Plato in the Italian Renaissance [1+2] 9004091610, 9004091629

Citation preview

PLATO IN THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

JAMES HANKINS VOLUME I

E.J. BRILL L E ID E N • N E W Y O R K • K 0 B E N H A V N • K O L N 1990

COLUMBIA STUDIES IN THE CLASSICAL TRADITION under the direction of

A r G V M E N T V M P L A T O N I S IN D 1 A L A C .O ‘^ • H y P A P v C ! D E L V C R J C V P ID IT A T E P tR A V A R T l J^gfc-LIVM FEC1NVM . F L O R E N T I N V M E X G R E C O " N L A T 1N VA A T R A D V G T V.A-V

W IL L IA M V. H A R R IS (E d ito r) • P A U L O S K A R K R IS T E L L E R E U G E N E F. R IC E , J R . • A L A N C A M E R O N JA M E S A. C O U L T E R • R IC H A R D B R IL L IA N T G IS E L A S T R IK E R

K O P O S I T V AVI P L A T O N 1 S. 1 N 11 1 P I T A C H O I e S T

NOS

V O L U M E X V II, 1

^ 9 'O j

D O

CERES

OASHESU

otiimcl bom nn a p p c ttr c cumcV u k cjui p ro p te r a u a riru n n abctm r e in d e n tin ' b o m n n a p p e ra n t il k U c|uidcni lu c r i cu p ici funr:L u cru tn u n lc clV u n lc u c to bonvU itncp c u p tu n t E r a w n lu cru m S d a m tio ccnintirum i - D a m n u m uctn cum obtir m alum m ale l o i m r c o n r n m tn n c o n tra n u in o m ain bom nn lu c ru m ic n tu r bbnum .Q u ain o b iv n cum ilk etta uvn ab ap p e rttu bom dbcluiair in d e n tin '. b o m n n cupicmr mhil tarn r p iu p n a n r a u o tm m it’onnicl' Ixnmnet bomim a p p c ian t .'bonv .n itcm cfeple-v Ynum tm it. A dtincm nltcm m . ll lu d p ro p ter t'c u ’H n n . bee pveprer a k u d cvpctciiduin J im s a p p e n n o iiolvmtat , 1 V b u rn t' clccbio lllu d ucticraudm n hoc unlc illo iu u m iiv bee u n m u r . I llu if ad e p n o b e a n tu d o bu rn t lucvmn u o c a tu r .lu cru m .1 I. . q tu fitio. cpicd ___ I aducncrandi . J _______ ! Ivin i___ cense . lu____ itu r eft bom u _tikl.j-f ac * s j r S ( 2 - cunonom conduccrc p o reft O u u d u cro ad bee non contei r nee iplum utile dV nee ciut" ad ev n o lu cru m 1—au d a u d a ic ttr tr c u 5^ pid itas c r oim ubut n a tu ra inclV V iru p o m id a autcin opinio r A lta, q u e dum cju o d iv n t n utile ca. lucn.nn etV tonennt aype m u m n a tu r e adnducvta rc to v q u e r. H e r om m aplJtro L itcn tw cioCct d u m S eciu trl detimnemet’ A llas q u a l b tp p a rcb u s d c lu P S c n c u |n d ita tt r c l t r r cM nducaido e t raeiocuiando refellit V ti * * t u r tamcii FLvro b a r piopolitiotic omocl'bouvmct' bomnn ap p e tu r tancuuim m am trfl a ad concludcndinn cp ounie-s n a tu r a l u c r v _

MS

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Urb. lat. 185, f. 7r. Portrait of Plato, from a presen­ tation copy of Ficino’s Platonis opera omnia, commissioned ca. 1484 from Vespasiano da Bisticci for Federigo, duke of Urbino. Reproduced by permission of His Holiness Pope John Paul II.

4

The publication of this work was aided by the Stanwood Cockey Lodge Foundation

L ib ra ry of C ongress C a ta lo g in g -in -P u b lica tio n D ata

Hankins, James. Plato in the Italian Renaissance/by James Hankins. p., cm. — (Columbia studies in the classical tradi­ tion. ISSN 0166-1302: V. 17) ISBN 9004091637 (set). — ISBN 9004091610 (v. 1). — ISBN 9004091629 (v. 2) 1. Plato—Influence. 2. Renaissance—Italy. 3. Italy— Intellectual life—1268-1559. I. Title. II. Series. B395.H28 1990 184—dc20 89-70823 CIP ISSN 0166-1302 ISBN X90 04 09163 7 set ' 90 04 09161 0 vol. I "C Copyright 1990 by The Trustees o f Colum bia University in the City oj New York All rights reserved. No part o f this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, m icrofiche or any other means without written p erm issio n from the pub lisher P R IN T E D

IN

THE

N K T 11 K R L A N OS

TO MY PARENTS

CONTENTS VOLUM E I P reface............................................................................................................... A bbreviations .................................................................................................

xv xxv

Introduction: T h e Revival of P la to ...................................................... The Revival of Plato—Motives for the Reception (and Rejection) of Plato—Current Explanations of the Platonic Revival and Their Limits—Towards a Typology of Reading in the Fifteenth Century

3

Part I: F lorence .........................................................................................

27

1. Plato and the Defense of the H u m a n itie s ..................................... Bruni and the revival of Greek studies—Cultural controversies of the ear­ ly Florentine humanists—Plato's role in these controversies—Bruni's translation of the Phaedo—His revolutionary approach to translation—Its results as applied to the Phaedo—Bruni moves to Rome and becomes papal secretary; the cultural climate in Rome—Bruni dedicates the Phaedo to Innocent VII — His early versions of the Crito and Apology—His version of the Gorgias—His reading of the Gorgias.

29

2. Plato as Civic H u m an ist ..................................................................... Bruni’s second Florentine period—His quarrels with Niccoli and Traversari—The emergence of Bruni's mature attitudes (his “civic humanism’’)—His changed attitude to Plato—Bruni's “ Collected Works of Plato’’ in Latin—His “ Mutilated Fragment’’ of the Phaedrus—Bruni’s attraction to the Phaedrus’ account of Divine Love and poeticinspiration— His second versions of the Apology and Crito—His dedication of Plato’s Letters to Cosimo de’Medici and his political motives for doing so—Bruni’s presentation of Plato as a “ republican’’— His version of Alcibiades’ Speech from the Symposium.

58

3. M in o r T ran slato rs in Florence and the Papal C o u r t ................. Cencio de’Rustici versions of the Axiochus and De virtute—Rinuccio Aretino’s versions of the Crito, Axiochus and Euthyphro—Francesco Filelfo’s versions of three Letters and of the Euthyphro—Filelfo’s philosophical studies and his attitude to Plato.

81

Diffusion and influence of the new translations—Conclusions: Elective affinities between Plato and the early FIorentino-Roman school of humanism?.........................................................................................................

95

VIII

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

...............................................................................................

103

1. Uberto Decembrio: Renaissance Signory and the Republic...... Manuel Chrysoloras comes to Milan— Life and opinions of Uberto Decembrio—Reasons why Chrysoloras and Decembrio translated the Republic: signorial propaganda? — Plato’s Republic as a justification for signorial government in Decembrio’s later De repubhca libri IV.

105

2. Pier C andido D ecem b rio ’s Celestial Polity........................................ Pier Candido Decembrio’s life and works—His attitude towards translation—Decembrio and the "Ethics Controversy”—The genesis of Decembrio’s translation of the Republic— Decembrio’s motives for translating the Republic— His patrons—Meeting their expectations— Decembrio’s rivals and critics—Their criticisms of Plato: his "'disorderliness ” , '‘immorality’’, and paganism—How Decembrio’s translation and textual apparatus for the Republic was designed to forestall criticism—Exegetical techniques employed by Decembrio—His use of Plato’s political thought in controversies with Bruni and Francesco Barbaro—Decembrio’s critique oi auctontas as a defense of the Republic— The delense ot Plato against Lactamius and Aristotle in Antonio da Rho’s In Lactantium.

117

3. T h e Platonic T ran slatio n s of A ntonio C a ssa rin o .......................... Cassarino’s life and works—His “ secularizing” approach to translation—Cenesis of Cassarino’s Latin Republic—Limits of his ability to render accurately Plato’s philosophy.

154

P

P

art

art

II:

III:

M

R

il a n

o m e

.............................................................................................

IX

3. Pletho and the Plato-A ristotle C o n tro v e rs y ................................... Roots of the controversy in Byzantine intellectual history—The religion of Pletho: pagan or heretic?—Pletho’s De differentiis and Western reac­ tions to it—The early stages of the controversy: from Constantinople to Rome—Connection with the “ Academic” conspiracy of Pomponio Leto—Use of the printing press to defend Plato—Summary of the causes for the Plato-Aristotle controversy.

193

4. C ard in al Bessarion and P l a t o ............................................................. Bessarion’s early life and education; his debt to Pletho—Bessarion’s use of Platonism for ecumenical purposes at the Council of Union—His Platonic critique of Western scholasticism—Bessarion appointed Cardinal-Legate of Bologna—his Platonic critique of economic “ liberalism” and oligarchy—Bessarion’s library and the preservation of Greek culture after the fall of Byzantium—The In Calumniatorem Platoms as a defense of Greek culture—Bessarion’s views on the relationship be­ tween Greek philosophy and the Christian religion.

217

5. Bessarion vs. T re b iz o n d ........................................................................ General estimate and summary of Trebizond’s Comparatio Platoms et Anstotelis—Plausibility of George’s criticisms in the Fifteenth century— George’s critical principles—Bessarion’s use of the Neoplatonic tradition of exegesis to defend against George—Contents of the In calumniatorem Platoms—Bessarion’s hermeneutical principles and techniques—Some ex­ amples of Bessarion’s exegesis: his defense of Plato’s “ disorder” , his ac­ count of the transmigration of the soul in Plato, his use of the notion of “ Platonic love” to defend Plato from charges of having tolerated homosexuality—The significance of the In calumniatorem Platoms for the reception of Plato.

236

Part IV: F lorence ......................................................................................

265

1. M arsilio Ficino, D octor of S o u ls ....................................................... A Platonic consolatio mortis at the deathbed of Cosimo de’Medici—Ficino’s early life and literary education—His attitude to humanism, scholasticism, and Averroism—Ficino’s religious sensibility—His ap­ pearance and character—His “ spiritual crisis” — His idea of an “ ancient theology” —Ficino discovers his vocation; his “ culture criticism” — Platonism as the cure for the ills of contemporary culture—Ficino’s methods of spreading Platonism in Florence and Europe.

267

2. Ficino and the Platoms opera omnia..................................................... The history of Ficino’s translations of Plato—Astrological significance of their date of publication—Patronage of his translation— How Ficino es­ tablished the canon and the order of Plato’s dialogues—Ficino’s use of

300

161

Summary of the achievements of early Quattrocento Platonic scholarship—Cultural changes in the mid-Quattrocento: the new interest in philosophy among humanists, the rise of philological criticism. 1. G eorge of T reb izo n d and P la to .......................................................... George of Trebizond’s life and character—His prophetic attacks on Plato—History of his attitude to Plato and the reasons for his hatred of the Greek philosopher—George’s critique of the political philosophy of Plato’s Laws.

165

2. T re b iz o n d ’s T ran slatio n s of the Laws and the Parmenides......... Motives for George’s translation of the Laws’. Was George a hypocrite? — Reasons for George’s translation of the Parmenides— George s theory of translation and its inner contradictions—The charac­ ter of George s translations of the Laws and Parmenides—Bessarion’s cri­ tique of George’s version of the Laws.

180

X

CONTENTS

7. U berto and Pier C an d id o D ecem brio’s Notabilia to T h eir T ran slatio n s of the Republic ..............................................................

previous translations and subsequent revisions—Character of Ficino’s versions—Ficino’s Neoplatonic view of inspired translation. 3. Ficino on Socrates, Plato, and the Platonic C o r p u s .................. The history and plan of Ficino’s commentaries on Plato—Ficino’s view of Socrates and Plato—his vision of the purpose, structure, and textuality of the Platonic dialogues—his contribution to Platonic scholarship.

318

4. T h e Commentaria in Platonem: Exegesis as A pologetic.................. Ficino’s conception of exegesis—The formal structure of and models for Ficino’s exegesis—Ficino’s exegetical techniques: his use of doctrinal, allegoristic, critical and scholastic techniques—The antiplatonic tradition in late fifteenth century Florence—The effectiveness of Ficino’s exegesis as a tool of apologetics—Conclusion: Ficino’s place in the development of Platonic exegesis in the fifteenth century.

341

C o n c lu sio n ........................................................................................................

360

8. D ecem b rio ’s Platonic S tu d ie s .......................................... 415 A. H is Supposed T ran slatio n of the Sophist................................ B. H is T reatise De immortalitate..................................... 417 C . H is Bow dlerized V ersion of the L y s is .................................... D. M iscellan ea..................................................................... 420 9. F our Q u attro cen to T ran slato rs of Republic V ...........

422

10. C a ssa rin o ’s M an u scrip ts of P la to ..................................

427

11.

V O L U M E II Preface to V olum e I I ....................................................................................

xi

contents

ix

G eorge of T re b iz o n d ’s V ersions of the Laws and the Parmenides

12. P leth o ’s Influence in the L ater Q u a ttro c e n to ...........

412

415 418

429

436

13. B essarion’s D ebt to Proclus in Book II of the Calumniator—

441

14. T h e “ A ncient T h eo lo g y ” of A ristotle A ccording to G eorge of T reb izo n d ................................................................................................

445

15. P oliziano’s F rag m en tary T ran slatio n of the Charmides............

449

16. F icino’s “ Spiritual C risis” ................................................................

454

17. T h e D evelopm ent of F icino’s “ A ncient T h eo lo g y ” .................

459

18. O n the T ex tu al H istory of F icino’s Platoms opera omnia.......... A. D ependence on E arlier T ran slations ........................................ B. L ater R e v isio n s................................................................................

464 464 477

19. T h e D ates of F icino’s A rgum ents and C o m m e n ta rie s ............

482

20. L orenzo L ip p i’s T ran slatio n of the Io n ..........................................

485

P ar t I: A p p e n d ic e s

1. T h e D ates of Ep. 1.1 [1-8], the L atin Phaedo, the Dialogi ad Petrum Histrum and Som e O th e r Early works of L eonardo B r u n i .......................................................................................................... 2. T h e D ates of B ru n i’s T w o R edactions o f the Crito and Apology, and of H is V ersions of the Gorgias, Phaedrus and Epistolae__ 3. B ru n i’s A. T h e B. T h e C. The D. T he

T ran slatio n s of P l a t o ............................................................ Phaedo......................................................................................... Gorgias ........................................................................................ Phaedrus...................................................................................... Symposium..................................................................................

367

379 388 388 394 396 399

4. T h e T ran slatio n s of the Euthyphro by R inuccio A retino and Francesco F ile lfo ....................................................................................

401

5. T h e D ates of Filelfo’s T ran slatio n s of P la to ................................

404

6. A gostino D a ti’s V ersion of the P seudo-P latonic Halcyon and R enaissance Skepticism .......................................................................

408

P ar t II: T exts

C onspectus scriptorum Platonis interp retatio n em saec. X V illu stra n tiu m ..................................................................................................... Leonardus Aretinus—Cincius Romanus—Rinucius Aretinus—Franciscus Philelphus—Augustinus Datus—Manuel Chrysoloras et Ubertus

491

XII

CONTENTS

Decembrius—Petrus Candidus Decembrius—Antonius Cassarinus— Georgius Trapezuntius— Laurentius Lippius Collensis—Angelus Politianus—Marsilius Ficinus. P art III: C at alog s

A. C ensus of M a n u s c rip ts .......................................................................... 669 B. C ensus of P rin ted E d itio n s .................................................................. 738 S purious I m p r in ts ................................................................................... 796 C . E x tra c ts ....................................................................................................... 797 D. P erdita, D u b ia, S p u r ia .......................................................................... 802 E. B io-bibliographical N ote on S ix teen th -C en tury T ra n s la to rs ... 804 F. T ab u la I n itio r u m .................................................................................... 808 G. Indices ........................................................................................................ 816 1. Index of D ia lo g u e s........................................................................... 816 2. Index of T r a n s la to r s ........................................................................ 819 3. Index of Scribes, A n n o tato rs and D ecorators of M a n u ­ scripts .................................................................................................. 822 4. Index of O w ners or V endors of M a n u sc rip ts......................... 824 5. Index of D ated and D atable M a n u s c rip ts ................................. 826 6. Libri an n o tati ..................................................................................... 827 7. Index of P rin ters and Publishers ................................................ 827 Index of M an u scrip ts Not Listed in C at. A ........................................

830

Index of N am es ..............................................................................................

833

Addenda........................................................................................................

845

VOLUM E I

PR E F A C E It had b etter be said at the outset that the present study is not a history of R enaissance Platonism . It is rather the story of how the writings of a great philosopher were received and interpreted, some 1800 years after they were w ritten, in an alien language, religion, and culture. M y orien­ tation is not that of an historian of philosophy interested in a phase of the Platonic tradition so m uch as that of a cultural historian trying to u n d er­ stand the ways m en in terpret and use their past. H ence my chief sources are not treatises and summae of Platonic philosophy, but the translations and com m entaries that are principally responsible for introducing Plato into the high Latin culture of the Fifteenth century. I focus upon those philosophers and hum anists who most closely studied the Platonic dialogues, w hether or not they were recognizably Platonists, and pass lightly over im portant Platonists such as C u sanus and Pico who did not devote them selves with any vigor to expounding the text of Plato. T his book thus belongs to the genre of scholarly literature devoted to studying the fortuna of classical authors in later W estern history, a genre that seems to be experiencing a rem arkable expansion of la te .1* M y own background and interests, how ever, have taken me in a rath er different direction from most other recent exam ples of Rezeptionsgeschichte. As an intellectual historian interested in the history of herm eneutics, my tendency has been to look at interpretations of the Platonic dialogues in the context of the history of learning and textual exegesis. I have focussed above all on the question of why the Platonic dialogues were read the way they w ere. T his question has been forced on me by a dissatisfaction with

1 Among the books that have appeared in the last ten years (the articles being too numerous to mention) are C. Robinson, Lucian and His Influence in Europe (Chapel Hill, 1979); F. Gori and C. Questa, eds., La fortuna di Tacito dal sec. X V a d oggi, Studi Urbinati, 53 (Urbino, 1979); E. Mattioli, Luciano e I’Umanesimo (Naples, 1980); A. Moss, Ovid in Renaissance France (London, 1982); C. Schmitt, Aristotle m the Renaissance (Cambridge, Mass., 1983); A. Buck and K. Heitmann, Die Antike-Rezeption in den Wissenschaften waehrend der Renaissance { Weinheim, 1983); M. Mund-Dopchie, La survie d ’Eschyle a la Re­ naissance (Louvain, 1984); L. Gualdo Rosa, La fede nella Paideia: Aspetti della fortuna europea di Isocrate nei secoli X V e X V I , Istituto storico per il medio evo, studi storici, fasc. 140-141 (Rome, 1984); P. and J. Courcelle, Lecteurs paiens et lecteurs chretiens de I ’Eneide, 2 vols. (Paris, 1984); E. F. Rice, Jr., St. Jerome in the Renaissance (Baltimore, Md., 1985); Lectures medievales de Virgile, Collection de 1’Ecole frangaise de Rome, 80 (Rome, 1985); R. J. Hexter, Ovid and Medieval Schooling. Studies in Medieval School Commentaries on O vid’s Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, and Epistulae Heroidum , Muenchener Beitraege zur Mediaevistik und Renaissance-Forschung, 38 (Munich, 1986). Much of this research, like my own, has been encouraged by the progress of the C'I'C (q.v ).

XVII

PREFACE

PREFACE

certain other accounts I have read of the in terp retatio n of ancient authors in the M iddle Ages and R enaissance. Such accounts are com m only w rit­ ten by classical scholars, on holiday, as it w ere, from the m ore serious business of w riting an o th er article ab o u t the o rd er of H o ra c e ’s Odes. T h ey are usually highly com petent and m ake valuable contributions to know ledge, but ra th e r less of a co n trib u tio n , in my view, to historical u n d erstan d in g . T h ey tend eith er to m inim ize the historical alterity of old in terp retatio n s or to exhibit them as historical curiosities, as m ere deliciae erudiiorum. Faced, for instance, with b izarre readings of Plato which turn him into a civic hum anist, an Attic M oses or the A ntichrist, we are told that these were regrettable ab erratio n s which should not distract our a t­ tention from the genuine co n trib u tio n s to philology m ade by our forebears. O r we are invited to smile indulgently at the eccentricities of pre-E n lig h ten m en t savages who could not be expected to reason clearly in m atters of scholarship. In neither case is it explained how it was that prem o d ern exegetes cam e to produce such peculiar readings of texts whose m eaning (to us) seems obvious. T h e re is perhaps the odd reference to civic hu m an ism or the wars of religion, but little sustained attem pt to see old in terp retatio n s as historical phen o m ena. T h e difficulty, of course, is that one cannot begin to explain why people believe w hat they believe w ithout seem ing to em bark on some sort of reductionist project. Scholars who respect their objects of study very naturally feel distaste for any attem p t to present the conceptions of older thinkers as m ere suffum igations of larg er historical ‘"forces” or “ fac­ to rs” .2 Yet the alternatives seem to be the ones I have ju st m entioned: eith er to see o u r predecessors as stages in a W higgish history of scholarly progress— ignoring the “ irra tio n a l” elem ents in their herm eneutical practice— or to dism iss them them as a collection of fools and eccentrics. O n e way out of this impasse, as it seem s to me, is to realize that what counts as rational in textual exegesis has changed over tim e, as has the stru ctu re and aim s of learned com m unities. O ne m ust try to u n d erstand alien forms of thought, not in such a way as to render them epiphen o m en al, but rath er as a coherent system of cultural values w ithin which a given in terp retatio n , how ever ab su rd it m ay seem to us, can have a m eaningful function. T h is m eans th at in o rder to un d erstan d old in terp retatio n s we m ust establish their context in a m uch richer fashion

than has heretofore been the rule, and learn m uch m ore about the history of exegetical practice and scholarly m ethods than is presently k n o w n .3 H av in g said this, however, I am obliged to rem ove a possible m isu nderstanding. T o historicize our u n d erstan d in g of the history of herm eneutics, as I am trying to do, need not in my view entail denying the possibility of historical reason, as it does (not w ithout the appearance of self-contradiction) for deconstructionists like Foucault and the m ore radical proponents of reception theory. I continue to believe that in ter­ p retations which obey the canons of historical criticism can be “ rig h t” in a non-trivial sense of the w ord, taking “ rig h tn ess” to refer to verifiable hypotheses about authorial in te n tio n .4 A nd I believe that this kind of in terp retatio n , if exercised with prudence and w isdom , can still have positive effects in our culture. It w ould be inconsistent and indeed im m oral to em ploy the traditional m ethods of historical and philological criticism , as I have done throughout this book, w ithout some belief in their validity and value. H istoricizing o u r u n d erstan d in g of h er­ m eneutics does, to be sure, entail the recognition that the forms of criticism used in traditional historical and literary scholarship, however valid they m ay be for certain purposes, are them selves historical p henom ena with a determ inate origin in the culture of early m odern E urope. But there is no apriori reason why the appearance of a given m ethod on the historical stage at a particu lar tim e and place in itself en ­ tails that its validity as a m ethod is historically contingent. In the present study, then, I have tried to set the translations and com ­ m entaries on Plato m ore deeply than is custom ary w ithin their historical context. I define the historical context as including not only the rem ote context of great events and m ovem ents, b ut also the im m ediate context of the in te rp re te r’s own intellectual history, the exegetical traditions he belonged to, the kinds of patronage he enjoyed, contem porary literary values, and coeval debates about Plato an d Platonic doctrines. I have also studied in some detail the com m entaries and translations them selves (a project too often overlooked) with a view to relating these herm eneutical artifacts m ore closely to their su rro u n d in g context. It is m y hope that the read er will acquire from this analysis not only a richer u n d erstan d in g of

XVI

1he argument against epiphenomenalism has recently been put forward forcefully by Charles I avlor ( Philosophical Papers, col. 1: Human Agency and Language [Cambridge. I985|. chapter 1).

3 I address some of the unexplored possibilities in the history ot hermeneutics in a paper given to the Circolo medievistico di Roma, “ II Calalogus Translationum et Commentanorum come strumento di ricerca,” Accademie e hiblioteche d ’ltalia 55.4 (1987): 9-16. The limitations of traditional approaches to the history of scholarship are suggested by A. Grafton in a review-article “ From Poliziano to Pasquali,” Journal of Roman Studies 67 (1977): 171-176. 4 For some trenchant criticism of the modern dogma which asserts the existence ot an “ intentionalist fallacy” , see P. D. Juhl, Interpretation: An Essay in the Philosophy oj Literary Criticism (Princeton, 1980), esp. pp. 2391.

PREFACE

PREFACE

why Plato was read the way he was in the early R enaissance, b ut will also achieve a b etter sense of the general conditions and attitudes governing the reading of texts in the p re-m o d ern period.

at C o lu m b ia U niversity, and I should like.to thank that institution for its generous support of my graduate education. D u rin g m y graduate years I also received support from the Fulbright C om m ission for a y ear’s study in Florence and from the A m erican A cadem y in R om e for a year in R om e, velpotius in the V atican L ibrary. At the A m erican A cadem y I also obtained a g ran t from the R ichard K rau th eim er F u n d for the purchase of m icrofilm s. A fter receiving my degree, I was supported for two more years as a m em ber of the Society of Fellows in the H um an ities at C olum ­ bia U niversity. I should like also to thank the following individuals and institutions for answ ering inquiries or supplying photographs: Eva A ndersson (K ungliga B iblioteket, Stockholm ), A delheid Arefi (H essische Landesbibliothek, W iesbaden), R o b ert P. L. A rpots (K atholieke U niversiteit, Nijm egen), D r. R o bert Babcock (Beinecke Library, Yale U n iv .), Badische Landes­ bibliothek (K arlsruhe), the late D r. H ans Baron (C am bridge, M ass.), Fr. Elisabeth Beare (Stadtsbibliothek N u ern b erg ), L eonard N. Beck (L ib rary of C ongress), Prof. Ernesto Berti (Istitu to di filologia greca, Pisa), D r. Jad w ig a Bezwihska (M uzeum N arodow e, K rakow ), dott.ssa C o n cetta Bianca (U niv. of R om e), dott.ssa C arla G uiducci Bonanni (Biblioteca R iccard ian a, Florence), M r. W . H . Bond (H arv ard U niv.), M r. Neil Boness (State L ibrary of New South W ales, Sydney), Fr. L eonard Boyle, O .P . (Biblioteca Apostolica V aticana), D r. H ans B raun (F ondation B odm er, C ologny-G eneva), D r. R. Breugelm anns (Bibliotheek d er R ijksuniversiteit, Leiden), R o b ert L. B urr (Crosby L ibrary, G onzaga U n iv .), G u en th er B uttm ann (U niversitaetsbibliothek, M unich), D r. J . A. C ervello-M argalef (Erzbischoefliche Dioezesan- und D om bibliothek, C ologne), m gr. A dam C h rzan (Polska A cadem ia N auk, K ornik), Prof. W endell C lausen (H arv ard U n iv .), M r. J o h n C ochrane (U niversity of O tago, D u n ed in , New Zealand), C ath erin e M . C om pton (H a rv a rd U n iv .), F ernando C oncha (K ungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm), D r. M . C . C oppens (K atholieke U niversiteit, L ouvain), M r. C. G. Cordeaux (B odleian L ibrary, O xford), Prof. F. E dw ard C ran z (D urham , N .C .) , M r. Aldo R . C upo (Beinecke L ibrary, Yale U n iv .), D r. M artin D avies (W olfson College, O xford), m gr. Ja n u sz D em bski (Biblioteka P ubliczna, P oznan), M r. R odney G. D ennis (H o u g h to n L ibrary, H a r­ vard U n iv .), Prof. D r.sc. D ietze (U niversitaets- u. L andesbibliothek S achsen-A nhalt, H alle), H e rr W erner D obras (S tadtarchiv, L indau), D r. D. D oering (U niversitaetsbibliothek, Leipzig), dott. G iuseppe Dondi (Biblioteca N azionale, T u rin ), Dr. P atricia D onlon (C hester Beatty L ib rary , D ublin), M . D orban (Bibliotheque de l ’U niversite C atholique, L ouvain-la-N euve), M m e M .-R . D ubois (B ibliotheque de l’U niversite, Liege), H . J . D uijzer (Stadtsbibliotheek, H aarlem ), H e rr F. Ekowski

XV II I

In addition to its purpose as a case study in the history of herm eneutics, this book has a subsidiary, and ra th e r m ore traditional purpose: to d e­ scribe and docu m en t the im pact of the Platonic dialogues upon the Latinreading public of R enaissance Italy. T h e sources-and-influence school of intellectual history has lately taken a b eatin g on the academ ic stock ex­ change, and it obviously suffers from certain lim itations, but tracing sources and d o cu m en tin g influences rem ains to m y m ind an essential discipline for anyone in terested in the history of philosophy, literature, or the arts. As an aid to historical criticism , it has a value quite indepen­ dent of its origin in the m ists and fogs of Geistesgeschichte. So I have taken care in the notes and appendices to give as accurate an account of the datin g and textual trad itio n of the L atin translations and com m entaries as I am able and as the present state of research will allow. I have tried to relegate the critical and philological discussions as m uch as possible to the notes and to the second volum e so as to interfere as little as possible with the m ain them es of the book; the misological read er is of course welcome to skip them . I also believe th at m y description of fifteenth cen tu ry interpretations of the dialogues will co n trib u te to an u n d e rsta n d in g of P la to ’s influence in a less obvious way. In the course of m y researches I have frequently met with historians who assert the im pact of Plato or P latonism upon literary and artistic figures of the R enaissance on the basis of resem blances betw een cultural artifacts m ade by such figures and doc­ trines presently believed to be Platonic. In a n u m b er of cases it has been quite clear to m e th at no one in the R enaissance could possibly have read the dialogues in the m o d ern way; indeed, in the case of some doctrines, R enaissance exegetes read Plato in exactly opposite senses from the way he is in terp reted today. O ften , too, it is m istakenly assum ed that R en ais­ sance translators provided th eir readers w ith approxim ately the sam e sort of renderings that Jo w e tt or C o rn fo rd provide to m odern readers. I hope that my account of the R enaissance in terp retatio n of Plato will help p e r­ sons looking for Platonic influences to form a m ore correct notion of how that influence m ay have o perated in the fifteenth and later centuries. * * * T his study is very long and has taken me alm ost eight years to write, so I hope I m ay be excused for the great n u m b e r of debts I feel obliged to record. It began life as a Ph. D. dissertation in the D e p artm en t of H istory

XIX

\x

PREFACE

(N iedersaechsische L andesbibliothek, H an n o v er), D r. J u e rg e n E rd m an n (L andesbibliothek C o b u rg ), D r. L idia F erenczv (N atio n al Szechenyi Library, B udapest), M r. S tephan Ferguson (Princeton U niv. L ibrary), D ra. A ntonia de M en a F ern an d ez Z en d rera (Biblioteca U n iv ersitaria y Provincial. Barcelona), Prof. A rth u r Field (P rinceton U n iv .), D r. H einz Finger and G. K arp p (U niversitaetsbibliothek, D uesseldorf), H ans Frings (O effentliche B ibliothek, A achen), Rev. C arl-G o esta Frithz (D om kvrkobibliotek, S traen g n aes), M iss M a rg a rita G are (B erchm anianum , N ijm egen), E leanor M . G arvey (H o u g h to n L ib rary , H arv ard U niv.), Prof. D eno G eanakoplos (Yale U n iv .), dott. Sebastiano G entile (Scuola N orm ale, Pisa), M ile. A nn e-V ero n ique Gilles (C . N. R . S., Paris), Prof. V. R. G iu stin ian i (F reib u rg i. Br.), P. G ottfried G lassner (Stiftsbibliothek M elk), M rs. Phyllis G o o d h art G ordan (N ew Y ork C ity), Prof. A nthony G rafton (P rin ceto n U n iv .), M r. Ja m e s G reen (R egenstein L ibrary, U niv. of C hicago), Prof. G ordon G riffiths (U niv. of W ashington), H e rr G laser (B ibliothek des O berlandesgerichts, Celle), Prof.ssa Lucia G ualdo R osa (U niv. of V iterbo), M s. D orothy H anks ( N ational L ibrary of M edicine, Bethcsda, M d .). Sgr. Jo se de Prado Herranz (San Lorenzo de El Escorial), D r. H elga H ilschenz-M lynek (K estner-M useum , H an n o v er), M r. A. R . A. H obson (H a m p s., England), M . H ofstede (Bibliotheek d er R ijksuniversiteit, L eiden), K ari H olm (U ppsala U niversitetsbibliotek), H e rr H o p f (R atsbuecherei L ueneburg), Dr. Peter H u b a (O ravske M u z e u m , D olny K ubin), D r. O tto H unold (H ospitalbibliothek, K ues), G u e n te r H u rlb rin k (L andeskirchliches A r­ chive N uernberg), M r. F abian H utch in so n (U niversity of M elbourne Library), D r. Eva Irblich (O esterreichische N ationalbibliothek, V ienna), Dr. V ilenka Ja k a c (N atio n al and U n iversity L ibrary, L jubljana), Prof. E douard Je a u n e a u (C . N. R . S., Paris), D r. K arl-H ein z Ju eg elt (U n i­ versitaetsbibliothek, R ostock), M rs. Libby K ahane (Jew ish N ational and U niversity L ibrary, Je ru sa le m ), Frau I. K iessling (U n iv ersitaetsbiblio­ thek. M uen ster), A n n a K ilpinen (U niversity L ibrary, Stockholm ), D r. Jen o Kiss (Fovarosi Szabo Ervin K o n v v tar, B udapest), D r. P. Kittel (D eutsche S taatsbibliothek D D R ), D r. H orst K oehn (M arienbibliothek, Halle), the V erlag V alentin K oern er, G M B H , M r. D. W . K ok (P ro v in ­ c i a l Bibliotheek van F riesland, L eeuw arden), D r. Sigrid K raem er (Bayer. A kadem ie d er W issenschaften), D r. K ratzsch (Z entralbibliothek der D eutschen Klassik, W iem ar), m gr. Stanislaw K rzyw icki (Biblioteka Publiczna, Szczecin), Lippische L andesbibliothek (D etm old), Prof. M ary Louise Lord (C am b rid g e, M ass.), Nikola Lukacevic (N aucna Biblioteka, Z ad ar), Lucilla M arin o (A m erican A cadem y in Rom e Library), Sgr. Ivan A ntonio M artin (C en tro N acional de D ocum enta­ tion y M icrofilm acidn, M ad rid ), Prof. T h o m as M artin (U niv. of T ulsa),

PREFACE

xxi

L. C esarini M artinelli (U niv. of Florence), D r. Erdos M atyas (Foszekesegyhazi K onyvtar, Esztergom ), U niv.-P rof. D r. O tto M azal (O ester­ reichische N ationalbibliothek, V ienna), the Bibliotheque M azarine (Paris), C onstance M cC arth y (N orthw estern U niv. L ibrary), D. J . M cK itterick (C am bridge U niv. L ibrary), D r. Bernd M ichael (S taats­ bibliothek Preussischer K ulturbesitz, B R D ), Fr. Benignus M illett, O . F. M . (Franciscan L ibrary, D u n M huire), d o tt.ssa A ntonietta M orandini (Biblioteca M edicea L au ren zian a, Florence), D r. M . M uehlner and Dipl. Phil. W. Stein (Saechsische Landesbibliothek, D resden), Anastazy N adolny (Biblioteka S em inarium D uchow nego, Pelplin), Doine Naegler (M uzeul B rukenthal, Sibiu), D r. P. F. J . O b b em a (Bibliotheek der R ijksuniversiteit, Leiden), M rs. M au ra O 'C o n n o r (N ational L ibrary ot A ustralia, C an b erra), R einhold O h lm ann (K irchenbibliothek N eustadt a. d. Aisch), S. O hno (U niversity of T okyo L ibrary), R ichard O liver, O .S .B . ( S t.J o h n 's U niversity, Collegeville, M in n .), M iss H . E. Owen (G onville and C aius College, C am bridge), M r. A. E. B. O w en (C am ­ bridge U niv. L ibrary), M r. R. I. Page (C orpus C hristi College, C am ­ bridge), M onsignor Angelo Paredi (Biblioteca A m brosiana, M ilan), Prof. A lessandro Perosa (U niv. ot Florence), D r. A ngela PopescuBradiceni (Biblioteca C en trala de Stat, B ucharest), J a n in a Potemska (B iblioteka U niw ersytecka, Lodz), D r. G erh ard t Powitz (Stadt- und U niversitaetsbibliothek, F rankfurt a. M .), Prof. D ino Puncuh (Biblioteca D urazzo, G enoa), Alfons Pyka (B ibliothek des Bischoetlichen P riestersem inars, M ainz), dott. G ian A lbino R avalli M odoni (Biblioteca N azionale M arcian a, V enice), D eborah Reilly (U niv. ot W isconsin L ibrary), M r. M ark R oberts (British In stitu te, Florence), Prot. D iana R obin (A m erican A cadem y in R om e), dott. M ario R oncetti (Biblioteca C om unale A ugusta, P erugia), D r. Erika R o th e r (D eutsche Staatsbiblio­ thek, D D R ), D r. In g rid R ow land (R om e), D r. M arian n e Rozsondai (H u n g a ria n A cadem y of Sciences), H e rr R ueggeberg (K irchenM inisterial-B ibliothek, Celle), M onsignor Jo se R uysschaert (Biblioteca A postolica V aticana), D r. hab. Bohdan Rvszewski (U niversity Library, T o ru n ), Bert J . van d er Saag (G em eentelijke A rchief, G ouda), D r. S alzbrunn (Staats- und Stadtbibliothek A usburg), D ra. T eresa S an­ tan d er (Biblioteca U niv ersitaria, Salam anca), M . H en ri Schiller (Paris), D. Schouten (K oninklijke Bibliotheek, ’s-G ravenhage), D r. Francesco A lvarez Seisdedos (Biblioteca C ap itu lar y C olom bina, Seville), M ichael Schlosser (S tadtbibliothek, Bad W indsheim ), the late Prof. C harles Schm itt (W arb u rg Inst., L ondon), Dr, P ieter Schoonheim (Zeeuwse Bi­ bliotheek, M iddelburg), Prof. Dr. M artin Sicherl (W estfaelische W ilhelm s-U niversitaet, M uenster), P r o f R o b ert Sinkewicz, C .S .B . (Pontifical Institute, T o ro n to ), Prof. Lilija Socanac (N ational and U ni­

XXII

PREFACE

versity L ib rary , Z agreb), Prof. Jo se f Soudek (Q ueens College, New Y ork C ity), O . B. Starke (Stadt- und K reisbibliothek, B autzen), D r. M artin S tein m an n (U niversitaetsbibliothek, Basel), M r. Sem C . S u tter (R egenstein L ibrary, U niversity of C hicago), F. Sw arte, O .P ra e m . (Abdij van ’t Park, H everlee), Fr. D r. T o ep ler (U niversitaetsbibliothek, Bonn), M m e. C laude T riaille (B ibliotheque de la V ille, Liege), D r. C hristl U n te rra in e r (U niversitaetsbibliothek Salzburg), Prof. J o h n V an Sickle (New Y ork U niversity), M r. P eter V an W ingen (L ib rary of C o n ­ gress), M . V erg au w en -V an Elsen (M u seu m P lan tin -M o retu s, A n t­ werp), D r. R ich ard V irr (M cG ill U niv. L ibrary, M o ntreal), Prof. Paolo Viti (U niv. of Lecce), P h D r. Ja ro sla v V o b r (Statnf V gdecka K nihovna, Brno), W illiam Voelkle (M o rg a n L ibrary, New York), M r. B rian W ardPerkins (T rin ity College, C am b rid g e), D r. M orim ichi W atan ab e (Q ueens College, New Y ork C ity), Prof. Jill W ebster (U niv. of T o ro n ­ to), D r. W ilfried W e rn e r (U n iv ersitaetsbibliothek, H eidelberg), Prof. Dr. H . W ern er (B erliner S tadtbibliothek, D D R ), D. W iessm an (Dom stift M erseb u rg ), M rs. M ajorie G . W ynne (Beinecke L ib rary , Yale U niv.), m gr. B arb ara Zajaczkow ska (B iblioteka Slaska, K atow ice), m gr. H elena Zarachow icz (B iblioteka P ubliczna, W arsaw ), Ire n a Zdanow icz (N ational G allery of V ictoria, M elb o u rn e), H e rr C h ristian Z em m rich (E v.-L uth. P farram t “ St. A n n e n ’’, A nnaberg), D r. Frantisek Zndkavesely (A rchiv M esta, Brno). I am also grateful to the Istituto C entrale p er la patologia del libro in R om e for perm ission to m ake use of their valuable m icrofilm collections. Special thanks are due for m uch efficient and sym pathetic help to the staffs of the B ibliotheque N atio n ale in P aris, the B ritish L ib rary in L o n ­ don, B utler L ib rary (C o lu m b ia U n iv .), H oughton and W idener L ibraries (H a rv a rd U n iv .), the A m erican A cadem y in R om e L ibrary, and the B iblioteca A postolica V aticana. M artin D avies, J o h n M on fasan i and M ichael J . B. Allen generously read P arts I, III and IV respectively of this study and are responsible for m any corrections and im p rovem ents. M y colleague Steven E. O zm ent gave m e m uch valuable literary advice, especially with the Introduction. D r. A lbinia de la M are has kindly shared her unrivalled knowledge of hum anistic hands with m e on a n u m b e r of occasions. Prof. G eorg Nicolaus K n a u e r and D r. Elfriede K n a u e r, out of sheer good-will, have in the last few years supplied m e with an ex trao rdinary am o u n t of useful inform ation from their ow n exhaustive surveys of m anuscript catalogues and unpublished inventories. N one of these friends is of course to be blam ed for m y errors. As this is the first book I have published u nder my nam e alone, I believe it is ap p ro p riate here to record also some older debts. I have

PREFACE

XXIII

always been extrem ely fortunate in my teachers, but I rem em ber with particu lar g ratitude five teachers at D uke U niversity, A rthur B. Ferguson, Francis N ew ton, Law rence R ichardson, j r . , R onald G. W itt, and especially E dw ard P. M ahoney. At C olum bia my chief supervisor was E ugene F. Rice, j r ., truly a vir bonus dicendi pentus, to whose sense, learning and literary taste I owe m ore than can easily be said. I also benefitted from the teaching of R oger Bagnall, J . M . W . Bean, Jam es C o u lter, W illiam V . H arris, Jo h n H . M undy, and Peter Pouncey; W illiam H arris has since com pounded my debts to him by serving as a m ost tactful and patient editor. I am also grateful to Ju lia n Deahl and the staff at E. J . Brill for the skill and speed with which they dealt with a massive and difficult m anuscript. I hardly know how to express my gratitude to Prof. Paul O skar K risteller who from my first arrival in New York C ity has lavished his proverbial generosity upon me in su p erab u n d an t quantities. Scarcely a week in the last eight years has gone by w hen I have not received from him some useful piece of advice or inform ation, and anyone familiar with his work will recognize the deep im press of his m ethod and scholarly outlook upon my ow n. In addition he was kind enough to read my entire 1700-page typescript and supplied m any pages of detailed com m ents and corrections. I despaired long ago of acknow ledging individually his con­ tributions to m y study, so here I m ust sim ply say that if there is anything of value in m y work, a great portion of the credit m ust go to him. Finally I should also like to thank my dear wife V irginia, who has not, to be sure, gone so far as to read my book, being busied with the more im p o rtan t affairs of m edieval southern Italy, but she has given me most expert help with the texts and the proofs, and has subm itted with ap ­ p aren t interest to m atu tin al lectures on B yzantine theology. T his study owes m uch to her wide learning, sound ju d g em en t, and unquenchable good spirits. In the dedication of these volum es I acknowledge, since I cannot express, my oldest and deepest debt. 20 A ugust 1988 C am b rid g e, M assachusetts

G E N E R A L A B B R E V IA T IO N S Ambros. Angel.

Bodl. Cat.

Bibliotcca Ambrosiana. Milan Bibliotcca Angelica, Rome Volume 2. Appendix Archivio di Stato, Florence Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana British Library, London Bibliotheque Nationale. Biblioteca Nazionale Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Bodleian Library, Oxford Volume 2, Catalogue

ties.

desinit

App. ASF BAV BL BN

BNC

DLC

Librarv ol Congress. Washington. D C.

me.

incipil

Laur. Marc. ONB Rice. SB SK-CSR LB Vullicel.

Biblioteca Mediceo-Laurenziana, Florence Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice Ocsterrcichischc Nationalbibliothek. Vienna Biblioteca Riccardiana, Florence Stadtsbibliothek. Staatsbibliothek Statni Knihovna. Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Universitatsbibliothek. Biblioteca Universitaria. etc. Biblioteca Vallicelliana, Rome

Works by classical authors are cited according to their abbreviations in the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1973). Abbreviations of the titles of Platonic dialogues are those of LSJ, p. x.xxiii, as follows: Ale. 1, 2 Amat. Ap. Ax. Clfirm. (Hit. Cra. Cri. Criti. Def. Demod. Ep. Epin. Erx. Euthd. Euthphr. Crg. Hale. Hip parch. H p.m a., mi. Ion

= Alcibiades 1, 2 = Amatores = Apology

Just. La.

= De lusto = Laches

Gc

= A x well us = Charm ides = Clitophon = Cratylus = Cri to = Critias = Defimtiones = Demodocus = Epistulae = Epinomis = Eryxias = Euthydemus - Euthyphro = Gorgias = Halcyon = Hipparchus = Hippias maior, minor = Ion

Ly. Men. Min. Mx. Phd. Phdr. Phlb. Pit. Prrn. Prt. Rep. Sis. Snip. Sph. Thg. Tht. Ti. Virt.

- Leges = Lysis = Aleno = Minos = Menexenus = Phaedo = Phaedrus = Philebus = Politicus = Parmenides = Protagoras = Republic = Sisyphus = Symposium = Sophist = Theages = Theaetetus = Timaeus = De uirtute

A B B R E V IA T IO N S ADAM = R. G. Adam, Francesco Filelfo at the Court of Milan (14 3 9 -1 4 8 1 ). A Contribution to the Study of Humanism in Northern Italy , diss. Oxford, 1976, 2 vols. ADAMS = H. M. Adams, Catalogue of Books Printed on the Continent of Europe, 1501-1600, in Cambridge Libraries, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1968). A LE X AN DR E = Plethon, Trade des Lois, ed. C. Alexandre, tr. A. Pellissier (Paris, 1858; repr. Amsterdam, 1966). ALLEN, Erasmus = Opus Epistularum Des. Erasmi Roterdami, ed. P. S. Allen, H. M. Allen, and H. W. Garrod, 12 vols. (Oxford, 1906-1958). ALLEN (1975) = M. J. B. Allen, ed. and trans., Marsilio Ficino: The Philebus Commentary (Los Angeles, 1975; repr. with corrections 1979). ALLEN (1977) = idem, “ Ficino’s Lecture on the Good?” 30 (1977): 160-171. ALLEN (1980) = idem, “ Two Commentaries on the Phaedrus: Ficino’s Indebtedness to Hermias,” /ICC/ 43 (1980): 110-129. ALLEN (1981a) = idem, and Roger A. White, “ Ficino’s Hermias Translation and a New Apologue,” Scriptorium 35 (1981): 39-47. ALLEN (1981b) = M. J. B. Allen, ed. and trans., Marsilio Ficino and the Phaedran Charioteer (Los Angeles, 1981). ALLEN (1982) = idem, “ Ficino’s Theory of the Five Substances and the Neoplatonists’ Parmenides," Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 12 (1982): 19-44. ALLEN (1984a) = idem, “ Marsilio Ficino on Plato, the Neoplatonists and the Christian Doctrine of the Trinity,” R Q 37 (1984): 555-584. ALLEN (1984b) = idem, The Platonism of Marsilio Ficino: A Study o f H is Phaedrus Commen­ tary, Its Sources and Genesis (Los Angeles, 1984). ALLEN (1986)= idem, “ The Second Ficino-Pico Controversy: Parmenidean Poetry, Eristic, and the One,” in Ritorno (q.v.), pp. 417-455. ALLEN (1987) = idem, “ Marsilio Ficino’s Interpretation of Plato’s Timaeus and Its Myth of the Demiurge,” in Supplementum Festivum (q.v.), pp. 399-439. ALLEN (1989) = idem, Icastes: Marsilio Ficino's Interpretation o f Plato’s Sophist (Five Studies and a Critical Edition), forthcoming (1989). ASSEMANI = St.-Evremond Assemani, Catalogo della Biblioteca Chigiana (Rome, 1764). BARON, Crisis = H. Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1955); rev. edn. in 1 vol. (Princeton, 1966). BARON, Humanistic and Political Literature = H. Baron, Humanistic and Political Literature in Florence and Venice at the Beginning of the Quattrocento: Studies in Criticism and Chronology

(Cambridge, Mass., 1955; repr. New York, 1968). BARON (1968)= H. Baron, From Petrarch to Leonardo Brum (Chicago, 1968). BAUDRIER = H. L. Baudrier, Bibliographie Lyonnaise, 12 vols. (Lyon, 1895-1921). BEAULIEUX = Ch. Beaulieux, Catalogue de la reserve XVIe siecle de TUmversile de Paris, 2 vols. (Paris, 1910-1923). BE C = Bibliotheque de TEcole des Chartes. BELLI = A. Belli, “ Le versioni umanistiche dell’ Assioco pseudoplatonico,” La parola del passato 39 (1954): 442-67. BERNONI = D. Bernoni, Dei Torresam, Blado e Ragazzoni, celebn stampaton a Venezia e Roma nel X V e X V I secolo (Milan, 1890). BERTALOT = L. Bertalot, Studien zum italienischen und deutschen Humanismus, ed. P. O. Kristeller, Storia e letteratura, Raccolta di studi c testi. vols. 129-130 (Rome, 1975). BERTI = E. Berti, II Critone latino di Leonardo Brum e di Rinuccio Aretino. hdiziom cntiche di E. Berti e A. Carosim, Accademia Toscana di scienze e lettere “ La Columbaria , Studi LXII (Florence, 1983).

XX VI

A B B R E V IA T IO N S

A B B R E V I A T IO N S

B H R = Bibhotheque d ’Humanisme et Renaissance. Bibl. Borbon. = F. de Licteriis, Codicum saeculo X V impressorum qui in Regia Bibliotheca Borbonica adservantur catalogus, 3 vols. (Naples, 1828-1833). BIETENHOLZ = P. G. Bietenholz, Der italiemsche Hurnanismus und die Bluetezeit des Buchdrucks in Basel (Basel, 1959). BMC * British Museum, General Catalogue oj Printed Books, 263 vols. (London, 1965-1966). BM X V = British Museum, Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Century now in the British Museum, 8 vols. (London, 1908-1949). BNC = Bibhotheque Nationale, Catalogue general des livres imprimis , 215 vols. (Paris, 1897-) BN PI. = Bibhotheque Nationale, Catalogue des ouurages de Platon conserves au Departement des imprimis et dans les bibliotheques Mazarine, Ste.-Genevieve, de VArsenal, de I ’Umversiti de Paris, de I ’lnstitul Victor-Cousin, et de I ’Ecole Normale Supeneure (Paris, 1937). BOND = W. H. Bond and C. U. Faye, Supplement to the Census oj Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada (New York, 1962). BORSA (1893a) = M. Borsa, “ Un umanista vigevanasco del sec. X IV ,” Giornale ligustico

CPMA = Corpus Plalonicum M edii Aevi, ed. R. Klibansky, comprising: vol. 1: Meno, interprete Henrico Aristippo, ed. V. Kordeuter and C. Labowsky (London, 1940); vol. 2: Phaedo, interprete Henrico Aristippo, ed. L. Minio-Paluello (London, 1950); vol. 3: Parmenides usque ad finem primae hypothesis nec non Proch Commentanum in Parmenidem, pars ultima adhuc inedita, interprete Guillelmo de Moerbeka, ed. R. Klibansky and C. Labowsky (London, 1953); vol. 4: Timaeus a Calcidio translatus commentanoque instruc­ t s , ed. J. H. Waszink, 2nd edn. (London and Leiden, 1975). C T C = Catalogus Translationum et Commentanorum: Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries, Annotated Lists and Guides, ed. V. Brown, F. E. Cranz, P. O.

20 (1893): 81-111; 199-215. BORSA (1893b) = M. Borsa, “ Pier Candido Decembrio e l’umanesimo in Lombardia, Archivio Stonco Lombardo 20 (1893): 5-75, 358-441. BORSA (1904) = M. Borsa, “ Correspondence of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and Pier Candido Decembrio,” English Historical Review 19 (1904): 509-526. BOTTONI = D. Bottoni, ‘‘I Decembrio e la traduzione della Repubblica di Platone: Dalle correzioni dell’autografo di Uberto alle integrazioni greche di Pier Candido,” in Vestigia. Studi in onore di Giuseppe Billanovich, ed. Rino Avesani et al. (Rome, 1984), 1:75-91. BRUNET =J. Ch. Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, 5th edn., 6 vols., with 3 vols. of sup­ plements (Paris, 1860-1865). BRUNI, Schnften = Leonardo Brunt Aretino: Humamslisch-philosophischen Schnften mit einer Chronologie seiner Werke und Briefe, ed. H. Baron, Quellen zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1928; repr. Wiesbaden, 1969). BRUNI, Ep. = Leonardi Bruni Arretim Epistolarum libn VIII, ed. L. Mehus, 2 vols. (Florence, 1741). In citing Bruni’s letters, the location in Luiso’s (q.v.) arrangement is given first, followed by the Mehus reference in parentheses. CAG = Commentana in Aristotelem Graeca (Berlin, 1891-). C A L U M N IA T O R = Bessarion, In Calumniatorem Platonis, in Mohler (q.v.), vol. 2. CAMMELLI = G. Cammelli, I doth bizanhni e le origim delTumanesimo, vol. I: Manuele Cnsolora (Florence, 1941). CAMPBELL = M. F. A. G. Campbell, Annales de la typographie Neerlandaise au XV e specie (The Hague, 1874). CARTIER, Tournes = A. Cartier, Bibliographie des editions des Des Tournes imprimeurs Lyonnaise. 2 vols. (Paris, 1937-1938). CA T. GEN. = Catalogue generale des manuscnts de bibliotheques publiques des Departements de France, Quarto series (1849-1885), Octavo series (1886-). C H R P = The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, ed. C. B. Schmitt, Q. Skinner, E. Kessler, J. Kraye (Cambridge, 1988). COE = Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, ed. P. G. Bietenholz, 3 vols. (Toronto, 1985-87). COLOMBINA = Biblioteca Colombina, Catalogo de sus libros impresos, 7 vols. (Seville, 1888-1948). C O M M E N T A R IA 1496 = M arsilii Ficini Commentana quinque perpetua in Platonem (Florence, 1496). C O M P A R A 7IO = George of Trcbizond, Comparatio philosophorum Aristotelis et Platonis (Venice, 1523; phot. repr. Frankfurt a. M., 1965). COP1NGER = W. A. Copinger, Supplement to Hain j Repertonum Bibliographicurn, 2 vols. in 3 (London, 1895-1902). COULTER = J. A. Coulter, The Literary Microcosm: Theories of Interpretation of the Later Neoplatonists. Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, no. 2 (Leiden, 1976).

X X V II

Kristeller, 6 vols. (Washington, D. C., 1960-1986). CVL = Codices Vaticani Latini (Vatican City, 1902-). D B I = Dizionario bwgrafico degh Italiam (Rome, I960-). DE LA MARE, The Handwriting = A. C. de la Mare, The Handwriting of the Italian Humanists, vol. 1, fasc 1 (Oxford, 1973). DELLA TORRE = A. Della Torre, Stona delTAccademia Platomca dt Firenze (Florence. 1902). DE RICCI = S. De Ricci and W. J. Wilson, Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada, 3 vols. (New York, 1935-1940). DURLING = R. J. Durling, A Catalogue of Sixteenth Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md., 1967). FICINO, Op. = M arsilii Ficini Florentini ... Opera, 2 vols. (Basel, 1563; repr. Turin, 1959, 1983). FICINO, Comm, in Conv. , ed. Marcel = Marsile Ficin: Commentaire sur le Banquet de Platon, ed. and tr. R. Marcel (Paris, 1956). FILELFO, Epistulae (1502) = Francisci Philelpht Epistolarum fam ilianum libn X X X V II ex eius exemplan transcnpti (Venice, 1502). FUBINI (1966)= R. Fubini, “ Tra umanesimo e concilio” , Studi medievali, ser. 3, 7 (1966): 322-370. FUBINI (1984) = idem, ‘‘Ficino e i Medici all’avvento di Lorenzo il Magnifico,” Rinascimento, ser. 2, 24 (1984): 3-52. GARIN (1955)= E. Garin, ‘‘Ricerche sulle traduzioni di Platone nella prima meta del sec. X V ” , in Medioevo e Rinascimento: Studi in onore di Bruno Nardi (Florence, 1955), 1: 339-374. GARIN (1969) = idem, L ’eta nuova. Ricerche di stona della cultura dal X I I al X V I secolo (Naples, 1969). GARIN (1979)= idem, La cultura filosofica del Rinascimento italiano, 2nd edn. (Florence, 1979). GARIN (1983) = idem, II Ritorno dei filosofi antichi, Lezioni della Scuola di studi superiori in Napoli, no. 1 (Naples, 1983). GENTILE (1983) = S. Gentile, ‘‘In margine all’epistola De divino furore di Marsilio Ficino,” Rinascimento, n.s., 23 (1983): 33-77. G KPB = Gesamtkatalog der Preussischen Bibliotheken, 14 vols. (Berlin, 1931-1939). G K W = Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, 8 vols. (Leipzig, 1925-1940: Berlin, 1972-). GOFF = F. R. Goff, Incunabula in American Libraries, 3rd Census (New York, 1964). GRAESSE = J. G. Th. Graesse, Tresor des livres rares et precieux, I vols. in 8 (Dresden, 1859-1869). GRAFTON-JARDINE = A. Grafton and L. Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1986). G SLI = Giornale stonco della letteratura italiana. GUARINO, Epistolano = Epistolano di Guarino Veronese, ed. R. Sabbadini, 3 vols., Miscellanea di storia veneta, nos. 8, 9, and 14 (Venice, 1915-19). GUTHRIE = W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. 4 (Cambridge, 1975) and vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1978). HAENEL = G. Haenel, Catalogi librorum manuscriptorum qui in bibhothecis Galhae, Helvetiae. Belgu, Bntanmae Magnae, Hispaniae, Lusitamae asservantur (Leipzig, 1830).

X X VIII

A B B R E V IA T IO N S

A B B R E V I A T IO N S

XXIX

ZA'/=H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, .1 Greek-English Lexicon, rev. H. S. Jones, with a Sup­ plement (Oxford, 1940, 1968). LUISO = F. P. Luiso, Studi su Fepistolarw di Leonardo Brum, ed. L. Gualdo Rosa. Istituto storico per il medio evo. Studi storici, fasc. 122-124 (Rome. 1980). MAITTAIRE = M. Maittaire, Annales typographici ab artis inventae ongine ad annum 7667. 4 vols. in 8 (Amsterdam. 1722-1741). MARCEL = R. Alarcel, Marsile Ficin. 1433-1499 (Paris. 19;)8). MARZI = D. Marzi, La cancellena della repubblica fwrentina (Rocca San Casciano. 1910; repr. Florence, 1987). MASAI = F. Masai, Plethon et le platonisme de Mistra (Paris, 1956). MAZZATINTI = G. Mazzatinti, Inventan del manosentti delle biblioteche d ’ltalia (1887-). MOHLER = L. Mohler, Kardmal Bessanon als Theologe, Humanist, und Staatsmann. 4 vols. (Paderborn. 1924-1942). MONFASANI, George of Trebizond = George of Irebizond: A Biography and .1 Study of His Rhetoric and Logic, Columbia Studies in the Classical 1 ratlition. no. 1 (Leiden, 1976). M O ST R A = Marsilio Ficino e il Ritorno di Platone. Mostra di Manosentti. Stampe. e Documenti. ed. S. Gentile. S. Niccoli, and P. Viti (Florence. 1984). NIJHOFF = W. Nijhoff and M. E. Kronenberg, \ederlandsche bibliographic can 1500 tot 1540, 4 vols. (The Hague, 1919-1943), and 4 vols. of supplements (1925-1951). NOVATI = Epistolano di Coluccio Salutati, ed. F. Novati, 4 vols., Fonti per la storia d’ltalia, vols. 15-18 (Rome. 1891-1910). S U C = Librarv of Congress, Sational Union Catalogue (Washington. D. C., 1968-). OATES = J . C. T. Oates, A Catalogue of Fifteenth-Century Printed Books in the ( mversity Library, Cambridge (Cambridge. 1954). O LD = P. G. W. Glare, ed. Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford. 1982). PALAU Y DULCET = A. Palau y Dulcet, Manuel del Librern Hispano-Americano. 7 vols. (Barcelona. 1924-1927). PANZER = G. W. Panzer. Annales Typographici. 11 vols. (Nuremberg, 1794-1804). PAREDI = A. Paredi. La biblioteca di Francesco Pizolpasso (Milano, 1961). PASTOR = L. \ on Pastor, The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, 7th edn., vols. 1-6 tr. F. Antrobus (London, 1891-1923). PCCB I = Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Rome. Prnno catalogo collettivo delle biblioteche itahane, 1 vols. (Rome, 1962-1973). PENNINK = R. Pennink, Catalogus der met-Sederlandse drukken 1500-1540 aanwezig in de Komnklijke Bibliotheek (’s Gravenhage, 1955). PG = J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, 161 vols. (Paris, 1857-1866). PL = J . P. Migne, ed., Patrologiae cursus completus. Series latina, 221 vols. (Paris. 1844-1864). P L A T O N IS OPERA 1491 = Platoms opera latina Marsilio Ficino interprete (Venice, 1491) [see App. 25B. no. 8|. P L O T IN I OPERA 1492 = Plotini opera a Marsilio Ficino latine reddita, (Florence, 1492) [Hain 13121], POLAIN = M. L. Polain, Catalogue des Hires impnmes au quinzieme sieclc des bibhotheques de Belgique, 4 vols. (Brussels, 1932). POLALN-PELLECHET = M. L. Polain and M. Pellechet, Catalogue general des incunables des bibhotheques publiques de France, 3 vols. (Paris, 1897-1909). PROCTOR = R. Proctor, An Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum (London, 1898-1938). REICHLING = D. Reichling, Appendices ad Haimi-Copingen Repertonum Bibhographicum. 7 vols. (Munich, 1905-1911), and supplement (1914). RENOUARD, Badius - Ph. Renouard, Bibliographic des impressions et des oeuvres de fosse Badius Ascensius, 4 vols. (Paris, 1908). RENOUARD. Imprimeurs = Ph. Renouard, Impnmeurs et hbraires pansiens du XVIe siecle. 2 vols. (Paris. 1964-1969).

MAIN = L. Haiti. Repertoriurn Bibhographicum. 2 vols. in 4 (Stuttgart. 1826-1848). HANKINS (1686) = "Some Remarks on the Historv tuul Character.of Ficino’s Transla­ tion of Plato." in Ritorno, pp. 287-604. HANKINS ( 1987a) = "Plato in the Middle Ages" in Dictionary oj the Middle .4gfs\ ed. J. R. Strayer, vol. 9 (New York. 1987), pp. 694-704. HANKINS ( 1 9 8 / b ) = ' A Manuscript of Plato's Republic in the Translation of Chrysoloras and Uberto Deeembrio with Annotations of Guarino Veronese (Reg. lat. 1141)," in Supplernentiun Festivum (q.v.), pp. 149-188. HOFFMANN = S. F. VV. Holfmann. Bibliographisches Lexicon der gesamten Literatur der Gricchen. 6 vols. (Leipzig, 1848-1845). 7 H R H i M A .\IS M Oh L E O N A R D O B R U N I = G. Griffiths. J. Hankins, and D. Thomp­ son, trs.. I he Humanism oj Leonardo Brum. Selected Texts. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, no. 46 = Renaissance Societv of America, Renaissance Texts Series, no. 10 ( Binghamton, New York, 1987). IG IB l = Indice generate degh incunaboh delle biblioteche d'Italia. 5 vols. (Rome. 1945-). IM U = Italia medioevale e umamstica.

/AC. POL. = Bibliotheca Naiionalis Polona, Incunabula quae in Biblwthecis Poloniae asservantur. 2 vols. (Wroclaw, 1970). I .\D .1/ R. = Index Aurehensis. Catalogus hbrorum sedecirno saeculo impressorum. prima pars, vols. 1-17 (Baden-Baden, 1965-1974); tertia pars, vols. 1-2 (1967-1974). I / ER = P O. Kristeller, Iter Italicum: .4 Finding List of Uncatalogued or Incompletely ('.dialogued Humanistic Manuscripts of the Renaissance in Italian and Other Libraries. 4 vols. to date (London and Leiden. 1964-1989), plus index to volume 4 (London and Leiden. 1987). An "L" alter the page number indicates a catalogue excerpt, a "D" indic ates a description, and "ts" indicates a citation from the typesc ript of vols. 1-5. JOHN R\ LANDS = John Rylands Library. Manchester. Catalogue of Printed Books and Manuscripts, 4 vols. (Manchester. 1899). J U CI = Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. KIESZKOW SKI = B. Kieszkowski, Studi sul platomsmu del Rmascimenta in Italia (Florence,

1946). KING = M L. King. Venetian Humanism in an Age of Patrician Dominance (Princeton. 1986). KLI BANSKA (1949)=R. Klibanskv. Fhe Continuity of the Platonic Tradition during the M id ­ dle (London. 1949). [Reissued. Munich. 1981. together with Klibanskv (1944) and a supplement.! KLIBANSKY (1944)= idem. “ Plato’s Parmenides in the Middle Ages and Renais­ sance," Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 1 (1944); 281-440. KRIS! FLLLR (1956) = P. O. Kristeller, Studies in Renaissance Thought and Letters. Storia e letteratura. Raccolta di studi e testi. no. 54 (Rome. 1956; repr. 1969). KRIS TFLLLR (1965) = idem. Renaissance 'Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York. 1965); repr. as Renaissance Thought and the Arts (Princeton. 1980). KRISTELLER ( 1966) = idem, ‘'Marsilio Ficino as a Beginning Student of Plato, ' Scrip­ torium 20 (1966): 41-54. KRISTELLER (1978) = idem, " The f irst Printed Edition of Plato's Works and the Date of its Publication," in Science and History. Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen. Studia Copcrnicana NAT (Ossolmeum. 1978), pp. 25-45. KRIS PEL.LER (1985) = idem. Studies in Renaissance Thought and Letters II, Storia e let­ teratura, Raccolta di Studi e testi, no. 166 (Rome. 1985). LAGARDE = B. Lagarde, "Le De difjerentns de Plethon d ’apres Tautographe tie la Marcienne,” Byzantwn 44 (1974 J 1974j); 412-444. LEG RAND, Bibhographie = E. Lcgrand. Bibliographic hispano-grecque, 4 sols, m 2 (Pans, 1915-1917). I.EGRAND = Is. Lcgrand. Cent-dix leltres grecques de Francois Fi/elfe pubhccs mtegralement pour la premiere fois d'apres le codex Fr/ruhianus 873 (Paris. 1892). I.( X 1K\\ ( )( )D = 1). P. Lockwood. " De Rmucio Areuno graecarum littcrarum interprele. Harvard Studies in C/assual Philology, 24 (1914): 51-109.

I

XXX

A B B R E V I A T IO N S

A B B R EV IA T IO N S

RESTA (1959) = G. Resta, “ Antonio Cassarino e le sue traduzioni di Plutarco c Platone,’’ IM U 3 (1959): 207-283. RESTA, Le epitomi = G. Resta, Le epitomi del Plutarco nel Quattrocento (Padua, 1962). RIGINOS = A. Swift Riginos, Platomca: The Anecdotes Concerning the Life and Writings of Plato, Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, no. 3 (Leiden, 1976). RIS = Rerum italicarum scnptores R I PORNO = Marsilio Ficino e II Ritorno di Platone, Studi e documenti, ed. G. C. Garfagnini, Istituto Nazionale di studi sul Rinascimento, Studi e testi, no. 15, 2 vols. (Florence, 1986). RITTER = F. Ritter, Repertoire bibliographique des livres impnmes en Alsace au XVe siecle de la Bibliotheque Nationale et Universitaire de Strasbourg, fasc. 1-11 (Strasbourg, 1934-1938).

ULLMAN, Origin and Development = B. L. Ullman, The Origin and Development oj Humanistic Script (Rome, 1960). VERDE = A. F. Verde, O. P., Lo studio fiorentino, 1473-1503, Ricerche e Documenti, vol. 4: La vita universitana, 3 parts (Florence, 1985). WALKER = D. P. Walker, The Ancient Theology (Ithaca, 1972). WALLIS, Neoplatonism = R. T. Wallis, Neoplatonism (London, 1972). WEISS = R. Weiss, Humanism in England During the Fifteenth Century, 2nd edn. (Oxford. 1957). WIND, Pagan Mysteries = E. Wind, Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance, rev. edn. (New York, 1968). WITT, Salutati = R. G. Witt, Hercules at the Crossroads: The Life, Work, and Thought of Coluccio Salutati, Duke Monographs in Medieval and Renaissance Studies, no. 6 (Durham, NC, 1983). WOODHOUSE = C. M. Woodhousc, George Gemistos Plethon, The Last oj the Hellenes (Ox­ ford, 1986). ZACCARIA (1952) = V. Zaccaria, “ L’epistolario di Pier Candido Decembrio,” Rinascimento, ser. 1, 3 (1952): 85-118. ZACCARIA (1956) = idem, “ Sulle opere di Pier Candido Decembrio,’’ Rinascimento, ser. 1, 7 (1956): 14-74. ZACCARIA (1959) = idem, “ Pier Candido Decembrio traduttore della Repubblica di Platone,” IM U 2 (1959): 179-205. ZACCARIA (1967) = idem, “ Pier Candido Decembrio e Leonardo Bruni,” Studi rnedievah, ser. 3, 8 (1967): 305-354. ZACCARIA (1974/75) = idem, "Pier Candido Decembrio, Michele Pizolpasso, e Ugolino Pisano,” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti 133 (1974/75): 187-212.

R Q * Renaissance Quarterly.

SAFFREY-WESTERINK = H. D. Saffrey and L. G. Westerink, eds., Proclus: Theologie Platonicienne, 5 vols. to date (Paris, 1968-1987). SAJO = G. Sajo and E. Soltesz, Catalogue incunabulorum quae in Bibhothecis Publicis Hunganae asservantur, 2 vols. (Budapest, 1970). SAMMUT = A. Sammut, Umfredo Duca di Gloucester e gli umamsti italiani, Medioevo e umanesimo, no. 41 (Padua, 1980). SANTINELLO = G. Santinello, “ Glosse di mano del Cusano alia Repubblica di Platone,’’ Rinascimento, ser. 2, 10 (1970): 1 17-145. SCH OLIA P LA T O N IC A = W . C. Greene, Scholia Platonica, American Philological Association, Monograph Series no. 8 (Haverford, Pa., 1938; repr. 1981). S T = Studi e testi (Vatican City) STC-FRANCE = British Museum, Short-title catalogue of books printed in France and of French books printed in other countries from 1470-1600 now in the British Museum (London, 1924). STC-GERMANY = British Museum, Short-title catalogue of books printed in the German­ speaking countries and of German books printed in other countries from 1455 to 1600 now in the British Museum (London, 1962). STC-HOLLAND = British Museum, Short-title catalogue of books printed in the Netherlands and Belgium and of Dutch and Flemish books printed in other countries from 1470 to 1600 now in the British Museum (London, 1965). STC-ITALY = British Museum, Short-title catalogue of books printed in Italy and of Italian books printed in other countries from 1470-1600 now in the British Museum (London, 1958). STC-SCOTLAND = A Short-title catalogue of foreign books printed up to 1600; Books printed or published outside of the British Isles now in the National Library of Scotland and the Library of the Faculty of Advocates, Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1970). STEEL = C. Steel, Proclus: Commentaire sur le Parmenide de Platon, traduction de Guillaume de Moerbeke, 2 vols. (Louvain and Leiden, 1982-1986). STILLWELL = M. B. Stillwell, Incunabula in American Libraries (New York, 1940). SU PPL. = Supplementum Ficinianum. M arsilii Ficini Florentini Philosophi Platonici opuscula inedita et dispersa, ed. P. O. Kristeller, 2 vols. (Florence, 1938; repr. 1973) S U P P L E M E N T U M F E S T IV U M = J . Hankins, J. Monfasani, and F. Purnell, Jr., eds., Supplementum Festivum: Studies m Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller, Medieval and Renais­

sance Texts and Studies, vol. 49 (Binghamton, NY, 1987). TIGERSTEDT = E. N. Tigerstedt, The Decline and Fall of the Neoplatonic Interpretation of Plato, An Outline and Some Observations, Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum, no. 52 (Helsinki, 1974). T R A P E Z U N T IA N A = Collectanea Trapezuntiana. Texts, Documents, and Bibliographies of George of Trebizond, ed. J. Monfasani, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies,

vol. 25 = Renaissance Society of America, Renaissance Texts Series, vol. 8 (Binghamton, 1984). TRAVERSARI, Epistolae = Ambrosii Traversani ... Latinae Epistolae, ed. P. Cannetus, 2 vols. (Florence, 1759; repr. Bologna, 1968). TRINKAUS, Image and Likeness = C. Trinkaus, In Our Image and Likeness, Humanity and Divinity in Italian Humanist Thought, 2 vols. (Chicago and London, 1970).

XXXI

1