Pointed Encounters : Pointed Encounters: Dance in Post-Culloden Scottish Literature [1 ed.] 9789401211116, 9789042038691

Pointed Encounters establishes the literary significance of representations of dance in poetry, song, dance manuals, and

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Pointed Encounters : Pointed Encounters: Dance in Post-Culloden Scottish Literature [1 ed.]
 9789401211116, 9789042038691

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Pointed Encounters

Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature Volume 23

Series Editors Rhona Brown, University of Glasgow John Corbett, University of Macau  Sarah Dunnigan, University of Edinburgh Ronnie Young, University of Glasgow Associate Editor James McGonigal, University of Glasgow  Production Editor Gillian Sargent, University of Glasgow

SCROLL The Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature publishes new work in Scottish Studies, with a focus on analysis and reinterpretation of the literature and languages of Scotland, and the cultural contexts that have shaped them. .

Further information on our editorial and production procedures can be found at www.rodopi.nl

Pointed Encounters Dance in Post-Culloden Scottish Literature

Anne McKee Stapleton

Amsterdam - New York, NY 2014

“SCROLL gratefully acknowledge the support of the University of Macau in the production of this volume.” Cover Image: David Allan, A Highland Dance, Scottish National Gallery The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO 9706: 1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents Requirements for permanence”. ISBN: 978-90-420-3869-1 E-Book ISBN: 978-94-012-1111-6 © Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - New York, NY 2014 Printed in The Netherlands

 

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Introduction

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Chapter One

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Chapter One

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Chapter One

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Chapter One

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Chapter One

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Chapter One

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Chapter One

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Masterful Narratives



GHSWK DQG EUHDGWK RI WKH ERRN¶V RIIHULQJV Sketches Relative To The History And Theory, But More Especially To The Practice Of Dancing; As A Necessary Accomplishment To The Youth Of Both Sexes: Together With Remarks On The Defects And Bad Habits They Are Liable To In Early Life; And The Best Means Of Correcting Or Preventing Them. Intended As Hints To The Young Teachers Of The Art Of Dancing :KHWKHULQUHVSRQVHWR3HDFRFN¶VWUHDWLVHRUVLPSO\XQGHUWDNLQJ D VLPLODU SURMHFW VKRUWO\ WKHUHDIWHU (QJOLVK GDQFLQJ PDVWHU 7KRPDV :LOVRQFUHDWHVDFRXQWHUFXUUHQWLQWKLVQDWLRQDOWUHQGE\UHMXYHQDWLQJ DQGH[SOLFDWLQJ(QJOLVKFRXQWU\GDQFHILUVWLQAn Analysis of Country Dancing, Wherein Are Displayed All The Figures Ever Used In Country Dances, In a Way so Easy and Familiar, that Persons of the meanest Capacity may in a short Time acquire (Without The Aid Of A Master) A complete Knowledge of that Rational and Polite Amusement. To Which Are Added Instructions for Dancing some entire New Reels; Together With The Rules, Regulations, And Complete Etiquette Of The Ball Room  DQGWKHQD\HDUODWHULQThe Treasures Of Terpsichore; Or, A Companion For The Ball-Room, Being A Collection Of All The Most Popular English Country Dances, Arranged Alphabetically, with proper Figures to each Dance; Together With All The New Dances For 1809 :LOVRQ ZHQW RQ WR SXEOLVK QXPHURXV OHQJWK\ GDQFH PDQXDOV WKH ILUVW VHYHUDO RI ZKLFK VSHFLILFDOO\ GLIIHUHQWLDWH (QJOLVK DQG 6FRWWLVK GDQFHV +H FUHDWHG D ³V\VWHP´FRQVWUXFWHGRQPDWKHPDWLFDODQGVFLHQWLILFSULQFLSOHVWRGH VFULEH FRUUHFW PHWKRGV ILJXUHV DQG GLUHFWLRQV (OLPLQDWLQJ SXUSRUW HGO\ RIIHQVLYH 6FRWWLVK DVSHFWV RI GDQFH :LOVRQ DOVR FKRUHRJUDSKHG QHZ 5HHOV DQG UHFODLPHG WKH VW\OH DV ³(QJOLVK´ 7KURXJK KLV GDQFH PDQXDOV :LOVRQ GHILQHV D VWULFW V\VWHP GHVLJQHG WR SUHVHUYH ERWK (QJOLVKQDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHUDQGDQ(QJOLVKGDQFHIRUP 7KHIROORZLQJGLVFXVVLRQILUVWFRPSDUHVDQGFRQWUDVWV3HDFRFN¶V LQIOXHQWLDOGDQFHPDQXDO  ZLWKWKRVHE\:LOVRQZULWWHQEHWZHHQ  DQG  ,W WKHQ EULHIO\ H[SORUHV SRVWZDU GDQFH PDQXDOV ZULWWHQ E\ RWKHU 6FRWWLVK DQG (QJOLVK ³PDVWHUV´ EHWZHHQ  DQG 7KHZLGHVSUHDGSRSXODULW\RIGDQFHFRXSOHGZLWKLWVDELOLW\WR LPSDUWDPRGHUQDQGSURSHUHGXFDWLRQHQFRXUDJHGWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRI PDQ\ HDUO\ QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\ GDQFH PDQXDOV )XUWKHUPRUH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI GDQFH SURYLGHG WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ DQ DFFHVVLEOH HPEOHPIRUSHRSOHWRHLWKHUZDWFKRUDFWLYHO\HQJDJHZLWK$OWKRXJK



Chapter Two

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Masterful Narratives



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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Choreographing Character



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Chapter Three

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Choreographing Character



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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Three

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Chapter Four

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Chapter Four

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Chapter Four

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$UPVWURQJ1DQF\³7KH5LVHRIWKH'RPHVWLF:RPDQ´LQ$UPVWURQJ1DQF\ DQG/HRQDUG7HQQHQKRXVH HGV The Ideology of Conduct: Essays on Literature and the History of Sexuality1HZ@  ³6RQJ 8SRQ KHU VDGGOH¶V TXLOWHG VHDW ´ LQ )XOODUG -R\FH HG  British Women Poets 1660-1800: An Anthology 7UR\ 1QG@  ³7KH 7UHH RI /LEHUW\´ LQ .LQVOH\ -DPHV HG  Burns: Poems and Songs2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV± %X]DUG-DPHV³7UDQVODWLRQDQG7RXULVP6FRWW¶VWaverley DQGWKH5HQGHULQJ RI&XOWXUH´LQYale Journal of Criticism  ± &DGHOO 3DWULFN  )RUHZRUG LQ *RUH &KDUOHV HG  The Scottish Fiddle Music Index0XVVHOEXUJK$PDLVLQJ3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH/WG± ³&DOHGRQLDQ+XQW%DOO´LQCaledonian Mercury $XJXVW  &DPHURQ(ZHQ³&OHDUDQFHVRIWKH+LJKODQGVDQG,VODQGV´LQ/\QFK0LFKDHO HG  The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV± &DPSEHOO$OH[DQGHUThe Grampians Desolate: A Poem/RQGRQ9HUQRUDQG +RRGLQWKH3RXOWU\(GLQEXUJK0DQQHUVDQG0LOOHU ²  3UHIDFH LQ &DPSEHOO $OH[DQGHU The Grampians Desolate: A Poem /RQGRQ9HUQRUDQG+RRGLQWKH3RXOWU\(GLQEXUJK0DQQHUVDQG0LOOHU Y± YLL ² >@  An Introduction to the History of Poetry in Scotland, From the Beginning of the Thirteenth Century Down to the Present Time; Together with A Conversation on Scottish Song1HZ@³7KH'DIW'D\V´LQPoems on Various Subjects. In Two Parts.7KLUG(GLWLRQ(GLQEXUJK75XGGLPDQDQG&R±

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.ULVWHYD-XOLDPowers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection WU/HRQ65RXGLH]  1HZ@The Heart of Mid-Lothian HG'DYLG+HZLWWDQG$OLVRQ/XPVGHQ  (GLQEXUJK(GLQEXUJK8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ² >@  The Pirate HGV 0DUN :HLQVWHQ DQG $OLVRQ /XPVGHQ  (GLQEXUJK (GLQEXUJK8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ²>@The Pirate/RQGRQ(GLQEXUJKDQG1HZ@  Saint Ronan’s Well HG 0DUN :HLQVWHLQ  (GLQEXUJK (GLQEXUJK 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ² >@  Waverley; or, ‘Tis Sixty Years Since HG &ODLUH /DPRQW  2[IRUG 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV The Secret Cabinet of Robert Burns: Merry Muses of Caledonia  (GLQEXUJK 3DXO+DUULV3XEOLVKLQJ 6KDWWRFN-RDQQHThe Oxford Guide to British Women Writers2[IRUG2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6KDZ 3KLOLS  ³%ULWDLQ DW :DU 7KH +LVWRULFDO &RQWH[W´ LQ :X 'XQFDQ HG  Companion to Romanticism2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO3XEOLVKHUV± 6KD\, $QWKRQ\Choreographic Politics: State Folk Dance Companies, Representation, and Power0LGGOHWRZQ&7:HVOH\DQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6KHD 0XUSK\ -DFTXHOLQH  The People Have Never Stopped Dancing: Native American Modern Dance Histories 0LQQHDSROLV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LQQHVRWD 3UHVV 6KLHOGV-XOLHWSentimental Literature and Anglo-Scottish Identity, 1745–1820 &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6LEEDOG6XVDQThe Memoirs of Susan Sibbald (1783–1812  HG)UDQFLV3DJHW +HWW /RQGRQ-RKQ/DQHWKH%RGOH\+HDG/LPLWHG 6LHJHO0DUFLD³%ULGJLQJWKH&ULWLFDO'LVWDQFH´LQ&DUWHU$OH[DQGUD HG The Routledge Dance Studies Reader/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH 6LPSVRQ .HQQHWK  The Protean Scot: The Crisis of Identity in Eighteenth Century Scottish Literature$EHUGHHQ$EHUGHHQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ³6LU:DOWHU6FRWW1RWWKH$XWKRURI:DYHUOH\6FRWFK1RYHOV´LQThe Kaleidoscope; or, Literary and Scientific Mirror   ³6LU:DOWHU6FRWW¶V/DVW1RYHO´LQThe London Magazine  ± 6NHOWRQ-RKQ³+RPH5XOHIRU6FRWODQG´LQBlackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine ± 6NLQQHU-6FRWWFA Guide to Bowing: Strathspeys, Reels, Pastoral Melodies, Hornpipes, &C/RQGRQ%D\OH\ )HUJXVRQ ²  My Life and Adventures $EHUGHHQ &LW\ RI $EHUGHHQ LQ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK :DOODFH0XVLF 6NLQQHU -RKQ 5HY  /\ULFV IRU ³7KH 5HHO RI 7XOORFKJRUXP´ LQ Weekly Magazine, or, Edinburgh Amusement 0D\  6PLWK $GDP >@  Essays on Philosophical Subjects 1HZ