).

the College of

Law

Law

College of

No. 623) to

{see

No. 636).

BB1SM Shu* Wu*

641.

subordinated, at

No. 649), and, at the

{see

and Administration at Peking

the Preceptor {see

;

and Administration for Princes and Nobles

No. 622a), to the Preceptor

(«ee

TlaoS Steward; at the

T'i'

University {see No. 593) and at the (Jollege of Interpreters

BB M

No. 625).

Shu*

Wu*

Chang', Steward

Schools of the Senior Grade, Higher

Wu*

Shu*

Steward

;

Yiian^

BB^ ^

or

;

at

Schools, etc.

Shu*

{see

Primary B,

^ S.

Wu* Wei^ Yuan^

at other schools.

The Steward

subordinated, at the University {see No.

is

Dean

593), to the

{see

No. 634) and,

at other schools, to the

Director («ee No. 635). 642.

X^ and

fl.

5:

^ Wen2 An*,

WSn- An*

Middle

also

tC

Yiian^, Secretary

Schools

and

schools

M 'M Wen^ An* Kuan^ or ;

at the University,

of

corresponding

Higher grades

subordinated to the Steward {see No. 641).

642a. of

^IB'g

Shu^ Chi* Kuan\ Secretary

;

Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles 643.

'§ u\

M

^ gt

at the College {see

No. 622a).

^

or fi" If Hui* Chi* Kuan^ University, the Accountant at ; Hui* Chi* Yuan^,

Hui*

Chi*, also

Higher and Middle Schools and schools of corresponding grades; subordinated to the Steward {see No. 641).

^

*§ Shou' Chihi Kuan^, Treasurer, with duties iK of Accountant {see No. 643) at the College of Interpreters {see No. 625) and at the Military School for Princes and Nobles {see 643a.

;

No. 71.3a). 643b.

^ }M

643a)

isee

No.

{see

No. 713a).

;

'^

Chih^ Ying' Kuan^, Assistant Treasurer

at the Military School for Princes and Nobles

[

275

J

^q

643b

^M"^ Kuan^ K'o^ Knan^ Tutor

640.

680a

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

644 to

650

MB"^

644.

Wu* Kuani

Tsa^

Works

Yiian^, Clerk of

;

and schools of corresponding grade (see

or

at the University

^^

Tsa' Wu* i| and Higher Schools

subordinated to the Steward

;

No. 641).

^ ^ f^ 1^ Chai^ She* Tiao* the University), She* Chang', ^ ^ g Chai* Wu* Chang^ or W'^^ Wu* Wei' Yiian^ other schools —where Chai* ^^^M there are dormitories) — Inspector Dormitories subordinated, 645.

(at

T'i^

Ohai*

(at

of

;

at the University (see No. 593), to the

Dean

No. 643), and,

(see

at other schools, to the Director (see No. 635)

appointed from

;

the ranks of Professors or Teachers (see No. 637).

^^

646.

'g-

^^^

Chieni Hsiieh^ Kuan' or

HsiJeh' Yiian^, Proctor

;

at the University

Chien*

and Higher Schools

and schools of corresponding grade subordinated to the Inspector ;

of

Dormitories

Teachers

|gi

^ 1"

Chien=

Kuani or ;^

Ch'a'

Assistant Inspector of Dormitories

(Jh'a^ Yiian^,

sity

of

Professors

or

No. 637).

(see

647.

appointed from the ranks

;

;

^^

Chien*

at the Univer-

and Higher Schools and schools of the corresponding grade

j

subordinated to the Inspector of Dormitories (see No. 645).

^^

648. I* Wei* Shengi Kuan^, Health Officer ; at the University (see No. 593) ; subordinated to the Inspector of

Dormitories

(see

No. 645); appointed from the ranks of Professors

of the Departments of Medicine, Agriculture or Polytechnics.

%

649. 1^ T'i^ Tiao*, Preceptor at the College of Law and Administration for Princes and Nobles (see No. 622a) and ;

at the Military School for Princes and Nobles (see No. 713a),

This

performs the duties of Preceptor (see No. 636) aud

official

Steward

(see

Secretary

No. 641) and

m

650. ;

at

#

Ssu>

assists the Director.

Shih* or

Primary Schools

and at the Customs College

(see

31

Ssu^

Shih*

of both grades (see

27G

]

Kuan',

No. 577b)

No. 252); subordinated

Director (see No. 635). [

^ 1"

to-

th&

i'EESENT

651.

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Scheme

of gradation of schools of various types

I

:^h

^

igi

:/c

iS

m

:^c

fi

^^

tS

^ rt

^*

m I I

^

m

m 13

I

277

]

K

^ 1

:

651

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

652

CHINESE STUDENTS ABROAD.

to

652 a

^MB^B^^^^M

g52.

Yu^

At

in

Japan

head of

the

Legation

Chinese

the

at

;

Inspectorate

the

appointed from

Controller,

Jih* Fen^

Sheng^ Chlen' Tu^ Ch'u*, Inspectorate of Chinese

Hsiieh''

Students

LP

KuanS

is

Legation

the

recommendation of the Chinese

Tokyo,

at

^ §

a

Chien^ Tu^,

Secretaries,

Minister

at

on the

Tokyo, by the

Ministry of Education.

The ments

Inspectorate

is

arranged in four sections or depart-

:

BB ^^ Shu^ Wu* K'oS

1-

Section of General Affairs,

^ ^\ M X 18 f Wen^ Tu^K'o\ Section of Correspondence, and T'ungi K'oi, Translating (Interpreting) ig ^ Hui^ (K'uai*) Chi* K'o', Section of Accounts,

23.

'I"

4.

I*

f-l-

Section.

Each Section

Section

is

who

Chiefs,

under the control of are

assisted

by two

fjf

^

K'o^ Chang^,

or three

^if

^ K'o^

Yiian'', Secretaries.

At

^ J^ Pien^ Pao* Reports, under a ^ Jg ^ Kuau' Li*

the Inspectorate there

Office for Compilation of

is

where

Yiian^, Superintendent,

also a

official

-^

So',

reports, giving

necessary

information as to the Chinese students in Japan, arrangements for

their education, etc.,

I* Yiian^,

are compiled, and ten

^ ^ Tzu^

Consulting Experts, appointed, on the recommendation

of the Controller,

by the Minister.

MM^B M

652a.

Yu=i

for Selection of Students for

Peking.

§§

This Office

is

Mei^ Hsiieh^

Preparatory

College,

the

Under

^ H ^ ^f

is

Ch'uS in

Office

1909 at

under the control of the Ministries

Foreign Affairs and of Education. Office there

Wu*

America; established

from

Yu^

C

278

J

the control of the

Mei=' I*

which students

despatch to America.

of

are

Yeh* KuanS selected

for

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PllESENT

By

an agreement

between

the

;

The

thereafter 50

men

despatch, to

are to be sent yearly.

students

Chinese

control of

itself to

from 1909), 100 students

yearly, for four years (beginning

America

and American

Chinese

Governments, dated 1908, the former bound

America

in

regards

as

allotment to various schools, etc., rests with a specially appointed

g g^

Chieni

^

652b. Chien^

TuS

Tu\

Controller.

ji'l

5l

^ !^ S ^

Ou^ Choui Yu^ Hsiieh^ Shengi

Controller of Chinese Students in

Europe

was established in 1907 with a view to control of

;

this post

all

Chinese

Practice having shown the unsuitability of

students in Europe. the system of control,

a Memorial from the Ministry of

Educa-

by the Emperor on the 7th November, 1909),

tion (sanctioned

arranged for the appointment of five Controllers, to reside in

Germany,

France,

England,

and

Russia

Belgium, and be

subordinated to the Chinese Ministers at London, Paris, Berlin,

Petersburg and Brussels respectivel)^

St.

of students in Europe,

Regulations relating to the control similar to those for (see

students in Japan, are to be later drawn up

No. 652). 652c.

Having

studied abroad for a period of not less than

diploma from a Middle School, or for

three years, possessing a

a period of not less than four year, possessing

no diploma, and

having successfully completed the course of study of Government, Universities or of Special their return to

of three

JE

types

^ ^ 3^

tion,

and

3.

652d.

Peking are 1.

:

Wi

Higher Schools, called

upon

to

(/hinese students

Chen^ Lu^, Test Examination,

§^i

on

undergo examinations 2.

Cheng* Ch'ang^ K'ao' Shih*, Ministerial Examina-

@

gj^

T'ing^ Shih*, Examination at the Palace.

The Test Examination

is

general education. tion students are

On

satisfactory

held at the Ministry of

languages and subjects of

Education and consists of foreign

completion of this examina-

admitted to the Ministerial Examination. [

279

]

652b -jjo

qkoq

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

652b to

652f

At

652e. there

are

the

three

set

languages and two

Ministerial Examination

(see

examination papers,

one of

of

selected

Those proving successful at

% % Xv}

Excellent, 2.

1

:

educational

special

foreign subjects.

examination arp arranged,

this

order of merit, in three classes

i.e.

No. 652c)

M ft ^

.

Teng', Good, and

4»

3.

in

Yu^ Teng',

Tsui*

^

Chungi

Tgng^, Satisfactory.

Those attaining the grade of " excellent " receive the degree *f jfi it Chin* Shih*, Doctor, and those graded as " good " or *'

The candidates

numbers seven:

special subjects

%ii

Nung2

Polytechnics,

^^

Shangi K'o\

^

I^ K'o',

^i(

X

Chii^ Jen^, Bachelor of

HA

is

Law

K'o',

f"[

6.

Wen^

qualified

by

^a* Cheng* K'o^

;S [^ fJfand Administration, or

i.e.

of

Medicine,

Sciences,

^

7.

literary degree attained

the

list

Kung^ K'oS

jf^

Ko^ Chih* K'o', Natural

the speciality examined in

II

ij-

4.

The

Fa* Cheng*

;^ E^ f

Commercial Subjects and

The

K'o^, Literature.

select

be examined.

2.

K'oi, Agriculture,

^^^^

5.

to

1.

Legal and Administrative Subjects, M.

Chii^ Jen^, Bachelor.

examination themselves

at the

which they wish

special education in

3.

^^

satisfactory " receive the degree of

^f

-j-

^^

i

K'oi Chin* Shih*, Doctor of :\Iedicine.

The

confirmation

final

of

after the examination at the Palace {see

652f.

±M

indefinite)

;

is

carried on

by the

officials

is

held yearly, in the

following

:

1" Chu^ Shih' Kuani, Chief Examiners (number

supervise the preparation of examination papers and

their subsequent 2-

only

fl]

The Ministerial Examination

8th moon, and 1-

made

is

No. 652c), which takes

gj Pao^ Ho^ Tien*, with Princes and High of the Empire as the examiners.

place in the \^ Officials

degrees

literary

8 'K

marking.

'B'

Hsiang^ Chiao* Kuan^, Assistant Examiners

(the number of these depends on the

number

examined). [

280

J

of candidates to be

;

day political oegaxization of china.

•i:esent

M^^

3-

with

the

Chien^

examination

in progress

is

Kuan', Supervisors

Lin^

and

supervision

control

and

candidates

of

assist in

charged

;

while

the

compiling the examination

marks. 4-

'g'

f^ in

Kuan',

Tiao*

T'i^

Proctors

distribute

;

examination papers and maintain order in the examination

hall,

etc.

BB '^ Shu* Wu*

56-

^

Jfe

'^

Kuani, Stewards.

Kuan\

Chang'

Shou'

Collectors

receive

;

completed examination papers (marked with secret designations)

from the candidates and hand same to the Examiners.

MM '^

7-

seal the tion

Fengi Kuan\ Sealers of Examinations

^^i^

examination papers of candidates with a secret designa-

—on

the first page.

^^

8-

'g'

Kuan\

Ch'ang'

Chien^

Inspectors;

watch

that no abuses take place in the examination hall.

P^^^UW $.

9.

Examination

Shih^,

of the

officials

of

jNIinistrj

malpractices

on the part of

Should

irregularities

arkj

Ch'ang'

Nei*

Censers;

appointed

Yn'

Shih*

Chien'

from the ranks of

Education to keep a watch for above-enumerated

the

officials.

be detected they present Memorials

accusing the guilty parties. 653. Pieh*

m

Kao'

^'-^YAM^Mf'i^' Teng'

Chuan^ Men^

Special Higher School at Tsingtau initiative

of

M

Hslieh^

Ch'ingi

T'ieh*

Privileged

established in 1909 at the

;

German Government, which

the

Tao^

T'ang^,

allotted

three

hundred thousand marks for preliminary expenses and bound itself

to contribute seventy

thousand marks yearly towards

its

—

upkeep the Chinese Government contributed forty thousand marks as preliminary expenses and has bound itself to pay forty thousand marks maintenance.

yearly,

The

for

the

first

object of the school

ten is

years,

281

]

its

to enable Chinese to

receive a modern education in their native land. [

towards

553

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Ihe school

is

organized into two sections

K H If

:

Yu* Pei* Pan\ Preparatory,

^^

or

|?? ^^ Hsiieh' Pan^, General Ch'ui T'ung' Hsi^ P'u' Chi' IS Ji Education Section with a course of six years. For this section 1-

^

;

accepted

between the ages of 13 and 15

scholars

there

are

years,

who have completed

the course of a Primary School of

the Senior Grade, after a test examination. 2-

^

I©

of four courses

ffi :

Kao^ Teng^ Pan^ Higher Section,

^

2. $^ I' K'o\ Course Kungi K'o\ Course in Technology, and

and Administration, 3.

X

Jf4

Nung' Lin' these

K'o', Course

covers

courses

Course

in

consisting

Pa* Cheng* K'o\ Course

f^i^^^

1.

4.

years,

three

Medicine, which

is

—with

made up

Law

#f

jR

Agriculture and Forestry.

in

in

Medicine,

in

Each

!j-

of

the exception of the

of a four years course at

the school and a year of training, immediately after, at one of

For the Higher Section

the city hospitals. scholars

who have

there are accepted

successfully completed the

Primary Section

course of study and after a test examination, scholars possessing a diplomas from a Middle School.

At

head of the Tsingtau School there

the

Chien^ Tu^, Director, appointed by

This

official is

the

i^

^§

a

German Government.

charged with the supreme control of the

affairs

of the school.

For

the

supervision

the

of

instruction,

regards

as

its

conformity to the programme of education of Chinese Govern-

ment

schools,

there

appointed

Inspector,

is

a

U Jg ^

by

the

Tsung^

Ministry

Chi' of

Ch'a',

Education

Chief

and

independent of the Director.

The teachers dation of local

)j|§

the

^

*§"

of Chinese are appointed on the

ShantTing

recommen-

Commissioner of Education, and the

Shih* Hsiieh' Kuan',

Inspectors

have the right of supervision of the school. [

282

J

of

Education

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

For attendance

at examinations the Ministry of Education

and the Chief

deputes a special official who, with the Director Inspector, signs diplomas bestowed on graduates.

On

completion of the course of study of the Tsingtau School

students join the University at

appointed to

various

Peking

Government

for further study or are

offices

—according

their

to

courses of study.

^^

I^ Shu* the school there has been established a |^ Chii^, Translating Office, for the translation of text books from

At

German

into Chinese.

Eegulations for the school at Tsingtau, in 18

articles,

were

drawn up by the Ministry of Education and received Imperial Sanction on the 14th August, 1909.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES. 654.

MWM^tS

Metropolitan Public Library

Memorial from Imperial Decree

the

Shihi

t;hingi

Kuan',

Shu^

X'u^

established in accordance with a

;

Ministry

Education,

of

sanctioned

and modern Chinese books but for foreign works as well. the

Decree mentioned

it

Old

1.

:

Grand

"Great Record" of the Emperor Yung^' Lo* yjc Lo* Ta' Tien', from the National Academy, 3. Shui, from the hall

and

4.

All the works

Shu' Shani chuang'.

For

S ^ F5 land

the

^^

previously kept at the

Summer Palace

library

there

known

as

# #| M

M^^ A full

2.

Yung'

collection

K'u* Ch'iian'

^ M Je' Ho', ^ Pi* jg g lij

at Jehol.

were

Te' Sheng* Men' gate

bung*, and

Secretariat,

Ssu* [3 jg Wen' Chini go', at

Chinese

^ >^ ^

^

plates of the

Yuan', Dynasties, kept at the

of books labelled in

By

was directed that there be delivered to

the Metropolitan Library the Tt;

by

of the 8th September, 1909, not only for old

(see

granted,

close

No. 801b), two

to

the

plots of

Ching* Yeh* Hu' and ?@ Jl |U Hui* [

283

J

654

DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'UESENT

654a

T'ungi Tz'u^, belonging to the Imperial Household and tinder the control of the

^ % ^^

The general Tu\

Tu^ At the

Chieni

T&

^

f;S

1^

Director,

;

(see

No. 90).

the library appertains to the

supervision of

Ministry of Education Chien^

Feug* Ch'en^ Ytian^

the real control

^§ ^ § Fu^

nested in a

is

who has a staff made up

of

glj

Assistant Director, and J^ g^ T'l^ Tiao% Proctor. Metropolitan Library there is to be established a

#

Ku=

El

^ It

Wu^

Iiui%

Ts'un'

Pao^*

Museum

of

Antiques.

654a. provinces;

these

are

Kuan^

T'u" Shu^

Public Libraries,

in the

be opened throughout the provinces,

to

according to the scheme of constitutional reforms of the Ministry of Education (see report of the iJinistry dated the 18th April,

1909), in 1910; at present they are found only in Shantung, Shansi, Heilungchiang and some others.

Libraries are under

the general supervision of the Commissioners of Education

No. 827) who are

styled, as supervisors of the Librarians,

(see

f^

^

Tsung^ Li^ General Regulations,

20

in

articles,

for the ^Metropolitan

and Provincial Public Libraries have been drawn Ministry of Education

(see report of the

iip

by

the

Ministry dated the 27th

January, 1910). Public Libraries at provincial capitals are designated Bl

^ ft

Mou^ Sheng' T'u^ Shu^ Kuan^,

^^

those at administrative

centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and districts

are

called

^

/j^

Ji]

(H

H

ft |t Mou^ Fu' T'ingi Chou^

Hsien* T'u' Shu^ Kuan' (article

3).

Public Libraries are to consist of a Shih'',

i? ^-

j||

^ ^ Ts'ang^ Shu^

Library, Shu^ Reading Room, and ^^ g Pan^ Shih* Shih^ Office (Chancery)

The

[j^

Yiieh''

Shih**,

(article 5).

general supervision of libraries at provincial capitals

appertains to the Governors-General or Governors; at administrative centres of prefectures, sub-prefectures, departments and [

284

]

:

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the Commissioners of Education exercise the supreme

districts

The

controh

^^

management

actual

Tu^,

Chien'

of

^ f^

and

Directors

appertains to the

affairs

T'i'

Tiao^ Proctors

(compare No. 654).

At

places where there are few duties at the library there

may be appointed

^

a

Slfi

Kuan'

Supervisor, alone, this

Li',

position being associated with that of Director of the Association for the

Fostering of Public Education {see No. 829a) or of

Director of a School (article 6). It

is

arranged that

K'an' Yin* So', Printing

f\] EfJ fff

Offices, with j^p pp ff P'ai^ Yin* So', Typesetting Offices, be established at Libraries (article 12).

may

MILITARY FORCES OF CHINA. As

655.

in the

force

a basis for the formation of a

modern military

Chinese Empire a scheme was drawn up by the

Army

Committee for

No. 416), under the

lieorganization (see

presidency of Prince Cli'ing, and submitted to the

Emperor

for

sanction on the 12th September, 1904.

The modern troops of China (so-called distinguish

Lu*

^W-

and

may be divided Land (general for

Eight Banners ")

of the 1.

them from the "Troops

of the

Chiin',

'^ \^

2.

W

Fang^

Hsihi^

"New

into

to-

two categories

:

the Empire) Forces,

Eeserve

Tui*,

Troops"

Green Standard and

Forces

(or

"Provincial Troops").

Ln

A. 656.

^'

1.

fit

Chi'ni or

5

Lh'ang^

the term of service of formation

Liu* 2-

li

Chen*,

® W-

Land

Lu*

[^ I^

and 36

is

Pei*

;

—

at present

complement of

Divisions,

Hs"*

Land Forces; made up Eegukr Army in

Chiini,

3 years

its full

P®^'

Forces

Chiin',

will

H

not be

^^^^^ Reserves [

285

J

it

"t*

is

of: this-

in the process

^ IE

San^ Shih^

reached until of the First

1913,.

Call—the

GSS'

to

qqq

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA

>656a

term of service here

Army

there

3 years

is

for each division of the Regular

;

to be a division of Reserves of the First

is

corresponding to

in all respects

it

(Jail,

except that there will be two,

instead of three, batallions in each regiment (the complement of

men

a division of the Reserves comprises 8,640

1,200

camp

followers

3.

^S

Hou* Pei*

f^

and

(army of

reserve, militia)

4 years

in

;

war time

Chiin',

—

the term of service of these troops

brigade of four batallions which of the Regular

In China there

Pingi Tsung^ Shu^

The

A rmy

is

given a number as a division

as j-et no conscription

is

MMM

Tu' Lien*

^ ^ Hsin'

^ S^ ^^

enrolled through the

Head Recruiting

and

^ |£

{g!j

§

Nos. 695 and 700b).

(Ih'u* (see

Mu* Ping^

Memorial

of

Prince

Ch'ing,

is

made

Chih* Liieh*, Short

Regulations Concerning Recruiting (forming one of the the

Oh^ng^

Offices, established at the

determination of phj^sical fitness for military service

according to the

to

is

will furnish a

Army.

Pingi, Recruits, are

provincial

Reserves of the Second Call

branch of the

this

ranks and

"yings"), and

eight

are

there

in the

already

enclosui-es

mentioned

in

No. 655).

From

656a.

arranged as Cavalry, into 2.

4.

1.

1.

:

®

3.

^

the types of arms used the Chinese

^ i« Pu* Tui% Infantry, P|?

its

turn sub-divided

E§ S^ I^ Lu* Lu* P'ao* Tui^ Field Artillery, and Kuo« Shani P'ao* Tui^ Mountain Artillery),

X^W Kungi following

I',

Ch'cng= Tui^ Engineers,

corps:

^g

5.

Chiin^

Yiieli*,

v|lj

^

1.

Chiini

Veterinary Corps,

Corps,

5.

for Transport of Supplies.

auxiliary

missariat Corps, 2.

Ma'

is

i^lhMB

Chung" Tui^ Troops the

P'ao* Tui^ Artillery (in

Anny

^ ^ Ma' TuiS

2.

I',

^

4.

f|.

g

ic Tzui |g Also there are

Chuni Hsu', Com-

Medical Corps,

g

3. || Chih* Hsieh^ Ordnance

$^ If Ts'e* Hui*, Topographic Corps, 6. Music Corps, and 7. |£ Hsien* Ping',

^

Gendarmerie. [

286

]

^^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

As

656b.

thus divided: 3.

^

regards

^

1.

Piao\ Regiment,

^

4.

P'ai'',

Squadron

Platoon

Ying^, Batallion (in infantry);

|^ Tui*, Company

Squadron

Shao*); Half a

656c.

The

;/(;

^'

each

^ Ta*

batallions each,

time of war, B^ P'eng', Squad.

'f(]^

Corps, and the combination of

Chiin', in time of war.

which

of

7.

^

artillery), 6.

in

the largest organized unit in

;

Chiin^,

In time of peace a division infantry,

and

(in cavalry),

;

(in

regulations provide for the combination of

three divisions into a

Chiin into a

(in

time of peace

Chen*, Division

Ij^

time of peace.

Battery

(in cavalry);

(in infantry, in

is

|^ HsieP, Brigade,

2.

Division (in cavalry and artillery), 5. infantry);

Army

the Chinese

administration,

ChSn^ Division,

made up

is

of

consists

one regiment of

two brigades of

of

two regiments of three

artillery,

having nine batteries

(54 guns) and eighteen machine guns, one regiment of cavalry,

made up of twelve squadrons, one batallion of engineers, consisting of

four

companies,

supplies,

one

troops

having four companies, musicians

bandmaster and three of

of

batallion

peace

a

division

and

servants),

numbers

12,512

transport

for (51,

including

war

in

a

In time

gendarmerie.

men;

of

time,

21,000 men.

^

656d.

Hsieh^,

(numbered

Brigade

to

1

72,

in

consecutive order, following the numerical order of the divisions).

The brigade regiments

is

(it

found only

is,

in the infantry

and

consists of

two

however, permissible for a division to have two

regiments of cavalry instead of one, which form a ^H |^ "— '^

Ma3 Tui*

II

656e.

Hsieh^, Cavalry Brigade).

^ Piao\ Regiment

iu

infantry,

are

numbered

of

their

;

this organization unit is

cavalry and artillery. 1 to

found

In the infantry, regiments

144, in consecutive order, following the order

respective

divisions,

and brigades

cavalry and artillery regiments bear the same respective divisions.

A

{see

No. 656d)

number

as

;

do their

regiment of infantry consists of three [

287

]

656b tO

qkq^

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

656r

batallions

made up

cavalry and artillery regiments are

;

of three

divisions.

^

656f.

Army

Ying^, Fundamental unit of

(in infantry, Batallion

in cavalry

;

branches of the

all

and

artillery, Division);

the complement of this unit differs for the various branches and

Army.

auxiliary parts of the

In

infantry

the

1,240 men.

war,

Company

batallion

a

Companies, and numbers,

(-ompanies

Vanguard,

of the

Yu*, Eight Company, and

designated as:

are

^

4.

Company

Hou^,

Platoons,

of

and from one styled 0i of

IIJ]

^

Squads,

P'Sng',

^

Tso''',

each,

Left,

companies

—from

Each

rji

time

in

Shao",

Df"

of

war

(Jhung\ Centre, and

one to nine, in time of peace,

to eighteen, in time of

T'ou^

war

—and the

P'eng^ Head Squad.

cavalry division consists of four

numbers, is

and 149

officers

first

squad

Each squad

is

is

made

two sergeants and twelve privates.

A It

;^

Eight, while squads are designated by the numbers of

Yu**,

their respective

up

five

Squads, each, in time of peace, or three

six

Platoons are designated as

^

is

3.

of the Eear-

divided into three ^p P'ai^, Platoons, composed of

is

P'cng''^,

|JI^

Ch'ien^,

gy

time of peace,or, in time of war, 294 soldiers.

soldiers, in

company

Tui*,

||^

;^ Tso', Left Company,

2.

guard, the complement of a company

three

four

of

consists

time of peace, 659 men, in time of

in

generally

363

speaking,

|^'

Tui^, Squadrons, and

men

and

divided into two gp P'ai^, Half Squadrons

which, in turn, are

bearing

numbers

the

complement

subdivided the

(in

of a cavalry

into

two

squadron)

squadron

—

fj])]

one

260

left

and

P'eng^, to

horses.

right

Squads,

four.

The

three officers, 78 cavalrymen

is

and 64 '^ g, Chiin^ Ma', Cavalry Horses.

A a rule

division of field artillerj^ (there are

—shoidd

demand

it,

two

in

a regiment as

conditions where operations are being- carried on

there

may

be only one division of

field artillery, or

even none, the divisions of mountain artillery being correspondingly [

288

]

:

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

increased)

;?^

complement

is

A

of

consists

having 1^

three

battery

made up

is

r'ao*

||j«

Tsun^,

568 men and 270

of three

is

division of

mountain

guns,

six

Batteries,

each.

Its

P'ai^,

Platoons

(left,

Squads, each, which bear

—from one

artillery, ha^•ing

to nine.

18 mountain gunSj

organized exactly similarly to a division of field artillery.

The complement horses for guns

A

and

batallion

of a battery

is

five officers,

of

engineers, Tui'',

similarly

in

specialities

their

and

Sappers

2.

Telegraph, Telepihone and Search-light Company,

3.

Mining Company.

4.

A

transport batallion

is

divided similarly to a batallion of

engineers but, in consequence operates for,

1,640

is

and are distinguished

Company,

Bridging

1.

:

infantry,

The companies

time of war.

are designated as van, left, right or rear

Company,

the

to

Companies, and numbers 667 men, ia

time of peace, or 1,250 men,

by

181 men, 48

five chargers.

composed of four |^

men

it

of the great

has in the ranks 748

men

number

of

men

it

and

in time of peace,

in time of war.

MILITARY RANKS. 657. Staff" of

By

the

temporarj' regulations, drawn up by the General

Army

and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 11th

November, 1909, there were introduced some changes in the military ranks ^their nvimber was increased (1a, 8b, 9a and 9b

—

were added) and they were

made equal

to the corresponding civil

ranks.

658. fourteen

The ranks

new for

regulations officers

and

(see

[ 19

289

No.

657)

sub-officers

Forces ]

657 ^O

658

^

the numerical designation of the battery

A

Tui^,

horses.

^ P'eng^,

and right) of three

centre

®$

Liu*

Q: P'ao*

of

provide the

for

Land

—

DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'KESENT

i^'MW-T^^' Chiang^ Chun',

1.

Field ^Marshal

131

—

of the

2.

;

m^ 3-

the

M

rank of Jg

service)

No. 820

see

of a

—

Corps

T^u" '^^^ '^'"ng')

is

Chiin',

No.

see

bestowed on very

Jftt

;

1b

(of the rank

of the civil service)

821—of

No.

Commander

;

holds

No. 661).

{see

Lieutenant-General

Hsiin^ Fxr'—see

holds the position of

;

'^ Chiang'

Chgng^ Tu' T'llng^ General

Commander

H?

glj

5f|

(see below).

Tsung'' Tu'

the position of

This rank

service).

civil

MM

IE

or

1a (of the rank of a Grand Secretary

eminent generals

of a

—

;

2a

the

(of

civil

of a Division {see No.

661).

WiM M

I-

the rank of

iffj

service)

civil

No.

(see

f|^

Pu^ Cheng* Shih'— 5ee No.

holds the position of

;

661),

2b

(of

826— of

the

Hsieh= Tu' T'lmg^ Major-General

gr

Chief of

Staff of a

Commander Corps

{see

;

of a Brigade

No. 662) or

Commander of an Artillery Corps (see No. 670). Ranks Nos. 2 to 4 form what is known as the _h Shang* Teng^, Highest Class, made up of Chi^, Three San'

^

H^

Grades.

jE^M ^^g

5.

rank of service)

;

LingS Colonel ; 3a (of the An* Ch'a^ Shih'— ^ee No. 830—of the civil Ch£.ng* Ts'an'

holds the position of Conamander of a Regiment

No. 661), Commander of Engineers of a Corps Senior Adjutant of a Corps (see No. 663),

Corps

No. 668), Chief of Staff of a Division

(see

Judge Advocate (see

Arms

of a

Corps

(see

(see

(see

No. 671),

Inspector of a (see

No. 662),

No. 672), or Corps Surgeon

No. 675). 6-

wO

civil service)

Regiment Corps 663),

^ M ^u* Ts'an' Ling^, Lieutenant-Colonel 3b ^MiM Yen' Yun* Shih'— No. 835—of the ;

the rank of

«ee

;

(«ee

(see

Arms

(of

holds the position of Second in

Command

No. 661), Senior Assistant Chief of Staff

No. 662), Senior Adjutant of a Division

(see

of a of a

No.

Inspector of a Division (see No. 668), Commissary [

290

]

—

;

PKESENT DAY TOLIXICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

o£ a Division

Officer

Division {see No.

No.

[see

Judge Advocate

673),

a

of

672), Surgeon of a Division (see No. 675),

Corps Veterinary Surgeon («ee No. 676) or Secretary of the First Class {see

No. 664).

Ranks Nos.

{%^

are

6

to

1

bestowed by

Imperial

Decrees

Chien' Fang*)..

7-

pS

rank of j^

^ M Hsieh' ^ Tao*

holds the position of

LlngS Captain

Ts'an^

Yiiain-

see

No. 838

Commander

—

Kegiment

Inspector of a

Brigade

{see

a Division {see

Staff" of

{see

4a

(of the

of a Battalion {see No. 661),

Junior Assistant Chief of Staff of a Corps Assistant Chief of

;

of the civil service)

No. 662), Senior No.

662),

Arms

No. 668), Senior Adjutant

of a

No. 663), Commissary Officer of a Eegiment

{see

{see

No. 673), Svu'geon of a Eegiment {see No. 675), Veterinary

Surgeon of a Division

No. 676) or Secretar}' of the Second

{see

Class {see No. 664).

The ranks Nos.

5

7

to

form the

Middle Class, divided into three grades 8.

;

Battalion {see

^

Chungi Teng^,

{see above).

Cheng* Chiin^ Hsiao*, First Lieutenant; 5a

ISLM-^

Chou'—^ec No. 851—of the holds the position of Second in Command of a No. 661), Commander of a Company {see No. 661),

(ranking with the civil service)

t-ji

lg^#|

Chih= Li*

Junior Assistant Chief of Staff of a Division {see No. 662), Adjutant of a Corps (or

Brigade, Division and Regiment; see No. 663), Arms

Inspector of an Artillery Division {see of a Battalion

{see

675;, Veterinary of

Depots

{see

Surgeon of a Regiment

and

Couriers

No. 668), Commissary Officer

No. 673), Surgeon of a Battalion

Convoys

{see

{see

No.

{see

No. 676), Inspector

No. 665), Inspector of Arms

No. 669), Remount Officer

(in

cavalry and artillery)

of a Division, or (in transport troops or commissariat troops) of a

Battalion {see 9.

glj

No. 667) or Chief of Musicians {see No. 679). Fu* Chiin^ Hsiao*, Second Lieutenant ?f^

^

(ranking with the

if

%

T'ung^ P'an*— «ee No. [

291

]

849a— of

;

6a the

——— —

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

659

civil service)

;

holds the position of

No. 661), Assistant Surgeon Signalmen

(see

(see

Commander

of a Platoon fse&

No. 675), Divisional Chief

of

No. 678), Veterinary Surgeon of a Division or

Battalion (see No. 676), Senior Clerk (see No. 664), Bandmaster

No. 679) or Regimental Standard-Bearer

(see

^^

10.

service)

Hsiehn^hun^

;g^

^^

(lanking with the

Sub-Lieutenant;

Hsiao*,

Chih^ Hsien*

see

No. 856

—

7a

of the civil

Company

holds the position of Adjutant of a

;

No. 666).

(see

No,

(see

663), Brigade and Regimental Chief of Signalmen (see No. 678),

Assistant Surgeon (see No. 675) or Clerk (see No. 664).

The ranks Nos.

8 to 10

form the

^^

Tz'u* Tlng=, Lower

Class, divided in three grades (comjpare above). 7 to

Nos.

10 are bestowed according to the recommendations of reports

(^ ^

Tsou* Pu^).

11-

the

The ranks

1|^

p]

^ ft

^ Hsien*

Ch'eng'

see

No. 857

;

— of the

8a (ranking with civil service); one

W- "^ ^' Wai* Chiin' Kuan', "Supernumerary Ranks."

of the W. Officers'

Ssui -vyy4 Chang', Ensign

12.

(ranking

M''

J:

± Shang" Shih",

M'ith

a

f||

^

Sergeant of the First Class; 8b

Hsiin* Tao*

see

No. 857

—

of the civil

service). l-S.

f|*

:t Chung'

(ranking with a J^

Second Class; 9a

Shih*, Sergeant of the

^ ^ Hsien*

Chu''

Pu*

see

No. 857

—

of the

civil service).

14.

T±

(ranking with

a,

Hsia* Shih*, Sergeant of the Third Class

^

/^ Hsiin^ Chien'

see

No. 857

—

of the

;

9b

civil

service).

Ranks Nos. 12

to 14 belong to the category of

Shih*, Petty Officers'

Ranks Nos. 11

^^

Chiin^

Ranks.

to 14 are bestowed

by the

officer in

command

on jDersons serving under him 659.

(^ |^ Tzu' Pu'). In accordance with the new regulations

(see

No. 657)

those of the rank-of Colonel, or lower, have their ranks further [

292

J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. by the indication of

defined

this or that

type of arms or this or

that auxiliary corps (compare No. 656a).

he designated Ts'an^ Ling',

^

2.

Colonel of the Military Police (or Gendarmerie)

SH H

i< ]E

may

WMWlE3^1 Ching' Ch'a= Tui^ Ch&ig*

1.

:

Thus, a Colonel

Pu^ Tui^ ChSng* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel

of

# fl ^la' Tui^ Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling', ®$ i IE # H P'ao* Tui* Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel XI^BsE^^ Kung^ Ch'eng^ Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel of Engineers, f M i« IE

Infantry,

3.

P|?

JE

Colonel of Cavalry, 4.

of Artillery, 5.

Tui*

p ^J of

^'

6.

Tzu' Chung* Tui* Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel of Troops

Transport,

IHB

7.

Commissariat

Ling',

JE

# fl

Colonel,

Cheng* Ts'an^

Hsiii

Chiini

5 S JE ^ fH

8.

Chiin^

I^

Cheng* Ts'ani Ling', Colonel of the ]SIedical Staff (and

^ M JE

PH

Pharma-

Ssui Yao* Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel of the

MiWjE3 fl

ceutical StafF), 9.

Colonel Ilsieh*

of

the

Veterinary

Staff;

^ia' I^ Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling',

^ # jE # fl

10.

Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling^ Colonel of Ordnance,

3

IL

JglJ

Chih*

H jE

fS Ts'e* Hui* Cheng* Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel of Topographical '^ Chiin^ Yiieh* Hsieh' Chiini StafF, or 12. "S-

^

'M Wi

Hsiao*,

Sub-Lieutenant of the

The rank of General that branch of the

H? -^

Army,

is

]\Iusical Staff.

modified, to

show

in three cases only,

service in this or

namely

:

1

.

^ |J

glj

Chiin^ HsiJ^ Fu* Tu^ T'ung', Commissariat Lieutenant-

i? Jg

iP -^ Chiin' I^ Fu* Tui-T'ung', Lieutenantglj g|? ll Ohih* General of the Medical Staff", and 3.

General, 2.

glj

S#

Hsieh* Fu* Tu' T'ung', Lieutenant-General of Ordnance.

659a.

Of

late,

for the designation of military ranks in

Chinese literature (especially in newspapers), the Japanese terms are

becoming more and more current.

By

three classes, which, in turn, are sub-

ranks are divided into divided into three grades

:

First Class: jJ^^F Ta* Chiang*, General,

Lieutenant-General, aiid

these the military

t^^ Chung^ Chiang*,

^ 3§ Shao* Chiang*; Major-General. [

293

J

659^

.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

659b to

^ Ta" Tso=, Colonel, ^ ^ Chungi Captain. Lieutenant-Colonel, and ^ ^ Shao^ Second Class

:

:Jz

Tso',

Tso',

Third Class

QQQ

Chungi

:

Ta*

i'J

;/c

^

and

Second Lieutenant,

Yii*,

Lieutenant,

First

Yii-*,

^^ Shao^

tjl

gf Sub-

Yii^,

Lieutenant.

Naval ranks correspond

659b.

the exception that they are prefixed

thus

:

M'^sEW^U

I.

Hai^

to those of the

^^

by

Cheng*

Chiin'

Army, with

Hai' Chiin\ Naval,

Tu^

T'ung',

^ ^ Hai= Chiini Fu" Tui T'ung^ ViceAdmiral, ^ ^ W, W, M Hai^ Chun^ Hsieh^ Tu^ T'ung», Rear-Admiral, M 9 JB B M Hai« Ch^in^ Cheng* Ling^ Post-Captain, T^ W Wl 3 fl Hai= Chuni Fu* Ts'an^ Ling^ Commander, M M Wi 3 M Hai^ Chiin' Hsieh' Ts'an' Ling', Lieutenant-Commander, ^ ^ IB ^^ Hai' Chun^ Cheng* Chiin^ Hsiao*, Senior Lieutenant, ^ § Chlini Chuni Hai^ Fu* Hsiao*, Lieutenant, and ^ ? Chiini Chiin' Hsieh^ Hsiao*, Midshipman. ^ ¥ IS S fe Admiral,

-^ ^^

2.

glj

3.

4.

Ts'an.^

5.

6.

7.

8.

w'J

fiai'

9-

The Japanese terms

659c.

(compare No. 659a) are First Class

#j

H

WW-'J^B

M

•M

^

•/#

M^J^

&

12.

Hai' Chiini

?

j/c

rpa* Chiang*,

Chiang*,

^

Admiral,

Vice-Admiral,

and

Hai^ Chiini Ta*

Tso^ PostChungi Tso^ Commander, and

Chiini

^ ^

:

tt*

;^ I't Hai' Chiin' Ta* Yu*, Senior Hai^ Chiini Chung' Yu*, Lieutenant,

I'l

Hai' Chuni Shao*

Posts existing in the categories:

Secretarial,

Eemount,

M

:^Z

-g Hai'

H

W ^i^Ui

the following 4.

naval ranks

Hai^ Chun' Shao* Tso^ Lieutenant Commander.

Lieutenant, f§

660.

f^

:

tft

Third Class

and

various

Hai= Chiin' Shao* (Chiang*, Eear-Admiral

Second Class Captain,

W-

Hai' Chiini Chungi

;(?

"i*

:

for the

:

8.

Judicial,

5.

Arms, 13.

1.

Orderly 9.

Army may

Line,

and

2.

Commissariat, 14. -'94

]

be arranged under

Staff,

Convoy,

Arsenal, 10.

[

Midshipman.

Yii*,

3.

Adjutancy,

6.

Colours,

Artillery, 11.

7.

Engineer,

Administration of Com-

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

15.

missariat Office,

iledical,

Department Administration, 18.

Medical

Veterinary, 17.

16.

Signal,

Music, and 20.

19.

Camp-follower.

Corps Commander,

Commander,

3.

Commander,

4.

Commander,

5.

Command

^^

^fij

M M ^ ^ ^

1.

:

T'lmg'

Ling'

T'ung'

Tai*

(.'liiao'*

Lien*

'j^

all

later,

who

education, this post will be

Command

10-

@ §

jE

11.

glj

Commanders

in

" Regimental

^M

proper military

a

@ ^^

§ I^

7.

be drawn from

will

'B*

Kuan^ Tai*

Tu^ Tui* Kuan',

'g*

1^

"g*

Tui* Kuan^,

Chang', Platoon Chief,

^'^i^

Senior Sergeant (one to

Cheng* Mu"*,

Second

Fu* Mu*,

received

abolished), 6.

9.

Kegiment

Kuan\ Second

peace,

a Battalion, 8.

of

Company Commander,

of

Kuan\ Brigade Kuan',

Chief of Staff and Adviser to

have

Kuan\ Battalion Commander, Second in

time

(in

when

;

Tsnng' T'ung^ Kuan',

*§'

Regiment

officers

'gf

T'ung' Chih* Kuan', Division

'g*

as

of

)^

-^f,

'§'

and acts partly

Commander

the

the ranks

2.

1^

of a

Instructor,"

Sergeant

(one

to

a squad),

squad),

a

12. IE :^ Cheng* Ping^, Private of the First Class (four to a squad), and 13. |^ Pu* Ping*, Private of the Second Class g|J

(eight to a squad).

Mou^ KuanS

Ts'an' Mou'^

and

Chief of Staff.

JE

#^

H ^ #^

|i#^^

— ^ #^ t

TsungS

I'

Teng'

#^

Assistant Chief of Staff (two in

1*

staiF: 1. 2.

Kuan^, Senior Assistant Chief of Staff (two in all),, Erh* Tcng' Ts'an^ Mou^ Kuani, Junior 'i'

" ^

3.

Corps

Staff Posts: A.

662. Ts'ani

all).

B.

Division Staff:

Mou^ Kuan', Chief of '^ Erh* Teng' Ts'an' Mou^ Kuan', Senior Cheng* Ts'ani

Chief of Staff(one),

and

H^#^t

3.

Staff,

1.

2:

Assistant

San^ Teng^ Ts'an'

Mou^

Kuan^, Junior Assistant Chief of Staff (one). 663.

Adjutancy Posts:

Senior Corps Senior

tO'

663

Postsof the Line

661.

661^

Adjutant

Division

Adjutant [

Kuan^^ ^ |f If Hu* '^ Chung' Kuan^ ? # ^ Ts'an^ Chiini

1.

(one), 2.

Chiin'

pf*

(one),

295

3.

J

li"

Chiin'-

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA

eeSA to

QQK

Kuan',

Adjutant

Senior Brigade

Shih* Kuan^, Adjutant (one

and Regiment), and

5.

pI

4.

fi

Wu^

Ssu^

^^

Chih^

Division, Brigade

each Corps,

in

f^ ^

Chang',

Adjutant

battahon or one for each company;

(in the infantry, four for a

cavahy, one for a division

in the

(one),

division or one for each battery

;

in

;

the artillery, three for a

the engineers and troops of

in

transport, four for a battalion or one for a company).

663a.

Concerning

Palace Guards, 664.

"^ Fu* Kuan*, Adjutant of the

glj

No. 103d.

see

Secretarial Posts:

Secretarj' of the

for a regiment), (fi^ e

1st

Teng' Shui

H ^ ^ f2

Erh^ Teng'

'If

kShu' Chi*

for a brigade and two

;g Shui Chi* Chang', Senior Clerk

for a corps, seven for a division, one for a battalion of

infantry, engineers or troops of transport,

of cavalry or artiUeiy), (three for

^^^

4.

and one for a

(fifteen foi

r1

^^

Ssu^

a corps, fifteen for a division,

two for a regiment,

for a brigade,

division

Ssu^ Shih* Sheng*, Clerk

corps and five for a division), and 5.

:i

Shu' Shc'iig^ Writer

two

T

Class (four for a corps and

2nd Class (two

^ IE

3.

— ^ # gg t

1.

Chi* Kuan^, Secretary of the three for a division), 2.

Kuan\

New

six for a battalion of

infantry, engineers or troops of transport, six for a division of ca\'alry,

and

for a division of artillery).

fi-se

Orderly and

665.

Convoy Posts

^^

:

'g'

Chi^

Ch'a^

Kuan', Inspector of ^Mounted Orderlies and Convoys (one for a

To

corps). 1

•

^

^

this

division, brigade (thirt}'

officer

there are

subordinated A. Orderlies

Pien* ]Mu*, Sergeant (three for a corps and one for a

for

a

and regiment), and

corps,

2.

,||^ Ma'

and four for a regiment); B. (Jonvoys Sergeant

:

1.

(six for a corps, three for a division,

and regiment of

Pien*, Privates

sixteen for a division, six for a brigade

infantry,

one

for

^

g Hu*

Mu*,

one for a brigade

a battalion

of

infantry,

engineers or troops of transport, and one for a division of cavalry

or artillery), and

2.

^£

Hu*

[

296

Ping', Privates (sixty for a ]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

thirty

corps,

for

ten

division,

a

eight

brigade,

a

for

for

666

a

regiment, eighteen for a battalion of infantry, engineers or troops

and for a division of

of transport,

artillery,

^q

and twelve for a

afn

division of cavalry.

Posts

Colours

666.

^ |g

:

Colour-Bearer (one for a regiment 667.

Remount

—

^

Eemount Posts:

Ch'i=

KuanS

Ma=

Chang^,

of infantry).

g

,g

Officer (one for artillery

Chang^

'g'

and

Oh'a^

ca-^alry divisions

;

two

for a battalion of troops of transport).

Arms

668.

Posts:

KuanS Corps Inspector glj

5^

the staff

Sp

is

Arms

"^ Tsung' Chiini Hsieh*

Division

Inspector

|i^

^

5 W ;S

Chiin' Hsieh''

I

.

p\

IB

(one)

Chang^ Inspector

of Artillery (one).

Chiin' Hsieh^

Chu^ Arsenal

(for a corps;

arranged for a corps of two divisions).

Arsenal. Chief,

Kuan',

Cheng*

Arms

of

of the making, distributing and storing of arms the

M^

JEW-

(one), 2.

1* Fu* Chiin' Hsieh* Kuan', Eegiment Inspector of

Arms (one), and 4. of Arms in a Division 669.

of

Kuan',

Hsieh*

Chiin^ 3.

M W^ M

1.

At

its

head there

who has

Two ^^'g'

the

is

a

following

i||

^

Supervision

is

"g*

carried on at

Tsung^ Pan*

subordinated

Ch'a^ Hsieh* Kuan', Inspectors of

Arms,

to

2

.

him

:

Three

H^^

One 0. "^ Ssu' K'u* Kuan', Arsenal Overseers, 3. the 3rd Class, of Clerk Kuan', San' Teng^ Shu' Chi* -I*

m9^ Ssu' Shih* Sheng', fUerks, Two gj^^ Ssu' Convoy One ^ @ Hu* Shu' Sheng', Writers, Two Eight g ^ Hu* Ping', Convoy Privates, Sergeant, Eighteen Alechanics, Senior # |£ E g Chiang* Mu*, Two ^ jf S g Hsiu' Hsieh* Chiang*, Arms Repairers,

4.

Two

5.

Alu*,

6.

8.

7.

'.).

fig

10.

Mu*,

Shou^ K'u* Ping' II.

Eighteen

and 12. 670. Ling^'

Five

^ '{^

jf:

^

Artillery

.E£

Senior

Watchmen

at

the Arsenal.

Shou' K'u* Ping', Arsenal Watchmen,

Huo^ Fu', Cooks. Posts

:

mBU^t

Kuan', Chief of Artillery of a Corps. [

297

]

P'^o' Tui* Hsieh^

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

671 to

X^

Engineer Posts:

671.

S H '^

i«

Kungi Ch'gng^

Tui' Ts'an' Ling' Kuan', Chief of Engineers of a Corps. Judicial Posts

672.

ey^

Kuan^,

& "^

1. t^ WL Judge-Advocate (one),

Corps

:

and

Chung' Chih' Fa* 2. "^ IE

^H

Cheng' Chiy Fa* Kuan', Division Judge-Advocate (one). In accordance with a ^Memorial from the Ministry of War, sanctioned by the Emjjeror on the

composite

brigades

(^

27th ]\Iarch, 1909, at

Hun^ Ch'eng^

J^ 1^

®

which are independent (so-called

as at brigades

Hsieh"), there will be for the time being

by the various

are assimilated

divisions

—until

jj; f;^

6G4), two

Hu* Ping'

^^

^

— the post of

glj $ji

^^

SlJ

^

^

1. || ;g Corps Commissary Officer (one),

Cheng* Chun^ 3.

Hsii'

^"^

Officer (one),

^ '^ have

will {see

Ssui Shu'Shengi (see No. 6C4) and two

Commissariat Posts:

673.

Li"*

No.

^|£

No. 665.)

{see

Hsti' Kuan',

Tu^

these brigades

Fu* Chih^ Fa' Kuan', Brigade Judge-Advocate, who subordinated to him one p\ !?su' Shih* Sheng' :

all

Hsieh^), as well

2.

^ iR *&

IE

Kuan', Division Commissary Officer

Fu*

and

Tsung^ Chiini

'g-

Chiin' Hsfli Kuan',

^^^

4.

(one),

Regiment Commissary

C'hun^ Hsiii

Chang^

Battalion

Commissary

Officer (for infantry, engineers, troops of transport

one for each

— and

for divisions of cavalry

and

artillery

—one

for

each).

674.

HflDj^

Liang^ Hsiang' Chii^ Commissary Office

(for a corps; its staff is

This

office

arranged for a corps of two

divisions).

supervises the preparation and issue of supplies and

p ^ Tsung' Pan* Kuan', the following subordinated him Four ^ oh Kuani, Providers Supplies, Four S 1' at its head there

is

a ||

Chief.

to

of

'B'

2.

Kuan', Inspectors of Supplies,

Kuan', Paymasters,

1.

:

4.

H^^

Two 6.

[

Ssu' Liang^

Four g] |[p] 'g' Ssu' Hsiang' f E 'B* San' Teng' Shu^

3.

Chi* Kuan', Secretaries of the Ssui Shih* Sh6ng', Clerks,

nl

He has

Chih* Tsao*

3rd Class,

Four 298

5.

^^ ^ J

Four

f]

Iff.

^

Ssu' Shu' Sheng^,

PRESENT DAY POLTTICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Writers,

^ |&

g

One 9^

7.

Hu*

Pingi,

Convoy Sergeant,

Hu'' Mu*,

Convoy Privates, and

9.

One

Twelve

8.

{J^

^

Huo^

Medical Posts:

675.

1.

Kuani, Corps Surgeon (one),

Kuan\ Division Surgeon Kuan\ Regiment Surgeon Surgeon

Battalion

—one —one

|i jE

2.

§ f Tsung' ¥ B '^ Cheng* M W- W 'W ^ § :S li!

Chun^

T I^

Chiini I^ Chang',

(one), 4.

infantry,

engineers and troops of

Surgeon (Cavalry and

and Di^•ision

^^

for each), 5.

Chiin'

^^^^ Chiin^ I^

(one), 3.

the

(in

for each)

transport

I'

Sheng\ Assistant Surgeon

(one for a battalion of infantry, engineers or troops of transport

and one for an

and

division),

artillery

H |£

6.

PingS

I'

(four for a battalion of infantry, engineers

Hospital Attendant

or troops of transport

and for a cavalry division

;

three for an

artillery division).

Veterinary Posts

676.

:

1.

Kuan', Corps Veterinary Surgeon

Ma'

II

Fu*

W^

MiW-^

Ma'

troops of

transport, one

IE Mi

W^ 3.

5.

,1

;

g r^

I^

Ch$ng*

|i!j,^l'^ (one),

Battalion Veterinary Surgeon

Chang',

I^

Ma'

'^'sung'

Kuan\ Eegiment Veterinary Surgeon

I^

and

W, M,

(one), 2.

Division Veterinary Surgeon (one),

KuanS

Ma^*

one),

4.

(for

for a division of cavalry or artillery,

Ma^

Sheng', Assistant Veterinary

Ii

Surgeon (one for a battalion of troops of transport and one for an artillery division).

5^

677. the staff

is

^g Chlin^

his control

g^

I^

g fi p]

:

1.

H

H'i"

Chi^^ Medical Office (for a corps;

At the head of Tsung' Pan* Kuan^. He has under

3|f.

i|

TwojE If Two

f g^

^^^

2.

II

I^

ChSng* Cluini

I'

Kuan^, Senior

Chiin^ I^ Chang', Surgeons,

ShengS Assistant

Ma8

Chgng*

I'

arranged for a corps of two divisions).

this office there is a

Surgeons,

^0

QMM

Fu^, Cook.

artillery

675

Surgeons,

4.

One

JE Mj

Kuani, Senior Veterinary Surgeon,

Ping^ Mu*, Senior Hospital Attendants,

^'s^^^

^^^"^

Kuan\

Pharmacist, [

299

]

7.

One

3.

5. 6.

Ten

^ "^ Four Two

H ^ ^ fB W

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

678 to

680

Sani 8.

Teng^

Three

Shu^

^

Kuan',

Chi^

^^

Five

12.

-i/t

^

Six

10.

Class,

One

^g

|£ Hu* Ping^, Convoy

Ping\ Hospital Attendants, and

1^

U

1.

:

W^

Signalmen of a Division (one), Chief of

Chang'*,

^

9.

3rd

Huo' Fn', Cooks.

Signal Posts

678. of

^^

Forty

Privates, 11.

the

of'

ShengS Writers,

Ssu' Shu^-

Hu^ Mu*, Convoy Sergeant,

Secretary

Ssu^

2.

Hao* Kuan', Chief

a] W.

&

Signalmen of a Brigade (one),

^su^

Hao*

p]

^§

3.

Ssu' Hao* Chang^, Chief of Signalmen of a Regiment (one), ^-

M

@

Hao*

and troops of transport) or of a Division

infantrj', engineers

cavalry and artillery

men

Senior Signalman of a Battalion (one

ilu^.

—

and

one),

^&

5.

Hao* Ping',

;

in

(of

Signal-

(two in each companj' of infantry, engineers and troops of

transport,

to a squadr(>n of ca^-aliy,

t-svo

and two

to a battery of

artillery).

At

Music Posts:

679.

the head of a

^^^

Chiin'

Company of ^Musicians, there is a [^ 'g' Tui* Kuan', Chief, who has subordinated to him: 1. ;§ P'ai^ 1^ Two Chang•^ Bandmaster (one), 2. Teng^ YUeh* $^

Yiieh*

Tui',

^

—^^

Ping',

iNIusioians

Teng^

Yiieh''

the

of

Ping',

H^

Class,

1st

^Musicians

Six Zl

3.

2nd Class,

the

of

^ M^

-^'''^^

4.

12

p?= 1^ San' Teng' Yiieh* Ping', Musicians of the 3rd Class, 24 iP Hsiieh^ Hsi^ Yiieh* Ping', Music Pupils, If^ and 6. Five -j^ Huo= Fu', Cooks.

^ ^

^

5.

Camp-follower Posts:

680.

Mechanic (one of transport, 2-

^M

^

1.

]£

g

and

each division of cavalry and

to

f'h'iang'

Armourer

Ping',

3.

i^ [g

;

Chiang*, Metal

T'ieh=

artillery)?

(four in a battalion

infantry, engineers and troops of transport

cavalry;,

Chiang* Ma*, Senior

to each battalion of infantry, engineers or troops

two

in a division of

Worker

(four in a

battalion of infantry, engineers and troops of transport

an

artillery

division),

Mechanic (three

in

an

4.

|@{

|£

artillery [

P'ao*

300

division), ]

Chiang*, 5.

of

;

three in

Ordnance

^ IS

Chang'

— ;

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Chiang*, Blacksmith (eight in a battalion of tioops of transport four in a cavalry di^ision

Mu*

;

six in an artillery division), 6.

tJv

E

Chiang*, Carpenter (four in a battalion of engineers and

^ |2

troops of transport; three in an artillery division), 7. P'i^ Chiang*,

Shoemaker (four

troops .of transport

cavalry division

Pu'

Pei* 9.

;

\^

;

a battalion of engineers

in

three in an artillery division),

;

Ping^,

^

two

Private

of

Huo' Fu', Cook

and

a battalion of infantry

in

two

;

8.

in a

H^

li^

Reserve (one in each squad),

(nine in a corps, five in a division,

two in a brigade, two in a regiment, thirty-eight in an infantry battalion, eighteen in a cavalry division, thirty-one in

forty

division,

battalion

Ping^,

of

an

in

troops

Private

of

transport),

10.

engineers battalions and in cavalry division artillery),

field

six

in

Pg

11.

^^

a division of field artillery

mountain

artillery),

12.

^ |£

;

in

infantry

M ^

a

Ch'e^

and

six in a division of

Wei* Yang= Fu^, Foragers

and engineers battalions and

in infantry

artillery

(Jhia*

|^ Troops (four

Transport

of

an

battalion and forty-one in

engineers

in a

(four

cavalry division

eighteen in a division of

;

@

Ma^ Fu^

Mu*,

Senior

Stableman (eight

in a battalion of troops of transport, fom- in a

division of cavalry

and three

Ma'

Fu',

Stableman

(seventy

a

in

battalion

transport, thirty-two in a ca\alry division, artillery division),

and

^^ ^

14.

Mi

^

troops

of

in a division of artillery), 13.

of

and thirty-nine

in

an

Kuan' To* Ping', Packer

(eighteen in a division of mountain artillery).

REVIEWS OF TROOPS. 681.

Eegulations drawn up by the Ministry of

sanctioned by the Emperor on the 12th April, 1908,

reviews of the troops every three years. view,

the

Ministry of

Emperor

War, an

appoints,

War call for

this object in

on the recommendation of the

official skilled in [

With

—

801

]

military matters as

681

—

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

682 iQ an-i

^^:k^

682.

OI'

CHINA.

Yueh* Ta* Ch'en^ Inspector-

Hsiao*

General of Troops, who makes a complete inspection of a certain concourse

of

troops.

To

him the following

assist

staff is

organized

^^

683.

General

in

Ts'an^

making

Adviser (one);

I'*,

plans, supervises the

most important and the

and has a general control

correspondence,

confidential

assists the Inspector-

of

all

questions of expenditure.

684.

^^

|if

?K

^A

Tu" Pingi K'o^

Yiian^, Inspector of Infantry

Hsiao*

Yiieh*

inspects the infantry as regards

;

its efficienc}'.

685.

,1 :£

fJf

^^A

Yiian^, Inspector of Cavalry

Pingi

^Ja=

;

K'o^ Hsiao* Yiieh*

inspects the cavalry as regards

its

efficiency.

686.

ig |£ ^4

fe'

iS ft P'ao* Pingi

Yiian", Inspector of Artillery

K'o^ Hsiao* Yiieh*

inspects the artillery as regards

;

its efficiency.

687. Yiian'-,

X^^^^t^ M.

Kung'

K'o^ Hsiao* Yiieh*

Piiig'

Inspector of Engineers; inspects the engineers as regards

fifficiency

688.

and organization. fig

HA

f^ ^4 ?K Troops

Yiian^, Inspector of

'J'zu'

of transport as regards efficicncj'

689.

Inspector

^flS^^ft of

the

690.

Chiini

its

¥ M ^ is fl

;

Hsiao* Yiieh*

inspects the troops

and organization. Hsiao*

Hsii^

Commissariat;

audits accounts, scrutinizes

Ping' K'oi

Transport

of

inspects

hooks and

the

Yiieh*

Yiian^,

commissariat

bills.

Hsieh* Hsiao* Yiieh* Yuau=,

t^liun^

Inspector of Arms; inspects arms and arms stores (arsenals). 691.

W-M

^M

A

hospitals

II

t^'hiini

Inspector of Medical Department

;

Hsiao*

and examines sanitary conditions. [

302

Yiieh*

Yiiau=,

inspects the medical staff and

J

PRESENT DAY POMTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

692.

W-

t;huni

i^MtMM.

Hsiao* Yueh*

Fa*

Yiian^,

Inspector of Military Judicial Department; examines sentences

imposed on members of some certain concourse of troops.

^MA

693.

Ch'eng^ Fa^

with miscellaneous duties

;

Yiian',

Registrar

delivers orders of Inspector-General

and Inspectors.

There

694.

is

a Chancery established at the Inspectorate

General, the staff of which

made up

is

of

1.

:

^

^

IB

Shu^

Chi* Yuan^, Secretaries (in charge of the drafting of despatches

and reports),

2.

^^ft

Shoui Fa^ Yiian^, Registrar (one;

forwards and receives correspondence and telegrams), Jih* Chi* Yiian^ Diarists (charged with the writing reports of reviews), 4.

|t HI

M

^

3.

IS

up

^

of daily

Hui* T'u^ Ylian=, Draftsmen, i^ j^ ft Shoui 6.

and 5r1 ft Ssu^ Shui Yuan^ Writers, Chih^ Yiian^, Treasurer (one).

COMMITTEES FOR DRILLING TROOPS.

MW^

695.

Kungi

So',

Tui Lien* Ch'u*, or

§ ^ 2; Bf Tu^

Lien*

Committees for Drilling Troops (former designation),

or Provincial Staff of

New

to arrange the organization

Troops and

;

established in

all

provinces

drilling of divisions of the

new

troops. These Committees are under the supervision of the Governor-General or Governor of the province concerned (as

m

IV

Pan*).

^M^^^ Tui Lien^ Ta^ Ch'cn^ Ko* M^i&B-'^^Bit^ Tu' Lien* Chin* Chi' Chen* Ta* Ch'en^ or « M i£ » ^ W- # 11 * ^ ^u^ (or,

695a.

clearer,

I^ Tai*

fj?

E)ll

Pan* Hsiin* Lien* Chin* Chi^ Lu* Chiin^ Ko* Chen* Shih* abolished Chief of Staff of Metropolitan Circuit (Post

I^),

by

transferred Imperial Edict of 26 th September, 1910, and functions to the Ministry of

War). [

803

J

-^q

695i.

charged

;

693

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

696 to

698

On

696.

the Staff there are

#^

:

*§*

Ts'an' I^ Kuan',

Secretary, fl Sui^ Yiian' ^ ^ Wen^ '^ Kuan', Hsien^ Feng^ Orderlies, J^ ^ Adjutants, ^ Ch'ingi Shu', Writers, ^ Ma^ Pien*, Mounted Orderhes, ^ Huo' Fui, §1 ^ § Hu* Ping* Change Convoy Chief, and Ad\-iser,

An'',

[f|

J/Iq

,E|

f^^

Cooks.

The

Staff

is

arranged according to the needs of the

as detailed in reports

696a.

p^

1^1

post exists in

from the Governor-General

Tsung^ Ts'an' I\

^Manchuria alone

(see

circuit,

(or Governor).

Senior Adviser

report

of

this

;

^ j^ g

Hsii^

Shih^-ch'ang', dated the 13th January, 1908).

The' Staff

697.

^ Ch'u% ^ Ku^, Sections. Tsung^ Pan*, and |^ ^ ^ Pang' Pan* ai-ranged

is

The

Offices are under |f,

(see

Xos. 698, 699 and 700)

Jg 1^

officials

or

fij-

at the Sections, likewise, there are

;

^

g

m

Chang^,

K'o'

there are attached

Wcn^ An*,

^^ ^

:

and j^ number depends on the volume of

The

Offices,

K'o', or

Tiao*, Proctors, Wj t/e ^ ^"g T'i^ Tiao% Assistant Jg fg Pang'

T'i''

Proctors,

three

in

^

which, in turn, are subdivided into

Secretaries,

offices

Section

Wei'

Ch'ing' Shu^,

affairs

are designated as

these

^^

Writers (the

—compare No. 696). ^ '^ ^

1.

:

To

Chiefs.

Yiian^, Orderlies,

Ping' Pei*

Cli'u% Office of the Inspector-General (for details see No. 698)^ 2-

^ ^ M Ts'an' Mou"

General

(see

Ch'u*,

No. 699), and

3.

Office of Alilitary Schools (see

698.'

&^^

Office of the

^W-M

Quartermaster-

Chiao* Lien* Ch'u*,

No. 700).

PingiPei* Ch'u*, Office of the Inspector-

^

General, with the :£ 11 li IJ Pingi Pei* Ch'u* Tsung' Pan*, Inspector-General, at its head. This Office is resj)onsible that the troops confirm to military regulations and that they obey orders

;

current

is in

charge of the issue of re^vards, judicial proceedings,

supplies,

and

the

preparation

of

commissariat artillery and medical branches. (in

Manchuria) into

five

Sections: [

304

1.

j

^

supplies

It

is

for

the

subdivided

Jjj^j^ TL^ao^

Kmig}

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

K'oS Section for Examination of Merit Ch'ou^

|§ f

!{

f|q]

I^

Section

K'o-,

Pei"*

of

Section, and 5.

-^

fJ4

Df p^

(Preparation),

Hsiang^ Hsii^ K'oS Commissariat Section,

Wu* K'oS Medical

^

(of Staff), 2.

Readiness

4.

3.

-^^ ^4

Ghih^ Fa^ K'oS

if!^

Judicial Section.

In some other places (for instance,

698a.

of North China) the Sections (not

designated differently

698b.

¥

:

^^

Section, and !^

ffi

Chuni

I^

in the provinces

K'o-, but |j^

jfjf

Ku') are

5^ Chun^ Hsiii Ku^, Commissariat Ku', Medical Section.

In the provinces of South China the Office of the

Inspector-General (see Xo. 698) has the following' Sections

MMM

Preparation,

Battle

1.

:

^^^^ T'ao^ K'o^ Section of Organization of Troops and

and

Section,

^g Jl

3.

^

'^

2.

^i|-

Chih^

y^^

Li^

Ching^

Fa^ K'oS

Judicial

Commissariat

K'o^

Section.

# ^ ^ Ts'ani Mou= Ch'u*, master-General, with the # ^ ® li

Office of the Quarter-

699.

Tsung^ Pan*, at

its

and arranges for statistical

Sections 2-

fa

:

S

Yiin* Shu^

examines the quartermaster organization

proper administration

;

and compiles

collects

Office

1. ^3[

is

subdivided

^^

(in

Manchuria)

into

four

^4 Mou^ Tiao* Ch'a' K'oS Intelligence Section,

3.

MWiM

and

4.

i|lj

K'oS

Liieh* K'o^, Strategical Section,,

Section of Transport of Troops,

fi

^ij-

Liang^ K'o', Topographical Section.

Ts'e*

699a. of

its

;

Motf Ch'u*

Ts'ani

military information concerning China and neighbouring

This

states.

head

ffi

In some other places (for instance,

North China) the Sections—called

the exception of the ffj

|t

^

^

in the provinces,

Ku^— are

Ts'c* Hui*

Ku^

as above with

Topographical

Section.

In the provinces of South China the Office of the Quartermaster-General (see No. 699) has the following Sections : 699b.

1.

m«M *^lS

Bit'

'It

Yiin*

Ch'ou' I

20

Strategical

K'o',

305

]

and Transport

698a -^q

609b

TEESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

700 to

Section, 2.

and

3.

J|lJ

'^0^-

702

^ |^

;^

Chien' Yiieh*

K'o^

Intelligence Section,

W ^^ Ts'e^ Hui* K'o\ Topographical Section. Wt M M Chiao* Lien* Ch'u*, Office of

^Military

Schools, with the

^W-MW.

Office

military

il Chiao* Lien* Ch'u* Tsung* Pan*, Chief (and |g §^ Pang^ Pan*, Assistant), in charge. This supervises

schools

—draws

up

schemes

and

regulations and arranges instruction and textbooks for them. is

subdivided (in Manchuria) into four Sections

Hsuey Wu* Ping'

K'o',

i^^p^

Section of Instruction, 2.

K'o\ Section

of Eevision,

Translating Section, and

4.

3.

g^

jfif

It

^^^

1.

:

Hsiao*

Pien^ I* K'qI,

f§ ^j p^ Hai' Fang^ K'o', Section

of Coast Defence.

In some places (for instance, the provinces of Xorth

700a.

China) the Section of Instruction {see No. 700)

is

styled U; ^'

^

Chiao* Yu* Ku=.

In the provinces

700b.

South China the

of

Office of

Military Schools {see No. 700) has the following Sections ill

M P(

Lien* K'oS Section of Drilling, and

ilsiini

1.

:

Wi^ft

2.

Chiao* Yii* K'o', Section of Education.

MILITARY PRISONS. 701.

5 ^ It Lu* Chiini Chieni

1^

regulations for these were

Yii*, Military Prisons;

drawn up by the Ministry

of

War

sanctioned by the Emperor on the 26th September, 1908. are of two types

:

—under the

War Law see of

;

No.

1.

%^

Pu* Chieni, Prison

supervision of the

432— and

2.

||

^

and

They

at the Ministry

Department

of Military

Chen* ChienS Prisons for the

^^

Divisions, under the supervision of the fl Staff of the Division. The latter are

for

sentences are from one

those serving longer

month

to ten years

;

Ssu^ Ling* Ch'u*, culprits

whose

sentences are imprisoned at the Prison at the Ministry of War.

702.

Following

Military Prison

is

the personnel of the administration of a

:

[

306

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^ 1^ A S S Chien* ^-

1-

^ SH

2-

one),

Change,

Prison

Officials

(4a

Supervisor

3.

^^

ifl

I^

(ranks as

Shiii

Ssu'

(7a

Clerk

Sheng^,

Tengs Chieni Tsu^, Warder of the

Hu* Mu*;

«ee

Ko. 665),

5.

:

5a),

or

Chien* Fu*, Assistant Prison Supervisor (5a or 6a

— ^S^ ^g

4.

Chuan^ She* Yuan^, Substantive

;

two),

;

1st Class

H ^ ^ $: Erh* ^ i^

Teng^ Chien^ Tsu^, Warder of the 2nd Class (ranks as

Hu* Pingi; B. 1.

'M

No. 665), and

see

M

^

Huo= IV, Cook. ^^ ph ^ ^

(see

5-

T'ang^,

S ^ Pal

No. 579).

Hsiao'* tisiieh'

Banners

/]>

Primary

T'ang',

Hsiieh^

^M.

Primary School

the Banners (see

717b.

Huo'

Ying2

Ch'i*

for the Artillery

Hsiao'

Hsiieh'

and Musketry Division

No. 737).

Schools

established

at

the

Provincial

S^

g

Oarrisons (see No.

Manchu

^^

743c) are styled Chu* 'J> R5 Pang^ Man^ Ying^ Hsiao' Hsiieh^ T'ang^, Primary Schools at the

Manchu Garrisons (compare No. schools they are divided into

Junior, and

^^

Similarly to

579).

two grades

:

^^

common

Ch'u^ Teng',

Kao' Teng', Senior (compare No. 576).

BANNER FORCES. ^18Ji^ight

A

ffi

Banners

—

Pa' Ch'i^, Banner Forces (or Troops of Divisions). [

the

These are composed of the des323

]

to

718

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIOJT OF CHIXA. Manchus who aided the first Emperors Ta Ch'ing Dynasty in conquering China, at the beginning cendants of

:

1.

I7th century,

subjects of the

(Chinese

2.

Mongols who transferred

their allegiance to the

time

Accordingly,

the

of

by

divided,

conquest.

nationalities, into

:

j"^ ^Ij

2.

^

Ch'i2,

Manchu Banner

Ch'i^,

Mongol Banner Troops, and

Pa^

Ch'i^, Chinese

The troops

Troops,

Ch'i2,

Bordered Yellow,

YeUow,

Banner Forces

AM Meng' Ku^ MM /\M Han*

1.

^^M

jEMM

2.

Blue,

and

JE^M

7.

M^M

8.

6.

Hsiangi

®H (-'heng*

JEUM

lE Hsiang^ Hung' Lan^ Ch'i', Plain

Lan^ Ch'i^ Bordered Blue.

H

(Jh'i^,

mentioned are called the Jl Three Superior Banners ; the remaining

the T?

5

;^ Hsia*

Wu^

Ch'i^,

their stations the

The

particulars,

-'^si*

see

Ch'i^,

No.

are styled

five

Five Inferior Banners.

Banner Forces are

(see

Shang* San^

styled:

below

;

2.

1.

Household,

and

97),

2.

"^

^

gj |^ Chu*

No. 743).

Banner Forces are sub-divided

Metrof)olitau

^ M

ffi

Metropolitan Banner Forces, and

Fang^, Banner Garrisons

1-

Huang^ Ch'i%

('heng*

first

Ch'i^,

Hsiang^ Huang^

E

Bordered Red,

Chingi

Pa^

Chiini

Q ,S Ch^ng* Pai' Ch'i^ Plain White, Hsiangi Pai^ Ch'i^ Bordered White, 5. 3.

Ch'i^,

From

are

/^ ^ Man^ Chou^ Pa^

-^

3.

:

Cheng^ Hung2 Ch'i^ Plain Red,

The three

at the

of each nationality are, further, divided under

Plain

aaS

Kharach'in

3.

Manchus

Banner Troops.

eight banners or divisions, namely

4-

the

1.

of the

Ming Dynasty who

Manchus, and

transferred their allegiance to the

of the

or ^l"

Inner,

M

into;

Banners

(for

Wai^ Ch'i^ Outer

Banners.

The Outer Banner Troops are stationed

in

Peking and

the

^K

adjacent suburbs and are under the supervision of the tS Chih^ Nien' Ch'i^, General Headquarters of the Banners, to

which one of the Lieutenant-Generals of each of the Banner Divisions (see No. 719)

is

appointed annually. [

oU

I

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The chief contingent of the Banner Forces

^

^' Hsiao^

Ch'i^ Ying^,

1^ No. 97b), and

Banner Corps

of the

is

the so-called

Line (compare

drawn from the 24 Banner Divisions (eight

is

Banners of each nationality

;

compare above).

Although the Banner Forces played the chief part

in the

conquest of China and in the consolidation of the power of the reigning Dynasty, nevertheless, at the present time, they have

any military importance, the more so as a large percentage

lost

men

of the

duties

The

enrolled in the forces 'see no service, or perform

having not the slightest connection with military

representatives

of

the

three

Banner Forces form a peculiar caste

the

Government has

or military clique

taken

—holding

serve as a support to

are

24 of these

{see

No. 718).

For

719a.

;

Recently,

the

for

gradual of

No. 186).

the population (see

W>M

steps

Banner Forces and the mass

equalization of the rights of the

719-

affairs.

composing the

power and influence of the Manchu Dynasty.

the

however,

Tui T'ung', Lieutenant-General

;

1b.

There

one to each national division of the Banners

particulars as to the H^ j^

Tu^ T'ung', acting

Lieutenant-Governors (of Chakhar and of Jehol)

as Military

Nos. 897 and 898. 720.

General of the

;

|lj

2a.

acting

as

M

Fu* Till T'ung', Deputy LieutenantH? There are 48 in all two to each national division ;

Banners

(see

For

720a.

No. 718).

particulars as to the

Assistant

Military

Deputy Lieutenant-Generals see

—

Empire and

a predominant position in the

see

nationalities

glj

|f)

=^ Fu* Tu^ T'ungS

Lieutenant-Governors

of provincial

and

as

^Nlanchu

Garrisons

Ling'.

Adjutant-

Nos. 802 and 745. 721.

General

;

fn 3a.

^#M

"^i^*

There are two [

^^"^

^^'^'i^

to each of the

325

J

24 Banners (except

719 ^0

721

;

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

722 %0

They

Mongol, which have but one each).

the

from the ranks of Colonels

^^BM

^22.

729

command

in

(see

Hsiao' Ch'i' Ts'an' Ling^ Colonel; 3a;

of a sub-division or

^

JlJ

Chia' La"^ (Manchurian

Chalan), of which there are five to each

Banner.

are appointed

No. 722).

Manchu and

Chinese

In the Mongol Banners there are but two of these

sub-divisions to each. '''23.

glj

^ ,@ # fl

Lieutenant-Colonel; 4a

;

Fu*

Hsiao'

Ts'an'

Ch'i^

LingS

one to each Chalan or sub-division {see

No. 722). 724. 5b

:

PP

^ ^ :^

Yin*

Wu*

Chang' Ching', Adjutant

conducts the correspondence of a Banner. 725.

g EP S ¥" :«

Wei^

Wu*

Yin*

Chang'

Ching',

Assistant-Adjutant. '^26.

rank there

EH

and from 30

Of officers of this Manchu Banners, Chinese Banners. Each is in

Tso' Ling', Captain; 4a.

from 70

ai'e

to 40, in

to 80, in each of the

each of the

charge of some 70 to 100 of the Household Bannermen.

some cases they hold their rank by hereditary

^

Hsun' Chiu*

MW

or as

M

right, either as

Shih* Kuan' Tso' Ling'.

i£ Those who are appointed by various processes of

ill

designated

^

i-jl

Kung'

^ 'S •& ® Lun^ Kuan' 726a. ^ @ E fg This was formerly not completely — No. 726) of 727.

less

selection are

Kuan',

but at the present

it is

almost

—

if

It designated Captains of companies

than one hundred.

1^ S^ t^ Hsiao' Ch'i' Hsiao*, Lieutenant; 6a. rank are drawn upon to fill the post oi. -^"^

^

Officers of this

Pu*

and

Pan" Ko* Tso' Ling', Half Tso Ling.

obsolete.

(see

Fen'

Tso' Ling'.

in use

title

^^

Chung',

In

Chiin' Hsiao" (see No. 799).

728.

^Wm^''&

Wei'

Shu*

Sub-Lieutenant; 8b. 729.

H fg Ling'

Ts'ui', Corporal. [

326

]

Hsiao'

Ch'i^

HsiaoS

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

PIIESENT

730.

Ep

,11

the 1st Class.

ICM ^

731. of the

rank

2nd Class.

Also called

^ ^ i^

732.

Juniors

Hsiao^ Ch'i^

^ |f

^

^

n

Chiao' Pingi-

L,v.'

Yang'

Pti'',

This

Large

;

the

divisions,

Banner Forces not coming within the line

(see

^

Huo'

>< II Musketry Division (see

740),

Pa^ Ch'i^ the

^

^^^ Chiin^ Ying\

M^

m

2.

3.

No. 736

{see

;

Ch'ien"

Feng^

^^g

Pu*

for details see

Ying^ The Artillery and

Ch'i*

(see

!|S

No. 735),

No. 737),

The Light Division

Ch'iang^ Ying^,

No.

(see

Gendarmerie Division

4.

W ^1 ^

^

1.

No. 734),

Vanguard Division

Chiin^ Ying^,

No. 718) there are organized

(see

as follows:

The Guards Division

Ying2,

/fjj

without position or pay.

Banner Corps of the

No. 797),

^^

Chia', or

730 and 731).

as vacancies occur (see Nos.

From

733.

Ying',

^

Supernumeraries, or

Ma'

B^ U; Hsien^ San' (Manchurian Sula), Bannermen

732a.

various

Ping\

Yii*

5.

No.

^ # Chien* 738), ^ -g

Jui"

f||

6.

Hu*

iff

The Marksmen for Tiger Hvmts

No.

(see

739),.

Shen^ Chii Ying2, The Peking Field Force (see

8.

Hu*

M^JiMAMM'^'S Chiini

Banner Force

Ming^ YiJan^

Yiian^

Ying^ The Yiian Ming Yuan Division

(see

No. 741),

9.

^M&

of

Hsiang' Tao*

± ^^ ^^

The Guides (.see No. 742), and 10. Shang* Yu' Pei^ Yung* Ch'u*, The Imperial Hunting Depart-

Oh'uS

ment

(see

No. 742aX

734.

M%'B

Hu*

Chiin^

Ying^,

Tie Guards Didsion

§

(common designation, ^^ Ta* Y'^ing'^, Main Division. The former designation was Pa-ya-la, which was exchanged in A. D. 1660 for the Chinese equivalent now to this

division

is

in use).

the special ambition of the [

327

]

730 tO

Han* Chun\ Chinese Banners only

awaiting appointment as J§

;

Ao* Erh'

7-

j|g

Ao* Erh' Pu^ (Manchurian Orbo), Private

found in the

is

Chia= (Manchurian Ukesen), Private of

Ko. 718).

(see

at

Ma'

Also called J^

Admission

great

mass

of

734

:

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 5'34a

to

735

Bannermen

The

degree.

whom

of Peking, to

substantial increase in

secures the advantages of

it

pay and prospects of a promotion

principal duty assigned

it is

to furnish

of guards for the Imperial Palace {see No.

under the command of a

is

detachments

This division

104).

corresponding to the eight Banners,

consists of eight sections,

and each

of one

T'ung' Ling', Captain-General

(2a).

S¥#

1fl Hu* Chiini Ts'ani Mongols and 80 Manchus), 2. glj

^ /^ ^

fjj

The Ling^

Hu*

Chiin'

other ranks

Colonel

are

(3a;

32

^¥#

Ts'ani

Ling',

Manchus),

681

Lieutenant-Colonel (4a

^ "^ ^

3.

Mongols and 204

Shu* Hu" Chiin^

For

734a.

Chun^

Ying'',

M

In time

Banners.

without the Palace the

Imperial

war

it is

concerning p3

particulars

'S:

;

chairs

see

Ch'ien^ Feng^

of

of

peace

when at

^ M M. "^ ^ Wei' 8 ^ ^ Hu* b,

5.

^

!5

;

in all).

composed entirely

is

4.

Sub-Lieutenant

The Imperial Guards,

m

735.

;

Hsiao\ Lieutenant (6a;

Chijn^

Manchus),

Hsiao'',

ChiinS Privates (14,075

This

Hu*

^1 Fu* Hu* Chiin^ 32 Mongols and 80

the

Ying'',

Manchus this

^

Vanguard

division

sent forward to open battles

Hu*

1

to

Division.

^Mongols

or

performs

Emperor goes abroad

a distance of

Nei*

No. 97a.

2

li.

of

all

service

precedes

it

In time of

and prepare a way for the

success of the main forces.

The Vanguard Division

is

divided

into

two

"Wings"

Left (including the bordered yellow, plain white, bordered white and plain blue Banners) and 2. Right (or

Sections)

:

1.

(including the plain yellow, plain red, bordered red and bordered

g R

^^H »^®

These are commanded hy the :^ |U P Ch'ien^ Fengi T'ung' Ling', and :& f[ Yu* I* Ch'ien^ Fengi T'ung' Ling', Commandants of the Left and Right Wings of the Vanguard Division; 2a. The other blue Banners).

Tso'

ranks are of the

:

1.

mM^^

Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel

Vanguard Division (3a ; four [

328

]

in each

Wing),

2.

a|(

^

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

&^

Feng^ Shih* WeP, Imperial Guardsmen of the

Oh'ien''

.Vanguard Division (4a

§^

Wei' Shu*

four in each Wing),

;

Guardsman of the Vanguard Division (5 b 4.

^ '^

15

Division;

48

;

each Wing),

in

Feng^

Ch'ien^

Shu*

a||

^

Ch'ien^

Vanguard Division (899 in the

For

735a.

^ %^

left

Pu*

^^i*

Privates

Feng^,

the

of

the right Wing).

in

^ ^^

pq -^

Vanguard,

Vanguard

the

of

and 865

regarding

details

Feng^ Ying^, The Household 736.

^

^^m^^ Vanguard

5.

Sergeant

Hsiao*,

8b, and 6.

BU

two in each Wing),

;

Ch'ien^ Feng' Hsiao*, Sergeant of the

(6 a

Division

^S

3.

Feng^ Shih* Wei*, Deputy Imperial

Ch'ien''

Nei* Ch'ien'

No. 97c.

see

Ying^ Gendarmerie Division.

Chiini

For details see No. 797.

'X^^

737.

Musketry Division

and

Inner

Huo'

Ch'i*

Artillery

consisting of j^ Nei*, and

;

The

Detachments.

Outer,

^j'*

Wai*,

or,

at

stationed

is

first

and

^^

is at )^ Lan^ Tien* Ch'ang' (a from the Summer Palace ^JJ BI Viian^ Ming^

Peking while the second ^hort distance

The

Ying^

H

Yiian^).

The

^^

^

/C ^1 '^ Nei* Huo= Ch'i* Ying' is formed from the Pao^ I' of the several Banners (see No. 97).

The

and

Artillery

Division

]\Iusketry

Manchu and Mongol Bannermen and

^ f^ a

^-

^ ;g

of

^

I*

At

;

the head of each Detachment there

The other ranks

Chang^, Brigadier; 3a.

are:

11 Ying^ Tsung', Commandant of a Garrison (Deputy

Brigadier;

four in each

Niao^ Ch'iangi

Hu*

Detachment),

2.

M

'^t

Detachment),

3.

^

If

^g#

fl

3a,

4.

glj

>S It 8| [

^#®

329

]

(3 a

Niao^'

Hsiao^ Ch'i^ Ts'an' Ling^, Colonel of the Artillery Division;

M 'M W M

Chiini Ts'an^ Ling', Colonel of the Imperial

Eegiment of the Artillery and Musketry Division •each

command

Tsung' T'ling', General Commandants (number not fixed

Princes of the Blood). •is

is

composed of

is

under the

;

four in Ch'iangi

and Musketry

Fu* Niao'

Ch'iang^

735a to

ygy

PRESENT DAY POUTlCAi. OKGAXIZATION' OF

738

Hu*

Chun'^ Ts'an' Ling', Lieutenant-Colonel

Regiment

^ S ft

5-

the

of

ff4

Kuan',

Chih^

§ ® ft ft ^

4a,

Kuan' P'ao* Ch'iangi

'B'

Adjutant,

Artillery

Xiao' Ch'iang' Hu^ Chun'

^MMW-^

7.

Lieutenant of the Impeiial

Hsiao'',

E-egiment of the Artillery and Musketry Division; 6a,

^ it '^

Imperial

Division;

i^ 1" Kuan' Niao' Ch'iang' San* Chih* Kuan^,

]\Iusketry Adjutant, 6. iSan*

the

of

Musketry

and

i^rtillerj

CIIIXA.

^iao'

Hsiao'

Ch'iang'

Artillery and

Ch'i'

8.

,^ |^ Lieutenant of

Hsiao*,

^^

Musketry 6a, 9. if ®J fe Kuan' P'ao* Hsiao' Ch'i^ Hsiao*, Lieutenant of Artillery; 6a, 10. f^ T^ Niao' Ch'iang' Hu* Chlin', Musketeer of the Imperial Guard, ;

^

11-

Sfii^.@

12.

g;

^ .@

738.

Musketeer, and

Ch'i-,

P'ao* Hsiao' Ch'i^ Artillery-man.

m^^

Light Division Yiian*,

Niao' Ch'iang' Hsiao'

^

Ying^ The

Jui*

('hien*

quartered near the

;

#

[Ij

Scouts,

or the

Hsiang' Shan'

^a

g] Ching* I^ Ytian^, the Imperial Hunting |f North-west of Peking. This division was formed in or

Park,

'j^'

the fourteenth year of the reign of

|g

^

Ch'ien

Lung

(1749),

because of the frequent revolts North of the Great Wall, the best

men being

Ying^

(see

recruited to

it

At

No. 735).

from the

m

^^

Ch'ien^ F^ng'

the present time these troops have

merely a nominal existence.

At

the head of the Light Division there are

T'ung', General

may into

Commandants (number

be held by Princes of the Blood).

two Wings and

Chang', Brigadier Ch'ien''^

;

is

The Division

command of each 3a. The other ranks in

^ ^ Tsung^

not fixed; this post

there are

is

is

divided

an g.

g

I*

^#

1.

15 || Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Colonel of the Light Division; :

^gH

glj fj Fu* Ch'ien^ Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Senior Lieutenant-Colonel of the Light Division ; 4a, 3.

3-^, 2.

^

H

hJ]

^^

Shu* Ch'ien' Feng' Ts'an' Ling', Junior Lieutei»nt-Colonel of the Light Division; OB, 4. ;g^ Ch'ien' Feng' Hsiao*, h|[

Lieutenant;

6a, 5.

glj

fJ [

^ .g 330

^

IV ]

Ch'ien^

Feng'

Hsiao*»

—

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Sub-Lieutenant; 8 B,

35^

6.

Ch'ien^ Feng', Private of the

^

1st Class of the Light Division, and 7.

2nd Class

Feng', Private of the

^ H 'g

739.

Tiger Hunts Superior

marksmen there of 1.

^-

in

^ W &

(600 in

for

^"^

^ It

3.

all),

^

g

glj

fi

M$

The

these

of

Wing

4.

ranks (six

are

:

in

all)

(21

Hu'

and

other

Chang', Senior 'Marksmen

Fu"

Ch'iang'

^

;ft

Hu'

^

Chang', Junior

Ch'iang',

Marksmen

the elite of the

Banner Troops of

because of

This force, drawn from

three nationalities forming

all

No. 718), was organized in 1862 and numbered 18 the disastrous campaign of 1860

Ching' Ch'i^

the ff^ -J^

The Peking Field

Shen^ Chi' Ying^.

Mechanism Regiments).

Force (Divine

(see

—

thousand men, supplied with the three types of

arms,

European

style.

modern breech-loaders

using

of the Three

command

Tsung^ T'ung^, General (commandant

Tiger Hunts.

Ch'iang'

in all)

for

all).

740.

20

a ^^

marksmen In

718).

Tsung' Ling^, Brigadier of a

|§

Ill,

Marksmen (260

to

is

Marksmen

the

No.

(see

and

in

drilled

This force no longer exists.

MMM AM fM^^M

741.

Hu*

Ch'i^ of the to is

Chiin^ Ying^.

now

MM

Summer

at the

Ul

is

BI

Yiian^

Pai

a division organized and appointed

residence of the Emperor.

Wan' Shou*

was destroyed of

|5H ffi

Ming^

The Yiian iling Yiian Guards Division This

Banner Forces.

guard the

Yuan^

^^

^^^ Yiian'

(at the

Shan'), as the Yiian

by the European troops

in

This residence foot of

the hill

Ming Yiian Palace

1860, after the taking

Peking.

At General of the

the head of this division

Commandant

of the Yiian

Banner Forces.

Tsung',

is

the

Ming

||!

^

Tsung' T'ung',

Yiian Guards Division

The other ranks are

:

1

.

'g-

Commandant (Assistant General Commandant [

331

J

739 ^q

741

Ying^ The Marksmen

recruited from the best

;

^

Ch'ien"

Light Division.

of the

Hu^ Ch'iangi

Banners

gij

Wei'

||! ;

Ying^

eight in

PRESENT DAY POI>ITICAL ORGANIZATION' OF CHINA.

74lA Jo

y^g^

all

^ H # ff

3a), 2.

;

Ming

Yiian

eight in

Hu*

MMM3

all), 3.

Lieutenant-Colonel

Senior

Division

Chiini Ts'ani Ling', Colonel of the

Guards Division

Yiian

;

fl Fu* Hu^ Chijn^ Ts'an^ Ling',

Ming Yiian Guards

Yiian

the

of

Banner Forces (4a; 16

of the

Banner Forces (3a

of the

§^^

in all), 4.

^

fj Shu^ Hu'^ Chun' Ts'an' Ling', Junior Lieutenant-Colonel of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces (32

in

all),

(6a

128

;

^^ ^

5.

Ming

of the Yiian

in

Hu*

Chun'

Lieutenant

Hsiao*,

Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces

MMW^

6.

all),

Fu* Hu*

Hsiao*,

Chiin'

Sub-Lieutenant of the Yiian Ming Yiian Guards Division of the Banner Forces (8b

Privates

128

;

and

in all),

Ming

Yiian

the

of

^

7.

Guards

Yiian

(p!

Hu*

Division

Chiin^ of

the

Banner Forces (compare No. 734).

For

741a.

particulars as to the

Hu*

Yiian2 Ming2 Yiian^ Nei* Ch'i= the

Summer

^MM

742. is

Ming

Palace, Yiian

l]^

[fj

g^

^

1^ -^ ;^ Guards at

Chiini Ying^, the

Yiian, etc., see No. 97d.

Hsiang' Tao
Tui T'ung' (see No. 720), the Hu* Chiini T'ung^ its

is

the

$i|,

AM

Ling3

(see

Ling^

(see

deputed {see

H¥M® ^ ^ ^ Ch'ien=

No. 734), and the g^ No. 735). For manning

officers

No. 734

Hsiao^ and

Feng' Ying2

Wei% and and

M

^^ (see

^

!5 an indefinite number of

Hu*

Chiin'

Chiin'),

No. 735)

;

Ch'ien^

Iff

an indefinite number of

^ Ch'ien^ Feng'). 742a. ± Jt ^

ai-e

^ Hu* Chiin' Ying^ ^ ^ ^ Hu* and from the m ^ i^ four M ^ (^ Feng' Shih^

and privates from the

;

Feng' T'ung'

department there

this

m

^^

Ch'ien=

Ch'ien^ Feng' Hsiao*

-gy

!fl

Jt

Shang'

The Imperial Hunting Department. [

332

]

Yii^

Pei*

Yung*

Ch'u*,

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

U

743.

Peking follows

® H li R5 Chii FuS ^ IK H K Ling^*

^

K

4""

I^J

stationed in the Provinces

1 Ji

;

Ko* Sheng^ Chu* Fang^, Garrisons at

^

1.

Yiian' Ch'eng', and

iyS iSuii

#

Shansi, 2.

Shantung,

-ftl

>5c

J^ Kuei^ Hua* Ch'eng^,

^

T'ai^ Yiian' Fu', in

Iff

n^ Ch'ingi Chou' Fu', and ^, j>l^\ Te' Choui,. f^ K'ai' Fengi Fu=, in Honan, 4.

')>}]

^ ^

3.

tL^M

Chiang'^ Ning2 Fu',

Kiangsu,

5.

in

Ch'in^ Ohu* Fang^, Garrisons at

Imperial Mausolea (for details see No. 571). 743c.

in

surround-

Hsiao' Ohiu^ Ch'u*, Nine Small Posts.

743b. the

cities of Chihli,

The nine garrisons nearest Peking are styled the

ing Peking.

%M

Chu* Fang^ Garrisons of the

These are at 25

Cordon."

" Military

and |g

-Jl

f^ Chen* Chiangi Fu', in jf Oh'a* P'u^

^

Choui Fu^ and flt Hang^ ^"^ Chou^ Fu^ fg i/'H

i^

'J-,>|

B

Chekiang, 6.

Fukien,

in

7.

^

^ j^ }^ Kuang' (Jhoui Fu', in Kuangtung, 8. )^ J^ Ch'eng^ Ching' Chou^ Fu^, in Hupeh,. Tu' ¥u\ in S;zechwan, 9. )ff Hsii AqI Fu», in Shensi, and 11. 10. jf

^

>)i>\

^ g ^

M^ M

'^g j^ Jf Liang^ Chou' Fu', and Ting\ in Kansu, with the garrisons of

Ning2 Hsia* Fu', i^;

Chuangi ,i

#

Liang'

7|v

'&

Hua* Fu'),

;J.[.|

Wn^ Lu' Mu^

EM

Ummtsi

Ch'i^

(also,

Pa- La' K'un^ Barkul

ItfJ

^g

(also,

^^

f[l jf^ Ti*

ffl

®^

i^ Fu^ Yiian'IS Ku' C^h'eng^ or Ch'eng2, and ±#§M'^''u' Lu^ Fan^ T'lng', Turfan (also, ^^i^ Kuang' An' Ch'eng^), which are under the Kansu jurisdiction. Chen* Hsii T'ing^), -^

744.

;[§

5

Tartar General)

Chiang' Chiin',

1b

They reside

Jung2. Yiian'

;

Ch'eng^

Chiang'

in

Choui Fu',

in

in

Shansi

Ning^ Fu',

Manchu

literary designation,

;

provinces at

eight (see

Fukien,

^

4. [

General-in-Chief (or ^^C

^ Ta* ^ ^

1.

Kiangsu,

in

f^

}}]

333

]

Yiian^

7C

tS,

Nos. 744a and 899J,

Nanking,

74a to

744

:

743a.

/h

Without

Garrisons

These are divided into three classes as

No. 718).

(see

Manchu

Chu^ Fang',

\P]

3.

2.

Sui'

U.^^

Jgj jjl Jff

Fu^

Hang^ Chou' Fu',

in

;

I'KESENT DAY POMTICAl. OKGAXIZATIO.V OK CHl.VA.

744a to

745a

Chekiang.

^MM ^

^-

5. ^j jf\ J^ Chingi Chou' Fu^, in Hiipeh, 6. Ning= Hsiao^ Fu', in Kansu {see Nos. 744b and 900), ^-^li'^^^g'

/t

^I^

^'"'

^^"^^

Kuang^ Chou^ Fu^, Canton, For

744a.

as to

details

Szechwan, and

''^

^

8.

;;.1.|

;f

Kuangtung.

in

1^'^^'^^

the

Sui^ Yiian*

Ch'eng^ Chiangi Chiin'' see No. 899.

For

744b.

details as to

^ ^^

the

:^ Ning^ Hsia^

Chiangi Chiin^, see No. 900.

For

744c.

^

Ig

BMMM

a

^

the

details as to

§2

I^

Li^ Chiang^

Ch'ini, see Ko. 866.

For

744D.

Ya^ Sui

For

744e. see Nos.

details as to the

B^

^^"m Li'

Chiang^ ChiinS see No. 879.

T'ai^

the Chiang Cliiin in Manchuria

details as to

802 and 803.

^15.

lilj

S B Fu'

2a; literary designation,

Till

T'ung^ Manchti Brigade-General

^^

i Wt Han^ Chiini Fu< Tu^

T'ung^).

745 a. (one

at^

The

m

1^,

||J

|I^ j^^

Fu* Tu^ T'ung' of Chihli province

Mi^ Yiin^ Hsien" and the other at C

334

J

[l]

f^ ||

PUESENT DAY POLITICAL

Kuan^) are

Shan^ Hai^

OI!G ANIZAT ION

connected with

OF

C'.IIXa

the garrisons

the

o£

% M 'U M

For details as to the §f

745b.

T'ungS and the ig

ME

"o -^

@|j |f>

Ii

fg

Li^ Fu* Tu^

'^^^ Erh''

Pa' Ha^ T'ai^

IJj ||J |f)

^ Knei^ Hna


founded

under the direction of the $i ;S

in all provinces,

Fa^ Shih'

No.

(see

831)

^^

or

fg An*

Ch'a'

f|^

Ti*

Shi^;

to

function until the introduction of judicial establishments in the

provinces has been completed.

For training

758b.

officials for service in jiidicial establish-

ments there have been instituted at

local Colleges of

Administration

at the

Shen^

^

^il

{see

T'ingi

P'an*

if

^

No.

623a),

Pan*

Ch'ou^

Jfr

So^ or

i^

pI

^^

and

758a),

W^'SM'M^ Ssui Ya* Yen''

^a* Chiang' Hsi^ K'qI),

Ssui

f4

No.

(see

(also,

mW^'^^Ji

u\

Law

^ f^ M W M M.

Ch'u*

Shen' P'an* Yen'' Chiui So'

Shen^ P'an* (Jhiang^ Hsi^ So^, Chiui

or

Courses in Jurisprudence, covering one year, and providing for

an enrollment of from 60 to 120 students (dependent on

local

conditions).

^ H i¥ ^

758c.

in

questions

'^

H l£

f^ §

of

replace the

\i(-

Li*,

Wu'

f^

Hsueh^

Hsi^

So',

for training officials skilled

;

Fa* I^ Medical Jurisprudence, styled

Yen*

Chien'

Yen*

Chien'

gfr

Courses in Medical Jurisprudence

Medical Inspectors, who are

Tso*, Coroners,

men

to

quite ignorant and

entirely unacquainted with the principles of medical jurisprudence,

who have long functioned

in

China.

These courses are

to be

founded at Judicial Establishments of higher grades and are extend over a year and a Courses

Peking,

half.

Medical

of

-^^M^

1909, at the !«

ifi

to

Jurisprudence

were

established

at

Wt Chien' Yen* Ch'uan=' Hsi' So', in June, '1 ^^ Chingi Shih^ Kao^ Teng» ig

^

^

Chien' Ch'a' T'ing\

758d.

and are

Fa'

For training

clerks), in

il

judicial officials of lower rank (ushers

some provinces

# If IB ^ g ^ ^ ^

Li*

;|C

Hsiieh^

Hsi'

Kuangtung) there Lu* Shih* Shui CJhi* Ch'eng'

(for instance

So^ Courses

(extending over half a year). [

348

]

for

Clerks

and Ushers

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The new scheme

758e.

foreshadows the

758)

No.

^^i

Attorneys (Advocates; also

{^%W.fS'^

^

Pien*

gjj

Hu*

Shih\

Lii*

Shih^) in ciril

Shih^ Tan^ Hsing^ Fa*) are to be

Lii'

by the Committee

drawn up

establishments (see

Special regulations defining their rights and

and criminal cases. duties

for judicial

appearance of

and C/ompiling Civil

for Revising

and Criminal Codes.

Those desiring

758f.

upon

are called

serve in judicial establishments

to

On

two examinations.

to pass

the successful

completion of the first examination they are attached to

and District Courts for practice

^

(^

Local

Hsi'ieh^ Hsi^, Practising)

for

two years, after which they undergo the second examination.

On

successfully j)assing this they are enrolled as

Judicial Establishments

in

posts

H

Shih* and

T'uii

Pii'

;^

ffi

^

^

Hou* li J|§ Hou* Pu^ Chien' Ch'a^

(so-called

^

Expectants for

j"

f

Kuan'j.

759.

^^ f

;g

come:

Courts

(^

hearing

Kao*)

—^

against

K'ang*

Appeals

1.

Teng^

Kao*J

(^ of

No. 39) and

Courts affairs)

Section of

At

Ti*

^^

of

of District Courts, of the first

Appeals (J;

2.

final)

Erh^ Shen'), (final,

Chiles Lo^

Assizes

more)

^

Shang*

of District Courts, of the 3.

^g

Cases concerning

4.

Supreme Court

of one (or

Cases,

W

judgments

and

District Courts,

scope of the

iZ

P'an* T'ingi,

Within the scope of these

Shen'),

I^

Ti'*

Shen^

|^ K'ung* Su*) against judgments

(g

C^iiieh^)

judgments (not

second hearing

Civil

Kaoi

jg

^H '^ P'an*

(not final,

{see

ij

of Assizes {see No. 758).

Courts

{see

Cassations (Jj^ -g Ting*) of

Chtieh^

^^

Tsung^ Shih*

No. 40), not within the

of Justice.

consist

on the volume of

(depending

^ ^ ^ Min^ ^^

Shlh'' T'ing-, Section of

and one (or more)

^Ij

Hsing^ Shih* T'ing^,

Criminal Cases.

the head of a Court of Assizes

President of the

is

a ;®

^ T'ing' Ch'eng^..

Court, and at the head of a Section there are C

349

J

758b to

wkq

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

759at'O-

^^ °^

IS

T'ing^ Chang^, Section Chiefs, appointed from the ranks

V T'ui^ Shih*,

760-

Sections

^f

Assizes consisted of two p[ K'o^,

of

Min^

Jj-

:

Court ^Members, of the respective Section.

Courts

Originally

K'o^,

Civil,

and

Criminal, with three (six at Peking) -^ Shih*, Collaborating

At

Members

JflJ

^

$f Hsing^ K'oS

f^

^ Ho*

I* T'ui^

of the Court.

Courts of Assizes there are found

^

Si

:

Tien' Pu*,

^

^

Lu^ Shih^ Writers f§. Chu' Pu*, Registrars, || 'g' Pan^ and (at Peking and ports open to foreign trade) |^ Archivists,

^

I* Kiian', Interpreters (Translators).

Courts of Assizes are found at

^

^il

2.

For

Provincial capitals.

Establishments

(see

For

759a.

Peking,

1.

:

^ $^ ^ ^

Kaoi Teng' Sh6n' P'an* T'ingS and

Shihi

J® Ching'

Scheme

details see the

No. 758), section

4, articles

25 to 32.

^^

particulars as to the

for Judicial

i^ Teng^ Shen^ P'an^ Fen^ T'ing\ Branch Courts

^jj

^ /^ Kao'

of Assizes, see

No. 760b.

izM^^m

759b.

Supreme Court

may

Ta* Li^

of Justice (see

Ffin^

Yiian*,

Branches

Supplement to No. 215a).

of the

These

be established in provinces distant from Peking, at the local

Courts of Assizes Shih^

T'ing^,

No. 759)

(see

Section of Civil

;

composed of a

Cases, and a

^ ^ @ Min' ^ ^ Hsing'

?f ij

Shih* T'ing^, Section of Criminal Cases.

m^WH M

760.

Courts

(see

No. 758).

Ti'

Fangi Shen= P'an^

Within the scope

T'ing', District

of these are

without the scope of Local Courts or the Supreme -Justice (for the first hearing

a second hearing, A.

Local Courts and B.

;

^ — ^ Ti*

I'

:

1.

Shen=) and

Appeals against judgments (not

Cases

Court 2.

of

For

final) of the

Cassations of judgments (final) of Local

Courts. District Courts are affairs) of

Civil

one (or more)

Cases,

composed (dependent on the volume of

^^^

and one (or more) [

350

Min^ Shih* JflJ

J

^^

T'ing', Section of

Hsing'^ Shih* T'ingS

PllESENT

ijg

Oriminal

of

Section

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Also,

Cases.

^ II ^ Tu^ JSn*

T'uii

there

two

are

more)

(or

Independent members of the

Shili*,

Court (deciding cases singly).

At

(holding, at the Sections)

^^

a |§ ;g T'ingi Chang^

President of the Court

same time, the position of Chief of one of the is

under a

appointed from the ranks

Chief,

of the Court, of

is

T'ing^ Ch'Sng"),

each Section

;

^ ;^ T'ing^

Chang', Section

T'uii

Shih*, jNIembers

of J^.

^

the respective Section.

Formerly the District Courts were divided into two ^^ K'o',

^^

Sections:

Min^ K'oS

and

Civil,

f4 Hsing^

Jfl]

^

Criminal, with three (in Peking twelve) •^ |g *§ Shih*,

Collaborating

Members

head of the Court was a

Member

At

Archivists,

Writers, ports

^^g

KW,

I* T'uii

At

of the Court, in each.

the

Shih* Chang', Senior

T'ui^

Courts there are found

;i|c

'g'

open to

^M':^

:

|t

g

Tien' Pu*,

^ ^ Chu' Pu*, Eegistrars, ^ ^ Lu* Shih^, ^ |£ Ch'eng' Fa^ Li^, Ushers, and (at Peking and Fan^ Kuan\ Interpreters. foreign trade) ^ ^ I*

District Courts are established at: jii'

Ho^

of the Court.

District

Wf M 'J

1.

Peking, ;^ Itjj pg Ch'eng^ Ti*

Shih^ Nei^ Wai*

Chiang'

Fang^ Shen' P'an* T'ing\ Metropolitan District '^Jourt of the Inner and

Outer City, and

2.

Each

prefecture and independent

department (one).

For

details as to District

Establishments (see

760a.

Courts see the Scheme for Judicial

No. 758), section

For particulars

as

3, articles

the

to

Nos. 17 to 24.

M :^ W ^H ^ M Ti^

Fangi Shen' P'an* Fen'- T'ing', Branches of District Courts, see No. 76lA.

760b. T'ing',

m^ ^^^M

Branches of Courts of

estabUshed

at

Kao' Teng' Shen' P'an* Feni may be Assizes (see No. 759a) ;

places distant from

Local District Courts (see

provincial

No. 760). C

^q'

^QQii

the head of a District Court

Capital

(at the

760^

351

]

capitals,

at

the

These are composed of a

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. 761 to

K^^

Min^ Shih^ T'ing^ Section

of Civil

and a

(::ases,

^^

JflJ

Hsing' Shih^ T'ing^, Section of Criminal Cases.

U 15 ^

761.

76lA

Courts

{see

^Jl

To

No. 758).

1.

Civil cases involving

2.

By

fine or

^ Ch'ui Chi» Bhen^ P'an* authority of

the

T'ingi,

appertain

these

:

a sum of not more than 200 Taels, and

the present Criminal Code, criminal cases punishable by a

by a

fine (of

not more than $200.00) and imprisonment

(for a year or less), or,

by other

rules,

by

arrest.

Local Courts are made up of one or two (or more) T'viii

Local

Shih^,

Members

independently

{%

Local Courts

f£

§1]

Court,

the

of

f^

cases

^

quite

Tu^ J^n^ Chi¥).

(also called :|^

|^

^^^Wi

Justice of Peace, and

who judge

^ Ch'eng^ Yen^

Hsiang^

Yen^

Chii^,

Chii^,

City

Village

Justice of Peace) were formerly composed of from one to two (10 at

Peking)

Members

^

Jlj

^i #: Tan^ Tu^ T'ui^

At Local Ushers, and

|gj

Courts there are

^

Lu*

y|c

:

^ |£

Fa'

Ch'eng^

1. Peking, ]^ |ip JS7 IS Chingi Shih^ Ch'ui Chi^ Shgn^ P'an* T'ingi, Metro:

^

politan Local Courts (the former designation

HX

%

Li*,

Shih*, Writers.

Local Courts are established at

^%^

Shih% Independent

of the Court.

was 5C liji IS feS Chingi Shihi Feni Ch'ui Ch'eng^ Yen^ Chii^), 2. Admini-

strative centres of departments

Prefecture,

3.

departments

and

and

Administrative districts

districts of the

centres

the

of

of

provinces,

Metropolitan

sub-prefectures,

and

Thickly

4.

populated towns and villages important by their location. details

aee

the

Scheme

for

Judicial

Establishments

For No.

(see

758), section 2, articles 14 to 16.

761 A.

ii

:?5f

®f ^® Jl

Fangi Shen^

Ti*

T'ing', Branches of District Courts {see No.

established at Local Courts {see No. 761). of ^Ij

;

(.ivil

[

352

]

Fen^

may

be

These are composed

15 ^ Jg Min^ Shih" T'ing^ Section of ^ % Hsing^ Shih* T'ing^ Section of Criminal a

P'an*

760a)

Cases, a

Cases, and

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

® ff

two (or more)

Jil

^

Tu^ Jen*

Shih*, Independent

T'uii

Members of the Court.

M Chien^

1^^

found

namely

Offices,

or Prosecuting Attorneys^ Offices

At judicial establishments

762. are

tO

THng

Chien CW-a

B.

:

1

At

.

Ch'a''

T'ing\ or Prosecuting Attorneys'

T'ingi,

At

2.

^ ^ /^ ^ ®.

T'ingi,

and

At

3.

the

T'ingi (for

Nos. 763 to 767).

details see

For

Court,

the District

^S Local Court, 1^UW.^M Ch'u^ Chi^ Chien^ Ch'a^ Ti* Fangi Ohien= Ch'a^

:^ Iw

:

of the various grades there

the Court of Assizes,

Kaoi Xeng' Chien' Ch'a' ffi

t^WMM.

details as to the

Supreme Court

attached to the

Tsung' Chien' Ch'a^ T'ing^,

of Justice, see

No. 222.

Duties appertaining to the Prosecuting Attorneys' Offices include

:

the

cases

of

initiation

of

criminal

prosecution,

making of searches, the enforcement of sentences,

M m W.^ M

763.

•

the

etc.

Kaoi Teng^ Chien' Ch'a^

T'ingi,

Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the Court of Assizes {see Nos.

759 and 762)

;

found &.

Kegistrars,

Chien' Ch'a^ Chang',

more)

^^"^

Also, at this

Archivists,

Pu^,

Tien^

(or

^

f$.

Chien'

office,

there

Chu'

Pu*,

^ Lu* Shih*, Writers.

'M'lkU^M

Branches of ;

^

and |§

^63a.

{see

and two

Kuan', Prosecuting Attorneys.

Ch'a^

222)

1^^^

composed of a

Senior Prosecuting Attorney,

:are

Tsung' Chien' Ch'a» Fen^ T'ingS Attorney-General's Office {see Supplement to No.

established at

Branches of the Supreme Court of Justice

No. 7o9b).

m

764. iProsecuting

and 762)

;

y^ 1^

U M

Ti*

^^g

Chien'

%U H i Lu* ShihS Writers.

Tien' Pu*, Archivists,

[

^

{see

^

Also, at this

'g"

T'ing',

Nos. 760

Ch'a^ Chang',

and two (or more) |^

Kuan\ Prosecuting Attorneys.

23

Fangi Chien' Ch'a=

Attorney's Office at the District Court

composed of a

Prosecuting Attorney,

762'

Senior

Chien' Ch'a^

office

there are

f^ Chu' Pu*, Registrars, and

353

J

7A-4'

FKESENT DAX POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

764a to

766a

M^WiM'^M

764a.

Kaoi Tcng' Chien^

T'ing', Prosecuting Attorney's Office at a

Branch of the Court

of

Assizes {see No. 760b).

MS^M

765. Ch'u' Chi^ Chien' Ch'a^ T'ing', D3 Prosecuting Attorney's Office at the Local Court (see Nos. 761 and

762)

composed of from one

;

to

Kuan\ Prosecuting

Ch'a^

two

^ ^ Chien' ^ ^ Lu*

more)

(or

Attorneys and

'g'

Shih*,

Writers.

M

765a.

T'ing\

District Court {see

Prisons

C.

At

766.

^^ ^

'^ W^

Prosecuting

T^'^*

Attorney's

Office

Branch

a

at

the

Capital, for the imprisonment of offenders,

the

Office, but,

since the

administered by the

&

On

Prisons {see No. 449). prisons

!|g^

Jg^;^

Tien' Yii*

{see

T'i^

abolition of this

-gj

^^

:

^ Pei^ Chien\ Northern

formerly under the supervision of the

of these

of

:

Chlen', Southern, and 4t

tion

Fen"-

No. 761a).

there are, at the Ministry of Justice, two prisons

Prison

ChV

Fangi Chien^

Ssu',

Nan'

No. 457),

Lao^

T'ing',

in

1907,

office

Department

of

the change of control the organiza-

was revised

a

{see

Memorial from

the

Ministry of Justice, dated the 17th September, 1908), in that, instead

the former two

of

Jg

posts were established for two

Chang',

and, instead of

appointed IE

W

^K

^

T'i^

Lao^ Prison Inspectors, Tsung* Kuan' Shou'

M^ ^M

^

U{ Ssu' Yii*, Warders, there were Ch6ng* Kuan' Shou' Chang' (two from

^

;

the ranks of -t^'J'':^'!' Ch'i' P'in' Hsiao' Chingi Kuan'

No. 299). Shou^

Also, there were appointed

Chang',

A pn ii # Lu* Shihf OKGAXIZATION OF

773 ^Q

774

are

Societies,

two grades

^ ^ Fen^

and

Societies,

of

by a

Hsieh^ Li^,

V ice-Chairman,

The

Jg Tsung'

|,§

^

^§^

Tsung'

Hui*, Branch Societies.

are directed

alone.

:

establishment

CIIIXA.

Hui*,

Central

The former

Chairman, and

Li',

^^

a,

while the latter have a

Chairman

Marine

Societies

Mercantile

of

Empire must be completed by 1913. 773. Conforming to regulations drawn up by the Ministry Commerce in 1906, whenever China participates in Sai*

throtighout the

of

^^

Hui*, Exhibitions, abroad provision of a separate Chinese

(^

section

is

made

for the organization

^

Hua^ Shang^ Sai* f^ ^' is appointed a |,^^

^M

Hui*), for the direction of which there

Wu^

Tsung' Shih*

So',

Committee, under the direction of a

Chien' Tu', Inspector (the instances,

carried

on by

the

^^

Inspector are, in some

of

diities

accredited

Diplomatic

Repre-

sentative).

^ ^ -$ ^ Kuo^

773a.

Nei* Sai* Hui^ Imperial Exhibi-

In accordance with the scheme of constitutional reforms,

tion.

'drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and

merce, this Exhibition are to be

begun

in

to

"^^'an*

Kuo^

Sai*

Hui*,

International

Conforming to the scheme of constitutional

Exhibition.

Com-

be opened in 1915 (preparations

1913).

MM^^

773b.

is

(compare No. 773a),

this Exhibition is to

refoi-ms

be opened in 1916

{preparations are to be started in 1915). 774. tions

j^

^ Shargi Hui*, Chambers of Commerce.

Regula-

drawn up by the Ministry of Commerce (sanctioned by the

Emperor on the 11th January, 1904), jDrovide for the establishment of these, in the place of previously existing commercial associations

^^

of various kinds

(j^j ^f Shangi Yeh* Kung^ Shang' Wu* Kung^ Hui*, etc.), at provincial 3# capitals and important commercial centres. At the former, as

So', f^

S#

well as at the most important commercial cities, such as Tientsin,

Chefoo, Shanghai, Hankow, Chungking, Canton and Amoy, there [

362

]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

are

found

Chambers of

^

^ #

3i

S

^

Shangi

Wu*

Shang^ Wu^ Tsung^ Hui*, General 11 Commerce, while at other places there are established

j^

Commerce, which

Fen^ Hui*, Branch

some extent, subordinated

to

are,

Chambers

Chambers of Commerce. At General Chambers of Commerce there

of

the

to

General

Li',

Chairman, and a |^

JH Tsung' Hsieh^ Li', Vice-Chairman, who are

J||

elected

from the ranks ot

in all),

while

H^

Branch Chambers

is

a

|^§

Tung' Shih*, Members (20

Commerce

of

to

50

are composed of a

Chairman and from 10 to 30 members.

scheme

The

constitutional reforms

of

estabhshment

Chambers Shang^

of

Chambers

of General

Commerce abroad

Shang'^

Commerce abroad

:

Hui*),

in China, in

(so-called

^

1911

'i^

;

of

of

Commerce,

of

;

1910; of

in

^

^

Hua' ]^ 1^ Branch Chambers of

(so-called

1911

in

drawn up by the

and Commerce provides for the

Ministry of Agriculture, Industry

Branch Chambers of Commerce

M^ M W

Hua^ Shangi

Ti^ Fang^

Shangi Hui*), in 1914.

M ^ M M

774a.

for

Associations

Laws

;

to

the

'^ Shangi

Lii*

Study and Explanation

of

Commercial

be established in 1915.

^SiW

774b.

^IJ

p^yS ^^'en' Lieh* Kuan', If Shangi

Commercial Exhibitions (Stores).

The

preliminary organization

be started in 1911 and they will be gradually opened

of these is to

and ports open to foreign trade

in

1912, at provincial capitals

in

1914, at prefectural capitals

in

1916, at the chief cities of departments 775.

Chiang' Ming'' So',

^ it ii S ^

Hining Committees

;

and

districts.

Kung^ Cheng^ Tiao*

Ch'a^

Chii^

Commerce

(sanctioned

by the Emperor

November, 1905), for the general supervision

of

Each

^

mining affairs, in

Tsung' Li',

;

and important commercial centres;

organized, in accordance with regulations

framed by the Ministry of on the 27th

:

all

provinces.

President,

a

|g [

fig

363

is

Hsieh^ ]

directed Li',

by a |^

Vice-President,

774a ^q

y^g

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

776a to

and a number of

^^^^ Kung^

P

Wu*

Yiian^ Mining-

Advisers.

New

776

mining regulations (sanctioned by the Emperor on the

September,

21st

1907),

left,

for the time

being,

Committees unchanged, with the exception that

were

there

^^ ^ ^

attached to them a number of

Yiian^ Deputies for Mining Affairs,

Wu* Ku^ Wen*

the Mining-

Kung' Wu* Wei* and li IS Ip^ 'g' Kung'

^

Kuan', Consulting Experts for Mining Affairs

No. 468).

{see

At

present the Mining Committees

abolished (compare a Memorial from

|5^

being gradually

are

^ f1

Ch'en^

K'uei^-

Governor-General of Hukuang, dated the 1st July^

lung^, late

1909), and their functions transferred to the Industrial Taotai (see

Nos. 839 and 839a

f^ i^

;

Kung' Wu* K'o\ Mining

jf^

Section).

Previous to the establishment of Mining Committees

775a. in

1905

Mining

No. 775), mining

(see

affairs

were supervised

in

the

^ ^ If M and ^ ^ S

by

provinces

^ung' Wu* Tsung^ ChiiS Central Sf Ch'a^ Kung' Kung' So', Mining

Offices,

Offices.

^ i^ S ^

775b.

Schools (see No. -6178)

^

776.

;

KungS Wu*

to

Kung-

pI

all

provinces in 1911.

Companies

Ssu',

T'ang^, Mining

Hsiieh^'

be organized in

or

Associations,

Conforming to commercial laws, drawn up by the Slinistry of Commerce and sanctioned by the Emperor on the 21st January, 1904, these

Ho^

may be

Ho»

RgtJ^ bI

classed in four groups:

Kungi

Tzu'

Ssu',

Tzu'

Yu3

Liability Co-partnerships, 3.

Joint-stock

Companies,

Yu' Hsien* Kung' For

Ssu',

and

Co-partnerships,

Hsien* Ig:

4.

Kungi

^ S pj ^^

^^

KS ^ ^ ^

'a

2.

gf

Ssu',

Limited

Ku= Fen' Kung'

SS:

|Jg

2; f]

Ssu',

Ku' Fen'

Limited Liability Joint-stock Companies.

(the direction of) the business of

formed a J|

1.

Tung' Shih* ChiiS [

364

]

any company there

is

Board of Directors,

PKKSENT DAY POI.ITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^

Tung' Shih*, Du-ectors, from three to thirteen |f a general meeting of shareholders from the ranks of

^jonsisting o£

elected at

more

holders of ten shares or fcst general

two

in the

At

company concerned.

the

meeting of the shareholders there are elected at least

gHA

Chang* Jen^, Auditors.

^'l^'i^^

Companies must be registered at the Company Registration Bureau,

S Wl S ^ M

465b).

Temporary regulations

have been compiled

by

Kungi Ssu^ Chu*

Ts'g*

(see

(^hii^

No.

as to registration of companies

Commerce

the Ministry of

(consisting of

18 articles).

Registration of trade marks

776a.

and regulations in

framed by the

^M

by the j^

1904)

Fgn^ Chii^

Shang^

done, following rules

Commerce

Piao^ Chii=

(originally

^M ^

(also

Marks Registration Bureau (see No. Shangi pi^oi Kua* Hao* i| 55"

Chu* Ts'e* Chii^), Trade

465d), and

is

jNIinistry of

^g

M

by the i^ Branch Trade Marks

Registration

Bureaux, at

Tientsin and Shanghai.

COLONIZATION. 777.

Of

years

late

Chinese

the

Government has paid

special attention to the question of colonization,

being

carried

on under

official

auspices

along

which

is

now

Northern

the

border of the provinces of Shansi, Chihli, Shensi and Kansu, in

Manchuria, in Inner Mongolia (especially in the Cherim league), about Hsining (on the border of K'uk'unor), in

Tibetan border)

and

in

Yunnan

Szechwan (on the

(on the border of Tongking).

In the province of Shansi (the territory of the T'umet tribe, which

occupies

colonization

was

region

the

started,

following Colonization activity

:

1.

^

-ffc

adjacent

to

Kuei

Hua

roughly speaking, in 1902, and the

Bureaux have been gradually

ffi

^

Chii^ Central Colonization

Ch'eng)

tJI

^

^^^i^ Hua* K'en'

Bureaux [

365

at ]

called into

Wu* Tsung^

Kuei Hua Ch'eng (K'u

776a ^g

mhm

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATlO-f OF CHINA.

778

Ho

K'u Fen^ 3.

To),

M II M ^ ^ ^

2.

Branch Colonization Bureau

Chii^,

^ Ji H ^ ^ ^

Ning^

Branch Colonization Bureau

Yiian^

established

Feng Chen

at

Wu*

K'en=

T'ing,

Fcni Chu^

the following was

^

g'

Wing

Left

the

of

Ch'ahars at

of the

Kalgan.

In

province

the

established (on a

Pu^

T'ai2

Memorial from the

^ B K MM >& M B Wu"

the

^^

Bureau was

Chiang' Chiin\ -^

14th December, 1908), in 1908,

dated the

Ying^ K'en^

Kansu a Colonization

of

M

^'

^

styled

Tsou* Pan^ Ning^ Hsia*

Mau^

Tsung^ OhrP, Central Colonization Bureau of

Manchu Garrison

at

Ninghsia, established with Imperial

sanction.

In addition to the above-mentioned, Colonization Bureaux (Central and Branch) have been called into being at other places in the

Empire.

M^

S

E

Tui Pan^ K'en^ Wu* Ta* Ch'fen', 778. il ;^ Superintendent of Colonization Affairs. This title is held by the

Chiang' Chiin'

Sui'

at

Yiian^

Ch'Sng^

(see

Nos.

and 899). To him there are attached the following Tsungs

Ch'a^

Inspectors, Officer,

4.

Officer, 5.

Chief

Inspector,

^

2.

Six

744,

744a.

One |§

1.

j^ ^

(Jhi^

^

Ch'a^,

M

One Wen' Hsiin^ Pu^ Civil Orderly >K One |^ J^ fi Wu^ Hsiin^ Pu^ Military Orderly One en jR ^^hien' Yin* Wei= Yiian^ Keeper

3.

^

i

^ Han* T'ung' Shih*, ^ ig ^ Meng= T'ung' Shih*, Mongolian Interpreters, Four M ^ H 1" T'ou^ Tgng' Kuan', Deputies of the rank, Six H ^ ,^ Erh* Teng* Kuani, Deputies the second rank, Ten H ^ ^ of the

Seal,

6.

Interpreters, 7.

Two-gl Ji

(Chinese

Two

8.

Ch'ai^

first

Ch'ai'

'g'

9.

of

10.

[

366

]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OH CHINA.

Teng' Ch'ai^ I* San^

^^

Twenty

11.

the

to

addition

In

Kuan', Deputies o£ the third rank, and

Fu^ P, Servants.

to

mentioned

officials

Superintendent of Colonization Affiiirs, there

Wen^ Ani Ch'u*, Chancery

3C.M&

779.

1.

:

the

for

1.

'^

2.

J(5C

^^ ^^

No. 780). Ch'u^ Chancery

No. 778);

(see

a

^

One

a

^Ifjfi Tsung' Pan^, Chief, who Hui* Pan*, Associate Chief, §fi

by

directed

^"^en^ -^n"

is

above,

No. 779), and

(see

Shoui chihi Ch'u*, Treasury {see

by

assisted

is

^

Two

2.

:

lj§

^ || ^ A ^ ^ g ft (Jhang^ An* Wei= Two iK S i^ ff ^ M Shou^ Fa^ Weu^ Yuan^ Archivists, Four |^ ^ ^ ft Fan' F Registrars, Chien' Wei' Yuan^, Four Interpreters, Wei' ^ Ssu' Shih*, Two ig y T'ung' Shih*, Assistant Interpreters, ^^

Chu' Kao' Wei'

Six

Pang' Pan*, Assistants, 3.

Two

Yiian^ Chief Revisers, 4. 5.

6.

Yiian^,

7.

Clerks,.

qj

9.

8.

Four ||

11.

778),

MM^

Hu*

780.

1.

)!§:

by a

directed

^

One

Four ^-g*

Writers, 10.

Shui Shou',

^

Chii^ Fu',

j^

|,^ Ijfi

^

^)j1^

Kuan^

Ch'ai'

{see

T'ingi Shih*, Runners, and 12.

No. Ten

Guards.

Shou^

(;hih' Ch'u*,

Tsung' Pan*, to

Treasury

whom

No. 778);

{see

there are subordinated:.

Hui* Pan*, Associate Chief,

One

2.

^

^]^

^^

Pang' Pan*, Assistant, 3. Four |i M. Tsxmg^ Ho' Wei= Yiian', Auditors, 4. Two ft Chu' Kao' Wei' YiianS Y^jan^ 6. Two An* Wei' 5. One Chang' }§, ft

^H ^

^

^ ^^

^^ ^ I1

(Jhih'

Ying* Wei' Yiian^, Assistant Treasurers,

Fourteen if Ssu' Shih*, 8. 1" Ch'ai' Kuan', 10. Four

^^

^ -^

1^^ Kuei follows

:

5.

Four

Four

9.

Four Ten.

The personnel of the Central Colonization Bureau ;

see

No.

777)

Two ^ ^ Two II P Tsung' Pan^ Tiao*. Pangi Two Pan*, p H |i ^ T'i^

4.

":£

11

^ ft Chu' Kao' Wei' [

307

J

is

at

as

Hui* Pan*,

2.

1.

Two

Shou',

779).

Hua Ch'eng (K'u K'u Ho T'o

3.

Shu^

7.

T'ing' Shih* and 11.

Hu* Chu^ Fui (compare No.

781.

779

Yiian', 6.

Four

Proctors,

;fc^^

781.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. '782 to

'TSSa

^ Ch'eng^

Slien^

Wei'

W^MWi'SM.

Ho« Ts'e* Pao* Wei^ Yuan^ Auditors

8. j^ 3t Chang* Wei^ Yuan^ Land Surveyors, 9. Two

Two

Hui" Wei' Yuan^ Draftsmen, 10.

An* Weis Yiian^

^U^S,

Two

11.

^ Fourteen ^ ^ Shu^ Shou', Two

12. 14.

T'ungi Shih*,

ii

Four

15.

16.

Four^y

Chii^

Fu^ (compare Nos. 779 and 780).

T'ing^ Shih*, and

The personnel Ning Hsia

T'ing)

is,

V

%

Wei' Yuan^

^

H

Ch'a''

Ts'e*

J|lj

I* Twelve

17.

of the other Colonization

above (Central, at Kalgan

Ch'ou^

Fan^

Four

13.

of

^M Hg^ MM^S. Chang'

^^

Four

Colonization Accounts, Lii'

Four

Yiian', Judicial Commissioners, 7.

Chi^

Ssui

Shih*,

Cfa'ai^

Kuan',

^jg^e Hu*

Bureaux mentioned

Branches, at Feng Chen T'ing and

;

with almost no exception, similar to that

just expanded.

782. zation

MBM^

Bureau

K'en'

at Tsitsihar

At

its

subordinated to him a

has

divided into three Section of

K'o',

^Jf

Tsung' Chu^ Central Coloniprovince of Heilungchiang).

(in the

This superintends colonization lands to immigrants.

Wu*

and the

affairs

head

a

is

K'qI, Sections

Correspondence,

2.

Chi* K'o\ Accounts Section, and

At

Section of General Affairs.

3.

:

Tiao*,

a

Proctor.

It

is

^M'^ Wgn'' Tu' # if Hui* (K'uai*) B, B ^A Shu* Wu* K'oS 1.

Tf^t

the head of each

;g K'o^ C;hang3, Section Chief. He K'oi Ohang^ Assistant Chief. Fu* 'f4 ;g is

of public

^| Tsung' Pan*, who

||[

T'i^

f^ |^

selling

f

ij-

is

Section there

assisted

by a

gl]

S

782a. Heii Lun^^ chiangi MflOlWjiiitHff Sheng^ Pien' K'en' Chao^ Tai* Ch'u*, Immigrant Agencies for the Colonization of the Frontier of Heilungchiang. established, in accordance with a

These were

Memorial from the Governor-

General of ilanchuria (of the 28th January, 1909), at Hankow, Shanghai, Tientsin, Chefoo, Yingkow and K'uangch'engtzu.

They

furnish information and endeavour to attract people for

colonization purposes. [

368

J

PEESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

783

RAILWAYS.

to

784 Railways,

783. of

headings

W ^ 1" if

1.

:

K'uan^ Kuan^ Pan*,

Loan Funds,

3.

At

2.

jg U:

Chieh* K'uan^

with Loan Funds, and

^ i?

Chieh',1

Shangi

Pan*,

^^

Shangi

4.

with private funds).

(built

head of Government Railways there

Tsimg' Pan*, Chief, and a

^P

Manager (may he

a

is

U^

Hui* Pan*, Assistant.

the head of Private Railways there

Li^ Chief

four

Kuan^ K'uan^ Kuan^ Pan*, Govern-

^ ^MM

Railways

the

At

under

classed

GoTernment Operated Railways Built with

Railways Built

Pan*, Private

be

Operated Railways,

ment Built and

Private

may

Comnmnications,

and

Posts

under the supeivision of the Ministry

all

^^ #

|,|

M

is

a |§ Jl Tsung*

Li^

Tso* Pan* Tsung^

Manager, or ;g || if Ming^ Yii* Tsung' LiS Hsieh^ Li', Assistant Honorary Chief Manager) and a tS

Actual Chief

^

Manager.

During the construction period, on important railway sometimes appointed a

there are

and a

^ ^

can-ied

on in

Pang^ Pan*,

g

g ff

lines

Tu^ Pan*, Superintendent, Construction

Assistant.

work

is

^

Tuan*, Sections, which are directed by |§ |$ Pangi Tsung= Pan*, Assistant

Tsungs Pan*, Chiefs, and

^U

Chiefs.

On

all

Railways

iI@ H

—Government

or Private

Tsung' Kungi Ch'eng^ Ssu^

Shiy Chang'), Chief Engineer, and Ch'gng2 Ssui (also Chi* Shihi, or

For the

X^ M

^ f| ^ B& ^

784.

conforming

a

T'ieh'

bJ

MM

Chi*

F"* ^ungi Fu* glj

^m

Lu* Chu^ Railway Bureaux, the

not been defined. Ching', Railway Police;

Memorial from the Ministry of Posts and r

24

X^

ik

are found:

Engineers.

^^'S.W Hu* Lu* Hsiin' to

(also

Ktmg^ Ch'Sng^ ShihS

(3hi* Shih^),

personnel has, as yet,

glj

—there

369

J

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

785 to

ySGA

Communications, dated the he organized on Ministry

is

Railways

all

now engaged

July, 1909, these police are to

7tli

— Government

The

or Private.

in arranging the personnel of this force

and, in this connection, has consulted with the high officials of

provinces in which there are railways.

785.

Schools of

;

S^

.^ E§ there

is

employes

training

Lu* Hsueh^

T'ieh'

T'ang'',

Railway

one for each railway, founded with the object

branches of railway

various

the

for

work.

The scheme

7 85 A.

of constitutional reforms

drawn up by

the Ministry of Posts and Communications, sanctioned

Emperor on the 8th April, 1909, at Peking, in 1909, of

T'ang',

A

1.

School

Professional

S ^ 5 F5 ¥ ^

:

^ H Jp ^ the

(at

Shih^ Yeh* Hsiieh'

Ministry),

Chuani Mgn^

Tien* Ch'i*

by the

called for the establishment

and

Hsiieh'

2.

A

T'ang=,

School of Electrical Engineering.

@ UJ ^ ^ ^ ^

786.

T'ang2,

Railway

province of Ohihli

T'ang^ Shan^ Lu* Kung' Hsiieh^

and Mining ;

see

School at T'angshan

In 1909, in consequence of internal dissensions,

was reorganized

(in

the

No. 621a).

(see report

this school

from the Ministries of Education and

of Posts and Communications, sanctioned

by the Emperor on

the

6th June, 1909), as follows: to consist of two Sections, namely,

l.tp^^

Chungi

Tgng^ K'oS

Middle

Section

(with

the

curriculum of a Middle School and a course of study covering three years), and 2.

(with

^^

Kao^ Teng' K'o\ Higher Section

fSj-

the rating of a Higher Professional School and a com-se

of four years).

The head of the school

is

now a ]^g

Chien' Tu\

Director (instead of the former ^§ f| Tsung' Pan* ; see No. He is assisted by a Wi 635). Chiao* Wu* Chang' (see

^&

No. 636) and a

^^

;^ Chai^

Wu*

786a.

Chang'

(see

No. 645).

Previous to 1909 the Railway and Mining School at T'angshan (see No. 786) was composed of two Sections: [

870

]

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

H & 4^ f4 Lu* Kung' Kungi Kung* K'o\ General, and ® M ® P5 ?i Lu* Kung^ Chuani Men^ K'oS Special.

787

each covered two years.

won

ES

1-

2.

The course of study

±MM^'M^ ^^

787.

Yeh*

Shih^

in

Hsueh''

Previous to 1909 this school was

No. 5 98c).

Shanghai (see

Shang* Hai' Kao^ Teng-'

Higher Professional School at

T'angS

under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry

and Commerce

Ministry

the

which

is

Section,

in that year it

and

Posts

of

a

in

instruction

;

i^

JJ^

was placed vmder the control of Communications.

T'ieh^

jpj-

arranged in two Sections

a

:

It

furnishes

Lu* K'o^, Railway Course,

^

jp]-

Yii* K'o^, Preparatory

with a three or four years' course of study, and a

;4^

Pgn^ K'o^, Specializing Section, with a three years' term.

mentioned there

the last

with the curriculum of a

is

a

T'ung>

Chiao^

^B i^S.^'^M

(formerly

^

Ch'uan^

Hsi^

These

US ?^

T'ieh^'

arranged

are

in

two

sub-divided into

for the

and

two sub-sections

:

1.

is

and 1.

W^MP^

Each

^ ^ SI

Higher (term of course for the Railway Section

Pan*,

Sections:

Section, and 2.

Lu* K'o^ Railway

Yui^ien* K'o^ Section of Posts and Telegraphs. is

So'

T'ieh' Lu* Kuan'' Li= Ch'uan^

Hsi^ So^), Courses of Instruction at the Ministry of Posts

Communications.

At

Chung^ Hsiieh^, Sub-section

Middle School.

^ ji -^ ^ J^

788.

t|t

^i}'

Section

Kao^ Teng* three years;

Section of Posts and Telegraphs, two and a half years),

^^

2.

year for

S5 Chien' I* Pan*, Abridged (covering one the Railway Section and one and a half years for the

Section of Posts

and Telegraphs).

X E^SW

788a.

Kungi Chiang* Yeh* Hsiieh^ So^

Workmen.

In accordance with directions from the Ministry of Posts and Communications (dated August,

Evening Courses for

.1909), these

789. ^-^liina

Railway Bureaux. ghangi Chii", Ji Lun=' Ch'uan' Chaoi Steam Navigation Co.; established in 1872

are to be instituted at all

^ §S ^ ®

Merchants'

I

371

]

tO

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

790 to

791

(and until 1909) under the superintendency of the 4t J¥ /^

^y Imperial Edict, dated the 4th May, transferred

the

to

Communications

control

{see

of

report

of

E

In 1909, as directed

Pei' Yang' Ta* Ch'en' {see No. 820b).

company was

this

the

Ministry

the

latter,

and

Posts

of

sanctioned by

the

Emperor on the 26th August).

TELEQRAPHS AND TELEPHONES. In 1908 the telegraph

790.

redeemed

by the Govei'nment and

manages telegraphic

Communications, which

^^

through the

affairs

Cheng* Ssu\ Department of Telegraphs

±.'U^'0.U

Shang* Hai' Tien*

Telegraphs at

Shanghai.

The

administration was

their

invested in the Ministry of Posts and directly

Empire were

the

of

lines

Tien*

No. 478), and the

{see

Cheung*

Bureau

Chii'-',

latter is directed

Tsung' Pan*, Chief, assisted by a

rJ

|^ *^ 'H

iSfc

by a

^

of |i|

TsuKg' Kuan*

Tien* Cheng*, Superintendent of Telegraphs.

At Jl

^

jft

Ij*!

§^ Tsung' Pan*, Chiefs.

Li' Shih*

of EeUefs,

% % M Tien*

head oi

the

Offices, are

and

glj

Pao*

Chii^,

Telegraph

To them are attached

Yuan^ Managers, f|

Ling^ Pan\ Chiefs

Jjf

fj gf Fu* Ling' Pan^, Assistant Chiefs

of

Reliefs.

The scheme

790a. Ministry of

with

affiliation

Cheng*

of constitutional reforms

Posts and

Kungi

the

drawn up by the

Communications provides for China's

^^^

Hui',

Ig;

^^

International

Wan*

Telegraph

Kuo"'

Tien*

Union,

in

supervision of

the

191.3.

791.

Ministry

Telephony of

is

Posts and

also

under

scheme of constitutional reforms, installation

throughout

the

C'ommunications

the

it is

Empire

1916. [

372

1

and, in the latter's

arranged that telephone shall

be

completed

in.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Telephone Stations are divided into:

1.

Hua* Tsung' Chu^, Central Stations and Hua* Fen^

Chii',

Branch

^Wi W,^

Tien*

^^

Tien*

2.

'H fg

Stations.

BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS.

^

5i |g ^1 Chiao^ T'ung^ Yin^' HangS Bank of Communications ; established, as proposed in a Memorial from 792.

of Posts

the Ministry

and Communications (sanctioned by the

Emperor on the 7th December, 1907), with the object of assisting in the

Of

development of shipping, railways, telegraphs and posts.

the total

number

Government and Tsung' Hang^, Fen-^

of shares issued,

were issued

60"/^,

Head

Office, of the

Hang^, Branch Offices, were

Shanghai,

;

^

established at Tientsin,

first

Hankow, Amoy, Chinkiang and Canton.

important commercial centres are to

40% were taken up by the The ||l fj Bank is in Peking f^ to the ^public.

Later, at

of China, as well as abroad, there

be opened Branch Offices or

f^

§fi

fj Tai* Pan* Hang'',

Agencies.

For

Head

the

Office,

there

and to

this

Office,

a

is

official

^

||!

there

is

as

well

Tsung' attached

as

for

Pan*,

one

^|J

each

Branch

Superintendent, f/jf

Fu* Pan*,

Assistant.

At

the head of the

||

^ ^ J^

Tsung' Kuan' Li' Ch'u*,

Board of Directors (at Peking), there President,

and a '^

ifg

officials

a

||[

^

Hsieh^ Li', Vice-President.

them any assistance that

number

is

may

Tsung'

To

Li^,

render

be required there are deputed a

from the personnel of the Railway Administra-

The President and Vice-President are appointed by the

tion.

Ministry of Posts

and Communications.

Shareholders, at a general meeting, elect four Shih*,

Supervisors,

who keep a watch over [

373

J

H ^ Tung'

the actions of the

792

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Board of Directors. two

^^

For Branch

Offices the shareholders elect

Other posts

Chien^ Shih', Inspectors.

(for instance, oj

in the

Bank

|M ^^^^ Chang*, Book-keepers, and others) are

held by persons chosen by the Superintendent.

At Tsung'

management

Head

Branch

the

Pan*,

Office

Office

Tientsin

at

Superintendent,

has

been

the post

of

abolished

|f fj and the

of affairs there placed under the direct control of the at

Peking

{see

Memorial from the Ministry

Posts and Communications, dated the 28th April, 1!)09).

[

374

]

of

PART

III.

METEOPOLITAN PREFECTURE AND MANOHIJRIA; PROYIKOIAL

ADMINISTRATION AND DEPENDENCIES OF CHINA.

;

PEKING AND THE METROPOLITAN

PREFECTURE. 793.

^

Ji

Shun*

J^f

T'ieni

In charge of this prefecture

Prefecture.

The

Fu',

the

is

Prefect of the Metropolitan Prefecture (3a

Metropolitan

^

Jj^

Fu' Yin',

literary designation,

;

^^ Ta* Ching^ Chao\ or ;^ ^^ t:;hingi Chaoi), who is, at This official, in his capacity same time. Governor of Peking.

X'^ the

not subordinated to the

of Prefect, is {see

No. 826) of Chihli province.

has subordinated to of

him

:

1.

^

/^

Peking (4a; literary designation,

and

2.

vg

FJJ

793a.

liih*

(

^

|g

IMMP^B of

the

Fu' Ch'eng^, Vice-Gorernor glj

^

Chingi Chao^),

Fu''

^jj

Chung\ Sub-Prefect

Shun T'ien Fu

of

Kuan'

Shun"

Presidents

This

title

5a.

Yin'

usually borne

is

Vice-Presidents

or

Fu'

Fu'

T'len^

;

M ^ M^

Chien' Yin' (or, more explicit,

Chieni

Wu*), Governor Adjoint.

Shih* •one

^

5^ f^ Pu* Cheng* Shih' As Governor of Peking he

by

various

the

of

Ministries.

The personnel of the

794.

staff of

T'ungi P'an* (also

.fSSji^lI Liang2

i:

i

Hsueh^ Chiao* ]l@

Shou*)

5^

^

One

Ssu'

Yu*; 9b

is

7a

P'an*) 6a

{sec

:

One

1.

^

^jj

Chingi Fu' T'ungi P'an% or ;

(see

No. 849),

M^J^ ^W,U No. 850),

3.

2.

Two

Shun* T'len^ Fu'

Two

=jli

Ig Hsiin*

III

4.

One |g

)g Chao* Mo'; 9b {see

The

794a. Prefecture

;

^jj

the

of

^ $ ^ Shun* T'len^ Fu' Plsueh^ Hsun* Tao*)

7A(«eeNo. 850), 5.

J)^

Ma' T'ung^

Shou* (also

Chiao*

Tao* (also

ff^

ji

Prefect

the

Metropolitan Prefecture includes the following

Jgj

{see

Chingi Li'; 7b (see No. 850),

No. 850), and

One

6.

^

i|j

No. 850). central

administration

concentrated in two districts [

377

]

of :

:/c

the

jNIetropolitan

M .^

^^* Hsing^

793 to

794a

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

795 to

795d

Hsien* (the Eastern Section of Peking), and ^*

At

P'ing^ Usien* (the Western Section of Peking). of these there

^^'^^

Chingi

Hsien*

a

is

Chih'

there are attached

officials

^

JiU

Hsien^)

^

ZjS

Wan''

the head of

^

Hsien* (also ]^ !^ ^D (see No. 856). To these

Chih'

6a

;

^ ^ Hsien* Ch'eng^

(also

^ S^,^^

Chingi Hsien* Hsien' Gh'eng'O; 7a {see No. 857).

As

795.

regards

authoritj',

territorial

the

to

of the Metropolitan Prefecture there are subordinated

^ T'ingi

(see

No. 846),

Five

2.

'}{>]

Chou'

:

Prefect 1

Four

.

No. 846), and

(see

19 I^ Hsien* (see No. 846).

3.

m m

^

Tungi Lu^ Pu' Tao*

*n -M ^i ^^ T'ung^ Ghihi, Sub-Prefect for

795a. T'ingi

Police

Affairs

of

the

Eastern Section of the ^Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No. 849); resides at jg official

>}]>]

Under

T'ung' Chou'.

the control of this

there are two departments and five districts.

m ^ m

795b.

T'ingi T'ung^ Chih',

'^

^ m

Nan^

%\i

Sub-Prefect

for

Lu"

Police

Pu=

Affairs

Tao^

of

the

Southern Section of the Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No. 849); resides at Ta''

districts

^

;fj

Hsien^

Hsing'

under

795c.

Huang^ This

Ts'un', in the district oi ^^

official

has

a

^^

department and

six

his control.

^JJSJi^aiBj^n

Hsii Lu^ Pu= Tao* T'lngi T'ung^

ChihS Sub-Prefect for Police Affairs of the Western Section of the Metropolitan Prefecture (compare No. 849); resides at

Lu^ Koui Ch'iao^

Under the and four

supervision of this

^^^ Wan'

official

^ g| :^

P'ing^ Hsien*.

there are a department

districts.

795d.

Section of resides at

^

iJ§ Ji ]^ fnl *D Pei^" Lu^ Pu^ Tao^ T'ingi Sub-Prefect for Police Affairs of the Northern

4t

T'ung^ ChihS

zp

in the district of

the

^

Metropolitan

Prefecture

(compare

Kung^ Hua' Ch'cng^ to P'ing2 Chou'. The authority

-^ j^

Clh'angi lg f\] extends over a department and four r

378

districts. ]

the

No. 849), South of

of this official

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

796.

X ;t fi >^ ^-

Hi

Corps

Police

divided into:

A

1.

^

4"

under the direction of a

Tsung'

5.

A

^

A

4.

-^p-

|J|

f^ Nan^

4fc |5§

Lu*,

2.

A ^ |§

Tung' Lu*,

Hsi' Lu*, Western Detach-

Southern

Detachment,

Detachment

Northern

Pei^ hu*,

(the

last

and four

detachments mentioned are each under the direction of a Jg Pa^ Tsung', see No. 752f).

According to

796a.

its

|]^

former police-judicial organization

2 ^ Wu^ under the supervision of two i i^ ^ |£

Peking was divided into five districts, termed or " Five Cities,"

is

Ch'ien' Tsung*, and a Jg |§ Pa^

A ^^

3.

This Corps

C'hungi Ying^, Central Detachment,

Nos. 752e and 752f),

(see

Eastern Detachment, ment,

Shun* T'ieni Fu' Pu^ Tao* YingS

Metropolitan Prefectiire.

of the

Ch'&ig'',

Wu'

Ch'eng^ Yii* Shih'', Censors of the Fi-^e Districts (Cities), one

Manchu and one Chinese for

ranks:

|£

1.

Magistrate 2-

(see

No. 214).

In addition, there was

each of the five districts, one official of each of the following

^MipI

Police

.^^

(6a III

3

J§ }f Ping' Ma' Ssu' Chih^ Hui*, Police

common

;

p\

^

JaJi Ping^ Ma= Ssu' Fu" Chih' common designation, (7 b

Magistrate

Kuan'), and 3.

designation,

Hui*, Assistant

;

^

g

Kuan^),

Ssu'

i^ "^

Fang'^

Li* Mu'', Police-master and Jail-Warden.

Under the superintendency of the Police Censors there was the

^ >§ J®

Chieh' Tao* T'ing',

charge of the streets of

order

and maintenance

in

i^ ft

S

796c.

;

Reforms

good order, of the of public

office.

from the Prefect, dated the

Cheng* Ch'ou^ Pei* Ch'u*,

ilsien*

Office at the Prefectural Office (see

822a, and the Supplement, with a

in

compare No. 162.

M^^^M

Constitutional

which was

T'ung' Chi* Ch'u*, Statistical Bureau at

Prefectural Office (see ^lemorial

nth August, 1909)

Office,

The preservation

the Outer (Chinese) City.

was also included in the duties of this

796 b. the

repair,

Koadway

No. 160); established

No.

in accordance

Memorial from the Prefect, sanctioned by the Emperor [

379

]

796 ^q >ygQo

DAY i-OLlTICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I'llESENT

797 to

ygg

on the 20th Februaiy, 1910, and composed of four Sections:

^ ^ ^ $^ g^

S^ f^ Min^ Cheng*

1.

Affairs, 2.

Affairs,

3.

Affairs,

and

;^ f4

p]

Section

^jf

K'o',

of

Civil

K'o', Section of Educational

Tu* Chihi

^Jf

4.

Wu*

Hsiieh^

K'o',

K'oS Section of Financial Fa* K'o', Section of Judicial

fc^su^

Affairs.

At {see

the head of each Section there

a J§

is

t|
|-

To him

4b).

5a

(see

No. 815;

in

^ ^ Shou' K'o^

a

the

Ch'ien'

there are subordinated one

Teng' K'o' Yiian^ Secretary of the

^ H^

is

rank,

first

£rh* Teng' K'o' Yuan^, Secretary of the second

|Jf

rank, and two

of the' third rank.

f4

R San'

Teng^ K'o' Yuan^ Secretaries

For each Section

there are also IE SI

Cheng* Ssu' Shu' Kuan', Senior Clerks, Shui Kuan\ Junior Clerks, and ,^

glj

^^

n]

Ssu^

^

^ ff

I* Fu* Ssu'

Shu'

Sheng',

Writers.

832. Affairs

;

3C *^ 1^ Chiao' She* Shih'', Commissioner for Foreign charged with dealing with affairs in which

3a

;

foreigners are interested.

post

ill

Manchuria

(see

Following the inauguration of

No. 806)

it

412

]

[

was

instituted

in

this

Yunnan

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Later

province (in August, 1909). all

this official will

the provinces.

At

Foreign

of

Office

Affairs

by the

^ ^ Yang* Wu^ attached

859),

Chu'',

to

the

Heilungchiang province has

She* Tsung'

Chiao^

'{^

No.

(see

Governor-General (or Governor).

^ i$ H ^

Chii'

(see

No.

806a) for

similar duties.

833. of

Customs.

MM^M The

Hai^ Kuan^ Chieni Tu', Superintendent

duties appertaining to this official are usually

with those of the Military Circuit Taotai {see No..

associated 844).

# ^ is

833a.

Yueh* Hai^ Kuan^ Pu*, Superintendent appointed from

§15

Customs for the Province of Kuangtung

of

members

trade

This

"

official

Hoppo "

was concentrated at official

833b.

Household.

Imperial

the

of

styled this

;

Europeans commonly

and, so long as the entire

foreigiii

Canton, he enjoyed immense power.,

no longer exists.

B m^mmm^^ With

Kuan^ Shui* Shih* Wu*, of

Chleni Kuan' Min=^ Hai^-

Associate Duties as Superintendent

Customs at Foochow.

This

title

is

borne by the

Fukien

Viceroy.

833c.

Kuan^

For

Tao*,

particulars

Customs

as

Taotai,

the special

to

^ MM.

carrying on the

Hai^

functions of

Customs at Tientsin (formerly, likewise, at

Superintendent of

Harbin) see No. 842.

§

Ts'ao^ Yiin* Tsung^ Tu^, Directorvf jg II literary designation, yg General of Grain Transport (2a 834.

^

;

M

Ts'ao^ Tui,

H? fl

Ta*

Ts'ao=).

Ssu^

^ % f# Ch'ingi

r1

Tui Chuan= Yun* Shih^, and

This

official

had the

^^ §1 Jf honorary rank of

SB Ping^ Pu* Shih* Lang^ and resided at ??| jl 1[ Huai^ An^ prefecture of P'u' (in the Jf

^

Chiangi

Kiangsu).

He

SSS"^.^

present the duties appertaining to the C^ommissioner of

Foreign Affairs are performed

a

be found in

superintended the system of transport of grain by [

413

]

834

PRE&ENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

835

the

JH

Grand Canal, which was constructed

Yiin* Ho°,

Jpf

for

the conveyance of rice from the Southern provinces to Peking.

The

post

is

now

Under

non-existent.

the

control

Director-General

the

of

Grain

of

Transport there was a special military organization styled Jg i^ Ts'ao^ Piao^ {see No. 749), detachments of which were stationed

^

at the

Stations,

Wei*, and 0f So', First and Second Jlass Transport which were located along the Grand Canal, by which (

At

the grain transport was effected.

^

there were

Tsung^

(see

Shou^

ijf

the head of these stations

No. 752d), and

(see

Pei''

No. 752e), designated, according

^

|j|

Ch'ien'

to their duties, as

^ ^ Shou' Yu^

^

First Lieutenant on Garrison Duty, and jg Ling' Yiin*, Lieutenant Chai-ged with the Conduct of Grain Squadrons.

Of

late years the grain transport by sea, |g j^ Hai^ Yiin*, on by steamers of the Jg j^^ Cliaoi Sliangi Chii^ (see No. 789), is gradually putting an end to tliat by the Grand

^

•carried

Canal. 835. -official

If)

U

^Mi^

designation, 'J-^"'

(^'Iraan'

Yen^

Yiin^

Shih',

^

Yiin*

Ssu^

jg and

jg Tu^

|f5

;

Salt

Yiin*

i^m^ Ta« Ts'o= HsienS ^m^

;

(3b

Controller

epistolary

;

designation.

literary designation,

lIouS and :^ ^ Ssui Ta* Fu^). This official is the Chief Commissioner of |g; the revenue derived from the provincial salt gabelle, or salt

monopoly.

There are

M^MW'^M

five for the

^a' Ts'o^

whole Empire

Ch'ang^ Lu= Yen^ Yiin*

Fa* Tao*, Ch'anglu Salt Controller Intendant, residing at Tientsin,

2.

1.

:

Hliih^

ivith associate

MM^

Chieni Yen^

duties as Salt

Ui;^^5lfs^^^^Jg

'Shani Tungi Yen^ Yiin* Shlh= Chien^ Yen^ Fa* Tao*, Shantung Salt Controller with associate duties as Salt Intendant,

at

Chinanfu,

Yen' Yiin* '-Controller,

3.

Shih^*

Mm^MiMM ^^W Chieni

Pingi Pei*

Liang=

residing

Huai^

Hsien^ Lianghuai

Salt

with the rank of Military Circuit Taotai, residing at [

4-14

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Jl #1

M

Yan8= Choui Fa=, Yangchow,

Liang'

^®

Controller, residing at

office is

© P^ Y"en=

ft

Men') there are the following

officials

1

:

Ghuan^ and

^S

Chihll

Distribution

Shansi, 3. (full

^

pt]

'g'

5a

two

;

;

In

Yunnan

Yiin* P'an*; also [gj

Ohihh, one in

^

^^

4.

[s] 550

Chien' Ch'e*

Kiangsu province and one

in

Salt Controller

province, 5.

^

J§

T'P Chii', Salt Insjiector

full designation,

JIH

gj

jS

^ gj J§ H Yen'

Yen' K'o^ Ssu' ^Jl Y'iin*

^M

T'i^ Chii');

oB;

P'an*, Sub- Assistant

olM

^

H ^en' Yiin*

Ssu^

'^ Fen^ Ssu' compare Fu^ Chuan* and g|J |§ Yiin* T'ung', and jg glJ Yun* Fu^) ; 6b one In ;

;

Chekiang and three

Chingi LI* (correctly,

m

^

^^ i£ one In Shantung,

;

Deputy Assistant

Salt Controller (full designation,

above jg

@

T'ung'

;

K'o* T'i^ Chli', or

the

[gj

Yen'

Ir]

^

^ fi ^ Yen^ T'P Chii';

three in

4b

;

^ .^

2.

jS

jg ft glj ft Yen' Y^un* Shih' Fu* Shih'; also Fen' Ssu^; compare the above Y^iin'' T'ung^); 5b

Chekiang province,

one in

"^

Chlen^ Ch'e* Kuan^), Inspector of

Yiin* Fu*,

glj

designation,

styled

(also

jg

^^

^ j^

Ts'o" Erh"*, and

Fen^ Ssu')

and Kuangtung provinces,

T'ung^ Chlh' (also Salt

^^

also

Yiin* T'ung^,

IB]

designation,

literary

;

H ^ Fu' Chaan=, @ ^

Fu^

Ta" Tso^

T'ung^

Yiin''

Ssu"^

Shih' Ssu' Y'a^

Y'iin*

.

Assistant Salt Controller (full designation, Yiin*

Salt

supervision of the Salt Controller (whose

^ Jl ^

designated

^

5.

Kuangtung

Sliili',

Canton.

Under the

835a.

Yvin*

Y^'en^

ft'

Liangche

Shih',

Hangchow, and

((jhekiang) Salt C-ontroller, residing at

)I ft Kuangs Tung^

M it ^ F^ 1 S

4.

Yun*

Yen^

Nan^

Chiang^

Che*

^M

M

In

Kiangsu province,

6.

^^

Yen^ Chingi LIO; Ib

(see

^ il

:^ ft Yen' K'o" Ta* ShiW (more explicit, J^ ;^ ft Yen' tl ;^ ft Yen' K'o* Ssu^ Ta* Shih') or

No. 826),

7.

Ch'ang' Ta* Shih' (literary designation,

Eecelver explicit,

;

8a,

^^:KiM

8.

tb^^

:Ji

M:A:ft Yen^ Yin'

ft P'i'

P'i'

I"i'

Yen*

^

Ts'o'

Ta*

Yin'), Salt

Shih'

Yen* So' Ta* Shlh\ or

Yen* So^ Ta* [

^^

415

]

Shih'), Salt

(more

^ gj tt ^ Examiner;

8354

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL 0KGANIZATI03J OF CHINA.

835b

8a

;

superintends the registration of bags of salt issued,

^^

K'u* Ta* Shih» (properly,

Shih^); 8a {see

^ ^D #

No. 826),

'MM-i^iU

^

^%_

{see

1^ Yen^ Hsun^ Chin', Salt Watchers

^W^WLi^.^

835b.

Associate

Ch'en^,

9b.

;

Hui^ Pan* Yeng^ Cheng* Ta*

Controller-General

(compare No. 369).

^

Chihi Shih* (properly ^Q No. 830a), and 11.

10.

Yen2 Chihi Shih*; 8b

9.

^un* K'u* Ta^

of

the

The duties appertaining

Gabelle

Salt

to this post are

associated with those of the Governors-General of Manchuria, Chihli,

Liang Kiang, Liang Kuang, Minche, iSzechwan, Yiin Kuei

and Shenkan

{see

No. 820a) and with those of the Governors

Shantung, Shansi and Chekiang

{see

No. 821a) —

see a

of

Memorial

from the Controller-General of the Salt Gabelle, sanctioned by the

Emperor on the 25th February, 1910, covering

regulations,

concerning the Salt Administration, in 35 articles. Prior to the promulgation of the Imperial Edict of 31st

December, 1909 (compare No. 369), the mentioned GovernorsGeneral and Governors were entitled |§ Yen2 Cheng*.

The

title

Wi^mM^:^^^

^^

^

J;^

P'iug" Llang^ Fu',

Chien* Yen^ Fa* Tao',

Foocliow,

Taotai, residing at

W

residing at

(Jliow,

M

6.

Taotai,

Salt

W

it

'^

residing

Fukien

Salt

M

Hu'

at

Wiich'ang,

Pei^ Yen^ 7.

si ^'en^ Fa* Ch'ang^ Pao' Tao*, Salt Taotai of the Ch'ang Sh'a Fu and Pao Ch'ing Fu, residing at

Prefectures of

Ch'angsha, Salt 9-

8.

ffi

;i|

H ^ it

Ch'uani Yen^

Ssu*

(Jh'a^

TaoS

and Tea Taotai of Szechwan, residing at (/h'cntS Fu, and

UM^^MYunnan Yiin^

Taotai, residing at the

duties

of

Salt

{see

No. 840),

who

Fa* Tao*,

Yen''

Fu.

Yiinnan

Salt

Also, in the province of Shensi,

Taotai are performed by the Police Taotai is

Taotai

(formerly the

Nan^

styled of

^ ^ ^ '^ Chien^ Kuan^

Yen^ Fa*

Circuit performed these

Military

the

U.UW

f£ xi i"'ng* Pin' Yen= Fa* Tao"). The majority of the Salt Taotals mentioned above act

duties,

simultaneously as Military Circuit Taotais (see

^

842. designation,

II

;jf

jM!

f|^

No. 844).

Hai' Kiian^ Tao*, Customs Taotai (literary Ch'iieh*

Shih^

and

||

§

Kuan^ Tu^)

performing the duties of Superintendent of Customs

This

833). Chin'^

is

(sec,

;.

No..

an independent post at Tientsin alone ("^ f^ fj j^ Formerly there was an see No. 833c. ;

Hai^ Kuan^ Tao*

independent Customs Taotai at

Harbin (;^

|| ^^ Pin^ Chiang^

Jj;

Kuani Tao*). 843.

JbI

^

Ho^

Tao*,

independent official this Taotai alone

and

is

styled

^ ^ M M.

^ |g Ku* M^

resides at

is

Eiver

Taotai;

4a.

As

an

found in the province of Chihli

Yung' Ting* Ho^ Tao*.

An' Hsien^

The

He

similar official for

Shantung (lU M. M, Shan' Tung' Yiin* Ho' Tao*, residing at Chi* Ning' Chou') and for Honan (^ Bfl^t f^Mil. i>I.| 5g K'ai' Kueii Ch'en' Hsii' Ho^ Tao*, residing at |^ l^f Jf K'ai'

g

reng' Fu^) no longer exists. 844.

5)>

^ ^ M. Fen' Shou=

jK sS Fen' Hsiin' Tao*, and

Tao*, Taotai (Intendent) of a Circuit; [

+23

J

4a

;

literary designation,.

842: to

844

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PllESENT

S44a to

S44b

^^

Chien^ Ssu'

MM

Tao"

T'ai'.

Hsiin^ Pingi Pei^

designation,

official

^ H ii

Also

Taotai

Administrative

is

;

4a

;

^ ^ Kuan''

Ping^

Ch'a^, and

Pei* Tao*, Military-

^ ^ ^ "^

(sometimes

Fen^

jtf

This

TaoS Military Circuit Taotai).

official

charged with the administration of two, or more, prefectures,

independent sub-prefectures or departments, the names of which

M^i^M.

sub-prefecture

Sungi

Tai*

^M^MMTengchow

Chow,

etc).

Fu

Fu, LaichoAv Fu, and

and the sub-prefecture of Chiao Chow Chih Li

At ports open to foreign trade he

functions, being intermediary in

With very few is

performs diplomatic with foreigners.

intercourse

exceptions (compare Nos.

833a and 833c) he

present there are the following Taotais

province, three in

four in

all

Superintendent of Customs (compare No. 833).

also the

At

is

of the

Tengi Lai* Ch'ingi Chiaoi TaoS

Taotai of the prefectures of

Ch'ingchow

Taotai

Tao*,

of

styled

is

Su^

Soochow Fu and Sung Chiang Fu and of the T'ai Ts'ang Chih Li Chow, the Taotai of

prefectures of

Chefoo

Shanghai Taotai

(for instance, the

are prefixed to his title

designated

Honan two

province,

Shantung province, two

:

six in Chihli

in Shansi province,

Anhui

province, four in Kiangsu province, two in in

Iviangsi province, three in

Fukien pro^ince,

four in Chekiang pro^•ince, four in Huj)eh province, three in

Hunan in

fovir

province, three in Shensi province, six in

Szechwan province,

Kuangsi province, one

in

six in

Kuangtung

Kansu province, province, four in

Kueichow province, four

Taotais for China proper and, with Manchuria (there are here

;

see

in

Yunnan

Thus there

province and three in Hsinchiang pro'\ince.

11

are 68

Taotais

No. 816), there are 79 for the Empire as a whole.

^

Jt Ch'a^ Ma' Tao*, Taotai of the Tea and Horse Revenue, and ig gj jg T'un' T'ien^ TaoS 844a.

The posts

of

,1|

Taotai of Agricultural Settlements, are

844b.

now

abolished.

The "regulations regarding the reform of the

system of the provinces'" (article No. 17 [

4-'4

]

;

see

No. 819b)

official

call for

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

the abolition of the post of Taotai of a Circviit

For each province there

Tao'').

Hsiin^

will

(^

-^ jg

Slioii'

be retained the

1^ Di jS Ping' Pei* Tao% Military Circuit Taotais (from one to three), who will be specially charged with the capturing of

and the moving of military forces.

•criminals

wiU be abolished the posts of

there

are

^ X iM

and

No. 826)

^

;;^

Simultaneously

g] K'u* Ta* Shih' (see

Ts'angi Ta* Shih^ (see No. 826) which

found at the Taotai's Office. 844c.

Manchuria

For see

particulars

Chih^ Tsao", Superintendents of the Imperial

Nanking, Soochow and Hangchow); appointed

JIanufactories (at

Manchu members

from the

designation,

Fu' Fu^). the

silk

the Office of a Taotai in

to

No. 816a.

^ 5^

845.

as

of the Imperial

Household

^^

;

literary

MM

Shang^ I\ f] gg Ssu^ Fu^ and ^c Ta* They superintend the manufacture and despatch of

and

textiles

other

requisites

for

the

use

of

the

€ourt.

WMJWM^SBiZ^

84oA.

Wu* IV

Pien'

Ch'en'',

Szechwan and Yunnan •of

;

subordinated to the Governor-General

Szechwan but with the privilege of direct reports to the

Emperor. •of

the

This

official

superintends the military and

B.

province (compare No. 817).

Local Administration (of Prefectures, Sub-prefectures,

Departments and Districts) 846.

Each

divided into a

Fu',

civil affairs

Western portion of Szechwan and the section of Tibet

•adjacent to this

is

Tui Pan* Ch'uani Tieni

Border Commissioner of the Provinces of

number

Prefectures,

Departments, and prefectures.

Departments,

:

province, as regards administrative authority,

%^ j^ ^ ;^

There

^

(ten to a province on an average) of '>I'I

is

a

Chih^

Li*

Chou',

Chih^ Li* T'ing', Independent Subfurther

division

Sub-prefectures,

T'ing',

Districts. [

^

Independent

425

J

into

and

^fj

^

Chou', Hsien*,

844c to

qaq

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Independent Departments and Independent Sub-prefectures

847

from ordinary Departments and Sub-prefectures

differ

in that

they enjoy a government independent of the Prefect (compare to the Taotai

No. 848) and are subjected directly

(compare No.

844) and other officials of the higher provincial administration. Prefectures

Independent

number

(the

compared with that of prefectures, completely

borders

tlieir

districts.

number

a

as

and contain within sub-prefectures and

majority of cases they have

(in the

departments which have been

from ordinary

organized

removed from the prefectural authority) districts,

and

latter,

Independent Departments, by their form of govern-

ment, approach prefectures

been

imits

departments,

of

the

of

small) in that they are

is

administrative

organized

Departments

Independent

from

differ

Sub-prefectnies

in that

they

may

include

though ordinary departments are never subordinated

tO'

them.

Independent Sub-prefectures represent a lower form of local

government and are A\'hich

themsehes administrative departments

in

have been made independent of the prefectural government

because of their importance or territorial magnitude.

Independent

Departments and

represent

Sub-prefectiu-es

intermediate stages in the transformation of ordinary departments

For

and sub-prefectures into prefectures.

this reason they ara

observed to be most numerous on the borders of the Empire.

The whole Empire

includes

214 Prefectures, 75 Independent

Departments, 54 IndeiDendent Sub-prefectures, 139 Departments, 57 Sub-prefectures and 1,381 Districts. 847. tion

of

The appointments Prefectures,

of officials heading the administra-

Departments

and

Sub-prefectures

(independent or otherwise) and Districts, as well as of Taotais (see

No. 844) are arranged,

and volume of Yao^,

affairs,

in

dependence on their importance

into four

Most Important,

2.

C

^ -12G

categories Yao''

Sfc

J

:

1.

Ch'ueh',

;^

S

Tsui*

Important,.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OP CHINA.

[

Chou'

fgj

Department Magistrate; 6b Chia*,

j^\

Shou'),

^^ 2. ^.[.I

Choui ^1]

Choui

Chou^

PieP

Chia*,

;

and

7B

^

No. 851), there are the

and

Ma',

>}l>\

^^

Second

P'an%

(epistolary

Assistant

Class

First

(epistolary designation,

Ssui

Department Magistrate

T'ung^,

^]]

Choui Erh*

Class

designation,

'^ Ts'an^ Chnn^),

3.

^ Pieh^ Assistant jj^ ^\\

H

g

Li*

|£

Warden; 9b (literary '^ Ta* Chou' and Kung^ Ts'ao^ Ta^ ;/c if'H :)zJj]^

Mu*, Departmental Police-master and Jail designation,

Mu*),

4.

^:kiM

K'li'

Ta* Shih= r

431

]

{see

No.

826)-; unclassed,

851 to

851*

;

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. 851b to

852

5. 6.

^ ^ jE

Ts'angi

;^c JS^

^'

^'*'

Shili'

No. 826); nnclassed,

(see

Hsueli^ Cheng*, Departmental Director of Schools;

9'I

^

8b

Schools;

Ta^

Hslin*

Departmental

Tao*,

No. 857),

details see

(foi-

No. 850), nnclassed,

Sub-du-ector

;^

8.

of

Hsiao*

?g^ (Jhien^*

9.

If ^^ fg Kuan^ Ta* Shih^^ (see Jk ff Tien^" K'o\ Departmental

Physician, unclassed, and 11.

|^ fH Tien^ Shu*, Departmental

(see

No.

850),

Inspector

unclassed,

10.

Petty

of

Professions

Humble

(or

Professions),

vuiclassed.

851b. official

The

tliat

reform

the

of

to the

820 and 821), are

from the Lieutenant-Governor

sioner of Education (see

see

;

Independent Departments

jNlagistrates of

No. 851), although subordinated

or Governor (see Nos. also

regarding the

system in the iDrovinees " (articles Nos. 22 and 28

No. 819b) rule (see

"regulations

(see

Governor-General

to receive instructions

No. 825), the Commis-

No. 827), the Industrial Taotai

(see

No.

839), and the Police Taotai (see No. 840), compare No. 850a.

Conforming

to the regulations

mentioned above, the

officials

carrying on the administration of Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures, Dcpai'tments and Districts (see Nos. 851a,

855a and 857)— the

so-called

Tsa^ (see Nos. 858 and 858a)

and

replaced

Chang^ Chief

^

—

are later to be done

by the following of Police

(see

:

1.

^^ ^

No. 840a),

HsUeh^ Yuan^, Inspector of Education,

Yeh* YiianS Industrial Deputies Tien' Yu* Yiian^, Prison

and

5.

i ff R

852. Class

(see

3.

2.

|g '^J

|| Tso' away with

Chino-^

Wu*

# _^

Shih*

^^

No. 839a),

85.3,

^

|S Tso' Erh*, and

4.

Warden (compare Nos. 766a

Ch'iian*

A D[ ^

to 766b),

Chu' Chi* Yiian^ Inspector of Revenue.

WiU^M^n

C!hiy Li* T'ingi T'ung^ ChihS First

Sub-prefect in charge of an Independent sub-prefecture

(properly Sub-prefect

No. 849

see

^

MM

and ; '^ 'M Chih' Li* T'ingi T'ungi P'an*, Second Class Sub-prefect in charge of an Indepeiadent Sub-prefecture (properly Assistant Sub-prefect ;

[

i32

5a),

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

No. 849a

see

Sub-prefectures

officials

are found in Independent

846) and have

No.

{see

similar functions to

848) and Department Magistrates

No.

(see

Prefects

These

6a).

;

(see

No.

851).

In addition to the Sub-prefect

853.

administration of

namely:

see

MM

1.

Ohingi Li*,

i^ K'u* Ta* Shih', Shih=,

Ta* Ill

an Independent Sub-prefecture

^

is

9.

^^

2.

Mo^

Ohao*

3.

Jg

# Chih^ Shih*, ^:^ f^ Ts'ang^ Ssui ^ ^ Chiao* Shou*, ^ ;^ Chien^ Hsiao*,

4.

^ It

6.

Hsiin* Tao*,

5.

*D

Yii*,

8.

1.

details

(for

etc.

No. 850).

The

853a. official

regarding

"regulations

reform

the

of

the

system in the provinces" (articles Nos. 23 and 28; see

No. 819b) call for the later reorganization of those

which

Sub-prefectures

[rJ ^fl

include

The remainder

Departments. by the to

carried on by-

almost similar to those of the prefectural administration,

officials

X

No. 852), the

(see

Districts

be

will

left

unchanged administered

T'ung^ Chih^ (see No. 852), who will be subordinated

Governors-General or Governors

the

Independent Independent

as

compare Nos.

Nos. 820 and 821

(see

;

850a and 851b).

For particulars as to

S '^ M

the

Chih* Yiian^,

Tso'

AuxIKary Ranks, which will be found in the personnel of the administration of

854. to

At

an Independent Sub-prefecture

;

852),

i.e.

see

see

No. 851b.

the head of Sub-prefectures which are subject

Prefectures (the so-called

T'ing^

see

)g

^

Shu^ T'ing\ or f^

^

San^

No. 846) there are Assistant Prefects (compai-e No. |g]

No. 849),

^tl

T'ung^

Chihi, pirgt

and Second Class

Class

Sub-prefect (5a

Sub-prefect

(6a

;

see

;

No.

849a).

855. (see

At

the head of Departments subject to Prefectures

No. 846) there are (compare No. 851) ^Q

Department Magistrates (also

^

*|||'I

Chou'; epistolary designation, %\] [

438

i/fj

CJhih^

Shu' Ohoui, and

^

$_ Tz'u* Shih'); 5 b. J

Ghoa\

>)j]

San*

These

853 -^q

855

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

855a to

under the authority of the Prefects

are

the

of

respective

Prefectures.

For carrying on the government

855a.

866b

(see

Chou^ P'an*;

7b,

Cheng*;

5.

Hsiao*

8a,

3.

|5

|)I|

unclassed,

;

1.

:

^

Hsun* Tao"

7.

WL Wi

Shih'; 9b (^ee No. 850),

No. 850),

H] Choui T'ung^ Li* Mu"; 9b, 4.

6b,

;

>f>f>f

g

8.

(see

No.

an Independent Department

officials as for

No. 851a), namely

Department

Department Magistrate

there are, in addition to the

855), almost similar

of a

8b,

;

^^

I*

as

the

j^

-^^

6.

^jj

]£ Hsiieh^ Chien'

Shui* K'o* Ssu^ Ta*

iZ iM

pI

^

2.

Ch'eng^; unclassed

(see

etc.

For

8 55b.

particulars

Eanks, which

Yiian', Auxiliary

to

will

^ ?§ ft

be found

in

Tso' Chih*

the departmental

administration see No. 85 iB.

856.

Ling*, and -^

Chang');

^

Hsien*,

II

Ta* Yin'

;fc

designation,

a $ Ta*

styles himself

;

Hsien* Ling*,

^ Ling* Yin', (replacing the former

epistolary

Tsai^

Magistrate;

District

designation, -^ Ling*, I|g -^

official

g,

Ohih^

^n li

J£

7b

^

;

1>*

^ Ling* ^ j^ Ming^ Fu', ^ Lien^ TsunS and ^^ ^ g. 9

Ii Tsai',

^

^i;

-^

I^

Cheng* T'ang^, when enumerating

his titles.

This

official

holds office under a Prefect (see No. 848) or an

Independent Department

(see

title

of

l" ,^ Shou' Hsien*. Conforming to the

856a.

reform of the

official

The Magistrate

No. 851).

District in which the provincial capital

is

of the

situated receives the

"regulations

regarding

the

system in the provinces"

(article No. 26; No. 819b), the rank of the District Magistrate is to be raised from 7 b to 6 a (it will thus be on a par with that of the

see

two District Magistrates of a ^Metropolitan Prefecture No. 794a). 856b.

:Si

•©

f

Fu* Mu' Kuan'

(literally,

are the "father and mother"), Thus are [

434

]

;

compare

officials

commonly

who

styled the

;

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

I?

il'H

Fu'

gH

Clioui

and

Prefects

Hsien'',

Magistrates,

of

spoken of and addressed as

(colloquially

classes

various

the

y^

^

Ta* Lao^ Yeli^), who, in the execution of their varied

and very complicated duties, are the nearest to the people (they

The same

communication with them).

are in direct

known under the general designation oi

jS^

^

officials

are

"^ Ti* Fang^

Kuan', Local (Territorial) Officials.

For carrying on the

857.

administration

Magistrate

there are, in addition to the District

following^

the

1.

H^

^

a

of

District

No. 856),

(see

Hsien* Ch'eng^, Assistant

District

^ ^ Tso' T'ang^; epistolary ^ j^ Tsan* r^ Ta* Tsan* Hou^), ^ Chu^ PuS San' Yin^ designation, ^

Magistrate; 8a (colloquially called,

^

designation,

Registrar

f3-

:/cM^

and

FuS

Erh* Yin^

literary designation, 2.

9a (epistolary

;

§

Ch'ou^ Hsiang'),

^^

Hslin^ Chien',

designation,

{Ji

Sub-district

Magistrate; 9b (epistolary designation,

Ssu', a

Sub-district

l^S^M

Yin8,

^

ic p]

is

called g] Ssu'; see

Hsiin^'

Cheng* T'ing',

Yu* T'ang=

;

^^

epistolary

Pu' I'ing';

^ Jf

Lien= Pu^, W?

Fu^

a i"

I' Yii*,

iunclassed, 5.

f^

and

^^|5:||{ Fu*

^^

She*

Yii*,

from the

@,^fll^ .g)

fjj

^ ^' ;^ ^

full

temporary abolition p\ fJC

official

which indicates "the in the last

Ssu' Chiao*, and J£

^

of Schools;

|J]|

full official

||||

designation,

fl Ts'ang'

Yii*;

^ Hsiin* Tao*, Sub-director Fu* Hsiin*, from the designation, ^

(literary

title

Hsiin^ Ssu', and

p3

X

Chiao*

century"; epistolary designation,

Ching* Chai'), 6.

Fen' Shao"*

District Director of Schools;

Fu*

restoration of the office after its

8b

p]

;^ |J Shao* Yii*, Shao* Fu', i^ 'J> }^ Ta* igf Ta* Tsan^ Cheng*)

]{f

:;^

|fe (-hiao* Yii*,

8a (literary designation, title

'S.

^ ^^

literary designation,

designation,

Shao" Yin', Shao*

No. 857b,

m. $_ Tien= Shih', Jail Warden

Ta* Ssu' Hsiin^), 4.

{•colloquially called,

3.

literary

;

fB"

Foi*

Ta* Shih' C

epistolary

She* Hsun* Tao*, see above;

Ssu' Hsiin*, and (,see

glj

^

Fu*

CJhai'),

No. 826); unclassed, C

435

j

8.

7.

Wi

f

M

:^Z

Cha''

857

PRESENT DAY POiaXICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

857a to

859

Kiiani

No.

(see

unclassed,

850);

Keeper of a Customs Barrier unclassed, ;

Physician

District

and

unclassed,

;

-^

9.

10.

11.

For

which

later

will

Hsiin* K'o'^

^

Shu\

Hsiin*

Humble

Professions).

-£ ?§ ft Tso' Ohih^ Yiian', be found in the district

particulars as to the

Auxiliary Ranks,

Kuani,

Ch'ia*

K|| fjf ^Il

District Inspector of Petty Professions (or

857a.

'g"

administration, see No. 851b.

The

857b. official

system

define that

well as

number

.31

No. 819b)

see

;

Independent Departments and Sub-prefectures, as

all

Districts, be later divided into a certain

of |^ Ch'ii\ Divisions, (see

control

affairs

police

all

which

be under |^

will

No. 840a), who

Kuan*, Police Captains

Simultaneously, the post of jK

Magistrate

reform of the

the

provinces" (article No.

Departments and

of

regarding

"regulations

in the

be

will

respective

in

their

^

Hsiin^

'g'

Ch'ii"

in

fulT

divisions..

Chien*, Sub-district

No. 857) will be abolished.

(see

g ^ Tso^ Erh*, Assistant Magistrate; of Prefectures,, literary designation^ ^ ^ Ch'eng^

858.

Departments and Districts; Ts'ui^

858a.

i^

come Assistant

H

Tso' Tsa», Petty Officials.

^Magistrates,

who

the eighth rank,

^^

^

Tso', and minor

who

are styled

Tso^ Erh* (see No.

Chih^ Yiian^, Auxiliary Ranks (for details

To

to

nearly

there

all

may

the

number

etc.,

of

officials,

of

^

Tsa^.

858) and the

Tso^ Tsa" are to be abolished, being replaced by

859.

this category

Secretaries to the Prefect,

are styled

the ninth rank and of unclassed rank,

Later the

In

see

•££

^ ^ ft

^

Tso''

No. 8o1b).

of government establishments commoni

the provinces, and performing special functions,,

be added the following:

1.

^ f% ^

Yang' Wii

4)

Chu'^ Office of Foreign Affairs

Manchuria; questions

see

(^ j$ j^ Chiao' She" Chii' im No. 806c), charged with the negotiation of alT

concerning foreigners

special official for this purpose [

at

places

where there

(compare No. 832), 436

]

2.

is

j^ f^

no'

^

—

; ;;

FKKSENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

T'ung^ Chiian'

^ f^

(under

Duties

Office for the Collection of Consolidated

Chii^,

T'ung'

-^ |^ Lo* Shui*, Duty Ch'i^ Lo* Ping* Chengi),

Dutj, and

Si t" 3fe ffi Chii^ ,Likin Station, 4.

Newspaper

Office

Newspaper

is

Kuan^

I^

'^

^^

(found

in

Kuan^ Pao*

is

Dispensary

medical advice and having a

^

Vaccination Office, 6. for the issue of Chii^,

Sanitary

cities,

8.

S^^ ;

money

IIpI

Li^ Chiiani

Government

Jf^;

(see

of

roads I*

ffi

and

Chii^,

^ ^ Wei* Sheng^

sanitary

(Jh'eng^

construction

No. 517); supplying

^

^j^

superintending

;

Kungi

^^

1'

Niu^ Tou* Chli^, |g Chihi Ying* Chii^ Treasury

^

the

Pien'^

published), 5.

Chii^,

conditions

Building

of

Office

of pavements and roads, the

maintenance

their

Book Compilation and

repair,

in

Translation

charged with the translation of foreign books and the

^

Yin^ Y'xian^ |g 7C Mint formerly minting

compilation of Chinese books, 10.

and

Import

Government

Chli',

where a

for public use, 7.

Office

X ig ^

superintending

Office

is

Place of Sale

MJn ^

3.

provinces

Yang^ Kuan' Pao*

Yiian*, Public

macadamizing

Ch'i' Shui^,

the

at

Duties,

published, for instance, at Tientsin, where the

Pei^

iStWIiWi

^-

^^

the simultaneous collection of

ijieant

free

Consolidated

Chiian',

X^

T'ung^ Yiian^

(IS TC Yin^ Yiian'O and

Chii'',

;

(^

copper

T'ung^

7C

Yuan^)

Chii^, silver

coins

^^

now being gradually replaced by the 'M M. Tsao* Pi* Fen^ Ch'ou' Chen* Ch'u*, Ch'ang' (see No. 55 1b), 11. ji where the people Eelief Committee ; established at those places

#H

because

need relief

of

natural calamities, and 12.

'g*

Kuan' Shu' Chii^, Provincial Government Printing-Office in the

l^C

Priest at the official

temple

^^ found

majority of the provinces.

860.

This

;

in

in

$ IE

Temple

Wen^

'B'

Miao*

Feng*

of Confucius (7a to 8b;

Ssu*

Kuan',

compare No. 572).

supervises the sacrificial attributes and maintains the

good

condition.

The

"regulations

regarding the

reform of the official system in the provinces " (article No. 32 [

437

]

860

'

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

861 (jQ

ggj^

see

No. 819b)

for the appointment of this official

call

all

^ §| Chiao* Chih= ^ .g Chiao^ Shou*, ^ Jg Yii% and ^ Hsiin* Tao*j ^ f^

the so-called

{i.e.

ChSng^

Hsiieh^

to

sub-prefectures, departments and districts to replace

prefectvu'es,

Cliiao*

«ee

||I

Kos. 850, 85lA, 853, 855a and 857).

ADMINISTRATION OF "NATIVE" DISTRICTS. 861.

i:

^

Kuan',

T'u^*

of

"Native"

Kuangsi,

Kueichow,

Administrators

Districts.

The

sections

the

of

provinces

of

Yiinnan and Szechwan which are inhabited exclusively by the la

?

cases,

jNIiao^

Tzu', and other aboriginal tribes, are, in some

organized into prefectures, departments or districts ruled

by hereditary Prefects, Department Magistrates or District Magistrates, who bear the ordinary Chinese official titles with

±

JiH

The the

^

^

T'u^ prefixed, for instance, ±: T'u' Choui, and T'u^ Hsien*.

the character

±^

process of changing the status of a tribe,

ordinary

system

of

government

government by an hereditary

m±mm

Kai^ T'u=

in

chieftain,

Wei^ Liu^

is

(or

place

i.e.

of

T'u' Fu',

introducing the

direct

denoted by the phrase

^±Mm

Kai' T'u'

Kuei' Liu^).

861a. Chieftains.

±^ This

T'u^ is

The Native Tribes; and

Ssui,

the designation applied to the '^

their

Miao^

~f'

Tzu', of Kuangsi, Kueichow and Szechwan, to the ?^ |^ |S )^ Lo' Lo^ of Szechwan and Yunnan, and to the Shans occupying b |

the

Southern and Western parts of Yunnan.

are the descendants of the people of are styled in Chinese literature of the borderland of Yiinnan

are

commonly known

as,

^H

438

I^. ]

Yiieh* Shang*, and

Lao^ Chuai.

and Burmah

J^ || Pai' [

@^

The last-named

The Shans

style themselves,

and

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

The

schedule: 2-

and other

chieftains of the above-mentioned

tribes are

with ranks of different grades, as shown in the following

invested

g 1;

1.

Shih'

Ssu^;

Wei*

Hsiian^

Fu*

Hsiiani

^i^fs^p]

Chao^ T'ao»

^

fig

Shih'

3b,

Jg fif fsg ^ An^ Fa' Shih'

Ssu^; 4b, 3.

Shih^*

^MiM^

5b, 4.

Ssu';

lU ^n T'ung^ Chih^; with rank varying from 3b to Fu* Shih^; with rank varying from 4b to 6b, and glj f^ Ch'ien^ Shih*; with rank varying from 4a to 7a.

Ssu^; 5b, 5. 6a,

6.

7.

^^

Another type of

^ f^

ranks:

1.

2.

^^

glj

Ch'ien^ "g"

thousand; 5b), 3.

g I"

Hu*

Ch'ien^

Fu*

government shows the following

tribal

^

(chieftain of one thousand; 5a),

Hii*

chieftain

(assistant

Po^ Hu* (centurion; 6a),

Chang' Kuani Ssu^ Chang' Kuan^; 6a,

Chang' Kuan^;

7 A,

and

^ 1^

6.

rI

|£

@

5.

4. glj

of

one

M'^pI

g t ^u*

Chang' Kuan' Ssu'

Li^ Mu"*; unclassed.

EASTERN TURKESTAN.

^K

Hsini Chiang' (full designa-. The province of tion, f- a: ir tf Kan' Su* Hsin' Chiang' Sheng'), New Dominion of Kansu (see Nos. 819 to 819a also called Eastern 862.

a

;

or

Chinese Turkestan), formerly called

Border,

was formed

in

two slopes of the T'ien

1884 from the Shan

Nan^ Pei' Liang' Lu*) and of

is

(^

Ui

^^

territory situated on the

^

4fc

governed on

the remaining 18 provinces of

No. 821a.). system,

peculiarities,

^- S&

lines similar to those

is

the Governor (see

however, exist in

which are explained by

T'ien' Shan'

China proper, and those of

Manchuria, in that the administrative head

Some

Hsi' Yii*, Western

its

its

population

governmental

by Turkish,

Mongohan and Manchurian races (see Nos. 863 to 865). The Mussulman population of Hsinchiang (in Chinese, 863.

mH

Hui* Min^

;

also

H M

Turban-wearing Mussulmen) [

is

IPJ

K

ruled

439

]

Ch'an^ T'ou^ Hui^

by

its

Hui\

generic chieftains,

86S to

863

DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

rilESENT

863a to

864

the so-called Begs (in Chinese f^

^

Po' K'o*), who are graded

according to their importance in six classes

A*

Ch'i'

^

^

ft Governor, Collector

1.

:

^

f|5

^^

Shang^

Po^

4.

Pi il

^^

Revenues,

of

Tzui Po^ K'o*, Hatsze Beg La' Pu*

^ /^

fljf

^

;

3.

Po"^ K'o*,

;

Judge, and

Mirabu Beg

Shang

K'o*,

flqC^ Ka'

Po^ K'o*, Katsonatch'i Beg (as above),

Ch'i'

PIT

Mu* Po' K'oS Ak'im Beg; Local Governor, 2. f6 :^ I' Shih^ Han^ Po^ K'o% Ishhan Beg Assistant

5.

^

6.

Beg;

Tsa''

Na'4

B^gCfl^^

-Ha^

^

Mi*

gf!]

^j fg

Superintendent of Agriculture.

;

^

The Mussulman tribes in the departments of Hami (B§T'ingi, Hamul) and T'urfan (n± gl T'u^ Lu' Fani T'ing', or Kuang' jf^ An^ Ch'eng^, Kunia-T'urfan)

H^

i^ Ha" Mi*

^^

have a type of administration aj)proaching the Mongolian,

i.e.

they are arranged in Princedoms (Banners) ruled by generic chieftains

—Dzassaks—who

Wang=, J.

Amban =f-

Princely

receive

titles

(3£

jg -^ Hai Sa^ K'o"), nomadizing the T'arbagatai region, and under the control of the local

The Kirghis

863a.

in

often

Peii Le*, etc.).

|Jj

{see

p^

There

No. 867), are ruled by their generic chieftains,

Oh'ien^

§^^

Hu* Chang',

Po^ Hu*

are

(Pg-

Chang',

Chiefs of

no bearers of Princely

amongst them

;

the

only

title

(Sultan

titles

found

One Thousand, and

(compare Ko. 877a).

Centviiions

that of

is

J Wang^) ^ nk ^ ;

"a

Hsieu^ San' T'ai^ Chi^, Daidji with no definite rank

(see

No.

873).

The

864.

Mongolian,

or

properly,

tribes of the old ^ E* Lu' T'u' Erh' Hu* Chiu* *±WM# Chinese |Q 51 ^ Ho^ Sho* T'e')

tg

T'e^j,

!{#

T'e")

divisions,

district (in the valleys of the Yuldoos,

usu

Oelot

(in

Chinese

ana Khoshoit

(in

residing in the

Hi

K'obuk and K'ur-K'ara-

and about Kuldja), are divided, as are

rivers,

('hinese

(in

Tourgouth

all

Mongols,

Khoshuns under generic Prince-chieftains, and form two leagues 1 Unen-Sutzukt'u (in Chinese !^^!§M^'^M°M nito

:

.

[

440

]

TKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Wu» Na* En^ Su^ Chui K'o* Pat'u-Set'khilt'u

2.

T'u" Meng^), of 10 Khoshuns, and

^M'^^MWiM^

Chinese

(in

Pa^ T'u2 Se* T'6* Ch'i' Le* T'u^ Meng^), of three Khoshuns.

They are under the control of the Military Governor of Hi

(see

No. 866).

mWi ^ M & Feng* Eni Chen*

Degree, 2.

Second Degree, 3. the of

i!l

4.

the

Kuo^

5.

Prince of the Fifth Degree (Mongolian, Ulusung

Kung\

$BH^^

T'ushe Kung), 6. Prince of the Sixth ch'ih

Kung), and

Noble).

7.

-^ -g

There are four

but the first alone

Feng* En^ Fu^ Kuo^ Kungi,

Degree (Mongolian, Ulus-t'ur T'ussalakh-

with

carries

Chi^ Daidji

T'ai^

classes

(^

eligibility

it

(Hereditary

Teng') of the for

last

rank

election

as

Commandant, or Chief, of a Banner. In addition to the

titles

mentioned there

is

that of

^

Han^,

Khan, held by descendants of the Khans of the four Aimaks No. 870), which {see

is

higher even than that of ?^

J

(see

Ch'in^ Wang'^

above).

873a.

^^

Tsai' Sang', Tsaisang, (the Mongolian word

means " a stock "; " chief of a generation.") [

^^5

j

This

title

replaces

873 ^O

873a.

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

873b to

^^

that of

Ch?

T'ai^

Hereditary Nobles of

^ g No^

873b.

gy^ This

is

tlie

No. 873)

{see

"ien^,

Noyen, or Noin

an old Mongolian Princely

for speaking

in distinguishing the

Oelot tribes. ;

Ruling Prince.

and was heretofore

title

in use

addressing, Princes.

of, or

g

T'a^ Pu^ Nang^, Tabunang (the Mongolian ;^ :ffi word means "husband of an Imperial, or Royal, Princess.")

873c.

This

corresponds to the Chinese

title

873d.

^W

^

E^ Fu*

,Kf

{see

No. 15).

?f Ta' Erh' Han*, Tarkhau (the Mongolian " word means master.") This is an old ]Mongolian title which is appended

name

to the

some way.

selves in

of Princes

who have

distinguished them-

by the ]Manchu Dynasty

It has been left

uncharged and conferred as a hereditary

on certain Princes

title

(for instance on one of the Khorch'in Princes).

It carries with

it

an increased allowance as compared with the other Princes.

873e.

^

Oh'ien^ fl Attache to the Palace Gate, f^ Jf

12 Jt

P"]

(compare Nos. 99 and 104 c); a

T'e* Pu*), of

two Banners,

M

Chinese

K'e* 5^ ft ^S a!5 K'e* T'eng' Pu*), of one Banner, 8. The Khalkha (one

Shih^

Wing

from the Left

tribe

Tso'

K'a'

one

of

I*),

tribe

(in

in

;

Chinese

Banner.

It

M P^ & S

P|:

has

^'a^ Erh^

Banners

1 1

in

all,

supplying 298 squadrons.

The Silinghol League

889. tribes:

Chinese 3.

Uchumuch'in

1.

Mu*

Ohu'

C'h'in*

'^

^^ ^

tribe (in Chinese .^

M f& ^ m&

tribe

Ka^ Pu*), of two Banners, and

JilE Thus

^^

ngit

"

Ssu* Tzu'

3.

Wing;

§j5

and

Chinese

n!5

^* Pa^

tribe (in (Chinese

111 squadrons.

No. 885) consists of the

tribe (in Chinese 23 ?"

Mao* Ming^ An' 4.

if$ *[}

Khalkha (one

^ M ^^ ^ M [

i57

^

Pu*), of

one Banner,

Wu' La=

T'e* Pu*), of

tribe

R'a' ]

b!5

]Mao Mingan tribe (in

of one Banner, 2.

tribe (in Chinese ,% ij

Banners, in

^

(see

Durban-Keuket

Pu* Lo*), 0)3

M G I®

Abaganar

5.

The Ulan Ch'ap League

^

Urat

three

Chinese

A* Pal Hal Na* Erh^ Pu*), of two Banners.

following tribes: 1.

Chinese

(in

Su' Ni^ T'S* Pu*), of

consists of ten Banners, supplying

890.

^

Ww^ Jifi* §[S 3^ Khaochit tribe (in

Hao* Ch'i^ T'e* Pu*). of two Banners,

Abaga

*15

No. 885) has the following

Pu*), of two Banners, 2.

Sunit tribe (in Chinese

two Banners, 4.

(see

from the Eight

tvh'

K'a^

888 tO

890

made up

Ao-Khan tribe (in Chinese Jjj g[5 Ao'' Han* Pu*), of i^ §^ Nai* 2. The Naiman tribe (in T-hinese Pu''), of one Banner, 3. The Barin tribe (in (Jhinese Pa^ Lin^ Pu*), of two Banners, 4. The Djarud tribe p!5

The

1.

T'nmet

2.

^- a^ T'u' Mo^ T'^^ Pu^), of two Banners. has five Banners, giving' 223 squadrons.

Yu*

I*),

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

891 to

of

one Banner.

In

all

62

includes six Banners, supplying

it

squadrons.

The Ikh Chao League

891.

892

No. 885)

(see

made up

of

^ ^^

nl?

is

seven Banners of the Ordos tribe (in Chinese §U Ao^ Erh' To^ f?su^ Pu*), which supply 274 squadrons.

As

892.

Leagues

has been

Nos.

above,

seen

886

people of one stock alone, as

the

891,

to

Mongolia are not arranged

youthern

of

include

to

the case with the Khalkhas

is

(compare No. 870), but are composite organizations of various

Mongol

Aimak

tribes (Mongolian,

Chinese,

;

of one, or more.

Banners (Khoshuns).

^[5

^ Pu* Lo*), of

Each

which there are 24 in Southern Mongolia.

tribe consists

There are 49 Banners

in

the Six Leagiies, and they supply 1,172 squadrons.

The government of Southern Mongolia

Khalkha

in

No. 873)

—

differs

that the Chieftains of the Banners

from that of

—Dzassaks

more control on the part

are subject to mvich

(see

of the

The Captains-General, being deprived

Chinese Cxovernmeut.

of

personal initiative, simply supervise the execution of resolutions

League meetings.

of the of

the

Peking

appointed Chinese

The

appears

in fact, act as their Presidents.

hands of Chinese Secretaries.

in the

is

Mongolia

Southern

that

will

and for opening them there are who,

officials,

expedition of affairs It

These meetings are called at the

authorities

destined

is

to

be

gradually converted into an ordinary Chinese province, under a

government

common

to

China

proper.

The

Leagues have already been almost subordinated

Eastern

three

to the provincial

administration of Chihli (the Chosot'u League, part of the

Uda League,

the prefecture of ^^

f^

/j^

Chao

Ch'eng^ Te^ Fu^, and

that of D3 1^ ;f (Jh'ao'" Yang^ Fu^) and Fengtien (the Cherim League, part of the Chao Uda League, the prefecture of jjj

^^

T'ao^

Nan^ Fu^,

prefectures of

^g

and

entirely,

^

TV Fu' and ff .B

flg=

;i^

Ch'ang^

the

Ch'un^

Hsin^ Min^ Fu^). [

458

]

Western

Fu^

parts

^ M j^

of

the

Ch'ang»

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Tlie colonization of the lands of the

Chinese emigrants,

Leagues mentioned, by

going forward very rapidly

is

(^ee

Nos. 777

and 782) and the Chinese are more and more extending their

Mongol

authority over the

and

At

subjects.

their

Princes, previously rather independent,

where the

places

Chinese

influence

becomes predominant, but which are not annexed to one of the adjacent provinces, there

control

of judicial

established the post of jS ^Jj

first

is

T'ung^ P'an* (see No. 849a).

This

and collection of revenue from the

affairs

Banner population but also has

authority

transaction of business at the office of the

^

893.

(in

have

that they

(^

prefectures oi

supervise

Banner Chieftain.

government.

lost their generic

i^ Ch'ang^

in

lie

Their camps

immediate proximity to the

Ch'eng''),

beyond the borders of the

^ it M

Ta* T'ung^ Fu^, of

the

Ha^ Erh^ The Ch'ahar Mongols (see distinguished from the other Mongol tribes

Yu^ Mu^)

Chinese j^ f^

Great Wall

to

f'h'a^'

These are

No. 884). in

M

Pg-

not only takes over

official

M

Hsiian' Hua* FuS of ^hihli, erndizM Shansi. For administrative and military

purposes they are organized under eight Banners (on the same footing

INIanchu

the

as

arranged in two Wings,

and ;§

^ Yu^

I'',

military

^

^. Tso'

forces) I*,

which, in turn, are

Left, or Eastern, Wing,,

Eight, or Western, Wing.

Purely Banner

affairs of

the Ch'ahars are discussed by the

Military Lieutenant-Governor of Ch'ahar (see Nos.

In

898).

civil

questions relating to Chinese affairs within the

Lieutenant-Governorship

Governor-General

the

exercises a superior jurisdiction,

the title of

p

719 a. and

4^

^

K'ou'

Pei''

of

Chihli

through an Intendaut bearing

Tao^, residing at Hsiian-hua Fu.

For assisting the latter with regard to control of Government examination of questions concerning commercial lands, the relations

of civil

styled

between the Ch'ahars and Chinese, and the administration

and criminal

Ji 1^

IbI

affairs,

there are three Civil Commissioners,,

^D Fu' Min^ T'ung^ Chih^ (compare No. [

459

]

849),.

898^

PRESENT DAY POLITICAI. ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

S94

^ j^ ^ H g

stationed, respectively, at

^^ M Changi

T'ing\ Dolon-nor (also Lama-miao),

^5

K'ou' T'ingS Kalgan, and

Within

tlie

which has

Tu^ Shih^ K'ou^ T'ingi.

Ch'aliar territory there are situated the Imperial

^ j^

pasturages, or

Chia^

ti

H

P

Lun^ No^ Erh'

To^

Mu^

superintendence over

the

Ch'ang^,

lately been invested in a special official (see

No. 755).

Formerly they were under the control of the Military LieutenantGovernor of Ch'ahar

The T'umet Tribe

T'e*,

see

are

No. 898).

(see

mitWi±M'^

894.

Hua* Ch'gng^

K»eii

Hua

Kuei

of

Mo«

T'u'

Ch'Sng (K'u K'u

Ho

T'o

;

No. 884).

The T'umet

are divided into two Banners which, in turn,

arranged

two Wings,

Wing, and camps

in

2gf

^

to the

lie

Yu*

^ ^ Tso'

Eight,

I*,

Hua

North of Kuei

Left, or Eastern,

I*,

Wing.

Western,

or

Oh'eng, or

Their

K'u K'u Ho

T'o, of Shansi province.

The Banner the

Manchu

affairs of

the T'umet tribe are attended to by

General-in-Chief of Sui-yiian-ch'eng (see Nos. 744a

and 899) and the Manchu Brigade-General {see Nos. 745b and 899). For the examination

the

camps

title

®M

of the

T'umet

M^$:^i^M Yiian'

S"i'

l5lc

T'ung^ P'an*

MfbM Ho

t'ing,

He

Ch'^ng^.

^

an Intendant bearing

(B]

has

^H

Li'

as his

Shih^

I^uei'

Hua*

T'ingi,

Ho=

fn

.Shui=

Ho2

t'ing,

W^B

T'ingi,

assistant

T'ung^

Civil

Chih',

^

ChihS or f* ji fU Fu' Min» Nos. 849 and 849a), who are stationed at

#^MM fE ^ ?S ^ Toi K'o*

T'o),

from Chinese and Mongols

tribe, there is

Fu^ Min^ T'ung^ (see

affairs, as well

Kueii Sui^ Plngi Pei* Tao*, residing at

Commissioners styled 3^

MSiM^n

Kuei Hua Ch'eng

and judicial

of lawsuits

as questions concerning taxes collected in the

of

(Kuei Lin''

T'o^ T'ingS

M^WM

460

m

T'ingi, Harin-kor7jt

M M

Ch'ingi

Ch'i''

Ting^— Sarach'ih-

^ ^ ^^

Sui^ Yiian' T'ingi,

Sa^ La^

Ning^ Yiian' T'ing\ [

Hua Ch'eng— K'u K'u

Ko* Erh^

]

>

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

m W M- T'ao^ Lin= T'ing', ^^ M Wu^ Ch'uani T'ingi, and J^ W ® Hsingi Ho' T'ingi. 895. M W Ih W.^ ^ M 1^ ^o' Lan^ Shan"- E* Lu' T'S* i.^.m Wu'

Meng^

Yuan^ T'mg\

The ^Mongols

Ivu',

Oirad or Oelot tribes

of

No. 884)

#

M

;

M

Kansu, where they have

which

is

ruled

Wang^

Jg jg

§

{see

brother

(tracing their genealogy from

^^

Kinghis Khan), entitled

of

No. 873), who reside at the small town

They are divided

Ying^.

Yiian^

Ting''

form one Banner

Thej"

settled.

by generic Princes

Khasar,

Khabut'u Cli'in^

name from

deriving their

;

to the

A* La' Shan^ (also || Jijp lU Ho^ Lan' compare above), lying North of Ninghia, in the province

the region of Slian^

Alashan (belonging properly

of

see

;

)\\

of

eight

into

squadrons.

The higher supervision over the Banner

invested in the

is

Ning^ Hsia*, for

ir.

the province of

Kansu

(see

^^

at

Nos. 746 b and 900),

which reason the Mongols of Alashan are also designated as

the "

Mongols of the Ningliia Department."

mmmM±Wm'W

896.

Hu*

Erh'

T'e",

^*

Na* Chiu*

Chl^

T'u^

The Old Tourgouths of the Edsine, or Edsinei,

They

Eiver (see No. 884). land lying to the

West

consist of one Banner, occupying

of the

camps

of the

Alashan Mongols

No. 895), and are subject to the superior jurisdiction of the

[see

No. 895

ilanchu General-in-Chief at Ninghia (compare Nos.

also

West This

MM$%^^ Ho' Hsii E* Lu>

of the is

;

see

744b and 900).

896 a.

the

Alashan

the

of

affairs

Jlanchu General-in-Chief

Eiver

(i.e.

the

^

}rI

the general designation of the

Old Tourgouths of the Edsin§ 897.

WtM W^M

Chief, or Military

residing at

^

Te< Fu'; see

j-flj

(see

Ho" Tui

J«*

T'e",

Mongols

Ho' (Jehol

No. 104e)

;

in

;

of

to the

Eiver)..

Alashan and

Nos. 895 to 896).

T'ung',

Manchu

also called

Geueral-in-

(sec

No. 719a),

^^

}^ Ch'eng^

Lieutenant-Governor of Jehol Je^

Oirad

Huang' Ho^ Yellow

charge of the Chosot'u (see No. 887 [

461

]

895 ^^

897

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

898

Uda

and Chao

to

Ch'ang',

OQQ

Lan^, or

The

Imperial

Muran civil

;

g^

No. 888) Leagues and the

(see

Hunting Preserves

called

(also

Wei^

^

tJ;

Mu*

No. 748).

see

administration of the Jehol territory

is

carried on,

under the supervision of the Military Lieutenant-Governor, by

^

Commissioners styled 3^

rJ

^

Li^ Shih* Ssu^ YiJan^, Civil

^

Commissioners, and

Li^ Hsing^ Ssu^ YiJan^, Judicial J|| ^ij gj Commissioners (compare No. 879a).

The

tract

in

which the Imperial Hunting Preserves

(see

above) are situated forms a separate Sub-prefecture, the so-called

M^M

Wei^ Ch'ang'

by a

T'ing', headed

H^

[rJ

^Q Pu'

Min= T'ung^ Chih^ (compare No. 849).

^

898.

Bg-

UM

fg

Ch'a^

Hai £rh' Tu^ T'ung^ Manchu

General-in-Chief of Ch'ahar, or Military Lieutenant-Governor of

Ch'ahar

(see

Mongols

of

No. 719a).

^

residing at 5g P Changi Chia^ K'ou', Kalgan, conducts the government of the

Ch'ahar

(see

This

official,

No. 893) and

also supervises the actions

He

of the Silinghol League (see No. 889).

B^aM m U M

Ch'a^ Hal Erh=

Lieutenant-Governor

(see

assisted

is

Pu* Tu^

by the

T'ung^ Deputy

No. 745e), residing at Kalgan.

Formerly the S^ J^ Mu* Ch'ang', Imperial Pasturages (see No. 893), were under the supervision of the Military LieutenantGovernor of Ch'ahar; since 1908 they have been managed by a special Superintendent (see

The

Military Lieutenant-Governor of Ch'ahar

Controller of the so-called T'ai',

No. 755).

Mf ^? J

Mihtary Post Eoads of Altai 899-

Manchu

^M^^^

ex

officio,

(for details see

No. 754).

Sui' Yiian' (Ui'eng^ Chiang^ ChiinS

General-in-Chief

at

Sui-yiian-ch'^ng,

Lieutenant Governor of Sui-yiian-ch'^ng the supervision of this

is,

"^ A* Ld* T'ai* Chun^

official

(see

or

No. 744a).

Military

Under

are the afFairs of the T'umet tribe

Kuei Hua Ch'eng (see No. 894). In addition, he keeps a watch over the actions of the Ulan Ch'ap League (see No. 890). of

[

462

]

PRESENT DAT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

"UMMB :k^

Also, he bears the title of

Wu* Ta*

As

778).

Tu^ Pan* K'en'

Ch'en^, Superintendent of Colonization AiFairs (see No.

M ibWiMW^M

his assistant there is the

Tu' T'ung', Deputy Lieutenant-Governor,

Hua* Ch'gng^ Fu*

^

residing at

Kuei^ Hua* Ch'eng' (K'u K'u

l^jg

f [j

^UB^

900.

Kuei^

Ning^ Hsia* Chiangi

Ho

T'o).

Manchu

Chiini,

General-in-Chief of Ninghia. or Military Lieutenant-Governor of

Ninghia

Edsine

the

No.

(see

744b)

Alashan

Mongols of

He

No. 896).

(see

Ning^ Hsia* Fu*

superintending

;

the

aiFairs

the

of

No. 895) and the Old Tourgouths of

(see

is

assisted

^g

by the

glj |15

Tu^ T'ung', Deputy Lieutenant-Governor

^

(see

No. 745d), residing at Ninghia.

^BMM

901of

Meng' Wu* Tsung' ChiiS Head Bureau

Mongolian Affairs, headed by a

Bureau

This

found

is

Moukden and superintends the

^

||[

Tsung^ Pan*, Chief.

Governor-General's

the

at

at

Mongols of the

of the

affairs

office

Cherim League (see No. 886) which, as has been mentioned (see No. 892),

is

subordinated to Fengtien province.

For the

organization

detailed

of

the

Head Bureau

of

Mongolian Affairs see No. 812a.

8hih',

1909), see

B.

No. 812.

K'uk'unor ( Kokonor)

902.

^M

Ch'ing'

Tangouths

(designated

Western Tribesmen

Mongolian

Its

No. 903) and

^

Hsi^ Fan^ as |§ No. 904), raled by generic chieftains

who are under the sway of the

Chinese

Amban

at

Si-ning

No. 905). 903.

the

No. 868).

(see

tribes (see

by the Chinese

see

;

:

Hai^ K'uk'unor

population consists of various

(see

^^

Wj i^ Meng^ Wu* Commissioner of Mongolian Affairs' (abolished in

For particulars as to the post of Ssu'

control

Si-ning (see

II of

%

9^ E* Lu=

the

Imperial

No. 905).

Oelots.

T'e*,

These are

Controller-General

Their local government [

463

J

is

under

(Amban)

at

invested in the

900 Iq

qqq

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

904 to

hands of their generic

Princes, as with the Khalkhas {see Xo,

870) and the Inner ^Mongols

No. 884).

{see

The Mongols of K'uk'unor,

gQg of

as

Khalkha and Inner Mongolia,

is

tlie

case with the Mongoli

are divided into

29 Banners

the chieftains of which meet yearlj' at the fUh'aghang-T'ologho (one of the islands in

Lalre K'uk'unor) for a

No. 872), at which

{see

League meeting

concerning the internal public

affairs

administration are discussed.

Since the time of

the mutiny of

Lubsang Tan-ching

1723) the President of the League meeting Prince

(compare No.

Government,

is

872) but, at the ruling of the Peking

either the Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning

or an official chosen

by him (compare No. 892).

The following are the 1.

(in

not an elected

is

Khoshoit

K'uk'unor

tribes of

:

!}^

%

Ho' Sho*

^ P^

*[J

K'a^ tvh^ K'a^ Pu«),

(in

Chinese

ffl

J|

(in

Chinese

P^

T'e*

Pu^),

21 Banners, 2. 1

Khalkha

Banner. 3.

Ch'oros (in Chinese |$

^

lif

§0 Ch'oi Lo^ Ssu^ Pu^),

2 Banners, 4.

Khoit

5.

Tourgouth

T'e* Pu*),

904.

(in Cliinese il? !}# §[5 (in

Hui^ T'g^ Pu*),

± If Jg # nK

Chinese

]

Banner, and

1"'"'

Erh^ Hu^

4 Banners.

^^

EJC

T'ang2

Ku'

Te*,

Tangouth

;

also gg

^

Hsi'

Fan', Western Tribesmen {see No. 902).

^ Tsu^,

The Tangouths number 40 T'u' Ssu\ Generic Chieftains, who

Tribes, ruled

are, in turn, placed

control of the Imperial Controller-General

by

±^

under the

at Si-ning {see No.

In addition to these there are 39 Tangouth tribes under the Dalai Lama {see Nos. 906 and 914). 905).

S

p

E

905. Hsii King' Pan^ Shih* Ta^ Ch'en^ ;^ ic if Ihe Imperial Controller-General at Si-ning, or Amban (full title

It

M'^U^i^-kU

Tsungs Li' Ch'ing' Hai' Shih^ [

464

]

Wu*

^F '

FKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

Ta* Ch'en")

invested with the

29 Mongol (properly Oelot)

the

control of

40 Tangouth

and the

906

representative of the higher Chinese authority and

;

mentioned above

tribes

Nos. 903

{see

^nd 904).

and

Tibet

C.

®^

906.

Lamaist Hierarchy

the

H

Wu^

Euo^

Ssu^

J)yaasty

as

Tsang^.

The Mongol designation

,^

.Country), or

themselves

fllr

T'udbod

(H

H T'u^

Pi

Ku' T'e^

T'ang2 or

{

'#

fi^

T'u^'

H Hsii Fan^

so

Fo^ Kuo^, the

T'e^)

The

provinces (gg tjl

^ 1^

it^

called Bot,

is

last-mentioned term

^

Buddha.

of

There are two main divisions of Tibet,

Tsang*,

Western

seems, to the old Chinese designation i%

it

Land

Small Tibet, the •Ch'ien^

it

Ssu^

the Tibetans also

;

Ming

Wu^

{i.e.

By

Po* Te*).

jf ]^ :^ T'ang^ Ku^

or

^WxM

Parung-t'ala

is

Fan^, or '^

or

Bod, and Bod-jul (the land of Bod).

corresponds,

:

Hsii Tsang*, Tibet; known during the

of which,

first

Anterior,

Large Tibet and

i.e.

by the Chinese gj jp

called

or Eastern,

Tibet,

Pu*) fS Wei* (Yi or Yii

in

j^ Chungi Tsang% Central Tibet), and

consists

Tibetan

^

also called

;

K'ang'

the

of

(in

Tibetan

^ Ch'a^ Mu"' To\ Chamdo), while the ^ Hon* TsangS Ulterior, or Western, Tibet, embraces the provinces of ^ Tsang*, and S

Kham

;

also .called

^

/J;

isecond,

called by the Chinese

A*

Nari (Ngari), or Nari-Khorsung.

f;^

pjij

Li^,

As regards

independent

large /great

641)

MM.Wi^^

the

Wen

with the Emperor -^

A.D. when

title

Pu'), continued to rule over [

^ T'ai* Tsung\ of

as his wife the

Ch'gng, daughter of the latter.

descendants, under the

.30

a

Sui Lung2 Tsang* Kan^ Pu*, Strongtsan

T'ang Dynasty, through taking

5C )k liis

allied

as

Szechwan and Yiinnan.

with China began in the 7th century

Gambo, became

was

including the whole of K'uk'unor and a

fetate

portion of the present provinces of

Its relations (in

political status, Tibet, in olden times,

Princess

For many centuries

of Gialbo (in Chinese

^ ^ Tsan*

Tibet although, as time passed, the 465

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. temporal authority to a great extent was encroached upon by the superiors of a religious association

g^

^

known

Sa' Chia^)

;f|j ;^ Based on the doctrines

E of

Chiao*,

Red

especially

Sakya

forais of worship, the doctrine of the

Hung*

of Brugba,

Pu* Lu' K'§* Pa'. Buddhism, which penetrated Tibet

by Hindoo, and

already largely corrupted

Sakya,. (Chinese

by the name

at that period

#

written in Chinese

—the

Sivaitic,

called

(also

-^

and head-dress of the Sakya priesthood) became

in the course of

time so perverted from the original dogmas of Buddhism that

brought upon

^

Doctrine, from the colour of the vestments

it

a strong revolt, under the leadership of a

itself

^ B§ Q ^ Huang'

reformer named Tsongkhab'a (1357-1420), in Chinese

Tsung' K'a' Pa', who founded a new doctrine

His nephew, Gegen-Dub, succeeded

Chiao*, Yellow Doctrine). in

1439

in attaining the

(^

predominant position

in the

Hierarchy of

Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) and from him there started a of clerical rulers of Tibet (Dalai

Lamas

In the 13th century (during the

(A

-^>

G

see

No. 914).

Yiian Dynasty) Tibet

1260 A.D. the Emperor

-[g; ^ig;

bestowed on the famous Paghba

Lama

became a vassal of China and Shih'' Tsu' (Khubilai)

;

jj^

line

Pa' Ssui Pal) the

in

title

mBiZ^^^ Kuo^

Shih''

Ta* Pao^ Fa* Wang^, State Teacher and Prince of the Precious Doctrine,

giving

him, conjointly with the secular authorities,,

authority over Tibet.

The dependence was again confirmed

at

Manchu Dynasty when,

im

the beginning of the reign of the

1642 A.D., the Emperor, known from Te', received at

Tibetan

rulers.

his reign as

^ ^ Ch'ung'

Moukden envoys carrying presents from theAt the same period (1643) the Dalai Lama,,

oppressed by the temporal authorities, applied to Gushi Khan, in

Chinese styled the

@ ^ Jf Ku* Shih'

Han^, the reigning Prince of

Khoshoit Mongols, for assistance.

latter

annexed the

levied taxes on the

Kham

For

his assistance the-

of K'uk'unor to his dominions and

district

The Dalai Lama rewarded)

province. [

4fi6

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^

him for his fidelity with the

title of f^ ff No* Men^ Han\ Prince Han, or (Khan) of the Church, the equivalent of NomSn the Sanskrit " Dharma Raja."

^ ^^

In the reign of the Emperor

K'angi Hsi^

in

1694

A.D., the temporal administrator who, as Eegent for the Dalai

Lama, had long conducted the government of Tibet under the title

^E

of

Pa\

Ti*

or

,1^

Q Tieh*

was invested with the title of [Q

Wang^ King

{|f

fjg

Not long

of Tibet.

Pa^ (compare No. 912), g|

after,

^ T'u^

Po'' T'e"

Kuo^

however, the continual

temporal authorities against the secular powers,

intrigues of the

and also their inclination to throw off the Chinese yoke, incited the

Chinese Government to take steps to strengthen

Accordingly,

Tibet. territory

of the

1727,

in

Kham

large

part

hold over

its

of

province was annexed to

At

dominions of China.

a

border

the

the interior

about the same time two Residents (see

No. 907) were appointed for the supervision of actions of the temporal administrators.

1751

In entirely

A.D.

Lama, aided by a

Kalon, or Kablon,

i.e.

last-mentioned have, since a direct part in the

council of four laymen,

two Chinese Residents.

1792 A.D., been authorized

The

to take

government of Tibet, conjointly with the

Lama.

907.

H ^

:^

Eesident of Tibet styled

was

Tibet

in

Ministers of State (see No. 910),

under the superior direction of the

Dalai

sovereignty

suppressed, the rule of that region being placed in the

hands of the Dalai called

temporal

the

fg 1^ ic 1727

instituted in

;

g ;

S

Chu* Tsang* Ta* Ch'en^

Imperial

aided by a colleague, or Assistant Resident,

see

Pang^ Pan* Ta*

Ch'en^*

(this

post

was

No. 906).

Both the Resident and Assistant Resident of Tibet are usually

chosen from the ranks of higher Chinese

officials

under the direction of the Ministry of Dependencies (see charged, however, with memorializing the r

467

J

and are

No. 49 1 a) ;

Throne direct on

all

qq?

PEESENT DAT POLITICAL, OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

'g03 to

909

Among other duties, they act as the medium

important questions.

Grovernment and the

of communication betTreen the Chinese

Court of Nepal, which foh'

Kuo^

K'a^

Parbuttiya.

or

is

known

a

;5^

They have a

in

Pai'

stafF of

Chinese as j^ Pu*, a-nd

^^Q

Q^

% 1^ M

Pa'

P


Laboratory

organized in

il

K J^ Hua* Fen^ Kung^

for

accordance

Analysis

of

Chih*

Mining

with regulations drawn

Chu^

Products

up by

the

Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and

Commerce, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 23rd January, 1911, at the Offices of Industrial Taotais (see No. 839a) or Mining Committees (see No.

775).

At

H W ^ Ff ^ K 1^

li and of

these

Laboratories

JS:"ng' Chih*

f\\

there

may

be

Yen^ Chiu' So\ Courses

organized in

Mining,

II Kung' Chih* Ch'en^ Lieh* Kuan^ Museums

Mining Products. The personnel

Products includes

of a :

1.

Laboratory for the Analysis of Mining

A

^^

Chu^ Chang^ Director of the

Laboratory (a post held by the Industrial Taotai or the President of the 3.

^

H

Mining Committee), liH

Chi*

2. One Jf Chingi Li^ Chemist, Shih\ Assistant Chemists (1 or 2), and 4.

^ IB Shui Chi*, Clerk. [

550

]

PKESENT DAT POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OP CHINA.

MWCU^M

Nos. 476 to 480.

Office o£ Constitutional

Ch'tt*,

Pel*

Hsien^ Cheng* Ch'ou*

Eeforms

Supplement,

(see

No. 160), instituted at the Ministry of Posts and Communications,, on a Memorial from the Ministry dated the 28th March, 1910.

The

No. 479.

^l

i&. "pI

tending

all

Empire

postal affairs of the

when the

1911,

text should read as follows

;

see

JJ -^

^®

the

Supplement No. sale of

parcels.

f4 Tsung^

It

P

is

K'o^,,

^^ ^^ f^ Ching' Yeh" K'o\ Section of T'ung^ Fu^ K'o', Section of Finance, :

^

Translation Section, 2.

Operation, 3.

^

1.

May,

to

improvement of postal communications, the

composed of four K'o^, Sections

^

Ho^ K'o\ Construction

^^ Chien*

Section.

These,,

are divided into eight 3^ Ku^, Sub-Sections.

in turn,

479a.

No.

iU

Director-General of Posts,

Pan^

Tsung'

^

II

IgC

Directorate General of Posts

directed

;

Chgug*

hy a

and a

Postmaster-General, ;

Tsung=

^ ;g

^

Chii^.

Chii^ Chang',

to

him a |§

^

|^ Hui* Pan*,

established in accordance with a

Memorial from the Minister of

^g g

Yu^

who has subordinated

Associate Postmaster-General

the

superin-

transferred

money orders and stamps and the transmission of

and 4.

;

(since the 28th

postal administration ^vas

Ministry of Posts and Communications 273), the

:

Yu^ ChSng* Ssu\ Department of Posts

Posts

and

Communications,,

Sheng* Hsuan'-huai^ sanctioned by the Emperor oa

26th May, 1911,

No. 523b. of the Interior,

As

(see

Supplement No. 273).

proposed in a Memorial from the Ministry

sanctioned by the Throne on the 18 th December,

a^^gg^^J^^

Peking there has been founded Min^ Cheng* Pu* Kao' Teng= Hsun^ Ching* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ This Higher Police School of the Ministry of the Interior. 1910, at

$g

A

j£ f Cheng* K'o^, Complete Course (extending over three years), and B. A Chuani K'oS Special Course (of one year and a half), as well as supply A.

school is arranged so as to

i]-

^^

lower

Police

Courses.

There are yearly enrolled 80 men (la [

551

]

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. from the Capital and 70 from the provinces) for the Complete policing,

in administration,

Course, which supplies instruction

prison management, English and Japanese.

the head of the Higher Police School of the Ministry

At

of the Interior there

is

a

fj| fj|

Tsung' Pan*, Curator, to

^ § Chien^ Tu\ Teachers, ^ ^ Chao*

there are subordinated a

TiaoS Inspector,

T'i"

^

etc.

Hsi"'',

S jj Kuo' K'u*, The Government Treasury.

No. 551b.

with regulations

This has been organized in accordance the National Assembly, sanctioned

framed by

whom

Director, a f^

by the Emperor

on the 27th January, 1911, with the object of combining

Government funds, receiving

revenues,

all

making

all

payments

all

on Government account, safe-keeping Government moneys and the transaction of

The li

^

money

^Minister of

operations generally.

Finance

E Tsung^ Kuan'

:^

provinces a general control

ment

Treasury

is

the head of the Treasury as

at

Ta* Ch'en^ Superintendent.

(^

invested

"^

the

in

Treasury are made by specially

High Authorities

Lieutenant-Governor, or

Later,

Shen' Chi* Yiian*,

Government

the

of

deputed

of the provinces.

^ ft ^

the

In the

Chien^ Tu^) over the Govern-

Examinations

Commissioner.

Financial

is

officials

when

or

by the

the organiza-

Audit Department,

tion

of

shall

have been completed, examinations will be made by that

establishment.

The Government Treasury $,^

is

organized as follows

Tsung' K'u*, Central

]$

Treasury

;

:

situated

at

the

Capital and supervising Branch Treasuries and Treasury Sections in

the

Tsimg^

provinces. Li',

that of

head there are a j£

its

Superintendent

Governor of the

Fu* Tsung^

At

Li',

post

(a

associated

|§,

^ Cheng*

with that of

^

Ta (Jh'ing Government Bank), and a glj |§ A ssistant Superintendent (a post associated with

Deputy Governor

of the [

Ta Ch'ing Government Bank).

552

]

;

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^

To these there are subordinated Treasury Sections

J>

¥ ^ ^ |^ ^

Ch'iian^

K'o'),

Ch'u' Teng»-

and Abridged

^^^ ^

S^S

Courses (of four years, '> ^4 Ssu* Nien^ Chi* Hsiao* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ Chien' I* K'o', and of three years,

15

^I^

^^

^^

ffi

Sani

-^i^y-,2

Qi^^2

^^

Hsiao' Hsiieh^ T'ang*

Chien^ I* K'oi).

The Ministry

of

Education soon became convinced of the

by a Memorial, sanctioned by the Emperor on the 30th December, 1910, there was introduced a

inutility of this sj'stem and,

uniform

coui-se of four years duration,

instruction

daily,

for

The

throughout the Empire. (^lassies,

natural

Chinese sciences,

language,

drawing,

principles of agriculture

with four to

five

hours of

Primary Schools of Junior Grade

all

subjects of instruction are ethics, arithmetic,

callisthenics,

history,

geographj',

handicrafts,

and principles of commerce

singing,

—the

last

four are optional.

No. 584.

:^i^izW=^

Yiian

Shih-k'ai,

three years, being

a Preparatory first

graduated from the

;$

fij'

Yang^ Ta* Hsueh^ T'ang^,

Pei=

Peiyang University; established

organized.

Preparatory

in

Course

In

554

C^

jp^

1906 the

initiative of

Yii*

K'o^),

first class

of

was

Course and advanced to the

Pen' K'o\ Specializing Course. [

190^ on the

j

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

A

reform of the curriculum was effected in

"Regulations

staff

Departments

three

:

±

tJv

X

At

provide

for

present

subjects

there

Mu* Kungi

T'u^

jfif

to

the

additional

in

teachers.

of

A.

altered

instruction

study,

of

enlarged

and an

being

Instruction"

of

terms

increased

1908,

are

K'o",

^

Engineering Department (supplying two courses), B.

^'kP^

Kung' Chi^ Yeh' Chini

Ts'ai'

j>R 1^ Department of

K'o^,

Mining and Metallurgy (supplying two courses) and C. Fa* Lii* K'o^, Department of

The

final

Law

examinations of the

scheduled for the latter half of

'^^^4

(supplying one course). first class to

1910 and the

be graduated are

first

half of 1911.

Graduation from the Peiyang University carries with

the

it

attainment of various ranks and privileges, as provided in the University Regulations.

By a Memorial from the Ministry of Education, by the Throne on the oth March, 1910, Schools for

No. 620. sanctioned

Schools have

Training

Teachers for

equal, as

regards status and privileges

Higher Normal Schools to

Professional

{see

(^

been made

|§ Chiang^ Li"), to

No. 618b), and,

like the latter, are

supply a coiu'se of study of four years.

These schools are to be organized so as to supply two

Courses of Study, namely, A.

K'o',

Complete

K'o\

Abridged Course. are to

and

Course,

B.

^jf

^^7^ Wan^ Ch'iian' % % Ps Chien^ I* K'oS

Those who complete the Abridged Course

rank with graduates of

Lower Normal

Schools {see No.

618a).

In the Memorial mentioned, the provinces were commanded: 1.

To

establish,

"School

for

supplying the

two years from

within

Training

Teachers

"Complete

Nos. 621 to 621b. of

Engineering;

Course," and B.

Q f§ ^ ^ established [

555

]

at

Professional

for

very near future, like schools supplying "

School

date,

least

one

Schools,"

To found, in the

Abridged Courses."

Chii Ch'i^ Hsueh^ T'ang», in

September,

1905,

in

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

^^^ students —

Szechwan province, at the with an enrollment of 30 report from

@^H

Ohi' Ch'i*

Chu^

later increased to

Arsenal,

50

{see a

Chao^ Erh'-hsun*, dated the 26th March,

1910).

j^ Medical

^g^^

Hangchow,

in

Kao'

This

School.

Teng'

Chekiang province,

T'angS Higher

Hsiieh^

I'

founded

been

has

at

the

city

of

accordance with a Memorial

in

from the Governor, Tseng Yiin, sanctioned by the Throne on the 12th January, 1911.

No. 623. of

Law

JS

i0C

Jp

^

and Administration

Fa* Ch6ng* Hsiieh^ T'ang^ College established at

;

Peking

in accordance

with a jNIemorial from the Ministry of Education, dated 1907, for the purpose of preparing students for a judicial or adminis-

As recommended

trative career.

in

a Memorial from the same

Emperor on the 20th September, College has been reorganized and it now serves as a

Ministry, sanctioned by the

1910, this

model for similar

As

at

present

Administration K'o', Sfc

institutions in the provinces.

has

Specializing

'^ F5

Cheng*

the

constituted,

College

two Sections, namely: supplying

Section,

Chih*

:Men^

three

Course

of

Law

and

IE f4 Cheng* Courses, i.e. A.

1.

in

Administration,

P

^

;^ P5 Fa* Lii* Men^, Course in Law, and C. ^g f^ Ching' Chi^ jNIen^, Course in Finance and Political Economy, of

B-

three years each, and 2.

JglJ

Pieh^ K'o\ Special Section, of

jfjf

three years.

For the Specializing Section there are yearly accepted pupils who have completed the course of a Middle School: for the

Special

Section

there

are

accepted as pupils

officials

or

scholars possessing a literary degree not higher than that of

H J^

Chii^ Jen^,

At there

is

and aged not more than 25 years.

the head of the College a Director {see No. 635).

Preceptor

{see

No.

636), [

of

He

Law

Professors

556

]

and Administration

has a staff compoted of a {see

No. 637;

in

an

PKESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

number), Tutors

indefinite

641), a

Works

^^

^,

Shu*

Wu*

The

{see

No. 643) and Clerks

designations of the

literarj-

politan

Graduate (Doctor) are

K'uei^,

and

of

®

^— A

The text should read as

^Jia^^Si^^^S^ia Sheng^

Chien^

Tu'

Japan, at the

in

Ti* I^ Jen^

iletro-

^ ^ Ta*

sanctioned

by

Chinese

the

follows:

Kuan' Li' Jih* Pen* Yu^

Ch'u*,

organized in accordance with a

Education,

first

tC Tien* Yiianl

No. 652.

Students

No-

No. 644).

{see

No. 629c.

HsueP

{see

Yuan', Assistant Steward, Secre-

No. 642), Accountants

{see

taries

No. 640), a Steward

{see

Inspectorate

of

Legation

Tokyo; re-

in

Memorial from the

Chinese

^NTinistry of

20th March,

Throne on the

1910.

The supreme establishment the direct

is

management

Chien^ Tu^,

and general supervision over

control

of the

aflEairs

is

Controller, appointed on the

carried on

^^^M

Wu* Wei'

Hsiieh^

by a

^^

recommendation of the

Chinese Minister and the Ministry of Education,

by seven

this

invested in the Chinese Minister to Japan, but

who

is

assisted

Yiian^ Deputies for

Educational AiFairs, dealing with correspondence, accounts and current affairs,

and four

For furnishing those

who

^ f2 :^ Shu^ Chi* Sheng',

instruction

in

the

CJlerks.

Japanese language to

" in desire to join one of the "five higher schools

Japan

(the number of students yearly sent to these schools has beeu

165 by an agreement between the Chinese and Japanese Governments) there have been instituted at Peking, as

fixed at

recommended

in

a Memorial from the Ministry of Education,

^

H

by the Emperor on the 26th January, 1911, J^ Yu2 Hsiieh= Jih* Pen' Kao^ Tcng'

Wu'

Hsiao* Yli* K'oi, Preparatory Courses for Students to the

Five

sanctioned

^M^%^%Pi Higher Schools in

Japan, extending over from one

to

two years.

For attending these there are yearly accepted persons unacquainted [

55^

]

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL OKGANIZATIOX OF CHIXA. with the Japanese language who have graduated from iliddle Schools.

No. 6o2a.

At

the head of the Office for the Selection of

Students for America there

whom

is

^

there are attached two

i^ ^| Tsung' Pan*, Chief, to %f Hui* Pan*, Assistants (see a a

Memorial from the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs, dated the

1

1th

March, 1910). No. 652b.

On

their return to Peking,

students

who have

been studying military sciences abroad are called upon to imdergo examination.

Those who successfully complete

receive literary degrees

studied (as

instance that of

(for

by the branch

qualified

Pu* Ping' K'oS Infantry

;

^ ^^ Chii^ Jen^),

science which they have

of military

X :^ f^ Kung^ Ping^

this examination

K'o\ Engineering

;

If f| fJf P'ao* Ping^ K'o\

^&^ Artillery),

:and are appointed as lieutenants or sub-lieutenants (see No. 658)

:according to the rating attained in the examination.

No. 702. Martial the

;

^

;a g-

^

Fa* Hui* Shen', Courts-

Chiini

organized in accordance with regulations sanctioned by

Throne on the 20th day

moon

of the 9th

of the

2nd year

of

Hsiin T'ung which, aiming at despatch and simplicity, provide that these be courts from which there

is

no appeal (instead of

the Civil Court organization of three grades).

Courts-Martial are found at Corps, Divisions and Indepen-

dent Brigades and, further, there are

^

Kao^ Teng^ Chiini Fa* Hui*

(at the Ministry of

Shih^

War), and

Chun^ Fa* Hui*

:

1.

The 1^

^ ^ ^ g"

ShenS Supreme Court-Martial

The 6| B$

5

^#

Lin^ fi Courts-Martial Extraoi-dinary

2.

Shen",

(convened in cases of necessity at separate military detachments smaller than a Corps, Divieion or Brigade).

The personnel officers

of

of ordinary Courts-Martial

the military

Supreme Court-Martial Military

Law

body

interested

drawn

is

of the Ministry of [

from

War.

558

]

;

is

drawn from the

the personnel of the the

Department

of

•

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OP CHINA.

A

Court-Martial

^f ^

1-

II

is

composed of

:

Shen' P'an* Chang', President of the Court

(of

the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, or higher, in dependence on

the

rank of the accused),

-

p1

3-

^

;^ *& Ssui Fa* Kuan', Officers of Justice (drawn from the ranks of Officers of the military body concerned),

^

f^Jl

Members

8hen= P'an* Kuan',

the rank of Lieutenant, or higher, in

(of

of the Court

dependence on the rank

of the accused),

II 1^ Lu* Shih*, Writers, and Lu^ Chun' 5^

4.

^ t

^S

0.

Prosecutors. Ch'a^ Tui*,

If Squads of Military Police.

At

715d.

No.

Chien^

^^

^

Also, there are

Peking there

a

is

School

the

Ohiin' Ohing'

Draftsmen

Military

for

^^ %% 1^ Mo^

P|^

Fan''

Kuan\

Ch'a^

Lu*

Model

Pan'',

in

Section,

where students from the various provinces arc taught, with the object of disseminating the sciences of

The

final

examinations of the

class

first

to

be graduated from

course of one year and seven

school took place, after a

this

surveying and drafting.

months study, in 1910, and the most capable of the students received the the

degree of Bachelor of Arts

rank of sub-lieutenant

the

;

less

(^

J\,

degree of Senior Licentiate of the 1st Class (see

No. 749.

Battalions (^- Ying') of the

Standard have various designations

g

1.

:

Chii' Jen'')

and

received

the

successful

No. 629a"1.

Army

4^

^

of the

Green

Chung^ Ying',

Ying^ Left

(Eastern), 3. :^ Ch'ien= YingS Yu* Ying', Eight (Western), 4. gu If (Northern), and Eear Van (Southern), 5. Hon* Ying^

Vice-President of the Censorate (see No. 209), alone. Nos.

825 to

Hui* Ch'u*,

826.

^ gr |§ ^ ^

Central Financial Bureaux.

such institutions

Cheng* Tsung'

The establishment of was

decreed by

May, 1909, with a view

to curtailing

throughout

Imperial Edict of the 24th

Ts'ai^

the

provinces

expenses in connection with the maintenance of various financial establishments in finances to the

The Tientsin

WiWM

the

provinces and the subordination of

all

Lieutenant-Governor.

first

Financial Bureau to be established was that at

(see

a Memorial from the Chihh Governor-General,

Ch'gn^

K'ueiUung2, dated the 24th March, 1910),

headed by the Lieutenant-Governor (see No. 825 ) as [

565

j

MH

.3

Tsung'

"

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA.

PanS

Chief, and the Salt Controller (see No. 835) as f^?

Tsung' Pan*, Assistant.

Pang'

Sections

M^ H$lk^ Hai^ Fang^

1.

:

^MW-MWi^

2.

Pay

Rations and

iSeetion for Issue of

Defence,

^¥

3.

)ffi f|q|

flS

^

ft

Liang^ Hsiang' Ku*,

of the "

Huai

Chiin

Lien* Chun^ Liang^ Hsiang' Ku*,

Pay

S§ Uh'ou^ K'uan^

Provision of Government

jg$

Ku',

of Troops of the Coast

Pay

Section for the Issue of Rations and

Troops, and 4.

^

Huai^ Chuni Liang^ Hsiang' Ku»,

Section for the Issue of Rations and

Troops,

^

consists of four

It

of the

"Lien Chiin"

Ku^

Section for the

Funds (among other

duties this Section

controls the collection of stamp-duties).

Each

^p

by a

Bureau

Section of the Tientsin Financial

headed

is

^ Uf Pang^

Tso* Pan*, Section Chief, and a fg

Tso*

Pan*, Assistant Section Chief.

With

Bureau

the inauguration of the Financial

the following vrere abolished:

Chih^ Ying*

Chii'',

compare No. 859),

3.

Provision

of

V# RS ;^ I^

2.

^ W- M ^ ^

^^^

Pay

Chun' Yin^ Ch'ien'

Huai''

to the "Huai Chiin" Troops

Ch'ou^

K'uan'

Government Funds

(at

Chii',

Chii', Office for the Issue of

Troops (at Paotingfu), and Chii^,

5.

Pay IE

f^U

;

^

to the "

UM

for

Office

Paotingf u

the collection of excise on wine and opium), 4.

Hsiang'

^

at Tientsin

Hai^ Fang*

Treasury of the Maritime Defence (at Tientsin;

So', Office for l.he Issue of

Tientsin),

1.

(at

the

supervising |pj

1^ Lien* "

Lien Chiin

Yin* Hua^ Shui*

Office for the Collection of Stamp-duties (at Paotingfu;

established in April, 1908).

In

accordance

with

the

terms

of

the

Imperial Edict

mentioned (of 24th May, 1909), and for the purpose therein stated, in all provinces there are

ChSng* Kung'

So'',

now found

the Lieutenant-Governors, controlling the

exception

of

Hi" Sfc

S

Ts'ai*

B'f

Financial Offices, under the direction of

Salt,

all

financial

affairs

Grain and Customs revenues,

are under the administration of their respective Taotais. [

5G6

]

with

which

:

PRESENT DAY POLlTICAl, ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. Offices are everywhere

Although these

six Sections:

^

%^ Tsung* Wu* K'o', Section ^g Hunan, Kiangsi and Chekiang), 2.

1.

Affairs

(found in

T'ien^

Fu* K'o\ Section of

and

Ohekiang),

3.

Chi*

Audit

K'oS

Kiangsi

Excise

09

'^ f Hunan and

Kiangsi), 4.

(found in

in

j*

of

f4 ^ui*

Kiangsi),

K'oi, Section of Customs Duties (in

^ ^ f^ Kuan' Oh'ueh* K'o^ Li' Shui* K'o\ Chekiang, ^ ^

Section of Section

of

Section

of

jfJf

and

§S£ 5f4

Hunan, Kiangsi

(in

Hunan,

in

;

Likin),

Wu*

of General

Yung* K'o\ Section

^hih*

Hunan and

Section

^^Wt Shui* ;

Land Taxes

Wi P(

fij

Expenditure (found in

imiform

not

is

In the majority, however, there are

throughout the Empire.

5.

under the control o£

Lieutenant-Governor, their organization

the

Cheng*

Hsing'^

6.

^l jgf jfJj Administration (in Hunan),

K'o^

These Sections

etc.

sub-divided into Sub-sections (for instance, in

may

be further

Hunan, there are

16 Sub-sections).

At

the head of each Section there

Section

Chief,

to

whom

YiianS Secretaries, and in

there

^ fg

\&

& Pc

^

subordinated

are

Shu^ Chi*.

K'o^ Chang',

%^

^

K'o^

Clerks (for instance,

Hunan and Kiangsi). 829b.

No.

public

spreading

regards educational affairs in the counties,

instruction,

these

etc.,

libraries,

As

are

establishment

invested

in

the hands

branches of town and county self-government

@ ^ SE

#

-o

of

schools of

and

auxiliary

institutions,

the

Hsiangi Hsueh^ Lien^" Ho=' Hui*, Village (Town)

Educational Associations, which, in accordance with regulations sanctioned

by the Throne on the 2nd December, 1910,

are

estabhshed at places far from important centres, or where there is

a dearth of funds.

No. 832.

The text should read

^ -^

Chiaoi

Affairs;

f^

She*

as follows

Commissioner for Foreign

Shih',

3a charged with dealing with

foreigners

;

in

the

province [

concerned.

567

]

questions arising with

This

official

holds a

—

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA.

{see

He

between

intermediate

position

that

Lieutenant-Governor

of

No. 825) and Commissioner of Education is

(see

No. 827).

directly subordinated to the Governor-General (see

820) or Governor

(sfc

No.

No. 821) of the province to which he

accredited and, at the same time,

is

is

subject to the control

also

of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Commissioners of Foreign Affairs are appointed from the

who have seen service at the Ministry of Foreign who have held substantive diplomatic posts in the

ranks of those or

Affairs,

provinces (ranking not lower than that of Taotai

and they are found established

April,

in

in

August,

see Hiof 838),

INIanchuria (see No. 806), Yiinnan (post

1908),

Chekiang (post established

1910), Chihli, Kiangsu, Hupeh,

in

Kuangtung and Fukien

(these latter were appointed on the 18th August, 1910").

In the provinces of Anhui, Kiangsi,

Hunan and Kuangsi

the supervision of affairs in which foreigners are interested

is

invested in the hands of the Commissioners of Foreign Affairs of

the

provinces

General,

i.e.

The Kansu,

under the jurisdiction of the same Governors-

those of Kiangsu,

Hupeh and Kuangtung.

provinces of Heilungchiang, Shantung, Shansi, Honan,

Hsinchiang, Szechwan and Kueichow as yet have no

Commissioners of Foreign Affairs. Eegulations regarding the Commissioner of Foreign Affairs

("i^'Bit^^

Chiao' She* Shih^ Changi Ch'eng^), framed by

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the 19th July, 1910, in reply to

a

Memorial

from

the

Committee

of

Ministers,

were

sanctioned by the Throne by Imperial Edict of the 18 th August,

1910.

At

the cities where Commissioners of Foreign Affairs reside

there are found

Foreign 1-

^ V$ S M

Affairs.

W^ M

'P'^*

These

f^hiao^

She" Kung^ So', Offices of

into two Sections Shui K'oS Section of Confidential Correspon-

are

[

organized

568

]

:

PEESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. and

dence,

f^MP\

2.

Sections

These

^^n^

I^'o^

I*

Translation

^ ^

by

administered

are

Section.

Wei'

Yuan",

subordinated to the Commissioner of Foreign Affairs concerned,

numbering, in some provinces, seven to eight for each Section, in

four to

others,

^ IB ^

and

five,

volume of

as the

Shu' Vhi^ Sheng',

affairs

(Jlerks, of

seems to demand,,

a number sufficient

tO'

attend to the business of the Section concerned.

In provinces where the post of Commissioner of Foreign Affairs

has not been established, Heilungchiang excepted, duties

appertaining to this official are invested in the j^

Wu*

Governor-fjeneral's (or Governor's) Y'amen.

the

^ ^ Yang*

ChiiS Office of Foreign Affairs (see No. 859), attached to

chiang there

is

^ g^

a

|J§

^

In Heilung-

Chiao' She* Tsung' Chii^

{see

No.

806a) for similar duties.

No. 835.

There are

Yen^ Yiin^ Shih',

Fu

(this

also the

Szechwan Salt

post was established

M )\\^M W.

Ssu^ Ch'uani

(Controller, residing at

by Imperial Decree Yen" -^

September, 1910, to replace that of

Ch'engtu

of the 26th

^ H ^^^

(Jh'a^ Tao*,

Tungi Sani abolished; see No. 841), and the J^ 5-S iM Shgng' Yen" Yiin* Shih', Salt Controller of Manchuria (see Supplement No. 818).

M^^^&M

Liang' Kuang' Yen^ Cheng* No. 835c. Kung' So', Salt Bureau of Kuangtung and Kuangsi; established on a Memorial from the Office of the ControllerGeneral of the Salt Gabelle, sanctioned by the Emperor on the

at

(Janton

2nd November, Office

This

1910.

directly

is

subordinated

mentioned, and to the Ministry of Finance, and

is

to the

charged

with the reorganization of the Salt Administration of Kuangtung

and Kuangsi.

At there

is

the head of the Salt

a

Jt^W

subordinated to

Bureau of Kuangtung and Kuangsi

Cheng*

him two

glj

[

Chien*

^ -@ 569

Tu',

Chief,

who has

Fu* Chien' Tu\ Assistants^ J

PEESENT DAT POLITICAL OEGANIZATION OF CHINA. and various other

His duties

officials.

Salt Controller in that he

is

differ

from those of the

in charge of the reorganization and

framing of regulations with regard to the Salt Administration of the

concerned,

provinces

while the latter exercises a general

super p^ision, as do other Salt Controllers.

As

No. 838. Taotais

regards authority, the Industrial and Police rather

Commissioners

provincial

are

than ordinary

Taotais.

No. 841.

The

post of

M

JH

^

if Ssu^ Ch'uan'

;ffi

Yen''

Ch'a^ Tao^, Salt and Tea Taotai of Szechwan, was abolished

Imperial Edict of the 26th September, 1910,

by

salt affairs being

transferred to the newly-appointed Salt Controller {see Supplement

No. 835) and tea

affairs to the local Industrial Taotai.

As recommended

No. 843.

in a

Memorial from the Liang

Kiang Governor-General, dated the 28th December, direct supervision of the

S§

!3I

/^

Kung'

^^'i^

1910, the

Chii^, Office of

Conservation of the Grand Canal, has been transferred to the J^

Wl

MM.

Huai^ Yang^ Hai^ Tao^, Huai-yang-hai Taotai.

No. 859.

On

a

Memorial from the Governor-General,

dated the 26th March, 1910, the following of Chihli have been abolished

:

the

]![

offices in the

^

|g-

^^

ChSn* Fu' Ch'i^ Chihli Relief Committee (organized the IS

^

jjlC

^Ij

M

Chii'',

in

Li*

1891),

Chih» Li^ Shui^ Li^ (^hii^ Chihli Irrigation

and the

Office (established in 1907),

Chien'' Tsao*

province

Chih'

4fc

j^

Peiyang Construction

^ jt J^ Pei^

Yang^

Office.

^^^

In Szechwan the "g" Kuan^ Pao* Shu^ Chu^ Government Newspaper Office, has been reorganized as the Tg* ED KlJ W\ Kuani Yin^ Shua^ Chii^ Government Printing Office, on a Memorial from the Governor-General, hsijn,

H^H

Chao

f:rh-

dated the 26th March, 1910.

No. 880.

At

the

Chancery

of

the

Assistant

Military-

Governor, P«u Jun, as proposed in a Memorial from this [

570

]

official,

PRESENT DAY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF CHINA. by the Throne on the 16th November, 1910,

sanctioned

MWC^^ ^

been established a

Reforms.

Ch'u*, Office of Constitutional

The Head

No. 901.

there has

Hsien* Chgng* Ch'ou* Pei*

Mongolian Affairs has been

Office of

Memorial from the Governor-

abolished in accordance with a

MM^

Chao Erh-hsun, dated the 20th June, 1911, (compare Supplement Nos. 805 and 812a).

Oeneral,

The

No. 907.

Wc.M:k^ Tibet (this post

Among

No. 49 1a).

medium

residing in Anterior,

;

of

other functions, this

known

is

&h' K'aS a Jfji Pai^ Fn\ He is assisted by a staff of

acts as a

E ;0

or

H

in Chinese as ]|g

Pa^ Fn\

$ ;^

'[^

I^ Ch'ing^

^ (^

Kuo''

Parbuttiya.

i.e.

Chang* ChingS

Native Affairs.

Secretaries for

The Imperial Resident supreme

official

commtmication between the Chinese Government and

Court of Nepal, which

command

Council

Tibet

of

invested

is

with

the

of both the Chinese garrison troops and the

native soldiery (||

Hsia^

1709)

in

appointed from the ranks of higher Chinese

;

and under the control of the Ministry of Dependencies

officials

the

:

Tsang* Ta^ Ch'en^, Imperial Resident of

was established

or Eastern, Tibet

(see

text should read as follows

102

&m

805a

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SI

97, 718, 871

g] *95

IIJ

&

186

I

I

SI

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822

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210, 210a,

n

210,

B

I

210A

I

I

I

Ijip

I

Ch'i' 436k

Beaf ^^

!R 291

I

il2A

IE ft

#

937a

Ji

©KJi^J

M

Ch'i*

571a

Jtfl 512

sa,^ 818 © S. 555

I

S,

I

I

^ 5S I" IIJ

805A I

Hffi

436A

Chia^ tl

I

I

427A, S.

849

St 13

SS

103D

849a

I

I

204

If 939

mmm ^m&

I

I

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3S939

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iif

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1

129c

Mfi

811

122

I

lEil 973,974 IB ^ S ?1

m

tIJ

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It :! S. 432,

ffi

^ ^ w a :s M 872a, ^ ^ 944, 944E ^ 945

464a

514, 773, S.

811

S 5]

M. 958

I

Chi*

424, 822, S. 423.

811A

Sh] ^-

I

g

607, 608

H

I

ChP if

476, 713, 766-

713

S873

I

mmmmA (jJ

229,

Ch'P

S.

Wt

90

ig

^ 3: ^ 493 ^ 52 373

I

90

m HJ

337

S«lli 514

ijl^V

W »^

a ^ JS S,

I

S^A

309

I

914b I

Sm

511

ItOf

^:^il

m

973, 974

g

??•

^

618b

977

,11:

jta

E ? i£

-

ft 943. 946

^«9'14

^^^W

917

[

Vii

]

515

INDEX

Chia«

OF CHINESE CHAEACTERS.

H -^ f^ 400, 407, 430, 430a, 700b, S. 436c

INDEX li

^£

I

S.

796A

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

W^ W

S it f Ji ^

851

Wl 625, 658, 846, Sr>l

I

IS 846, 852

Hii^tJ 852

I

427, S. 424,

PJi

757b

li^

437A

ia

I

674

Jl PI *B 852 819A

^

Ch'ih*

#>Ef!^

104b

SI 718

E 82, 83 A 272 H ^ a f 593

95SA

Iciin-

945

^I

f^ 607

Chini

iz

|&

I

S]

m

I

496

P^

499,

Sg

550b

f

62lA

f

fa S.

124

797

m

W- 363

ife

"*ii ffl

Chin'

672

ft f^ 698,

I

^

I

I

fi=

S

698a

103b, 663, 704, 706a, S.

436b

971

805a,

Chin*

758P

mm 944

S. 103b, 663, 704, 70CA S] 415a,

426a

ji

±

200, 596,

629c,

D, E,

631, 652E,.

955

Chih' \

^

?B Jf 271

if

I

S.

I

796a

I

^'MW-

Chih*

I

m^

573b

S ^

S73B

I

I

?& I

I

S tp

;3S

I

I

I

1

I

I

I

^ B

103a

^

I

jtg

I

ffl;^E

188

pJi

187

Ch'in^

504D, 125

t-k

123, 125 I

^ a

330 ;ff

330

793, 796c

Sljfg^ I

103,

^ ¥ PI « ^ 103a

S. 1.

ajE ^iE

I

±Rn; 629c ± {U # 593c, 6290, 631 ± m 596, B28

S.

137A

to

137b I

820 I

820 I

^ 820 a ^ 446 M S20

I

^

I*

ffl

3] 360

xi

^

5t Se :£

I

5«^«.SaiJ 98, 100

¥«C

I

]

^E

330

223. 221, 225, 226, 227

5c^.f^JE

mW [

IS .* la

I

436a

669

{11

Ji g

I

825 to 826

ffl

M ;6fr'656A,

S.

105A

iii?l&'g-*#ffiS§8«-^5R564.

I

Jt fj 185G, S.

^ ^ F^ 330 m ±m9'f\^^

100

aiJ

226

ii25

227

INDEX

«¥lf

98

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Ch'ing'

INDEX

± I

Jil

308,

495A

SSA

I

«g B] 37fiA

1

f:®

1

??Bm^^«oi

I

779, 780, 781

-^!S»^^614

I

^^»*^610

I

220, 222, 228, 598, 658, 759, 760, 763, 76 i, 857, 929

I

m 69, 69a,

76,

I

it

Ch'u^

104D, 204, 288, S92,

^*t|310

570, 593c, 625, 713, 798

6521

'R-

I

I

m.

232, 37iA, 412a, 625,

m

232, S.

I

li|4 812A,

WCA

709,

m.M.

S2-2

H B]

I

638

ft

5

S.

1^929

213

Chuan^

E * ;! 465c, 776, 776a M'MmW-;MX^m 267

^S ft

fl

I

I

I

:Sl!!*!il«917

® 'tSoA

«

ic

155

571, 7!

I

743, 743a, c i^/h^,^ 579, 717b

195 fit

8,

I

I

I

I

\

I

mMmi^e. E 907,

as

yl^

Ji

* I? 907,

S.

nmf^ff399 P^

^

ft^ it

I

P^

P ^ 583c, 621, 653,

I

PI

If-

I

P1^§l;tK2lB

^hffi/t312

W-:kB. 3S

*S:

^

I

312 i?]

I

260

I

I

Cli'u^ ffl

I

I

I

t) I

I

I

I

1

I

I

Df a^Ki ,y,

^ 916

iMiZ&

625 625

F^^m«i^62lB PI

399

iJJ

^ « S ip E 103a m it ^ 621B

Hi PI

;^C

I

P'3 f?g

I

P?JEKi^»399

I

fl;

925

313, 314, 315

Chuan^

7H5 ® '-P^J^^f^577, ^: -h

4|t

S.577

Ch'uan^

!t 576, 578

f IX^^^GOG f

xiv

714

608, 828

P1.XSfe§i^62lB

966

# 5930, 625, 629c, 631, 954, 956a

523b

PI

907 907

S.

P'!mW574

907

S,

617,

I

I

I

618b

fl-

9J f^ 617, 617a

I

I

I

436B

iia-818

I

711a

S.

185J

iffi923

I

412a

I

I

^ ff 648, 550c

|g

Chu*

H^

a- 12

I

I

]

979

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

Ch'uan^

INDEX

*

^^ ii

a ^ F^

687

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

5 S f]

432, S. 428,

436G

iKDBi

OP CHINESE CHAEACTHRS.

I^mm S. 832 1

f^MS.

128 to 129c

INDEX

OF CHINESE CHAEACTERS.

aij

^t

713A

INDEX

m ¥ m w ^ 659B

OF CHINESE CHARACTEKS.

^ I

ffl

H

367

itf^S.

Hsia*

431

T 18 ^ ± 658

127

Hou='

I

^ 94i, 944b, 966, 969 Hou*

I

I

mm I

\

I

I

I,

I

I

Hsiang^

mtk^t 768P m^^n ^1 » W * 526 ti * 768P

M D^OB

ffl

E

P'^

98

fl¥656 719

igf S.

HsiS ;

366b

187a

S.

1

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

»

1-936

1-JE229

fi971

^S I

971

S?iK97, 718

K m 936

'gr2

^569c S&796

^k

S&

ffl

b]

122

^937,

S.

iBl

^

796c

218

5?::'t#ll :0t1»|9l4A

W 438, 936 SB 415

^M

PJi

313b, 514, 514a, 767a

® IP ll S 885 1 ^ ^ 424 HsP ie^;^Ei07 tt:

»984

Hsi*

®?850

INDEJC

,1:94, 177a,. 180, 190, 393

Hsiao^

mmm

^

S.

a

221, 411, 547, 770A,

m m 97b, 718, 730, 746, 748 m iH 727, 746, 748, 874

S. 108,

I

^# .g§

I

551c, 771

97b, 718

g H] ^ 108 a & -g 874

ft «I 722, 737

S.

Hsiao'

>>«

'l'299, 713,766

¥ m 129B A H 743a * 3a ^ f^ SIS

m 670, 746 f 670 » 389, 391 U 749, 752 P ;^ ^ ± 132 ffi

S.

240

115

§1 576

§t fCfi. 618a, b

W f* *00, 407 P IS ^ I? 677 ^ if Wil" 618a, B, 63SC

«HIC

§752

mmmm eiss

t|5gE658

* M IE m g §1

p/t

^^658 St 799

618a

^ 576, 577A, 578, 579, 708, 709, 717A, B.

Hsieh*

S ^ JE 231

P ^ ^ fi * ;t ^ I& f* 577 (J19

Hsien^

Hsiao*

ife

^ ^ 629b, 964

I

^ f 696 ^#1^707

at*iE964

I

SS

:ft

Hsien^

577b, S35a

^:;'cE682

I

^A

I

il?

684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691

:^

i^-

S & t ^ 87A

H ti I

1

700 I

863a, 732A, 874

& m m 918 sites'

Hsieh^ i

1|l

863

Hsien*

m .1 929

656b, D, 672 ift S.

771A,

772,

774, 775, 783, 792, 811A, 874,

b,

I

752

j^l32

513

752

Hsien*

^ 658, 716

fflS912

?a t[

xxiv

]

# 5i 977

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

1^ 795,

846, 850b

?flll*mW218

gj 658, 79iA, 857

I

I

±

I

±^^658

±

I

15, 31

Si It 15

I

©15.

I

i-iKIti-'

I

^856

33

i|ip829A

I

^

ift

W

?!E Pfl

335 to 338, 308 to 102,

i^-

163 to 166

^»HH

I

796B,

822a,

S. 108, 160,

335 to 338, 311, 398 to 102,

121 to 434, 458, 163 to 166, 176 to 180, 880

i^^m^mm

1

14

I

^ S et 150A, 151

!&^^i%frM 5*18 ^ b6 :^ B

I

I

I

I

822a.

159A. S.

150 to 151

j^ & M ^ 822A ^ 656a

&^ ^ 715E

\

SB 937

I

^ 937

I

gli

^

ffi

928

Hsiu^

I

^ 656 Hsiii^

ft SI ?e 271 I

ftfflf 801A

Hsing^

am

f^

5f^9

^330 n'M&'if I

550B

Hsing^ .

fj 1

m

218A, 759, 760,

?|ffiz&218

S.

218 to 218A

INDEX

i

f Ji 128 to li9, 333 to 338 m W 656

t

m

t

^^n

S.

Hslian^ Ph 829a

mmm seu ii^934 ii

115

9^5

mm

n]

560

mm siizm 850 ^ 945 K SP ^ 945 m 11 BI 861a »|5

Hsuaii'' il

# 617, 617a, 618b Hsiielr

«

11^:^709 ffl

#

Bit

631

IE iiaA, 851a, 855a, 800 i^ 827, 827a

f§ B&

S.

335 to 338

M m S ii

408

E 829a ^{ft^'g"758r.'

g f 708, 711a g 758c pJi

g:li*»758P

!

SI :^ 679

?^822 ^A 412A

¥ # »t 631 :» 1^712 ff 850

M 274, 395, 941 ± 133, 193, 376 to 391 S.

a 827a ^717

m & 406, 411, 574, 652A, 828, m m # 828

9il

700, 796C

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

59778,800,824

I

I

* "^ SCO Mf^^soo

I

ffl*ig800

^ ^ ^ 342A

3t

I

jt EE If 797, 800 St 59 EG. i^

1

ffic^):eif8oo

I

ffl(S)*i?800

*^

^ 796a m^ikWSl

fiH

800

I

m ^^ 779, 780, 781 ^734,741,742 I

83r,B

^f]272

I

ffi#269

Ha a

^ * $5 734, 741

I

¥Sc«I734,742

1

835b

^ ft

I

m M 676, 974 ii!^726

!gSf«®784 g 665, 669,

1

S. 665, 669, 672, 674, 677, 702, 704,

674, f,77, 702, 706b, c

705. 706a, B, C,

Hsiin*

^

I

I

I

» m 103A ^ 618a, 658,

^®1^812a 436c

^

794, 850,

520, S. 753

Hua^

85lA, 853,

855A, 857, 860 :fE I

^ 99,

950a

«857

m .1 S] 118 m m 122

Hua'

I

as

I

#ll^ 914a, 916 H S; U 875, 916, 916a, 917 Hu'

^ I

I

I

^® -t

I

774

Hua^ P^57r,

I

97A, D. 733,

741A, 742

|i®&835B

I

741,742

mf 663

I

1

I

¥iK "734,

I

51857

I

SB^fr542

I

11^80

S.

I

riK349, 932

I

I

I

^•JKo04d

I

J&914

INDEX

HuaP

m w mmfn I

II fi its.

i S.

825 to 826

8-13

Huan''

-gfsn Huang''

^1112

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

^ 715a

Huo^

588, 652E, 653

'K^m^l^^^ 717A

^

iZ

'^i^ 733,737

18.">K,

I

I

mmm?nro7B

588 252, 301a, 34fiB, 514, 709,

711a, 712, 713a, 7B(iB, 807

m^f^ 591 ^^lt^93A i^ ^ 521, 669, 674, 677,

(;7o,

077, 704,

70.-,,

713a

\

g

1

702, 701,

812a.

705,

679,

680,

706a, B,

C.

677

766b

696,

88,

707,

:a88

± 237, 240

S. ~:,i

675,677, 711a, 8.

^ a

f4 431, 43lA, 69S, iS 504b

629c 5fe

8.

A 9i5

240

240 S. 427,

43CH

S] 185k

^ 99, 103b *^ » 4< 702 ^ ^ t 807

8.

240, see

21

af

^

fT

4:-!7a

593

^"S6iff*69

^^± 469,813 ^^f ^^ A

^ ti * :^ 907, i «A S A945

806, 809, 812

184J, 805, 831a,

8.

907

i§ iS

B

^ f 808 ^mV- 184J H ^ f 809 ^ *» » 'f 1678 ^" » IE 1" 325, 664, 711a ^ ^ ^ 873 #" a IK f 662 liK

^ 1

SI]

S] 376a, 380a

?g JP

F"!

rfl5S.

376

585

-?^

I

I

Z;®

^fS^A159B ^-

3S¥

1^

77

SC 745b

'^ 744c,

I

86(;

I

§j

? re ^ 8K3

I

i

626a

:ft

571, 737, 738, 748

if 799 j!tg

185H,

I,

301, 345b, 427b,

±

185H,

I,

428b

436k

301, 427b, 428b, 469.

487, 770c, 813, S. 432a, 436IC

857

,

p;(

469, 487, 813, 8. 432a,

[[856

.

m

31 99

Jif

,

956

m ^ 5770, 631

^ £, 679 Slj tl5

fi-

a 935

^ Jg ^ 598, 605, 605a » m m 621, 625

® 504B

I

t850 It 1850 588

I

H

I

[

xxix

f 408, 806, 809 m m 156, 179

INDEX

^ » ^ 653

OF CHINESE CHAEACTKES.

K'ao'

# S J*

# ^ A 437A

fl^

bI 150

if 514, T66B

1

if

fj\

if

pJi fl.

if

pjt

^ a 221

^ JS 5p A- E 923 ^ it i* :^ E 920a m r 805A ^ H ¥ :^ E 923A

^

PJT

-r 221, 767

SI It !& 922. 922a

!f

I

I

g514, 766B

I

I

I

221, 766b, 767 221, 767

^ M i*

:^^

Jt f^ 426,

Ep

pji

654A

mM^

1150,

f 629b,

S.

K'ang^ JX

^ ^ 426a, 698

m S50

X

^ ^ ^ H 758c,

762,

I

-^ I

/J.

X

763

f

I

2K

S.

I

-^

I

I

I

\

I

1=

K'en''

M# ^ -^ m ® ^ -^

fg f, 777, 782 777 1^ 3-

621 to 621b

If J^ 568, 76GB, 786

I

&& 771a

592a, 621, 627, 717a

I

I

306

^ G28, 6520

^ ^ ^ 522, 621A

^gP^

I

fi]

;^ S] 336

m ^ 576, 577a, 578, 717a,

^Pg583,

I

185H

X^ 514

^ S F^ P ^ 653 ¥ ¥.f£ -t ^ S. 702

I

'13"

XM*«7

^ttmS-S^eiA

I

822A

758f

520

;c^

Kao^

I

335 to 338, 423, 43GA

m ^ 822A

K'air 5^11

E 922

S.

^

#|^f^816A 3^

/

:?*^578

i^,

I

? ^ ^ J^ _^ 578 ? ^ .^ 578 ^ %J ^ ^ ^ 578

752a,

S.

IE as

752f,

p.

796, 300

'J«

Pai^

/J-

^ 618, 619, 619a O

^^ 65 iE 8^

m 915A

e

/J-

I

illL

+

*:

i?:

ffi

437a

*(2)

ffi .See

§15

Pai^ i f a 124

E'

See Ao'

•ar D!=656b,

^W

iS

^ ^ IJ § 652B

F,

711a

I

fi 661, 679, 704, 70B

I

1-71IA

I

m m 654a

A!^718 ffi

Wi

m

t)

^

/Jv

P'ai*

^ ^ 717A

mn ^ .^ 679 SE 742

as ai

H

422a,

S.

551b

'J'

Pan!

BMi^''h^^ 717a

3gE 99,

* 717 & 944

ffiC*^

SI n"

iH

I

I

^ 'T 309

I

C

^lil

713

mm

122

m"9i8

P iS ® SS E iJ «! 914b ]

bt*

Pan*

CHINteSE CHARACTBKS.

IISfDEX

-VC

I&

3(i(iB

^157,766

I

lf&79(:

I

S& SS

I

H

ffi

*-B

l5l

7yr,D

m»oo

I

i^^iS

I

tfi

\

^ ^ _^ 715A

±&

476, 789,

^S.

-f^zKm

I

820b

5S4

Pei*

^ if 15

11

:A:

E

1U6

P'ei^ isiffi

a¥i$

115

P'ei ei' !

&m

12.1

Pen' *f1-

252,

602,

615, S. I

m

(iOB,

618c,

(i07,

623a,

584

138

P'eiio-

m

65«B,

V,

706

6U.

612,

627,

787.

A

OP CHINESE dHARACTERS.

$1

^

^^m M

ilO, 18S

I

ijl]

SU

S

S.

^

15-1

335 to 338 I

200b,

593c, G29c

P210A

% Ml 185m, 130b, 859 H f^ 700, 436C S.

415, 417, 936

r35

1

fflSf^ftS. 753

I

SB

# SP 820D, 834 H if 816, 835, 838,

I

844,

844c, 894

flSit^F^816A

I

373

669

ia W- 796a if 796A

I

S.

LI Sk

S

j:|

m Ig & S? 698

1

ft

5]

1111697, B98

I

^ 't 809

,!|

W936

I

'^ ff 372

H * JS m A 34lA

ii

m.

P'ing^

106

Zp

m «52

ST

IGIA

g]

K 512A

I

*J§406

JgJ

~0

« H ta lOlA I

^430b I

S ^ 196A

m & 111 ISA

411

W216

^t712

Po^

g^S. 131 p 861a p S 863a, 877a

i!^822

m^ i^

196

I

^ 816a, 822

^:kB.

1

(fl

817, 8i.-,A

I

Pien^ if I

@

6t)5

@

^^71lD

ii St

;iiij

&

^ 863, 877a

;te

«

S.

206

^

S.

206

I

I

± 229. 230, 231,412a, 944a

mmxm

^ii±758E

g

944, 966, 969

I

i8« I

I

515

±^-T-m96o ±agg384B 4IJ

bI 618b

Pin^ Pll^

mm&n 849a

in£

m

\

I

iS ^

mnS. 713A

^ 703, 711

1" )^

I

I#^715F

iBi

D

*B 795A to

D

^ ii ^J 849A ^ *n 795A to D, 849 g£ ^ 796

PfitlSSN

I

^^''

ig IS 795a to

^^707

|Bl

[

xlv

]

lifbES

m m 965

OF CHINESE CHARACTERS. San' St Wl 855 I

I

11854

H

S.

753

San* fa

m f 737

INDEX Shang^

OF CHINESE CHAKACTEES,

^nm^zm t^sb,

s.

221

Sben' tftfi]

m

81

INDEX

OJ*

mm^^

124

CHINESE dHAEACTERS.

iNDEl

m^^

S.

825 to 826

Of

Hltt 'f

•"lia."

Zaamur

District)

:

" Barga

Manchuria and Mongolia";

Harbin, 1905.

the same author: "Dictionary of Mongolian Expressions"

By

(11th volume of "Eesearches in Manchuria and Mongolia.")

Harbin, 1907.

A. A. Batorshy

"Short Military,

:

Statistical

and Descriptive

Treatise on Mongolia"; Parts I and II (originally published in the "Magazine of Geographical, Topographical and Statistical issvied

Eesearches in Asia," Nos. 37 and 48); edition

by the Instruction Committee

of the

General

Staff.

1889 and 1891.

St. Petersburg,

V. V. Hagelstrom, (Student-interpreter of the Imperial Russian

"Confucianism

Peking):

Legation,

Descendant

of Confucius,

in

K'ung Ling-i."

1906-1907: The St. Petersburg,

1909.

By

the same author

"

:

A

Short Description of the Judicial

Establishments of China " (published in the " Chinese

News"

28th May, 1909, issues Nos. 7 and

of the

John Zakharow (teacher of Manchu of St. Petersburg):

Good

8).

at the Imperial University

"Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary."

St. Petersburg, 1875.

The

jyionk

(-hina."

By

lakhinf (Bichurine): Civil and St.

the same author the Chinese).

A

JNIoral

Aspect

of

Petersburg, 1848. :

" Description of Peking" (translated from

Peking, 1906.

manuscript: " Sketch of the Political Organization of China." [

Ixxiv

]

SOURCES OF INFORMATION. A. von Landesen and P. Shkurkine China "

volume

;

" Section

I,

members

(active

" Society of Russian Orientalists ")

of the

" Reference Book of

:

General Information."

of

Harbin, 1909.

Stephan Lipovtzev (translated

:

" Institutes of the Chinese Colonial Office "

from the Manchu); two volumes.

St. Petersburg,

1828.

Z. Matussovshy

:

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St. Petersburg, 1888.

Archimandrite Palladium (late Chief of the Russian Ecclesiastical

Mission

and

Pekinop)

at

P.

PopofF (Senior

S.

Imperial Russian Legation at Peking)

Interpreter of the

" Chinese-Russian Dictionary "; two volumes.

A. Pozdneef:

" Mongolia

and

Mongols.

the

Itinerary,

1892.

Pohotiloff: "

Ou

T'ai

and

its

of

a

Diary and

;

Volume

II

;

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Diary and Itinerary, 1893.

D.

I

1896.

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St.

Results

Volume

Journey to Mongolia, 1892-1893."

:

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Past" (Memoirs of the Imperial

Russian Geographical Society, section of General Geography,

22nd volume. No.

St. Petersburg, 1893.

2).

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Cavalry)

"

:

The Chinese Army

Organization " (" Researches in ]\Ianchuria,

Harbin, 1908.

China," issue No. 21). JBy the same author tion

and

:

"

The Chinese Army

By

the same author

Hsiin-fang-tui

:

;

No. 22).

issue

" The Chinese

Category

:

Military Administra-

(" Researches

Organization "

Monijolia and China"

^Mongolia and

;

Army

Military

in

^Manchuria,

Harbin, 1908. ;

Troops of the

Equipment "

searches in Manchuria, Mongolia and China "

;

("

issue

ReNo.

Harbin, 1908. 26). P. S. Popoff " The Central Government Organization of China and Branches of the Administration." St. Petersburg, •

1903.

Supplement, 1909. [

Ixxv

]

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

Colonel Putiata

"

:

Armed Forces

o£ China and the Principles of

Mihtary Science as Interpreted by the Ancients " (" and

zine of Geographical, Topographical

ches in

By

Asia"

issue

;

No. 39).

Maga-

Statistical Resear-

St. Petersburg, 1889.

" China "

(" Magazine of Geographical, Topographical and Statistical Researches in Asia " issue

the same author

:

;

No. 59).

(article in

V. N.

1895.

St. Petersburg,

"Administrative

A. Spitzyne:

the "Messenger

Organization of

Asia "

Sharenberg- Shorlenter

von

Dictionary of ^Military and Naval of

:/c

l^

^ ^

If if

2,

Lieutenant)

Words and

Kuangi

Ch'ingi

I'a^

October, 1909). :

" Short

Expressions-

Peking, 1910.

Contemporaneous Chinese."

:)fe

;

(First

Manchuria"

of

No.

Hsu*

Hsini

New Laws

during the Reign of the Emperor

and Commands Issued Kuang Hsu (during the

Period 1901-1908).

volumes.

Fa'' Ling*

:

by the iS

Collection of

^ ^ if -^ ^ :

fl)J-

* ^

^

PU Shanghai, 1908.

:^ Vf Ling*

20

Ts'e*,

Shangi

Wu*

Ta* Ch'ingi Hsiiani

(Jollection

Edition issued

Yin*

Shu^ Kuan^,,

T'ung'

Hsin'

New Laws and Commands

of

Fa*

Issued

during the Reign of Hsiian T'ung (during the period 19091911). issued

27

Ts'e*,

flff

by the

i^

\olumes

^

l^fJ

^

(in course of issue).

If

Wu*

Shangi

Edition

Yin*

Shu^

Kuan^ Shanghai, 1909-1911.

MM MIS U li K'angi Nan^ Hai' Kuan^ Chih* of

Ranks,

by

K'ang

M^^M Kuang' if

© if ®C

Edition

by

of

the

:

Discussion

issued

by the

Chih* Shu^ Ch^i^ Shanghai, 1906.

fi Ch'ingi Kuo=^ Hsiui Cheng* Fa*

Organization Issued

Yu-wei.

I^

Empire

Chinese

the

M ^

'% Ml Kuang'

Shanghai, 1906. ''b [

Ixxvi

]

;

:

Administrative

second (^hih*

edition-

Shu^ Chu^,

:

SOURCES OF IXrOElIATlON. Ch'ingi Kuo^ Hsini Kai' Chih* Tsu'

JfBlfriC'/&llS5i^ Chih'' T'ung^ Piao^

New

Table of

:

Political Organizations

in a form indicated by '^ |^ Wei^-te^, Chinese Minister to Tokyo, 1909.

Compiled

of China.

^^

§^ '^ -X 'M

Ch'ini

TV

Ting*

Ta

Collected Institutes of the


Hsin' Lii*

Commercial Laws Sanctioned by the

Shih^ Chung'

New Two

Ch'ini Ting* Hsiin^

IPf Ts'e*,

*^li'"i'

'^'"^^S"

Rules and

of

Five

lit Pei='

Changi

P

Hsini

the

'^MWCBM.U

*^^"h^

if

Tsuan^

Lei"

Sanctioned by the

Edition issued by the

Shui Chd^ Peking, 1908. :

Table of

by the i^ Wt J^ Fu'

Cheng*

of China.

^M

Tso*

Tsu'

Chih*:

The

Edition issued by the

Chih^ Na*

r41 j|t l^ei'

Officials.

Peking, 1909-1911.

Nos. 6 to 13. ^^a*

Government Organization

a

Ch'eng^

Lan' Piao^

I'

Hsin' She" Feni Chii^.

^ IK @

Emperor.

Regulations

periodical publication issued

ft

by

Ts'eS volumes.

fl)J

ft if S If ^ ^ _ ^ g Chih^ Kuani

A

Changi

volumes.

^"^M^MM Emperor.

W

Ching' Hsin^

Sanctioned

Regulations

Police

Collection

Edition issued by the 4t

Shu^ Chu^ Peking, 1906.

Hsini

Jih*

:\Iei5

Wen^" She*, Tientsin, 1904. *\*

^ X"^ — Table

of

MM Chungi Kuo= the

»|»

®

Jfe

K'o^

siie^ Yen"-

SI

^ IK f

Shu'

Empire, by j^

Ta* Kuan^ I^ Lan= Piao'

Officials

of

formerly issued by

publication

Hsini

Higher

^^

:

Chii^

Nos.

the

1 to 5.

A

("hina.

f^ Ws W^

:

periodical

^^

Tso*

Peking, 1909.

tt Chungi Kuo^ Ti* Li^ Hsiieh^ Chiao*

Manual

of

the

^ ^ T'u^ Chi*.

Geography Third

of

edition.

the

Chinese

Issued by the

^ fP ^ If Shangi Wu* Yin* Shu^ Kuan', Shanghai,1906. [

Ixsvli

]

:

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

f{*MM^^'M

Chung' Kuo2 T'ieh= Lu" Chih^ Nan^: Chinese

Railway Handbook.

i^

'/a 'i'

®

^^^^

by the

Edition issued

ChuS Shanghai, 1905.

Kuang^ Chih* Shu'

Cheng* Chih* Kuan' Fao"

The Peking Gazette,

:

Peking, 1907-1910.

Ball, J.

Dyer

" Things Chinese or Notes connected ivith China."

:

Fourth Edition. Betz, Dr.

:

Shanghai, 1903.

" Die Provinzialbehorden " (cf infra Hauer). .

(H.B.M's. Consul at Ningpo)

Giles, Herbert A.

By

the same avithor

"

:

:

"A

Chinese-

London, 1892.

English Dictionary."

A

Glossary of Reference on Subjects

connected with the Far East.

Third Edition.

Shanghai,

1900.

Gory, Jules (Chinese Customs)

ment Bank."

De

Groot, J. J. Its

:

" Notes on the Chinese Govern-

Peking, 1908.

M.

{Ph. D.)

" The Religious System of China,

:

Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect.

Manners, Customs and Social Institutions connected thereVolvime

with."

III

Part III, The Grave). Hauer, Dr.

(Book

1,

fiir

the same author hai, 1902.

:

zii

:

.Tahrgang XII.

Berlin.

Ostasiatische Studien.

"Expose du Commerce

Pierre:

Chang-hai, 1898.

Jernic/an,

Dead

Orientalischen Sprachen an der Koniglichen

Erste Abtheilung

By

the

Leide, 1897.

Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat

p.

of

" Pekinger Zentralreigierung " (Mittheilungen des

:

Seminars

Iloaiiff,

Disposal

Berlin, 1909).

public

du

Sel."

(Varietes Sinologiques No. 15).

" Melanges sur I'Administration," Chang-

(Varietes Sinologiques No. 21).

T. R. (Ex-Consul-General of the United States of

America

at Shanghai, China)

and Policy."

:

" China's Business Methods

Shanghai, 1904. [

Ixxviii

]

SOURCES OF INFORMATION. Kennelly

"

:

M.

Comprehensive Geography

Richard's

of

the-

Chinese Empire and Dependencies (Translated into English, revised and enlarged

by

Mayers, William Frederick

Manual

:

Chinese

of

Shanghai, 1908.

).

"

The Chinese Government."

Titles

arranged

categorically

A and

Third Edition (revised by

explained, with an appendix.

Shanghai, 1896.

G. Playfair).

Mayers, 8. F. (Assistant (Chinese Secretary, H.B.M's. Legation, Peking) " List of the Higher Metropolitan and Provincial :

(Compiled by the

Authorities of China." taries

H.B.M's. Legation, Peking).

Morse, Hosea

England tary,

Ballou (A.

B.,

Harvard

;

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:

Administration of the Chinese Empire."

Okamoto

"

A

Dialect."

Parker,

E.

Fifth Edition. " China. :

H.

Theophile

:

Peking

Tokyo, 1907.

Her

" Manuel

Recueil Ideologique en

Diplomacy

History,

de

to the Present

Langue

and

Day."

Mandarine

Chinois, Frangais

termes, locutions et idiotismes de la -Nord

in

London, 1901.

Second Edition.

A.

Shanghai, 1908.

Chinese Pronunciation Dictionary

Commerce from the Earliest Times Piry,

S.,

Commissioner of Customs and Statistical Secre" The Trade and G. of Customs, China)

;

I.

:

Chinese Secre-

Shanghai, 1908.

et

ou

Anglais des

Langue Mandarine du

(Texte Anglais par M. Ch. H.

Oliver,

M.A.).

Shanghai, 1895. Williams, S. Wells

:

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A

Survey of the

Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts and History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants."" Revised edition.

In two volumes.

[

Ixxix

]

New

York, 1904.

—

Extracts prom Criticisms op the Eussian Edition of •"The Present

Day Political Organization

of China."

(^Tramlation.')

we

It is with great pleasure

and heartily welcome, the appearance

note,

combined

this creditable work, produced by the

effort of

H.

S.

of

Brunnert and V. V.

Hagelstrom, former students of the Department of Oriental Languages of

St.

Petersbm'g University, with the active and intelligent assistance of the Chinese Secretary of the Imperial Russian Legation at Peking.

We

venture to say with confidence that in the

enumerated by the authors

in their "

list

of

works of

this kind,

Sources of Information," the present volume,

in the abundance, variety and up-to-dateness of the information supplied, has no

and its modest title by no means describes its contents in full. The book gives more than the " Present Day Political Organization of China ;" it discusses other, not less interesting, institutions of China now in the

-equal

;

process of reformation, for instance, education, military forces, banks, railways, telegraphs and telephones, colonization, judicial establishments, etc.

Our attention was

particulai-ly attracted to the

concerning education, in which

China in general and,

as to the present system of education in "types

and management of present day schools

— elementary,

higher, normal, professional and special, universities

same time there

the

much

is

considering

new

in particular, the

primary,

At

schemes,

staff.

establishments the authors do not confine them-

mere enumeration of their functions and those of

selves to the

middle,

and schools for females.

information concerning educational

educational administration and the teaching

When

comparatively large portion

found much valuable and detailed information

is

their sections

;

exact dates of the Imperial Decrees calling the institutions concerned into existence are given and, in

When

many

The translation .posts

cases, these

Decrees are quoted, either in part or in toto.

reviewing reformed establishments

tliey

invariably add historical comments.

of the Chinese designations of the

and ranks into Russian,

to correspond to our

numerous

nomenclature

institutions,

— no light task

has been exceedingly well done. In conclusion,

1

venture to express

my

opinion that this work, being the

best reference book on the Present Political Organization of China, will prove a necessity in reading books concerning

government establishments which China,

consequence of the reform movement, has been lately so enriched and,

also, will

in

be

found indispensable

in the examination of government and private records and Popoff, Professor of Chinese at St. Petersburg Vniversity, somrtime Chinese Secretary of H. I. P. M's. Legation, Peldng.

documents.

—

P.

S.

Nous connaissions la Chine. •et les

jusqu'ioi

trfes

imparfaitement I'organisation politique de

Quelques services qu'aient rendus

"Melanges sur rAdministration" du

n'etait suflisamment

detains,

et

le "

P.

d'ailleurs

Chinese Government" d'e Mayers Hoang, aucun de ces deux ouvrages Tun et I'autre sont antfirieurs k la

plupart des r^fornies qui ont transform^ les rouages du gouvernement chinois. Aus?i ne pouvons-nous qu'accueillir avec le plus vif empressement le volumineux

ouvrage dans

lequel

MM.

Brunnert [

et

Hagelstrbm, sous

Ixxx

]

le

controle

de

M.

—

Koleijboff, out etudie

toutes

les

la datb exaote

institutes

aveo un soin extreme rorganisation politique contemporaiiie

innovations y out ete indiquees

;

ou

elles

y a

il

trfes

ont 6t# promulgueee et on a oit6

ajouter I'indication des mots

Pao. .

nombre

soit traduit

du decret qui

les

a

Nous

russe

le

;

en une langue accessible a

d'autre part nous voudrions y voir

mandohous qui entrent dans

la

composition d'un

simplement transcris eu ohiaois.

et qui sont