Prepositions by Example: The Quickest Way to Learn and Practice English Prepositions [Paperback ed.] 1477483071, 9781477483077

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Also by Andrew Bruckfield

Prepositions by Example - The Quickest Way to Learn and Practice English Prepositions Copyright 2012 by Andrew Bruckfield

ISBN 978-1-477-48307-7 paperback edition All rights reserved to the author, Andrew Bruckfield. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Some views expressed in this book are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of other authors and publications. Information & Contact Requests for additional information or enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be sent to OakPublishers, at [email protected]. Suggestions and constructive criticism are welcome.

Introduction PREPOSITIONS are essential to the meaning of a sentence. They connect words and show the relations between them. Learning prepositions will help you to better organize and express your ideas. Without them, communicating effectively in English would be very difficult, if not impossible, whereas using the wrong ones would create confusion and produce a completely different meaning. On the other hand, using prepositions correctly can improve both your writing and your conversational skills, which, ultimately, will boost your confidence and help you refine your communication. As a simple example of how a preposition can affect the meaning of your message, compare the two almost identical sentences below: a) She went to the post office to send a letter to her mother. b) He went to the post office to send a letter for his mother. In (a), her mother is expected to receive a letter from her; in (b), he helped his mother by going to the post office in her place because she was not able to go at that time. Prepositions by Example presents over 100 essential English prepositions, including some high-frequency complex prepositions, explaining them in a simple and practical manner. All entries start with the name of a preposition written in bold capital letters highlighted by a black background. Each entry contains at least one basic definition followed, when appropriate, by a more detailed explanation or description and one or more examples. All prepositions appear in small bold letters when part of an example, or in italics when part of the main text, as shown below:

FROM

Describing origin or source Used in association with the preposition to to describe the starting point, origin or source of an action, process or event: They are driving from Miami to Orlando. The farmer sent fruit from California to New York. I walked from the beginning to the end of the street. Most usages of the prepositions of transportation and time correspond directly to one of its usages as a preposition of place or direction, and some prepositions are also used for general reference. For instance, about can be used as a preposition of time (a), direction (b) or location (c), but also functions as a preposition of reference (d): a) It's about ten o'clock. b) She put the collar about the dog's neck. c) The office building is located about the center of the city. d) He writes about politics for the local newspaper. The prepositions introduced in each chapter are presented in their primary sense of direction, location, transportation and time, according to the corresponding chapter, including their extensions into the figurative and nonspatial domains when applicable. Descriptions are often explained in a tense-neutral form to reflect the function of the preposition. For instance, the word happens in the description of over below does not necessarily mean that something happens in the present tense:

OVER Throughout or during Used to describe an event or period of time throughout or during which something happens: Temperatures increased over the last century. Start practicing now!

Chapter 1 - Direction Prepositions used for showing direction and describing movement toward a physical goal, and for expressing purpose, intention, feelings, and other conditions or situations that can affect something or someone. TO Direction, movement & reception Used to describe movement toward some place or area: They are driving to Orlando. The children walk to school every morning. Jennifer traveled from New York to London. She goes to her spinning class every morning. The truck backed to the unloading platform. The book fell to the floor. Used to describe direction or route toward a particular point or destination: We enjoyed our trip to Europe. He pointed his finger to the door. The road to San Francisco is beautiful. There was a closet under the stairway to the attic. Used to describe a route toward a particular condition or situation: They were on a path to success. The road to recovery will be tortuous. Used to help describe an intention or action (sometimes with negative

consequences or connotations) toward something or someone: He sent a letter to her. Tommy gave an apple to his teacher. He was not invited to the party. She did something bad to him. Please, show him to the door! Used for communication: John is talking to Mary. He said God spoke to him. How often do you listen to the radio? I'm a little distracted, but I'm listening to you. Used to indicate a particular direction or coordinate: I turned my face to the wind. The boxer landed several blows to his head. They sat shoulder to shoulder for the entire film. The waiter placed the napkin to the left of his plate. The park office is located one mile to the right of the road. The space adjacent to the sidewalk is a no-parking area. Used with from to help describe the change of a particular condition: She went from obese to slim in a short time. In America, anyone could rise from rags to riches during a career. Used with from to indicate the endpoint of a range: Their net income range from $5,000 to $60,000! Thy walked from 250 to 300 miles. Used to describe some kind of physical connection: The heavy chain was attached to the anchor. They closed the access to the bridge. The cable is connected to the TV. Used to indicate access: Here is the key to my apartment.

What are the age requirements for entrance to school? Used to describe connection with some kind of relationship: She is an assistant to the minister. The child was born to an alien father. The character is necessary to the plot. This species is exclusive to this ecosystem. She is married to her high school sweetheart. Used to describe relation, indicating what or who is affected or is the recipient of an action, a situation or a particular attribute: He is addicted to war. She means a lot to me. Your argument has some merit to it. Make sure you keep the secret to yourself. He was committed to his family and to his duty. FM stations used to be an alternative to AM stations. Nuclear weapons are a threat to humankind. They have always been dedicated to charity. Used to describe response or reaction: This exercise is new to me. They danced to the waltz. To his surprise, she said yes! She said "yes" to his proposal. Used to describe some kind of limit or boundary: Membership is restricted to women. Order quantities are limited to 10 copies each. Exercise to exhaustion can be dangerous. I went to the limit of my ability. Used to indicate a particular situation: Let's stay here until everything comes back to normal. The country opened the doors to peace again!

Used to indicate achievement or what is responsible or serve as a basis or source for a particular result or performance: The stake was cooked to perfection. His electric car gets 40 miles to the charge. We used an exchange rate of 13 pesos to the dollar. The structure was designed to the specifications of the engineer. Used to indicate the result of an action or process: She cut the meat to pieces. The convention was brought to a halt by a tornado. Used to indicate general goals, dedication, or purpose: Here is a guide to the best of London. I'm reading the preface to the new edition. To this purpose, I would like to make a suggestion. Used to describe comparison or change: Their team won 21 to 17. She loves all winter sports, from skiing to hockey. Unfortunately, his work has not measured to what we expected! He changed from one extreme to another. Used to construct the infinitive of a verb: I am ready to go now. I would really like to see you again. It's good to know that you will be there. See to also in Chapter 4.

FROM Describing origin or source Used in association with the preposition to to describe the starting point, origin or source of an action, process or event: They are driving from Miami to Orlando. The farmer sent fruit from California to New York.

I walked from the beginning to the end of the street. The hurricane is moving from south to north. a gift from parents to children. Also used without the preposition to: They arrived from Miami. She graduated from Harvard. The cable is coming from the wall. From my house, I can see the lake. The car was imported from Germany. Can we really see Russia from Alaska? She received a letter from her boyfriend. Used without motion or action verbs to indicate origin or provenance: My car is from Detroit. The gift is from my parents. She is from Italy, she is Italian. This wine is from France. Used to denote the condition or situation that is the origin of an action: I learned from experience. They escaped from the problem. He came from a very poor background. Used to describe physical removal or separation: He was ejected from the club. How can I remove this stain from my shirt? Used to show what natural material is used to make something: They made low income houses, built from bamboo. He knows the art of making glass from sand. Bricks made from clay are very common. Used to describe the origin of an opinion, an impression, information, and so on: She is absolutely right from my point of view.

From what I hear, the changes will be for the better. Used to describe difference when comparing two or more things: Gold is different from silver. His perception is distinct from mine. Used to indicate the cause of something: I got tired from swimming all day! He was feeling sick from taking too much medicine! Used to describe some kind of prevention, protection, restraint, etc., against an action, event or activity: Nothing will stop me from swimming. He promised to protect her from all danger. He was prohibited from driving for twelve months, Used to describe a particular distance: The two trains stopped 100 feet from each other. The restaurant is up the hill, less than one mile from the hotel. Used with to to describe two points of a range: They sell everything, from cars to banking services. Rental rates go from $129 to $599, including all taxes. See from also in Chapters 2 and 4.

AT Describing direction and intention Used to describe direction and/or intention, but the reception is not expected or even wanted: She threw stones at her attackers. I could feel that everybody was talking at me. She's been talking at me non-stop for more than an hour! The branches grabbed at my hair and scraped my shoulders. Sometimes the voluntary reception is not possible; below, the toy or the watch cannot respond to a stimulus; the target or the truth cannot expect anything:

The child is looking at the toy. The archer is shooting at the target. The scientists are aiming at the truth. I glanced at my watch as I reached the train station. Sometimes there is a reception. In the two examples below I can see that she is smiling at me, and she laughs because she acknowledges his jokes. She is smiling at me. She is always laughing at his jokes. See at also in Chapters 2 and 4.

INTO In a direction to the interior or the inside of something Used with verbs of motion or action to describe who or what enters or goes inside a place, a building, a container, a compartment, and so on: He put the pizza into the oven. They went into the dining room. She threw the coin into the water. The wind was blowing into the house. All the data will be imported into the file. He put the money into his pocket. She poured the tea into the cup. Also used with words that suggest motion: The ticket allows admission into the theater. How much would you pay for a flight into space? Used with action verbs to indicate a particular direction: He spoke into her ears. He looked into the clouds. She was looking into my eyes. Used to describe impact or collision: The car crashed into the bus.

The bird flew into the window and fell to the floor. Used to describe movement through or to some kind of matter or substance: Digging into the snow, the dog found the child alive! His foot slipped into the quicksand! Mix the butter into the flour. Used for showing where something or someone arrives: This airline is one of several carriers flying into New York. It takes me ten minutes to get into school every day. Used for showing where a road, path, route, etc. leads: There was a doorway into the dining room. The back door leads into the garden. Used to describe membership or participation: You need a bachelor's degree in order to get into med school. After leaving school, he went into the army.

Showing what clothes a person puts on: She got into her robe and went to the kitchen. After breakfast, she got into her bathing suit and went for a swim.

Describing separation, transformation or division Used to show a result that is different from the original or the sum or their parts: She grew into a beautiful young woman. The magician transformed the dove into a rabbit. Her book has been translated into more than 60 languages! He proposed the division of the land into three parts. The glass broke into several pieces. Also used to describe the numbers used as the basis for a division: Five into twenty-five is five.

Describing a particular state, condition or situation The country fell into disorder.

Rumor has it that he is into drugs! Chapter 1 takes us directly into the mystery. They did an extensive research into the causes of migraine. The more she delved into the topic, the more her students asked. We've already had two plumbers look into the problem.

Describing involvement or interest in a particular activity She's into ballet and modern dance. I was never into sports like the normal kids. If you want to, go ahead--but I am not into it. A lot of effort was put into organizing the conference. Used for describing what someone influences you to do: You inspired me into developing this project. She was tricked into buying designer clothes. He persuaded them into selling their house. See into also in Chapters 3 and 4.

OUT and OUT OF In a direction toward the exterior She is at home, looking out the window.

In a direction away from inside The children ran out the door like crazy. We drove out of the airport in a limousine. I went out of the house in the rain without an umbrella. The ball went out of bounds and the player lost a point. The example below means that she operates her business from her home; i.e., whatever she produces is transported from her home to its destination: She works out of her home in New York.

To a certain distance outside or away from He went out of town. We drove several blocks out of our way.

They traveled three miles out of their route. He watched her until she was out of sight. Used in the sense of from to indicate origin or source: The fleet sailed out of the harbor. There is a nice perfume coming out of the flower. Sometimes the "distance" is figurative: This luxury car is out of reach for most people. This expensive hotel is out of my league. See out of also in chapters 2, 3 and 4.

ONTO In a direction toward a surface Onto is often used with a verb of motion: The airplane flew onto the runway. The children climbed onto the fence. I crashed onto the sofa and lay there. The Oscar winner walked onto the stage. He ran out onto the sidewalk to greet her. She jumped onto the horse and rode away. The cat jumped onto the table in a split second. Also used with words that suggest motion: The old man survived a fall onto the tracks. After two miles, keep right onto the exit ramp. A turn onto highway U.S. 40 will take you to the west. Used to denote a condition or situation: I have stumbled onto a solution! He emerged onto the scene five years ago. In a direction facing something: The hotel has spacious rooms fronting onto the beach. There is a window looking out onto the road.

Used to denote inclusion or attachment: His name was tacked onto the end of the list. She sewed a band of fringe onto the curtain.

ONTO someone or something Used for exerting some kind of pressure on someone, or to denote full awareness of a particular situation: She has been onto him about finding a real job! The police were onto a major narcotics operation. Used to speak to someone in order to ask them to do something or to complain: I got onto the person who was supposed to fix the window. She has been onto him about taking too many pills. See onto also in Chapter 4.

OFF Separate from, away or to a certain distance from Used to indicate distance or separation: The coach told him that he was off the team. He works on an oil rig off the coast of Louisiana. Used with an action or motion verb to indicate physical separation: The cat fell off the roof! The bottle fell off the table. He took his boat off the water. She took the book off the shelf. The picture was taken off the wall. I can't get out! I broke the knob off the door. The helicopter came off the ground and gained altitude. The astronauts blasted off the surface of the moon. He had to clear the snow off the driveway. The locomotive went off the track.

The paint came off the wall. Used to indicate separation from a route: We branched off the highway and took a dirt road. Scientists will try to knock the asteroid off its course. Used to denote figurative separation or removal: The economy went off the rails. He couldn't get her off his mind. He asked if he could talk off the record. They took the program off the air. Used to denote deviation from a situation or goal: This is off the expected results. She went off her diet this weekend. He is off his medication. See off also in Chapters 2, 3 and 4.

TOWARD In the direction of something or someone Also towards (mainly British). The man walked toward the ladies' restroom! He walked toward her but she kept a safe distance. She flew from New York towards London but landed in Paris. He looked toward the skies, wondering about the weather. We drove toward the gate and turned down the road. Used to show proximity or orientation: The Maricopa are "the people who live toward the water." We live toward the hills, on the west side of the village. The back of the house is toward the road. Used to describe purpose or goal: He was denied a loan towards the purchase of a car. You can make an online donation toward the campaign.

The entire course will be oriented toward new technologies. Used to help describe feelings or emotions: He has a new attitude toward school. I am working hard towards a good result. She was not aware about his feelings toward her. For years I used to gravitate toward snacks and chocolate! Don't forget to take your coat. It gets colder towards midnight. There was a feeling of hostility toward the authorities. He feels protective towards his younger sister. See toward also in Chapter 4.

ALONG In the direction of a length Showing movement or direction over or following the length of something: Yesterday I walked along the beach. The dolphins were swimming along the boat. The general marched with his troops along the road. Columbus and his voyages along the coast of Guinea. She was walking along the corridor, toward the elevator. They are building a fence along the railroad track. His hands coasted along her shoulders. Used to show a static position parallel, on, or beside something long: You can park your car along the sidewalk. The road runs along the canal for one mile. There are beautiful waterfalls along the river. The little town grew up along the railroad. See along also in Chapter 2.

AROUND & ROUND Encircling

Used to indicate movement in a circular direction, inside or outside the specified circumference or perimeter: They sailed around the world. We walked around the square. The Earth revolves around the sun. Every night we walk around the lake. The moon also rotates around its axis. Also used to indicate movement along a partial circular direction, circumference or perimeter: She steered her boat round the peninsula. We cruised around the lake to the other side. We drove around the island from north to south. Used to describe a particular situation: His speech revolved around the promise of a better world. The project was developed around the idea of residential living. There was a discussion around the key issues.

Using a detour Used to refer to a deviation from the original path to either side, or to both sides of an obstacle or boundary: I went around the building to my usual parking place. We walked around the construction site to the parking lot. The cars went round the policeman who was in the middle of the street. Used to describe a particular situation: As usual, he found a way around the problem. If you try hard, you can get around your limitations. The teacher helped the students around the difficulties.

Everywhere, on every side of a place or area, surrounding She looked around the house but didn't find her keys. She gazed around the room but couldn't find it. The toys were scattered around the yard.

We drove everywhere around the island. The land around the lake is public. Most of the time, around and round are interchangeable: The wind came around the corner with a wailing sound. The wind came round the corner with a wailing sound. See around also in Chapter 4.

THROUGH From one point to the other crossing a volume Used to describe movement and/or direction from one end or side of something to the other (generally with a sense of volume): The road through the forest was intimidating. A meteorite fell through the roof and hit the floor. The man looked inside through a hole in the door. She went to the other side of town through the tunnel. He shot an arrow through the apple on his son's head! The car lost control and went through the guardrail. The children came running through the door. I could see her through the glass window. He escaped through the open window! Also used to describe movement within space, air, water, and so on: A rocket flew through space. Sound waves travel through the air into the ears. The submarine was moving up and down through the water. Used to describe movement within a group of people or things: He's trying to find his way through the crowd. We enjoyed a walk through the penguins in South Africa. He was selling food while walking through the passengers. Customers can guide themselves through the store displays. Used for showing a path or direction to a place:

The church is through the square. The kitchen is through the dining room. The main entrance is through the stairs. Used to describe movement past or crossing a place or point: He drove through the police checkpoint. We walked through the border crossing to Canada. Used to describe something--tagible or figurative--past one or more persons, systems or institutions: The order did not go through me! The bill went through Congress and was signed into law. Used to describe movement across or around an area, a region or a place: We spent a year driving through the country. Ceiling fans keep the air moving through the house. Between 1977 and 1984 he traveled through Latin America. Viruses can spread through computer storage media. Also used to denote a particular condition or situation: I went through a lot of trouble for you. What's going on through your mind now? He saw a shadow moving through the dark. I'm trying to find my way through the details. I will help you through this complicated topic. Used to describe what is done or achieved by means of something or someone: I finally learned through my own mistakes. The fastest way out of poverty is through a good education. She earned everything she gained through her achievements. She went through the files but did not find any new evidence. Through her efforts, his was able to continue his education. Knowledge and wisdom comes through experience. I will send the package through him.

See through also in Chapter 4.

THROUGHOUT In every part of a place, region or object The news flew throughout the city. There are 10000 public libraries throughout the country. The dog looked throughout the house and didn't find his bone. There are over 200 exercises throughout the book. The words echoed throughout his mind. See throughout also in Chapter 4.

ACROSS From one side to the other of an area Used to describe an elevated path with no obstacle between the extremities: There was a hammock hung across her room. The helicopter flew across the city. The plane flew across the Atlantic. Used to indicate movement and contact with some kind of surface: I waked across the aisle to a bookstore. He went to the other side of the river across the bridge. Since there was no bridge, I had to swim across the river. Extending from one side to the other and indicating contact: A truck was stalled across the street, blocking the traffic. The dog lay across the entrance, blocking the passage. Extending from one side to the other of an obstacle: A banner was hanging across the street. There is a suspension bridge across the river. Used to show some kind of obstacle or mark: The ball went across the line. They walked across the border and into the streets of Tijuana.

The dogs flew across the wall in pursuit of the fugitive. Compare: in (a), the helicopter flew over the city; in (b), the helicopter flew between the buildings; in (c), the kites flew everywhere in the city. a) The helicopter flew across the city. b) The helicopter flew through the city. c) Hundreds of kites flew throughout the city.

In every or many parts or directions of an area Her fame spread all across the world. Voters across the state will choose the next governor. We are a big family. We are spread all across the U.S. Also used denote a variety of non-spatial situations: Marriages across those two societies were rare. Body language differs significantly across cultures. Computer skills are increasing across all professions. The teachers will be distributed across different disciplines. See across also in Chapter 2.

PAST Further than a particular point Used to describe something or someone whose place or position is beyond the specified point: Her hair is past her waist. The post office is past the second light. He ran out of gas about three miles past the gas station. We went out for a hike and one hour later we were past the lake.

Moving in a direction that passes Used to describe movement in a direction close to and beyond the point or place indicated by the preposition: He walked past me on the way to the elevator. She drove past the gas station and didn't stop.

The boat sailed past the harbor. Used in the sense of beyond to describe a particular condition or situation: What you are asking is past my pay grade. He was past talking, now he wanted some action. Sorry, but this is past my skills as a novice mechanic! See past also in Chapter 4.

VIA A route through or by way of a particular place I went to the garden via the kitchen. She drove from Florence to Rome via Sienna. There's a short route to the store via the stadium.

Using a particular route She drove from Miami to New York via I-95. They went to the other side via the bridge. He sailed from Texas to Japan via the Panama Canal. We went on our bikes via the Test Way to Hampshire. The cargo was shipped via the Mississippi River.

By means of or through The property was transferred via a will. The communication is done via satellite. The island is connected to the town via a bridge. Also used to help describe a particular situation; in the examples below, Central Park was the first iconic place I visited when I arrived in New York, and I was introduced to my future wife through our mutual friend: I was first introduced to NY via Central Park. I was first introduced to my wife via my best friend.

Indicating medium or agency You can pay via credit card. I received the good news via my friends.

You can purchase the vehicle via a bank loan. The property has secure access via finger scan. See via also in Chapter 3.

BY Through, along, via, past, near Used with verbs of motion: The thief escaped by the window. We love to walk by the river, arm in arm. I always drive by the stadium on my way to work. He walked by me and went down the stairs. The golf ball flew past by the window.

Describing the route taken to a destination Used as via to indicate the route, passage or entrance, etc., taken to go from one point to another: We went in by the main gate. Lake Arrowhead can be reached by Highway 18.

Going to a place or approaching someone Normally for a short period of time: He went by the store to pick up some milk. He came by me and asked if I had a minute.

Describing way or manner Used to describe in what way or manner something happens, or how something is done or achieved: She won by a landslide. Why don't you start by telling the truth? Some people make money by working hard.

Describing the method or instrument used I prefer to pay by wire transfer. Let us begin by reading this text.

His leather shoes were made by hand. Your obligations are determined by the contract. Our family is covered by private insurance. The deer was hit by a truck!

Showing who or what does something Her book was written by a ghost writer. Guernica is a painting by Pablo Picasso. The town was devastated by the hurricane. See by also in Chapters 2, 3 and 4.

ABOUT Around We spent an afternoon strolling about the park. The sergeant was walking about him, inspecting his uniform. I noticed the large gold chain he had about his neck. There are at least nine planets moving about the sun.

Somewhere in, near or around a place or area Used to indicate an undetermined position or place: No one was about the house but the children. The office building is located about the center of the city. Researchers have contacted natives living about the river.

Somewhere in or around a place or area She looked about the room but did not see it. The homeless man was wandering about the airport. She was fascinated with the jars that were about the room. Compare about, through and across: He was walking about the airport, waiting for his flight. Three million passengers pass through the airport every year. We had to walk across the airport tarmac from the terminal to our plane.

On or with He couldn't pay the bill because he had no cash about him. The signaller used the whistle she always carries about her. She never carried jewels about her.

Approximately He is about his father's height. About 1000 people gathered at the State Capitol. The university is located about 30 miles east of the city. I parked the car on the street about two blocks from here.

Concerning or relating to something or someone Used as a preposition of general reference to refer to a subject, a condition, a situation, and so on: I told her about my feelings. There are many books about prepositions. She said something about coming over later. I'm talking about your brother, not about you! I don't have any information about the accident. Do you prefer to talk about sports or about politics? Used to help describe a particular attitude, feeling or emotion toward, or related to, someone or something: I'm always thinking about you. She has serious doubts about him. We are concerned about our future. About the other night, I'm really sorry. The children are anxious about going to school. I'm worried about the risk or losing my job! Denoting some kind of quality related to something or someone: There is an air of mystery about all this. There is something about him that I don't like. Used to show interest or engagement in some kind of activity:

She is about work and family. He is about sports and business.

AGAINST Force in the opposite direction She was tired of swimming against the current. It was raining, and we were walking against the wind. Also used to describe a particular condition or situation: The verdict was against the weight of evidence.

Force in contact with something The driver applied pressure against the pedal. The painter put the ladder against the wall. He hit his car against a tree!

Next to, touching The rain fell gently against the window. You can put the bookcase against the wall. I parked the car against the curb and went into the cafe.

Onto, on The bear was rubbing his back against the tree. She brushed her hands against the back of his head. He backed the car against the curb causing a flat tire.

In front of or facing a background The TV weather segment is shot against a green screen. We saw the outline of the mountains against the horizon. When held against the light, the color changes.

In opposition to or contrary to This is against my religion. My team will play against your team. The government is fighting against crime.

You shouldn't do that, it's against the rules! He was walking against traffic along the highway. The UN applied pressure against the dictator. They discriminate against religion.

In contrastive or comparative relation to Did the dollar rise or decline against the Euro? Many countries fixed there currencies against gold.

In return or exchange for something He borrowed money against his future income. The bank will give him a loan against his property. He bet $10 against a kiss that she would arrive late. These ten minutes will not be counted against your time!

For protection or defense Once in the forest, protect yourself against mosquitoes. You should wear adequate clothes against the cold. My investments make me safe against inflation.

FOR Intent of reaching a destination Used to indicate where something or someone is going--but the use of for does not guarantee that the goal will be achieved (compare with to): The train for San Diego is on Track 9. I need a taxi for the airport. He's leaving for Georgia.

Direction of attitudes or feelings My love for penguins is eternal. I have a lot of respect for nature. She never lost her appetite for learning. The child expressed her dislike for studying. He brought her red roses to show his admiration for her.

Expressing wish or need They are longing for freedom. The farmers are praying for rain. The country is hungry for peace. We are hoping for a quick recovery.

Expressing intention or indicating an activity His team won silver, but he is aiming for gold. What a beautiful morning! I'm going for a swim. John is not here. He went for a walk.

Describing reason or purpose I work for a living! I'm waiting for my friend. I'm working for a better day. I did it for love, not for money! She is preparing for the bar examination. These clothes are made for women. This train car is just for bicycles.

Expressing support, benefit or cause He will vote for her. She roots for the local team. They fought for their country. This gift is not for you, it's for her.

In the interest of or representing Who speaks for the workers? I am here today for the poor. UN stands for United Nations. What is the Spanish word for "nothing"? The use of for below could mean that they are fighting in support of the country or on behalf of the country:

They are fighting for their country.

Concerning something or someone For what is worth, I love you! This is not working for me.

As being Often used when describing a mistaken identity: At first, she took him for a beggar! Just because I was wearing black, I was mistaken for a priest. Also often used with the verb go to describe similarity or resemblance: This bow can go for a nice flower vase. Her teddy bear could go for a doorstop! Used to express certainty: I know that for sure.

Describing exchange or substitution Used to indicate the form of payment or compensation: He works for $8.00 an hour. You can buy this used car for a very low price. Used to describe something that replaces something else: The rancher exchanged a horse for a cow. He changes his car for a new one every year. Used to indicate who benefits from someone else's action: Since you can't write, I'll write for you. He fixed the fence for her.

Describing compensation, recompense or penalty Used to indicate the nature of a payment or compensation: I paid for the groceries in cash. She paid millions for that house. I'll give you one dollar for this watch! The company received $1M for the project.

He received an award for his work on the film. Used to describe the reason for a fine or penalty: The player was fined for missing the practice. Also often used with the verb go to describe the value of something: A new house in this neighborhood can go for a lot of money. The new penthouse will go for $1000 per night!

Describing price, value, amount or extent I saw it for just ten dollars. I received two money orders for $100 each. Walking for 20 miles a day is a physical challenge. The player is aiming for 200 goals this year,

Comparing to something or someone She is too tall for him. He is very mature for his age. These shoes are too big for you. That player is too slow for a striker. It's very hot for this time of the year. $100 is too much for him!

Showing concordance or interest I'm all for world peace. I'm for a walk in the park tomorrow morning. What about you?

Showing who or what does an action Used to help describe who or what determines or is responsible for a particular result or achievement: It's time for me to speak now! You need water for the car to run. How long will it take for my article to be available? It's important for the president to have good sense. His coach worked hard for him to be the champion.

Used to indicate who has an obligation or duty: That's not for me to decide. There could be but one, and it was for him to choose between the two.

Describing some kind of limitation Used to indicate who is affected or influenced by something, often showing some kind of consequence: That's too much weight for us. We need some extra help. It's impossible for them to survive under these harsh conditions.

Describing a specific quality or need We offer a discount for vehicles with nine or more seats. For candidates with special needs, please see section B.

Describing what someone eats at a meal Today I had eggs for breakfast and pizza for lunch.

Describing something that is not suitable or appreciated Often followed by the word not: Winter is not for me. I prefer summer. Coffee is not for me. I'd rather drink tea.

Chapter 2 - Orientation and Location Prepositions used for describing places, locations, general positions, conditions, and situations. IN Inclusion, location or position within or inside Inside or within the limits of a region, an area, a city, a place, and so on: She lives in London. The bears are in the forest. Camels have no problem living in the desert. You need to be cautious when swimming in the ocean. We had a lot of fun in the park. The couple is dancing in the circle. Inside a building, a house, a room, and so on: The car is parked in the garage. Pets are not allowed in the house. His most important works are exhibited in the museum. Inside or enclosed by something: The new shoes are in the box. They are swimming in the swimming pool. There is a lot of water in the washbowl. Surrounded by or mixed with some kind of matter or substance: The bird is flying in the air. I saw a large fish swimming in the deep.

What are the ingredients in the sauce? Partially enclosed or surrounded by something: My grandma likes to sit in her favorite chair. The broom is in the corner of the room. The children are playing in the water. The snake was sleeping in the tree. The book is in her hand. Used as into to describe movement toward a container: The dog went in the house. Used to describe an activity or action: He works in road construction. She works in advertising. In writing this letter, I hope to call her attention. Denoting part of a collective or group: It's in the news--they will get married this year! The letter "A" is the first letter in the alphabet. Used to describe membership and to show participation or involvement when describing institutions or organizations: He is in the army. She is the best player in the team. His grandfather fought in the Resistance. Used to help describe metaphorical containers, or to indicate a particular state, situation, condition, quality, accomplishment, and so on: My family is in my heart. She spoke what was in her mind. Who is the main character in the story? She walked in the dark for several hours. In my religion, we believe in redemption. The rich man was extravagant in his generosity. I belong in the category of common people. There was great improvement in her performance.

They invested $600,000 in the house. The car is in excellent condition. He was humble in his victory.

IN the mirror and IN the photo See Comparing IN and ON in this chapter. He looked in the mirror to adjust his tie. He looked a bit taller in the photo.

IN the bathroom, IN the bath, and IN the shower She leaves all the towels in the bathroom. Never leave an infant alone in the bath. She likes to sing in the shower.

IN class, IN school, IN church, IN jail, IN prison Used without the article "the" to describe membership, confinement or inclusion related to an institution, or to show a particular situation or state of condition: She learned Chinese in school. He was in jail for driving with a suspended license. Most people are in church because they need hope. He was in prison for 10 years for aggravated robbery. The ski instructor inspired his students to perform well in class.

IN the rain, snow, ice To be involved by or to be in a place where there is rain, snow or ice: I saw him singing in the rain. What should I wear in the snow? We saw minke whales in the ice.

Describing cardinal points The weather in the north is different from the south. the Appalachians in the east and the Rocky Mountains in the west

Describing how something is done

Used to indicate the particular result of an action: She wrote the letter in Greek! He painted the walls in red!

Describing how something happens Used to indicate the particular result of a situation or to help describe the reason why something happens: The crowd ran in despair. He was very nervous in the presence of the judge. Compare with on in this chapter. See also Chapters 3 and 4.

INSIDE In the interior or on the inner side of Used in the sense of complete enclosure or confinement: The gasoline is inside the tank. The letter is inside the envelope. The ATM machine is inside the building. He was waiting for me inside the store. Pets are not allowed inside the house. Also used to describe some kind of movement or action toward the inner part or side of something: He went inside the house. This article takes you inside the story. The mailman left two boxes inside the door. I stepped inside the gate and closed it behind me. Used figuratively: Sometimes I wish I could be inside his head... The doctor used hypnosis to go inside his mind. Used to describe what or who is on the inner side of something: The ball was inside the line! She was waiting inside the gate.

All the horses were inside the fence. On the floor inside the door, I found a note. Used to describe someone as a member of some kind of organization: He has some good friends inside the government. Once inside the organization, I was able to learn faster See more examples of inside in Chapter 4.

WITHIN Inside a range, place or area Used to describe what or who is inside the limits of the specified place or area: Alcohol is not allowed within the premises. A strange noise was coming from within the forest. The ceremony took place within the gates of the palace. The Airport is located within the municipality of Malaga. Used to describe what or who is inside the limits of a particular range: The city is located within 50 miles of a nuclear power plant. We need to keep the budget within our means. Is there any hotel within $50 per night?

Inside a particular condition or situation Used to help describe who or what is inside the limits of a particular condition, situation, group or social unit: She was within his circle of influence. It's not very easy to live within a budget. It was paid within the terms of the agreement. He found support within his family. See within also in Chapter 4.

OUT OF Away from or outside

Used to help describe what or who is situated away from or outside the place indicated by the preposition: They live out of the country. The hikers slept out of the tent. Once you are out of the airport, take the first exit. We keep the pets out of the house. Used to help describe what or who is situated at a distance away from the place indicated by the preposition: We camped three miles out of the city. There is a mall six blocks out of the neighborhood. Away from a particular state or situation: The child was born out of wedlock. How do I get out of this problem? Used to denote something that is not acceptable or is away from the normal practice or routine: This is totally out of the question. This luxury car is out of my possibilities. Crime is totally out of control in our county.

Describing the lack or absence of something Used in the sense of "taking something away from someone," or to indicate the lack of a particular thing: The gambler beat him out of his money. The house ran out of water in the summer! There are too many people out of work nowadays. I don't know if I can follow you. I'm out of practice! The cafe ran out of coffee!

Absent from The coach is keeping the best player out of the team. One of the ships was out of the formation. The team is out of the competition.

Selecting something or someone from a group Nine out of ten houses were destroyed by the tsunami. In the future, one out of two people will have a full time job!

Indicating origin or source: We saw this beautiful sculpture made out of bronze. The baskets are made out of bamboo. She looked like someone out of a fairy tale book.

Indicating a state of emotion or feeling Used to denote some kind of emotion when justifying an action, feeling or state: Everything I do is out of affection for her. The poor man acted out of despair. The child was born out of love. See out of also in Chapters 1 and 3.

OUTSIDE Not inside or part of something Used to describe who or what is not inside or within a particular limit: The dog is outside the house. I found my pencil outside the drawer. She was driving outside the beltway. Not inside a particular range, condition or situation: The sheriff was outside his jurisdiction. This budget is far outside my pay grade! At $109, the phone is not that much outside the $100 limit! Not inside but at or near a place or something: They were having coffee outside the cafe. There is an Italian restaurant right outside the theater. There was a stranger standing outside the door. The breakfast area described in the example below is inside the house,

adjacent to the kitchen: There is a breakfast area just outside the kitchen. Used to describe what or who is not related to or included in a particular group, condition, situation or environment: She was outside his circle of friends. The topic was outside his field of expertise. He was taught not to trust anyone outside his family.

Away from something Used to imply or emphasize some distance: She is travelling outside the country. The farmer spends a lot of time outside his farm. He was standing about ten feet outside the entrance.

Near a border My family lives in a small town outside New York. We parked our trailer just outside the Mexican border.

Beyond or on the other side of something What is there outside these walls? We don't want to be outside the law. Singing was something outside her comfort zone. Also used to describe movement beyond or to the other side of something: She ran outside the house to welcome him. Used to describe physical contact: She left the key outside the door. The paint outside the house is blistering. See outside also in Chapters 1, 3 and 4.

ON In contact with or supported by On normally refers to some kind of surface used for contact, support, attachment, presentation, and so on:

The vase is on the table. She had a hat on her head. We saw a Da Vinci on the wall. The airplane landed on the runway. She has a tattoo on her left shoulder. I like the sound of rain falling on the roof. There was a creature crawling on the ceiling. You can watch some videos on the website. The butcher had a lot of blood on his hands. We saw plastic bottles floating on the river. The waiter brought the bottle on a tray. Sometimes on shows a strong sense of support: The baby was standing on her feet. He was on all fours playing with his daughter.

ON the street, ON the farm, ON the island, ON the planet Use on when referring to a delimited area surrounded by a larger one of the same or different nature: I live on Oak Street. We grow fruits on our small farm. The pirate hid a treasure on the island. They found evidence of running water on Mars! Who was the first man to set foot on the moon?

ON the specified side In Britain, we drive on the left-hand side of the road. They live on the other side of the river. He sat on the right of the queen.

ON the stool, ON the sofa We sit on the stool or on the sofa (i.e., on a surface): There are no chairs in the kitchen--only stools to sit on.

Sam prefers to sit on the sofa to read and use the phone.

Comparing IN and ON ON the street, IN the street and IN the streets We usually say on the street in American English: The Post Office is on Main Street. You can use in the street when referring to the pavement between the sidewalks and also as a generic term, meaning "outside": The children are playing in the street. What does life look like for people living in the street? We use in the streets when referring to more than one street (often in an undetermined area of the city), and also as a generic term: There are people prospecting for gold in the streets of NY! What does life look like for people living in the streets?

IN the corner and ON the corner As a punishment, the boy had to stand in the corner, staring at the wall. She was standing on the corner waiting for a taxi.

IN the hand and ON the hand He is holding a guitar in his hand. The bird landed on her hand. Compare these figurative uses of in and on (the sense of container of in vs. the sense of surface of on): It's a good school. I believe my kids are in good hands. Some politicians have innocent blood on their hands.

IN or ON the face, arm, leg, etc. If there is reasonable pressure involved in the action, use in; if there is no (or very little pressure), use on: He punched the fighter in the face. He gave his wife a kiss on the face. The hunter shot the deer in the head.

The girl petted the animal on the head. He took a pain-killing injection in the shoulder. She was resting her hands on his shoulders. This rationale can be extended to other types of surface: He hung his towel on a nail in the door. There was a sign on the door.

IN the water and ON the water We use in when we idealize water as a "substance" (i.e., where something can be completely or partially immersed), and on when we think of it as a surface: We finish building the canoe. Let's put it in the water. She observed, as he maneuvered his canoe on the water.

IN the snow and ON the snow To be involved or supported by snow: This morning I used my umbrella to walk in the snow. Tomorrow I will wear my snowshoes to walk on the snow. The children are playing in the snow. The dog was lying on the snow.

IN the chair and ON the chair Normally we sit in the chair and put things on the chair: He likes to sit in the chair to read the newspapers. He had one foot on the chair and the other on the floor. The singer placed her guitar on the chair. Sometimes we have to stand on a chair: Mr. Smith is standing on the chair, changing a light bulb.

ON the nightstand and IN the nightstand A nightstand is a bedside table, or night table, with one or more drawers: I have an alarm clock on my nightstand. I keep some magazines in the nightstand.

IN the bed, IN bed and ON the bed Use in the bed to say that someone is sleeping or ready to sleep, under the covers, and so on: I love to sleep in my king-size bed. The children were nestled in their beds, Use on the bed if you only want to indicate contact with a surface: Every morning I sit on the bed to put on my shoes. He lay on the bed without taking off his clothes. She put the clean sheets on the bed. We also use on to describe movement toward the bed: The dog jumped on the bed. The use of in bed is more conceptual and may refer to an activity; that is, it doesn't necessarily mean that one is sleeping or under the covers: I enjoy reading and having breakfast in bed. We were in bed watching TV.

IN the mirror and ON the mirror We use in the mirror to see a reflection. We use on the mirror when we want to describe a surface: Samantha looks in the mirror every morning to fix her make-up. She sprays glass cleaner on the mirror once a week.

IN the book and ON the page There are many examples in this book. There are some examples of "on" on this page.

IN the photograph and ON the photograph We use in the photograph/photo to see a picture produced by photography: He looks fat in the photo. She looks great in the photo! We use on the photograph/photo when something is on the surface of a photo: The children spilled coffee on the photo!

There is a spider creeping on the photograph.

IN the list and ON the list We use in the list to say that something or someone is included or belongs in a particular group or order of priority: Click in the list below and choose your new font. I was included in the list of participants. We use on the list when we specify a physical list (such as a piece of paper, a board, a wall, and so on): I don't want my name on this list! Go ahead; see if your name is on the list. Compare: a) I know I am in her list of friends. b) I know I am on her list of friends. In (a), I belong to her circle of friends; in (b), I am listed on a physical list that has the name of all her friends.

Describing a process or state The forest is on fire. The audience was on fire. She's been on a diet for a week. He's living on bread and water. He was on drugs and alcohol. This car runs on electricity. Used in telecommunications and electronics, to describe some kind of data transmission or data storage: The interview was aired live on KBRX 98.5. He was on TV speaking about his new book. I can't come to the door now, I'm on the phone! I spend a lot of time at my desk, on my computer. We can watch the new TV series on DVD.

Indicating the instrument or equipment being used

I love playing on my guitar. He was improvising on the piano. The tailor was working on the sewing machine.

According to or because of a particular result They will judge him on his performance. They complimented her on her victory.

Concerning or relating to something or someone Directing focus or effort to something or someone: I will bet on the champion. He is concentrated on his task. She wrote a book on English grammar. I did some research on the founders of the nation. Directing the attention to someone or something, or indicating what or who is affected by something: The spotlight is all on the First Lady now. Did our country lose the war on poverty? His work made an impression on the readers. He has a lot of influence on the president. Bad press could reflect on the company. You are putting a lot of pressure on him.

Carrying or wearing something Sorry, I don't have a watch on me. They searched him and didn't find any money on him.

Indicating the object of improvement or comparison How can I get an increase on my credit limit? The rates are up 10% on last year's results!

Assuming the responsibility for something The bill is on me today. If something happens to her, it will be on you!

Engaged in a particular activity They went out on a shopping spree! The astronauts were on a space walk.

Describing participation Showing inclusion and participation in a list or in a group of people associated in some kind of joint action (note that British English uses in the team): He was on the president's council for physical fitness. She is on the board of directors of the oil company. She is the youngest player on the team.

IN the market and ON the market Use in the market to say that someone is looking for something to buy: She is in the market for a new house. Use on the market to say that something is for sale: The property is on the market for $1 million.

IN my mind and ON my mind Use in when you want to refer to a person's imagination or to the mind as a "mental container": I can picture the scene in my mind. She has many ideas in her mind. Use on when you are worried or thinking about something or someone: I can't concentrate because she is always on my mind. He has the economy on his mind now. See more examples of on in Chapters 3 and 4.

UPON An elevated ON Used in the sense of on or on top of: There was a bottle of wine upon the shelf. Children are not allowed to play upon the roof.

We could see a lot of snow upon the mountains.

On a surface Used in the sense of over or on: The ball is lying upon the ground. She sat upon her horse and waited. There was no room upon the tray for an extra glass. Also used in the sense of onto, expressing motion: The ball is falling upon the ground. At the end of the trail, we came upon a road. The pirates chased and fired upon the ship. She went inside and threw her purse upon the bed.

Describing situations Used in non-spatial or abstract contexts in the sense of on: The eyes of the country are upon him. She has great influence upon the president. A play based upon the novel by Bram Stoker. We depend upon donations to keep saving lives. However, sometimes we cannot use on: Once upon a time, there was a princess... Year after year, day upon day, I try to do my best. See upon also in Chapter 4.

ON TOP OF On the highest surface of We put the kayak on top of the car. The woman is sunbathing on top of the building. Do not place any objects on top of the TV set. The blue bird landed on top of the chair.

On an elevated surface

On top of is also used to indicate a high--but not necessarily the highest-surface relative to a lower point: I left my wallet on top of the car, on the hood. She began stacking the books on top of the chair.

At the highest point of a situation or condition She was on top of her career. The shark is on top of the food chain. The F1 pilot was on top of his skills when he retired.

ON TOP OF vs. ON On does not always mean on top of; compare: We moved up to 6500 m on the Everest, to the base camp. We took a picture of the flag on top of the Everest.

On or covering a surface Da Vinci painted on top of his old works. The "finish" is the coating that goes on top of the wood. The cream should sit on top of the coffee. She left the pen on top of the magazine.

In very close proximity to someone or something Often used to describe figurative situations: The policeman was on top of him, only a few steps away. I closed the windows before the storm was on top of us. His car was practically on top of the car in front.

In control of a condition or situation Let's hope the police are on top of the situation. You can be on top of your life and destiny!

Well informed about something Stay on top of the news with the latest headlines! She is trying to stay on top of the recent trends.

In addition to

We had to pay 25% on top of the normal rate! On top of his efforts as a singer, he also plays the drums.

ON THE TOP OF On the highest or upper part of something On the top of is mostly perceived as the intrinsic top of something, regardless of its position in space: He was standing on the top of the hill. He rested his chin on the top of his fingers. She is complaining of pain on the top of her foot. These blue berries grow on the top of the branches. The paint on the top of the overturned car was scratched. On the top of is often used interchangeably with at the top of to emphasize the sense of surface of on: There is a big number on the top of the door. There was a small wooden board on the top of the door. You must write your name on the top of the page. Be careful, as on the top of and on top of can produce very different meanings: He was on the top of the first page of Google Places. The cat was on top of the first page of the newspaper. On the top of and on top of are often used interchangeably to indicate the highest surface of something: There is a box of cereal on top of the fridge. There is a box of cereal on the top of the fridge. When used to express "in the upper part of," on the top of is often used interchangeably with at the top of: The restaurant is on the top of the hotel. The restaurant is at the top of the hotel. When used to express "in the upper part of," on the top of is often slightly different from on top of:

a) The restaurant is on top of the hotel. b) The restaurant is on the top of the hotel. In (a), the restaurant may be on the roof terrace; in (b), the restaurant may be on the last floor, inside the hotel. On the top of is not used with the same frequency as on top of in figurative and abstract situations: On the top of her fame, she sold 100 million records. He was on the top of the list of contributors. The champion was on the top of his world.

AT THE TOP OF At the highest point There is a door at the top of the stairs. The cloud and the winds in the examples below are not necessarily above the mountain and the building: There is a cloud at the top of the mountain. There are strong winds at the top of the building. The beginner skiers described below could not possibly be above the slope: Beginners can enjoy a speedy ski at the top of the slope. We often use at the top of to describe something that is part of the same structure or body of a thing or person: Our room was at the top of the house. The freezer is at the top of the refrigerator. There is a restaurant at the top of the building. The hilltop is the level surface at the top of a hill. There are loose bricks at the top of the wall in the bedroom. There are three small windows at the top of the door. The largest value appears at the top of the chart. Sometimes we have to use at the top of to distinguish its meaning from on top of or on the top of: I store my cooked food at the top of the fridge.

I pile my white shirts at the top of the closet. We use at the top of to describe something located at a high--or the highest-point of a vertical surface: We painted the sign at the top of the hotel. A panel at the top of the wall depicts a Greek goddess. At the top of is also used to indicate a position on the contextual or ideal top of a flat surface or area: You must write your name at the top of the paper. We can see a mysterious light at the top of his painting.

At the highest degree or scale The boy is at the top of his class. The actress is at the top of her career. The cheetah ran at the top of its speed. The boss was yelling at the top of his voice. She has a good position at the top of the hierarchy. See also at the top of the hour in chapter 4.

ALOFT High up in the air above something or someone The father held the baby aloft his head. Aloft them, the butterflies were flying gracefully.

On top of, at the top of The smoke is coming from the chimney aloft the building. They put a safety indoor gate aloft the stairway!

ATOP On top of, on the top of, at the top of I hope you can stay atop the problems. The red light was whirling atop the ambulance. A castle sits atop the hill overlooking the town.

A bell atop the door announced his entrance. Atop the stairs was a door leading to the roof. He wants to keep renewable energy atop his plan. The inherent top has priority over other surfaces. Below, the food is kept outside the fridge, on its top: I keep the nonperishable food atop the fridge.

OFF Separate from, near to or at a certain distance from Not in contact with or supported by something: All the boxes are off the truck. She lives off the highway, on a dirt road. I was off the sidewalk, on my way across the street. The helicopter was off the ground when the propeller stopped rotating! The student works off campus. The jockey was off his horse. Please, keep off the grass! Compare the use of on and off: There is a beautiful beach on the coast of California. There is a beautiful island off the coast of California. The island described below is part of the coast (e.g., part of a bay): There is a beautiful island on the coast of California.

Near and contiguous to She works from home and her office is off the living room. The swimming pool is right off the main terrace.

Indicating absence, abstention or separation Used to indicate that someone is not engaged in an action or activity, or that something is no longer available: She was off work on maternity leave. He has been off drugs for some years now.

The officer was off duty when he saw the thief. The proposal is off the table--at least for now! Used to indicate that someone or something is no longer part of an organization, list, team activity, and so on: My favorite actress is off the show. My favorite TV show is off the air. He is off the company's payroll. His plans are off the agenda. See off also in Chapters 1, 3 and 4.

AT Indicating presence or proximity At indicates a general relation of presence or proximity to a place, meaning "there," but not necessarily in or on the place: He's at the bus stop. The car stopped at the gate. He was at the window, looking out. She was waiting for him at the door. They were sitting at a sidewalk table at the cafe. There's a hotel and a bus terminal at the airport. He was at the airport, outside in the rain, waiting for her. We met at the pier and then walked along the beach front. There's an ATM machine at the gas station. The car arrived at the gate 10 minutes ago. Sometimes the "place" functions as a metaphorical location, meaning a situation, condition, and so on: They did not arrive at a conclusion yet. We were at a disadvantage in the game.

Denoting a distant place Used before names of villages, neighborhoods, houses, and cities, etc., as a reference point, to indicate a distant place:

See you at Paris! I'll stop at London before going on to Paris. She was at New York during the election. He was living at Brooklyn, in New York.

Denoting the place of an event You can use either at or in to refer to places--here the speaker is using at to describe the place of an event, not just any place: The soccer player triumphed at Johannesburg in 2010. The next World Cup will be in Russia. See you at Moscow! She met several Olympians at London!

Denoting the event itself I met her at a party. We met at dinner last night.

AT home, AT work, AT school, AT church, At sea, etc. These at expressions associate an activity with the physical location where it is generally performed: Mary is at school. She's at home, watching TV. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are at church. He worked at sea for nine years. Also used in association with someone's name or title to indicate their house, professional practice, and so on: If you need me later, I'll be at Susan's. I'm at the dentist's now--I can't talk! At also suggests interaction with, or proximity to, the object, equipment, instrument or machine used in a particular activity: We were playing baseball. She was at the bat. She was at the controls when the plane took off. Paul was at the piano and I was playing the violin. He was at the wheel when the car went off the road.

The foreman directed the employee to work at the saw.

AT war, AT peace, AT rest, AT ease, etc. These are at expressions that introduce some kind of activity or state, often indicating a particular condition, without relating it to a physical location: The country is at war. How to buy tickets at a discount? I'm afraid of a world at peace but not in peace. The train was at rest when he reached it. He sold his bicycle at a loss of $100.00!

Indicating a particular rate or degree The unemployment rate is at 9 percent. The painting was valued at $100 million! This train is capable of running at 400 Km/h. The dogs were comfortable at 40 degrees below zero!

Indicating a specific coordinate I Live at 53 Kennedy Street. The Post Office is at 1 Main Street. You can contact me at contact_me@contact_me.com. If you need more information visit us at the website. You can call us anytime at the number below. Note that in British English we would normally say on the number below (see example of on the website in ON).

In response to something or someone He went to Washington at the invitation of the president. At his suggestion, we visited Vermont in the autumn. At her request, he sang her favorite song. Turn right at the indication of the sign.

Describing a particular ability Used to denote someone's skills or success:

He excels at swimming. She is good at making new friends! He studied economics, but is bad at math. The children are good at playing soccer. He is great at developing new talents.

Denoting the object of an attitude or emotion Used to indicate what or who makes someone react or act in a particular way: He trains hard at swimming. He was perplexed at her lack of interest. She was amazed at his transformation. I was surprised at his requests. She was really mad at him.

Denoting the object of an action or situation Often involving a positive action or situation, but not necessarily involving a particular attitude or emotion: He had a second chance at love. She succeeded at everything she tried. The athlete failed at his attempt to set a new record.

Describing an attempt or plan Used to indicate what someone implies, plans or tries to do, or wants to achieve: The band hinted at a new tour next year. His offer to the officer was an attempt at bribery. They are looking at a new project.

Describing a repeated action Used to show what someone touches, often continuously and in different ways: She sipped at her tea. He poked at her trash bag. He was picking at his vegetables.

See at also in Chapters 1, 3 and 4.

NEXT TO Adjacent to, beside Apartment 2 is next to apartment 1. My bedroom was next to the bathroom. The secret agent sat next to the president. He placed the tiles one next to the other.

Following a sequence or order The letter C is next to the letter B. The planet next to Venus is the Earth. The number 3 is next to the number 4. The letter C is next to the letter X on my keyboard.

Denoting an order of preference or importance: Next to eating, I love sports. My work is, next to my family, my pride and joy. Next to swimming, he enjoys soccer and basketball.

Denoting comparison Next to him I feel like an idiot! She looks old next to her mother.

Almost His condition is next to normal now. This year the crop was next to a failure. Call him. He should be next to ready by now, See next to also in Chapter 4.

CLOSE TO Closer than near Close to and near are used interchangeably, but close to is often used to show a closer proximity than near:

The park is close to Orlando. Don't drive close to the edge of the mountain. My girlfriend lives close to Manhattan, in Brooklyn. We were so close to her we could almost touch her. I live close to the park, my house almost backing onto it.

Near, approaching some achievement The tennis player was close to winning two US Opens. The orchestra's performance was close to perfection.

Connected to something I feel close to my roots when I am in Italy. Living in the Bronx keeps me very close to Ireland.

Intimate or friendly with someone She was never that close to him. He has always been close to his sister. Also often used with the preposition with: She was very close with her grandkids.

Used for comparison The movie was not even close to the TV series. Awful pasta--doesn't get close to Italian cuisine! The decor was as close to France as you can get in NYC.

NEAR Close to something or someone in distance Used to describe what or who is not far away from something or someone: The park is near Orlando. I have a cousin who lives near me. The car is parked near the edge of the mountain. My boyfriend lives in Piscataway, near Manhattan. I live near the park; I go there on my bike every weekend.

Close to something in amount He was 14 years old and near 200 pounds! Tomorrow will be cold, with temperatures near -40degC. I'll have to pay near $100 to get my printer fixed. They estimate the distance to be near 30 miles.

Close to a particular state or situation I came near falling. The child was near tears. His work was near perfection. She was near finishing her studies. The building was near completion. He was arrested because he was near the fight! See near also in Chapter 4.

NEAR TO Close to Close to something or someone in distance: She sat near to me. They live near to my house. There is plenty of parking near to the lake. Close to a particular situation: The two countries came near to war. They came near to discovering his secret. The scientists came near to finding a solution. Sometimes used in the sense of "similar to": The results are near to the ones obtained last week. See near to also in Chapter 4.

AS FAR AS To the specified extent or limit of

We walked as far as the park before turning around. I read as far as page 328 of the preposition book.

Concerning, as for, regarding As far as my work, I believe you will like the result. As far as dinner tonight, how about Chinese?

Also SO FAR AS So far as the new movie, it will be released next year. See as far as also in Chapter 4.

BESIDE Next to or at the side of She was beside him in the front seat. The wireless phone was on the nightstand beside the bed. She keeps her car parked in the garage beside the house. Used for describing comparison: He looks older beside her. Beside him I feel like a pauper. This work is very weak beside the others. My car looks like an old junker beside John's.

Away from or not relevant to What he is suggesting is beside the present point. Your arguments are beside the real issue.

ALONGSIDE Side by side with Used to describe position parallel and next to something: The visitors parked alongside the road. The train stopped alongside the platform. We crossed the street to the sidewalk alongside the park. There is a wooden deck alongside the swimming pool.

Beside or next to the side of Used to describe position beside or next to--but not necessarily parallel to-something or someone: John was sitting alongside Mary on the couch. The visitors had to park anywhere alongside the park. Lots of people were relaxing alongside the swimming pool. Used for comparison to describe the importance of something or someone: It's not the best method, when judged alongside the others. His name ranks alongside Einstein.

Together with, in addition to They worked alongside each other for several years. We offer other degrees alongside the master's degree. Also alongside of. We sailed alongside of a huge yacht!

ALONG WITH Together with Generally meaning "at or in the same place as": He was in the bank, along with the suspect. She was at the beach, along with her family. I found my watch, along with my old toy box! His bicycle was in the garage, along with his car.

In association with, besides The Army, along with the Navy, is buying new fighter jets. The network, along with the actor, is hosting the new show. Along with the panoramic view, you may savor our excellent food. See along with also in Chapter 4.

TOGETHER WITH Along with, in addition to

The president, together with the first lady, visited China. He found his watch, together with his old toy box.

As well as You'll find a friendly atmosphere, together with excellent food. Trust, together with commitment, is key to relationships. The sense of "as well as" of together with does not always mean that something is happening at the same time as something else: Thousands of local visitors, together with visitors from all over the world, enjoy our facilities each year. See together with also in Chapter 4.

BY Beside, near or next to He stood by the door, waiting. In the winter I like to sit by the fire. She picked up the phone by the bed. They built a big house by the lake.

Along or alongside I enjoy walking by the beach. She parked her black limousine by the sidewalk.

Describing the route taken to a destination Used to indicate the route, passage or entrance, etc., taken to go from one point to another: We went in by the main gate. Lake Arrowhead can be reached by Highway 18.

Because of, according to, in conformity with Used to help describe the reason for something or how something is done: He is a clown by choice. He was a prince by blood. She was a princess by marriage.

The data were compared by age and gender. Everyone will be affected by the agreement. The amount was determined by estimate. I like to do things by the book.

With respect to or concerning This is OK by me. The president did right by the economy. He was determined to act honorably by her.

Describing a particular reference Used to indicate something that serves as a comparison or as a particular reference to something else: What do you mean by that? By "fast" I mean ten times faster.

Using a specific name Used to show the name, nickname or title of a person: He's known by the name of "Jackal." We call him by his middle name.

In the name of or in a solemn appeal to Used to denote something or someone (often God) who is cited as a particular reference to an action or to something else: I swear by my honor that I didn't do it! He promised by God that he would not lie!

Describing a specific part to take hold of Used to indicate which part of a thing, animal or person someone holds when taking it in their hand: The waiter was holding the bottles by the neck. He tried to catch the lion by the tail, and the lion devoured him! His mother grabbed him by the hand, and he pulled away.

Describing grades and amounts

Used to help describe special features, dimensions, extent, quantity, gradualness, and so on: He loves his 4 by 4 truck. The A4 paper is 21 by 29.7 cm. The lawyer is charging his client by the hour. The arrow missed the target by one inch. One by one the paratroopers jumped from the plane. Used for comparison when indicating extent: Profits will increase by ten percent. Mount Everest is higher by a little over 700 feet than the K2. See by also in Chapters 1, 3 and 4.

WITH Contained in or having a particular feature Used to describe the content of something: The corporate office has a kitchen with a bar. There is a box with tools on top of the closet. The car comes with a GPS system. Used to identify a particular characteristic: Look at that cute dog with big eyes. Do you see the woman with the red hair? I work in that building with the big metal roof. She lives in a house with a garden and a pool. This car comes with an extended warranty. He is a man with a sense of humor. She is a woman with principles.

Near or in the same place as He didn't realize he was swimming with the sharks. Put the book with your things on the table. I left my keys with my wallet.

Used when describing a particular situation that happens because of the presence of something or someone: With the heavy rain, he could barely see in front of him. Now, with everybody home, we can watch that movie.

Accompanied by He danced with his sister on her birthday. The children stayed with their grandparents. She was swimming and having fun with her friends. Last night I had dinner with an extraordinary woman. I love double-decker hamburgers with French fries. I'm always alone with my dreams. Also used to describe some kind of relationship, but not a place or a physical location or physical proximity: She is still with the same boyfriend. He is with an investment group. They are still with the band. Following or in the same direction as: I ran with the crowd. It was 1980--I was going with the flow! The iceberg was drifting with the currents. Indicating something that is included--but not necessarily contained--in what is described in the sentence: We offer a complete dinner, with beverages and dessert. The area has hotels with a nearby parking facility. Used to indicate what someone or an animal is carrying, holding or wearing: The man with the keys was waiting for us. We are talking about the lady with a hat. Look at that cute dog with a bone. Used to describe comparison or contrast: Her shoes don't match with her socks.

Black contrasts well with any light color. Used to describe something mixed together: I like coffee with milk in the morning. Mixing red with blue will produce purple.

Describing separation I'm through with this joint! I'll never come back! To get his divorce, Henry VIII cut ties with Rome. They broke with their past and moved away. He broke with the band and went solo.

Instrument, means or cause By means of something; as a result or indicating the use of something for an end or purpose: He was hit with a bat. She locked the door with the keys. He applied the brakes with his left foot! The picture was painted with a fine brush. They threatened the workers with deportation. She burdens him with her high expectations. Used to describe what or who is affected by something or someone, indicating the cause or the source: The roof was covered with snow. The child was attacked with fever. The train was crowded with passengers. She had problems with him in the past. These kids are covered with love!

Describing attitudes, feelings and emotions Used to help describe a feeling, an attitude, a behavior, a habit, etc., in relation to or toward something or someone: I agree with you. She is happy with her new boss.

He was very pleased with the results. You have to deal with the problem yourself. I'll start breakfast with an orange juice. They are involved with the new house. Please, let me help with the dishes.

Describing actions Used to describe some kind of action toward, or requiring the interaction of, someone or something: The professor is speaking with the class. He played with the team for years. Used in the sense of "despite" or "in spite of," often followed by the word all: With all his luck, he doesn't seem very happy. With all the political problems, he still became president.

WITHOUT Outside, away from Used (rarely) as the antonym of within (prefer outside in this sense): The enemy stood without the gates of the castle. We deliver to customers located within and without the U.S.

As the opposite of WITH Indicating the absence of something, or what someone or something does not have or is not using or wearing: He went to school without his books! Without my car, I feel like a dog without a bone. How can you have a kitchen without a fridge? I cannot write without my computer. The car came without airbags! Indicating the absence of an action or condition: He returned to his seat without speaking a word. I never start my day without walking at least two miles.

I worked all day without making any progress! He walked through the forest without fear. Indicating the absence of someone: The school was without a teacher! She went to the party without her boyfriend. Without you my life would be miserable!

FAR FROM Showing remoteness My parents live far from me. The parking is far from the hotel. The hotel is far from town, totally isolated! Far from is also used in the sense of "not yet," or to show that something is different than what was said: This situation is far from satisfactory. I need more time. I'm far from completing my work. I'm far from being at my best. She is far from ready! Also used with the word away to emphasize the distance: Indonesia is far away from the U.S. These numbers are far away from the truth. See far from also in Chapter 4.

AWAY FROM Showing distance or separation Away from does not necessarily mean far from. You can be away from and near at the same time: The hotel is conveniently away from town, but not far. Keep the children away from dangerous objects! Also used to show attitude or movement toward another direction, so as to escape something or someone:

He ran away from home to enlist. Slowly, the hikers backed away from the bear. She walked away from him toward the door. I walked away from the deal. See away from also in Chapter 4.

ALOOF FROM Distant from something or someone She kept him aloof from her. Many tourists prefer to stay aloof from the city. The captain kept the ship aloof from the islands. Also used to denote a condition or situation: He prefers to stay aloof from society. Please, keep aloof from trouble.

BETWEEN In the space separating two things or people The acrobat walked between the two towers. They slept between their parents until adolescence. The store is located between 5th Avenue and Broadway. The "space" described can also be figurative: A distance developed between the two friends. Used to help describe some kind of connection: It was a conversation between two friends. They offer cheap flights between London and NY.

Something that divides or separates There was a wall between the two Germanys. Is there a border between science and religion? The play area is divided, with a line between the two sides.

Showing comparison or selection

He could not distinguish between red and blue. What is the difference between a turtle and a tortoise?

Between more than two things or people Used to describe something shared by two or more people or things: The president divided the prize between 10 charities. There was a strong bond between the three of them. He organized a bicycle race between the four friends. Used to indicate two or more options to describe a particular selection or choice: You have to choose between New York, Paris and London. You can choose between the different services available.

Somewhere within an interval Used to indicate amounts, ages, and numbers in general: The machine will cost between $500 and $1500. Applicants must be between the ages of 16 and 21. In July, the average temperature falls between 15deg and 29deg. See between also in Chapter 4.

AMONG Amid, surrounded by, in the middle of Normally used before plural or collective nouns: The wind among the trees was like music. There was a snake hidden among the flowers. The store was built among the ruins of an ancient city. The comedian likes to walk among the audience.

Part of or included in a particular group Used to identify something or someone: He was among the first to arrive at the party. She was just one among the many people he liked. Thanks for helping me. It's good to be among friends.

We have a strong culture among our employees.

Part of or included in a larger group Used to describe something or someone who belongs to or represents a collective group of people or things: Is dieting more common among women? Dogs are among the best pets we can have. Knee injuries are quite common among tennis players.

Shared by the same group They discussed the situation among themselves. The prize was distributed among the participants. The land was divided among their children.

AMID Among Their love was born amid the flowers. Her family was sitting amid the audience. The new weapons caused concern amid the military.

Surrounded by or in the middle of something During an event or while something happens--with singular or abstract nouns: The hikers were lost amid the storm. They managed to escape amid the confusion. Amid the noise of the party, she couldn't hear the phone. Amid the devastation, acts of incredible heroism emerged.

OF At a certain distance from Used to show distance and proximity, the original meaning of the preposition of was "proceeding from" and, by extension, away from: The beach is within two miles of the house.

I have many friends living south of the border. The hotel is within walking distance of the mall. There are beautiful forests just 100 miles north of NYC! There is a chest of drawers to the right of the president's desk.

From or belonging to Used to express connection or relationship between things and people, indicating a concrete place: The men of La Mancha. The President of the United States. John of Gaunt was the Duke of Lancaster. The employees of the factory were laid off. The members of the church were all present. Residents of New York City are not used to hurricanes. Used to describe the relationship between people and institutions: Members of Congress were called to the White House. The pilots of the Air Force train at the Air Force Academy. The agents of the FBI come from all regions of the country. Used to describe a particular relationship between two or more people or between people and things: He is the father of the bride. They are good friends of mine. He was the keeper of the bees. He was the guardian of the treasure. Used to relate a part to the whole--which may be separable or inseparable, according to the specific situation: the walls of the house. the middle of the song. the wings of the airplane. the long ears of the rabbit. What's the color of your hair?

Can I have a slice of your pizza? We need the dimensions of your sofa. She gave a third of her money to charity. Used to describe what something contains (or to relate the whole to one or more parts): a group of friends. a school of dolphins. He bought a bag of potatoes. How far can I drive on a tank of gas? They drank a glass of wine. Used to describe what something is made of: Her ring is made of gold. Tonight we will have a soup of carrots. The top of the building is covered with a roof of tiles. Used for connecting an abstract quality or property with something abstract or concrete: the beauty of our origins the density of the air Used to describe to whom or to what something belongs: the house of the family the sidewalk of the house Used to indicate a particular quality or characteristic: That's a group of losers! He was of great courtesy. Paris is known as "the city of light." The special menu was of great value. Right now cops are questioning a person of interest. A person of character is a person of word. Used as a reference to describe something with a general sense, indicating its specific kind:

a game of tennis the year of the snake the law of attraction the Battle of the Little Bighorn the island of Manhattan a letter of resignation Used as a reference concerning something or someone, to introduce a subject, or to talk about something: This is a story of a brave man. What do you think of politics? I am aware of the difficulties. I'm not sure of all the answers. He told me of his love for his wife. Used to indicate an action or activity when describing an emotional or physical state related to it: He is tired of working. Some people have fear of flying. The teacher was proud of her writing. Used to indicate who is responsible for the particular state or behavior described in the sentence: It's foolish of you to behave like this. It was very smart of you to figure that out. How kind of you to think of me! Used to indicate who is affected by the particular action or behavior described in the sentence: Please, I beg of you to listen. I don't want to complain of him. I demand of you nothing more than attention. Used to indicate who or what is responsible for the action or event mentioned before the preposition: the efforts of my colleagues

the eruption of Mount Etna the voyage of the Beagle the flight of the eagle the howl of the wolf Used to indicate who or what is affected by the action or event mentioned before the preposition: the decoration of the village the organization of the party the demolition of a building the condition of an athlete the health of the president Used to describe what causes or influences something: Do you know the benefits of eating vegetables? There was an outbreak of malaria. He died of yellow fever. Used to mention an author or creator: the genius of Shakespeare the art of Renoir and Glackens I'm sure it will be the work of a genius. Used to describe quantities: I bought five kilos of potatoes. A 10% discount is the same as a discount of 10%! At sea level, water boils at a temperature of 100degC. She is a woman of 90 who is still in good health. See of also in Chapter 4.

FROM An original location or source From the image, we can determine the location. As you can see from the example above ...

The original meaning of the preposition from was to show origin and separation: The cheese they serve in this restaurant is from Switzerland. I'm from Miami, but my parents came from Cuba. His machine separates oil from water. Used to describe static directional references by indicating a starting point: The road from Miami to Orlando was closed. There is a campsite about three kilometers from the city. See more of from in Chapters 1 and 4.

ASTRIDE On both sides of The colossal statue used to stand astride the harbor. London lies astride the Thames River. His troops were astride the road.

Extending over or across There is a bridge astride the river. The huge log was astride the railroad tracks.

With legs on each side of The children were sitting astride the wall. The cowboy was sitting astride his horse. Also astride of. The parish lies astride of the river! There is a small bridge astride of the pond. The Bedouin was riding astride of the camel.

ABOVE In a higher position than Used to describe a position higher than something or someone: The balloon is flying above the mountains.

Apartment 505 is above apartment 202. Apartment 505 is also above apartment 405. The floor of the house is above the sidewalk. The painting is hanging on the wall above the sofa. The Rocky Mountains rise almost three miles above sea level. The parachuter avoided a collision with the skydiver above him.

Uphill from Used to describe a place or position toward the highest part of a hill or slope, beyond the specified point: The restaurant is just two blocks above the stoplight. He built a house above the village.

Upstream from Used to describe a position toward the highest point of a stream, beyond the specified point: The parking area is located right above the river. The dam is above the mouth of the river.

North of The town of Hudson is located just above New York City. Used to indicate a higher amount or degree, or to express a better result: Temperatures go above 100 degrees in the summer! In order to be heard, I have to shout above the bells! A supersonic jet travels above the speed of sound. Will oil price rise above $300 per barrel? Sorry, that decision is above my pay grade. This is far above what I expected. Also used to describe superiority or importance: The general is above the colonel. Some politicians believe they are above the law!

BELOW

In a lower position than Used to describe a position lower than something or someone: The plane was flying below the mountains. Apartment 202 is below apartment 505. Apartment 405 is also below apartment 505. The sidewalk is below the floor of the house. About 27% of the Netherlands is below sea level. The sofa is below the painting hanging on the wall. The skydiver avoided a collision with the parachuter below him. Used to indicate a lower amount or degree, or to express a worse result: The singer was singing below the pitch. Will oil price stay below $200 per barrel? Temperatures fall below 0 degC (32 F) in the winter! I keep my standard of living a little below my pay grade. A subsonic aircraft travels below the speed of sound. Your results were far below the average. Also used to denote inferiority or importance: The sergeant is below the captain. The student's progress is below the expectations!

Downhill from Used to describe a place or position toward the lowest part of a hill or slope, beyond the specified point: The hotel is a small villa two blocks below the square. The fortress is located seven miles below the city.

Downstream from Used to describe a place or position toward the lowest point of a stream, beyond the specified point: He lives a few miles below the river, in a small village. They drove on the panoramic road below the river.

South of Alexandria is located six miles below Washington, DC.

OVER Vertically above Used to denote no contact: The helicopter is over the crash site. Apartment 505 is over apartment 405. They installed a webcam over the door. From my window I can't see the balloon over my building! There is a beautiful chandelier over the dining table. She was holding a parasol over her head.

Extending from one side to the other Used to denote no contact: The clothesline was over the bathtub. There are 37 bridges over the River Seine in Paris. We took a gondola ride over the vineyards.

Moving from one side to the other Used with or without contact: The cat jumped over the puddle. The dog jumped over the fence to the other side. She flew over the hurdles at the Olympic Games. People went over the border to buy cheap gas. Used to describe contact with some kind of obstacle: The children climbed over the fence to the other side. He tripped over the bucket and fell. Sometimes the contact is undetermined: He reached over the counter and grabbed the bottle.

Across the edge of something and down

The cat fell over the fence. He drove over the precipice into the bay.

Throughout or across an area or region It was a great empire, extending over Europe and Asia. His eyes ran over the page in a quick glance. They stretched a steel cable over the river. We flew over the entire country.

On the far or opposite side of something He lives in a small village over the river. Somewhere over the rainbow there's a place for us. We stopped at a rest area and saw a fox over the road.

On top of or covering something Used in the sense of "covering," with or without physical contact, indicating a partial or complete area: He was wearing a raincoat over his suit. Da Vinci painted over some earlier works. He used a machine to spread grit over the road. From my window I have a view over the entire bay. The hotel maid spread the blanket over the bed. I like hot chocolate mixture over the ice cream. She placed the sunglasses over her eyes.

To a position on or on top of The cat jumped over the table to steal the food. I threw the towel over my shoulder.

ALL OVER All over is an expression meaning "throughout the entire area or place" or "in many parts of the specified area or place": We've travelled all over the country. The child spilled milk all over the floor.

The red nail polish was all over her jeans.

Higher than the level of a particular point It was a very cold winter, and the snow was over my knees. The water was over the top windows!

More than a particular amount I spent over eight hours uploading a video. He has over 100 pounds of gold!

More than or superior in rank, quality or degree A sergeant is over a corporal, who is over a private. Also used to indicate the excess of something (or of an action) beyond what is expected, required or allowed: I cannot spend over the limit of my credit card. The luggage was over the weight limit. He was driving over the speed limit.

To fight for something or someone Used to indicate the object of a competition or a dispute: The two girls were fighting over the same boyfriend. The three countries are in a dispute over the islands.

Having control of something or someone The dictator lost control over the army. The Committee has jurisdiction over the budget. Parents hardly have any power over their children.

Concerning something or someone The real debate over the future will begin after the election. Her parents had a terrible argument over her boyfriend. There has been some controversy over this issue.

Showing preference or selection Used to indicate what or who is affected by the choices or facts described before the preposition:

She prefers apple pie over pumpkin pie. They believe him over his accusers. He chose the train over air travel.

Affecting of influencing someone or something Used to indicate who or what is affected by the events or facts described before the preposition: A strong fever fell over the patient. My parents had a lot of influence over me. The president has a lot of influence over Congress. Used to denote superiority: His life was a victory over misfortune and poverty. Democracy triumphed over dictatorship.

Transmitted by means of a device or equipment I was in bed when the news came over the TV. We spoke over the telephone several times a day. The tour guide was talking over the microphone. See over also in Chapter 4.

UNDER Vertically below or covered by something Used when describing no necessary physical contact with the surface or object indicated by the preposition: The cat ran under the sofa. There is a pair of shoes under the bed. Apartment 405 is under apartment 505. We parked the car under the old bridge. Please, put the sofa under the picture of the family. Used as underneath to describe a relation of direct contact: He was wearing a T-shirt under his jacket. The children were lying under the blanket.

X-rays revealed the drawing under the painting. The bridge was completely under water. The cash was hidden under the pillow. The newspaper was under the box. Below and partially covered: He was working under the car with his legs exposed. I saw the tip of the iceberg; the rest was under the water.

Below and from one side to the other of something Someone slipped a message under the door. The water passes under the bridge on the way to the sea.

Lower than the level of a particular point Often used with the word just, meaning "immediately," for emphasis: We walked with the snow just under our knees. The water was just under the top windows.

Less than a particular amount You cannot drive here if you are under 16. First-class mail is available for parcels under 13 ounces.

Less than or inferior in rank, quality or degree A private is under a corporal, who is under a sergeant. Used to indicate the limits of what is expected, required or allowed: I always spend under the limit of my credit card. Contamination is under the accepted tolerance. She was under age and could not stay in the casino. She was driving under the speed limit for that highway.

Subject to the control, supervision or authority of She felt she was under observation. The company is under new management. His battalion served under General Washington. He worked directly under the CEO of the company.

The team has been playing better under his supervision. Her grandfather studied under Albert Einstein! The country prospered under her leadership.

Affected by an action, condition or situation The prisoner is under the protection of the law. The president was under strong pressure from Congress. The player has been under fire for his bad performance. The driver was under the influence of alcohol. The platoon was under fire from both flanks. The patient is under intensive care. The country was under martial law.

According to a particular condition or situation Under these terms, I will let you use the car tonight. Under the circumstances, I will accept your apology. The countries will cooperate under the new agreement. Under the new rules, students must enroll full time.

Identifying a name or a piece of information She wrote under the name of George Eliot. I have a reservation under the name of John Doe. The company filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. For the name of the rocket, look under "Saturn V."

Propelled or powered by Used for boats and naval vessels in general: The ship was cruising under sail. We crossed the Mediterranean under motor. It was the first transatlantic crossing under oars. See under also in Chapter 4.

UNDERNEATH

On the lower surface of something The FBI planted a GPS tracking device underneath the car. Hundreds of bats live in the cracks underneath the bridge.

Under or covered by something Used to indicate what covers or protects something or someone, without implying contact with them: The cat was sleeping underneath the car. We had a romantic picnic underneath the tree. They've been living underneath the old bridge for some time now. We stood underneath the marquee, waiting for the rain to stop. The couple enjoys sleeping underneath the stars. Used to indicate what covers or protects something or someone, implying contact with them: I couldn't see the dirt underneath the carpet. The child likes to hide underneath the blanket. They found an old fresco underneath the wallpaper. She was wearing winter underwear underneath her coat. Used to describe what someone or something is really like, in contrast to the way they appear to be: Underneath his rude manners, he was a gentleman. She was a simple girl, underneath her glamour.

BENEATH At the bottom of something Used to indicate the lowest point below something: He decided to rest beneath the coconut tree. She sat on a bench beneath the hill. Extending from the bottom of or the lowest point below something: There was a football field beneath the hill. The floor beneath their feet began to shake.

We could see a blanket of clouds beneath the mountain peak. The flowers were planted beneath the window. Extending from underneath something: She was wearing stockings beneath her short dress. The trail beneath the church led to the river.

Underneath The dog lies beneath the porch all day. They found ancient catacombs beneath the city. They were shivering with cold beneath the blanket. Part of North America once lay beneath the sea. Also used to describe what someone or something is really like, in contrast to the way they appear to be: Beneath his rude manners, he was a gentleman. She was a simple girl, beneath her glamour.

Below, lower than in position or status, obscured by He felt the task was beneath his abilities. He was very poor, but he didn't feel he was beneath her. Beneath the president are 15 executive departments.

UP In a higher position Used to indicate a higher place, position or situation: The old man lives up the hill. He was halfway up the ladder. The higher up the social scale you are, the more money you spend. Used to indicate a point along a street, river, road, etc. or in a direction away from the speaker or observer: He lives up the Mississippi River about 10 miles. The grocery store is up the road two miles. There is a little house up the railroad.

Used to describe something located across--or blocking--a passage, river, street, road, railroad, and so on: He found refuge on a small island up the river. Further up the road, you will come to a toll plaza. A few miles up the railroad there is a broken bridge.

At the top of, on the top of He is up the roof taking pictures. He walked through the door up the stairs.

From a lower to a higher position Used to describe movement toward a higher position: The boy climbed up the tree. The painter went up the ladder. There is a fly crawling up the window. Also used to indicate a higher condition, status, rank, etc., or as part of expressions indicating such relations: The incident went up the military chain of command. She worked her way up the social scale. He went up the corporate ladder. Also used for movement along or against the current, the flow of traffic, etc., or in a direction away from the speaker or observer: They swam up the river with a school of salmon. I saw him go up the road towards the village.

North of In the example below, the noun upstate would be a better choice: He retired and went up the state with his family.

DOWN In a lower position Used to indicate a lower place, position or situation: Those who lived down the hill were in danger.

Halfway down the stairs, he stopped and turned around! The lower down the social scale we are, the less we spend money. Used to indicate a point along a street, river, road, etc., or in a direction away from the speaker or observer: The Post Office is just down the street. They live in a little house down the river. The gas station is down the road two miles. Also used to describe something located across--or blocking--a passage, river, street, road, railroad, and so on: There is another toll plaza down the road. They are building a huge dam down the river. He had to stop at a police blockade down the street.

At or in the lowermost part of something The washing machine was down the basement. He walked through the door down the stairs.

From a higher to a lower position Used to describe movement toward a lower place: The water went down the wrong pipe! There wasn't an elevator, so she went down the stairs. I went down the cellar to get a new bottle of wine. Also used to denote a lower condition, status, rank, etc., or as part of expressions indicating such relations: The order went down the chain of command. Money spent on wars is money down the drain. He fell in disgrace and went down the political ladder. Also used for movement along the current, the flow of traffic, etc., or in a direction away from the speaker or observer: They swam down the river against a school of salmon. I saw him go down the road towards the river.

South of

She drove down the coast from Virginia to North Carolina.

UP AND DOWN The expression up and down means "from one side to the other of a place"-regardless of its angle of inclination: When I was a kid, I loved running up and down the hallway. They were walking up and down the kitchen, waiting for breakfast.

UP TO As far as, as much as, as many as Used to describe an action or something that is not beyond the specified point or amount, regardless of limit or boundary: The snow was up to my knees. I read up to page 900 and then gave up. The water is still rising. It's up to the window now. Squeeze the lemon, and then add up to half a glass of water. Used to indicate some kind of limit or boundary: He swam up to the edge of the pool. We went up to the gate and it was locked. You can save up to 50% on last minute flights. You can only buy up to three tickets.

Responsibility or qualification Used to show who is responsible for a decision, or to describe who is qualified to perform the job or task indicated by the preposition: The final decision is up to the president. People are not sure the president is up to the task. See up to also in Chapter 4.

IN FRONT OF In a position ahead of something or someone The locomotive is in front of its cars.

The woman in front of me bought the last ticket. The drum major was marching in front of the band. There were six motorcycles in front of the motorcade.

Outside at the front part of something His car is parked right in front of the house. There is a big parking place in front of the supermarket. You can use the pay phones located in front of the store.

Facing something or someone They sat in front of each other and talked all night. Every morning he shaves in front of the mirror. The sergeant was in front of his company. Her bedroom window was in front of mine. Also used to describe something placed directly before something else: We can put a preposition in front of a noun or pronoun.

Facing a particular situation There were incredible challenges in front of her. The solution was right in front of me!

Ahead of He is in front of his competitors in the presidential race. He puts personal interest in front of the well-being of others!

In the presence of one or more people She embarrassed me in front of my boyfriend. They don't like to argue in front of the children. He performed in front of a live studio audience. See also at the front of.

BEHIND At or to the back of something or someone The garage is behind the house.

The boy left his bicycle behind the building. He went behind the house and into the garage. Please, close the door behind you as you leave. She was sitting just behind her mother in the theater.

Describing situations Used to describe something done in secret or out of the public view: His partner signed the loan behind his back. He likes to work behind the scenes. Used to describe the circumstance surrounding something: What's the story behind this character? We don't know the motive behind this attack. There was a lot of anger behind his actions.

Following something or someone You guys go ahead. I'll be right behind you. The dogs were some distance behind the bear. We walked behind the procession. Used to show a position further back than what is described by the preposition: They drove behind the snow plow for hours! We were behind the first group of climbers.

On the other side of or beyond Used to show a position or location from to the point of view of the speaker or observer: We camped behind the town. The paparazzi were hiding behind the tree. The owner was behind the counter in the store. We were playing baseball. She was behind the bat. The sun has just set behind the mountains.

Showing support or responsibility

Used to denote support for something or someone: He was behind his son all the way. The committee was behind her appointment. Used to denote responsibility or motive for something: She was behind that excellent project. What's the reason behind the high price of homes?

In an inferior position or less advanced than He is behind his class in French. The candidate is far behind the front-runners. Is the gas industry still behind the oil industry?

Showing delay The project is behind schedule and at risk of failing.

Dealing with past events and situations Used to show who is no longer in possession of something or trying to forget or escape from a particular situation: He is ready to put the past behind him. They ran away, leaving the money behind them. When I leave work, I try to leave the problems behind me. Used to describe who or what is affected by someone's departure or death: He disappeared, leaving behind him his family. She left behind her a valuable collection of books. If he dies, he will leave a great legacy behind him.

AHEAD OF In front of Slow down. There is a construction site ahead of us. There were dolphin schools ahead of the ship. He finished 100 meters ahead of the favorite. She is ahead of me in school! See ahead of also in Chapter 4.

AT THE FRONT OF At the forward part of or facing something Used to indicate a position relative to the forward part of a place or property (usually on the same premises): The children are playing at the front of the house. They have free parking at the front of the supermarket. Also used to indicate a position relative to the forward part of a collective of things or people: The locomotive is at the front of the cars. There are six students sitting at the front of the class. The queen was in a convertible at the front of the parade. The ATM in (a) belongs to the bank; the ATM in (b) is not part of the bank: a) There is an ATM located at the front of the bank. b) There is an ATM located in front of the bank.

AT THE BACK OF At the rear part of or behind something Used to indicate a position relative to the back part of a place or property (usually on the same premises): The swimming pool is at the back of the house. There's a drive-thru at the back of the bank. Also used to indicate a position relative to the back part of a collective of things or people: The tall boy likes to sit at the back of his class. The basses are situated at the back of the orchestra.

IN BACK OF and BACK OF At or in the back of something or someone Frequently used in American English, however less formal than in the back of and at the back of: She is sitting in back of me.

He is sitting back of her. In back of and back of can mean behind (outside) a place: The bicycle is in back of the house. The car is back of the house. In back of and back of can also mean in or at the back (part) of (inside or connected to) a place: The toilet is in back of the house. There is a garden back of the house.

ON THE FRONT OF On the forward part of something Used to describe a part or component of, or contact with, the front or forward part of something: The grille on the front of the car is bent. Benjamin Franklin is on the front of the $100 bill.

ON THE BACK OF On the rear part of something Used to describe a part or component of, or contact with, the back or rear part of something: The brake lights on the back of the car are broken! Independence Hall is on the back of the $100 bill.

IN THE FRONT OF In the forward part of something Used to indicate a position inside the forward part of something; the opposite of in the back of: The man sat in the front of the cab. That couple always sits in the front of the theater. The teacher's desk is in the front of the classroom. He resides in an apartment in the front of the palace.

In the winter, sweaters should be in the front of the closet. The table of contents is in the front of the book. See in the front of also in Chapter 3.

IN THE BACK OF In the rear part of something Used to indicate a position inside the rear part of something; the opposite of in the front of: She sat in the back of the bus. The index is in the back of the book. The storage area is in the back of the store. We sat all the way in the back of the theater. All the mail was in the back of the Post Office. The letters were hidden in the back of the drawer. See in the back of also in Chapter 3.

AT THE BEGINNING OF At the initial stages or part of something At the beginning of is the opposite of at the end of: There is a "welcome" sign at the beginning of the tunnel. At the beginning of the road there was a large barricade. "RE" at the beginning of a letter means in reference to. See at the beginning of and in the beginning of in Chapter 4.

IN THE MIDDLE OF In or around the center part of something There is a large table in the middle of the room. The officer was in the middle of the street, directing traffic.

Somewhere far away in a place or region She lives on an island in the middle of the ocean.

He has a house in the middle of the forest.

AT THE END OF At the final stages or part of something At the end of is the opposite of at the beginning of: There is always light at the end of the tunnel. At the end of the trail we found a small village. "PS" at the end of a letter means postscript. See at the end of also in Chapter 4.

AT THE HEELS OF Near or following close behind Used to indicate who or what is near or being followed closely by something or someone: The dogs were at the heels of the fugitive. The red car was at the heels of the white car. Used to indicate what someone is close to achieving: The singer was at the heels of fame. The scientist was at the heels of a brilliant discovery. See also on the heels of in Chapter 4.

ACROSS FROM Opposite on the other side of Used with some kind of obstacle between across and from: She lives across the street from him. The old man lives across the river from the village. Used without mentioning the (or with an imaginary) obstacle ("across the street from ..." and "across the hall from ..."), as in the two examples below: He lives across from my house. His classroom was right across from mine. Used as opposite:

He performed across from a famous pianist.

ACROSS On the other side of The farm is across the river. The restaurant was right across the lobby. See across also in Chapter 1.

OPPOSITE Across from or facing He sat opposite his girlfriend in the restaurant. The man sat opposite the woman on the train. The bank is on Oak Street, opposite the post office. The toilet is opposite the kitchen! We can use opposite to indicate participation (in a movie, play, concert, etc.) together with someone else: He sang the opera opposite the famous soprano. He starred opposite three great actresses in the drama.

Against They fought opposite each other in the war.

FACING Opposite He sat facing the window. A couple took a pair of seats facing me. The hotel offered me a room facing the sea. The computer was on a desk facing the wall.

In consideration of, considering Facing his past, nothing would be better than change.

BEFORE

In front of An old railroad runs right before the house. The Hollywood actor stood before the cameras. She stopped before the mirror to comb her hair. The kid was sitting before the TV with his homework.

In front of and submitted to The evidence was before the grand jury. The case will be presented before the court. They knew very little about the task before them.

In the presence of They played before a huge audience. The president and the first lady danced before their guests.

As the opposite of AFTER Used to denote precedence or priority: I love the way he puts the family before anything else. My children always put their homework before the TV. Used to indicate what is just ahead of something or someone: They stopped before the White House to celebrate the fourth of July. The car rolled to a complete stop just before the finishing line. See before also in Chapter 4.

UP BEFORE To move to the presence of She went up before the class and introduced herself. He walked up before the judge who was ready to read the verdict.

AFTER As the opposite of BEFORE Ahead of in place or position--often used in sentences describing motion: The car rolled to a complete stop just after the finishing line.

Used to describe motion, indicating a position from the point of view of the speaker or observer: Turn left after the second light. A couple of miles after the bridge make a right. They stopped right after the 1000 mile mark.

Used as BEHIND Please, when you leave, close the door after you. After the mountains came a vast desert. Following behind something or someone: We walked after the procession. One after the other they all came. After you, madam; ladies always first. You guys go ahead. I'll be right after you. I drove after the Ferrari for 20 Km; then she vanished.

Following something or someone To follow in the direction of something or someone with a fixed stare, or to call someone as they are moving further away: He stared after the car as it disappeared down the highway. I shouted after her, but she ignored me and got in the cab.

In search of something or someone Used to describe what or who is in the pursuit of something or someone in order to catch or obtain them: The fox was after the chickens. He went after her to bring her back. The officer was running after the suspect. He is just after her money and her connections. The IRS has been after him for years on tax fraud. He went after some wine for the guests. Used to indicate something to be achieved: Everybody is running after success.

Most people are running after happiness.

Following a sequence or order Used in the sense of next to: The number 10 comes after 9. The letter C comes after the letter B. The letter C comes after the letter X on my keyboard.

Following an order of priority: Money always comes after family. After China, India is the most populous country. After New York, he is going to London.

In allusion to someone or something He named his son after his grandfather. She named her dog Paris after the famous city.

In imitation of something or someone Used to describe the work, the style or the source of inspiration for something otherwise original: It's a work by Rubens after Da Vinci's drawing. The masterpiece was built after a design by Bernini. See after also in Chapter 4.

BEYOND Further away than something or someone She walked beyond him toward the elevator. The forest ended not far beyond the mountain. The pioneers looked for land beyond the horizon. Astronauts will travel beyond Mars to other planets. We walked beyond the bridge and swam across the river. Also used with personal pronouns to describe an action or situation far from comprehension: Why he committed those crimes is beyond me.

He finally concluded that the solution was beyond him.

To or on the further side of something His mother always told him not to go beyond the gate. From somewhere beyond the door came a strange sound. They knew of the existence of a continent beyond the Atlantic.

Outside the possibilities or limits of The task was beyond his capacity. She achieved goals beyond her imagination. Many New Yorkers never traveled beyond New York. They are concerned with life beyond the workplace. The mother put the glass beyond the child's reach. He claims to have gone beyond his obligations.

Above or more than the specified amount They were sailing beyond the 12-mile limit. The prisoner can't go beyond 100 yards of his house. I'll give you an additional discount beyond the usual 20%

Above a condition or situation She has ambitions beyond the vice-presidency. He was never promoted beyond assistant professor.

Not in a good condition or situation Those teens were beyond hope! The old car is beyond use and beyond repair!

Other than or besides Discover what Florida has to offer beyond Orlando! He has other interests beyond the presidency. Also used in the sense of "except" in negative sentences: There was nothing there, beyond two or three old books. He ate nothing beyond a little toast with some tea. See beyond also in Chapter 4.

Chapter 3 - Transportation Prepositions used to describe positions relative to means and modes of transportation. IN and INTO Private or non-commercial transportation You can use in and into for vehicles whose primary use is not for commercial transportation; in can express motion or rest; into always expresses motion: She got in his car at the cafe. They loaded the patient into the ambulance. We all rode in his van to the other side of the island. She was traveling in her RV, on Interstate 95 in Virginia. He was in his plane when he saw a shiny object in the sky. Mao Zedong used to travel around China in his private train. In the example below, in used with the motion verb walk might suggest that someone is walking around inside the elevator: I walked in the elevator while talking on the phone. The preposition into is a better option to explain the idea of motion toward the interior of the elevator: I walked into the elevator while talking on the phone. We may use in when the passenger can interact with the driver or the pilot (for example, when we can influence the route choice): The queen was fond of cruising in her yacht. He was flying coast to coast in his private plane. We can use in (or on) for passengers of large private vehicles such as buses,

airplanes, ships, or trains (see also on, onto and off): I rode in the bus with the band. They travelled in the King's private train. She was taking a ride in his private plane. He went from France to England in the Queen's yacht.

Cars, small vehicles, boats, etc. Use in or into for automobiles and small means of transportation in which you can normally sit but not walk: She got in the cab at the airport. They climbed ashore, leaving their bags in the canoe. She climbed into the car and sat in the back seat. See in also in Chapters 2 and 4. See into also in Chapters 1 and 4.

ON and ONTO The concept of surface We use on and onto to indicate the sense of surface related to certain means of transportation--on expressing motion or rest; onto only expressing motion: I got on my bike and left. She got on her motorcycle and drove away. Look how fast the boy is going on his kick scooter! The cowboy jumped onto his horse and rode away. She went out on roller skates; he went on his skateboard. The man rode on a camel to Mount Sinai. There were 10 cars on the car carrier. Compare: She climbed into the car and sat in the back seat. The angry demonstrators climbed onto the car.

Travelling ON commercial vehicles Used to describe commercial vehicles and public transportation in general: He traveled on the night train to Chicago.

The passengers on the plane applauded the pilot. It takes around two weeks to go from NY to Greece on a ship. The teacher travelled on the school bus with the students. She stepped onto the bus and took a seat.

IN or ON: the concept of containment vs. surface We can ride in or on a carriage, in or on a fire truck, and so on, according to our position relative to the vehicle: We all saw the queen arriving in her carriage. On the carriage was the queen's favorite coachman. The children were thrilled with their ride in the fire truck. Everyone came out to see Santa Claus riding on the fire truck.

Using IN or ON to show position or movement Use on when traveling by public transportation (see also Cars, Small Vehicles, Boats, Etc. in IN and INTO in this chapter): She traveled to Canada on a bus. Don't worry, I had dinner on the plane. The stewardesses on the plane were very nice. "Hello? I'm on the train now. I'll be there in two hours." It was fun to ride on the Paul Revere rail car! We went on a cruise ship to Alaska. Use in if you just want to show a position or location inside a commercial or private vehicle; that is, if you are not specifically referring to the journey: There is no driver in the bus! "Where are you now?" "I'm in the plane." Get in the bus now so we can close the door. He was working in the ship, preparing it to receive the cargo.

Using transportation for other means We can be in any commercial vehicle that is not serving its main function of transportation: She found a migrant family living in an old bus.

He's been sleeping in trains and abandoned cars. The classes are held in a decommissioned plane. Some passengers were trapped in the capsized ship!

Using official transportation Except for automobiles, small boats, etc., on is often used when the passenger cannot influence the route choice: The reporters traveled on Air Force One with the president, The use of in or on for people who can influence the route of an official vehicle will depend on the point of view of the speaker: The president and his aides flew in Marine One. The president and his aides flew on Marine One.

Things aboard & transporting cargo We use the same prepositions for passengers, in and on, but your perception of space vs. journey also counts: There is enough space for luggage in the bus. Passengers may take their hand luggage on the bus. Both examples below are acceptable. However, I personally prefer (b) because the sentence in (a) looks as if the seats were passengers: a) There are a number of extra seats on the airplane. b) There are a number of extra seats in the airplane. The choice of preposition will depend on the specific situation, according to your perception of "container" or "surface": You should have a first-aid kit in your trunk. Pets are not allowed to travel in the cargo bin. The bike rack on the bus can carry up to 4 bikes. The vehicles in the ship were loaded via a ramp. The containers on the ship were lifted by crane. See on also in Chapters 2 and 4. See onto also in Chapters 1 and 4.

OUT OF and OFF Exiting different means of transportation

If you are in a vehicle, you will get out of it, but if you are on it, you will get off the vehicle: We got out of the cab at the airport. We got off the bus at the Central Station. She jumped off her horse and went inside. He got off his bike and placed it against the tree. I fell off my surfboard and was taken down by the big wave. She got off her motorcycle and went into the restroom. The sick passenger was taken off the ship in a lifeboat. I walked out of the elevator on the seventh floor. We got off the train at St. Pancras International. You can also use off in the figurative sense to ask someone to "leave you alone" or to stop bothering or criticizing you: Get off my back! See off also in Chapters 1, 2 and 4.

ABOARD On, onto All meals aboard the train are included. We presented our tickets and climbed aboard the bus. One by one the passengers climbed aboard the ship.

In, into He was aboard a cab on his way to work when she called. We stepped aboard the elevator and punched "30." Only two people were aboard the small helicopter. Choose the right preposition as the converse of aboard: They climbed aboard the elevator on the ground floor. They got out of the elevator on the third floor. I went aboard the train at midnight. I got off the train at seven a.m.

IN THE FRONT OF and IN THE BACK OF Indicating position inside the vehicle Parents with babies sat in the back of the plane. The students were singing in the back of the bus. Normally, fares are displayed in the front of the taxi. The conductor is in the front of the train with the engineer. The tour guide reserved the first two seats in the front of the bus. Small children should always ride in the back of the car. The radiator is located in the front of the car. See in the front of and in the back of also in Chapter 2.

ON TOP OF On the highest part or surface of a vehicle Riding on top of a train is dangerous. During a tour in Nepal, we sat on top of the bus. The surfboard is on a rack on top of the car. See on top of also in Chapter 2.

BY Describing the method of transportation We use by to indicate the type of vehicle or vessel involved in the process of transportation: I traveled from Paris to London by train. I went from the hotel to the airport by taxi. Visitors can reach the top of the building by elevator. Skiers can reach the top of the mountain by helicopter. Commuting by bus instead of driving saves me money. It's easy to get around New York by subway. Both actions described below are possible, but on is more often used than by when dealing with the concept of surface:

He went from Miami to Alaska on a bicycle. He went from Miami to Alaska by bicycle.

BY or ON? Use on to refer to surfaces that are propelled by human or animal power: She will take a taxi. I prefer to go on foot. He traveled on roller skates across the U.S. He went from Miami to Alaska on a bicycle. They traveled from North Carolina to Virginia on a horse. She traveled on skis and snow shoes across Greenland!

When not to use BY Always use in or on for transportation when the preposition is followed by a plural noun, a definite or indefinite article, or an adjective: Babies riding in cars should never face front. I rode on the new bike for the first time last week. She went for a ride on a camel in Dubai. My dream is to fly in a fighter jet. I love traveling on old trains. Compare: She traveled by bus (not by a bus). He came by plane (not by a plane). a journey by train (not by a train). They came by car (not by cars). We can use by--followed by a plural noun, an article or adjective--as an instrumental preposition (and not as a preposition of transport): The dog was hit by a car. The dog was hit by the car. The dog was hit by an automobile. Gasoline is still used by modern cars. The city replaced the trams by busses.

Describing the modes of transportation

Used to indicate how or where the transportation is performed: Grand Lake can be reached by water or by road. He traveled by air from Paris to London. It's cheap to transport timber by water.

Describing the period of light of a journey He traveled by day and by night, resting for short periods.

Other "means of transportation" Many other "carriers" are considered modes of transportation: She sent her CV by E-mail. He plans to have the money transferred by cable. The oil company is transporting petroleum by pipeline. See by also in Chapters 1, 2 and 4.

VIA By means of or using The preposition by is more often used than via to describe the type of transportation used to take something or someone from a location to another: He went to New York via train. All orders are shipped via truck. Please, contact us via e-mail. See via also in Chapter 1.

Chapter 4 - Time Prepositions used for describing position in time IN, ON and AT Units of time and calendar time Use in to indicate a particular unit of time other than a day that can be identified by its name: Astronauts will land on Mars in the 21st century. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress in 2012. Summer starts in June. Winter comes in December. Use on to indicate a specific day: All banks are closed on Sundays. I have an appointment on Tuesday. On Monday we will open a little later.

Duration of a period of time or an event Always use in for periods of time or duration of events: There are 24 hours in one day. Dinner will be ready in one hour. He made a quarter of a million dollars in two days. The company sold over a million phones in 24 hours. We'll send you the information in a week or two. It's not an easy task, but I'll try to finish it in a fortnight. I'll get better grades in the second semester. Reality shows became popular in the 1990s.

She'll never marry you. Not even in one hundred years! He married a Vietnamese girl he met in the war. She has accomplished many things in her life. In his childhood he was very timid.

IN the morning, IN the afternoon, IN the evening Morning, afternoon and evening are considered periods of time and also take the preposition in: What time did you have breakfast in the morning? Sorry, I have to go back to work in the afternoon. In the evening, dinner will be served at 7 p.m.

ON the weekend In American English the weekend is treated as one day (the end of the week): We usually go to the park on the weekends. The events took place on the weekend of July 11-12. In British English (and other varieties of English), "the weekend" is treated as an event, or "the end," but not as a day: Part-time workers are more likely to work regularly at weekends. Book your ticket now if you are travelling at the weekend.

ON intervals of time Use on to talk about holidays, vacations, breaks, and other intervals of time: He is on a trip to Kenya. She is on vacation in Hawaii. I'm at work now. I'll call you on my break.

AT the clock time Use at to describe a specific time: We'll have lunch at noon. Bus schedule: first departure at 7:28. I have an appointment at 10 o'clock on Tuesday.

AT a traditional event

Use at to refer to an event traditionally celebrated on certain dates: The whole family gathered at Christmas. This year the whole family will sing at Hanukkah. The children will get new clothes at Ramadan.

AT a particular event Use at to refer to any particular event: I met her at dinner last night. We were introduced at a party last week. She expressed her gratitude at the visit of the delegation.

AT night, AT dawn and AT dusk At night, dawn and dusk are treated as events in time: At night we met with our friends and had a nice dinner. They want to see the first stars to come out at dusk. We got up at dawn to see the sunrise.

IN a season In the winter, Moscow is illuminated and alive! We all got together to plant strawberries in the spring. In the summer we like to play Frisbee on the beach. I love to see the beautiful aspen trees in the autumn. In, on and at are also explained in Chapters 1, 2 and 3.

INSIDE In less than Used to describe something done or achieved in less than the amount of time specified by the preposition: I intend to be in the university inside one year. His goal was to finish the marathon inside four hours.

Less than Used to describe a smaller amount of time than the time indicated by the preposition:

His time was inside the official qualifying time. Her time was inside the fastest time for that category. Inside is also explained in Chapter 2.

INTO Advancing to a later period or event We use into to describe an action that continues for some time through or until a later period: Sometimes, if I need to, I will work into the night. We moved into the New Year with renewed enthusiasm. Used to describe the time elapsed during an event: A half hour into our dinner, my cell phone rang. The boss arrived about 45 minutes into the meeting! Used to indicate the next phase of an event: The tennis player cruised into the fourth round. See into also in Chapter 1.

ONTO Extending an interval of time Used to help describe the amount of time added to the period of time or event specified by the preposition: The detour added three hours onto my trip. The judge tacked five years onto his sentence. An additional year was added onto the president's term. See onto also in Chapter 1.

AT THE BEGINNING OF Starting at a particular point in time At the beginning of the 18th century, we knew very little about science. At the end of the day we all just want to be happy. See at the beginning of also in Chapter 2.

IN THE BEGINNING OF During the early stages of the specified period In the beginning of the 19th century, there were the Napoleonic wars. In the beginning of the year, there was a brief period of peace.

AT THE END OF At the point in time when something stops Used literally and figuratively: At the end of the day we had a delicious dinner. At the end of the day, we all just want to be happy. See at the end of also in Chapter 2.

ON THE HEELS OF Soon after or showing continuation A new cold wave will come on the heels of the storm. The war came on the heels of the depression.

BEGINNING Starting in, on or at a period or an event Beginning the second semester, there will be changes in the schedule. The bridge will be closed for two weeks beginning Monday. Beginning dinner, the new diet was not even mentioned!

AS FROM or AS OF On or beginning at the specified time, date or event He was 71--as of his birthday in 2010. As from January 1, there will be no smoking in public parks. As of this year, all students are required to register online.

AS FAR AS To the specified extent or limit of time

Today our history class went as far as 1492. The mayor is trying to look ahead as far as the next century. I described everything as far as Monday, October 1. See as far as also in Chapter 2.

BEYOND Later than the specified time or date His prophecies reached beyond the year 3000! I want to do things that will last beyond my lifetime. See beyond also in Chapter 2.

COME When the specified time or date is reached Barbecues and fireworks will be everywhere come July 4. Come June, I hope you are ready for a nice vacation! He lost his house two years ago come this May. Come dinner, he was not hungry!

ALONG Within a certain length of a period of time The preposition during would be the ideal choice for the sentences below: The online news is updated along the day. Thousands of people visited the event along the weekend. Sometimes the period of time is undetermined: Mistakes were made along the way. See along also in Chapter 1.

DURING Within the duration of a period or event I have worked during my entire life. Most of us are busy during the week.

Many students work during the summer. It's hard to live in a house during construction. During his term, the president signed many bills. Many earthquakes occurred during the last century. During our trip to Alaska we saw a grizzly bear.

UNDER In the process of The website is under construction. The new product is under research.

During the specified period of the zodiac She was born under the sign of Pisces.

In less than, less than, younger than Used to indicate less time than a particular amount of time or less than a particular or required age: He runs the 100 m under 10 seconds. The plane can fly between the U.S. and Europe in under two hours. The rule does not apply to people under 65. Used with the word age to indicate a minor or a person who has not reached the legal age of full responsibility. He wanted to volunteer, but he was under age when the war began. Under is also explained in Chapter 1.

THROUGH Within the specified period of time Used to describe the period of time within which something occurs: Let's help each other through another day. The world has been through a year of uncertainty. He worked through the night--with occasional naps. We are open for business from Monday through Friday

See through also in Chapter 1.

THROUGHOUT During the entire period or event Used in situations where something occurs during the entire period described by the preposition: He remained active throughout his retirement. She lived in different countries throughout her life. Volunteers worked throughout the night searching for survivors. He smiled and gesticulated throughout his conversation with her. See throughout also in Chapter 1.

FOR Defining the duration of an event Used to indicate a definite or indefinite length of time: I've been working for hours on this letter. He lived in an igloo for much of his time in the Arctic. He waited for three hours and she never showed up. After one application, the mosquitoes were gone for good. The discussion lasted for two meetings. The length of time can be completely unknown: Have you studied any other languages? For how long?

At the exact time, period of time or event Used to indicate at which time or event, or on which day or period of time something should happen: I need a taxi for 2:30 this afternoon. I need a taxi for the whole day. I need a cab for the wedding. See for also in Chapter 1.

SINCE

From or between points or events in time Used to describe the point in the past when something started or last took place: The Hotel has had less traffic since the construction began. Since 1972, no one has been to the moon. I haven't seen him since the last game. Used to describe an event or action, occurring intermittently or continuously, in the period of time extended from the specified point or event in the past: He's been retired since 1999. She's been taking ballet since she was a kid.

FROM - TO A period between two events or endpoints of time From his arrival to his departure he didn't say a word! She works from nine to five every day.

FROM From (without to) can be used to indicate the date, event, or time at which something starts or happens: The law will become effective 90 days from today. We don't know what is going to happen one hour from now! The retirement age was increased to 65 years from 2012. From the moment I saw her, I knew. See from also in Chapters 1 and 2; see to also in Chapter 1.

AWAY FROM The distance in time from a point or event Her office is just 10 walking minutes away from mine. I believe the president is a couple of hours away from a decision. See away from also in Chapter 2.

OUT OF

Away from The store was one hour out of my way. About 25 minutes out of the train station you will see a bridge. See out of also in Chapters 2 and 3.

UNTIL Up to the specified point or event in time We have until July to make a decision. I won't decide until I see a contract! Also used with from: From now until the end of the year there will be many changes.

BY At or not later than By midnight everybody was tired. Voters must cast their votes by 7 p.m. By the end of Election Day we'll have the results. By nightfall I was getting very tired and hungry. By the time I arrived, she had already left.

Defining the duration of an event Used to indicate a definite or indefinite length of time: Dinner was anticipated by two hours. Saturday came, followed by hours of shopping! The length of time can be completely unknown: Success will be determined by how much time you have. See by also in Chapters 1, 2 and 3.

UP TO and UP UNTIL Not beyond the specified time Used to indicate a time or date limit:

The bar is open up to midnight. Sometimes she works up to 2 a.m. Up to 1998 he had written some 20 books! Excavations will continue up until the end of November. I have up until next year to pay all my debts. Used to indicate the maximum amount of time: Students may take up to ten years to pay back the loan. You can buy your ticket up until one hour before the game. Up until a month ago I still tried to contact her. The journey can take up to 40 minutes. She works up to 80 hours per week! See up to also in Chapter 2.

OVER Throughout or during Used to describe an event or period of time throughout or during which something happens: There were 8 goals scored over the two meetings. Heavy rain is expected over the next few hours. Temperatures increased over the last century. We can discuss the plan over the weekend. Can we talk about this problem over dinner? They had twenty meetings over two days! They raised $1 million over a month. I worked over my entire vacation!

Until the end of an event or period of time Used to describe part of an event or period of time throughout or during which something happens: They have just arrived, but will stay over the meeting. It's 5 p.m. now. We will rest over the day and go out at night.

No longer affected by something I was so worried. I was so scared of everything. Now I'm over all that. She swore she was over her breakup with her boyfriend.

More than a particular period of time Used to describe an action or event that lasted more than the period of time indicated by the preposition, or which happened before that period: It's been over a week and still no reply! It was a little over a month since I last saw him. The drunken driver was held for over 24 hours. I sent my application over a month ago. Used to describe something happening later than or after the period indicated by the preposition: Christmas was over two weeks away. I need over an hour to do this. Also used to describe an amount of time before which something is not possible or likely to happen: In my country you must be over 18 years old to vote. Many students need over two years to speak English well. See over also in Chapter 2.

WITHIN Inside the limits of a period of time Used to describe something that happens before the end of the period of time indicated by the preposition: Conditions can change within seconds. All books must be returned within three days. If you don't hear from me within 12 hours, call me again. Within a month, he was ready to return to work, During the specified period of time: He has moved three times within the last two years.

This year, all holidays will fall within the weekends. My workload has increased within the past year. Used with of to help describe de maximum distance in time taken from one point or event to another: Both beaches are within two hours of the city. Within one hour of my arrival I found a place to live. The candidate gave up within two days of the election. See within also in Chapter 2.

BETWEEN In the period separating two points or events in time Orders are delivered between Monday and Friday. He was having a cup of coffee between appointments. Strange things happened between midnight and dawn. We'll have 33 days between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Between now and tomorrow I promise to give you my decision. Also used after the preposition in to refer to the entire interval connecting the endpoints of an event in time: In between meetings, I made several phone calls. He served as mayor in between his two terms as governor. See between also in Chapter 2.

TOWARD Also towards (mainly British).

Close to or approaching a particular time or event Used to describe something happening closer to the specified period of time or event, or before the specified period of time or event is reached: It will get colder towards December. Toward midnight, the moon will come out. We can start thinking about the garden toward spring. See toward also in Chapter 1.

ABOUT At an approximate time or event About is a little more precise than around: They are planning to leave in or about March. Sugar began arriving in Portugal about 1450. They arrived about Christmas 2012. He arrived home about 12 p.m. She woke up at about 12 p.m.! Also used with round: It was round about midnight when he arrived. See about also in Chapters 1 and 2.

AROUND At an approximate time or event Around means "approximately" or something like "for more or for less, but never on time" and is slightly less precise than about: She arrived home around midnight. After dinner, at around 8 p.m., she drove home by herself. I will try to plan my vacation in India around New Years.

Using AROUND or ROUND Around is often used interchangeably with round in the sense of throughout: Come to our beaches, we have surfing round the year. Come to our beaches, we have surfing around the year. See around also in Chapter 1.

NEAR Not far away or a short period of time from He is an old man, near retirement. Near midnight the guests began to leave. The event takes place in July, near Independence Day.

Used in the sense of "almost": She was near fifty when she got pregnant.

Also NEAR TO The bomb came near to exploding. He was seriously ill and was near to death. See near also in Chapter 2.

NEXT TO In very close proximity to Frequently used with the word right for emphasis--to strengthen the meaning of the preposition: They are having a baby right next to their anniversary. My birthday is right next to the holidays. See next to also in Chapter 2

CLOSE TO Very near to We're getting close to December, but it's still hot! How close to my vacation can I make the reservation? See close to also in Chapter 2.

CIRCA At the approximate date of We use circa to refer to approximate dates, usually years: The pharaoh was born circa 1303 BC. The pyramid was built circa 1279 BC.

About, around Also used by extension of its temporal sense to indicate general amounts: He has circa 500 registered domain names! They have the largest merchant navy, with circa 3000 ships!

They used to pay circa $5 per week for minimal health insurance.

GONE Past, after, later than the specified time It's gone 10 p.m. and the children look hungry. It was gone midnight when she arrived.

Older than the specified age The queen is gone 80 and is still very active.

PRIOR TO Before Some authors recommend using before instead of prior to: Prior to meeting with the president he met with the press. They spent two days in Miami prior to their trip to Cuba. Prior to 1969 no one has ever been to the moon.

PREVIOUS TO Before, prior to Some authors recommend using before instead of previous to: Previous to 1799, the capital was Philadelphia. Two days previous to the election he made a great speech. Previous to his position as director he was an assistant.

AHEAD OF In advance of The scientist was ahead of his time.

In front of We must go now. We have a long journey ahead of us. This device is years ahead of the competition!

Before, earlier than

We arrived ten minutes ahead of time. The candidate quit the race a few days ahead of the polls. See ahead of also in Chapter 2.

IN ADVANCE OF Ahead of or before Some authors recommend using before instead of in advance of: They completed the tests several months in advance of schedule. The boss needs the reports two weeks in advance of the meeting.

BEFORE Earlier than Used to refer to an action or activity that precedes the specified time or event: Check-in before 12 noon is possible. Before travelling, she had to learn English. She arrived two hours before the meeting. We don't usually eat dessert before dinner. Also used to tell the time: It was ten minutes before midnight when the doorbell rang. See before also in Chapter 2.

AFTER Later than Used to refer to an action or activity that follows the specified time or event: Check-out after 2 p.m. is not possible. After learning English, she had to learn French! He arrived two hours after the meeting began. We usually eat dessert after lunch. Used to describe an action or activity done when someone has left a place or has finished doing something: She still cleans up after her gown up children!

Also used to tell the time: Time to go! It's ten after twelve. See after also in Chapter 2.

SUBSEQUENT TO Immediately or later after, following Some authors recommend using after instead of subsequent to: Subsequent to the market crash, the bank held an emergency meeting. The bonus will be paid subsequent to the annual meeting.

FOLLOWING After Following the meeting, there will be a press conference. All the beaches were closed, following the oil spill.

PENDING While waiting for a future event The bridge was closed pending repairs. He will remain in office, pending the result of the re-election.

UPON On or immediately after an event Upon his return, he married the love of his life, You can start upon the conclusion of the agreement. He said he had seen them upon different occasions.

About to happen Winter is upon us again. See upon also in Chapter 2.

PAST Time after an hour, a period of time or an event

It's ten past twelve--I'm ten minutes late! A week past his 18th birthday he joined the military. We are a month past the meeting and nothing has changed. She usually works past dinner time. See past also in Chapter 1.

OF Referencing time and events As a preposition of reference, of is always used to help describe time, events, periods of time, dates, and so on: a quarter of four the time of the day the 8th of June of 2018 the FIFA World Cup of 2018 Saturday is the day of the wedding. the end of the season the night of the party

The word "quarter" 1/4 of 60 Minutes You can use the word quarter with the prepositions past, after, till, until, to or of to represent a unit of time equal to 15 minutes: It's a quarter past three (3:15). It's a quarter after three (3:15). The meeting will start at a quarter to 3 (2:45). The meeting will start at a quarter of 3 (2:45). I'll see you in a quarter of an hour (15 minutes). The word quarter is also used to represent a fourth part of other units of time: This story is more than a quarter of a century old. A quarter of a year is 1/4th of 12 months, or 3 months. He only needs to play a quarter of a season to receive his full salary.

Appendix Basic non-spatial prepositions used to express manner, cause, reason, concession, purpose, intention, & more. ACCORDING TO As stated or instructed by According to the president, conditions will improve next year. The new biography will be published next year, according to the author.

AS Acting according to the quality or role of Congratulations. The team played as one man today! She used to work as a waitress before becoming an actress.

AS OPPOSED TO In contrast to Nowadays I buy gas once a month, as opposed to once a week! He was a realist, as opposed to an idealist.

BECAUSE OF By reason of, as a result of He joined the navy because of family tradition. Because of the accident, she had to use crutches for one year.

BESIDES

In addition to, apart from What do you do with your time, besides working? Besides working at the store, I do some work at home.

Except for Nobody, besides her mother, had ever shown her so much love. Besides the newspaper, I haven't read anything lately.

BUT Except No one but the janitor had the keys. We've heard nothing but lies in the past four years!

Two positions away from The next store but one is the post office. Penult means "the last item but one of a series."

BY MEANS OF With the use of, with the help of You can uncork the bottle by means of a corkscrew. We can increase our fitness by means of physical exercise.

CONCERNING About, related to You'll receive an email with instructions concerning your participation. Please, contact us for any inquiry concerning your subscription.

CONSIDERING Taking something into consideration Considering the costs, what are the benefits? Unacceptable, considering his experience!

DESPITE

In spite of The house was sold for a very low price, despite the excellent location. She could not understand him, despite his elaborate explanations.

DUE TO Because of He had to stop the vehicle, due to the crowd. Due to bad weather, the airport was closed.

EXCEPT Not including The store is open from Monday to Friday--except on holidays. Everybody went home, except a few close friends.

But, other than There was nobody home except the dog. No one except you can help me.

EXCEPT FOR Apart from Except for me, there was no one else in the building. The parking lot was empty--except for a few dumpsters full of bottles.

If it were not for Except for her, he wouldn't have gone so far. Except for her father, she would not have been such a great athlete.

INCLUDING Inclusive of, also comprising Everyone, including all sales staff, must attend the meeting. All areas of the park, including the carousel, have returned to normal.

IN COMPARISON TO

Comparing different things In comparison to the objects around it, the vase was very heavy. A Ferrari is much faster in comparison to an Olympic sprinter.

IN COMPARISON WITH Comparing similar things In comparison with the old model, the new model is more beautiful. The Earth is very small in comparison with Jupiter.

IN CONTRAST TO As opposed to In contrast to the rest of the country, there are plenty of jobs in our state. Her eyes were so dark in contrast to her skin. Also in contrast with: In contrast with the rest of the country, there are plenty of jobs here. Her eyes were so dark in contrast with her skin.

IN FAVOR OF In support of Those in favor of the amendment, please stand.

In the interest of He resigned in favor of serving in the Senate.

In order to be replaced by The general resigned in favor of his second-in-command.

IN ORDER TO For the purpose of doing something, to In order to win the election, he made some bad decisions. She is learning Arabic in order to travel to the Arab world.

IN REGARD TO

With regard to, with respect to I am calling in regard to my son. In regard to your proposal, please call us during office hours.

IN SPITE OF Without being affected or prevented by In spite of working long hours, she found time to practice yoga. We all managed to stay warm, in spite of the snow.

INSTEAD OF As an alternative to, in place of If you are tired, try walking instead of jogging. You could eat yogurt instead of ice cream.

LIKE Expressing similarities Last night I slept like a baby. Her daughter looks like her.

ON BEHALF OF Representing, in the interests of This medal is presented on behalf of a grateful nation. On behalf of my family, I would like to thank everyone here for coming.

REGARDING Concerning, with regard to I'm writing regarding my application for a student visa. Regarding your application, please find attached an updated form.

WITH REGARD TO About, in reference or relation to

Her mother made all the decisions with regard to her future. With regard to your request, please consider it granted.

WITH RESPECT TO With regard to The two countries appear to be similar with respect to culture. With respect to your proposal, please call us during office hours.

Index A ABOARD ABOUT direction) ABOUT (time) ABOVE ACCORDING TO ACROSS (direction) ACROSS (orientation/location) ACROSS FROM AFTER (transportion) AFTER (time) AGAINST AHEAD OF (orientation/location) AHEAD OF(time) ALOFT ALONG (direction) ALONG (time) ALONGSIDE ALONGSIDE OF ALONG WITH ALOOF FROM AMID

AMONG AROUND (direction) AROUND (time) AS AS FAR AS (orientation/location) AS FAR AS (time) AS FROM AS OF AS OPPOSED TO ASTRIDE ASTRIDE OF AT (direction) AT (orientation/location) AT (time) ATOP AT THE BACK OF AT THE BEGINNING OF (orientation/location) AT THE BEGINNING OF (time) AT THE END OF (orientation/location) AT THE END OF (time) AT THE FRONT OF AT THE HEELS OF AT THE TOP OF AWAY FROM (orientation/location) AWAY FROM (time)

B BACK OF BECAUSE OF BEFORE (orientation/location)

BEFORE (time) BEGINNING BEHIND BELOW BESIDE BESIDES BETWEEN (orientation/location) BETWEEN (time) BEYOND (orientation/location) BEYOND (time) BUT BY (direction) BY (orientation/location) BY (time) BY (time) BY MEANS OF

C CIRCA CLOSE TO (orientation/location) CLOSE TO (time) COME CONCERNING CONSIDERING

D DESPITE DOWN DUE TO DURING

E EXCEPT EXCEPT FOR

F FACING FAR FROM FOLLOWING FOR (direction) FOR (time) FROM (direction) FROM (orientation/location) FROM (time)

G GONE

I IN (orientation/location) IN (orientation/location) IN (transportation) IN (time) IN ADVANCE OF IN BACK OF INCLUDING IN COMPARISON TO IN COMPARISON WITH IN CONTRAST TO IN CONTRAST WITH IN FAVOR OF IN FRONT OF

IN ORDER TO IN REGARD TO INSIDE (orientation/location) INSIDE (time) IN SPITE OF INSTEAD OF IN THE BACK OF (orientation/location) IN THE BACK OF (transportation) IN THE BEGINNING OF IN THE FRONT OF (orientation/location) IN THE FRONT OF (transportation) IN THE MIDDLE OF INTO (direction) INTO (trasnportation) INTO (time)

L LIKE

N NEAR (orientation/location) NEAR (time) NEAR TO (orientation/location) NEAR TO (time) NEXT TO (orientation/location) NEXT TO (time)

O OF (orientation/location) OF (time) OFF (direction)

OFF (orientation/location) OFF (transportation) ON (orientation/location) ON (orientation/location) ON (transportation) ON (time) ON BEHALF OF ON THE BACK OF ON THE FRONT OF ON THE HEELS OF ON THE TOP OF ONTO (direction) ONTO (transportation) ONTO (time) ON TOP OF (orientation/location) ON TOP OF (time) OPPOSITE OUT OUT OF (direction) OUT OF (orientation/location) OUT OF (time) OUT OF (time) OUTSIDE OVER (orientation/location) OVER (time)

P PAST (direction) PAST (time) PENDING

PREVIOUS TO PRIOR TO

Q QUARTER AFTER QUARTER OF QUARTER PAST QUARTER TO

R REGARDING ROUND

S SINCE SUBSEQUENT TO

T THROUGH (direction) THROUGH (time) THROUGHOUT (direction) THROUGHOUT (time) TO (direction) TO (time) TOGETHER WITH TOWARD (direction) TOWARD (time) TOWARDS (direction) TOWARDS (time)

U UNDER (orientation/location)

UNDER (time) UNDERNEATH UNTIL UP UP BEFORE UPON (orientation/location) UPON (time) UP TO (orientation/location) UP TO (time) UP UNTIL

V VIA (direction) VIA (transportion)

W WITH WITHIN (orientation/location) WITHIN (time) WITHOUT WITH REGARD TO WITH RESPECT TO

Table of Contents Title Page Also by Andrew Bruckfield Prepositions by Example - The Quickest Way to Learn and Practice English Prepositions Introduction Chapter 1 – Direction TO Direction, movement & reception FROM Describing origin or source AT Describing direction and intention INTO In a direction to the interior or the inside of something Showing what clothes a person puts on: Describing separation, transformation or division Describing a particular state, condition or situation Describing involvement or interest in a particular activity OUT and OUT OF In a direction toward the exterior In a direction away from inside To a certain distance outside or away from ONTO In a direction toward a surface ONTO someone or something OFF Separate from, away or to a certain distance from TOWARD

In the direction of something or someone ALONG In the direction of a length AROUND & ROUND Encircling Using a detour Everywhere, on every side of a place or area, surrounding THROUGH From one point to the other crossing a volume THROUGHOUT In every part of a place, region or object ACROSS From one side to the other of an area In every or many parts or directions of an area PAST Further than a particular point Moving in a direction that passes VIA A route through or by way of a particular place Using a particular route By means of or through Indicating medium or agency BY Through, along, via, past, near Describing the route taken to a destination Going to a place or approaching someone Describing way or manner Describing the method or instrument used Showing who or what does something ABOUT

Around Somewhere in, near or around a place or area Somewhere in or around a place or area On or with Approximately Concerning or relating to something or someone AGAINST Force in the opposite direction Force in contact with something Next to, touching Onto, on In front of or facing a background In opposition to or contrary to In contrastive or comparative relation to In return or exchange for something For protection or defense FOR Intent of reaching a destination Direction of attitudes or feelings Expressing wish or need Expressing intention or indicating an activity Describing reason or purpose Expressing support, benefit or cause In the interest of or representing Concerning something or someone As being Describing exchange or substitution Describing compensation, recompense or penalty Describing price, value, amount or extent

Comparing to something or someone Showing concordance or interest Showing who or what does an action Describing some kind of limitation Describing a specific quality or need Describing what someone eats at a meal Describing something that is not suitable or appreciated Chapter 2 – Orientation and Location IN Inclusion, location or position within or inside IN the mirror and IN the photo IN the bathroom, IN the bath, and IN the shower IN class, IN school, IN church, IN jail, IN prison IN the rain, snow, ice Describing cardinal points Describing how something is done Describing how something happens INSIDE In the interior or on the inner side of WITHIN Inside a range, place or area Inside a particular condition or situation OUT OF Away from or outside Describing the lack or absence of something Absent from Selecting something or someone from a group Indicating origin or source: Indicating a state of emotion or feeling OUTSIDE

Not inside or part of something Away from something Near a border Beyond or on the other side of something ON In contact with or supported by ON the street, ON the farm, ON the island, ON the planet ON the specified side ON the stool, ON the sofa Comparing IN and ON ON the street, IN the street and IN the streets IN the corner and ON the corner IN the hand and ON the hand IN or ON the face, arm, leg, etc. IN the water and ON the water IN the snow and ON the snow IN the chair and ON the chair ON the nightstand and IN the nightstand IN the bed, IN bed and ON the bed IN the mirror and ON the mirror IN the book and ON the page IN the photograph and ON the photograph IN the list and ON the list Describing a process or state Indicating the instrument or equipment being used According to or because of a particular result Concerning or relating to something or someone Carrying or wearing something Indicating the object of improvement or comparison

Assuming the responsibility for something Engaged in a particular activity Describing participation IN the market and ON the market IN my mind and ON my mind UPON An elevated ON On a surface Describing situations ON TOP OF On the highest surface of On an elevated surface At the highest point of a situation or condition ON TOP OF vs. ON On or covering a surface In very close proximity to someone or something In control of a condition or situation Well informed about something In addition to ON THE TOP OF On the highest or upper part of something AT THE TOP OF At the highest point At the highest degree or scale ALOFT High up in the air above something or someone On top of, at the top of ATOP On top of, on the top of, at the top of OFF

Separate from, near to or at a certain distance from Near and contiguous to Indicating absence, abstention or separation AT Indicating presence or proximity Denoting a distant place Denoting the place of an event Denoting the event itself AT home, AT work, AT school, AT church, At sea, etc. AT war, AT peace, AT rest, AT ease, etc. Indicating a particular rate or degree Indicating a specific coordinate In response to something or someone Describing a particular ability Denoting the object of an attitude or emotion Denoting the object of an action or situation Describing an attempt or plan Describing a repeated action NEXT TO Adjacent to, beside Following a sequence or order Denoting an order of preference or importance: Denoting comparison Almost CLOSE TO Closer than near Near, approaching some achievement Connected to something Intimate or friendly with someone

Used for comparison NEAR Close to something or someone in distance Close to something in amount Close to a particular state or situation NEAR TO Close to AS FAR AS To the specified extent or limit of Concerning, as for, regarding Also SO FAR AS BESIDE Next to or at the side of Away from or not relevant to ALONGSIDE Side by side with Beside or next to the side of Together with, in addition to ALONG WITH Together with In association with, besides TOGETHER WITH Along with, in addition to As well as BY Beside, near or next to Along or alongside Describing the route taken to a destination Because of, according to, in conformity with With respect to or concerning

Describing a particular reference Using a specific name In the name of or in a solemn appeal to Describing a specific part to take hold of Describing grades and amounts WITH Contained in or having a particular feature Near or in the same place as Accompanied by Describing separation Instrument, means or cause Describing attitudes, feelings and emotions Describing actions WITHOUT Outside, away from As the opposite of WITH FAR FROM Showing remoteness AWAY FROM Showing distance or separation ALOOF FROM Distant from something or someone BETWEEN In the space separating two things or people Something that divides or separates Showing comparison or selection Between more than two things or people Somewhere within an interval AMONG

Amid, surrounded by, in the middle of Part of or included in a particular group Part of or included in a larger group Shared by the same group AMID Among Surrounded by or in the middle of something OF At a certain distance from From or belonging to FROM An original location or source ASTRIDE On both sides of Extending over or across With legs on each side of ABOVE In a higher position than Uphill from Upstream from North of BELOW In a lower position than Downhill from Downstream from South of OVER Vertically above Extending from one side to the other Moving from one side to the other

Across the edge of something and down Throughout or across an area or region On the far or opposite side of something On top of or covering something To a position on or on top of ALL OVER Higher than the level of a particular point More than a particular amount More than or superior in rank, quality or degree To fight for something or someone Having control of something or someone Concerning something or someone Showing preference or selection Affecting of influencing someone or something Transmitted by means of a device or equipment UNDER Vertically below or covered by something Below and from one side to the other of something Lower than the level of a particular point Less than a particular amount Less than or inferior in rank, quality or degree Subject to the control, supervision or authority of Affected by an action, condition or situation According to a particular condition or situation Identifying a name or a piece of information Propelled or powered by UNDERNEATH On the lower surface of something Under or covered by something

BENEATH At the bottom of something Underneath Below, lower than in position or status, obscured by UP In a higher position At the top of, on the top of From a lower to a higher position North of DOWN In a lower position At or in the lowermost part of something From a higher to a lower position South of UP AND DOWN UP TO As far as, as much as, as many as Responsibility or qualification IN FRONT OF In a position ahead of something or someone Outside at the front part of something Facing something or someone Facing a particular situation Ahead of In the presence of one or more people BEHIND At or to the back of something or someone Describing situations Following something or someone On the other side of or beyond

Showing support or responsibility In an inferior position or less advanced than Showing delay Dealing with past events and situations AHEAD OF In front of AT THE FRONT OF At the forward part of or facing something AT THE BACK OF At the rear part of or behind something IN BACK OF and BACK OF At or in the back of something or someone ON THE FRONT OF On the forward part of something ON THE BACK OF On the rear part of something IN THE FRONT OF In the forward part of something IN THE BACK OF In the rear part of something AT THE BEGINNING OF At the initial stages or part of something IN THE MIDDLE OF In or around the center part of something Somewhere far away in a place or region AT THE END OF At the final stages or part of something AT THE HEELS OF Near or following close behind

ACROSS FROM Opposite on the other side of ACROSS On the other side of OPPOSITE Across from or facing Against FACING Opposite In consideration of, considering BEFORE In front of In front of and submitted to In the presence of As the opposite of AFTER UP BEFORE To move to the presence of AFTER As the opposite of BEFORE Used as BEHIND Following something or someone In search of something or someone Following a sequence or order Following an order of priority: In allusion to someone or something In imitation of something or someone BEYOND Further away than something or someone To or on the further side of something Outside the possibilities or limits of

Above or more than the specified amount Above a condition or situation Not in a good condition or situation Other than or besides Chapter 3 – Transportation IN and INTO Private or non-commercial transportation Cars, small vehicles, boats, etc. ON and ONTO The concept of surface Travelling ON commercial vehicles IN or ON: the concept of containment vs. surface Using IN or ON to show position or movement Using transportation for other means Using official transportation Things aboard & transporting cargo OUT OF and OFF Exiting different means of transportation ABOARD On, onto In, into IN THE FRONT OF and IN THE BACK OF Indicating position inside the vehicle ON TOP OF On the highest part or surface of a vehicle BY Describing the method of transportation BY or ON? When not to use BY

Describing the modes of transportation Describing the period of light of a journey Other “means of transportation” VIA By means of or using Chapter 4 – Time IN, ON and AT Units of time and calendar time Duration of a period of time or an event IN the morning, IN the afternoon, IN the evening ON the weekend ON intervals of time AT the clock time AT a traditional event AT a particular event AT night, AT dawn and AT dusk IN a season INSIDE In less than Less than INTO Advancing to a later period or event ONTO Extending an interval of time AT THE BEGINNING OF Starting at a particular point in time IN THE BEGINNING OF During the early stages of the specified period AT THE END OF At the point in time when something stops

ON THE HEELS OF Soon after or showing continuation BEGINNING Starting in, on or at a period or an event AS FROM or AS OF On or beginning at the specified time, date or event AS FAR AS To the specified extent or limit of time BEYOND Later than the specified time or date COME When the specified time or date is reached ALONG Within a certain length of a period of time DURING Within the duration of a period or event UNDER In the process of During the specified period of the zodiac In less than, less than, younger than THROUGH Within the specified period of time THROUGHOUT During the entire period or event FOR Defining the duration of an event At the exact time, period of time or event SINCE From or between points or events in time

FROM - TO A period between two events or endpoints of time FROM AWAY FROM The distance in time from a point or event OUT OF Away from UNTIL Up to the specified point or event in time BY At or not later than Defining the duration of an event UP TO and UP UNTIL Not beyond the specified time OVER Throughout or during Until the end of an event or period of time No longer affected by something More than a particular period of time WITHIN Inside the limits of a period of time BETWEEN In the period separating two points or events in time TOWARD Close to or approaching a particular time or event ABOUT At an approximate time or event AROUND At an approximate time or event Using AROUND or ROUND

NEAR Not far away or a short period of time from Also NEAR TO NEXT TO In very close proximity to CLOSE TO Very near to CIRCA At the approximate date of About, around GONE Past, after, later than the specified time Older than the specified age PRIOR TO Before PREVIOUS TO Before, prior to AHEAD OF In advance of In front of Before, earlier than IN ADVANCE OF Ahead of or before BEFORE Earlier than AFTER Later than SUBSEQUENT TO Immediately or later after, following

FOLLOWING After PENDING While waiting for a future event UPON On or immediately after an event About to happen PAST Time after an hour, a period of time or an event OF Referencing time and events The word “quarter” 1/4 of 60 Minutes Appendix ACCORDING TO As stated or instructed by AS Acting according to the quality or role of AS OPPOSED TO In contrast to BECAUSE OF By reason of, as a result of BESIDES In addition to, apart from Except for BUT Except Two positions away from BY MEANS OF With the use of, with the help of

CONCERNING About, related to CONSIDERING Taking something into consideration DESPITE In spite of DUE TO Because of EXCEPT Not including But, other than EXCEPT FOR Apart from If it were not for INCLUDING Inclusive of, also comprising IN COMPARISON TO Comparing different things IN COMPARISON WITH Comparing similar things IN CONTRAST TO As opposed to IN FAVOR OF In support of In the interest of In order to be replaced by IN ORDER TO For the purpose of doing something, to IN REGARD TO

With regard to, with respect to IN SPITE OF Without being affected or prevented by INSTEAD OF As an alternative to, in place of LIKE Expressing similarities ON BEHALF OF Representing, in the interests of REGARDING Concerning, with regard to WITH REGARD TO About, in reference or relation to WITH RESPECT TO With regard to Index