Practice Makes Perfect: Arabic Verb Tenses 9780071756365, 0071756361, 2345678910, 9780071756372, 2011915007

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MAKES PERFECT”

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- Learn when and why to use different verb tenses

- Reinforce your knowledge with everyday examples my!

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0 Build your verb skills using 225 engaging exercises

USD $18.00

ISBN 978-0-07-175636-5 ,

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MHID 0-07-175636-1

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PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT”

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NewYork Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan NewDelhi SanJuan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

The McGraw-Hill Companies Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted underthe United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part o f t h i s publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission o f t h e publisher. 2345678910

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ISBN 978-0-07-175636-5 0-07-175636-1 MHID e-ISBN 978-0-07-175637-2 0-O7-175637-X e-MHID Library of Congress Control Number 2011915007 Trademarks: McGraw-Hill, the McGraw-Hill Publishing logo, Practice Makes Perfect, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of The McGraw-Hill Companies and/or i t s affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property o f t h e i r respective owners. The McGraw-Hill Companies is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Interior design by Village Bookworks. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please e-mail us at [email protected]. This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Contents

Preface vii Basic terminology i x

ROOTS, NONVERBAL SENTENCES, AND PRONOUNS 1 1

Word roots

3

3-1etter (triliteral) roots 3 4—1etter (quadriliteral) roots 11

2

Nonverbal sentences and pronouns 13 Expressing “to be” i n t h e present tense 13 Subject pronouns 17 The dual 19 Plural of nonhumans

21

Attached pronouns 23 Expressing “to have” 26

3

Forming questions 32 Yes/no questions 32 Question words

35

PAST TENSE 37

0 4

Regular basic verbs and sentence structure

39

Past tense formation a n d uses 39 Word order a n d singular/plural agreement 47 Forming t h e p a s t tense negative with Lo 50 Changes t o the object of verbs 52

iii

Doubled

verbs in the past tense

P a s t tense formation

55

55

Common basic doubled verbs

56

Weak verbs in the past tense 60 A s s i m i l a t e d verbs Hollow verbs

60

62

Defective verbs

72

Hamzated verbs in the past tense

79

General rules for writing hamza 79 Past tense formation

79

Dual verbs in the past tense 83 Past tense verb a n d subject order with the dual 8 4

The dual as the object or predicate of QIS 85

PRESENT/FUTURE TENSE 87

® 9

Regular basic verbs Present tense formation

89 89

Forming the negative with Y 96

10

Expressing the future Lap and .4

99

99

Questions about the future

11

Doubled

102

verbs in the present

Present tense formation

104

Common basic doubled verbs

12

Hollow verbs

108

108

111

Defective verbs

13

106

Weak verbs in the present tense Assimilated verbs

104

tense

121

Hamzated verbs in the present

tense

129

Present tense formation 129 Common hamzated verbs in the present t e n s e 129

14

Dual verbs in the present tense 132 Referring to couples 133 Present tense verb and subject order with the dual 134

iV

Contents

FORMS OF THE VERB 135

Q9 15

Forms II, III, and IV 137 Form IIJ-‘ai;137 Form 111 Jen; 143

Form Ivdgié 146 16

Forms V and VI 150 Form v Jun» 150 Form VI Jim; 154

17

Forms VII, VIII, and X 156 Form v11Jun 156 Form VIII Jaii; 158 Form x Jam-.- 160

18

Irregular verbs in the derived forms 164 Doubled verbs i n the derived forms Weak verbs in the derived forms

164

169

Hamzated verbs in the derived forms

181

MOODS OF THE VERB AND VERBAL NOUNS

0

19

The subjunctive

185

187

Formation of the subjunctive

187

Uses of the subjunctive 189

20

The jussive

195

Formation of the jussive: Regular verbs 195 Uses of the jussive 197 Irregular verbs in the jussive 199

21

The imperative

209

Formation of the imperative

209

Negative commands 213

22

The verbal

noun

216

Forming verbal nouns: Basic verbs 216 Forming verbal nouns: Derived verbs 217 Uses of verbal nouns 219

Contents

V

OTHER ASPECTS OF VERBS 223

0 23

Unusual verbs

225

Doubly weak verbs 225 Jug] (not to be) 235 Quadriliteral verbs

24

238

Compound tenses and conditional sentences Past perfect J-u + J5

243

P a s t c o n t i n u o u s Jul-$3 + Q15 245 Conditional sentences 246

2 5 The passive 250 Pastpassive 250 Present passive 252

26

Review

256

Answer key 261

Vi

Contents

243

Preface

The richness of Arabic is based on its system of word roots, and nowhere is this more evident than in the verb system. Arabic tenses can be characterized as narrow but very deep. For while Arabic has only two basic tenses (past and present/ future), the verb system encompasses a huge variety of types and variations within these tenses. Practice Makes Perfect: Arabic Verb Tenses is perfect for all beginning and intermediate students who have a solid grasp of the Arabic script or for more advanced students who are in need of a good review workbook. It promotes the confident use of Arabic verbs through clear explanations and examples followed by extensive practice exercises. It is an invaluable aid for all learners who want to advance more quickly and is particularly useful for independent study. The book is divided into six main parts: 0 Part I : Roots, nonverbal

0

9

0

0

0

sentences, and pronouns.

It may seem odd

to start a book about verb tenses without any verbs or tenses! However, Part I provides a very important grounding in the basics of Arabic word roots and pronouns, together with nonverbal sentences that express the equivalent of the English verbs “to be” and “to have.” You will find the subsequent parts of the book fall into place much more easily after completing this introductory part. Part II: Past tense. The second part covers the complete conjugation in the past (or perfect) tense of all verbs types, both regular and irregular, together with sections on word order and use of the dual. Part III: Present/future tense. The third part covers the complete conjugation of regular and irregular verbs types in the present (or imperfect) tense, together with a section on using this tense to talk about the future. Part IV: Forms of the verb. The fourth part deals with the eight significant derived forms of the verb—the very important and commonly-used variations to the verbal root that modify the meaning of verbs. Both the past and present tenses of the derived forms are covered. Part V: Moods of the verb and verbal nouns. The fifth part concentrates on the “moods” of the verb—the subjunctive, the jussive and the imperative. Also included in this part are the important verbal nouns that are formed from verbs and often used in place of a second verb. Part VI: Other aspects of verbs. The sixth part looks at unusual and very irregular verbs, compound tenses, and the conditional and passive verbs.

vii

Each part provides concise but complete explanations and ample exercises. An answer key is also provided. This will be especially useful to learners who are studying independently. Every effort has been made to limit the range of additional vocabulary, and to organize ma— terial in such a way that key words are naturally absorbed. In this way, your understanding of the learning points and exercises will not be hampered by the inclusion of large amounts of unfamiliar vocabulary. In Part I almost all of the vocabulary needed for the exercises is given in the book. For subsequent parts much of the vocabulary is recycled, but there may be instances when you will need to use a dictionary to look up words unfamiliar to you. Practice Makes Perfect: Arabic Verb Tenses is an excellent tool for the self-learner or a companion for any classroom-based textbook, as well as a source of reference for both students and teachers of Arabic. We hope you find it a valuable resource in your learning.

viii

Preface

Basic terminology

Here is a brief explanation of some of the more common grammatical terms found in this text. Compound tense: A tense made by combining two different verbs. Conjugation: Changing the verb to agree with the subject, for example, ”5| ( I visit), .13}; ( h e visits).

Derived form: Variation of the Arabic verbal root that modifies meaning. Doubled verb: A verb that has the same second and third root letter. Dual: Used in Arabic when referring to two people or things. Hamzated verb: A verb that has hamza (5) as one of the root letters.

Imperative: A mood, or variation, of the present tense verb used for commands or instructions.

Irregular verb: A verb that varies from the normal patterns. Iussive: A mood, or variation, of the present tense verb used in certain structures.

Noun; A word naming a person, object or idea, for example, sue-3 (house), 413

(boy),

3-1);

(freedom).

Passive: A verb where the subject undergoes the action of the verb rather

than carries out the action, for example, ole—3. (she was carried),{Ls—um? (it is used).

Past tense: A verb form showing something has happened in the past. Plural: Used in Arabic when referring to three or more people or things. Present/future tense: A verb form showing something is happening now, routinely or in the future. Pronoun: A word replacing a noun, for example, 9-9 (she), L3" (I), 551 (you). Quadriliteral verb:

A verb with a 4-letter r o o t , for example, 9333/9333

(to translate)

Regular verb: A verb that consistently follows the normal patterns. Root: The sequence of (usually three) Arabic letters that carry the underlying meaning of a word, for example, gab/Q; (to drink), J/‘a/C (to carry). Subjunctive:

A mood, or variation, of the present tense verb used after certain

particles (short words).

Tense: The tense of a verb tells you when the action takes place.

ix

Verb: A word describing an action or a state of being, for example, L193 (we came), )3).(he visits), Lug-in (I will be). Verb endings: What you add to the end of the verb stem to get the proper conjugation, for example, $1153 (I went). Verbal noun: A noun formed from a verb describing a state or action, for example, 3;n (swimming), wJfi (teaching), {La-3+] (meeting).

Verb prefixes: What you add to the beginning of the verb stem to get the proper conjugation, for example, u—A-Lg (he goes). Verb stem: The H a r t of the verb to which endings and prefixes are added, for example, uy-i‘a (drank), u-AJ (went). Weak verb: A verb that has _9 or g as one of the root letters.

x

Basic terminology

4i‘-"‘

— E‘ “

a .n u n . » a -- b — ~ J » “ —

fl...“ 11"»

The Arabic language is based on “roots” that link words of related meanings. A knowledge of these roots, together with the role played by gender and plural, is essential to understanding Arabic verb tenses and patterns. Part I provides a grounding in the basics of Arabic word roots and also introduces the Arabic pronouns, genders, and plurals, together with nonverbal sentences that express the equivalent of the English verbs “to be” and “to have.” You will find the subsequent parts of the book fall into place much more easily after

.

ROOTS, NONVERBAL SENTENCES, AND PRONOUNS

”away"

completing this introductory part.

Word

roots

3-letter (triliteral) roots A knowledge of Arabic in general, and its verb system in particular, requires an understanding of the root system integral to the language. General meaning patterns are associated with a sequence of (usually three) root consonants, for example (reading the Arabic root from right to left):

to sit

w/J/E,

to wash

J/w/E

to find

4/5

/3

Most Arabic words, and almost all Arabic verbs, have a root sequence at their heart. This sequence can appear in a variety of word patterns, all associated with the general meaning:

he sits

aflléé

washing machine

ELLE

finding/ existence

4993

Associated words may have additional letters and vowels inserted between, before, or after the root letters but the sequence of the letters within the root does not change.

Regular roots Regular Arabic roots consist of three distinct stable consonants. The majority of Arabic consonants are stable and produce regular root sequences when combined with two other stable consonants. Some of the most common are in the following list (read columns right to left): to leave

d/J/o

to follow

/C

to gather

to search

é/C/g

t/‘a/G

to sit

E’H/J/G

5/J/C

to happen

t/y/o

to reserve

3/:

to move

d/J/C

to burn

to carry

J/‘a/C

to save/ memorlze

to study

w/J/J

to come in

J/t/J

to go out

to go

h.../o/.'s

to mention

J/d/j

to push/pay

Ja/J/C

to attend

b/J/C J/QA/C

G/J/C"

C /_§/.a

3

to dance

00/5/3

to draw

to travel

J/._§/v...

to plant

to reside/ to live

Q/d/Qu

to fall

to thank

J/d/Q:

to drink

to hit

9/3/05

to laugh

to appear

J/4,/.la.

to request

.a/J/Ja

to cook

CAR/L.

to work

J/‘a/(e'

to learn

‘a/J/t

to know

.J/J/C

J/t/J

to open

C /:_./_.i

to wash

J/w/(é'

to do

e/w/J i/J/5

L/é/Qu EJA/Qi.

d/C/Js

to return

C/CZ)

to ride

53/31,

to steal

35/0“

to hear

t/‘A/w

to make

C/g/Q‘.

to cut

t/Jn/j

to kill

J/o/j

to understand

‘a/b/J

to write

9/o/c]

to close

J/J/g

to jump

3/..6/3

to wear

Qu/EJ/J

to break

J/“,u/¢J

to hate

d/Qu/‘a

to play

to own

cJ/J/f

to hold

to land/descend

L/._./°

to look

J/Ja/Q

oA/cJ 9/:

to stay/go down

“1/5/5J

to escape

9/]:

1-1 Give the general meaning for the following common regular roots.

EXAMPLE to sit .y/J/G

w/J/J \ 9/0/3 V c/o/d

T

J/la/o i w/y/J °

J/wfliI '\ J/e/C V

~.-‘/°/-3 A

t/e/w 4‘

e/J/J‘ " J/e/t \ \

J/O/j W J/t/J

\T

J/w/i ‘5 \a/o/J

4

Roots, nonverbal sentences, and pronouns

/J

\o

1-2 Write the three Arabic letters that make up the root conveying these general meanings.

EXAMPLE J/C /-: to come in to reside/live \ to cook V to close Y to know i to return 0 to jump '\ to play V to go out A to draw °\ to fall \ to hit H to appear W to laugh W to request \ i t o make \ 0

1-3 All the following verbs express something ”I did,” using the verb ending 5.: (—tu). Decide the meaning of each,using the list of regular roots to help you.

EXAMPLE

I cooked 35.3.1:

Word roots

5

1°4 Identify the root of these words, using the English meanings and the list of verbs in the ”Regular roots” section earlier in this chapter. EXAMPLE

M

(key) Cm? (school) @3454.\

(books) .53 Y (I teach) (clothes)

r«lei

we»:

Y 2

(researcher) :9L3 o

(runway/landing strip) 1°49.» T

(porter)JL2_; v (we listened) LL33“! A (illustrator) 3L2“; ‘\

(mosque) Cf“? \ .

(he waits) flaw

\\

(ho use /ho me mju \Y (agriculture) lei) ; \Y

(effective) J53 \é (kings) c1512 \ o

Irregular roots Irregular roots do not consist of three distinct stable consonants; instead, they fall into three categories: 9 Doubled roots: where t h e second a n d t h i r d r o o t letters a r e t h e same 9 Weak roots: Where o n e o f t h e t h r e e r o o t letters is 3 o r g

0 Hamzated roots: where one of the root letters is hamza (s)

Doubled roots Doubled roots have the same second and third root letters; for example: to reply to think/believe

6

Roots, n o n v erb al sentences, a n d p r o n o u n s

J/J/J

.LJ/LJ/lé

The second a n d third root letters are sometimes written a s one with a shadda (") and sometimes written separately:

A;

he replied

I replied

3333

we think

51;;

you (masc.) thought

Gals-In

'Ihe rules for how to write doubled roots are reasonably straightforward and are summarized in Chapters 5, 11, and 18. Common doubled roots include: to bathe

f/‘i/C

to finish

Ma/o

to broadcast/

aka/.3

spread to cause

to join

*1/9/Qu

‘a/‘a/QA

4/4/J

to reply

to smell

to repeat

J/J/cl

to cut

to pass by

,A/f

to stretch/ extend

e/‘a/J. 94/943

J/J/‘a

to show/prove

J/J/J

to doubt

cJ/cl/Qt.

to count

J/J/t

to t u r n

J/J/J

1'5 Identify the doubled root of these words from the preceding list. EXAMPLE

to bathe E/t/C (bathroom) ‘43.; (reason) um \

(reply/response) 33 Y (guide) Jab V (repetitionbbS; i (rotation) iii 0 (scissors) 023‘

1

(annexation) elm-ail

v

(number) 435. A

(corridor) 33.3 «

(skepticism) did-3 :-

Word roots

7

Weak roots Roots with 3 or 95 as one of the root letters are by far the largest irregular category. The letters 3 and (“5 are unstable, or “weak.” They can change from a consonant to a vowel sound, or even disappear entirely, depending on the word pattern into which the root is put. The 3 or g can be any of the three root letters, and are subdivided as follows: 0 Assimilated: w i t h _9 o r ‘3; a s t h e fi r s t root letter 0 Hollow: with 3 o r 25 a s t h e s e c o n d root letter

O Defective: with 5 or g as the third root letter C o m m o n weak roots include:

Assimilated to arrive to describe

to find to put/place

J/ué/J J/uc/J

J/G/g

{bis/3

Hollow to say to visit

to return to stand up

{AB/J

to go round

to stop/stand to give birth to wake up

JAB/5

to sell to shout/cry out to fly

to be certain

15/34;

Q/j/g

3/3/5

J/J/i

to fall

J/J/g

J/J/Cs

to increase

Defective to complain

to request

5/54/92

5/C/J

9/,9/3

to appear to buy

ESA/Qi'

J/j/J

to finish

g/b/Q

{jg/g C/ES/Qa J/g/L J/g/J

to give to weep/cry to meet

5/4/9

g/L/f' g/s'J/g g/é/J

to run

(éA/C

to sing

g/Q/é

to walk

‘é/QZ/‘a

1-6 Decide which category of weak root the following fall into and then give their general meaning. EXAMPLE

assimilated; t o fi n d

J/Cb

J/J/b‘ JAE/5 V

g/ui/e“ J/J/éi 5/5450

Mes/1°" J/C/JV fi/ué/a A

es/L/U c/g/ac“

g/Q/i \ \ J/J/J W

8

Roots, n o n v e r b a l sentences,a n d pronouns

1.7 Write the weak root that conveys these general meanings.

EXAMPLE

J/‘S/l: to fly to walk \ t o arrive V

to sell V to describe 8 to return 0

to run '\ to finish V to meet A to request ‘ to stand up \ ° to wake up \ \ to increase \Y to buy W to complain \ i t o fall \o

1-8 Identify the weak root of these words from the earlier list of common weak roots.

EXAMPLE

to finish 6/°/Q (ending) 3.3L? (complaint)5§.3a

\

(I bough t) 5.433;] V (position) 52:3 V (existence) 43,33 1 (airplane) Bill:

0

(song) auc’l ‘\ (it seems) 34.3; V Word r oot s

9

(born) 4:133 A (circle) SJ§|J * (we stood up) Lug \ (certainty) 09;- \ \ (channel) 539-3

W

Hamzated roots Hamza (=) is a “half” letter; it is pronounced as a glottal stop. Hamzated roots have hamza as one of the root letters; for example: to begin

F/J/hf

to eat

J/~=V=

to ask

J/fi/w

The hamza can be written in a variety of ways: by itself on the line (6); carried by an alif (i); carried by yd’ (Ia/25); or carried by wa'w (5). For example:

he ate question s

beginning we feed

JSI 31‘“!

“-3 9K3:

Common hamzated roots include: to eat to read

to command

J/cj/: g/J/f,

J/f/g

to begin

c/J/fi;

to ask

J/c/Qu

to take

J/C/g

to be slow

s/L/g-g

to hope

.J/e/fi

to be fed up

to be brave/dare

g/J/G

r/g/Qu

to fill

g/J/‘a

Write the hamzated root that conveys these general meanings.

EXAMPLE J/t/E to hope to b e fed up \ to read V to begin Y to fill i 10

Roots, nonverbal sentences, and pronouns

to ask 0

to command '\ t o b e slow V to take A

to eat * t o b e brave/dare

\~

1-10 All the following verbs express something ”we did,” using the verb ending L3 (-nc'1). Decide the meaning of each verb, using the earlier list of hamzated roots to help you.

EXAMPLE

we ate LUS‘I

mi? \ Latin

Luzfir um L313; 0

L34; \ by? v LgL; A USER

L333; \.

4-letter (quadriliteral) roots Although the vast majority of Arabic words are based on roots of three letters, there are a few four—letter roots, or quadriliterals. A quadriliteral root sequence can consist of four different root letters: to translate

f/C 6/0

to roll

c/J/C/J

to adorn

J/J/C/b

Word roots 11

It can consist of a repeated pair of consonants, often onomatopoeic (sounding as they mean): to mutter

‘s/o/‘a/o

to gargle

J/i/j/é

to chatter

J/b/J/b

to hum

a/a/o/J

to crackle

to shake

3/19/3/1°

J/b/J/b

1'11 Give the general meaning for the following quadriliteral roots. EXAMPLE

to gargle J/fi/J/fi J/J/t/b

‘

e/O/e/é V é/L/Cs/L V c/J/c/J 5 b/J/o/J °

J/J/J/b '\ J/b/J/b V

e/c/J/o A

1~12 Follow the pattern in the example to produce similar quadriliteral verbs using the roots in the preceding list.

EXAMPLE

‘.

(yudandin) 0454;- he hums

he translates\ he mutters V he shakes Y he gargles i he rolls 0 he crackles ‘\ he chatters V h e adorns A

12

Roots, nonverbal sentences, and pronouns

‘fl '.p ‘ 0"”.-

Nonverbal

sentences

and pronouns Expressing “to be” in the present

tense

Every English sentence has a verb. There are many simple sentences in English that use the verb “to be” (am, are, is) that often do not require a verb at all in Arabic. This type of sentence is referred to as find-J do; (nominal or nonverbal): 2.314;!I 9.: Lil

I (am) in the garden.

.94.:

Shukri (is) with me.

$5.}.

turning an English sentence such as “I am an accountant” into simply “I accountant”:

.u-wlA—i L31

I (am an) accountant.

LAM—+3

Nadia (is an) engineer. ’

.

:Lgdl—‘I

n

I

’

The word cJLm (there) can also be used 1n nonverbal sentences to mean “there 15” o r “there are”: 3,.jUa ALL;

There (is an) airplane o n the runway.

hall

Gin

There (are) clothes i n the drawer.

-C3:] l

9—9 Q‘s—PL;

ALL;

EXERCISE

2-1 Use the following words to create nonverbal sentences that match the English prompts. Nadia 3-3414» books ~43 school L341.

town 1134-2 in 9-9

next to

gala-3

I L32!

we 5:3 a chair

9...";

Shukri gJS-s’l”: Pol-Zulu

my house 9-311;

car

garden 13345

mosque 69L?

there ill-33A

under an}.

America L13yzl

on gr12in front of ‘aLngl

13

wr‘

I n addition, there is n o direct equivalent of the indefinite article (alan),

EXAMPLE

., ’ rug-LU

.

9-6

f

:

.

Q34 We are In the school.

We are in the garden. Nadia is in America. Shukri is in my house. There is a mosque i n the town.

The school is next to the mosque. l a m i n the school. There is a chair in the garden. The books are on the chair. A My house is in America.

«

Shukri is in front of the car. \ . There are books in the car. \ \ l a m next t o Shukri. \V

2'2 Your Arabic-speaking friends are giving you inaccurate information, so each time you have to correct their statements. Follow the prompts to give the corrected statement.

Pay attention to which part of the information (in parentheses) needs correcting. EXAMPLE

1334;“

6.9

L941: fa

334D {Y (334D) 3.334;“ 6,5;

9.9

gJSJ.

A? (1.541.) 1294;: g4:

55):;

(952534) ea“

€e 9-6

(5%“) ease“ u-é int:

5)i

Mimi)

(:93) $i

914$“

9;

\ Y

r

9.3“ 5

(vii) grwfi“ a: MA SM

O

($2.3)grain

Jkuugyzém

(u'i)

\

.lsffi 93am. v

(assholsaymaem (LJJAJI) FLT.“ (guy)

.54.l

fining): 401;»;

/53-7-)

gj \

J e t ; (eg/ggfi/w)

in may a: (QM/W/W) «by; Nu; (ab/g/iyte)

MI v ousall A ya

. m i 11 331': .34 L15; (W/fi/JM)

,1] Li: \.

.35“ sd y;{gal (ai/gfii/a?)

«new 331' g

tam:

.91 r331 (fl/W/W)

3,35»

git/“fl

J» w

.3» Jgug ('y'e/é'é/éi b)

(to come)

The doubly weak verb Lye/c

\\

gig/fl

is also used commonly to mean “to come.’ The root letters are

and so the verb follows the rules for both defective verbs such as EBA/6"“

(to walk) and

hamzated verbs such as J§l-3/JS| (to eat). The following table shows the full conjugations for past and present tenses of the verb “fig/£1: PAST TENSE

PRESENT TENSE

SINGULAR

1 L31

3.331

you (masc.) iii

$.33!

you (fem) 9-31

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he/it (masc.) )3

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they (masc. dual)

LA-i

they (fem. dual) LL;

L_-3I

QL'J‘E:

L‘JI

QLJSL‘.

PLURAL we é—u

Léii

you (masc. pl.) 935!

3—1-33!

you (fem. pl.) 3-“

SEQ-3i

they (masc.) 3-3

they (fem) J3

'33"

5.?!

951}.

wit; 0331.“.

Qfil—J 0331:.

Unusual verbs

229

In the case of fig/GET the final long vowel of the present tense changes to a kasm in the jussive (see “Defective verbs” in Chapter 20):

.|.:.é. Juli

Let’s come tomorrow.

My son didn’t come from the club.

.nl

Q.» HI cl}

‘1!

23-4 Fill in the gaps with the correct part o f the verb 9-31-:‘/g55l EXAMPLE

.395“m

to match the English translation.

wag-w"AS-33?

I came to the hospital when I heard about the accident.

1:: x

4;; 5).: 5w

Gag:

I am coming now from the barber’s. 93-24%

JA t a b s ! ‘2 V

Jail; L33

Ibrahim, d i d you come to us with (any) new news? (JAY

.ggiJSUWJLLuf‘I

When your father comes, I will relate everything to him.

Juan 3,; ‘35n

2

611

We will come to the club after lunch.

.agiégiggyg

égioaayjyo

We don’t know from where she came nor where she went.

53;; g”; La:f 6.13Lam

"g x

They always come to our house without an invitation.

J; v

923.5?“ 25,: J.

Have you (fem. pl.) come from the operating theater?

3!;q“!!!

ui 591.21.3n

YA

Don't come here, Nadir. I will come to the house immediately.

.4,“ u} :33: Jan A“ L.L.

a

Mom will come in a little while and open the door for us.

.iagbgflwjbljygiz

‘Jx.

We didn’t come with you because the weather was cold.

$0“? Lu J;

J; \ \ Did you two come here yesterday?

230

Other aspects of verbs

(93/51;

(to see) (to see) has the root letters g/s/J. It is unusual even amongst doubly weak verbs

The verb 533/513

since the hamza drops out altogether in the present tense: 1541': dJl' til;

We saw the king and queen.

We (can) see a river in the picture.

-3_u-m-" 9-6 5+3 £95

The following table shows the full conjugations for past and present tenses of the verb 539/525: PAST TENSE

PRESENT TENSE

SI NGU LAR

1 til you (masc.) éa-fl you (fem) 937 he/it (masc.) 3-3 she/it (fem) 9-9 DUAL

you (dual) L435? they (masc. dual) L43 they (fem. dual) LL; PLURAL

we 5)::you (masc. pl.) 33-11 you (fem. pl.) Sill

they (masc.) é

they (fem.) 3:.

The verb (53-3/5?) can also carry the meaning of “to think” or “to believe”: I t h i n k that she is stubborn.

Some people believe that bananas are good for (your) health.

.3435}; L431 L5)?

mu

mg’womuupu-

:6);

U n u s u a l verbs

231

W 23-5 Translate the English sentences and questions into Arabic using the verb 53-3453

EXAMPLE

941;“

é-fl; J-h Did you (masc.) see the king? I saw the king.\

We (can) see a horse i n t h e picture. V

I want to see my mother. V

Where did you (fem. pl.) see the queen? i

We saw her on the balcony (333.3“ g) with the king. 0

Ahmed's mother thinks that he is stubborn. '\

I don’t think that he is stubborn. V

They (masc) saw a boat o n t h e river. A

My brother and sister are there, and they (can) see the boat also. °\

Some people believe that apricots are good for health.

232

Other aspects of verbs

\~

23-6 Fatima went to the center of the capital yesterday to see the prince’s wedding.She arrived early and got a good place to view the proceedings. Fatima posted on her social network page about what she saw. She mentions nine separate things. Describe what she saw in English.

31:3;5 c u p at;

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I they (masc.) return/are returning {”4931 I you (fem. p1.) return/are returning Q33

they (fem.) return/are returning Q33;

dun-all you (masc.) sell/are selling c—ui| I sell/am selling 6‘1" V | you (fem) sell/are sellinguga—s-u: | we sell/are selling 5-3-34| she sells/is selling C13?" I he sells/is selling (+33 I you (fem. p1.) sell/are selling 03-5:I you (masc. p1.) sell/are selling aye-IS they (fem.) sell/are selling git-3 | they (masc.) sell/are selling dye-lg

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12-16

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I you (masc.) are pleased with 64433

| we are pleased with f);

I she is pleased with in};

Y o n (fem. P1.) a r e Pleased with

.Lgu LGMI #41 \ .Lgl.» Jain

3M cue @u r43 A

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Hamzated verbs in the present tense

13-1

You (masc. pl.), newspaper V

apologize, lateness V

read, sleeps \

will, drinks '\

reading, subject 0

eating, cake 5

fill, h o p e ‘\

me, now A

never, fed up V

dare, in W

viewers, these \ \ children, feel \3

276

My

inguaészgww éfim

My c,L...._/;E..6_’Ll j)! x.

12.18

13

Q;

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iguwwugsxméfiifiyw

Lgu @411}

| he is pleased with 54-03;»

| they (masc.) a r e pleased with Q3415}:

Ly; M I 6.5 LL21 0.9L V .Lgu M l fur: @L; @512 In; 2 ioéu

V

Y o u (masc. P1.) a r e Pleased with $94-$33

9—3433

they (fem.) a r e pleased with Q4433

12.17

| I am pleased with 9-day

Answer key

starting, our

\-

takes, hand W

.upudgqut.

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13.2 WI

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dim

b.3134 ”an;

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14

a: v

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Dual verbs in the present tense

14.1

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0 15

FORMS OF THE VERB Forms II, III, and IV PAST TENSE

15.1

PRESENT TENSE

SINGULAR

I III

YOU (masc) 5.31 you (fem) c»! he/it (masc.) 53 she/ it (fem ) g?

33:“; Oz“;

.33..q 0.2.;

ELL—4. (continued)

Answer key 277

PAST TENSE

PRESENT TENSE

PAST TENSE

PRESENT TENSE

PLU RAL

we 5;; you (masc. pl.) ‘33.}?

you (fem. pl.) 3‘51 they (masc.) r; they (fem) 3-;

SIN GU LAR

:: ,

1 L31

3.13%

you (masc.) £5!

433 Jams

you (fem) 9-1! he/it (masc.) )3 she/it (fem.)

awn: 9-9

@9133 ring-J 333

PLU RAL

upé

we :g—u you (masc. pl.)

#53

(«3-11

you (fem. pl.) Jul they (masc.)

‘23

they (fem.) 5-;

15.2

N0, the children broke the glass. V

No, they are not improving it at all. i

Is the government improving the road to the city? Y

I am studying English in Bahrain. 1

What are you studying, Amira? 0

Did you study Arabic at university? A

Did the guests break their plates in the Greek wedding? V

No, but we will improve them next year. V

15.3

Did Nadia break the glass? \

Did you improve the team’s skills this year? ‘\

J35: r wit; 0 U313“

27 8

Answer key

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15.5

5*:I1‘

1. The young prince is coming to the restaurant tomorrow. 2. It is his birthday. 3. An important person from the palace will inspect the restaurant before the visit.

4. To check cleanliness, train the staff how to greet the prince, and teach them what to do while he is there. 5. He will adjust the tables, set up a large table beside the window, and may move some flower pots around. 6. To fix the torn curtain and buy the most beautiful flowers in town. 7. He will present the birthday cake to the prince when he welcomes him at the door.

8. He wants Ahmed to heat the tea for the bodyguards. 15.6

we will prepare I organize you clean

so that he inspects a n d s o that h e trains you (pl.) and so that he instructs you (pl.)

I will adjust I will set up/arrange we improve

I move

you fix I will remind you they cost me

I will welcome/greet I will present he will cut it up you heat up we thought I believe he prefers

15.7

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