Plants of the San Francisco Bay Region: Mendocino to Monterey 9780520958234

Table of contents :
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY
INTRODUCTION
KEYS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION PLANTS
KEY TO MAJOR PLANT GROUPS
NONFLOWERING PLANT SPECIES AND FAMILIES
FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES
FLOWERING PLANT SPECIES
INDEX

Citation preview

Plants of the San Francisco Bay Region

Mendocino Lake

Yolo

Sonoma

Napa Solano

Marin Contra Costa

San Francisco Alameda

Pacific Ocean

San Mateo Santa Clara

0

10

20

30 MILES

Santa Cruz

Monterey

Map of the San Francisco Bay Region

Plants of the San Francisco Bay Region Mendocino to Monterey

LINDA H. BEIDLEMAN and EUGENE N. KOZLOFF

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BerkeleyLos AngelesLondon

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2003, by Linda H. Beidleman and Eugene N. Kozloff Revised edition 2014 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beidleman, Linda H. Plants of the San Francisco Bay Region: Mendocino to Monterey / Linda H. Beidleman and Eugene N. Kozloff. — 3rd ed. p. cm Includes index. isbn 978-0-520-27859-2 (pbk.) 1. Botany— California— San Francisco Bay Area. 2. Plants— California— San Francisco Bay Area— Identification. I. Kozloff, Eugene N. II. Title. qk149.b42 2014 581.9794'6— dc23 Manufactured in China. 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r 2002) (Permanence of Paper). 8 Cover images: Upper row, left to right—Hypericum concinnum (Goldwire), Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta (Purple Owl’s-clover), Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (Common Popcornflower), Papaver heterophyllum (Wind Poppy), Layia platyglossa (Tidytips). Center image—Calochortus luteus (Yellow Mariposa Lily). Lower row, left to right—Allium serra (Serrated Onion), Fritillaria recurva (Scarlet Fritillary), Cynosurus echinatus (Hedgehog Dogtail), Dodecatheon clevelandii ssp. patulum (Padre’s Shootingstar), Erysimum capitatum (Western Wallflower), Stachys bullata (California Hedgenettle). All photos by the authors.

This volume is dedicated to those who have used our previous editions and provided us with suggestions and encouragement. Thank you.

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CONTENTS

Color plates follow page 24 Preface to the Third Edition ix Illustrations of Plant Structures

xi

Abbreviations and Glossary xv

INTRODUCTION

Scientific Names, Common Names, and Geographic Ranges of Plants 2 Measurements 3 How to Use a Key to Identify a Plant Conservation

3

5

Growing Native Plants 6 San Francisco Bay Region Plant Communities and Their Environments References 22

KEYS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION PLANTS

Key to Major Plant Groups25 Nonflowering Plant Species and Families26

Ferns and Fern Allies (Pteridophytes) 26 Cone-bearing Plants (Gymnosperms)

34

Flowering Plant Families39

Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines (Non-conifers) 39 Herbaceous Plants

50

Flowering Plant Species68

Dicotyledonous Families

68

Monocotyledonous Families Index

401

317

6

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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

The appearance of the extensively revised second edition of The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California (TJM 2) called for an equally extensive revision of Plants of the San Francisco Bay Region (PSFBR 3), which includes over 2,000 of the 7,600 taxa found in TJM 2. Following the new arrangement of names in TJM 2 resulted in the total alteration of two large families, Scrophulariaceae and Liliaceae, major alterations to eight other families, the addition of 21 families new to the PSFBR, and approximately 330 changes in the scientific names for taxa that appeared in our previous edition. Without the help of Peggy Grier, who painstakingly checked and unearthed most of these name changes for the PSFBR 3, the project would have been daunting. Richard G. Beidleman gleaned a list from TJM 2 of over 200 possible additions to the PSFBR 3. The incorporation of 156 of these new entries into this edition is largely the result of the heroic efforts of Jeffrey Greenhouse, who diligently worked them into existing keys. An additional 43 taxa also reported to be in the San Francisco Bay region are listed at the ends of some family descriptions. Undoubtedly, our species list for the nine counties that surround San Francisco Bay is still far from complete and many taxa that do occur in the region have been left out. I heartily thank Peggy, Jeffrey, and Richard for contributing an enormous amount of time and expertise to these vital phases of the project. Aside from name changes, most of the keys in the PSFBR 3 have been revised and rewritten, not only to reflect the changes made in TJM 2, but also in hopes of providing easier solutions to the users of this manual. I thank Richard G. Beidleman, who reviewed and rewrote sections of the entire key to Poaceae; Alan R. Smith for reviewing part of the ferns; and Peter F. Zika for allowing me to draw from a version of his key to Carex. To the University of Washington Press we are grateful for permission to use numerous illustrations in the excellent five-volume Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest, prepared by Hitchcock, Cronquist, Ownbey, and Thompson (1955–1969). Nearly all of the drawings taken from this publication were the work of Jeanne R. Janish. The University of California Press allowed us to use some illustrations from Jepson’s Manual of the Flowering Plants of

ix

California. Other illustrations are from sources that are now in the public domain. The color photographs are the work of the authors except for those of Achillea millefolium and Taraxacum officinale, for which we are grateful to George M. Miller, and that of Wyethia angustifolia, for which we thank William Follette. I thank Aaron E. Sims of the California Native Plant Society, for providing me information on the current rare and endangered status of California plants. To those at University of California Press and BookMatters involved with producing this edition, especially Kate Hoffman and David Peattie, I thank you for your expertise, patience, and encouragement. I thank Peggy Grier and Richard G. Beidleman for their help with many, many other aspects involved in preparing this edition, including proofreading and organizing artwork. Finally, I thank our students of the past ten years, who have provided many thoughtful and helpful suggestions about ways to improve the manual. Eugene Kozloff and I hope that you enjoy this new edition and find it useful. Linda H. Beidleman

x Preface to the Third Edition

ILLUSTRATIONS OF PLANT STRUCTURES

leaf

internode

leaf axil

leaf blade petiole

node

alternate, with petioles

opposite, sessile

whorled, sessile

Illustration 1. Leaf arrangements Simple Leaves 3 main veins originating at base of blade lobe

petiole

pinnately lobed palmately lobed

Compound Leaves tendril

leaflet

stipule

once pinnately compound

twice pinnately compound

palmately compound

Illustration 2. Types of leaves

xi

stigma

anther

style stamen

pistil ovary

petal

filament

floral tube

ovary

sepal superior ovary

inferior ovary

half-inferior ovary

Illustration 3. Structure of a flower

Regular Corolla or Perianth peduncle

corolla lobe

perianth segments

petal

calyx lobe calyx

ovary sepal

pedicel

(Lily Family)

Irregular Corolla upper lip (2 lobes)

sepal stamen

banner

upper lip

lip petal

wing

spur keel (Orchid Family)

lower lip (3 lobes)

(Pea Family)

Illustration 4. Flower types

xii

lower lip (3 lobes) (Lopseed Family)

unopened flower opened flower

bract raceme

panicle

cyme

bracts

bractlet of secondary umbel

ray

bract of primary umbel

simple umbel compound umbel

Illustration 5. Types of inflorescences

xiii

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ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY

ABBREVIATIONS

af Al as au CC cm e eu eua F fig. ft illus. in La m M Ma MD me Me MH mm MM

Africa Alameda County Asia Australia/New Zealand Contra Costa County centimeter (about 0.4 inch) east Europe Eurasia Fahrenheit figure feet illustration inch Lake County meter (about 39 inches) monocotyledonous plant Marin County Mount Diablo Mediterranean region Mendocino County Mount Hamilton millimeter (0.1 centimeter) Montara Mountain

Mo MT mx n na Na PR s sa SB SCl SCr SF SFBR Sl SLO SM Sn ssp. var. x

?

Monterey County Mount Tamalpais Mexico north North America (excluding Mexico) Napa County Point Reyes south South and Central America San Benito County Santa Clara County Santa Cruz County San Francisco County San Francisco Bay Region Solano County San Luis Obispo County San Mateo County Sonoma County subspecies variety a plant considered to be a hybrid, but to which a Latin species name has been applied origin uncertain

xv

OCCURRENCE STATUS

Rare or endangered status are indicated by the abbreviations below based on the online edition of the Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California, May, 2012. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento. Available at http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/. 1a, presumed extinct in California 1b, plant rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere 2, plant rare, threatened, or endangered in California, but more common elsewhere 4, plant of limited distribution— a watch list

GLOSSARY

The illustrations referred to in the glossary can be found either in “Illustrations of Plant Structures,” which precedes the Abbreviations, or in figures associated with plant families. Achene

A dry and usually hard, one-seeded fruit that does not split open (fig. in Asteraceae).

Acorn

A hard, one-seeded nut whose base is enclosed by a scaly cup (fig. in Fagaceae).

Alternate (leaf, branch)

Leaves or branches that originate singly at the nodes rather than in pairs or whorls (illus. 1).

Annual

A plant that produces flowers and fruit in its first year and then dies.

Anther

The topmost portion of a stamen in which pollen is produced (illus. 3). Typically each anther has two lobes, each with two pollen sacs.

Auricle

In Poaceae, two lobelike extensions of the leaf sheath that partly encircle the stem.

Awn

A bristle, such as on glumes and lemmas of grass florets, and on scales of sedge florets (fig. in Poaceae).

Banner

The uppermost petal in pea flowers (illus. 4).

Basal leaves

The leaves that originate at the very base of a plant (fig. in Polygonaceae, Eriogonum nudum var. nudum).

Biennial

A plant that does not produce flowers and fruit until the second year and then dies.

Bisexual (flower)

Flowers that have both pistils and stamens that are fertile.

Bract

A modified leaf just below a flower or an inflorescence. It may or may not resemble other leaves (illus. 5 and figs. in Cyperaceae and Juncaceae).

Bractlet

A bract originating at the base of a secondary inflorescence (illus. 5).

xvi Abbreviations and Glossary

Branchlet

A small branch; in some grasses, it is equivalent to a pedicel.

Bristle

An erect, stiff hair.

Bulblet

In Poaceae and other families, a plant structre that may propagate the plant.

Bur

A dry fruit covered with spines, scales, or hooks (fig. in Poaceae, Cenchrus longispinus).

Calyx (calyces)

The collective term for the sepals of a flower. The calyx is the outermost whorl of an individual flower (illus. 4).

Calyx lobes

The free portions of sepals that are united for part of their length (illus. 4).

Calyx tube

The tube formed by union of the sepals.

Capsule

A type of fruit that consists of more than one chamber and that cracks open when dry.

Catkin

A condensed inflorescence of usually petal-less flowers, each often accompanied by a bract; typical of willows, birches, alders, and some other trees and shrubs (fig. in Salicaeae).

Chlorophyll

The green pigment that enables plants to absorb the light energy needed for the synthesis of organic compounds.

Clasping (leaf)

A leaf with two lobes at its base that partly encircles a stem or branch.

Compound leaf

A leaf with two or more completely separate leaflets, as in a clover, rose, or pea (illus. 2). In this book, leaves with undivided leaflets are referred to as “once compound,” those with leaflets divided twice are referred to as “twice compound,” and leaflets divided three or four times as “3 or 4 times compound.” Leaves may be palmately or pinnately compound. See palmate, pinnate.

Compound umbel

See umbel.

Corolla

The collective term for the petals of a flower. The corolla is the innermost whorl of an individual flower (illus. 4).

Corolla lobes

The free portions of petals that are united for part of their length (illus. 4).

Corymb

A more or less flat-topped inflorescence in which the pedicels of the outer flowers, which usually open first, are longer than those of flowers closer to the center.

Crown

The persistent base of a perennial herbaceous plant; also applied to the top of a tree.

Cyme

A flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the central or uppermost flowers open first (illus. 5).

Deciduous

A tree or shrub whose leaves drop off at nearly the same time; also applied to other plant structures such as stipules or bracts.

Abbreviations and Glossary

xvii

Dicotyledon

A plant with two leaflike structures (cotyledons) to sustain it when it first emerges and with flower parts in cycles of four or five and leaves without parallel veins. See monocotyledon.

Disk flowers

In Asteraceae, flowers that have tubular corollas as distinct from ray flowers, in which the corollas are flattened out. Many members of Asteraceae have a central mass of disk flowers surrounded by ray flowers (fig. in Asteraceae).

Entire

Leaves or other structures that are smooth margined, not compound and without teeth or lobes.

Evergreen (plant)

A plant that retains most of its leaves from one year to the next. See deciduous.

Fertile

A plant or plant parts that are reproductively functional. See sterile.

Filament

The stalk of a stamen, which is normally below the anthers (illus. 3).

Floral tube

A tubelike structure consisting of fused sepals, petals, and stamens. In other books, this is called the “hypanthium” (illus. 3).

Floret

A small flower, especially of a grass or sedge (fig. in Poaceae).

Flower head

In Asteraceae and some other families, a tight aggregation of several to many flowers attached to the receptacle (fig. in Asteraceae).

Flower parts

The sepals, petals, and stamens.

Fruit

The seed-containing structure into which a pistil of a flower develops. There are many types of fruit, which depend partly on the tissue, if any, that surrounds it.

Glandular

Describes a surface where a hair, bump, or pit has secreted a sticky substance.

Glumes

In Poaceae, the two bracts below the florets of each spikelet (illus. in Poaceae).

Grain

In Poaceae, the one-seeded fruit developing from the pistil of a grass floret (fig. in Poaceae).

Head

An especially compact inflorescence. In this book, “head” is primarily used to describe inflorescences of grasses. See flower head.

Herb

A plant that does not have woody stems, at least above the base of the plant.

Indusium (indusia)

In ferns, a fold or shieldlike structure that covers a sorus, at least when the sporangia are young (fig. in Ferns).

Inferior ovary

Fruit-forming portion of a pistil located below the level at which the calyx and corolla originate. A half-inferior ovary is located about halfway below the level at which the calyx and corolla originate (illus. 3). See ovary, superior ovary.

xviii Abbreviations and Glossary

Inflorescence

A cluster of flowers, or several clusters, on a plant.

Internode

The portion of a stem between two nodes (illus. 1). See node.

Involucre

In Asteraceae and some other families, one or more circles of bracts, often at least partly united, that either partly enclose the flower head (fig. in Asteraceae) or are situated below a cluster of flowers or fruit (fig. in Polygonaceae, Chorizanthe membranacea).

Irregular (corolla, calyx)

A corolla or calyx in which the petals or sepals are dissimilar in size, shape, or color as the corolla is in a monkeyflower or sweet pea (illus. 4). See regular.

Keel

A structure formed by the partial or complete union of the two lower petals (illus. 4); in other cases, a ridge.

Leaf

The main food-producing structure of plants, usually composed of a stalk (petiole) and expanded surface (blade) (illus. 1).

Leaf axil

The upper side of the junction between a stem and a leaf, where a branch, flower, or inflorescence may originate (illus. 1).

Leaf blade

The flat, expanded portion of a leaf, excluding the petiole (illus. 1).

Leaf sheath

The base of a leaf blade or a broad petiole that wraps around the stem, mostly important in the identification of grasses and sedges (fig. in Poaceae).

Leaflet

Each division of a compound leaf (illus. 2). See primary leaflet.

Lemma

In Poaceae, the lower and usually the larger of two bracts enclosing the stamens and pistil (fig. in Poaceae).

Ligule

In Poaceae, Juncaginaceae, and some members of Cyperaceae, a collarlike outgrowth that originates at the base of the blade and partly encircles the stem (fig. in Poaceae).

Lip

The upper or lower portion of an irregular corolla or calyx as in a mint, orchid, or monkeyflower (illus. 4).

Lobe

One of the deeply separated divisions of a leaf, such as that of a maple or sycamore (illus. 2). “Twice lobed” refers to leaves that have smaller lobes on the margins of the larger lobes. See calyx lobes, corolla lobes.

Monocotyledon

A plant with one leaflike structure (cotyledon) to sustain it when it first emerges and with flower parts in cycles of three or six and leaves with parallel veins. See dicotyledon.

Needle

A narrow, stiff leaf of a pine, fir, or other cone-bearing tree.

Node

The “joint” of a stem, where one or more leaves are attached and where a branch, flower, or inflorescence may develop (illus. 1); in Poaceae, the place where a spikelet is attached to the rachis of the inflorescence.

Nodule

A swelling.

Abbreviations and Glossary

xix

Nutlet

A small, dry, one-seeded fruit or comparable structure into which a fruit separates early in its development, as is typical of the borages and mints.

Opposite (leaves, branches)

Leaves or branches that originate in pairs or whorls at the nodes (illus. 1).

Ovary

The part of a pistil that forms the fruit. The ovary produces spores that develop into microscopic female plants of the sexual generation. Each contains a gamete that corresponds to an egg. If this is fertilized by a sperm nucleus that reaches it by way of a tube formed by a pollen grain after this has landed on the stigma of the pistil, it will develop into an embryo of the spore-producing generation. See inferior ovary, pollen, superior ovary.

Palmate

Used to describe a plant structure such as a leaf, leaflet, lobe, or vein that is divided in such a way as to resemble a hand, with fingers spread (illus. 2). See compound leaf, pinnate.

Palmately compound, palmately lobed

See palmate.

Panicle

A corymb, cyme, or raceme type of inflorescence in which the pedicels or peduncles branch (a compound corymb, cyme, or raceme) (illus. 5).

Pappus

In Asteraceae, modified sepals, appearing as scalelike, bristlelike, hairlike, or plumose structures at the top of an achene (fig. in Asteraceae).

Parasitic (plant)

A plant that draws at least some nourishment from another plant, often with the aid of a fungal intermediate.

Pedicel

The stalk of an individual flower (illus. 4) or the stalk of a spikelet (fig. in Poaceae).

Peduncle

The stalk of a flower that is borne singly, or the stalk of an inflorescence that consists of several to many flowers (illus. 4).

Perennial

A plant that lives indefinitely, as distinguished from one that lives only one or two years.

Perianth

The complex formed by the corolla, calyx, or both (illus. 4). The term is especially useful in connection with flowers in which either the corolla or calyx are absent, or are very similar.

Perianth segments

The divisions of a corolla or calyx, whether they are completely separate or not (illus. 4).

Petals

The individual segments of a corolla, which may be completely separate or at least partly united (illus. 4).

Petiole

The stalk of a leaf (illus. 1).

Phyllaries

In Asteraceae, the bracts that surround the receptacle of a flower head (fig. in Asteraceae).

xx Abbreviations and Glossary

Pinnate

Used to describe plant structures such as leaflets, leaves, lobes, or veins that are arranged in two rows on both sides of a central axis (illus. 2). See compound leaf, palmate.

Pinnately compound, pinnately lobed

See pinnate.

Pistil

The portion of a flower usually composed of the ovary, style, and stigma in which a seed or seeds are eventually produced (illus. 3).

Pistillate

A flower that has one or more pistils, but no stamens; also applied to a plant that produces only pistillate flowers.

Pod

A usually narrow fruit that splits open when dry, as does the fruit of a pea plant.

Pollen

Microscopic reproductive structures produced by stamens of flowering plants and by certain short-lived conelike structures of gymnosperms. Each pollen grain is at first a one-celled spore. Before it is released, however, the nucleus of the cell divides, initiating the formation of a microscopic male plant. Development is not completed until the pollen grain reaches the stigma of a flower or the scale of a cone that is destined to produce seeds. See ovary.

Prickle

A sharp outgrowth derived from the outermost cell layer of a stem. See spine, thorn.

Primary leaflet

In some ferns and flowering plants, a leaflet that is further divided into secondary leaflets.

Prostrate (stem or plant)

A stem or plant that lies on the soil; used to describe the way a plant grows.

Raceme

An inflorescence in which the flowers (or flower heads in Asteraceae) are borne all along the peduncle, on short stalks of more or less equal length (illus. 5). The flowers at the base of a raceme open first.

Rachis

The main axis of a compound or nearly compound leaf; in Poaceae and Cyperaceae, the main axis of a spikelet.

Ray

In Asteraceae, the flattened corolla of a ray flower (fig. in Asteraceae); also a stalk in the primary umbel of a compound umbel (illus. 5).

Ray flowers

In Asteraceae, the flowers with flattened corollas that often surround the disk flowers in the central portion of a flower head (fig. in Asteraceae).

Receptacle

The portion of a flower peduncle or pedicel on which the flower parts are mounted (fig. in Asteraceae).

Regular

Applied to a corolla or calyx that has nearly perfect radial symmetry such that it can be divided into two equal halves three or more different ways (illus. 4). See irregular.

Abbreviations and Glossary

xxi

Resin pit

A microscopic glandular pit on the scalelike leaves of some conifers of Cuppressaceae.

Rhizome

A horizontal underground stem from which leaves or other stems arise.

Scale

A structure that is flat and usually membranous.

Secondary leaflet

See primay leaflet.

Secondary umbel

See umbel, leaf.

Sepals

The individual segments of a calyx, which may be completely separate or at least partly united (illus. 4).

Sessile (leaf, flower)

Used to describe the state of being attached directly to a stem or some other structure (i.e., a leaf that lacks a petiole or a flower that lacks a pedicel) (illus. 1).

Shrub

A perennial plant whose stems are woody throughout, usually without a distinct trunk and often not more than 3 m tall. Some large shrubs may have the form of a small tree, so the distinction between the two categories is not absolute.

Sorus (sori)

In ferns, a cluster of sporangia (fig. in Ferns). See sporangium.

Spikelet

In Poaceae, each unit of an inflorescence, consisting of a pair of glumes and one to several florets; in Cyperaceae, a similar group of florets, but without glumes (illus. in Poaceae).

Spine

A sharp projection from a leaf, fruit, bract, or phyllary that arises from below the outermost cell layer. See prickle, thorn.

Sporangium (sporangia)

In ferns and fern allies, a structure within which spores are formed (fig. in Ferns).

Spur

A hollow, saclike, or tubular extension of a petal or sepal, as in a larkspur, columbine, or violet (illus. 4).

Stamen

The pollen-producing part of a flower, usually consisting of an anther and fi lament. Most flowers have at least two stamens, and some have many (illus. 3).

Staminate

A flower that has stamens, but no pistils; also applied to a plant whose flower is staminate.

Sterile

A modified stamen with anthers that are lacking or rudimentary and does not produce pollen, or a pistil lacking ovules or other typical structures. See fertile.

Stigma

The sticky tip of a pistil, which traps pollen (illus. 3).

Stipules

Paired appendages at the base of a petiole; these may resemble leaves or be a pair of glands, scales, or spines (illus. 2).

xxii Abbreviations and Glossary

Stomate (stomata)

A microscopic pore on the surface of a leaf or herbaceous stem through which gasses and water vapor pass. Stomata may be visible with a hand lens as white pin pricks.

Style

The upper portion of a pistil above the ovary. The stigma is located at the tip of the style (illus. 3).

Succulent (leaf, stem)

A leaf or stem that is thick and juicy.

Superior ovary

Fruit-forming portion of the pistil situated above the level at which the calyx and corolla originate (illus. 3). See inferior ovary, ovary.

Taxon (taxa)

In classification, a group of organisms at any rank, such as species, genus, or family.

Tendril

A slender, twining structure, usually part of a leaf, by which a climbing plant, such as a pea or grape vine, clings to its support (illus. 2).

Thorn

A short branch modified as a stiff, sharp-tipped structure. See prickle, spine.

Two-lipped (flower)

A flower in which the corolla, calyx, or both have distinctly different upper and lower portions, as in a monkeyflower or mint (illus. 4).

Umbel

A nearly flat-topped inflorescence in which the pedicels of the flowers originate at the top of the peduncle; in compound umbels, the peduncle branches into rays (the primary umbel) that support the pedicels (the secondary umbel) (illus. 5).

Urn shaped

In Ericaceae, a corolla with united petals that is more or less cup shaped and slightly constricted near the opening.

Vegetative (plant structure)

Nonreproductive.

Vein

In a leaf, petal, or lemma, a structure, usually branched, consisting of tissues that distribute water and nutrients. In the case of petals, the term is often applied to colored lines (illus. 2).

Vernal (pond)

A pond that becomes fi lled with water in winter or spring, and then dries out in late spring or summer.

Whorl

A type of leaf or branch arrangement in which three or more of these structures originate from a single node (illus. 1).

Wing

Applied to the two side petals of flowers in Fabaceae (illus. 4); also a thin expansion of a dry fruit, as in that of a maple.

Woolly

Hair that is so dense and matted that the underlying tissue is not visible.

Abbreviations and Glossary

xxiii

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INTRODUCTION

Although much of the San Francisco Bay Region is densely populated and industrialized, many thousands of acres within its confines have been set aside as parks and preserves. Most of these tracts were not rescued until after they had been altered. The construction of roads, the modification of drainage patterns, grazing by livestock, and the introduction of aggressive species are just a few of the factors that have initiated irreversible changes in the region’s plant and animal life. Yet on the slopes of Mount Diablo and Mount Tamalpais, in the redwood groves at Muir Woods, and in some of the regional parks one can find habitats that probably resemble those that were present two hundred years ago. Even tracts that are far from pristine have much that will bring pleasure to those who enjoy the study of nature. Visitors to our region soon discover that the area is diverse in topography, geology, climate, and vegetation. Hills, valleys, wetlands, and the seacoast are just some of the situations that will have one or more well-defined assemblages of plants. In this manual, the San Francisco Bay Region is defined as those counties that touch San Francisco Bay. Reading a map clockwise from Marin County, they are Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo, and San Francisco. This book will also be useful in bordering counties, such as Mendocino, Lake, Santa Cruz, Monterey, and San Benito, because many of the plants dealt with occur farther north, east, and south. For example, this book includes about three-quarters of the plants found in Monterey County and about half of the Mendocino flora. Some species, in fact, are more common outside our region than within it. Nevertheless, it is important to keep in mind that the plants of the bordering counties are not comprehensively covered in this manual. In this edition, some species found in the San Francisco Bay Region, but not mentioned in previous editions, have been listed at the end of the appropriate group or family paragraph.

1

SCIENTIFIC NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGES OF PLANTS The Jepson Manual (Baldwin et al. 2012) will be, for many years to come, the definitive reference on the flora of California. We have therefore followed its scheme of classification and its names for species, subspecies, and varieties. Latin names in brackets are either those used in the first edition of The Jepson Manual (Hickman 1993) or in Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States (Abrams 1940). Unfortunately, common names for plants are not standardized as they are for birds and some other groups. We have attempted to provide one or two common names for each species. Additional information that may be provided in connection with the Latin and common names of a plant consists of its region of origin (if the plant is not a native of California), its geographic range, and the extent to which it is rare or endangered. (See Abbreviations for an explanation of the symbols used.) A number in parentheses following a species denotes a color plate. The black-and-white drawings, except for those in “Illustrations of Plant Structures,” are grouped at the beginning of the individual family keys and are referred to in the text as “(fig.)”. An “(M)” after a family name indicates that it is a monocotyledon: those families are found in the latter part of the manual. A few words should be said about geographic range. If the range is not mentioned, it may be assumed that the plant has a wide distribution, at least in California, although it is not necessarily plentiful everywhere. When the range is given, it is primarily concerned with the north-south distribution. For example, “Ma-s” means that Marin County is the northern limit of the species, and that the range extends well into southern California, perhaps to the state border or beyond it. The species could also occur, however, in the Sierra Nevada or the Sacramento Valley, but this book is not concerned with this portion of its geographic distribution. Similarly, although “SFBR” means that the species is found through much of the San Francisco Bay Region, its range may include other areas of the state. Those already familiar with plants of the region will note that our scientific names reflect many changes that have been published since 1993. The changes are based on the reexamination of each species by specialists in the light of names that have been applied to it, and there are some striking departures from names that have been in use for a long time. Now with available techniques that can describe an organism’s genetic make-up (DNA), biologists are discovering that some plants once thought to be closely related based on anatomical characters are not very genetically similar. Undoubtedly there will be many changes in how botanists group plants in the years to come. Some of the scientific names include the names of subspecies or varieties. The definitions for these entities have not been universally agreed upon by botanists. In general, the term “subspecies” (ssp.) should be applied to plants that differ rather clearly from those fitting the characteristics of the species, but not to the extent of warranting a separate species name. The term “variety” (var.) should perhaps be restricted to plants that differ from a spe-

2     Introduction

cies or subspecies in relatively unimportant ways, such as the extent to which the leaves and stems are hairy.

MEASUREMENTS In the keys, the height of plants and size of plant parts such as petals and leaves are given in metric units: meters (m), centimeters (cm), and millimeters (mm). These are routinely used in modern scientific work. Thus one can directly relate measurements in this book to those in The Jepson Manual and most other treatises. If you are not already familiar with the linear units of the metric system, a few comparisons with conventional units may be helpful. A meter, consisting of 100 centimeters, is slightly more than 39 inches. A centimeter, consisting of 10 millimeters, is about two-fifths of an inch, so 2.5 centimeters equal 1 inch, 5 centimeters equal 2 inches, and 25 centimeters equal 10 inches. Temperatures are given on the Celsius scale, in which 0° equals 32° Fahrenheit and 100° equals 212° Fahrenheit. For altitude, long distances, and volumes, the conventional units—​ feet, miles, and gallons—​are used.

Metric/English ruler

HOW TO USE A KEY TO IDENTIFY A PLANT A key for plant identification takes advantage of contrasting characters, such as pink petals as opposed to blue petals, leaf blades with toothed margins as opposed to leaf blades with smooth margins, and so on. These characteristics are presented in a series of couplets. The two choices in the first couplet are 1a and 1b. If 1a is the better choice for the plant you are looking at, go to the next couplet—​2a and 2b—​under 1a. Don’t wander into the territory under 1b! Similarly, if 1b happens to be the better choice, stick to the sequence of couplets under 1b. The more you use keys of this type, the more quickly you will become familiar with the terms commonly used in plant classification. Experience, furthermore, will enable you to make judgments more quickly and to glide over choices that do not pertain to the specimen you are looking at. If you have not used a key before, the little exercise provided here will help you. An “unknown” is shown in the illustration. This plant belongs to the Saxifrage Family. Part of that family’s key to species is reproduced below for you to use to “key out” the plant in the

Introduction    3

drawing. If you are not familiar with some of the terms you encounter, look these up in the Glossary. 1a Stamens 3 or 5 (leaves lobed and toothed) 2a Stamens 3; petals 4, 8–​12 mm long; ovary superior (petals purple-brown, threadlike; leaves mainly basal, some of them sprouting plants that take root; moist banks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tolmiea diplomenziesii [T. menziesii] Piggy-back-plant; SFBR-n 2b Stamens 5; petals 5, not more than 5 mm long; ovary half-inferior 3a Leaves on stem, as well as basal (leaf blades up to 8 cm wide, lobed and toothed; inflorescence with more than 15 flowers; petals white; shady, wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boykinia occidentalis Brookfoam 3b Nearly all leaves basal, 1 or 2 along each stem if any 4a Petals yellow-green, each with 4–​7 hairlike lobes (leaf blades up to 5 cm wide; wet, shaded areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pectiantia ovalis [Mitella ovalis] Mitrewort; Ma 4b Petals white or pink, not lobed 5a Calyx 1–​3 mm long; styles 2–​4 mm long, protruding well out of corolla; moist, rocky areas (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heuchera micrantha (fig.) Small-flowered Alumroot; SLO-n 5b Calyx 3–​5 mm long; styles less than 2 mm long, scarcely protruding out of corolla if at all; coastal bluffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heuchera pilosissima Seaside Alumroot, Seaside Heuchera; SLO-n 1b Stamens 10 (petals 5; leaves mainly basal, stem leaves, if any, reduced) 6a Styles 2 (moist, shaded areas) 7a Petals pale green or nearly crimson, 3–​7 mm long, each with 5–​7 lobes; flowers in a raceme (ovary half-inferior; petals sometimes falling early) . . . . . Tellima grandiflora (fig.) Fringecups; SLO-n 7b Petals white, 3–​5 mm long, not lobed; flowers in a panicle

In certain choices, one or more characteristics, enclosed by parentheses, follow the basic features being contrasted. These characteristics give more information for that choice and all species under it. In choice 2a in the key example above, “(petals purple-brown, threadlike; leaves mainly basal, some of them sprouting plants that take root; moist banks)” applies to all the species under 2a. This information may be true for some of the species under 2b as well, but not all of them. The plants in a particular family, being related to one another, share many characteristics. Usually there is not so much diversity in structure between the genera and species as there is between the numerous families. If you refer to the key to the families of herbaceous plants (p. 50), you can trace the path to get your unknown to the Saxifrage Family. First, you would determine that your plant belongs in Herbaceous Plants, Group 2 (p. 54) since it is not parasitic, grasslike, or aquatic. The early choices (1b, 2b, 4b, 6b, 7b, 9b, 13b, 14b, 15b, 16b, and 17b) would lead you to Group 2, Subkey 3 (p. 62) and subsequently (choosing 1b, 12b, 24b, 35b, 51b, 59b, 61b, 62b, 64b, and 65a) to Saxifragaceae (p. 68). That is when you would turn to the key for this family.

4     Introduction

Heuchera micrantha Small-flowered Alumroot

petal

calyx

stamens (total of 10)

styles (2) of pistil

inflorescence (raceme) Tellima grandiflora Tellima grandiflora Fringecups Fringecups

CONSERVATION The best way to save our native plants and animals is to set aside large, undisturbed tracts SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) where the flora and fauna are typical. The need for protection is especially urgent in areas to which rare or endangered species are restricted. Among private nonprofit organizations, The Nature Conservancy, the Trust for Public Land, the Peninsula Open Space Trust, and other organizations have been particularly effective in acquiring lands with a view to preserving natural communities of plants and animals. We also owe much to federal, state, and local agencies—​including those that control the extensive acreages of watersheds—​for protecting the fauna and flora in parks and other natural areas. Botanical gardens, some of which are concerned entirely with the native flora, are doing a good job of displaying these species and providing educational programs about them, thereby increasing public awareness and appreciation of the California flora. California, like many other states, has laws to prevent the digging or cutting of native plants on public lands. Historically, characters of roots and bulbs have been used to identify some plants. The keys in this book concentrate on the habits of growth and features of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit that can be seen with a hand lens or without magnification, causing little if any damage to the whole plant. In the field, it is important to note the plant’s natural setting. For example, what are the topography and soil like, what other plants grow nearby, does it grow in shade or sun? These types of observations often help in identification, and they may assist you in relating the plant to a particular ecological situation.

Introduction    5

327

GROWING NATIVE PLANTS By 1850, numerous species of plants found in western North America, especially California, had been described and illustrated in botanical journals and grown in Europe. But the use of California plants as subjects for gardens and in the revegetation of disturbed areas has developed slowly. In 1965, the California Native Plant Society was founded by some professional botanists and many enthusiastic amateurs. Although this organization was, from the beginning, concerned with protecting the flora, it has also raised public appreciation of native plants as garden subjects, especially those species that are drought-resistant. Seasonal sales conducted by regional chapters of the Society and by botanical gardens are excellent sources of plants, bulbs, and seeds, as well as information and advice. Members of local chapters receive notices of sales, field trips, classes, and programs about the California flora. Commercial growers, impressed by the turnout at native plant sales, have begun offering California native plants, and some nurseries now specialize in these plants. Furthermore, some landscape architects and garden installers now use native plants to a considerable extent.

SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION PLANT COMMUNITIES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS Topography and Climate Long before there was a San Francisco Bay, the westward flow from the large river system of the Central Valley, fed mostly by streams draining the Sierra Nevada, cut through two low points in the Coast Ranges, creating what are now Carquinez Strait and the Golden Gate. Smaller rivers from the Coast Ranges contributed to the scouring process. Later, at the close of the last Ice Age, when glaciers melted, the sea level began to rise. Over a period lasting several thousand years, water from the ocean gradually flooded much of the low-lying area behind the Golden Gate. Thus San Francisco Bay was formed. The Coast Ranges of the region consist of hills and substantial mountains whose orientation is from northwest to southeast. Close to the ocean are the Santa Cruz Mountains, Marin Hills (in which Mount Tamalpais is the highest peak), and the Sonoma Mountains. Inland, the Mount Hamilton Range, Diablo Range, and Berkeley Hills are separated by Carquinez Strait and Suisun Bay from the Vaca Mountains and the Mayacamas Range. Western portions of the latter are scarcely distinct from the Sonoma Mountains. The Coast Ranges of the region, as mountains go, are not high—​t he top of Mount Hamilton is 4261 feet above sea level, Mount Diablo has an altitude of 3849 feet, and Mount Tamalpais reaches only to 2610 feet—​but they are nevertheless barriers that impede the mixing of the inland air mass with the one that lies over the ocean. In general, therefore, the climate at the coast, influenced by the relatively stable temperature of the ocean, is more moist than the climate east of the mountains. Furthermore, the coastal area is cooler in summer and warmer in winter. But the topography of the Coast Ranges is complex. The val-

6     Introduction

leys and ridges run in all directions, and there are numerous low points besides the huge gap at the Golden Gate. The large estuarine water mass of San Francisco Bay is another factor that conspires to create an extremely variable pattern of weather and perhaps more different “microclimates” within the nine counties of this area than will be found in almost any other area of comparable size. For instance, on a particular summer day, residents of San Francisco may be shivering in temperatures of 50°–​60° Fahrenheit, while people in Walnut Creek, 25 miles inland, are seeking refuge from the heat. Furthermore, annual rainfall in the region may vary between 14 and 35 inches. One inescapable attribute of some parts of the region is fog. Most of our summer fogs originate when humid and relatively warm air from the Pacific approaches the coast. The coldness of the ocean water offshore causes the moisture in the air to condense into tiny airborne droplets. Some fogs over San Francisco Bay are caused partly by the daily tidal exchanges of water. After water has run out through the Golden Gate at low tide, the incoming rush of colder water at high tide may induce condensation of moisture in the overlying air. Shadows of clouds, which abruptly lower the temperature of the air, may bring about the same effect. Occasionally, fog develops when humid air from the ocean reaches the hills and is cooled as it is deflected upward. The result may be an extensive fog bank lying atop or against the hills, or perhaps just small patches of fog that float not far overhead. The higher ridges of the Coast Ranges may prevent low-lying fog from reaching the valleys farther east. At the Golden Gate, however, nothing stands in the way of a fog bank being pushed inland. The amount of water that moves through the gap in the form of fog is sometimes enormous. It can be as much as a million gallons an hour. The fog is essentially a cloud lying close to the surface of the water of the Bay or of the ocean. If it rises, then it becomes a cloud of the conventional type. In summer, when it is hot in the Central Valley, the rising of warm air causes cooler air and fog to be drawn in from the coast. Much of this eastward flow passes through the area, accounting for many of our summer fogs. After reaching the Central Valley, the daytime warmth and relative dryness usually quickly evaporates the fog. At night, the weather in the valley cools down a bit, and because there is less warm air to rise, the influx of air from the coast slows down or stops. The next day, however, the weather in the Central Valley heats up again, and the cycle is repeated. The result: more summer fog on the west side of the Coast Ranges. In winter, air is cooler at higher elevations than in valleys. Cold air, being heavier than warm air, sinks down into the valleys. The Central Valley receives cold air from both the Sierra and the Coast Ranges. When this cold air comes in contact with moisture from warmer bodies of water in the valley, fog results. Unlike the summer fog on the west side of the Coast Ranges, which may soon dissipate, this Central Valley fog cannot escape and in winter may remain for days at a time. Fogs contribute to the moisture requirements of the vegetation. One reason for this is that high humidity and the presence of mist reduce the extent to which plants lose water to the atmosphere by evaporation. Furthermore, as mist condenses on foliage, some of the

Introduction    7

water drips down onto the soil, contributing to the moisture deposited by rain. In fact, a study in one area a few miles south of San Francisco showed that annual moisture added to the soil by drip from foliage was considerably more than the amount deposited by rain. What about rain? Rain falls when the fine droplets of water in a cloud coalesce into larger drops. If this type of condensation takes place at a freezing temperature, there will be snow. If, on the other hand, an updraft causes raindrops to be carried upwards until they are frozen, the result will be hail. Rain that freezes as it falls becomes sleet. As previously mentioned, the complex topography of the region produces vastly different microclimates, each of which typically receives different amounts of rainfall. For example, San Rafael has an average annual rainfall of about 35 inches, whereas San Mateo, about the same distance from the coast, has only 21 inches. Martinez’ yearly total is about 14 inches, but Orinda, not far away, gets nearly twice that amount, and even more than Berkeley, which faces the Golden Gate. The disparity between the amount of rain falling on the western slopes of the mountains and hills near the coast and on some areas inland is even more striking. There are places in the Santa Cruz Mountains where the annual rainfall reaches 60 inches, yet in the Santa Clara Valley, just behind the mountains, the total rarely surpasses 15 inches. About 90% of the total annual rainfall throughout the San Francisco Bay Region occurs from October to April. Within this period, however, there may be dry spells that last several weeks, and in some years the amount of rainfall is much less than normal. The droughts may adversely affect the germination of seeds, the survival of seedlings, and even the growth, flowering, and fruiting of well-established plants. As a rule, heavy rainfall in the winter leads to a good display of spring flowers, especially annuals.

Soils In the region under consideration, we find rocks of several distinctly different categories, including granite and basalt, which are of igneous origin, as well as shales, sandstones, and conglomerates, which are of sedimentary origin. Thus, because soil is primarily derived from rock, one may expect a wide variety of soil types to exist in the region. As every gardener and farmer knows, not all plants grow well on all soils. Some of the attributes of a particular soil are shown by its general texture, its coarseness or fineness, its degree of acidity or alkalinity, the amount of organic matter it contains, its ability to retain moisture, the extent to which it allows air and water to penetrate, its supply of mineral nutrients, and the possible presence of substances that inhibit the growth of plants. The majority of soils are mixtures of sand (particles from 0.02 to 2 mm); silt (particles 0.002 to 0.02 mm), and clay (particles smaller than 0.002 mm). Fine particles have more surface area, in proportion to size, than large particles. Thus, the more clay in the soil, the more water the soil will retain. Furthermore, soil particles consisting largely of negatively charged compounds of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen attract positively charged mineral nutrients such as calcium and potassium. The nutrients are held so tightly to the particles that rainwater draining through the soil does not remove them, but they are available to plants.

8     Introduction

One particular situation common in the area deserves special mention. This is the presence of a type of rock called “serpentine,” which consists to a large extent of magnesium silicate. It is typically somewhat shiny and slightly greenish, although after being weathered for a long time it becomes reddish brown and the soil into which it eventually breaks down is usually reddish. Serpentine is abundant in California, and an act of the legislature named it the State Rock. Outcrops of serpentine can be found on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo, and Mount Hamilton, in the hills directly east of Oakland and Berkeley, and in Edgewood Park in San Mateo County. Soils in which serpentine is an important component are, as might be expected, rich in magnesium. Plants need this metal in order to synthesize chlorophyll, as well as for other processes. When magnesium is present in large quantities, however, it interferes with the uptake of calcium, which plants also require, and which is scarce in serpentine soils. Inadequate supplies of other nutrients, including nitrogen, make life difficult for plants on serpentine soils, and the toxic effect of nickel and chromium, sometimes present in unusually high concentrations, is still another problem. These features prevent many plants from growing on serpentine soils. Species that tolerate serpentine flourish in the absence of competition from other plants, and some are found only where it is present. Notable serpentine lovers include the following: TREES

Hespercyparis sargentii (Sargent’s Cypress) SHRUBS

Quercus durata (Leather Oak) HERBS

Allium lacunosum (Wild Onion)

Monardella villosa ssp. franciscana (Coyotemint)

Aquilegia eximia (Serpentine Columbine)

Muilla maritima (Common Muilla)

Aspidotis densa (Dense Lace Fern)

Polygonum douglasii (Douglas’ Knotweed)

Calystegia collina (Woolly Morningglory)

Sedella pentandra (Little Stonecrop)

Carex serratodens (Saw-toothed Sedge)

Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. secundus (One-sided Jewelflower)

Allium fimbriatum (Fringed Onion)

Eriophyllum jepsonii (Jepson’s Woolly Sunflower) Hesperolinon micranthum (Small-flowered Western Flax)

Streptanthus breweri (Brewer’s Jewelflower)

Toxicoscordion fontanum (Serpentine Star Lily) Viola ocellata (Western Heart’s-ease)

Introduction    9

Principal Plant Communities A “plant community,” in the minds of most botanists, ecologists, and naturalists, is a relatively constant association of several to many species, certain of which predominate. A forest of Coast Redwoods is a good example, for Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Tanbark Oak), Polystichum munitum (Western Sword Fern), Oxalis oregana (Redwood Sorrel), and some other plants are commonly associated with this coniferous tree over much of its north-south range. Thus the entire assemblage may be called a “community.” In classifying vegetational assemblages, even in a rather restricted geographic area, it is best to maintain a flexible attitude. One community may intergrade with another, and an association of plants that seems to fit a particular type of community in a general way may deviate from that type in certain respects. For instance, a Douglas-fir Forest in Humboldt County, or farther north, will have several species of plants that are not present in a Douglasfir Forest in Marin County. Nevertheless, it is convenient to be able to deal with the Douglasfir Forest as an entity, so long as we are prepared to accept some variation in its composition. Valley and Foothill Woodland In the San Francisco Bay Region, Valley and Foothill Woodland occurs at elevations of about 300 to 3500 feet and includes much of the area occupied by the Mount Diablo and Mount Hamilton ranges and the hills in Napa and Solano counties. These inland habitats receive about 20 inches of rain each year and are rarely touched by fog except in the winter. The summer weather is warm, with daytime temperatures often exceeding 90° F. The trees are generally somewhat scattered, so there is a well-lighted understory, with a few shrubs and a wide variety of herbaceous plants. Some of the more common and conspicuous plants of this woodland community are listed below. TREES

Aesculus californica (California Buckeye)

Quercus douglasii (Blue Oak)

Pinus coulteri (Coulter’s Pine)

Quercus lobata (Valley Oak)

Pinus sabiniana (Foothill Pine) Quercus agrifolia (Coast Live Oak)

Quercus wislizeni var. wislizeni (Interior Live Oak)

Quercus chrysolepis (Canyon Live Oak)

Umbellularia californica (California Bay)

SHRUBS

Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus (White Buckbrush)

Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon)

Eriodictyon californicum (Yerba-santa)

Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Common Snowberry)

Frangula californica ssp. californica (California Coffeeberry)

Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western Poison-oak)

10     Introduction

HERBS

Cardamine californica (Milkmaids) Collinsia heterophylla (Chinese-houses) Dodecatheon hendersonii (Mosquito-bills) Lithophragma heterophyllum (Hill Starflower) Micranthes californica (California Saxifrage)

Nemophila menziesii var. menziesii (Baby-blue-eyes) Pentagramma triangularis (Goldback Fern) Phoradendron serotinum ssp. tomentosum (Oak Mistletoe) Ranunculus occidentalis (Western Buttercup)

Riparian Woodland The complex of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants usually found along streams and rivers form the Riparian Woodland community. The vegetation consists mostly of species that require more soil moisture than do the oaks and other constituents of Valley and Foothill Woodland. A few of the especially common plants of a Riparian Woodland in the region are listed below. TREES

Acer macrophyllum (Big-leaved Maple)

Salix lasiolepis (Arroyo Willow)

Alnus rhombifolia (White Alder)

Salix lasiandra (Pacific Willow)

Platanus racemosa (Western Sycamore)

Umbellularia californica (California Bay)

Populus fremontii (Fremont’s Cottonwood) SHRUBS

Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (American Dogwood) Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii (Black Twinberry) Oemleria cerasiformis (Osoberry) Rhododendron occidentale (Western Azalea)

Rhus aromatica (Skunkbush) Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum (Pinkflowering Currant) Rosa californica (California Rose) Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western Poison-oak) Vitis californica (California Wild Grape)

HERBS

Aralia californica (Elk-clover) Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata (Miner’s-lettuce) Cyperus eragrostis (Tall Cyperus)

Mimulus cardinalis (Scarlet Monkeyflower) Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum (Many-fruited Meadowrue) Woodwardia fimbriata (Giant Chain Fern)

Introduction    11

Redwood Forest Natural forests of Sequoia sempervirens (Coast Redwood) are found from Monterey County to southern Oregon. The best known and perhaps most nearly pristine grove in our area is the one in Muir Woods, Marin County, but there are a few other good examples. Furthermore, some of the groves that had been cut down for lumber have made a fairly good recovery and will be found to have many of the plants that are characteristically associated with the Coast Redwood, including two trees, Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Tanbark Oak) and Umbellularia californica (California Bay). As often happens when an area is disturbed, however, the balance of species changes. Some become rare or disappear entirely, others become proportionately more or less common, and opportunists not previously present may add themselves to the mix. Natural groves are found in areas that receive considerable annual rainfall—​at least 35 inches—​and that have frequent heavy fogs during the dry season. There are substantial plantations of redwoods in some places where they were not native, but these are not likely to have the usual associates. Many of the other plants typically found in Redwood Forests are listed below. SHRUBS

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. thyrsiflorus (Blue-blossom)

Rhododendron macrophyllum (Rosebay)

Corylus cornuta ssp. californica (California Hazelnut)

Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry)

Gaultheria shallon (Salal)

Rosa gymnocarpa (Wood Rose) Vaccinium ovatum (Evergreen Huckleberry)

HERBS

Adenocaulon bicolor (Trailplant) Anemone oregana (Western Wood Anemone)

Prosartes smithii (Large-flowered Fairybells) Scoliopus bigelovii (Fetid Adder’s-tongue)

Asarum caudatum (Wild-ginger)

Trillium ovatum (Western Trillium)

Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum (Western Lady Fern)

Vancouveria planipetala (Inside-out-flower)

Clintonia andrewsiana (Red Bead Lily)

Viola ocellata (Western Heart’s-ease)

Oxalis oregana (Redwood Sorrel)

Viola sempervirens (Evergreen Violet)

Polystichum munitum (Western Sword Fern) Closed-cone Pine Forest A closed-cone pine is one whose cones do not simply open up as soon as the seeds are mature. The scales of the cones are held tightly together by pitch, and they are not likely to separate for several years unless the pitch is melted by fire or exceptionally warm sunshine.

12     Introduction

Within our area, the only species forming significant natural stands of a closed-cone pine is Pinus muricata (Bishop’s Pine). Its range, extending from Humboldt County to Baja California, overlaps that of P. contorta (Shore Pine) and P. radiata (Monterey Pine) (Santa Cruz, Monterey, and San Luis Obispo counties). Like these last two species, P. muricata is not found far from the coast. In Marin County, an extensive grove of this tree can be seen at Inverness Ridge, and there are specimens mixed with chaparral shrubs in the Carson Ridge area, northwest of Fairfax and San Anselmo. Other stands not too far away will be found in Sonoma, San Mateo, and Santa Cruz counties. Some common associates of the Bishop Pine include the following. TREES

Quercus agrifolia (Coast Live Oak) SHRUBS

Arctostaphylos (manzanitas; various species)

Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western Poison-oak)

Baccharis pilularis (Coyotebrush)

Vaccinium ovatum (Evergreen Huckleberry)

Frangula californica ssp. californica (California Coffeeberry)

Douglas-fir Forest From southern Alaska to northern Sonoma County, there are dense forests in which Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Abies grandis (Grand Fir), and Tsuga heterophylla (Western Hemlock) are the characteristic coniferous trees. Farther south—​on Mount Tamalpais, on the Inverness Ridge, and in some other portions of our region—​forests of Douglas-fir include some other plants not typical of this community farther north. Characteristic members of our region’s Douglas-fir Forest in our region are listed below. TREES

Abies grandis (Grand Fir)

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir)

Arbutus menziesii (Pacific Madrone)

Tsuga heterophylla (Western Hemlock)

Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Tanbark Oak)

Umbellularia californica (California Bay)

SHRUBS

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. thyrsiflorus (Blue-blossom)

Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western Poison-oak)

Frangula californica ssp. californica (California Coffeeberry)

Introduction    13

HERBS

Polystichum munitum (Western Sword Fern) Chaparral Chaparral is a type of vegetation in which most of the obvious components are tough-leaved evergreen shrubs that are adapted for life in a relatively dry habitat. The word comes from Spain, where it has been used to refer to brushy places dominated by the chaparro, a kind of scrub oak. Although our chaparral does include a similar oak, it is not dominant and a variety of other shrubs and herbs are common. Some of these plants follow. SHRUBS

Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise) Arctostaphylos crustacea (Brittle-leaved Manzanita) Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. glandulosa (Eastwood’s Manzanita) Arctostaphylos glauca (Big-berried Manzanita)

Ceanothus foliosus var. foliosus (Wavyleaved Ceanothus) Ceanothus oliganthus var. sorediatus (Jimbrush) Cercocarpus betuloides (Birch-leaved Mountain-mahogany) Eriodictyon californicum (Yerba-santa)

Arctostaphylos manzanita ssp. manzanita (Parry’s Manzanita)

Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon)

Arctostaphylos stanfordiana ssp. stanfordiana (Stanford Manzanita)

Quercus berberidifolia (Scrub Oak)

Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus (White Buckbrush)

Salvia mellifera (Black Sage)

Pickeringia montana (Chaparral Pea) Ribes malvaceum (Chaparral Currant) Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western Poison-oak)

HERBS

Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis (Common Paintbrush)

Pedicularis densiflora (Indian-warrior) Salvia columbariae (Chia)

Chaparral is characteristic of hilly areas in which the soil, being gravelly or sandy, is well drained and does not hold water effectively. The vegetation is usually dense and often difficult to slog through. The shrubs are not often more than 2.5 m tall, but the foliage of most of them rubs us rather harshly. One of the few soft-leaved species in the list above is Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western Poison-oak), not to be contacted either. During the dry season, chaparral is extremely vulnerable to fire, partly because of the density of the vegetation and partly because the foliage is not “juicy.” A chaparral fire can be a very hot one; temperatures of over 1000° F have been recorded at ground level, and even 3

14     Introduction

cm below the surface the temperature may exceed 300° F. Nevertheless, chaparral is capable of rather quick recovery. One reason for this is that certain shrubs, after being burned to the ground, sprout new shoots from the crown. Others come back only if seeds have survived the fire, or if seeds have been carried in from another area. If there is ample rainfall during the growing season that follows a chaparral fire, there is likely to be a fine show of wildflowers, some of which may have been uncommon for several years preceding the fire. Among the plants that grow luxuriantly in fire-ravaged chaparral are the following. SHRUBS

Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise) HERBS

Ehrendorferia chrysantha (Golden Eardrops)

Emmenanthe penduliflora var. penduliflora (Whispering-bells) Papaver californicum (Fire Poppy)

An interesting feature of chaparral in our region is that some of the shrubs begin to bloom in November or December. In the case of certain manzanitas, the opening of flowers is soon followed by production of new foliage; by late spring or early summer, the plants already have the buds of flowers that will not open until the arrival of the rainy season, several months later. Other shrubs of the chaparral, such as Chamise, flower in the spring, after they have produced new foliage. Hill and Valley Grassland Grassland is a treeless, shrubless vegetational assemblage that occupies large areas of California. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, three factors had begun to bring about an irreversible change in this kind of habitat. One of these was the conversion of grasslands into cultivated fields. Another was the sharp increase in over-grazing by livestock first introduced by the Spanish in the 1700s. Still another was the introduction of plants native to other parts of the world, especially annual grasses. Most of the native grasses were clumpforming perennials of the type called “bunchgrasses.” They were literally grazed to death, and their demise was hastened by a lack of sufficient rain in certain years, which prevented them from generating enough new growth to compensate for the grazing they suffered. The aggressive introduced species—​their seeds arriving on the hair of domestic animals, on clothing, and by other means—​joined a few native grasses in filling up the space that was opened up for them. The introduced grasses die by summer, giving California’s grasslands a “golden” appearance. It is likely that before the flora was significantly altered, there would have been a substantial green or gray-green component during the dry season. It is now nearly impossible to find examples of pristine grassland. Nevertheless, there

Introduction    15

are many localities where bunchgrasses and their natural associates have persisted, even though they have been diluted by introduced species. And it is our grasslands that provide the most spectacular displays of native wildflowers, most of which have survived change better than the native bunchgrasses. The following list of herbaceous grassland plants is far from complete, but many of the common native and introduced species are included. Achyrachaena mollis (Blow-wives)

Lepidium nitidum (Common Peppergrass)

Amsinckia intermedia (Common Fiddleneck)

Leptosiphon parviflorus (Common Whiskerbrush)

Avena fatua (Wild Oat)

Logfia filaginoides (California Fluffweed)

Briza minor (Little Quaking Grass)

Lupinus bicolor (Miniature Lupine)

Brodiaea elegans (Elegant Brodiaea)

Micropus californicus (Q-tips)

Bromus diandrus (Ripgut Grass)

Microseris douglasii ssp. douglasii (Douglas’ Microseris)

Bromus hordeaceus (Soft Cheat Grass) Calandrinia ciliata (Redmaids) Castilleja densiflora (Common Owl’s-clover) Cirsium quercetorum (Brownie Thistle) Cynosurus echinatus (Hedgehog Dogtail) Dichelostemma capitatum (Bluedicks) Elymus multisetus (Big Squirreltail) Erodium botrys (Broad-leaved Filaree) Eschscholzia californica (California Poppy) Hemizonia congesta ssp. congesta (Paleyellow Hayfield Tarplant)

Nemophila menziesii var. menziesii (Baby-blue-eyes) Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (Common Popcornflower) Plantago erecta (California Plantain) Platystemon californicus (Creamcups) Ranunculus californicus var. californicus (California Buttercup) Sanicula bipinnatifida (Purple Sanicle) Sidalcea malviflora ssp. malviflora (Common Checkerbloom)

Hordeum jubatum (Foxtail Barley)

Sisyrinchium bellum (Western Blue-eyed-grass)

Lasthenia californica ssp. californica (California Goldfields)

Viola pedunculata (Johnny-jump-up)

Coastal Prairie Above cliffs along the coast, landward from the backshores of sandy beaches, and sometimes in other situations, are areas in which perennial grasses, a fern, Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens (Western Bracken), and several other types of herbaceous plants predominate. Typically there are neither trees nor large shrubs. Such coastal prairies nearly fit our definition of grassland, and the distinction between the two types of plant communities is not sharp. Common members of this community are listed below.

16     Introduction

Calamagrostis nutkaensis (Pacific Reed Grass)

Heterotheca sessiliflora ssp. bolanderi (Bolander’s Golden-aster)

Calochortus luteus (Yellow Mariposa Lily)

Iris douglasiana (Douglas’ Iris)

Danthonia californica (California Oat Grass)

Lupinus formosus (Summer Lupine)

Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. holciformis (Pacific Hair Grass)

Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens (Western Bracken)

Dichelostemma capitatum (Bluedicks) Dichelostemma congestum (Ookow)

Ranunculus californicus var. californicus (California Buttercup)

Festuca californica (California Fescue)

Sanicula arctopoides (Footsteps-of-spring)

Festuca idahoensis (Idaho Fescue)

Sisyrinchium bellum (Western Blue-eyed-grass)

Grindelia hirsutula (Hairy Gumplant)

Lupinus variicolor (Varied Lupine)

As for other plant communities, not all of the plants in the list will necessarily be found at a particular site that qualifies as Coastal Prairie. Furthermore, some habitats that may seem to fit into this category are not genuine. They have developed in places that once were brushy or forested, and that were cleared to promote the growth of native and introduced grasses that would provide favorable food for livestock. Coastal Scrub and Coastal Forest Close to the coast, from Monterey County to the Oregon border, is a type of vegetation called Coastal Scrub. It consists of a mixture of grassland plants and low shrubs. Coastal Scrub does not form a continuous north-south band; it is interrupted by Closed-cone Pine Forest, Coastal Prairie, and other plant communities. A few good examples of Coastal Scrub are found in San Mateo, Marin, and Sonoma counties. An introduced shrub, Cytisus scoparius (Scotch Broom), is widespread at these localities. Other plants common in this community include the following. SHRUBS

Artemisia californica (California Sagebrush) Baccharis pilularis (Coyotebrush)

Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon) Mimulus aurantiacus (Bush Monkeyflower)

HERBS

Anaphalis margaritacea (Pearly Everlasting)

Eriophyllum lanatum var. achilleodes (Common Woolly Sunflower)

Erigeron glaucus (Seaside Daisy)

Scrophularia californica (Beeplant)

Introduction    17

Sisyrinchium bellum (Western Blue-eyed-grass)

Toxicoscordion fremontii (Common Star Lily)

Triteleia laxa (Ithuriel’s-spear) Close to the shores of San Francisco Bay (in Oakland and Berkeley, for example) oak woodland mixes with the open Coastal Scrub described above. In both of these areas the climate is much more temperate than the Valley and Foothill Woodland. Some of the components of Coastal Forest are listed below. TREES

Corylus cornuta ssp. californica (California Hazelnut)

Sambucus nigra ssp. caerula (Blue Elderberry)

Quercus agrifolia (Coast Live Oak) SHRUBS

Frangula californica ssp. californica (California Coffeeberry)

Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western Poison-oak)

Rubus ursinus (California Blackberry) HERBS

Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata (Miner’s-lettuce)

Stachys bullata (California Hedgenettle)

Vernal Pools A vernal pool is a low spot in a meadow that fills with water during the rainy season, then dries out by the beginning of summer. This type of habitat almost always has an interesting community of herbaceous plants, some of which do not occur anywhere else. A few of the more common species found in vernal pools are listed. Downingia concolor (Maroon-spotted Downingia)

Lasthenia glabrata (Yellow-rayed Goldfields)

Downingia pulchella (Flat-faced Downingia)

Limnanthes douglasii ssp. douglasii (Douglas’ Meadowfoam)

Freshwater Marsh The vegetation of marshy areas around ponds, lakes, and slow-moving, shallow streams consists primarily of cattails, bulrushes, and sedges. There are, however, other types of aquatic or semi-aquatic herbaceous plants in this habitat, and the more commonly encountered species are listed here.

18     Introduction

Carex obnupta (Slough Sedge) Cyperus eragrostis (Tall Cyperus) Juncus balticus ssp. ater (Baltic Rush) Juncus lescurii (San Francisco Rush) Mimulus guttatus (Common Monkeyflower) Oenanthe sarmentosa (Pacific Oenanthe) Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica (Pacific Cinquefoil)

Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis (Common Tule) Scirpus microcarpus (Small-fruited Bulrush) Sparganium eurycarpum (Giant Bur-reed) Typha latifolia (Broad-leaved Cattail) Veronica americana (American Brooklime)

The water and muck in a freshwater marsh are typically slightly acid, and the availability of certain mineral nutrients that plants need—​including phosphorus, nitrogen, and molybdenum—​is often low. When this is the case, plant productivity is also low. The density of the vegetation is deceptive; it has been achieved slowly. Most of the common plants, incidentally, are perennials that are adept at vegetative propagation. Our freshwater marshes are not as prevalent or as large as they once were. To a considerable extent, the decrease has been caused by the draining of marshes in order to make more land available for agricultural use and development, by diverting water needed for irrigation, and by building dams to create lakes. Backshores of Sandy Beaches Landward from the line reached by high tides on wave-swept sandy beaches, and also around certain bays, is an area on which loose sand is deposited by wind. This strip, ranging in width from a few meters to hundreds of meters, is called the “backshore.” The stability of the sand depends on plants that are rooted in it and on the amount of organic matter and clay that it contains. Much of the organic matter will consist of the remains of previous generations of plants. Strong winds, especially when the tides are high, carry salt-laden droplets landward. Furthermore, the sand does not hold water very well and is generally poor in mineral nutrients that plants require. Its surface layer, on warm days, may absorb considerable heat from the sun. Being light in color, the sand also reflects heat back at the plants. The grayish or whitish hairiness of the foliage of certain species is probably protective, since it should help to reflect heat away from them. Some of the backshore plants are moderately to very succulent, storing up water that enables them to withstand extended periods during which there may be neither rain nor fog. As sand is blown about, it may accumulate in dunes, whose stability is constantly challenged. Even if a dune has been fairly thoroughly colonized by plants, a strong wind may uproot enough of the sand-binding plants to cause a breakdown of the whole dune. The vegetation of backshores includes certain grasses, many other herbaceous species, and a few shrubs. There are no trees, for the substratum is not conducive to the success of tall plants that are frequently exposed to strong winds.

Introduction    19

An introduced plant, Ammophila arenaria (European Beachgrass), has been found to be an effective sand-binder, stabilizing dunes. It is more aggressive than the native Elymus mol­ lis (American Dune Grass). Other efficient sand-binders are Juncus lescurii (San Francisco Rush), Elymus pacificus (Pacific Wildrye), and Poa douglasii (Sand Dune Blue Grass). Some plants found on the dunes often form tight low mats and thus stabilize the substratum. A plant that may be a California native, Carpobrotus chilensis (Iceplant), was widely planted for this purpose, but is now being removed in some areas to encourage other native species. A few of these herbaceous species are listed below. Abronia latifolia (Yellow Sand-verbena)

Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia (Beach Evening-primrose)

Abronia umbellata var. umbellata (Coastal Sand-verbena)

Erigeron glaucus (Seaside Daisy)

Acmispon maritimus (Hooked-beak Lotus)

Eschscholzia californica (California Poppy)

Agoseris apargioides var. eastwoodiae (Coast Dandelion)

Fragaria chiloensis (Beach Strawberry)

Ambrosia chamissonis (Silvery Beachweed)

Heliotropium curassavicum var. oculatum (Seaside Heliotrope)

Atriplex californica (California Orach)

Lathyrus littoralis (Silky Beach Pea)

Atriplex leucophylla (Beach Saltbush)

Plantago maritima (Sea Plantain)

Calystegia soldanella (Beach Morning-glory)

Polygonum paronychia (Beach Knotweed) Tanacetum bipinnatum (Dune Tansy)

The most conspicuous shrubby plant of the backshore habitat is Lupinus arboreus (Yellow Bush Lupine), native in our area but naturalized farther north. Its flowers are usually yellow, but there are forms with pale blue or pale lilac flowers. A little farther inland, where sand gives way to dirt, one may expect to see Lupinus chamissonis (Chamisso’s Bush Lupine), whose flowers are always bluish. Some other common shrubs are Artemisia pycno­ cephala (Coastal Sagewort), Baccharis pilularis (Coyotebrush), and Ericameria ericoides (Mock-heather). Coastal Salt Marsh Salt marshes are typically found around the edges of bays and river mouths, where there is little wave action but where fine sediment—​silt and clay—​can gradually accumulate. The deposition of sediment is followed by an invasion of plants, arriving as seeds or fragments that can take root. Successful colonization leads to expansion of the plant community. The plants stabilize the substratum and trap more fine sediment. The salt marsh is at a level that is submerged only during highest tides. The salinity varies according to the extent of tidal flooding, rainfall, freshwater runoff, and evaporation. Unless the rate of evaporation cancels out rainfall, and unless there is very little freshwater draining toward the salt marsh, the salinity of the marsh will probably be greater on

20     Introduction

the seaward side than on the landward side. This accounts, in part, for the differences in vegetation. The slope of an extensive salt marsh is usually so gradual that the surface of the marsh is nearly level. It is likely, however, to have shallow pools as well as a system of tidal creeks formed by the erosive action of tidal flow into and out of the marsh. The pressures of civilization have led to destruction of salt marshes in many parts of the world. In San Francisco Bay, large tracts of cheap acreage were needed for airports, industrial sites, housing developments, farmland, race tracks, and dumps. Today not more than 25% of the area once occupied by salt marshes remains in a nearly natural state. A cursory look at the shoreline in populated areas will reveal the presence of industries whose wastes affect surviving marshes as well as ecological aspects of the rest of the Bay. Most of the flowering plants characteristic of salt marshes are found nowhere else. In the salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, and those of Tomales Bay, Bodega Bay, and some other estuarine habitats within the region for which this book is written, the following species are especially common and widespread. SHRUBS

Frankenia salina (Alkali-heath) HERBS

Atriplex gmelinii (Gmelin’s Saltbush)

Plantago maritima (Sea Plantain)

Cuscuta pacifica (Salt Marsh Dodder)

Puccinellia nutkaensis (Alaskan Alkali Grass)

Distichlis spicata (Salt Grass) Jaumea carnosa (Fleshy Jaumea) Limonium californicum (California Sea-lavender)

Salicornia perennis (Perennial Pickleweed) Triglochin maritima (Common Arrow-grass)

Castilleja ambigua (Johnny-nip), Glaux maritima (Sea-milkwort), and Salicornia depressa (Slender Glasswort) are less common, or at least not widespread in salt marshes. On the seaward side of the salt marsh, there will often be Spartina foliosa (California Cord Grass). It is submerged by tides lower than those required to inundate plants of the salt marsh proper. Spartina alterniflora (Salt-water Cord Grass), recently introduced from the Atlantic coast, is spreading aggressively in some places in San Francisco Bay. On slightly drier and less saline soil landward of the salt marsh, members of the following characteristic assemblage of plants, including the introduced Tetragonia tetragonioides (New Zealand Spinach), may be encountered. SHRUBS

Baccharis pilularis (Coyotebrush)

Introduction    21

HERBS

Atriplex patula (Spear Orach)

Rumex fueginus (Golden Dock)

Grindelia stricta var. platyphylla (Dune Gumplant)

Spergularia macrotheca var. macrotheca (Sticky Sand-spurrey)

In mucky areas rarely if ever touched by high tides, the water is fresh or at most very slightly brackish. Here one will find Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis (Common Tule), Bolboschoenus robustus (Seacoast Bulrush), and Typha latifolia (Broad-leaved Cattail)

REFERENCES Abrams, L. R., and R. S. Ferris. 1923–​60. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States. 6 vols. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Baldwin, B. G. (editor). 2012. The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. Barbour, M. G., T. Keeler-Wolf, and A. A. Schoenherr (editors). 2007. Terrestrial Vegetation of California. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. Best, C., J. T. Howell, W. Knight, I. Knight, and M. Wells. 1996. A Flora of Sonoma County. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. Ertter, B. and M. L. Bowerman. 2002. The Flowering Plants and Ferns of Mount Diablo, California. 2nd ed. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. Harris, J. G. and M. W. Harris. 2001. Plant Identification Terminology: an Illustrated Glossary. 2nd ed. Spring Lake, Utah: Spring Lake Publishing. Howell, J. T., F. Almeda, W. Follette, and C. Best. 2007. Marin Flora. Rev. ed. and 2012 supplement. San Francisco and Sacramento: California Academy of Science and California Native Plant Society. Howell, J. T., P. H. Raven, and P. Rubtzoff. 1958. “A Flora of San Francisco, California.” Wasmann J. of Biology 16: 1–​157. Reprint, 1990. San Francisco: California Native Plant Society, Yerba Buena Chapter. Jepson, W. L. 1923, 1925. A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California. Berkeley: Associated Students Store, University of California. Keator, G. 2009. California Plant Families. Berkeley: University of California Press. Mabberley, D. J. 2008. Mabberley’s Plant-book. 3rd. ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. Matthews, M. A. 2006. An Illustrated Field Key to the Flowering Plants of Monterey County. Rev. ed. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. McClintock, E., P. Reeberg, and W. Knight. 1990. A Flora of the San Bruno Mountains, San Mateo County, California. Special Publication no. 8, Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. McMinn, H. E. 1951. An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs. Berkeley: University of California Press. Morin, N. R. ed. 1993. Flora of North America: North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. Munz, P. H., and D. D. Keck. 1973. A California Flora and Supplement. Berkeley: University of California Press. Sawyer, J. O., T. Keeler-Wolf, and J. M. Evans. 2009. A Manual of California Vegetation. 2nd ed. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. Schmidt, M. G. and K. L. Greenberg. 2012. Growing California Native Plants. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.

22     Introduction

Sharsmith, H. K. 1982. Flora of the Mount Hamilton Range of California. Special Publication no. 6, Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. Smith, G. L. and C. R. Wheeler. 1990–​1991. “A Flora of the Vascular Plants of Mendocino County, California.” Wasmann J. Biology 48–​49: 1–​4 , sp i–​iv. Reprint, 1992. San Francisco: University of San Francisco. Thomas, J. H. 1961. Flora of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Zomlefer, W. B., 1996. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. Chapel Hill, N. C.: University of North Carolina Press.

Introduction    23

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Adiantum aleuticum Fivefinger Fern

Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum Western Lady Fern

Dryopteris arguta Coastal Wood Fern

Polypodium scouleri Leather-leaf Fern

Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Western Bracken

Hesperocyparis sargentii Sargent’s Cypress (conifer)

Woodwardia fimbriata Giant Chain Fern

PLATE 1 FERNS AND CONIFERS

Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey Cypress (conifer)

Juniperus californica California Juniper (conifer)

Pinus muricata Bishop’s Pine (conifer)

Sequoia sempervirens Coast Redwood (conifer)

Tsuga heterophylla Western Hemlock (conifer)

Taxus brevifolia Pacific Yew (conifer)

Torreya californica California-nutmeg (conifer)

Sambucus nigra ssp. caerula Blue Elderberry (Adoxaceae)

PLATE 2 CONIFERS–DICOTYLEDONS: ADOXACEAE

Carpobrotus chilensis Iceplant (Aizoaceae)

Carpobrotus edulis Hottentot-fig (Aizoaceae)

Tetragonia tetragonioides New Zealand Spinach (Aizoaceae)

Toxicodendron diversilobum Western Poison-oak (Anacardiaceae)

Heracleum maximum Cow Parsnip (Apiaceae)

Lomatium utriculatum Spring-gold (Apiaceae)

Osmorhiza berteroi Wood Sweet-cicely (Apiaceae)

PLATE 3 DICOTYLEDONS: AIZOACEAE–APIACEAE

Sanicula arctopoides Footsteps-of-spring (Apiaceae)

Sanicula bipinnatifida Purple Sanicle (Apiaceae)

Sanicula crassicaulis Snakeroot (Apiaceae)

Asclepias californica California Milkweed (Apocynaceae)

Aralia californica Elk-clover (Araliaceae)

Aristolochia californica Dutchman’s-pipe (Aristolochiaceae)

Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow (Asteraceae)

Achyrachaena mollis Blow-wives (Asteraceae)

PLATE 4 DICOTYLEDONS: APIACEAE–ASTERACEAE

Agoseris apargioides var. eastwoodiae Coast Dandelion

Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting

Artemisia pycnocephala Coastal Sagewort

Blennosperma nanum var. nanum Common Blennosperma

Cichorium intybus Chicory

Cirsium occidentale var. venustum Venus Thistle

Cotula coronopifolia Brassbuttons

Erigeron glaucus Seaside Daisy

PLATE 5 DICOTYLEDONS: ASTERACEAE

Eriophyllum confertiflorum Inland Lizardtail

Eriophyllum lanatum var. achilleoides Common Woolly Sunflower

Jaumea carnosa Fleshy Jaumea

Layia platyglossa Tidytips

Senecio elegans Purple Ragwort

Solidago elongata Canada Goldenrod

Tanacetum bipinnatum Dune Tansy

PLATE 6 DICOTYLEDONS: ASTERACEAE

Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion (Asteraceae)

Wyethia angustifolia Narrow-leaved Mule-ears (Asteraceae)

Achlys triphylla Vanilla-leaf (Berberidaceae)

Amsinckia intermedia Common Fiddleneck (Boraginaceae)

Amsinckia tessellata var. tessellata Devil’s-lettuce (Boraginaceae)

Cynoglossum grande Hound’s-tongue (Boraginaceae)

Emmenanthe penduliflora var. penduliflora Whispering-bells (Boraginaceae)

PLATE 7 DICOTYLEDONS: ASTERACEAE–BORAGINACEAE

Nemophila menziesii var. menziesii Baby-blue-eyes (Boraginaceae)

Phacelia californica California Phacelia (Boraginaceae)

Eriodictyon californicum Yerba-santa (Boraginaceae)

Phacelia ramosissima Branched Phacelia (Boraginaceae)

Plagiobothrys nothofulvus Common Popcornflower (Boraginaceae)

Arabis blepharophylla Coast Rockcress (Brassicaceae)

Barbarea orthoceras American Winter Cress (Brassicaceae)

PLATE 8 DICOTYLEDONS: BORAGINACEAE–BRASSICACEAE

Cakile maritima Horned Searocket (Brassicaceae)

Cardamine californica Milkmaids (Brassicaceae)

Descurainia pinnata Tansy Mustard (Brassicaceae)

Erysimum capitatum Western Wallflower (Brassicaceae)

Hirschfeldia incana Summer Mustard (Brassicaceae)

Thysanocarpus curvipes Hairy Fringepod (Brassicaceae)

Calycanthus occidentalis Spicebush (Calycanthaceae)

Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii Black Twinberry (Caprifoliaceae)

PLATE 9 DICOTYLEDONS: BRASSICACEAE–CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum Field Chickweed (Caryophyllaceae)

Silene laciniata ssp. californica California Pink (Caryophyllaceae)

Silene scouleri Scouler’s Catchfly (Caryophyllaceae)

Spergularia macrotheca var. macrotheca Sticky Sand-spurrey (Caryophyllaceae)

Atriplex semibaccata Australian Saltbush (Chenopodiaceae)

Calystegia malacophylla ssp. pedicellata Hairy Morning-glory (Convolvulaceae)

Cornus nuttallii Mountain Dogwood (Cornaceae)

Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis American Dogwood (Cornaceae)

PLATE 10 DICOTYLEDONS: CARYOPHYLLACEAE–CORNACEAE

Dudleya cymosa Common Dudleya (Crassulaceae)

Scabiosa atropurpurea Pincushion (Dipsacaceae)

Arbutus menziesii Pacific Madrone (Ericaceae)

Arctostaphylos pallida Pallid Manzanita (Ericaceae)

Arctostaphylos stanfordiana ssp. stanfordiana Stanford Manzanita (Ericaceae)

Gaultheria shallon Salal (Ericaceae)

Rhododendron macrophyllum Rosebay (Ericaceae)

Rhododendron occidentale Western Azalea (Ericaceae)

PLATE 11 DICOTYLEDONS: CRASSULACEAE–ERICACEAE

Vaccinium ovatum Evergreen Huckleberry (Ericaceae)

Vaccinium parvifolium Red Huckleberry (Ericaceae)

Croton californicus California Croton (Euphorbiaceae)

Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge (Euphorbiaceae)

Acmispon americanus Spanish Lotus (Fabaceae)

Acmispon glaber Deerweed (Fabaceae)

Acmispon brachycarpus Colchita (Fabaceae)

PLATE 12 DICOTYLEDONS: ERICACEAE–FABACEAE

Acmispon wrangelianus California Lotus

Cercis occidentalis Western Redbud

Genista monspessulana French Broom

Hosackia crassifolia Broad-leaved Lotus

Lathyrus vestitus Woodland Pea

Lupinus arboreus Yellow Bush Lupine

Lupinus albifrons var. collinus Bay Area Silver Lupine

PLATE 13 DICOTYLEDONS: FABACEAE

Pickeringia montana Chaparral Pea

Lupinus microcarpus var. densiflorus Gully Lupine

Pediomelum californicum Breadroot

Rupertia physodes California-tea

Trifolium fucatum Bull Clover

PLATE 14 DICOTYLEDONS: FABACEAE

Spartium junceum Spanish Broom

Thermopsis macrophylla Santa Ynez False-lupine

Trifolium microcephalum Small-headed Clover (Fabaceae)

Vicia gigantea Giant Vetch (Fabaceae)

Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. minor Golden Chinquapin (Fagaceae)

Quercus agrifolia Coast Live Oak (Fagaceae)

Centaurium tenuiflorum Slender Centaury (Gentianaceae)

Erodium botrys Broad-leaved Filaree (Geraniaceae)

Gentiana sceptrum King’s Scepter Gentian (Gentianaceae)

PLATE 15 DICOTYLEDONS: FABACEAE–GERANIACEAE

Ribes aureum var. gracillimum Golden Currant (Grossulariaceae)

Ribes californicum Hillside Gooseberry (Grossulariaceae)

Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum Pink-flowering Currant (Grossulariaceae)

Ribes speciosum Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry ­(Grossulariaceae)

Hypericum concinnum Goldwire (Hypericaceae)

Juglans hindsii Northern California Black Walnut (Juglandaceae)

Lepechinia calycina Pitcher Sage (Lamiaceae)

PLATE 16 DICOTYLEDONS: GROSSULARIACEAE–LAMIACEAE

Melissa officinalis Beebalm

Monardella villosa ssp. villosa Common Coyotemint

Pogogyne serpylloides Thyme-leaved Beardstyle

Prunella vulgaris var. vulgaris European Self-heal

Salvia columbariae Chia

Salvia spathacea California Hummingbird Sage

Stachys bullata California Hedgenettle

PLATE 17 DICOTYLEDONS: LAMIACEAE

Salvia mellifera Black Sage (Lamiaceae)

Scutellaria tuberosa Blue Skullcap (Lamiaceae)

Umbellularia californica California Bay (Lauraceae)

Linum bienne Narrow-leaved Flax (Linaceae)

Linum lewisii Western Blue Flax (Linaceae)

Mentzelia lindleyi Lindley’s Blazing-star (Loasaceae)

Mentzelia micrantha Golden Blazing-star (Loasaceae)

Fremontodendron californicum Flannelbush (Malvaceae)

PLATE 18 DICOTYLEDONS: LAMIACEAE–MALVACEAE

Malacothamnus fremontii Fremont’s Bush Mallow (Malvaceae)

Malva nicaeensis Bull Mallow (Malvaceae)

Sidalcea calycosa ssp. calycosa Vernal Pool Checkerbloom (Malvaceae)

Sidalcea malviflora ssp. malviflora Common Checkerbloom (Malvaceae)

Calandrinia ciliata Redmaids (Montiaceae)

Lewisia rediviva Bitterroot (Montiaceae)

Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel (Myrsinaceae)

Abronia umbellata var. umbellata Coastal Sand-verbena (Nyctaginaceae)

PLATE 19 DICOTYLEDONS: MALVACEAE–NYCTAGINACEAE

Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia Beach Evening-primrose

Clarkia amoena ssp. huntiana Hunt’s Clarkia

Clarkia biloba Bilobed Clarkia

Clarkia concinna ssp. concinna Red-ribbons

Clarkia franciscana Presidio Clarkia

Clarkia gracilis ssp. sonomensis Slender Clarkia

Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera Winecup Clarkia

Clarkia rhomboidea Tongue Clarkia

PLATE 20 DICOTYLEDONS: ONAGRACEAE

Epilobium canum California Fuchsia (Onagraceae)

Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii Antioch Dunes Evening-primrose (Onagraceae)

Taraxia ovata Golden-eggs (Onagraceae)

Bellardia trixago Mediterranean Linseed (Orobanchaceae)

Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis Common Paintbrush (Orobanchaceae)

Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta Purple Owl’s-clover (Orobanchaceae)

Castilleja foliolosa Woolly Paintbrush (Orobanchaceae)

Castilleja wightii Seaside Paintbrush (Orobanchaceae)

PLATE 21 DICOTYLEDONS: ONAGRACEAE–OROBANCHACEAE

Kopsiopsis strobilacea California Groundcone (Orobanchaceae)

Orobanche uniflora Naked Broomrape (Orobanchaceae)

Orobanche fasciculata Clustered Broomrape (Orobanchaceae)

Oxalis oregana Redwood Sorrel (Oxalidaceae)

Oxalis pes-caprae Bermuda-buttercup (Oxalidaceae)

Dicentra formosa Pacific Bleeding-heart (Papaveraceae)

Dendromecon rigida Bush Poppy (Papaveraceae)

PLATE 22 DICOTYLEDONS: OROBANCHACEAE–PAPAVERACEAE

Ehrendorferia chrysantha Golden Eardrops (Papaveraceae)

Papaver heterophyllum Wind Poppy (Papaveraceae)

Eschscholzia californica California Poppy (Papaveraceae)

Mimulus guttatus Common Monkeyflower (Phrymaceae)

Antirrhinum kelloggii Lax Snapdragon (Plantaginaceae)

Collinsia sparsiflora var. sparsiflora Few-flowered Blue-eyed-Mary (Plantaginaceae)

Armeria maritima ssp. californica Thrift (Plumbaginaceae)

PLATE 23 DICOTYLEDONS: PAPAVERACEAE–PLUMBAGINACEAE

Limonium californicum California Sea-lavender (Plumbaginaceae)

Gilia achilleifolia ssp. achilleifolia California Gilia (Polemoniaceae)

Gilia tricolor ssp. tricolor Bird’s-eyes (Polemoniaceae)

Leptosiphon grandiflorus Large-flowered Whiskerbrush (Polemoniaceae)

Microsteris gracilis Slender Phlox (Polemoniaceae)

Navarretia pubescens Downy Navarretia (Polemoniaceae)

Polygala californica California Milkwort (Polygalaceae)

Eriogonum fasciculatum Coastal California Buckwheat (Polygonaceae)

PLATE 24 DICOTYLEDONS: PLUMBAGINACEAE–POLYGONACEAE

Dodecatheon clevelandii ssp. patulum Padre’s Shootingstar (Primulaceae)

Aquilegia formosa Crimson Columbine (Ranunculaceae)

Clematis lasiantha Pipestems (Ranunculaceae)

Delphinium nudicaule Red Larkspur (Ranunculaceae)

Ranunculus californicus var. californicus California Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)

Ranunculus muricatus Prickle-seeded Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)

Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)

Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus White Buckbrush (Rhamnaceae)

PLATE 25 DICOTYLEDONS: PRIMULACEAE–RHAMNACEAE

Ceanothus gloriosus var. gloriosus Point Reyes Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae)

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. griseus Carmel Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae)

Ceanothus sonomensis Sonoma Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae)

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. thyrsiflorus Blue-blossom (Rhamnaceae)

Frangula californica ssp. californica California Coffeeberry (Rhamnaceae)

Rhamnus crocea Spiny Redberry (Rhamnaceae)

Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia Hairy Serviceberry (Rosaceae)

Fragaria chiloensis Beach Strawberry (Rosaceae)

PLATE 26 DICOTYLEDONS: RHAMNACEAE–ROSACEAE

Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon (Rosaceae)

Holodiscus discolor Oceanspray (Rosaceae)

Horkelia californica var. californica California Horkelia (Rosaceae)

Physocarpus capitatus Ninebark (Rosaceae)

Prunus ilicifolia Holly-leaved Cherry (Rosaceae)

Rosa californica California Rose (Rosaceae)

Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry (Rosaceae)

Galium andrewsii ssp. gatense Phlox-leaved Serpentine Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)

PLATE 27 DICOTYLEDONS: ROSACEAE–RUBIACEAE

Galium californicum California Bedstraw (Rubiaceae)

Sherardia arvensis Field Madder (Rubiaceae)

Ptelea crenulata Hoptree (Rutaceae)

Aesculus californica California Buckeye (Sapindaceae)

Anemopsis californica Yerba-mansa (Saururaceae)

Scrophularia californica Beeplant (Scrophulariaceae)

Nicotiana glauca Tree-tobacco (Solanaceae)

Solanum xanti Purple Nightshade (Solanaceae)

PLATE 28 DICOTYLEDONS: RUBIACEAE–SOLANACEAE

Dirca occidentalis Western Leatherwood (Thymelaeaceae)

Verbena lasiostachys var. scabrida Robust Verbena (Verbenaceae)

Viola adunca Western Dog Violet (Violaceae)

Viola pedunculata Johnny-jump-up (Violaceae)

Arceuthobium campylopodum Western Dwarf Mistletoe (Viscaceae)

Phoradendron serotinum ssp. tomentosum Oak Mistletoe (Viscaceae)

Allium lacunosum Wild Onion (Alliaceae)

Allium serra Serrated Onion (Alliaceae)

PLATE 29 DICOTYLEDONS-MONOCOTYLEDONS: THYMELAEACEAE–ALLIACEAE

Allium unifolium Clay Onion (Alliaceae)

Cyperus eragrostis Tall Cyperus (Cyperaceae)

Iris fernaldii Fernald’s Iris (Iridaceae)

Iris douglasiana Douglas’ Iris (Iridaceae)

Sisyrinchium bellum Western Blue-eyed-grass (Iridaceae)

Sisyrinchium californicum Golden-eyed-grass (Iridaceae)

Calochortus luteus Yellow Mariposa Lily (Liliaceae)

PLATE 30 MONOCOTYLEDONS: ALLIACEAE–LILIACEAE

Calochortus pulchellus Mount Diablo Fairy-lantern (Liliaceae)

Calochortus tiburonensis Tiburon Mariposa Lily (Liliaceae)

Calochortus venustus Butterfly Mariposa Lily (Liliaceae)

Clintonia andrewsiana Red Bead Lily (Liliaceae)

Erythronium californicum California Fawn Lily (Liliaceae)

Fritillaria recurva Scarlet Fritillary (Liliaceae)

Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense Pitkin Marsh Lily (Liliaceae)

Toxicoscordion fremontii Common Star Lily (Melanthiaceae)

PLATE 31 MONOCOTYLEDONS: LILIACEAE–MELANTHIACEAE

Cephalanthera austiniae Phantom Orchid (Orchidaceae)

Corallorhiza maculata var. maculata Spotted Coralroot (Orchidaceae)

Cypripedium californicum California Lady’s-slipper (Orchidaceae)

Epipactis gigantea Stream Orchid (Orchidaceae)

Piperia elegans Elegant Rein-orchid (Orchidaceae)

Cynosurus echinatus Hedgehog Dogtail (Poaceae)

Muilla maritima Common Muilla (Themidaceae)

Triteleia laxa Ithuriel’s-spear (Themidaceae)

PLATE 32 MONOCOTYLEDONS: ORCHIDACEAE–THEMIDACEAE

KEYS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY REGION PLANTS

Higher plants, or vascular plants, are those that have tissues specialized for transport of water and the substances dissolved in it. Furthermore, with the exception of ferns and fern allies, higher plants have flowers, cones, or other structures that produce seeds. The key below allows you to choose one of four major groups in which to begin your search for the identity of your plant. If your plant is not a pteridophyte or gymnosperm, you can determine its family in the “Flowering Plant Families” section. Then proceed to the “Flowering Plant Species” section (p. 68) to find its species name. Keep in mind that some families or genera will key out several places because of the diversity of their members. The index will show these multiple entries and also have an alphabetical list of common family names. An (M) after a family name indicates that it is a monocotyledon: those families are found in the latter part of the manual.

KEY TO MAJOR PLANT GROUPS 1a Plant without flowers or cones, and not producing seeds (some species have conelike structures, but these plants, unlike cone-bearing trees, are not woody) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ferns and Fern Allies (Pteridophytes) (p. 26) 1b Plant with flowers or cones, and producing seeds 2a Leaves needlelike or scalelike; plant without flowers, but bearing cones (pollen-producing cone relatively small, short-lived; seed-producing cone, woody, leathery, or slightly fleshy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cone-bearing Plants (Gymnosperms) (p. 34) 2b Leaves usually not needlelike or scalelike; plant with flowers, but these sometimes lack petals, sepals, or both (in Betulaceae, the seed-producing catkins become woody and resemble cones) 3a Stem woody throughout, usually gray or brown (plant usually at least 50 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flowering Plants, Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines (p. 39) 3b Stem not woody above the base, usually green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flowering Plants, Herbaceous Plants (p. 50)

25

NONFLOWERING PLANT SPECIES AND FAMILIES FERNS AND FERN ALLIES (PTERIDOPHYTES) Pteridophytes do not have flowers or seeds. Some or all of their leaves, or a specialized portion of a single leaf on a plant, bear structures called “sporangia” (fig.). These are often clustered, forming sori; the sori may be protected, at least for a time, by flaps of tissue or disks called “indusia.” The function of the sporangia is to produce microscopic spores, which are eventually released and scattered by wind. Those spores that reach a suitable situation may develop into very small, short-lived plants called “prothallia” (gametophytes). These represent the sexual phase within the life cycle. Each prothallium produces a few eggs or many sperm, often both. Generally, a film of water, from rain or dew, must be present to enable the sperm to swim to the eggs, which are located in little flask-shaped structures. An egg that has been fertilized develops into a new plant of the conspicuous spore-producing phase. At first there is only one tiny leaf, one stem, and one root, but soon more leaves and roots are formed, and the young plant becomes independent from the prothallium, which then dies. Traditionally the term “fern ally” has been applied to those families of pteridophytes that do not look fernlike. The modern picture, based on research, of the evolution of this group suggests that only lycopods (Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae, and Isoëtaceae) are removed enough from “ferns” to warrant the term “fern ally.” Even horsetails (Equisetaceae) are thought to be early ferns. The distinctions among families of pteridophytes are based to some extent on the arrangements of sporangia and sori and on the form of the indusia, when these are present. 1a Leaves scalelike, grasslike, or rushlike, not compound 2a Plant rarely more than 3 cm long, floating freely on freshwater, but sometimes stranded on mud above water line (leaves scalelike, divided into 2 unequal lobes; roots hairlike, under floating stems; leaves with Anabaena azollae, a blue-green alga) 3a Plants round to elongate, up to 3 cm long and 2 cm wide; leaves 1–​3 mm long, margins with a white band 4 or more cells wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Azolla filiculoides (fig.) Waterfern; Azollaceae, Mosquito Fern or Azolla Family 3b Plants usually round, about 1 cm long; leaves less than 1 mm long, margins with a white band 1 or 2 cells wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Azolla microphylla Mexican Mosquito Fern; 4; Azollaceae, Mosquito Fern or Azolla Family 2b Plant usually more than 3 cm long, not floating freely 4a Plant rooted in mud or sand in freshwater, or slightly above waterline; leaves not scalelike and not as described in choice 4b 5a Leaves hairlike, arising along a creeping stem; spores produced in spherical structures 1–​3 mm long attached to stem (leaves 2–​10 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pilularia americana American Pillwort; Marsileaceae, Marsilea or Waterclover Family 5b Leaves quill-like with swollen bases, clustered on a slightly bulbous stem; spores produced at each leaf base in a sporangium about 10 mm long 6a Plant in deep water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isoëtes bolanderi Bolander’s Quillwort; Ma-n; Isoëtaceae, Quillwort Family 6b Plant in shallow water, becoming terrestrial

26     Ferns and Fern Allies

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leaflet

sori covered by indusia

lobe of leaf

sori not covered by indusia

sporagium

sori covered by inrolled margin of leaflet

indusium

spores single sorus Parts Partsofofa Fern a fern









3b Leaves not compound but deeply lobed 7a Leaves usually less than 8 cm long; vernal pools (leaves flexible; sporangium 5a Leaves forming a crown and with dark, reddish brown or purplish brown petinot brownish, usually entirely covered by a membrane) . . . . . . . . Isoëtes orcuttii oles; leaves of 2 types: persistent vegetative leaves, generally more than 40 cm Orcutt’s Quillwort; CC-s; Isoëtaceae, Quillwort Family long with lobesmore 5–8than mm8wide, andnottemporary (spring to summer) spore7b  Leaves usually cm long; limited to vernal pools producing about mm wide . . . . .Blechnum . sporangium spicant(fig.) 8a Leaves leaves 10–​30, with oftenlobes more than 252cm long, not. .rigid; brownish, usually covered lessFern; thanSCr-n; halfway by a membrane Deer Blechnaceae, Deer Fern Family . . . .arising . . . . . . from . . . . . a . . creeping . . . . . . . . .rhizome, . . . . . . . . .not . . . .forming . . . . . . . .a . crown, . . . . Isoëtes 5b Leaves andhowellii not with Howell’s Quillwort; Isoëtaceae, Quillwort Family dark petioles; leaves all of 1 type and all potentially spore producing, the sori 8b Leaves 5–​75, up to 20 cm long, rigid; sporangium not brownish, usually being on the undersides entirely covered by a membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isoëtes nuttallii (fig.) 6a Leaf blades leathery, theNuttall’s midribsQuillwort; not hairyIsoëtaceae, on the upper surfaces (leaf Quillwort Family lobes rounded at the tips; coastal, typically growing on ffs cli and trunks 4b Plant generally not aquatic, although some found in very wet places; leaves scalelike, . . . . . . . .that . . . . .encircle . . . . . . . .upright . . . . . . . .stem . . . . . at . . .joints . . . or Polypodium either unitedof totrees) form sheaths crowded alongscouleri branching stems that formLeather-leaf mosslike growths Fern; SCr-n; Polypodiaceae, Polypody Family 9a Plant6b mosslike; stem not or jointed, branching extensively; covering Leaf blades nothollow leathery, the midribs usually hairy onleaves the upper surfaces stem; spores produced in nearly quadrangular conelike structures; in rock crevices 7a Veins at tips of leaf lobes free, without cross connections; sori (ripe sporangia usually orange; plant turning from brown to green with rain) round; leaf lobes tapering to a point . . . . . . .Polypodium glycyrrhiza 10a Stem mostly prostrate, rooting at intervals, sometimes even near tips Polypody Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Licorice . . . . . . . .Fern; . . . . .Mo-n; . . . . . .Polypodiaceae, . . . . . . . . Selaginella wallacei (fig.) 7b At least some veins at tips of leafSelaginellaceae, lobes forming aSpikemoss network;Family sori usuLittle Clubmoss; Ma-n; allypartly oval; upright, leaf lobes usually rounded 10b Stem at least rooting only near base, where leaves do not persist . . . . . . . . . 8a . . . . .Leaf . . . . blade . . . . . .often . . . . . widest . . . . . . . at . . the . . . .base . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .Selaginella . . . . . . . . . . .bigelovii ....... Bigelow’s Spikemoss; Sn-s; Selaginellaceae, Spikemoss Family .................................. Polypodium californicum California Polypody; Polypodiaceae, Polypody Family Ferns and Fern Allies    27 FERNS

27

Aspidotis densa Dense Lace Fern Blechnum spicant Deer Fern

Cystopteris fragilis Brittle Fern

Polystichum munitum Western Sword Fern

28     Ferns and Fern Allies

Sceptridium multifidum Leather Grapefern

Azolla filiculoides Waterfern

Equisetum hyemale ssp. affine Common Scouring-rush

Isoëtes nuttallii Nuttall’s Quillwort

Selaginella wallacei Little Clubmoss Marsilea vestita Hairy Pepperwort

Ferns and Fern Allies    29



9b Plant not mosslike; stem hollow, jointed, sometimes branched at joints; leaves attached to one another, forming a sheath above each joint; spores produced in structures that resemble cones of coniferous trees; wet places, along streams, ditches, shores (stems containing silica) 11a Green stems not branched or branched only at lower nodes (reproductive conelike structures at tips of green stems) 12a Sheaths longer than wide, with a single black band, this just below teeth; cone rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equisetum laevigatum Smooth Scouring-rush; Equisetaceae, Horsetail Family 12b Most sheaths about as long as wide, with 2 black bands, one just below teeth, the other near base; cone pointed . . . . . . . . . Equisetum hyemale ssp. affine (fig.) Common Scouring-rush; Equisetaceae, Horsetail Family 11b Green stems branched in whorls at most nodes 13a Some green stems with conelike reproductive structures at tips; short-lived fertile brown stems absent (collected once near Lake Merced) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail; Equisetaceae, Horsetail Family 13b Green stems without conelike reproductive structures at tips; short-lived fertile brown stems present 14a Sterile stems usually not more than 30 cm tall; sheaths usually less than 6 mm long, with fewer than 15 teeth, these often less than 4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equisetum arvense Common Horsetail; Equisetaceae, Horsetail Family 14b Sterile stems usually more than 50 cm tall; sheaths more than 6 mm long, with more than 13 teeth, these at least 4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant Horsetail; Equisetaceae, Horsetail Family 1b Leaves not scalelike, grasslike, or rushlike, often compound 15a Leaves deeply lobed or once compound, the leaflets not deeply divided except lowest ones on Pteris cretica 16a Leaves once compound 17a Plant aquatic or on edges of drying ponds; leaflets 4, palmately arranged (leaves up to 20 cm long; leaflets wedge-shaped; petioles hairy; spores produced in egg-shaped structures attached to stem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marsilea vestita (fig.) Hairy Pepperwort; Marsileaceae, Marsilea or Waterclover Family 17b Plant terrestrial, but sometimes in wet soil; leaflets usually more than 4 and pinnately arranged 18a Leaves with 1–​5 pairs of leaflets, those at end longest; lowest leaflets often deeply lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pteris cretica Cretan Brake; Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 18b Leaves with many more than 5 pairs of leaflets, those at end usually not longest; lowest leaflets unlobed except 1 lobe at the base 19a Leaflets 2–​8 cm long; scales at base of leaf blades dense, persistent, often at least 2 mm wide, with central stripe; forest floors (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polystichum munitum (fig.) Western Sword Fern; Dryopteridaceae, Wood Fern Family 19b Leaflets 2–​6 cm long; scales at base of leaf blades few, falling early, less than 1 mm wide, not striped; at base of boulders or in crevices

30     Ferns and Fern Allies















20a Leaflets in 1 plane, more than 5 times as long as wide; sori closer to leaf margin than midvein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polystichum iimbricans ssp. curtum Narrow-leaved Sword Fern; La-s; Dryopteridaceae, Wood Fern Family 20b Leaflets twisted out of leaf plane, less than 5 times as long as wide; sori closer to leaf midvein than margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polystichum imbricans ssp. imbricans Imbricate Sword Fern; Mo-n; Dryopteridaceae, Wood Fern Family 16b Leaves not compound, but deeply lobed (sometimes lower lobe nearly separate) 21a Leaf lobes usually not toothed 22a Leaves not leathery, lobes pointed; petioles dark brown; leaves of 2 types: persistent vegetative leaves, about 40 cm long with lobes 5–​8 mm wide, and temporary (spring-summer) spore-producing leaves with lobes about 2 mm wide; wet places along coast, coastal ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blechnum spicant (fig.) Deer Fern; SCr-n; Blechnaceae, Deer Fern or Chain Fern Family 22b Leaves leathery, lobes rounded; petioles not dark brown; leaves all of 1 type, all potentially fertile; coastal, on cliffs and trunks of trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypodium scouleri (pl. 1) Leather-leaf Fern; SCr-n; Polypodiaceae, Polypody Family 21b Leaf lobes toothed (leaves usually not leathery; indusia none) 23a Leaf lobes gradually narrowing to much narrower tip; veins of leaf lobes free, without cross connections; stem licorice flavored (leaf blade usually widest well above base; coastal, often growing on plants) . . . . . . . . . . . Polypodium glycyrrhiza Licorice Fern; Mo-n; Polypodiaceae, Polypody Family 23b Leaf lobe tips about as wide as rest of lobe; some veins of leaf lobes forming a network (look at lobe nearest plant base); stem not licorice flavored 24a Leaf blade usually widest at or near base; shaded areas, not growing on plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypodium californicum California Polypody; Polypodiaceae, Polypody Family 24b Leaf blade usually widest well above the base; usually not in shade, often on plants (most common polypody) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypodium calirhiza Common Polypody; Polypodiaceae, Polypody Family 15b Leaves compound, either 2–​4 times or, if only once, leaflets deeply lobed (plant terrestrial, but sometimes in wet soil) 25a Leaves often more than 1 m long (petioles with prominent groove) 26a Leaves 2–​4 times compound; sporangia under inrolled leaflet margins; in woods (leaves arising singly from creeping underground rhizome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens (pl. 1) Western Bracken; Dennstaedtiaceae, Bracken Family 26b Leaves once compound with deeply lobed leaflets; sporangia in oblong sori arranged end-to-end in 2 rows; near streams in woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woodwardia fimbriata (pl. 1) Giant Chain Fern; Blechnaceae, Deer Fern or Chain Fern Family 25b Leaves much less than 1 m long 27a Ultimate leaflets somewhat fan-shaped (leaves 2–​4 times compound; petioles blackish, polished; sori under inrolled leaflet margins; moist shaded areas) 28a Stalk of most leaflets attached to center of blade; petiole pinnately branched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adiantum jordanii California Maidenhair; Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family

Ferns and Fern Allies    31













28b Stalk of most leaflets attached to side of blade; petiole palmately branched (sometimes on serpentine soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adiantum aleuticum (pl. 1) Fivefinger Fern; Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 27b Ultimate leaflets not fan-shaped 29a Undersides of leaves granular or powdery (leaf blades less than 10 cm long, usually 2–​3 times compound; sporangia along veins; indusia none; widespread) 30a Leaves either granular and green, or powdery and golden on undersides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentagramma triangularis Goldback Fern; Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 30b Leaves granular and whitish on underside . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentagramma pallida Silverback Fern; Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 29b Undersides of leaves not granular or powdery, but sometimes with scales or hairy 31a Leaves either with scales on undersides and sometimes also on upper surfaces, or surfaces hairy (leaves usually 2 or 3 times compound; indusia none; petioles dark; uncommon, below 3000 ft; cliffs, rocky slopes) 32a Leaves hairy, without scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cheilanthes cooperae Cooper’s Lip Fern; La-s; Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 32b Leaves with scales, but not hairy 33a Lobes of scales threadlike; leaf blades not triangular, not widest at bases (scales usually not striped, not completely covering leaflets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cheilanthes gracillima Lace Lip Fern; SCl-n; Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 33b Lobes of scales mostly not threadlike; leaf blades often triangular, widest at bases 34a Scales usually not striped, covering most of undersides of leaflets; upper surfaces of leaflets without scales . . . . . . . . Cheilanthes covillei Coville’s Lip Fern; Me-s Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 34b Scales usually striped, confined to the central portions of leaflets; upper surfaces of at least some leaflets with scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cheilanthes intertexta Coastal Lip Fern; Mo-n Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 31b Leaves without scales and not hairy, except sometimes on the veins 35a Each mature plant annually producing 1 leaf, this further divided into a vegetative portion and a branching structure bearing globular sporangia; young leaves not coiled (vegetative portion persisting for another year; in sphagnum bogs and wet meadows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sceptridium multifidum [Botrychium multifidum] (fig.) Leather Grapefern; Mo-n; Ophioglossaceae, Adder’s-tongue Family 35b Leaves not divided into 2 different portions, all mature leaves with sporangia; young leaves coiled 36a Leaves once compound, except division closest to petiole sometimes divided again (petioles with scales; indusia hairy, rounded; leaflets 4–​7 cm long; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polystichum californicum California Shield Fern; SCr-n; Dryopteridaceae, Wood Fern Family 36b At least lower part of leaf blades 2–​4 times compound, sometimes only once in Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum

32     Ferns and Fern Allies



















37a Leaf blades at least twice as long as wide (leaflets pointed, with a bristle at tip) 38a Petioles dark brown, without scales or only a few, these at the bases; sporangia under inrolled leaf margins; indusia none; cliffs, rocky slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pellaea mucronata Bird’s-foot Fern; Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 38b Petioles dark at base, lighter above, with scales most of their length; sporangia along veins; indusia hairy, rounded; coastal forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polystichum dudleyi Dudley’s Shield Fern; SLO-n Dryopteridaceae, Wood Fern Family 37b Leaf blades less than twice as long as wide 39a Petioles with many scales especially at bases; leaflets often with a bristle at tips (petioles dark at base, lighter above; sporangia along veins; indusia not hairy; leaflets pointed) 40a At least lower part of leaf blades 3 times compound; scales at base of petioles brown with a darker stripe (cool, moist woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryopteris expansa Northern Wood Fern; SM-n Dryopteridaceae, Wood Fern Family 40b Lower part of leaf blades 2 times compound; scales not striped (indusia horseshoe-shaped) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryopteris arguta (pl. 1) Coastal Wood Fern; Dryopteridaceae, Wood Fern Family 39b Petioles without scales or only a few, these at bases; leaflets without a bristle at tips 41a Sporangia along veins; indusia present (leaf blades widest near middle; petioles dark at base, lighter above) 42a Leaves usually less than 30 cm long, delicate, leaflet tips rounded; indusia hoodlike; mostly in rock crevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cystopteris fragilis (fig.) Brittle Fern, Fragile Fern; Woodsiaceae, Cliff Fern Family 42b Leaves usually at least 30 cm long, not delicate, leaflets pointed at tips; indusia usually horseshoe-shaped; not limited to rocky habitats; moist woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum [A. filix-femina var. californicum] (pl. 1) Western Lady Fern; SLO-n Woodsiaceae, Cliff Fern Family 41b Sporangia either along leaf margins or concentrated near tips of leaflets; indusia none 43a Petioles light brown; leaflets rounded at tips (sporangia under inrolled leaf margins; smallest leaflets usually more than 6 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . Pellaea andromedifolia Coffee Fern Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family

Ferns and Fern Allies    33







43b Petioles dark brown; leaflets pointed at tips (crevices. rocky slopes) 44a Smallest leaflets often more than 3 times as long as wide, not lobed; sporangia along margins of smallest leaflets (often on serpentine) . . . . . Aspidotis densa (fig.) Dense Lace Fern; SLO-n Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family 44b Smallest leaflets less than 3 times as long as wide, lobed; sporangia concentrated near tips of leaflet lobes (Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aspidotis californica California Lace Fern Pteridaceae, Brake or Maidenhair Fern Family

CONE-BEARING PLANTS (GYMNOSPERMS) Gymnosperms produce seeds, but they do not have flowers. The name of the group, meaning “naked seed,” alludes to the fact that the seeds are not enclosed by a structure fully comparable to the fruit of a flowering plant. They are, in fact, generally exposed, at least by the time they are mature. Although there are exceptions with respect to this point, it is rarely difficult to decide whether a plant is or is not a gymnosperm. Most gymnosperms—​and all of our native species—​have needlelike or scalelike leaves of types that are not often encountered among flowering plants. In all of our native gymnosperms other than Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew), Torreya californica (California-nutmeg), and Juniperus californica (California Juniper), the seeds are produced in cones that become woody when they mature. Each cone consists of several to many scales, and it is on the surface of these scales that the seeds develop. In junipers, the scales are fleshy and so tightly fused together that the conelike structure is not immediately apparent. In the Pacific Yew, a single seed develops within a shallow cup; and in California-nutmeg, the seed becomes completely enclosed and the fleshy covering superficially resembles the fruit of an olive. 1a Leaves scalelike, except on very small seedlings, on which they may be needlelike 2a Leaves in whorls of 3; seed cones somewhat succulent and on separate trees from pollen cones (seed cone 1–​1.5 cm wide, covered with whitish deposit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juniperus californica (pl. 2) California Juniper; Cupressaceae, Cypress Family 2b Leaves in pairs or whorls of 4; seed cones woody when mature and on same tree as pollen cones 3a Leaves in whorls of 4; branchlets flattened; unopened cone about twice as long as wide; cone scales 6, without bumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calocedrus decurrens (fig.) Incense-cedar; Cupressaceae, Cypress Family 3b Leaves in pairs; branchlets cordlike, not flattened; unopened cone nearly globular; cone scales 6–​12, with prominent bumps

34     Cone-bearing Plants

Abies concolor White Fir

Abies grandis Grand Fir

Calocedrus decurrens Incense-cedar

Pinus attenuata Knobcone Pine

Cone-bearing Plants    35

Pinus lambertiana Sugar Pine

Pinus coulteri Coulter’s Pine

Pinus ponderosa var. pacifica Pacific Ponderosa Pine

Pinus radiata Monterey Pine

36     Cone-bearing Plants

Pinus sabiniana Foothill Pine



4a Upper surfaces of older leaves with a resin pit and usually coated with resin, but sometimes not visible in Hesperocyparis sargentii 5a Bumps on cone scales low and conical; mountains near coast (often on serpentine soils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperocyparis sargentii [Cupressus sargentii] (pl. 1) Sargent’s Cypress; Me-s; Cupressaceae, Cypress Family 5b Bumps on cone scales, especially those of end pair, elongated and curved; inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperocyparis macnabiana [Cupressus macnabiana] McNab’s Cypress; Sn-n; Cupressaceae, Cypress Family 4b Upper surfaces of older leaves without a resin pit or coating of resin (cones 20–​32 mm long) 6a Top of tree usually flattened or rounded; often more than 20 m tall; native to Monterey County, but often planted elsewhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperocyparis macrocarpa [Cupressus macrocarpa] (pl. 2) Monterey Cypress; 1b; Cupressaceae, Cypress Family 6b Top of tree conical; up to 7 m tall; Santa Cruz Mountains, not commonly cultivated (above 1200 ft, redwood or cypress forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperocyparis abramsiana var. butanoensis [Cupressus abramsiana var. butanoensis] San Mateo Cypress; SM; 1b; Cupressaceae, Cypress Family 1b Leaves needlelike 7a Needles usually in bundles of 2, 3, or 5 (base of bundle wrapped in a sheath; pollen and seed cones on same tree) 8a Needles in bundles of 2 (cone lopsided; cone scales spinelike at tips, eroding with age) 9a Cones up to about 10 cm long, usually closed at maturity; needles 5–​15 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus muricata (pl. 2) Bishop’s Pine; Pinaceae, Pine Family 9b Cones less than 6 cm long, open at maturity; needles 2–​9 cm long (coastal dunes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus contorta ssp. contorta Shore Pine; Pinaceae, Pine Family 8b Needles usually in bundles of 3 or 5 10a Needles in bundles of 5 (needles 5–​11 cm long; cones 2–​6 cm long, open at maturity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus lambertiana (fig.) Sugar Pine; Pinaceae, Pine Family 10b Needles in bundles of 3 11a Cones 15–​35 cm long; needles 9–​38 cm long (cones open at maturity in 2–​3 years) 12a Needles gray-green, not drooping; foliage dense; cones 20–​35 cm long, yellow-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus coulteri (fig.) Coulter’s Pine; Pinaceae, Pine Family 12b Needles blue-green, drooping; foliage not dense; cones 15–​25 cm long, dull brown (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus sabiniana (fig.) Foothill Pine, Gray Pine; Pinaceae, Pine Family 11b Cones 6–​18 cm long; needles 12–​26 cm long 13a Needles 12–​26 cm long; cones open at maturity (cone scales spinelike at tips, eroding with age); Coast Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus ponderosa var. pacifica (fig.) Pacific Ponderosa Pine; Pinaceae, Pine Family 13b Needles 6–​16 cm long; cones opening if exposed to fire or prolonged dry, hot weather

Cone-bearing Plants    37















14a Cone about twice as long as wide; cone scales spinelike at tips, eroding with age (mountains inland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pinus attenuata (fig.) Knobcone Pine; SCL-n; Pinaceae, Pine Family 14b Cone less than twice as long as wide; cone scales not spinelike (native to San Mateo County and south, but widely planted) . . . . . Pinus radiata (fig.) Monterey Pine; Pinaceae, Pine Family 7b Needles arising individually, not in bundles 15a Needles usually notched at tips (needles less than 5 cm long, on both sides of twigs; cones upright, 8–​15 cm long, restricted to upper branches, and falling apart at maturity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abies grandis (fig.) Grand Fir; Sn-n; Pinaceae, Pine Family 15b Needles not notched at the tips 16a Needles with sharply pointed tips 17a Needles 5–​25 mm long, dark green on both surfaces; seed-producing cones woody, 13–​35 mm long, on trees with pollen cones; often at least 15 m tall, sometimes up to 100 m (native to coastal areas, but widely planted elsewhere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sequoia sempervirens (pl. 2) Coast Redwood; Cupressaceae, Cypress Family 17b Needles 10–​80 mm long, dark green on upper surfaces, either yellow-green or with 3 green lines and 2 white lines on undersides; seed-producing cones fleshy and 1 seeded, on separate trees from pollen cones; rarely 15 m tall 18a Needles 25–​80 mm long, with 3 green lines and 2 white lines on undersides; seed enclosed in a green or purple-streaked, fruitlike covering 25–​45 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torreya californica (pl. 2) California-nutmeg; Me-Mo, Taxaceae, Yew Family 18b Needles 10–​29 mm long, yellow-green on undersides; seed partly enclosed in a red cup about 10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxus brevifolia (pl. 2) Pacific Yew; SCr-n; Taxaceae, Yew Family 16b Needles blunt or rounded at tips, not sharply pointed 19a Needles of 2 sizes, some about 10 mm long, others about 15 mm long; cones 12–​ 25 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tsuga heterophylla (pl. 2) Western Hemlock; Sn-n; Pinaceae, Pine Family 19b Needles more or less equal, 20–​40 mm long; cones at least 50 mm long 20a Cones hanging down, not limited to upper branches, scales alternating with 3–​pronged bracts; needles 20–​40 mm long, on both sides of twigs; near sea level to 5000 ft (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir; Mo-n; Pinaceae, Pine Family 20b Cones upright, only on upper branches, without 3-pronged bracts; needles 30–​90 mm long, mostly on tops of twigs; 3000 ft and higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abies concolor (fig.) White Fir; Pinaceae, Pine Family

38     Cone-bearing Plants

FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES TREES, SHRUBS, AND WOODY VINES (NON-CONIFERS) 1a Woody vines 2a Stem spiny or prickly except in Rubus ulmifolius var. anoplothyrus 3a Leaves not compound, some modified as tendrils; flower with 6 equal, green perianth segments; fruit fleshy, but not an aggregate (staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smilax californica Greenbrier; Na-n; Smilacaceae, Smilax Family (M) 3b Leaves compound, none modified as tendrils; flower with 5 white or red petals and 5 green sepals; fruit fleshy, an aggregate of separate fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus Rosaceae, Rose Family 2b Stem not spiny or prickly 4a At least some leaves compound (caution: Toxicodendron diversilobum, may cause a skin rash! Do not touch!) 5a Leaves alternate; fruit white, without a feathery style; sepals and petals present, yellow-green (widespread; touching this plant—​even the stem—​may cause a serious skin rash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toxicodendron diversilobum (pl. 3) Western Poison-oak; Anacardiaceae, Sumac Family 5b Leaves opposite; fruit brown, with a persistent, feathery style more than 2 cm long; petals absent; sepals white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clematis Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 4b Leaves not compound (flower with a single pistil) 6a Leaves whorled (stem 4 sided; sepals absent; ovary inferior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium Rubiaceae, Madder Family 6b Leaves not whorled 7a Leaves opposite (corolla tubular, cream, yellow, pink, or purple; fruit red) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera Caprifoliaceae, Honeysuckle Family 7b Leaves alternate 8a Leaf blades entire (flower 20–​40 mm long, solitary in leaf axils; perianth irregular, resembling the bowl of a smoker’s pipe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aristolochia californica (pl. 4) Dutchman’s-pipe, Pipevine; Mo-n; Aristolochiaceae, Pipevine Family 8b Leaf blades usually lobed, at least on juvenile stems 9a Flowers white or green, in umbels (plant with white or red-orange hairs; stem leaves up to 35 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hedera Araliaceae, Ginseng Family 9b Flowers yellow, not in umbels (leaves usually lobed and sometimes toothed) 10a Flowers both sessile and in composite heads like those of a thistle; leaf blades with 5–​9 lobes; calyx absent; fruit an achene (very invasive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delairea odorata [Senecio mikanioides] Cape-ivy, German-ivy; af; Asteraceae, Sunflower Family 10b Flowers not both sessile and in composite heads like those of a thistle; leaf blades with 0–​5 lobes; calyx present; fruit fleshy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vitis californica California Wild Grape; SLO-n; Vitaceae, Grape Family

Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines    39

1b Trees or shrubs 11a Leaves opposite or in whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trees and Shrubs, Group 1 11b Leaves alternate 12a Flowers both sessile and in composite heads like those of a daisy, thistle, or dandelion; fruit an achene; often with a pappus consisting of bristles or scales; leaves without stipules; drying flower heads, helpful in identification, often persist well into fall and winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trees and Shrubs, Group 2 Asteraceae, Sunflower Family 12b Flowers not in composite heads as described in choice 12a 13a At least some leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trees and Shrubs, Group 3 13b Leaves not compound 14a Plant with thorns, prickles, or spines 15a Leaves palmately lobed or toothed (usually deciduous; flowers in clusters of 1–​ 5 in leaf axils; sepals petal-like, usually longer than petals; fruit a berry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes Grossulariaceae, Gooseberry Family 15b Leaves not palmately lobed or toothed 16a Leaves stiff or leathery (evergreen) 17a Leaves needlelike, becoming spiny; flowers bisexual; corolla irregular, pealike, 15–​18 mm long, yellow; fruit a pod, green . . . . . Ulex europaeus Gorse, Furze; eu; Fabaceae, Pea Family 17b Leaves not needlelike, except teeth; flowers pistillate or staminate and on separate plants; corolla regular, less than 5 mm long, white or yellow; fruit not a pod, red 18a Leaves 2.5–​6 cm long; petals white; sepals green, not arching over stamens; fruit 7–​8 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ilex aquifolium English Holly; eu; Aquifoliaceae, Holly Family 18b Leaves 1.5–​5 cm long; petals absent; sepals yellow, arching over stamens; fruit 4–​8 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhamnus Rhamnaceae, Buckthorn Family 16b Leaves not stiff or leathery 19a At least some leaves lobed (corolla white or blue-purple; stamens 5; fruit a yellow or orange berry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum lanceolatum, Solanum marginatum Solanaceae, Nightshade Family 19b Leaves not lobed, sometimes toothed 20a Leaves toothed (stamens usually more than 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosaceae, Rose Family 20b Leaves not toothed 21a Leaves up to 2 cm long; corolla irregular, lavender-red; stamens 10; fruit green; flowers in leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alhagi maurorum [A. pseudalhagi] Camelthorn; as; Fabaceae, Pea Family 21b Leaves 2.5–​5 cm long; corolla regular, white; stamens 20; fruit red; flowers at branch ends . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyracantha angustifolia Slender Firethorn, Woolly Firethorn; as; Rosaceae, Rose Family

40     Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines



















14b Plant without thorns, prickles, or spines 22a At least some leaves palmately lobed 23a Leaf lobes not toothed (leaves with star-shaped hairs; stipules present) 24a Leaf blades 10–​25 cm wide; deciduous; flowers in hanging globular heads; bark smooth, pale, with a pattern (usually near water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platanus racemosa (fig.) Western Sycamore; Platanaceae, Sycamore Family 24b Leaf blades 1–​7 cm wide; evergreen; flower solitary in leaf axils; bark densely hairy, dark (flower 3–​5 cm wide, the petals absent, sepals yellow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fremontodendron californicum (pl. 18) Flannelbush, Fremontia; Malvaceae, Mallow Family 23b Leaf lobes toothed 25a Leaf blades 10–​50 cm wide; pistillate flowers above the staminate (petals absent; sepals less than 1 cm long; leaves not hairy; fruit with spinelike outgrowths; very poisonous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ricinus communis Castor-bean; eu; Euphorbiaceae, Spurge Family 25b Leaf blades not more than 12 cm wide; flowers bisexual 26a Leaves without stipules; ovary inferior (leaves deciduous; fruit fleshy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes Grossulariaceae, Gooseberry Family 26b Leaves with stipules, these sometimes deciduous; ovary superior 27a Leaves evergreen, with star-shaped hairs; filaments fused into a column; petals often not white (leaf lobes shallow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malvaceae, Mallow Family 27b Leaves deciduous, if hairy, without star-shaped hairs; filaments not fused; petals white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physocarpus capitatus, Rubus parviflorus Rosaceae, Rose Family 22b Leaves either pinnately lobed or not lobed 28a Fruit a nut more than 1 cm long; staminate flowers in catkins, pistillate flowers solitary or in small clusters 29a Nut either enclosed within a spiny bur or set into a scaly cup; leaves usually tough (look on or under the tree for spiny burs, acorns, or scaly cups) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fagaceae, Oak Family 29b Nut enclosed by a pair of united, somewhat papery bracts; leaves not tough (stigmas bright red; leaves 5–​6 cm long, coarsely toothed, and with a notch at the base) . . . . . . Corylus cornuta ssp. californica (C. cornuta var. californica) (fig.) California Hazelnut; Betulaceae, Birch Family 28b Fruit not a nut and at least 1 cm long; flowers either not in catkins, or both pistillate and staminate flowers in catkins 30a Leaves deciduous; flowers 1–​2 mm long, in staminate and pistillate catkins on different plants; seeds covered with cottony hairs (look for catkins and seeds around plant on the ground) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salicaceae, Willow Family 30b Plant not in every respect as In choice 30a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trees and Shrubs, Group 4

Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines    41

Trees and Shrubs, Group 1 Leaves opposite or whorled 1a At least some leaves compound, with 3 or more completely separate leaflets 2a Leaves palmately compound with 5–​7 leaflets; inflorescence 10–​20 cm long (leaflets 6–​17 cm long; petals white or rose, 12–​18 mm long; fruit a leathery ball, 5–​8 cm long; widespread; very toxic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aesculus californica California Buckeye; Sapindaceae, Soapberry Family 2b Leaves pinnately compound with 3–​9 leaflets; inflorescence less than 10 cm long 3a Leaflets with 3–​5 lobes, these toothed; fruit dry, consisting of 2 winged halves (pistillate and staminate flowers on different plants) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acer negundo (fig.) Boxelder; Sapindaceae, Soapberry Family 3b Leaflets not lobed, usually toothed; fruit not consisting of 2 winged halves 4a Flowers in leaf axils, sometimes unisexual; corolla consisting of 2 white petals or absent; leaflets 2–​11 cm long; fruit dry, winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fraxinus Oleaceae, Olive Family 4b Flowers at stem ends, bisexual; corolla 5 lobed, white or cream; leaflets 3–​20 cm long; fruit a fleshy berry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sambucus Adoxaceae, Muskroot Family 1b Leaves not compound 5a Corolla irregular (corolla more than 5 mm long; upper leaves often reduced) 6a Leaves with a strong minty odor; stem 4 sided; stamens 2 or 4, all with anthers; fruit consisting of 4 nutlets (corolla white, pale lavender, or pink; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepechinia calycina, Salvia mellifera Lamiaceae, Mint Family 6b Leaves without a strong minty odor; stem rounded; stamens 2, 4, or 5, sometimes 1 without an anther; fruit a capsule 7a Corolla dull orange (widespread on dry hillsides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus aurantiacus Bush Monkeyflower, Sticky Monkeyflower; Phrymaceae, Lopseed Family 7b Corolla not dull orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon, Keckiella Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 5b Corolla regular 8a Branches ending in stout thorns (leaves leathery, not hairy, with irregular teeth if any; petioles 2–​3 mm long; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants; petals absent; fruit 5–​8 mm long, purple-black; streambanks, in canyons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forestiera pubescens [F. neomexicana] (fig.) Desert Olive; CC-s; Oleaceae, Olive Family 8b Branches not ending in thorns 9a Leaves palmately lobed with 5 lobes, the lobes often with irregular teeth (leaf blades usually more than 10 cm wide; flowers green; fruit dry, consisting of 2 winged halves; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acer macrophyllum (fig.) Big-leaved Maple; Sapindaceae, Soapberry Family 9b Leaves not lobed, sometimes toothed 10a Leaves toothed 11a Leaf usually with 3, sometimes 5, prominent veins originating at the base of the blade (leaves hairy, glandular; deciduous; flowers many in each cyme; ovary inferior; fruit 10–​12 mm long, red, berrylike, toxic; chaparral, pine forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viburnum ellipticum Oval-leaved Viburnum; CC, Sn-n; Adoxaceae, Muskroot Family 11b Leaf with only 1 prominent vein, the midrib

42     Trees and Shrubs, Group 1













12a Leaves usually not more than 3 cm long, stiff; evergreen (petals separate) 13a Flowers 1–​3 in each cluster; petals 4, red-brown; branchlets ridged (above 2000 ft; shaded areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paxistima myrsinites Oregon Boxwood; Ma-n; Celastraceae, Staff-tree Family 13b Flowers many in each cluster; petals 5, white or some shade of blue or lavender; branchlets sometimes ridged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus Rhamnaceae, Buckthorn Family 12b Leaves 3.5–​30 cm long, not stiff; normally deciduous (leaves 4–​30 cm long) 14a Flowers many in elongated panicles; petals usually 4, up to 13 mm long, united, lilac to purple, often with an orange throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buddleja davidii Summer Lilac, Butterfly-bush; as; Scrophulariaceae, Figwort Family 14b Flowers 1–​3 in leaf axils; petals 5, 1 mm long, separate, purple-brown (seeds orange, adhering to fruit; woods, moist ravines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euonymus occidentalis Western Burningbush; Mo-n; Celastraceae, Staff-tree Family 10b Leaves not toothed 15a Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants, in drooping catkins 5–​20 cm long, pistillate ones persisting for months (leaves leathery, 1–​10 cm long; evergreen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garryaceae, Silk-tassel Family 15b Stamens and pistils present in all flowers, these not in catkins 16a Leaves with a spicy or pungent odor when crushed (leaves 5.5–​30 cm long) 17a Leaves green, less than 3 times as long as wide, with a spicy aroma; perianth segments many, deep red . . . . . . . . . . . Calycanthus occidentalis Spicebush, Sweetshrub; Na-n,e; Calycanthaceae, Spicebush Family 17b Leaves often gray-green, more than 3 times as long as wide, with a pungent aroma; perianth segments soon deciduous . . . . . . . . Eucalyptus Myrtaceae, Myrtle Family 16b Leaves without a spicy or pungent odor when crushed 18a Leaves with 3–​7 pairs of prominent secondary veins (leaves 2–​12 cm long, hairy, not more than twice as long as wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cornaceae, Dogwood Family 18b Leaves without 3–​7 pairs of prominent secondary veins 19a Leaves usually not more than 3 cm long (petals 5) 20a Leaves stiff, evergreen; petals separate, white or pale blue; flowers many in each cluster; fruit dark . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus Rhamnaceae, Buckthorn Family 20b Leaves not stiff, deciduous; petals united, white or pink; flowers 2–​16 in each cluster; fruit white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symphoricarpos Caprifoliaceae, Honeysuckle Family 19a Leaves usually more than 3 cm long 21a Flowers in dense, spherical heads 1–​3 cm wide (corolla 7–​8 mm long, white or pale yellow, 4 lobed; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cephalanthus occidentalis [C. occidentalis var. californicus] (fig.) California Button-bush, California Button-willow; Na-n; Rubiaceae, Madder Family 21b Flowers not in dense, spherical heads

Trees and Shrubs, Group 1    43





22a Flowers many, in elongated panicles at stem ends (petals usually 4, up to 13 mm long, united, lilac to purple, often with an orange throat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buddleja davidii Summer Lilac, Butterfly-bush; as; Scrophulariaceae, Figwort Family 22b Flowers 1–​11, in leaf axils or stem ends (petals 5; leaves 3–​12 cm long) 23a Petals yellow, united, forming a tube; deciduous (fruit red or black) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera Caprifoliaceae, Honeysuckle Family 23b Petals rose or purple, often with red or yellow at their bases, separate; evergreen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cistus Cistaceae, Rockrose Family

Trees and Shrubs, Group 2 Leaves alternate; flowers both sessile and in composite heads like those of a daisy, thistle, or dandelion; fruit an achene, often with a pappus consisting of bristles or scales; stipules absent; drying flower heads, helpful in identification, often persist well into fall and winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asteraceae, Sunflower Family 1a Flowers primarily of the disk-flower type; rays, if present, inconspicuous 2a Corolla white (flower heads in clusters of several to many; pappus of bristles) 3a Involucre 10–​12 mm high; most flowers with a pistil and stamens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brickellia californica California Brickell-bush 3b Involucre 3–​6 mm high; pistillate and staminate heads on separate plants 4a Larger leaves up to 15 cm long, with small teeth if any, and with 1–​3 prominent veins; moist habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baccharis salicifolia [B. viminea] Mulefat, Seep-willow 4b Leaves not more than 4 cm long, usually with prominent teeth, and with 3 prominent veins; dry habitats (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baccharis pilularis Coyotebrush, Chaparral-broom 2b Corolla yellow 5a Basal leaves much larger than stem leaves (basal leaves densely hairy when young, about 10 mm long; upper leaves scalelike, 2–​3 mm long, scarcely hairy; in washes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidospartum squamatum Scalebroom, Nevada Broomshrub; SCl-s 5b Some stem leaves nearly as large as basal leaves 6a Flower head solitary at ends of branches, these usually at least 3 cm long (leaves scarcely hairy if at all; pappus of 5–​8 scales; bark of older stem grayish or whitish, shredding; inland hillsides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eastwoodia elegans Yellow Mock Aster; Al-s, e 6b Flower heads many, either in elongated racemes, or in spreading panicles, these often 10–​15 cm wide 7a Flower heads in elongated racemes, these 1–​2 cm wide; rays absent; pappus absent (leaves grayish, with matted hairs; widespread) . . . . . . . Artemisia californica California Sagebrush; Ma, Na-s 7b Flower heads in spreading panicles, these often 10–​15 cm wide; small rays sometimes present; pappus of bristles

44     Trees and Shrubs, Group 2



8a Pappus of scales; leaf margins rolled under; leaves sometimes lobed (leaves 2–​ 7 cm long, densely hairy at least on the undersides; coastal bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum staechadifolium Seaside Lizardtail, Seaside Woolly Sunflower; SCr-Me 8b Pappus of bristles; leaf margins not rolled under; leaves entire (phyllaries ridged on back) 9a Involucre 8–​12 mm high, straw colored; leaves 1–​3 cm long (plant with a strong odor; on Mount Hamilton) . . . . Ericameria nauseosa var. mohavensis [Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. mohavensis] Mohave Rabbitbrush; SCl(MH)-s 9b Involucre 4–​5 mm high, brown; leaves 3–​9 cm long (inland; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericameria arborescens [Haplopappus arborescens] Golden-fleece 1b Flower head with both ray flowers and disk flowers; rays not inconspicuous (rays completely or partly yellow, yellow-green, orange, or red) 10a Leaves neither toothed, lobed, nor compound 11a Leaves sticky, glandular, usually without nonglandular hairs, up to 5 cm long; pappus of 10–​12 scales (rays 4–​13, 2–​7 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gutierrezia californica California Matchweed, San Joaquin Matchweed; SFBR-n + e 11b Leaves not sticky or glandular, sometimes with nonglandular hairs, usually less than 5 cm long; pappus of bristles 12a Rays 2–​6, 6–​8 mm long; leaves 3–​18 mm long and about 1 mm wide, in clusters; backshores of beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericameria ericoides [Haplopappus ericoides] (fig.) Mock-heather 12b Rays 12–​18, 9–​20 mm long; leaves 10–​55 mm long and up to 2.5 mm wide, not in clusters; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericameria linearifolia [Haplopappus linearifolius] Interior Goldenbush; La-s 10b At least some leaves toothed, lobed, or compound 13a Phyllaries glandular, the heads very sticky; leaves usually toothed, scarcely hairy if at all (rays 16–​56, 12–​25 mm long; borders of salt marshes, seaside bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia stricta var. angustifolia Marsh Gumplant 13b Phyllaries not glandular, the heads not sticky; leaves usually lobed or compound, densely hairy on 1 or both surfaces at least when young 14a Rays 10–​20 mm long; pappus of bristles (involucre more than 5 mm wide; flower heads in clusters of 3–​20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii [S. douglasii] Douglas’ Threadleaf Ragwort; Me-s 14b Rays 2–​10 mm long; pappus absent or 1–​15 scales less than 1.5 mm long 15a Flower head mostly solitary, each on a peduncle at least 2 cm long (rays 5–​8, 6–​ 10 mm long, orange yellow; involucre 4–​7 mm high; sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum jepsonii Jepson’s Woolly Sunflower; CC-SB 15b Flower heads in clusters of 5 or more, each head on a peduncle not more than 2.5 cm long 16a Rays 6–​13, 6–​10 mm long; leaf margins not rolled under (oak woodland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum latilobum San Mateo Woolly Sunflower; SM; 1b

Trees and Shrubs, Group 2    45



16b Rays 4–​9, 2–​5 mm long; leaf margins rolled under 17a Rays 4–​6; leaves 1–​5 cm long; heads 3–​30 in each cluster; dry slopes in Coast Ranges (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum confertiflorum (pl. 6) Inland Lizardtail, Golden-yarrow 17b Rays 6–​9; leaves 3–​7 cm long; heads 5–​15 in each cluster; coastal bluffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum staechadifolium Seaside Lizardtail, Seaside Woolly Sunflower; SCr-Me

Trees and Shrubs, Group 3 Leaves alternate, at least some compound; flowers not both sessile and in composite heads 1a Plant with thorns or prickles 2a Plant without prickles along the stem, but with branches modified as thorns; corolla redpurple, irregular, pealike; leaves nearly sessile, evergreen; leaflets 1–​2 cm long; fruit green (corolla 15–​18 mm long; chaparral) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pickeringia montana Chaparral Pea; Me-s; Fabaceae, Pea Family 2b Plant with prickles along the stem, and sometimes with thorns; corolla pink to red-purple, regular; leaves not sessile, deciduous; leaflets often more than 2 cm long; fruit yellow or red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosaceae, Rose Family 1b Plant without thorns or prickles, but the stipules spinelike in Robinia (Fabaceae) 3a Most leaves with 3 leaflets, sometimes with an additional pair of leaflets or lobes 4a Leaflets shallowly lobed or with prominent teeth (corolla regular; leaves deciduous; caution: touching Toxicodendron diversilobum may cause a serious skin rash) 5a Leaves without stipules; fruit pulpy, white or orange-red, 2–​8 mm long; corolla green or yellow, 2–​5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toxicodendron diversilobum, Rhus Anacardiaceae, Sumac Family 5b Leaves with stipules; fruit raspberrylike, yellow or red, 15–​20 mm long; corolla deep pink to purple-red, 10–​15 mm long (moist places) . . . . . . . . . . Rubus spectabilis (pl. 27) Salmonberry; SCl-Sn; Rosaceae, Rose Family 4b Leaflets not lobed, sometimes with fine teeth 6a Leaves with a prominent citrus odor when crushed; corolla regular, pale green; fruit winged, not a pod (central leaflet larger than other 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ptelea crenulata Hoptree; SCl-n; Rutaceae, Rue Family 6b Leaves without a prominent citrus odor when crushed; corolla irregular, pealike, mostly yellow; fruit not winged, a pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabaceae, Pea Family 3b Most leaves on plant with more than 3 leaflets 7a Leaves and fruit smelling peppery when crushed (leaves pinnately compound; leaflets 15–​30, 1–​6 cm long; fruit about 5 mm wide, red) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schinus molle Peruvian Peppertree; sa; Anacardiaceae, Sumac Family 7b Leaves and fruit not smelling peppery when crushed 8a Leaves palmately or pinnately compound; leaflets entire . . . . . . . Fabaceae, Pea Family 8b Leaves pinnately compound; leaflets with at least some teeth 9a Teeth spine tipped; flowers bisexual (leaves 9–​45 cm long, with 7–​23 leaflets; corolla yellow; fruit blue, powdery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Berberis Berberidaceae, Barberry Family 9b Teeth not spine-tipped; flowers unisexual (leaflets 8–​13 cm long)

46     Trees and Shrubs, Group 3







10a Leaflets with a few coarse teeth near their bases; fruit winged, not leathery; leaflets 13–​25; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven; as; Simaroubaceae, Quassia Family 10b Leaflet finely toothed around most of margins; fruit rounded, leathery; leaflets 11–​19; pistillate and staminate flowers on same plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juglans hindsii [J. californica var. hindsii]; 1b (pl. 16) Northern California Black Walnut; Na, CC; Juglandaceae, Walnut Family

Trees and Shrubs, Group 4 Leaves alternate, not compound; plant without thorns, prickles, or spines; flowers not both sessile and in composite heads 1a Blades of most leaves at least 3 times as long as wide, sometimes 4 or 5 times, or leaves absent in Spartium junceum 2a Most leaves regularly toothed, sometimes entire in Eriodictyon californicum (evergreen) 3a Young branches and usually upper surfaces of leaves sticky; corolla white or purple 1–​ 1.5 cm long, tubular with 5 lobes (styles 2; leaves 4–​15 cm long, often blackened by a fungus; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriodictyon californicum Yerba-santa; SB-n; Boraginaceae, Borage Family 3b Young branches and upper surfaces of leaves not sticky; corolla not as described in choice 3a 4a Marginal teeth unequal (leaves 5–​11 cm long, bright green, not hairy, often aromatic when bruised; staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant, but in separate catkinlike inflorescences; fruit purple, with whitish wax) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morella californica [Myrica californica] (fig.) Wax-myrtle; Myricaceae, Wax-myrtle Family 4b Marginal teeth almost equal 5a Leaves gray-green, with fine teeth; petals 4, yellow, 20–​30 mm long; stamens many; fruit narrow, up to 10 cm long, not red . . . . . . . Dendromecon rigida (pl. 22) Bush Poppy; Sn-s; Papaveraceae, Poppy Family 5b Leaves dark green, with prominent teeth; petals 5, white, about 3 mm long; stamens 10; fruit rounded, up to 1 cm long, bright red when ripe (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heteromeles arbutifolia (pl. 27) Toyon, Christmas-berry; Rosaceae, Rose Family 2b Most leaves either not toothed, or with a few irregular teeth or lobes 6a Leaves up to 25 mm long and 1–​3 mm wide (leaves often clustered) 7a Leaves sharp tipped (flowers white or pink, 1–​2 in each cluster scattered along stem; erect, up to 60 cm tall; gravelly, rocky areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum bolanderi Bolander’s Knotweed; Na-n; Polygonaceae, Buckwheat Family 7b Leaves not sharp tipped 8a Flowers in racemes; perianth irregular, pealike, 20–​25 mm long, yellow (invasive, widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spartium junceum Spanish Broom; me; Fabaceae, Pea Family 8b Flowers in umbels or panicles; perianth regular, 2–​3 mm long, white, cream, or pink

Trees and Shrubs, Group 4    47



9a Flowers about 5 mm long, cream or white, in panicles 1–​17 cm long; leaves sometimes hairy; chaparral (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . Adenostoma fasciculatum Chamise, Greasewood; Me-s; Rosaceae, Rose Family 9b Flowers about 3 mm long, pink or white, in heads about 1 cm long, several heads forming an umbel; leaves not hairy on upper surfaces; in sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum fasciculatum Coastal California Buckwheat; SLO-n; Polygonaceae, Buckwheat Family 6b Leaves mostly more than 25 mm long and much more than 3 mm wide 10a Leaf blade or apparent leaf blade (a modified petiole) with 2–​5 prominent veins originating at the base (corolla less than 3 mm long, regular; stamens many, protruding out of corolla) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acacia longifolia, Acacia melanoxylon Fabaceae, Pea Family 10b Leaf blade with only 1 prominent vein, the midrib, originating at the base 11a Leaves either aromatic, or with a strong odor when crushed (evergreen; widespread) 12a Leaves olive green, 3–​16 cm long, not sickle shaped; flowers yellow-green, less than 1 cm wide, in umbels on a peduncle; ovary superior; stamens 9; fruit fleshy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Umbellularia californica California Bay; Lauraceae, Laurel Family 12b Leaves not olive green, 5–​30 cm long, often sickle shaped; flowers cream or yellow-green, 2 cm wide, solitary or in umbels in leaf axils; ovary inferior; stamens more than 25; fruit a woody capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eucalyptus Myrtaceae, Myrtle Family 11b Leaves neither aromatic, nor with a strong odor when crushed 13a Leaves succulent (leaves 5–​35 mm long; flowers without petals, 2–​3 mm wide, 1–​5 in scattered clusters; up to 80 cm tall, often forming a mound; in or close to salt marshes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suaeda californica California Seablite; SF-s; Chenopodiaceae, Goosefoot Family 13b Leaves not succulent 14a Flower usually more than 1 cm long (leaves 5–​30 cm long, sometimes summer deciduous; corolla tubular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nicotiana glauca, Solanum aviculare Solanaceae, Nightshade Family 14b Flower not more than 1 cm long 15a Leaves silvery, covered with small scales (corolla absent; calyx 4 lobed, yellow, sweet scented) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elaeagnus angustifolia Oleaster, Russian-olive; as; Elaeagnaceae, Oleaster Family 15b Leaves not silvery, without small scales 16a Flowers in racemes, white, staminate and pistillate ones on separate plants; leaves 5–​13 cm long; fruit fleshy, blue-black; shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oemleria cerasiformis [Osmaronia cerasiformis] (fig.) Osoberry; Rosaceae, Rose Family 16b Flowers in panicles, blue or violet, all bisexual; leaves 6–​20 cm long; fruit consists of 4 nutlets; sunny areas . . . . . Echium candicans Viper’s-bugloss, Pride-of-Madeira; af; Boraginaceae, Borage Family 1b Blades of leaves rarely so much as 3 times as long as wide 17a Leaves toothed

48     Trees and Shrubs, Group 4





















18a Flowers either staminate or pistillate, and in separate catkins on the same plant (pistillate catkins becoming woody; leaves deciduous, 3–​15 cm long, coarsely and unevenly toothed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alnus Betulaceae, Birch Family 18b All flowers bisexual, these not in catkins 19a Leaves not tough and leathery, except in Heteromeles arbutifolia and Prunus ilicifolia (corolla saucer shaped, petals separate; stamens 10 or more) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosaceae, Rose Family 19b Leaves tough and leathery (usually evergreen) 20a Flowers less than 5 mm long, blue, lavender, white, or yellow; corolla not urn shaped, petals separate, each arching over a stamen when young; stamens 4 or 5; leaves either with a prominent raised midrib, or with 3 prominent veins diverging from the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhamnaceae, Buckthorn Family 20b Flowers usually more than 5 mm long, white or pink; corolla urn shaped, the petals united; stamens 8–​10; leaves usually without prominent midribs or veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericaceae, Heath Family 17b Leaves not toothed, except rarely in Vaccinium parvifolium 21a Leaves less than 5 mm long, scalelike (flower 1–​2 mm long) 22a Stem and branchlets succulent, green; leaves evergreen, not excreting salt; corolla absent, calyx green; alkaline areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allenrolfea occidentalis Iodinebush; Al, CC; Chenopodiaceae, Goosefoot Family 22b Stem and branchlets not succulent, not green; leaves deciduous, often excreting salt; corolla pink or white, calyx green; usually near streams and rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix gallica Tamaricaceae, Tamarisk Family 21b Leaves usually more than 5 mm long, not scalelike 23a Leaves stiff or leathery (leaves evergreen) 24a Flowers less than 5 mm long, blue, lavender, white, or yellow; petals separate, each usually arching over a stamen; stamens 4 or 5; leaves either with a prominent raised midrib, or with 3 prominent veins diverging from the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhamnaceae, Buckthorn Family 24b Flowers usually more than 5 mm long, white, cream, or pink; petals, if separate, not arching over a stamen; stamens 8–​10; leaves usually without prominent midribs or veins (corolla often urn shaped; bark often peeling) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericaceae, Heath Family 23b Leaves not stiff or leathery 25a Leaves with 3–​5 prominent veins; corolla irregular, pealike, red-purple; fruit 5–​8 cm long, a dry pod (corolla 8–​12 mm long; leaf blade notched at the base; deciduous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cercis occidentalis Western Redbud; Sl-n; Fabaceae, Pea Family 25b Leaf blades with only 1 prominent vein, the midrib; corolla, if present, regular, not red-purple; fruit less than 2 cm long, not a pod 26a Leaves and young branches covered with grayish scales; restricted to saline and alkaline soils (leaf blades triangular; flowers staminate or pistillate in separate clusters; fruit 3–​4 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex lentiformis Big Saltbush, Quailbush; SF-s, e; Chenopodiaceae, Goosefoot Family 26b Leaves and young branches not covered with scales; not primarily in saline and alkaline soils

Trees and Shrubs, Group 4    49









27a Leaves dark green on the upper surfaces and woolly on the undersides; stamens about 20 (flowers in clusters; petals separate, white, pink, or rose; fruit about 8 mm long, orange or red; evergreen; ovary inferior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotoneaster Rosaceae, Rose Family 27b Leaves not both dark green on the upper surfaces and woolly on the undersides; stamens not more than 10 28a New branches extremely flexible; corolla absent; calyx yellow (calyx 1 cm long, tubular, 4 lobed; flowers often appearing in winter; leaf blades 3–​7 cm long, deciduous; ovary superior) . . . . . Dirca occidentalis Western Leatherwood; SFBR; 1b; Thymelaeaceae, Daphne Family 28b New branches usually not extremely flexible; corolla present; calyx green 29a Leaves often at least 10 cm long, evergreen or sometimes summer deciduous; corolla tubular, white, yellow, blue, or purple; stamens 5; ovary superior; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . Nicotiana glauca, Solanum Solanaceae, Nightshade Family 29a Leaves less than 9 cm long, deciduous; corolla not tubular, sometimes urn shaped, white, pink, or green, sometimes with some yellow; stamens 5, 8, or 10; ovary superior or inferior; moist habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericaceae, Heath Family

HERBACEOUS PLANTS 1a Plant either attached to above-ground portions of other plants or lacking perceptible chlorophyll and therefore not green 2a Plant attached to and parasitic on above-ground portions of other plants 3a Plant slender, usually with orange or yellow stems attached to herbs or shrubs; leaves reduced to scales; flower bisexual; corolla 2–​6 mm long, white, 5 lobed; ovary superior; fruit dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta Convolvulaceae, Morning-glory Family 3b Plant usually stout, with yellow, green, yellow-green, gray-green, olive green, or brown stems attached to trees or shrubs; leaves either scalelike or well developed; flower unisexual; corolla absent; ovary inferior; fruit fleshy, white, blue, or purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viscaceae, Mistletoe Family 2b Plant not attached to above-ground portions of other plants (plant not green; leaves reduced to scales) 4a Corolla regular; stamens 8–​10 (petals 4 or 5; sepals usually 4 or 5, sometimes none; ovary superior; parasites in forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericaceae, Heath Family 4b Corolla irregular; stamens 4 or fewer 5a Petals 3, separate, the lower one different from the upper two; sepals 3, separate or united at the bases; anther-bearing stamen 1; ovary inferior (parasites in forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cephalanthera, Corallorhiza Orchidaceae, Orchid Family (M) 5b Petals 5, united, 3 forming a lower lip and 2 an upper lip; sepals 5, united; antherbearing stamens 4; ovary superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kopsiopsis, Orobanche Orobanchaceae, Broomrape Family

50     Herbaceous Plants

1b Plant neither attached to above-ground portions other plants nor lacking chlorophyll 6a Plant grasslike: flowers lacking showy perianth segments and often without any; leaves usually narrow with parallel veins; mostly terrestrial or, if aquatic, mostly not submersed 7a Plant growing in saltwater (plant submersed except at low tide; inflorescence 1 sided, located within a boat-shaped bract; leaves narrow, the margins nearly parallel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zosteraceae, Eelgrass Family (M) 7b Plant not growing in saltwater, but sometimes in fresh or brackish water 8a Flowers in a dense, almost smooth cylindrical inflorescence, 1–​2 cm wide, the staminate flowers above the pistillate ones (plant rooted in mud, the lower portion often submersed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typha Typhaceae, Cattail Family (M) 8b Inflorescence not as described in choice 8a 9a Leaves basal, succulent; flowers in racemes at stem ends, with 6 concave perianth segments; fruit at least 2 times as long as wide (salt marshes, freshwater) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncaginaceae, Arrow-grass Family (M) 9b Not in every respect as described in choice 9a 10a Inflorescence consisting of several globular heads of either all-staminate or all-pistillate flowers; pistillate heads soon resembling burs (plant sometimes mostly submersed, but inflorescence held above water) . . . . . . . . . . Sparganium Typhaceae, Cattail Family (M) 10b Inflorescence not as described in choice 10a 11a In freshwater and brackish habitats: inflorescence raised above the water, most flowers with 1 purple perianth segment; submersed pistillate flowers near base of plant enclosed by leaf sheaths and with styles at least 5 cm long; leaves basal, cylindrical, lower portion an open sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triglochin scilloides Flowering Quillwort; Juncaginaceae, Arrow-grass Family (M) 11b Plant, if growing in freshwater and brackish habitats, not as described in choice 11a 12a Stem typically 3 sided, sometimes cylindric (flower without definite perianth segments, at least partly enclosed by a bract; stem usually solid; bracts of inflorescence often leaflike, sometimes absent; leaf sheaths closed; mostly in wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperaceae, Sedge Family (M) 12b Stem not 3 sided, but cylindric or flattened 13a Flower with 6 perianth segments; bracts of inflorescence leaflike or stemlike, often much longer than flower cluster; leaves without ligules; leaf sheaths open or closed; stem usually solid (often in wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncaceae, Rush Family (M) 13b Flower without definite perianth segments; bracts of inflorescence not longer than flower cluster; leaves sometimes with ligules; leaf sheaths usually open; stem usually hollow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poaceae, Grass Family (M) 6b Plant not grasslike 14a Plant aquatic: either floating or partly or wholly submersed; floating leaves sometimes different from submersed ones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herbaceous Plants, Group 1 14b Plant not aquatic, but sometimes growing in wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herbaceous Plants, Group 2

Herbaceous Plants    51

Herbaceous Plants, Group 1 Plant aquatic: either floating, or partly or wholly submersed; floating leaves sometimes different from submersed ones 1a Leaves mostly either opposite, in whorls, or absent 2a Leaves mostly in whorls or absent 3a Leaves absent (stem floating, usually flattened and rarely more than 5 mm long; roots, if present, unbranched, and sometimes only 1; sometimes on wet soil after a drop in water level) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Araceae, Arum Family (M) 3b Leaves present, most in whorls of at least 3 (most flowers unisexual) 4a Leaves slender, not lobed 5a Leaves usually 8–​10 in each whorl, stiff, entire; plant usually only partly submersed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hippuris vulgaris (fig.) Mare’s-tail; Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 5b Leaves rarely more than 8 in each whorl, usually 3–​6, not stiff or extending outward, usually toothed; plant submersed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrilla, Najas Hydrocharitaceae, Waterweed Family (M) 4b Leaves, at least the submersed ones, lobed (stem long, weak, mostly or wholly submersed) 6a Leaves firm, lobes toothed, rough to the touch . . . . Ceratophyllum demersum (fig.) Hornwort; Ceratophyllaceae, Hornwort Family 6b Submersed leaves delicate, lobes not toothed, nearly hairlike (corolla white or purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Haloragaceae, Water-milfoil Family 2b Leaves mostly opposite 7a Leaves not more than 1 mm wide (leaves up to 10 cm long; plant submersed) 8a Inflorescence at branch tips, headlike; freshwater, brackish water, salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruppiaceae, Ditchgrass Family (M) 8b Inflorescence in leaf axils, not headlike; freshwater (leaves entire; ovary superior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zannichellia palustris (fig.) Horned-pondweed; Zannichelliaceae, Horned-pondweed Family (M) 7b Most leaves more than 2 mm wide (freshwater) 9a Leaves, at least near their bases, finely toothed (ovary inferior; plant submersed; leaves 1–​4 cm long; flowers in leaf axils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egeria, Elodea Hydrocharitaceae, Waterweed Family (M) 9b Leaves entire (often some leaves floating or emerging from water) 10a Leaves less than 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide; flowers 1 or 2 in leaf axils 11a Flowers often with 2 white bracts beneath them; submersed leaves often different from floating ones if any; fruit with a central groove and often a winglike margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 11b Flowers without bracts; leaves all similar; fruit neither grooved nor with winglike margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elatine californica California Waterwort; Elatinaceae, Waterwort Family 10b Leaves 1–​10 cm long and more than 0.5 cm wide; flowers usually more than 2 at stem tips 12a Leaves 1–​10 cm long and 1–​8 cm wide; inflorescence more than 1 cm wide, amongst leaves at top of plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnobium spongia Frogbit; Hydrocharitaceae, Waterweed Family (M)

52     Herbaceous Plants, Group 1



12b Leaves 1–​5 cm long and 1–​2 cm wide; inflorescence less than 1 cm wide, situated above leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ludwigia palustris Common Water-primrose; Onagraceae, Evening-primrose Family 1b Leaves either alternate, basal, or arising from horizontal stems 13a Leaves either compound, or blades replaced by hollow, cross-barred petioles 14a Leaves not compound, blades replaced by hollow, cross-barred petioles (leaves arising in clusters from rhizomes; flowers in umbels; ovary inferior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lilaeopsis Apiaceae, Carrot Family 14b Leaves compound 15a Flowers in compound umbels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apiaceae, Carrot Family 15b Flowers not in compound umbels 16a Leaflets 3, 2–​12 cm long; petioles 5–​30 cm long; corolla white or pink, with scalelike hairs on inner surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Menyanthes trifoliata (fig.) Buckbean, Bogbean; SFBR-n; Menyanthaceae, Buckbean Family 16b Leaflets 3–​9, 1–​4 cm long; petioles about 1 cm long; corolla white, without scalelike hairs . . . . . . . . . . . Nasturtium officinale [Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum] Watercress; eua; Brassicaceae, Mustard Family 13b Leaves not compound and with blades, these sometimes lobed 17a Leaf blades kidney shaped, arrowhead shaped, circular, or heart shaped 18a Leaf blades either circular, or kidney shaped and lobed 19a Stamens 5; petals and sepals 5; petals white, pale yellow, or purple; leaf blades 1–​ 5 cm wide, the circular ones with petioles attached near the center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrocotyle Araliaceae, Aralia Family 19b Stamens many; petals and sepals 3–​5; petals yellow; leaf blades 2–​7 cm wide, the petioles not attached near center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Buttercup; eu; Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 18b Leaf blades circular, arrowhead shaped, or heart shaped (stamens many; petals and sepals 3 or many) 20a Leaf blades arrowhead shaped, raised above water level; flowers rarely more than 2.5 cm wide, in whorls on stems rising out of water; petals and sepals 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagittaria Alismataceae, Water-plantain Family (M) 20b Leaf blades circular or heart shaped, generally floating; flower at least 5 cm wide, solitary and either floating or raised slightly above water; petals and sepals many (sepals sometimes petal-like) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuphar, Nymphaea Nymphaeaceae, Waterlily Family 17b Leaf blades neither kidney shaped, arrowhead shaped, circular, nor heart shaped 21a Leaves entirely basal (blades oval) 22a All leaf blades floating; perianth segment 1; stamens many (perianth white; anthers purple; leaves with many lengthwise veins and cross-veins; inflorescence branched in twos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aponogeton distachyos Cape-pondweed; af; Aponogetonaceae, Cape-pondweed Family (M) 22b Leaf blades usually raised well above water; perianth segments 6; stamens 6 (petioles usually at least as long as blades) 23a Petioles inflated, bladelike; perianth segments often more than 2 cm long, white, lilac, or blue; fruit a capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth; sa; Pontederiaceae, Pickerel-weed Family (M)

Herbaceous Plants, Group 1    53















23b Petioles not inflated; perianth segments less than 1 cm long, white, yellow, pink, or rose; fruit an achene . . . . . . Alismataceae, Water-plantain Family (M) 21b Leaves not entirely basal 24a Leaves usually either floating or out of water, not sessile (leaves more than 5 mm wide) 25a Stipules united around the stem; perianth segments 5, similar, united, pink or brown; stamens 3–​8; ovary superior (flowering stem raised above water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persicaria amphibia, Persicaria punctata Polygonaceae, Buckwheat Family 25b Stipules, if present, not united around stem; perianth segments 10 or 12, separate, one whorl green, the other yellow; stamens 10 or 12; ovary inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ludwigia Onagraceae, Evening-primrose Family 24b At least some leaves submersed and sessile (leaf usually with a sheath at the base) 26a Submersed leaves, or structures appearing to be leaves, with nearly hairlike lobes (floating leaves, if present, sometimes not hairlike) 27a Some “leaves” (actually modified stems) with small bladders; flowering stem raised above water, other stems and leaves completely submersed; corolla irregular, yellow; pistil 1; stamens 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lentibulariaceae, Bladderwort Family 27b Leaves without bladders; all stems and leaves completely submersed or floating, none out of water; corolla regular, white; pistils many; stamens many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 26b None of leaves with slender, nearly hairlike lobes 28a Stipules absent; stem not much branched; perianth segments 6, united, pale yellow, at least 15 mm long (leaves more than 15 cm long; flowers opening at water surface, each within a rolled-up bract) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heteranthera dubia (fig.) Water Stargrass; Sl, Me-n; Pontederiaceae, Pickerel-weed Family (M) 28b Stipules 1–​8 cm long; stem often much branched; perianth segments none or 4, separate, green, less than 5 mm long 29a All leaves submersed; flowers in headlike clusters, submersed (leaves up to 10 cm long and 1 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruppiaceae, Ditchgrass Family (M) 29b Often some leaves floating or emerging from water; flowers not in headlike clusters, floating or emerging from water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamogetonaceae, Pondweed Family (M)

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2 Terrestrial, although sometimes growing in wet places; plant neither parasitic nor grasslike 1a Sunflowers, thistles, dandelions, and so forth: flowers both sessile and in composite heads, the base of these surrounded by bracts; corolla sometimes tubular, sometimes drawn out into a petal-like ray; ovary inferior; fruit an achene, often with bristles or scales at tip; style branches 2 (dry flower heads, usually helpful in identification, often persist into fall and winter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asteraceae, Sunflower Family

54     Herbaceous Plants, Group 2

1b Flowers, if in heads, not as described in choice 1a 2a Flowers crowded on a solid, elongated inflorescence at least 1 cm wide, this either partly enveloped by a single yellow or white bract, or its base encircled by several white, petal-like bracts (leaves mostly basal) 3a Inflorescence usually at least 5 cm long, partly enveloped by a yellow or white bract up to 20 cm long; each flower without a bract beneath it; leaf blades 15–​150 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Araceae, Arum Family (M) 3b Inflorescence not more than 4 cm long, its base encircled by 5–​8 white, petal-like bracts, 1–​3 cm long; each flower, except lowermost ones, with a white bract beneath it; leaf blades up to 20 cm long (brackish soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anemopsis californica Yerba-mansa; SCl-s; Saururaceae, Lizard’s-tail Family 2b Flowers, if crowded on a solid inflorescence, not as described in choice 2a 4a Plant growing in salt marshes, inland alkaline habitats, or sphagnum bogs 5a Plant growing in salt marshes and some inland alkaline habitats; plant succulent, with opposite branches that appear to be jointed; leaves reduced to scales, without glands; flowers protruding above scalelike leaves at stem tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthrocnemum, Salicornia Chenopodiaceae, Goosefoot Family 5b Plant growing in sphagnum bogs; plant neither succulent, branched, nor jointed; leaves not scalelike, with red, gland-tipped hairs; flowers at top of a leafless stalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drosera rotundifolia Round-leaved Sundew; Sn-n; Droseraceae, Sundew Family 4b Plant, if growing in habitats of choice 4a, not like plants described there 6a Either stipules present, membranous and fused around stem nodes, or flowers in a cuplike involucre; leaves usually entire or sometimes 2 lobed, usually alternate; flower less than 10 mm long, with 5 or 6, similar, united perianth segments; stamens 3–​9; styles 1–​3; ovary superior; fruit often winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonaceae, Buckwheat Family 6b Plant not in every respect as in choice 6a 7a Inflorescence an umbel; leaves often compound; bases of petioles often expanded, sheathing stem; ovary inferior 8a Inflorescence usually a compound umbel, not branching in twos; styles 2; fruit dry; bases of petioles sheathing stem (petals 5, separate; stamens 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apiaceae, Carrot Family 8b Inflorescence either not compound, or branching in twos with many umbels; styles 2 or 5; fruit a berry; bases of petioles sometimes sheathing stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aralia, Hydrocotyle Araliaceae, Ginseng Family 7b Plant not in every respect as described in choices 7a, 8a, or 8b 9a Sepals 2, sometimes falling early 10a Sepals forming a cap at bud stage, falling early (leaves usually deeply lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papaveraceae, Poppy Family 10b Sepals not forming a cap at bud stage, persistent 11a Some leaves in a single whorl, others opposite or alternate (petals 5, yellow; stamens 5–​12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portulaca oleracea (fig.) Common Purslane; eu?; Portulacaceae, Purslane Family 11b Leaves not whorled

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2    55













12a Leaves alternate or opposite; petals 4 or 5; stamens 1–​15; stigmas 2 or 3; fruit without hooked hairs; ovary superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montiaceae, Miner’s-lettuce Family 12b Leaves opposite; petals 2; stamens 2; stigmas 2; fruit with hooked hairs; ovary inferior (petals white, 1 mm long, 2 lobed; moist woodlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circaea alpina ssp. pacifica Enchanter’s-nightshade; Ma-n; Onagraceae, Evening-primrose Family 9b Sepals more than 2 or absent 13a Leaf blades usually at least 75 cm wide, with fleshy petioles often 1 m long (inflorescence more than 1 m long; petals usually 2, hoodlike, less than 5 mm long; ovary inferior; fruit red; with rhizomes) . . . . . . Gunnera tinctoria Chilean-rhubarb; sa; Gunneraceae, Gunnera Family 13b Leaf blades less than 75 cm wide, but even if close to this size, not on petioles arising from rhizomes 14a Petals and sepals absent; flowers pistillate or staminate, staminate flowers, consisting of 1 stamen, located around each pistillate flower (leaves opposite or alternate, with milky sap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaesyce, Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae, Spurge Family 14b At least 1 perianth whorl present; flowers with both stamens and a pistil and not as in choice 14a 15a Some leaves lobed and toothed, about 15 cm long, alternate or nearly opposite; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; perianth segments 3–​9, similar; stamens 8–​12; styles 3, each 2 lobed; ovary inferior; up to 1 m tall; along dry stream beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Datisca glomerata (fig.) Durango-root; Datiscaceae, Datisca Family 15b Plant not as described in choice 15a 16a Corolla, calyx, or both irregular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 1 16b Corolla, calyx, or both essentially regular 17a Most leaves opposite or in whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 2 17b Leaves alternate or basal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 3

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 1 Corolla, calyx, or both irregular; plant not grasslike, parasitic, or aquatic 1a Leaves opposite or in whorls (petals united) 2a Bracts present beneath inflorescence and also beneath each flower; stem not 4 sided (bracts sometimes spiny; stamens 4; corolla 4 or 5 lobed, white, pink, blue, or purple; ovary inferior; fruit an achene) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dipsacaceae, Teasel Family 2b Bracts sometimes present beneath either inflorescence or each flower, not both; stem often 4 sided 3a Corolla with a spur at the base; calyx not obvious; stamens 1 or 3; fruit an achene (ovary inferior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valerianaceae, Valerian Family

56     Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 1



3b Corolla without a spur, sometimes with a sac; calyx present; stamens 2, 4, or 5; fruit a berry, capsule, or developing into separate nutlets 4a Fruit developing into 2 or 4 nutlets; stamens 4, all with anthers; plant usually with a strong aroma; stem usually 4 sided 5a A single bract present beneath each flower, but absent beneath inflorescence; aroma of plant not minty; leaves not glandular; stamens not protruding from corolla (corolla 2–​6 mm long; leaves toothed or lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verbenaceae, Verbena Family 5b Bract absent beneath each flower, but often present beneath inflorescence; aroma of plant often minty; leaves often glandular; stamens often protruding from corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lamiaceae, Mint Family 4b Fruit a capsule; stamens 2, 4, or 5, one often antherless; plant usually without a strong aroma; stem sometimes 4 sided 6a Upper lip of corolla modified to form a narrow hood or beaklike structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanchaceae, Broomrape Family 6b Upper lip of corolla not modified to form a narrow hood or beaklike structure 7a Corolla with a sac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 7b Corolla without a sac (anther-bearing stamens 4) 8a Antherless stamen 1, sometimes club shaped and fused to corolla 9a Filament of antherless stamen similar to filaments of other stamens; corolla scarlet or blue-violet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 9b Filament of antherless stamen club shaped and fused to corolla; corolla red or maroon on upper lips, lower paler or yellow-green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scrophularia californica Beeplant, California Figwort; Scrophulariaceae, Figwort Family 8b Antherless stamen absent 10a Corolla 2.5 mm long (corolla white, lobes becoming violet; annual; up to 30 cm tall; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tonella tenella Small-flowered Tonella; SCl-n; Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 10b Corolla more than 7 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus Phrymaceae, Lopseed Family 1b Leaves alternate or mainly basal 11a Petals united, at least at their bases or tips 12a Ovary inferior or half-inferior (stamens 5; corolla 5 lobed, forming 2 lips; dry slopes or around drying vernal pools or ditches) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanulaceae, Bluebell Family 12b Ovary superior 13a Sepals 2, soon deciduous; petals 4; stamens 6 (sepals separate; outer 2 petals separate and different from 2 inner ones, these united at tips, with pouches or spurs at their bases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papaveraceae, Poppy Family 13b Sepals 2–​5, persistent; petals 3–​5; stamens 2, 4, 5, or 10 14a Sepals 3, one with a spur 1–​2 cm long; petals 3; stamens 5 (sepals separate; petals white, pink, or purple, sometimes with yellow spots) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impatiens balfourii Kashmir Balsam; as; Balsaminaceae, Touch-me-not Family 14b Sepals 2–​5, not spurred; petals 3–​5; stamens 2, 4, or 10

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 1    57



















15a Lower 2 petals united at least partly to form a keel, and uppermost one enlarged to form a banner; stamens usually 10 (sepals united; leaves compound) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabaceae, Pea Family 15b Lower 3 petals united to form a 3-lobed lower lip, upper 2 petals united to form a 2-lobed upper lip; stamens 4, sometimes also with a sterile one 16a Sepals separate, upper 3 narrower; fruit spiny and with 2 branched projections (corolla yellow, 2–​5 cm long; lower leaves usually opposite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proboscidea lutea Spiny Unicorn-plant; sa; Martyniaceae, Unicorn-plant Family 16b Sepals united, similar; fruit not both spiny and with projections 17a Upper lip of corolla modified to form a narrow hood or beaklike structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanchaceae, Broomrape Family 17b Upper lip of corolla not modified to form a narrow hood or beaklike structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 11b Petals separate 18a Stamens more than 10, usually many 19a Sepals 4–​6, not petal-like, without spurs; petals 4–​6, white or pale green, not much smaller than sepals, without spurs; stamens all on one side of corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Resedaceae, Mignonette Family 19b Sepals 5, petal-like, uppermost one spurred; petals 2 or 4, usually not white, much smaller than sepals, upper pair with spurs; stamens not on one side of corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolida, Delphinium Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 18b Stamens not more than 10 20a Sepals 3, usually petal-like; petals 3; stamens 1 or 2; veins of leaves nearly parallel; ovary inferior (1 petal often pouched or spurred; fruit a capsule) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orchidaceae, Orchid Family (M) 20b Sepals 5, usually not petal-like; petals 3–​5; stamens 5–​8; veins of leaves not parallel; ovary superior 21a Flower pealike; sepals 5, the 2 at sides of flower winglike; petals pink or rarely white, usually 3, lowermost one keel-like (stamens 6–​8) . . . . . Polygala californica California Milkwort; SLO-n; Polygalaceae, Milkwort Family 21b Flower not pealike; sepals 5, not winglike; petals usually not pink, 4 or 5, not keel-like 22a Lowermost petal pouched or spurred; sepals without spurs; stamens 5, filaments much shorter than anthers; leaf blades usually not more than 5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Violaceae, Violet Family 22b Petals without pouches or spurs; sepals sometimes with spurs; stamens 1–​8, filaments not much shorter than anthers; leaf blades often more than 5 cm long 23a Petals usually orange, sometimes white or red; uppermost sepal with a spur; stamens 8; petiole attached in center of each circular leaf blade (petioles 5–​25 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropaeolum majus Garden Nasturtium; sa; Tropaeolaceae, Nasturtium Family 23b Petals not orange; sepals without spurs; stamens 1–​7; petiole not attached in center of leaf blade

58     Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 1





24a Petals 5, not purple-brown, not threadlike, upper 2 longer than lower 3; calyx lobes equal; stamens 1–​7 (upper leaves opposite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pelargonium Geraniaceae, Geranium Family 24b Petals 4, purple-brown, threadlike, equal; calyx lobes unequal; stamens 3 (moist banks) . . . . . . . . . Tolmiea diplomenziesii [T. menziesii] Piggy-back-plant; SFBR-n; Saxifragaceae, Saxifrage Family

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 2 Most leaves opposite or in whorls; corolla and calyx essentially regular; plant neither grasslike, parasitic, nor aquatic 1a Leaves lobed, compound, or toothed 2a Leaves lobed or compound 3a Leaves palmately lobed (stigmas 3; corolla tube often much longer than calyx; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon, Linanthus Polemoniaceae, Phlox Family 3b Leaves not palmately lobed 4a Leaves with 3 leaflets in a single whorl (flower solitary on each stem, with 5 perianth segments; pistils many; stamens more than 20; ovary superior; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anemone oregana (fig.) Western Wood Anemone, Western Wind-flower; Mo-n; Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 4b Leaves not whorled (stamens 10, 5 sometimes antherless) 5a Ovary deeply 5 lobed (antherless stamens sometimes 5; leaves toothed, lobed, or palmately compound; corolla lavender or red, sometimes pale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geraniaceae, Geranium Family 5b Ovary not deeply lobed 6a Style 1, not branched (leaves compound, with 6–​12 leaflets; ovary superior; fruit spiny; prostrate, forming mats up to 1 m wide) . . . . . . . . Tribulus terrestris Puncture-vine, Caltrop; me; Zygophyllaceae, Caltrop Family 6b Style either more than 1 or branched 7a Styles 2 or with 2 branches; ovary superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Borage Family 7b Styles 3; ovary inferior or half-inferior (stem leaves 2, lobed; moist, shaded areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithophragma cymbalaria Mission Starflower, Missionstar; SCl-s; Saxifragaceae, Saxifrage Family 2b Leaves not lobed or compound, but toothed 8a Leaves whorled; stamens 10; stigma 5 lobed (sepals 5; petals 5, white or dark pink; ovary superior; coniferous forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chimaphila Ericaceae, Heath Family 8b Leaves not whorled; stamens not 10; stigma not 5 lobed 9a Leaves with coarse teeth, sometimes lobelike in Verbenaceae 10a Leaves with stinging hairs; flowers green, unisexual, with 2 or 4 similar perianth segments (often more than 100 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . Hesperocnide, Urtica Urticaceae, Nettle Family

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 2    59



10b Leaves without stinging hairs; flowers not green, bisexual, with 4 or 5 petals different from 4 or 5 sepals (stamens 4; fruit consisting of 4 nutlets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phyla, Verbena Verbenaceae, Verbena Family 9b Leaves with fine teeth 11a Flowers unisexual, with 3 similar perianth segments (staminate flowers at stem tips; pistillate flowers in leaf axils of separate plants; up to 30 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mercurialis annua Mercury; eu; Euphorbiaceae, Spurge Family 11b Flowers bisexual, with 4 or 5 petals different from 4 or 5 sepals 12a Petals 5; stamens 5 (petals separate, yellow; styles 2; ovary superior; up to 20 cm tall; moist meadows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sclerolinon digynum Yellow Flax; Linaceae, Flax Family 12b Petals 4–​6; stamens 2 or 8–​12 13a Leaves with 3 main veins from their bases; petals 4–​6; stamens 8–​12 (petals separate; ovary half-inferior; woody at the base; prostrate with stem tips rising; woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whipplea modesta (fig.) Yerba-de-selva, Modesty; Mo-n; Hydrangeaceae, Hydrangea Family 13b Leaves with 1 main vein from their bases; petals 4; stamens 2 or 8 14a Petals separate, white, lavender, or red; stamens 8; ovary inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium Onagraceae, Evening-primrose Family 14b Petals united, white, lavender, blue, or violet; stamens 2; ovary superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 1b Leaves not lobed, compound, or toothed 15a Plant with milky sap (break a leaf tip to see) (leaves usually less than 10 cm long, opposite or whorled; ovary superior; seeds usually with tufts of hair) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apocynaceae, Dogbane Family 15b Plant without milky sap 16a Sepals 3; petals 6, separate, white or yellow; stamens 4–​6 or 12 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meconella californica, Platystemon californicus Papaveraceae, Poppy Family 16b Plant not in every respect as in choice 16a 17a Most leaves whorled 18a Perianth segments 6, similar (leaves entire; style or stigma 3 lobed; stamens 3 or 6; ovary superior) 19a Leaves broad, 3 in 1 whorl on each stem (flower solitary; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trillium Melanthiaceae, False-hellebore Family (M) 19b Leaves usually narrow, usually more than 3 in each of several whorls on each stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria, Lilium Liliaceae, Lily Family (M) 18b Perianth segments 3–​5 or 10, sometimes similar 20a Stem leaves in 1 whorl just below flowers (petals united; ovary superior) 21a Basal leaves well developed; petals 4 or 5, white, pink, or magenta; stamens 4 or 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Androsace, Dodecatheon Primulaceae, Primrose Family

60     Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 2













21b Basal leaves absent or scalelike; petals 5–​7, pink or rose; stamens 5–​7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trientalis latifolia Starflower; SLO-n ; Myrsinaceae, Myrsine Family 20b Stem leaves in more than 1 whorl 22a Perianth segments united, either 3 or 4 and similar, or 10 in whorls of 6 and 4; stamens 3–​5; styles 2; ovary inferior; stem usually 4 sided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium, Sherardia arvensis Rubiaceae, Madder Family 22b Perianth segments separate or united at their bases, either 4 or 5 and similar, or 10 in 2 whorls; stamens 3–​20; styles or stigmas 3–​5; ovary superior; stem not 4 sided 23a Petals 5, sepals 5; stamens 10 . . . . . . . . . . Caryophyllaceae, Pink Family 23b Petals absent; sepals 4 or 5; stamens 3–​20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molluginaceae, Carpetweed Family 17b Most leaves not whorled 24a Pistils 3–​5; leaves succulent (corolla with 3–​5 lobes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crassulaceae, Stonecrop Family 24b Pistil 1; leaves often not succulent 25a Petals, or sepals if petals absent, united at least at their bases 26a Style 1, not branched 27a Each flower or flower cluster above several bracts (petals absent; perianth tubular, at least 13 mm long, white, yellow, magenta, or red; stamens usually 3–​5; stem nodes often swollen) . . . . . Abronia, Mirabilis Nyctaginaceae, Four-o’clock Family 27b Flower or flower cluster not above several bracts 28a Stamens 2 (petals 4, white, lavender, blue, or violet; ovary superior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 28b Stamens 5 (upper leaves sometimes alternate) 29a Leaves hairy; corolla white, sometimes yellow inside; fruit consisting of 4 nutlets . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Borage Family 29b Leaves usually not hairy; corolla, or calyx if corolla absent, white, red, lavender, pink, orange, or blue; fruit a capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Anagalis arvensis, Glaux maritima Myrsinaceae, Myrsine Family 26b Style either more than 1, or branched, sometimes only 1 in Cypselea (Aizoaceae) 30a Stamens either 3 or many; petals either absent or many and succulent; often prostrate, forming mats; margins of wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aizoaceae, Fig-marigold Family 30b Stamens 3–​5; petals present, not succulent; upright; not near margins of wetlands (stigma with 2 or 3 lobes) 31a Corolla not twisted in bud, white, yellow, or pink, 5 lobed; stigma 3 lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microsteris gracilis, Phlox speciosa Polemoniaceae, Phlox Family 31b Corolla usually twisted in bud, yellow, pink, or blue, with 4 or 5 lobes; stigma usually 2 lobed . . . . . . . Gentianaceae, Gentian Family 25b Petals, or sepals if petals absent, separate

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 2    61











32a Plant growing at edges of salt marshes, on sand dunes, or alkaline habitats; prostrate, forming mats 33a Petals 4–​6, pink, each with a small, tonguelike outgrowth near middle; leaves not succulent; stamens usually 3; style 3 lobed; ovary superior; plant woody at the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frankenia salina [F. grandifolia] Alkali-heath; Ma, Sl-s; Frankeniaceae, Frankenia Family 33b Petals many, magenta, pink, or yellow, lacking outgrowths; leaves succulent; stamens many; stigmas 4–​20; ovary inferior; plant not woody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carpobrotus, Drosanthemum Aizoaceae, Fig-marigold Family 32b Plant usually not growing in habitats described in choice 32a, or if so, not prostrate (ovary superior) 34a Sepals with small teeth alternating with them; sepals and petals 4–​ 6 (petals purple or lavender; stamens 4–​6 or 12; stem sometimes 4 sided) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ammannia coccinea, Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae, Loosestrife Family 34b Sepals without small teeth alternating with them; sepals and petals usually 5 35a Leaves with black glands; stamens more than 14, usually in a few clusters; petals yellow or salmon colored; style single, 3 lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypericum Hypericaceae, St. John’s-wort Family 35b Leaves without black glands; stamens usually 10, not clustered; petals white, pink, lavender, rose, or red; styles 2–​5 or single and 2 lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caryophyllaceae, Pink Family

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 3  Leaves alternate or basal; corolla or calyx essentially regular; plant neither grasslike, parasitic, nor aquatic 1a Leaf usually with several nearly parallel veins; flower parts in cycles of 3 or 6, except for Maianthemum (Ruscaceae) 2a Ovary inferior (bases of leaves forming sheaths around stem; plant usually upright) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iridaceae, Iris Family (M) 2b Ovary superior 3a Bases of leaves forming sheaths around stem; flower with 3 green sepals and 3 white petals; plant creeping, rooting at nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tradescantia fluminensis Spiderwort; sa; Commelinaceae, Spiderwort Family (M) 3b Bases of leaves not forming sheaths; flower either with 3 sepals different from 3 petals, or with 6 similar petal-like perianth segments; plant usually upright 4a Flowers in an umbel or umbel-like racemes, this sometimes with smaller umbels or individual flowers below it 5a Umbel without bracts below it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liliaceae, Lily Family (M) 5b Umbel with bracts below it 6a Umbel with 2–​4 bracts below it, these partly united at first; leaves, if bruised, with odor of onion or garlic except Nothoscordum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alliaceae, Onion Family (M) 6b Umbel with at least 3 separate bracts below it; leaves, if bruised, without odor of onion or garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Themidaceae, Brodiaea Family (M)

62     Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 3



4b Flowers in racemes or panicles 7a Leaves entirely basal 8a Leaves 2, often with blotches, usually more than 2 cm wide (perianth 25–​40 mm long; style 1, 3 lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erythronium Liliaceae, Lily Family (M) 8b Leaves several, without blotches and not often more than 2 cm wide 9a Perianth 3–​6 mm long, white, yellow, or green; leaves 5–​20 cm long; styles 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triantha occidentalis [Tofieldia occidentalis] Western Tofieldia; Sn-n; Tofieldiaceae, False-asphodel Family (M) 9b Perianth 15–​35 mm long, white, blue, or purple; leaves 15–​70 cm long; style 1, usually 3 lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agavaceae, Century-plant Family (M) 7b Leaves not entirely basal, some stem leaves present 10a Styles 3; flowering stem often more than 50 cm tall (perianth segments white, cream, or yellow, separate or united at their bases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xerophyllum, Toxicoscordion Melanthiaceae, False-hellebore Family (M) 10b Style 1, 3 lobed; flowering stem up to 50 cm tall 11a Racemes with papery bracts; rhizomes absent; perianth segments 6, white or yellow, eventually turned back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Odontostomum hartwegii Hartweg’s Odontostomum; Na; Tecophilaeaceae, Tecophilaea Family (M) 11b Racemes without papery bracts; rhizomes present; perianth segments 4 or 6, white, not turned back . . . . . . . . Ruscaceae, Butcher’s-broom Family (M) 1b Leaf usually with 1–​3 prominent veins that originate at base of blade, then branch; flower parts generally not in cycles of 3 or 6 12a Leaves compound (ovary superior) 13a Stamens fewer than 10 14a Leaves palmately compound with 3–​7 coarsely toothed leaflets up to 15 cm long (pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; perianth segments 4–​6; stamens 4–​6; up to 4 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cannabis sativa Marijuana, Hemp; as; Cannabaceae, Hemp Family 14b Leaves, if palmately compound, not as described in 14a 15a Stamens 6 or 9; petals and sepals either absent, or petals 6 in 2 whorls and sepals 12–​15 in 2 whorls (leaves basal; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Achlys, Vancouveria Berberidaceae, Barberry Family 15b Stamens 4–​8; petals and sepals either not both absent, or not as described in 15a 16a Pistils 4 or 5 (moist places) . . . . . . . . . . . Limnanthaceae, Meadowfoam Family 16b Pistil 1 17a Stamens 4; petals absent; sepals 4; stigma with many lobes (sepals green, united at their bases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acaena pinnatifida var. californica California Acaena; Sn-s; Rosaceae, Rose Family 17b Stamens 5 or 6; petals and sepals 4 or 5; stigma with 2 or 3 lobes or none 18a Stamens 6; petals and sepals 4; stigma with 2 lobes or none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brassicaceae, Mustard Family 18b Stamens 5; petals and sepals 5; stigma with 3 lobes (corolla salmon, pink, or purple; perennial; widespread) . . . . Polemonium carneum (fig.) Jacob’s-ladder, Oregon Polemonium; SM-n; Polemoniaceae, Phlox Family

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 3    63













13b Stamens 10 or many 19a Stamens 10, some may be sterile (styles 5) 20a Leaflets more than 3; pistil 1, 5 lobed; stamens either all with anthers or 5 without; styles elongating in fruit and coiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erodium, Geranium robertianum Geraniaceae, Geranium Family 20b Leaflets 3; pistil 1, not lobed; stamens all with anthers; styles not elongating in fruit and coiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalidaceae, Oxalis Family 19b Stamens many 21a Pistils 2–​5 (leaves palmately compound; sepals separate) 22a Petals maroon or red-brown, not spurred; pistils 2–​5 . . . Paeonia brownii (fig.) Western Peony; SCl-n; Paeoniaceae, Peony Family 22b Petals not maroon or red-brown, spurred; pistils 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aquilegia Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 21b Pistils 1 or many 23a Sepals and petals attached to a floral tube; sepals united at their bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosaceae, Rose Family 23b Sepals and petals not attached to a floral tube; sepals separate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actaea, Ranunculus Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 12b Leaves not compound 24a Flowers with petals, sepals, or both absent 25a Lower leaves sometimes opposite; leaves usually either scaly, powdery, or somewhat fleshy; flowers often pistillate or staminate, pistillate ones without sepals, but with bracts below them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodiaceae, Goosefoot Family 25b Plant not in every respect as in 25a 26a Leaves palmately lobed 27a Up to 10 cm tall; leaves fan shaped, with 3 lobes; stamen 1; fruit not spiny; perianth 4 lobed; ovary superior (usually in colonies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aphanes occidentalis Western Dewcup, Lady’s-mantle; Rosaceae, Rose Family 27b More than 10 cm long, climbing over other plants; leaves not fan shaped; stamens 3 or 4; fruit with soft spines; perianth 5 lobed; ovary inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cucurbitaceae, Gourd Family 26b Leaves either not lobed or not palmately lobed 28a Some leaves toothed or lobed 29a Perianth segments 4; stamens 2, 4, or 6 (perianth segments separate; ovary superior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium Brassicaceae, Mustard Family 29b Perianth segments 4 or 6; stamens many (sepals 2, falling early) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papaveraceae, Poppy Family 28b Leaves entire 30a Leaves heart shaped or more or less triangular; ovary inferior or halfinferior (prostrate or stem tip rising) 31a Leaf blades heart shaped, up to 10 cm wide, with a ginger aroma when bruised; perianth segments 3, purple-brown; stamens 12; fruit fleshy; moist woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asarum caudatum Wild-ginger; SCl-n; Aristolochiaceae, Pipevine Family

64     Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 3

















31b Leaf blades more or less triangular, about 1 cm wide, without a ginger aroma; perianth segments 4 or 5, yellow-green; stamens 1–​many; fruit dry; usually coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetragonia tetragonioides New Zealand Spinach; au; Aizoaceae, Fig-marigold Family 30b Leaves neither heart shaped nor more or less triangular; ovary superior 32a Flower with a sharp-tipped bract beneath it (flowers unisexual; perianth segments 1–​5, separate or united at their bases; stamens 3–​5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amaranthaceae, Amaranth Family 32b Flower usually without a bract, but if bracts present these not sharp tipped (bracts sometimes present beneath flower clusters) 33a Leaves up to 30 cm long; perianth segments 5; often more than 200 cm tall (perianth segments united, white or purple; stamens 10; fruit fleshy, purple-black) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phytolacca americana Pokeweed, Pigeonberry; na; Phytolaccaceae, Pokeweed Family 33b Leaves not more than 15 cm long; perianth segments 3–​6; usually not more than 50 cm tall (flowers unisexual) 34a Inflorescence at stem tips; staminate and pistillate flowers in separate clusters either on same plant or not; perianth segments none or 5 or 6, separate; fruit a capsule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Croton Euphorbiaceae, Spurge Family 34b Inflorescence in leaf axils; staminate and pistillate flowers in separate clusters on same plant; perianth segments 4, united; fruit an achene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parietaria judaica Western Pellitory; eua; Urticaceae, Nettle Family 24b Flowers with petals and sepals present 35a Petals united, at least at their bases (peel back sepals to examine this) 36a Either each pistil with more than 1 style, or the stigma or style lobed (sepals 5; petals 5) 37a Ovary inferior (corolla white, blue, or violet; style with 2–​5 lobes; stamens 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanulaceae, Bluebell Family 37b Ovary superior 38a Styles many; stamens many, forming a tube around the styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malvaceae, Mallow Family 38b Styles 2–​5 or 1 and lobed; stamens 5–​10, not forming a tube 39a Sepals separate or nearly so (style 2 lobed; plant usually sprawling; corolla lobes twisted in bud; leaf blade often triangular or 2 lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convolvulaceae, Morning-glory Family 39b Sepals united, at least at their bases 40a Styles 5; leaves entire and mainly basal except Limonium sinuatum; salt marshes, coastal bluffs (stamens 5; calyx tubular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plumbaginaceae, Leadwort Family 40b Styles or lobes 2 or 3; leaves often toothed or lobed and not mainly basal; not restricted to salt marshes or coastal bluffs 41a Styles or lobes 2; inflorescence sometimes tightly coiled, especially when young . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Borage Family 41b Style or lobes 3, sometimes 2 lobed in Navarretia; inflorescence not tightly coiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polemoniaceae, Phlox Family

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 3    65

















36b Each pistil or pistil lobe with 1 style, neither stigma nor style lobed (ovary superior) 42a Pistils 4 or 5, sometimes united at their bases (leaves succulent, entire; corolla with 4 or 5 lobes, white, yellow, or red; stamens 5, 8, or 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crassulaceae, Stonecrop Family 42b Pistil 1 43a Leaves mostly basal, sometimes with a whorl of leaflike bracts below inflorescence 44a Inflorescence usually less than 1 cm wide, with many flowers, each with a bract; corolla colorless, 4 lobed, less than 4 mm long; stamens 2 or 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantaginaceae, Plantain Family 44b Inflorescence and flowers not as described in 44a 45a Plant growing on muddy shorelines; up to 7 cm tall (stamens 4; leaves entire; corolla 1–​3 mm long, white, pink, lavender, or blue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limosella Scrophulariaceae, Figwort Family 45b Plant not growing on muddy shorelines; usually more than 10 cm tall 46a Corolla magenta or white, 3–​20 mm long, lobes sometimes turned back; leaves sometimes toothed (corolla with 4 or 5 lobes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primulaceae, Primrose Family 46b Corolla white with a yellow center, 5–​12 mm long, lobes not turned back; leaves toothed or lobed (moist, rocky coastal areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Romanzoffia californica [R. suksdorfii] Mistmaiden; SCr-n; Boraginaceae, Borage Family 43b Leaves not entirely basal (corolla 5 lobed; pistil 1) 47a Fruit developing into 4 nutlets (look at base of pistil to see them); inflorescence often slightly coiled and 1 sided (leaves not toothed or lobed; plant usually bristly) . . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Borage Family 47b Fruit a capsule or berry; inflorescence not coiled or 1 sided 48a Corolla less than 3 mm long, white or pink; leaves up to 5 cm long; up to 40 cm tall (moist areas) 49a Corolla 4 lobed, pink; flowers in leaf axils; leaves less than 1 cm long; up to 10 cm tall (vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anagallis minima [Centunculus minimus] Chaffweed; Myrsinaceae, Myrsine Family 49b Corolla 5 lobed, white; flowers in a raceme; leaves 2–​5 cm long; up to 40 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Samolus parviflorus Seaside Brookweed; Theophrastaceae, Theophrasta Family 48b Corolla more than 3 mm long, white, purple, or yellow; leaves often more than 5 cm long; up to 150 cm tall 50a Corolla yellow, without purple spots (flowers 1.5–​3 cm wide, in a raceme; leaves 4–​50 cm; up to 2 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verbascum Scrophulariaceae, Figwort Family 50b Corolla either white or purple, or if yellow, with purple spots inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanaceae, Nightshade Family

66     Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 3











35b Petals separate 51a Stamens more than 10 52a Leaves not toothed or lobed 53a Sepals 6–​9, all similar; petals white, pink, or red (petals 10–​19; styles 4–​ 9; ovary superior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lewisia rediviva Bitterroot; Mo-n; Montiaceae, Miner’s-lettuce Family 53b Sepals 5, 2 sometimes narrower; petals yellow or white 54a Petals many; styles 5–​12 or none; ovary at least half-inferior (sepals unequal) . . . . . Conicosia pugioniformis, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Aizoaceae, Fig-marigold Family 54b Petals 1–​8; styles 1 or many; ovary superior 55a Pistils many; petals without orange spots; sepals equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myosurus minimus, Ranunculus Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 55b Pistil 1; petals with an orange spot at their bases; sepals unequal (leaves up to 3 mm wide; sandy, gravelly areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthemum scoparium (fig.) Peak Rushrose; Me-s; Cistaceae, Rockrose Family 52b Leaves toothed or lobed 56a Pistils many (petals 1–​8, yellow, sometimes becoming white; ovary superior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus Ranunculaceae, Buttercup Family 56b Pistil 1 57a Stamens united to form a cylinder around pistil (stamens many; stigmas many; sepals 5, united; petals 5; ovary superior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malvaceae, Mallow Family 57b Stamens not united to form a cylinder around the pistil 58a Sepals 2 or 3, often shed at flowering; petals 4 or 6, white, yellow, cream, orange, or red; ovary superior; stigma with 4–​20 lobes; stamens 12–​many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperomecon linearis, Platystemon californicus Papaveraceae, Poppy Family 58b Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5, yellow; ovary inferior; stigma 3 lobed; stamens at least 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentzelia Loasaceae, Blazing-star Family 51b Stamens 10 or fewer 59a Pistils 4 or 5, or 1 with ovary 5 lobed (ovary superior) 60a Leaves succulent, enitre; petals white or yellow; pistils 4 or 5, sometimes united at their bases; stamens 8 or 10, all with anthers . . . . . . . . . . . Sedum Crassulaceae, Stonecrop Family 60b Leaves not succulent, toothed or lobed; petals white, pink, purple, or red; pistil 1 with ovary 5 lobed; stamens 10, 5 sometimes without anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erodium, Geranium Geraniaceae, Geranium Family 59b Pistils 1 or 2, not lobed 61a Sepals with small teeth alternating with them; sepals and petals 4–​6 (petals purple; stamens 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lythrum californicum California Loosestrife; Ma, Sl; Lythraceae, Loosestrife Family

Herbaceous Plants, Group 2, Subkey 3    67











61b Sepals without small teeth alternating with them; sepals and petals 4 or 5 62a Petals 4 63a Stamens 4 or 8; ovary inferior; stigma 4 lobed or not; petals white, yellow, pink, red, or lavender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onagraceae, Evening-primrose Family 63b Stamens 6, sometimes 2, 3, or 4; ovary superior; stigma 2 lobed or not; petals white, cream, yellow, or purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brassicaceae, Mustard Family 62b Petals 5 64a Leaves sessile, not basal; leaf blades narrow (leaves entire; petals white, yellow, pink, or blue; antherless stamens, if present, not lobed; ovary superior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linaceae, Flax Family 64b Leaves not sessile, mostly basal; leaf blades often rounded 65a Stamens 5 or 10, all with anthers; syles 2 or 3; leaves usually toothed or lobed; petals white or pink; ovary superior or halfsuperior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saxifragaceae, Saxifrage Family 65b Stamens 10, 5 antherless, these with 9–​27 threadlike lobes; styles 4; leaves entire; petals white; ovary superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parnassiaceae, Grass-of-parnassus Family

FLOWERING PLANT SPECIES DICOTYLEDONOUS FAMILIES The remainder of the book includes all the higher plant families found in the region except for the ferns, fern allies, and cone-bearing plants, which are in earlier sections. The families are arranged alphabetically in either one of two sections: the Dicotyledonous families or the Monocotyledonous families. Five families—Aristolochiaceae, Calycanthaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Lauraceae, and Saururaceae—not found in the “Eudicot” section of the Jepson Manual (2012) are included in the Dicotyledonous families in this manual. Further information about scientific and common names, plant ranges, and measurements, as well as instructions on how to key a plant, are given in the Introduction.

ADOXACEAE (MUSKROOT FAMILY) The Muskroot Family now includes two woody genera formerly in Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family)—​ Sambucus (elderberries) and Viburnum—​because of similarities of their pollen and other features. The family includes mostly deciduous trees and shrubs of north temperate regions, although one curious member—​Adoxa moschatellina (Townhall-clock)—​is a small herb native to Colorado that grows in horse corrals. The leaves are usually opposite and toothed, sometimes compound. The small flowers generally have five stamens and five united sepals and petals. The ovary is more or less inferior. Although the style is very short, there are three to five stigma lobes. The fruit is berrylike and toxic if eaten raw.

68     Dicotyledonous Families

1a Leaves not compound, but with coarse, evenly spaced teeth in upper half; corolla white; up to 4 m tall (fruit red; chaparral and pine forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viburnum ellipticum Oval-leaved Viburnum; CC, Sn-n; 2 1b Leaves compound; corolla cream or white; up to 6 m tall 2a Inflorescence not as tall as wide; leaflets 3–​9; fruit blue or black if powdery coating rubbed off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sambucus nigra ssp. caerula [incorrectly known as S. mexicana] (pl. 2) Blue Elderberry 2b Inflorescence at least as tall as wide; leaflets 5–​7; fruit red (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sambucus racemosa Red Elderberry; SM-n

AIZOACEAE (FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY) The Fig-marigold or Iceplant Family has many species, mostly natives of southern Africa, but these are apportioned into relatively few genera. Nevertheless, the group is difficult to define. The following summary of characters applies to our representatives. The leaves are succulent and the ovary is usually inferior or half-inferior. Some species have many narrow petals, but others have none. Stamens tend to be numerous and stigmas or styles several. Tetragonia tetragonioides (New Zealand Spinach), cultivated to some extent as a vegetable, has become established in many places. Two species of Carpobrotus have distinctive three-sided, succulent leaves. These plants should be known to just about everyone familiar with the region, for they have been extensively planted to control erosion and sand dunes. Carpobrotus chilensis (Iceplant) grows on coastal bluffs and the backshores of sandy beaches; it may have been on the Pacific coast before European explorers arrived, and therefore may be classified as a species native to California. 1a Petals absent, but the 3–​5 sepals may be petal-like 2a Leaves alternate, 2–​5 cm long, blades nearly triangular; leaves and other parts of plant with glassy bumps (stamens many; sepals yellow-green; ovary inferior; usually sprawling to some extent; near shore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetragonia tetragonioides (pl. 3) New Zealand Spinach; au 2b Leaves opposite, 0.5–​4 cm long, blades not triangular; leaves and other parts of plant without glassy bumps 3a Petioles clasping stem; leaves 0.5–​4 cm long, pairs equal; sepals rose; stamens many; ovary half-inferior; up to about 50 cm tall; saline habitats, inland and coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sesuvium verrucosum Western Sea-purslane 3b Petioles not clasping stem; leaves 0.5–​1 cm long, pairs unequal; sepals green; stamens usually 3; ovary superior; compact, prostrate, forming small mats; mud banks, inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cypselea humifusa Beehive; sa 1b Petals numerous, narrow (stamens many; ovary inferior or half-inferior; coastal) 4a Leaves alternate (leaves 15–​20 cm long; petals yellow, separate) 5a Petals white, becoming yellow; leaves and stems with glistening bumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Slender-leaved Iceplant; af

Aizoaceae    69





5b Petals yellow; leaves and stems without glistening bumps . . . . . . Conicosia pugioniformis Narrow-leaved Iceplant; af 4b Leaves opposite 6a Leaves with petioles, blades oval; petals united at bases; corolla about 1.5 cm wide (leaves 1–​3 cm long; petals purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aptenia cordifolia Baby Sunrose; af 6b Leaves without petioles, nearly cylindrical or 3 sided; petals separate; corolla at least 2 cm wide 7a Leaves nearly cylindrical, less than 1.5 cm long (petals bright pink or rose) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drosanthemum floribundum Rosea Iceplant, Magic-carpet; af 7b Leaves 3 sided, 4–​10 cm long 8a Leaves 6–​10 cm long, lower edges with fine teeth; corolla 7–​10 cm wide, pink, or yellow when fresh, becoming pink or purple (introduced for binding sand, now well established) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carpobrotus edulis (pl. 3) Hottentot-fig, Freeway Iceplant; af 8b Leaves 4–​7 cm long, without teeth; corolla 3–​5 cm wide, magenta (may be native) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carpobrotus chilensis (pl. 3) Iceplant, Seafig; af?

AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY)  All the amaranths in our area belong to a single genus, and all of them are annual with alternate, entire leaves. They have pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant concentrated in dense inflorescences. The flowers lack petals, but have one to five sepals, which are sometimes united at their bases. Amaranths have a sharp-tipped bract just below the sepals, sometimes with two smaller bracts. The fruit is dry when mature, and contains a single, shiny, dark seed. The ovary is superior. Distinctions between species are based to a considerable extent on the form and proportion of the sepals and bracts of the staminate and pistillate flowers. In fact, the name of the family comes from a word meaning “unfading,” a reference to the persistent sepals and bracts. Celosia argentea (Cockscomb) is grown for its lush, usually pink or red inflorescences, and species of Amaranthus have been harvested by Native Americans for food. But this family is generally not popular with gardeners. 1a Plant low, stem mostly lying on ground 2a Inflorescence up to 10 cm long, at stem ends; blades of larger leaves usually widest in lower half (widespread, often in pavement cracks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amaranthus deflexus Low Amaranth; eu 2b Inflorescence not more than 1.5 cm long, in leaf axils; blades of larger leaves usually widest near or above middle 3a Staminate flower usually with 3 sepals, pistillate flower with 1 well-developed sepal; staminate flower with 1–​3 stamens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amaranthus californicus California Amaranth 3b Staminate and pistillate flowers usually with 4 or 5 sepals; staminate flower with 3 or 4 stamens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amaranthus blitoides (fig.) Prostrate Pigweed

70     Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate Pigweed

Amaranthus retroflexus Rough Pigweed

1b Plant upright, even if sometimes branching mostly from the base 4a Sepals 3; blades of larger leaves usually less than 3 cm long, and widest above middle; plant branching at base; each inflorescence not more than 1.5 cm long, in leaf axil (stem pale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amaranthus albus Tumbleweed; sa 4b Sepals 5; blades of larger leaves usually more than 3 cm long, and widest near or below middle; plant usually branching above base; each inflorescence usually more than 1.5 cm long, sometimes at stem tip or in leaf axil 5a Sepals blunt or notched at tips, overlapping and eventually turned back (pistillate sepals 5, equal; styles upright or curving inward; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amaranthus retroflexus (fig.) Rough Pigweed, Redroot Pigweed; sa 5b Sepals narrowing gradually to a point at tips, not overlapping and not turned back 6a Styles usually curving downward; pistillate sepals 3–​5, unequal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amaranthus powellii Powell’s Amaranth 6b Styles upright; pistillate sepals 5, equal or 1 longer . . . . . . . . . . . Amaranthus hybridus Green Amaranth, Smooth Pigweed; eua

Amaranthaceae    71

ANACARDIACEAE (SUMAC FAMILY) Shrubs, vines, and trees of the Sumac or Cashew Family have a milky or resinous, often pungent sap. The leaves are alternate. In most species, staminate and pistillate flowers are on separate plants, sometimes along with bisexual flowers. The ovary is superior. This family includes Mangifera indica (Mango), Pistacia vera (Pistachio), and Anacardium occidentale (Cashew). Our representatives usually have compound leaves and flowers with a five-lobed calyx and five separate petals. There are five or ten stamens. Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western Poison-oak), a plant that grows throughout our region, should be avoided because contact with it brings on mild to severe dermatitis in most people because of toxic urushiols present in the sap. 1a Tree up to 25 m tall, evergreen; leaflets usually more than 15, peppery smelling (leaves 10–​30 cm long; fruit leathery, red) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schinus molle Peruvian Peppertree; sa 1b Shrub or vine not more than 3 m tall, deciduous; leaflets 3 or 5, not peppery smelling, but sometimes aromatic 2a Leaflets not diamond shaped, more or less equal; fruit white; shrub or vine (widespread; caution: contact with any part of this plant, even its bare stem, may result in a severe rash) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toxicodendron diversilobum (pl. 3) Western Poison-oak 2b Leaflets diamond shaped, 1 larger than other 2; fruit red-orange; shrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhus aromatica [R. trilobata] Skunkbush

APIACEAE (CARROT FAMILY)  Apiaceae or Umbelliferae includes many familiar vegetables and herbs, such as carrot, parsley, coriander, parsnip, celery, fennel, dill, and anise. Some species in this family are deadly poisonous, and others may irritate the skin. It is therefore prudent to handle unfamiliar plants carefully. Members of the Carrot Family usually have alternate, often lobed or compound leaves, with petioles that are dilated near their bases into sheaths that clasp the stem. The stems are often ribbed and hollow. At least parts of these plants usually have a strong aroma due to various oils. Each flower has five stamens, two styles, and five separate petals, which may be slightly unequal, especially in flowers that are located along the outer edges of the umbel. Sepals are often absent. The ovary is inferior. The fruit consists of a pair of one-seeded divisions that are, for a time, joined tightly to a central partition. They are often conspicuously ribbed, and in certain species the ribs, or some of them, are drawn out into membranous wings. The flowers are nearly always concentrated in flat-topped inflorescences called umbels, which are usually compound (see “Illustrations of Plant Structures”). If this is the case, the rays of the primary umbels give rise to secondary umbels that consist of pedicels bearing the flowers. The primary umbels may have bracts beneath them and the secondary umbels may have bractlets.

72     Anacardiaceae

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Apiastrum angustifolium Wild Celery

Angelica hendersonii Henderson’s Angelica

Eryngium armatum Coyote-thistle

Cicuta douglasii Douglas’ Water-hemlock

DICOTYLEDONOUS FAMILIES

Apiaceae    73

87

Daucus carota Queen-Anne’s-lace

Foeniculum vulgare Sweet Fennel

Lilaeopsis occidentalis Western Lilaeopsis

Perideridia gairdneri Gairdner’s Yampah

74     Apiaceae

Ligusticum apiifolium Lovage

Lomatium nudicaule Pestle Parsnip

1a Plant somewhat resembling thistles; bracts, sepals, and often leaves stiff and prickly (petals whitish; usually in wet places, including vernal pools) 2a Bract beneath each flower with smooth margins, spiny only at tips; coastal (sepals 3–​5 mm long; petiole shorter than leaf blade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eryngium armatum (fig.) Coyote-thistle, Coastal Button-celery 2b Bract beneath each flower with spiny margins; not coastal 3a Styles on fruit about as long as sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eryngium aristulatum var. hooveri Hoover’s Button-celery; SFBR; 1b 3a Styles on fruit longer than sepals 4a Petioles 5–​27 cm long; leaf blades 3–​10 cm long (leaves toothed or with shallow lobes; sepals 1–​3 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eryngium aristulatum var. aristulatum Button-celery 4b Petioles less than 5 cm long if any; leaf blades 10–​30 cm long (sepals 3–​5 mm long) 5a Leaves 1 or 2 times deeply lobed; sepal spine shorter than rest of sepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eryngium castrense Great Valley Coyote-thistle 5b Leaves toothed or with shallow lobes; sepal spine about as long as rest of sepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eryngium jepsonii Jepson’s Button-celery; Al, CC 1b Plant not resembling thistles, neither bracts, sepals, nor leaves stiff and prickly 6a Leaves reduced to hollow petioles, which are cross-barred and appear jointed (petals white or maroon; bracts 1–​2 mm long; small, creeping perennial; marshlands)

Apiaceae    75





7a Leaves cylindrical or flattened, usually more than 1 mm thick, with 4–​13 well defined cross-walls; pedicels 5–​12, 1–​12 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lilaeopsis occidentalis (fig.) Western Lilaeopsis; Sl, Ma-n 7b Leaves cylindrical, usually less than 1 mm thick, with 3–​8 poorly defined cross-walls; pedicels 3–​8, 1–​6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lilaeopsis masonii Mason’s Lilaeopsis; SFBR; 1b 6b Leaves with well developed blades 8a Leaves usually opposite (blades mostly 5 lobed; fruit with star-shaped hairs; umbels in leaf axils, with bracts and 1 or a few flowers; petals yellow-green; annual; usually in shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bowlesia incana Bowles’ Parsley; Sn 8b Leaves alternate or basal, except sometimes in Apiastrum (subkey 1) 9a Ultimate divisions of leaves threadlike (bracts and bractlets usually absent; leaves not hairy) 10a Petals white; rays 1–​3, each with 6–​20 flowers; leaves up to 10 cm long, without odor of anise; up to 0.5 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclospermum leptophyllum Marsh Parsley; sa 10b Petals yellow; rays 15–​40, each with 18–​25 flowers; leaves up to 30 cm long, with odor of anise; up to 2 m tall (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foeniculum vulgare (fig.) Sweet Fennel; me 9b Ultimate divisions of leaves not threadlike, but sometimes very narrow 11a Leaves with many small ultimate leaflets or lobes, most divisions usually much less than 0.5 cm wide and 1.5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apiaceae, Subkey 1 11b Leaves with relatively few ultimate leaflets or lobes, most divisions either at least 1 cm wide, or 1.5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apiaceae, Subkey 2

Apiaceae, Subkey 1  Leaves with many small ultimate leaflets or lobes, most divisions usually much less than 0.5 cm wide and 1.5 cm long 1a Petals yellow or straw colored (leaves basal or near base; biennial or perennial) 2a Compound umbels irregular: primary umbels and branches often originating in same junction; bracts 2; bractlets without white margins; fruit not ribbed, but with bumps; secondary umbels usually with fewer than 12 flowers, some sessile and some staminate (bractlets fused at base; plant not hairy) 3a Petals straw or salmon colored; bractlets 3–​5; bumps only on upper part of fruit, these ending in bristles or hooks; limited to above 3000 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanicula saxatilis Rock Sanicle; CC(MD), SCl(MH); 1b 3b Petals yellow; bractlets 6–​10; bumps over entire fruit, these not ending in bristles or hooks; not limited to higher elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanicula tuberosa Tuberous Sanicle, Turkey-pea 2b Compound umbels regular: only rays originating from primary umbels; bracts absent; bractlets with white margins; fruit ribbed, but without bumps; secondary umbels often with more than 12 flowers, all with pedicels and bisexual 4a Bractlets not more than 1 mm wide; all ribs of fruit at least slightly extended as wings; woody at base (leaves not hairy, gray-green, ultimate divisions 1 mm wide; stem absent or short) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cymopterus terebinthinus var. californicus California Winged-fruit; Sn-n

76     Apiaceae, Subkey 1



4b Bractlets usually at least 2–​3 mm wide; only 2 ribs of fruit extended as wings; not woody 5a Bractlet margins hairy; rays 1–​3, 1–​8 cm long; pedicel 1–​5 mm long (stem absent or very short, with 1 leaf if any; volcanic substrate) . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium observatorium Mount Hamilton Lomatium; SCl(MH); 1b 5b Bractlet margins not hairy; rays 5–​20, 1–​12 cm long; pedicel 2–​9 mm long 6a Stem absent or very short, with 1 leaf if any; bractlets sometimes toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium caruifolium Caraway-leaved Lomatium; Me-SLO 6b Stem present, sometimes short, usually with 2 or 3 leaves; bractlets entire (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium utriculatum (pl. 3) Spring-gold, Bladder Parsnip 1b Petals usually white, sometimes reddish or purple 7a Bracts present (bractlets present) 8a Stem usually purple spotted; stem and leaves not hairy; fruit without bristles or spines; often more than 2 m tall (bracts not lobed or compound; bractlets 2 mm long; leaves 15–​ 30 cm long; widespread; caution: extremely poisonous, the deadly hemlock of ancient literature; may also cause a skin rash if handled) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conium maculatum Poison Hemlock; eu 8b Stem not purple spotted; stem and leaves hairy; fruit with bristles or spines; usually less than 1 m tall 9a Bracts 1 or 2, not lobed or compound; leaves up to 6 cm long; pedicel up to 4 mm long (bractlets several; rays more or less equal; fruit with hooked bristles; up to 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torilis arvensis Hedge Parsley, Tall Sock-destroyer; eu 9b Bracts 2 or several, lobed or compound; leaves usually more than 5 cm long; pedicel up to 14 mm long 10a Rays 1–​9, unequal; leaves 4–​10 cm long; fruit with hooked bristles; bracts resembling leaves, not more than 5 (up to 40 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . Yabea microcarpa California Hedge Parsley 10b Rays many, more or less equal; leaves 7–​35 cm long; fruit with spines; bracts not resembling leaves, usually more than 5 11a Bracts shorter than rays, and with undivided lobes; secondary umbels usually with more than 15 flowers; 1 corolla in each umbel purple; biennial, often more than 75 cm tall (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daucus carota (fig.) Queen-Anne’s-lace, Wild Carrot; eu 11b Bracts as long as rays, and usually with divided lobes; secondary umbels with fewer than 13 flowers; all corollas white; annual, rarely more than 50 cm tall (coastal plants more compact and fleshier than those inland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daucus pusillus Rattlesnake-weed 7b Bracts absent, but there may be 1 leaf beneath primary umbel 12a Bractlets beneath secondary umbels 0–​5 13a Bractlets absent; leaves sometimes opposite (primary umbels in upper leaf axils; rays often unequal; secondary umbels with few flowers; fruit about 1.5 mm long, heart-shaped, without a beak; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apiastrum angustifolium (fig.) Wild Celery; La-s 13b Bractlets 2–​5; leaves alternate

Apiaceae, Subkey 1    77







14a Bractlets 2–​5, hairy; fruit 30–​70 mm long, without bumps and bristles not hooked, beak 20–​60 mm long; up to 30 cm tall . . . . . . . . . Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd’s-needle, Venus’-needle; me 14b Bractlets 2–​4 , not hairy; fruit 2–​5 mm long, with both bumps and hooked bristles, without a beak; often somewhat sprawling (pedicels and rays short or none) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge Parsley, Short Sock-destroyer; eua 12b Bractlets beneath secondary umbels 5 or more 15a Bractlets turned down (leaves mostly along stem; fruit with hooked bristles; usually in shade; up to 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthriscus caucalis Bur-chervil; eua 15b Bractlets not turned down 16a Leaves scattered along stem; fruit 3–​5 mm long, with hooked bristles and rounded bumps; annual (pedicels 1–​4 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torilis arvensis Hedge Parsley, Tall Sock-destroyer; eu 16b Leaves mostly basal; fruit more than 5 mm long, without hooked bristles or rounded bumps; perennial 17a Pedicel 2–​8 mm long; petals purple (mature fruit twice as long as wide, not hairy; plant grayish; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium hooveri [L. ciliolatum var. hooveri] Hoover’s Lomatium; Na; 4 17b Pedicel up to 20 mm long; petals white, cream, green, or purple 18a Petals and fruit usually not hairy; mature fruit sometimes more than 3 times as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium macrocarpum Sheep Parsnip, Large-fruited Lomatium; SLO-n 18b Petals and fruit hairy; mature fruit rarely more than twice as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium dasycarpum Hog Fennel

Apiaceae, Subkey 2 Leaves with relatively few ultimate leaflets or lobes, most divisions either at least 1 cm wide, or 1.5 cm long 1a Leaves deeply lobed, not compound (compound umbels irregular: primary umbels and branches often originating in same junction; some flowers sessile and some staminate; plant scarcely hairy if at all; bracts leaflike; bractlets present) 2a Leaves and bractlets yellow-green throughout growing season; prostrate (leaves palmately lobed; umbels 1–​1.5 cm wide; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanicula arctopoides (pl. 4) Footsteps-of-spring, Yellow-mats; Mo-n 2b Leaves and bractlets green during growing season; upright 3a Lower leaves pinnately lobed; petals usually purple, sometimes yellow (fruit covered with hooked prickles; stem short; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanicula bipinnatifida (pl. 4) Purple Sanicle 3b Lower leaves palmately lobed; petals yellow 4a Some leaves not lobed and those with lobes often without bristle-tipped teeth; maturing fruit prickly only in lower third (bractlets about 10) . . . . Sanicula maritima Adobe Sanicle, Salt Marsh Sanicle; SF-SLO; 1b 4b All leaves lobed and with bristle-tipped teeth; maturing fruit prickly to the base

78     Apiaceae, Subkey 2



5a Plant typically branching well above base; leaves mapleleaf-like; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanicula crassicaulis (pl. 4) Snakeroot, Gambelweed 5b Plant typically branching only at base; leaves not mapleleaf-like; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanicula laciniata Coastal Sanicle; SLO-n 1b At least some leaves compound 6a Petals yellow, yellow-green, or purple 7a Compound umbels irregular: primary umbels and branches often originating in same junction (bracts leaflike; bractlets 6–​8; petals yellow; fruit with hooked bristles; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanicula bipinnata Poison Sanicle; Me-s 7b Compound umbels regular: only rays originating from primary umbels 8a Bractlets absent, but sometimes present in Pastinaca (bracts absent but sometimes present in Pastinaca) 9a Leaves not more than once compound, 10–​30 cm long; leaflets lobed and toothed; petals yellow or orange; up to 1 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pastinaca sativa Parsnip; eu 9b Leaves at least partly twice compound, 9–​20 cm long; leaflets, if lobed or toothed, usually only at tips; petals yellow or purple; stem usually absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium nudicaule (fig.) Pestle Parsnip 8b Bractlets present, but sometimes absent in Lomatium californicum and L. marginatum 10a Stem present, usually with 2 or 3 leaves (bracts absent) 11a Rays more than 10; bractlets, if present, 1–​2 mm long; fruit not bristly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium californicum Chu-chu-pate, California Lomatium 11b Rays 2–​5; bractlets 2–​10 mm long; fruit bristly (woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Osmorhiza brachypoda California Sweet-cicely; CC-s 10b Stem absent or nearly so, with only 1 leaf if any 12a Leaflets with few, if any, lobes (leaflets rounded, sharply toothed; bractlets 5–​ 10, turned back; petals yellow-green or purple; bracts absent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium repostum Napa Lomatium; Na; 4 12b Leaflets lobed 13a Leaflets triangular or rounded, lobes not narrow, but with sharp teeth; bractlets without whitish margins; rays unequal; bracts absent 14a Bractlets turned back to 1 side, 5–​12 mm long, usually longer than pedicels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tauschia hartwegii Hartweg’s Tauschia; CC-s 14b Bractlets not turned back or on 1 side, 3–​8 mm long, usually shorter than pedicels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tauschia kelloggii Kellogg’s Tauschia; SCr-n 13b Leaflets narrow, with narrow lobes without teeth; bractlets with whitish margins; rays more or less equal; bracts present

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15a Bractlets ovelapping, sometimes toothed; around drying pools and in grassland (petals usually yellow, sometimes purple; pedicel 2–​8 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium caruifolium Caraway-leaved Lomatium; Me-SLO 15b Bractlets, if present, not overlapping, not toothed; mostly on dry slopes 16a Petals yellow; pedicel 2–​6 mm long; inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium marginatum var. marginatum Yellow Hartweg’s Lomatium; Na-n 16b Petals purple; pedicel 5–​12 mm long; Coast Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lomatium marginatum var. purpureum Purple Hartweg’s Lomatium; Na-n 6b Petals usually white, sometimes reddish 17a Leaves once compound 18a Leaflets 3, usually more than 10 cm long and deeply lobed; umbels 10–​25 cm wide; bracts and bractlets often absent; often more than 1 m tall; moist habitats (widespread; caution: contact with leaves or stem may cause a skin irritation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heracleum maximum [H. lanatum] (pl. 3) Cow Parsnip; Mo-n 18b Leaflets more than 3, less than 10 cm long, toothed, but not lobed; umbels 2–​3 cm wide; bracts and bractlets present; usually less than 1 m tall; shallow water or wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Berula erecta Cut-leaved Water-parsnip 17b Leaves usually at least twice compound (leaflets more than 3) 19a Plant aquatic or in wetlands (bracts usually absent; bractlets present) 20a Leaflets often lobed and toothed, nearly as long as wide; rays 10–​20 (freshwater) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oenanthe sarmentosa Pacific Oenanthe, Water Parsley 20b Leaflets usually toothed, not lobed, at least twice as long as wide; rays 15–​35 (secondary veins of leaflets mostly directed toward clefts between marginal teeth; caution: both species extremely poisonous) 21a Rays 2–​4 .5 cm long; bractlets 2–​5 mm long; coastal salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cicuta maculata var. bolanderi Bolander’s Water-hemlock; Ma, Sl, CC 21b Rays 2–​8 cm long; bractlets 2–​15 cm long; freshwater habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cicuta douglasii (fig.) Douglas’ Water-hemlock, Western Water-hemlock 19b Plant not aquatic or in wetlands, but sometimes in damp soil 22a Most leaflets at least 10 times as long as wide (rays 7–​29, 1–​7 cm long; leaflets 0.5–​12 cm long; bractlets present) 23a Bracts turned back, with whitish margins; styles up to 1 mm long, erect; roots fibrous, 5–​15 in a cluster (bracts 8–​10, 5–​15 mm long; grassland, serpentine soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perideridia kelloggii Kellogg’s Yampah; Mo-n 23b Bracts, if present, not turned back, nor with whitish margins; styles 1–​2 mm long, bending back; roots potatolike, 1–​6 in a cluster 24a Rays 7–​14; basal leaves once compound, leaflets not lobed; bracts usually absent; root solitary (coastal areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . Perideridia gairdneri (fig.) Gairdner’s Yampah; 4

80     Apiaceae, Subkey 2







24b Rays 10–​29; basal leaves either 2 times compound, or leaflets lobed; bracts 2–​10, bristlelike, sometimes absent; roots 2–​6 in a cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Perideridia oregana Oregon Yampah 22b Most leaflets, except perhaps end one, only a few times as long as wide, usually lobed or toothed 25a End leaflet long, narrow, not toothed or lobed, other leaflets broader and shallowly lobed; bracts present; bractlets 1–​5 mm long with whitish margins (rays 8–​12, 3–​8 cm long; damp soil near streams) . . . . . Perideridia californica California Yampah; CC-SLO 25b All leaflets more or less equal; bracts and bractlets usually absent 26a Rays 3–​16; pedicels not more than 10 27a Rays 2–​12 cm long; pedicel 4–​20 mm long; woods (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Osmorhiza berteroi [O. chilensis] (pl. 3) Wood Sweet-cicely, Mountain Sweet-cicely 27b Rays not more than 2.5 cm long; pedicel 1–​6 mm long; wet soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apium graveolens Celery, Smallage; eua 26b Rays 10–​60; pedicels many more than 10 (bracts usually absent) 28a Leaves not hairy; bractlets many; near freshwater (rays 10–​20, 1.5–​3 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oenanthe sarmentosa Pacific Oenanthe, Water Parsley 28b Leaves usually hairy; bractlets absent or inconspicuous; not associated with water 29a Rays 12–​23; pedicel without extensions; leaves only hairy on margins (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ligusticum apiifolium (fig.) Lovage; SM-n 29b Rays 15–​65; pedicel with winglike extensions; leaves, if hairy, hairs not confined to margins 30a Undersides of leaves woolly; rays 2–​8 cm long; coastal (rays 20–​ 65; leaves green on upper surfaces) . . . Angelica hendersonii (fig.) Henderson’s Angelica; Mo-n 30b Undersides of leaves sometimes hairy, but not woolly; rays 2–​13 cm long; inland 31a Leaves with whitish coating on upper surfaces; rays 20–​60; woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angelica tomentosa Woolly Angelica; SCr-n 31b Leaves without whitish coating; rays 15–​50; dry slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angelica californica California Angelica; Al-n

APOCYNACEAE (DOGBANE FAMILY)  The Dogbane Family now includes Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family). The two groups have some obvious characters in common: milky, somewhat toxic sap; opposite or whorled leaves that are entire; petals at least partly fused; and generally two styles. The ovary is superior. Often the seeds have tufts of long silky hairs. The species in our region are perennials.

Apocynaceae    81

The flowers of Asclepias (milkweed) are rather intricate. After one opens, the five sepals and five petals turn sharply downward. The five stamens, attached near the base of the corolla, are joined by their filaments to form a tube around the pistil. Just outside this tube is a crownlike structure whose five lobes are called “hoods.” In some species there is a further complication: the inner face of each hood has an outgrowth called a “horn.” Because of the unique flower, the pollination process for milkweeds is hightly specialized. Some milkweeds are food for caterpillars of certain butterflies, including Danaus plexippus (Monarch Butterfly). The caterpillars and the soon-to-be adult butterflies become distasteful to predators because of toxins accumulated from milkweed sap. Commonly cultivated introduced members of the Dogbane Family are Nerium oleander (Common Oleander), a highly poisonous shrub or small tree planted in highway median strips, and species of Vinca (periwinkles), a ground cover. The stems of Apocynum cannabinum (Indian Hemp) have long fibers that native Americans have used for making ropes and cords. In this genus, the corolla usually has a substantial tube and the stamens do not form a tube around the pistil. Although Apocynum refers to its use as a dog poison, some of these plants have also been used for medical purposes. 1a Flower not as described in choice 1b; stamens not united to form a tube around pistils; leaves opposite 2a Flower solitary; corolla about 4 cm wide, blue or violet; rooting at nodes or stem tips (forming large masses, especially in shade, cultivated as a ground cover, invasive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vinca major (fig.) Greater Periwinkle; eu? 2b Flowers in panicles; corolla less than 1 cm wide, pale green, white, or pink; upright, not rooting at nodes or stem tips (seed pods up to 10 cm long; seeds with tufts of white hair) 3a Corolla white or pale green, 2.5–​5 mm long; leaves often more than 3 times as long as wide, not drooping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apocynum cannabinum Indian Hemp 3b Corolla pink, 4–​8 mm long; leaves rarely more than twice as long as wide, usually drooping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apocynum androsaemifolium (fig.) Bitter Dogbane, Mountain Hemp; Na, Sn-n 1b Flower with 5 concave hoodlike lobes between corolla lobes and stamens; stamens united to form a tube around the pistils; leaves in whorls or opposite 4a Stem reclining, usually undulating or zigzagging, flattened; corolla less than 4 mm long (corolla red-purple; leaves opposite; serpentine outcrops) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias solanoana Prostrate Milkweed, Serpentine Milkweed; Na, Sn-n; 4 4b Stem upright, not flattened; corolla at least 4 mm long 5a Hoods without horns (corolla dark red-purple or purple, at least 8 mm long) 6a Leaves whitish, woolly, not sessile; hoods with a slitlike opening extending from top down to about middle of outer side (widespread) . . . . . . . . . Asclepias californica (pl. 4) California Milkweed, Round-hooded Milkweed 6b Leaves green, with short hairs, sessile and clasping stem; hoods open at top and on inner side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias cordifolia Purple Milkweed; Sl-n

82     Apocynaceae

Apocynum androsaemifolium Bitter Dogbane



Vinca major Greater Periwinkle

5b Hoods with horns 7a Hoods extending well above stamens; filament tube scarcely evident; corolla rosepurple, at least 8 mm long; leaves opposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias speciosa Showy Milkweed, Greek Milkweed; Sl-n 7b Hoods not extending much above stamens; filament tube well developed; corolla cream or pale green, less than 6 mm long; leaves opposite or whorled 8a Leaves dark green, slightly hairy if at all, usually at least 6 times as long as wide, and rarely more than 1 cm wide; corolla pale green . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias fascicularis Narrow-leaved Milkweed 8b Leaves whitish, densely hairy, less than 3 times as long as wide, and usually at least 3 cm wide; corolla cream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias eriocarpa Kotolo; Me-s

AQUIFOLIACEAE (HOLLY FAMILY)  Members of this family of evergreen trees and shrubs are found nearly worldwide. The pistillate and staminate flowers on different plants have four sepals and four petals, both of which are fused at their bases. The ovary is superior and the pulpy fruit is red. Ilex aquifolium (English Holly), a native of Europe and Asia, has become established in our region. The variable leaves—​even on one plant—​are usually alternate and may be lobed or not and may have spinelike teeth. ARALIACEAE (GINSENG FAMILY) Araliaceae, which has about 50 genera, provides many species that are cultivated primarily for their leaves, such as Hedera helix (English Ivy) and numerous house plants (species of Aralia), as well as Fatsia japonica (Japanese Aralia), commonly grown outdoors in milder parts of California. The several species of ginseng, which have medicinal properties, belong to the genus Panax. They are natives of Asia and eastern North America.

Aquifoliaceae    83

APIACEAE, SUBKEY 2

97

Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Water Pennywort

The flowers of the Ginseng Family are usually in umbels with inferior ovaries. The genus Hydrocotyle (pennyworts), formerly in Apiaceae (Carrot Family), is now included in Araliaceae. The two families are considered to be closely related. 1a Leaves compound, separated into 3 divisions, those with 3–​5 leaflets often more than 10 cm long (sap milky; base of petiole forming a sheath; herb; up to 3 m tall; moist, shaded canyons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aralia californica (pl. 4) Elk-clover, Spikenard 1b Leaves not compound, sometimes lobed 2a Woody vine; terrestrial 3a Stem leaves less than 25 cm long, with 3 shallow lobes if any; hairs red-orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hedera canariensis Canary Islands Ivy; af 3b Stem leaves up to 35 cm long, with 3–​5 prominent lobes; hairs white . . . . . . . Hedera helix English Ivy; eua 2b Not a woody vine; aquatic or rooting in mud 4a Leaf blades kidney shaped, lobed; petiole attached between leaf lobes (pedicel present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (fig.) Water Pennywort, Floating Marsh Pennywort 4b Leaf blades nearly circular, with shallow teeth; petiole attached near center of blade 5a Petioles up to 5 cm long; pedicel 5–​25 mm long; inflorescence an umbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrocotyle umbellata Marsh Pennywort 5b Petioles up to 25 cm long; pedicel usually absent; inflorescence consists of several whorls of flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrocotyle verticillata Whorled Marsh Pennywort; SFBR

84     Araliaceae

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (PIPEVINE FAMILY) This family is placed in a group with Calycanthaceae (Sweetshrub Family), Lauraceae (Laurel Family), and Saururaceae (Lizard’s-tail Family), separate from the Monocotyledons and other Dicotyledons based on taxonomic evidence. Two very different-looking plants represent the Pipevine Family in our region: Asarum caudatum (Wild-ginger) grows as an evergreen ground cover in shady woodland; Aristolochia californica (Dutchman’s-pipe), a deciduous woody vine, climbs over other shrubs. The two plants share several features, however. The alternate, entire leaves have heart-shaped blades. The flowers lack petals, but the three sepals resemble petals because of their coloration. The ovary is inferior or half-inferior. There are six stamens fused to the style in Aristolochia and 12 stamens free of the style in Asarum. In Aristolochia, the color of the calyx and its enclosed nectar attract insect pollinators, which become temporarily trapped inside the calyx “bowl” until the stamens have matured. 1a Herb, forming a ground cover in moist woods; leaf blade about as long as wide, with a deep cleft at base; calyx tube cup shaped, lobes equal and several times as long as wide, purplebrown (plant with aroma of ginger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asarum caudatum Wild-ginger; SCl-n 1b Woody vine, climbing over shrubs; leaf blade mostly longer than wide, with a shallow cleft at base; calyx tube deep, curved, resembling bowl of a smoker’s pipe, lobes not equal and not much longer than wide, green with purple veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aristolochia californica (pl. 4) Dutchman’s-pipe, Pipevine; Mo-n

ASTERACEAE (SUNFLOWER FAMILY)  In California, as well as in many other parts of the world, the Asteraceae or Compositae has more species than any other family of flowering plants. Keying an unfamiliar member of this group to genus and species may therefore be a longer process than would be needed to identify a mint or a saxifrage, for example. But recognition of the family itself is easy because of the distinctive structure of the flower head. Each head consists of several to many small flowers attached to a disk-shaped, conical, or concave receptacle. Below and around this receptacle are leaflike bracts called “phyllaries.” When you are served a cooked artichoke, you nibble off the more nutritious portions of the phyllaries, then scrape away the flowers and eat the receptacle. There are two main types of flowers: those in which the corolla is tubular and usually five lobed, and those in which one side of the corolla is drawn out into a petal-like structure called a “ray.” In a daisy, flowers with the tubular type of corolla occupy the central part of the head and are called “disk flowers”; those with the petal-like type of corolla are distributed around the margins and are called “ray flowers.” In many members of the family only disk flowers or only ray flowers occur. Thus it is convenient to break up the large key for identifying plants of the family Asteraceae into three main groups: those that have only ray flowers, those that have only disk flowers, and those that have both. Sepals as we know them in other families are absent or are replaced by scales or hairs that form what is called a “pappus.” If present, the pappus often facilitates dispersal of the

Aristolochiaceae    85

Beidleman_025-254 6/10/02 9:43 AM Page 100

stigma style

corolla

phyllaries

receptacle all flowers of the ray-flower type

pappus

all flowers of the disk-flower type anthers of stamens ray flower

disk flower

pappus (calyx) achene (fruit)

head with ray and disk flowers

ray flower

Asteraceae (Sunflower Family)

Some perennial species that are good subjects for gardens devoted to indigenous plants are listed small,below. dry fruit by wind, animals, or other means. The fruit, called an “achene,” is below the pappus and corolla and is fused tightly to the single seed inside it. Thus the ovary is infeBaccharis pilularis(Coyotebrush; especially valuable for erosion control) rior. When stamens are present, they are attached to the corolla and their anthers are united Erigeron glaucus(Seaside Daisy) into a tube around the style. Certain of the head may lack stamens; others may lack Eriophyllum conferti florum(Goldenflowers Yarrow) a pistil, and some may lack Heterotheca sessili flora ssp.both. bolanderi(Golden Aster) Of the numerous species of Asteraceae Tanacetum camphoratum (Dune Tansy) growing in our area, many are introduced. The family has given us hundreds of garden flowers, food plants, and sources of valuable oils, Among the many annuals that ffeectively cover bare ground and make a colorful showing, dyes, and medicines. Coreopsis calliopsidea (Leafystem Coreopsis), Lasthenia californica(California Gold fields), and Some perennial species that are good subjects for gardens devoted to indigenous plants Layia platyglossa(Tidytips) are of particular interest. are listed below.

The first step in identifying a member of Asteraceae is to use the preliminary key, which will lead you to one of the three main groups of the family. The shrubs of the Sun flower Family in Baccharis pilularis (Coyotebrush; especially valuable for erosion control) our area, although included in the following key, are also together in “Trees, Shrubs, and Erigeron glaucus Daisy) Woody Vines, Group(Seaside 4.” Eriophyllum confertiflorum (Inland Lizardtail)

1a Flowers in each head either all of the (Bolander’s rayflower type or primarily of the disk-flower type (ray Heterotheca sessiliflora ssp. bolanderi Golden-aster) flowers, if present, inconspicuous; see choice 2b) Tanacetum bipinnatum (Dune Tansy) 2a Flowers all of the ray-flower type; plant usually with milky sap (break a leaf tip to see) .......................................................... ,   Some annuals that will cover bare ground and make a colorful showing are Lepto2b Flowers primarily of the disk-flower type, the rays, if present, either less than 2 mm syne calliopsidea (Leafy-stemmed Tickseed), Lasthenia californica ssp. californica (Calilong or not extending more than 2 mm beyond the phyllaries; plant without milky sap fornia Goldfields), . . . . . . . . . . . .and . . . . .Layia . . . . . . .platyglossa . . . . . . . . . . . .(Tidytips). ...................... ,   1b At least some of theflower heads with diskflowers and conspicuous rayflowers . . . . . . . . . . .............................................................. ,   86     Asteraceae 100

APIACEAE, SUBKEY 2

Adenocaulon bicolor Trailplant

Ambrosia psilostachya Western Ragweed

Anthemis cotula Mayweed

Bidens laevis Bur-marigold

APIA C E A E , S87 UBKEY 2 Asteraceae     

101

Ericameria ericoides Mock-heather

Euthamia occidentalis Western Goldenrod

88     Asteraceae

Erigeron canadensis Horseweed

Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed

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Iva axillaris Povertyweed

Hieracium albiflorum White-flowered Hawkweed

Microseris douglasii ssp. douglasii Douglas’ Microseris

Petasites frigidus var. palmatus Western Sweet Coltsfoot

Xanthium spinosum Spanish Thistle

A P I A     C E A E , S U89 BKEY 2 Asteraceae

103

The first step in identifying a member of the Asteraceae is to use the preliminary key, which will lead you to one of the three main groups of the family. The shrubs of the Sunflower Family in our area, while included in the following key, are also together in “Trees and Shrubs, Group 2.” Lessingia nemaclada, L. pectinata var. tenuipes, Microseris elegans, and M. sylvatica have been reported in our region. 1a Flowers in each head either all of the ray-flower type or primarily of the disk-flower type (rays, if present, inconspicuous; see choice 2b) 2a Flowers all of ray-flower type; plant usually with milky sap (break a leaf tip to see) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asteraceae, Group 1 2b Flowers primarily of disk-flower type, rays, if present, not extending more than 2 mm beyond phyllaries; plant without milky sap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asteraceae, Group 2 1b At least some flower heads with disk flowers and conspicuous rays . . . . . .Asteraceae, Group 3

Asteraceae, Group 1  Flowers all of the ray-flower type; plant usually with milky sap (break a leaf tip to see) 1a Flower head solitary at the end of an unbranched stem 2a Corolla purple (pappus of brown bristles at end of a beak; leaves entire; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify, Oysterplant; eu 2b Corolla white, yellow, yellow-green, or orange 3a Pappus of all flowers consists of bristles at the end of a slender beak 4a Leaves not toothed or lobed, scattered along the flowering stem (pappus bristles white; annual or biennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tragopogon dubius Yellow Salsify; eu 4b Leaves usually toothed or lobed, and mostly basal 5a Outer phyllaries turned back; achene with short spines at upper end (leaf lobes or teeth pointed toward base of leaf; usually less than 20 cm tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taraxacum officinale [includes T. laevigatum] (pl. 7) Common Dandelion; eu 5b Phyllaries generally not turned back; achene without spines 6a Leaf blade with narrow lobes or teeth, some pointed toward leaf base (lobe at leaf tip usually twice as long as others; head 2–​6 cm high; perennial; up to 50 cm tall; above 2500 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agoseris retrorsa Spear-leaved Dandelion 6b Lobes or teeth, if present on leaf blade, usually not pointed toward leaf base 7a Peduncle of flower head often more than 2 to 3 times as long as leaves; annual (leaves 5–​15 cm long; head 1–​2 .5 cm high) 8a Rays 10–​15 mm long, longer than involucre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agoseris heterophylla var. cryptopleura Hidden Dandelion 8b Rays 2–​6 mm long, more or less equal to involucre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agoseris heterophylla var. heterophylla Annual Dandelion

90     Asteraceae, Group 1



7b Peduncle of flower head usually less than twice as long as leaves; perennial 9a Phyllaries unequal in size and shape, those of uppermost series taller and narrower than others; head 2.5–​4 cm high; up to 60 cm tall (leaves 10–​25 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agoseris grandiflora California Dandelion, Large-flowered Agoseris 9b Phyllaries mostly equal in size and shape; head 1.5–​2 cm high; up to 45 cm tall (coastal) 10a Leaves 6–​30 cm long, with deeply separated, narrow lobes; beak of achene slightly longer than rest of achene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agoseris apargioides var. apargioides Seaside Dandelion 10b Leaves 2–​15 cm long, toothed or with irregular, wide lobes; beak of achene half as long as rest of achene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agoseris apargioides var. eastwoodiae (pl. 5) Coast Dandelion, Eastwood’s Agoseris 3b Pappus of at least some flowers of each head consists of flattened scales, these sometimes ending in bristles, scales sometimes absent in Microseris douglasii ssp. tenella (leaves usually toothed or lobed, and mostly basal) 11a Pappus of flowers in center of each head consists of fringed scales, that of outer flowers bristles (head up to 1.5 cm high; leaves up to 25 cm long; flowering stem not branched; up to 30 cm tall) 12a Beak of achenes in center of each head 2–​3 mm long; usually annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leontodon saxatilis ssp. longirostris Long-beaked Hawkbit 12b Beak of achene in center of each head about 1 mm long; usually perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leontodon saxatilis ssp. saxatilis [L. taraxacoides] Hairy Hawkbit; eu 11b Pappus of all flowers consists of scales that end in bristles 13a Some phyllaries 2–​3 cm long; head upright; achene and pappus together often more than 2.5 cm long (each pappus scale with 2 lobes; annual; up to 60 cm tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uropappus lindleyi [Microseris lindleyi] Silverpuffs 13b Phyllaries not more than 1.5 cm long; head usually nodding in bud stage, upright when open; achene and pappus together usually less than 2.5 cm long 14a Each pappus scale with 2 lobes (pappus white to brown; achene 5–​8 mm long; up to 40 cm tall; coastal) . . . Stebbinsoseris decipiens [Microseris decipiens] Stebbins’ Chicory, Santa Cruz Microseris; Ma; 1b 14b Pappus scales not lobed 15a Flower head often more than 2 cm wide; perennial; up to 80 cm tall (pappus brown or yellow, 8–​13 mm long, the bristles usually longer than scales; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microseris paludosa Marsh Microseris; Sn-Mo; 1b 15b Flower head less than 1.5 cm wide, except sometimes in Microseris douglasii; annual; mostly less than 60 cm tall 16a Flower head with up to 50 flowers; pappus white to brown, bristles more or less equal to scales; up to 30 cm tall (inland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microseris acuminata Sierra Foothills Microseris; Al-n

Asteraceae, Group 1    91



16b Flower head with more than 100 flowers; pappus silvery to black, bristles usually longer than scales; up to 60 cm tall 17a Mainly coastal, in sandy soil; corolla yellow or orange (achene widest near the middle; pappus scales 1–​4 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microseris bigelovii Bigelow’s Microseris, Coastal Microseris 17b Mainly inland, in serpentine and clay soils; corolla yellow or white 18a Achene widest near tip; pappus scales 1–​6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microseris douglasii ssp. douglasii (fig.) Douglas’ Microseris 18b Achene widest near middle; pappus scales, if present, less than 1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microseris douglasii ssp. tenella Delicate Douglas’ Microseris; SFBR-s 1b Flower heads few to many on or near end of an unbranched stem, sometimes solitary on a branched stem 19a Corolla purple, blue, pink, cream, or white 20a Corolla bright blue, occasionally pink or white; head at least 3 cm wide when open (closed in afternoon); pappus of minute scales (flower heads scattered along stem; up to 1 m tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cichorium intybus (pl. 5) Chicory, Blue-sailors; eu 20b Corolla purple, pale blue, pink, cream, or white; head less than 3 cm wide; pappus of bristles 21a Flower head 2–​3 cm wide, solitary at branch ends (corolla white; upper leaves sessile, much shorter than lower ones; often more than 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rafinesquia californica California Chicory 21b Flower head 1–​1.5 cm wide, not solitary at branch ends 22a Flower heads scattered along leafless branches (corolla pink or white; sometimes more than 1 m tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . Stephanomeria virgata ssp. pleurocarpa Tall Stephanomeria 22b Flower heads at ends of branches, these with a few leaves 23a Lower leaves with few teeth if any (corolla white; leaves mostly basal, petioles winged; less than 1 m tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . Hieracium albiflorum (fig.) White-flowered Hawkweed 23b Lower leaves with several teeth or lobes 24a Leaves not mainly basal, not hairy; corolla pale blue or cream; often more than 1.5 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactuca biennis Tall Blue Lettuce; na 24b Leaves mainly basal, with tufts of woolly hairs on undersides near margins; corolla white or pink; not more than 0.5 m tall 25a Outermost corollas extending 1–​3 mm beyond phyllaries; pappus of outer fruit a toothed crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malacothrix phaeocarpa Dusky-fruited Malacothrix; SFBR-s 25b Outermost corollas extending 5–​9 mm beyond phyllaries; pappus of outer fruit absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malacothrix floccifera Woolly Malacothrix 19b Corolla yellow or yellow-green 26a Leaves mostly basal, stem leaves, if present, much smaller than basal ones

92     Asteraceae, Group 1





27a Leaves bristly, rough to touch (pappus of bristles; head 2–​3 cm high; leaves up to 20 cm long; up to 80 cm tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypochaeris radicata Rough Cat’s-ear, Hairy Cat’s-ear; eu 27b Leaves not bristly, although they may be hairy 28a Pappus either absent or of 1–​8 bristles (less than 50 cm tall) 29a Leaves with tufts of woolly hairs on undersides near margins; stem usually branching near base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malacothrix floccifera Woolly Malacothrix 29b Leaves not hairy; stem usually branching well above base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malacothrix clevelandii Cleveland’s Malacothrix 28b Pappus of more than 25 bristles 30a Involucre 5–​8 mm high (leaves toothed or lobed, lobe at end of blade usually at least 2 or 3 times as long as wide; up to 90 cm tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard; eu 30b Involucre 8–​19 mm high 31a Leaves scarcely hairy if at all 32a Longest leaves 2–​10 cm, usually not lobed, but toothed; up to 60 cm tall (flower heads open only in bright sunshine) . . . . Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat’s-ear; eu 32b Longest leaves 10–​35 cm, usually lobed, end lobe longer than others; up to 120 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crepis vesicaria ssp. taraxacifolia Weedy Hawksbeard; eu 31b Leaves densely hairy (above 1500 ft) 33a Longest leaves 15–​40 cm, lobed and with some teeth, end lobe narrower than others; up to 70 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crepis intermedia Intermediate Hawksbeard 33b Longest leaves 10–​20 cm, toothed or if lobed, end lobe not narrowed; up to 40 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crepis occidentalis ssp. pumila Western Hawksbeard 26b Many stem leaves as large as basal leaves, if present 34a Margins or midveins of leaves, and sometimes other parts of plant, prickly or bristly (upper leaves clasping stem or their margins extending down stem) 35a Leaves prickly, at least on midveins (leaves along stem and also basal; phyllaries not prickly, in 2 to several series; pappus of bristles; at least 50 cm tall) 36a Leaves not prickly on margins, more than 10 times as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactuca saligna Willow Lettuce; eu 36b Leaves prickly on margins, less than 5 times as long as wide 37a Stem not prickly, at least in upper part; leaves scarcely lobed if at all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lactuca virosa Wild Lettuce; eu 37b Stem prickly; leaves usually deeply lobed (widespread) . . . . Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce; eu 35b Leaves not prickly on midveins, at least not on upper surfaces 38a Receptacle with broad scales enclosing fruit; pappus of a few scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scolymus hispanicus Golden-thistle; eu

Asteraceae, Group 1    93













38b Receptacle without scales; pappus of many bristles 39a Phyllaries not prickly; stem not prickly (leaves on the stem and basal; phyllaries in 3 series; often more than 1 m tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sonchus asper Prickly Sow Thistle; eu 39b Phyllaries prickly; stem usually prickly 40a Leaves along stem, but not basal, without whitish spots; phyllaries in 1 series, united at bases; less than 50 cm tall . . . . . Urospermum picroides Tailed-seed; eu 40b Leaves along stem and basal, with whitish spots; phyllaries in 2 to 3 series, the outer separate; up to 80 cm tall (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helminthotheca echioides [Picris echioides] Bristly Ox-tongue; eu 34b Neither margins nor midveins of leaves prickly or bristly 41a Upper leaves clasping stem; often more than 1 m tall (involucre 10–​17 mm high; pappus of bristles) 42a Leaves either entire or with fewer than 10 lobes or teeth; upper portion of flower stem not branched; flowers 8–​12 in each head . . . . . . . . Lactuca saligna Willow Lettuce; eu 42b Leaves with more than 10 lobes or teeth; upper portion of flower stem branched; flowers more than 15 in each head (lobe at tip of each leaf blade often arrowhead shaped; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow Thistle; eu 41b Upper leaves not clasping stem; less than 1 m tall 43a Pappus of at least 10 bristles (leaves lobed or toothed; plant with long, glandular hairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crepis monticola Mountain Hawksbeard; SCl-n 43b Pappus absent 44a Stem with glandular hairs at the base; head 5–​10 mm high; upper leaves with prominent teeth; lower leaves lobed as well as toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapsana communis Nipplewort; eu 44b Stem without glandular hairs at base, but there may be other hairs; head 10–​13 mm high; upper leaves scarcely toothed; lower leaves lobed but not toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhagadiolus stellatus Two-fruited Dandelion, eu

Asteraceae, Group 2 Flowers primarily of disk-flower type, rays if present, not extending more than 2 mm beyond phyllaries; plant without milky sap 1a Involucre with sharp spines (see exceptions in 1b regarding Ambrosia and Soliva) 2a Plant spiny only on the involucres 3a Involucre with hooked spines 4a Flower head up to 2 times higher than wide; corolla white, sometimes absent; pappus absent 5a Leaves up to 20 cm long, usually toothed and lobed; stem often spotted red or black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xanthium strumarium Cocklebur

94     Asteraceae, Group 2

















5b Leaves less than 3 cm long, not toothed or lobed; stem not spotted (staminate and pistillate flowers in same head; pistillate flowers enclosed by a woolly, boat-shaped bract) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ancistrocarphus filagineus [Stylocline filaginea] Woolly Fishhooks; Me-s 4b Flower head about as high as wide; corolla pink or purple; pappus of bristles (leaves up to 30 cm long) 6a Flower head 1–​2 .5 cm wide, sessile or its peduncle no longer than head; usually some phyllaries purple tipped; petioles of larger leaves hollow, without ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctium minus Common Burdock; eu 6b Flower head 2.5–​4 cm wide, its peduncle longer than head; phyllaries not purple tipped; petioles of larger leaves solid, usually with ridges . . . . . . . . . Arctium lappa Great Burdock; eu 3b Involucre with straight spines 7a Spines of involucre 1–​2 mm long; corolla white or blue-purple; pappus bristles feathery (leaves lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynara cardunculus [C. scolymus] Artichoke, Cardoon; me 7b Spines of involucre often more than 5 mm long; corolla white, yellow, pink, or purple; pappus bristles, if present, not feathery (basal leaves sometimes absent at flowering time) 8a Corolla usually purple or pink, sometimes white; leaves not rough to touch (spines of involucre 10–​25 mm long) 9a Involucre 8–​14 mm high; basal leaves 15–​25 cm long, usually with 3 or 4 pairs of lobes, these sometimes toothed; corolla usually pink, sometimes white; pappus bristles 1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurea iberica Iberian Knapweed, Iberian Star-thistle; me 9b Involucre 6–​8 mm high; basal leaves less than 10 cm long, often with more than 4 pairs of narrow lobes, these usually toothed; corolla purple; pappus absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurea calcitrapa Purple Star-thistle; eu 8b Corolla yellow; leaves usually rough to touch (leaves less than 15 cm long, usually lobed, but not toothed; pappus bristles 2–​4 mm long; common) 10a Spines of involucre purple, 5–​10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurea melitensis Tocalote; me 10b Spines of involucre yellow, 10–​25 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurea solstitialis Yellow Star-thistle; me 2b Plant spiny on stem, leaves, or both, as well as on involucres 11a Spines on stem 3 branched; leaves not spiny; involucre with hooked spines (leaves 3–​8 cm long, hairy on undersides, with 3–​5 lobes; pappus absent; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xanthium spinosum (fig.) Spanish Thistle, Spiny Cocklebur; eu 11b Spines on stem not 3 branched; leaves spiny; involucre with straight spines 12a Leaves with white mottling throughout (head up to 5 cm wide, with spines about as long; corolla pink to purple; pappus bristles 15–​20 mm long; up to 2 m tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silybum marianum Milk Thistle; me 12b Leaves without white mottling, but leaf veins may be whitish

Asteraceae, Group 2    95



13a Stem with spiny extensions connecting one leaf base nearly to next (corolla pink or purple) 14a Upper surfaces of leaves rough to touch; involucre 3–​4 cm high; pappus bristles feathery, 2–​3 cm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle; eu 14b Leaves not rough to touch; involucre 1.5–​2 cm high; pappus bristles not feathery, 1–​1.5 cm long 15a Branches usually ending in 1–​5 flower heads; outer surfaces of phyllaries roughened (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carduus pycnocephalus Italian Thistle; me 15b Branches usually ending in more than 5 flower heads; outer surfaces of phyllaries smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carduus tenuiflorus Slender-flowered Thistle; me 13b Stem either without spiny extensions, or extensions not connecting leaf bases 16a Upper half of most phyllaries with a lengthwise resinous ridge (involucre 1.5–​ 4.5 cm high; pappus bristles feathery) 17a Leaves densely hairy 18a Involucre densely hairy; corolla white to red-purple; wet areas (phyllary tips often purple; sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . . . Cirsium douglasii Swamp Thistle; Me-Mo 18b Involucre hairy only on phyllary margins if at all; corolla white, lavender, or pink; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium undulatum Wavy-leaved Thistle 17b Leaves hairy, but not densely so (involucre scarcely or not at all hairy; corolla pale pink or rose) 19a Upper leaves with several narrow lobes; head 2.5–​3 cm high; brackish marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum Suisun Thistle; Sl; 1b 19b Upper leaves either entire or with only a few lobes; head 3–​3.5 cm high; wet areas on serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium hydrophilum var. vaseyi Mount Tamalpais Thistle; Ma(MT); 1b 16b Phyllaries without a lengthwise resinous ridge, except sometimes in Cirsium occidentale var. californicum and C. cymosum 20a Margins of phyllaries with jagged teeth 21a Phyllaries more or less equal, none or them leaflike; corolla cream to pink; pappus bristles feathery . . . . Cirsium remotifolium var. odontolepis Pacific Fringed Thistle, Fringe-bracted Thistle; SFBR-n 21b Outer phyllaries leaflike, definitely longer than inner; corolla yellow; pappus of scales 10–​13 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carthamus lanatus Woolly Distaff Thistle; me 20b Margins of phyllaries either not toothed or with only fine teeth 22a Flower heads nodding, at least in flower; phyllaries bent back for more than half their length (corolla white; wet areas, on serpentine) 23a Phyllaries reddish, spines on tips 1–​2 mm long; hairs on leaves resembling a thin cobweb . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale Crystal Springs Fountain Thistle; SM; 1b

96     Asteraceae, Group 2



















23b Phyllaries greenish, spines on tips usually 3–​6 mm long; hairs on leaves resembling a dense cobweb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium fontinale var. campylon Mount Hamilton Fountain Thistle; SCl(MH); 1b 22b Flower heads erect; phyllaries not bent back 24a Leaves mostly basal, stem leaves much smaller (corolla white, bluepurple, or purple) 25a Involucre 2.5–​5 cm high and wide; phyllaries with lighter margins, some toothed, sometimes hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium quercetorum Brownie Thistle; SFBR-n 25b Involucre 3–​15 cm high and wide; phyllaries without lighter margins, not toothed, not hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynara cardunculus [C. scolymus] Artichoke, Cardoon; me 24b Stem leaves well developed 26a Corolla yellow 27a Involucre 2–​4 cm high, with branched spines, head almost hidden by leaves below it; some phyllaries purple or straw colored . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurea benedicta [Cnicus benedictus] Blessed Thistle; eu 27b Involucre about 2 cm high, without branched spines, head not hidden by leaves below it; phyllaries not purple or straw colored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carthamus creticus Smooth Distaff Thistle; me 26b Corolla not yellow (involucre spines not branched) 28a Spines on phyllary tips 5–​15 mm long (involucre 1.5–​3 cm high, densely hairy; corolla red-purple, sometimes cream; coastal bluffs, sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium andrewsii Franciscan Thistle; Sn-SM; 1b 28b Spines on phyllary tips not more than 5 mm long 29a Leaf below each flower head at least as long as head (involucre 2.5–​3.5 cm high, densely hairy; coastal, Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium brevistylum Indian Thistle 29b Leaf below each flower head shorter than head 30a Involucre 1–​3 cm high, hairy at least at first, hairs not resembling a cobweb 31a Involucre 1–​2 cm wide; corolla purple; heads of pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; phyllary spines up to 1 mm long (spreading by underground rhizomes; widespread at low elevations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium arvense Canada Thistle; eu

Asteraceae, Group 2    97



31b Involucre 1.5–​5 cm wide; corolla white; most flowers with a pistil and stamens; phyllary spines 2–​4 mm long (sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium cymosum Peregrine Thistle; Mo-n 30b Involucre 1.5–​5 cm high, sometimes hairy, hairs often resembling a cobweb 32a Involucre densely hairy (corolla lavender to purple; phyllary spines 1–​10 mm long; coastal, sandy soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium occidentale var. occidentale Cobwebby Thistle 32b Involucre usually not densely hairy if at all 33a Phyllary spines 1–​3 mm long; corolla white, rose, or purple; woodlands . . . . . . . . . . Cirsium occidentale var. californicum California Thistle; CC-s 33b Phyllary spines 1–​10 mm long; corolla red-pink or red, sometimes white, pink, or purple; woods, grasslands (widespread) . . . . . . . . Cirsium occidentale var. venustum (pl. 5) Venus Thistle, Red Thistle 1b Involucre without sharp spines (some species of Ambrosia have spines on involucre of each pistillate flower head; in Soliva, each flattened achene, which resembles a phyllary, ends in spines) 34a All leaves alternate 35a Upper half of each phyllary with 12–​15 marginal teeth; outer flowers larger than central flowers of head; corolla deep blue, sometimes white, pink, or purple (leaves sometimes lobed; pappus bristles 2–​3 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurea cyanus Bachelor’s-button, Cornflower; me 35b Flower head and corolla not as described in choice 35a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey 34b Some or all leaves opposite, except sometimes Ambrosia confertiflora 36a Leaves opposite below, alternate above 37a Leaves entire or with a few teeth 38a Involucre 10–​20 mm high; corolla yellow, orange, or red; rays extending about 2 mm beyond phyllaries; pappus scales 10, white, 3–​11 mm long; plant not woody; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Achyrachaena mollis (pl. 4) Blow-wives 38b Involucre 5–​6 mm high; corolla white; rays absent; pappus absent; plant sometimes woody; salt marshes or alkaline places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iva axillaris [I. axillaris ssp. robustior] (fig.) Povertyweed; Sl, Al, CC 37b Leaves lobed or with many teeth (leaves hairy; head less than 8 mm high; staminate heads in racemes at ends of branches; pistillate heads in leaf axils below racemes; pappus absent) 39a Plant forming mats; stem prostrate, tip rising (involucre of pistillate head spiny; coastal, sandy areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ambrosia chamissonis [Franseria chamissonis] Silvery Beachweed, Beach Bursage; Mo-n

98     Asteraceae, Group 2









39b Plant not forming mats; stem erect 40a Leaves pinnately lobed; involucre of each pistillate head sometimes with bumps, but without spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ambrosia psilostachya (fig.) Western Ragweed, Common Ragweed 40b Leaves twice pinnately lobed; involucre of each pistillate head with hooked spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ambrosia confertiflora Ragweed, Weak-leaved Burweed; SF 36b All leaves opposite 41a Lower leaves with petioles 42a Leaves compound, with 3–​5 leaflets; plant not glandular; annual; pappus bristles usually 2 (up to 120 cm tall, branched; damp places) . . . . . . . . . . . Bidens frondosa Sticktight; Sn 42b Leaves not compound; plant glandular; perennial; pappus bristles many 43a Corolla yellow; stem not purple; involucre 10–​17 mm high; up to 60 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arnica discoidea Coastal Arnica, Rayless Arnica; Mo-n 43b Corolla white; stem purple; involucre not more than 5 mm high; up to 150 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ageratina adenophora [Eupatorium adenophorum] Crofton-weed, Sticky Eupatorium; mx 41b Leaves sessile 44a Flower head hairy, but not woolly; leaves 2–​10 cm long; rays, if present, up to 2 mm long; stem usually upright to 35 cm tall; pappus of scales, flowers without scales beneath them (corolla yellow) 45a Leaves hairy; phyllaries 4 (shaded slopes, chaparral) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia microglossa Small-rayed Goldfields; CC-s 45b Leaves not hairy; phyllaries 5–​14 46a Phyllaries hairy throughout, joined at least half their length; leaves not succulent (wet clay soils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia glaberrima Smooth Goldfields; Al-n 46b Phyllaries hairy only on margins and midribs, separate most of their length; leaves succulent (leaves usually lobed; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia maritima [L. minor ssp. maritima] Maritime Goldfields; Mo-n 44b Flower head woolly; leaves not more than 2.5 cm long; rays absent; stem prostrate, up to 15 cm long; pappus absent, but some flowers with a scale beneath them (hard-packed soil, dry mud of vernal pools) 47a Leaves often extending 5–​10 mm beyond each flower head; leaves 6–​10 times as long as wide (leaves up to 20 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . Psilocarphus oregonus Oregon Woollyheads 47b Leaves not extending more than 2–​3 mm beyond each flower head; leaves 1–​ 6 times as long as wide 48a Flower head 6–​10 mm wide; leaves up to 25 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psilocarphus brevissimus var. multiflorus Delta Woolly-marbles; SFBR; 4 48b Flower head 2–​5 mm wide; leaves up to 15 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psilocarphus tenellus Slender Woolly-marbles

Asteraceae, Group 2    99

Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey  Flowers primarily of disk-flower type, rays, if present, inconspicuous; involucre without spines; all leaves alternate 1a Plant a vine or woody, at least at base 2a Corolla white (shrub; flower heads in clusters of several to many; pappus of bristles) 3a Involucre 10–​12 mm high; most flowers with a pistil and stamens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brickellia californica California Brickell-bush 3b Involucre 3–​6 mm high; pistillate and staminate heads on separate plants 4a Larger leaves up to 15 cm long, with small teeth if any, with 1–​3 prominent veins; moist habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baccharis salicifolia [B. viminea] Mulefat, Seep-willow 4b Leaves not more than 4 cm long, usually with prominent teeth, with 3 prominent veins; dry habitats (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baccharis pilularis Coyotebrush, Chaparral-broom 2b Corolla mostly yellow 5a Plant a vine, climbing over other plants (leaf blades about as long as wide, palmately 5–​9 lobed; very invasive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delairea odorata [Senecio mikanioides] Cape-ivy, German-ivy; af 5b Plant not a vine, but woody, at least at base 6a Basal leaves much larger than stem leaves (basal leaves densely hairy when young, about 10 mm long; upper leaves scalelike, 2–​3 mm long, scarcely hairy; washes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidospartum squamatum Scalebroom, Nevada Broomshrub; SCl-s 6b Some stem leaves nearly as large as basal leaves 7a Flower head solitary at ends of branches, these usually at least 3 cm long (leaves scarcely hairy if at all; pappus of 5–​8 scales; bark of older stem grayish or whitish, shredding; inland hillsides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eastwoodia elegans Yellow Mock Aster; Al-s, e 7b Flower heads many, either in elongated racemes, or in spreading panicles, these often 10–​15 cm wide 8a Flower heads in elongated racemes; rays absent; pappus absent (leaves hairy, often clustered; lobes of larger leaves not toothed) 9a Stem and leaves usually whitish, hairs not matted; involucre 4–​5 mm high, hairy; woody only at the base (coastal habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artemisia pycnocephala (pl. 5) Coastal Sagewort, Beach Sagewort; Mo-n 9b Stem and leaves grayish, hairs matted; involucre 2–​3 mm high, not hairy; woody throughout (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artemisia californica California Sagebrush; Ma, Na-s 8b Flower heads in spreading panicles, these often 10–​15 cm wide; small rays sometimes present; pappus of bristles 10a Pappus of scales; leaf margins rolled under (leaves 2–​7 cm long, sometimes lobed, densely hairy at least on undersides; coastal bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum staechadifolium Seaside Lizardtail, Seaside Woolly Sunflower; SCr-Me 10b Pappus of bristles; leaf margins not rolled under

100     Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey



11a Plant woody throughout; phyllaries ridged on back; leaves entire, rarely in clusters 12a Involucre 8–​12 mm high, straw colored; leaves 1–​3 cm long; on Mount Hamilton (plant with a strong odor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericameria nauseosa var. mohavensis [Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. mohavensis] Mohave Rabbitbrush; SCl(MH)-s 12b Involucre 4–​5 mm high, brown; leaves 3–​9 cm long; inland (common) . . . . . . . . Ericameria arborescens [Haplopappus arborescens] Golden-fleece 11b Plant woody only at base; phyllaries not ridged on back; leaves toothed, often in clusters (leaves 1–​5 cm long; involucre 4–​10 mm long) 13a Plant usually hairy, hairs sometimes glandular; coastal dunes, shores, marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isocoma menziesii var. vernonioides Coastal Goldenbush; SF-s 13b Plant either not hairy, or with glandular hairs; foothill, woodlands and grasslands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isocoma menziesii var. diabolica Satan’s Goldenbush; 4 1b Plant not a vine or woody 14a Flower head solitary, or 3–​5 in each loose cluster at ends of main stems or branches 1–​5 cm long 15a Some leaves lobed or compound, lobes shallow in Adenocaulon bicolor 16a Leaves twice pinnately lobed 17a Flower head 2–​5 mm wide; leaves hairy; pappus absent . . . . . . . . . Cotula australis Southern Brassbuttons, Australian Cotula; au 17b Flower head 6–​10 mm wide; leaves not hairy; pappus a minute crown 18a Flower head 6–​9 mm high (pineapple odor; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matricaria discoidea [Chamomilla suaveolens] (fig.) Pineappleweed, Rayless Chamomile; na 18b Flower head 10–​11 mm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matricaria occidentalis [Chamomilla occidentalis] Valley Pineappleweed, Valley Mayweed 16b Leaves not twice pinnately lobed (pappus absent) 19a Flower head nearly smooth, resembling a button; corolla yellow; leaves with some irregular lobes (leaves not hairy; margins of salt marshes, wet places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotula coronopifolia (pl. 5) Brassbuttons; af 19b Flower head not smooth, nor resembling a button; corolla not yellow; leaf lobes not irregular 20a Leaves whitish on undersides, nearly triangular (leaves 3–​25 cm long, with shallow lobes; corolla white or pale pink; erect) . . . . . Adenocaulon bicolor (fig.) Trailplant; SCr-n 20b Leaves not whitish on undersides, not triangular 21a Plant prostrate or up to 15 cm tall; some leaves compound, leaflets lobed; involucre less than 5 mm high; pappas absent; corolla green (leaves 1–​2 cm long; achene flat, winged) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soliva sessilis Common Soliva; sa

Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey    101







21b Plant erect, 1 m or more tall; leaves not compound; involucre at least 10 mm high; pappus of bristles; corolla white, blue, or blue-purple 22a Leaves at least 30 cm long; involucre 6–​15 cm high; pappus bristles 30–​55 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynara cardunculus [C. scolymus] Artichoke, Cardoon; me 22b Leaves at least 1–​10 cm long; involucre 1–​1.5 cm high; pappus bristles 6–​8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acroptilon repens [Centaurea repens] Russian Knapweed; eua 15b Leaves not lobed or compound, sometimes toothed 23a Some leaves just below each cluster of flower heads as long as, or longer than, cluster, but sometimes hidden by woolliness 24a Leaves just below each cluster of flower heads extending more than 3 mm beyond cluster 25a Leaves sessile; corollas not enclosed by rigid scales; phyllaries present; pappus bristles 19–​30; up to 30 cm tall; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logfia gallica [Filago gallica] Fluffweed, Dagger-leaved Cottonrose; me 25b Leaves with petioles 1–​1.5 cm long; corollas enclosed by rigid scales; phyllaries absent; pappus absent; about 15 cm tall, forming mounds; serpentine 26a Prostrate or up to 2 cm tall; leaves less than 1 cm long; head usually solitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperevax acaulis var. ambusticola Fire Evax 26b Up to 17 cm tall; leaves 1–​3 cm long; heads 3–​5 in each cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperevax sparsiflora var. sparsiflora Erect Evax 24b Leaves just below each cluster of flower heads not extending beyond cluster (pappus bristles 1–​12) 27a Flower head densely woolly 28a Flower head as wide as high; corolla 4 lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micropus amphibolus [Stylocline amphibola] Mount Diablo Cottonseed; Ma-Al 28b Flower head wider than high; corolla 5 lobed . . . . . . . Micropus californicus Q-tips, Slender Cottonweed 27b Flower head hairy, but not woolly 29a Tips of corollas red or purple, visible in flower heads (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logfia filaginoides [Filago californica] California Fluffweed, California Cottonrose 29b Corollas not red or purple, hidden by scales in flower head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stylocline gnaphaloides Everlasting Neststraw; Ma 23b Leaves just below each cluster of flower heads either absent or much shorter than cluster 30a Corolla not yellow (upper leaves glandular or hairy, sometimes scalelike; corolla white, pink, or lavender; pappus of bristles; up to about 50 cm tall) 31a Involucre 8–​13 mm high (stem, leaves, and involucre with dense nonglandular hairs; flowers 10–​20 in each head; corolla lavender; basal leaves persisting through flowering) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessingia hololeuca Woolly-headed Lessingia; Na, Ma-SCl

102     Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey















31b Involucre 4–​8 mm high 32a Stem and leaves usually hairy, glandular or not; basal leaves persisting through flowering (involucre glandular; flowers 5–​15 in each head; corolla lavender) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessingia ramulosa Sonoma Lessingia; SN, Sl 32b Stem and leaves sparsely hairy if at all, usually not glandular; basal leaves withering before flowering 33a Flowers 8–​18 in each head; involucre with nonglandular cobwebby hairs; corolla pink to lavender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessingia arachnoidea [L. hololeuca var. arachnoidea] Crystal Springs Lessingia; SM-SCr; 1b 33b Flowers 3–​10 in each head; involucre without cobwebby hairs, sometimes with stalked glands; corolla white to lavender 34a Flowers 5–​10 in each head; phyllaries glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessingia micradenia var. micradenia Tamalpais Lessingia; Ma(MT)-n; 1b 34b Flowers 3–​5 in each head; phyllaries not glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessingia micradenia var. glabrata Smooth Lessingia; SCl; 1b 30b Corolla mostly yellow, sometimes yellow-red 35a Involucre glandular, sticky 36a Rays absent (pappus of many bristles) 37a Involucre 4–​7 mm high; leaves not bristly; up to 30 cm tall 38a Leaves and stem with long hairs; leaves usually more than 2 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron petrophilus Rock Daisy, Rock-loving Fleabane; Mo-n 38b Upper leaves and stem not hairy or scarcely so; leaves less than 2 mm wide . . . . . . Erigeron reductus var. angustatus [E. inornatus var. angustatus] Northern Rayless Daisy; SM-n 37b Involucre 7–​14 mm high; leaves sometimes bristly; up to 60 cm tall 39a Upper leaves sparse, some of them 1 cm long or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterotheca oregona var. scaberrima [Chrysopsis oregona var. scaberrima] Sticky Oregon Golden-aster; Al, SCl-Mo 39b Upper leaves several, 2–​5 cm long 40a Stem and leaves with stout, long hairs; not confined to stream beds; inland . . . . . Heterotheca oregona var. rudis [Chrysopsis oregona var. rudis] Inland Oregon Golden-aster; SF-n 40b Stem and leaves without hairs; dry stream beds; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterotheca oregona var. oregona [Chrysopsis oregona var. oregona] Oregon Golden-aster; Ma-n 36b Small rays usually present (leaves sometimes toothed, lobed, or bristly) 41a Pappus of red bristles; achene of each ray flower not enclosed within a phyllary (inland)

Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey    103







42a Margins of outer phyllaries not glandular, but densely hairy, tips purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessingia tenuis Spring Lessingia; SCl-SLO; 4 42b Margins of outer phyllaries glandular, not densely hairy if at all, tips green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessingia glandulifera Valley Lessingia; SFBR-s 41b Pappus either absent or of small scales; achene of each ray flower completely enclosed within a phyllary 43a Plant up to 70 cm tall; leaves 2–​10 cm long; disk flowers 1–​5; anthers black; involucre 6–​9 mm high (rays 0–​3; above 3500 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madia glomerata Mountain Tarweed 43b Plant up to 30 cm tall; leaves 1–​4 cm long; disk flowers 1 or 2; anthers yellow or brown; involucre 2–​5 mm high 44a Rays usually 3–​5, sometimes absent; gravelly or rocky sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemizonella minima [Madia minima] Miniature Tarweed; SCl(MH) 44b Rays 1–​8; grassy areas with sandy or clayey soils, including serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madia exigua Thread-stemmed Madia, Small Tarweed 35b Involucre not glandular or sticky 45a Pappus consists of scales 46a Leaves 3–​15 cm long and 5–​25 mm wide; pappus scales 5–​6; usually more than 50 cm tall (wetlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helenium puberulum Rosilla, Sneezeweed 46b Leaves 1–​3 cm long and 1–​2 mm wide; pappus scales 3–​5 or none; not more than 30 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rigiopappus leptocladus Wire Daisy 45b Pappus consists of bristles 47a Leaves toothed or lobed, not hairy; involucre more than 5 mm high; pappus bristles many; up to 25 cm tall; alkaline areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio aphanactis Rayless Ragwort, Chaparral Ragwort; Sl-s; 2 47b Leaves not toothed or lobed, hairy; involucre less than 5 mm high; pappus bristles 3; up to 15 cm tall; dry grassland and woods 48a Involucre 3–​5 mm high; stem not branching or branching only from the base . . . . . Pentachaeta exilis ssp. exilis [Chaetopappa exilis] Meager Pentachaeta 48b Involucre up to 3 mm high; stem branching above the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentachaeta alsinoides [Chaetopappa alsinoides] Tiny Pentachaeta 14b Flower heads either in dense clusters of more than 5, each head on a stalk usually less than 1 cm long, or heads in elongated racemes about 2 cm wide 49a Flower heads in elongated racemes about 2 cm wide 50a Plant glandular, sticky, camphor scented; yellow; pappus of 25–​30 bristles (short rays present, yellow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dittrichia graveolens Stinkwort; eu

104     Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey



50b Plant not glandular or sticky, nor camphor scented; pappus absent or a minute crown 51a Leaves not hairy 52a Leaves 4–​13 cm long, lobed, some lobes separated nearly to midrib; rays absent; pappus absent or a minute crown; annual or biennial; moist areas; up to 30 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artemisia biennis Biennial Sagewort; eu 52b Leaves 5–​25 cm long, not lobed; short rays present; pappus of bristles; perennial; wet areas; up to 2 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solidago confinis Southern Goldenrod; SFBR-s 51b Leaves hairy 53a Leaves not densely hairy (involucre 2–​4 mm high; pappus of bristles; up to 1 m tall) 54a Leaves 1–​10 cm long, largest at base of plant; rays absent; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laennecia coulteri [Conyza coulteri] Coulter’s Horseweed; SCl-s 54b Leaves 5–​15 cm long, largest in middle of plant; rays 8–​15; perennial (wet areas; widespread) . . . Solidago elongata [S. canadensis ssp. elongata] (pl. 6) Canada Goldenrod 53b Leaves densely hairy (rays absent) 55a Leaves densely hairy on both surfaces (inflorescence 2–​4 cm long; leaves 2–​4 cm long, not lobed; up to 45 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . Gamochaeta calviceps Narrow-leaved Purple Everlasting 55b Leaves densely hairy on undersides, less hairy on upper surfaces 56a Inflorescence with few branches; leaves not lobed or toothed, 2–​5 cm long; pappus of bristles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gamochaeta ustulata [Gnaphalium purpureum] Purple Cudweed 56b Inflorescence with many branches, each with about 6 heads; leaves often lobed or toothed, 1–​11 cm long; pappus absent or a minute crown 57a Involucre 2–​4 mm wide, densely hairy; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artemisia douglasiana Mugwort 57b Involucre up to 2 mm wide, scarcely hairy if at all; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artemisia suksdorfii Coastal Mugwort; Sn-n 49b Flower heads in dense clusters of more than 5, each head on a stalk usually less than 1 cm long 58a Leaf blades palmately lobed, 10–​40 cm wide (corolla white to pink; leaves not hairy on upper surfaces, usually hairy on undersides; near streams) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (fig.) Western Sweet Coltsfoot; SM-n 58b Leaf blades not palmately lobed, less than 10 cm wide 59a Stem and leaves with woolly hairs, these sometimes not dense 60a Some leaves just below each cluster of flower heads as long as, or longer than, cluster, but sometimes hidden by woolliness (leaves 10–​30 mm long and 3–​5 mm wide; involucre 3 mm high, brown; corolla white to purple; moist habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gnaphalium palustre Lowland Cudweed

Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey    105



60b Leaves just below or within each cluster of flower heads either absent or shorter than cluster (pappus of bristles) 61a Stem and leaves yellow-green; phyllaries white, yellow-green, or brown; moist areas (leaves 2–​6 mm wide, 20–​50 mm long; corolla yellow or tan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudognaphalium stramineum [Gnaphalium stramineum] Cotton-batting-plant 61b Stem and leaves whitish because of woolliness; phyllaries white, silver, yellow, or brown; dry areas 62a Plant sweet scented; leaves 1–​4 mm wide (leaf base extending down stem 5–​15 mm; phyllaries white) . . . . . . . . . Pseudognaphalium beneolens Fragrant Everlasting 62b Plant not sweet scented; leaves 2–​10 mm wide 63a Leaves 2–​8 mm wide, bases clasping stem; phyllaries silver, yellow, or brown; corolla usually tipped with red . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum [Gnaphalium luteoalbum] Weedy Cudweed; eua 63b Leaves 5–​10 mm wide, bases sometimes extending down stem 3–​10 mm; phyllaries white, sometimes tan; corolla not red tipped (stem usually branched in middle) . . . . Pseudognaphalium microcephalum [Gnaphalium canescens ssp. microcephalum] White Everlasting; Ma-s 59b Stem and leaves without woolly hairs, but there may be short hairs, glandular hairs, or both (pappus of bristles) 64a Pappus consists of scales (leaves 7–​25 cm long, pinnately lobed, densely hairy; coastal dunes) . . . . . . . . Tanacetum bipinnatum [T. camphoratum] (pl. 6) Dune Tansy; SF 64b Pappus consists of bristles 65a Leaves sessile (phyllaries usually not green; involucre 5–​7 mm high; flowers sometimes unisexual; widespread) 66a Leaves not hairy on upper surfaces, sometimes hairy on undersides; perennial (phyllaries pearly white, opaque) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anaphalis margaritacea (pl. 5) Pearly Everlasting 66b Leaves glandular hairy on both surfaces; annual or biennial 67a Phyllaries white or pink, in 7–​10 series; widest leaves 10–​15 mm . . . . . . . . Pseudognaphalium californicum [Gnaphalium californicum] California Everlasting 67b Phyllaries usually pink, sometimes white or green, in 4 or 5 series; widest leaves 3–​7 mm . . . . . Pseudognaphalium ramosissimum [Gnaphalium ramosissimum] Pink Everlasting; Ma-s 65b Leaves not sessile 68a Largest leaves less than 6 cm long 69a Leaves 2–​5 cm long, bristly at least on margins; phyllaries with brown or black midveins; small rays present; involucre 3–​4 mm high (widespread) . . . . Erigeron canadensis [Conyza canadensis] (fig.) Horseweed

106     Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey

















69b Leaves 0.5–​3 cm long, with soft hairs if any; phyllaries without brown or black midveins; rays absent; involucre 4–​8 mm high (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lessingia germanorum San Francisco Lessingia; SFBR-s; 1b 68b At least some leaves 6 cm long 70a Involucre not more than 5 mm high 71a Leaves glandular hairy (flowers unisexual; moist areas; up to 1 m tall) 72a Corolla purple; leaves toothed; staminate and pistillate heads not on separate plants; up to 1 m tall . . . . . . . . Pluchea odorata Saltmarsh Fleabane; SFBR 72b Corolla white or pale yellow; leaves with fine teeth if any; staminate and pistillate heads on separate plants; up to 2 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baccharis glutinosa [B. douglasii] Marsh Baccharis 71b Leaves not glandular hairy, sometimes with nonglandular hairs (rays less than 1 mm long) 73a Leaves 3–​8 cm long, bristly; corolla pale green to purple; phyllaries green, red, or purple, without brown or black midveins; involucre hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron bonariensis [Conyza bonariensis] Flax-leaved Horseweed; sa 73b Leaves 5–​10 cm long, hairy on margins, surfaces bristly or not; corolla white or cream; phyllaries green, with brown or black midveins; involucre not hairy or scarcely so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron sumatrensis [Conyza bilbaoana] Tropical Horseweed; sa 70b Involucre usually at least 5 mm high 74a Stem and usually leaves densely hairy (leaves 3–​10 cm long, pinnately lobed, lobes toothed; up to 80 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio sylvaticus Woodland Groundsel, Woodland Ragwort; eu 74b Stem and leaves not densely hairy if at all 75a Leaves succulent, with a whitish coating (basal leaves 10–​20 cm long with small teeth if any; wet places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio hydrophilus Alkali-marsh Ragwort; SFBR-n 75b Leaves neither succulent, nor with a whitish coating 76a Basal leaves 8–​30 cm long (leaves usually hairy, often toothed; phyllaries sometimes black tipped) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio aronicoides California Butterweed, Groundsel; SM-n 76b Basal leaves 2–​20 cm long 77a Leaves with small teeth (phyllaries usually black tipped) . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio minimus [Erechtites minima] Coastal Burnweed; au 77b Most leaves lobed

Asteraceae, Group 2, Subkey    107



78a Phyllaries black tipped; base of involucre with small, black-tipped bracts (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel; eua 78b Phyllaries not black tipped; base of involucre without small bracts (lower part of involucre and upper stem woolly; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . Senecio glomeratus [Erechtites glomerata] Bushman’s Burnweed; au





Asteraceae, Group 3 At least some flower heads with disk flowers and conspicuous ray flowers (species in this group often vary with respect to color of their rays, so try both choices to find best fit) 1a Rays white, pink, blue, violet, purple, or lavender 2a Rays usually pink, blue, violet, purple, or lavender, but sometimes white (leaves alternate or basal; perennial, sometimes biennial in Erigeron philadelphicus) 3a Tips of phyllaries all more or less at same level 4a Flower head with more than 80 rays (pappus of bristles) 5a Flower head 6–​15 mm wide; rays pink or white, less than 1 mm wide; basal leaves 8–​15 cm long, usually with coarse teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane 5b Flower head 15–​35 mm wide; rays purple, blue, or white, 2–​3 mm wide; basal leaves 2–​13 cm long, sometimes with a few teeth (coastal bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron glaucus (pl. 5) Seaside Daisy; SLO-n 4b Flower head with 13–​60 rays (pappus of bristles) 6a Leaves toothed or lobed; involucre about 10 mm high; rays purple or violet; coastal (leaves 3–​8 cm long; rays about 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio elegans (pl. 6) Purple Ragwort; af 6b Leaves not toothed or lobed; involucre 3–​7 mm high; rays usually blue; open areas, pine forests 7a Leaves hairy; phyllaries glandular, margins nongreen; rays 28–​48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron foliosus var. franciscensis Franciscan Fleabane 7b Leaves only slightly hairy if at all; phyllaries slightly glandular, margins green or nongreen; rays 15–​49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erigeron foliosus var. foliosus Leafy Daisy, Leafy Fleabane; SFBR 3b Tips of phyllaries at 2 or more different levels 8a Leaves usually woolly; ray flowers not producing achenes (leaves sometimes toothed; rays pink, purple, or white; mainly coastal) . . . . . . . Corethrogyne filaginifolia.[includes Lessingia filaginifolia vars. californica and filaginifolia] California-aster, California Beachaster 8b Leaves not woolly, sometimes slightly hairy; ray flowers producing achenes with a bristly pappus 9a Lower leaves 2 to 3 times as long as wide, 4–​10 cm long, toothed; involucre 6–​9 mm high; rays 10–​15, white to pale violet; dry forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eurybia radulina [Aster radulinus] Broad-leaved Aster; SLO-n

108     Asteraceae, Group 3















9b Most leaves 6–​8 times as long as wide, 5–​15 cm long, usually not toothed; involucre 5–​7 mm high; rays 20–​35, violet or purple; open areas 10a Plant not hairy; salt marshes, saline habitats around San Francisco Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symphyotrichum lentum [Aster lentus] Suisun Marsh Aster; SF, Sn, Na, SCl; 1b 10b Tip of peduncle and sometimes also leaves and stem hairy; mostly west side of Coast Ranges, sometimes moist areas on east side (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symphyotrichum chilense [Aster chilensis] Common California Aster 2b Rays usually white, but sometimes pink or purple 11a Plant with glandular hairs or phyllaries sticky because of glandular secretions 12a Glands on phyllaries saucer shaped; flower heads at ends of branches or scattered along stem (leaves alternate or basal; pappus of disk achene absent or a crown of scales; annual) 13a Rays 5–​13; glands on phyllaries yellow; leaves sometimes toothed; up to 180 cm tall 14a Upper leaves usually with dense glandular hairs; pappus of disk achene absent or 1 mm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blepharizonia laxa Lax Tarplant; CC-e+s 14b Upper leaves with sparse glandular hairs; pappus of disk achene 3 mm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blepharizonia plumosa Big Tarweed; Al-e; 1b 13b Rays 1–​5; glands on phyllaries black; leaves not toothed; not more than 70 cm tall (rays white or pink) 15a Phyllaries with few hairs; rays 1 or 2, each with 3 lobes separate nearly to base of ray; head less than 0.5 cm wide; leaves 1–​5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calycadenia pauciflora Small-flowered Rosinweed; Sn-n 15b Phyllaries densely hairy on margins; rays 2–​5, each with 3 lobes separate for about half length of ray; head up to 2 cm wide; leaves 3–​9 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calycadenia multiglandulosa Sticky Rosinweed, Hispid Calycadenia; Me-SCl 12b Glands on phyllaries globular; flower heads mostly at ends of branches 16a Achene of each ray flower only partly enclosed by adjacent phyllary (leaves hairy, alternate, sometimes toothed, lower ones about as wide as upper; pappus absent; annual) 17a Flower heads in both leaf axils and at ends of branches, heads almost sessile (heads solitary or in clusters; phyllaries 3–​7 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemizonia congesta ssp. clevelandii Cleveland’s Spikeweed; Sn, Na-n 17b Flower heads at ends of branches, heads usually not sessile 18a Phyllaries 6–​10 mm long; most heads in clusters at ends of branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemizonia congesta ssp. congesta Pale-yellow Hayfield Tarplant; Me-Ma, Al, Sn; 1b 18b Phyllaries 3–​7 mm long; heads solitary at ends of branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemizonia congesta ssp. luzulifolia White Hayfield Tarplant; La-s 16b Achene of each ray flower completely enclosed by adjacent phyllary

Asteraceae, Group 3    109











19a Leaves opposite below, alternate above, sometimes toothed; pappus of disk achene consists of 1–​5 bristles or none; perennial (involucre up to 5 mm high; rays up to 4.5 mm long, each 3 lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holozonia filipes White-crowned Hareleaf; Na, Ma-SCl 19b All leaves alternate, the lower usually lobed; pappus of disk achene consists of scales or many bristles; annual 20a Rays 3–​22 mm long; involucre 3–​11 mm wide; pappus consists of 10–​15 white scales; upright; sandy soil, inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layia glandulosa White Layia; CC-s 20b Rays up to 3.5 mm long; involucre 3–​7 mm wide; pappus of 24–​35 bristles; sometimes prostrate; coastal sand dunes . . . . . . . . . Layia carnosa Beach Layia; SF 11b Plant without glandular hairs or sticky secretions 21a Flower head more than 1.5 cm wide 22a Leaves mostly basal (leaves sometimes toothed; pappus absent; rays white or purple; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bellis perennis English Daisy; eu 22b Stem leaves well developed, alternate 23a Leaves lobed, lobes less than 1 mm wide 24a Flower head 2.5–​3.5 cm wide; stem reddish; pappus absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaemelum fuscatum [Anthemis fuscata] Dogfennel, Chamomile; me 24b Flower head 1.5–​2 cm wide; stem green; pappus a crown of scales (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthemis cotula (fig.) Mayweed; eu 23b Leaves, if lobed or compound, with divisions at least 3 mm wide 25a Flower heads 2.5–​5 cm wide, solitary on each stem; leaves toothed or lobed; pappus absent or a crown of scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leucanthemum vulgare [Chrysanthemum leucanthemum] Ox-eye Daisy; eu 25b Flower heads usually less than 2 cm wide, several on each stem; leaves compound; pappus a crown of scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanacetum parthenium [Chrysanthemum parthenium] Feverfew; eu 21b Flower head less than 1.5 cm wide 26a Basal leaves about 10 cm wide, palmately lobed (pappus bristles many; some heads without rays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (fig.) Western Sweet Coltsfoot; Mo-n 26b Leaves not more than 3 cm wide, if lobed or compound, pinnately so 27a Leaves lobed or compound, the many divisions less than 1 mm wide (head 4–​6 mm high; rays 2–​5 mm long, usually white; leaves alternate; pappus absent; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Achillea millefolium (pl. 4) Common Yarrow, Milfoil 27b Leaves not lobed or compound, but sometimes toothed 28a Leaves alternate; pappus bristles 0–​20 (lower leaves 1–​3.5 cm long; up to 20 cm tall) 29a Peduncle below each flower head scarcely hairy if at all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentachaeta bellidiflora [Chaetopappa bellidiflora] White-rayed Pentachaeta; Ma, SM, SCr; 1b

110     Asteraceae, Group 3



29b Peduncle below each flower head with shaggy hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentachaeta exilis ssp. aeolica San Benito Pentachaeta; 1b 28b Leaves opposite; pappus a crown of scales 30a Flower head 5–​10 mm wide; leaves and stem hairy; leaves sometimes toothed (damp areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eclipta prostrata [E. alba] False Daisy; SFBR 30b Flower head 3–​4 mm wide; leaves and stem not hairy except on veins; leaves toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galinsoga parviflora Quickweed; sa 1b Rays completely or partly yellow, yellow-green, orange, or red, sometimes white in Blennosperma nanum (group 3, subkey) 31a Leaves mostly basal, with stem leaves absent or reduced 32a Flower heads at least 4 on each main stem; pappus of bristles (rays fewer than 10) 33a Phyllaries in 1 series, the tips at the same level 34a Petioles of lower leaves winged; plant whitish; damp places (leaf blades up to 20 cm long, sometimes toothed; phyllaries 4–​9 mm long, tips black) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio hydrophilus Alkali-marsh Ragwort; SFBR-n 34b Petioles not winged; plant not whitish; dry areas 35a Lower leaves up to 10 cm long, usually lobed and toothed; phyllaries 8–​12 mm long, tips green (sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Packera eurycephala [Senecio eurycephalus] Widehead Groundsel, Cut-leaved Butterweed; Sn-n 35b Lower leaves up to 20 cm long, sometimes toothed; phyllaries 4–​8 mm long, tips black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio aronicoides California Butterweed, Groundsel; SM-n 33b Phyllaries in 2 or more series, the tips at different levels 36a Flower heads several, in racemes, the heads 1.5–​3 cm wide; rays 5–​12 mm long (leaves sometimes toothed) . . . . . . . Pyrrocoma racemosa [Haplopappus racemosus] Clustered Goldenweed; Na 36b Flower heads many, in panicles, the heads less than 1 cm wide; rays 3–​6 mm long 37a Leaves and involucres glandular, sticky (leaves toothed; rays 4–​10, 2–​4 mm long; mostly coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solidago spathulata Coastal Goldenrod, Dune Goldenrod; Mo-n 37b Leaves and involucres not glandular or sticky 38a Leaves not toothed; rays 8–​10, 2–​3 mm long . . . . . . . . . . Solidago guiradonis Guirado’s Goldenrod; 4 38b Some leaves toothed; rays 6–​17, 3–​5 mm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solidago velutina ssp. californica [S. californica] California Goldenrod 32b Flower heads usually solitary at the ends of main stems; pappus absent or a crown of scales 39a Leaves more than 5 cm wide 40a Leaves 1 or 2 times lobed (pappus absent) . . . . . . . . . . . . Balsamorhiza macrolepis California Balsamroot; SF-e; 1b 40b Leaves sometimes toothed, but not lobed 41a Outer phyllaries enlarged, extending beyond disk and rays (pappus a crown of scales)

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42a Leaves and phyllaries without glandular hairs, but with dense nonglandular hairs, older leaves sometimes not hairy; sunny slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wyethia helenioides Gray Mule-ears 42b Leaves and phyllaries sometimes with glandular hairs, and with sparse nonglandular hairs if any; shady slopes (widespread) . . . . . Wyethia glabra Smooth Mule-ears 41b Outer phyllaries not enlarged, not extending beyond the disk and rays 43a Stem leaves alternate; phyllary hairs about 2 mm long, mainly on margins; pappus scales 1–​4 (widespread) . . . . . . Wyethia angustifolia (pl. 7) Narrow-leaved Mule-ears 43b Lower stem leaves opposite; phyllary hairs less than 1 mm long, mainly at tips; pappus absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthella californica California Helianthella; SCl-n 39b Leaves not more than 5 cm wide 44a All phyllaries green and similar to each other (pappus scales 4–​8) 45a Length of each flower peduncle above last stem leaves at least twice length of these leaves; pappus scales 4, in 1 series; largest leaves entire or lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chaenactis glabriuscula var. lanosa Sand-buttons, Yellow Pincushion; SF-s 45b Length of each flower peduncle above last stem leaves less than twice length of these leaves; pappus scales 7 or 8, in 2 series; largest leaves usually twice lobed (sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chaenactis glabriuscula var. heterocarpha Inland Yellow Pincushion, Inner Coast Range Pincushion; Na-s 44b Phyllaries of upper series with nongreen margins and often yellowish, marked with darker lines, or both, lower series green and leaflike (leaves deeply lobed) 46a Leaves rarely with more than 2 lobes (pappus absent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosyne douglasii [Coreopsis douglasii] Douglas’ Tickseed; SCl-s 46b Leaves usually with at least 4 lobes, these sometimes divided again 47a Leaf blades 5–​50 mm long, lobes 4–​8 mm long; petioles 10–​50 mm long; 100–​3000 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosyne stillmanii [Coreopsis stillmanii] Stillman’s Tickseed; CC-s 47b Leaf blades 5–​20 mm long, lobes 2–​3 mm long; petioles 10–​30 mm long; 1800–​4500 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosyne hamiltonii [Coreopsis hamiltonii] Mount Hamilton Tickseed; CC(MD), SCl(MH) 31b Leaves present along the stem, not insignificant compared to basal leaves 48a At least some leaves alternate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey 48b All leaves opposite 49a Phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, the tips not all at the same level 50a Leaves fleshy, entire; pappus absent or of 1–​5 bristles less than 1 mm long; not more than 15 cm tall (phyllaries not hairy; rays 3–​5 mm long; salt marshes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jaumea carnosa (pl. 6) Fleshy Jaumea; SFBR-n 50b Leaves not fleshy, often toothed or with shallow lobes; pappus of scales or bristles 2–​5 mm long; often 100 cm tall

112     Asteraceae, Group 3







51a Phyllaries all alike; disk flowers yellow or red; rays 8–​25 mm long; pappus scales 2, 2 mm long (leaves rough to the touch) 52a Phyllaries with long hairs on margins; leaf with 1 prominent vein from the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthus ciliaris Blueweed; na 52b Phyllaries with short hairs; leaf with 3 prominent veins from the base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthus gracilentus Slender Sunflower; CC-s 51b Phyllaries in 2 series, outer leaflike and inner not green on margins; disk flowers yellow; rays 6–​8 mm long; pappus bristles 2–​4 , 2–​5 mm long (freshwater wetlands) 53a Rays 8–​15 mm long, pale yellow; flower head nodding as it ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bidens cernua Nodding Bur-marigold; SF-n 53b Rays 15–​30 mm long, bright yellow; flower head not nodding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bidens laevis (fig.) Bur-marigold; Ma-s 49b Phyllaries in 1 or 2 series, tips all at the same level 54a Leaves with petioles 4–​7 cm long; leaf blades triangular, less than 2 times as long as wide; pappus of many bristles (phyllaries with long hairs; rays 10–​15, up to 30 mm long; leaves toothed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arnica cordifolia Heart-leaved Arnica 54b Leaves sessile; leaf blades narrow, at least 2–​4 times as long as wide; pappus absent or of scales 55a Phyllaries united at their bases to form a cup, not hairy (leaves entire, not hairy) 56a Leaves 4–​15 cm long, not succulent; achenes not hairy, but surfaces may be roughened; rays 4–​14 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia glabrata Yellow-rayed Goldfields 56b Leaves 1–​8 cm long, succulent; achenes hairy; rays 6–​10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia ferrisiae Ferris’ Goldfields; CC-SLO; 4 55b Phyllaries not united, usually hairy at least on margins and midribs 57a Phyllaries hairy only on margins and midribs 58a Rays 2–​3 mm long; leaves 1–​9 cm long, succulent, sometimes lobed, not hairy; coastal . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia maritima [L. minor ssp. maritima] Maritime Goldfields; Mo-n 58b Rays 4–​8 mm long; leaves 1–​12 cm long, not succulent, sometimes toothed or lobed, sometimes hairy; moist areas . . . . . . Lasthenia minor Woolly Goldfields; Sn-s 57b Phyllary hairs absent or not confined to margins and midribs 59a Some leaves usually lobed (leaves 1–​6 cm long, hairy or not) 60a Phyllaries hairy; rays 5–​7 mm long; pappus, if any, of 3–​5 scales or awns; near drying pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia fremontii Fremont’s Goldfields; Sl, CC 60b Phyllaries sometimes hairy; rays 7–​8 mm long; pappus, if any, of 4–​6 scales or awns; alkaki flats . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia platycarpha Alkali Goldfields 59b Leaves not lobed, sometimes toothed (pappus of 1–​7 scales or none)

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61a Leaves 2–​21 cm long, sometimes hairy, not toothed; rays 5–​16 mm long; grassland or woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia californica ssp. bakeri [L. macrantha] Baker’s Goldfields, Seacoast Goldfields; Ma-n; 1b 61b Leaves 1–​7 cm long, hairy, sometimes toothed; rays 5–​10 mm long; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lasthenia californica ssp. californica California Goldfields, Coastal Goldfields

Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey  Flower head with both ray flowers and disk flowers; rays completely or partly yellow, yellow-green, orange, or red; leaves present along stem, at least some alternate 1a Plant woody, at least at base 2a Leaves neither toothed, lobed, nor compound 3a Leaves sticky, glandular, usually without nonglandular hairs, up to 5 cm long; pappus of 10–​12 scales (rays 4–​13, 2–​7 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gutierrezia californica California Matchweed, San Joaquin Matchweed; SFBR-n + e 3b Leaves not sticky or glandular, sometimes with nonglandular hairs, usually less than 5 cm long; pappus of bristles 4a Rays 2–​6, 6–​8 mm long; leaves 3–​18 mm long and about 1 mm wide, in clusters; backshores of beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericameria ericoides [Haplopappus ericoides] (fig) Mock-heather 4b Rays 12–​18, 9–​20 mm long; leaves 10–​55 mm long and up to 2.5 mm wide, not in clusters; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ericameria linearifolia [Haplopappus linearifolius] Interior Goldenbush; La-s 2b At least some leaves toothed, lobed, or compound 5a Phyllaries glandular, heads very sticky; leaves usually toothed, scarcely hairy if at all (rays 16–​60, 12–​25 mm long; borders of salt marshes, seaside bluffs) 6a Stem woody for at least 30 cm, sometimes throughout; phyllary tips erect (heads without leafy bracts; rays 16–​56) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia stricta var. angustifolia Marsh Gumplant 6b Stem woody only in lower 5 or 10 cm; phyllary tips spreading outward, downward, or coiled 7a Flower heads without leafy bracts beneath them; rays 30–​60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia stricta var. stricta Pacific Gumplant 7b Flower heads with leafy bracts beneath them; rays 20–​60 (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia stricta var. platyphylla Dune Gumplant; Ma-n 5b Phyllaries not glandular, heads not sticky; leaves usually lobed or compound, densely hairy on 1 or both surfaces at least when young 8a Rays 10–​20 mm long; pappus of bristles (involucre more than 5 mm wide; flower heads in clusters of 3–​20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii [S. douglasii] Douglas’ Threadleaf Ragwort; Me-s 8b Rays 2–​10 mm long; pappus absent or 1–​15 scales less than 1.5 mm long 9a Flower head mostly solitary, on a peduncle at least 2 cm long (rays 5–​8, 6–​10 mm long, orange-yellow; involucre 4–​7 mm high; sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum jepsonii Jepson’s Woolly Sunflower; CC-SB

114     Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey



9b Flower heads in clusters of 5 or more, each head on a peduncle not more than 2.5 cm long 10a Rays 6–​13, 6–​10 mm long; leaf margins not rolled under (oak woodland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum latilobum San Mateo Woolly Sunflower; SM; 1b 10b Rays 4–​9, 2–​5 mm long; leaf margins rolled under 11a Rays 4–​6; leaves 1–​5 cm long; heads 3–​30 in each cluster; dry slopes in Coast Ranges (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum confertiflorum (pl. 6) Inland Lizardtail, Golden-yarrow 11b Rays 6–​9; leaves 3–​7 cm long; heads 5–​15 in each cluster; coastal bluffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum staechadifolium Seaside Lizardtail, Seaside Woolly Sunflower; SCr-Me 1b Plant not woody, even at the base 12a Plant with glandular hairs or with phyllaries that are sticky because of glandular secretions 13a Leaves opposite below, sometimes only 1 pair, alternate above (leaves hairy, and usually with a strong odor, lower ones sometimes toothed; achene of ray flower completely enclosed within phyllary) 14a Plant up to 25 cm tall (rays 3–​8, 2–​7 mm long; disk flowers 7–​30; glandular hairs black or brown; each disk achene with pappus scales; annual) 15a Leaves evenly spaced on stem; pappus scales of disk achene 2–​4 mm long; plant usually branched; flower head nodding in bud stage; volcanic ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harmonia nutans [Madia nutans] Nodding Harmonia; Na, Sn; 4 15b Leaves mainly in crowded clusters; pappus scales of disk achene 1 mm long; plant with few branches if any; flower head not nodding in bud stage; serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harmonia hallii [Madia hallii] Hall’s Harmonia; Na; 1b 14b Plant usually well over 25 cm tall 16a Disk flowers 1–​8; rays 1–​10, 1–​8 mm long (anthers black; leaves 1–​10 cm long; annual) 17a Rays 1–​3, 3 mm long; disk flowers 1–​5 (3500–​8800 ft) . . . . . . Madia glomerata Mountain Tarweed 17b Rays 3–​10, 3–​8 mm long; disk flowers 2–​8 18a Rays 3–​5 mm long, yellow-green; ray achenes shiny, not mottled; up to 500 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madia anomala Plump-seeded Madia; CC-n 18b Rays 3–​8 mm long, yellow or lemon yellow; ray achenes dull, sometimes mottled; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madia gracilis Slender Madia, Gumweed 16b Disk flowers 5–​80; rays 3–​22, 2–​20 mm long 19a Plant with glandular hairs throughout (rays 8–​16) 20a Rays 6–​19 mm long, golden yellow; disk flowers 18–​65; involucre 4–​7 mm high; anthers yellow or brown; below 3000 ft . . . . . . . . Madia radiata Showy Golden Madia; CC-s; 1b 20b Rays 1–​4 mm long, yellow-green or red-purple; disk flowers 11–​14; involucre 6–​16 mm high; anthers black; widespread . . . . . . . Madia sativa Coastal Tarweed 19b Plant with glandular hairs on the upper half and with nonglandular hairs lower

Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey    115





21a Rays 5–​22, 4–​20 mm long, sometimes with maroon blotches at the bases; disk flowers 25–​80; leaves 3–​20 cm long (rays bright yellow; anthers yellow, brown, or dark purple; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . Madia elegans [includes M. elegans ssps. densifolia and vernalis] Common Madia 21b Rays 3–​15, 3–​11 mm long, without blotches; disk flowers 5–​50; leaves 1–​13 cm long 22a Anthers yellow (rays yellow; edges of woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anisocarpus madioides [Madia madioides] Woodland Tarweed 22b Anthers black 23a Leaves lemon scented; disk flowers 8–​50; rays yellow-green, 4–​11 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madia citriodora Lemon-scented Tarweed; Na-n 23b Leaves not lemon scented; disk flowers 9–​16; rays yellow-green or lemon yellow, 3–​8 mm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . Madia gracilis Slender Madia, Gumweed 13b All leaves alternate at flowering time 24a Upper leaves often crowded, each ending in an open gland (lower leaves toothed, upper leaves reduced and usually entire; pappus absent) 25a Anthers yellow or brown (rays 3–​13; disk flowers 9–​22) 26a Stem and leaves in upper part of plant densely hairy; each phyllary with 25–​ 50 slender, gland-tipped structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holocarpha heermannii Heermann’s Tarplant; CC-SCl(MH) 26b Stem and leaves in upper part of plant not densely hairy; each phyllary with 5–​20 stout, gland-tipped structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holocarpha obconica San Joaquin Tarplant; Al, CC-s 25b Anthers red or dark purple 27a Rays 3–​8; disk flowers 9–​25; flower heads in racemes . . . . . Holocarpha virgata Wanded Tarweed; Na, SCl 27b Rays 8–​16; disk flowers 40–​90; several flower heads in each tight cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holocarpha macradenia Santa Cruz Tarplant; Ma, Al, SCr; 1b 24b Upper leaves not crowded, not ending in open glands, but sometimes with other glands elsewhere on the plant 28a Achene of each ray flower not at all enclosed by the adjacent phyllary 29a Phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, tips at same level (plant glandular hairy; rays yellow or orange; pappus none; annual; up to 60 cm tall) 30a Head usually over 5 cm wide, erect; rays 30–​50, each 12–​20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calendula officinalis Pot Marigold; ? 30b Head usually 1–​4 cm wide, nodding; rays 5–​20, each 5–​8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calendula arvensis Field-marigold; eu 29b Phyllaries in several series, tips not at same level 31a Flower heads in a panicle at stem tips; stem, leaves, and involucres often with dense nonglandular hairs as well as glandular hairs

116     Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey















32a Rays red, 1 mm wide; pappus of 4 scales; heads 3–​15 on each plant (rays 30–​60, 6–​10 mm long; leaves coarsely toothed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hulsea heterochroma Red-rayed Hulsea; SCl-s 32b Rays yellow, more than 1 mm wide; pappus absent or of many scales and bristles; heads often more than 15 on each plant 33a Rays 25–​40, 5–​8 mm long; pappus absent; lower leaves sometimes toothed, clasping stem; widespread . . . . . . . . Heterotheca grandiflora Telegraph-weed 33b Rays 4–​24, 7–​15 mm long; pappus of scales and bristles; leaves entire, not clasping stem; sandy, coastal areas 34b Leafy bracts present beneath flower heads; stem and leaves not densely hairy, upper leaves not more than 1 cm long, sessile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterotheca sessiliflora ssp. sessiliflora [Chrysopsis villosa var. sessiliflora] Beach Golden-aster, Hairy Golden-aster; Me-s; 1b 34b Leafy bracts usually not present beneath flower heads; stem and leaves usually densely hairy, upper leaves more than 1 cm long, with petioles 35a Involucre 7–​10 mm long; leaves up to 5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterotheca sessiliflora ssp. echioides Bristly Golden-aster; Sn, Al, SCl(MH)-s 35b Involucre 10–​15 mm long; leaves not more than 4 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterotheca sessiliflora ssp. bolanderi [Chrysopsis villosa var. bolanderi] Bolander’s Golden-aster; SFBR-Me 31b Flower heads usually 1–​3 at end of stem tips; stems, leaves, and involucres often with sparse nonglandular hairs if any, glandular hairs usually not dense (pappus consists of 2–​6 bristles) 36a Phyllaries green; plant with few branches (rays 10–​60, 8–​20 mm long; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia hirsutula [includes G. hirsutula var. maritima] Hairy Gumplant; Na-Mo 36b Phyllaries often not green; plant branched throughout 37a Rays 12–​25 mm long; upper stem somewhat hairy; plant slightly succulent; coastal areas, including borders of salt marshes 38a Flower heads without leafy bracts beneath them; rays 30–​60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia stricta var. stricta Pacific Gumplant 38b Flower heads with leafy bracts beneath them; rays 20–​60 (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia stricta var. platyphylla Dune Gumplant; Ma-n 37b Rays 5–​11 mm long; upper stem not hairy; plant not succulent; east side of Coast Ranges 39a Leaves 3–​9 cm long; rays 11–​28; involucre 7–​12 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia nana Idaho Gumplant; Na-n

Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey    117













39b Lower leaves up to 8 cm long; rays 25–​39; involucre 10–​22 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grindelia camporum Great Valley Gumplant 28b Achene of each ray flower partly or completely enclosed by the adjacent phyllary 40a Saucer-shaped glands present at tips of the upper leaves and sometimes on phyllaries (rays 2–​6, yellow or rose, sometimes with a red dot at their bases, often 3 lobed; pappus of each disk achene absent or of 7–​12 scales; annual) 41a Leaves and stem not hairy, except lower leaves; saucer-shaped glands usually absent on phyllaries; rays yellow (anthers sometimes purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calycadenia truncata Rosinweed; Me-SCl 41b Leaves and stem usually hairy; saucer-shaped glands usually present on phyllaries; rays yellow or rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calycadenia multiglandulosa Sticky Rosinweed, Hispid Calycadenia; Me-SCl 40b Saucer-shaped glands absent on leaves and phyllaries 42a Leaves entire or with small teeth (leaves not more than 5 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemizonia congesta ssp. lutescens Yellow Hayfield Tarweed 42b Leaves usually toothed, lobed, or compound 43a Pappus of each disk achene consists of bristles; achene of each ray flower completely enclosed by adjacent phyllary 44a Stem with black dots or streaks; pappus bristles white or red-brown (anthers black or purple; rays 6–​18) 45a Rays 3–​18 mm long, yellow, sometimes with white tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layia gaillardioides Woodland Layia 45b Rays 1–​4 mm long, yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layia hieracioides Tall Layia; Al, CC(MD) 44b Stem usually without black dots or streaks; pappus bristles white or off white 46a Anthers usually purple; rays yellow, but usually with white tips (rays 5–​18, 3–​21 mm long; pappus bristles 14–​32; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layia platyglossa (pl. 6) Tidytips; Me-s 46b Anthers yellow or brown; rays yellow 47a Rays 5–​9, 4–​15 mm long; pappus bristles 16–​22; often on serpentine (stem sometimes with purple streaks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layia septentrionalis Colusa Layia; Sn; 1b 47b Rays 3–​14, 3–​22 mm long; pappus bristles 10–​15; sandy soil, inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layia glandulosa White Layia; CC-s 43b Pappus of each disk achene absent or of 6–​12 scales; achene of each ray flower partly enclosed by adjacent phyllary 48a Leaves with spinelike tips or lobes; rays 3–​4 mm long (anthers red to dark purple; pappus of each disk achene of 8–​12 scales; rays 10–​ 20, 2 lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centromadia fitchii [Hemizonia fitchii] Fitch’s Spikeweed; Me-SLO

118     Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey







48b Leaves without spinelike tips; rays 4–​8 mm long 49a Anthers yellow or brown; pappus of each disk achene of 6–​12 scales; rays 5 . . . . . . . . . . Deinandra kelloggii [Hemizonia kelloggii] Kellogg’s Spikeweed; SFBR-s 49b Anthers red or dark purple; pappus of each disk achene absent or a crown of scales; rays 15–​35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deinandra corymbosa [Hemizonia corymbosa] Coastal Spikeweed; Me-Mo 12b Plant without glandular hairs, but sometimes with nonglandular hairs 50a Leaves entire, except sometimes in species of Helianthus 51a Leaves rough to the touch because of bumps or short hairs; sometimes lower leaves opposite (most leaves 4 times as long as wide) 52a Lower phyllaries shorter than height of flower head; dry places (pappus of 2 scales) 53a Phyllaries with long hairs on margins; leaf with 1 prominent vein from the base; rays 8–​9 mm long; disk flowers red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthus ciliaris Blueweed; na 53b Phyllaries with short hairs; leaf with 3 prominent veins from the base; rays 15–​25 mm long; disk flowers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthus gracilentus Slender Sunflower; CC-s 52b Lower phyllaries longer than height of flower head; wet places 54a Flower head 25–​35 mm wide, solitary on each stem; pappus absent or 2 scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthella castanea Diablo Helianthella 54b Flower head 18–​25 mm wide, several on each stem; pappus 2 scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthus californicus California Sunflower; Na-s 51b Leaves not rough to the touch; all leaves alternate (head less than 25 mm wide; leaves with dark, glandular pits) 55a Rays 2–​3 mm long; pappus of 25–​45 bristles (leaves usually at least 3 mm wide; heads numerous, in cymes; rays 15–​28; perennial; up to 100 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euthamia occidentalis [Solidago occidentalis] (fig.) Western Goldenrod 55b Rays at least 5 mm long; pappus of 5–​10 scales 56a Leaves about 2 mm wide, clustered; rays 8–​10 (rays 6–​14 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helenium amarum Fine-leaved Sneezeweed; na 56b Leaves 10–​40 mm wide, not clustered; rays 13–​20 57a Rays 13–​15, 4–​10 mm long; plant with more than 10 heads; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helenium puberulum Rosilla, Sneezeweed 57b Rays 14–​20, 13–​25 mm long; plant usually with fewer than 10 heads; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helenium bigelovii Bigelow’s Sneezeweed 50b At least some leaves toothed or lobed, except sometimes Layia chrysanthemoides 58a Achene of each ray flower enclosed by a phyllary (lower leaves lobed, upper toothed or entire; pappus of ray achene absent)

Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey    119

















59a Leaves without spinelike tips; rays 6–​16, 3 lobed, yellow often with white tips (rays 3–​18 mm long; phyllaries hairy on their margins; pappus of disk achene absent or 2–​18 bristles and scales; involucre 6–​11 mm high) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layia chrysanthemoides Smooth Layia; Me-Mo 59b Leaves with spinelike tips; rays 9–​30 or more, 2 lobed, yellow 60a Involucre 3–​6 mm high; pappus absent (rays 3–​5 mm long; salt marshes, dry habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centromadia pungens [includes Hemizonia pungens ssps. pungens and maritima] Common Spikeweed; Ma-s 60b Involucre 5–​10 mm high; pappus of each disk achene 3–​5 scales 61a Leaves and stem glandular hairy and with long nonglandular hairs; rays 3–​6 mm long (near marshes) . . . . . . . . . . . . Centromadia parryi ssp. parryi [Hemizonia parryi ssp. parryi] Pappose Tarplant; SM-n; 1b 61b Leaves and stem not glandular hairy and without long hairs; rays 2–​3 mm long . . . . . . Centromadia parryi ssp. congdonii [Hemizonia parryi ssp. congdonii] Congdon’s Tarplant; Al, CC-s;1b 58b Achenes not enclosed by phyllaries 62a Flower head more than 1.5 cm wide 63a Leaves rough to the touch because of bumps or bristly hairs (pappus scales 2; lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, sometimes with teeth or shallow lobes; disk flowers red-purple) 64a Leaves usually less than twice as long as wide; involucre 1.5–​4 cm wide; phyllaries often hairy on surfaces and margins . . . . . . . Helianthus annuus Common Sunflower 64b Most leaves 4 times as long as wide; involucre 1–​2 .5 cm wide; phyllaries often hairy only on margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthus ciliaris Blueweed; na 63b Leaves not rough to the touch, but sometimes covered with soft hairs 65a Leaves usually not hairy 66a Phyllaries in 1 series, black tipped (leaves 1–​3 times lobed; rays 13, less than 4 mm wide, without a notch; pappus of bristles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senecio jacobaea Tansy Ragwort; eua 66b Phyllaries in 2 or 3 series, not black tipped 67a Rays 8, at least 5 mm wide, without notches; leaves not twice lobed; pappus of 2 scales . . . . . Leptosyne calliopsidea [Coreopsis calliopsidea] Leafy-stemmed Tickseed; Al-s 67b Rays 8–​20, 3–​4 mm wide, each with a notch; leaves mostly twice lobed; pappus absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glebionis segetum [Chrysanthemum segetum] Corn Daisy, Corn Chrysanthemum; me 65b Leaves hairy 68a Leaves sometimes toothed; each ray with a small lobe opposite it; pappus absent (phyllaries 8)

120     Asteraceae, Group 3, Subkey









69a Involucre 8–​13 mm high; phyllaries united, forming a cup; grassland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monolopia major Cupped Monolopia; SF-Mo 69b Involucre 5–​7 mm high; phyllaries separate; wooded or shrubby areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monolopia gracilens Woodland Woollythreads; CC(MD)-s; 1b 68b Leaves usually lobed or compound; rays without smaller lobes; pappus absent or of 6–​13 scales 70a Involucre 6–​8 mm high; leaves up to 1.5 cm wide, the unlobed portion nearest petiole 2–​3 mm wide; Coast Ranges (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum lanatum var. achilleoides (pl. 6) Common Woolly Sunflower; SCl, Mo-n 70b Involucre 8–​11 mm high; leaves up to 2 cm wide, unlobed portion nearest petiole about 5 mm wide; coastal bluffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophyllum lanatum var. arachnoideum Coastal Woolly Sunflower 62b Flower head less than 1.5 cm wide (pappus absent) 71a Leaves densely hairy, not lobed or compound, some usually toothed; rays 5, often with red veins; anthers black 72a Involucre without bracts beneath it; rays 7–​13 mm long, bright yellow; longest leaves 5.5 cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lagophylla minor Lesser Hareleaf; Na-n 72b Involucre with bracts beneath it; rays 3–​6 mm long, pale yellow; longest leaves 12 cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lagophylla ramosissima [includes L. ramosissima ssp.congesta] Common Hareleaf 71b Leaves sparsely hairy if at all, lobed or compound; rays 6–​13, yellow, sometimes purple on 1 side; anthers not black (rays 5–​7 mm long) 73a Leaves 5–​15 cm long, some with 1–​3 lobes; stigmas of ray flowers red (dry vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blennosperma bakeri Sonoma Sunshine; Sn 73b Leaves 3–​6 cm long, all with 3–​15 lobes; stigmas of ray flowers yellow 74a Disk flowers 60–​100; pollen yellow; sandy soil on Pt. Reyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blennosperma nanum var. robustum Point Reyes Blennosperma; Ma(PR); 1b 74b Disk flowers 20–​70; pollen white; wet clay soil (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blennosperma nanum var. nanum (pl. 5) Common Blennosperma, Glueseed

BALSAMINACEAE (TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY) This small family of herbs grows in tropical areas. Impatiens balfourii (Kashmir Balsam), established in our area, is native to Asia. Its alternate leaves have small teeth. The irregular flowers have three separate sepals, the lower one forming a spur, and three fused petals that are smaller than the sepals. The petals are white, pink, or purple. The five stamens form a column around the pistil. The ovary is superior and the fruit may explode when ripe.

Balsaminaceae    121

BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY)  The Barberry Family consists of shrubs and perennial herbs, usually with alternate, compound leaves. The basic flower formula is as follows: six sepals, often petal-like, in two circles; six petals, also in two circles; six stamens; fruit dry or fleshy, with only one compartment. But there are exceptions, such as Achlys triphylla (Vanilla-leaf), whose flower lacks sepals and petals and usually has nine stamens. The ovary is superior. Many exotic barberries have long been in cultivation, and some of our native species are now available including Berberis aquifolium (Oregon-grape), the Oregon state flower, which is not sharply distinct from the local B. pinnata. Also Vancouveria planipetala (Inside-outflower) is a useful herb for shaded gardens. It spreads by underground stems and makes an attractive ground cover. 1a Shrubs; leaves not basal, pinnately compound; marginal teeth of leaflets spine tipped (fruit a blue-purple berry) 2a Stem usually not branched; leaves 25–​45 cm long with 7–​23 leaflets; usually in shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Berberis nervosa Long-leaved Oregon-grape; Mo-n 2b Stem branched; leaves 9–​20 cm long with 7–​11 leaflets; usually in sun . . . . Berberis pinnata Shiny-leaved Oregon-grape, California Barberry 1b Herbs; leaves basal, palmately compound; marginal teeth, if present on leaflets, not spine tipped 3a Leaves once compound with 3 fan-shaped leaflets, with coarse teeth; flower less than 5 mm long, without sepals or petals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Achlys triphylla (pl. 7) Vanilla-leaf; Sn-n 3b Leaves twice compound with 3 divisions, each divided into 3 leaflets, these sometimes lobed; flower 6–​8 mm long, with 12–​15 sepals in 2 whorls and 6 turned-back petals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vancouveria planipetala Inside-out-flower, Redwood-ivy; Mo-n

BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY)  The trees and shrubs of the Birch Family are represented in our region by a hazelnut and two species of alders, all of which have alternate, deciduous leaves and unisexual flowers on the same plant. In Alnus (alders), both the pistillate and staminate flowers are in catkins; the pistillate catkins resemble the cones of coniferous trees. In Corylus (hazelnuts), only the staminate flowers are in catkins. Usually two pistillate flowers are produced in each cluster, but only one flower matures as an acornlike nut. In both genera, the ovary is inferior. Alders, like some other plants—​especially members of Fabaceae (Pea Family)—​have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules on their roots. These bacteria, with help from their hosts, are able to utilize atmospheric nitrogen gas in the synthesis of amino acids and proteins. Much of the nitrogen fixed by the bacteria becomes incorporated into the trees. Thus alder seedlings may flourish on soils that are poor in ammonia and nitrates, the usual sources of nitrogen for plants. The symbiotic association accounts, in part, for the success of some species on land that has been deforested. When the leaves decay, their organic nitrogen is converted by various soil bacteria into ammonia and nitrates. By enriching the soil, and also by making the soil more acid, alders prepare the land for colonization by other trees, such

122     Berberidaceae

Beidleman_025-254 6/10/02 9:43 AM Page 146

Alnus rhombifolia White Alder

Alnus rubra Red Alder

Corylus cornuta ssp. californica California Hazelnut

as Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir). It is ironic that the increased acidity makes the soil unsuitable for succeeding generations of alder seedlings.

is1a  a little ironic that thebase; increased acidity makes thelong; soil unsuitable for succeeding generations Leaf notched at the staminate catkin 4–​7 cm pistillate catkin with 1 or 2 flowers, not of alder seedlings. woody; fruit 20–​30 mm long, each nut enclosed by 2 fused papery bracts; shrub or small tree (leaves with 2 sizes of teeth; stigmas red) Corylus cornuta ssp. cornuta var. californica) (fig.) sta1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leaf slightly notched at the base, the 2 sides ofcalifornica the basal(C. portion often not quite equal; minate flowers in catkins, pistillateflowers single or in small clusters; California Hazelnut fruit notflattened, 1b Leaf without a notch; staminate catkin 3–​14 cm long; pistillate catkin with several flowers, about 15 mm long, each nut enclosed by 2 fused papery bracts; shrub or small tree (stigmas becoming woody; fruit about 2.5 mm long, each nutlet with a woody bract beneath it; tree red) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corylus cornutavar. californica(fig.) Hazelnut Betulaceae    123 146

ASTERACEAE, GROUP 3, SUBKEY



2a Margins of leaf blades inrolled and with 2 sizes of teeth; undersides of leaves rusty gray; fruit margins tan; mostly coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alnus rubra [A. oregona] (fig.) Red Alder; SCr-n 2b Margins of leaf blades not inrolled, teeth more or less equal; undersides of leaves not rusty gray; fruit margins not tan; along streams inland (widespread) . . . . . . Alnus rhombifolia (fig.) White Alder

BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY) The Borage Family now includes Hydrophyllaceae (Waterleaf Family). Except for two shrubs, Echium candicans (Viper’s-bugloss) and Eriodictyon californicum (Yerba-santa), all of the numerous local representatives of the family are herbaceous. Some species of both groups have tightly coiled inflorescences resembling the scroll of a violin. Also the plants often have bristly hairs. The leaves are usually entire and those on the stem are alternate, except sometimes for a few lower ones. The five petals are more or less fused and the ovary is superior. The fruit is in the form of one to four nutlets that may be seen at the base of the pistil especially after the corolla has fallen off. Sometimes a dissecting microscope is required to properly view the distinctive surfaces of the nutlets. Most of the former borage species have four nutlets, while the waterleaves have only one. Waterleaves in our area have a lobed or forked stigma or style except Romanzoffia californica (Mistmaiden), where the stigma is sometimes not lobed, and Eriodictyon californicum, which has two separate styles. Some of the Old World species of borages have long been used as kitchen flavorings, herbal remedies, and sources of dyes, while the waterleaves mainly occur in the western part of North America. Nemophila menziesii var. menziesii (Baby-blue-eyes), Emmenanthe penduliflora var. penduliflora (Whispering-bells), and some species of Phacelia are attractive plants for gardens. Eriodictyon californicum is a possibility, but it suffers from a fungus that causes its leaves to look as though they had been dusted with soot. 1a Style or stigma lobed or forked except sometimes not in Romanzoffia californica and in Eriodictyon californicum, which has 2 styles; nutlet solitary; corolla without crests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Group 1 1b Style or stigma not lobed or forked; nutlets often 4; corolla often with 5 crests in the throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Group 2

Boraginaceae, Group 1 Style or stigma lobed or forked except sometimes not in Romanzoffia californica and in Eriodictyon californicum, which has 2 styles; nutlet solitary; corolla without crests 1a Shrub (leaves alternate, evergreen, 4–​15 cm long, usually toothed; young leaves dark green, shiny, older leaves often blackened by fungus; styles 2; up to 2 m tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriodictyon californicum (pl. 8) Yerba-santa; SB-n 1b Herb 2a Leaf blades about as long as wide, toothed or shallowly lobed (leaves mainly basal, upper leaves alternate; corolla 5–​12 mm long, white, with yellow inside; stigma scarcely lobed if at all; moist, rocky coastal habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Romanzoffia californica [R. suksdorfii] Mistmaiden; SCr-n

124     Boraginaceae

Phacelia bolanderi Bolander’s Phacelia

Phacelia nemoralis Bristly Phacelia



2b Leaf blades longer than wide, usually deeply lobed or compound 3a Most flowers hanging down when open; corolla yellow, pink, cream, or white (inflorescence at stem end; leaves alternate, 1–​12 cm long, with 10–​20 short lobes; corolla 6–​15 mm long; style 2 lobed; dry, rocky areas, serpentine) 4a Corolla yellow to cream . . . . . . . . . . . Emmenanthe penduliflora var. penduliflora (pl. 7) Whispering-bells 4b Corolla pink, drying white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emmenanthe penduliflora var. rosea Rose Whispering-bells; SCl-s 3b Most flowers upright when open; corolla white, blue, pink, lavender, purple, or violet, sometimes yellow tinged 5a Flowers not in a coiled, 1–​sided inflorescence; usually some leaves opposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Group 1, Subkey 1 5b Flowers in a coiled, 1–​sided inflorescence resembling a violin scroll; leaves usually alternate (style 2 lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Group 1, Subkey 2 Phacelia

Boraginaceae, Group 1, Subkey 1 Usually some leaves opposite, blades longer than wide and usually deeply lobed or compound; corolla white, pink, blue, lavender, purple, or violet, sometimes yellow tinged

Boraginaceae, Group 1, Subkey 1    125

1a Flowers in crowded clusters; all leaves alternate (corolla white, pale pink, or violet) 2a Leaves lobed or compound, 5–​40 cm long, usually with light blotches; corolla 6–​10 mm long; stigma 2 lobed; perennial; up to 60 cm tall; moist, shaded areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrophyllum occidentale Heliotrope, California Waterleaf; Mo-n 2b Leaves entire, up to 1.5 cm long, without blotches; corolla 1–​3 mm long; style 2 lobed; annual; up to 10 cm tall; dry gravelly soil . . . . . . . . Nama californicum [Lemmonia californica] Lemmon’s Nama; La-s 1b Flowers either solitary or in loose racemes; at least some leaves opposite (leaves lobed) 3a Upper stem either glandular or with down-curved prickles (lower leaves opposite, upper ones alternate) 4a Upper stem glandular, without down-curved prickles; leaf lobes also lobed; flowers 8–​ 15 in each cluster; stigma 2 lobed; on fire burns, coastal bluffs (corolla 4–​8 mm wide, white, yellow tinged) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia Common Eucrypta 4b Upper stem not glandular, but with down-curved prickles; leaf lobes not lobed again; flowers 1–​10 in each cluster; style 2 lobed; shade 5a Petioles clasping stem; corolla 10–​30 mm wide and 7–​15 mm long, blue, lavender, or purple, with darker markings; prickles usually visible without hand lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pholistoma auritum Fiesta-flower; La-S 5b Petioles not clasping stem; corolla up to 10 mm wide and 3–​6 mm long, white, with a purple spot on each lobe; prickles visible with hand lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pholistoma membranaceum White Fiesta-flower; CC-s 3b Plant neither glandular nor with down-curved prickles (style 2 lobed) 6a Corolla 10–​40 mm wide (leaves all opposite; moist areas) 7a Corolla 5–​20 mm long, bright blue with light center (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemophila menziesii var. menziesii (pl. 8) Baby-blue-eyes 7b Corolla 6–​12 mm long, white, or white with blue lines and black spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemophila menziesii var. atomaria White Baby-blue-eyes; SCl-n 6b Corolla 1–​12 mm wide 8a Corolla 4–​12 mm wide and 3–​10 mm long, decidedly longer than calyx (corolla white or pale blue, without veins or spots; usually upper leaves alternate; part shade; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemophila heterophylla Variable-leaved Nemophila; SB-n 8b Corolla 1–​8 mm wide and 2–​5 mm long, only slightly longer than calyx (moist, often shaded areas) 9a Corolla 1–​5 mm wide, lobes without dark markings; usually some upper leaves alternate, lobes usually 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemophila parviflora Small-flowered Nemophila; Mo-n 9b Corolla 2–​8 mm wide, lobes with dark veins, spots, or a blotch; leaves all opposite, lobes 5–​9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemophila pedunculata Meadow Nemophila

126     Boraginaceae, Group 1, Subkey 1

Boraginaceae, Group 1, Subkey 2 Flowers in a coiled, 1-sided inflorescence; leaves usually alternate, the blades longer than wide and usually deeply lobed or compound; corolla white, blue, lavender, purple, or violet, sometimes with some yellow; style 2 lobed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia 1a Larger leaves not compound and either not lobed, or with only 1 or 2 lobes at their bases (leaves sometimes toothed) 2a Leaves toothed (larger teeth almost lobelike and sometimes with smaller teeth) 3a Stamens protruding out of corolla; perennial (corolla 10–​12 mm long, lavender; stamens hairy; restricted to coast) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia bolanderi (fig.) Bolander’s Phacelia; Sn-n 3b Stamens not protruding out of corolla; annual 4a Coarse teeth of leaves without smaller teeth; corolla 7–​11 mm long, lobes lavender to purple, tube yellow; stamens not hairy; leaves and stem scarcely hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia suaveolens Sweet-scented Phacelia; SCl-n 4b Coarse teeth of leaves with smaller teeth; corolla 4–​5 mm long, white or pale blue; stamens hairy; leaves and stem bristly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia rattanii Rattan’s Phacelia; SLO-n 2b Leaves not toothed (stamens usuallly hairy) 5a Corolla 10–​15 mm long; leaves sometimes with 1 or 2 lobes at their bases (corolla lavender to violet, stamens not protruding; stem hairs not glandular; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia divaricata Spreading Phacelia; Me-Mo, SB 5b Corolla 4–​7 mm long; leaves without lobes 6a Stem hairs glandular; corolla white, stamens protruding; perennial; serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia corymbosa Serpentine Phacelia; Sn-n 6b Stem hairs not glandular; corolla white to lavender, stamens not protruding; annual; not on serpentine (shade of chaparral, above 1500 ft) . . . . . . . . . Phacelia phacelioides Mount Diablo Phacelia; CC(MD)-SCl(MH); 1b 1b Larger leaves either compound or deeply lobed (leaflets or lobes often toothed or lobed) 7a Stamens not protruding beyond corolla, sometimes as long as corolla (corolla blue or bluepurple; stamens not hairy except sometimes in Phacelia douglasii; annual) 8a Corolla 4–​6 mm long; leaves lobed, lobes entire (corolla pale blue; rocky soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia breweri Brewer’s Phacelia; CC-SB 8b Corolla 6–​12 mm long; leaves lobed or compound, the divisions sometimes lobed or toothed 9a Corolla bright blue with paler center; leaf divisions further toothed or lobed; clay or gravelly slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia ciliata Field Phacelia, Great Valley Phacelia 9b Corolla purple blue without paler center; leaf divisions usually not further toothed or lobed; sandy soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia douglasii Douglas’ Phacelia; SF-s 7b Stamens protruding well beyond corolla 10a Stamens hairy, sometimes not in Phacelia corymbosa; corolla 3–​7 mm long (perennial) 11a Leaves not compound, but lobed; plant often with glandular hairs

Boraginaceae, Group 1, Subkey 2    127













12a Calyx lobe about twice as long as wide, overlapping one another, especially in fruit; leaves with 7–​15 lobes; corolla white or lavender; not on serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia imbricata Rock Phacelia, Imbricate Phacelia 12b Calyx lobe usually at least 3 times as long as wide, not overlapping one another; leaves with 3–​7 lobes; corolla white; serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia corymbosa Serpentine Phacelia; Sn-n 11b Leaves usually compound; plant densely hairy, hairs not glandular 13a Leaflets or lobes 3, hairs sometimes stinging; corolla pale green; moist, wooded areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia nemoralis (fig.) Bristly Phacelia, Shade Phacelia; SB-n 13b Leaflets or lobes 3–​7, hairs not stinging; corolla blue, lavender, or white; open areas, woodlands (stem sometimes sprawling, branching near base) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia californica (pl. 8) California Phacelia; SCl-n 10b Stamens not hairy; corolla 5–​9 mm long 14a Leaves lobed, or if compound, with only 3 leaflets; plant with dense, yellow, glandular hairs (corolla cream; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia malvifolia Stinging Phacelia; SLO-n 14b Leaves usually compound, with more than 3 leaflets; plant, if with glandular hairs, these not yellow 15a Fruit bristly; plant branched at the base, sometimes prostrate; perennial (corolla white or lavender) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia ramosissima [includes P. ramosissima var. latifolia] (pl. 8) Branched Phacelia 15b Fruit scarcely hairy; plant erect or branched at the base; annual 16a Corolla blue or purple; each calyx lobe usually at least 4 to 5 times as long as wide; fruit hairy only near tip, longer than wide; sandy, gravelly soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia tanacetifolia Tansy Phacelia; La-s 16b Corolla white or blue; each calyx lobe about 3 times as long as wide; fruit hairy to below middle, nearly round; clay, rocky soil (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phacelia distans Wild Heliotrope, Common Phacelia

Boraginaceae, Group 2  Style or stigma not lobed or forked; nutlets often 4; corolla often with 5 crests in the throat 1a Corolla orange or dark yellow (inflorescence coiled; all leaves alternate or basal; nutlets 4; annual) 2a Some sepals fused nearly halfway, the others separate nearly to their bases 3a Leaves finely toothed; corolla with 10 veins near the base (corolla yellow, 7–​15 mm long; nutlets not smooth; salt marshes, coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia spectabilis Coastal Fiddleneck, Seaside Fiddleneck 3b Leaves not toothed; corolla with 20 veins near the base 4a Leaves whitish, waxy (corolla 8–​12 mm long; nutlets smooth; shaley slopes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia vernicosa Waxy Fiddleneck

128     Boraginaceae, Group 2



4b Leaves not whitish, nor waxy 5a Corolla yellow, 8–​12 mm long and 2–​6 mm wide (surface of nutlets resembling cobblestones; anthers pressed against stigma; plant bristly; sandy, gravelly areas; east side of Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia tessellata var. tessellata (pl. 7) Devil’s-lettuce, Desert Fiddleneck; CC-s 5b Corolla orange, 12–​20 mm long and 6–​15 mm wide 6a Corolla 12–​16 mm long and 6–​10 mm wide; surface of nutlets resembling cobblestones (anthers diverging away from stigma; plant bristly; sandy, gravelly areas; east side of Coast Ranges) . . . . . Amsinckia tessellata var. gloriosa Carrizo Fiddleneck; CC-s 6b Corolla 14–​20 mm long and 10–​15 mm wide; surface of nutlets smooth (re-established in some areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia grandiflora Large-flowered Fiddleneck; CC, Al; 1b 2b All sepals separate nearly to their bases (corolla orange, with 10 veins near the base; surface of nutlets bumpy, but not resembling cobblestones) 7a Corolla 4–​7 mm long, 1–​3 mm wide (corolla lobes usually with red marks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia menziesii Rancher’s Fireweed, Small-flowered Fiddleneck 7b Corolla 7–​20 mm long, 4–​14 mm wide 8a Corolla throat constricted and partly obstructed by saclike elevations; all stamens attached at same level below constriction (corolla 7–​11 mm long; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia lycopsoides Bugloss-flowered Fiddleneck; SLO-n 8b Corolla throat wide open, not obstructed by elevations; stamens attached at different levels 9a Corolla 10–​20 mm long, 8–​14 mm wide, lobes without red marks (inland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia eastwoodiae [A. intermedia var. eastwoodae] Eastwood’s Fiddleneck, Valley Fiddleneck 9b Corolla 7–​11 mm long, 5–​12 mm wide, lobes usually with red marks 10a Corolla slightly 2–​lipped, with 2 red marks on lobes; corolla tube bent (Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia lunaris Bent-flowered Fiddleneck; 1b 10b Corolla usually regular, usually with 5 red marks on the lobes; coralla tube straight . . . . . . . . . . . Amsinckia intermedia [A. menziesii var. intermedia] (pl. 7) Common Fiddleneck 1b Corolla blue, purple, or white, sometimes becoming yellow, pink, or blue on drying 11a Corolla blue or purple, except pale yellow in Myosotis discolor (sepals united at their bases; all leaves alternate or basal; nutlets 4) 12a Longest leaves 16–​30 cm (corolla bright blue, with a ring of white crests in throat; inflorescence not tightly coiled) 13a Corolla 10–​15 mm wide, stamens not protruding from it; nutlets prickly; perennial (shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynoglossum grande (pl. 7) Hound’s-tongue 13b Corolla 20 mm wide, stamens protruding from it; nutlets roughened; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Borago officinalis Borage; me 12b Longest leaves not more than 20 cm, usually much shorter (corolla not more than 12 mm wide)

Boraginaceae, Group 2    129













14a Shrub, 1–​2 m tall; corolla purple or dark blue, 12 mm wide, stamens protruding from it, without crests in throat; inflorescence tightly coiled; nutlets roughened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Echium candicans Viper’s-bugloss, Pride-of-Madeira; af 14b Herb, up to 0.5 m tall; corolla light blue or yellow, not more than 10 mm wide, the stamens not protruding from it, with a ring of white crests in throat; inflorescence not tightly coiled; nutlets smooth (moist areas) 15a Corolla 5–​10 mm wide, light blue; widest leaves about 2 cm; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myosotis latifolia Broad-leaved Forget-me-not; af 15b Corolla 1–​3 mm wide, pale yellow, becoming blue; widest leaves less than 1 cm; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myosotis discolor [M. versicolor] Changing Forget-me-not, Yellow-and-blue Scorpion-grass; eu 11b Corolla white, sometimes pale yellow or pale blue, or becoming yellow or pink 16a Usually at least lower leaves opposite (inflorescence usually coiled) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boraginaceae, Group 2, Subkey 16b Leaves all alternate or basal 17a Upper leaves not reduced; basal leaves few or absent 18a Inflorescence not coiled; nutlets 1–​4 (corolla white, drying to yellow; leaves usually slightly hairy; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithospermum arvense Gromwell; eua 18b Inflorescence coiled; nutlets 4 19a Corolla white; leaves hairy, not waxy; nutlets roughened; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heliotropium europaeum European Heliotrope; eu 19b Corolla white to pale blue, with a purple or purple and yellow ring in throat; leaves waxy, not hairy; nutlets smooth; perennial (saline places, usually coastal) . . . . . Heliotropium curassavicum var. oculatum [from H. curassavicum] Seaside Heliotrope, Chinese Pusley 17b Upper leaves much reduced; basal leaves well developed, but short lived in Plagiobothrys infectivus (leaves hairy; sepals united at their bases; nutlets 1–​4; annual) 20a Corolla 3–​9 mm wide; calyx 2–​3 mm long; nutlets 3 (margins and midveins of leaves reddish; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (pl. 8) Common Popcornflower, Foothill Snowdrops 20b Corolla not more than 4 mm wide; calyx 3–​7 mm long; nutlets 2–​4 21a Calyx 3–​4 mm long; corolla 1–​3 mm wide (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys tenellus Pacific Popcornflower, Delicate Popcornflower 21b Calyx 5–​7 mm long; corolla 3–​4 mm wide 22a Inflorescence usually without bracts; basal leaves persisting; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys fulvus var. campestris [from P. fulvus] Field Popcornflower, Hairy Popcornflower; SCl-n 22b Inflorescence with bracts below each of several flowers; basal leaves short lived; clay soils (margins and midveins of leaves reddish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys infectivus Dye Popcornflower; SLO-n

130     Boraginaceae, Group 2

Boraginaceae, Group 2, Subkey Corolla white, sometimes pale yellow or pale blue; usually at least some leaves opposite; inflorescence usually coiled; corolla often with 5 crests in throat 1a Nutlets spreading, with hooked bristles; calyx with hooked bristles (sepals separate; corolla not extending beyond calyx; mostly less than 20 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pectocarya pusilla Little Combseed; Mo-n 1b Nutlets erect, without hooked bristles; calyx usually without hooked bristles 2a Stem and leaves often with densely crowded long hairs; calyx with white or straw-colored hairs, these often longer than the calyx; side of each nutlet with attachment scar usually not keeled, but with a lengthwise groove 3a Bristles on calyx curved, sometimes hooked (nutlet 1, smooth, groove closed; dry slopes) 4a Each inflorescence branch with about 9 flowers; stem hairs lying flat, pointing upwards; calyx 3–​4 mm long in fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha flaccida Weak-stemmed Cryptantha, Pale Cryptantha 4b Each inflorescence branch with fewer than 9 flowers; stem hairs pointing outward; calyx 2–​3 mm long in fruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha sparsiflora Few-flowered Cryptantha 3b Bristles on calyx not curved or hooked 5a Plant not branching from the base, sometimes with a few to many branches above middle 6a Corolla not more than 2 mm wide (nutlet groove closed at base) 7a Calyx 1–​2 mm long in fruit; nutlet 1, smooth; plant branches none to many; chaparral, woodlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha microstachys Hairy Cryptantha, Tejon Cryptantha 7b Calyx 4–​7 mm long in fruit; nutlets 3 or 4, roughened; plant branches few; dry gravelly sites (above 2500 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha simulans Pine Cryptantha 6b Corolla more than 2 mm wide 8a Nutlet smooth, groove open at base (corolla 3–​6 mm wide; nutlet 1, usually mottled; serpentine, other outcrops) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha hispidula Napa Cryptantha; La, Na 8b Nutlet roughened, groove closed at base 9a Corolla 4–​8 mm wide; nutlets 3 or 4, sometimes mottled, each without a projection at the base; gravelly or rocky habitats (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha muricata Prickly Cryptantha, Showy Cryptantha; CC-s 9b Corolla 3–​5 mm wide; nutlet 1, not mottled, with a projection at the base; dry rocky slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha corollata Coast Range Cryptantha 5b Plant usually branching from the base, sometims above as well 10a Calyx usually less than 2 mm long in fruit (nutlets 4, 1 usually larger than the others and at least 1 roughened, grooves open at their bases; often on burned areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha micromeres Minute-flowered Cryptantha; Ma-s 10b Calyx at least 2 mm long in fruit

Boraginaceae, Group 2, Subkey    131









11a Corolla 1–​6 mm wide (calyx 4–​6 mm long in fruit; nutlets 1–​4 , roughened, grooves open at their bases; sandy, gravelly sites) . . . . . . Cryptantha intermedia Common Cryptantha; La, Na, SLO 11b Corolla less than 2 mm wide, sometimes 2–​3 mm in Cryptantha leiocarpa and C. clevelandii 12a Nutlets roughened (nutlets usually 4, grooves open at their bases; up to 15 cm tall, stem sometimes falling; open sandy habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha hooveri Hoover’s Cryptantha; CC-s; 1a 12b Nutlets smooth 13a Nutlets 1 or 2, grooves open at their bases (slopes, mostly inland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha nemaclada Colusa Cryptantha; SLO-n 13b Nutlets 3 or 4, grooves closed 14a Calyx 4–​7 mm long in fruit (calyx bristles 2–​3 mm long; coastal hillsides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptantha torreyana Torrey’s Cryptantha; Ma-n 14b Calyx 2–​4 mm long in fruit 15a Nutlet 1; grassland, coastal scrub . . . . . . . . Cryptantha clevelandii Cleveland’s Cryptantha; Ma(PR) 15b Nutlets 3 or 4; sandy coastal habitats . . . . . . Cryptantha leiocarpa Coastal Cryptantha, Beach Cryptantha 2b Stem and leaves usually without densely crowded long hairs, often scarcely hairy; calyx with rust-colored hairs at tips and sometimes with white hairs on the lower parts, hairs shorter than calyx; side of each nutlet with attachment scar with a raised lengthwise keel (stem branched near the base, each branch with some leaves in lower part and a raceme above) 16a Stem and leaves not hairy, at least in upper half of the plant 17a On serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys tener var. subglaber Serpentine Popcornflower; NA 17b Near salt marshes, saline habitats, or sulphur springs 18a Stem succulent, somewhat inflated and hollow; corolla about 3 mm wide; salt marshes, saline habitats inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys glaber Hairless Popcornflower; SF; 1a 18b Stem not succulent, not inflated or hollow; corolla 4–​6 mm wide; known only from around sulphur springs near Calistoga, Napa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys strictus Calistoga Popcornflower; Na; 1b 16b Stem and leaves at least slightly hairy throughout 19a Nutlets with prominent bumps or spines (corolla 1–​4 mm wide) 20a Nutlets with blunt-tiped bumps (calyx 3–​6 mm long in fruit) 21a Attachment scar of nutlet at least one-fourth as long as nutlet; wet grassland, vernal pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys hystriculus Bearded Popcornflower; Sl; 1b 21b Attachment scar of nutlet less than one-fourth as long as nutlet; mud flats, vernal pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys trachycarpus Rough-nutlet Popcornflower; CC-s 20b Nutlets with sharp-tiped bumps (clay or dried mud of vernal pools)

132     Boraginaceae, Group 2, Subkey









22a Calyx 3–​6 mm long in fruit; nutlets with cross ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys acanthocarpus Adobe Popcornflower 22b Calyx 5–​8 mm long in fruit; nutlets without cross ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys greenei Greene’s Spiny-nut Popcornflower; Sn-n 19b Nutlets without prominent bumps or spines 23a Corolla 5–​12 mm wide 24a Leaves up to 5 mm wide (corolla 5–​10 mm wide; plant with long hairs, those on calyx yellowish; perennial; prostrate or stem tips rising) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys mollis var. vestitus Petaluma Popcornflower; Sn; 1a 24b Leaves less than 5 mm wide 25a Attachment scar of nutlet at or very near base; alkaline habitats, vernal pools 26a Corolla 5–​12 mm wide; each stem with at least 10 flowers; plant not branched at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys stipitatus var. stipitatus Showy Great Valley Popcornflower; Na, Sn-n 26b Corolla 5–​9 mm wide; each stem with fewer than 10 flowers; plant branched at base (keel on nutlet not in a groove) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys tener var. tener Slender Popcornflower; Na-n 25b Attachment scar of nutlet not at its base; moist areas (keel on nutlet within a groove; mostly coastal) 27a Pedicel usually longer than calyx; corolla 5–​10 mm wide; erect or prostrate with stem tips rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys chorisianus var. chorisianus Choris’ Popcornflower; SF-SLO; 1b 27b Pedicel usually shorter than calyx; corolla 5–​7 mm wide; prostrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys chorisianus var. hickmanii Hickman’s Popcornflower; 4 23b Corolla less than 5 mm wide 28a Attachment scar of nutlet not at base 29a Nutlet nearly cross shaped, with a side to side groove (dry slopes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys shastensis Shasta Popcornflower 29b Nutlet not cross shaped, without a side to side groove (attachment scar nearly round; dry soil) 30a Top of calyx coming off like a lid (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys arizonicus Arizona Popcornflower 30b Top of calyx not coming off like a lid, lobes spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys verrucosus Forget-me-not Popcornflower 28b Attachment scar of nutlet at or very near base 31a Attachment scar with a stalk

Boraginaceae, Group 2, Subkey    133







32a Stem not fleshy, nor hollow, prostrate or with stem tips rising, up to 30 cm long; corolla 2 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys leptocladus Alkali Popcornflower 32b Stem often fleshy, hollow, erect or prostrate with stem tips rising, up to 50 cm long; corolla 2–​4 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys stipitatus var. micranthus Small Great Valley Popcornflower 31b Attachment scar without a stalk (erect) 33a Keel on nutlet not in a groove (mud flats, vernal pools) 34a Plant mainly branching at the base; corolla 3–​4 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys tener var. tener Slender Popcornflower; Na-n 34b Plant not mainly branching at the base; corolla 1–​3 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys bracteatus Bracted Popcornflower 33b Keel on each nutlet in a groove 35a Attachment scar of nutlet longer than wide (corolla 1–​2 mm wide; calyx 2–​3 mm long in fruit; mud flats, vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys undulatus Wavy-stemmed Popcornflower; Me-s 35b Attachment scar of nutlet about as wide as long 36a Coastal grassland, mudflats; corolla 1–​4 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys reticulatus var. rossianorum Fort Ross Popcornflower; Ma, SF 36b Moist places, seeps; corolla 3–​5 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plagiobothrys diffusus San Fransicso Popcornflower; 1b

BRASSICACEAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) Plants of the Brassicaceae are easily recognized when in flower, for there are not many exceptions to the following formula: four separate sepals, four separate petals, six stamens (four long, two short), and a pistil that is usually partitioned lengthwise into two divisions, each with its own row of seeds. The ovary is superior. The mature fruit, which is crucial for the identification of mustards, may be either short and broad or long and narrow. The latter may elongate over ten times while maturing. Sometimes the upper portion of the pistil persists on the fruit as a beak. The leaves are alternate and usually not compound. This large family of mainly herbaceous plants, which used to be called Cruciferae, provides us not only with mustard, but also with radishes, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, bok choy, kohlrabi, watercress, and other food plants, the flavors of which are the result of characteristic oils. The family also gives us numerous valuable ornamentals, such as Aubrieta deltoidea (Purple Rock Cress) and Matthiola incana (Stock). Relatively few California representatives are showy enough to attract gardeners. Certain species of Erysimum, Arabis, and Draba are, however, grown widely in rock gardens.

134     Brassicaceae

Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress

Brassica rapa Field Mustard

Boechera breweri Brewer’s Rockcress

Cardamine oligosperma Bitter Cress

Brassicaceae    135

Draba verna Vernal Whitlowgrass

Lepidium nitidum Common Peppergrass

Lepidium didymum Lesser Wartcress

136     Brassicaceae

Lepidium oxycarpum Sharp-podded Peppergrass

Raphanus sativus Wild Radish

Lepidium perfoliatum Shield Cress

Thlaspi arvense Fanweed

Brassicaceae    137

BORAGINACEAE, SUBKEY

157

1a Fruit usually not more than twice as long as wide, but sometimes up to 4 times in Draba verna (fruit usually flattened) 2a Seam either on margins of flattened fruit or not visible (fruit either flattened parallel to partition that separates the 2 halves or not divided into 2 halves) 3a Petals deeply notched; fruit usually more than twice as long as wide (leaves not lobed, all basal; petals white, 2.5 mm long; fruit 3–​10 mm long; pedicel turned up; rarely more than 10 cm tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Draba verna (fig.) Vernal Whitlowgrass; eua 3b Petals not notched; fruit less than twice as long as wide 4a Petals 1.5–​2 cm long, deep purple; fruit 3–​4 cm long and nearly as wide; pedicel 1–​1.5 cm long (pedicel turned up; leaves toothed, the upper leaves sessile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lunaria annua Money-plant, Honesty; eu 4b Petals less than 1 cm long, not deep purple; fruit less than 2 cm long and wide; pedicel not more than 1 cm long 5a Fruit with hooked hairs (fruit 2–​3 mm long; pedicel turned down; petals white, 1.5 mm long; leaves basal and on stem, sometimes toothed; inflorescence 1 sided) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Athysanus pusillus Dwarf Athysanus, Sandweed 5b Fruit, if hairy, without hooked hairs 6a Leaves entire (flowers in dense racemes; pedicel turned up) 7a Flowers sweet smelling; petals white; fruit less than 3 mm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lobularia maritima Sweet Alyssum; me 7b Flowers not sweet smelling; petals pale yellow or cream, fading to white; fruit 3–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alyssum alyssoides Yellow Alyssum, Pale Alyssum; eua 6b Some leaves toothed or lobed 8a Leaves entirely basal; flower solitary on a peduncle 3–​13 cm long (fruit 6–​9 mm long; moist, gravelly habitats, above 2000 ft) . . . . . . . . Idahoa scapigera Flatpod; SCl(MH) 8b Leaves not entirely basal; flowers in racemes 9a Fruit 7–​10 mm wide, margins not perforated, outer portion with ridges radiating outward from center; pedicel turned up (moist habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thysanocarpus radians Ribbed Fringepod; SCl-n 9b Fruit 3–​6 mm wide, margins sometimes perforated, sometimes with ridges; pedicel turned down 10a Leaves usually hairy, upper leaves clasping stem; fruit margins sometimes perforated (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thysanocarpus curvipes (pl. 9) Hairy Fringepod 10b Leaves usually not hairy, not clasping stem; fruit margins often perforated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thysanocarpus laciniatus Narrow-leaved Fringepod; CC-s 2b Seam on faces of flattened fruit (fruit flattened at right angles to partition separating 2 halves; pedicel spreading or turned up) 11a Upper leaves clasping stem; stamens 6

138     Brassicaceae











12a Fruit nearly triangular, widest at top (leaves hairy, often toothed or lobed; fruit 4–​9 mm long; petals white; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s-purse; eu 12b Fruit not triangular, mostly rounded 13a Fruit 7–​20 mm long; pedicel 7–​15 mm long (fruit notched; leaves hairy, sometimes toothed; petals white) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thlaspi arvense (fig.) Fanweed, Field Penny Cress; eu 13b Fruit 4–​6 mm long; pedicel less than 7 mm long 14a Lower leaves 2 or 3 times deeply lobed or compound, upper leaves encircling stem; petals yellow; fruit not swollen, without a beak (plant sparsely hairy if at all) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium perfoliatum (fig.) Shield Cress, Perfoliate Peppergrass; eua 14b Leaves at most toothed or with shallow lobes, not encircling stem; petals white; fruit swollen, with a beak 15a Fruit 5–​6 mm long, notched (fruit without net veins; plant hairy throughout; above 2000 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium campestre Field Cress, English Peppergrass; eu 15b Fruit 2–​6 mm long, without a notch 16a Fruit 4–​6 mm long, without net veins; plant hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium appelianum [Cardaria pubescens] Whitetop; as 16b Fruit 2–​4 mm long, with net veins; plant sometimes hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium draba [Cardaria draba] Heart-podded Hoary Cress; eua 11b Leaves not clasping stem; stamens 2, 4, or 6 17a Fruit deeply notched, the lobes at least one-half length of rest of fruit; petals green (leaves toothed, lobed, or compound; stamens 4; fruit 5–​7 mm long; plant hairy, branching from base; vernal pools, alkaline soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium latipes Dwarf Peppergrass 17b Fruit, if notched, with lobes less than one-fourth length of rest of fruit; petals white, sometimes absent 18a Both halves of fruit bulging, with either pointed bumps or a networklike surface pattern (leaves deeply lobed, sometimes hairy; petals often absent; fruit less than 4 mm long) 19a Fruit with a notch and a networklike pattern; stamens 2 (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium didymum [Coronopus didymus] (fig.) Lesser Wartcress, Lesser Swine Cress; eu 19b Fruit without a notch, but with pointed bumps; stamens 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium coronopus [Coronopus squamatus] Swine Cress; eu 18b Halves of fruit not bulging, often without pointed bumps or a networklike pattern 20a Pedicel not flattened 21a Fruit with a prominent notch (fruit not hairy; leaves often toothed or lobed) 22a Fruit with a networklike pattern, the notch U shaped, a beak visible; stamens 4; petals absent; lower leaves 1–​5 cm long (alkaline soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium oxycarpum (fig.) Sharp-podded Peppergrass; Sn-SB

Brassicaceae    139



22b Fruit without a networklike pattern, the notch slitlike, a beak not visible; stamens 2; petals present; lower leaves 2–​20 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium virginicum ssp. virginicum Tonguegrass, Tall Peppergrass; na 21b Fruit without a prominent notch (fruit without a networklike pattern) 23a Lower leaves 3–​15 cm long, usually with small teeth; fruit with a prominent beak; stamens 6; plant sometimes hairy; often more than 1 m tall (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium latifolium Perennial Peppergrass; eua 23b Lower leaves 1–​4 cm long, usually toothed or lobed; fruit without a beak; stamens 4; plant hairy; usually less than 0.5 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium pinnatifidum Eurasian Cress; eua 20b Pedicel flattened, at least twice as wide as thick (fruit notched, without a beak) 24a Sepals persisting into fruiting (plant hairy, often prostrate with stem tips rising; some leaves lobed; fruit notched; stamens 2) . . . . Lepidium strictum Prostrate Cress, Wayside Peppergrass 24b Sepals usually not persisting into fruiting 25a Fruit with a networklike pattern (stamens 4; alkaline soil) 26a Plant hairy, prostrate with stem tips rising; fruit notch slitlike; petals present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium dictyotum Alkali Peppergrass; CC 26b Plant sometimes hairy, erect; fruit notch U shaped; petals absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium oxycarpum (fig.) Sharp-podded Peppergrass; Sn-SB 25b Fruit without a networklike pattern (pedicel usually hairy, at least on 1 surface) 27a Stamens 4; fruit not hairy or sparsely so on margins (up to 40 cm tall; alkaline areas, vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium nitidum (fig.) Common Peppergrass 27b Stamens 2; fruit sometimes hairy, sometimes densely so on margins 28a Stems often several from base of plant; longest leaves 1–​5 cm; fruit at least slightly hairy; prostrate or upright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium lasiocarpum Hairypod Peppergrass; Ma 28b Stem 1; longest leaves 2–​10 cm; fruit often hairy; upright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepidium virginicum ssp. menziesii [includes L. virginicum var. pubescens] Menzies’ Tonguegrass, Hairy Tonguegrass 1b Fruit more than 2 times, and usually more than 4 times, as long as wide (fruit measurements refer to fully elongated, mature fruit) 29a Fruit neither divided into 2 units widthwise nor with a beak at least one-sixth as long as body of fruit 30a Stamens 6, in 3 pairs of unequal length; each petal often ruffled, upper portion usually not wider than lower; sepals not green (fruit usually flattened; petals often purple or with purple veins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brassicaceae, Subkey 1

140     Brassicaceae

















30b Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short; each petal usually not ruffled, upper portion usually wider than lower; sepals sometimes not green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brassicaceae, Subkey 2 29b Fruit either divided into 2 units widthwise or with a beak at least one-sixth as long as body of fruit (stamens 6, 4 long, 2 short) 31a Fruit divided into 2 units widthwise, without a beak at least one-sixth as long as body of fruit 32a Petals yellow; upper fruit unit nearly twice as wide as lower, with 5 ridges and a stout beak; some leaves lobed or compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rapistrum rugosum Wild Turnip; eu 32b Petals pale purple to nearly white, sometimes absent in Cakile edentula; upper fruit unit less than twice as wide as lower, without ridges or a beak; leaves toothed or lobed (backshores of sandy beaches) 33a Leaves usually with wavy margins and toothed, or sometimes lobed; fruit widest in upper unit; petals 4–​10 mm long, sometimes absent . . . . . . . . . Cakile edentula Searocket; na 33b Leaves without wavy margins, but lobed, lobes sometimes separated nearly to midrib; fruit widest where 2 units join; petals 8–​14 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cakile maritima (pl. 9) Horned Searocket; eu 31b Fruit not divided into 2 units widthwise, but with a beak at least one-sixth as long as body of fruit 34a Petals with dark veins (some leaves lobed; petals 15–​25 mm long) 35a Fruit not at all constricted between seeds, upper part flattened, divided lengthwise by a partition (leaves 5–​20 cm long; petals white to yellow, with redpurple veins; plant sometimes hairy) . . . . . . . . Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa [E. sativa] Garden-rocket; eu 35b Fruit constricted between seeds, upper part conical, not divided lengthwise by a partition 36a Petals pale yellow, fading to white; fruit constricted about halfway to midline, with ridges, the conical beak much shorter than segmented part; leaf blades 3–​15 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raphanus raphanistrum Jointed Charlock; me 36b Petals pink, purple, or white; fruit constricted less than halfway to midline, ridges absent or not obvious, the conical beak almost as long as segmented part; leaf blades 2–​60 cm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . Raphanus sativus (fig.) Wild Radish; me 34b Petals without dark veins 37a Beak of fruit more than half as long as body of fruit (fruit bristly, 20–​40 mm long; petals 8–​11 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sinapis alba White Mustard; eua 37b Beak of fruit usually less than half as long as body of fruit (leaves usually toothed or lobed; fruit scarcely hairy if at all) 38a Petals white (petals 8–​13 mm long; fruit not bristly, 20–​50 mm long, beak 3–​ 6 mm long; moist shaded areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cardamine californica (pl. 9) [includes C. californica vars. cardiophylla, integrifolia, and sinuata] Milkmaids, Toothwort 38b Petals yellow

Brassicaceae    141













39a Upper leaves sessile and clasping stem; fruit 30–​80 mm long, beak 8–​ 22 mm long (plant scarcely hairy if at all; petals 6–​11 mm long; annual; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brassica rapa [B. campestris] (fig.) Field Mustard; eu 39b Upper leaves, if sessile, not clasping stem; fruit 10–​50 mm long, beak 2–​ 10 mm long 40a Plant not hairy (fruit 30–​50 mm long, beak 5–​10 mm long; petals 7–​10 mm long; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brassica juncea India Mustard; eua 40b Plant at least sparsely hairy 41a Fruit not pressed against stem; plant usually bristly at least in lower half; fruit 20–​50 mm long, beak 5–​10 mm long, 4 sided (petals 8–​ 10 mm long; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sinapis arvensis Charlock; eu 41b Fruit pressed against stem; plant not bristly, but sparsely to densely hairy; fruit 10–​30 mm long, beak 2–​5 mm long, not 4 sided (widespread) 42a Petals 7–​11 mm long; fruit 10–​30 mm long, beak not much thicker at base than tip; leaves sparsely to densely hairy; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brassica nigra Black Mustard; eu 42b Petals 5–​6 mm long; fruit 10–​15 mm long, beak thicker at base than tip; leaves densely hairy; biennial or perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hirschfeldia incana [Sinapis incana] (pl. 9) Summer Mustard; eu

Brassicaceae, Subkey 1  Stamens in 3 pairs of unequal length; petals often purple or with purple veins, each one often ruffled, upper portion usually not wider than lower; sepals not green; fruit flattened, more than 2 and usually more than 4 times as long as wide, without a conspicuous beak 1a Stigma 2 lobed (petals not ruffled) 2a Stigma lobes 1–​3 mm long; fruit usually not flattened; plant bristly in lower half; sepals 6–​ 17 mm long, unequal, dark purple, becoming paler; petals 8–​20 mm long, white, cream, or purple; up to 80 cm tall; grassland, chaparral (fruit 5–​12 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caulanthus lemmonii [C. coulteri var. lemmonii] Lemmon’s Caulanthus; Al-s; 1b 2b Stigma lobes less than 1 mm long; fruit flattened; plant bristly throughout; sepals 3–​6 mm long, equal, purple, fading to brown or green; petals 6–​11 mm long, purple or red-purple; usually less than 20 cm tall; rocky areas 3a Fruit 4–​9 cm long; petals purple, with white margins; bristly hairs crowded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streptanthus hispidus Mount Diablo Jewelflower; CC (MD); 1b 3b Fruit 1–​3 cm long; petals red-purple; bristly hairs scattered . . . . . . . Streptanthus callistus Mount Hamilton Jewelflower; SCl(MH); 1b 1b Stigma not 2 lobed (fruit flattened) 4a Calyx slightly irregular, 1 sepal extending outward farther than others, and somewhat separate from them (sepals 5–​10 mm long; petals ruffled, 7–​17 mm long)

142     Brassicaceae, Subkey 1









5a Flowers mostly on 1 side of inflorescence; stem and leaves with dense bristles on lower half of plant (sometimes on serpentine) 6a Sepals red-purple; petals purple; inflorescence crowded; usually less than 30 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. pulchellus Mount Tamalpais Bristly Jewelflower; Ma(MT); 1b 6b Sepals purple, rose, white, or yellow-green; petals white to purple; inflorescence not crowded; usually more than 30 cm tall . . . . . . . Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. secundus One-sided Jewelflower; Me-Ma 5b Flowers not on 1 side of inflorescence; stem and leaves usually scarcely hairy 7a Sepals 7–​8 mm long, not hairy; petals 10–​12 mm long; fruit 3–​7 mm long (sepals and petals dark purple; serpentine) . . . . . Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. niger [S. niger] Tiburon Jewelflower; Ma; 1b 7b Sepals 5–​13 mm long, sometimes hairy; petals 8–​17 mm long; fruit 3–​11 mm long 8a Sepals white, pale yellow, or green; petals not hairy, white, with purple or brown veins; serpentine . . . . . Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. albidus [S. albidus ssp. albidus] Metcalf Canyon Jewelflower; SCl(MH); 1b 8b Sepals red-purple to pale lavender; petals sometimes hairy, lavender or purple, sometimes with dark veins; sometimes on serpentine . . . Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. glandulosus [includes S. albidus ssp. peramoenus] Common Jewelflower; Sn-SLO; 1b 4b Calyx regular (corolla regular; leaves and stem not bristly) 9a Leaves not clasping stem (petals 5–​9 mm long, not ruffled; sepals 3–​6 mm long) 10a Leaves 3–​9 cm long, usually more than 3 times as long as wide; sepals yellow-green, sometimes purple; 2 petals white, 2 purple with white margins; up to 70 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streptanthus barbiger Bearded Jewelflower; Me-Na; 4 10b Leaves 0.5–​2 .5 cm long, less than 3 times as long as wide; sepals red-purple; 2 petals white with purple veins, 2 purple; up to 18 cm tall . . . . . . . . Streptanthus batrachopus Tamalpais Jewelflower; Ma(MT); 1b 9b Some leaves clasping stem 11a Flowers mostly on 1 side of inflorescence (petals white or cream, not ruffled; sepals 5–​8 mm long) 12a Leaves yellowish; petals 6–​8 mm long; sepals yellow-green, not hairy; fruit curved into a C shape . . . . . . . . . Streptanthus hesperidis [S. breweri var. hesperidis] Yellow-green Jewelflower; Na; 1b 12b Leaves gray-green or purplish; petals 7–​10 mm long; sepals pale yellow to violet, sometimes hairy; fruit mostly straight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streptanthus morrisonii Morrison’s Jewelflower; Sn; 1b 11b Flowers not on 1 side of inflorescence, except sometimes in Streptanthus tortuosus 13a Petals pale yellow or purple, with purple veins; sepals 6–​10 mm long; fruit 4–​13 cm long (petals 8–​14 mm long; sepals purple, gray-green, or yellow; biennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streptanthus tortuosus [includes S. tortuosus var. suffrutescens] Mountain Jewelflower 13b Petals white, with purple veins or spots; sepals 5–​7 mm long; fruit 3–​9 cm long 14a Leaves up to 12 cm long; petals 8–​12 mm long, all with purple veins; fruit 3–​ 9 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streptanthus breweri Brewer’s Jewelflower; SB-n

Brassicaceae, Subkey 1    143



14b Leaves usually less than 5 cm long; petals 7–​10 mm long, 2 with purple veins, 2 with purple spots; fruit 4–​6 cm long . . . . . . . . Streptanthus brachiatus Socrates Mine Jewelflower; Sn; 1b

Brassicaceae, Subkey 2  Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short; each petal not ruffled, upper portion usually wider than lower; sepals sometimes not green; fruit more than 2 and usually more than 4 times as long as wide, without a conspicuous beak 1a Petals white, cream, pink, lilac, rose-purple, purple, or lavender 2a Fruit tip with a pair of hornlike lobes (flower fragrant; petals white, pink, or purple; leaves grayish, densely hairy; biennial or short-lived perennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matthiola incana Stock; eu 2b Fruit tip without a pair of hornlike lobes 3a Plant growing in shallow water in streams, ditches, and at edges of ponds (petals 3–​4 mm long, white; fruit 10–​15 mm long; leaves compound) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nasturtium officinale [Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum] Watercress; eua 3b Plant of terrestrial habitats 4a Petals rose-purple, purple, or lavender (leaves not compound, sometimes toothed; fruit flattened; perennial, sometimes with a woody base) 5a Petals 14–​18 mm long, rose-purple; fruit 2–​4 cm long (basal leaves in a cluster, blades nearly equal to petioles; rocky habitats) . . . . . . . . Arabis blepharophylla (pl. 8) Coast Rockcress; Sn-SCr; 4 5b Petals 6–​14 mm long, purple or lavender; fruit 3–​13 cm long (rocky outcrops, cliffs) 6a Petals 6–​8 mm long; basal leaves 4–​8 mm wide (fruit 4–​8 cm long, pedicel 5–​ 10 mm long; on Mount Day, Santa Clara County) . . . . . . . Boechera rubicundula Mount Day Rockcress; SCl; 1b 6b Petals 7–​14 mm long; basal leaves 2–​12 mm wide 7a Lower leaves usually less than 3 cm long, blades spoon shaped; fruit 3.5–​10 cm long, pedicel 3–​8 mm long . . . . . . Boechera breweri [Arabis breweri] (fig.) Brewer’s Rockcress; Mo-n 7b Lower leaves usually more than 3 cm long, blades not spoon shaped; fruit 6–​13 cm long, pedicel 8–​22 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boechera arcuata [Arabis sparsiflora var. arcuata] Arching Rockcress; SCl-s 4b Petals white, cream, or pink, sometimes lilac or purple in Turritus glabra 8a Leaves compound; fruit flattened (petals 2–​4 mm long, white; fruit 16–​28 mm long; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cardamine oligosperma (fig.) Bitter Cress 8b Leaves not compound, usually lobed; fruit not flattened 9a Petals 7–​13 mm long; sepals not green (fruit 3–​8 cm long; basal leaves not in a cluster, blades much longer than petioles; east side of Coast Ranges, usually on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caulanthus flavescens [Guillenia flavescens] Yellow-flowered Jewelflower; Sl-SB 9b Petals 2–​9 mm long; sepals green 10a Basal leaves not forming a compact cluster, blades much longer than petioles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caulanthus lasiophyllus [Guillenia lasiophylla] California Mustard

144     Brassicaceae, Subkey 2



10b Basal leaves forming a compact cluster, blades nearly equal to petioles 11a Upper leaves clasping stem; fruit 4–​10 cm long, pressed against stem; pedicel 6–​16 mm long; petals 5–​9 mm long (shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turritus glabra [Arabis glabra] Tower Mustard 11b Upper leaves not clasping stem; fruit 1–​1.5 cm long, not pressed against stem; pedicel 3–​10 mm long; petals 2–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arabidopsis thaliana (fig.) Thale Cress, Mouse-ear Cress; eu 1b Petals yellow, orange, orange-brown, or red-brown, sometimes cream in Erysimum 12a Stem ridged; leaves deeply lobed (petals bright yellow; fruit flattened or not; moist or dry areas) 13a Fruit 1–​3 cm long, beak 1–​4 mm long; petals 6–​9 mm long (basal leaves with fewer than 6 pairs of lobes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barbarea vulgaris Yellow Rocket, Common Winter Cress; eua 13b Fruit 3–​8 cm long, beak less than 2 mm long; petals 5–​7 mm long 14a Fruit 4–​8 cm long; basal leaves with at least 5 pairs of lobes . . . . . . . . Barbarea verna Early Winter Cress, Scurvy-grass; eua 14b Fruit 3–​4 cm long; basal leaves with fewer than 5 pairs of lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barbarea orthoceras (pl. 8) American Winter Cress 12b Stem not ridged; leaves usually lobed or toothed 15a Fruit not more than 2 cm long (fruit not flattened) 16a In wet meadows and wet areas adjacent to aquatic habitats; petals 1–​2 mm long (petals yellow; fruit 4–​13 mm long, curved) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rorippa curvisiliqua Yellow Cress 16b Not in wet areas; petals 2–​5 mm long 17a Pedicel of fruit 1–​4 mm long, fruit pressed against stem (fruit 10–​14 mm long; petals pale yellow; leaves lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard; eu 17b Pedicel of fruit 5–​23 mm long, fruit not pressed against stem 18a Fruit 9–​20 mm long, separating into 4 sections, not club shaped, pedicel 5–​ 17 mm long; alkaline soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropidocarpum capparideum Caper-fruited Tropidocarpum; CC(MD); 1b 18b Fruit 4–​13 mm long, not separating into 4 sections, club shaped, pedicel 4–​23 mm long; sandy soil . . . . Descurainia pinnata [D. pinnata ssp. menziesii] (pl. 9) Tansy Mustard; CC-s 15b Fruit more than 2 cm long 19a Leaves lobed 20a Petals 3–​6 mm long; fruit 3–​6 cm long (pedicel 6–​17 mm long, turned up; petals yellow; leaf lobes often toothed or lobed) . . . . . . . . . . Tropidocarpum gracile Lacepod, Dobiepod 20b Petals 6–​30 mm long; fruit 3–​14 cm long 21a Petals 15–​30 mm long, deep yellow; leaf blades spoon shaped; stigma not 2 lobed; fruit 3–​14 cm long, cylindric, becoming flattened; hairs branched; up to 15 cm tall (pedicel 4–​15 mm long, spreading out; coastal dunes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysimum menziesii Menzies’ Wallflower; Mo-n; 1b

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21b Petals 6–​9 mm long, pale yellow; leaf blades not spoon shaped; stigma 2 lobed; fruit 6–​10 cm long, not flattened; hairs, if any, not branched; up to at least 40 cm tall 22a Leaves 3–​8 cm long, upper ones usually not lobed except for 2 lobes at their bases; pedicel 3–​6 mm long, turned up; up to 70 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sisymbrium orientale Eastern Rocket, Oriental Mustard; eu 22b Leaves 5–​20 cm long, the upper ones with more than 2 lobes; pedicel 6–​ 10 mm long, spreading out; up to 150 cm tall . . . . . Sisymbrium altissimum Tumble Mustard, Jim Hill Mustard; eu 19b Leaves entire or toothed (hairs branched; fruit 3–​14 cm long; petals 12–​32 mm long) 23a Plant woody at the base (fruit flattened; pedicel 5–​17 mm long; petals 14–​29 mm long, yellow or cream; up to 40 cm tall; coastal, sometimes serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysimum franciscanum San Francisco Wallflower; SM-n; 4 23b Plant not woody 24a Pedicel 2–​4 mm long (fruit cylindric, becoming flattened; petals 15–​32 mm long, cream or yellow; up to 50 cm tall; coastal cliffs, dunes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysimum concinnum [E. menziesii ssp. concinnum] Coastal Wallflower; Ma(PR)-n 24b Pedicel 4–​17 mm long 25a Coastal dunes; up to 25 cm tall; fruit cylindric, becoming flattened; petals 15–​30 mm long, deep yellow; leaf blades spoon shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysimum menziesii Menzies’ Wallflower; Mo-n;1b 25b Dry places inland; usually more than 25 cm tall; fruit 4 sided or flattened; petals 12–​25 mm long, orange or yellow; leaf blades sometimes spoon shaped (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erysimum capitatum [includes E. capitatum ssp. angustatum] (pl. 9) Western Wallflower

CALYCANTHACEAE (SWEETSHRUB FAMILY) Members of the Sweetshrub or Spicebush Family have deciduous, entire, opposite leaves. Their flowers have numerous similar perianth segments and many pistils and stamens; the stamens nearest the pistils lack anthers. The pistils ripen to form achenes enclosed in the cup-shaped receptacle, which in turn is covered tightly by bracts. This family is placed in a group with Aristolochiaceae (Pipevine Family), Lauraceae (Laurel Family), and Saururaceae (Lizard’s-tail Family), separate from the Monocotyledons and other Dicotyledons based on taxonomic evidence. Our only representative is Calycanthus occidentalis (pl. 9), “Spicebush or Sweetshrub,” which grows in Napa County northward. It is generally found close to streams, especially in canyons, and sometimes around ponds. The flower, about 5 cm wide, has deep red perianth segments that are slightly fleshy. The leaves, commonly 10–​12 cm long, yield a spicy aroma when rubbed or bruised. This attractive and unusual shrub is now frequently cultivated in California.

146     Calycanthaceae

CAMPANULACEAE (BELLFLOWER FAMILY) In members of the Bellflower or Bluebell Family, the leaves are usually alternate, sessile, and not lobed or compound. The five petals are at least partly fused. The ovary is usually inferior or half-inferior. Typically there are five stamens and a single style with two to five lobes. In Downingia and some species of Nemacladus, the corolla is strongly two lipped and the stamens are fused together, but in most of our genera, the corolla is regular and the stamens are not fused. Even if the stamens are not fused, however, before the flower opens the anthers form a temporary tube through which the style grows and collects pollen. In a newly opened flower, the lobes of the style may be obscured by a dense coating of pollen. The mature fruit is a dry capsule that opens by pores or by splitting lengthwise or crosswise, yielding numerous small seeds. 1a Corolla irregular, 2 lipped; stem not 4 sided; filaments of stamens, and sometimes also anthers, united 2a Flowers not sessile; corolla less than 2 mm long, upper lip 3 lobed and lower 2 lobed, not spotted (corolla white) 3a Leaves on stem; anthers sometimes united; stem reclining, up to 30 cm long; wet areas, sometimes aquatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legenere limosa Greene’s Bellflower; 1b 3b Leaves basal; anthers not fused; erect, up to 18 cm tall; dry areas 4a Pedicel 10–​15 mm long, tip turned up; leaves 6–​18 mm long, hairy, sometimes toothed; serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemacladus montanus Mountain Nemacladus; Na, La 4b Pedicel 8–​12 mm long, tip not turned up; leaves 3–​15 mm long, sometimes hairy, not toothed; usually not on serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nemacladus capillaris Common Nemacladus, Common Threadplant; SCl-n 2b Flowers sessile; corolla usually more than 2 mm long, upper lip usually 2 lobed, lower 3 lobed, usually with a white or yellow spot (leaves on stem sometimes absent at flowering; anthers united; stem reclining or erect, up to 40 cm tall; wet areas including vernal pools) 5a Corolla 2–​4 mm long, not longer than calyx; upper lip of corolla 3 lobed; fruit less than 3 cm long (corolla either with white upper lobes and tricolored [blue, white, yellow] lower lobes, or entirely white) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downingia pusilla Dwarf Downingia; SN-s; 2 5b Corolla 7–​19 mm long, longer than calyx; upper lip of corolla 2 lobed; fruit 3–​7.5 cm long 6a Lower lip of corolla blue with a white blotch within which are 3 purple spots alternating with 2 larger yellow spots (upper lip of corolla, and tips of lobes of lower lip, purple; lobes of corolla without a fringe of hairs; fruit up to 7.5 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downingia pulchella Flat-faced Downingia; Mo-n 6b Lower lip of corolla blue with a white blotch within which are either 1 purple spot or 1 or 2 yellow spots 7a Margins of upper lobes of corolla usually with a fringe of hairs; lower lip of corolla with a large purple spot within the basal portion of a white blotch; rest of corolla blue; fruit up to 5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downingia concolor (fig.) Maroon-spotted Downingia; La-Mo 7b Margins of upper lobes of corolla without a fringe of hairs; lower lip of corolla with 1 or 2 yellow spots within a white blotch; rest of corolla pale blue or lavender; fruit up to 7 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downingia cuspidata Cuspidate Downingia; SLO-n

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Asyneuma prenanthoides California Harebell

Downingia concolor Maroon-spotted Dowingia

Triodanis biflora Venus-looking-glass

172

BRASSICACEAE, SUBKEY 2

148     Campanulaceae

1b Corolla regular; stem 4 sided; stamens not fused, but appearing so when flower first opens (leaves toothed) 8a Calyx shorter than corolla (flower not sessile; corolla 7–​18 mm long) 9a Style protruding from corolla; corolla pale or deep blue; up to 50 cm tall (leaves 10–​60 mm long, not sessile; stem erect or reclining; dry, wooded areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asyneuma prenanthoides [Campanula prenanthoides] (fig.) California Harebell 9b Style not protruding from corolla; corolla pale blue or deep purple; not often more than 30 cm tall 10a Leaves 10–​20 mm, sometimes sessile; perennial; stem often sprawling; swampy coastal habitats (leaves about twice as long as wide; corolla pale blue; pedicel 1–​20 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanula californica Swamp Harebell; Me-Ma; 1b 10b Leaves 5–​11 mm long, sessile; annual; upright; rocky slopes 11a Corolla pale blue or white; pedicel 3–​20 mm long; leaves several times as long as wide (usually on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanula exigua Chaparral Harebell; CC(MD), SCl(MH); 1b 11b Corolla deep purple; pedicel 1–​3 mm long; lower leaves scarcely twice as long as wide, upper leaves usually 3 or 4 times as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Campanula sharsmithiae Sharsmith’s Harebell; Al, SCl(MH); 1b 8b Calyx not shorter than corolla (up to 40 cm tall, but often much shorter) 12a Flowers sessile, 1–​4 in leaf axils, lower ones not opening 13a Corolla 5–​9 mm long, blue, lilac, or violet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triodanis biflora (fig.) Venus-looking-glass 13b Corolla 3–​5 mm long, tube white or pale blue, lobes deep blue (moist, shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterocodon rariflorum Two-bells 12b Flowers sometimes sessile, solitary in leaf axils, all of them opening (dry areas) 14a Flowers sessile (corolla 3–​7 mm long, light violet or violet blue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Githopsis diffusa ssp. robusta San Gabriel Bluecup 14b Flowers usually not sessile 15a Corolla 4–​14 mm long, deep blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Githopsis specularioides Common Bluecup 15b Corolla 2–​6 mm long, white or pale blue (often on serpentine) 16a Pedicel 1–​6 mm long; corolla white; most leaves more than 3 times as long as wide; fruit longer than wide; plant sometimes hairy . . . . . Campanula griffinii Griffin’s Harebell; SN, Ma, SCr 16b Pedicel 3–​20 mm long; corolla white or pale blue; most leaves only 2 or 3 times as long as wide; fruit rounded; plant hairy . . . . . Campanula angustiflora Eastwood’s Campanula; SN, Ma, SCr

CANNABACEAE (HEMP FAMILY) A small family found worldwide, Cannabaceae includes trees and shrubs such as Celtis (hackberries), but also annuals such as Humulus (hops), used in beer making. Cannabis sativa (Marijuana or Hemp), an annual perhaps native to Asia, is found in disturbed sites in our area. The lower leaves are opposite and palmately compound while the upper ones are alternate and sometimes not compound. The unisex-

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ual flowers have four to six united perianth parts, the male flowers with four to six stamens and the female flowers with a superior ovary and two stigmas. The pistillate inflorescences, about 2 cm long, grow on separate plants than the staminate ones, which are 15 cm long.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)  Members of the Honeysuckle Family are woody vines or shrubs. Two of its former genera, Sambucus and Viburnum, are now part of Adoxaceae (Muskroot Family). In honeysuckles the leaves are opposite, and in Lonicera they are sometimes joined at their bases to form disks around the stem. The five-lobed corolla often has a substantial tube and is either regular, as in Symphoricarpos, or—​in some species of Lonicera—​t wo lipped, with the upper lip four lobed and the lower lip consisting of a single large lobe. The ovary is inferior and the fruit, fleshy in all our species, has two to five seed-forming divisions. This family has contributed many garden plants, mostly European, Asiatic, and North American species of Lonicera. One of our native species, Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii (Black Twinberry), will do well if planted in moist soil. Species of Symphoricarpos (snowberries) spread so aggressively by vegetative means that they may need to be controlled. 1a Flowers borne in pairs above broad bracts that become red; leaves pointed at tips; shrub (corolla regular, yellow; leaves 3–​12 cm long; fruit black; up to 3 m tall; moist habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii (pl. 9) Black Twinberry; La-SLO 1b Flowers not in pairs above bracts; leaves rounded; shrub or woody vine 2a Corolla cream or yellow (corolla 8–​12 mm long, irregular; fruit red; leaves 1–​3 cm long; stipules absent) 3a Plant upright; leaves of 1 or more upper pairs united around stem; corolla not hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera interrupta Chaparral Honeysuckle 3b Plant sprawling on other plants; leaves not united around the stem; corolla often hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera subspicata var. denudata Southern Honeysuckle; CC(MD); SCl(MH) 2b Corolla pink or purple (corolla hairy) 4a Leaves 4–​8 cm long, those of 1 or more upper pairs united around stem; stipules present; corolla 12–​16 mm long, irregular; fruit red (sprawling on other plants; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera hispidula [L. hispidula var. vacillans] Hairy Honeysuckle 4b Leaves 1–​3 cm long, new leaves sometimes larger, not united around stem; stipules absent; corolla 4–​6 mm long, regular; fruit white 5a Plant often more than 100 cm tall, upright; flowers 8–​16 in each cluster; leaves not hairy at least on upper surfaces, new ones up to twice as long as older ones; corolla with a nectar gland below only 1 lobe; fruit 8–​12 mm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus Common Snowberry 5b Plant rarely more than 50 cm tall, usually sprawling; flowers 2–​8 in each cluster; leaves hairy on both surfaces, all more or less equal; corolla with nectar glands below all 5 lobes; fruit about 8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symphoricarpos mollis Creeping Snowberry, Tripvine; Me-s

150     Caprifoliaceae

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) We are indebted to the Caryophyllaceae not only for cultivated pinks, carnations, and Gypsophila paniculata (Baby’s-breath), but also for some attractive wildflowers. The most striking species native to our region is Silene laciniata ssp. californica (California Pink), which is usually bright red. The family is a large one, including some introduced species that are so well established that they seem to be part of the original flora. In plants of the Pink Family, the entire, often sessile leaves are opposite or whorled, and the nodes where they originate are usually swollen. The flower typically has five sepals, which may be separate or united, and five separate petals, these often deeply lobed. In a few species, some flowers may lack petals. There are usually ten or five stamens. The pistil has either two to five styles or one style with two or three lobes. The ovary is superior and the fruit, which is dry when mature, has from one to many seeds. 1a Sepal tip with a bristle (flowers in leaf axils; sepals separate, hairy; leaves narrow, stiff, up to 1 cm long) 2a Styles 3; erect or prostrate; annual (petals often absent; sepals 3–​6 mm long; dry areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loeflingia squarrosa Spreading Pygmyleaf 2b Styles either 2 or 2 lobed; prostrate; perennial 3a Sepals all alike, bristles equal; petals absent; stamens 5; grassy hillsides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paronychia franciscana California Nailwort, California Whitlow-wort; sa 3b Sepals unequal, 3 outer ones larger than 2 inner ones, and also tipped with bigger bristles; petals scalelike; stamens 3–​5; sandy places . . . . . . . . . Cardionema ramosissimum Sandmat 1b Sepal tip without a bristle 4a Petals absent (sepals 1 mm long, separate; stipules white; annual; prostrate; dry areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herniaria hirsuta var. cinerea Ashy Rupturewort; eu 4b Petals present 5a Sepals united, forming a tube; petal with a narrow, stalklike base (stipules absent; stamens 10) 6a Styles 5 (petals 24–​40 mm long; erect, up to 1 m tall) 7a Calyx lobes 12–​50 mm long, tube 12–​17 mm long; annual (petals purple-red; flowers bisexual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostemma githago Corncockle; eu 7b Calyx lobes 3–​7 mm long, tube 12–​20 mm long; biennial or perennial 8a Petals red-purple; flowers bisexual; hairs nonglandular . . . . . Lychnis coronaria Rose Campion; eu 8b Petals white; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; hairs glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene latifolia White Campion; eu 6b Styles 2 or 3, rarely 4 9a Styles 2 (petals 25–​40 mm long, pink; plant not hairy or scarcely so; up to 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saponaria officinalis Soapwort, Bouncing-bet; eu 9b Styles 3 or 4 (calyx usually glandular hairy; often on fire burns)

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Minuartia douglasii Douglas’ Sandwort

1a

Sepals with a bristle at thered tips;orpetals eitherdeep absent scalelike (sepals separate, 10a  Petals bright sometimes pinkor (styles and stamens usually hairy; styles 2 or 2 lobed; leaves narrow, sti ff,corolla; up to about 1 cm stipules perennial; forming protruding from calyx 12–​ 26 long; mm long, withpresent; 10 ribs; each petal with 4–​ 6 lobes and outgrowths on inner face) low, tufted growths) . . . . .each . . . . .one . . . .narrowing . . . . . . . Silene ssp. californica [S. californica] 2a Sepals all .alike, to alaciniata sti ff bristle; petals absent; stamens 5;(pl. on10) grassy California Pink hillsides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paronychia franciscana 10b Petals white, pink, rose, lavender, sometimes red California Whitlow-wort; sa 11a Calyx with 20–​25 prominent ribs (calyx 8–​12 mm long; each petal with 2 2b Sepals unequal, the 3 outer ones larger than the 2 inner ones, and alsocorolla) tipped with lobes, outgrowths absent; styles and stamens not protruding from stouter and .slightly longer bristles; petals scalelike; stamens 3–5; backshores of sandy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene coniflora [S. multinervia] Multi-nervedramosissimum Catchfly; as beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cardionema 11b Calyx with 10–​15 ribs, not always prominent Sandmat 1b Sepals without12a  Calyx 4–​ 1 0 mm long bristles; petals usually present and not scalelike, except sometimes in 13a Calyx not hairy (petals white or red, with minute outgrowths if any; species ofCerastium, Minuartia, Sagina,and Stellaria,which are otherwise not as described inflorescence not 1 sided) in choice 1a 14a Visible portion of petal at least 3 times as long as calyx lobes; 3a Sepals united, forming a tube; petal with a narrow, stalklike base and often with a styles and each stamens protruding from corolla; perennial pair of scalelike outgrowths 3; calyx usually . . . . . . on . . . the . . . .inner . . . . .face . . . . (stamens . . . . . . . . . 10; . . . styles . . . . . .usually . . . Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion; eu glandular hairy; often onfire-burned areas) portion of deep petal about as usually long as calyx lobes; styles 4a Petals bright14b  redVisible or sometimes pink;twice styles protruding from the and stamens not protruding from corolla; annual corolla (calyx 15–25 mm long, with 10 ribs; each petal with 4–6 lobes and out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene antirrhina growths on inner face) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene californica(pl. 19) Sleepy Catchfly, Snapdragon Catchfly Indian Pink 13b Calyx glandular hairy 4b Petals white, pink, or lavender; styles not protruding from the corolla 15a Lowest leaves 8–​10 mm wide; flowers nodding, syles and 5a Calyx with 16–30 prominent ribs (calyx 8–12 mmorlong; petal notched at stamens protruding; petals pale yellow pink,each 4 lobed; perennial . . . . . . face . . . . .absent) . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . Silene . Silenemultinervia lemmonii the tip, outgrowths on . inner Lemmon’s Catchfly; Many-nerved Catchfly;SCl Sn-s

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BRASSICACEAE, SUBKEY 2

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15b Lowest leaves 3–​5 mm wide; flowers erect, syles and stamens not protruding; petals white, pink, or lavender, entire or notched; annual (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene gallica Windmill Pink, Small-flowered Catchfly; eu 12b Calyx 9–​16 mm long (calyx hairy; petals white, rose, or red, with outgrowths on inner faces; inflorescence not 1 sided) 16a Lower leaves 2–​9 mm wide (styles protruding from corolla; petals white or rose, 2 lobed; perennial; chaparral, woodlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene verecunda [includes S. verecunda ssp. platyota] San Francisco Campion; La-SCr; 1b 16b Lower leaves 12–​30 mm wide 17a Styles and stamens protruding from corolla; petals white or red, with 2 lobes; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene dichotoma Forked Catchfly; eu 17b Styles and stamens not protruding from corolla; petals white or rose, with 2–​4 lobes; perennial (coastal areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene scouleri [S. scouleri ssp. grandis] (pl. 10) Scouler’s Catchfly; SM-n 5b Sepals separate or united at their bases, not forming a tube; petals, if present, without stalklike bases (petal inner faces lack outgrowths) 18a Leaves with whitish or tan stipules (inflorescence often glandular hairy; not more than 40 cm tall) 19a Leaves usually 2 or 4 at each node, if 4, 2 leaves longer (styles 3; stem prostrate or erect; annual; salt marshes, sand dunes, saline or alkaline habitats) 20a Stamens 2–​5; stipules 2–​4 mm long (leaves 2, 2–​4 cm long; petals white, pink, or rose; fruit 3–​6 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia marina Saltmarsh Sand-spurrey 20b Stamens 8–​10; stipules 1–​6 mm long 21a Flowers crowded; leaves 1–​2 cm long; petals white, pink, or rose; fruit 3–​5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia bocconi Boccone’s Sand-spurrey; me 21b Flowers not crowded; leaves 1–​5 cm long; petals white; fruit 5–​8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia media Greater Sea-spurrey, Greater Sand-spurrey; eu 19b Leaves usually more than 4 at each node, all similar in size 22a Styles 5; leaves usually more than 10 at each node (petals white, 2–​4 mm long; stamens 5 or 10; leaves 1–​5 cm long; stipules 1–​2 mm long; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergula arvensis Stickwort, Starwort; eu 22b Styles 3; leaves usually 6–​10 at each node, sometimes only 2 23a Petals 2–​5 mm long; sepals 3–​5 mm long; stamens 6–​10; leaves 6–​10 at each node 24a Petals pink; leaves 6–​12 mm long; stipules 4–​5 mm long; annual; gravelly areas, mud flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia rubra Red Sand-spurrey; eu 24b Petals white; leaves 10–​40 mm long; stipules 3–​8 mm long; perennial; sandy soil, usually coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia villosa Hairy Sand-spurrey; sa

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23b Petals 4–​7 mm long; sepals 4–​10 mm long; stamens 9–​10; leaves usually 6 at each node, sometimes 2 (leaves 10–​35 mm long; stipules 4–​11 mm long; perennial) 25a Petals pink, rose, or blue; coastal bluffs, salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia macrotheca var. macrotheca (pl. 10) Sticky Sand-spurrey 25b Petals white; inland marshes, alkaline areas 26a Styles 1–​2 mm long; fruit protruding from calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia macrotheca var. leucantha White Sticky Sand-spurrey; Al-n 26b Styles 2–​3 mm long; fruit about as long as calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spergularia macrotheca var. longistyla White-flowered Sand-spurrey; Na-Al 18b Leaves without stipules (petals white) 27a Styles 4 or 5 28a Stamens 4, sometimes 5 (plant not hairy; petals, if present, less than 2 mm long; leaves 3–​10 mm long; stem 2–​18 cm long, prostrate with stem tips rising) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagina procumbens Arctic Pearlwort, Matted Pearlwort; eu 28b Stamens 10, sometimes 5 29a Stem 3–​18 cm long; petals 1–​4 mm long, not lobed; leaves 4–​22 mm long 30a Stem threadlike; leaves not succulent, none in a basal tuft; plant sometimes with glandular hairs near tip; annual; erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagina decumbens ssp. occidentalis Western Pearlwort 30b Stem not threadlike; leaves succulent, some in a basal tuft; plant not hairy; perennial; prostrate with stem tips rising (sandy bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagina maxima ssp. crassicaulis [S. crassicaulis] Beach Pearlwort, Thick-stemmed Pearlwort; Mo-n 29b Stem 3–​40 cm long; petals, if present, 5–​15 mm long, 2 lobed; leaves 5–​45 mm long (plant hairy, hairs usually glandular) 31a Most leaves at least 6 times as long as wide, often more than 2 at each node; petals 7–​15 mm long (pedicel 1–​4 times as long as calyx; perennial; rocky, grassy areas) 32a Petals 10–​15 mm long; sepals 6–​9 mm long; up to 45 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerastium viride Western Mouse-ear Chickweed; SCl, Ma 32b Petals 7–​9 mm long; sepals 4–​6 mm long; up to 20 cm tall (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum (pl. 10) Field Chickweed, Field Mouse-ear Chickweed; Mo-n 31b Leaves rarely more than 3 times as long as wide, 2 at each node; petals 3–​5 mm long 33a Pedicel 1–​4 times as long as calyx; petals present; uppermost leaves usually with tan margins; short-lived perennial; forming mats, but flowering stem rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare Common Mouse-ear Chickweed; eu 33b Pedicel usually no longer than calyx; petals absent on some flowers; uppermost leaves green; annual; erect . . . . . . Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Chickweed; eu

154     Caryophyllaceae















27b Styles 3 or 3 branched (stamens usually 10) 34a Petals, if present, either not lobed or with only a shallow notch, and usually longer than sepals 35a Leaves 2–​5 mm long; plant not hairy (petals, if present, 3–​4 mm long; annual; up to 12 cm tall; widespread, sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minuartia californica [Arenaria californica] California Sandwort 35b Leaves 5–​55 mm long; plant hairy, at least at stem nodes 36a Plant glandular hairy, at least in upper part; leaves 5–​30 mm long; annual; erect (petals, if present, 1–​2 mm long; up to 30 cm tall; dry, rocky or gravelly hillsides, often on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minuartia douglasii [Arenaria douglasii] (fig.) Douglas’ Sandwort, Douglas’ Stichwort 36b Plant not glandular hairy, but with some hairs; leaves 15–​55 mm long; perennial; sometimes sprawling, rooting at nodes 37a Flower solitary in leaf axils or at stem tips; petals 5–​6 mm long; plant hairy at stem nodes; swampy habitats . . . . Arenaria paludicola Marsh Sandwort; SF; 1b 37b Flowers 2–​5 or solitary in leaf axils or at stem tips; petals 2–​8 mm long; plant with minute hairs throughout; shaded slopes at 1500 ft, sometimes on serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moehringia macrophylla Large-leaved Sandwort; SCl-n 34b Petals, if present, 2 lobed, and often shorter than sepals 38a Stem with a single lengthwise row of hairs (leaves 8–​50 mm long; annual; widespread) 39a Sepals 5–​6 mm long; flowers March-May . . . . . . . . . . . Stellaria neglecta Greater Chickweed; eu 39b Sepals 3–​5 mm long; flowers February-September . . . . . Stellaria media Common Chickweed; me 38b Stem, if hairy, without a single lengthwise row of hairs 40a Plant with long hairs (leaves 10–​45 mm long, oval; moist habitats among sand dunes; perennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stellaria littoralis Beach Starwort; SF-n; 4 40b Plant scarcely hairy if at all 41a Leaves more than twice as long as wide; annual (leaves 5–​15 mm long, most nearly basal; grassy habitats, sand dunes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stellaria nitens Shining Chickweed 41b Leaves usually less than twice as long as wide; perennial 42a Margins of leaves often wavy; flower solitary in leaf axils (leaves 8–​20 mm long; petals usually absent; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stellaria crispa Crisp Starwort, Chamisso Chickweed; Ma-n 42b Margins of leaves not wavy; flowers more than 1 in leaf axils 43a Petals, if present, 1–​3 mm long, shorter than sepals; leaves 15–​45 mm long; moist places up to 6000 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stellaria borealis ssp. sitchana Sitka Starwort; Ma-n

Caryophyllaceae    155



43b Petals 4–​6 mm long, as long as sepals; leaves 10–​35 mm long; established in lawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stellaria graminea Common Starwort; eu

CELASTRACEAE (STAFF-TREE FAMILY) The Celastraceae has two uncommon representatives in our region. Both are attractive and interesting shrubs that merit a place in gardens. The ovary is superior, but hidden in the disk that secretes nectar. They have opposite, toothed leaves and ridged branchlets. Euonymus occidentalis (Western Burningbush) is deciduous and grows from Monterey County northward. Its leaves are 4–​20 cm long with petioles. The five rounded petals, 4–​7 mm long, are purple-brown, dotted with white. When the fruit splits open, some red tissue from the inside adheres to the seeds. Euonymus sometimes reaches a height of more than 5 m. It is found primarily in wooded ravines and requires considerable moisture. Paxistima myrsinites (Oregon Boxwood) is evergreen and grows from Marin County northward. Its nearly sessile, oval leaves are 1.5–​3.5 cm long. The four red-brown petals are only about 1 mm long. Paxistima grows slowly and compactly, reaching a height of about 1 m. It is found mostly in part shade above 2000 ft. In cultivation, it requires good drainage, and can stand considerable drought once well established. CERATOPHYLLACEAE (HORNWORT FAMILY)  Hornworts could be confused with two other groups of aquatic plants: Lentibulariaceae (Bladderwort Family) or Haloragaceae (Water-milfoil Family). Plants of all three families have submersed or floating stems often more than 1 m long. The whorled, lobed leaves of hornworts, however, are stiff and somewhat rough to the touch, owing to small teeth. Its flowers are unisexual with no perianth, but 8–​15 fused bracts resemble a calyx. Staminate flowers have 3–​50 pink or red stamens and the pistillate flowers one yellow pistil. The ovary is superior. The only species found in all of California is Ceratophyllum demersum (fig.) (Hornwort), which grows in quiet freshwater and can be invasive. Ceratophyllaceae is considered to be very primitive and unique, deserving its own group separate from the Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons.

Ceratophyllum demersum

156     Celastraceae

CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)  The Goosefoot Family consists largely of herbaceous plants, although some in our area are woody at least at the base. The leaves and stems are often powdery, owing to the presence of small scales, which are collapsed hairs, and some species are succulent. There are no stipules and the usually alternate leaves are not compound and are rarely lobed or toothed. The Latin and common names of the family refer to the fact that the leaf blades are often triangular in shape, like a goose’s foot. The flowers, usually clustered, are small and without petals, but in some genera there are two bracts. Sometimes staminate and pistillate flowers are in separate clusters, and may even be on separate plants. The ovary is usually superior. Each fruit, generally dry at maturity, contains a single seed. This family has given us quinoa, spinach, and the beet, whose cultivated forms include the sugar beet and Swiss chard. Various other members of the group have been used as food or medicines. Many representatives of the family live in saline or alkaline habitats, and certain of them—​notably species of Salicornia and Salsola—​have been important sources of sodium salts. Huge piles of these plants were formerly incinerated to produce ash needed for making soap and glass. The tumbleweed of western song and movie fame, Salsola tragus (Russian-thistle), is actually native to Eurasia. Chenopodium strictum var. glaucophyllum has been found in the San Francisco Bay region. 1a Stem jointed; leaves scalelike (stem fleshy or succulent) 2a Branches alternate; shrub, often more than 100 cm tall; limited to inland alkaline soils (inflorescence branch 6–​25 mm long, flowers in spirals; calyx 1–​2 mm long, green) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allenrolfea occidentalis Iodinebush; Al, CC 2b Branches opposite; herb, rarely 50 cm tall; coastal salt marshes, saline habitats inland 3a Flowers not joined to each other, absent at branch tips (inflorescence branch 5–​40 mm long and 2–​3 mm wide; perennial; up to 30 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthrocnemum subterminale [Salicornia subterminalis] Pickleweed, Glasswort; SF-s 3b Flowers joined to each other, present at branch tips 4a Plant prostrate, woody at base (inflorescence branch 10–​25 mm long and 2–​4 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salicornia perennis [incorrectly known as S. virginica] Perennial Pickleweed 4b Plant upright, not woody (annual) 5a Plant branching throughout; inflorescence branch 2–​5 mm wide and 20–​80 mm long (usually turning red in autumn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salicornia depressa [incorrectly known as S. europaea] Slender Glasswort; Ma, Sn 5b Plant branching above middle; inflorescence branch 4–​6 mm wide and 15–​90 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salicornia bigelovii Bigelow’s Pickleweed 1b Stem not jointed; leaves not scalelike 6a Upper leaves spine tipped (leaves entire, lower ones sometimes opposite; plant very branched; annual)

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Atriplex hortensis Garden Orach

Chenopodium album Lamb’s-quarters

Chenopodium foliosum Leafy Goosefoot

Chenopodium murale Wall Goosefoot

182

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158     Chenopodiaceae









7a Stem neither ridged, nor red striped, nor hairy; plant not becoming a tumbleweed; up to 45 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salsola soda Succulent Russian-thistle; eu 7b Stem ridged, usually red striped, sometimes hairy; plant when dead, breaking off at the base, becoming a tumbleweed; up to 150 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salsola tragus Russian-thistle, Tumbleweed; eua 6b Leaves not spine tipped 8a Leaves not especially succulent, not cylindric, blades less than 5 times as long as wide, often scaly on surfaces 9a Herb, but Atriplex semibaccata woody at base . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodiaceae, Subkey 9b Shrub (leaf blades entire, oval to arrowhead shaped, up to 5 cm long and wide, grayish, powdery on both surfaces; each pistillate flower and fruit between a pair of bracts; often more than 1.5 m tall; coastal and inland saline habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex lentiformis Big Saltbush, Quailbush; SF-s, e 8b Leaves succulent, cylindric, blades usually at least 5 times as long as wide, not scaly on surfaces (leaves usually alternate, entire, 5–​35 mm long; woody, at least at base) 10a Flowers 2–​3 mm wide, 1–​5 in clusters scattered throughout plant; scars of fallen leaves persisting as bumps; woody throughout, up to 80 cm tall, often forming mounds; near salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suaeda californica California Seablite; SF-s; 1b 10b Flowers 1–​2 mm wide, 1–​12 in clusters mainly on upper branches; scars of fallen leaves usually not persisting as bumps; woody at base, up to 15 cm tall; inland alkaline habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suaeda nigra [S. moquinii] Bush Seepweed, Shrubby Seablite; SCl-s

Chenopodiaceae, Subkey Stems not jointed; leaves not scalelike, spine tipped, or succulent, blades less than 5 times as long as wide; not woody except Atriplex semibaccata at base 1a Flowers pistillate or staminate, sometimes on separate plants; each pistillate flower usually between a pair of bracts, these enlarging in fruit 2a Fruit either between 2 bracts, these 8–​18 mm long, or between 5 calyx lobes and bracts absent (leaf blades sparsely or not at all scaly, 1.5–​15 cm long, the lower ones opposite; annual; often more than 1.5 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex hortensis (fig.) Garden Orach; eua 2b All fruit between 2 bracts, these not more than 8 mm long 3a Bracts enclosing fruit fleshy, red; plant woody at base (leaf blades 1–​3 cm long, scaly on undersides at least; prostrate; alkaline areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex semibaccata (pl. 10) Australian Saltbush; au 3b Bracts enclosing fruit not fleshy or red; plant not woody 4a Some leaf blades broadest at or near base, triangular or arrowhead shaped (annual; often more than 80 cm tall) 5a Bracts enclosing fruit united for nearly their entire length; leaves gray and scaly on both surfaces, 1–​4 cm long, lower opposite (saline soils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex argentea var. expansa [A. argentea ssp. mohavensis] Silver Saltbush; SF-s 5b Bracts enclosing fruit united for not more than half their length; leaves sometimes gray and scaly on undersides, 1–​11 cm long, alternate

Chenopodiaceae, Subkey    159



6a Undersides of leaves densely scaly (leaves becoming red and bracts becoming hard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex rosea Redscale, Tumbling Orach; eua 6b Undersides of leaves sparsely scaly if at all 7a Leaves with rounded teeth, without lobes; bracts enclosing fruit 2–​4 mm long, entire, with ribs on surfaces (alkaline areas) . . . . . Atriplex joaquinana San Joaquin Spearscale; 1b 7b Leaves entire or toothed, sometimes with 2 lobes; bracts enclosing fruit 3–​ 7 mm long, sometimes entire, sometimes with 2 projections on surfaces 8a In moist saline or alkaline areas; bracts enclosing fruit with a few teeth; stem red or straw colored at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex dioica Thick-leaved Orach 8b In wet places and marshes; bracts enclosing fruit entire or with fine teeth; stem not red or straw colored at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex prostrata [A. triangularis] Fathen; eua 4b Leaf blade oval or elongated, broadest near middle 9a Leaves entire, densely scaly, sessile (perennial) 10a Inland on clay or alkaline soil; erect or prostrate with stem tips rising (leaves 0.5–​1 cm long; pistillate and staminate flowers usually in separate clusters; bracts enclosing fruit united for almost half their length) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex fruticulosa Ballscale 10b Coastal, sand dunes, salt marshes; prostrate or with stem tips rising 11a Leaves 1–​4 cm long, alternate; bracts enclosing fruit united for almost half their length; pistillate and staminate flowers usually in separate clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex leucophylla Beach Saltbush, Seascale 11b Leaves 0.5–​2 .5 cm long, lower opposite; bracts enclosing fruit almost completely separate; pistillate and staminate flowers usually in same cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex californica California Orach, California Saltbush; Ma-s 9b Leaves often toothed or lobed, sparsely or not at all scaly, with petioles or bases tapered 12a Leaves 1–​3 cm long, coarsely toothed, scaly on undersides, not scaly on upper surfaces; annual or perennial; prostrate with stem tips rising (bracts enclosing fruit toothed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex suberecta Sprawling Saltbush; au 12b Leaves 1–​8 cm long, without coarse teeth, not scaly or sparsely so on both surfaces; annual; erect, up to 75 cm tall 13a Lower leaves with 2–​4 lobes; bracts enclosing fruit not toothed, sometimes with bumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex gmelinii [A. patula var. obtusa] Gmelin’s Saltbush; SFBR-n 13b Leaves not lobed; bracts enclosing fruit toothed, without bumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atriplex patula Spear Orach

160     Chenopodiaceae, Subkey

1b Flowers with stamens and a pistil; no flowers or fruit between a pair of bracts 14a Leaves alternate or opposite, blades about 10 times as long as wide, about 4 mm wide; flowers 3–​7 in leaf axils (up to more than 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kochia scoparia Summer-cypress; eua 14b Leaves alternate, blades less than 5 times as long as wide, some 10 mm wide; flowers numerous in leaf axils or stem tips 15a Leaves neither glandular hairy nor powdery . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beta vulgaris ssp. maritimus Sea Beet; eu 15b Leaves either glandular hairy or powdery 16a Leaves glandular, not powdery, some blades often lobed or toothed, usually not triangular (strong scented) 17a Leaves sessile, with minute glandular hairs on undersides; calyx with 3–​5 small teeth, but not lobed (leaves toothed or lobed, 3–​45 mm long; prostrate or with stem tips rising) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysphania multifida [Chenopodium multifidum] Cut-leaved Goosefoot; sa 17b Leaves not sessile, with obvious glandular hairs on undersides; calyx 5 lobed, lobes separate nearly to their bases 18a Leaf blades 3–​65 mm long, lobed; calyx densely glandular 19a Leaf blades 4–​25 mm long; calyx glands not stalked; prostrate or with stem tips rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysphania pumilio [Chenopodium pumilio] Small Goosefoot; au 19b Leaf blades 3–​65 mm long; calyx glands stalked; erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysphania botrys [Chenopodium botrys] Jerusalum-oak; eu 18b Leaf blades 15–​100 mm long, usually toothed; calyx sparsely glandular if at all 20a Inflorescence bracts none or less than 3 mm long (leaves without long nonglandular hairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysphania anthelmintica Wormseed; na 20a Inflorescence bracts 3–​25 mm long 21a Leaves and stem with long nonglandular hairs; up to 60 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysphania chilensis Chilean Paico; sa 21b Leaves and stem without long nonglandular hairs; up to 130 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dysphania ambrosioides [Chenopodium ambrosioides] Mexican-tea; sa 16b Leaves sometimes powdery, but not glandular, blades sometimes toothed, often triangular 22a Most flower clusters on leafless end portions of main stems; perennial (leaf blades triangular, 4–​10 cm long, toothed, not powdery; calyx lobes without ridges; sand, clay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodium californicum California Goosefoot 22b Most flower clusters in leaf axils; annual 23a Fruit somewhat pumpkin shaped, with 5 calyx lobes, each with a central ridge 24a Leaf blades triangular, upper surfaces shiny, dark green, the undersides not powdery (leaf blades 3–​8 cm long, strongly scented) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodium murale (fig.) Wall Goosefoot, Nettle-leaved Goosefoot; eu 24b Leaf blades diamond shaped, upper surfaces dull green, the undersides densely powdery

Chenopodiaceae, Subkey    161











25a Leaf blades 15–​30 mm long, usually with 2 lobes at their bases and with other teeth or lobes; ridge on each calyx lobe about one-fourth as wide as lobe . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodium berlandieri var. zschackei [from C. berlandieri] Pit-seeded Goosefoot; Ma 25b Leaf blades 15–​70 mm long, without lobes, but toothed; ridge on each calyx lobe much less than one-fourth as wide as lobe (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodium album (fig.) Lamb’s-quarters, Pigweed; eu? 23b Fruit egg shaped, with 3 calyx lobes, not ridged 26a Leaves with fine teeth, young blades covered with dense, white powder, becoming green (leaf blades 8–​60 mm long; up to 60 cm tall; wet habitats) . . . . . . . . Chenopodium macrospermum [C. macrospermum var. halophilum] Coastal Goosefoot; sa? 26b Leaves, if toothed, with deep or irregular teeth, blades not powdery 27a Flower clusters 3–​8 mm wide, sometimes 10 mm; calyx succulent, becoming red (leaf blades 7–​75 mm long, with deep, irregular teeth; sandy, gravely areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodium foliosum (fig.) Leafy Goosefoot; eu 27b Flower clusters 3–​4 mm wide; calyx not succulent, green 28a Leaf blades 8–​35 mm long, with a few irregular teeth (prostrate or erect, up to 35 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodium chenopodioides South American Goosefoot; sa 28b Leaf blades 15–​90 mm long, teeth or lobes, if present, regular 29a Leaves entire or with shallow lobes; prostrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chenopodium rubrum var. humile Prostrate Red Pigweed 29b Leaves deeply toothed; erect, up to 50 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chenopodium rubrum var. rubrum Red Pigweed

CISTACEAE (ROCKROSE FAMILY)  The flower of a rockrose has three or five sepals, five petals, at least 12 stamens, and a pistil whose fruiting portion becomes a three-lobed, dry capsule. The ovary is superior. The separate petals often fall away early. The leaves, alternate or opposite, are entire. Most members of the family are at least somewhat shrubby, but our native genus, Helianthemum, is woody only at the base or not at all. 1a Leaves alternate, shed early; sepals 5, outer 2 narrower; petals yellow, up to 1 cm long; woody at base; up to 45 cm tall (leaves 0.5–​4 cm long; sandy, gravelly areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helianthemum scoparium (fig.) Peak Rushrose; Me-s 1b Leaves opposite, persistent; sepals 3 or 5, equal; petals not yellow, 1–​5 cm long; woody throughout; up to 100 cm tall (evergreen) 2a Petals rose or purple; leaves not sessile, each with 1 prominent vein from base (flowers 1–​7 in each cluster; sepals 5; petals 2–​3 cm long; leaves 3–​7 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cistus incanus [C. creticus] Crete Rockrose; me

162     Cistaceae

Helianthemum scoparium Peak Rushrose



2b Petals white, sometimes spotted; leaves sessile, each with 3 prominent veins from base 3a Flower solitary; sepals 3; petals 3–​5 cm long, each with a red or yellow spot at the base; leaves 4–​8 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cistus ladanifer Gum Cistus; me 3b Flowers 2–​8 in each cluster; sepals 5; petals 1–​2 cm long, not spotted; leaves 1.5–​5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cistus monspeliensis Montpellier Rockrose; me

CONVOLVULACEAE (MORNING-GLORY FAMILY)  Convolvulaceae now includes Cuscutaceae (Dodder Family) as it has sometimes in the past. Dodders are rootless and have almost no chlorophyll. The stems are orange or yellow, and the leaves are reduced to tiny scales. They parasitize other flowering plants, whose tissues they penetrate by specialized branches of their slender, twining stems. Each small flower has four or five partly fused sepals and four or five stamens. The typically white corolla often has outgrowths on the inner faces that are about half as long as the corolla. Traditional morning-glories and their relatives are mostly climbing or trailing plants. The leaves are alternate, although the flower pedicels sometimes have opposite leaflike bracts. Their flowers have five separate or nearly separate sepals, five united petals that usually form a funnel-shaped corolla, and five stamens that are attached to the corolla tube. The corolla is usually twisted when in the bud stage and often pleated. Both the dodders and the morning-glories have a superior ovary, and in our species, the pistil has either two styles or a stigma with two or three lobes. The fruit is usually a capsule. Various morning-glories of the genera Ipomoea and Convolvulus are grown commercially, and Dichondra micrantha is used for lawns. Also in this family is Ipomoea batatus

Convolvulaceae    163

CHENOPODIACEAE, SUBKEY

187

(Sweet Potato), as well as Convolvulus arvensis (Bindweed) a widespread and aggressive plant in orchards, pastures, and gardens. 1a Plant orange or yellow; leaves reduced to scales; growing on other plants 2a Stem bright orange; restricted to salt marshes, alkaline areas (outgrowths on inner faces of corolla present) 3a Flower 2–​5 mm long; parasitic on plants of Chenopodiaceae in inland saline habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta salina Salt Dodder 3b Flower 3–​6 mm long; often parasitic on Salicornia and Jaumea in coastal salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta pacifica [C. salina var. major] Salt Marsh Dodder, Goldenthread 2b Stem yellow or orange; many habitats, but rarely in salt marshes or alkaline areas 4a Stem orange; flower 5–​7 mm long (calyx lobes pointed, about half as long as corolla; outgrowths on corolla inner faces present; parasitic on Ceanothus, Prunus, Quercus, Rhus, Salix) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta subinclusa Canyon Dodder 4b Stem yellow; flower mostly less than 5 mm long 5a Calyx lobes pointed; outgrowths on corolla inner faces absent or scarcely visible (flower 2–​4 mm long) 6a Coastal (often parasitic on species of Grindelia and Solanum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta occidentalis [C. californica var. breviflora] Western Dodder 6b Not restricted to coast (parasitic on many native shrubs and herbs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta californica California Dodder, Chaparral Dodder 5b Calyx lobes blunt; outgrowths on corolla inner faces present 7a Calyx about half as long as corolla; parasitic on herbs and shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta indecora Large-seeded Dodder, Common Dodder 7b Calyx about as long as corolla; parasitic mainly on herbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cuscuta campestris [incorrectly known as C. pentagona] Field Dodder 1b Plant green; leaves not scalelike; not growing on other plants 8a Corolla less than 1 cm long, not much longer than the calyx, deeply lobed 9a Leaf blades kidney shaped; corolla 2–​3 mm long; bracts absent beneath each flower (leaf blades 1–​2 cm wide; corolla white; ground cover; widely cultivated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dichondra donelliana California Dichondra; Mo-n 9b Leaf blades not kidney shaped; corolla 6–​8 mm long; bracts present beneath each flower 10a Leaves 2–​4 cm long; corolla pink or pale blue; stigma 2 lobed; prostrate with stem tips rising; annual; wet clay, sometimes on serpentine . . . . . . . Convolvulus simulans Small-flowered Morning-glory; CC-s; 4 10b Leaves about 1 cm long; corolla white; styles 2; plant tufted; perennial; alkaline soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cressa truxillensis Alkali-weed 8b Corolla more than 1 cm long, extended well beyond calyx, not deeply lobed 11a Bracts usually not directly beneath each flower, but if so, not concealing calyx

164     Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus arvensis Bindweed





12a Calyx 5 mm long; corolla 20–​25 mm long; leaf blades up to 25 mm long (corolla white or pale pink; aggressive plant; widespread) . . . . . . . . Convolvulus arvensis (fig.) Bindweed, Orchard Morning-glory; eu 12b Calyx 7–​15 mm long; corolla 20–​52 mm long; leaf blades up to 50 mm long 13a Leaf blades hairy, at least on veins, 1.5–​4 cm long; bracts 1–​7 mm beneath flower; corolla white to pale yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia occidentalis Western Morning-glory; Na-n 13b Leaf blades not hairy, 1.5–​5 cm long; bracts 3–​16 mm beneath flower; corolla white, cream, or purple 14a Leaf lobes rounded; bracts alternate, usually lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia purpurata ssp. saxicola Coastal Bluff Morning-glory; Me-Ma; 1b 14b Leaf lobes pointed; bracts opposite, usually entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia purpurata ssp. purpurata Climbing Morning-glory 11b Bracts directly beneath each flower, concealing calyx or nearly so 15a Leaf blades 4–​8 cm long, longer than wide; bracts 13–​28 mm long (leaves usually not hairy; corolla white or pink; salt marshes, saline habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia sepium ssp. limnophila Hedge Bindweed; SF 15b Leaf blades 1–​4 .5 cm long, about as long as wide; bracts 7–​20 mm long 16a Leaf blades not hairy 17a Leaf blades 1–​3 cm long, kidney shaped, succulent; corolla pink or purple; coastal, backshores of beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia soldanella Beach Morning-glory 17b Leaf blades 2–​4 cm long, more or less triangular, not succulent; corolla white; dry, rocky areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia atriplicifolia ssp. buttensis Butte County Morning-glory; CC, Sn; 4 16b Leaf blades hairy (leaf blades more or less triangular; corolla white or cream; inland, dry, gravelly habitats) 18a Leaves hairy, but not woolly; bracts 4–​9 mm wide (stem up to 20 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia subacaulis Hill Morning-glory; Sn, Na-SLO

Convolvulaceae    165 188

CHENOPODIACEAE, SUBKEY





18b Leaves woolly; bracts 5–​15 mm wide 19a Stem up to 15 cm long, not climbing other plants; corolla 3–​5.5 cm long; bracts rounded at tips (sometimes on serpentine) . . . . . . Calystegia collina Woolly Morning-glory; Me-SCl 19b Stem up to 100 cm long, usually climbing other plants; corolla 2–​4 .5 cm long; bracts usually pointed at tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calystegia malacophylla ssp. pedicellata (pl. 10) Hairy Morning-glory; Al(MH)

CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY)  All members of the Dogwood Family native to North America have deciduous, opposite leaves. In certain species, however, successive pairs of leaves may be so close together that they appear to form a whorl. The flower is small. Each has a four-lobed calyx, four separate petals, and four stamens. The ovary is inferior and the fruit is fleshy and two seeded. This family has given us some attractive garden subjects, including Cornus florida of eastern North America, Cornus kousa of Asia, and some Asiatic species of Aucuba. Of the three species native to our region, Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (American Dogwood) is perhaps the most likely candidate for a garden here, although it requires considerable moisture. Cornus nuttallii (Mountain Dogwood) is a spectacular tree when in flower and when its foliage turns red in autumn. A hybrid of it with C. florida grows well in the gardens of our area. 1a Flowers in a dense head with 4–​7 large white bracts; fruit red; edges of woods (bracts becoming pink; tree up to 25 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cornus nuttallii (pl. 10) Mountain Dogwood; SCl, Na 1b Flowers in open clusters without bracts; fruit white, cream, or blue; near streams, ponds, or ditches 2a Each leaf blade 5–​10 cm long, with 4–​7 veins on both sides of midrib, dark or bright green on upper surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (pl. 10) American Dogwood 2b Each leaf blade 2–​5 cm long, with 3 or 4 veins on both sides of midrib, usually gray-green on upper surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cornus glabrata Brown Dogwood

CRASSULACEAE (STONECROP FAMILY) Crassulaceae provides us with numerous plants that are easily grown in rockeries, dish gardens, and pots. Various species of Sedum (stonecrops) and Sempervivum (houseleeks) are especially popular. The nearly ubiquitous Sempervivum tectorum, a European species called Hen-and-chickens because of its habit of growth, used to be planted on tile roofs because it was thought to provide protection from lightning. While it may not help in that regard, its juice may be useful for curing ringworm and for removing warts. Our members of the family have four or five sepals and petals. There are five, eight, or ten stamens and three to five pistils, which are separate or fused at their bases. The ovary is superior. The alternate or opposite leaves are entire and often somewhat succulent.

166     Cornaceae

1a Leaves opposite, less than 1 cm long; stamens 4 or 5; petals not more than 2 mm long, green (petals separate or united at their bases; annual; up to 8 cm tall) 2a Flowers on leafless branches; upper leaves alternate; petals 5; stamens 5; pistils 5; up to 13 cm tall (rocky habitats, including serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedella pentandra [Parvisedum pentandrum] Little Stonecrop; La-SB 2b Flowers 1 or 2 in leaf axils; upper leaves opposite; petals 4; stamens 4; pistils 3–​5; rarely more than 6 cm tall 3a Flowers usually 2 in leaf axils; leaves 1–​3 mm long; upright; open fields, burned areas (becoming reddish; often forming dense masses; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crassula connata [Tillaea erecta] Sand Pygmyweed 3b Flower solitary in leaf axils; leaves 2–​6 mm long; sprawling with stem tips rising; muddy areas that dry out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crassula aquatica Water Pygmyweed 1b Leaves alternate or all basal, more than 1 cm long except Sedum radiatum; stamens 8 or 10; petals 4–​14 mm long, white, yellow, or red 4a Leaves 5–​22 mm long; petals 5–​10 mm long, separate or united at bases (rocky areas) 5a Leaves 5–​11 mm long, widest at base, becoming reddish; petals yellow or white; annual or biennial; sometimes on serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedum radiatum Coast Range Stonecrop; Mo-n 5b Leaves 11–​22 mm long, widest above middle, not reddish; petals yellow; perennial; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sedum spathulifolium Broad-leaved Stonecrop; SCr-n 4b Leaves at least 25 mm long; petals 7–​16 mm long, united at bases (perennial) 6a Upper leaves about as long as wide; basal leaves not more than 2 or 3 times as long as wide; petals 10–​14 mm long; coastal areas (leaves 2.5–​6 cm long and 1–​2 .5 cm wide; petals pale yellow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dudleya farinosa Powdery Dudleya, Bluff-lettuce 6b Upper leaves mostly 2 or 3 times as long as wide; basal leaves usually more than 2 or 3 times as long as wide; petals 7–​16 mm long; mostly inland, rocky areas 7a Leaves tapered uniformly from bases to tips, 5–​30 cm long and 1–​4 cm wide; peduncle 15–​95 cm long; leaf base turning red-purple when bruised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dudleya lanceolata Lance-leaved Dudleya 7b Leaves not tapered uniformly from bases to tips, 1–​17 cm long and 0.5–​6 cm wide; peduncle 5–​30 cm long; leaf base not turning red-purple when bruised 8a Leaves 1–​17 cm long, 1–​6 cm wide; petals bright yellow or red (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dudleya cymosa [D. laxa] (pl. 11) Common Dudleya, Spreading Dudleya; SCl-n 8b Leaves 3–​8 cm long. 0.5–​1.5 cm wide; petals pale yellow; serpentine areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dudleya abramsii ssp. setchellii [D. setchellii] Santa Clara Valley Dudleya; CC-SB; 1b

CUCURBITACEAE (GOURD FAMILY) The Gourd Family is a generous one, for it has given us cucumbers, watermelons, cantaloupes, squashes, and pumpkins. Important medicinal substances are also derived from certain species. Plants of this group are mostly

Cucurbitaceae    167

climbing or trailing; climbing types have tendrils originating at the leaf axils. The alternate leaves are usually palmately lobed. The flowers are pistillate or staminate, and in our species of Marah (manroots) the single pistillate flower grows in the leaf axil with a raceme of staminate flowers. The more or less cup-shaped corolla has five lobes and the calyx is absent. Staminate flowers have one to three stamens. The ovary is more or less inferior and the fruit, a prickly ball or cucumber shape, usually has a few large seeds. The manroots die back to a tuber, which may become as large as a man. 1a Leaves mostly more than 10 cm wide; pistillate flower 15–​17 mm wide; staminate flower 12–​15 mm wide (corolla white; fruit 4–​8 cm long, spines, if present, about 6 mm long; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marah oregana Coastal Manroot; SCl-n 1b Leaves mostly less than 10 cm wide; pistillate flower 8–​15 mm wide; staminate flower 5–​12 mm wide 2a Staminate flower 5–​7 mm wide; corolla white; fruit 2–​3.5 cm long, spines, if present, 1–​2 mm long, flexible; inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marah watsonii Taw Manroot; Sn, Sl 2b Staminate flower 7–​12 mm wide; corolla yellow-green, cream, or white; fruit 4–​5 cm long, spines 1–​12 mm long, becoming rigid; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marah fabacea (fig.) California Manroot, Wild Cucumber; Ma-Mo

Marah fabacea California Manroot (Cucurbitaceae)

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Datisca glomerata Durango-root (Datiscaceae)

DATISCACEAE (DATISCA FAMILY) Datisca glomerata (fig.) (Durango-root), an herbaceous perennial, is the only species of Datiscaceae in California. It reaches a height of about 1 m. The leaves, about 15 cm long, are alternate, but sometimes the lower ones are opposite or whorled. They have toothed margins and most are raggedly lobed in a pinnate pattern. The flowers, clustered in the leaf axils, are small and lack petals. They are, moreover, of two types, these on separate plants. Strictly staminate flowers, with 8–​12 stamens, have three to nine small calyx lobes. Pistillate flowers, with three calyx lobes, have one pistil with three forked styles and sometimes also two to four stamens. The ovary is inferior and the fruit is a somewhat three-sided capsule about 8 mm long. Datisca glomerata is commonly found in stream beds that are dry in summer. DIPSACACEAE (TEASEL FAMILY) In our region, the Teasel Family is represented by only three species, all introduced from Europe. These herbaceous plants have opposite leaves. Their small flowers are concentrated in dense heads whose bases are surrounded by bracts, which are inconspicouous in Scabiosa but spinelike in Dipsacus. These spinelike inflorescences of Dipsacus sativus (Fuller’s Teasel) were formerly used in textile mills for raising the nap on woolen cloth. A unique feature of the flower of this family is a cuplike or funnel-like bractlet that encloses the calyx. There are usually four stamens. The ovary is inferior and the dry fruit is one seeded. In Dipsacus, the corolla is irregular with two larger lobes and two smaller lobes. In Scabiosa, some flowers have a regular five-lobed corolla, but others near the base of the head are irregular, with two smaller lobes and three larger ones. 1a Plant not stiff or bushy, without prickles, mostly less than 50 cm tall; calyx 5 lobed, lobes bristlelike; flowers in heads 3 cm wide and high; bracts and bractlets not spinelike; corolla 5 lobed, pink, rose, purple, or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scabiosa atropurpurea (pl. 11) Pincushion, Morning-bride; me 1b Plant stiff, bushy, prickly, often more than 100 cm tall; calyx 4 lobed, not bristlelike; flowers in heads 5–​10 cm high and about half as wide; bracts and bractlets spinelike; corolla 4 lobed, lavender or white 2a Some bracts beneath inflorescence curving upwards, some longer than inflorescence; bract beneath each flower ending in a straight spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel; eu 2b Most bracts beneath inflorescence directed outward, usually shorter than inflorescence; bract beneath each flower ending in a downcurved spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dipsacus sativus Fuller’s Teasel; eu

DROSERACEAE (SUNDEW FAMILY) Sundews live in moist habitats, especially sphagnum bogs. Their leaves are covered with sticky, red hairs whose glandular tips trap small insects. The insects are then slowly digested and the soluble products are absorbed by the plant. Our only species, Drosera rotundifolia (Round-leaved Sundew), grows from Sonoma County northward. Its basal leaves, resembling flattened spoons 4–​12 mm wide, form a tight cluster. The small flowers, usually with five white or pink petals 4–​6 mm long, are on one or more upright peduncles 5–​25 cm long. The ovary is superior.

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ELAEAGNACEAE (OLEASTER FAMILY) Elaeagnus angustifolia (Oleaster or Russianolive) is native to Asia, but common in Europe and North America. Through self-seeding, it sometimes becomes so well established that it may appear to be native. It is a shrub or tree up to about 7 m tall with alternate, entire leaves. The twigs and leaves are silvery, owing to the presence of scalelike hairs. The flowers, in clusters, lack petals, but have four yellow calyx lobes that are sweet scented. The ovary is superior. The oval fruit, 1–​2 cm long, is yellow or brown and covered with silvery scales. In Europe, the fruit is dried and used to flavor cakes. A species native to California east of the Sierra Nevada is Shepherdia argentea (Buffaloberry). The silvery leaves and red berries of this shrub or small tree make it an attractive subject for some gardens. ELATINACEAE (WATERWORT FAMILY)  This is mainly a family of herbs that live in or near freshwater, although it does include a few terrestrial shrubs. The leaves are entire and opposite or whorled. Our representative, Elatine californica (California Waterwort), grows either submersed in pools, ponds, rice fields, or streams, or prostrate on muddy shorelines. Its stems are up to 5 cm long with one minute flower in each leaf axil. The four sepals are partly united and the four pale green petals are separate. The ovary is superior. The fruit is a rounded four-chambered capsule. ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY) The Heath Family consists of trees, shrubs, and perennial herbs. In some floras, it is separated into several families. Familiar garden plants belonging to this large group are rhododendrons, azaleas, heaths, heathers, and blueberries. The leaves are not compound or lobed and usually alternate. The flower is regular or nearly so, and usually has five separate sepals and four or five separate or united petals. There are eight to ten stamens, sometimes five. These are interesting in that their anthers release pollen through a neat pore or slit instead of simply splitting open. The fruit is typically partitioned into five seed-producing divisions. Generally, the ovary is superior, but in a few genera, such as Vaccinium (blueberries), it is inferior. Probably all plants of this family have fungi associated with their roots. The fungi contribute to the symbiotic relationship by absorbing nutrients and making these available to their plant hosts. Phosphorus is a particularly important element that enters the plants by way of the fungi. Several of our representatives of the Heath Family lack chlorophyll and are parasitic. Many shrubs of this family are excellent subjects for gardens although slow growing. For our region, species of Arctostaphylos (manzanitas) are especially useful in drought-tolerant gardens. Some of them, such as A. uva-ursi (Bearberry), are low ground covers, but others are more than 1 m tall. A wide variety of manzanitas are now commercially available in plant nurseries. Rhododendron occidentale (Western Azalea), Vaccinium ovatum (Evergreen Huckleberry), and Gaultheria shallon (Salal) are attractive shrubs for somewhat shaded situations where soil moisture is maintained throughout the summer. Arbutus menziesii (Pacific

170     Elaeagnaceae

Madrone) is much admired, but difficult to transplant successfully, even when small. Perhaps this is due in part to its root fungi not taking kindly to disturbance. You may be successful, however, in growing it from seed if you live in a relatively hot part of our region. 1a Plant with scalelike leaves, neither these nor rest of plant green (shade) 2a Stem with red and white stripes (inflorescence 5–​40 cm long; petals 5, separate; stamens 10; up to 40 cm tall; above 2000 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allotropa virgata Sugarstick; Na, Sn-n 2b Stem without red and white stripes 3a Flowers in racemes at least 6 cm long; style protruding out of flower; petals 5; stamens 10 (petals separate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyrola picta (fig.) White-veined Shinleaf, White-veined Wintergreen; Na, Sn-n 3b Flowers in congested heads less than 6 cm long; style not protruding; petals usually 4; stamens usually 8 4a Inside of corolla not hairy; leaves often fringed with hairs (plant yellowish or cream; petals separate; up to 20 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pleuricospora fimbriolata Fringed Pinesap; SM-n 4b Inside of corolla hairy; leaves not fringed with hairs (stigma yellow) 5a Plant pink or cream, up to 12 cm tall; anthers elongate; petals united at their bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemitomes congestum Gnomeplant; Mo-n 5b Plant cream to yellowish, up to 20 cm tall; anthers horseshoe shaped; petals separate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pityopus californicus (fig.) California Pinefoot; La, Ma; 4 1b Plant with typical leaves, these green 6a Herb, sometimes woody at base, not more than 40 cm tall (petals 5, separate; stamens 10; shade) 7a Inflorescence at least 6 cm long; leaf blades spoon shaped, sometimes with irregular teeth; petioles 2–​7 cm long (leaves with white or yellow veins; petals white, yellow, green, or purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyrola picta (fig.) White-veined Shinleaf, White-veined Wintergreen; Na, Sn-n 7b Inflorescence not more than 5 cm long; leaf blades elongate, usually with prominent regular teeth; petioles absent or not more than 0.5 cm long (leaves often whorled) 8a Leaves not more than 3.5 cm long, sometimes with white veins and margins; flowers 1–​3 in each inflorescence; petals white, turning pink . . . . . . . . . . Chimaphila menziesii Pipsissewa, Little Prince’s-pine 8b Leaves 3–​7 cm long, veins and margins not white; flowers 3–​7 in each inflorescence; petals pink or red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chimaphila umbellata (fig.) Prince’s-pine 6b Tree or shrub, woody throughout, often more than 100 cm tall, but some low and creeping 9a Petals either separate or united for about half their length, corolla not urn shaped (petals 5) 10a Petals 5–​8 mm long, separate or nearly so, white or cream; up to 2 m tall (stamens 8–​10; leaves 2–​8 cm long and 1–​3 cm wide, usually with glandular scales; evergreen; swamps, bogs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhododendron columbianum [Ledum glandulosum] (fig.) Western Labrador-tea; SCr-n

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Pityopus californicus California Pinefoot Chimaphila umbellata Prince’s-pine

Rhododendron columbianum Western Labrador-tea

Pyrola picta White-veined Shinleaf

172     Ericaceae



10b Petals at least 25 mm long, united for about half their length, white, cream, or rose; often more than 2 m tall 11a Leaves evergreen, 7–​12 cm long and 3–​5 cm wide, not hairy; stamens 10; corolla mostly pink or rose (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhododendron macrophyllum (pl. 11) Rosebay; Mo-n 11b Leaves deciduous, 3–​8 cm long and 1–​3 cm wide, hairy on margins; stamens 5; corolla white or cream, often pink tinged and with some yellow (flower fragrant; moist habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhododendron occidentale (pl. 11) Western Azalea; SCr-n 9b Petals united for more than half their length, corolla urn shaped (corolla up to 1 cm long) 12a Inflorescences at least 5 cm long; leaves usually more than 7 cm long, not hairy; corolla 5 lobed (leaves evergreen, leathery; stamens usually 10) 13a Tree, often more than 20 m tall; leaves usually not toothed; flowers in panicles; corolla pale yellow or pink; fruit orange-red; bark usually peeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arbutus menziesii (pl. 11) Pacific Madrone 13b Shrub, up to 2 m tall, stem sometimes vinelike; leaves with small teeth; flowers in racemes; corolla white or pink; fruit dark purple; bark usually not peeling (shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gaultheria shallon (pl. 11) Salal 12b Inflorescences rarely more than 3 cm long; leaves not more than 7 cm long, often hairy; corolla with 4 or 5 lobes 14a Flowers in panicles or racemes at ends of branches; ovary superior; leaves often more than 2 cm long; bark usually smooth, red-brown and peeling; open areas, including chaparral (leaves leathery, evergreen) . . . . . . . . . . . .Ericaceae, Subkey Arctostaphylos 14b Flowers solitary or in clusters in leaf axils; ovary inferior; leaves about 2 cm long; bark not red-brown or peeling; shade 15a Leaves 2–​5 cm long, firm, evegreen; flowers in clusters (leaves toothed; new branches not ridged; corolla white; fruit blue-black; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vaccinium ovatum (pl. 12) Evergreen Huckleberry, California Huckleberry 15b Leaves 1–​3 cm long, thin, deciduous; flower solitary 16a Stem sometimes prostrate, rooting at nodes; leaves toothed; new branches usually not ridged; corolla white or pink; fruit blue; near wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vaccinium cespitosum Dwarf Bilberry 16b Stem erect; leaves usually not toothed; new branches ridged; corolla green or pink; fruit red; moist shade . . . . . . . . . . . . Vaccinium parvifolium (pl. 12) Red Huckleberry; SCl-n

Ericaceae, Subkey  Evergreen trees or shrubs; flowers in panicles or racemes rarely more than 3 cm long; corolla up to 1 cm long, urn shaped; bracts several on pedicels; leaves not more than 7 cm long, leathery; bark usually smooth, red-brown and peeling; base of A. crustacea, A. glandulosa, A. pacifica, and sometimes A. uva-ursi enlarged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos

Ericaceae, Subkey    173

1a Plant usually less than 1 m tall, prostrate or mound forming 2a Leaves clasping branches (leaves 2.5–​4 cm long, with glandular hairs; petioles 1–​2 mm long; pedicel and ovary glandular hairy; San Bruno Mountain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos imbricata [A. andersonii var. imbricata] San Bruno Mountain Manzanita; SM(SBM); 1b 2b Leaves not clasping branches 3a Leaves with stomata visible only on undersides (upper surfaces of leaves darker green than undersides; leaf blades entire, 1–​2 .5 cm long, sparsely hairy if at all; base of plant sometimes enlarged) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bearberry, Kinnikinnick; SM-n 3b Leaves with stomata visible on both surfaces 4a Leaves toothed, upper surfaces darker green than undersides; base of plant enlarged (leaf blades 1–​2 cm long, sparsely hairy if at all; San Bruno Mountain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos pacifica Pacific Manzanita; 1b 4b Leaves not toothed, surfaces similar in color; base of plant not enlarged 5a Leaf blades 3–​5 cm long; twigs sparsely hairy; petioles 4–​8 mm long; Sonoma County (corolla pink; ovary not hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos stanfordiana ssp. decumbens Rincon Ridge Manzanita; Sn; 1b 5b Leaf blades 1–​2 cm long; twigs densely hairy; petioles 2–​6 mm long; San Francisco County on serpentine 6a Fruit 4–​5 mm wide; ovary not hairy; leaf blades nearly as long as wide; corolla 4–​8 mm long; San Francisco Presidio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos montana ssp. ravenii [A. hookeri ssp. ravenii] Presidio Manzanita; SF; 1b 6b Fruit 6–​8 mm wide; ovary hairy; leaf blades usually longer than wide; corolla 5–​7 mm long; 1 wild plant found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos franciscana [A. hookeri ssp. franciscana] Franciscan Manzanita; SF; 1b 1b Plant usually well over 1 m tall, upright except sometimes mound forming in A. densiflora, A. montana ssp. montana, and A. montaraensis 7a Leaves with whitish coating (leaf blades rounded, not hairy; pedicel and ovary densely glandular hairy; fruit 10–​15 mm wide; chaparral, woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos glauca Big-berried Manzanita; CC(MD)-s 7b Leaves without whitish coating 8a Flower parts in fours (leaf blades 1–​2 .5 cm long, about as long as wide, not hairy except midveins, upper surfaces darker than undersides; ovary hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos sensitiva [A. nummularia var. sensitiva] Sensitive Manzanita; Ma(MT)-SCl 8b Flower parts in fives 9a Leaves clasping branches; petioles less than 4 mm long 10a Leaves either with dense white hairs or with glandular hairs (leaves usually oblong) 11a Leaves, twigs, ovaries, and fruit with dense white hairs; leaf blades 1.5–​4 .5 cm long; Mount Diablo on sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos auriculata Mount Diablo Manzanita; Al, CC(MD); 1b

174     Ericaceae, Subkey









11b Leaves, twigs, ovaries, and fruit with glandular hairs, older leaves loosing the hairs; leaf blades 3–​6 cm long; Santa Cruz Mountains on sandstone, granite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos regismontana Kings Mountain Manzanita; SM(MM); 1b 10b Leaves either not hairy or hairs neither dense and white nor glandular 12a Upper surfaces of leaves darker than undersides; ovary with dense white nonglandular hairs, fruit less hairy (leaf blades 2–​4 cm long, not hairy except on midveins; Pajaro Hills on sandstone) . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos pajaroensis Pajaro Manzanita; 1b 12b Leaf surfaces similar shades of green; ovary and fruit with glandular hairs 13a Leaf blades 4–​7 cm long (leaves light green, sometimes hairy; fruit 6–​8 mm long; Santa Cruz Mountains) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos andersonii Santa Cruz Manzanita, Anderson’s Manzanita; SF-SCr; 1b 13b Leaf blades 2.5–​4 .5 cm long 14a Leaves dull green, not hairy except on veins; fruit 8–​10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos pallida [A. andersonii var. pallida] (pl. 11) Pallid Manzanita; Al, CC; 1b 14b Leaves bright green, with sparse glandular hairs; fruit 6–​7 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos montaraensis Montara Manzanita; SM(MM) 9b Leaves not clasping branches; petioles usually at least 4 mm long 15a Leaf blades 1–​3 cm long (ovary and fruit not hairy) 16a Leaves glandular hairy (leaf blades dull green, oblong; twigs glandular hairy; fruit 5–​7 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos hispidula Howell’s Manzanita; Sn; 4 16b Leaves with sparse nonglandular hairs if any 17a Leaf blades rounded, dark green; twigs with dense, white hairs; fruit 6–​8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos montana ssp. montana [A. hookeri ssp. montana] Mount Tamalpais Manzanita; Ma(MT); 1b 17b Leaf blades oblong, bright green; twigs sparsely hairy; fruit 5–​6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos densiflora Vine Hill Manzanita; Sn; 1b 15b Leaf blades 2–​6 cm long 18a Upper surfaces of leaves darker green than undersides (base of plant enlarged; ovary hairy; fruit 6–​10 mm long, sometimes hairy) 19a Twigs with short hairs; undersides of leaves not hairy (near Lake Merced) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. rosei [A. tomentosa ssp. rosei] Rose’s Manzanita; SF-Mo 19b Twigs with short and long hairs; undersides of leaves hairy, at least when young 20a Undersides of leaves densely hairy (Santa Cruz Mountains) . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crinita [A. tomentosa ssp. crinita] Tufted Manzanita, Crinite Manzanita; SM-SLO 20b Undersides of leaves not densely hairy, older ones without hairs . . . . Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crustacea [A. tomentosa ssp. crustacea] Brittle-leaved Manzanita; CC, SF-s

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18b Surfaces of leaves similar shades of green 21a Leaf blades 4–​6 cm long (petioles 4–​10 mm long; twigs and ovary with dense, white hairs, these sometimes glandular; leaf blades dark green, glandular hairy; fruit 8–​11 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos columbiana Columbia Manzanita, Douglas-fir Manzanita; Sn-n 21b Leaf blades 2–​5 cm long 22a Petioles 2–​4 mm long (leaf blades bright green, sparsely glandular hairy; twigs, ovary and fruit glandular hairy; fruit 6–​8 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos virgata Marin Manzanita; Ma; 1b 22b Petioles 3–​12 mm long 23a Leaf blades not hairy except sparse hairs on young leaves (petioles 6–​12 mm long; ovary and fruit not hairy) 24a Treelike, often well over 3 m tall; fruit 8–​12 mm long; inflorescence with 4–​7 branches; leaf blades dull to bright green (twigs sparsely hairy if at all) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos manzanita ssp. manzanita Parry’s Manzanita; CC-n 24b Shrub, usually less than 3 m tall; fruit 5–​8 mm long; inflorescence with 3–​5 branches; leaf blades bright green 25a Twigs sparsely hairy; corolla white; up to 1 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos manzanita ssp. laevigata Contra Costa Manzanita; CC(MD); 1b 25b Twigs not hairy; corolla pink; up to 3 m tall . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos stanfordiana ssp. stanfordiana (pl. 11) Stanford Manzanita; Na, Sn 23b Leaf blades hairy 26a Leaf blades with dense white hairs 27a Ovary and young fruit with dense nonglandular hairs; twigs with nonglandular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos canescens ssp. canescens Hoary Manzanita; SCr-n 27b Ovary and young fruit with glandular hairs; twigs sometimes with glandular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos canescens ssp. sonomensis Sonoma Hairy Manzanita; Sn; 1b 26b Leaf blades with glandular hairs (fruit 6–​10 mm long) 28a Base of plant not enlarged; petioles 3–​6 mm long; leaf blades dark green; serpentine near coast (twigs, ovary, and fruit glandular hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos bakeri Baker’s Manzanita; Sn 28b Base of plant enlarged; petioles 5–​10 mm long; leaf blades green or gray-green; chaparral, forests 29a Pedicel and ovary glandular hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. glandulosa Eastwood’s Manzanita; SFBR-n 29b Pedicel and ovary with dense, white nonglandular hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. cushingiana Cushing’s Manzanita

176     Ericaceae, Subkey

EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE FAMILY) The Spurge Family, with both shrubby and herbaceous representatives, has given us some interesting garden and greenhouse subjects, including poinsettias. Certain species from southern Africa resemble cacti and are popular with collectors of succulents. There are a few weeds in the group, as well as plants that have long been exploited as sources of dyes, oils, and other substances. One of the more valuable species is Ricinus communis (Castor-bean), whose seeds yield castor oil, widely used in medicine; this oil is also used as fuel for lamps and in the manufacture of soap, candles, varnish, and polishes. The plant as a whole is very poisonous, but when seeds are pressed, the toxic substance remains in the pulp. Species of Euphorbia and Chamaesyce have a milky sap that may irritate the skin, and the seeds of some are so toxic that extracts of them have been used for coating arrowheads and killing fish. The flower of a spurge is small and staminate or pistillate. None of ours have petals, and in Euphorbia and Chamaesyce there are no sepals either, although an involucre of five fused bracts below each group of flowers resembles a calyx. In these two genera, several staminate flowers, each consisting of one stamen, surround a pistillate flower that has a single pistil. The ovary is superior and the fruit has three divisions that separate, each releasing one or two seeds. Except for Ricinus, the other spurges have unlobed leaves often with stipules. 1a Sap not milky; flower usually with sepals but no petals; pistillate and staminate flowers not in same cluster and not in an involucre 2a Leaves opposite (leaf blades 2–​5 cm long, with fine teeth; staminate flowers in dense clusters at stem tips, pistillate flowers in leaf axils of separate plants; up to 30 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mercurialis annua Mercury; eu 2b Leaves alternate, but sometimes crowded at tips of branches 3a Shrub, up to 3 m tall; leaves 10–​40 cm long, with 5–​11 palmate lobes; stipules united, falling early (pistillate and staminate flowers on same plant; caution: poisonous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ricinus communis Castor-bean; eu 3b Herb, sometimes woody at base; leaves not more than 6 cm long, not lobed; stipules absent (widespread) 4a Leaves and stem with long, stiff hairs; pistillate and staminate flowers on same plant; annual; forming mats, up to 20 cm tall (leaves with 3 prominent veins; sepals absent on pistillate flowers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Croton setigerus [Eremocarpus setigerus] Turkey-mullein, Doveweed 4b Leaves and stem with short, matted hairs; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; perennial, sometimes woody at base; forming a mass or erect, up to 1 m tall (leaves grayer on undersides than above; sandy soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Croton californicus (pl. 12) California Croton; SF-s 1b Sap usually milky; flower without sepals or petals; pistillate and staminate flowers in same cluster, within an involucre with 4 glands on top 5a Lower leaves alternate, upper ones often opposite (leaves not hairy; stipules, if present, glandlike)

Euphorbiaceae    177



6a Leaves of flowering stem wedge shaped (involucral glands not lobed; fruit smooth; leaves finely toothed; up to 50 cm tall; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia helioscopia Wartweed; eu 6b Leaves of flowering stem oval or oblong 7a Involucral glands 2 lobed 8a Most leaves with petioles; leaves not toothed; fruit lobes ridged; annual; up to 45 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia peplus (pl. 12) Petty Spurge; eu 8b Leaves sessile except lower ones; leaves sometimes toothed; fruit smooth; usually annual; up to 60 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia crenulata Chinese-caps 7b Involucral glands not lobed (leaves toothed; fruit bumpy) 9a Stem hairy; leaves 4–​6.5 cm long, sessile; perennial; up to 80 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia oblongata European Euphorbia; eu 9b Stem not hairy; leaves 1–​3 cm long, sometimes sessile; annual; up to 45 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia spathulata Spatulate-leaved Spurge 5b All leaves opposite (annual or biennial) 10a Leaves 5–​15 cm long, sessile; each involucral gland green, 2 lobed (leaves not hairy; up to 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euphorbia lathyris Caper Spurge, Gopher-plant; eu 10b Leaves less than 2 cm long, sometimes with petioles; each involucral gland usually with a nongreen extension, this sometimes with more than 2 lobes (stipules not glandlike) 11a Leaves not toothed (leaves, stem and fruit not hairy; prostrate, stem up to 25 cm long) 12a Leaves 2–​7 mm long; each involucral gland with a white, lobed extension; staminate flowers 5–​10 in each involucre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaesyce serpens Serpent Spurge; sa 12b Leaves up to 9 mm long; each involucral gland without an extension; staminate flowers 40–​60 in each involucre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaesyce ocellata Valley Spurge 11b Leaf tips with fine teeth 13a Leaves, stem, and fruit not hairy; staminate flowers 5–​18 in each involucre; up to 35 cm tall or prostrate (leaves 3–​14 mm long; involucral gland extension white, sometimes lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaesyce serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Spurge 13b Leaves, stem, and fruit hairy, at least when young; staminate flowers 4 or 5 in each involucre; prostrate 14a Leaves up to 9 mm long; fruit hairy only on ridges; involucral gland extension white, sometimes lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaesyce prostrata Prostrate Spurge; sa 14b Leaves 4–​17 mm long; fruit uniformly hairy; involucral gland extension white or pink, lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamaesyce maculata Spotted Spurge, Large Spurge; na

FABACEAE (PEA FAMILY) Fabaceae, the Pea or Legume Family—​formerly called Leguminosae—​as represented in our area consists mostly of herbaceous plants with

178     Fabaceae

irregular flowers and compound, alternate leaves with stipules. It does, however, include some shrubs and small trees. Many of our species are introduced, either on purpose or accidentally. All of the medicks and sweet clovers, and some of the true clovers and vetches, are of exotic origin. So are some shrubby species such as Cytisus scoparius (Scotch Broom), Genista monspessulana (French Broom), Ulex europaeus (Gorse), and Spartium junceum (Spanish Broom) that have colonized extensive coastal areas where the native vegetation has been disturbed. Although these are attractive in one way or another, they are so aggressive that they prohibit the recovery of natural vegetation. Elimination of all of them is advised. The pea flower has a distinctive irregular corolla. The two lower petals are partly fused along the edges where they touch into a structure called the “keel”; the two petals on the side are called “wings,” and the upper petal, usually the largest, forms the “banner.” There are usually ten stamens; sometimes nine of the filaments are fused into a tube and the uppermost one is free. The ovary is superior and the pistil is not divided into compartments, so it has a single row of seeds. When the fruit dries, it usually splits open rather forcefully, thus effectively scattering its seeds. In some genera the flowers deviate markedly from the pattern typical of the family. Acacia, for instance, has a regular, inconspicuous corolla and numerous stamens, and Amorpha has a single petal, the banner. This family provides some of the world’s most important food plants: peas, beans, peanuts, and soybeans are just a few. Futhermore, certain bacteria that live in nodules on the roots of nearly all plants in Fabaceae are capable of utilizing atmospheric nitrogen. These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic compounds that they share with their host plants, which, if growing in nitrogen-poor soils, must depend to a considerable extent on their bacterial symbionts. When the plants die and are decomposed by other bacteria, there will be a net gain in the nitrogen content of the soil. This is one reason why so many members of Fabaceae are grown as cover crops. Particularly good subjects for gardens are some of the annual and perennial lupines, which can be grown from seed. In the category of large shrubs or small trees, Cercis occidentalis (Western Redbud) should be considered. Its flowers, produced freely in late winter or early spring, are of a beautiful red-purple color. Trifolium tomentosum has been found in the San Francisco Bay region. 1a Usually over 2 m tall, tree or large shrub (plant without thorns or prickles, but Robinia has spiny stipules) 2a Leaves not compound, except sometimes young leaves of Acacia 3a Leaf blade rounded, with a notch at base; corolla 8–​12 mm long, irregular; stamens 10, not protruding out of corolla (corolla red-purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cercis occidentalis (pl. 13) Western Redbud; Sl-n 3b “Leaf blade” (actually a flattened petiole) oblong and usually curved, without a notch; corolla less than 3 mm long, regular; stamens many, protruding out of corolla 4a Protruding stamens cream; flowers in 2–​8 bunches in each inflorescence; fruit curved or twisted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Acacia; au

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Amorpha californica var. napensis Napa False Indigo Astragalus nuttallii var. virgatus Nuttall’s Milkvetch

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Wild Licorice

Lathyrus latifolius Everlasting Pea

206

FABACEAE (PEA FAMILY)

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involucre

Medicago polymorpha California Burclover

Trifolium willdenovii Tomcat Clover



4b Protruding stamens yellow; flower not in bunches in each inflorescence; fruit 6b Leaflets straight . . . . . . .an . . even . . . . . number, . . . . . . . . .12–16, . . . . . . .about . . . . . .3 . times . . . . . . as . . .long . . . . as . . wide, Acaciapointed longifoliaat the Sydney Golden Wattle; au tips, hairy; petiole without spines; corolla yellow, only slightly irregular; ever 2b Leaves compound, sometimes not in Cytisus striatus green; shrub or small tree . . . .Senna multiglandulosa [Cassia tomentosa]; mx 5a Leaflets 3, sometimes none 5b Leaves twice pinnately compound, the lea flets not more than 1.5 cm long 6a Leaflets 3, 10–​30 mm long; corolla white with purple lines or spots inside; twigs 7a Leaves with 3–6 pairs of primary lea flets (primary leaflets with 12–20 pairs of round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cytisus proliferus secondary leaflets, these 5–7 mm long; corolla regular, lessTree than 5 mm af long; Lucerne; stamens many; . . . . . . .yellow; . . . . . . . .twigs . . . . . .usually . . . . . . . with . . . . . 8–​ . . 10 ridges Acacia baileyana 6b Leaflets 0–​3, 5–​ 15 mmtree) long; .corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cootamundra . . . . . . . . Cytisus striatus Wattle; au Striated Broom; eu 7b Leaves usually with more than 7 pairs of primary lea flets 5b Leaflets at 8 8aleastPrimary leaflets with 15–35 pairs of secondary lea flets, these 5–15 mm 7a Leaves once compound, leaflets usually at least 2 cm long (leaflets 8–​17) long; corolla regular, less than 5 mm long, in several rounded clusters; 8a Leaflets an odd number, oval, not hairy; stipules spiny; corolla white or pink, stamens many; fruit with conspicuous constrictions; tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . irregular; deciduous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robinia pseudoacacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black . . . . . . Locust, .. AcaciaLocust; decurrens Desert na Greennot Wattle; 8b Leaflets an even number, about 3 times as long as wide, hairy; stipules spiny;au corolla slightly irregular; . . . . . . . . . Senna 8b yellow, Primaryonly leaflets with 7–11 evergreen . pairs of secondary lea flets, multiglandulosa these less than Senna; mx 8 mm long; corolla irregular, over 35 mm long, notMexican in clusters; stamens 7b Leaves twice compound, leaflets not more than 1.5 cm long 10; fruit without obvious constrictions; shrub (corolla yellow, orange, 9a Leaves with 3–​6 pairs of primary leaflets (primary leaflets with 12–​20 pairs of and red; stamens red, 8–9 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caesalpinia gilliesii secondary leaflets, these 5–​7 mm long; corolla regular, yellow, less than 5 mm long; stamens many) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bird-of-paradise; . . Acacia baileyanasa 1b Shrubs or herbs, usually not more than 2 m tall (corolla irregular) Cootamundra Wattle; au 9a Shrubs with thorny leaves, or nearly lea fless branches 9b Leaves usuallybranches, with more spinelike than 7 pairs of primary leaflets 10a  Primary leaflets with 7–​ 1 1 pairs of secondary leaflets, these less than 8 mm(corolla 10a Branches without thorns; leaves not spiny, when present, much reduced long; flowers not in clusters; corolla irregular, yellow, orange, and red, over 35 yellow; branches green) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spartium junceum (pl. 27) mm long; stamens 10 (stamens red, 8–​9 cm long) . . . . . . . Caesalpinia gilliesii Spanish Broom; me Bird-of-paradise; sa

Fabaceae    181 FABACEAE (PEA FAMILY)

207



10b Primary leaflets with 15–​50 pairs of secondary leaflets, these 5–​15 mm long; flowers in several rounded clusters; corolla regular, pale yellow, green, or cream, less than 8 mm long; stamens many 11a Filaments joined together in lower part, forming a tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Albizia lophantha Plume Acacia; as 11b Filaments not joined together to form a tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle; au 1b Usually not more than 2 m tall, shrub or herb (corolla irregular) 12a Shrub, either with thorns, spinelike leaves, or nearly leafless branches 13a Plant nearly leafless, without thorns (leaves not spiny, when present, much reduced; all filaments united; corolla yellow; branches green) . . . . . . . . . . . Spartium junceum (pl. 14) Spanish Broom; me 13b Plant leafy, with thorns 14a Leaves spiny; corolla yellow (branch tips thorny; leaves not compound; flower up to 20 mm long, usually solitary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ulex europaeus Gorse, Furze; eu 14b Leaves not spiny; corolla red-purple 15a Flowers 8–​9 mm long, 4–​6 in each cluster; leaves not compound; thorns in leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alhagi maurorum [A. pseudalhagi] Camelthorn; as 15b Flowers 15–​18 mm long, solitary in leaf axil; leaves usually palmately compound, with 3 leaflets; branch tips thorny or thorns in leaf axils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pickeringia montana (pl. 14) Chaparral Pea; Me-s 12b Shrub or herb, without thorns, spinelike leaves, or nearly leafless branches 16a Leaves palmately compound, leaflets usually without stalks 17a Leaflets 4–​17 (flowers in racemes; fruit hairy) 18a Plants with sunken glands; leaflets 5–​7; 1 filament free (calyx and leaves hairy; stipules 7–​10 mm long; corolla 8–​12 mm long, blue or purple; herb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pediomelum californicum [Psoralea californica] (pl. 14) Breadroot 18b Plants without sunken glands; leaflets 4–​17; all filaments united . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabaceae, Subkey 1 Lupinus 17b Leaflets 3 (herb) 19a Flowers 17–​19 mm long, in racemes; upper stipules leaflike; all filaments separate (corolla yellow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermopsis macrophylla (pl. 14) Santa Ynez False-lupine; 1b 19b Flowers not more than 15 mm long, in heads or umbels; stipules not leaflike; 1 filament free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabaceae, Subkey 2 Trifolium 16b Leaves pinnately compound, leaflets sometimes only 2, usually at least 1 with a stalk 20a Leaf tip with a tendril or short projection at least 3 mm long (leaflets either 2, or more than 3; 1 filament free; herb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabaceae, Subkey 3 Lathyrus, Vicia 20b Leaf tips without tendrils or other projections at least 3 mm long 21a Leaves gland dotted, glands sometimes not visible without a dissecting scope (leaves usually with a strong odor)

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22a Leaflets 9–​27 23a Petal 1, the banner; fruit without hooked bristles; shrub; often more than 2 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amorpha californica var. napensis (fig.) Napa False Indigo; Ma; 1b 23b Petals 5; fruit with hooked bristles; herb; up to 1 m tall (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glycyrrhiza lepidota (fig.) Wild Licorice 22b Leaflets 2 or 3 (herb) 24a Calyx lobes up to 5 mm long 25a Calyx sparsely hairy; corolla white or yellow, banner 10–​14 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rupertia physodes [Psoralea physodes] (pl. 14) California-tea 25b Calyx densely hairy; corolla blue or purple, banner 5–​10 mm long (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoita macrostachya Leather-root 24b Calyx lobes 10–​15 mm long (corolla blue or purple; calyx densely hairy) 26a Plant prostrate or with stem tips rising; leaflets 3–​11 cm long, tips rounded; stipules 4–​10 mm long (moist areas) . . . . . . . Hoita orbicularis Round-leaved Hoita 26b Plant upright; leaflets 4–​8 cm long, tips usually pointed; stipules 7–​16 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoita strobilina Loma Prieta Hoita; CC-SCl; 1b 21b Leaves not gland dotted, but sometimes with glandular hairs 27a Leaflets usually toothed, at least at tips (leaflets 3; 1 filament free; herb) 28a Corolla 6–​11 mm long (corolla violet or yellow-green; flowers 8–​30 in each cluster; fruit coiled or sickle shaped) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicago sativa Alfalfa, Lucerne; eu 28b Corolla 2–​6 mm long 29a Flowers 2–​6 in each cluster; fruit usually prickly (corolla yellow; fruit coiled) 30a Leaflets 3–​10 mm long, usually hairy; corolla 3–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicago praecox Early Medick; me 30b Leaflets 10–​25 mm long, usually not hairy; corolla 4–​6 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicago polymorpha (fig.) California Burclover; me 29b Flowers more than 6 in each cluster; fruit not prickly 31a Corolla white (flowers usually at least 20 in each cluster; fruit oblong) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melilotus albus White Sweetclover; eua 31b Corolla yellow 32a Leaflets 1–​1.5 cm long, teeth usually in upper half; fruit coiled; flowers 10–​20 in each cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicago lupulina Black Medick, Yellow Trefoil; eu 32b Leaflets 1–​2 .5 cm long, teeth not confined to upper half; fruit oblong; flowers more than 20 in each cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melilotus indicus Sour Clover, Indian Melilot; me

Fabaceae    183









27b Leaflets not toothed 33a Herb (1 filament free) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabaceae, Subkey 4 33b Shrub 34a Corolla scarlet or orange-red; leaflets 20–​34 (flowers 5–​15 in each cluster in leaf axils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sesbania punicea Scarlet Sesban; sa 34b Corolla yellow; leaflets 3–​6 (widespread) 35a Flowers 4–​10 in each cluster at ends of short branches; calyx hairy (fruit densely hairy; all filaments united) . . . . . . . . . . . . Genista monspessulana [Cytisus monspessulanus] (pl. 13) French Broom; me 35b Flowers 1–​7 in each cluster in leaf axils; calyx not hairy 36a Flowers almost sessile, 2–​7 in each cluster, banner less than 10 mm long; stem not ridged; fruit, if hairy, not only hairy on margins; 1 filament free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon glaber [Lotus scoparius] (pl. 12) Deerweed, California Broom 36b Flowers not sessile, 1–​2 in each cluster, banner 15–​18 mm long; stem ridged; fruit hairy on margins; all filaments united (invasive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cytisus scoparius Scotch Broom; eu

Fabaceae, Subkey 1  Shrub or herb, without thorny branches; leaves palmately compound, with 4–​17 leaflets, these usually without stalks; flowers in racemes; all filaments united; fruit hairy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus 1a Plant woody, at least at base 2a Lower keel margin hairy; upper keel margins not hairy (banner hairy on back; corolla light violet to blue; leaflets 1–​2 .5 cm long; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus chamissonis Chamisso’s Bush Lupine; Ma-s 2b Lower keel margin not hairy; upper keel margins usually hairy 3a Flower 14–​18 mm long; petals usually yellow, sometimes lilac or mixed colors; stipules 8–​12 mm long; leaflets 2–​6 cm long (banner not hairy on back; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus arboreus (pl. 13) Yellow Bush Lupine, Tree Lupine 3b Flower 8–​16 mm long; petals not yellow except sometimes in Lupinus variicolor; stipules 7–​10 mm long; leaflets 1–​4 .5 cm long 4a Banner back not hairy; petioles less than 3 cm long; petals white, yellow, pink, or purple; coastal (prostrate or with stem tips rising) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus variicolor Varied Lupine, Lindley’s Varied Lupine; SLO-n 4b Banner back usually hairy; petioles 1–​8 cm long; petals violet or lavender; not restricted to coast 5a Plant usually not woody throughout, less than 50 cm tall; upper keel margins sometimes not hairy (inflorescence 4–​14 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus albifrons var. collinus (pl. 13) Bay Area Silver Lupine, Collin’s Bush Lupine; SFBR 5b Plant woody throughout, usually more than 50 cm tall; upper keel margins hairy

184     Fabaceae, Subkey 1



6a Bract at base of flowers 10–​24 mm long; stipules 10–​20 mm long; leaflets 25–​ 45 mm long; inflorescence 10–​15 cm long . . . . . . Lupinus albifrons var. douglasii Douglas’ Silver Lupine; Al, Ma 6b Bract at base of flowers 4–​8 mm long; stipules 7–​10 mm long; leaflets 10–​30 mm long; inflorescence 8–​30 cm long . . . . . . . . . Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons Silver Lupine, Silver Bush Lupine 1b Plant not woody, even at base 7a Longest leaflets not more than 40 mm 8a Either both margins of keel hairy, or neither margin hairy (annual) 9a Both margins of keel hairy; leaflets 10–​30 mm long; petioles 2–​5 cm long; flower 10–​16 mm long; petals pale yellow, rarely pink or blue; banner not spotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus luteolus Butter Lupine 9b Neither margin of keel hairy; leaflets 20–​25 mm long; petioles 4–​8 cm long; flower 7–​9 mm long; petals blue; banner back with a white spot, becoming magenta (disturbed areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus pachylobus Bigpod Lupine, Mount Diablo Annual Lupine; SCl-n 8b Upper keel margins hairy at least near tips, lower margins not 10a Plant prostrate or with stem tips rising; perennial 11a Leaflets 3–​5, 5–​20 mm long; petioles 1–​3 cm long; petals blue to lavender; banner back with a spot; sand dunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus tidestromii Tidestrom’s Lupine; Ma-Mo; 1b 11b Leaflets 6–​9, 20–​35 mm long; petioles 4–​10 cm long; petals white, yellow, rose, or purple; banner back not spotted; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus variicolor Varied Lupine, Lindley’s Varied Lupine; SLO-n 10b Plant erect; annual (petals blue, rarely lavender, pink or white; banner back with a spot) 12a Inflorescence 1–​8 cm long; flower 4–​10 mm long; banner longer than wide; pedicel 1–​3.5 mm long; fruit 1–​3 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus bicolor Miniature Lupine 12b Inflorescence 2–​20 cm long; flower 6–​15 mm long; banner at least as wide as long; pedicel 2–​7 mm long; fruit 2–​4 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus nanus Douglas’ Lupine 7b Longest leaflets more than 40 mm 13a Keel margins not hairy, sometimes so in Lupinus polyphyllus 14a Leaflets 9–​17, 4–​15 cm long; petioles 3–​45 cm long; stipules 5–​30 mm long (petals violet, lavender, pink, or white; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus polyphyllus Swamp Lupine; SCr-n 14b Leaflets 6–​9, 2–​7 cm long; petioles 2–​7 cm long; stipules 4–​17 mm long 15a Petals yellow, lavender, or violet; fruit 2–​4 cm long; slopes . . . . . Lupinus adsurgens Silky Lupine; SCl-n 15b Petals purple; fruit 3–​4 .5 cm long; in valleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus formosus Summer Lupine 13b Upper, lower, or both margins of keel hairy 16a Leaves with stinging hairs in small blisters; upper keel margins not hairy; petals bright pink or magenta (lower keel margins densely hairy; annual; fire burns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus hirsutissimus Stinging Lupine; SM-s

Fabaceae, Subkey 1    185









16b Leaves without stinging hairs; upper keel margins hairy; petals not bright pink or magenta 17a Upper keel margins with a tooth near middle (lower keel margins not hairy; banner back hairy; petals blue; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus affinis Sky Lupine; SCr-n 17b Upper keel margins without a tooth 18a Fruit 1–​1.5 cm long (leaflets 5–​11; petioles 3–​15 cm long; lower keel margins hairy near base if at all; annual) 19a Petals white or yellow, rarely rose or purple; fruit usually on 1 side of flowering stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus microcarpus var. densiflorus (pl. 14) Gully Lupine 19b Petals pink or purple, rarely yellow or white; fruit usually not just on 1 side of flowering stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus microcarpus var. microcarpus [L. subvexus] Chick Lupine; La-s 18b Fruit 2–​5 cm long 20a Leaflets 5–​11, 4–​10 cm long; petioles 4–​20 cm long; fruit densely hairy (lower keel margins usually hairy; petals blue, purple, or white; perennial) 21a Flower 13–​16 mm long; stem densely hairy; chaparral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus latifolius var. dudleyi Dudley’s Lupine; SM(MM) 21b Flower 10–​14 mm long; stem not densely hairy; moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus latifolius var. latifolius Broad-leaved Lupine 20b Leaflets 4–​9, 2–​6 cm long; petioles 5–​15 cm long; fruit usually not densely hairy 22a Leaflets 4–​7; fruit 2–​3 cm long; petals purple or violet; upper keel margins hairy from bases to tips, lower keel margin usually not hairy; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus sericatus Cobb Mountain Lupine; Na, Sn, La; 1b 22b Leaflets 7–​9; fruit 3.5–​5 cm long; petals blue-purple, rarely white, pink, or lavender; both upper and lower margins of keel hairy at bases; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lupinus succulentus Arroyo Lupine; Me-s

Fabaceae, Subkey 2  Herb, without thorny branches; leaves with 3 leaflets, these without stalks except Trifolium dubium; flowers not more than 15 mm long, in heads or umbels; stipules not leaflike; 1 filament free. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium 1a Flower head without bracts at base, but there may be stem leaves or a ringlike involucre 2a Either each flower in head with a pedicel 1–​6 mm long, or most flowers with only a stalklike calyx, corolla absent 3a Corolla yellow or cream (annual) 4a Corolla yellow, 3–​4 mm long; all flowers in each head similar, with a calyx and corolla; petioles usually not longer than leaf blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium dubium Shamrock, Little Hop Clover; eu

186     Fabaceae, Subkey 2







4b Corolla cream, 8–​12 mm long; most flowers in each head sterile with only a stalklike calyx; petioles usually longer than leaf blades (sterile flowers grow up over developing fruit, making head burlike, bur becoming buried as peduncle bends) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover; eu 3b Corolla white, pink, purple, or if yellow, 6–​9 mm long 5a Peduncle and calyx hairy; corolla yellow or purple (corolla 6–​9 mm long; pedicel 1–​2 mm long; annual) 6a Each leaflet up to 5 times as long as wide, tip notched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium bifidum var. bifidum Pinole Clover; Mo-n 6b Each leaflet not more than 3 times as long as wide, sometimes notched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium bifidum var. decipiens Deceiving Clover 5b Peduncle and calyx not hairy except on margins in Trifolium ciliolatum; corolla white, pink, or purple 7a Margins of calyx lobes bristly (leaflets 1–​3 cm long; stipules 1.5–​3 cm long; corolla 5–​6 mm long, sometimes pink or purple; annual) . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium ciliolatum Foothill Clover, Tree Clover 7b Margins of calyx lobes not hairy 8a Leaflets 0.5–​1.5 cm long, with a shallow notch; pedicel 1–​2 mm long; corolla 5–​ 7 mm long (corolla pink or purple; stipules less than 10 mm long; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium gracilentum Pinpoint Clover 8b Leaflets 0.5–​4 cm long, usually without a notch; pedicel 1–​6 mm long; corolla 6–​11 mm long 9a Corolla white; stipules 4–​10 mm long; perennial . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium repens White Clover; eua 9b Corolla pink; stipules 10–​25 mm long; annual . . . . . . . . . Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover; eu 2b Each flower in head sessile and with both a calyx and corolla 10a Flower head sessile, with some leaves and stipules directly below it 11a Flower heads often in pairs; corolla purple or of 2 colors, 5–​9 mm long, calyx about as long; prostrate with stem tips rising (annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium macraei Macrae’s Clover, Double-headed Clover 11b Flower head solitary; corolla pink or red-purple, 11–​15 mm long, calyx half as long; erect, up to 60 cm tall 12a Plant hairy; stipules bristle tipped; stem not ridged; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium pratense Red Clover; eu 12b Plant not hairy; stipules not bristle tipped; stem ridged; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium vesiculosum Arrow-leaved Clover; me 10b Flower head on a peduncle arising from uppermost group of leaves (flower head solitary; annual) 13a Corolla usually shorter than calyx, hidden by it (calyx 8–​14 mm long; corolla purple and white) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium olivaceum [T. albopurpureum var. olivaceum] Olive Clover

Fabaceae, Subkey 2    187



13b Corolla at least as long as calyx, not hidden by it 14a Corolla 10–​16 mm long; calyx 7–​12 mm long 15a Corolla 12–​16 mm long, purple and with white tips; calyx 10–​12 mm long, lobes featherlike; head 2.5 cm long and about as wide . . . . Trifolium amoenum Two-forked Clover, Showy Clover; Ma-Sl; 1b 15b Corolla 10–​14 mm long, crimson; calyx 7–​10 mm long, lobes densely hairy and with bristlelike tips; head 2–​6 cm long and half as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover; eu 14b Corolla 4–​12 mm long; calyx 3–​8 mm long 16a Flowers soon turning downward; corolla pink, 4–​5 mm long (calyx 4 mm long, lobes not featherlike; banner notched) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium cernuum Nodding Clover; me 16b Flowers not turning downward; corolla purple and white, 5–​12 mm long 17a Corolla 5–​8 mm long, about as long as calyx (calyx lobes featherlike) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium albopurpureum Rancheria Clover 17b Corolla 6–​12 mm long, longer than calyx 18a Flower head without a ringlike involucre; head with more than 10 flowers; calyx 4–​8 mm long, lobes featherlike . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium dichotomum [T. albopurpureum var. dichotomum] Branched Clover; SCl-n 18b Flower head with a ringlike involucre; head often with fewer than 10 flowers; calyx 2–​4 mm long, lobes not featherlike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium depauperatum var. depauperatum Dwarf Sack Clover; Al-n 1b Flower head with bracts at base, these not leaflike or ringlike 19a Bracts of head not joined more than half their length (banner of corolla becoming inflated in fruit; annual) 20a Corolla 10–​20 mm long, cream or yellow, turning pink; calyx lobes with some bristles (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium fucatum (pl. 14) Bull Clover 20b Corolla 4–​9 mm long, pink-purple, petals with white tips; calyx lobes without bristles 21a Bracts shorter than calyces, margins similar to rest of bract; saline, alkaline areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium hydrophilum [T. depauperatum var. hydrophilum] Saline Clover; SLO-n; 1b 21b Bracts about as long as calyces, margins whitish or membranous; grassy areas 22a Bracts separate or joined halfway, with irregular teeth; fruit 3–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium depauperatum var. amplectens Pale Sack Clover; La-s 22b Bracts separate, without teeth; fruit 2–​3 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium depauperatum var. truncatum Square-leaved Sack Clover, Truncate Sack Clover; La-s 19b Bracts of head joined more than half their length (bract lobes often toothed) 23a Lobes of bracts not toothed (corolla 4–​8 mm long) 24a Stem, bracts, and leaves hairy; leaflet tips notched; corolla pink or lavender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium microcephalum (pl. 15) Small-headed Clover, Maiden Clover

188     Fabaceae, Subkey 2







24b Stem, bracts, and leaves not hairy; leaflets without notches; corolla lavender with white tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium oliganthum Few-flowered Clover; SLO-n 23b Lobes of bracts toothed 25a Corolla 4–​10 mm long 26a Calyx 2–​3 mm long; corolla 4–​6 mm long; plant hairy; grassland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium microdon Thimble Clover, Valparaiso Clover; SLO-n 26b Calyx 4–​10 mm long; corolla 5–​10 mm long; plant sometimes hairy; moist areas 27a Calyx lobes with featherlike bristles; petals pink-purple, white, or 2 colored (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium barbigerum Bearded Clover 27b Calyx lobes without featherlike bristles; petals lavender or purple, tips usually white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium variegatum Variegated Clover, White-tipped Clover 25b Corolla 8–​18 mm long (petals lavender or purple, tips white) 28a Plant with nonglandular or glandular hairs (moist areas) 29a Plant with nonglandular hairs; corolla 8–​16 mm long; calyx 6–​10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium grayi [T. barbigerum var. andrewsii] Gray’s Clover; Me-Mo 29b Plant with glandular hairs; corolla 14–​18 mm long; calyx 9–​11 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium obtusiflorum Clammy Clover, Creek Clover 28b Plant not hairy except calyx lobes bristle tipped 30a Disk of united bracts less than 2 cm wide; corolla 8–​15 mm long; leaves not mainly basal; annual (grassland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium willdenovii [T. tridentatum] (fig.) Tomcat Clover 30b Disk of united bracts usually more than 2 cm wide; corolla 12–​16 mm long; leaves mainly basal; perennial (moist areas; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trifolium wormskioldii Cow Clover

Fabaceae, Subkey 3 Herb, without thorny branches; leaves pinnately compound, with either 2 leaflets or more than 3; leaf tip with a tendril or projection at least 3 mm long; 1 filament free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus, Vicia 1a Style flattened, with hairs only on 1 side 2a Leaflets 2 3a Flower solitary, 10–​15 mm long (corolla red-purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus cicera Flatpod Peavine; eu 3b Flowers not solitary, 20–​30 mm long 4a Raceme with 2 or 3 flowers; corolla maroon or crimson (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus tingitanus Tangier Pea; eu 4b Raceme with 4–​15 flowers; corolla pink, pink-purple, or red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus latifolius (fig.) Everlasting Pea, Perennial Sweet Pea; eu

Fabaceae, Subkey 3    189



2b Leaflets more than 3 5a Tendril reduced to a projection about 3 mm long 6a Flowers 8–​10 mm long, 1–​2 in each raceme; corolla lilac or pale purple-blue; open woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus torreyi Redwood Pea; SCr-n 6b Flowers 15–​18 mm long, 4–​8 in each raceme; corolla pink-purple and white; backshores of sandy beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus littoralis Silky Beach Pea; Mo-n 5b Tendril much more than 3 mm long, coiling (flowers 6–​15 in each raceme; corolla 14–​20 mm long) 7a Leaflets 8–​12, 2–​4 .5 cm long; corolla pale lavender or purple; in woods or under shrubs (plant sometimes hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus vestitus (pl. 13) Woodland Pea, Common Pacific Pea; SFBR-n 7b Leaflets 10–​16, 3.5–​5.5 cm long; corolla pink or pink-purple, banner sometimes paler; near water 8a Plant not hairy; corolla uniform in color . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus jepsonii var. jepsonii Delta Tule Pea, Jepson’s Pea; SFBR; 1b 8b Plant hairy; banner usually paler than wings and keel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lathyrus jepsonii var. californicus Bluff Pea; SLO-n 1b Style usually not flattened, usually with some hairs all around tip 9a Flowers 1–​3, sessile or nearly so in leaf axils (leaflets 8–​16) 10a Corolla yellow, sometimes with a purple tip (corolla 20–​30 mm long) . . . . . . . Vicia lutea Yellow Vetch; eu 10b Corolla not yellow 11a Leaflets 5–​7 mm wide; corolla 10–​18 mm long, uniformly pink-purple or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia sativa ssp. nigra [V. angustifolia] Narrow-leaved Vetch, Common Vetch; eu 11b Leaflets 4–​10 mm wide; corolla 18–​30 mm long, usually pink-purple with violet on wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Spring Vetch, Common Vetch; eu 9b Flowers often more than 3, on a peduncle at least 1 cm long 12a Flowers 3–​7 mm long 13a Racemes with 2–​8 flowers, these 3–​5 mm long; leaflets 10–​16 . . . . . . . . Vicia hirsuta Hairy Vetch; eu 13b Racemes with 1–​3 flowers, these 3–​7 mm long; leaflets 4–​10 14a Fruit 1–​1.3 cm long, rounded at tip (corolla pale lavender or light purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia tetrasperma Sparrow Vetch; eu 14b Fruit 1.5–​3 cm long, pointed at tip 15a Corolla pale blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia ludoviciana [V. exigua var. exigua] Deerpea Vetch 15b Corolla lavender or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia hassei [V. exigua var. hassei] Slender Vetch, Hasse’s Vetch; Ma, Al-s 12b Flowers 10–​18 mm long (raceme with more than 3 flowers) 16a Raceme with 3–​9 flowers, these not grouped on 1 side; leaflets 8–​16 (corolla bluepurple or lavender; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia americana American Vetch

190     Fabaceae, Subkey 3







16b Raceme often with more than 10 flowers, these usually grouped on 1 side; leaflets 10–​24 17a Leaf 10–​15 cm long; leaflets 16–​24, 2.5–​4 cm long; perennial (racemes with 6–​15 flowers; corolla red-purple or pale yellow; moist areas) . . . . . Vicia gigantea (pl. 15) Giant Vetch; SLO-n 17b Leaf usually less than 10 cm long; leaflets 10–​18, 1–​3 cm long; annual 18a Raceme with 3–​12 flowers; corolla red-purple (corolla 15–​18 mm long; fruit densely hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia benghalensis Purple Vetch; eu 18b Raceme often with many more than 10 flowers; corolla not red-purple 19a Corolla 14–​18 mm long, usually white with tips dark blue or violet; fruit not hairy; stem and leaves with many hairs 1–​2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia villosa ssp. villosa Woolly Vetch; eu 19b Corolla 10–​14 mm long, usually light blue or purple; fruit hairy; stem and leaves without hairs or some 1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia villosa ssp. varia [V. dasycarpa] Winter Vetch; eu

Fabaceae, Subkey 4  Herb; leaves pinnately compound; leaflets entire; 1 filament free 1a Leaflets 7–​41; flowers several, in racemes, sometimes in heads; fruit sometimes inflated; corolla usually not yellow 2a Flowers usually many more than 25 in each raceme; corolla white, pale green, cream, or pale lavender 3a Leaflets 13–​27; banner of flower 4–​6 mm long (flowers 20–​100 in each raceme; upper surfaces of leaves mostly not hairy; perennial; moist areas, often on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus clevelandii Cleveland’s Milkvetch; Na; 4 3b Leaflets 17–​43; banner of flower 7–​18 mm long 4a Leaflets woolly; banner of flower 7–​10 mm long; fruit not hairy (near salt marshes, sand dunes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus pycnostachyus Coastal Marsh Milkvetch; Me-SM 4b Leaflets with fine hairs, not woolly; banner of flower 10–​18 mm long; fruit sometimes hairy 5a Leaflets 17–​35, both surfaces hairy; raceme with 15–​45 flowers; pedicel of fruit 2–​4 cm long; inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus asymmetricus San Joaquin Milkvetch; Sl, CC-s 5b Leaflets 21–​43, upper surfaces usually not hairy; raceme with 20–​125 flowers; pedicel of fruit less than 0.5 cm long; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus nuttallii var. virgatus (fig.) Nuttall’s Milkvetch; Ma-SM, Al 2b Flowers 2–​25 in each raceme; corolla white, white with some purple streaks, pale yellow, or pink-purple 6a Banner of flower 12–​20 mm long; leaflets 7–​29; perennial (flower pink-purple, 7–​20 in each raceme; fruit 12–​30 mm long, 5–​16 mm wide, slightly hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus lentiginosus var. idriensis Freckled Milkvetch, Idria Locoweed; SCl(MH)

Fabaceae, Subkey 4    191



6b Banner of flower 2–​12 mm long; leaflets 7–​17; annual 7a Banner 2–​6 mm long (corolla white with a purple tinge) 8a Banner 2–​3 mm long; flowers 4–​15 in each raceme; fruit not 2 lobed; upright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus gambelianus Gambel’s Milkvetch, Little Blue Loco 8b Banner 2–​6 mm long; flowers 5–​25 in each raceme; fruit 2 lobed; sometimes prostrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus didymocarpus Two-seeded Milkvetch, Common Dwarf Locoweed; CC-s 7b Banner 5–​12 mm long (flowers 2–​12 in each raceme) 9a Leaflets 7–​9; petals white, keel and banner tip purple (fruit finely hairy, 15–​30 mm long; often on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus rattanii var. jepsonianus Jepson’s Milkvetch; Na; 1b 9b Leaflets 7–​17; petals not as described in 9a 10a Petals pink-purple; fruit not hairy, 10–​25 mm long; moist, alkaline soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus tener Alkali Milkvetch, Slender Rattleweed; Sl, SF, SB; 1b 10b Petals pale yellow to white, sometimes with lavender streaks; fruit hairy, 5–​10 mm long; often on serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Astragalus breweri Brewer’s Milkvetch; Ma; 4 1b Leaflets 2–​15; flowers sometimes only 1 or 2, in umbels; fruit not inflated; corolla often yellow 11a Stipules leaflike, about half as long as leaflets, not always green 12a Stipules green (leaflets 9–​15; corolla pink or red-purple, 10–​12 mm long; flowers 4–​9 in each umbel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hosackia stipularis [Lotus stipularis] Stipulated Lotus; Mo-n 12b Stipules not green 13a Corolla white or pink, 10–​12 mm long (leaflets 9–​15; edges of woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hosackia rosea [Lotus aboriginus] Rose-flowered Lotus; Sn-n 13b Corolla yellow-green, or with some yellow, 10–​17 mm long 14a Leaflets 9–​15; flowers 12–​20 in each umbel; corolla yellow-green, with some red; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hosackia crassifolia [Lotus crassifolius] (pl. 13) Broad-leaved Lotus; SLO-n 14b Leaflets 3–​7; flowers 3–​9 in each umbel; banner yellow, wings and keel pinkpurple; moist coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hosackia gracilis [Lotus formosissimus] Harlequin Lotus, Witch’s-teeth; Mo-n; 4 11b Stipules not leaflike, either absent or small black glands (leaflets 2–​9) 15a Corolla white, pink, or salmon colored 16a Flowers 3–​10 in each umbel; corolla 8–​10 mm long, white or pink; calyx 3–​6 mm long; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon cytisoides [Lotus benthamii] Bentham’s Lotus; Sn-s 16b Flower solitary; corolla 4–​6 mm long, pink or salmon colored; calyx 2–​3 mm long; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon parviflorus [Lotus micranthus] Hill Lotus 15b Corolla yellow or cream, sometimes with some red, or white or pink in Acmispon americanus 17a Pedicel absent, sometimes 1 mm in Acmispon glaber

192     Fabaceae, Subkey 4



18a Flowers 2–​7 in each umbel; corolla 7–​12 mm long; perennial, sometimes woody at base (leaflets 3–​6, 6–​15 mm long; dry areas; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon glaber [Lotus scoparius] (pl. 12) Deerweed, California Broom 18b Flowers 1–​2 in each umbel; corolla 5–​9 mm long; annual 19a Calyx 3–​6 mm long, lobes up to twice as long as tube (hairs soft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon brachycarpus [Lotus humistratus] (pl. 12) Colchita 19b Calyx 2–​5 mm long, lobes not twice as long as tube 20a Plant sometimes hairy; flowers 1 or 2 in each umbel; corolla cream or pale yellow; leaflets 2–​4 , 8–​12 mm long; fruit with 2 or 3 seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon denticulatus [Lotus denticulatus] Toothed Lotus; CC-n 20b Plant hairy; flower solitary; corolla yellow; leaflets 4, 4–​15 mm long; fruit with 3–​7 seeds . . . . . . . Acmispon wrangelianus [Lotus wrangelianus] (pl. 13) California Lotus, Chile Lotus 17b Pedicel present, sometimes only 1 mm long 21a Corolla 10–​25 mm long; upright 22a Flowers 8–​12 in each umbel; peduncle 8–​14 cm long (corolla 10–​12 mm long, mainly yellow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lotus uliginosus Wetland Deerweed; eu 22b Flowers 3–​9 in each umbel; peduncle 1–​12 cm long (leaflets 5) 23a Corolla 15–​25 mm long, pale green or yellow; peduncle 1–​8 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon grandiflorus [Lotus grandiflorus] Large-flowered Lotus; Me-s 23b Corolla 10–​14 mm long, yellow, banner sometimes red; peduncle 1.5–​12 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lotus corniculatus Bird’s-foot Deerweed, Bird’s-foot Trefoil; eu 21b Corolla 5–​10 mm long; often prostrate 24a Wings usually longer than keel (mostly prostrate, forming mats) 25a Flowers 2 in each umbel; calyx 3–​6 mm long; leaflets 4–​9, 3–​10 mm long; peduncle 3–​25 mm long; plant sometimes hairy; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon strigosus [Lotus strigosus] Hairy Lotus; Ma-s 25b Flowers 3–​8 in each umbel; calyx 2–​4 mm long; leaflets 4–​6, 4–​16 mm long; peduncle 1–​5 mm long; plant hairy; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon heermannii var. orbicularis [Lotus heermannii var. orbicularis] Southern Lotus, Woolly Lotus; SCr-s 24b Wings not longer than keel 26a Plant hairy 27a Leaflets 3, up to 20 mm long; peduncle 15 mm long; calyx 3–​7 mm long; corolla sometimes white or pink; prostrate or erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon americanus [Lotus purshianus] (pl. 12) Spanish Lotus 27b Leaflets 5, 8–​12 mm long; peduncle 3–​20 mm long; calyx 6–​7 mm long; corolla yellow; prostrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lotus angustissimus Slender-podded Deerweed; eu

Fabaceae, Subkey 4    193







26b Plant scarcely hairy (calyx 3–​5 mm long) 28a Leaflets 1–​4 mm wide (leaflets 5, 5–​15 mm long; flowers 1–​4 in each umbel; peduncle 2–​12 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lotus tenuis Narrow-leaved Trefoil; eu 28b Leaflets usually more than 4 mm wide 29a Flowers 2–​8 in each umbel; leaflets 3–​5, 5–​10 mm long; peduncle 1–​5 mm long; prostrate to upright; chaparral, sometimes on serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon junceus [Lotus junceus] Rush Lotus; Me-SLO 29b Flowers 3–​4 in each umbel; leaflets 3–​7, 5–​15 mm long; peduncle 15 mm long; prostrate or with stem tips rising; coastal scrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acmispon maritimus [Lotus salsuginosus] Hooked-beak Lotus, Coastal Lotus; SCl-s

FAGACEAE (OAK FAMILY)  Besides oaks, the Fagaceae includes chestnuts, chinquapins, and beeches. All of these are trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and separate staminate and pistillate flowers. Both types of flowers are on the same plant. Staminate flowers, each with 4–​12 stamens, are in catkins. Pistillate flowers, each with a single pistil, may be solitary and separated from the staminate catkins as in Quercus, or one to three at the base of each staminate catkin as in Chrysolepis and Notholithocarpus. The ovary is inferior and develops into a nut with a single seed. Neither the staminate nor the pistillate flowers have petals, but there are a few very small sepals. Two genera of our region, Quercus and Notholithocarpus, produce acorns. These consist partly of the nut derived from the pistil and partly of a scaly cup formed by closely associated bracts that were below the flower. In Chrysolepis, comparable bracts contribute to a spiny bur that encloses one to three nuts. Worldwide, trees of the Oak Family are of great economic importance. They provide lumber for furniture, flooring, and other uses, as well as cork, food, and fuel. An extract from our native Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Tanbark Oak) has long been used for tanning leather. The most conspicuous oak in the Bay Area is Quercus agrifolia (Coast Live Oak). In some years, its leaves are severely damaged by caterpillars of Phryganidia californica (California Oak Moth). 1a Leaves with golden scales on undersides, at least when young; nuts 1–​3, enclosed by a spiny bur; staminate catkins upright (leaves 5–​16 cm long, entire, tips tapered, older ones sometimes olive colored on undersides) 2a Leaf blades flat; tree, sometimes more than 30 m tall; up to 1500 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla Giant Chinquapin; Ma-n 2b Leaf blades often folded along midrib or with wavy margins; shrub or small tree, rarely more than 8 m tall; up to 6000 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. minor (pl. 15) Golden Chinquapin

194     Fagaceae

Notholithocarpus densiflorus Tanbark Oak

Quercus berberidifolia Scrub Oak

Quercus chrysolepis Canyon Live Oak

Quercus douglasii Blue Oak

Fagaceae    195 FAGACEAE (OAK FAMILY)

223

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Quercus kelloggii California Black Oak

Quercus garryana var. garryana Oregon Oak

Quercus wislizeni var. wislizeni Interior Live Oak

Quercus lobata Valley Oak

196     Fagaceae 224

FAGACEAE (OAK FAMILY)

51986txt.indd 196

12/16/13 4:06 AM

1b Leaves not golden on undersides except Quercus chrysolepis; nut 1, partly enclosed within a cup; staminate catkins hanging down except in Notholithocarpus densiflorus 3a Shrub up to about 6 m high, but usually less (leaves not lobed, usually some with spiny teeth; evergreen) 4a Both leaf surfaces hairy (leaves 2–​3 cm long; petioles less than 5 mm long; often on serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus durata Leather Oak 4b At least upper surfaces of leaves not hairy or only sparsely so 5a Leaves not hairy on both surfaces 6a Leaves 2–​5 cm long; petioles 3–​15 mm long; acorns at least twice as long as wide; up to 4 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus wislizeni var. frutescens Dwarf Interior Live Oak; La-s 6b Leaves 8–​14 cm long; petioles 5–​15 mm long; acorns not more than twice as long as wide; up to 6 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus parvula var. tamalpaisensis Tamalpais Oak; Ma(MT); 1b 5b Leaves not hairy on upper surfaces 7a Upper surfaces of leaves olive green, undersides with dense glandular hairs when young, becoming hairless, pale gray-green; acorn cup with a projecting rim, scales smooth; acorns mature in 2 years; up to 6 m tall . . . . . . . . . Quercus palmeri Palmer’s Oak; Al, CC 7b Upper surfaces of leaves shiny green, undersides with minute star-shaped hair, dull green; acorn cup without a projecting rim, scales bumpy; acorns mature in 1 year; up to 3 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus berberidifolia (fig.) Scrub Oak 3b Tree often more than 20 m tall, but sometimes shrublike 8a Leaves deeply lobed; deciduous 9a Leaf lobes sharp tipped; depth of acorn cup nearly half length of nut (leaf blades 9–​ 20 cm long; petioles 1–​4 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus kelloggii (fig.) California Black Oak, Kellogg’s Oak 9b Leaf lobes more or less rounded; depth of acorn cup usually much less than half length of nut (leaves hairy on undersides) 10a Leaves 5–​12 cm long, not leathery; petioles 5–​12 mm long; nuts 3–​5 cm long, often 3 times as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus lobata (fig.) Valley Oak, Roble 10b Leaves 5–​15 cm long, leathery; petioles 5–​25 mm long; nuts 2–​3 cm long, not more than twice as long as wide 11a Leaf blades 5–​9 cm long, with sparse brown or red hairs; up to 5 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus garryana var. semota Shrubby Oregon Oak 11b Leaf blades 7–​14 cm long, with dense white or yellow hairs; up to 20 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus garryana var. garryana (fig.) Oregon Oak, Garry’s Oak 8b Leaves not deeply lobed, sometimes toothed; evergreen, except Quercus douglasii 12a Leaves 4–​14 cm long, young ones hairy on both surfaces; petioles 10–​25 mm long; catkins mostly upright (leaves with prominent secondary veins; odor of catkins rank; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . Notholithocarpus densiflorus [Lithocarpus densiflorus] (fig.) Tanbark Oak, Tan Oak

Fagaceae    197









12b Leaves 3–​9 cm long, both or at least upper surfaces not hairy; petioles 2–​15 mm long; catkins hanging down 13a Leaves bluish green on upper surfaces, sometimes shallowly lobed; deciduous; acorn cup 12–​20 mm wide (leaves 3–​6 cm long, paler and hairy on undersides; mostly away from coast; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus douglasii (fig.) Blue Oak 13b Leaves dark green on upper surfaces, margins toothed or enitre; evergreen; acorn cup 17–​30 mm wide 14a Undersides of young leaves with dense golden hairs, becoming grayish; acorn cup 17–​30 mm wide (acorn cup densely hairy on scales and inside; leaves 3–​6 cm long, flat or wavy, sometimes with spiny teeth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus chrysolepis (fig.) Canyon Live Oak, Maul Oak 14b Undersides of leaves neither with golden hairs, nor becoming grayish; acorn cup 10–​18 mm wide 15a Leaves 3–​9 cm long, often entire, tips narrowed gradually (leaves not hairy; nuts about twice as long as wide) . . . . . . . Quercus parvula var. shrevei Shreve Oak, Oracle Oak; SFBR 15b Leaves 2–​6 cm long, usually with small teeth, but sometimes entire, tips not narrowed gradually (widespread) 16a Leaves flat, not hairy; nut usually about 3 times as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus wislizeni var. wislizeni (fig.) Interior Live Oak 16b Leaves generally convex, undersides often with tufts of hair on veins; nut usually about twice as long as wide (most common oak in our region) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus agrifolia (pl. 15) Coast Live Oak, Encina

FRANKENIACEAE (FRANKENIA FAMILY) Plants belonging to the Frankeniaceae have opposite, sessile or nearly sessile leaves. Sometimes two pairs of leaves may be so close together that they appear to form a whorl. The four to seven sepals are united into a tube with short lobes, and the separate four to seven petals are attached to the inside of the calyx tube. Each petal has a small scalelike structure on its inner face. The ovary is superior and the fruit is a dry capsule. Our only representative is Frankenia salina [F. grandifolia] (Alkaliheath), a much-branched plant, woody at the base, that grows at the edges of salt marshes from Marin and Solano counties south to Baja California. Its petals are white, pink, or bluepurple and there are usually six stamens. The style is generally three lobed. Frankenia salina reaches a height of about 30 cm, but may spread out to well over 1 m wide. GARRYACEAE (SILK-TASSEL FAMILY) Silk-tassels, belonging to the genus Garrya, are shrubs or small trees. They have opposite, rather tough, evergreen leaves. The staminate and pistillate inflorescences resemble catkins and are on separate plants. Within an inflorescence, each group of one to four flowers has a little bract below it. Each staminate flower has four stamens and four united sepals. Pistillate flowers usually have two styles and no perianth. The ovary is inferior. Staminate inflorescenses may be as long as 25 cm. Pistillate

198     Frankeniaceae

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Garrya elliptica Coastal Silk-tassel

2b Leaf blades cm long, so densely hairythe onblack the undersides that individual inflorescences are eye2.5–6 catching, too, not especially because or purple fruit persist for hairs are not withpropagated a hand lens; petioles 4–8are mmvaluable long . . .garden . . . . . . . .subjects .......... much of the year.distinguishable Silk-tassels, easily from cuttings, . . . . are . . . .attractive, . . . . . . . . . . . fast . . . . .growing, . . . . . . . . . .and . . . . .drought . . . . . . . . .tolerant. . Garrya congdonii [G. congdoni] because they Congdon Silk-tassel; SB-n

1a Leaves densely hairy on undersides, individual hairs scarcely distinguishable even with a hand 1b lens Leaf margins (leaf blades cmfruit long) (leaves 1–​9 flat cm long, margins2–5 wavy; densely hairy; widespread) . Garrya elliptica (fig.) . Garrya . . Silk-tassel fremontii . . . . 3a . . . . .Fruit . . . . scarcely . . . . . . . . or . . .not . . . at . . all . . .hairy; . . . . . undersides . . . . . . . . . . . of . . leaves . . . . . . .scarcely . . . . . . . hairy . . . . Coastal Fremont Silk-tassel; Mo-n 1b Leaves, if densely hairy on undersides, with hairs distinguishable with a hand lens 2a  of leaves not hairy or sparsely so on young leaves; fruit not hairy or sparselymuch so; less 3bUndersides Fruit densely hairy; undersides of young leaves densely hairy, becoming leaves 2–​ 1 0 cm long, margins usually flat (leaves bright green on upper surfaces) hairy in time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garrya flavescens[includes G. flavescensvar. pallida] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garrya fremontii Ashy Silk-tassel; Al-s Fremont’s Silk-tassel; Mo-n 2b Undersides of leaves densely or sparsely hairy; fruit densely hairy; leaves 1–​7 cm long, margins flat or wavy Gentianaceae (Gentian Family) 3a Hairs on undersides of leaves fine, wavy, upper surfaces shiny, yellow-green congdonii Gentians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and their relatives have opposite, smooth-margined leaves. Both Garrya the calyx and corolla have four or five lobes, and the number of stamens is the same. The Congdon’s SB-nto the stamensSilk-tassel; are attached corolla3b  Hairs on undersides of leaves coarse, sometimes straight, upper surfaces dull, graytube. In the bud stage, the corolla lobes overlap one another with a slight twist. The green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garrya flavescens ovary, usually with a two-lobed stigma, is superior, and the dry fruit splits lengthwise into two Ashy Silk-tassel; Al-s

halves. Various exotic species—mostly European and Asiatic species of the genus Gentiana—have GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY) Gentians and their relatives have opposite, long been in cultivation. Most highly prized are certain alpine species grown in rock gardens. entire leaves. Both the calyx and corolla have four or five lobes and the same number of staSome of the native montane gentians from California and other western states are strikingly mens attached to the corolla tube. In the bud stage, the corolla lobes overlap one another beautiful, but they demand very special conditions. The genus Centauriumis represented by with a slight twist. The ovary, usually with a two-lobed stigma, is superior, and the dry fruit several rather attractive pink-flowered species, all annuals that are easily grown from seed. One splits lengthwise into twointroduced halves. of them, C. erythraea,was from Europe and has become weedy in the Paci fic Northwest. It should perhaps be avoided. Gentianaceae    199 GARRYACEAE (SILK-TASSEL FAMILY)

227

Various exotic gentians—​mostly European and Asiatic species of the genus Gentiana—​ have long been in cultivation. Most highly prized are certain alpine species grown in rock gardens. Some of the native montane gentians from California and other western states are strikingly beautiful, but they demand very special conditions. The genus Zeltnera is represented by several rather attractive pink-flowered species, all annuals that are easily grown from seed. 1a Corolla 25–​50 mm long, blue, sometimes with green dots or streaks (flower parts in fives) 2a Leaves less than twice as long as wide; corolla 25–​45 mm long, lobes less than 7 mm long; folds within corolla fringed with a few teeth; all flowers sessile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentiana affinis var. ovata [G. oregana] Oregon Gentian, Prairie Gentian; Ma-n 2b Most leaves about 3 times as long as wide; corolla 35–​50 mm long, lobes 5–​10 mm long; folds within corolla not fringed; some flowers with pedicels (sphagnum bogs; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gentiana sceptrum (pl. 15) King’s Scepter Gentian; Sn 1b Corolla usually less than 25 mm long, yellow, pink, rose-purple, or sometimes white, without dots or streaks 3a Corolla deep yellow; flower parts in fours (corolla narrower than cup-shaped calyx, closing in afternoon; up to 5 cm tall; grassy places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cicendia quadrangularis Timwort 3b Corolla pink, rose-purple, or sometimes white; flower parts in fours or fives 4a Corolla lobes 5–​10 mm long, about as long as or longer than, corolla tube; anthers 3–​6 mm long 5a Corolla 12–​22 mm long, pink, throat usually pink; anthers 3–​4 mm long; pedicel up to 3 mm long if any; moist, alkaline soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeltnera trichantha [Centaurium trichanthum] Alkali Centaury; SM-n 5b Corolla 16–​30 mm long, rose-purple, sometimes white, throat white; anthers 4–​6 mm long; pedicel 4–​25 mm long; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeltnera venusta [Centaurium venustum] Canchalagua, Charming Centaury; Na, Sn 4b Corolla lobes 3–​7 mm long, shorter than corolla tube; anthers 1–​2 mm long (corolla pink; moist areas) 6a Pedicel less than 2 mm long or none; corolla 10–​12 mm long (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centaurium tenuiflorum [C. muehlenbergii] (pl. 15) Slender Centaury; Mo-n 6b Pedicel 2–​25 mm long, absent on some flowers; corolla 12–​17 mm long (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeltnera davyi [Centaurium davyi] Davy’s Centaury; SLO-n

GERANIACEAE (GERANIUM FAMILY) Geraniums and their relatives usually have lobed or compound leaves with stipules. The flowers are usually regular, although the various cultivated pelargoniums, native to southern Africa, have an irregular corolla. There are five separate sepals and petals, and ten stamens, some of which may not have anthers. The basal portions of the filaments of the stamens are more or less joined to one another. The

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pistil, with a superior ovary, is deeply five lobed and the five styles are partly fused together to form a long beak. When the fruit matures, the lobes separate, and each one, containing a single seed, gets one of the styles. In Erodium, the styles become coiled like corkscrews as they dry. When wet, however, they straighten out, and the action of uncoiling literally drills the seeds into the soil. The top of this fruit, even when immature, just below the styles, has a diagnostic pit with or without furrows that is characteristic of the particular species. Some of the species of Erodium are so well established in otherwise nearly wild areas that they may seem to be native. 1a Corolla irregular 2a Petals 15–​20 mm long, red; sepals 5–​7 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pelargonium inquinans Scarlet Geranium; af 2b Petals less than 6 mm long, pink or rose-purple; sepals less than 5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pelargonium grossularioides Gooseberry Geranium; af 1b Corolla regular 3a Anther-bearing stamens 10; antherless stamens absent; stem leaves alternate or opposite (fruit, just below styles, without pits or furrows) 4a Leaves nearly compound or compound with 3 leaflets, these deeply lobed (petals pink or red-purple; sun or shade) 5a Petals 5–​10 mm long; pedicel 5–​10 mm long; anthers yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium purpureum Lesser Herb-robert; eu 5b Petals 10–​14 mm long; pedicel 5–​20 mm long; anthers purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium robertianum Herb-robert; eu 4b Leaves lobed 6a Each node with 1 flower (pedicel 12–​22 mm long; petals 6–​9 mm long, white or pink; fruit sparsely hairy; perennial; moist, shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium potentilloides [G. microphyllum] Cinquefoil Geranium; au 6b Each node with 2 flowers 7a Fruit not hairy, but transversely wrinkled; petals 3–​11 mm long (petals red-purple; pedicel 5–​15 mm long; annual; sun or part shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium molle Dove’s-foot Geranium; eu 7b Fruit at least slightly hairy, not transversely wrinkled; petals 3–​7 mm long 8a Fruit densely hairy; petals 5–​6 mm long, white or rose (pedicel 3–​11 mm long; annual; sun or shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium carolinianum Carolina Geranium 8b Fruit sparsely hairy; petals 3–​7 mm long, pale purple or rose-purple 9a Perennial (pedicel 11–​31 mm long; petals purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium core-core [incorrectly known as G. retrorsum] Australian Geranium; au 9b Annual 10a Leaf lobes wedge shaped; pedicel 10–​25 mm long; sun or shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium bicknellii Bicknell’s Geranium; Mo, Ma-n

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10b Leaf lobes narrow; pedicel 6–​13 mm long; sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Geranium; eu 3b Anther-bearing stamens 5; antherless stamens 5, scalelike in Erodium; stem leaves opposite 11a Fruit, just below styles, without pits or furrows; style in fruit not coiling when wet (annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium pusillum Small-flowered Geranium; eu 11b Fruit, just below styles, usually with 2 pits and sometimes with 1 or 2 furrows; style in fruit coiling when wet (annual or biennial) 12a Leaf blades toothed or shallowly lobed, somewhat heart shaped or kidney shaped (pit on fruit with glandular hairs) 13a Sepals and petals 4–​6 mm long, petals pink or purple; each pit usually with 1 furrow below it; sometimes more than 20 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . Erodium malacoides Soft Stork’s-bill; me 13b Sepals 8–​10 mm long, petals 10–​15 mm long, white with a purple tinge; pits without furrows; less than 5 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California macrophylla [Erodium macrophyllum] Large-leaved Filaree, Round-leaved Filaree; Ma; 1b 12b Leaf blades deeply lobed or compound, not heart shaped or kidney shaped (petals pink to purple) 14a Sepals 3–​5 mm long, equal to petals (petals usually with darker veins; leaves compound; pit on fruit without hairs, with 1 furrow below it) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erodium cicutarium Red-stemmed Filaree; eua 14b Sepals 6–​13 mm long, shorter than petals 15a Pit on fruit, if present, without hairs but with 2 furrows; sepals 10–​13 mm long (petals 11–​14 mm long; leaves 3–​15 cm long, lobed or compound) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erodium botrys (pl. 15) Broad-leaved Filaree, Long-beaked Filaree; me 15b Pit on fruit with glandular hairs or nonglandular hairs and with 1 furrow or ridge below it; sepals 6–​10 mm long 16a Leaves compound; pit on fruit with glandular hairs; petals 10–​15 mm long, without darker veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erodium moschatum Green-stemmed Filaree; eu 16b Leaves lobed; pit on fruit with nonglandular hairs; petals 8–​11 mm long, usually with darker veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erodium brachycarpum Southern European Stork’s-bill; me

GROSSULARIACEAE (GOOSEBERRY FAMILY)  Our representatives of the Gooseberry Family are currants and gooseberries, all of which belong to the genus Ribes. They are woody shrubs with alternate and often palmately lobed leaves that are usually deciduous. The small flowers are borne in racemes generally hanging down from the leaf axils. The five sepals are petal-like and usually longer than the four or five petals. The separate sepals, petals, and five stamens are attached to a floral tube, which surrounds the inferior ovary and extends above it. The fruit becomes a fleshy berry. The two styles of the pistil are fused except at the tips.

202     Grossulariaceae

Several native species, especially Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum, R. speciosum, R. malvaceum, and R. aureum var. gracillimum, are excellent subjects for gardens. They are easily propagated from cuttings and can also be grown from seed. 1a Stem nodes without spines (fruit 4–​8 mm wide) 2a Sepals and petals yellow, sometimes tinged with red; lobes of leaves usually not toothed; fruit red, not hairy (leaves with glandular hairs when young; styles not hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes aureum var. gracillimum (pl. 16) Golden Currant; Al-s 2b Sepals and petals white, pink, purple, or red; lobes of leaves usually toothed; fruit purple or blue-black, with glandular hairs 3a Leaves dull green, with dense glandular hairs; styles hairy at their bases; fruit with white hairs; chaparral, oak woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes malvaceum Chaparral Currant; CC, Ma-s 3b Leaves bright green, with nonglandular hairs; styles not hairy; fruit without white hairs; sun or part shade (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum (pl. 16) Pink-flowering Currant 1b Stem nodes with stout spines, sometimes lacking in Ribes divaricatum var. pubiflorum 4a Petals and sepals 4, scarlet, sepals as long as petals; stamens protruding 1–​2 cm beyond sepals (leaf blades 1–​3.5 cm wide; nodal spines 3; fruit 10–​12 mm wide, with gland-tipped bristles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes speciosum (pl. 16) Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry; SCl-s 4b Petals and sepals 5, not scarlet, sepals longer than petals; stamens protruding less than 1 cm, if at all, beyond sepals 5a Sepals yellow; stamens not protruding beyond sepals (leaf blades 1–​2 cm wide, usually with glandular hairs; styles and fruit not bristly; fruit black) . . . . . . . . . Ribes quercetorum Oakwoods Gooseberry; Al-s 5b Sepals not yellow; stamens protruding beyond sepals 6a Fruit not bristly (fruit black; sepals green or purple; styles hairy at bases; leaf blades 2–​6 cm wide, with nonglandular hairs if any) . . . . . Ribes divaricatum var. pubiflorum Straggly Gooseberry, Straggle-bush 6b Fruit bristly 7a Leaf blades 1–​3 cm wide, with nonglandular hairs if any (fruit red; floral tube above ovary not hairy) 8a Sepals purple; fruit 14–​16 mm wide, with stout prickles as well as glandular hairs; leaves not hairy on undersides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes roezlii var. cruentum Hairless Sierran Gooseberry; Na, Sn-n 8b Sepals green to red; fruit 9–​10 mm wide, without prickles but with glandular and nonglandular hairs; leaves hairy on both surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes californicum (pl. 16) Hillside Gooseberry; Mo-Me 7b Leaf blades 1.5–​5 cm wide, with at least sparse glandular hairs 9a Sepals green or white, sometimes with a purple tinge; fruit yellow (prickles between nodes sparse; fruit 8–​10 mm wide; floral tube above ovary about as long as wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes victoris Victor’s Gooseberry; Ma, Sn, Na, Sl; 4

Grossulariaceae    203



9b Sepals purple; fruit purple 10a Prickles between nodes present; fruit 8–​10 mm wide; floral tube above ovary about as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes menziesii Canyon Gooseberry; SLO-n 10b Prickles between nodes absent; fruit 15–​20 mm wide; floral tube above ovary longer than wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ribes amarum Bitter Gooseberry

GUNNERACEAE (GUNNERA FAMILY)  The Gunnera Family consists of some largeleaved waterside plants native to South America. Gunnera tinctoria (Chilean-rhubarb) is from Chile and has become naturalized in some damp, shaded places. It is huge for an herbaceous plant. The leaves, growing from rhizomes, have somewhat heart-shaped, palmately lobed blades 1–​2 m wide, and the succulent petioles are often more than 1 m long. Some small flowers, in the middle of each dense panicle, have two sepals, usually two hoodlike petals, two stamens, and a pistil that develops into a small red fruit. Other flowers in the panicle are unisexual. HALORAGACEAE (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY)  Water-milfoils in our area are perennials of the genus Myriophyllum, which are rooted in mud of freshwater lakes and ponds. The leaves are arranged in whorls around the flexible stems and are divided into slender, almost hairlike lobes. The inconspicuous staminate and pistillate flowers, with a cuplike, obscurely four lobed calyx and sometimes with four tiny petals, are borne in the axils of the submersed leaves or in an inflorescence that is raised up out of the water. Staminate flowers, with four or eight stamens, are generally above the pistillate flowers, which have two to four styles, usually with feathery stigmas. The ovary is inferior. The small fruit splits apart into four hard, one-seeded nutlets. 1a All leaves submersed, similar; inflorescence usually submersed (leaves lobed, 15–​35 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrot’s-feather; sa 1b All leaves not similar, submersed ones different from those out of water; inflorescence raised above water 2a Leaves beneath flower clusters 5–​15 mm long, at least some lobed or toothed (submersed leaves with 14–​20 lobes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myriophyllum hippuroides Western Water-milfoil 2b Leaves beneath flower clusters 1–​3 mm long, toothed or entire 3a Submersed leaves with fewer than 28 lobes, lobes usually not opposite one another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myriophyllum sibiricum Siberian Water-milfoil; eua 3b Submersed leaves usually with more than 28 lobes, lobes opposite one another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian Water-milfoil; eua

HYDRANGEACEAE (HYDRANGEA FAMILY) The only member of this family in our region is Whipplea modesta (fig.) (Yerba-de-selva or Modesty), formerly a member of

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Whipplea modesta Yerba-de-selva

Philadelphaceae (Mock-orange Family). It grows in coniferous forests from Monterey County northward, forming a low ground cover, and is perhaps underrated as a subject for lightly shaded places in gardens. It is slightly woody at the base and has opposite, nearly sessile, oval deciduous leaves, usually with some teeth at the tips. The flowers, in upright inflorescences, have four to six separate sepals and the same number of separate, white petals that are 3–​6 mm long. There are 8–​12 stamens and four or five styles. The ovary is half-inferior and the globular fruit is dry at maturity. Two other California natives, which occur outside our region, are widely cultivated and grow well here. One of them, Carpenteria californica (Tree-anemone), is an evergreen shrub with large white flowers. Philadelphus lewisii (Wild Mock-orange) is a deciduous shrub and uninteresting when dormant, but its beautiful white flowers have a delightful fragrance.

HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY)  All of our species of Hypericaceae have opposite leaves dotted with glands. Their flowers have five slightly united sepals, five separate yellow to salmon-colored petals, and usually many stamens, which are often in three clusters. The ovary is superior. The fruit becomes a dry capsule that cracks open to release its small seeds. Several exotic species of Hypericum are widely cultivated. The best known—​and perhaps too commonly used in landscaping—​is H. calycinum (Aaron’s-beard), a low, creeping shrub native to southeastern Europe. 1a Petals 2–​4 mm long; leaves 4–​15 mm long; plant with creeping stems, forming mats, upright stems rarely more than 10 cm tall (leaves about twice as long as wide; wet places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypericum anagalloides Tinker’s-penny; SLO-n 1b Petals 7–​15 mm long; leaves 10–​40 mm long; plant not forming mats, stems more than 10 cm tall 2a Leaves folded, usually at least 4 times as long as wide, with pointed tips; up to 20 cm tall (stems many, each 15–​30 cm tall; dry, brushy hillsides) . . . . . . Hypericum concinnum (pl. 16) Goldwire; Me-Ma

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Hypericum perforatum Klamathweed



2b Leaves not folded, usually about twice as long as wide, with blunt tips; up to 70 cm tall 3a Stems many, each with numerous short branches without flowers; sepals narrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypericum perforatum (fig.) Klamathweed; eu 3b Stems few, most branches bearing flowers; sepals oval (wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypericum scouleri [H. formosum var. scouleri] Scouler’s St. John’s-wort; Mo-n

JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) The two principal genera of the Walnut Family are Juglans (walnuts and butternuts) and Carya (hickories and pecans). These are deciduous trees with alternate, pinnately compound leaves. In Juglans the staminate and pistillate flowers are on the same tree and are both associated with some bracts. Each has a four-lobed calyx but no petals. The staminate flowers are in drooping catkins on last year’s twigs and have three to many stamens. The pistillate flowers are borne singly or in clusters at the ends of new twigs. The ovary is inferior. The fruit has a double wall: an outer husk that is fleshy at first but later dries out, and an inner hard nutshell familiar to anyone who has cracked open a walnut or pecan to get at the large seed. Only one member of the family is native to our region and it is considered to be endan-

206     Juglandaceae

gered (1b). This is Juglans hindsii [J. californica var. hindsii] (pl. 16) (Northern California Black Walnut), limited to the foothills on the east side of the Coast Ranges in Contra Costa and Napa counties. The tree reaches a height of about 25 m. Its leaves have 11–​19 toothed leaflets, each 7–​13 cm long. The fruit is 3–​5 cm wide. Farther south in California, it is replaced by J. californica (Southern California Black Walnut), which does not grow as tall and has smaller fruit.

LAMIACEAE (MINT FAMILY) Lamiaceae (formerly Labiatae) has given us many herbs used in cooking and perfumery. Rosemary, lavender, thyme, marjoram, and sage are just a few. Some so-called medicinal species, such as horehound, selfheal, and motherwort, have provided remedies reported to be useful for various ailments. And even the sleepiest cats usually become animated when stimulated by a packet of dry Nepeta cataria (Catnip). Many of our native members of the Mint Family are useful garden plants. The flowers of some attract hummingbirds, and the leaves are apparently distasteful to deer. A few species with vibrant purple-blue flowers, such as Salvia columbariae (Chia), are easily grown from seed. Others, like the woody species of Salvia and Monardella, can be propagated from cuttings. They are fast growing and each species has a distinctive aroma. Mints have a particular complex of characters, many of which are present in any given species. All those in our region, except the species of Lycopus and Scutellaria, are strongly scented. The stem is usually four sided and the leaves opposite and glandular. The flowers, in whorls in the axils of the upper leaves, may be so crowded that the inflorescence seems continuous. Each whorl often has bracts and a pair of leaves directly beneath it. The irregular corolla is two lipped, with two lobes generally forming the upper lip and three forming the lower lip. The five-lobed calyx may also show some tendency toward being two lipped. There are usually four stamens protruding from the corolla. One of the two pairs may be antherless. The ovary is superior. The fruiting part of the pistil is four lobed, each lobe maturing into a nutlet that encloses a single seed. This is such a large group that deviations from the typical formula may be expected. But a mint is a mint, and one will not need much experience to place an unfamiliar plant correctly in this family. 1a Bracts with spines 3–​12 mm long (corolla white, sometimes pink or pale lavender; serpentine) 2a Bracts spiny, 10–​12 mm long; corolla 20–​25 mm long, upper lip 2 lobed, about equal to lower lip; style and anthers hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acanthomintha lanceolata Santa Clara Thornmint; Al, SCl-Mo; 4 2b Bracts not spiny, 3–​7 mm long; corolla 12–​16 mm long, upper lip not lobed, smaller than lower lip; style and anthers not hairy (anthers pale red) . . . . . . . . . . . Acanthomintha duttonii San Mateo Thornmint; SM; 1b 1b Bracts, if present, either not spiny or spines less than 3 mm long 3a Upper lip of corolla not divided to its base 4a Calyx regular or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lamiaceae, Subkey 1 4b Calyx either with a projection on its back, or 2 lipped with 10 teeth or with 2 lobes longer than others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lamiaceae, Subkey 2

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Agastache urticifolia Nettle-leaved Horsemint

Lycopus americanus Cut-leaved Water-horehound

Mentha arvensis Field mint

208     Lamiaceae 242

LAMIACEAE (MINT FAMILY)

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Clinopodium douglasii Yerba-buena

Mentha piperita Peppermint

Trichostema lanceolatum Vinegarweed



3b Upper lip of corolla divided to its base (corolla blue or lavender; calyx regular, but 1 lobe 8b Corolla tube 4–8 mm long, not bent upward; leaves without sharp tips; sometimes narrower; stamens curved and protruding from corolla; leaves entire; annual) lowerless leaves at least 10tube mm2–​ long; in damp, 5a Stamens 3–​6 petioles mm long of (petioles thanusually 5 mm long; corolla 4 mmmostly long, slightly gravellyofhabitats . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . Trichostema Trichostema laxum curved; dry margins streams, ponds) . oblongum Mountain Bluecurls; Turpentine-weed; Na,Na-n Sn-n 3b5b  Stamens 7–​ 2 0 mm long Corolla only slightly irregular, with 4 or 5 lobes almost equal in size and shape 6a Corolla 5–​10 mm at an angle of nearly 90 degrees; leaves wide with sharp 9a Flowerstube in heads at long, stembent or branch ends, each head with some bracts betips; petioles less than 5 mm long; dry, open fields (plant with vinegar odor) neath; corolla 12–20 mm long,5 lobed; in dry places (very aromatic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trichostema lanceolatum (fig.) 10a Margins of leaves wavy (leaves slightly or not at all hairy; corolla 14–20 mm Vinegarweed

long, purple; annual; in sandy soils). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monardella undulata Curlyleaf Monardella; Ma-s; 4 Lamiaceae    209 LAMIACEAE (MINT FAMILY)

243



6b Corolla tube 4–​8 mm long, not bent; leaves without sharp tips; petioles 5–​15 mm long; damp, gravelly habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trichostema laxum Turpentine-weed; Na, Sn-n

Lamiaceae, Subkey 1  Calyx regular or nearly so 1a Shrub (corolla 25–​30 mm long, whit e, pale lavender, or pink; calyx enlarging in fruit; up to 2 m tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lepechinia calycina (pl. 16) Pitcher Sage 1b Herb, sometimes woody at the base 2a Flowers in leaf axils, leaves longer than width of flower cluster, sometimes equal to it in Lamium amplexicaule 3a Flowers usually 1–​6 in each cluster; leaf blades about as long as wide 4a Leaves with shallow teeth; sometimes woody at base, forming mats (corolla 3–​8 mm long, white or lavender; sweet smelling; perennial; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clinopodium douglasii [Satureja douglasii] (fig.) Yerba-buena 4b Leaves with large, nearly lobelike teeth; not woody, sometimes prostrate 5a Corolla 15–​25 mm long, violet with purple spots; perennial; prostrate or erect (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glechoma hederacea Groundivy; eu 5b Corolla 10–​20 mm long, pink-purple or red-purple, not spotted; annual; erect 6a Upper leaves sessile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lamium amplexicaule Clasping Henbit, Giraffehead; eua 6b Upper leaves with petioles up to 3 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lamium purpureum Red Henbit; eu 3b Flowers usually more than 6 in each cluster; leaf blades longer than wide (perennial; upright) 7a Anther-bearing stamens 2 (corolla 2–​5 mm long, white; leaves 2–​10 cm long, sometimes hairy, not aromatic) 8a Leaves lobed, at least some with petioles; stem usually not hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lycopus americanus (fig.) Cut-leaved Water-horehound 8b Leaves toothed, sessile; stem hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lycopus asper Bugleweed; Sl 7b Anther-bearing stamens 4 (moist places) 9a Leaves 2–​4 cm long; petioles 3–​8 mm long; corolla 2–​4 mm long, white, pink, or violet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentha arvensis (fig.) Field Mint 9b Leaves 2–​8 cm long; petioles less than 3 mm long; corolla 5–​7 mm long, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pycnanthemum californicum Mountain Mint 2b Flowers either at stem or branch ends, or if in leaf axils uppermost leaves shorter than width of uppermost flower cluster 10a Flowers usually in a single head at each stem or branch end, sometimes several heads in Monardella sinuata and M. villosa; head with wide bracts beneath it (corolla 12–​20 mm long; aromatic; dry places)

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11a Margins of leaves wavy (leaves slightly hairy if at all; corolla 14–​20 mm long, lavender or purple; annual; sandy soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monardella sinuata ssp. nigrescens [incorrectly known as M. undulata] Curly-leaved Monardella; Ma-s; 4 11b Margins of leaves not wavy 12a Leaves usually not hairy (leaves inrolled, 12–​30 mm long; stem sometimes purple; bracts sometimes fringed; corolla 12–​16 mm long, rose or purple; perennial; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monardella purpurea Siskiyou Monardella 12b Leaves hairy, at least on 1 surface 13a Leaves hairy on both surfaces; annual 14a Flower head 10–​15 mm wide; corolla 11–​12 mm long, deep purple; bracts silvery, with darker margins and veins; sometimes on serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monardella douglasii Douglas’ Monardella, Fenestra Monardella; CC-Mo 14b Flower head 25–​30 mm wide; corolla 12–​15 mm long, rose; bracts papery throughout; sandy areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monardella breweri Brewer’s Monardella; Al-s 13b Upper surfaces of leaves scarcely hairy if at all; perennial 15a Stamens not protruding from corolla; leaf margins inrolled (flower head 10–​20 mm wide; corolla 14–​17 mm long, rose or purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monardella viridis Green Monardella; Na; 4 15b Stamens protruding from corolla; leaf margins not inrolled 16a Leaves woolly on undersides; flower head 15–​40 mm wide; corolla white, pink, or purple; coastal scrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monardella villosa ssp. franciscana Coyotemint; Ma-s 16b Leaves sparsely hairy, if at all, on undersides; flower head 10–​30 mm wide; corolla pink or purple; chaparral, oak woodland (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monardella villosa ssp. villosa (pl. 17) Common Coyotemint 10b Flowers either in several separate clusters or clusters forming a continuous elongated inflorescence; bracts, if present, not wide 17a Flower clusters several, separated on stem or branch ends (flowers 2–​12 in each cluster; perennial) 18a Tube of corolla 18–​24 mm long, upper lip 6–​10 mm long (corolla magenta or purple; flowers 2–​6 in each cluster; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . Stachys chamissonis Chamisso’s Hedgenettle; SLO-n 18b Tube of corolla 6–​10 mm long, upper lip 2–​6 mm long (leaf blades 3–​18 cm long) 19a Corolla pink or purple, tube 7–​10 mm long, without a pouch at base; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stachys bullata (pl. 17) California Hedgenettle, Wood Mint; SF-s 19b Corolla white, tube 5–​8 mm long, with a pouch at base; moist areas 20a Leaf blade 5–​15 cm long, not narrowed at base; erect . . . . . . . Stachys stricta Sonoma Hedgenettle; Sn-n 20b Leaf blade 1–​7 cm long, narrowed at base; prostrate with stem tips rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stachys ajugoides Bugle Hedgenettle; Sn-s

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17b Flower clusters forming an elongated inflorescence at stem or branch ends 21a Leaves with large, lobelike teeth (leaves 1.5–​8 cm long; corolla 6–​10 mm long; perennial) 22a Leaves not hairy or scarcely so; corolla rose or rose-purple, not spotted; stamens protruding 6–​8 mm beyond corolla . . . . . . Agastache urticifolia (fig.) Nettle-leaved Horsemint; SLO-n 22b Leaves hairy; corolla white with purple spots; stamens scarcely protruding from corolla if at all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nepeta cataria Catnip; eua 21b Leaves with small teeth, not lobelike 23a Leaf blades 5–​12 cm long; petioles up to 5 cm long; corolla 6–​9 mm long (leaves hairy; corolla white or pink; perennial) . . . . . . . . . . . Stachys pycnantha Short-spiked Hedgenettle; Ma, CC-s 23b Leaf blades 1–​6 cm long; petioles up to 1 cm long or none; corolla 2–​6 mm long 24a Leaves 0.5–​2 .5 cm long; corolla 5–​8 mm long (leaves sometimes toothed; corolla lavender or violet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal; eu 24b Leaves 1–​6 cm long; corolla 3–​6 mm long 25a Petioles 3–​10 mm long; stamens usually not protruding from corolla (leaves 2–​5 cm long, not hairy, at least on undersides; corolla 3–​6 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentha x piperita (fig.) Peppermint; eu 25b Petioles absent or less than 3 mm long; stamens usually protruding from corolla 26a Leaves 1–​6 cm long, mostly more than twice as long as wide, not hairy; corolla 3–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentha spicata Spearmint; eu 26b Leaves 1–​4 cm long, not more than twice as long as wide, woolly, especially on undersides; corolla 2–​3 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentha suaveolens Sweet Mentha, Pineapple Mint; me

Lamiaceae, Subkey 2  Calyx either with a projection on its back, or 2 lipped with 10 teeth or with 2 lobes longer than others 1a Upper lip of calyx with a projection on its back, but neither calyx toothed nor lobes unequal (stamens not protruding from corolla) 2a Corolla white, or pale yellow, sometimes pink or blue, lower lip not spotted (corolla 16–​19 mm long; lower leaves reddish; petioles 5–​10 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scutellaria californica California Skullcap; Al-n 2b Corolla violet-blue, lower lip usually with a white spot 3a Corolla 25–​35 mm long; most leaves at least 5 times as long as wide (petioles 10–​20 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scutellaria siphocampyloides Gray-leaved Skullcap; Al-SB 3b Corolla 13–​20 mm long; most leaves much less than 5 times as long as wide

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4a Stem and leaves with short, tightly curled hairs; leaves entire; petioles 5–​10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scutellaria antirrhinoides Snapdragon Skullcap; Sn-n 4b Stem and leaves with long, straggly hairs; leaves sometimes toothed; petioles 5–​20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scutellaria tuberosa (pl. 18) Blue Skullcap, Dannie Skullcap; Ma-n 1b Upper lip of calyx without a projection on its back, but either calyx with 10 teeth, or 2 lobes longer than others (strongly scented) 5a Calyx with 10 teeth, each with a hooked spine (stem and sometimes leaves woolly; leaves toothed; corolla white, 5–​6 mm long, stamens not protruding; perennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marrubium vulgare Horehound; eu 5b Calyx with fewer than 6 teeth, if any, these either without spines or spines not hooked (1–​3 teeth or lobes of upper lip shorter than 2 lobes of lower lip) 6a Upper lip of calyx shorter than lower (corolla lavender; stamens not protruding; annual) 7a Corolla 9–​20 mm long, lower lip with yellow spots; anther-bearing stamens 4 (vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pogogyne douglasii Douglas’ Beardstyle; Sn 7b Corolla 2–​8 mm long, lower lip not spotted; anther-bearing stamens 2 8a Prostrate with stem tips rising; corolla 2–​5 mm long; grassy areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pogogyne serpylloides (pl. 17) Thyme-leaved Beardstyle; SLO-n 8b Usually erect; corolla 4–​8 mm long; vernal pools . . . . . . . . Pogogyne zizyphoroides Sacramento Beardstyle; SCl-n 6b Upper lip of calyx equal to or longer than lower 9a Upper lip of calyx fanlike, equal to lower lip; anther bearing stamens 4, not protruding from corolla (perennial; moist areas) 10a Flowers in leaf axils; leaf blades 2–​14 cm long, toothed; corolla white, cream, sometimes lavender tinged; stem much branched (corolla 8–​15 mm long; often more than 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melissa officinalis (pl. 17) Beebalm, Lemon Balm; eu 10b Flowers crowded at stem ends; leaf blades 2–​7 cm long, usually entire; corolla blue-violet, sometimes pink or white; stem not much branched (moist areas) 11a Leaves 2 times as long as wide; usually prostrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prunella vulgaris var. vulgaris (pl. 17) European Self-heal; eu 11b Leaves 3 times as long as wide; usually erect (Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata Narrow-leaved Self-heal 9b Upper lip of calyx not fanlike, longer than lower lip; anther bearing stamens 2, usually protruding from corolla 12a Shrub (leaves toothed, 2.5–​7 cm long, hairy on undersides; corolla white, pale blue, or lavender, tube 5–​9 mm long; up to 2 m tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salvia mellifera (pl. 18) Black Sage; CC-s 12b Herb, woody at base in Salvia sonomensis

Lamiaceae, Subkey 2    213



13a Leaves with small, regular teeth; plant with rhizomes or prostrate stems, but flowering stems up to 50 cm tall; perennial (leaves densely hairy on undersides) 14a Corolla red-purple, the tube 25–​35 mm long; leaves 8–​20 cm long; not woody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salvia spathacea (pl. 17) California Hummingbird Sage; Sl-s 14b Corolla blue, lilac, or purple, the tube 5–​15 mm long; leaves 3–​6 cm long; woody at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salvia sonomensis Sonoma Sage, Creeping Sage; Na-n 13b Leaves lobed or with large, irregular teeth; all stems upright; annual 15a Leaves 3–​10 cm long, woolly and spiny; corolla lavender, tube 15–​25 mm long, lower lip ragged; up to 100 cm tall (sandy or gravelly soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salvia carduacea Thistle Sage; CC-s 15b Leaves 2–​10 cm long hairy, but not woolly or spiny; corolla plae blue or dark blue, tube 6–​8 mm long, lower lip not ragged; up to 50 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salvia columbariae (pl. 17) Chia

LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY) This family is placed in a group with Aristolochiaceae (Pipevine Family), Calycanthaceae (Sweetshrub Family), and Saururaceae (Lizard’s-tail Family), separate from the Monocotyledons and other Dicotyledons based on taxonomic evidence. The Laurel Family is a primarily tropical group that includes avocado, cinnamon, and camphor. The European Laurus nobilis is famous as a symbol of glory. From its branches were made the laurel wreaths that crowned heroes and poets of centuries past. The bay leaves used for seasoning soups and stews also come from this tree. Our only representative of the family is Umbellularia californica (pl. 18) (California Bay). This tree, often more than 30 m tall, grows from southern Oregon to San Diego County, mostly within about 75 miles of the coast. Its leaves, olive-green, 3–​10 cm long and 1.5–​3 cm wide, are alternate, entire, rather tough, and aromatic. They can be used for seasoning but have a stronger flavor than those of L. nobilis. The small flowers, produced in umbels in some leaf axils, have a six-lobed yellow-green calyx 6–​8 mm long, a pistil, and nine stamens. There are no petals. The ovary is superior. The fruit, about 2.5 cm long, is fleshy and has the shape of a plump olive. It becomes purplish as it ripens and has a single large seed. Umbellularia californica is not difficult to grow from seed. It deserves to be planted in places where it can be given the room it needs to form its broad crown. Once it has reached a large size, however, the accumulation of its fallen leaves on the ground will discourage the growth of many other plants. LENTIBULARIACEAE (BLADDERWORT FAMILY) Bladderworts are carnivorous aquatic plants, totally submersed except for their inflorescences. The alternate so-called leaves, divided into very slender lobes, are actually specialized branches of the stems and rootlike. Small bladders, located on these leaves or on other side branches of some spe-

214     Lauraceae

Utricularia macrorhiza Common Bladderwort

cies, function as traps for microscopic organisms that wander into them, fail to escape, and eventually are digested. The irregular flower, mostly yellow, has a two-lipped corolla, with a saclike spur on the lower lip. There are two stamens. 1a “Leaves” 15–​90 mm long, 2 primary lobes dividing by twos unequally and several times, resulting in numerous ultimate lobes; racemes with 5–​20 flowers; corolla 10–​20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utricularia macrorhiza [U. vulgaris] (fig.) Common Bladderwort 1b “Leaves” 2–​15 mm long, usually with only 2 lobes; racemes with 1–​4 flowers; corolla 6–​15 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utricularia gibba Swollenspur Bladderwort; ?

LIMNANTHACEAE (MEADOWFOAM FAMILY)  Limnanthaceae consists of only two genera, both restricted to North America and found mostly in the Pacific states. They are annuals that grow in moist habitats, especially around vernal pools. Limnanthes douglasii ssp. douglasii (Douglas’ Meadowfoam), native to our region, was collected over 150 years ago by David Douglas, an intrepid botanical explorer of our west coast, and has been grown in English and European gardens ever since. The flowers of Limnanthes douglasii and its subspecies have parts in fives. The sepals and petals are separate. The petals have a U-shaped band of hairs near their bases. The ovary is superior. There are generally ten stamens and five pistils with the five styles fused except

Limnanthaceae    215

at their tips. Each pistil produces a nutlet with a single seed. The leaves are pinnately compound with 5–​13 leaflets. 1a Petals at least partly yellow 2a Petals yellow with white tips; anthers yellow, cream, or red-brown; leaflets entire to lobed; Coast Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnanthes douglasii ssp. douglasii Douglas’ Meadowfoam; SB-n 2b Petals entirely yellow; anthers yellow; leaflets toothed or lobed; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnanthes douglasii ssp. sulphurea Point Reyes Meadowfoam; Ma(PR); 1b 1b Petals white, sometimes becoming pink or yellow (leaflets entire to lobed; Coast Ranges) 3a Petals with rose veins; anthers cream, pink, orange-red, or black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnanthes douglasii ssp. rosea Pale Meadowfoam 3b Petals with white or purple veins; anthers cream to yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnanthes douglasii ssp. nivea Snow Meadowfoam; SLO-n

LINACEAE (FLAX FAMILY) The flowers of our flaxes have five separate sepals, five separate petals that often fall away early, and five stamens. The stamens are usually joined together at their bases, forming a low collar, and sometimes five are antherless. The ovary is superior. The pistil is partitioned lengthwise into two to five divisions, each of which produces two flattened seeds. There are two to five styles. After the fruit has ripened and dried, its wall splits apart into four, six, or ten sections. The leaves are usually sessile, narrow, entire, and often have glandular stipules. Linum usitatissimum (Common Flax), whose species name means “of maximum usefulness,” has been associated with humans for a long time. Linen, made from its long fibers, is believed to be the oldest known textile. In the past, flax fibers were also used for making nets and ropes. The seeds are pressed to obtain linseed oil, which is incorporated into paints, inks, and varnishes. The material left after the oil has been squeezed out is fed to cattle. One of our perennial native species, Linum lewisii (Western Blue Flax), grows throughout the West and is available as seed for gardens. Although its bright blue petals do not last very long, a colony of Western Blue Flax usually produces a good display of color. 1a Petals blue, rarely white, 8–​15 mm long; antherless stamens usually 5; styles 5 (leaves entire, usually some alternate) 2a Inner surfaces of sepals not hairy; stigmas nearly round; perennial (leaves 10–​20 mm long; petals 6–​15 mm long; fruit 5–​6 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linum lewisii (pl. 18) Western Blue Flax 2b Inner surfaces of sepals hairy; stigmas sometimes elongated; annual 3a Petals 6–​10 mm long; leaves 5–​25 mm long; fruit 4–​6 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linum bienne (pl. 18) Narrow-leaved Flax; eua 3b Petals 10–​15 mm long; leaves 10–​40 mm long; fruit 6–​10 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linum usitatissimum Common Flax; eua

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1b Petals yellow, white, pink, or rose, not more than 8 mm long; antherless stamens absent; styles 2 or 3 (annual) 4a Petals not yellow; anthers not yellow (leaves entire, alternate; serpentine) 5a Petals 1–​4 mm long; styles 2 or 3 (petals white or pink, sometimes rose streaked; anthers white or purple; pedicel 5–​15 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperolinon micranthum Small-flowered Western Flax 5b Petals 3–​12 mm long; styles 3 6a Pedicel 6–​25 mm long; anther margins white (petals 4–​7 mm long, white or pale pink; sepals hairy only on margins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperolinon spergulinum Slender Western Flax; Sn, Na 6a Pedicel 1–​5 mm long; anther margins not white 7a Glandular stipules inconspicuous, not exuding red (petals 3–​6 mm long, white; anthers pink) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperolinon disjunctum Coast Range Western Flax 7b Glandular stipules conspicuous, exuding red 8a Petals 4–​12 mm long, white or pink; sepals hairy only on margins; anthers white or rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperolinon californicum California Western Flax 8b Petals 3–​8 mm long, pink or rose; sepals hairy; anthers rose or purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperolinon congestum Marin Western Flax; Ma-SM; 1b 4b Petals yellow; anthers usually yellow 9a Petals 4–​10 mm long (styles 3; pedicel less than 3 mm long; leaves alternate, entire; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperolinon breweri Brewer’s Western Flax; CC(MD); 1b 9b Petals 1–​4 mm long 10a Leaves opposite, upper ones toothed; moist areas (styles 2; pedicel less than 3 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sclerolinon digynum Yellow Flax 10b Leaves alternate, entire; dry areas, serpentine 11a Petals 2–​4 mm long; styles 2 or 3; pedicel 2–​12 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperolinon bicarpellatum Two-styled Western Flax, Two-carpellate Western Flax; Na; 1b 11b Petals 1–​2 mm long; styles 3; pedicel 5–​25 mm long . . . . . Hesperolinon clevelandii Cleveland’s Western Flax; Na, SCl

LOASACEAE (BLAZING-STAR FAMILY) All of the species of the Blazing-star or Loasa Family in our region belong to a single genus, Mentzelia, and all are natives with alternate leaves. The plants are often bristly hairy. The flower has five separate yellow petals that have a silken sheen. The bases of the petals, and also the numerous stamens, are attached to a five-lobed calyx. Some of the outer stamens are petal-like and sometimes antherless. The stigma is three lobed, and the ovary is inferior. The calyx lobes generally persist on the fruit as this ripens, dries out, and opens at the top to release its seeds. A particularly beautiful species, easily grown from seed, is Mentzelia lindleyi (Lindley’s Blazing-star).

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1a Petals 4–​8 cm long; perennial; up to 100 cm tall (basal leaves lobed, 9–​24 cm long; petals pale yellow, at least 3 times as long as wide, tapering to a point) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentzelia laevicaulis Giant Blazing-star 1b Petals usually much less than 4 cm long; annual; rarely more than 50 cm tall 2a Petals 2–​4 cm long; style 15–​24 mm long (most leaves deeply lobed; petals golden yellow, bases orange-red) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentzelia lindleyi (pl. 18) Lindley’s Blazing-star; Al-Mo 2b Petals 2–​18 mm long; style 1–​11 mm long 3a Petals 8–​18 mm long; style 5–​11 mm long; inflorescence bract green, base white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentzelia gracilenta Slender Blazing-star 3b Petals 2–​10 mm long; style 1–​7 mm long; inflorescence bract entirely green 4a Outer 5 filaments 2 lobed at tip (petals 2–​5 mm long; style 2–​3 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentzelia micrantha (pl. 18) Golden Blazing-star, San Luis Stickleaf 4b Outer filaments threadlike, not lobed 5a Lower leaves usually lobed; petals 3–​10 mm long; style 3–​7 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentzelia affinis Yellow Blazing-star 5b Lower leaves usually toothed or entire; petals 2–​6 mm long; style 1–​3 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mentzelia dispersa Nevada Stickleaf, Nada Stickleaf

LYTHRACEAE (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY) The plants of the Loosestrife Family are mainly found in wet areas, and it also includes Punica granatum (Pomegranate), from which grenadine is obtained. The flowers are produced singly or in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and the inflorescence as a whole is elongated. At least the lower leaves are opposite or whorled, and usually entire. In our species, the floral tube is ribbed lengthwise and has five to seven sepals at the top alternating with some other lobes that are often longer than the sepals. There are four to six separate petals and at least as many stamens. The ovary is superior. The elongated fruit, tightly enclosed by the calyx but free from it, is partitioned into two divisions. Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife) is an aggressive weed in wet areas and difficult to eradicate. 1a Floral tube less than twice as long as wide; petals 4; leaves opposite, with basal lobes (flowers 3–​5 in leaf axils; petals 2–​4 mm long, rose-purple; stamens 4, yellow; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ammannia coccinea Long-leaved Ammannia; Ma 1b Floral tube more than twice as long as wide; petals 4–​6; upper leaves often alternate, without lobes (wet areas) 2a Flowers more than 2 in each leaf axil; petals 7–​14 mm long; stamens 12; stem with soft hairs; up to 150 cm tall (petals red-purple or purple; invasive) . . . . . . . . . . . Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife; eu 2b Flowers 1–​2 in each leaf axil; petals 2–​8 mm long; stamens 4–​6; stem either not hairy or with stiff hairs; up to 60 cm tall

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3a Petals 4–​8 mm long, purple; stamens usually 6; erect, with many branches in upper part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lythrum californicum California Loosestrife; Ma, Sl 3b Petals 2–​5 mm long, lavender, pink, or rose; stamens 4–​6; if erect, with branches mostly at base 4a Petals 2–​5 mm long, pink or rose; lobes alternating with sepals longer than sepals; erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lythrum hyssopifolia Grasspoly; eu 4b Petals less than 3 mm long, lavender; lobes alternating with sepals equal to sepals; usually prostrate with stem tips rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lythrum tribracteatum Three-bracted Loosestrife; me

MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY) Malvaceae now includes Sterculiaceae (Cacao Family), including the cacao tree, the source of chocolate. Our representative of this group is Fremontodendron californicum (Flannelbush), a valuable shrub for gardens, for it is easily grown, drought resistant, deer resistant, and it produces large flowers through much of the year. Mallows are familiar to gardeners as well because of the hollyhock, believed to have come from China, and varous species of Hibiscus. The family also includes okra, cotton, and the plant that is the original source of marshmallows. Mallow flowers, except for Fremontodendron californicum, have a characteristic tube around the pistil, which is composed of the filaments of numerous stamens. The anthers may be concentrated at the top of the tube or scattered along part of its length. There are five separate petals that are usually rolled up together in the bud stage, five sepals usually fused at the base, and often bracts and bractlets beneath the sepals. Fremontodendron californicum has five petal-like sepals but no petals and only five stamens. Like the other mallows, its ovary is superior and the pistil is partitioned into several seed-producing divisions, which may break apart after the fruit has ripened and dried. The alternate leaves may be at least palmately veined, if not palmately lobed, and have stipules. The plants often have starshaped hairs, which can be irritating to gardeners. Malva arborea (Tree Mallow), native to Europe, is now rather common in coastal areas. Malva assurgentiflora (Island Mallow), native to the Channel Islands of southern California, has been widely planted in relatively frost-free situations and sometimes escapes. Among our native mallows, species of Malacothamnus and Sidalcea are colorful and decorative candidates for the garden. 1a Petals absent; sepals yellow, petal-like, calyx 3–​6 cm wide; stamens 5 (shrub or tree) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fremontodendron californicum (pl. 18) Flannelbush, Fremontia 1b Petals 5; sepals not yellow, not petal-like, calyx usually less than 2.5 cm wide; stamens many 2a Stigmas globular 3a Shrub 4a Flower solitary in leaf axils; petals 6–​10 cm long (leaf blades 6–​10 cm long; wet places along Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hibiscus lasiocarpus var. occidentalis [H. lasiocarpus] California Hibiscus, Woolly Rose Mallow; CC; 1b

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Malvella leprosa Alkali Mallow

2b Flowers more 1 inaxils; leaf axils; less3 than 5 cm long; stigmas slender; leaf blades 4b Flowers 3–​1than 0 in leaf petalspetals less than cm long about as long as wide, deeply lobed; not in wet areas; coastal 5a Flowers 10 in each leaf axil (petals 1–​2 cm long; leaves up to 7 cm long; rocky 3a Petals 25–45 5–15 cm long; shrub, naslopes) . . . . . mm . . . . .long, . . . . .rose, . . . . .with . . . . darker . . . . . . .veins . . . . .(leaf . . . . blades Malacothamnus aboriginum Indian Valley Bush Mallow; tive to and endangered on Channel Islands, but naturalized elsewhere) . . . . 1b ..... 5b  . . .Flowers . . . . . . . .3–​ . . 7. . in . . .each . . . . .leaf . . . .axil .......................... Lavatera assurgenti flora 6a Plant with white hairs Island Mallow, Malva Rose; 1b 7a Petals less than 2 cm long; calyx woolly, hairs almost hiding unopened 3b Each petal 10–20 mm long, either uniformly pink or lilac, or pale purple red with flowers; leaves woolly, with 5 shallow lobes darker veins . . . . .con . . .fined . . . . . to . . the . . . .base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malacothamnus fremontii (pl. 19) 4a Petals 10–16 mm long, pink or lilac; leaf bladesFremont’s 4–10 cmBush long,Mallow; sparsely CChairy, not cottony; . . . . . .hairy, . . . . . .but . . . .not . . . .woolly, . . . . . . . hairs . . . . . .not . . . hiding Lavatera cretica 7b Petals 2.5 annual. cm long;. calyx unopened flowers; leaves usually not woolly, with 3–​ 5 deepMallow, lobes Cretan Mallow; me Crete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nuttallii fasciculatus] 4b Petals 15–20 mm long, pale purple red, with darker veins[M. at their bases; leaf Chaparral Mallow; CC-SM, SCl blades 5–20 cm long, cottony; shrub (the most common Lavaterain our re 6b Plant with yellow hairs (petals 1–​2 cm long) gion) .......................................... Lavatera arborea(pl. 35) 8a Leaves 5–​11 cm long, not densely hairy, with 3–​5 lobes Tree Mallow; eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malacothamnus davidsonii 1b Anthers in a single or double ring at the tip of the tube formed by the united filaments of the Davidson’s Bush Mallow; 1b 8b Leaves less than 6 cm long, densely hairy, with 3–​5 lobes or none stamens . . .or . .less . . . .globular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malacothamnus marrubioides 5a Stigmas more Horehound Mallow 6a Shrubs or woody at least at the base, usually more than 100 cmBush tall (leaf blades 3b Herb (flower solitary in leaf axils) 2–6 cm long, usually at least some shallowly lobed) 9a Petals 3–​8 mm long, red-orange; leaf blades 5–​8 cm long (at least upper leaves 7a Calyx white woolly, the hairs almost hiding the calyx lobes of flowers that toothed or lobed; stem reclining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modiola caroliniana have not opened (petals pink to rose, 1–2 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sa .. Wheel. Mallow; . . . .2.5. .mm . . . . long, . . . . . .not . . . .red-orange; . . . . . . . . . . . .leaf . . . .blades . Malacothamnus fremontii(pl. 35) 9b Petals.10–​ 1–​ 5 cm long Fremont Mallow; CC 7b Calyx hairy, but not white woolly, the hairs not hiding the calyx lobes before the flower opens . . . . Malacothamnus fasciculatus [includes M. arcuatusand hallii] Chaparral Mallow; CC-SM, SCl

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254

MALVACEAE (MALLOW FAMILY)















10a Petals cream or yellow, 10–​15 mm long; leaf blades 1–​3.5 cm long, toothed, densely hairy; stem reclining; saline areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malvella leprosa [Sida leprosa var. hederacea] (fig.) Alkali Mallow, Whiteweed 10b Petals pink-lavender to purple, 15–​25 mm long; leaf blades 2–​5 cm long, deeply lobed, usually sparsely hairy; stem mostly upright; grassland, open woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eremalche parryi Parry’s Mallow; Al-s 2b Stigmas slender (leaves with 5–​7 lobes, these usually toothed) 11a Anthers not concentrated in 1 or 2 rings at top of filament tube; bracts 3 or 6–​9, in 1 series below calyx (leaves with 5–​7 lobes, these usually toothed) 12a Shrub, woody throughout (petals rose, lavender, or purple with darker veins) 13a Petals 25–​45 mm long, pale at their bases; leaf blades 5–​15 cm long, sometimes hairy (native to Channel Islands, naturalized elsewhere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malva assurgentiflora [Lavatera assurgentiflora] Island Mallow, Malva Rose; 1b 13b Petals 15–​20 mm long, darker at their bases; leaf blades 5–​20 cm long, with dense hairs especially on undersides . . . . . . . . . . . Malva arborea [Lavatera arborea] Tree Mallow; eu 12b Herb 14a Flowers more than 4 cm wide; petals more than 20 mm long; bracts 6–​9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alcea rosea Hollyhock; as 14b Flowers less than 4 cm wide; petals 3–​12 mm long; bracts 3 15a Petals 3–​5 mm long, about as long as sepals; bracts below caylx 1–​2 mm long (leaf blades 2–​8 cm wide; stem reclining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malva parviflora Cheeseweed, Little Mallow; eu 15b Petals 8–​12 mm long, usually twice as long as sepals; bracts below calyx 3–​5 mm long 16a Bracts below caylx separate from calyx and each other; petals without dark veins (petals white or pale lilac; leaf blades 1–​6 cm wide with shallow lobes if any; stem reclining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malva neglecta Common Mallow, Cheeses; eua 16b Bracts below caylx fused about half way either to calyx or each other; petals usually with dark veins 17a Petals 10–​12 mm long, pink or blue-violet; leaf blades 3–​12 cm wide; bracts below calyx equal to calyx and partly fused to it; stem reclining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malva nicaeensis (pl. 19) Bull Mallow; eua 17b Petals 10–​16 mm long, white or pale pink; leaf blades 4–​10 cm wide; bracts below calyx shorter than calyx and partly fused to each other; upright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malva pseudolavatera [Lavatera cretica] Cretan Mallow; me 11b Anthers concentrated in 1 or 2 rings at top of filament tube; bracts 2–​5, in 1 or 2 series below calyx (herb, except Sidalcea malachroides sometimes woody at base) 18a Bracts below calyx 5, in 2 series, 2 below 3 (petals 11–​14 mm long, pale pink or lavender; dry coastal ridges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea hickmanii ssp. viridis Marin Checkerbloom; Sn-SM; 1b

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18b Bracts below calyx 2, in 1 series, sometimes 4 in 2 series in Sidalcea malachroides 19a Petals 20–​35 mm long; some stipules lobed, more than 10 mm long (bracts 8–​12 mm long with 2–​4 lobes; leaves bristly, the upper ones deeply lobed; petals dark pink; annual; erect) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea diploscypha Fringed Checkerbloom; SLO-n 19b Petals 7–​25 mm long; stipules not lobed, less than 10 mm long except Sidalcea calycosa ssp. rhizomata 20a Upper leaves toothed or with shallow lobes (petals 7–​15 mm long; leaves hairy but not bristly; perennial; coastal) 21a Base of plant, stipules, and calyx purplish; upper leaves usually toothed; petals rose with white veins; usually reclining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea malviflora ssp. purpurea Purple-stemmed Checkerbloom; Me, Sn; 1b 21b Plant not purplish; upper leaves with shallow lobes; petals white, sometimes pale purple with white veins; upright, sometimes woody at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea malachroides Maple-leaved Checkerbloom; Mo-n; 4 20b Upper leaves with deep narrow lobes 22a Basal leaves toothed (leaves sparsely hairy if at all; petals pale purple, sometimes white; sometimes reclining) 23a Petals 10–​20 mm long; leaf blades 2–​5 cm long; stipules 2–​5 mm long; annual (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea calycosa ssp. calycosa (pl. 19) Vernal Pool Checkerbloom; Me, Ma, Na 23b Petals 20–​25 mm long; leaf blades 2.5–​10 cm long; stipules 12–​18 mm long; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea calycosa ssp. rhizomata Point Reyes Checkerbloom; Me, Ma(PR); 1b 22b Basal leaves, if present, with 5–​7 shallow lobes 24a Petals 18–​20 mm long, rose-purple, without white veins; annual; upright (leaves sparsely hairy if at all) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea hartwegii Hartweg’s Checkerbloom; Me-Na 24b Petals 10–​25 mm long, not rose-purple, usually with white veins; perennial; usually reclining 25a Upper leaves with more than 13 lobes; leaves sparsely hairy, undersides hairier; petals pink or lavender, sometimes white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea malviflora ssp. laciniata Geranium-leaved Checkerbloom; Sn-SLO 25b Upper leaves with 7–​9 lobes; leaves coarsely hairy on both surfaces; petals pink or rose (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidalcea malviflora ssp. malviflora (pl. 19) Common Checkerbloom, Checkermallow; Me-s

MARTYNIACEAE (UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY)  This is a small family found mainly in warm areas of the western hemisphere. A few species may be native to south-central United States. Although some members of the family have been cultivated for their fruit and oil in the seeds, the hooked projections on the fruit cause havoc in sheep’s wool. The representative in our region, Proboscidea lutea (Spiny Unicorn-plant), native to South America, has rounded leaf blades 10–​20 cm wide, five separate sepals, and a funnel-shaped, yellow, five-

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lobed corolla 2–​5 cm long. The spiny fruit body is about 6 cm long with two hooked projections about the same length as the body. The ovary is superior.

MENYANTHACEAE (BUCKBEAN FAMILY)  Menyanthes trifoliata (fig.) (Buckbean or Bogbean) is the only species of the family native to California from the San Franciso Bay region northward to Alaska. Up to 40 cm tall, it grows in bogs and at the margins of lakes and ponds. The old stems, prostrate and rooted in mud, give rise to shoots that raise the leaves and upright flower racemes out of the water. Each leaf has three leaflets, 2–​12 cm long, at the top of a succulent petiole. The calyx is usually five lobed, with the tube of the five-lobed corolla extending well above it. The corolla, 10–​16 mm long, is white or pink and has crowded, scalelike hairs on the inner surfaces of the lobes. The five stamens are attached to the corolla tube. The ovary is slightly inferior and the fruit is a capsule.

Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean

MOLLUGINACEAE (CARPETWEED FAMILY)  Carpetweeds and their relatives form a relatively small family, mostly represented in warmer regions. In most of them, the flower

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MENYANTHACEAE (BUCKBEAN FAMILY)

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Mollugo verticillata Carpetweed

lacks petals but(Wax-myrtle has four or five separate small sepals and 3–​20 stamens, which sometimes Myricaceae Family) resemble petals. The species in our region usually have whorled or sometimes alternate

Wax-myrtles and their relatives arefruit shrubs or small trees with alternate, aromatic leaves that are leaves. The ovary is superior. The is partitioned lengthwise into three divisions. often coated with wax. The wax fromMyrica cerifera,a species of eastern United States, is used 1a Leaves not hairy, about 2 or 3 times as long as wide, nearly sessile; pedicel 3–​30 mm long; to make bayberry candles and soap. moist areas (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mollugo verticillata (fig.) our region. Myrica californica (Wax-myrtle) ( fig.) is the only representative native to Carpetweed; sa It grows near the coast from southern California to British Columbia and is commonly about 4m 1b Leaves hairy, not much longer than wide, petioles almost as long as blades; flower nearly

sessile; dried soil bordering ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glinus lotoides Damascisa; eu

MONTIACEAE (MINER’S-LETTUCE FAMILY) Most of the species in Portulacaceae (Purslane Family) in our region have been moved to Montiaceae. The flowers of most species are distinctive in having only two sepals. There are three to many stamens and either the style or stigma has two to eight lobes. The number of petals varies from 2 to 19, but in Claytonia, Calandrinia, and Montia—​t he three genera that account for more than half of our species—​t here are typically five. The ovary is superior, and the fruit, dry when mature, encloses several to many seeds. The leaves are usually entire and often somewhat succulent. Gardeners may appreciate some of the native species—​especially the richly colored calandrinias—​t hat grow mostly in sunny grassland habitats, as well as Lewisia rediviva. The latter, called Bitterroot, is the state flower of Montana, but we are privileged to have it near the top of Mount Diablo and in some other rocky places on the east side of the Coast Ranges. 1a Sepals 6–​9 (leaves 0.5–​5 cm long, many, basal, narrow; flower solitary on a short stem; petals 10–​19, 12–​25 mm long, white or pink; stamens 20–​50; style with 4–​9 lobes; perennial; rocky areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lewisia rediviva (pl. 19) Bitterroot; Mo-n

224     Montiaceae 258

Myrica californica Wax-myrtle

MYRICACEAE (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY)

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Claytonia sibirica Candyflower

Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata Miner’s-lettuce

Montia parvifolia Springbeauty Montia linearis Linear-leaved Montia

Montiaceae    225 296

PORTULACACEAE (PURSLANE FAMILY)

1b Sepals 2 2a Petals 3 or 4; stamens 1–​3; stigmas 2 (leaves alternate, at least some basal) 3a Inflorescence a dense umbel; leaves mostly basal; fruit nearly round; perennial (stamens 3; leaves 1–​7 cm long; fruit shorter than sepals) 4a Umbels at least 2 from each basal leaf cluster . . . . . . . . . . Calyptridium monospermum One-seeded Pussypaws; Na, Scr 4b Umbel 1 from each basal leaf cluster (petals white; sepals white or pink, often with green centers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calyptridium umbellatum Common Pussypaws; SCl-n 3b Inflorescence elongated, curved; leaves not all basal; fruit egg shaped to elongated; annual 5a Petals usually 3 (petals pink or red; stamen 1; anthers pink; fruit longer than sepals; leaves 1–​5 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calyptridium monandrum Three-petaled Pussypaws; SCl-s 5b Petals 4 6a Leaves 1–​6 cm long; bases of sepals notched; petals white or pink; stamens 1–​3; fruit shorter than sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calyptridium quadripetalum Four-petaled Pussypaws; Na, Sn; 4 6b Leaves 1–​3 cm long; bases of sepals without notches; petals white; stamens 3; fruit longer than sepals (anthers pink) . . . . . . . . . . Calyptridium parryi var. hesseae Santa Cruz Mountains Pussypaws; SCl 2b Petals usually 5; stamens 3–​15; style 3 lobed or with 3 stigmas 7a Stem leaves alternate (stem leaves more than 2) 8a Petals red; stamens 3–​15 (leaves 1–​10 cm long; flowers opening in full sun; annual) 9a Petals 4–​15 mm long, longer than sepals; stamens 3–​15; fruit about as long as sepals (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calandrinia ciliata (pl. 19) Redmaids 9b Petals 3–​5 mm long, equal to or shorter than sepals; stamens 3–​6; fruit longer than sepals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calandrinia breweri Brewer’s Redmaids; Sn-s; 4 8b Petals white or pink; stamens 3 or 5 10a Petals 7–​15 mm long; perennial (stamens 5; basal leaves 1.5–​6 cm long; stem leaves reduced, often with small bulbs in axils; plants often connected to one another; moist, rocky habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montia parvifolia (fig.) Springbeauty, Small-leaved Montia; Mo-n 10b Petals less than 7 mm long, sometimes absent; annual 11a All leaves with petioles, blades about as long as wide; stamens 5; petals white or pink, 3–​5 mm long (woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montia diffusa Spreading Montia, Diffuse Montia; Ma-n 11b Stem leaves sessile, several times as long as wide; stamens 3; petals white, 4–​ 7 mm long (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montia linearis (fig.) Linear-leaved Montia; CC-n 7b Stem leaves opposite, sometimes with a single leaf below each inflorescence (petals white or pink; annual) 12a Stem leaves more than 2, none joined together 13a Basal leaves with petioles 2–​22 cm long; stem leaves reduced; petals 6–​12 mm long, pink; stamens 5; moist woodlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia sibirica (fig.) Candyflower; SCr-n

226     Montiaceae



13b Basal leaves absent; stem leaves sessile, up to 2 cm long; petals 1–​2 mm long, white; stamens 3; wet places, sometimes floating in water or left on mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montia fontana Water Chickweed, Blinks; Mo-n 12b Stem leaves 2, often at least partially joined together (stamens 5) 14a Petals 5–​8 mm long (petals pink; inflorescence with 3–​30 flowers; basal leaves 2–​15 cm long, narrow; stem leaves either completely free, united on 1 side, or completely united; up to 25 cm tall; moist sites, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia gypsophiloides Santa Lucia Claytonia, Coastal Claytonia; Me-SLO 14b Petals 2–​6 mm long 15a Stem leaves completely free or united on 1 side, forming a crescent (inflorescence with 3–​15 flowers; petals 2–​5 mm long, white or pink; basal leaves up to 12 cm long; up to 15 cm tall; dry or moist sites, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia exigua ssp. exigua White-leaved Claytonia 15b Stem leaves usually completely united, forming a disk 16a Petals 2 mm long, white; inflorescence with 3–​15 flowers (basal leaves up to 12 cm long; up to 15 cm tall; dry or moist sites, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia exigua ssp. glauca Serpentine Sprlngbeauty; CC, Sn 16b Petals 2–​6 mm long, white or pink; inflorescence with 3–​40 flowers 17a Leaves 1–​8 cm long, blades up to 2 cm long; stem leaves unequally united; up to 15 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia rubra ssp. depressa Red-stemmed Sprlngbeauty; CC, SF 17b Leaves 1–​25 cm long, blades up to 4 cm long; stem leaves united more or less equally around stem; up to 40 cm tall 18a Basal leaves pointed at tips; stem leaf disk with 2 lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia perfoliata ssp. mexicana Southern Miner’s-lettuce 18b Basal leaves not pointed at tips; stem leaf disk rounded (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata (fig.) Miner’s-lettuce

MYRICACEAE (WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY)  Wax-myrtles and their relatives are shrubs or small trees with alternate, aromatic leaves that are often coated with wax. The wax from Myrica cerifera, a species of eastern United States, is used to make bayberry candles and soap. Morella californica [Myrica californica] (fig.) (Wax-myrtle) is the only representative native to our region. Because it is fast growing, deer resistant, and requires a minimum amount of moisture, it is frequently used in gardens to form a tall hedge. It grows near the coast from southern California to British Columbia and is commonly about 4 m tall, but occasional specimens are much larger and treelike. The leaves, 5–​11 cm long and about 2 cm wide, are glossy on the upper surfaces. The flower lacks petals and sepals, but has two to four bracts beneath it. The pistillate catkins, 8–​12 mm long, are borne near the tips of the branches. Each pistil develops into a globular, one-seeded fruit that is 2–​3 mm long, purplish, and

Myricaceae    227

Morella californica Wax-myrtle

covered with a deposit of whitish wax. The ovary is inferior. Lower down on the branches, drooping staminate catkins, 10–​20 mm long, have flowers that consist of 7–​16 stamens.

MYRSINACEAE (MYRSINE FAMILY) Some members of Primulaceae (Primrose Family) have been moved to the Myrsinaceae. They have opposite or alternate leaves sometimes in what looks like a single whorl. Both the calyx and corolla have a cuplike or tubular lower portion, and generally four or five well-developed lobes. The four or five stamens are attached to the corolla tube. In Trientalis the number of calyx and corolla lobes varies from five to seven, even on the same plant. The ovary is superior. The fruit is usually a many-seeded dry capsule that in some genera opens crosswise rather than splitting apart lengthwise. Trientalis latifolia (Starflower) is easy to establish in gardens, but its aggressive propagation by underground stems may soon make it unpopular. Most gardeners who want a representative of the family in the garden perhaps have one already. This is Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet Pimpernel), whose flowers open only when the sky is clear. Some species of Lysimachia (loosestrifes) are aggressive in moist areas. 1a Leaves in a whorl-like concentration just below flowers (corolla 8–​15 mm wide, white, pink, or rose, with 5–​7 lobes; leaves 2.5–​9 cm long; perennial; coniferous woods) . . . . . Trientalis latifolia Starflower; SLO-n

228     Myrsinaceae

1b Leaves not in a whorl-like concentration just below flowers 2a At least upper leaves alternate, less than 1 cm long; flower parts in fours (corolla pink, about 5 mm long, solitary in leaf axils; moist areas) . . . . . . Anagallis minima [Centunculus minimus] Chaffweed 2b All leaves opposite, up to 2 cm long; flower parts in fives 3a Corolla pink-orange, sometimes blue, 7–​11 mm wide; prostrate with stem tips rising; widespread (flower opening in full sun) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anagallis arvensis (pl. 19) Scarlet Pimpernel, Poor-man’s Weatherglass; eu 3b Corolla absent, calyx white or lavender, less than 5 mm wide; upright; restricted to coastal salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glaux maritima Sea-milkwort; SLO-n

MYRTACEAE (MYRTLE FAMILY) The Myrtle Family is a large one, with perhaps 100 genera and 3000 species of trees and shrubs. Only a few are native to temperate regions, and none is native to our area. A few species of Eucalyptus, native to Australia, have become established. These trees have aromatic peeling bark. The sepals and petals soon drop off the flower, leaving many protruding stamens. The ovary is inferior and the fruit is four ribbed. The most conspicuous member of the family in our region is Eucalyptus globulus (Blue Gum) from Tasmania, Australia. This tree, up to 60 m tall, is the main source of oil of eucalyptus, and has been widely planted for timber in various parts of the world. In the San Francisco Bay Area it occupies such large tracts of land, including portions of some of the regional parks, that it is often taken for a California native. However, where Eucalyptus globulus is successful, the soil, covered with its leathery leaves, can support little other vegetation. Furthermore, its large branches are subject to breaking and dropping unpredictably. 1a Flower solitary in leaf axils; leaves 10–​30 cm long (leaves blue-gray, sickle shaped; stamens cream) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eucalyptus globulus Blue Gum; au 1b Flowers 5–​19 in each umbel; leaves 5–​10 cm long 2a Flowers united at their bases; stamens yellow-green (flowers 7–​19 in each umbel; leaves light green) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eucalyptus conferruminata Spider Gum; au 2b Flowers not united at their bases; stamens white 3a Flowers 5–​7 in each umbel; leaves gray-green, silver, or blue-green, without a peppermint odor when crushed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eucalyptus polyanthemos Silver Dollar Gum: au 3b Flowers 9–​15 in each umbel; leaves dark green, with a peppermint odor when crushed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eucalyptus pulchella White Peppermint; au

NYCTAGINACEAE (FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY) The several genera of Nyctaginaceae found in California are mostly restricted to the deserts, or at least to the southern part of the state. In this family, the leaves are opposite and entire. The flower does not have a corolla, but the bell-shaped or tubular calyx, with four or five lobes, resembles a corolla. There are three to five stamens. The bracts below each flower or each flower cluster are sometimes

Myrtaceae    229

partly united to form a cup, and they may also be colored. The seemingly inferior ovary is actually superior because it is separate from the perianth. The fruit, frequently with winglike ridges, contains a single seed. The only representatives native to our region are the sand-verbenas, members of the succulent-leaved genus Abronia. Abronia umbellata var. umbellata (Coastal Sand-verbena) is said to be the first plant from the west coast of North America to be grown and described in Europe. The seeds were collected by the La Pérouse Expedition in 1786. 1a Flower solitary, in a cup consisting of partly united bracts; stigma rounded; calyx 30–​50 mm long; leaves not succulent (calyx magenta, yellow, or white; leaves sometimes hairy, but not glandular; perennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mirabilis jalapa Four-o’clock; sa 1b Flowers 10–​34 in each cluster, with several bracts below it; stigma elongated; calyx 12–​32 mm long; leaves succulent (sandy beaches) 2a Calyx yellow or green; leaf blades about as long as wide, with glandular hairs; perennial (flowers 17–​34 in each cluster; calyx tube 9–​12 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abronia latifolia Yellow Sand-verbena 2b Calyx magenta, maroon, red, or green; leaf blades often longer than wide, sometimes with glandular hairs; annual 3a Flowers 10–​27 in each cluster; calyx tube 12–​16 mm long, green or maroon, with white in throat; wings of fruit usually rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abronia umbellata var. umbellata [A. umbellata ssp. umbellata] (pl. 19) Coastal Sand-verbena; Sn-s 3b Flowers 10–​18 in each cluster; calyx tube 6–​10 mm long, green or magenta, with cream or yellow in throat; wings of fruit ridged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abronia umbellata var. breviflora [A. umbellata ssp. breviflora] Pink Sand-verbena; Ma-n; 1b

NYMPHAEACEAE (WATERLILY FAMILY)  The Nymphaeaceae is placed with Cabombaceae (Watershield Family) in a group separate from other Dicotyledons. Waterlilies are aquatic perennials whose alternate leaves have nearly circular blades. These float or are raised slightly above the water. The stems, rooted in mud, are thick and spread laterally, producing new clusters of leaves and flowers at intervals. The flower has many stamens arranged in a spiral pattern. The fruit consists of several seed-producing divisions. In Nuphar polysepala (Yellow Pondlily), whose ovary is superior, the sepals are much larger than the separate petals and the petals resemble the stamens. In Nymphaea, the ovary is half-inferior and the petals are somewhat larger than the sepals. 1a Flower 5–​10 cm wide, usually raised slightly above water surface; sepals 7–​9, deep yellow, green, or tinged with red; petals yellow, shorter than sepals, hidden by stamens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuphar polysepala [N. lutea ssp. polysepala] (fig.) Yellow Pondlily, Cow-lily; SLO-n 1b Flower 6–​19 cm wide, floating on water surface; sepals 4, green; petals yellow, white, or pink, longer than sepals, not hidden by stamens 2a Flowers 6–​11 cm wide; petals yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nymphaea mexicana Yellow Waterlily, Banana Waterlily; na

230     Nymphaeaceae

Nuphar polysepala Yellow Pondlily



2b Flowers 6–​19 cm wide; petals white or pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nymphaea odorata Fragrant Waterlily, White Waterlily; na

OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY)  Olea europaea (Olive) is just one of the economically or horticulturally important plants in this family, which also includes Ligustrum (privets), Syringa (lilacs), Jasminum (jasmines), Forsythia, and Fraxinus (ashes). Collectively these form a diversified assemblage of mainly trees, shrubs, or vines. For instance, although the ovary is superior in all members of the family, some, such as Olea europaea, have fleshy fruit; others have a fruit that splits apart when dry; and the ashes have fruit with a membranous, winglike expansion that aids in dispersal by wind. Members of the family in our region usually have deciduous, opposite leaves that are sometimes compound. There are no stipules, but sometimes twigs are modified thorns. In some species, staminate and pistillate flowers are on separate plants, but in others the bisexual flowers have two stamens and a pistil. Most flowers have a small four lobed calyx and sometimes two or four white petals. 1a Leaves not compound; twigs ending in thorns; flowers in umbel-like clusters; fruit fleshy (leaves 10–​35 mm long, leathery, not hairy; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants; petals absent; up to 3 m tall; along stream banks, in canyons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forestiera pubescens [F. neomexicana] (fig.) Desert Olive; CC-s

Oleaceae    231

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Forestiera pubescens Desert Olive

Fraxinus latifolia Oregon Ash

1b 2b Leaves compound; twigs not the thorny; flowers in long, panicles; fruittoothed dry Leaves 5–19 cm long, lea flets 1–7 cm usually and not hairy; most flow 2a Leaves 12–​33 cm long, leaflets 4–​11 cm long, usually entire and hairy on undersides; ers with stamens and a pistil; petals 2; large shrubs or small trees, up to 7 m tall; on hillstaminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants; petals absent; up to 25 m tall; along sides and in canyons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fraxinus dipetala streams, moist place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fraxinus latifolia (fig.) California Ash Oregon Ash; SCl-n 2b Leaves 7–​18 cm long, leaflets 2–​5 cm long, usually toothed and not hairy; most flowers bisexual; petals 2; up to 7 m tall; hillsides, canyons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fraxinus dipetala Onagraceae (Evening-primrose Family) California Ash

Onagraceae consists mostly of herbaceous plants, although some garden fuchsias, from Central ONAGRACEAE (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY)  Onagraceae consists mostly and South America, and also our nativeEpilobium canum, become woody. The familyofisherwell baceous plants, although some garden fuchsias, from Central and Southspecies America, andin also represented in western North America, and almost a third of all known occur California. ManyEpilobium of them, including a good selection the beautiful and diverse ofrepreFuchsia)ofbecome woody. The familyspecies is wellClarkia, our native canum (California are in ourinregion. These plants are easily grown from seed in sunny Another candisented western North America and almost a third of all knownsituations. species occur in Calidate for gardens Epilobium canum(California Fuchsia), whose flowers usuallyspecies scarlet.ofIt fornia. Many of isthem, including a good selection of the beautiful andare diverse blooms thein end of region. summerThese and well intoare autumn, but it spreads rampantly by situations. underground Clarkia,atare our plants easily grown from seed in sunny stems. Another candidate for gardens is Epilobium canum, whose flowers are usually scarlet. It The flowers this have inferior Thebut flower parts—typically sepals, blooms at the of end of family summer andanwell into ovary. autumn, it spreads rampantlyfour by underfour petals, and four or eight stamens—are attached to floral a tube that generally extends at ground stems. least slightly above the fruit. The stigma is oftenfour lobed. There are exceptions, however, to all of these criteria, other than the position of the developing fruit. 232     Onagraceae 262

OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY)

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Ludwigia hexapetala Uruguayan Primrose-willow

Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri Hooker’s Evening-primrose

leaves of the speciesinofmuddy this family are of mostly nor compound. Thesub1a The Plant aquatic, rooting bottoms lakes,neither ponds,lobed or marshes, and partly flower parts—​ t ypically four sepals, four petals, and eight stamens—​ a re attached to a floral merged or left behind by receding water; floral tube not present above the fruit-forming tubepart thatofgenerally extends at least slightly beyond the after ovary.the The stigma is often lobed the pistil, but the sepals persist on the fruit rest of the flower hasfour fallen away and (perennial) the ovary is inferior. There are exceptions, however, to all of these criteria, other than the position of the developing fruit. Oenothera curtiflora in our region. 2a Leaves opposite; petals absent; stamens 4; fruithas notbeen morereported than 5 mm long. ........... . . . . . . . . .partly . . . . . . submersed . . . . . . . . . . . .in. . lakes, . . . . . . .ponds, . . . orLudwigia palustris palustris 1a Plant aquatic, marshes or rooted in[L.mud after var. waterpacifica] Common Water-primrose recedes; stamens 4 or 10; floral tube not extending beyond ovary; sepals persisting on fruit (perennial) 2b Leaves alternate; petals 5 or 6, 10–15 mm long, yellow; stamens usually 10; fruit about 2a Leaves opposite, 20 mm long less than 5 cm long; sepals 4; petals absent; stamens 4; fruit 1–​5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ludwigia palustris 3a Bracts beneath each fruit about as long as wide, broadly triangular; flowering Common Water-primrose stem usuallyfloating or lying on mud; leaves generally widest near the middle . . . 2b Leaves alternate, 3–​11 cm long; sepals 5 or 6; petals 5 or 6, 10–​15 mm long, yellow; stamens . . . . . . 20 . . . .mm . . . . long .......................................... Ludwigia peploides 10; fruit. about Yellow Water-primrose, Yellow Waterweed 3a Bract beneath each flower or fruit about as long as wide; flowering stem usually floating or lying on mud; leaves sometimes in a twice cluster, tipsasnot pointed 3b Bracts beneath each fruit about asthe long wide, narrowly triangular; flower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ludwigiawidest peploides ing stem usually upright, often more than 1 m tall; leaves generally above Water-primrose, Waterweed the middle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LudwigiaYellow hexapetala [JussiaeaYellow uruguayensis] (fig.) Sixpetal Water-primrose; sa

Onagraceae    233

ONAGRACEAE (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY)

263



3b Bract beneath each flower or fruit about twice as long as wide; flowering stem usually erect, often more than 1 m tall; leaves not clustered, the tips pointed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ludwigia hexapetala (fig.) Uruguayan Primrose-willow; sa? 1b Plant not aquatic, sometimes in wet habitats; stamens 2, 4, or 8; floral tube extending at least slightly beyond ovary; sepals not persisting on fruit 4a Sepals 2; petals 2; stamens 2; fruit with hooked hairs (petals white, 1 mm long, 2 lobed; leaves opposite, 3–​11 mm long; perennial; up to 50 cm tall; moist woodlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circaea alpina ssp. pacifica Enchanter’s-nightshade; Ma-n 4b Sepals 4, pairs sometimes fused; petals 4; stamens 4 or 8; fruit without hooked hairs 5a Petals yellow, orange, or red-orange, sometimes white in Taraxia ovata (leaves alternate); stamens 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onagraceae, Subkey 1 5b Petals scarlet, purple, red, pink, or white 6a Petals on 1 side of floral tube (fruit 7–​13 mm long, 4 sided; floral tube extending 4–​ 14 mm beyond ovary; petals white or pink, changing to red, 6–​10 mm long; leaves alternate, usually with long hairs; perennial; forming large mats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oenothera xenogaura [Gaura drummondii] Mat-forming Evening-primrose; na 6b Petals evenly spaced on floral tube 7a Leaves lobed; petals white, turning pink, 2–​4 cm long (flower opening in late afternoon; leaves alternate; perennial; upright or prostrate with stem tips rising; restricted to sand dunes near Antioch, Contra Costa County) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii (pl. 21) Antioch Dunes Evening-primrose; CC; 1b 7b Leaves not lobed; petals, if white, not more than 1.5 cm long 8a Petals with 1 or 2 yellow or green spots at their bases; plant with many slender branches; above 2300 ft (leaves alternate; floral tube scarcely extending beyond ovary; petals 2–​3 mm long, white, changing to pink; fruit 6–​15 mm long; about 50 cm tall; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gayophytum heterozygum Self-pollinating Gayophytum 8b Petals without yellow or green spots; plant without many slender branches; not restricted to higher elevations 9a Stem peeling; petals white, 3–​8 mm long; stigma not lobed; seeds without tufts of hair; leaves 2–​8 cm long, alternate; flowers open at night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eremothera boothii ssp. decorticans Shredding Evening-primrose 9b Not in every respect as in 9a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onagraceae, Subkey 2 Clarkia, Epilobium

Onagraceae, Subkey 1  Leaves alternate; petals yellow, orange, or red-orange, sometimes white in Taraxia ovata; stamens 8 1a Stigma 4 lobed; petals at least 2.5 cm long, except in Oenothera wolfii; flower opening in afternoon or evening (biennial) 2a Sepals 17–​28 mm long; petals 13–​23 mm long (floral tube extending 30–​46 mm beyond ovary; stem leaves flat, 5–​18 cm long; fruit 30–​48 mm long; coastal) . . . . . . Oenothera wolfii Wolf’s Evening-primrose; Ma-n; 1b

234     Onagraceae, Subkey 1



2b Sepals 27–​48 mm long; petals 25–​52 mm long 3a Stem leaves with wavy margins, 5–​15 cm long; sepals not reddish; floral tube extending 35–​50 mm beyond ovary; fruit 20–​35 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oenothera glazioviana Biennial Evening-primrose; eu? 3b Stem leaves flat, 4–​25 cm long; sepals reddish; floral tube extending 20–​48 mm beyond ovary; fruit 20–​65 mm long (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (fig.) Hooker’s Evening-primrose; SLO-n 1b Stigma disk shaped or globular; petals less than 2.5 cm long; flower opening in morning 4a Stem more or less absent; ovary often below ground with an extension 2.5–​18 cm long above ground (petals 8–​23 mm long, without red spots; leaves all basal; perennial; grassland; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taraxia ovata [Camissonia ovata] (pl. 21) Golden-eggs, Suncup; SLO-n 4b Stem at least 20 cm long; ovary not below ground and without an extension 5a Leaves only on stem, up to 4 mm wide; fruit cylindrical (leaves 0.5–​3 .5 cm long; annual) 6a Petal less than 5 mm long, sometimes with 1 or 2 red spots at base; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camissonia strigulosa Hairy Suncup; SLO-n 6b Petal 5–​15 mm long, with 2 red spots; inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camissonia campestris Mojave Suncup, Field Primrose; CC-s 5b Leaves basal and on stem, 5–​20 mm wide; fruit 4 sided 7a Leaves 0.5–​5 cm long; petals 6–​11 mm long; perennial (petals usually without red spots; prostrate with stem tips rising; coastal sandy areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia [Camissonia cheiranthifolia] (pl. 20) Beach Evening-primrose 7b Leaves 1–​12 cm long; petals 1–​9 mm long; annual 8a Upright or prostrate with stem tips rising; leaves 10–​12 cm long; petal 1–​5 mm long, with 1 or 2 red spots at base; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camissoniopsis micrantha [Camissonia micrantha] Small Suncup, Small Primrose; Ma-s 8b Mostly upright; leaves 1–​8 cm long; petal 2–​9 mm long, without red spots; primarily inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camissoniopsis hirtella [Camissonia hirtella] Self-pollinating Suncup

Onagraceae, Subkey 2  Leaves opposite or alternate; petals white, pink, rose-purple, purple, scarlet, red-orange, or red; stamens 4 or 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia, Epilobium 1a Sepals, in an opened flower, not turned back and not normally adhering to one another (stamens 8) 2a Floral tube extending 1.5–​3.5 cm beyond ovary; flowers red-orange or scarlet, rarely pink or white; woody at the base (leaves opposite; seed with a tuft of hairs; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium canum [Zauschneria californica] (pl. 21) California Fuchsia; Sn-s 2b Floral tube, if present, extending less than 1 cm long beyond ovary; flowers not red-orange or scarlet; not woody

Onagraceae, Subkey 2    235



3a Leaves alternate; floral tube not extending beyond ovary; raceme usually with at least 15 flowers; leaves 1.5–​20 cm long; petals pink or magenta, rarely white, 1–​2 .5 cm long, not lobed; seed with a tuft of hairs; at least 1 m tall; disturbed areas, fire burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum [Epilobium angustifolium ssp. circumvagum] Fireweed 3b Often at least some leaves opposite; floral tube extending beyond ovary; plant not conforming to all criteria in choice 3a 4a Petals usually lobed at least one-third their length; seed without a tuft of hairs (stem often peeling in lower portion; lowest leaves opposite; annual) 5a Fruit nearly 4 sided, with 8 ridges, 4 of them larger (leaves 1.5–​5.5 cm long; petals 2–​6 mm long, white or pale pink; fruit 8–​12 mm long; vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium cleistogamum [Boisduvalia cleistogama] Self-fertilizing Willowherb; Sl 5b Fruit nearly cylindrical, with 4 small ridges 6a Petals 3–​10 mm long; leaves 1.5–​8.5 cm long (petals white or rose-purple; fruit 4–​11 mm long, without a beak) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium densiflorum [Boisduvalia densiflora] Dense-flowered Willowherb 6b Petals 1–​3 mm long; leaves 1–​4 .5 cm long 7a Petals pink; fruit 3–​8 mm long, without a beak, seeds in 2 rows in each division; leaves 1–​3.5 cm long . . . . . . . . . Epilobium campestre [E. pygmaeum] Smooth Willowherb 7b Petals pink or white; fruit 8–​14 mm long, with a beak, seeds in 1 row in each division; leaves 1–​4 .5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium torreyi [Boisduvalia stricta] Narrow-leaved Willowherb; SCl-n 4b Petals lobed less than one-third their length; seed with a tuft of hairs visible on immature fruit 8a Petals 2–​15 mm long (petioles, if any, up to 5 mm long; up to 1 m tall) 9a Floral tube extending 2–​8 mm beyond ovary; petals white or rose-purple; leaves 1–​5.5 cm long, veins faint; fruit 1.5–​3 cm long; stem peeling; annual; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium brachycarpum Panicled Willowherb 9b Floral tube extending 1–​3 mm beyond ovary; petals pink or rose-purple; leaves 1–​12 cm long, veins conspicuous; fruit 1.5–​10 cm long; stem not peeling; perennial; moist area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium ciliatum ssp. watsonii Watson’s Willowherb, San Francisco Willowherb; SLO-n 8b Petals 2–​6 mm long (floral tube extending 1–​3 mm beyond ovary) 10a Leaves 1–​12 cm long, veins conspicuous; fruit 1.5–​10 cm long; stem not peeling; perennial; up to 120 cm tall (petals white or pink) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum Common Willowherb, California Willowherb 10b Leaves 1–​5 cm long, veins faint; fruit 1–​6 cm long; stem peeling; annual; up to 60 cm tall 11a Fruit 2.5–​6 cm long; leaves 0.5–​4 .5 cm long; pedicel 1–​4 cm long; stem not peeling; perennial; up to 60 cm tall (fruit hairy; petals 2–​6 mm long, white or pink) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium hallianum [E. halleanum] Hall’s Willowherb; Ma, SCr

236     Onagraceae, Subkey 2



11b Fruit 1–​3 cm long; leaves 0.5–​3 cm long; pedicel up to 1 cm long; stem peeling; annual; up to 40 cm tall 12a Fruit not hairy; petioles 2 mm long if any; petals 2–​5 mm long, white or pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium minutum Minute Willowherb 12b Fruit sparsely hairy; petioles 1–​12 mm long; petals 1–​3 mm long, white (dry areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epilobium foliosum Many-flowered Willowherb 1b Sepals, in an opened flower, turned back, and sometimes adhering to each other in pairs or a single group (petals more than 5 mm long; leaves alternate; seed without a tuft of hair; annual) 13a Petal with 2 or 3 lobes (petals 1–​3 cm long, pink, lavender, or magenta; style longer than stamens) 14a Petal 2 lobed; stamens 8 (floral tube extending 1–​4 mm beyond ovary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia biloba (pl. 20) Bilobed Clarkia; CC 14b Petal 3 lobed; stamens 4 15a Floral tube extending 20–​35 mm beyond ovary; middle lobe of each petal narrower and longer than other 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia breweri Brewer’s Clarkia; Al-s; 4 15b Floral tube extending 10–​25 mm beyond ovary; lobes of petals equal in width, but middle lobe sometimes longer than others 16a Stigma protruding beyond anthers; petals 15–​30 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia concinna ssp. concinna (pl. 20) Red-ribbons; SCl-n 16b Stigma not protruding beyond anthers; petals 10–​20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia concinna ssp. automixa Santa Clara Red-ribbons; SFBR; 4 13b Petal not lobed, but margins sometimes ragged (stamens 8) 17a Petal widening abruptly from a narrow stalklike region (floral tube extending 1–​5 mm beyond ovary; flower buds drooping) 18a Petals 5–​12 mm long (style shorter than stamens) 19a Petal pink-lavender, stalklike portion with side teeth or lobes; anthers equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia rhomboidea (pl. 20) Tongue Clarkia, Rhomboid Clarkia 19b Petal white, becoming pink, stalklike portion without side teeth or lobes; anthers unequal, 4 smaller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia epilobioides Willowherb Clarkia; SF-s 18b Petals 10–​25 mm long (stalklike portion without side teeth or lobes) 20a Developing fruit, floral tube, and sepals with some long hairs; leaves green; style longer than stamens; Coast Ranges, coastal (common) . . . . . Clarkia unguiculata Elegant Clarkia, Canyon Clarkia; Me-s 20b Developing fruit, floral tube, and sepals without long hairs; leaves gray-green; style sometimes shorter than stamens; east side of Coast Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia tembloriensis Temblor Clarkia; Al-s 17b Petals without narrow basal portions 21a Ovary with 4 lengthwise grooves if any, sometimes 8 in Clarkia gracilis ssp. sonomensis

Onagraceae, Subkey 2    237











22a Petal uniformly pink, sometimes a little darker at base; style shorter than stamens (petals 6–​23 mm long; flower buds drooping; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia gracilis ssp. gracilis Summer’s-darling; SCl-n 22b Petal pink or lavender, red at base or in center; style longer than stamens 23a Petal 5–​13 mm long; floral tube extending 1–​3 mm beyond ovary (petal red at base; flower buds not drooping; serpentine) . . . . . . Clarkia franciscana (pl. 20) Presidio Clarkia; SF; 1b 23b Petal 20–​40 mm long; floral tube extending 1–​10 mm beyond ovary 24a Petal red at base (petal 10–​30 mm long; flower buds not drooping; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia rubicunda Ruby Chalice Clarkia; SFBR 24b Petal red at center 25a Prostrate with stem tips rising (petal 20–​35 mm long; flower buds not drooping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia amoena ssp. amoena [Godetia amoena] Farewell-to-spring; Sn, Ma 25b Erect 26a Petals 20–​40 mm long; flower buds drooping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia gracilis ssp. sonomensis (pl. 20) Slender Clarkia; Ma, Na-n 26b Petals 15–​30 mm long; flower buds not drooping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia amoena ssp. huntiana (pl. 20) Hunt’s Clarkia, Fairyfans; Ma, Na-n 21b Ovary with 8 lengthwise grooves 27a All 4 sepals remaining attached to one another and directed to 1 side 28a Flower buds drooping; petals 8–​12 mm long, pink, usually with darker flecks; leaf blades 2–​4 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia modesta Modest Clarkia 28b Flower buds erect; petals 5–​15 mm long, pale pink or dark red, often with purple flecks; leaf blades 2–​7 cm long (style shorter than stamens; up to 80 cm tall; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia affinis Small Clarkia; Na-s 27b Sepals turned back individually or remaining attached in pairs (flower buds erect) 29a Petal 5–​11 mm long, lavender or pink, middle white or yellow (style shorter than stamens; prostrate or with stem tips rising; coastal, sandy soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia davyi Davy’s Clarkia; SM-n 29b Petal 10–​25 mm long, pink, lavender, purple, or red, middle not white or yellow 30a Petal 20–​25 mm long, lavender, middle with a wedge-shaped purple spot; floral tube extending 10–​15 mm beyond ovary (style longer than stamens; erect; chaparral) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia imbricata Vine Hill Clarkia; Sn; 1b 30b Petal 10–​25 mm long, pink, lavender, purple, or dark red, without a wedge-shaped spot, but often with a rounded spot or streaks; floral tube extending 2–​10 mm beyond ovary (variable and widespread species)

238     Onagraceae, Subkey 2









31a Petals 10–​14 mm long; style shorter than stamens; erect (leaves 1.5–​5 cm long; most common subspecies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera (pl. 20) Winecup Clarkia, Fourspot 31b Petals 10–​25 mm long; style longer than stamens; erect or not 32a Leaves 1.5–​4 .5 cm long; petals 10–​25 mm long; ovary longer than internode above node to which that flower is attached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia purpurea ssp. purpurea [Godetia purpurea] Purple Clarkia; Ma, Sl-s 32b Leaves 3–​7 cm long; petals 15–​25 mm long; ovary shorter than internode above node to which that flower is attached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clarkia purpurea ssp. viminea Large Clarkia

OROBANCHACEAE (BROOMRAPE FAMILY)  This family now includes some species that were members of Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family). They are at least partial parasites, like the other broomrapes, attached to the roots of other flowering plants and deriving some or all of their nutrition from their hosts. Unlike the original broomrapes, the former figworts do have green stems and leaves. However, the flowers of the two groups are similar. There are usually one or two series of bracts beneath each flower. The calyx has two to five lobes and the irregular corolla is two lipped, with two lobes forming the upper lip and three lobes the lower one. There are usually four stamens in two series. The ovary is superior and the fruit a dry capsule. Although many members of Orobanchaceae are attractive, especially in hummingbird gardens, they may be difficult to establish because of their associations with a host plant. In Europe, there is a species that parasitizes shrubby members of Fabaceae (Pea Family), including those called brooms: hence the name broomrape. 1a Plants not green; leaves none; bracts not colorful; upper lip of corolla 2 lobed, notched, or entire, but without a hood or beaklike structure 2a Flowers crowded, the inflorescence resembling a pine cone; upper lip of corolla sometimes notched; bases of stamens hairy; anthers hairy 3a Corolla 10–​15 mm long, pale yellow; stigma with 2 or 3 lobes; above-ground portion of plant less than 3 cm wide and up to 15 cm tall; parasitic on Gaultheria shallon, sometimes Arbutus menziesii and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kopsiopsis hookeri [Boschniakia hookeri] Small Groundcone; Ma-n; 2 3b Corolla 15–​20 mm long, purple or red-brown; stigma usually 4 lobed; above-ground portion of plant more than 3 cm wide and up to 30 cm tall; parasitic on species of Arctostaphylos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kopsiopsis strobilacea [Boschniakia strobilacea] (pl.22) California Groundcone 2b Inflorescence not resembling a pine cone; upper lip of corolla 2 lobed; bases of stamens not hairy; anthers sometimes hairy (stigma usually 2 lobed) 4a Pedicel 3–​15 cm long (corolla 12–​35 mm long)

Orobanchaceae    239

Triphysaria pusilla Dwarf Owl’s-clover













5a Pedicel 1–​3, from underground stem; bracts usually not hairy; corolla usually violet or purple, sometimes yellow; up to 5 cm tall; parasitic on species of Saxifraga, Sedum, and some Asteraceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanche uniflora (pl. 22) Naked Broomrape 5b Pedicel 5–​20, from 1 or more stems partly above ground; bracts with glandular hairs; corolla yellow to purple tinged; up to 20 cm tall; parasitic on species of Artemisia, Eriogonum, Eriodictyon, and other shrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanche fasciculata (pl. 22) Clustered Broomrape 4b Pedicel absent or up to 4 cm long on lower flowers, and less than 2 cm long on upper ones 6a Calyx 4 lobed; up to 60 cm tall; parasitic on tomato and species of Amaranthus and Xanthium (plant branching at base; corolla 10–​15 mm long, lobes blue, tube white) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanche ramosa Hemp Broomrape; eu 6b Calyx 5 lobed; up to 35 cm tall; parasitic on various native plants 7a Corolla 10–​20 mm long; anthers sparsely hairy if at all; stem not branched 8a Calyx lobes unequally divided, lower lobes divided nearly to base; corolla bumpy, but without glandular hairs; parasitic on Adenostoma fasciculatum and other chaparral plants (corolla yellow, purple, or brown) . . . . Orobanche bulbosa Chaparral Broomrape; Sl, Ma-s 8b Calyx lobes equally divided; corolla with glandular hairs; parasitic on Holodiscus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanche pinorum Oceanspray Broomrape 7b Corolla 20–​45 mm long; anthers woolly; stem usually branched (mostly parasitic on shrubs of Asteraceae) 9a Corolla 8–​10 mm wide, purple, without darker veins; calyx lavender or purple; coastal bluffs (inflorescence less than 8 cm long; usually parasitic on Grindelia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanche californica ssp. californica California Broomrape; Mo-n

240     Orobanchaceae



9b Corolla 5–​8 mm wide, white, yellow, pink, yellow-brown, or pale pink; calyx pink; inland 10a Inflorescence 5–​20 cm long; corolla 25–​40 mm long, white, pink, pale yellow-brown, veins purple; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanche californica ssp. jepsonii Jepson’s Broomrape; Sn-SCr 10b Inflorescence up to 5 cm long; corolla 20–​30 mm long, white, yellow, or pale purple, veins lavender; moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanche californica ssp. grayana Gray’s Broomrape; Sn 1b Plant green; leaves with green blades; bracts sometimes colorful; upper lip of corolla forming a hood or beaklike structure 11a At least upper leaves opposite (corolla 20–​25 mm long; leaves toothed; annual) 12a Corolla yellow or red-purple; calyx lobes equal (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Parentucellia; eu 12b Corolla pink and white; calyx lobes unequal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bellardia trixago (pl. 21) Mediterranean Linseed; me 11b Leaves alternate or basal 13a Most leaves at least 10 cm long, compound or lobed, lobes or leaflets toothed; each anther with 2 pollen-producing lobes, these attached at same level to filament (perennial) 14a Corolla usually dark red or purple, 23–​36 mm long, lower lip one-fourth as long as upper; leaves shorter than flowering stem (common) . . . . . . . . . Pedicularis densiflora Indian-warrior, Warrior’s-plume 14b Corolla pale pink or purple, 17–​24 mm long, lower lip about half as long as upper lip; leaves often as long or longer than flowering stem . . . . . . . . . . Pedicularis dudleyi Dudley’s Lousewort; SM; 1b 13b Leaves rarely more than 6 cm long, not compound and if lobed, lobes entire; each anther either with 1 pollen-producing lobe or with 2 lobes, one attached below other (bracts and calyx often not green, at least at tips) 15a Calyx 4 lobed; lower lip of corolla either much smaller than upper, or with 3 inflated pouches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orobanchaceae, Subkey Castilleja, Triphysaria 15b Calyx with 1 or 2 lobes; lower lip of corolla about as long as upper, with 3 small lobes (bract closest to calyx [inner bract] resembling calyx; outer bract below 1 or several flowers, leaflike) 16a Flowers many in each inflorescence; middle lobe of corolla not rolled under (corolla mostly white or cream; saline habitats) 17a Leaves entire; corolla lips brown or purple; inner bract with a shallow notch; fertile stamens 4 (coastal salt marsh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloropyron maritimum [Cordylanthus maritimus] Salt Marsh Bird’s-beak; 1b 17b Leaves with 1–​7 lobes or none; corolla lips white; inner bract with 3–​7 lobes; fertile stamens 2 18a Plant bristly, branching near base; corolla pouch and tube only slightly hairy (inland saline habitats) . . . . . . . Chloropyron molle ssp. hispidum [Cordylanthus mollis ssp. hispidus] Hispid Salty Bird’s-beak; Sl; 1b

Orobanchaceae    241







18b Plant not bristly but with soft hairs, branching near middle; corolla pouch and tube densely hairy (coastal salt marshes) . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloropyron molle ssp. molle [Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis] Soft Salty Bird’s-beak; SF; 1b 16b Flowers 1–​15 in each inflorescence; middle lobe of corolla rolled under (fertile stamens 4; leaves with 3–​7 palmate lobes or none) 19a Plant bristly, not glandular; inflorescence with 1–​15 flowers; not on serpentine (corolla yellow with a maroon mark, pouch white; leaves with 1–​3 lobes if any) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cordylanthus rigidus Stiff Bird’s-beak; SCl-s 19b Plant not bristly, usually with gland-tipped hairs; inflorescence with 1–​4 flowers; serpentine 20a Corolla white, inside purple streaked (outer bract 3 lobed, divided nearly to base) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cordylanthus nidularius Mount Diablo Bird’s-beak; CC(MD); 1b 20b Corolla white, tips yellow and pouch with maroon marks 21a Stem densely hairy; corolla with a pale maroon mark (outer bract not lobed, sometimes with 3 teeth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cordylanthus pilosus Hairy Bird’s-beak; SFBR 21b Stem sparsely hairy if at all; corolla with a dark maroon mark 22a Outer bract 3 lobed, divided about half its length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris Pennell’s Bird’s-beak; Sn; 1b 22b Outer bract not lobed . . . . . . . . . . . Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. brunneus Serpentine Bird’s-beak; Na, Sn; 4

Orobanchaceae, Subkey Upper lip of corolla modified to form a narrow hood or beaklike structure, lower lip either much smaller, or with 3 inflated pouches; calyx 4 lobed, usually not green; leaves alternate; anther lobes either 1, or 2 with 1 lobe attached below other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Castilleja, Triphysaria 1a Corolla often green or yellow, upper lip at least 3 times longer than lower lip, lower lip not inflated (anther lobes 2, 1 below other) 2a Stem and leaves woolly (bracts with 0–​5 lobes, tips orange-red; corolla 1.5–​2 .5 cm long; sometimes woody; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja foliolosa (pl. 21) Woolly Paintbrush 2b Stem and leaves not woolly, but sometimes hairy 3a Bracts 2–​6 cm long, usually not lobed (bract tips red; corolla yellow or yellow-orange; up to more than 1 m tall) 4a Calyx divided more deeply in front than in back; corolla 3–​5 cm long; leaves 3–​8 cm long, with 0–​3 lobes; perennial; coastal scrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja subinclusa ssp. franciscana Franciscan Paintbrush; Sn-SM 4b Calyx divided about as deeply in front as in back; corolla 2.5–​3.5 cm long; leaves 4–​10 cm long, entire; annual; wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja minor ssp. spiralis Large-flowered Paintbrush; La-s 3b Bracts 1–​3.5 cm long, with 0–​7 lobes (leaves 2–​7 cm long; calyx divided about as deeply in front as in back)

242     Orobanchaceae, Subkey



5a Plant not bristly, sometimes with glandular or nonglandular hairs; leaves usually not lobed (corolla 2–​4 cm long; bract tips red or yellow; perennial) 6a Plant usually with short glandular hairs and long nonglandular hairs; bracts 1.5–​ 3.5 cm long, with 0–​5 lobes; wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja miniata Red Paintbrush; Sn 6b Plant either not hairy or with long nonglandular hairs; bracts 1.5–​2 .5 cm long, with 0–​7 lobes; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja applegatei ssp. martinii Wavy-leaved Paintbrush; La-s 5b Plant bristly; leaves with 0–​5 lobes (bracts 1–​2 .5 cm long) 7a Plant with some glandular hairs; calyx lobes 2–​3 mm long; leaves with 0–​3 lobes; bracts with 3 lobes (corolla 20–​30 mm long, upper lip 13–​15 mm long; bract tips red or yellow; leaves 2–​6 cm long; coastal scrub) . . . . . . . . . Castilleja wightii (pl. 21) Seaside Paintbrush; Me-SM 7b Plant without glandular hairs; calyx lobes 3–​6 mm long; leaves with 0–​5 lobes; bracts with 0–​5 lobes 8a Corolla 18–​22 mm long, upper lip 9–​10 mm long; bract tips usually yellow; leaves 2–​4 cm long; serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta Tiburon Paintbrush; Ma; 1b 8b Corolla 25–​40 mm long, upper lip more than 16 mm long; bract tips red or orange-red; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja affinis ssp. affinis (pl. 21) Common Paintbrush, Coast Paintbrush; SFBR-s 1b Corolla usually not green or yellow, upper lip not more than 2 times longer than lower lip, lower lip inflated forming a pouch (bracts with 2–​11 lobes; annual) 9a Anther with only 1 lobe 10a Corolla 4–​7 mm long, purple, lower pouch 1 mm deep; prostrate with stem tips rising, branched from base (leaves 0.5–​3 cm long, with 3–​9 lobes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triphysaria pusilla [Orthocarpus pusillus] (fig.) Dwarf Owl’s-clover; SLO-n 10b Corolla 10–​25 mm long, not purple, lower pouch 2–​5 mm deep; erect, branching well above base 11a Stamens protruding from corolla; corolla 10–​14 mm long, white or cream (leaves 1–​4 cm long with 5–​9 lobes) . . . . . . . . . . . Triphysaria floribunda [Orthocarpus floribundus] San Francisco Owl’s-clover; Ma-SM; 1b 11b Stamens not protruding from corolla; corolla 10–​25 mm long, not white or cream 12a Upper lip of corolla yellow; plant sparsely hairy if at all, except inflorescence; leaves 2–​8 cm long with 5–​9 lobes (corolla pouch 2–​4 mm deep, yellow with purple dots) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triphysaria versicolor ssp. faucibarbata Smooth Owl’s-clover; Me-Ma 12b Upper lip of corolla purple; plant hairy; leaves 1–​5 cm long with 3–​7 lobes 13a Lower lip of corolla 3–​4 mm deep, yellow, purple at base (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triphysaria eriantha ssp. eriantha Butter-and-eggs, Yellow Johnnytuck; SLO-n 13b Lower lip of corolla 4–​5 mm deep, rose or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triphysaria eriantha ssp. rosea Rose Johnnytuck; Me-SLO 9b Anther with 2 lobes, 1 below the other 14a Bracts green; upper lip of corolla scarcely protruding beyond lower (corolla pouch 6–​10 mm wide; stigma protruding from corolla)

Orobanchaceae, Subkey    243



15a Leaves and bracts not lobed; corolla 15–​25 mm long, yellow; up to 25 cm tall; vernal pools, moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja campestris [Orthocarpus campestris] Field Owl’s-clover; Sn-n 15b Leaves with 0–​7 lobes, bracts with 5–​9 lobes; corolla 20–​28 mm long, yellow or white with purple spots at base; up to 80 cm tall; grassland 16a Corolla yellow (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja rubicundula ssp. lithospermoides Yellow Creamsacs; SCl-n 16b Corolla white, becoming pink . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja rubicundula ssp. rubicundula White Creamsacs, Pink Creamsacs; Na; 1b 14b Bracts white or purple, tips white, pale yellow, rose, or purple; upper lip of corolla protruding beyond lower 17a Corolla 12–​30 mm long, upper lip densely hairy, with a hooklike tip (corolla white or purple, pouch 3–​8 mm wide and 3–​4 mm deep; bracts and leaves with 5–​9 lobes; plant hairy) 18a Inflorescence purple at tip, but green about half its length, without a banded appearance; bract less than 5 mm wide; grassy hills (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta [Orthocarpus purpurascens] (pl. 21) Purple Owl’s-clover, Escobita; Me-s 18b Inflorescence purple for more than half its length, tip with a banded appearance; bracts 5–​7 mm wide; coastal dunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja exserta ssp. latifolia Banded Owl’s-clover; SLO-n 17b Corolla 10–​25 mm long, upper lip not densely hairy, nearly straight 19a Corolla pouch 2 mm wide and less than 2 mm deep; stigma not protruding from corolla (plant hairy; corolla white, with purple dots; bracts 3 lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja attenuata Valley-tassels 19b Corolla pouch 3–​7 mm wide and 1–​3 mm deep; stigma protruding from corolla 20a Plant not hairy except inflorescence; leaves 2–​8 cm long with 0–​3 lobes; corolla usually purple, sometimes yellow or cream; bracts with 3–​5 lobes; upright; grassy fields (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja densiflora Common Owl’s-clover; Me-s 20b Plant hairy; leaves 1–​5 cm long with 0–​5 lobes; corolla pale yellow or purple, with purple dots; bracts with 3–​9 lobes; prostrate with stem tips rising; salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castilleja ambigua [Orthocarpus castillejoides] Johnny-nip; Mo-n

OXALIDACEAE (OXALIS FAMILY) The family is characterized by compound leaves that look like those of clovers and by fleshy underground rhizomes. There are five separate or partly united sepals and petals. The petals often overlap one another in bud and have a slight twist. Oxalis has ten stamens of two lengths. The filaments are united at their bases. The ovary is superior and partitioned into five divisions. There are five styles. One of the native species of our region, Oxalis oregana (Redwood Sorrel), is an excellent ground cover for gardens that are reasonably moist and at least partly shaded. Forms with deep rose-pink flowers are especially attractive. Several of our most persistent garden weeds also belong to this family. One of them, Oxalis pes-caprae (Bermuda-buttercup), produces

244     Oxalidaceae

little bulblike structures below ground. These are so effective in propagating the plant vegetatively that eradication is very difficult. 1a Petals white, deep pink, or purple-rose 2a Flowers up to 9 in each umbel-like cluster; petals up to 15 mm long (sepal tips with orange marks; plant nearly stemless; leaflets less than 2 cm long; petioles up to 30 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalis articulata ssp. rubra [O. rubra] Windowbox Wood-sorrel; sa 2b Flower solitary on a peduncle less than 15 cm long; petals up to 25 mm long (petals white or deep pink) 3a Nearly stemless; petioles up to 20 cm long; leaflets up to 4 cm long; sepal tips without orange marks; moist coniferous forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalis oregana (pl. 22) Redwood Sorrel; Mo-n 3b Up to 30 cm tall; petioles 2–​7 cm long; leaflets up to 1.5 cm long; sepal tips with orange marks; shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalis incarnata Crimson Wood-sorrel; af 1b Petals yellow 4a Petals up to 25 mm long; sepal tips often with orange marks; leaflets up to 3.5 cm long; petioles at least 10 cm long; stem underground; upright (inflorescence umbel-like, with up to 20 flowers; plant sparsely hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalis pes-caprae (pl. 22) Bermuda-buttercup, Sourgrass; af 4b Petals not more than 12 mm long; sepal tips without orange marks; leaflets up to 2 cm long; petioles up to 7 cm long; stem above ground; often not upright 5a Plant hairy; stem creeping and rooting at nodes; petals less than 8 mm long, sometimes with red spots; flowers 2–​7 in each cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalis corniculata Creeping Oxalis, Yellow Sorrel; eu 5b Plant densely hairy; stem upright or reclining, not rooting at nodes; petals 8–​12 mm long, without red spots; flowers 1–​3 in each cluster (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalis pilosa [O. albicans ssp. pilosa] Hairy Oxalis, Hairy Wood-sorrel

PAEONIACEAE (PEONY FAMILY) Paeonies belong to a small family composed of one genus and about 30 species. They have alternate, palmately lobed or compound leaves and numerous stamens similar to members of Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family). However, in a peony, the anthers on the innermost stamens are the first to produce pollen, whereas in a buttercup the anthers of the outermost stamens are the first. Peonies have five separate sepals that persist until the two to five pistils, which are many seeded, have ripened. There are five to ten separate petals. The ovary is superior. We have one representative, Paeonia brownii (fig.) (Western Peony). The flower can be almost 3 cm wide and occurs singly at stem ends. The rounded petals, 8–​13 mm long, are maroon or bronze in the center and yellow or green at the edge. In our region, Paeonia brownii grows in pine forests and scrubland above 3000 ft in the Coast Ranges, from Santa Clara County northward.

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5b Petals not more than 12 mm long; tips of sepals not orange;flets lea up to 2 cm long, the petioles up to 7 cm long; inflorescence sometimes umbel-like, with 1–5 flowers; stem up to 40 cm long, but often not upright 6a Stem creeping and rooting at the nodes; petals less than 8 mm long; common weed in gardens (leaflets often maroon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalis corniculata(pl. 39) Creeping Oxalis, Yellow Sorrel; eu 6b Stem upright or falling down, but not rooting at the nodes; petals 8–12 mm long; coastal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxalis albicansssp. pilosa Hairy Oxalis, Hairy Wood-sorrel

Paeoniaceae (Peony Family) Peonies form a small family composed of one genus and about 30 speices. They are similar to members of Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family), but a major point of distinction is that the nu-

Paeonia brownii Western Peony 272

OXALIDACEAE (OXALIS FAMILY)

PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY)  The Poppy Family includes Eschscholzia californica (California Poppy), the state flower of California, and many other attractive native species that can be grown from seed. Most are herbaceous, but Dendromecon rigida (Bush Poppy) is a woody shrub that flowers nearly year round. All members of the Poppy Family in our area have two to three sepals that usually fall off after flowering. The leaves are often deeply lobed. Although initially partitioned lengthwise into two or more divisions, the superior ovary usually ripens as a single unit, producing many seeds. An exception is Platystemon californicus (Creamcups), in which the several divisions separate as the fruit begins to mature. Part of the Poppy Family, which has irregular corollas, is sometimes segregated in Fumariaceae (Fumitory Family). All other poppies have regular corollas, with four or six separate and similar petals and four to many stamens. The stigma is often lobed. 1a Corolla irregular, 2 outer petals separate and different from 2 inner, these united at tips; stamens 6 (sepals 2, falling early; leaves alternate or basal, lobed or compound) 2a One outer petal with a pouch at base; all leaves on stem; stigma not lobed; annual 3a Corolla 5–​9 mm long including pouch, deep pink or purple-red, tips purple; sepals 1–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fumaria officinalis Fumitory; eu

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3b Corolla 3–​6 mm long including pouch, white or pale pink, tips purple; sepals up to 1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fumaria parviflora Small-flowered Fumitory; eu 2b Each of 2 outer petals with a pouch at base; at least some leaves basal; stigma 2 lobed; perennial (corolla 12–​19 mm long) 4a Corolla rose-purple, cream, or yellow; leaves all basal; up to 45 cm tall; moist shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dicentra formosa (pl. 22) Pacific Bleeding-heart; Mo-n 4b Corolla golden yellow; leaves basal and on stem; up to more than 100 cm tall; dry ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ehrendorferia chrysantha [Dicentra chrysantha] (pl. 23) Golden Eardrops; Me-s 1b Corolla regular, petals 4 or 6 or more, all similar; stamens 12 to many 5a Shrub (petals 4, yellow, 2–​3 cm long; stamens many; leaves with fine teeth; evergreen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dendromecon rigida (pl. 22) Bush Poppy; Sn-s 5b Herb, usually annual 6a Petals mainly white or cream, sometimes at least partly yellow; petals 4 or 6; sepals 2 or 3 7a Petals 4 or 6, 25–​50 mm long; leaves on stem, usually alternate, spiny, lobed (stamens 100 or more; stigma with 3–​5 lobes) . . . . . . . Argemone munita [A. platyceras] Prickly Poppy, Chicalote; CC-s 7b Petals 6, 2–​20 mm long; at least some leaves basal, not spiny, entire 8a Petal 1–​7 mm long, without yellow at base; stem leaves opposite or whorled; plant not hairy (stigma 1, 3 lobed) 9a Stamens usually 12 in 2 series; rocky areas . . . . . . . . . . . . Meconella californica California Meconella; SFBR 9b Stamens 4–​6 in 1 series; shaded canyons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meconella oregana Oregon Meconella; SFBR; 1b 8b Petal 3–​20 mm long, with yellow at base; stem leaves, if any, alternate or whorled; plant hairy (grassy areas) 10a Leaves usually all basal; stigmas 3; stamens many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperomecon linearis [Meconella linearis] Narrow-leaved Meconella 10b Some leaves on stem; stigmas 6 or more; stamens more than 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platystemon californicus Creamcups 6b Petals not white or cream; petals 4; sepals 2 (leaves deeply lobed, alternate or basal) 11a Petal yellow, without orange at base, except sometimes in Eschscholzia caespitosa (stamens 12 to many; sepals, forming a cone over petals, falling early; flower with a rim below petals) 12a Leaves all basal; seeds brown, burlike, with sharp projections; up to 15 cm tall (petals 7–​12 mm long; sepals 6–​10 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eschscholzia lobbii Frying-pan Poppy, Frying-pans 12b Leaves not all basal; seeds brown or black with a networklike pattern; up to 30 cm tall 13a Sepals 3–​4 mm long; petals 3–​15 mm long; seeds black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eschscholzia rhombipetala Diamond-petaled California Poppy; Al, CC; 1b

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13b Sepals 10–​18 mm long; petals 10–​25 mm long; seeds black or brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eschscholzia caespitosa Tufted Poppy 11b Petal orange, orange-red, or brick red, or if yellow, with orange at base 14a Petal 2–​6 cm long, without green or purple spots; sepals forming a conical cap covering petals and then falling early; stamens 12 to many; flower with a prominent collarlike rim below petals; leaves with many narrow lobes (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eschscholzia californica (pl. 23) California Poppy 14b Petal 1–​2 cm long, with green or purple spots at base; sepals not forming a cone; stamens many; flower without a rim below petals; leaves with fewer than 10 lobes, these not narrow 15a Petal orange-red, with a purple spot at base; style present; stigma headlike; sap yellowish; chaparral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papaver heterophyllum [Stylomecon heterophylla] (pl. 23) Wind Poppy; La-s 15b Petal brick red, with a green spot at base; style absent; stigma disklike; sap milky; on fire burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papaver californicum Fire Poppy; Ma-s

PARNASSIACEAE (GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAMILY)  This small family of two genera and about 70 species occurs mainly in temperate, arctic, or alpine areas. It is often placed in Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage Family). The five separate petals are often fringed but not in our representative, Parnassia palustris [P. californica] (Large-flowered Grass-of-parnassus), which grows in wet meadows. Its solitary flower, on a peduncle up to 50 cm long, has white petals 8–​20 mm long. There are five fertile stamens and five to nine sterile stamens with no anthers, but each with 9–​27 threadlike lobes. The leaves are entire and all basal except for one bractlike leaf on the peduncle. The ovary is superior and the fruit a capsule. PHRYMACEAE (LOPSEED FAMILY)  This family now encompasses 15 genera found worldwide, including Mimulus (monkeyflowers), a group of about 100 species, many of which occur in California. They were previously in Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family). The lopseeds have opposite leaves, which are entire or toothed. The irregular flowers have five fused petals in a two-lipped arrangement, two lobes forming the upper lip and three the lower. The five sepals are also united. There are four stamens and a superior ovary with one style and two stigma lobes. The fruit is usually a capsule, sometimes a lopsided one. The species of Mimulus in our area are all herbaceous except one, Mimulus aurantiacus (Bush Monkeyflower). Many of them are available to gardeners as seed from the California Native Plant Society. 1a Shrub (corolla dull orange; often more than 1 m tall; dry hillsides; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus aurantiacus Bush Monkeyflower, Sticky Monkeyflower 1b Herb 2a Corolla yellow, sometimes with red or brown spots (wet places)

248     Parnassiaceae

Mimulus tricolor Tricolored Monkeyflower









3a Plant with dense, long hairs; leaves 1–​3 cm long, sessile (calyx 6–​7 mm long; pedicel 1–​ 1.5 cm long; annual; up to 35 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus pilosus Downy Monkeyflower 3b Plant, if hairy, without dense, long hairs; most leaves more than 3 cm long, with petioles 4a Plant not slimy; calyx 6–​30 mm long, flattened from side to side; leaf blades 0.5–​12.5 cm long; petioles 0–​9.5 cm long; pedicel 1–​8 cm long; erect (plant sometimes hairy; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus guttatus (pl. 23) Common Monkeyflower 4b Plant often slimy; calyx 3–​12 mm long, not flattened; leaf blades 0.5–​6 cm long; petioles 0–​2 cm long; pedicel 0.5–​5 cm long; prostrate or with stem tips rising, sometimes climbing on plants 5a Perennial; often musk scented, sometimes hairy; leaf blades 1–​6 cm long, with more than 1 prominent vein from base; calyx 8–​12 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus moschatus Muskflower, Musk Monkeyflower; SCr-n 5b Annual; not musk scented, hairy; leaf blades 0.5–​4 .5 cm long, with 1 prominent vein from base; calyx 3–​8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus floribundus Long-flowering Monkeyflower 2b Corolla red-orange, purple-red, purple, or pink, sometimes with yellow or white inside and on tube SCROPHULARIACEAE (SNAPDRAGON FAMILY) 6a Tube of corolla white or yellow (corolla 3–​4 .5 cm long, lips purple and spotted; not more than 12 cm tall; annual; around drying pools) 7a Plant hairy; corolla tube about twice as long as calyx; throat of corolla white with a purple-spotted yellow blotch; up to 14 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus tricolor (fig.) Tricolored Monkeyflower; Sn-n 7b Plant not hairy except calyx; corolla tube at least 3 times as long as calyx; throat of corolla purple with darker spots; not more than 2 cm tall . . . . . . . Mimulus angustatus Narrow-leaved Monkeyflower; Me-Na 6b Tube of corolla not yellow 8a Pedicel longer than calyx (corolla red-purple; pedicel 7–​27 mm long; up to 8 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus androsaceus Androsace Monkeyflower; SCl

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331







8b Pedicel usually shorter than calyx 9a Corolla red-orange; pedicel 50–​80 mm long; calyx 20–​30 mm long; perennial (up to 80 cm tall; along streams) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus cardinalis Scarlet Monkeyflower 9b Corolla red, purple, or red-purple; pedicel 7–​27 mm long; calyx 3–​7 mm long; annual 10a Corolla tube 7–​10 mm long; calyx 5–​9 mm long; flower solitary at each node (corolla red-purple or rose, with 2 yellow folds; up to 18 cm tall; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus rattanii Rattan’s Monkeyflower; Ma-Mo 10b Corolla tube 8–​45 mm long; calyx 5–​27 mm long; flowers usually 2 at each node 11a Lower lip of corolla smaller than upper lip (corolla purple or red-purple, throat yellow or gold, tube 20–​45 mm long; calyx 8–​16 mm long; dry places) 12a Lower lip of corolla 1 mm long; up to 4 cm tall (serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus douglasii Purple Monkeyflower, Chinless Monkeyflower; SB-n 12b Lower lip of corolla 2–​3 mm long; up to 30 cm tall . . . Mimulus kelloggii Kellogg’s Monkeyflower; Na-n 11b Lower lip of corolla more or less equal to upper lip (disturbed areas, granite, serpentine) 13a Plant densely hairy, odor tobaccolike (calyx lobes unequal; corolla redpurple, throat with some white; up to 90 cm tall) . . . Mimulus bolanderi Bolander’s Monkeyflower; Me-s 13b Plant not densely hairy, odor not tobaccolike 14a Leaves hairy; calyx lobes equal; corolla white or red-purple, throat white with dark spots; up to 28 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . Mimulus layneae Layne’s Monkeyflower; Na-n 14b Only margins of leaves hairy; calyx lobes unequal; corolla redpurple, without spots; up to 12 cm tall . . . . . . . . . Mimulus congdonii Congdon’s Monkeyflower; Me-s

PHYTOLACCACEAE (POKEWEED FAMILY)  Phytolacca americana (Pokeweed or Pigeonberry) is a perennial native to eastern United States. It is an attractive plant and the source of a useful red dye, long used for coloring candy, wine, cloth, and paper. Pokeweed has therefore been cultivated, or at least encouraged, even in areas where it grows wild. It is now well established in southern Europe, and there are a few places in California, including our region, where it has become common. Phytolacca americana reaches a height of more than 2 m. Its stems are ribbed and often reddish, and they branch in twos. The alternate, entire leaves are 8–​35 cm long and opposite them is an inflorescence 12–​30 cm long. Each small flower has no petals, but there are five white or purple sepals 2–​3 mm long, fused at the base, and ten stamens. The ovary is superior. The fruit is interesting: a cluster of 5–​12 fleshy units, something like a blackberry, which starts out red but becomes purple black as it ripens.

250     Phytolaccaceae

PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY) Partly because of the rules of taxonomy, Plantaginaceae now includes some unlikely looking new members: all of Callitrichaceae (Water-starwort Family) and Hippuridaceae (Mares’s-tail Family), and many species from Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family). Water-starworts, rooted in mud, grow in shallow water and at the edges of ponds or vernal pools. The stems of these plants are very slender and weak and the pistillate and staminate flowers, in the leaf axils, are extremely small and lack sepals as well as petals. Hippuris vulgaris (Mare’s-tail), often the only recognized species in Hippuridaceae, is also an aquatic plant that grows partly submersed at the edges of lakes, ponds, and sluggish streams. It propagates vegetatively by creeping stems rooted in the mud. While the historic plantains are characterized by basal leaves and small flowers with a four-lobed calyx and a four-lobed, regular, papery corolla, the figworts have irregular, rather showy flowers with five sepals fused at the base and a five-lobed corolla. The leaves are usually not basal. However, like Plantago, all of the more recent members of Plantaginaceae have two or four fertile stamens, a superior ovary, except Hippuris vulgaris, and the fruit is often a capsule. 1a Plants aquatic or left stranded on mud (leaves entire, opposite or whorled) 2a Stem unbranched, partly emerging from water; leaves 6–​12 in each whorl; ovary inferior; style and stamen 1; flowers usually bisexual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hippuris vulgaris (fig.) Mare’s-tail 2b Stem branched, entirely submersed or floating; leaves opposite; ovary superior; styles 2, stamen 1; flowers unisexual 3a Leaves much darker green than stem, and with only 1 prominent vein; leaves all submersed and all same type (fruit with a wing extending along its edges; bracts absent; streams, ponds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche fassettii [C. hermaphroditica] Bundled Water-starwort 3b Leaves and stem pale green, leaves sometimes with more than 1 prominent vein; leaves sometimes floating and of varying form 4a Peduncle of pistillate flowers and fruit 1–​25 mm long; flowers and fruit without bracts; vernal pools (fruit winged along its edges) 5a Fruit at least as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche longipedunculata Long-stalked Water-starwort 5b Fruit not as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche marginata California Water-starwort 4b Pistillate flower and fruit sessile or nearly so; flowers with 2 white bracts, these sometimes absent in fruit; lakes, ponds, streams 6a Fruit wing extending around its edges prominent (fruit about as long as wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche trochlearis Northern Water-starwort; Sn-n 6b Fruit either without a wing, or the wing prominent near tip, becoming narrower or disappearing below 7a Pitlike markings on face of fruit forming vertical rows (fruit 0.7–​1 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche palustris [C. verna] Vernal Water-starwort

Plantaginaceae    251

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Callitriche heterophylla var. heterophylla Variedleaf Water-starwort

1b Bases of pairs of leaves joined by a narrow, thin membrane; leaves sometimes of varying form, depending on their location on the stem 2a Pistillateflower and fruit on a pedicel 1–25 mm long (fruit less than 2 mm long, slightly longer than wide, sometimes with prominent wings) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. Callitriche marginata[includes C. longipedunculata ] California Water-starwort 2b Pistillateflower and fruit sessile or nearly so 3a Fruit with prominent wings that extend from top to bottom along the narrow edges (fruit about as long as wide). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche trochlearis Northern Water-starwort; Sn-n 3b Fruit either without wings, or with wings that are prominent only near the tip, becoming narrower or disappearing below 4a Pitlike markings on broad face of fruit forming perceptible vertical rows. . . . ....................................................... Callitriche verna Vernal Water-starwort 4b Pitlike markings on broad face of fruit distributed so irregularly that they do not form vertical rows 5a Fruit up to 0.8 mm wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche heterophyllavar. heterophylla(fig.) Variedleaf Water-starwort 5b Fruit up to 1.4 mm wide. . . . . . . . . . Callitriche heterophyllavar. bolanderi Bolander Water-starwort Members of the Spicebush or Sweetshrub Hippuris vulgaris Family have smooth-margined, opposite leaves. Theirflowers have numerous similar sepals Mare’s-tail and petals that collectively form several circles. There are many pistils and stamens; the stamens nearest the pistils lack anthers. The pistils ripen to form one-seeded achenes that are almost completely enclosed by the cup-shaped receptacle, which in turn is covered tightly by bracts. Our only representative is Calycanthus occidentalis(Spicebush or Sweetshrub) (pl. 17), which grows in Napa County northward. It is generally found close to streams, especially in canyons, and sometimes around ponds. Theflower, about 5 cm wide, has deep-red perianth

CALYCANTHACEAE (SPICEBUSH FAMILY)

252     Plantaginaceae 170

BRASSICACEAE, SUBKEY 2

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Plantago lanceolata English Plantain

Plantago major Common Plantain

4b Widespread; inflorescence 3–20 cm long; leaves 7–20 cm long, not hairy . . . . . . . Plantago major[includes P. major vars. pilgeriand scopulorum ] ( fig.) Common Plantain 2b Leaves rarely so much as 1 cm wide and not more than 15 cm long 5a Leaves not hairy or only sparsely hairy 6a Leaves succulent, not hairy, up to 15 cm long; florescence in 2–10 cm long; stamens 4; perennial; on sandy beaches, salt marshes, and upper levels of rocky shores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago maritima[includes P. maritima ssp. juncoidesand var. californica] (pl. 41) Sea Plantain 6b Leaves not succulent, sometimes hairy, up to 10 cm long; florescence in 1–5 cm long; stamens 2; annual; in drying vernal pools and at the borders of salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago elongata [includes P. elongata ssp. pentaspermaand P. bigelovii] Linearleaf Plantain, Annual Coast Plantain; SLO-n 5b Leaves with long hairs (stamens 4; in florescence 1–3 cm long; annual) 7a Leaves 3–13 cm long; peduncle up to 30 cm long; corolla lobes spreading outNuttallanthus texanus Digitalis purpurea Foxglove ward, exposing the developing fruit (widespread) Blue . . . . .Toadflax ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago erecta [P. hookeriana var. californica](pl. 41) California Plantain 7b Leaves 1–6 cm long; peduncle up to 6 cm long; corolla lobes forming a beaklike covering over the developing fruit . . . .Plantago . truncatassp. firma Chile Plantain; sa

Plantaginaceae    253 PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAIN FAMILY)

277

Veronica americana American Brooklime

Veronica anagallis-aquatica Water Speedwell

Veronica scutellata Marsh Speedwell

254     Plantaginaceae

7b Pitlike markings on face of fruit not forming vertical rows 8a Fruit 0.6–​0.8 mm long . . . . . . Callitriche heterophylla var. heterophylla (fig.) Variedleaf Water-starwort 8b Fruit 0.8–​1.4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callitriche heterophylla var. bolanderi Bolander’s Water-starwort 1b Plants not aquatic, but sometimes growing in wet places 9a Corolla papery; leaves often with parallel veins, mainly basal, except Plantago arenaria (corolla 4 lobed, regular) 10a Leaves mostly on stem; inflorescences several, in upper leaf axils (leaves entire, threadlike, or narrow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago arenaria Sand Plantain; SF, SCr 10b Leaves mostly basal; inflorescence solitary, on a leafless peduncle 11a Leaves pinnately lobed; inflorescence drooping before fruiting (stamens 4; leaves 4–​ 25 cm long, hairy; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago coronopus Cut-leaved Plantain; eu 11b Leaves not pinnately lobed, sometimes with large, irregular teeth; inflorescence not drooping 12a Leaves usually more than 1.5 cm wide and 5–​40 cm long (stamens 4; usually perennial) 13a Leaves not more than 2.5 cm wide; inflorescence 20–​80 cm long including stalk (leaves hairy, 5–​25 cm long; widespread) . . . . . . . Plantago lanceolata (fig.) English Plantain, Ribwort; eu 13b Leaves usually more than 2.5 cm wide; inflorescence 5–​60 cm long including stalk 14a Mostly coastal; leaves 12–​40 cm long, sometimes hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago subnuda [P. hirtella var. galeottiana] Coastal Plantain, Mexican Plantain 14b Widespread; leaves 5–​18 cm long, not hairy . . . . . . . . . . Plantago major (fig.) Common Plantain; eu 12b Leaves usually less than 1 cm wide and 1–​15 cm long (inflorescence 2–​30 cm long including stalk) 15a Near salt marshes, beaches, or vernal pools; leaves usually not hairy (corolla lobes erect) 16a Leaves succulent, 3–​15 cm long; inflorescence 8–​30 cm long including stalk; stamens 4; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago maritima Sea Plantain 16b Leaves not succulent, 3–​10 cm long; inflorescence 2–​18 cm long including stalk; stamens 2; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago elongata Linear-leaved Plantain, Annual Coast Plantain; SLO-n 15b Usually not near salt marshes, beaches, or vernal pools; leaves with long hairs (stamens 4; annual) 17a Corolla lobes rounded, spreading outward; leaves 3–​13 cm long; inflorescence 3–​30 cm long including stalk; flowers bisexual (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantago erecta California Plantain 17b Corolla lobes pointed, erect; leaves 1–​6 cm long; inflorescence 3–​7 cm long including stalk; flowers unisexual . . . . . . Plantago truncata ssp. firma Chile Plantain; sa

Plantaginaceae    255









9b Corolla not papery; leaves without parallel veins, usually not mainly basal 18a Corolla with a spur or sac at base, sometimes hidden by calyx (corolla irregular; antherbearing stamens 4) 19a Corolla tube with a sac usually extending below calyx (annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantaginaceae, Subkey 1 Antirrhinum, Collinsia 19b Corolla tube with a slender spur (leaves alternate except lowermost) 20a Stem lying on ground; flower solitary in leaf axils (corolla 7–​15 mm long; annual) 21a Upper leaves with pointed lobes at base of blades . . . . . . . . . . . . Kickxia elatine Sharp-leaved Fluellin; eu 21b Upper leaves sometimes slightly notched, but without pointed lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kickxia spuria Round-leaved Fluellin; eu 20b Stem erect; flowers several in a raceme at stem end 22a Corolla blue or violet, 10–​24 mm long; annual (sandy habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nuttallanthus texanus [Linaria canadensis] (fig.) Blue Toadflax; SCl-n 22b Corolla primarily yellow, with orange inside, 18–​32 mm long; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs; me 18b Corolla without a spur or sac 23a Leaves alternate (corolla irregular, 4–​6 cm long, white or pink-purple, spotted inside; stamens 4; leaves 1–​3 cm long, toothed; up to 1.5 m tall; poisonous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Digitalis purpurea (fig.) Foxglove; eu 23b Leaves opposite, whorled, or all basal 24a Anther-bearing stamens 4, antherless stamen 1 (corolla irregular; leaves opposite or whorled) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantaginaceae, Subkey 2 Keckiella, Penstemon 24b Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4; antherless stamens none 25a Anther-bearing stamens 2; corolla nearly regular except Synthyris and Lindernia; leaves either all basal, or at least lower stem leaves opposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plantaginaceae, Subkey 3 25b Anther-bearing stamens 4; corolla irregular; leaves opposite (corolla 2.5 mm long, white, lobes becoming violet; annual; up to 30 cm tall; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tonella tenella Small-flowered Tonella; SCl-n

Plantaginaceae, Subkey 1 Corolla irregular, tube with a sac usually extending below calyx; anther-bearing stamens 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antirrhinum, Collinsia 1a Corolla tube with a sac on lower side near base; most leaves alternate except lowermost (sometimes clinging to other plants) 2a Plant not hairy (calyx lobes 5–​8 mm long, equal) 3a Corolla 10–​14 mm long, lavender or blue-purple; vinelike, twining and clinging to other plants; pedicel 30–​90 mm long; annual; fire burns . . . . . . . . Antirrhinum kelloggii (pl. 23) Lax Snapdragon, Kellogg’s Snapdragon; Ma-s

256     Plantaginaceae, Subkey 1



3b Corolla 13–​18 mm long, pink; upright, not clinging to other plants; pedicel 2–​6 mm long; perennial; serpentine (up to 2 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antirrhinum virga Twiglike Snapdragon, Tall Snapdragon; Sn; 4 2b Plant hairy (annual) 4a Corolla white, with violet veins; calyx lobes 4–​6 mm long, equal; pedicel 1–​2 mm long (corolla 9–​11 mm long; up to 40 cm tall; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . Antirrhinum cornutum Spurred Snapdragon; Na-n 4b Corolla lavender, pink, or red, sometimes with darker veins; calyx lobes 2–​14 mm long, unequal; pedicel 1–​4 mm long 5a Corolla 13–​18 mm long, pink or red, without darker veins; upright, not clinging to other plants; fire burns (calyx lobes 5–​11 mm long; up to 1.5 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antirrhinum multiflorum Many-flowered Snapdragon, Sticky Snapdragon; SCl-s 5b Corolla 8–​17 mm long, lavender, sometimes with darker veins; upright, but clinging to other plants; serpentine 6a Corolla 11–​17 mm long, without dark veins; upper calyx lobes 6–​14 mm long, others 4–​9 mm long; stem hairs nonglandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antirrhinum vexillocalyculatum ssp. vexillocalyculatum Wiry Snapdragon; Sn-SB 6b Corolla 8–​12 mm long, with some dark veins; upper calyx lobes 3–​5 mm long, others 2–​4 mm long; stem hairs glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antirrhinum vexillocalyculatum ssp. breweri Brewer’s Snapdragon; Sn-n 1b Corolla tube with one sac on upper side and another on middle lobe of lower lip, this one enclosing stamens; leaves all opposite (corolla 12–​22 mm long) 7a Flowers single or in pairs in leaf axils; pedicel at least 1.5 cm long (corolla 7–​20 mm long, purple, lavender, or white, upper lip usually lighter; middle lobe of lower lip hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia sparsiflora var. sparsiflora [includes C. sparsiflora var. arvensis] (pl. 23) Few-flowered Blue-eyed-Mary; CC-n 7b Flowers, at least upper ones, in whorls of at least 3; pedicel less than 1.5 cm long, sometimes longer in Collinsia multicolor 8a Side lobes of lower corolla lip hairy on inner surfaces (plant staining skin brown; corolla white, yellow, or lavender, with some spots) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia tinctoria Sticky Chinese-houses; Sn-n 8b Side lobes of lower corolla lip not hairy on inner surfaces 9a Upper lip of corolla much less than half as long as lower; flowers in a single cluster (upper corolla lip blue, lower white; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia corymbosa Round-headed Chinese-houses; SF-n; 1b 9b Upper lip of corolla more than half as long as lower; flowers not in a single cluster 10a Pedicel longer than calyx (lower flowers single or in pairs, upper ones in whorls; upper corolla lip white, usually with spots, lower blue, middle lobe purple; moist shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia multicolor San Francisco Collinsia; SF-Mo; 1b 10b Pedicel equal to or shorter than calyx 11a Corolla 10–​15 mm long, dark purple; pedicel about equal to calyx; filaments of upper 2 stamens not hairy or only near their bases (serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia greenei Greene’s Collinsia; Sn-n

Plantaginaceae, Subkey 1    257



11b Corolla 15–​20 mm long, not dark purple; pedicel shorter than calyx; filaments of upper 2 stamens hairy for much of their length 12a Upper lip of corolla white or lavender, lower white or violet; calyx lobes pointed at tips; filaments of upper 2 stamens with outgrowths 1–​2 mm long projecting upward into sac of corolla tube; near woods (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia heterophylla Chinese-houses 12b Corolla uniformly rose or white; calyx lobes blunt at tips; filaments of upper 2 stamens with outgrowths less than 1 mm long; open, sandy areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collinsia bartsiifolia White Chinese-houses; La-s

Plantaginaceae, Subkey 2 Corolla irregular; leaves opposite or whorled; anther-bearing stamens 4; antherless stamen 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keckiella, Penstemon 1a Herb, not at all woody (corolla 2–​4 cm long; filament base not hairy; up to 85 cm tall) 2a Corolla scarlet, nearly regular, with 5 nearly equal lobes (inflorescence not hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon centranthifolius Scarlet-bugler; La-s 2b Corolla blue-violet, distinctly 2-lipped 3a Leaves 5–​9 cm long, thick, folded; corolla not white inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon grinnellii var. scrophularioides Grinnell’s Penstemon; SCl(MH) 3b Leaves 2.5–​14 cm long, thin, not folded; corolla white inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon rattanii var. kleei Santa Cruz Mountains Beardtongue; SCl; 1b 1b Shrub, or at least woody at base 4a Inflorescence not glandular hairy, sometimes with some nonglandular hairs 5a Plant not hairy, except sometimes in lower portion 6a Corolla 23–​40 mm long, blue; leaves 2–​9.5 cm long, usually entire; up to 150 cm tall (some leaves whorled, 1–​5 mm wide; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon heterophyllus var. heterophyllus Foothill Penstemon, Chaparral Penstemon 6b Corolla 12–​18 mm long, white, cream, or rose; leaves 1–​4 cm long, toothed; up to 20 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keckiella breviflora var. glabrisepala Hairless Bush Penstemon; Me-Na 5b Plant with short hairs almost throughout 7a Leaves not whorled, 2–​7.5 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon heterophyllus var. purdyi Purdy’s Penstemon; SB-n 7b Some leaves whorled, 1–​4 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon heterophyllus var. australis Hairy Foothill Penstemon 4b Inflorescence glandular hairy (corolla not blue) 8a Lower corolla lip yellow, upper brown; leaves 1–​6.5 cm long (leaves with 2–​12 teeth; corolla 11–​15 mm long; up to 150 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keckiella lemmonii Lemmon’s Bush Penstemon; Sl-n 8b Corolla not yellow and brown; leaves 1–​4 cm long 9a Corolla 12–​18 mm long, white, cream, or rose (leaves with many fine teeth; up to 20 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keckiella breviflora var. breviflora Yawning Bush Penstemon; Al-s

258     Plantaginaceae, Subkey 2



9b Corolla 22–​40 mm long, pink, red, or rose-purple 10a Leaves with more than 5 teeth; corolla dark rose-purple; filament base not hairy; up to 30 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penstemon newberryi var. sonomensis Sonoma Beardtongue; Na, Sn; 1b 10b Leaves entire or with 3–​5 teeth; corolla pink or red; filament base hairy; up to 60 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keckiella corymbosa Redwood Bush Penstemon; Mo-n

Plantaginaceae, Subkey 3 Corolla nearly regular except in Synthyris and Lindernia; leaves basal, or at least lower stem leaves opposite; anther-bearing stamens 2; antherless stamens none 1a Corolla irregular 2a Corolla 5 lobed, lobes shorter than tube; leaves sessile, all on stem, all opposite, entire or finely toothed, blades less than 2 cm wide, not heart shaped; corolla white, blue, or lavender; annual; wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lindernia dubia False Pimpernel; Ma, Scr 2b Corolla 3 or 4 lobed, lobes longer than tube; leaves with petioles at least 5 cm long, all basal, coarsely toothed, blades usually more than 2 cm wide, heart shaped; corolla purple-blue; perennial; moist shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Synthyris reniformis Snowqueen; Ma-n 1b Corolla nearly regular (corolla 4 or 5 lobed, at least lower stem leaves opposite, blades rarely 2 cm wide, not heart shaped; petioles absent or less than 0.5 cm long) 3a Plant not hairy; leaves 10–​80 mm long (leaves at least twice as long as wide; with rhizomes; perennial; prostrate with stem tips rising; wet places) 4a Leaves more than 4 times as long as wide; corolla 5–​7 mm wide (corolla white or blue, with purple lines; leaves 20–​40 mm long, entire, sessile) . . . . . . . Veronica scutellata (fig.) Marsh Speedwell; Ma-n 4b Leaves not more than 4 times as long as wide; corolla 5–​10 mm wide 5a Leaves 10–​50 mm long, toothed, all with petioles; corolla violet-blue with darker lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica americana (fig.) American Brooklime 5b Leaves 20–​80 mm long, sometimes toothed, sessile except lowermost; corolla lavender or blue with violet lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica anagallis-aquatica (fig.) Water Speedwell; eu 3b Plant hairy; leaves 2–​25 mm long 6a Corolla 8–​12 mm wide, blue with purple lines and a white center; leaves all with petioles (leaves toothed, 5–​25 mm long, about as long as wide; annual; prostrate; wet places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica persica Persian Speedwell; as 6b Corolla 2–​7 mm wide, uniformly colored; only lowest leaves sometimes with petioles 7a Corolla white; leaves 5–​25 mm long, toothed, at least twice as long as wide; plant with glandular hairs (corolla 2–​3 mm wide; annual; erect; moist places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica peregrina ssp. xalapensis Purslane Speedwell 7b Corolla blue or violet; leaves 2–​15 mm long, sometimes toothed, about as long as wide; plant with nonglandular hairs

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8a Corolla 2–​3 mm wide, blue or violet; leaves 2–​15 mm long; annual; without rhizomes; prostrate or erect; meadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica arvensis Common Speedwell, Corn Speedwell; eua 8a Corolla more than 4 mm wide, bright blue; leaves 10–​25 mm long; perennial; with rhizomes; prostrate with stem tips rising; moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. humifusa Thyme-leaved Speedwell

PLATANACEAE (SYCAMORE FAMILY)  Sycamores and plane-trees, all of which belong to a single genus, Platanus, have alternate, deciduous leaves, usually with star-shaped hairs. The larger blades are palmately lobed and the bases of the petioles are prominently dilated. The bark flakes off in substantial pieces, and this confers an attractive mottling on the trunk and large branches. The staminate flowers, with three to six stamens, and the pistillate flowers, with three to nine pistils, are on the same tree and crowded into one to seven globular heads attached to a drooping stalk. All of the flowers on a particular stalk are either staminate or pistillate. Both types of flowers have three to six small sepals and three to six minute petals or none. The ovary is superior. The only species native to our region and to all of California is Platanus racemosa (fig.) (Western Sycamore). It grows mostly along streams in foothills and valleys, and reaches a

Platanus racemosa Western Sycamore

260     Platanaceae

height of about 25 m. The leaf blades, usually with five lobes that are pointed, are up to 15 cm wide and densely hairy at least on the undersides. The hairs, if inhaled after breaking off, can cause allergic reactions. The heads of the short-lived staminate flowers are about 1 cm wide. The hairy, bristly, pistillate heads, 2–​3 cm wide, are called “buttonballs” and persist into autumn.

PLUMBAGINACEAE (LEADWORT FAMILY) Many plants of the Leadwort Family live in coastal habitats, including salt marshes. A few species of Limonium are cultivated, usually under the obsolete genus name Statice. Their “everlasting” flowers, when dried, look much as they did when fresh. The papery texture of the calyx, corolla, or bracts, is a feature of some members of the family. The small flower has a five-lobed calyx, which is usually ribbed lengthwise, and five nearly separate or united petals. The five stamens, attached to the corolla, are in line with its lobes. The ovary is superior. The pistil, with five styles, develops into a dry fruit containing a single seed. All species in our region are usually perennial, and their leaves are mostly basal. 1a Flowers many in a dense head on an unbranched stem; head with papery bracts beneath it; leaves 1–​3 mm wide; up to 30 cm tall (petals pink; rocky shores, backshores of sandy beaches) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Armeria maritima ssp. californica (pl. 23) Thrift, Seapink; SLO-n 1b Flowers 2–​5 in clusters on a branched panicle; cluster with scalelike bracts beneath it; leaves more than 5 mm wide; usually more than 30 cm tall 2a Leaves lobed; inflorescence branches winged (calyx 10–​12 mm long, blue; corolla white or pale yellow, soon withering; flowers 2 in each cluster; coastal areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limonium sinuatum Winged Sea-lavender; me 2b Leaves not lobed; inflorescence branches not winged 3a Leaves 15–​60 mm wide; flowers 1–​2 in each cluster; corolla blue; salt marshes, coastal dunes (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limonium californicum (pl. 24) California Sea-lavender, Western Marsh-rosemary 3b Leaves 7–​20 mm wide; flowers 2–​5 in each cluster; corolla pink; salt marshes, near inland waterways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limonium ramosissimum Branched Sea-lavender; me

POLEMONIACEAE (PHLOX FAMILY) In our region, most members of the Phlox Family are annual, herbaceous plants. The flower generally has a five-lobed calyx and corolla, and five stamens attached to the corolla tube. The pistil usually has three stigmas and its superior ovary has three seed-producing divisions. Certain species, however, deviate from the pattern just described. For instance, flowers with a four-lobed calyx and corolla often predominate in a population, or are encountered in inflorescences in which most flowers have a five-lobed calyx and corolla. All species in the Bay Area are natives. It is not often that we can say that about a family that has so many representatives. Collomia grandiflora (Large-flowered Collomia) and spe-

Plumbaginaceae    261

Beidleman_255-456 6/10/02 9:46 AM Page 280

Navarretia intertexta Needle-leaved Navarretia

Polemonium carneum Jacob’s-ladder

cies of Gilia4b andCorolla Leptosiphon grow 1well sown sunny places. Eriastrum plurifloless than cmfrom wide,seed yellow at in the throat, but with purplish lobes; rum, Navarretia leaves gowenii,toothed N. hamata ssp. 3parviloba, N. heterandra, prostrata have been or with shallow lobes near theand tips;N.stem usually branched; reported in our region. rarely more than 10 cm tall (on serpentine soil) . . . . . . . .Collomia diversifolia

Na; 4 1a Leaves compound, with 9–​21 leaflets (leaves alternate; corolla 12–​2Serpentine 0 mm wide,Collomia; salmon, pink, or purple; perennial; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polemonium carneum (fig.) 3b Leaves opposite (leaves smooth margined) Jacob’s-ladder, Oregon Polemonium; SM-n; 2 5a Corolla lobes 1–2 mm long, usually pink, lavender, or white; leaves not tough; 1b Leaves not compound, often deeply toothed or lobed annual; rarely more than 15 cm tall; common in grassy places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2a Leaves entire, toothed, or with a few shallow lobes near tips ................................ Phlox gracilis [Microsteris gracilis](pl. 42) 3a Leaves alternate (annual) Slender 4a Corolla 15–​30 mm long, salmon, orange, becoming white; leaves entire; stem Phlox 5b Corolla lobes about 10 mm long, bright pink; leaves tough; sometimes branched above; often more than 50 cm tall . . . . . . . . Collomiawoody-based grandiflora perennial; sometimes more than 30 cm tall; in rockyLarge-flowered habitats . . . . . .Collomia ........ 4b Corolla leaves 3 teeth or occidentalis shallow . . . .9–​ . . .1.2. mm . . . . . long, . . . . . .throat . . . . . . yellow, . . . . . . . .lobes . . . . . purple; ... Phloxwith speciosa ssp. lobes; stem branched throughout; rarely more than 10 cm tall (serpentine) Showy Phlox; Sn-n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collomia diversifolia 2b At least some leaves deeply lobed, the primary lobes sometimes divided again Serpentine Collomia; Na; 4 6a Flowers in a head above spine-tipped bracts; calyx lobes of distinctly unequal 3b At least lower leaves opposite (leaves entire; corolla 8–​15 mm long; inflorescence length (leaves glandular hairy) alternate; annual) 7a Inflorescence cobwebby hairy, the hairs intertwined; tips of leaf lobes not spinelike (corolla lobes blue, the tube and throat yellow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................... Eriastrum abramsii Abrams Eriastrum; La-SB

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POLEMONIACEAE (PHLOX FAMILY)









5a Annual; corolla lobes 1–​2 mm long, pink, or white, tube yellow; leaves 1–​3 cm long; up to 20 cm tall; grassy places (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microsteris gracilis [Phlox gracilis] (pl. 24) Slender Phlox 5b Perennial, woody at base; corolla lobes about 10 mm long, bright pink, tube pink; leaves 1–​5 cm long; up to 40 cm tall; rocky habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phlox speciosa [P. speciosa ssp. occidentalis] Showy Phlox; Sn-n 2b At least some leaves deeply lobed, primary lobes sometimes divided again (annual) 6a Flowers in a head above spine-tipped bracts; calyx lobes unequal (leaves alternate) 7a Inflorescence with cobweb-like hairs; leaf tips not spiny; stigmas 3 (corolla 5–​8 mm long, lobes pale blue, tube and throat white or yellow; leaves woolly, 1–​4 .5 cm long, with 3–​7 lobes; up to 15 cm tall; chaparral) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriastrum abramsii Abrams’ Eriastrum; La-SB 7b Inflorescence, if hairy, not cobweb-like; leaf tips spiny; stigmas 2 or 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polemoniaceae, Subkey 1 Navarretia 6b Flowers, if in a head, without spine-tipped bracts; calyx lobes more or less equal (stigmas 3) 8a Leaves opposite or appearing whorled, with slender palmate lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polemoniaceae, Subkey 2 Leptosiphon, Linanthus 8b Leaves all alternate, lower ones, at least, 1 or 2 times pinnately lobed, sometimes with only 1 or 2 lobes on each side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polemoniaceae, Subkey 3

Polemoniaceae, Subkey 1 Flowers in a head above spine-tipped bracts; calyx lobes unequal; leaves alternate, at least some deeply lobed, tips spiny; stigmas 2 or 3; annual . . . . . . . . . Navarretia 1a Flower parts in fours (corolla 8–​11 mm long, cream or pale yellow, stamens protruding; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia cotulifolia Cotula Navarretia; Sn, Me-SB; 4 1b Flower parts in fives 2a Stigmas 2 (plant with nonglandular hairs except sometimes on inflorescence) 3a Style tip and stamens equal with top of corolla (leaf lobes not needlelike) 4a Corolla not yellow, throat red-purple, not spotted, lobes blue-purple; plant without white hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia pubescens (pl. 24) Downy Navarretia; SLO-n 4b Corolla yellow, throat with purple or brown spots, lobes blue-purple; plant with white hairs (vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia nigelliformis Adobe Navarretia; CC-SLO 3b Style and stamens protruding well out of corolla 5a Plant without white hairs; rachis of leaves not needlelike (corolla 4–​10 mm long, white; vernal pools) 6a Stamens attached at each cleft of corolla; corolla tube includeed in calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia leucocephala ssp. bakeri Baker’s Navarretia; Sn-n; 1b

Polemoniaceae, Subkey 1    263







6b Stamens attached inside corolla throat; corolla tube protrudingg from calyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia leucocephala ssp. leucocephala White-flowered Navarretia; SB-n 5b Plant with white hairs; rachis and lobes of leaves needlelike 7a Corolla 7–​11 mm long, white, lobes pale blue or white; vernal pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia intertexta (fig.) Needle-leaved Navarretia 7b Corolla 9–​11 mm long, tube and throat white, lobes purple, each with a spot; serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia jepsonii Jepson’s Navarretia; Na; 4 2b Stigmas 3 8a Stamens protruding well out of corolla (plant odor skunklike, with glandular hairs; corolla 6–​11 mm long, purple; leaf lobes threadlike; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia heterodoxa Calistoga Navarretia; Na, Sn-SCl 8b Stamen tips either more or less equal with top of corolla, or well inside 9a Stamen tips more or less equal with top of corolla 10a Hairs nonglandular; style included in corolla (leaf lobes needlelike; corolla 9–​11 mm long, pale blue; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia tagetina Marigold Navarretia; Na, Sn-n 10b Hairs glandular; style tip more or less even with top of corolla 11a Rachis of leaves 2–​6 mm wide, lobes not needlelike (corolla 8–​9 mm long, purple or white, tube with red veins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia atractyloides Holly-leaved Navarretia 11b Rachis of leaves usually less than 3 mm wide, lobes needlelike 12a Corolla 9–​16 mm long, purple or red-purple; outer bracts about 15 mm long, each with a narrow extension 10 mm long from base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia viscidula Sticky Navarretia; SM-n 12b Corolla 6–​7 mm long, lavender or white; outer bracts 7–​8 mm long, without extensions (serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia rosulata Marin County Navarretia; Ma; 1b 9b Stamen tips included in corolla (plant usually with glandular hairs; style included in corolla) 13a Corolla 9–​12 mm long, dark blue; plant odor skunklike (leaves not threadlike, prickly; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia squarrosa Skunkweed; Mo-n 13b Corolla 4–​7 mm long, not dark blue; plant odor not skunklike 14a Corolla 4–​5 mm long, white, throat yellow, lobes pink; leaves or lobes of leaves threadlike; volcanic soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia divaricata Mountain Navarretia; Na 14b Corolla 5–​7 mm long, light blue, throat white; leaves or lobes of leaves not threadike; chaparral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Navarretia mellita Honey-scented Navarretia; SLO-n

Polemoniaceae, Subkey 2 At least some leaves opposite or appearing whorled, with slender palmate lobes; calyx lobes more or less equal; flowers without spine-tipped bracts; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Leptosiphon, Linanthus

264     Polemoniaceae, Subkey 2

1a Corolla tube usually at least twice as long as calyx, (stamens protruding from corolla) 2a Bracts with white hairs; corolla hairy outside (corolla tube 10–​25 mm long, white or pink, throat yellow, lobes 2–​4 mm long, pink, usually with red spots) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon ciliatus [Linanthus ciliatus] Hairy Whiskerbrush 2b Bracts without white hairs; corolla not hairy outside 3a Calyx hairs nonglandular, usually not dense (corolla tube 10–​33 mm long, lobes without red spots) 4a Corolla lobes more than 8 mm long, pink, tube pink or lavender, throat violet or yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon androsaceus [Linanthus androsaceus] Pink-lobed Whiskerbrush; Mo-n 4b Corolla lobes less than 4 mm long, pink, white, or pale yellow, throat yellow (forming colonies; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon bicolor [Linanthus bicolor] Bi-colored Whiskerbrush; SLO-n 3b Calyx hairs glandular, dense 5a Corolla tube 11–​46 mm long, maroon, pink, or yellow, lobes 4–​8 mm long, pink, white, yellow, blue, or purple, often with red spots (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon parviflorus [Linanthus parviflorus] Common Whiskerbrush; Me-s 5b Corolla tube 7–​20 mm long, yellow or pink, lobes usually 3 mm long, bright yellow, without spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon acicularis [Linanthus acicularis] Bristly Whiskerbrush; Al-n; 4 1b Corolla tube less than twice as long as calyx, sometimes not longer than calyx 6a Calyx 8–​14 mm long; stamens included in corolla; flowers often sessile 7a Calyx hairy; flowers several in 1–​2 clusters; corolla tube white or blue, throat yellow, lobes white or pink . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon grandiflorus [Linanthus grandiflorus] (pl. 24) Large-flowered Whiskerbrush; Sn-s; 4 7b Calyx not hairy, at least inside; flower solitary in leaf axils; corolla tube purple, throat white or cream, lobes white with purple margins (serpentine) 8a Corolla opening in evening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linanthus dichotomus ssp. dichotomus Evening-snow 8b Corolla opening in morning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linanthus dichotomus ssp. meridianus Morning-snow; SFBR-n 6b Calyx 3–​6 mm long; stamens protruding out of corolla; flowers on pedicels or peduncles 5–​ 25 mm long (calyx usually hairy) 9a Corolla lobes 8–​10 mm long, tube 1–​2 mm long (corolla white, throat yellow; up to 50 cm tall; serpentine; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon liniflorus [Linanthus liniflorus] Flax-flowered Whiskerbrush; CC-SLO 9b Corolla lobes 2–​6 mm long, tube 3–​6 mm long 10a Corolla tube purple, throat usually maroon, lobes pink with yellow at their bases; serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon ambiguus [Linanthus ambiguus] Serpentine Whiskerbrush; SM, SCl, SB; 4 10b Corolla tube white, pink, blue, or lilac, throat usually yellow, lobes white or pink; woodland, chaparral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptosiphon bolanderi [Linanthus bolanderi] Bolander’s Whiskerbrush; CC-Me

Polemoniaceae, Subkey 3 Leaves alternate, usually lower ones, at least, 1 or 2 times pinnately lobed, sometimes with only 1 or 2 lobes on each side; calyx lobes more or less equal; stigmas 3; annual

Polemoniaceae, Subkey 3    265

1a Corolla tube usually more than twice as long as calyx 2a Leaves with tufts of hairs on upper surfaces, 1 or 2 times lobed, lobes 1–​2 mm wide (corolla lobes violet-pink, tube and throat purple, sometimes spotted yellow; stamens unequal; sandy areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia tenuiflora Slender-flowered Gilia; SCl-s 2b Leaves glandular hairy, not twice lobed, lobes 1–​8 mm wide 3a Corolla 8–​22 mm long, lobes pink, tube red-purple; leaf odor skunklike, with 3–​13 lobes, these 4–​8 mm wide; stamens unequal; sandy areas . . . . . . . . . . . Allophyllum divaricatum Spreading Gilia; Mo-n 3b Corolla 5–​8 mm long, lobes and tube dark blue-purple; leaf odor not skunklike, with 5–​ 11 lobes, these 1–​4 mm wide; stamens equal; damp, open places 4a Leaves basal and on stem, with 5–​11 lobes, these 2–​4 mm wide; corolla 6–​10 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allophyllum gilioides ssp. gilioides Straggling Gilia 4b Leaves on stem, with 3–​7 lobes if any, these 1–​3 mm wide; corolla 5–​8 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allophyllum gilioides ssp. violaceum Purple Gilia 1b Corolla tube not more than twice as long as calyx 5a Flowers 25–​100 in each dense globular head; flowers sessile or pedicels less than 1 mm long 6a Corolla 6–​8 mm long, lobes up to 2 mm wide 7a Inflorescence not hairy or only slightly so; widespread . . . . . Gilia capitata ssp. capitata Globe Gilia, Blue-headed Gilia; Ma-n 7b Inflorescence densely hairy at base; coastal bluffs . . . . . . . Gilia capitata ssp. tomentosa Woolly-headed Gilia; Ma, Sn, CC(MD), SCl(MH); 1b 6b Corolla 7–​13 mm long, lobes 1–​4 mm wide (inflorescence densely hairy at base) 8a Corolla dark blue-violet; basal leaf cluster loose, odor not skunklike; inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia capitata ssp. staminea Pale Gilia; Sn, CC-SB 8b Corolla light blue-violet; basal leaf cluster tight, odor skunklike; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia capitata ssp. chamissonis Dune Gilia, Blue Coast Gilia; SF-Ma; 1b 5b Flowers 2–​25 in each cluster, these not dense globular heads; flowers with pedicels 1–​30 mm long 9a Corolla throat without 10 purple spots; flowers 1–​25 in each cluster 10a Flower cluster with a few broad leaves just below it; corolla tube yellow or pink, throat yellow or white, lobes pink or white; leaves usually glandular hairy, with 0–​9 lobes, these usually shallow and toothed (flowers 7–​25 in each cluster; corolla 10–​14 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collomia heterophylla Variable-leaved Collomia; Mo-n 10b Flower cluster without leaves just below it; corolla lavender or white; leaves not hairy, divided to rachis with more than 10 lobes, these often lobed as well 11a Flowers 8–​25 in each cluster; corolla 10–​21 mm long; pedicel 1–​2 mm long (sandy soil; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia achilleifolia ssp. achilleifolia (pl. 24) California Gilia; Ma, CC-s 11b Flowers 1–​7 in each cluster; corolla 5–​10 mm long; pedicel 1–​30 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia achilleifolia ssp. multicaulis Small California Gilia; Ma, CC-s 9b Corolla throat with 10 purple spots; flowers 2–​6 in each cluster (corolla tube and throat yellow)

266     Polemoniaceae, Subkey 3





12a Plant densely glandular hairy, odor skunklike; leaf lobes much less than half length of leaf rachis (corolla 8–​11 mm long, lobes 3–​5 mm wide, pale blue; pedicel 2–​5 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia millefoliata Dark-eyed Gilia, San Francisco Gilia; SFBR-n; 1b 12b Plant not densely glandular hairy if at all, odor not skunklike; leaf lobes often more than half length of leaf rachis 13a Pedicel 10–​40 mm long; calyx 3–​4 mm long (corolla 7–​13 mm long, lobes 3–​6 mm wide, blue-violet at tips) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia tricolor ssp. diffusa Spreading Bird’s-eye Gilia 13b Pedicel 1–​10 mm long; calyx 4–​7 mm long 14a Corolla 10–​19 mm long, lobes 4–​8 mm wide, blue-violet at tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia tricolor ssp. tricolor (pl. 24) Bird’s-eyes, Bird’s-eye Gilia 14b Corolla 6–​8 mm long, lobes 3–​5 mm wide, light blue or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilia clivorum Purple-spotted Gilia, Grassland Gilia; Sl-s

POLYGALACEAE (MILKWORT FAMILY)  The flower of a milkwort is irregular and superficially resembles that of a pea (Fabaceae), but it is really very different. Two of the five sepals—​those at the sides of a flower—​are larger than the others and are usually colored like petals. In the sole genus represented in California, Polygala, there are three petals, each attached to a tube formed by the filaments of the stamens. The lower one, somewhat keel shaped, encloses the six to eight stamens. The stigma is two lobed. The ovary is superior with the pistil partitioned into two halves, each producing a single seed. Our only species, Polygala californica (pl. 24) (California Milkwort), is a bushy, slenderstemmed perennial, often somewhat woody at the base. It reaches a height of about 35 cm and has short-petioled, alternate leaves 1–​6 cm long. The flowers, in short racemes, are pink or rarely white. It grows on the west side of the Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo County to southern Oregon. The name Polygala, meaning “much milk,” is believed to be based on an old idea that some plants of this group, if eaten by cows, stimulate the production of milk. “Milkwort” is also tied to this notion. POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)  The Buckwheat Family is well represented in California, especially in dry areas. Cultivated exotic species include Fagopyrum, the buckwheat of pancake fame, and rhubarb, Rheum. Our species are mostly herbs, with a few shrubs. Although the inflorescences are often conspicuous, each flower is usually small. In some genera, such as Eriogonum, the flowers are grouped in an involucre consisting of fused bracts, which form a cup. Other genera, such as Polygonum and Rumex, are characterized by membranous stipules that are fused around the stem nodes. Buckwheat flowers have five or six perianth parts, these usually at least partly united and sometimes in two whorls. The number of stamens ranges from three to nine and there are one to three styles. The ovary is superior. The fruit, dry at maturity, is an achene. The leaves are usually entire and never compound. Those below the inflorescence are sometimes called “bracts” in other manuals.

Polygalaceae    267

Numerous species of this family contribute to colorful displays of wildflowers, especially in dry, well-drained habitats. Some species of Eriogonum are excellent subjects for gardens. Two genera, Rumex and Polygonum, include plants whose nuisance ratings range from merely objectionable to pernicious. Chorizanthe diffusa and C. stellulata have been reported in our region. 1a Leaves without stipules; stem leaves opposite or whorled except in Chorizanthe membranacea 2a Individual flowers, or groups of flowers, within a cuplike, several lobed involucre (involucres sometimes in clusters; leaves mostly basal, those on stem below flowers usually opposite or whorled) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonaceae, Subkey 1 Chorizanthe, Eriogonum 2b Flowers not originating within a cuplike involucre (plant hairy; annual; prostrate or stem tips rising) 3a Leaves not basal, those on stem opposite, blades triangular, notched; perianth pale yellow, pink, or rose, about 1 mm long; in shade of other plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pterostegia drymarioides Woodland Threadstem 3b Leaves mostly basal, those on stem in whorls of 3, slender, joined together basally and ending in hooked tips; perianth green, 2–​4 mm long; sandy, exposed habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lastarriaea coriacea Leather-spineflower; CC-Mo 1b Leaves with stipules, these united and forming sheaths encircling stem; stem leaves, if present, alternate (nodes often swollen) 4a Perianth 5 lobed, usually not green; leaves usually not mainly basal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonaceae, Subkey 2 4b Perianth 6 lobed, often green; leaves often mainly basal (3 inner perianth lobes becoming enlarged in fruit, each often with a central nodule) 5a Some leaves with a pair of basal lobes; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; with rhizomes; mostly less than 30 cm tall (leaves sour when tasted; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex acetosella Sheep Sorrel; eua 5b Leaves without basal lobes; most flowers bisexual; without rhizomes; usually more than 30 cm tall 6a Leaves only on stem (flowers 7–​20 in each whorl; pedicel 3–​5 mm long; inner perianth lobes not toothed, 1 with a nodule; perennial; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex salicifolius Willow Dock; Ma-s 6b Leaves basal and on stem, basal withering early 7a None of 3 inner perianth lobes with a nodule (flowers 12–​25 in each whorl; pedicel 5–​13 mm long; perennial; alkaline areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex occidentalis Western Dock, Marsh Dock; SFBR-n 7b At least 1 of 3 inner perianth lobes with a nodule 8a Inner perianth lobes not toothed, sometimes with some irregular teeth in Rumex crispus (usually each inner perianth lobe with a nodule; perennial; widespread) 9a Perianth nodules, if 3, unequal in size; pedicel 4–​8 mm long (leaf margins wavy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex crispus (fig.) Curly Dock; eua

268     Polygonaceae

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involucre

basal leaves

Chorizanthe membranacea Pink Spineflower

Eriogonum nudum var. nudum Naked-stemmed Buckwheat

Polygonum aviculare ssp. depressum Common Knotweed

POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)

Polygonaceae    269

287

Persicaria hydropiper Marshpepper

Rumex conglomeratus Green Dock

Rumex crispus Curly Dock

Rumex obtusifolius Bitter Dock

Rumex fueginus Golden Dock

270     Polygonaceae 288

POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY)









9b Perianth nodules equal in size; pedicel 1–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex conglomeratus (fig.) Green Dock, Clustered Dock; eu 8b Each side of inner perianth lobes with regularly spaced teeth 10a Annual; usually hairy; perianth lobes with 2–​3 teeth on each side (each perianth lobe with a nodule, these equal and pitted; leaf blades 5–​25 cm long, with wavy margins; pedicel 3–​7 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex fueginus [R. maritimus] (fig.) Golden Dock; SM, Ma-n 10b Perennial; not hairy; perianth lobes with 2–​5 teeth on each side 11a Leaf blades 20–​40 cm long, margins not wavy; pedicel 2–​9 mm long; flower with 1 or 3 nodules, these smooth and unequal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex obtusifolius (fig.) Bitter Dock; eua 11b Leaf blades 4–​10 cm long, margins sometimes wavy; pedicel 2–​5 mm long; flower usually with 3 nodules, these warty and sometimes unequal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumex pulcher Fiddle Dock; me

Polygonaceae, Subkey 1 Leaves without stipules, mostly basal, those on stem opposite or whorled except in Chorizanthe membranacea; individual flowers or groups of flowers within a cuplike, several lobed involucre; involucres sometimes in clusters. . . . . . . . . . . Chorizanthe, Eriogonum 1a Each involucre with 1 flower, rarely 2; midrib of each lobe of involucre prolonged as a spine (involucre 6 lobed; perianth white or rose; sandy or rocky soil) 2a Leaves on stem alternate; involucre not hairy in upper half, except for midribs of lobes (involucre spines more or less equal, hooked; perianth densely hairy; stamens 9; leaf blades 1–​5 cm long; up to 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorizanthe membranacea (fig.) Pink Spineflower; Me-s 2b Leaves all basal, except for a few opposite leaves beneath flower clusters; involucre not hairy in upper third or less 3a One spine of involucre much longer than others; stamens 3 (involucre spines hooked; perianth sparsely hairy, 2–​3 mm long; leaf blades up to 2 cm long; prostrate with stem tips rising) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorizanthe clevelandii Cleveland’s Spineflower 3b One spine of involucre not much longer than others; stamens 9 4a Spines of involucre straight, erect; perianth 4–​6 mm long; erect, up to 30 cm tall (leaf blades 1–​5 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorizanthe valida Sonoma Spineflower; Sn, Ma; 1b 4b Spines of involucre usually hooked, curving, sometimes straight in Chorizanthe cuspidata; perianth not more than 4 mm long; usually not erect 5a Leaf blades 3–​10 mm long; involucre lobes unequal, 3 longer than others; prostrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorizanthe polygonoides Knotweed Spineflower; Ma 5b Usually some leaf blades more than 10 mm long; involucre lobes more or less equal or 1–​2 smaller; erect or prostrate with stem tips rising

Polygonaceae, Subkey 1    271



6a Involucre hairy throughout; perianth 2–​3 mm long, lobes bristle tipped; prostrate with stem tips rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorizanthe cuspidata San Francisco Bay Spineflower; Sn-SCr; 1b 6b Involucre not hairy in upper third; perianth 3–​4 mm long, lobes not bristle tipped, but sometimes with a tooth; upright, or prostrate with stem tips rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorizanthe robusta Robust Spineflower; SF, Al-Mo; 1b 1b Each involucre enclosing a group of several to many flowers; midrib of each lobe of involucre not prolonged as a spine 7a Plant woody, at least at base 8a Leaves mainly basal, blades 2.5–​5 cm long and 1.5–​4 cm wide (leaves hairier on undersides; involucres 5–​20 in each cluster, clusters either only at branch tips, or along branches as well; perianth white, pink, or rose) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum latifolium Coastal Buckwheat, Seaside Buckwheat; SLO-n 8b Leaves along stem and basal, blades 0.5–​3 cm long and up to 1 cm wide 9a Leaves 15–​30 mm long and 5–​10 mm wide; involucre 1 at each node, at upper ends and branch tips (perianth white with green or rose veins; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum wrightii var. trachygonum Wright’s Buckwheat, Rough-node Bastard-sedge 9b Leaves 6–​15 mm long and 1–​7 mm wide; involucres 2–​10 at each node, clustered at branch ends (forming colonies) 10a Leaves not hairy on upper surfaces, narrow, 1–​2 mm wide, sessile; perianth white or pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum fasciculatum (pl. 24) Coastal California Buckwheat; SLO-n 10b Leaves densely hairy on both surfaces, paddle shaped, 3–​7 mm wide, with petioles; perianth yellow, becoming red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum umbellatum var. bahiiforme Bay Buckwheat; La-SB; 4 7b Plant not woody 11a Leaves mainly basal 12a Involucres 1 or few in each cluster, these scattered along stems or branches; leaf blades about as long as wide; annual 13a Involucre less than 2 mm long; perianth white, pink, or yellow; stem and involucre not hairy; leaves equally hairy on both surfaces (leaf blades up to 1.5 cm long; sandy soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum elegans Elegant Buckwheat; SCl-SLO; 4 13b Involucre 2–​5 mm long; perianth white, pale yellow, rose, or red; stem and involucre sometimes hairy; leaves hairier on undersides 14a Outer and inner perianth lobes equal, all slightly hairy near their bases; leaf blades up to 1.5 cm long; uncommon (shale, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum covilleanum Coville’s Buckwheat; Al-SB 14b Outer perianth lobes longer and broader than inner, none hairy; leaf blades up to 2 cm long; common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum vimineum Wicker-stemmed Buckwheat; Mo-n 12b Involucres 2–​7 in each cluster, these mainly at stem or branch tips; leaf blades usually longer than wide; perennial (leaves hairier on undersides than upper surfaces)

272     Polygonaceae, Subkey 1





15a Involucre densely hairy; leaf blades 2–​4 cm long (perianth white, rose, or yellow; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum nudum var. oblongifolium Harford’s Buckwheat, Hairy Buckwheat; Na-n 15b Involucre not hairy or scarcely so; leaf blades 1–​5 cm long 16a Perianth hairy, pale yellow or white . . . . . . . Eriogonum nudum var. pubiflorum Fremont’s Buckwheat, Hairy-flowered Buckwheat 16b Perianth not hairy, mostly white . . . . . . . . Eriogonum nudum var. nudum (fig.) Naked-stemmed Buckwheat, Naked Buckwheat; SFBR-n 11b Leaves along stem and basal 17a Involucres 1 or few in each cluster, scattered along stems or branches (involucre strongly ribbed; annual) 18a Stem and involucre hairy; leaf blades 1–​3 cm long, longer than wide; sandy soil (perianth white, pink, or red; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum roseum Rose Buckwheat, Wand Buckwheat 18b Stem and involucre scarcely hairy if at all; leaf blades 0.5–​5 cm long, about as long as wide; serpentine 19a Prostrate or with stem tips rising; perianth white or rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum luteolum var. caninum Tiburon Buckwheat; Ma, Al, CC; 1b 19b Upright; perianth white, rose, or yellow (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum luteolum var. luteolum Golden-carpet Buckwheat; SFBR-n 17b Involucres 2–​7 in each cluster, these mainly at stem or branch tips (perianth white or rose) 20a Leaf blades 3–​8 cm long and 2–​4 cm wide; perennial (leaves only hairy on undersides; involucre hairy or not, not ribbed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum nudum var. auriculatum Ear-shaped Buckwheat, Curled-leaf Buckwheat; Sn-Mo 20b Leaf blades 1–​4 cm long and 0.5–​2 cm wide; annual 21a Leaf blades narrow, equally hairy on both surfaces; petioles short if any; involucre not ribbed (involucre hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum angulosum Angle-stemmed Buckwheat; CC-s 21b Leaf blades paddle shaped, hairier on undersides than upper surfaces; petioles about as long as blades; involucre ribbed 22a Involucre not hairy; leaf blades 1–​3 cm long and up to 1 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum argillosum Clay Buckwheat; SCl-Mo 22b Involucre hairy; leaf blades 1–​5 cm long and 1–​2 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriogonum truncatum Mount Diablo Buckwheat; CC(MD); 1b

Polygonaceae, Subkey 2 Leaves with stipules, these united and forming sheaths encircling stem; nodes often swollen; perianth 5 lobed, usually not green; leaves usually not entirely basal, alternate on stem

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1a Leaf blades triangular or heart shaped 2a Stigmas headlike; stamens 8; without rhizomes; trailing or clambering over other plants; annual (leaf blades 2–​6 cm long, 2–​5 cm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fallopia convolvulus [Polygonum convolvulus] Black Bindweed; eu 2b Stigmas fringed; stamens 6–​8; with rhizomes; erect; perennial 3a Leaf blades 6–​13 cm long, 5–​10 cm wide; up to 2 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed; as 3b Leaf blades 15–​30 cm long, 7–​25 cm wide; up to 4 m tall . . . . . . . . . . Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed; as 1b Leaf blades not triangular or heart shaped 4a Flowers usually many in each cluster 5a Inflorescence headlike, with 1–​5 flowers; petioles winged, with earlike lobes at their bases (perianth pink red) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persicaria capitata Pink-headed Knotweed; as 5b Inflorescence elongate, with many flowers; petioles not winged, without lobes (wet places, sometimes partly submersed; stamens 5–​8) 6a Leaves usually not gland dotted, lower ones with petioles up to 3 cm long; stem usually with 1 raceme, sometimes 2 (perennial) 7a Petiole of lower leaves as long as or longer than blade; upper leaves sessile, clasping stem; inflorescence 2–​4 cm long; perianth white or pink; wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bistorta bistortoides [Polygonum bistortoides] Western Bistort; Ma-n 7b Petiole of lower leaves shorter than blade; upper leaves not sessile; inflorescence 1–​15 cm long; perianth deep pink; in shallow water or near water . . . . . . . Persicaria amphibia [Polygonum amphibium vars. emersum and stipulaceum] Water Smartweed 6b Leaves often gland dotted, either sessile or with petioles not more than 2 cm long; stem usually with 2 to several racemes 8a Perianth and stipules gland dotted (perianth green; leaf blades 4–​10 cm long, without a dark blotch on upper surfaces; annual) 9a Perianth margins red; inflorescence sometimes nodding; up to 60 cm tall; wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persicaria hydropiper [Polygonum hydropiper] (fig.) Marshpepper, Waterpepper; eu 9b Perianth margins white; inflorescence usually not nodding; up to 100 cm tall; In shallow water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persicaria punctata [Polygonum punctatum] Water Smartweed 8b Perianth and stipules not gland dotted (often more than 80 cm tall; moist or wet areas) 10a Leaf blades 5–​10 cm long, sessile or with petioles up to 8 mm long; inflorescence 1–​4 .5 cm long; perianth pink or white (leaves often with a darker blotch on upper surfaces; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persicaria maculosa [Polygonum persicaria] Lady’s-thumb; eua 10b Leaf blades 4–​25 cm long, mostly with petioles up to 20 mm long; inflorescence 3–​8 cm long; perianth pale green or pink

274     Polygonaceae, Subkey 2



11a Racemes often nodding, usually more than 7 at end of main stem, this often not branched; raceme dense, flowers mostly touching one another; petioles up to 15 mm long; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persicaria lapathifolia [Polygonum lapathifolium] Willow-weed 11b Racemes not nodding, usually fewer than 7 at end of main stem or its branches; raceme loose, flowers usually not touching one another; petioles up to 20 mm long; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persicaria hydropiperoides [Polygonum hydropiperoides] False Waterpepper 4b Flowers solitary or few in each cluster (flower clusters in leaf axils, these sometimes near stem tips) 12a Shrub, or at least woody at base (leaves sessile or nearly so; stamens 8) 13a Flowers with pedicels, 2–​5 in each cluster at stem tips; leaves 10–​20 mm long, with prominent midribs on undersides; prostrate or with stem tips rising, forming mats; coastal dunes, scrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum paronychia Beach Knotweed; Mo-n 13b Flowers sessile, 1–​2 in each cluster scattered along stem; leaves 3–​15 mm long, without prominent midribs; erect, up to 60 cm tall; gravelly, rocky areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum bolanderi Bolander’s Knotweed; Na-n 12b Annual 14a Flowers sessile, solitary; leaves sessile (leaves 5–​25 mm long; stamens 8; up to 40 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum californicum California Knotweed 14b Flowers with pedicels, 1–​6 in each cluster; leaves usually with petioles 15a Flowers and fruit drooping (leaves 15–​55 mm long; flowers 2–​4 in each cluster; stamens 8; pedicel 2–​6 mm long; fruit included in perianth; up to 80 cm tall; rocky, sandy places) . . . . . . . Polygonum douglasii [P. douglasii ssp. spergulariiforme] Douglas’ Knotweed, Fall Knotweed 15b Flowers and fruit not drooping 16a Leaves near stem tip shorter than flowers 17a Leaves 35–​70 mm long; petioles 2–​4 mm long; stamens 3–​6; flowers yellow-green, 2–​5 in each cluster; pedicel 2–​6 mm long; erect, up to 2 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum ramosissimum ssp. ramosissimum Bushy Knotweed, Yellow-flowered Knotweed 17b Leaves 15–​50 mm long; petioles up to 1.5 mm long; stamens 7–​8; flowers pale green, 4–​6 in each cluster; pedicel 1–​2 mm long; erect, up to 1 m tall or prostrate with stem tips rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum argyrocoleon Persian Knotweed, Silver-sheathed Knotweed; as 16b Leaves near stem tip longer than flowers 18a Plant succulent, red tinged (leaves 20–​35 mm long; petioles 2–​5 mm long; flowers 1–​4 in each cluster; stamens 8; pedicel 2–​4 mm long; coastal salt marshes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum marinense Marin Knotweed

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18b Plant not succulent, not red tinged 19a Leaves 35–​70 mm long; pedicel 2–​6 mm long (petioles 2–​4 mm long; flowers yellow-green, 2–​5 in each cluster; up to 2 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum ramosissimum ssp. ramosissimum Bushy Knotweed, Yellow-flowered Knotweed 19b Leaves 8–​30 mm long; pedicel 1–​3 mm long 20a Plant green; flowers 2–​7 in each cluster; stamens 5–​7; petioles 1–​3 mm long; erect, up to 50 cm tall or prostrate with stem tips rising, usually mat forming . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum aviculare ssp. depressum [P. arenastrum] (fig.) Common Knotweed, Knotgrass; eu 20b Plant blue-green; flowers 2–​4 in each cluster; stamens 3; petioles 2–​4 mm long; erect, up to 80 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polygonum ramosissimum ssp. prolificum Abundant Bushy Knotweed; na







PORTULACACEAE (PURSLANE FAMILY)  Many previous members of Portulacaceae are now in Montiaceae (Miner’s-lettuce Family). Most species in both families have only two sepals. Portulaca remains the only genus in Portulacaceae with about 100 species found worldwide. Gardeners may be familiar with Portulaca grandiflora, native to Brazil, an annual grown for the vivid flowers it produces in summer. Our only representative, Portulaca oleracea (fig.) (Common Purslane), is probably native to Europe. This annual is prostrate with opposite or alternate entire leaves 3–​30 mm long. The small flowers have two united sepals, five yellow petals united at their bases, 5–​12 stamens, and a style with three to six lobes. The ovary is half-inferior. Montia parvifolia Springbeauty Montia linearis Linearleaf Montia

Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane

PRIMULACEAE (PRIMROSE FAMILY) Some members of this family have been moved to either the Myrsinaceae (Myrsine Family) or Theophrastaceae (Theophrasta Family). Generally those genera with mainly basal leaves have remained in Primulaceae. There is a single whorl of leaves on the stem just below the umbel, which are called “bracts” in some

276     Portulacaceae

other guides. Both the calyx and corolla have a cuplike or tubular lower portion, and usually four or five well-developed lobes. The four or five stamens are attached to the corolla and in Dodecatheon, the short filaments form a tube at the base of the anthers. The ovary is superior and the fruit is usually a many-seeded dry capsule that in some species opens crosswise, rather than splitting apart lengthwise. This family includes the cultivated species of Primula, Androsace, Soldanella, and Cyclamen, introduced into horticulture from the Old World. The few species of Primula native to the mountains of the western states are next-to-impossible to sustain in gardens. Some species of Dodecatheon can be grown from seed, provided they have abundant moisture during the winter and spring. 1a Leaves 0.5–​2 cm long; flower up to 5 mm long, white, 5 lobed; sepals not turned back; annual (Coast Ranges, including Mt. Diablo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Androsace elongata ssp. acuta California Androsace; 4 1b Leaves 1–​18 cm long; flower at least 7 mm long, white or magenta, 4 or 5 lobed; sepals turned back; perennial (filaments forming a tube 1–​4 mm long) 2a Filament tube without a yellow or white spot at base of each anther; calyx and corolla lobes 4 or 5 (flowers 3–​17 on each stem; shade; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . Dodecatheon hendersonii Mosquito-bills, Sailor-caps; SB-n 2b Filament tube with a yellow or white spot near base of each anther; calyx and corolla lobes 5 3a Anthers dark; flowers 1–​6 on each stem; moist serpentine soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dodecatheon clevelandii ssp. patulum (pl. 25) Padre’s Shootingstar; CC, SF-SB 3b Anthers usually yellow; flowers 3–​7 on each stem; woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dodecatheon clevelandii ssp. sanctarum Coastal Shootingstar; CC, SF-s

RANUNCULACEAE (BUTTERCUP FAMILY)  Plants of the Ranunculaceae are usually herbaceous and have basal or alternate leaves that are often lobed or compound. Vines of the genus Clematis, however, become woody and have opposite leaves. The family includes many widely cultivated garden plants, such as species of Anemone, Aquilegia, Delphinium, Helleborus, and Ranunculus. Nearly all members of the Buttercup Family are poisonous to some extent. The flowers of most species are characterized by numerous stamens. There are either several to many closely associated pistils that develop into single-seeded fruit, or one or a few separate pistils that develop into a many-seeded fruit. In one of our representatives, Actaea rubra (Baneberry), the single pistil becomes a fleshy fruit. In all, the ovary is superior. Some members of Rosaceae (Rose Family) also have numerous stamens and pistils, but their flowers have a floral tube and the sepals are not completely separate as they are in Ranunculaceae. The flower is usually regular and usually has five separate sepals and five separate petals, but there are many exceptions. When petals are absent, the sepals may be petal-like and white or brightly colored. The petals of Aquilegia have long hollow spurs. In Delphinium and Consolida, the flowers are irregular and have only four petals; the upper two petals have

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Actaea rubra Baneberry

Anemone oregana Western Wood Anemone

Ranunculus aquatilis var. aquatilis Water Buttercup

Myosurus minimus Common Mousetail

278     Ranunculaceae RANUNCULACEAE (BUTTERCUP FAMILY)

301

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Ranunculus flammula var. ovalis Crowfoot

Ranunculus hebecarpus Downy Buttercup

Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum Many-fruited Meadowrue

7b Leaf blades rarely more than 6 cm wide; flower opening fully; rarely so much as 1 m tall 9a Sepals and petals yellow, the sepals sometimes with purple tips (on coastal bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium luteum Yellow Larkspur, Golden Larkspur; Sn; 1b Ranunculaceae    279 302

RANUNCULACEAE (BUTTERCUP FAMILY)

spurs that fit into a spur on one of the sepals. Clematis and Thalictrum may have staminate or pistillate flowers on separate plants. Clearly this is a remarkably diverse assemblage. But after a little experience, one will generally be able to connect a previously unfamiliar plant with the Buttercup Family. 1a Flower irregular; sepals petal-like, 1 with a spur (sepals 5, often longer than petals; leaves alternate, usually deeply lobed) 2a Petals 2, united; pistil 1; leaves with numerous slender lobes; annual (flower blue, purple, pink, or white) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolida ajacis [C. ambigua] European Larkspur; eu 2b Petals 4, separate; pistils 3; leaves without numerous slender lobes; perennial 3a Flower red, orange-red, or yellow (leaves usually not hairy; moist areas) 4a Flower red or orange-red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium nudicaule (pl. 25) Red Larkspur, Orange Larkspur; Mo-n 4b Flower yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium luteum Yellow Larkspur, Golden Larkspur; Sn; 1b 3b Flower not red, orange-red, or yellow 5a Lower leaves with primary lobes separated not more than half length of blade (upper petals white; stem and leaves scarcely hairy) 6a Leaves succulent, mainly basal, blades nearly fan shaped, with 3 primary lobes; sepals bright blue (wet or dry places, serpentine) . . . . . . . . Delphinium uliginosum Swamp Larkspur, Bog Larkspur; Na-n; 4 6b Leaves not succulent, not mainly basal, blades of lower ones not fan shaped, with at least 5 primary lobes; sepals dark blue or purple (coastal) . . . Delphinium bakeri Baker’s Larkspur; Sn, Ma; 1b 5b Lower leaves with primary lobes usually separated nearly or fully to base of blade 7a Leaves not hairy or scarcely so 8a Side sepals pale green, 6–​8 mm long; stem hairy; up to 2 m tall (upper petals not hairy; inflorescence often with 50 flowers; east side of Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium californicum ssp. interius Hospital Canyon Larkspur; CC-SCl; 1b 8b Side sepals blue, white, or pink, 9–​20 mm long; stem not hairy; up to 1 m tall 9a Side sepals dark or bright blue, white, or pink, 9–​20 mm long; upper petals white, usually with blue lines; inner lobe of each lower petal hairier than rest of petal (spur curving upward; inland and Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium patens Spreading Larkspur, Zigzag Larkspur; La-s 9b Side sepals light blue, 11–​16 mm long; upper petals white or cream; inner lobe of each lower petal not hairier than rest of petal (lower petals white; saline grasslands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium recurvatum Recurved Larkspur, Valley Larkspur; CC-s; 1b 7b Leaves hairy, at least on undersides 10a Leaves hairy on both surfaces (stem hairy) 11a Side sepals 10–​25 mm long, dark royal blue, white, or lavender; inflorescence with not more than 10 flowers (inner lobe of each lower petal hairier than rest of petal; oak woodland) . . . . . . . . . Delphinium variegatum Royal Larkspur; SLO-n 11b Side sepals 7–​15 mm long, light or dark blue, purple, or pink; inflorescence with more than 10 flowers

280     Ranunculaceae



12a Side sepals 9–​15 mm long, light or dark blue; inner lobe of each lower petal not hairier than rest of petal; leaf hairs curly; chaparral, oak woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium parryi Parry’s Larkspur; SCl-s 12b Side sepals 7–​13 mm long, dark blue-purple, white, or pink; inner lobe of each lower petal hairier than rest of petal; leaf hairs not curly; oak woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium hansenii Hansen’s Larkspur 10b Leaves hairy only on undersides (inner lobe of each lower petal hairier than rest of petal) 13a Side sepals 7–​11 mm long, lavender, densely hairy; inflorescence often with more than 50 flowers; up to 2 m tall (west side of Coast Ranges; chaparral) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium californicum ssp. californicum California Larkspur; SF-Mo 13b Side sepals 8–​24 mm long, not lavender, not densely hairy if at all; inflorescence with fewer than 30 flowers; up to 80 cm tall 14a Side sepals 15–​24 mm long, blue-purple; inflorescence with 2–​20 flowers; up to 35 cm tall; coastal grassland . . . . . . . Delphinium decorum Coastal Larkspur; SCr-Mo 14b Side sepals 8–​16 mm long, dark or light blue, purple, white, or pink; inflorescence with up to 30 flowers; up to 80 cm tall; oak woodland 15a Sepals white, pink, or light blue; inflorescence with up to 25 flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium hesperium ssp. pallescens Pale-flowered Western Larkspur; SCl 15b Sepals dark blue or purple; inflorescence with up to 30 flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delphinium hesperium ssp. hesperium Western Larkspur; SCl-n 1b Flower regular; sepals sometimes petal-like, without a spur except in Myosurus minimus (petals sometimes none or falling early) 16a Petals absent, sepals petal-like 17a Woody-stemmed vine (leaves opposite, 1 or 2 times compound; sepals usually 4, white; style on fruit feathery, more than 2 cm long; flowers pistillate or staminate, usually on same plant) 18a Flowers up to 2 cm wide, in dense panicles, appearing in summer; leaflets 5–​15, each with irregular lobes or teeth (moist areas; widespread) . . . Clematis ligusticifolia Western Virgin’s-bower, Yerba-de-Chiva 18b Flowers up to 5 cm wide, single or in groups of 3, appearing in spring; leaflets 3–​5, each with 3 shallow lobes, these toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clematis lasiantha (pl. 25) Pipestems, Chaparral Clematis 17b Herb 19a Leaves lobed or once compound; stem leaves in a single whorl of 3 (plant with a single flower; sepals 10–​20 mm long, white, blue, purple, or red; basal leaf usually 1; moist, shaded slopes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anemone oregana (fig.) Western Wood Anemone, Western Wind-flower; Mo-n 19b Leaves 1–​4 times compound; stem leaves numerous, alternate 20a Stem usually with many flowers in a panicle; staminate and pistillate flowers usually on separate plants; pistils 2–​22; leaves 17–​46 cm long; moist areas (sepals 2–​5 mm long, pale green or purple; often more than 100 cm tall; widespread)

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21a Upper leaves glandular hairy on upper surfaces; fruit with 2 or 3 ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thalictrum fendleri var. fendleri Fendler’s Meadowrue 21b Upper leaves usually not hairy on upper surfaces; fruit with 1 rib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thalictrum fendleri var. polycarpum (fig.) Many-fruited Meadowrue 20b Stems with 1–​10 flowers; flowers bisexual; pistils 3–​10; leaves 3–​12 cm long; dry shade 22a Sepals 5–​11 mm long, white or pink; stamens at least 20; ultimate leaf lobes 2–​9 mm wide; up to 35 cm tall . . . . Enemion occidentale [Isopyrum occidentale] Western Rue-anemone; Na, SCl-s 22b Sepals 3–​6 mm long, white; stamens not more than 15; ultimate leaf lobes 1–​ 4 mm wide; up to 12 cm tall . . . . . . . . Enemion stipitatum [Isopyrum stipitatum] Siskiyou Rue-anemone; SCL, Al-n 16b Petals and sepals present, sometimes absent in Actaea rubra and Myosurus minimus (leaves alternate or basal) 23a Pistil 1; fruit fleshy, shiny, red or white, 5–​10 mm wide, poisonous (leaves compound, divided in threes 1–​3 times; flowers numerous, in a raceme; petals 4–​10, white, 2–​5 mm long; moist shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actaea rubra (fig.) Baneberry; SLO-n 23b Pistils 5 to many; fruit not fleshy, less than 5 mm wide 24a Sepals with short spurs; pistils many, on a receptacle 1–​3 mm wide and 10–​50 mm long (flower solitary on a peduncle 1–​13 cm long; leaves entire, all basal; petals 5, white, 1–​3 mm long; wet places, vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myosurus minimus (fig.) Common Mousetail 24b Sepals without spurs, but petals may have spurs; pistils 5 to many, on a receptacle usually less than 10 mm long 25a Leaves, if compound, usually not divided in threes, those on stem not much shorter than basal ones; petals without spurs; sepals less than 1 cm long, green, white, or yellow; pistils several to many . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculaceae, Subkey Ranunculus 25b Leaves 1–​3 times compound, divided in threes, those on stem, if any, shorter than basal ones; each petal with a hollow, red spur, 1–​2 .5 cm long; sepals 1–​2 .5 cm long, red; pistils usually 5 (petals 5; moist places) 26a Hairs nonglandular if any; petal spur usually with a yellow blade 1–​7 mm long; leaves mostly twice compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aquilegia formosa (pl. 25) Crimson Columbine 26b Hairs dense, glandular; petal spur without a yellow blade; leaves mostly 3 times compound (serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aquilegia eximia Serpentine Columbine; Me-s

Ranunculaceae, Subkey  Flower regular; sepals less than 1 cm long, green, white, or yellow; pistils several to many; fruit a rounded body often with a curved beak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus 1a Leaf blades not compound or deeply lobed, longer than wide (perennial; marshy places) 2a Petals 1–​3, 1–​2 mm long; leaf blades 12–​42 mm long; prostrate with stem tips rising or erect, up to 50 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus pusillus Low Buttercup; SCl, Na-n

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2b Petals 5 or 6, 3–​5 mm long; leaf blades 8–​33 mm long; prostrate (on mud or in shallow water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus flammula var. ovalis (fig.) Crowfoot; Ma-n 1b Leaf blades compound or deeply lobed, usually about as long as wide 3a Plant aquatic, sometimes stranded on mud 4a Leaves raised above water, all similar with 3 broad lobes; petals yellow; styles absent; receptacle longer than wide (annual; up to 50 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Buttercup; eu 4b Leaves either floating or submersed, lobes sometimes different; petals white; styles present; receptacle not longer than wide 5a Fruit 2–​6 mm long, 2–​6 in each cluster; each style, in freshly opened flowers, 2 or 3 times as long as ovary; receptacle not hairy; annual (floating leaves with 3 broad lobes; submersed leaves with threadlike lobes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus lobbii Lobb’s Aquatic Buttercup; SCl, Al-Sn, La; 4 5b Fruit 1–​2 mm long, 15 to many in each cluster; each style, in freshly opened flowers, not longer than ovary; receptacle hairy; perennial 6a Floating and submersed leaves similar, all with threadlike lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus [includes R. aquatilis var. capillaceus and subrigidus] Inland Water Buttercup 6b Floating leaves, if present, with 3 broad lobes, submersed leaves with threadlike lobes . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus aquatilis var. aquatilis [R. aquatilis var. hispidulus] (fig.) Water Buttercup; Mo-n 3b Plant terrestrial (petals yellow, sometimes becoming white; all leaves similar) 7a Fruit body spiny or bristly 8a Petals usually 5, 4–​8 mm long; fruit body 5–​6 mm long, with stout, curved spines; annual or biennial; wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus muricatus (pl. 25) Prickle-seeded Buttercup; eua 8b Petals 1 or 2, about 1.5 mm long, sometimes absent; fruit body 1–​2 mm long, with slender, hooked bristles; annual; grassland, woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus hebecarpus (fig.) Downy Buttercup 7b Fruit body not spiny or bristly (style on fruit sometimes hooked; perennial) 9a Horizontal stem rooting at nodes (leaf blades 1–​8.5 cm long; leaflets or lobes 3; petals 6–​18 mm long; wet lawns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus repens (pl. 25) Creeping Buttercup; eua 9b Upright, stem not rooting at nodes 10a Petals 2–​4 mm long, equal to sepals (petals 5; leaf blades 1.5–​5.5 cm long; fruit body 2–​3 mm long, beak 1–​3 mm long; moist shade) . . . . . Ranunculus uncinatus Woodland Buttercup; Ma, Sn-n 10b Petals 5–​26 mm long, longer than sepals 11a Petals 9–​17; fruit body 2–​3 mm long (fruit beak less than 1 mm long) 12a Leaf blades 2.5–​5.5 cm long; erect, or prostrate with stem tips rising, sometimes not hairy; grassland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus californicus var. californicus (pl. 25) California Buttercup 12b Leaf blades 4–​5 cm long; prostrate, hairy; coastal bluffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus californicus var. cuneatus Wedge-leaved California Buttercup

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11b Petals usually 5–​8; fruit body 2–​5 mm long 13a Receptacle not bristly; petals 5–​12 mm long and 3–​6 mm wide; fruit body longer than beak (grassland) 14a Leaves 3.5–​9.5 cm long and wide; fruit body often 4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus canus Sacramento Valley Buttercup; CC 14b Leaves 1.5–​5.3 cm long and 2–​8 cm wide; fruit body rarely 4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus occidentalis Western Buttercup; Na-n 13b Receptacle bristly; petals 8–​18 mm long and 4–​9 mm wide; fruit body about as long as beak 15a Basal leaves compound, with 3–​5 leaflets; petals 4–​6 mm wide; not confined to moist areas . . . . . Ranunculus orthorhynchus var. platyphyllus Bird’s-foot Buttercup; Al, Ma 15b Basal leaves sometimes compound, with 3 lobes or leaflets; petals 6–​9 mm wide; moist areas . . . . . . . . . Ranunculus orthorhynchus var. bloomer Bloomer’s Buttercup; SCl-n

RESEDACEAE (MIGNONETTE FAMILY) The garden plants called “mignonettes” occasionally become established in vacant lots and other places to which they have somehow escaped. They have alternate leaves and their interesting flowers, usually irregular, are concentrated in elongated terminal inflorescences. There are four to six sepals, united at their bases, and four to six petals, each of which consists of a flat or concave basal piece with a lobed outer part. There is a single pistil, and its superior ovary is divided lengthwise into three to four seed-producing units that separate only partially when the fruit has ripened. The several to many stamens are in a cluster on a disk on one side of the flower. Reseda luteola (Dyer’s-rocket) has been used for centuries as the source of a yellow dye. 1a Leaves entire; petals 4, yellow, 2–​4 mm long, unequal and with an irregular number of lobes; stamens 20–​25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reseda luteola Dyer’s-rocket; eu 1b Leaves pinnately lobed; petals 5 or 6, white or pale green, 5–​6 mm long, all about the same size and all 3 lobed; stamens 11–​13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Reseda alba White Mignonette; me

RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY)  In our region, the Buckthorn Family is represented mostly by evergreen shrubs and treelike plants belonging to the genera Frangula, Ceanothus, and Rhamnus. The flowers are small, but in some species of Ceanothus the crowded inflorescences are extremely showy, and they may also be deliciously fragrant. The four or five sepals, usually four or five petals, and four or five stamens originate at the edge of the cup formed by the floral tube. The petals have hoodlike tips that partly enclose the corresponding stamen when the flower first opens and the sepals are usually colored like the petals. There is a single pistil with two to four style lobes and the ovary is superior to inferior. In Rhamnus and Frangula, the fruit is fleshy, but in Ceanothus it is dry. Many species of Ceanothus are widely cultivated. As with the genus Arctostaphylos

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(Ericaceae) and some other shrubby native plants, specimens with special attributes, such as a particular flower color or habit of growth, have been selected for propagation by cuttings. Such horticultural variants are called “cultivars.” Some nurseries now offer a broad selection of these cultivars as well as unselected wild types of Ceanothus. 1a Flower green or yellow-green, in clusters in leaf axils; leaves alternate, with a prominent raised midrib; fruit fleshy, berrylike (evergreen) 2a Leaf blades 1–​4 cm long, teeth, if present, spine tipped; petals absent; sepals 4; flowers usually unisexual, pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; fruit 4–​8 mm long, red 3a Leaf blades 1–​1.5 cm long, not hairy, sometimes with sharp teeth; petioles 1–​4 mm long; branches often thorn tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhamnus crocea (pl. 26) Spiny Redberry; La-s 3b Leaf blades 2–​4 cm long, sometimes hairy on undersides, usually with sharp teeth; petioles 2–​10 mm long; branches not thorn tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhamnus ilicifolia Holly-leaved Redberry 2b Leaf blades 3–​10 cm long, teeth, if present, not spine tipped; petals 5; sepals 5; flowers bisexual; fruit 10–​15 mm long, black 4a Leaves not hairy, or sparsely so, on undersides (leaf blades 2–​8 cm long, not hairy on upper surfaces; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frangula californica ssp. californica [Rhamnus californica] (pl. 26) California Coffeeberry 4b Leaves densely hairy on undersides 5a Leaf blades 3–​7 cm long, not hairy on upper surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . .Frangula californica ssp. tomentella [Rhamnus tomentella ssp. tomentella] Hoary Coffeeberry 5b Leaf blades 3–​10 cm long, densely hairy on upper surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . Frangula californica ssp. crassifolia [Rhamnus tomentella ssp. crassifolia] Thick-leaved Coffeeberry; Na 1b Flower white, blue, pink, lavender, purple, or violet, usually in clusters at branch ends; leaves alternate or opposite, with 1 or 3 prominent veins; fruit a dry capsule 6a Leaves opposite (leaf blades with 1 primary vein, midrib) 7a Flower white (leaves not hairy on upper surfaces, usually sparsely hairy on undersides) 8a Leaves usually entire except notched at tips (upright, sometimes prostrate; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus (pl. 25) White Buckbrush 8b Leaves entire or toothed, without notches 9a Leaves folded along midlines, yellow-green on upper surfaces, with 7–​11 spinelike teeth; rocky areas, sometimes on serpentine (flower odor musky) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus jepsonii [includes C. jepsonii var. albiflorus] Muskbrush; Me-Ma 9b Leaves usually flat, dark green on upper surfaces, entire or with sharp teeth; restricted to serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus ferrisiae Coyote Ceanothus; Sl; 1b 7b Flower blue, lavender, purple, or violet, sometimes white in Ceanothus cuneatus var. ramulosus 10a Plant prostrate, sprawling, or with stem tips rising, less than 50 cm tall 11a Leaves with 3–​9 teeth, blades somewhat folded; petioles 1–​3 mm long (leaves not hairy, at least on upper surfaces)

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12a Leaves 1–​2 cm long, bright green on upper surfaces; usually below 3300 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus confusus Rincon Ridge Ceanothus; Sn; 1b 12b Leaves 1–​3 cm long, dark green on upper surfaces; above 3300 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus prostratus Western Mahala-mat; Sn, Na 11b Leaves with 9–​35 teeth, blades flat; petioles 1–​4 mm long (leaves dark green on upper surfaces; below 1000 ft) 13a Leaf blades 2–​3 cm long, with 13–​35 teeth; coastal, sandy soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus gloriosus var. gloriosus (pl. 26) Point Reyes Ceanothus, Glorymat; Me-Ma; 4 13b Leaf blades 1–​2 cm long, with 9–​19 teeth; coastal bluffs, forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus gloriosus var. porrectus Mount Vision Ceanothus; Ma; 1b 10b Plant usually erect, often more than 100 cm tall 14a Leaves gray, densely hairy on undersides, sessile or petioles less than 1 mm long (leaves 5–​11 mm long, with 3–​5 spinelike teeth; volcanic, serpentine substrates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus sonomensis (pl. 26) Sonoma Ceanothus; Sn; 1b 14b Leaves green, sparsely hairy on undersides if at all, with petioles 1–​4 mm long 15a Leaves yellow-green on upper surfaces (leaves folded, with 7–​11 spinelike teeth; flower odor musky; rocky areas, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus jepsonii [includes C. jepsonii var. albiflorus] Muskbrush; Me-Ma 15b Leaves dark green on upper surfaces 16a Leaf blades 15–​45 mm long, with 13–​35 teeth; petioles 1–​4 mm long (leaves flat, teeth sharp; sandy, rocky areas) . . . . . Ceanothus gloriosus var. exaltatus Glorybrush; Me-Ma; 4 16b Leaf blades 5–​21 mm long, with 9–​17 teeth or none; petioles less than 3 mm long 17a Leaf tip notched, otherwise entire or with a few sharp teeth (leaves 5–​15 mm long, dull green on upper surfaces, flat; sandy areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus cuneatus var. ramulosus Blue Buckbrush 17b Leaves without notches, with 3–​17 teeth 18a Leaves flat, upper surfaces dark green, teeth not spinelike (leaves 4–​ 13 mm wide, with 7–​17 teeth; rocky slopes) . . . . . Ceanothus masonii Mason’s Ceanothus; Ma; 1b 18b Leaves folded or margins wavy, upper surfaces not dark green, teeth spinelike 19a Leaves 5–​12 mm wide, with 3–​11 teeth (volcanic substrates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus divergens Calistoga Ceanothus; Na; 1b 19b Leaves 7–​20 mm wide, with 7–​15 teeth . . . . Ceanothus purpureus Holly-leaved Ceanothus; Na; 1b 6b Leaves alternate (leaves entire or finely toothed) 20a Leaf with 1 prominent vein from base, sometimes Ceanothus foliosus with 3 faint veins

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21a Flower white; deciduous (leaf blades 15–​53 mm long, usually entire; petiole 3–​12 mm long; conifer forest) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus integerrimus var. integerrimus Deerbrush 21b Flower blue or purple; evergreen, sometimes deciduous in Ceanothus spinosus 22a Undersides of leaves densely hairy, at least when young 23a Upper surfaces of leaves with glandular pustules, blades often more than twice as long as wide; erect or mound forming (leaf margins rolled under, with gland-tipped teeth; twigs not ridged; flower deep blue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus papillosus Wart-leaved Ceanothus; SM-SLO 23b Upper surfaces of leaves without glandular pustules, blades not more than twice as long as wide; erect 24a Twigs ridged; leaf blades flat, margins rolled under, usually entire; flower deep blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus parryi Parry’s Ceanothus; Na, Sn 24b Twigs not ridged; leaf blades wavy, margins not rolled under, with glandtipped teeth; flower blue or purple . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus foliosus var. medius La Cuesta Ceanothus; SCL 22b Undersides of leaves not hairy or sparsely so (leaf margins not rolled under; twigs not ridged) 25a Branch tips sometimes thornlike; flower pale blue or blue; bark olive green; petioles 2–​7 mm long; leaf blades 11–​30 mm long, flat, usually entire; treelike, up to 6 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus spinosus Green-barked Ceanothus; SLO-n 25b Branch tips not thornlike; flower blue or purple; bark green or red-green; petioles 1–​3 mm long; leaf blades 5–​20 mm long, wavy or with gland-tipped teeth; erect or prostrate, not treelike 26a Prostrate, usually with stem tips rising, mat or mound forming; leaves entire or with a few gland-tipped teeth . . . . Ceanothus foliosus var. vineatus Vine Hill Ceanothus; Sn; 1b 26b Upright, not mat or mound forming; leaves with at least 30 gland-tipped teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus foliosus var. foliosus Wavy-leaved Ceanothus; SCr-n 20b Leaf with 3 prominent veins from base 27a Leaf blades 33–​75 mm long and 13–​55 mm wide, odor tobaccolike, upper surfaces sticky, shiny green; petioles 9–​32 mm long (flower white; leaves with gland-tipped hairs; up to 6 m tall, sometimes treelike) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus velutinus [C. velutinus var. hookeri] Tobacco-brush; Ma-n 27b Leaf blades 10–​53 mm long and 3–​45 mm wide, odor not tobaccolike, upper surfaces not sticky, dull or dark green; petioles 1–​12 mm long 28a Branch tips often thornlike (flower white or pale blue; leaves entire or with gland-tipped teeth) 29a Leaf blades 12–​30 mm long and 3–​15 mm wide; petioles 4–​7 mm long; flower white or pale blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus leucodermis Chaparral Whitethorn; Al-s 29b Leaf blades 20–​50 mm long and 10–​45 mm wide; petioles 3–​12 mm long; flower white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus incanus Coastal Whitethorn; SCr-n

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28b Branch tips not thornlike 30a Deciduous; flower white or blue; leaf blades 15–​53 mm long and 10–​45 mm wide; petioles 3–​12 mm long (leaves usually entire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus integerrimus var. macrothyrus Big Deerbrush 30b Evergreen; flower blue or purple; leaf blades 10–​40 mm long and 5–​25 mm wide; petioles 1–​9 mm long 31a Twigs not ridged; leaf margins not rolled under (leaves with gland-tipped teeth; flower blue or purple) 32a Twigs usually not hairy, red-brown; upper surfaces of leaves not hairy or sparsely so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus oliganthus var. sorediatus Jimbrush 32b Twigs hairy, green or red-brown; upper surfaces of leaves hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus oliganthus var. oliganthus Hairy Ceanothus 31b Twigs ridged; leaf margins often rolled under (twigs green or red-brown) 33a Undersides of leaves densely hairy at least when young, usually entire; petioles 1–​5 mm long; flower deep blue; upright . . . . . . Ceanothus parryi Parry’s Ceanothus; Na, Sn 33b Undersides of leaves not hairy or sparsely so, with gland-tipped teeth; petioles 3–​9 mm long; flower pale or dark blue; prostrate or upright 34a Twigs hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. griseus [C. griseus] (pl. 26) Carmel Ceanothus; Sn 34b Twigs not hairy (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanothus thyrsiflorus var. thyrsiflorus (pl. 26) Blue-blossom

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) The Rose Family is a large and diverse group of flowering plants, difficult to define concisely. The arrangement of pistils and structure of fruit are particularly variable features. Nevertheless, after you have learned to recognize some of the common genera—​such as Rubus (blackberries and raspberries), Fragaria (strawberries), Rosa (roses), Prunus (cherries), and Potentilla (cinquefoils)—​you will probably be able to place relatives of these plants in the same family. The characteristics given here apply to most members of Rosaceae that grow wild in the region. The alternate leaves are often compound and frequently have stipules. The flower has a floral tube to which five partly united sepals, five separate petals, and at least ten stamens are attached. Some species have no petals. Often there are five bractlets alternating with the sepals and attached to the floral tube below them. The ovary is superior to inferior. There may be a single pistil or several to many of them. When there is just one, it may be fused to the floral tube, so the mature fruit, as in an apple or pear, shows the calyx lobes at its free end. When there are many, each pistil becomes either a one-seeded dry fruit, as in cinquefoils, or a one-seeded fleshy fruit attached to a conical receptacle, as in raspberries. In a strawberry, the receptacle is fleshy, but each individual fruit embedded in it is of the dry,

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Malus fusca Oregon Crabapple

Oemleria cerasiformis Osoberry

Prunus subcordata Sierra Plum

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Prunus virginiana var. demissa Western Chokecherry

Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry

Rubus ursinus California Blackberry

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ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)

one-seeded type. Cotoneaster frigidus, C. integrifolius, C. lacteus, and Crataegus monogyna have been reported in our region. The Rose Family includes many trees and shrubs that yield delicious edible fruit or seeds (such as almonds), as well as many cultivated for their ornamental value. Native species that are good subjects for wild gardens include various herbaceous species of Fragaria (strawberries) and Potentilla (cinquefoils). Among the shrubs, the following are especially useful. Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia (Hairy Serviceberry)

Physocarpus capitatus (Ninebark)

Heteromeles arbutifolia (Toyon)

Rosa californica (California Rose)

Holodiscus discolor (Oceanspray)

Rosa gymnocarpa (Wood Rose) Rubus spectabilis (Salmonberry)

Oemleria cerasiformis (Osoberry)

Prunus ilicifolia (Holly-leaved Cherry)

1a Plant not woody, even at base, and without thorns or prickles (ovary superior) 2a Petals none; sepals 4; pistil 1; stamens 1 or 4; bractlets none or very small 3a Leaves not fan shaped, mostly basal, 3–​12 cm long, compound, with 11–​17 leaflets, these with 3–​7 lobes; stipules absent; flowers numerous in each cluster at branch ends; stamens 4; perennial; up to 60 cm tall (coastal grasslands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acaena pinnatifida var. californica California Acaena; Sn-s 3b Leaves fan shaped, scattered along stem, up to 1 cm long, lobed; stipules present; flowers few in each cluster in leaf axils; stamen 1; annual; up to 10 cm tall (in colonies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aphanes occidentalis Western Dewcup, Lady’s-mantle 2b Petals 5; sepals 5; pistils at least 10; stamens at least 10; bractlets 5 (stipules present; leaves compound, leaflets toothed or lobed) 4a Leaves with 3 leaflets; fruit a strawberry, pistils embedded in fleshy receptacle; stamens 20–​35 5a Leaflets leathery, densely hairy on undersides; sandy coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragaria chiloensis (pl. 26) Beach Strawberry; SLO-n 5b Leaflets not leathery, only slightly hairy on undersides; inland forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragaria vesca Wood Strawberry 4b Some leaves with more than 3 leaflets; fruit dry, each developing from a separate pistil; stamens 10–​20 6a Petals yellow or cream; stamens 10–​25; sometimes forming tufts, but not mats 7a Lower leaves palmately compound with 5–​7 leaflets (petals pale yellow; leaves 8–​ 15 cm long, slightly hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potentilla recta Pale Cinquefoil, Sulphur Cinquefoil; eua 7b Lower leaves pinnately compound, sometimes with only 3 leaflets, end one with a long stalk 8a Flower solitary on a peduncle 5–​30 cm long (petals 8–​20 mm long, bright yellow; leaves green on upper surfaces, densely hairy on undersides, with 10–​ 20 leaflets; coastal wetlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Pacific Cinquefoil, Pacific Silverweed

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8b Flowers in clusters, pedicels less than 5 cm long 9a Lower leaves with 14–​30 leaflets; petals pale yellow or cream; stem with glandular hairs; up to 60 cm tall (petals 3–​5 mm long; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drymocallis glandulosa [Potentilla glandulosa] Sticky Cinquefoil 9b Lower leaves with 3–​12 leaflets; petals bright yellow; stem with nonglandular hairs or none; prostrate or with stem tips rising (wet habitats) 10a Petals 1–​2 mm long; leaves with 3–​5 leaflets, these with large teeth; stem hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potentilla rivalis River Cinquefoil 10b Petals 6–​12 mm long; leaves with 6–​12 leaflets, these deeply lobed; stem not hairy or scarcely so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potentilla hickmanii Hickman’s Cinquefoil; Sn-Mo; 1b 6b Petals white; stamens 10; forming mats or clumps (leaves pinnately compound with 6–​30 leaflets) 11a Leaves with 6–​10 leaflets, each 15–​60 mm long (leaves 10–​40 cm long; pistils more than 50; bractlets as long as sepals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horkelia californica var. frondosa [H. californica ssp. frondosa] Leafy Horkelia; Me-Sn 11b Leaves with 8–​30 leaflets, each 3–​40 mm long 12a Bractlets shorter than sepals (leaves 10–​30 cm long, with 10–​24 leaflets, these 10–​25 mm long; pistils 30–​60; coastal, sandy areas) 13a Stem and leaves with nonglandular hairs, these pressed against stem or pointing upward . . . . . Horkelia cuneata var. sericea [H. cuneata ssp. sericea] Kellogg’s Horkelia; Sn-s; 1b 13b Stem and leaves with glandular and nonglandular hairs, these spreading out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horkelia cuneata var. cuneata [H. cuneata ssp. cuneata] Wedge-leaved Horkelia; SF-s 12b Bractlets at least as long as sepals 14a Leaflets 16–​30 (pistils 10–​25; leaves 5–​15 cm long; leaflets 3–​10 mm long; sandy soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horkelia tenuiloba Thin-lobed Horkelia; Ma, Sn; 1b 14b Leaflets 8–​20 15a Pistils 20–​30; plant odor strong (leaves 4–​10 cm long, leaflets 7–​12 mm long; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horkelia marinensis Point Reyes Horkelia; Ma-Me; 1b 15b Pistils at least 50; plant odor not strong 16a Leaves 8–​40 cm long, with 8–​18 leaflets, these 10–​40 mm long; bractlets usually 3 toothed; sepals with some red inside; near coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horkelia californica var. californica [H. californica ssp. californica] (pl. 27) California Horkelia; SCr-n 16b Leaves 5–​25 cm long, with 14–​18 leaflets, these 5–​25 mm long; bractlets rarely toothed; sepals not red inside; inland moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . Horkelia californica var. elata [H. californica ssp. dissita] Lobed Horkelia; Al-n 1b Plant woody, and sometimes with thorns or prickles (bractlets absent) 17a Leaves not compound, sometimes deeply lobed

292     Rosaceae



18a Branches not modified as thorns 19a Leaves not palmately lobed (prickles absent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosaceae, Subkey 19b Leaves palmately lobed (petals white; ovary superior; deciduous) 20a Leaves usually 5 lobed, with stipules; petioles 2–​12 cm long; inflorescence with 3–​15 flowers; petals 14–​22 mm long; aggregate of fruit fleshy, raspberry-like (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus parviflorus (fig.) Thimbleberry 20b Leaves usually 3 lobed, stipules falling early; petioles up to 2 cm long; inflorescence with more than 15 flowers; petals 2–​3 mm long; fruit dry, 1–​8 on each receptacle (moist areas; widespread) . . . . . . . . Physocarpus capitatus (pl. 27) Ninebark 18b Some short branches modified as thorns (stipules falling early; fruit fleshy; petals white) 21a Leaves hairy on undersides, at least twice as long as wide 22a Leaves 2.5–​5 cm long, evergreen, entire; ovary half-inferior; fruit 4–​6 mm long, red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyracantha angustifolia Slender Firethorn, Woolly Firethorn; as 22b Leaves 3–​12 cm long, deciduous, with small teeth around margin, sometimes also with 2 lobes; ovary inferior; fruit 10–​15 mm long, yellow or red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malus fusca (fig.) Oregon Crabapple; Sn, Na-n 21b Leaves scarcely hairy on undersides if at all, usually less than twice as long as wide (deciduous) 23a Leaves without teeth in lower third of blades; ovary inferior; fruit 10–​12 mm long, black or purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crataegus gaylussacia [C. suksdorfii] Black Hawthorn; Ma-n 23b Leaves with small teeth around most of margins; ovary superior; fruit 15–​25 mm long, yellow or dark red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prunus subcordata (fig.) Sierra Plum, Pacific Plum; Mo-n 17b Some leaves compound (stem usually with prickles; ovary superior, not fused to floral tube) 24a Leaves pinnately compound, with 5 or more leaflets; stipules not threadlike; fruit solitary, situated below sepals (fruit red) 25a Sepals toothed or pinnately lobed (prickles 5–​15 mm long, curved, with broad bases; pedicel with glandular hairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosa rubiginosa [R. eglanteria] Sweetbrier; eu 25b Sepals not toothed or pinnately lobed, falling early in Rosa gymnocarpa 26a Floral tube with gland-tipped bristles; less than 30 cm tall (pedicel with some glandular hairs; prickles 3–​8 mm long, straight, usually without broad bases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosa spithamea Coastal Ground Rose, Sonoma Rose; Me-SLO 26b Floral tube without gland-tipped bristles, sometimes with sparse nonglandular hairs; usually more than 50 cm tall 27a Pedicel with nonglandular hairs; pistils 20–​40; prickles 3–​15 mm long, usually curved, with broad bases (leaflets with nonglandular hairs and sometimes glandular hairs; near streams) . . . . . . . . . . Rosa californica (pl. 27) California Rose 27b Pedicel without nonglandular hairs, but sometimes with glandular hairs; pistils 5–​20; prickles 2–​10 mm long, straight, without broad bases

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28a Pistils 5–​10; sepals sometimes glandular, absent from fruit; pedicel glandular; shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosa gymnocarpa Wood Rose; Mo-n 28b Pistils 10–​20; sepals glandular, persisting on fruit; pedicel glandular or not; pine woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosa pinetorum Pine Rose; Mo-n; 1b 24b Most leaves either palmately compound or with only 3 leaflets; stipules threadlike or narrow; aggregate of fruit attached to a conical receptacle above sepals, as in a raspberry 29a Shrub; petals purple-red, 1.5–​2 cm long; aggregate of ripe fruit separating freely from receptacle; prickles few or none (moist places) . . . . . . Rubus spectabilis (pl. 27) Salmonberry; SCl-Sn 29b Vine, climbing over other plants; petals white or pink, not more than 1.5 cm long; aggregate of ripe fruit not separating freely from receptacle; prickles usually many, none in Rubus ulmifolius var. anoplothyrus 30a Stem not ridged; flowers 1–​10 in each cluster (stem with whitish coating when young) 31a Prickles stout, with broad bases; leaves with dense white hairs on undersides; flowers 3–​10 in each cluster, bisexual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus leucodermis Blackcap Raspberry, Whitebark Raspberry; SCr-n 31b Prickles weak, without broad bases; leaves with sparse or dense gray hairs on undersides; flowers 1–​5 in each cluster, pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus ursinus (fig.) California Blackberry 30b Stem 5 ridged; flowers usually more than 10 in each panicle 32a Leaflets deeply lobed, sometimes densely hairy on undersides (prickles many, stout, curved, with braod bases; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus laciniatus Cut-leaved Blackberry; eu 32b Leaflets not deeply lobed, with dense white hairs on undersides 33a Stem without whitish coating, with many stout prickles with broad bases (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus armeniacus [R. discolor] Himalayan Blackberry; eua 33b Stem with whitish coating, without prickles . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus ulmifolius var. anoplothyrus [R. ulmifolius var. inermis] Thornless Blackberry; eu

Rosaceae, Subkey Plant woody, without prickles or thorns; leaves not compound; bractlets none 1a Leaves needlelike, less than 1 mm wide, 5–​13 mm long (leaves clustered; stipules 1–​2 mm long; petals white, about 2 mm long; ovary superior; chaparral; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adenostoma fasciculatum Chamise, Greasewood; Me-s 1b Leaves not needlelike, more than 1 mm wide and 13 mm long 2a Leaves entire 3a Leaf blades deciduous, 4–​12 cm long, not densely hairy on undersides if at all; stipules falling early; staminate and pistillate flowers usually on separate plants; ovary superior; fruit blue-black (shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oemleria cerasiformis [Osmaronia cerasiformis] (fig.) Osoberry

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3b Leaf blades evergreen, 1.5–​6 cm long, densely hairy on undersides; stipules persisting; flowers bisexual; ovary inferior; fruit not blue-black 4a Petals pink or rose; leaf blades up to 6 cm long; fruit orange or red-orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotoneaster franchetii Franchet’s Cotoneaster, Pink-flowered Cotoneaster; as 4b Petals white; leaf blades up to 3 cm long; fruit red . . . . . . . . . . . . Cotoneaster pannosus Silver-leaved Cotoneaster; as 2b Leaves with fine to coarse teeth, sometimes also lobed 5a Leaves stiff and sharply toothed (petals less than 4 mm long, white or pale yellow; fruit usually red; evergreen) 6a Flowers in racemes; ovary superior; petioles 0.5–​1 cm long; fruit 12–​18 mm long, juicy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prunus ilicifolia (pl. 27) Holly-leaved Cherry, Islay; Na-s 6b Flowers in panicles; ovary mostly inferior; petioles 1–​2 cm long; fruit 5–​10 mm long, mealy (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heteromeles arbutifolia (pl. 27) Toyon, Christmas-berry 5b Leaves not stiff or sharply toothed 7a Flowers 18 to many in each inflorescence (petals white; ovary superior; deciduous) 8a Leaf blades with 6–​14 large teeth, some of these with smaller teeth; stipules absent; flowers in dense panicles up to 25 cm long and wide; fruit dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holodiscus discolor (pl. 27) Oceanspray, Creambush 8b Leaf blades with many small teeth equal in size; stipules falling early; flowers in racemes about 10 cm long and 2 cm wide; fruit fleshy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prunus virginiana var. demissa (fig.) Western Chokecherry 7b Flowers fewer than 18 in each inflorescence 9a Flowers 5–​15 in each inflorescence (deciduous; petals white; fruit fleshy) 10a Leaf blade 3–​4 cm long and about as wide, lower third entire; petioles 12–​15 mm long; fruit blue-black; ovary inferior . . . . . . . . . . Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia [from A. alnifolia] (pl. 26) Hairy Serviceberry, Pallid Serviceberry 10b Leaf blade 1.5–​6 cm long, longer than wide, with teeth all around margin; petioles 3–​12 mm long; fruit red or purple; ovary superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prunus emarginata Bitter Cherry 9a Flowers 1–​6 in each inflorescence 11a Leaf blade 1–​3 cm long, lower third entire; evergreen; petioles 1–​6 mm long; petals absent; fruit dry (ovary superior; style hairy, persistent, 5–​10 cm long; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cercocarpus betuloides Birch-leaved Mountain-mahogany 11b Leaf blade 2–​12 cm long, with teeth all around margin; deciduous; petioles 4–​ 50 mm long; petals present; fruit fleshy or leathery 12a Pedicel 1–​5 mm long; petals 12–​25 mm long, pink or white; fruit 25–​40 mm long, hairy, leathery, brown (ovary superior) . . . . . . . . . . . Prunus dulcis Almond; as? 12b Pedicel 5–​30 mm long; petals 5–​10 mm long, white; fruit 10–​25 mm long, not hairy, fleshy, yellow or dark red

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13a Leaf blades 2–​5 cm long; petioles 4–​18 mm long; pedicel 5–​15 mm long; ovary superiorr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prunus subcordata (fig.) Sierra Plum, Pacific Plum; Mo-n 13b Leaf blades 3–​12 cm long; petioles 15–​50 mm long; pedicel 20–​30 mm long; ovary inferior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malus fusca (fig.) Oregon Crabapple; Sn, Na-n

RUBIACEAE (MADDER FAMILY)  Coffee, cinchona (the source of quinine), and the gardenia are perhaps the best known plants of the large and diverse Madder or Bedstraw Family. Most of our representatives are completely herbaceous, but some are slightly woody at the base. One is a large shrub. The leaves of Rubiaceae are opposite or whorled, and the flowers of our native species have a three- or four-lobed tubular corolla and four stamens. The ovary is inferior. In nearly all Bay Area representatives, there are two styles and the fruit is distinctly two lobed; the lobes eventually separate into one-seeded nutlets that may be covered with hooked bristles or hairs. The genus Galium is an easy one to recognize, for its stems are four sided, at least when young, and often have stiff hairs that cause them to interlock with other stems. This character reputedly made some species desirable mattress stuffing. The calyx is absent. In some species, all flowers are bisexual, but in others the pistillate and staminate flowers are on separate plants. The pistillate flower is usually solitary, whereas staminate flowers are in small clusters. Galium parisiense and G. tricornutum have been reported in our region. 1a Leaves in pairs or in 3s; flowers in dense, globular clusters; shrub (corolla white or pale yellow; calyx 4 lobed, lobes persistent; often more than 5 m tall; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cephalanthus occidentalis [C. occidentalis var. californicus] (fig.) California Button-bush, California Button-willow; Na-n 1b Leaves usually in whorls of at least 4; flowers solitary or a few in each cluster; herb, sometimes woody at the base (stem 4 sided, at least when young) 2a Corolla pink or lavender, lobes 4, shorter than tube; calyx 6 lobed (leaves 4–​13 mm long, in whorls of 5 or 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sherardia arvensis (pl. 28) Field Madder; me 2b Corolla white, green, yellow, or purple, lobes 3 or 4, longer than tube; calyx absent 3a Corolla usually 3 lobed (leaves in whorls of 4–​6, 4–​19 mm long; corolla white or pink; fruit and ovary not hairy; sprawling; wet places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium trifidum ssp. columbianum [G. trifidum var. pauciflorum] Sprawling Trifid Bedstraw 3b Corolla 4 lobed 4a Plant woody at base (flowers red or yellow, unisexual; leaves in whorls of 4) 5a Plant without prickles pointing to base; fruit and ovary sometimes hairy; stem up to 36 cm long; in tufts or climbing (dry open area) . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium bolanderi Bolander’s Bedstraw; Sl-n 5b Plant with prickles pointing to base; fruit and ovary not hairy; stem up to 1 m long; climbing (Coast Ranges) 6a Leaves 2–​18 mm long, about 2 times as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium porrigens var. porrigens Climbing Bedstraw

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Cephalanthus occidentalis California Button-bush



1a

6b Leaves 3–​8 mm long, well over 3 times as long as wide

Leaves opposite, clusters; shrub . . . . .in . . pairs . . . . . or . . .in . . threes; . . . . . .flowers . . . . . . . in . . .dense, . . . . . . .globular . . . . Galium porrigens var. (corolla tenue Narrow-leaved white or pale yellow; calyx 4 lobed, the lobes persistent; often moreClimbing than 5 mBedstraw tall; in moist sometimes woody atvar. base areas)4b  . . .Plant . . . . . not . . . . woody, . . . . . . . .except . . . . . . Galium . . . . . . . . californicum Cephalanthus occidentalis californicus(fig.) 7a Ovary and fruit not hairy California Button-willow; Na-n 8a Leaves in whorls of 4; flowers unisexual; flowers in clusters of 1–​few; 1b Leaves usuallyprostrate, in whorls of at least 4; flowers solitary or a few in each inflorescence; herbs, forming mats (leaves 4–​11 mm long, sharply pointed; corolla yellowbut some woody at the base (stem 4 sided, at least when young) green; perennial; dry slopes) 2a Corolla pink lobes much shorter the tube; 6 lobed (leaves . . . .or . .lavender, . . . . . . . . . the . . . .4 Galium andrewsii ssp. than gatense [from G.calyx andrewsii] (pl. 27) Bedstraw; La-s;50) 4 4–13 mm long, most in whorls of 5 or 6). . . . .Phlox-leaved . . . . . . . . . . . . .Serpentine . Sherardia arvensis(pl. 8b Leaves in whorls of 5–​8; flowers bisexual; inflorescences several in a panicle; Field Madder; me erect green, yellow, or purple, the 3 or 4 lobes much longer than the tube; 2b Corolla white, 9a Leaves in whorls of 5–​8, 3–​10 mm long; annual; up to 30 cm tall calyx lobes not apparent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium divaricatum 3a Most leaves in whorls of 5–8 Lamarck’s Bedstraw; me 4a Flowers usually at least 68in each cluster (corolla white) 9b Leaves in whorls of 6–​ , 10–​ 30 mm long; perennial; up to 100 cm tall 5a . Leaves cm tall (fruit not . . . . . . . less . . . .than . . . . .7 . mm . . . . long; . . . . . .annual; . . . . . . .stem . . . . .erect, . . . . . .up . . to . . .30 Galium mollugo Hedge eu hairy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GaliumBedstraw; divaricatum 7b Ovary and fruit hairy Lamarck Bedstraw; me 10a  1–​4 mm long; fruit sausage shaped stem (fruit sometimes bristly; plant erect, not hairy 5bLeaves Leaves 10–30 mm long; perennial; up to 100 cm except leaf margins; leaves in whorls of 4–​6; flowers bisexual; annual) long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium murale 6a Fruit not hairy; leaves usually in whorls of 8; stem or falling Tiny erect Bedstraw; eu with the tip rising; restricted to wet places . . .Galium . mollugo 10b Leaves 2–​ 38 mm long; fruit not not sausage shaped Hedge Bedstraw; eu

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321



11a Leaves in whorls of 4, 2–​25 mm long; flowers unisexual (fruit hairy; corolla yellow; plant hairy; climbing or tufted, sometimes woody at base) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium californicum (pl. 28) California Bedstraw 11b Leaves in whorls of 5–​8, 6–​38 mm long; flowers bisexual 12a Plant, including fruit, with hooked prickles (leaves 13–​31 mm long, in whorls of 6–​8; corolla white; annual; climbing or prostrate; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium aparine Goosegrass 12b Plant without hooked prickles except sometimes on fruit 13a Fruit with hooked hairs; flowers in clusters of 2 or 3; leaves in whorls of 6; corolla cream or pink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium triflorum Sweet-scented Bedstraw 13b Fruit without hooked hairs; flowers in clusters of usually more than 3; leaves in whorls of 5–​8; corolla white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Galium mexicanum ssp. asperulum [G. mexicanum var. asperulum] Rough Bedstraw; SCl-n

RUTACEAE (RUE FAMILY)  The Rue Family is a large one and includes citrus trees and shrubs. The only species native to the region is Ptelea crenulata (pl. 28) (Hoptree), found mostly in canyons on the east side of the Coast Ranges from Santa Clara County northward. It is a large shrub, up to about 5 m tall, with alternate, compound, deciduous leaves which, when rubbed or bruised, yield a citruslike aroma because of oil glands present. Each leaf has three leaflets, 2–​7 cm long. The small flowers, clustered in cymes, are pale green. Most are bisexual with some pistillate flowers on the same tree. There are four or five minute sepals, and the same number of separate petals and stamens. The ovary is superior and the single pistil develops into a flattened fruit 1–​2 cm long. Much of the fruit, except for the central portion that is occupied by two seeds, consists of a thin, nearly membranous wing. SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY) There are two genera in the Willow Family represented in our area by native trees and shrubs usually found in moist areas. The alternate, deciduous leaves are entire or toothed and have stipules. The flowers are in staminate and pistillate catkins on separate plants. There are no petals or sepals, but each flower has a little scalelike bract below it. Furthermore, in Populus (cottonwoods) there is a cup-shaped disk under each flower; in Salix (willows) one or two glands are located in approximately the same place. Staminate flowers of Populus have eight to many stamens, while those of Salix have one to eight stamens. The pistillate flowers of both genera have a single pistil with two to four stigma lobes that correspond to the number of seed-producing divisions. The ovary is superior. The numerous seeds that develop in the fruit have long hairs that facilitate dispersal by wind. Measurements given for leaves refer to their mature size. Populus nigra and Salix babylonica have been reported in our region.

298     Rutaceae

catkin

Populus trichocarpa Black Cottonwood

Salix laevigata Red Willow

Salix lasiandra Pacific Willow

Salix scouleriana Scouler’s Willow

Salix sitchensis Sitka Willow

Salicaceae    299 SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)

325

1a Leaf blade less than twice as long as wide, broadest near base (leaf blades 3–​7 cm long, usually not hairy; often more than 25 m tall) 2a Leaves with fine teeth; petioles round with grooves on upper surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Populus trichocarpa [P. balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa] (fig.) Black Cottonwood 2b Leaves with coarse teeth except at tips; petioles flattened, without grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Populus fremontii Fremont’s Cottonwood, Alamo 1b Leaf blade usually at least twice as long as wide, usually not broadest near base 3a Stipules and petioles with glands (leaves 5–​17 cm long, usually less than 2 cm wide; ovary not hairy; stamens 3–​5; up to 11 m tall) . . . . . . . Salix lasiandra [S. lucida ssp. lasiandra] (fig.) Pacific Willow, Shining Willow 3b Stipules and usually petioles without glands 4a Leaves usually less than 6 mm wide (leaves 3–​14 cm long, hairy; catkins 2–​7 cm long; stamens 2; up to 5 m tall; common) 5a Ovary not hairy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix exigua var. exigua Narrow-leaved Willow, Coyote Willow 5b Ovary hairy, at least when young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix exigua var. hindsiana Hinds’ Willow 4b Leaves usually at least 6 mm wide 6a Leaves less than 1.5 cm wide (leaf blades 3–​9 cm long, nearly sessile, hairy; catkins 2–​6 cm long; stamens 2; up to 4 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Salix melanopsis Dusky Willow, Black Willow; Sn-n 6b Some leaves usually more than 1.5 cm wide 7a Leaf blades rarely so much as 3 times as long as wide (ovary hairy; leaf margins inrolled; catkins appearing before or with leaves) 8a Leaf blades 3–​10 cm long, not densely hairy on undersides, shiny on upper surfaces; catkins 1.5–​6 cm long; stamens 2; up to 10 m tall; not restricted to wet habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix scouleriana (fig.) Scouler’s Willow; Mo-n 8b Leaf blades 3–​12 cm long, densely hairy on undersides, dull on upper surfaces; catkins 2.5–​7 cm long; stamen 1; up to 7 m tall; restricted to wet habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix sitchensis (fig.) Sitka Willow; Sn-n 7b Leaf blades usually at least 4 times as long as wide (undersides of leaves sometimes densely hairy) 9a Ovary hairy; on serpentine; up to 4 m tall (leaf blades 6–​14 cm long, sometimes rolled under; catkins 2–​6 cm long, appearing before leaves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix breweri Brewer’s Willow; La-SB 9b Ovary not hairy; not on serpentine; up to 15 m tall 10a Stamens 2; petioles not glandular; leaf blades 3–​13 cm long, entire or with fine teeth, at least slightly inrolled; catkins 1.5–​7 cm long, usually appearing with or before leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix lasiolepis Arroyo Willow 10b Stamens 4–​6; petioles usually glandular; leaf blades 5–​19 cm long, with fine teeth, not inrolled; catkins 3.5–​11 cm long, usually appearing with or after leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salix laevigata (fig.) Red Willow

300     Salicaceae

Beidleman_025-254 6/10/02 9:43 AM Page 82

Acer macrophyllum Big-leaved Maple Acer negundo Boxelder

1a Leaves palmately lobed; flowerFAMILY)  with petals;This seed-containing of each samara about SAPINDACEAE (SOAPBERRY is a family ofportion trees, shrubs, and vines one-fifth the length of the samara (leaves up to about 25 cm wide; widespread). . . . . . ..... found primarily in warm climates. It includes the tasty litchi fruit of China and other plants macrophyllum (fig.) . . . . .poisons. . . . . . . . . . .In . . .our . . . . region, . . . . . . . . .two . . . . .genera . . . . . . . .of . . deciduous Bigleaf Maple usedAcer as soap substitutes or .fish trees or 1b Leaves pinnately compound, with 3–5 lea flets; flower without petals; seed-containing porshrubs, Acer (formerly in Aceraceae) and Aesculus (formerly in Hippocastanaceae), are now tion of each samara about one-third the length of the samara (lea flets 3–10 cm long). . . ... included in Sapindaceae. . . . . . opposite . . . . . . . . . . leaves . . . . . . . are . . . . .either . . . . . . .lobed . . . . . . .or . . .compound, ...... Acer negundo var.The californicum(fig.) The often palmately. fruit in Acer Boxelder (maples) is a winged achene, while in Aesculus (buckeyes) it is a leathery ball-shaped capsule. All parts of our representative, Aesculus californica (California Buckeye), are toxic. The Seafig or Fig-marigold Family has many species, Several species of Aesculus are native to eastern North America, and one of them, A. glamostly natives of southern Africa, but these are apportioned to relatively few genera. Neverthebra (Buckeye), is the state flower of Ohio. A. hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut), a native of less, the group is difficult to define, partly because some of the genera showffinities a with some Europe, is widely cultivated in the United States and Canada. genera in the family Molluginaceae. The following summary of characters applies to our repreBesides Acer macrophyllum (Big-leaved Maple) and A. negundo (Boxelder), California has sentatives. A. glabrum (Mountain Maple) and A. circinatum (Vine Maple). All are excellent subjects for In most species, the leaves are succulent and the ovary is at least half-inferior. Some species gardens in places that are not especially dry, although Acer macrophyllum may become a very have many narrow petals, but others have none. Stamens tend to be numerous, and there are large tree. Acer circinatum is particularly valuable because its height usually does not exceed 6 several stigmas or styles. m, and because its leaves, before falling in the autumn, often turn orange or red.

AIZOACEAE (SEAFIG FAMILY)

Tetragonia tetragonioides (New Zealand Spinach), cultivated to some extent as a vegetable, 1a Leaves palmately compound, withplaces. 5–​7 leaflets; inflorescence 4, white known or rose; as fruit has become established in many Two species Carpobrotus, of erect; petals commonly icea leathery ball, 5–​ 8 cm long (leaflets 6–​ 1 7 cm long; some flowers unisexual; toxic) plant, have distinctive three-sided, succulent leaves. These plants should be known to just about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aesculus californica everyone familiar with the region, for they have been extensively planted for control(pl. of 28) erosion California Buckeye on banks of highways. One species,C. chilensis,grows on coastal bluffs and the backshores of sandy beaches; it may have been on the Paci fic coast before European explorers arrived, though the rest of the species ofCarpobrotusand those of closely related genera are native to southern Sapindaceae    301 Africa.

82

DICOTYLEDONOUS FAMILIES

1b Leaves either pinnately compound or palmately lobed, with 3–​5 leaflets or lobes; inflorescence hanging; petals 5 or none, green; fruit a winged achene less than 5 cm long 2a Leaves 8–​15 cm long, palmately lobed with 5 lobes; petals present; some staminate flowers in most racemes; seed-containing portion of fruit about one-fifth its total length (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acer macrophyllum (fig.) Big-leaved Maple 2b Leaves 3–​10 cm long, pinnately compound with 3–​5 leaflets; petals absent; all flowers staminate or pistillate and on different plants; seed-containing portion of fruit about onethird its total length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acer negundo [A. negundo var. californicum] (fig.) Boxelder

SAURURACEAE (LIZARD’S-TAIL FAMILY)  This family is placed in a group with Aristolochiaceae (Pipevine Family), Calycanthaceae (Sweetshrub Family), and Lauraceae (Laurel Family), separate from the Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons based on taxonomic evidence. The sole representative of this family in California is Anemopsis californica (pl. 28) (Yerbamansa). It sometimes forms dense stands in somewhat wet, alkaline soils from Santa Clara County southward. Anemopsis has creeping underground stems that take root and give rise to new plants. In the past, it was thought to be useful for treating diseases of the skin and blood. The flowers are concentrated into a thick inflorescence up to about 4 cm long, at the base of which is a ring of five to eight white, often red-tinged bracts. Individual flowers, without sepals or petals but with a white bract, 5–​6 mm long, beneath each one, have six or eight stamens and a pistil with three or four styles. The ovary is superior. Most of the leaves are basal, and the blades of the larger ones, up to 20 cm long, typically have small stipules fused to the petiole. SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) With some exceptions, plants that belong to the Saxifrage Family are perennials that die back each autumn. Many of them grow in moist, shaded areas. The principal leaves are usually concentrated at the base of the plant; the upper leaves are often reduced or absent. In each flower, much of the calyx forms a fivelobed floral tube, and there are usually five separate petals attached to this. Most saxifrages have five or ten stamens, but Tolmiea has three and its corolla is irregular. The ovary is superior to inferior. There are usually two or three styles. When the fruit is ripe, it is dry and splits open lengthwise. Two common exotic components of local gardens are in this family. One of them is Heuchera sanguinea (Coralbells), which grows wild in Arizona and New Mexico; the other is Bergenia crassifolia, from Siberia. A California native sold for indoor cultivation is Tolmiea diplomenziesii (Piggy-back-plant). Its common name alludes to its charming habit of sprouting new plants on its leaves. It is perfectly hardy in this region and a good subject for a shady, reasonably moist outdoor habitat. Some other shade-loving natives that deserve to be grown are Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata (Sugarscoop) and Tellima grandiflora (Fringecups). Species of Heuchera would be attractive additions to exposed rockeries. Seeds of other

302     Saururaceae

Heuchera micrantha Small-flowered Alumroot

petal

calyx

stamens (total of 10)

styles (2) of pistil

inflorescence (raceme) Tellima grandiflora Fringecups

Saxifragaceae    303

SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY)

327

plants, such as Lithophragma, are also available. Parnassia palustris (Grass-of-Parnassus), once in Saxifragaceae, has been moved to Parnassiaceae (Grass-of-Parnassus Family). 1a Stamens 3 or 5 (leaves lobed and toothed) 2a Stamens 3; corolla irregular; petals 4, 8–​12 mm long; ovary superior (petals purple-brown, threadlike; leaves mainly basal, some of them sprouting plants that take root; moist banks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tolmiea diplomenziesii [T. menziesii] Piggy-back-plant; SFBR-n 2b Stamens 5; corolla regular; petals 5, not more than 5 mm long; ovary half-inferior 3a Leaves on stem, as well as basal (leaf blades up to 8 cm wide, lobed and toothed; inflorescence with more than 15 flowers; petals white; shady, wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boykinia occidentalis Brookfoam 3b Nearly all leaves basal, 1 or 2 along each stem if any 4a Petals yellow-green, each with 4–​7 hairlike lobes (leaf blades up to 5 cm wide; wet, shaded areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pectiantia ovalis [Mitella ovalis] Mitrewort; Ma 4b Petals white or pink, not lobed 5a Calyx 1–​3 mm long; styles 2–​4 mm long, protruding well out of corolla; moist, rocky areas (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heuchera micrantha (fig.) Small-flowered Alumroot; SLO-n 5b Calyx 3–​5 mm long; styles less than 2 mm long, scarcely protruding out of corolla if at all; coastal bluffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heuchera pilosissima Seaside Alumroot, Seaside Heuchera; SLO-n 1b Stamens 10 (petals 5; leaves mainly basal, stem leaves, if any, reduced) 6a Styles 2 (moist, shaded areas) 7a Petals pale green or nearly crimson, 3–​7 mm long, each with 5–​7 lobes; flowers in a raceme (ovary half-inferior; petals sometimes falling early) . . . . . Tellima grandiflora (fig.) Fringecups; SLO-n 7b Petals white, 3–​5 mm long, not lobed; flowers in a panicle 8a Leaf blades longer than wide, toothed; petioles 2–​5 cm long; ovary half-inferior; flowers often on 1 side of inflorescence (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micranthes californica [Saxifraga californica] California Saxifrage 8b Leaf blades about as long as wide, at least shallowly lobed and with teeth; petioles 2–​ 15 cm long; ovary superior; flowers not on 1 side of inflorescence 9a Leaf blades not round, 9–​12 cm wide with 3–​6 lobes, these with many teeth; filament widest at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata Sugarscoop; SFBR-n 9b Leaf blades round, about 2 cm wide with many shallow lobes, these with 2–​5 teeth; filament widest above base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saxifraga mertensiana Wood Saxifrage; Sn-n 6b Styles 3 (petals white or pink; flowers in racemes) 10a Basal leaf either palmately compound, or divided more than halfway to base of blade; petals white or pink (petals 7–​16 mm long, 3 lobed; pedicel 3–​7 mm long; ovary halfinferior; open areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithophragma parviflorum Prairie Starflower 10b Basal leaf not compound, divided less than halfway to base of blade; petals white

304     Saxifragaceae



11a Petals 5–​13 mm long, 3 lobed (basal leaves lobed and toothed; stem leaves 1–​3, alternate; widespread) 12a Pedicel 3–​10 mm long; floral tube conical at base; ovary half-inferior; seeds smooth; open areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithophragma affine Variable Woodland-star 12b Pedicel up to 2 mm long; floral tube squared-off at base; ovary superior; seeds spiny; shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithophragma heterophyllum Hill Starflower 11b Petals 4–​8 mm long, not lobed, sometimes with a few teeth (seeds spiny; ovary half-inferior) 13a Stem with 2 opposite leaves; basal leaves up to 2.5 cm wide, 3 lobed, not toothed; pedicel 4–​10 mm long; moist, shaded areas . . . . . . . . . . Lithophragma cymbalaria Mission Starflower, Missionstar; SCl-s 13b Stem with 1–​3 alternate leaves; basal leaves up to 4 cm wide, with 3–​5 lobes, these toothed; pedicel up to 4 mm long; open areas . . . . . . . . . . Lithophragma bolanderi Bolander’s Starflower; SFBR-Me

SCROPHULARIACEAE (FIGWORT FAMILY)  Once a large family in our region, the Figwort or Snapdragon Family has had many genera moved to three other families: species that are partial parasites are now in Orobanchaceae (Broomrape Family), Mimulus is in Phrymaceae (Lopseed Family), and many other genera are in Plantaginaceae (Plantain Family). Buddlejaceae (Butterfly-bush Family) is now included in Scrophulariaceae. Those species remaining in Scrophulariaceae that occur in our region have leaves that are not lobed or compound. There are four or five united sepals and petals, four or five stamens, and usually two stigma lobes. The ovary is superior and the fruit is usually a capsule. 1a Shrub or small tree (leaves opposite, 5–​30 cm long; corolla regular, about 1 cm long, 4 lobed, lilac or purple, orange spotted; stamens 4; sometimes evergreen; up to 5 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buddleja davidii Summer Lilac, Butterfly-bush; as 1b Herb 2b Leaves opposite; corolla irregular, 2 upper lobes red, 3 lower lobes paler; stem square (fertile stamens 4; sterile stamen 1, fused to corolla; up to 1 m tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scrophularia californica (pl. 28) Beeplant, California Figwort 2a Leaves alternate or basal; corolla regular; stem not square 3a Leaves along stem and basal, usually well over 15 cm long; corolla 15–​30 mm wide, yellow or white; biennial; up to 150 cm tall; not restricted to muddy areas 4a Plant with dense, white hairs; pedicel 1–​2 mm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verbascum thapsus Common Mullein, Woolly Mullein; eua 4b Plant not hairy except inflorescence with glandular hairs; pedicel 10–​15 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verbascum blattaria (fig.) Moth Mullein; eua 3b Leaves basal, up to 6 cm long; corolla 2–​3 mm wide, white, pink, or laverder; annual; up to 30 cm tall; muddy areas, sometimes partly submersed

Scrophulariaceae    305

Verbascum blattaria Moth Mullein



5a Leaves sessile; style longer than ovary; near brackish water (leaves 1–​3 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limosella australis [L. subulata] Delta Mudwort; na 5b Leaves with petioles; style not longer than ovary; near freshwater 6a Leaves 1–​6 cm long, 1–​2 mm wide; corolla lobes rounded . . . . . . . Limosella acaulis Southern Mudwort; Ma-s 6b Leaves 3–​15 cm long, over 2 mm wide; corolla lobes pointed . . . Limosella aquatica Northern Mudwort; eua

SIMAROUBACEAE (QUASSIA FAMILY) Our only representative of the Quassia or Simarouba Family is Ailanthus altissima (Tree-of-heaven). Imported from China, it has become so successfully established in some portions of California that it may seem to be native. In many areas, it is considered a noxious weed because of its invasive roots and rapid growth. This tree, which grows to a height of about 20 m, has alternate, deciduous leaves that are pinnately compound and may be more than 75 cm long. The 13–​25 leaflets resemble those of Juglans (Juglandaceae), our native walnut; the leaflets of a walnut, however, are toothed and sessile, whereas those of Ailanthus have two to four teeth at the base and are usually stalked. The small flowers, in panicles at stem ends, have five to six separate yellow-green petals and five to six sepals united at their bases. The ovary is superior. The pistillate flowers, with two to five pistils, and the staminate flowers, with 10–​12 stamens, are generally on separate plants, mixed with some bisexual flowers. The two to five styles are twisted around each other. Each pistil consists of a few divisions that eventually separate, forming oneseeded, winged structures.

306     Simaroubaceae

SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY) From one’s seat at the dinner table, the Nightshade Family appears to be a very important one, for it includes the potato, tomato, eggplant, and many varieties of sweet pepper and chili pepper (but not black pepper). It also includes tobacco and plants of medicinal value, as well as some whose fruit or leaves are poisonous. Petunia and Salpiglossis are well-known genera of garden plants. Several of the species common in our area are well-established weeds. The leaves are usually alternate and often lobed. The flower generally has a five-lobed calyx and corolla, and five stamens attached to the corolla tube. The ovary is superior. The fruit, partitioned into two to five seed-producing divisions, is sometimes dry when mature or sometimes a fleshy berry. 1a Corolla tube at least twice as long as lobes 2a Shrub or small tree; often more than 5 m tall (leaves 5–​21 cm long, bluish, entire; corolla yellow-green, 3–​3.5 cm long; fruit dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nicotiana glauca (pl. 28) Tree-tobacco; sa 2b Herb; not more than 2 m tall 3a Corolla tube narrower at opening; fruit fleshy; perennial (corolla white or green; fruit 10–​15 mm wide, white or yellow; leaves entire; stem usually trailing or climbing, up to 1.5 m long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salpichroa origanifolia [S. rhomboidea] Lily-of-the-valley Vine; sa 3b Corolla tube widest at the opening; fruit dry; annual 4a Some leaves opposite; corolla 4–​6 cm long, tube white, lobes pale blue or purple; fruit cracking apart into 2 divisions (leaves 5–​14 mm long, entire; prostrate or with stem tips rising) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petunia parviflora Wild Petunia 4b Leaves alternate; corolla more than 20 cm long, white, pale blue, or pale green; fruit cracking apart into 4 divisions 5a Corolla white or pale blue, 6–​9 cm long, upper portion funnel shaped; fruit with prickles; leaves toothed or lobed, blades up to 20 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Datura stramonium (fig.) Jimsonweed; mx 5b Corolla pale green, 3–​6 cm long, upper portion not funnel shaped; fruit without prickles; leaves entire, blades rarely more than 10 cm long (calyx with 5 dark stripes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nicotiana acuminata var. multiflora Many-flowered Tobacco; sa 1b Corolla tube usually less than twice as long as lobes 6a Plant with prickles on stem, and usually on leaves and calyx 7a Corolla yellow; fruit completely enclosed by calyx; annual (calyx prickly; leaves prickly, lobed nearly to midrib; up to 70 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum rostratum Buffalobur, Buffalo-berry; na 7b Corolla not yellow; fruit not completely enclosed by calyx; shrub 8a Corolla white, with a purple, star-shaped mark; leaves and calyx prickly; leaves with shallow lobes; fruit 35–​50 mm wide, yellow; up to 200 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum marginatum White-margined Nightshade; af 8b Corolla blue-purple; leaves and calyx with sparse prickles if any; leaves sometimes lobed; fruit 7–​15 mm wide, yellow-orange; up to 50 cm tall . . . . . Solanum lanceolatum Lance-leaved Nightshade; sa

Solanaceae    307

Datura stramonium Jimsonweed

Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet

Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade

308     Solanaceae 346

SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY)









6b Plant without prickles 9a Corolla blue, violet, purple, or lavender 10a Shrub; up to 4 m tall; leaves 10–​30 cm long, often with 2–​4 lobes; corolla 30–​40 mm wide, without green spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum aviculare Australian Nightshade; au 10b Herb, sometimes woody at base; up to 1 m tall; leaves 1–​12 cm long, sometimes with 1 or 2 lobes; corolla 8–​30 mm wide, with green spots 11a Corolla 8–​12 mm wide, lobes longer than wide; fruit red; vinelike (some leaves 3 lobed; wet places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum dulcamara (fig.) Bittersweet; eua 11b Corolla 15–​30 mm wide, lobes not much longer than wide; fruit not red; upright 12a Leaves 2–​7 cm long, sometimes with 1 or 2 lobes; hairs on stem not branched; fruit green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum xanti (pl. 28) Purple Nightshade; Me-s 12b Leaves 1–​4 cm long, toothed or entire; some hairs on upper stem branched; fruit white with green base (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum umbelliferum Blue Nightshade, Blue Witch; Me-s 9b Corolla yellow, white, pale violet, or lavender 13a Corolla yellow with a purple center, lobes wider than long; calyx forming a bladderlike covering around entire fruit (leaves sometimes toothed, sometimes opposite; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physalis philadelphica [P. ixocarpa] Tomatillo; mx 13b Corolla white, pale violet, or lavender, lobes not wider than long; calyx not completely covering fruit 14a Stem and calyx hairy; calyx partly covering fruit; fruit yellow; leaves sometimes lobed (annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum [from S. physalifolium] Hairy Nightshade; sa 14b Stem and calyx slightly hairy if at all; calyx not covering the fruit; fruit black or dark purple; leaves sometimes toothed, but not lobed 15a Corolla 10–​18 mm wide; perennial, not woody (leaves 3–​7 cm long; anthers 3–​ 4 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum furcatum Forked Nightshade; sa 15b Corolla 3–​10 mm wide; annual or perennial, sometimes woody at base 16a Corolla 3–​6 mm wide; calyx lobes turned back on fruit; leaves 2–​15 cm long (fruit glossy; up to 80 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum americanum [S. nodiflorum] Small-flowered Nightshade 16b Corolla 10 mm wide; calyx lobes not turned back; leaves 1–​9 cm long 17a Corolla green spotted below base of lobes; anthers 2.5–​4 mm long; up to 200 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum douglasii Douglas’ Nightshade; SM-s 17b Corolla yellow spotted below base of lobes; anthers 1–​2 mm long; up to 80 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solanum nigrum (fig.) Black Nightshade; eua

TAMARICACEAE (TAMARISK FAMILY) Several species of Tamarix are now well established in various parts of California, generally along streams. So aggressive are they in

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many areas of the southwestern United States that the competing native flora has been eliminated. Their very deep roots and their association with watercourses make them difficult to eradicate without poisoning the water. Tamarisks are shrubs or small trees with long, slender branches. The alternate, sessile leaves, rarely more than 4 mm long, are scalelike and excrete salt. It is the habit of these plants to shed, once a year, many of their young twigs, as well as their leaves. The flowers, concentrated in slender racemes, are usually only 1–​2 mm wide, usually with four or five separate white or pink petals and an equal number of sepals and stamens. The stamens either arise from, or are attached to, a nectar disk at their bases. The ovary is superior. The single pistil has three to four styles and matures into a small dry fruit. Each of the several seeds within it has a tuft of long hairs. 1a Stamens arising from nectar disk; sepals entire; leaves 1–​2 mm long . . . . . . . . . . Tamarix gallica French Tamarisk; eu 1b Stamens attached to outside of nectar disk; sepals minutely toothed; leaves 1–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tamarix ramosissima Saltcedar; as

THEOPHRASTACEAE (THEOPHRASTA FAMILY)  Our one representative of this small family is Samolus parviflorus (Seaside Brookweed), native in Contra Costa and Solano counties. It may be up to 40 cm tall and grows along streams and in salt marshes. Previously, Samolus was included in Primulaceae (Primrose Family). Its alternate, entire leaves, 2–​5 cm long, are mainly basal and not hairy. The white petals are joined at the base to form a corolla about 2 mm wide. There are five fertile stamens and five sterile stamens. The ovary is half-inferior and the fruit is a capsule. THYMELAEACEAE (DAPHNE FAMILY)  Thymelaeaceae should be appreciated by gardeners as the family that has given them a few European species of Daphne. The group is best represented, however, in the tropics. Dirca occidentalis (pl. 29) (Western Leatherwood), our only native species, grows only in the San Francisco Bay region and is rare and endangered (1b). It is a deciduous shrub, up to about 2 m tall, with branches that are exceptionally pliable when they are young. The entire, alternate leaves usually appear after the flowers and are more or less oval, 3–​7 cm long, and have silky hairs when young. The nearly sessile flowers are usually turned downward and have a bright yellow, four-lobed calyx about 1 cm long that resembles a corolla. The petals are tiny scales. The calyx widens toward the top and has eight stamens protruding from it. The ovary is superior. The single pistil, if it develops, ripens into a fleshy yellow-green fruit 8–​10 mm long. TROPAEOLACEAE (NASTURTIUM FAMILY) The Nasturtium Family is native in Mexico and South America. One species, Tropaeolum majus (Garden Nasturtium), has become established in our area. It may be annual or perennial, and sometimes becomes almost

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vinelike, with stems more than 1 m long. The leaf petioles, 5–​25 cm long, are inserted close to the center of nearly circular blades, these 3–​12 cm wide. The irregular flower, up to 6 cm wide, usually has orange petals, but the color varies from nearly white to deep red. Two of the five separate petals are slightly different from the other three, and one of the five sepals has a long spur. There are eight stamens in two whorls, and these are unequal. The ovary is superior and three lobed and there are three stigmas. At maturity, each division encloses a single large seed.

URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) All nettles in our region are annual or perennial herbs and most of them have stinging hairs on the stems and leaves, often seen as raised, translucent dots that enclose stinging crystals. Contact with them may result in a moderately painful experience not quickly forgotten! The mostly unisexual flowers, up to 4 mm long, are concentrated in the leaf axils, often with staminate and pistillate flowers in the same inflorescence. Staminate flowers have four stamens, while the pistillate ones have one pistil that produces a single seed. The ovary is superior. Each flower has two or four sepals that are either separate or united. Petals are absent. Parietaria hespera var. californica has been reported in our region. 1a Leaves alternate, entire, without stinging hairs (leaves 1–​9 cm long; sepals united at their bases; stem becoming woody; up to 80 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parietaria judaica Western Pellitory; eua 1b Leaves opposite, toothed, usually with stinging hairs 2a Flowers in heads; leaf blades 1–​2 cm long, nearly as wide as long; sepals of pistillate flowers united to their tips, sepals of staminate flowers usually separate (stem weak, up to 50 cm tall; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hesperocnide tenella Western Nettle; Na-s 2b Flowers usually in racemes or panicles; leaf blades 1–​20 cm long, longer than wide; sepals of all flowers usually separate 3a Leaf blades 1.5–​4 cm long; inflorescence 0.5–​2 .5 cm long, with both pistillate and staminate flowers; annual; up to 60 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urtica urens Dwarf Nettle; eu 3b Leaf blades 6–​20 cm long; inflorescence 1–​7 cm long, with either pistillate or staminate flowers; perennial; often more than 100 cm tall (moist areas) 4a Most leaves at least twice as long as wide; stem and leaves with dense, whitish, nonstinging hairs (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea Hoary Nettle 4b Most leaves less than twice as long as wide; stem and leaves with few, if any, whitish, nonstinging hairs (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis [U. californica] American Stinging Nettle; Sn-SM

VALERIANACEAE (VALERIAN FAMILY)  All of our native species of the Valerian Family are small herbaceous annuals of the genus Plectritis. These sometimes produce carpets of many plants, but only the more richly colored forms of P. congesta are likely to become popular in gardens. Species of Plectritis have opposite leaves, four-sided stems, and crowded

Urticaceae    311

inflorescences with narrow bracts. The calyx is often absent and the irregular corolla, with five lobes, is slightly to markedly two lipped, with a saclike spur originating from the lower side of the tube. The three stamens are attached to the inside of the corolla tube. The ovary is inferior. The fruit contains a single seed and is dry when mature. Some members of the family, including Centranthus ruber (Red Valerian), have a nearly regular corolla, although the tube does have a spur. This species is widely cultivated and frequently escapes, especially along the coast. 1a Calyx present, the lobes curving inward; corolla 14–​18 mm long, white, lavender, or red-purple; stamen 1; stem not 4 sided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centranthus ruber Red Valerian; me 1b Calyx absent; corolla 2–​10 mm long, white or pink; stamens 3; stem often 4 sided 2a Corolla spotted on lower lip; spur slender, more than half as long as entire corolla (corolla 2–​8 mm long, pink or dark pink; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plectritis ciliosa [includes P. ciliosa ssp. insignis] Long-spurred Plectritis 2b Corolla not spotted; spur stout, about a third as long as entire corolla 3a Corolla 4–​10 mm long, pale pink or dark pink (coastal bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plectritis congesta ssp. congesta Seablush, Pink Plectritis; SLO-n 3b Corolla 2–​4 mm long, white or pink 4a Corolla lobes more or less equal; fruit hairy or not, with a winged margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plectritis macrocera Long-horned Plectritis, White Plectritis 4b Corolla lobes not equal; fruit hairy, with or without a winged margin (coastal bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plectritis congesta ssp. brachystemon [from P. brachystemon] Pale Plectritis; Mo-n

VERBENACEAE (VERVAIN FAMILY)  Plants in the Vervain or Verbena Family have opposite leaves that are usually toothed or lobed. The flowers, each usually with a bract beneath it, are in several elongated inflorescences or dense heads on each plant. The stems are often four sided. The calyx is tubular, with five lobes in Verbena and two to four lobes in Phyla. The corolla has four or five lobes and sometimes is two lipped. There are usually four stamens in two pairs and a single pistil. The ovary is superior. The fruit breaks apart into two or four nutlets, each containing a single seed. Some members of the family are attractive and widely cultivated, but species of Lantana have become pests in warm-temperate and tropical areas. Phyla nodiflora (Lemon Verbena) has been used in erosion control and in place of lawn grasses. In Europe, Verbena officinalis (European Vervain) is used for making tea, and also as an herbal remedy. Phyla lanceolata and Verbena hastata have been reported in our region. 1a Inflorescence up to 1 cm long, on a peduncle 1.5–​9 cm long; corolla white or red; calyx with 2–​4 lobes; (leaves 2–​4 cm long, toothed; prostrate, forming mats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phyla nodiflora Lemon Verbena; sa 1b Inflorescence 1–​25 cm long, peduncle usually shorter; corolla usually blue or purple; calyx 5 lobed

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Verbena bracteata Bracted Verbena





2a Leaves 1–​3 cm long; flower bract 4–​8 mm long, longer than flower (leaves lobed or with coarse teeth; inflorescences 1–​3 on each branch; prostrate or with stem tips rising) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verbena bracteata (fig.) Bracted Verbena 2b Leaves 4–​15 cm long; flower bract 3–​5 mm long, shorter than flower 3a Leaves sessile, 7–​15 cm long, with coarse teeth; inflorescences 8–​17 on each stem; erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verbena bonariensis Cluster-flowered Verbena; sa 3b Leaves not sessile, 4–​10 cm long, some lobed; inflorescences 1–​3 on each stem; erect or prostrate or with stem tips rising 4a Upper surfaces of leaves gray-green, with soft hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verbena lasiostachys var. lasiostachys Western Verbena, Western Vervain 4b Upper surfaces of leaves green, with stiff hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Verbena lasiostachys var. scabrida (pl. 29) Robust Verbena; Ma-s

VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) The Violet Family includes our familiar garden pansies, derived from the European Viola tricolor (Wild Pansy). Violets have an irregular flower with the five separate petals arranged two above, two on the side, and one lower. The lower petal has a saclike spur near its base. The five separate sepals are also unequal. There are

Violaceae    313

five stamens with very short filaments. The two lower stamens have winglike lobes that go down into the spur of the lower petal. The ovary is superior. The fruit is not partitioned lengthwise into chambers, but its wall consists of three valves, and these split apart when the fruit is ripe. The leaves, with palmately arranged veins, usually long petioles, and small stipules, are often mainly basal. Gardeners will find two of our native species fairly easy to grow. These are Viola glabella (Stream Violet) and V. sempervirens (Evergreen Violet). Both have yellow flowers and do well in shaded situations that remain at least slightly moist during the summer. Viola odorata has been reported in our region. 1a Petals not orange-yellow or mostly yellow (lowest petal 5–​21 mm long; leaves toothed) 2a Stipules as long as leaf blades; leaves only on stem, blades up to 2 cm wide; petioles up to 2 cm long; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola arvensis Field Violet; eu 2b Stipules much shorter than leaf blades; leaves basal and on stem, blades up to 5 cm wide; petioles up to 14 cm long; perennial 3a Petals light to dark violet with white at their bases and dark violet veins; lowest petal 7–​ 21 mm long; widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola adunca (pl. 29) Western Dog Violet; Mo-n 3b Petals white with yellow at their bases, 2 side petals purple spotted near their bases; lowest petal 5–​15 mm long; redwood forests, moist areas (backs of 2 upper petals redviolet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola ocellata Western Heart’s-ease; Mo-n 1b Petals orange yellow or mostly yellow (perennial) 4a Leaves either compund or deeply lobed (leaves basal and also on the stem) 5a Most leaves pinnately compound; moist areas, serpentine (leaflets 3–​5, deeply lobed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola douglasii Golden Violet, Douglas’ Violet; SLO-n 5b Leaves palmately compound or lobed; dry shade 6a Leaves compound, the 3 leaflets usually deeply lobed or divided . . . . . . . Viola sheltonii Shelton’s Violet; SCl-n 6b Leaves lobed, some lobes coarsely toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola lobata ssp. lobata Lobed Pine Violet; Na-n 4b Leaves not compound or deeply lobed 7a All or most stem leaves located just below flowers (basal leaves 1–​4 or none) 8a Backs of 2 upper petals red-brown; stipules usually toothed; dry shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola lobata ssp. integrifolia Pine Violet; Na-n 8b Backs of 2 upper petals not red-brown; stipules usually not toothed; moist shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola glabella Stream Violet; Mo-n 7b Leaves scattered along stem 9a Stem creeping, rooting at nodes, forming a mat; leaves evergreen, often with purple spots (basal leaves present; coastal forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola sempervirens (fig.) Evergreen Violet, Redwood Violet; Mo-n 9b Stem upright or prostrate with stem tips rising, not rooting at nodes; leaves deciduous, not spotted

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Viola sempervirens Evergreen Violet

1a orange yellow or amostly (leaves Petals not10a  Leaves without purpleyellow tinge, either nottoothed) hairy or hairy on both surfaces; basal 2a Petals 15–25 long (petals blue violetopen or aareas combination of yellow, white, and blue; leaves mm absent; petals orange-yellow; (widespread) . . . .up . . .to . . 2 . .cm . . . wide; . . . . . .basal . . . . . leaves . . . . . . absent) . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .Viola 29) leaf blades . . . . . .pedunculata . . . . . . Viola(pl. tricolor Johnny-jump-up; Sn-s Wild Pansy; eu 2b Petals 10b  Leaves often with a purple tinge, usually hairy only on undersides; basal leaves 7–13 mm long 1–​6; petals lemon yellow; pine forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola purpurea 3a All 5 petals similar in coloration, violet or pale violet; leaf blades nearly round, up Mountain Violet to 4 cm wide (leaves basal and on the stem; widespread) . .Viola .. adunca(pl. 56) Western Dog Violet; Mo-n VISCACEAE (MISTLETOE FAMILY) Viscaceae includes our familiar Christmas mistle3b Petals either not all alike in their coloration or primarily cream colored; leaf toes and Viscum album (European Mistletoe), believed to have been introduced to California blades usually longer than wide, up to 2 cm wide by Luther Burbank. The species in our region are perennial and parasitize trees and shrubs, 4a Petals mostly cream colored, often tinged with violet; basal leaves absent sometimes causing an abnormal branching of the host, called a “witches’ broom.” Gener.......................................................... Viola arvensis ally, a particular species of mistletoe grows only on a certain host species. TheField leaves, which Violet; eu are opposite 4b and Each entire,petal maywhite be well-developed, leathery structures or may be reduced to with yellow at its base, the 2 side petals also with a purple small scales. The spot pistillate staminate flowers petals. Thebasal nearand their bases, the backsare of on theseparate 2 upperplants petalsand redlack violet; leaves staminate flowersand haveonthree four(common stamens and three to four sepals. pistillatefound flowerselsethe to stem in redwood forests, butThe sometimes have one pistil and two to four sepals. The ovary is inferior. The fruit is a sticky or mucilagiwhere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viola ocellata(pl. 56) nous berry containing a single seed. In Arceuthobium, the seed is explosively expelled from Western Heart’s-ease; Mo-n the fruit, for a distance ofyellow, up to 15sometimes m. Seeds ofwith Phoradendron are dis1b Petalssometimes orange yellow or mostly dark lines,and andViscum sometimes darker persed by birds. on the back 5a Leaves compound or deeply lobed (leaves basal and also on the stem) 1a Leaves scalelike 6a not Most leaves (lea flets 3–5, deeply in moistand areas, often 2a Stem ridged; fruitpinnately globular, compound white, straw colored, or pale pink;lobed; on Calocedrus Juniperus green or. yellow-green; on(stem serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flowers . . . . . . . .July-September) ........................ Viola douglasii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phoradendron juniperinum [P. libocedri] Douglas Violet; SLO-n Juniper Mistletoe, Incense-cedar Mistletoe 6b Leaves palmately compound or lobed 7a Leaves compound, the 3 lea flets deeply lobed (in shaded areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................... Viola sheltonii Shelton Violet; SCl-n Viscaceae    315 354

VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY)



2b Stem ridged at least when young; fruit slightly flattened, purple, with whitish coating; on coniferous trees 3a Stem green; on Pseudotsuga menziesii; flowers April-June . . . . . . . Arceuthobium douglasii Douglas-fir Dwarf Mistletoe 3b Stem yellow, olive green, or brown; on Pinus, Abies, and Tsuga; flowers August and September . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arceuthobium campylopodum [includes A. abietinum, A. californicum, and A. tsugense] (pl. 29) Western Dwarf Mistletoe 1b Leaves not scalelike (stem not ridged; fruit globular) 4a Leaves 5–​8 cm long, yellow-green (leaves not hairy; fruit white; on deciduous trees including Acer, Alnus, Malus, Populus, and Ulmus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viscum album European Mistletoe; eua 4b Leaves less than 6 cm long, green 5a Clusters of pistillate flowers with 2 flowers at each node; leaves not hairy; fruit white, straw colored, or pink, not hairy (leaves 1–​2 .5 cm long; on Hesperocyparis, Juniperus, and Abies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phoradendron bolleanum [includes P. densum and P. pauciflorum] Dense Mistletoe, Fir Mistletoe 5b Clusters of pistillate flowers with 6–​15 flowers at each node; leaves sometimes hairy; fruit white or pink tinged, sometimes hairy 6a Leaves up to 3 cm long, gray-green; on Quercus, sometimes on Adenostoma, Arctostaphylos, and Umbellularia (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phoradendron serotinum ssp. tomentosum [P. villosum] (pl. 29) Oak Mistletoe 6b Leaves up to 6 cm long, shiny yellow-green; on Fraxinus, Juglans, Platanus, Populus, Robinia, and Salix . . . . . . Phoradendron serotinum ssp. macrophyllum [P. macrophyllum] Big-leaved Mistletoe

VITACEAE (GRAPE FAMILY) The Grape Family, consisting of woody climbers with branching tendrils, includes, besides grapes, Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia Creeper) and P. tricuspidata (Boston Ivy). Vitis californica (California Wild Grape) is common in open canyons from San Luis Obispo County northward. It resembles rampant cultivated grapes because, in one season, the vine may grow 5 m. This species is especially attractive in the autumn, when its deciduous leaves turn reddish. It can be propagated by cuttings and is easily grown in sunny or partly shaded locations. Cutting it back to the base annually, keeps it under control. The California Wild Grape has palmately veined leaves, 7–​14 cm wide, that are toothed and usually lobed. The pistillate and staminate flowers are mixed in clusters whose stalks arise opposite the leaf petioles. Each flower has a shallow calyx tube with scarcely any lobes and five yellow petals that are united at the tips and fall away early. The ovary is superior. The fruit, usually 6–​10 mm wide and purple when ripe, is too sour to be popular. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (CALTROP FAMILY) The Zygophyllaceae is a mostly tropical family. The only species in our area is Tribulus terrestris (Puncture-vine or Caltrop). It forms extensive mats that hug the ground in disturbed areas, such as vacant lots and along railroad tracks. It was introduced from the Mediterranean region of Europe and is now widely established in California.

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The stems of Tribulus are usually bristly, with pinnately compound leaves that are mostly opposite with a few alternate. The flower has five separate sepals, five separate yellow petals, and ten stamens. The ovary is superior. The fruit eventually splits apart into five hard nutlets, each with two to four formidable spines. The name “caltrop,” in fact, is derived from an old English word for an ancient four-pointed weapon thrown on the ground to disable cavalry horses. The fruit and its component nutlets are a menace to humans who enjoy walking barefooted.

FLOWERING PLANT SPECIES MONOCOTYLEDONOUS FAMILIES The families in this section are arranged alphabetically. Together with the previous section, these families comprise all the higher plant families in the region other than the ferns, fern allies, and cone-bearing plants. See the Introduction to this manual for further details about scientific and common names, plant ranges, and measurements, and also about how to key a plant.

AGAVACEAE (CENTURY-PLANT FAMILY) Agave (century-plants) has been segregated from Liliaceae (Lily Family) from time to time. Several other genera are now also included in this worldwide family. The two genera represented in our region, Chlorogalum and Camassia, are large perennials that grow from underground bulbs. The bulbs of Chlorogalum have been used as a soap substitute by Native Americans and those of Camassia traded and eaten. The narrow, flexible, entire leaves are all basal. The ovary is superior and the fruit a capsule. 1a Flowers in a raceme, open in daytime; perianth usually violet or bright blue with darker veins; leaves 15–​60 cm long, without wavy margins, with a raised midrib 2a Perianth 2–​4 cm long, 5 veined, falling off in fruit; leaves 20–​60 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camassia leichtlinii ssp. suksdorfii [from C. quamash] Camas; Na-n 2b Perianth 1–​2 cm long, 3 veined, persisting in fruit; leaves 15–​30 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camassia quamash ssp. breviflora [from C. quamash] Quamash; Ma-n 1b Flowers in a panicle, open in evening; perianth white with green or purple midveins; leaves 20–​70 cm long, with wavy margins, without a raised midrib 3a Panicle up to 40 cm long; prostrate or with branch tips rising (coastal bluffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chlorogalum pomeridianum var. divaricatum Prostrate Soaproot; Sn-Mo 3b Panicle 30–​250 cm long; erect or prostrate with branch tips rising 4a Panicle 30–​170 cm long; erect or prostrate with branch tips rising; chaparral or serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chlorogalum pomeridianum var. minus Dwarf Soaproot 4b Panicle 50–​250 cm long; erect; grassland, chaparral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chlorogalum pomeridianum var. pomeridianum Common Soaproot, Amole

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Alisma triviale Common Water-plantain

Sagittaria latifolia Wapato

ALISMATACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) Members of Alismataceae grow mostly in water usually at the edges of ponds, lakes, and The leaves are many; entirelypistils 1a shallow Leaf blades arrowhead shaped, withsluggish pointedstreams. basal lobes; stamens basal and,(petals in most of our species, they are large, broad bladed, and raised above the water many white) level. The flowers are numerous, in blades a whorled and compound 2a Petals 10–20 mm long; leaf 6–30 cmsometimes long; bracts below flowerinflorescence, whorls often which often rises above leaves.blunt Thereatmay be some leaflike bracts justcm below somewhat boatthe shaped, the tips, rarely so much as 1.5 longit.. .Typically, ............ the flowers and six to many pis. . . have . . . . . .three . . . . . .sepals, . . . . . . . .three . . . . . .delicate . . . . . . . . petals, . . . . . . . .six . . . to . . .many . . . . . . stamens, Sagittaria latifolia(fig.) tils. However, most of the flowers of Sagittaria are unisexual. The fruiting part of theWapato pistil, Petals 6–10 mm long; blades 5–15 cmwithin. long; bracts below flower whorlsflat, pointed dry 2b at maturity, is joined tightlyleaf to the single seed

at the tips, often more than 1.5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagittaria cuneata

1a Leaf blade arrowhead shaped, with 2 pointed basal lobes; stamens 7–​30; pistils many; flowers Arrowhead; Ma mostly unisexual (petals white, sometimes spotted) 1b Leaf blades or somewhat stamens pistils156 mm to many 2a  Petal with aoval yellow-green spot; elongated; lowest flowers bisexual6;(petals long; leaf blades 5–​15 long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagittaria ssp.cm calycina 3acmPetals 8–10 mm long, yellow or white, the margins fringed;montevidensis leaf blades 3–9 long; pis Spotted Arrowhead tils 6–15; fruit with a sharp beak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 2b Petal . . . not . . . . spotted; . . . . . . . . .all . . .flowers . . . . . . . unisexual Damasonium californicum [Machaerocarpus californicus] 3a Petals 10–​20 mm long; leaf blades 1.5–​30 cm long; bracts below flower whorls boat Fringed Water-plantain; Sn shaped, up to 1.5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagittaria latifolia (fig.) 3b Petals 3–6 mm long, rose, pink, or white, the margins not fringed; leaf blades 5–15 cm Wapato

long; pistils many; fruit without a beak 4a Leaf blades usually not more than twice as long as wide; petals rounded at the tips, pink or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alisma plantago-aquatica [A. triviale]( fig.) Common Water-plantain

318     Alismataceae 358

ALISMATACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY)



3b Petals 6–​10 mm long; leaf blades 2.5–​17 cm long; bracts below flower whorls flat, often more than 1.5 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagittaria cuneata Arrowhead; Ma 1b Leaf blades oval or somewhat elongated; stamens 6; pistils 6–​many; flowers bisexual 4a Petals 8–​10 mm long, yellow or white, margins fringed; leaf blades 3–​9 cm long; pistils 6–​ 15; fruit with a sharp beak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Damasonium californicum Fringed Water-plantain; Sn 4b Petals 3–​6 mm long, rose, pink, or white, margins not fringed; leaf blades 5–​15 cm long; pistils many; fruit without a sharp beak 5a Leaf blades usually not more than twice as long as wide; petals pink or white, tips rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alisma triviale [incorrectly known as A. plantago-aquatica] (fig.) Common Water-plantain 5b Leaf blades 3 or 4 times as long as wide; petals rose, tips pointed . . . . Alisma lanceolatum Lance-leaved Water-plantain; eua

ALLIACEAE (ONION FAMILY) Alliaceae, sometimes included in Liliaceae (Lily Family), is a distinctive group with the flowers arranged in an umbel and enclosed by a sheath, which, at flowering, splits into two to four bracts. The narrow leaves have parallel veins and usually an onion odor when crushed. The six similar perianth segments—​in two whorls—​ are separate to their bases in Allium but united part way in Nothoscordum. The ovary is superior and often has three or six crests or ridges at the tip. Most members of the family grow from an underground bulb, the part that enhances our food as an onion, garlic, chive, or leek. Allium hyalinum and A. sharsmithiae have been reported in our region. 1a Perianth segments united above their bases, forming a definite tube; umbel with 2 bracts below it 2a Leaves with onion odor if bruised; flower solitary; perianth white or blue, 15–​20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ipheion uniflorum Star-flower; sa 2b Leaves without onion odor; flower several in each umbel; perianth segments white with green bases and red midveins, 8–​14 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nothoscordum gracile [incorrectly known as N. inodorum] False Garlic; sa 1b Perianth segments separate to their bases or nearly so, not forming a tube; umbel with 2–​4 bracts below it (leaves with onion odor if bruised; flowers 3–​many in each umbel) 3a Leaves often more than 5 mm wide, sometimes sickle shaped; stem flattened or 3 sided, sometimes cylindric in Allium cratericola (leaves flattened; perianth 7–​12 mm long; umbel with 10–​30 flowers; dry areas) 4a Perianth white; pedicel 15–​35 mm long; ovary without crests at tip; leaves 2 or 3, not sickle shaped; stem 3 sided (stem slightly ridged) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium neapolitanum Naples Onion; me 4b Perianth pink, rose, purple, or dull white; pedicel 5–​18 mm long; ovary with crests at tip; leaves 1 or 2, usually sickle shaped; stem usually flattened (serpentine) 5a Perianth rose, purple, or dull white; stem ridged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium falcifolium Sickle-leaved Onion, Scythe-leaved Onion; SCr-n 5b Perianth pink; stem not ridged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium cratericola Crater Onion; Na-n

Alliaceae    319









3b Leaves usually less than 5 mm wide, not sickle shaped; stem cylindric 6a Plants generally in dense colonies and producing bulbs along rhizomes; moist areas (leaves 2 or 3; umbel with 15–​35 flowers; pedicel 15–​40 mm long; perianth 11–​15 mm long, pink; ovary with 6 ridges at tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium unifolium (pl. 30) Clay Onion, One-leaved Onion; Mo-n 6b Plants not both in dense colonies and producing bulbs from rhiaomes; dry areas 7a Perianth 5–​9 mm long (serpentine) 8a Perianth segment with a green or red midvein most of its length; umbel with 5–​ 25 flowers; ovary crests 3, minute (leaves 2; perianth white or pale pink; pediel 5–​ 12 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium lacunosum (pl. 29) Wild Onion, Pitted Onion; Ma-s 8b Perianth segment either without a green or red midvein, or midvein visible only in upper part; umbel with 10–​50 flowers; ovary crests 6, obvious 9a Perianth segment white or pale pink, nearly 3 times as long as wide (leaves 2–​ 4, cylindric; pedicel 4–​16 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium amplectens Paper Onion, Narrow-leaved Onion; Al, SCl 9b Perianth segment pink, lavender, rose, or purple, not more than twice as long as wide 10a Leaf 1, cylindric; pedicel 7–​15 mm long; perianth pink or lavender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium howellii Howell’s Onion; SCl 10b Leaves 2, more or less flattened; pedicel 10–​20 mm long; perianth rose or purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium campanulatum Sierra Onion; Mo-n 7b Perianth 8–​15 mm long 11a Leaf 1; ovary crests 6, obvious (perianth dark red-purple; pedicel 6–​20 mm long; umbel with 6–​35 flowers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium fimbriatum Fringed Onion; Na-s 11b Leaves 2–​6; ovary crests 3, minute 12a Coastal cliffs; leaves 3–​6 (perianth red-purple; pedicel 5–​20 mm long; umbel with 5–​30 flowers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium dichlamydeum Coastal Onion; Me-Mo 12b Not on coastal cliffs; leaves 2 or 3 13a Perianth white, pink, or rose (umbel with 10–​40 flowers) 14a Perianth white, tips curving backward, inner segments toothed; pedicel 6–​25 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium acuminatum Hooker’s Onion; CC(MD)-n 14b Perianth pink or rose, tips erect, inner segments not toothed; pedicel 7–​15 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium serra (pl. 29) Serrated Onion; La-SCl 13b Perianth rose, purple, or red-purple 15a Perianth segments nearly 3 times as long as wide (pedicel 10–​20 mm long; umbel with 10–​20 flowers; rocky clay, serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium bolanderi Bolander’s Onion; SCl 15b Perianth segments not more than twice as long as wide

320     Alliaceae





16a Perianth red-purple, tips erect, inner segments sometimes toothed; umbel with 5–​35 flowers (pedicel 10–​40 mm long; dry hillsides) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium peninsulare var. franciscanum Franciscan Onion; SFBR 16b Perianth rose-purple, tips spreading outward, inner segments toothed; umbel with 10–​40 flowers 17a Perianth segments widest near middle; pedicel 10–​35 mm long (clay slopes, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium crispum Crinkled Onion; CC-s 17b Perianth segments widest at base; pedicel 6–​25 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium acuminatum Hooker’s Onion; CC(MD)-n

AMARYLLIDACEAE (AMARYLLIS FAMILY)  Although this family is similar to Liliaceae (Lily Family) in having leaves with parallel veins and flower parts in threes or sixes, it differs in having an inferior ovary. Agave (century-plants) is sometimes included in this family. The two representatives in our region are escapees from former homesteads and have been so long in cultivation that their origin is uncertain. Both species have leaves 20–​45 cm long. 1a Leaves withered before flowering; perianth pink, 5–​8 cm long; up to 60 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amaryllis belladonna Naked-ladies; ? 1b Leaves present at flowering; perianth white or cream with some yellow, 1–​2 cm long; up to 25 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Narcissus tazetta Paper-white; ?

APONOGETONACEAE (CAPE-PONDWEED FAMILY)  The Cape-pondweed Family consists of a single genus and about 40 species of freshwater plants. The basal floating leaves have a characteristic pattern of venation: the several parallel primary veins are linked by many cross veins. Aponogeton distachyos (Cape-pondweed), native to South Africa, is cultivated in garden pools and has become naturalized in a few places in California. The leaf blades, 6–​23 cm long, float, while the flowers, each with a leaflike bract, are crowded onto a two-branched inflorescence held above the water. Each flower has one white perianth segment about 1.5 cm long, many stamens with purple anthers, and three pistils. The ovary is superior. ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY)  Zantedeschia aethiopica (Calla-lily) from Africa and species of Anthurium (from tropical America) are familiar examples of the Araceae. This family now includes Lemnaceae (Duckweed Family), small aquatic plants that float on the surface of ponds and sluggish streams and can overwinter on the bottom. Although they usually reproduce vegetatively by budding, tiny unisexual flowers are occasionally produced in small pits on the plant body. The more commonly encountered duckweeds of our region,

Amaryllidaceae    321

belonging to the genera Landoltia, Lemna, and Spirodela, consist of flattened green stems, 2–​10 mm long, from which one or more unbranched roots originate. The other members of Araceae have small flowers crowded onto a clublike inflorescence. Originating below the inflorescence, and sometimes surrounding it almost completely, is a colorful bract 20–​30 cm long. The flowers may be bisexual, or staminate flowers may be concentrated in the upper part of the inflorescence and pistillate flowers in the lower portion. The ovary is superior or half-inferior. Small scalelike structures, if present, are the only perianth. The inflorescences of some species of this family produce unpleasant odors that attract insects, which normally lay their eggs on dung or dead animals. The insects thus inadvertently pollinate the flowers. 1a Not aquatic, sometimes in swampy areas; leaves basal, up to 1 m long 2a Inflorescence bract bright yellow; leaf blades not arrowhead shaped, 30–​150 cm long (inflorescence up to 12 cm long; swampy habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lysichiton americanus Yellow Skunk-cabbage; SM-n 2b Inflorescence bract not bright yellow; leaf blades arrowhead shaped, 15–​45 cm long 3a Inflorescence bract cream or white; peduncle equal to or longer than leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla-lily; af 3b Inflorescence bract pale yellow-green, sometimes white on inner surfaces; peduncle shorter than leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arum italicum Italian Arum; eu 1b Aquatic, floating; leaves not differentiated from stems, up to 1 cm long 4a Plant in 2 unequal sections, without roots 5a Plant not flattened, less than 2 mm long, floating above water surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wolffia columbiana Watermeal 5b Plant flattened on upper side, 3–​10 mm long, not floating above water surface 6a Plant 4–​10 mm long, both sections bulbous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wolffiella lingulata Giant Mud-midget; SM-n 6b Plant 3–​5 mm long, both sections oblong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wolffiella oblonga Tiny Mud-midget 4b Plant often in more than 2 sections, each with at least 1 root 7a Plant usually with 2–​16 roots 8a Plant 5–​10 mm long, with 7–​12 veins and 5–​16 roots . . . . . . . . Spirodela polyrhiza (fig.) Common Duckmeat, Greater Duckweed 8b Plant 3–​5 mm long, with 3–​7 veins and usually 2–​7 roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Landoltia punctata [Spirodela punctata] Dotted Duckmeat; Al 7b Plant with only 1 root 9a Plants in groups of 4–​8 (plant 2–​4 mm long, nearly transparent, usually about 3 times as long as wide, upper surface smooth with 1 vein if any) . . . . Lemna valdiviana Uncommon Duckweed; La-s 9b Plants in groups of 1–​3 10a Plant 3–​6 mm long, glossy, green or yellow-green and spotted with red, usually lopsided, lower surface usually inflated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lemna gibba Swollen Duckweed

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Lemna minor Common Duckweed

Spirodela polyrhiza Common Duckmeat

10b  mm long, glossy or pale green, not spotted, not lopsided, lower surface 1b Plant with atPlant least2–​ 15root flattened 3a Plant with at least 2 roots, sometimes only 1 Spirodela in punctata 11a Upper part of root with a winglike membrane (plant pale green, in pairs, each 4a Plant 5–10 mm long, with 7–12 veins and 5–16 roots . Spirodela ... polyrrhiza(fig.) 2–​4 mm long, with 3–​5 faint veins, upper surface bumpy) Common Duckmeat, Greater Duckweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lemna aequinoctialis 4b Plant 3–5 mm long, with 3–5 veins and usually 2–6 roots, but sometimes only 1 . . Valley Duckweed . .11b  . . . . Upper . . . . . . .part . . . . .of. . root . . . . .without . . . . . . . .a. .winglike . . . . . . . . membrane Spirodela punctata [S. oligorrhiza] (upper surface smooth) 12a Plant solitary or in pairs, each 1–​3 mm long, less than twice long as SmallasDuckmeat; Al wide, with 1 vein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lemna minuta 3b Plant with only 1 root 5a Upper surface of the stem smooth, with only 1 vein or none; Least plantDuckweed pale green or 12b Plant in groups of 2 or 3, each 2–​5 mm long, usually twice as long as wide, nearly transparent with 3–​5 veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lemna minor (fig.) 6a Plants in groups of 4–8, each 2–4 mmCommon long, narrowly elliptical, usually about Duckweed, Lesser Duckweed 3 times as long as wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lemna valdiviana Uncommon Duckweed; La-s ARECACEAE (PALM FAMILY) This large tropical and subtropical family has almost 6b Plant solitary or in pairs, each 1–3 mm long, oval, less than twice as long as 2000 genera and 2500 species. Members have been cultivated worldwide as a food and wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lemna minuta [L. minima and L. minuscula] building material source. Least Duckweed Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island Palm), native to the Canary Islands off Africa, has 5b Upper surface of the stem bumpy, with 3–5 veins, but these sometimes indistinct; become established in parts of our region. This evergreen tree can be 20 m tall with tough, plant light or dark green, sometimes mottled with red in Lemna gibba pinnately compound leaves 5–​7 m long. The pistillate and staminate flowers, on separate 7a Plant light green, in pairs, each 2–4 mm long, the veins not distinct; upper plants, have three sepals, three separate yellow petals, and either six stamens or three pispart of root with winglike membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lemna aequinoctialis tils. The ovary is superior and the fruit, about 2 cm wide, is fleshy and sweet. Valley Duckweed 7b Plant dark green or light green and mottled with red, in groups of 2 or 3, each COMMELINACEAE FAMILY)  The only representative of without this family in 2–6 (SPIDERWORT mm long, the veins rather distinct; upper part of root winglike our region is Tradescantia fluminensis (Spiderwort), which has become established in some membranes damp habitats. It8a is a Plant nativeusually of South America, much cultivated in gardens andplant as a dark pot symmetrical, the lower surface nearlyflat; green, the length usually almost twice the width . . Lemna .. minor(fig.) Common Duckweed, Lesser Duckweed Arecaceae    323 386

LEMNACEAE (DUCKWEED FAMILY)

plant. Its creeping stems, rooting freely at the nodes, bear alternate leaves 2.5–​6 cm long. The leaves are often tinged with violet on the undersides, and their bases form sheaths around the stem. The flowers, about 1 cm wide, are in a cluster with a pair of elongated bracts beneath it. The three separate petals are white and the three separate sepals green. There are six stamens and one pistil, which has a superior ovary and matures as a dry capsule containing several seeds.

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)  Many sedges grow either in aquatic habitats or in places that are wet for part of the year. They are somewhat grasslike, but the stem is often solid and three sided. The leaves usually do not have ligules. They are slender, but the basal portion of each one generally has a substantial sheath that clasps the stem; the edges of the sheath, as is the case in certain grasses, are fused. In the inflorescence, which may have one or more bracts below it, the flowers, called “florets,” are clustered in spikelets. A spikelet may also have a bract, and still another kind of bract, termed a “scale,” is associated with each floret. The scales persist to the fruiting stage, and they sometimes have an awn at the tip; furthermore, the lowest scale of a spikelet may be enlarged. A floret usually has three stamens and a pistil with two or three feathery style branches. Most sedges have no perianth parts, but in some genera there are bristles that may correspond to them. In Carex, which includes about a third of the world’s species of Cyperaceae, each pistillate floret and the fruit that develops from it lies within a sac that is open only at the tip. The style branches usually protrude from the opening. Carex hassei and C. pendula have been reported in our region. Much of the key to Carex is based on keys provided by Peter F. Zika. 1a Each floret or fruit not enclosed within a sac; all florets bisexual 2a Stem triangular; spikelet flattened; florets and scales in 2 rows 3a Inflorescence a singular globular head about 5 mm long, with 1–​3 sessile spikelets (inflorescence bracts 2–​3, each 1–​4 cm long, longest one erect) . . . . . . . Kyllinga brevifolia Bristle-heads; sa 3b Inflorescence either several clusters of spikelets, each spikelet on a stalk, or a single head usually more than 5 mm long, with more than 3 sessile spikelets 4a Up to 10 cm tall (inflorescence bracts 1–​4 , 1–​15 cm long; spikelets sessile or stalks 0.5–​4 cm long; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperus squarrosus Awned Cyperus 4b More than 10 cm tall, often much taller 5a Inflorescence bracts over 20 cm long; up to 90 cm tall 6a Spikelet stalks 14–​22, 2–​20 cm long; inflorescence bracts 4–​22; leaf blades absent (perennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperus involucratus African Cyperus; af 6b Spikelet stalks 0–​10, 1–​10 cm long; inflorescence bracts 3–​11; leaf blades present 7a Spikelet stalks ridged, 2–​6, 1–​8 cm long; inflorescence bracts 5–​70 cm long; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperus erythrorhizos Red-rooted Cyperus 7b Spikelet stalks not ridged, 0–​10, 2–​10 cm long; inflorescence bracts 3–​50 cm long; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperus eragrostis (pl. 30) Tall Cyperus

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spikelet

scale

stigmas

bract of spikelet sac sectioned lengthwise bract

pistil

spikelet of pistillate flowers inflorescence with staminate and pistillate flowers

Carex nudata Torrent Sedge

sacs enclosing pistils (only in Carex) Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)

Carex obnupta Slough Sedge

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

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Eleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered Spikerush

Rhynchospora alba White Beaked-rush

Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis Common Tule

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CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)

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5b Inflorescence bracts up to 18 cm long; up to 50 cm tall 8a Spikelet stalks ridged, 4–​10, 2–​11 cm long (inflorescence bracts 3–​7; perennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus Yellow Nutgrass 8b Spikelet stalks not ridged, 0–​5, 0.5–​3 cm long, 9a Leaves 2 on each stem, shorter than stem; stigmas 2; spikelet stalks 0–​2, 0.5 cm long; perennial (inflorescence bracts 2 or 3) . . . . . . . . . . Cyperus niger Brown Umbrella Sedge; Sn-s 9b Leaves 2–​4 on each stem, as long as stem; stigmas 3; spikelet stalks 0–​5, 0.5–​3 cm long; annual 10a Inflorescence bracts 3–​6; spikelet stalks less than 2 cm long; scale tips pointed, curving outward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperus acuminatus Short-pointed Cyperus 10b Inflorescence bracts 2 or 3; spikelet stalks up to 3 cm long; scale tips, rounded, straight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperus difformis Flat Sedge; eu 2b Stem cylindric or triangular; spikelet not flattened; florets and scales in several rows and arranged spirally 11a Plant not more than 7 cm tall; floret without bristles (spikelets 1–​2; inflorescence bracts 1–​3, each not more than 1 cm long; scale about as long as wide, tip narrow; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lipocarpha occidentalis [Hemicarpha occidentalis] Western Lipocarpha 11b Plant at least 7 cm tall; floret usually with bristles (lift scale to see bristles) 12a Floret with numerous white bristles extending beyond scale (spikelet solitary; inflorescence bract usually solitary, 1–​2 cm long; up to 60 cm tall; sphagnum bogs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eriophorum gracile Slender Cottongrass; SF, Sn-n; 4 12b Floret with 1–​12 bristles hardly extending beyond scale if at all 13a Spikelet solitary at stem tip; inflorescence bract absent; scale awnless (stem cylindric; leaves reduced to sheaths; style persistent on fruit; forming clumps) 14a Leaf sheaths less than 2 cm long 15a Spikelet 5–​13 mm long, with 15–​many scales 3–​4 mm long; annual (scales brown; stigmas 2 or 3; up to 50 cm tall; marshes, ponds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis obtusa Blunt Spikerush; Ma-n 15b Spikelet 2–​8 mm long, with 5–​25 scales 1–​3 mm long; perennial 16a Up to 60 cm tall; spikelet 2–​8 mm long with 5–​25 scales (scales straw colored with darker stripes; stigmas 3) . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis acicularis Needle Spikerush; Sn, Ma, Me 16b Up to 12 cm tall; spikelet 2–​4 mm long with 5–​15 scales 17a Spikelet brown or green; stigmas 2 or 3; brackish soil (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis parvula Small Spikerush; Na, Ma; 4 17b Spikelet colorless or straw colored; stigmas 3; soil or in fresh water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis radicans Spongy-stemmed Spikerush 14b Leaf sheaths at least 2 cm long (perennial) 18a Spikelet 4–​10 mm long, with 3–​12 scales (stigmas 3; up to 40 cm tall; wet areas)

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19a Scales 3–​8, 2–​6 mm long, dark brown or black, margins lighter; stem base and rhizome tip often with bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis quinqueflora [E. pauciflora] (fig.) Few-flowered Spikerush; Ma-n 19b Scales 8–​12, 3–​5 mm long, purple-brown; stem and rhizome tip without bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis suksdorfiana Suksdorf’s Sedge 18b Spikelet 3–​40 mm long, with 15–​100 scales 20a Spikelet 5–​40 mm long; stigmas 2 (scales 30–​80, 3–​6 mm long, brown or purple; up to 1 m tall; marshes) . . . . . Eleocharis macrostachya Common Spikerush 20b Spikelet 3–​20 mm long; stigmas 3 21a Scales 30–​100 (scales 1–​3 mm long, brown or yellow, margins lighter; up to 50 cm tall; moist areas) . . . . . . Eleocharis montevidensis Montevideo Spikerush 21b Scales 15–​40 22a Scales 3–​6 mm long, pale brown, sometimes purple spotted; often forming mats; saline, alkaline areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis rostellata Beaked Spikerush; Ma, Sn 22b Scales 2–​3 mm long, chestnut or dark brown, tips whitish; not forming mats; wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eleocharis parishii Parish’s Sedge 13b Spikelets in clusters at stem tip or in leaf axils; inflorescence bract usually at least 1; scale usually with a short awn 23a Clusters of spikelets in leaf axils; inflorescence bract none; leaves 1–​3 mm wide (spikelet 4–​6 mm long, with about 5 florets; bogs, marshes) 24a Floret scale tan or white (spikelet 3–​6 mm long; scale 3–​4 mm long; floret bristles 10–​12, with barbs turned down, as long or longer than fruit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhynchospora alba (fig.) White Beaked-rush; Sn; 2 24b Scale brown or dark brown 25a Spikelet 2 mm long; scales 1–​2 mm long; bristles shorter than fruit (scale dark brown; floret bristles 5–​6, with barbs turned up) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhynchospora globularis Round-headed Beaked-rush; Sn; 2 25b Spikelet 3–​5 mm long; scales 3 mm long; bristles usually as long or longer than fruit 26a Scale brown; floret bristles 6 or 7, barbs turned up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhynchospora californica California Beaked-rush; Ma(PR); Sn; 1b 26b Scale dark brown; bristles 5–​7, barbs turned down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhynchospora capitellata Brown Beaked-rush; Sn; 2 23b Clusters of spikelets at stem tip; inflorescence bracts 1–​5; leaves usually more than 3 mm wide 27a Inflorescence bracts 2–​5, up to 30 cm long; stem leafy (stem triangular; up to 2 m tall)

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28a Spikelet 2–​8 mm long; scale 1–​4 mm long, awnless; floret bristles usually 4 (near freshwater) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scirpus microcarpus Small-fruited Bulrush, Panicled Bulrush 28b Spikelet 10–​25 mm long; scale 5–​10 mm long, awn stout; floret bristles 3–​6 29a Widest leaf blade 7–​22 mm; spikelets 10–​40; stigmas 3 (anthers yellow; scale 7–​10 mm long, its awn 2–​3 mm long; near freshwater) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bolboschoenus fluviatilis [Scirpus fluviatilis] River Bulrush; Na, SM 29b Widest leaf blade 2–​12 mm; spikelets 3–​30; stigmas 2 or 3 30a Widest leaf blade 4–​12 mm; anthers orange; scale 6–​9 mm long, awn 2–​3 mm long; near brackish or saltwater areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bolboschoenus robustus [Scirpus robustus] Seacoast Bulrush 30b Widest leaf blade 2–​6 mm; anthers yellow; scale 5–​6 mm long, awn 1–​2 mm long; near freshwater or brackish water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bolboschoenus glaucus Rice-field Sedge; eua 27b Inflorescence bracts 1–​2, 1–​20 cm long; leaves usually basal 31a Inflorescence less than 1 cm long; spikelet up to 5 mm long; scale 1–​2 mm long; annual; up to 40 cm tall (leaf solitary; floret bristles none; spikelets 1–​3; scale awn less than 2 mm long or none) 32a Spikelet 1–​3, its bract 5–​33 mm long, much longer than inflorescence; stigmas 3; seasonally wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isolepis carinata [Scirpus koilolepis] Keeled Bulrush; Me-s 32b Spikelet 1, its bract 2–​6 mm long, scarcely longer than spikelet; stigmas 2 or 3; brackish and freshwater areas (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isolepis cernua [Scirpus cernuus] Low Bulrush, Low Club Rush 31b Inflorescence at least 1 cm long; spikelet 5–​18 mm long; scale 2–​6 mm long; perennial; at least 50 cm tall (wetlands, often in water) 33a Inflorescence a panicle, at least 3 cm wide, its bract usually shorter than or equal to inflorescence; spikelets 3–​200; scale hairy; leaf blades 0–​2 (inflorescence bract 1–​9 cm long) 34a Leaf blades 0–​1, 2 mm wide; stem 3 angled, at least near inflorescence; spikelets 5–​11 mm long, in 1 or 2 clusters; floret bristles 2–​4; stigmas 2; near or in brackish or freshwater (common) . . . . . . Schoenoplectus californicus [Scirpus californicus] California Bulrush, Southern Bulrush; Ma-s 34b Leaf blades 1–​2, 1–​7 mm wide; stem cylindric; spikelets 3–​18 mm long, in 1–​8 clusters; bristles usually 6; stigmas 2 or 3; near or in freshwater 35a Leaf blades 1–​4 mm wide; spikelets 15–​many, in 1–​4 clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Soft-stemmed Bulrush

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35b Leaf blades 3–​7 mm wide; spikelets 3–​many, in 1–​8 clusters (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis [Scirpus acutus var. occidentalis] (fig.) Common Tule 33b Inflorescence headlike, up to 2 cm wide, its bract usually longer than inflorescence; spikelets 1–​20; scale sparsely hairy if at all; leaf blades 0–​6 (leaf blades 2–​9 mm wide; floret bristles 5 or 6) 36a Inflorescence bracts 1 or 2, 1–​20 cm long; spikelets 1–​5, 5–​23 mm long; scale 4–​6 mm long; leaf blades 2–​6 (stem 1–​6 mm wide; in or near brackish or freshwater) . . . . . . Schoenoplectus pungens var. longispicatus [Scirpus pungens] Common Three-square Bulrush 36b Inflorescence bract 1, 1–​10 cm long; spikelets 2–​20, 5–​15 mm long; scale 3–​4 mm long; leaf blades 0–​3 37a Leaf blades absent; stem 2–​3 mm wide; inflorescence bract 1–​ 10 cm long; in or near freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schoenoplectus mucronatus Rough-seeded Bulrush; eua 37b Leaf blades 1–​3; stem 3–​10 mm wide; inflorescence bract 1–​6 cm long; in or near brackish or freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . Schoenoplectus americanus [Scirpus americanus] American Bulrush, Olney’s Three-square 1b Each pistillate floret or fruit enclosed within a sac, this often narrowed at tip to form a beak; florets unisexual (spikelet typically either staminate or pistillate, and both types usually present in inflorescence; often both scale of lowest spikelet floret and lowest spikelet bract of inflorescence enlarged; scale tip often with bristlelike awn) 38a Leaves or sac of pistillate floret hairy (stigmas 3) 39a Leaf blades, sheaths, or both hairy; sac hairy or not 40a Leaf blades 8–​23 mm wide, not hairy; sheaths hairy, at least at opening (sac not hairy; scale purple, tip white, awned; with rhizomes; moist, wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex amplifolia Big-leaved Sedge; SM-n 40b Leaf blades 2–​9 mm wide, hairy; sheaths hairy or not 41a Sac not hairy or sparsely so at tip; scale pale green, gold, or red-brown (scale awnless; moist areas, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex mendocinensis Mendocino Sedge; Ma-n 41b Sac hairy; scale purple, red-brown, or brown 42a Sac densely hairy; leaf blades with minute hairs; sheath margins fibrous; scale longer than sac, margins white, awned; with rhizomes; marshy areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex pellita [incorrectly known as C. lanuginosa] Woolly Sedge 42b Sac not densely hairy; leaf blades densely hairy; sheaths not fibrous; scale shorter than sac, midrib green, awnless; without rhizomes; moist meadows, serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex gynodynama Wonder-woman Sedge; Mo-n 39b Leaves not hairy; sac hairy 43a Sac with at least 12 prominent ribs, these sometimes only in lower half (scale purple or red-brown)

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44a Leaf blades 2–​5 mm wide, sheath margins fibrous; scale longer than sac, margins white, awned; marshy areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex pellita [incorrectly known as C. lanuginosa] Woolly Sedge 44b Leaf blades 1–​3 mm wide, sheaths not fibrous; scale shorter than sac, margins not white, sometimes awned; woody areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex globosa Round-fruited Sedge 43b Sac without prominent ribs 45a Sac sparsely hairy at tip; up to 80 cm tall; scale pale green-gold or red-brown, awnless; leaf blades 2–​6 mm wide (moist areas, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex mendocinensis Mendocino Sedge; Ma-n 45b Sac hairy throughout; up to 15 cm tall; scale red-brown, sometimes awned; leaf blades 1–​4 mm wide; (coastal areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex brevicaulis Short-stemmed Sedge; SlO-n 38b Leaves not hairy and sac of pistillate floret usually not hairy except sometimes on narrow neck 46a Inflorescence a solitary spikelet at stem tip (sac not hairy; leaf blades 1–​2 mm wide; stigmas 3) 47a Lowest scale of spikelet green, margins white, leaflike, 1–​15 cm long, often longer than spikelet, awnless; dry forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex multicaulis Stick Sedge 47b Lowest scale of spikelet white or brown with red dots, not leaflike, up to 1.5 cm long, shorter than sac, awned; moist forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex leptalea Bristle-stalked Sedge; Ma-n; 2 46b Inflorescence with at least 2 spikelets 48b Stigmas 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyperaceae, Subkey Carex (part) 48a Stigmas 3 49a Plant with rhizomes, upright stems not tufted 50a Leaf blades 8–​23 mm wide; scale purple, tip white, shorter than sac (scale awned; sac 1–​2 mm wide; moist or wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex amplifolia Big-leaved Sedge; SM-n 50b Leaf blades 1–​12 mm wide; scale, if purple, tip not white, equal to or longer than sac 51a Leaf blades 2–​12 mm wide; sac 2–​3 mm wide; scale green with red margins, about as long as sac, sometimes awned; wet places or in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Carex utriculata Southern Beaked Sedge; SCr-n 51b Leaf blades 1–​4 mm wide; sac 1–​2 mm wide; scale purple or brown, longer than sac, awned; moist or wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex buxbaumii Buxbaum’s Sedge; Ma-n; 4 49b Plant without rhizomes, upright stems tufted 52a Sac tip 2 lobed, lobes 1–​3 mm long, curving (scale white or cream, its center pink, awned; leaf blades 6–​16 mm wide; wet places) . . . . . . . . . . Carex comosa Bristly Sedge; La-SCr; 2 52b Sac tip, if lobed, lobes less than 1 mm long, straight 53a Leaf blades 6–​16 mm wide; erect or prostrate (scale white, awned; coastal forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex hendersonii Henderson’s Sedge; Sn-n

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53b Leaf blades 1–​10 mm wide; erect 54a At least lower spikelets sessile, erect (scale shorter than sac) 55a Inflorescence bract much shorter than inflorescence; scale margins white (scale white, green, gold, red-brown, or purple, awnless; moist areas, serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex lemmonii [C. albida] Lemmon’s Sedge; Sn; 1b 55b Inflorescence bract usually longer than inflorescence; scale margins not white 56a Scale dark purple, with paler midrib, awned; sac green with purple spots, with bumps; moist places . . . . . . . Carex serratodens Saw-toothed Sedge 56b Scale gold or purple, awnless; sac green or brown, not spotted, smooth; wet places . . . . . . Carex exsiccata [C. vesicaria var. major] Western Inflated Sedge; SCl-n 54b Spikelets not sessile, sometimes drooping 57a Pistillate spikelets 20–​60 mm long (scale pale green, gold, or redbrown, awnless; moist areas, serpentine) . . . . . Carex mendocinensis Mendocino Sedge; Ma-n 57b Pistillate spikelets less than 20 mm long (inflorescence bract much shorter than inflorescence) 58a Scale white, green, gold, red-brown, or purple, with white margins, awnless; narrow neck of sac 1 mm long; moist areas, serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex lemmonii [C. albida] Lemmon’s Sedge; Sn; 1b 58b Scale red-brown or dark purple; narrow neck of sac 1–​2 mm long; wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex luzulina Woodrush Sedge; Ma-n

Cyperaceae, Subkey  Pistillate floret or fruit enclosed within a sac; leaves not hairy and sac usually not hairy; inflorescence at least 2 spikelets; stigmas 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex (part) 1a Pistillate and staminate florets on different stems (inflorescence bract shorter than inflorescence) 2a Without rhizomes, all stems upright, tufted (leaf blades 2–​6 mm wide; scale longer than sac, brown, margins white, sometimes awned; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex cusickii Cusick’s Sedge; SLO-n 2b With rhizomes (scale sometimes awned; moist areas) 3a Leaf blades 1–​3 mm wide; scale equal to sac, dull gold or brown, margins sometimes white (alkaline soil; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex praegracilis Freeway Sedge 3b Leaf blades 2–​5 mm wide; scale longer than sac, brown, margins white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex simulata Short-beaked Sedge 1b All flowering stems with both pistillate and staminate florets 4a At least end spikelet entirely staminate, lowest ones either entirely pistillate or staminate at tip 5a Without rhizomes, all stems erect, tufted 6a Leaf blades 4–​12 mm wide; staminate spikelets 2–​7, end one often more than 5 cm long (sac red spotted throughout; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex schottii Schott’s Sedge; SCl-s

332     Cyperaceae, Subkey











6b Leaf blades 2–​4 mm wide; staminate spikelets 1–​2, end one less than 5 cm long 7a Sac purple spotted in upper half; inflorescence bract usually shorter than inflorescence; lower spikelets 3–​5, 4–​6 mm wide; streambeds below high water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex nudata (fig.) Torrent Sedge 7b Sac sometimes purple spotted at tip; inflorescence bract equal to or longer than inflorescence; lower spikelets 4–​6, 3–​4 mm wide; wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex lenticularis var. lipocarpa Lakeshore Sedge 5b With rhizomes, sometimes absent in Cares senta 8a Sac fleshy, not flat, with bumps (staminate scale awn up to 5 mm long; pistillate scale bristly; leaf blades 2–​5 mm wide; inland wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex saliniformis Deceiving Sedge; SCr-n; 1b 8b Sac not fleshy, flat, smooth 9a Sac with prominent veins 10a Leaf blades 3–​5 mm wide (lower spikelets erect, sessile or nearly so; sac usually smooth; scale dark purple, equal to or shorter than sac, awnless; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex senta Western Rough Sedge; Sl-s 10b Leaf blades 2–​12 mm wide 11a Lower spikelets not sessile, drooping; leaves without whitish coating; sac bumpy; scale tip often white, awned; brackish areas . . . . . . . . Carex lyngbyei Lyngbye’s Sedge; Ma-n; 2 11b Lower spikelets often nearly sessile, erect; leaves with whitish coating; sac smooth; scale margins often white, sometimes awned; meadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex nebrascensis Nebraska Sedge 9b Sac without prominent veins, sometimes with faint veins 12a Leaf blades blue-green, 5–​18 mm wide; scale awnless (lower spikelets 4.5–​11.5 cm long, on stalks, drooping; near freshwater) . . . . . . Carex aquatilis var. dives Sitka Sedge; SCr-n 12b Leaf blades not blue-green, 3–​9 mm wide; scale awned 13a Lower spikelets 3–​25 cm long, drooping; scale awn not bristly; moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex obnupta (fig.) Slough Sedge; SlO-n 13b Lower spikelets 2.5–​8 cm long, mostly erect; scale awn bristly; seasonally wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex barbarae Santa Barbara Sedge 4b All spikelets a mix of staminate and pistillate florets 14a Spikelet with staminate florets above and pistillate florets below 15a Sheaths not red dotted (scale equals sac) 16a Leaf blades 5–​11 mm wide; inflorescence with more than 10 spikelets; scale pale brown; wet places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex stipata Awl-fruited Sedge; Sn-s 16b Leaf blades 1–​3 mm wide; inflorescence with 5–​10 spikelets; scale red with whitish margins; meadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex tumulicola Foothill Sedge; Mo-n 15b Sheaths red dotted on one side, sometimes not on Carex densa (inflorescence bract much shorter than inflorescence)

Cyperaceae, Subkey    333

















17a Leaf blades 1–​3 mm wide (scale brown, paler on midrib, equal to sac; sheath pale at top; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex diandra Lesser Tussock Sedge 17b Leaf blades 2–​7 mm wide 18a Spikelets not crowded together; scale brown with white margins, longer than sac; sheath dark at top; wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex cusickii Cusick’s Sedge; SLO-n 18b Spikelets crowded together; scale yellow-brown, brown, or red-brown, sometimes margins green, shorter than sac; sheath pale at top; seasonally wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Carex densa [includes C. dudleyi] Dense Sedge; Mo-n 14b Spikelet with pistillate florets above and staminate florets below 19a Sac not winged; stem solid 20a Scale brown with white margins; inflorescence dense, its bract much shorter than inflorescence; narrow part of sac toothed along margins, often more than half sac length; wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex echinata ssp. phyllomanica Coastal Star Sedge; SCr-n 20b Scale not brown with white margins; inflorescence not dense, its bract not much shorter than inflorescence; narrow part of sac sometimes toothed, not more than half sac length; moist areas 21a Scale white; narrow part of sac not toothed except at tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex leptopoda [C. deweyana ssp. leptopoda] Slender-footed Sedge; Scr-n 21b Scale gold-brown; narrow part of sac toothed along margins and at tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex bolanderi Bolander’s Sedge; Mo-n 19b Sac winged; stem hollow (spikelets sessile or nearly so; leaf blades 1–​5 mm wide) 22a Sheath green except for whitish triangle about 6 mm from top (inflorescence 30–​80 cm long; scale white or pale gold, midrib green or pale brown, longer than sac; damp or wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex feta Green-sheathed Sedge; SCl-n 22b Sheath green with a whitish or brownish area at least 10 mm from top 23a Inflorescence bract leaflike, often 2 or 3 times as long as inflorescence (inflorescence dense, 1–​2 cm long; scale shorter than sac; narrow neck of sac not toothed; seasonally moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex athrostachya Long-bracted Sedge; Ma-n 23b Inflorescence bract not leaflike, often shorter than inflorescence 24a Inflorescence dense, spikelets crowded together 25a Scale green or dark brown, center green or gold, margins sometimes white (scale sometimes longer than sac; sac with veins on both sides; leaf blades 2–​5 mm wide; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex harfordii Harford’s Sedge; SLO-n 25b Scale white, red, coppery, or pale brown, center paler 26a Scale red or coppery, sometimes longer than sac; sac usually veined on both sides, upper part and narrow neck toothed; moist areas (leaf blades 1–​5 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex subbracteata Small-bracted Sedge

334     Cyperaceae, Subkey





26b Scale white, pale brown, or red, usually shorter than sac; sac with faint veins on 1 side, sometimes not toothed; seasonally moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex subfusca Rusty Sedge 24b Inflorescence open, at least some spikelets separated (sac veined on 1 side) 27a Scale white, pale brown, or red, usually shorter than sac; sac sometimes not toothed (seasonally moist areas) . . . . . . . Carex subfusca Rusty Sedge 27b Scale gold, red-gold, red-brown, brown, or green, equal to or longer than sac; sac toothed 28a Scale red-gold, brown, or green, center paler, tip or base white; seasonally wet areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex leporina [C. ovalis] Hare Sedge; Ma-n 28b Scale gold or red-brown, center green, gold, or white; moist areas (leaf blades 1–​3 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex gracilior Slender Sedge

HYDROCHARITACEAE (WATERWEED FAMILY)  Our representatives of the Hydrocharitaceae are aquatics in freshwater streams, ponds, and lakes. Most are entirely submersed; the exception is Limnobium spongia (American Frogbit). Some non-native species, escaping from aquaria and garden pools, form large mats. Their leaves, opposite or whorled on the same plant, are at least several times as long as wide. The flowers are either staminate or pistillate, the two types commonly on separate plants in the leaf axils, usually above a bract or within a tubular structure. The extent to which the perianth parts and stamens develop varies greatly, but there is a single pistil. The fruit is either an achene or somewhat berrylike. 1a Plant free floating; leaves floating; flowers out of water (forming dense mats; leaves 1–​10 cm long and nearly as wide; petals 3; sepals 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnobium spongia American Frogbit; na 1b Plant rooted; leaves submersed; flowers submersed or floating 2a Leaves and stem flexible, except in Najas marina; leaves opposite or in whorls of 4; perianth absent; fruit an achene with a networklike pattern (in freshwater) 3a Leaves stiff, up to 3 mm wide and 40 mm long, with 8–​13 spiny teeth on each side; stem often with spinelike outgrowths; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Najas marina Holly-leaved Water-nymph; La-s 3b Leaves flexible, up to 2 mm wide and 25 mm long, with 35–​100 fine teeth on each side; stem without spinelike outgrowths; staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant 4a Surface of fruit dull, networklike pattern visible with hand lens; leaves with 50–​100 teeth on each side, these not visible without hand lens (in brackish water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Najas guadalupensis Common Water-nymph 4b Surface of fruit shiny, networklike pattern faint; leaves with 35–​80 teeth on each side, these visible without hand lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Najas flexilis (fig.) Slender Water-nymph

Hydrocharitaceae    335

Elodea canadensis Common Waterweed







Najas flexilis Slender Water-nymph

2b Leaves and stem not especially flexible; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3–​8; usually some perianth segments present; fruit berrylike (flowers, if formed, floating) 5a Leaves in whorls of 4–​8, with coarse teeth and sometimes prickly midribs (leaves 1–​2 cm long and 1–​2 mm wide; staminate flowers breaking off and floating free; a serious pest) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrilla verticillata Water-serpent; eua 5b Leaves often opposite below and in whorls of 3–​6 above, with fine teeth and smooth midribs 6a Leaves 1–​4 cm long, upper ones in whorls or 3–​6; petals 6–​7 mm long (leaves 2–​5 mm wide; escaping from aquaria; only staminate plants found in California) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egeria densa Brazilian Waterweed; sa 6b Leaves up to 1.5 cm long, upper ones in whorls of 3; petals, if present, less than 5 mm long (staminate flowers breaking off, free-floating) 7a Leaves 2–​5 mm wide, tips usually blunt; pistillate perianth about 2.5 mm long; staminate perianth about 5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elodea canadensis (fig.) Common Waterweed 7b Leaves up to 2 mm wide, tips pointed; perianth, when present, less than 1 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elodea nuttallii Nuttall’s Waterweed

336     Hydrocharitaceae

IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY)  Irises and their relatives are perennials with rather narrow alternate or basal leaves. Flowers arise from between a pair of substantial, leaflike bracts. The three sepals and three petals of each flower are sometimes similar and fused together at their bases, forming a perianth tube, which may be prolonged for a considerable distance above the floral tube. The floral tube is fused to the inferior ovary. While Chasmanthe has an irregular corolla, it is regular in other genera, although intricate. In Iris, the three stamens are attached to the sepals. The style of the pistil is usually three lobed, each lobe bearing a stigma on its underside. The style lobes are broad, and each divides into two nearly petallike branches. The flowers of Iris are admirably fitted for cross-pollination by insects that search for nectar at the bases of the sepals; as they do this, they are brought into contact with the anthers and stigmas. In contrast, the petals and sepals are similar in Sisyrinchium and the stigma and style unmodified. The fruit of all members of the family are dry capsules. This family gives us not only cultivated irises, but also crocuses, tigridias, and gladioli. Some of them, including Freesia alba (Common Freesia) of South Africa, sometimes escape and become established in the wild. Our native Iris douglasiana (Douglas’ Iris) is an excellent subject for sunny or somewhat shaded garden situations, such as under oaks. Sisyrinchium bellum (Western Blue-eyed-grass) readily reseeds itself in a variety of sunny habitats. Sisyrinchium californicum (Golden-eyed-grass) requires moisture; wet soil just beyond the edges of a pool should suit it nicely. 1a Perianth orange-red, brick red, scarlet, or yellow; inflorescence usually with more than 15 flowers; up to 1 m tall (perianth 2–​5 cm long, lobes similar in color) 2a Perianth scarlet or yellow, lobes unequal, upper longer than others; inflorescence erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chasmanthe floribunda Gaping Iris; af 2b Perianth orange-red, lobes equal; inflorescence usually bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Montbretia; af 1b Perianth not orange-red, brick red, or scarlet, sometimes yellow; inflorescence with 1–​9 flowers, except in Iris pseudacorus; usually much less than 1 m tall 3a Perianth lobes similar in shape and color, up to 2 cm long 4a Inflorescence not umbel-like; stem without winglike margins; flower solitary, 1.5–​2 cm long, tube yellow, lobes pink or lilac; up to 10 cm tall . . . . . . . Romulea rosea var. australis Romulus’ Iris; af 4b Inflorescence umbel-like; stem with 2 winglike margins; flowers several, 1–​1.5 cm long, uniform in color; usually more than 10 cm tall 5a Perianth blue-purple; filaments nearly completely united; grassy places, widespread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sisyrinchium bellum (pl. 30) Western Blue-eyed-grass 5b Perianth yellow; filaments nearly completely separate; restricted to wet coastal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sisyrinchium californicum (pl. 30) Golden-eyed-grass; Mo-n 3b Perianth lobes different in shape, if not color, and more than 2 cm long (perianth lobes usually with darker veins)

Iridaceae    337









6a Inflorescence with many flowers; often more than 100 cm tall; rooted in mud at water edge (perianth bright yellow or cream, tube 12 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iris pseudacorus Yellowflag, Sword Iris; eua 6b Inflorescence with 1–​9 flowers; rarely more than 40 cm tall; terrestrial 7a Perianth tube 5–​24 mm long; inflorescence with 2–​9 flowers 8a Perianth pale yellow, brown, red-brown, or green; sepals 3–​5 cm long; stem leaves 2–​4 , odor fetid when crushed; damp shade (perianth tube 11–​14 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iris foetidissima Coral Iris; ?eu 8b Perianth cream, lilac, purple-lavender, or red-purple; sepals 5–​10 cm long; stem leaves 1–​3, odor not fetid; sun (coastal) 9a Perianth tube 10–​24 mm long, equal to floral tube; tip of floral tube lobed; perianth dark or pale lilac or purple, cream, or red-purple; basal leaves 1–​2 cm wide (grassy hillsides; common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iris douglasiana (pl. 30) Douglas’ Iris 9b Perianth tube 5–​10 mm long, shorter than floral tube; tip of floral tube not lobed; perianth lavender-blue; leaves 0.5–​1 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . Iris longipetala Coastal Iris; Me-Mo; 4 7b Perianth tube 34–​65 mm long; inflorescence with 1–​3 flowers (perianth tube longer than floral tube; sepals 4–​7 cm long; common) 10a Basal leaves 3–​6 mm wide; stem leaves 0–​3; perianth golden yellow, cream, or purple-blue (sun or shade near oak or pine woodlands) . . . . . . . . Iris macrosiphon Ground Iris; SCl-n 10a Basal leaves 5–​11 mm wide; stem leaves 0–​5; perianth pale yellow, cream, white, or pale lavender 11a Stem leaves 0–​5; basal leaves 5–​11 mm wide; perianth cream, pale yellow, or pale lavender (leaves often overlapping and clasping stem; near redwood or Douglas-fir forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iris purdyi Purdy’s Iris; Sn-n 11a Stem leaves 1–​3; basal leaves 6–​8 mm wide; perianth pale yellow (part shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iris fernaldii (pl. 30) Fernald’s Iris; Sn, Sl-SCr

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)  In their general appearance, and in the way their leaf sheaths envelop the stems, rushes resemble grasses (Poaceae). The leaves are often reduced, however, to only sheaths. Furthermore, when leaf blades are present, these are more often cylindric rather than flattened. The flowers, usually concentrated in inflorescences at stem ends, have six similar perianth segments in two whorls, in contrast to those of grasses and sedges (Cyperaceae), which have no perianth. The outer three segments are the sepals and the inner three the petals. There are two, three, or six stamens, and a pistil with two or three stigmas. The ovary is superior. The fruit, often with a little beak at the tip, contains numerous seeds in three chambers in Juncus, or three seeds in a single chamber in Luzula. The inflorescence typically has two bracts below it. The lower one is longer than the upper one, and may appear to be a continuation of the stem. There are usually one or two bractlets associated with each flower and sometimes with clusters of flowers. In the iden-

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outer perianth segment

lower bract of inflorescence

style of pistil

inner perianth segment stamens (removed)

upper bract of inflorescence

bractlet single flower representative inflorescences Juncaceae (Rush Family)

The inflorescence typically has two bracts below it. The lower one is longer than the upper tification of rushes, thebeappearance and disposition bracts, blades, sheaths are asone and may appear to a continuation of the stem.ofThere areleaf usually oneand or two bractlets important. It each mayflower also beand necessary to have fruit. sociated with sometimes withmature clusters of flowers. In identification of rushes, the appearance and disposition of bracts, leaf blades, and sheaths are important. It may 1a Leaf blades flexible and flattened, hairy on margins, often shredding at their bases whenalso be necessary to have mature young; edges of leaf fruit. sheaths fused together; stem hollow; woodland habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luzula comosa (fig.) Common Wood Rush Leaf blades veryflexible andflattened, with long hairs, and often shredding at the bases 1b Leaf blades, if present, usually stiff and not flattened, not hairy, and not shredding; edges of when young; edges of leaf sheaths fused together; stem hollow; mostly in woodland leaf sheaths not fused; stem not hollow; wet places habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luzula comosa[includes L. subsessilis] (pl. 57; fig.) 2a Stem branching, with 1–​3 leaves (single flower scattered along branches or at tip; stamens Common Wood Rush 6; annual; up to 17 cm tall) 1b Leaf blades,2–​if4 present, generally sti ff andasusually hairs,stream and not 3a Sepals mm long (sepals as pointed petals; not up toflattened, 10 cm tall;without drying pools, shredding at the bases; edges of leaf sheaths not fused; stem not hollow; mostly in wet banks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus bufonius var. occidentalis places, but sometimes on backshores of sandy beaches Western Toad Rush 2a3b  Sepalsbranching 4–​8 mm long Stem below the in florescence (flowers usually solitary in leaf axils; annual; 4a  Sepals more as sharply pointed than petals; filaments longer thanor anthers; up of toflowers, 17 cm rarely so much 20 cm tall; bractlets beneath single flowers, clusters tall (moist, saline areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus ambiguus membranous, up to 2 mm long) Frog Rush; eua 3a Inner 3 perianth segments rounded at the tips, the outer 3 sharply pointed; tip of 4b Sepals as sharply pointed as petals; filaments sometimes not longer than anthers; up fruit bluntly to 10 cm tall rounded (flowers often concentrated near branch tips; mostly in coastal saline habitats) . . . . . . . . . . .moist Juncus ambiguus [J. bufonius var. halophilus] 5a  Flowers scattered along. branches; habitats (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus bufonius var. Coastal bufonius Rush (fig.) Common Toad Rush 3b Inner 3 perianth segments, like the outer ones, sharply pointed at the tips; tip of 5b  Most flowers concentrated near branch tips; saline habitats fruit conical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus bufonius var. congestus 4a Outer perianth segments 3–4 mm longflowers ( scattered along the branches; Clustered Toad Rush; eu 1a

in mud of drying pools and on stream banks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... Juncus bufoniusvar. occidentalis Western Toad Rush, Roundfruit Toad Rush Juncaceae    339 JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)

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Juncus bolanderi Bolander’s Rush

Juncus bufonius var. bufonius Common Toad Rush

Juncus effusus ssp. pacificus Pacific Rush

Juncus falcatus Sickle-leaved Rush

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JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)

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Juncus kelloggii Kellogg’s Rush

Juncus hemiendytus Hermann’s Dwarf Rush

Juncus lescurii San Francisco Rush

Luzula comosa Common Wood Rush

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)

Juncaceae    341

379







2b Stem not branching, often without leaves 6a Flowers only at stem tip, 1–​6 in each cluster; stamens 2 or 3; annual; up to 10 cm tall (damp areas, vernal pools) 7a Flowers 2–​6 on each stem tip; up to 10 cm tall 8a Flowers 2 or 3 at stem tip; inflorescence bract 1–​2 .5 mm long; up to 6 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus kelloggii (fig.) Kellogg’s Rush 8b Flowers 2–​6 at stem tip; inflorescence bract 5–​15 mm long; up to 10 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus capitatus Dwarf Rush; eua 7b Flower usually solitary at stem tip; usually less than 5 cm tall 9a Bractlets 0–​2 beneath each flower, not completely encircling stem, tips pointed or rounded (above 2000 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus hemiendytus (fig.) Hermann’s Dwarf Rush, Self-pollinating Rush; Na-n 9b Bractlets 1 beneath each flower, completely encircling stem, tips look cut off (forming clumps) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus uncialis Inch-high Rush; SLO-n 6b Flowers not confined to stem tip, 3–​many in each cluster; stamens 3 or 6; perennial; more than 10 cm tall 10a Inflorescence bract either shorter than inflorescence, or directed away from stem axis, inflorescence uppermost; leaf blades usually present . . . . . . Juncaceae, Subkey 10b Inflorescence bract longer than inflorescence, appearing to be a continuation of stem, inflorescence not uppermost; leaves often reduced to sheaths (perennial; often 1 m tall) 11a Perianth 3–​8 mm long (stamens 6) 12a Leaves without blades 13a Perianth 5–​8 mm long, with green midribs and dark margins; salt or freshwater marshes, near creeks, lakes, backshores of beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus lescurii [J. lesueurii] (fig.) San Francisco Rush; SLO-n 13b Perianth 3–​6 mm long, with whitish margins; moist or dry areas (stems often growing in rows) . . . . . . . . . . Juncus balticus ssp. ater [from J. balticus] Baltic Rush, Wire Rush 12b Leaves with blades up to 30 cm long (perianth 3–​6 mm long, margins white) 14a Stem flattened; inflorescence bract cylindric (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus mexicanus Mexican Rush; La-s 14b Stem not flattened; inflorescence bract flattened (single flowers scattered along inflorescence branches) 15a Perianth green, red, or pale brown; inflorescence with 2 or 3 branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus tenuis Slender Rush 15b Perianth green or brown striped; inflorescence not branched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus occidentalis Western Rush 11b Perianth 2–​3 mm long (leaves blades absent)

342     Juncaceae





16a Sheath 6–​11 cm long, uniformly dark brown or black, rim thicker (perianth light brown; stamens 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus effusus ssp. pacificus [J. effusus var. pacificus] (fig.) Pacific Rush 16b Sheath 5–​16 cm long, green or pale brown in upper half, darker brown or purple in lower half, rim not thicker 17a Stem blue-green; stamens 6; perianth spreading apart, margins redbrown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus patens Spreading Rush 17b Stem not blue-green; stamens 3; perianth upright, margins dark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus hesperius [J. effusus var. brunneus] Coastal Rush

Juncaceae, Subkey  Flowers 3–​many in each cluster; inflorescence bract either shorter than inflorescence, or directed away from stem axis, inflorescence uppermost; leaf blades usually present 1a Leaf blades cylindric, usually 1–​2 mm wide 2a Stamens 3 3a Flower clusters 1–​3, each with at least 20 flowers; stem with 3 or 4 leaves; perianth pale or dark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus bolanderi (fig.) Bolander’s Rush; SCl-n 3b Flower clusters 6–​50, each with 5–​20 flowers; stem with 0–​3 leaves; perianth pale brown or green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus acuminatus Tapered Rush 2b Stamens 6 4a Flower clusters many, each with 4–​6 flowers; perianth pale brown, bristle tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus dubius Mariposa Rush 4b Flower clusters fewer than 25, each with 3–​12 flowers; perianth dark brown or green, not bristle tipped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush 1a Leaf blades flattened, usually more than 2 mm wide 5a Flower clusters usually many more than 10 (each cluster with 3–​10 flowers; stamens 6) 6a Leaf blades 5–​14 mm wide (perianth green or red) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus xiphioides Iris-leaved Rush 6b Leaf blades 2–​7 mm wide 7a Leaf blades 3–​7 mm wide; perianth green or pale brown with whitish margins, tips red or purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus oxymeris Pointed Rush 7b Leaf blades 2–​4 mm wide; perianth dark brown, dark purple, or black (each cluster 5–​10 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus phaeocephalus var. paniculatus Panicled Brown-headed Rush, Panicled Rush 5b Flower clusters 1–​10 (leaf blades 2–​5 mm wide) 8a Flower clusters 2–​10, each with more than 25 flowers 9a Stamens 3; perianth 2–​3 mm long, dark brown or black (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus ensifolius Dagger Rush; Na-n

Juncaceae, Subkey    343



9b Stamens 6; perianth 3–​5 mm long, dark brown, dark purple, or black (each cluster 5–​10 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus phaeocephalus var. phaeocephalus Brown-headed Rush 8b Flower clusters 1–​6, each 3–​25 flowers (stamens 6) 10a Flower clusters 1–​3, each with 5–​25 flowers; perianth 3–​6 mm long, dark with whitish margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus falcatus (fig.) Sickle-leaved Rush 10b Flower clusters 1–​6, each with 3–​7 flowers; perianth 2–​4 mm long, brown or green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juncus covillei Coville’s Rush; Ma-n

JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROW-GRASS FAMILY)  Members of the Arrow-grass Family are semi-aquatic, or at least grow in wet places. In our region, one or more species of Triglochin will be found in almost any salt marsh. Triglochin scilloides (Flowering-quillwort) grows in freshwater habitats, including vernal pools. The leaves are all basal, somewhat grasslike in general appearance and in having sheaths at their bases. In most species of Triglochin, the flowers are in crowded, elongated racemes on unbranched stems that usually rise above the leaves. They usually have six green perianth segments in two whorls, six stamens, and one pistil, the fruiting part of which is partitioned lengthwise into three to six divisions. Triglochin scilloides is different from other species of Triglochin. The flower has one perianth segment or none and one stamen. Flowers, in racemes that are out of the water, may be either staminate or bisexual. Pistillate flowers, located at the base of the plant, are peculiar in that the style of the pistil is often more than 6 cm long. 1a Leaves 5–​20 cm long; up to 20 cm tall 2a Racemes up to 2 cm long; leaves 1–​5 mm wide; perianth segment 1 or none; flowers at base of plant pistillate, style 6–​20 cm long; in or near freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triglochin scilloides [Lilaea scilloides] Flowering-quillwort 2b Racemes up to 12 cm long; leaves 1–​2 mm wide; perianth segments 3 or 6; flowers absent at base of plant; brackish or freshwater marshes (ovary with 3 divisions, each with a strong rib) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triglochin striata Three-ribbed Arrow-grass 1b Leaves 5–​80 cm long; often much more than 20 cm tall (ovary with 6 divisions, these not ribbed) 3a Leaves 10–​80 cm long and 2–​5 mm wide; racemes up to 40 cm long; up to 110 cm tall; coastal salt marshes, inland alkaline marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triglochin maritima (fig.) Common Arrow-grass; SFBR 3b Leaves 5–​30 cm long and 1–​2 mm wide; racemes up to 15 cm long; up to 60 cm tall; coastal salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triglochin concinna (fig.) Seaside Arrow-grass

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) An extensive revision of Liliaceae has been contemplated for several decades. Presently in California, the family has been split into 13 families, of which 10 are represented in our region including Agavaceae (Century-plant Family), Alliaceae (Onion Family), Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis Family), Melanthiaceae (False-hellebore

344     Juncaginaceae

Triglochin concinna Seaside Arrow-grass

Triglochin maritima Common Arrow-grass (Juncaginaeae)

384

JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROW-GRASS FAMILY)

Juncaginaceae    345

­amily), Ruscaceae (Butcher’s-broom Family), Smilacaceae (Smilax Family), TecophiF laeaceae (Tecophilaea Family), Themidaceae (Brodiaea Family), and Tofieldiaceae (Falseasphodel Family). Among those genera that remain in Liliaceae are some of California’s most exotic flowers: Calochortus, Fritillaria, Erythronium, and Lilum. All are perennial but die back, after flowering and fruiting, to underground bulbs, corms, or rhizomes. There are typically six stamens. The ovary is superior and the fruit, usually dry and cracking apart at maturity, but fleshy in certain types, is partitioned into three divisions. Hundreds of exotic species of the Lily Family are in cultivation. Many natives of our western states have been grown not only in North America, but also in other parts of the world. Both seeds and flowering-size bulbs raised from seed are often available commercially. 1a Substantial leaves entirely basal, stem leaves, if present, much reduced (perianth 1–​4 cm long, segments similar) 2a Flowers several in an umbel or umbel-like raceme, this sometimes with smaller umbels or individual flowers below it; perianth 1–​2 cm long (leaves 5–​12 cm wide) 3a Perianth green or yellow, spotted purple or brown; leaves only 2, often with dark blotches; umbel nearly sessile, solitary; moist, shaded areas (Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scoliopus bigelovii Fetid Adder’s-tongue; SCr-n 3b Perianth pink or rose-purple, not spotted; leaves 5 or 6, without blotches; peduncle of umbel often more than 25 cm long, sometimes with smaller umbels or single flowers below main umbel; redwood forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clintonia andrewsiana (pl. 31) Red Bead Lily; Mo-n 2b Flowers 1–​3 in each raceme; perianth 2.5–​4 cm long; leaves less than 5 cm wide (leaves 2, spotted, commonly more than 2 cm wide) 4a Anthers yellow; perianth white becoming pink, base yellow without a band inside (near Mount Saint Helens; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erythronium helenae Saint Helena Fawn Lily; Na, Sn; 4 4b Anthers white; perianth white or cream, base yellow with a brown band inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erythronium californicum (pl. 31) California Fawn Lily; Sn-n 1a Substantial leaves not entirely basal 5a Plant branching repeatedly (leaves 3–​15 cm long, sessile; flowers 1–​7 at stem tips; perianth white, cream, or pale green; coniferous woods) 6a Flowers 1–​3; perianth 8–​18 mm long; stamens about as long as or longer than perianth; stigma not lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prosartes hookeri [Disporum hookeri] Fairybells; Mo-n 6b Flowers 1–​7; perianth 15–​28 mm long; stamens shorter than perianth; stigma 3 lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prosartes smithii [Disporum smithii] (fig.) Large-flowered Fairybells; SCr-n 5a Plant branching sparingly if at all (perianth segments in 2 whorls) 7a Whorls of perianth segments different from each other in size, shape, or color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liliaceae, Subkey Calochortus 7b Whorls of perianth segments similar 8a Perianth 4–​10 cm long; leaves all whorled; style not lobed, but stigma 3 lobed (flowers 1–​40)

346     Liliaceae

Prosartes smithii Large-flowered Fairybells









9a Flower upright; perianth white with purple spots, becoming red (perianth 4–​7 cm long; chaparral, forests) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lilium rubescens Redwood Lily; SCr-n; 4 9b Flower nodding; perianth mostly orange or yellow (moist areas) 10a Perianth 6–​10 cm long, yellow, with red tinges and maroon spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lilium pardalinum ssp. pardalinum Leopard Lily 10b Perianth 5–​7 cm long, mostly deep orange, center green, outside crimson and usually maroon dotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense [L. pitkinense] (pl. 31) Pitkin Marsh Lily; Sn; 1b LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 388 8b Perianth 1–​4 cm long; some leaves alternate, lower ones sometimes whorled; style 3 lobed 11a Leaves in 1–​4 whorls near base, alternate above (flower nodding when open) 12a Perianth orange-red or scarlet, with some yellow markings on inner surface; leaves 3–​15 cm long (perianth 1.5–​4 cm long, tips curled; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria recurva (pl. 31) Scarlet Fritillary; Na, Sl-n 12b Perianth not orange-red; leaves 4–​10 cm long 13a Perianth 1–​4 cm long, either purple-brown with yellow-green spots, or yellow-green with purple spots, tips straight (shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria affinis [F. lanceolata] Checker Lily, Mission–​bells 13b Perianth 1–​2 cm long, yellow-green or red, often with red-purple spots, tips slightly bent back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria eastwoodiae Butte County Fritillary; Na 11b Leaves alternate, often crowded near base

Liliaceae    347









14a Perianth spotted or lined, at least on 1 surface (leaves 2.5–​10 cm long; serpentine) 15a Flower nodding when open; perianth 1.5–​3 cm long, white, with purple spots and lines, tips sometimes bent back; leaves not sickle shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria purdyi Purdy’s Fritillary; Na-n; 4 15b Flower upright when open; perianth 1.5–​2 cm long, green with yellow and rust brown spots inside, tips straight; leaves sickle shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria falcata Talus Fritillary; SCl; 1b 14b Perianth without spots, sometimes with green lines (perianth tips mostly straight; flower nodding when open) 16a Perianth dark brown, purple-green, or yellow-green inside and out (leaves 3–​7, 5–​19 cm long; perianth 2–​4 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria biflora Chocolate Fritillary, Chocolate Lily; Na, SM-s 16b Perianth not dark brown, purple-green, or yellow-green inside and out, at least outer surface pale 17a Perianth 1–​1.5 cm long, white, with green lines; leaves 2–​20, 3.5–​12 cm long; flower slightly fragrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria liliacea Fragrant Fritillary; Sn-Mo; 1b 17b Perianth 1.5–​3.5 cm long, pale green or yellow on outer surface, purplebrown inside; leaves 5–​12, 5–​15 cm long; flower odor unpleasant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fritillaria agrestis Stinkbells; Me-SLO; 4

Liliaceae, Subkey  Leaves scattered along stem; whorls of perianth segments different from each other in size, shape, or color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus 1a Perianth nodding, nearly closed, segment tips almost touching 2a Petals white or pink (petals 2–​2 .5 cm long; woodland; common) . . . . . . . . . Calochortus albus White Globe Lily, Fairy-lantern; SF-s 2b Petals yellow 3a Petals 35–​45 mm long, longer than sepals; stem not branched (petal pale yellow with long hairs on inner surface; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus raichei The Cedars Fairy-lantern; Sn; 1b 3b Petals 16–​33 mm long, about as long as sepals; stem usually branched 4a Petal 16–​20 mm long, deep yellow, inner surface without hairs, or a few near basal gland; north Coast Ranges; common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus amabilis Diogenes’ Lantern, Golden Globe Lily; Ma, Na, Sn-n 4b Petal 25–​33 mm long, pale yellow, sparsely hairy on most of inner surface; Mount Diablo (woodlands, chaparral) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus pulchellus (pl. 31) Mount Diablo Fairy-lantern; CC(MD); 1b 1b Perianth usually upright, open, segment tips spreading (open areas) 5a Petal mainly yellow or yellow-green, sometimes with red-brown or purple-brown on inner surface 6a Petal yellow-green outside, purple-brown inside with long hairs over much of inner surface (petals 20–​35 mm long; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus tiburonensis (pl. 31) Tiburon Mariposa Lily; Ma; 1b

348     Liliaceae, Subkey















6b Petal yellow outside, mostly yellow inside except at base, scarcely hairy except for hairs on lower half of inner surface 7a Petal 20–​40 mm long, deep yellow, usually with a brown central blotch; basal gland not round; grassland, woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus luteus (pl. 30) Yellow Mariposa Lily; Me-s 7b Petal 30–​50 mm long, pale yellow, without a blotch; basal gland round; rocky areas, serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus clavatus var. pallidus Pale Mariposa Lily 5b Petal white, cream, lavender, lilac, or red, sometimes yellow in Calochortus superbus and C. venustus 8a Petal with long hairs over much of inner surface (petal 12–​25 mm long, white, pink, or purple, without markings at base) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus tolmiei Pussy-ears; SCr-n 8b Petal with hairs only at base or lower half of inner surface 9a Petals 12–​18 mm long (flowers 3–​12; petal white or pink, inside often with purple marks at base; stem usually branched, up to 25 cm tall; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus umbellatus Oakland Star-tulip; La-SCl; 4 9b Petals usually at least 20 mm long, sometimes smaller in Calochortus uniflorus 10a Basal gland of inner petal surface bordered by a fringed membrane (petal 20–​40 mm long, white with green stripes, inside often purple spotted; basal leaves 2–​4 mm wide; stem rarely branched; up to 50 cm tall; dry areas; above 4000 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus invenustus Plain Mariposa Lily; SCl(MH)-s 10b Basal gland of inner petal surface not bordered by a membrane 11a Petals 15–​28 mm long; basal leaves 5–​20 mm wide; stem rarely branched; less than 5 cm tall; moist areas (flowers 1–​3; petal lilac, inside sometimes purple spotted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus uniflorus Large-flowered Star-tulip; Me-Mo 11b Petals 20–​50 mm long; basal leaves not more than 6 mm wide; stem usually branched; up to 60 cm tall; dry areas 12a Hairs at very base of inner petal surface, funguslike; longer hairs on lower half of inner surface (petal 3–​5 cm long, deep lilac, inner surface sometimes purple spotted; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus splendens Splendid Mariposa Lily; La-s 12b Hairs about 5 mm from base of petal inner surface, not funguslike; hairs absent on rest of inner surface 13a Petal 3–​5 cm long, inner surface concentration of hairs rectangular (petal white, yellow, purple, pink, or dark red, inner surface with a central dark red mark and usually a paler red blotch above) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus venustus (pl. 31) Butterfly Mariposa Lily; SF-s 13b Petal 2–​4 cm long, inner surface concentration of hairs not rectangular 14a Petal 2–​4 cm long, white, yellow, or lavender, inner surface with a brown or purple central mark surrounded by bright yellow and concentration of hairs crescent shaped . . . . . . . Calochortus superbus Superb Mariposa Lily

Liliaceae, Subkey    349





14b Petal 3–​4 cm long, white or purple, inner surface with a red-brown mark surrounded by pale yellow and concentration of hairs shaped like 2 crescents (above 1500 ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calochortus vestae Clay Mariposa Lily; Na, Sn-n

MELANTHIACEAE (FALSE-HELLEBORE FAMILY) This northern hemispheric family includes several herbaceous genera formerly in Liliaceae (Lily Family). The flower parts are in threes or sixes with a half-inferior or superior ovary and six stamens and three styles. The usually large leaves sometimes have parallel veins and are sometimes whorled. Toxicoscordion is poisonous. 1a Leaves 3, whorled at stem tip; flower solitary (moist shade) 2a Flower peduncle at least 2 cm long; petals white, becoming pink; leaves not spotted (petals 1.5–​7 cm long; leaves 5–​20 cm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trillium ovatum (fig.) Western Trillium; Mo-n 2b Flower sessile; petals white, yellow, pink, or dark purple; leaves spotted 3a Petals 6.5–​10 cm long, yellow, pink, or dark purple, sometimes white; ovary purple; filament tips, between anther sacs, purple; leaves 7–​18 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trillium chloropetalum Giant Trillium; Mo-n 3b Petals 4–​8 cm long, white or pink; ovary green, sometimes purple tinged; filament tips, green; leaves 12–​15 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trillium albidum Sweet Trillium; SFBR-n 1b Leaves many, mostly basal, upper leaves, if present, not whorled; flowers not solitary (leaves up to 3 cm wide) 4a Leaves 2–​6 mm wide, at least 50, persisting from year to year; flowering stem up to 150 cm long, with hundreds of flowers (perianth cream; leaves 30–​100 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xerophyllum tenax (fig.) Beargrass; Mo-n 4b Leaves 4–​30 mm wide, fewer than 10, not persisting; flowering stem up to 50 cm long, with fewer than 50 flowers 5a Leaves 4–​10 mm wide; perianth 4–​6 mm long (stamens about as long as perianth; moist or dry, grassy places) . . . . . . . . . . . . Toxicoscordion venenosum [Zigadenus venenosus] Death Camas 5b Leaves 8–​30 mm wide; perianth 4–​15 mm long 6a Stamens about as long as perianth; perianth 4–​12 mm long; leaves often longer than stem; seasonally moist areas, serpentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toxicoscordion fontanum [Zigadenus micranthus var. fontanus] Serpentine Star Lily; Ma; 4 6b Stamens half as long as perianth; perianth 5–​15 mm long; leaves shorter than stem; dry slopes (widespread) . . . . . . . . Toxicoscordion fremontii [Zigadenus fremontii] (pl. 31) Common Star Lily, Fremont’s Star Lily

ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHID FAMILY)  The Orchid Family, consisting entirely of perennials, with over 25,000 species, is one of the largest groups of flowering plants worldwide, possibly surpassing Asteraceae (Sunflower Family). All of the species in our region, unlike most of those in the tropics, are rooted in soil rather than in bark or moss growing on trees.

350     Melanthiaceae

Trillium ovatum Western Trillium (Melanthiaceae)

Xerophyllum tenax Beargrass (Melanthiaceae)

L I LMelanthiaceae I A C E A E ( L I     L Y F A M I 351 LY)

389

The irregular corolla of an orchid is markedly two lipped, the lowest of the three petals (lip petal) being different from the other two. The three sepals, often petal-like, are usually similar to one another. There is a single anther-bearing stamen in all of our genera except Cypripedium, which has two anther-bearing stamens. The filaments of the stamens are united to the style of the pistil. The ovary is inferior and partitioned lengthwise into three divisions. Each fruit produces numerous small seeds. Orchids, like many other plants, have a symbiotic relationship with fungi that penetrate their roots. Some species, in fact, have no chlorophyll and depend entirely on their fungal associates for their nutrition. The complex of orchid and fungus requires very special conditions, and these, at least in the case of terrestrial orchids, are not likely to be met in gardens. Attempts to cultivate terrestrial orchids will almost certainly result in failure, and it is therefore a mistake to disturb these plants in nature, unless they happen to be in the path of a bulldozer. 1a Plant not green; leaves reduced to scales (dark coniferous woods) 2a Stem white, becoming yellow or brown; all petals white with yellow tinges, not spotted or streaked (sepals 12–​20 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cephalanthera austiniae (pl. 32) Phantom Orchid; Mo-n 2b Stem yellow, yellow-brown, red, red-brown, or purple; at least 2 petals not white, lip petal spotted or streaked 3a All petals and sepals colored like stem and with purple or red-brown streaks; lip petal 8–​ 15 mm long; sepals 6–​17 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corallorhiza striata Striped Coralroot; SCl-n 3b Lip petal white, usually purple spotted, other petals and sepals colored like stem; lip petal 5–​7 mm long; sepals usually 6–​10 mm long 4a Flower bract 1 mm long, usually entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corallorhiza maculata var. maculata (pl. 32) Spotted Coralroot 4b Flower bract 1–​3 mm long, often toothed . . . . . . Corallorhiza maculata var. occidentalis Western Spotted Coralroot 1b Plant with green stems and leaves; leaves not reduced to scales 5a Lip petal inflated, closed to form a sac 6a Plant with 1 basal leaf and usually a solitary flower (petals and sepals pink, rose-purple, or white and red spotted; sepals 15–​22 mm long; damp woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis [from C. bulbosa] Western Fairy-slipper; SM, Ma-n 6b Plant with 2 opposite leaves or several alternate leaves, and usually more than 1 flower 7a Leaves 2, opposite; flowers 1–​4; up to 20 cm tall (flower green-brown or yellow-green, and with brown streaks or margins; upper sepal 15–​25 mm long; rocky areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cypripedium fasciculatum Clustered Lady’s-slipper; SCr-n; 4 7b Leaves several, alternate; flowers 1–​20; often over 50 cm tall 8a Flowers 1–​12; upper sepal 15–​60 mm long; lip petal white or pale rose and streaked or spotted

352     Orchidaceae

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Goodyera oblongifolia Rattlesnake-plantain

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Hooded Lady’s-tresses

ever, Epipactis helleborine a European now a benign weed 9a Flowers(Helleborine), 1–​3; upper sepal 30–​60 mmspecies, long; lip is petal white, streaked within certain portions of the Pacipurple; fic Northwest and has become established in some places within other 2 petals twisted, up to 6 cm long, mostly dark brown; moist the San Francisco Bay Region. woods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cypripedium montanum 1a





Mountain Lady’s-slipper; SCl-n; 4 9b  Flowers 1–​ 1 2; upper sepal 15–​ 2 0 mm long; lip petal whitereduced or pale rose, Plant saprophytic, lacking chlorophyll, therefore not green; leaves to scales (found streaked or spotted with purple; other 2 petals not twisted, less than 2 cm in dark coniferous woods) long, mostly green or yellow-brown; wet areas 2a Plant white, except for a slight yellow tinge on the petals (sepals 12–20 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cypripedium californicum (pl. 32) ........................... Cephalanthera austiniae [Eburophyton austinae] (pl. 61) California Lady’s-slipper; Ma-n; 4 Phantom 8b Flowers 3–​20; sepals 10–​20 mm long; lip petal, if white or pink, notOrchid; streakedMo-n or spottedbrown, but sometimes yellow in Corallorhiza maculata, the petals with 2b Plant mostly 10a  Sepals 12–​20 mm long; lip petal 14–​20 mm long, with deep grooves, outside dark spots or streaks and inside or yellow, and red moist areas 3a Lip petal white, green with purple spots, theveined; other petals and the sepals mostly purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Epipactis gigantea (pl. 32) brown, but in certain areas, some plants may be yellow; sepals usually 8–10 mm Stream Orchid long. .......................................... Corallorhiza maculata(pl. 62) 10b Sepals 10–​13 mm long; lip petal 10–​12 mm long, not grooved, outside white Spottedhelleborine Coralroot or pink, inside brown or purple; dry slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . Epipactis 3b Lip petal and other petals, as well as the sepals, with purple or red brown streaks; Broad-leaved Helleborine; eu 5b Lip petal not inflated, closed to long. form a. .sac, spur sepals usuallynot 10–17 mm . . . .sometimes . . . . . . . . . . . .with . . . . aCorallorhiza striata(pl. 62) 11a Lip petal not drawn out into a spur (Coast Ranges) Striped Coralroot; SCl-n

Orchidaceae    353 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHID FAMILY)

401





12a Leaves entirely basal, 4–​9 cm long, dark green with white veins, persisting; flower 15–​20 mm long; dry shade (flower white) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyera oblongifolia (fig.) Rattlesnake-plantain; Ma-n 12b Leaves not entirely basal, 3–​14 cm long, uniformly light green, usually withering at flowering; flower 7–​12 mm long; moist or wet areas (inflorescence twisted) 13a Flower white or cream; lip petal rounded . . . . . . . . Spiranthes romanzoffiana (fig.) Hooded Lady’s-tresses 13b Flower usually yellow, sometimes cream; lip petal pointed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spiranthes porrifolia Western Lady’s-tresses; Mo-n 11b Lip petal drawn out into a spur (inflorescence 5–​40 mm long) 14a Leaves not entirely basal; sepals 4–​8 mm long; wet areas or near streams (flower white or cream; lip petal spur 5–​15 mm long, curved) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platanthera dilatata var. leucostachys [from P. leucostachys] White-flowered Bog Orchid; SLO-n 14b Leaves entirely basal, usually withering before flowering; sepals 2–​6 mm long; dry areas 15a Flower white or pale green, and with green veins 16a Lip petal spur 7–​14 mm long, twice as long as lip . . . . . Piperia elegans (pl. 32) Elegant Rein-orchid, Coast Piperia 16b Lip petal spur 1–​4 mm long, about as long as lip . . . . . . . . . . . . Piperia candida White-flowered Rein-orchid; 1b 15b Flower green or yellow-green 17a Lip petal spur 8–​12 mm long (spur about twice as long as lip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piperia michaelii Michael’s Rein-orchid; 4 17b Lip petal spur 2–​9 mm long 18a Side petals 4 or 5 times as long as wide; spur longer than lip; flower fragrance lemony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piperia leptopetala Narrow-petaled Rein-orchid; 4 18b Side petals less than 4 times as long as wide; spur about as long as lip; flower fragrance not lemony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piperia unalascensis Alaskan Rein-orchid, Slender-spire Orchid

POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) [by Richard G. Beidleman]  With the exception of bamboos, which are woody and sometimes treelike, most grasses are easily recognized as such. In our region, the Poaceae (formerly called “Gramineae”), with about 200 species, is as well represented as Asteraceae (Sunflower Family). About 40% of our grasses were introduced from other parts of North America, Europe (especially the Mediterranean area), Asia, Central and South America, Africa, and Australia. Beginning with the early Spanish colonists, in the eighteenth century, the seeds of exotic grasses arrived with hay, ballast, mattress fillers, and clothing, as well as in the hair of farm animals. Some species, moreover, were introduced intentionally, either as crop plants or for landscaping and erosion control. The importance of grasses—​especially wheat, barley, oats, rice, corn, and rye—​in providing food for humans and livestock should be understood by everyone. Many species, furthermore, are cultivated for their ornamental foliage, interesting habit of growth,

354     Poaceae

erosion-controlling attributes, and suitability for lawns. So successfully have introduced grasses taken over wild areas, however, that native species are no longer found in many places. Accounting in part for the decline in the number of native species are overgrazing by livestock, conversion of natural areas into cropland, and urbanization, with its varied impacts. About 80% of our native grasses are perennials, including Stipa pulchra (Purple Needle Grass), California’s state grass. Some these species are being propagated for use in landscaping. They are not only attractive, but they also survive summer drought and fit in with other native plants. As common as grasses are, and as simple as they may appear to be, they are often difficult to identify. The parts that are generally used in identification tend to be small—​so small in some cases that even a hand lens is not adequate. Furthermore, certain structures of grasses are unlike those of other plants. Thus they require a special set of terms. Each major unit of the inflorescence is called a “spikelet.” At the base of the spikelet is a pair of bracts, called “glumes,” and within these are one or more small flowers, called “florets.” A fertile floret typically consists of a pistil and usually three stamens enclosed within two bracts. The lower bract, known as the “lemma,” is almost always larger than the upper one, called the “palea,” and at least partially encloses it. There is no perianth. The pistil becomes a one-seeded dry fruit, called a “grain.” Some florets may be sterile, lacking a pistil, or may occasionally be unisexual. The lemmas and glumes are especially important in the identification of many grasses. It is necessary to examine them carefully for hairlike or bristlelike projections at the tips called “awns,“ riblike lengthwise veins, or other differentiations. To see these features, pry out and squeeze a spikelet to open it and expose the lemma and smaller palea. You may need to do this several times to see a good example of a particular identifying trait. You will be rewarded with a view of a small but interesting structure. In the field, when you first encounter a grass, be sure to observe its overall growth form. For instance, the stems and leaves of some species are often grouped together in a dense basal clump, while others are simple individual plants, or form a sod, or spread outward by means of prostrate stems that may root at the nodes. You will have to look closely at the leaf blades and leaf sheaths. The blades may be flat, folded, long or short, or have some special attributes. At the base of the blade, where this attaches to the sheath, there is usually a collarlike membranous structure, called the “ligule,” and there may also be a pair of small lobes, called an “auricle,” which in some cases is long enough to clasp the stem. Below the blade, the edges of the sheath may overlap or be partly or completely united. The general appearance of the inflorescence is also used extensively in the key. Some inflorescences are very open, with spreading branches and branchlets, while others are short-branched and compact, at least early in their development. Many species exhibit considerable variation and may appear in more than one section of the key. Furthermore, certain grass species freely interbreed, and even experts are often unable to agree on identification of a particular specimen. If one section of the key does not seem to fit your specimen, try the couplets in the opposite section. Even if you just come close, you are to be congratulated!

Poaceae    355

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blade

ligule awns of lemmas

anther

palea pistil

sheath pedicel

glumes leaves

lemma

floret

spikelet Poaceae (Grass Family)

capillaris, Anthoxanthum Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromus here,Agrostis technical terms have been keptoccidentale, to a minimum. Each major unit of the florescence in racemo-is sus, Crypsis alopecuroides, Festuca dichotomiflorum, Phalaris lemmonii, called a spikelet. At the base of thesubuliflora, spikelet is aPanicum pair of glumes, and within these glumes are one Poa tenerrima, Setaria viridis, var. lemmonii beenenor more florets. ASecale fertilecereale, floret typically consistsand of aStipa pistil,lemmonii stamens (usually three),have or both, closed within two bracts. The lower bract, known as the lemma, is almost always larger and betreported in the region. ter than the upper called the usually palea, and least2 partially encloses the at palea. The 1a developed Stem reedlike, tough, about 1 one, cm wide; leaves moreatthan cm wide (inflorescence pistil becomes a one-seeded dry fruit, and in the following key, this is referred to as the stem tip, plumelike, more than 40 cm long, violet or whitish; stem up to 10 m tall; moist areas,grain. Some may be sterile, lacking a pistil. Also, someflorets may contain only stamens or a dryflorets riverbeds) 2a  Leaves evenly spaced on upright stem (inflorescence spindle shaped, up to 60 cm long, 30 pistil. cm wide; up are to 7especially cm wide, 1 important m long; lemma densely hairy) . . . . . . . donax The lemmas leaf andblades glumes in identi fication of grasses.Arundo It is necessary Giant Reed; eu to examine them carefully to see if they have a hairlike or bristlelike projection, called an awn, at 2b Leaves mainly basal, in a dense clump up to 1 m wide, 2 m tall (leaves sharply toothed) the tip, riblike lengthwise thickenings (veins), or other di fferentiations. 3a Base of inflorescence at least 2 m above leaf clump; leaf sheaths densely hairy (difficult In the field, when you first encounter a grass, be sure to observe its overall growth jubata form and to eradicate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cortaderia especially the appearance of parts that may be disturbed collection. For instance, Hairyupon Pampas Grass, Jubata Grass; sa the stems and leaves are often grouped togetherinto in aleaf dense basal typesorare simple 3b Base of inflorescence often extending clump; leafclump; sheathsother not hairy nearly so indi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cortaderia selloana vidual plants, or form a sod, or spread outward by means of prostrate stems, which may root at nodes. You will have to look closely at the leaf blades and leaf sheaths. The Pampas Grass; sa the blades mayflat, be 1b Stem flexible, usually less than 0.5 cm wide; leaves rarely more than 2 cm wide folded, long or short, or have some special attributes. At the inside base of the blade, where this 4a Leaves usually several on each stem, 3–​6 cm long, stiff, tips sharp, spreading outward, attaches to the sheath, there is usually a collarlike membranous structure, or a circle of long blades falling off early; ligule spiny; spikelets partly concealed in inflated leaf sheath; hairs, called the ligule, and there may also be a pair of small lobes, which inCrypsis some cases are long vaginiflora branching extensively at base, forming mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . enough to clasp the stem. Below the blade, the edges of the sheath may overlap or be partly or Modest Prickle Grass; eua 4b Plant fused. not conforming in all respects the description in may choicebe 4aimportant. The general apcompletely The hairiness of sometoparts of the plant 5a Spikelets, florets, or both either enclosed within ainspiny bur orSome situated pearance of the inflorescence is also used extensively the key. florescences in above or are very among bristles arising from spikelet base, bristles sometimes modified glumes and (see fig. open, with spreading branches and branchlets, whereas others are short branched compact, Hordeum) (inflorescence sometimes headlike) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poaceae, Group 1 at least early in their development. Many species exhibit considerable variation and may appear in more than one section of the key. Furthermore, certain grass species freely interbreed, and even experts are often unable to 356     Poaceae 404

POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

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Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent Grass

Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair Grass

Avena fatua Wild Oat

406

POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

Bromus carinatus California Brome

Poaceae    357

Cenchrus longispinus Mat Sandbur

Bromus tectorum Cheat Grass

Cynodon dactylon Bermuda Grass Deschampsia danthonioides Annual Hair Grass

358     Poaceae

POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

407

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Distichlis spicata Salt Grass

Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy Crab Grass

Elymus repens Quack Grass

Elymus glaucus Blue Wild Rye

408

POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

Poaceae    359

Elymus mollis American Dune Grass

Festuca rubra Red Fescue

Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum Mediterranean Barley Koeleria macrantha June Grass

360     Poaceae

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Melica subulata Alaskan Onion Grass

Festuca perennis Perennial Rye Grass

Poa annua Annual Blue Grass

410

POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

Poa pratensis Kentucky Blue Grass

Poaceae    361

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Festuca bromoides Brome Fescue

Festuca octoflora Sixweeks Grass



5b Spikelets, florets, or both neither enclosed within burs nor situated above stout bristles 8bedge Inflorescence not branched (lemma and with an awn at the tip 6a Spikelet partly sunken into or pressed against7 veined a concave section of stem, arising between 2 membranous prominent teeth present on the sometimes bending outward as it matures (see teeth; fig. Festuca perennis) (inflorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poaceae, Group not branched) upper bract of thefloret; glumes papery, without awns; up to 1.5 m tall)2 6b Spikelets not intoabout or pressed against 9asunken Lemma 5 mm long,stem its awn more than 6 mm long; plant 7a Inflorescence headlike: round, oval, or cylindric, usually dense and compact, forming clumps (in moist areas) . . . . . Pleuropogon californicus sometimes loose and interrupted, either without branches or spikelets obscure California Semaphore Grass; Al-n branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poaceae, Group 3 9b Lemma about 8 mm long, awn up branches, to 3 mm iflong; plant not 7b Inflorescence not headlike, usually open andits spreading, present, visible forming clumps . . . . . . .branched . . . . . . . . . .and . Pleuropogon hooverianus 8a Inflorescence usually not one. sided, often with branchlets or North Coast Semaphore Me-Ma; 1b 4 long pedicels that resemble branchlets (see fig. Aira) . . . . . . .Grass; Poaceae, Group 8b Inflorescence mostly one sided, not branched Densely tufted; lemma awn up to 11enclosed mm long;within up to 100 cm tall (moist Poaceae, Group 1:9a Spikelets, florets, or both either a spiny bur or situareas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pleuropogon californicus ated above stout bristles that arise from the base of the spikelet, the bristles may be modi fied California Semaphore Grass; Al-n glumes; inflorescence9b  sometimes headlike Not densely tufted; lemma awn less than 5 mm long; up to 150 cm tall 1a Spikelets enclosed within a spiny bur (annual; stem sometimes falling; up to 50 cm tall; in (redwoods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pleuropogon hooverianus disturbed areas, especially sandy places) North Coast Semaphore Grass; Me-Ma; 1b

2a Bur with a dense ring of needlelike bristles around its base and with larger spines on the inner lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cenchrus echinatus Southern Sandbur; na 362     Poaceae

POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY)

411

Poaceae, Group 1 Spikelets, florets, or both either enclosed within a spiny bur or situated above or among bristles arising from spikelet base, bristles sometimes modified glumes; inflorescence sometimes headlike (see fig. Hordeum) 1a Spikelets, florets, or both enclosed within a spiny bur (prostrate or up to 100 cm tall; annual; sandy places) 2a Bur with a dense ring of erect needlelike bristles, united to form a cup, and 1–​several whorls of shorter bristles below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cenchrus echinatus Southern Sandbur; na 2b Bur with needlelike bristles, but not as described in 2a 3a Bristles 8–​40, 1–​3 mm wide, broader at their bases; leaf sheaths not keeled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cenchrus incertus Coastal Sandbur; na 3b Bristles 45–​75, less than 1 mm wide throughout; leaf sheaths keeled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cenchrus longispinus (fig.) Mat Sandbur; na 1b Spikelets and florets not enclosed within a bur, but situated above or among bristles arising from spikelet base, sometimes only 2 bristles and sometimes both glumes and florets bristlelike 4a Spikelets 2 in each inflorescence: one bristly and sterile with 6–​18 florets, and hidden among these, a fertile spikelet with 1–​5 florets, these often falling early (inflorescence dense, globular or oval, 1 sided; awns up to 2 cm long) . . . . . . . . . Cynosurus echinatus (pl. 32) Hedgehog Dogtail, Bristly Dogtail Grass; eu 4b All spikelets in the inflorescence similar 5a Stem prostrate and rooting; inflorescence mostly hidden in leaf sheath (clusters of shorter bristles surround spikelets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Grass; af 5b Stem erect, up to 150 cm tall; inflorescence not hidden in leaf sheath 6a Bristles numerous, basal portions with plumelike hairs (inflorescence bushy, up to 30 cm long, pinkish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennisetum setaceum Crimson Fountain Grass; af 6b Bristles 1 or more, basal portions without plumelike hairs 7a Each node of inflorescence with 1–​3 spikelets, these neither united at their bases nor detaching as a group 8a Spikelet either with an awn not more than 3 mm long or none 9a Glumes not bristlelike, but membranous; without rhizomes (upper glume longer than lower one; spikelet with about 10 barbed bristles below it; inflorescence dense; annual) 10a Inflorescence erect; leaf blades up to 10 mm wide (bristles yellow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setaria pumila Yellow Bristle Grass; eu 10b Inflorescence arching; leaf blades up to 20 mm wide . . . . . Setaria faberi Chinese Foxtail; as 9b Glumes bristlelike, not membranous; with rhizomes (inflorescence narrow) 11a Up to 30 cm tall; leaf blades as long as, or longer than, inflorescence; coastal bluffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus pacificus [Leymus pacificus] Pacific Wild Rye; Me-Mo

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11b Up to 125 cm tall; leaf blades as long as inflorescence; meadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus triticoides [Leymus triticoides] Beardless Wild Rye 8b Spikelet with awns more than 10 mm long (glume, including awn 2–​8.5 cm long; lemma awn up to 10 cm long) 12a Glumes awnlike; glume and lemma with 1 awn; glume, including awn, up to 8 cm long; leaf blades 1–​3 mm wide; stem wirelike (lemma awn 3–​10 cm long; leaves mostly basal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus caput-medusae [Taeniatherum caput-medusae] Medusahead; eua 12b Glumes not awnlike; glume and lemma sometimes with more than 1 awn; glume, including awn, 2–​8.5 cm long; leaf blades 2–​5 mm wide; stem not wirelike 13a Glume divided into 3–​9 bristlelike parts; inflorescence dense, usually not hidden in leaf sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus multisetus Big Squirreltail 13b Glume undivided, or divided into 2 or 3 parts; inflorescence sparse, often partly hidden in leaf sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus elymoides Squirreltail 7b Each node of inflorescence with 3 spikelets, united at their bases and detaching as a group (at least central spikelet with a floret; side spikelets often reduced to bristles) 14a Auricle present, 3–​4 mm long; most glume margins hairy (auricle sometimes curling when dry) 15a Each group of 3 spikelets with body of central floret slightly shorter than side florets; central awn as long as or longer than side awns; inflorescence less than 1 cm wide; summer annual; up to 40 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordeum murinum ssp. glaucum Smooth Barley; eu 15b Body of central floret much shorter than side florets; central awn not longer than side awns; inflorescence more than 1 cm wide; winter annual; up to 110 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum Hare Barley, Barnyard Foxtail; eu 14b Auricle absent; glume margins not hairy 16a Inflorescence almost as wide as long, nodding; awns 25–​90 mm long (inflorescence up to 15 cm wide, bushy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordeum jubatum Squirreltail Barley, Foxtail Barley 16b Inflorescence much longer than wide, erect; awns up to 50 mm long 17a Lateral florets without pistils and sometimes without stamens; annual 18a Inflorescence cylindric, about 10 mm wide, more or less enclosed in leaf sheath at maturity; lateral lemmas awnless (moist, alkaline sites, vernal pools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordeum depressum Alkali Barley, Low Barley 18b Inflorescence oval, spreading, about 20 mm wide, not enclosed in leaf sheath; lateral lemmas awned (summer annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordeum marinum ssp. gussoneanum (fig.) Mediterranean Barley; eu

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17b Lateral florets with pistils and stamens; perennial (inflorescence columnar; these 2 subspecies may occur together; meadows, riparian areas) 19a Leaf sheath not hairy; leaf blade up to 19 cm long and 9 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordeum brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum Northern Barley, Meadow Barley 19b Leaf sheath densely hairy; leaf blade up to 11.5 cm long and 4 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordeum brachyantherum ssp. californicum California Barley

Poaceae, Group 2 Spikelet edge partly sunken into or pressed against a concave section of stem, sometimes bending outward as it matures; inflorescence not branched (see fig. Festuca perennis) 1a Spikelet awnless (look at several spikelets) 2a Spikelet sunken into 1 side of flattened, fibrous stem (bristle-tipped spikelets bending out as they mature; lower glume scalelike; upper glume about 4 mm long; leaf blades up to 15 mm wide; annual; plant creeping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stenotaphrum secundatum Saint Augustine Grass; sa? 2b Spikelet sunken alternately into both sides of nearly cylindric stem (coastal areas) 3a Spikelet with 2–​10 florets; perennial (spikelet with narrow edge pressed against stem, eventually tilting outward; inflorescence 10–​30 cm long; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca perennis [includes Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne] (fig.) Perennial Rye Grass, Italian Rye Grass; eu 3b Spikelet with 1 or 2 florets; annual (glumes often sharp pointed) 4a Inflorescence 2–​15 cm long, sickle shaped; basal leaves congested and curled; mature spikelet sunken into stem, barely visible (inflorescence with 3–​20 spikelts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parapholis incurva Sickle Grass; eu 4b Inflorescence 8–​20 cm long, straight or slightly curved; basal leaves not much congested or curled; mature spikelet projecting out from stem (upper glume spinelike) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hainardia cylindrica Barb Grass, Thintail; eu 1b Spikelet with awns at least 1 mm long 5a Awn usually at least 10 mm long 6a Awn about 10 mm long, 2 or 3 on each glume (glumes and lemmas toothed; inflorescence with up to 10 spikelets, these inflated at maturity, 1 at each node) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aegilops triuncialis Barbed Goat Grass; me 6b Awn 4–​18 mm long, attached below lemma tip (glumes sometimes sharply pointed or awn-tipped) 7a Spikelet with narrow edge facing stem; upper glume often missing; lower glume almost as long as or longer than rest of spikelet, excluding awns; up to 90 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca temulenta [Lolium temulentum] Tares, Darnel; me 7b Spikelet with broad surface facing stem; glumes 2, shorter than rest of spikelet; up to 40 cm tall (inflorescence up to 7 cm long, with 1–​5 spikelets near stem tip; dry areas) Brachypodium distachyon Purple Falsebrome; me

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5b Awn mostly less than 10 mm long 8a Spikelet scarcely visible, sunken into stem, with 1 floret; inflorescence up to 11 cm long; up to 30 cm tall (glumes side by side; awns 2–​4 mm long; stems many; annual; dry areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scribneria bolanderi Scribner Grass; SLO-n 8b Spikelet readily visible, with more than 1 floret; inflorescence 7–​30 cm long; up to 80 cm tall 9a Spikelet with broad surface facing stem; glumes 2 (glumes spine tipped, keeled; lemma awns, if present, less than 2 mm long; perennial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus repens [Elytrigia repens] (fig.) Quack Grass; eua 9b Spikelet with narrow edge facing stem; glume usually 1 10a Glumes almost as long as or longer than rest of spikelet; spikelet usually with 5–​ 7 florets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca temulenta [Lolium temulentum] Tares, Darnel; me 10b Glumes shorter than rest of spikelet; spikelet usually with 10–​22 florets . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca perennis [includes Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne] (fig.) Perennial Rye Grass, Italian Rye Grass; eu

Poaceae, Group 3 Inflorescence headlike: round, oval, or cylindric, usually dense and compact, sometimes loose and interrupted, either without branches, or spikelets obscure branches 1a Inflorescence dense and compact; stem and branches difficult to see 2a Awns, if present, less than 2 mm long 3a Spikelet usually faintly green striped, sometimes purple, sometimes not striped in Phleum pratense and Agrostis densiflora (up to 1 m tall) 4a Inflorescence widest above middle, club shaped; glume tip with 2 unequal teeth; spikelets detaching from mature inflorescence in clusters of 6 or more, leaving naked sections of stem (inflorescence up to 9 cm long, 1–​2 cm wide, often partly or wholly enclosed by leaf sheath; densely tufted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phalaris paradoxa Hood Canary Grass; me 4b Inflorescence not widest above middle; glumes not toothed; spikelets not detaching in clusters of 6 or more 5a Inflorescence cylindric; glumes, with awns about 1 mm long, forming a U (inflorescence 5–​8 mm wide, 4–​18 cm long; spikelet flattened, sometimes purple, edged with green) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phleum pratense Cultivated Timothy; eua 5b Inflorescence not cylindric; glumes awnless 6a Spikelet not very flattened, less than 1 mm wide when not yet open; glumes not keeled, not hiding florets, each with 1 faint green stripe; stem often visible through inflorescence (densely tufted; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis densiflora California Bent Grass; SCr-n 6b Spikelet very flattened, 1.5–​4 mm wide when not yet open; glumes usually keeled, hiding florets, usually both with distinct green stripes; stem not visible through inflorescence

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7a Inflorescence more than 3 times as long as wide; glume keel narrow (inflorescence 2–​20 cm long, 5–​20 mm wide; leaves often more than 1 cm wide; annual; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phalaris angusta Timothy Canary Grass; Sn, Sl-s 7b Inflorescence not more than 3 times as long as wide; glume keel, if present, broad (sterile florets 1 or 2 at base of fertile floret, 1 mm long, hairy, sickle shaped) 8a Glumes 4–​6 mm long, often sharp toothed; sterile floret 1; inflorescence 2–​8 cm long, often more than twice as long as wide (annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phalaris minor Little-seeded Canary Grass; me 8b Glumes 6–​8 mm long, not toothed; sterile florets 2; inflorescence 1.5–​5 cm long, usually less than twice as long as wide (moist or wet areas) 9a Glumes sometimes not keeled; inflorescence 10–​30 mm wide; spikelet usually purple tinged; perennial; densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phalaris californica California Canary Grass; SLO-n 9b Glumes keeled; inflorescence 15–​18 mm wide; spikelet not purple tinged; annual; not densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . Phalaris brachystachys Short-spiked Canary Grass; me 3b Spikelet usually not green striped, but sometimes so in Koeleria macrantha and Phalaris aquatica 10a Spikelet with 1 fertile floret (smaller sterile florets sometimes present; inflorescence more than 4 times as long as wide) 11a Spikelets 2 mm long, arranged in whorled clusters; inflorescence pyramidal; up to 100 cm tall (inflorescence dense, 2–​15 cm long; florets falling with glumes at maturity; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon viridis [Agrostis viridis] Whorled Bent Grass, Water Beard Grass; eu 11b Spikelets 2–​13 mm long, not in whorled clusters; inflorescence cylindric; up to 200 cm tall 12a Spikelet 2–​4 mm long; glumes 2–​3 mm wide, with spiny hairs, especially on veins (inflorescence dense, sometimes interrupted; densely tufted; up to 85 cm tall; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis densiflora California Bent Grass; SCr-n 12b Spikelet 4–​13 mm long; glumes 1–​2 mm wide, not hairy 13a Inflorescence up to 15 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, widest near base, tapering toward tip; spikelet 4–​6 mm long; moist areas (fertile floret densely hairy; glumes keeled, curved at tips, resembling lobster claws) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phalaris aquatica Harding Grass; me 13b Inflorescence up to 30 cm long and 2 cm wide, widest in middle, tapering at both ends; spikelet 10–​13 mm long; sand dunes (leaf blades up to 60 cm long; ligules up to 35 mm long; up to 120 cm tall; densely tufted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ammophila arenaria European Beachgrass; eu 10b Spikelet with more than 1 fertile floret 14a Spikelets, florets, or both of 2 distinctly different types in same inflorescence

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15a Spikelets all similar; inflorescence 7–​15 cm long and more than 1.5 cm wide; densely tufted (florets of 2 types in each spikelet: lower one with a shiny grain, upper one purple-gray, with a hooked awn) . . . . . . . . . . . Holcus lanatus Common Velvet Grass; eu 15b Spikelets of 2 types, these mixed and overlapping all along stem: one 4–​ 5 mm long, flat, fan shaped, toothed, and without fertile florets, the other 3 mm long, with keeled glumes, and with 1 fertile floret with shiny grain; inflorescence 3–​14 cm long and up to 1 cm wide; not densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dogtail Grass; eu 14b Spikelets and florets similar (florets falling from glumes at maturity; densely tufted) 16a Spikelet flattened; florets 5–​10, stiff and curved; lemma with more than 10 prominent veins, tip spinelike; leaf blades 2–​4 cm long, not wirelike; often prostrate with stem tips rising; usually less than 8 cm tall (inflorescence club shaped; vernal pools, grasslands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tuctoria mucronata Solano Grass, Crampton’s Tuctoria; 1b 16b Spikelet only slightly if at all flattened; florets 2–​6, not as described in choice 16a; some leaf blades more than 5 cm long, often wirelike; upright; at least 10 cm tall 17a Inflorescence 2–​6 cm long, oblong to pineapple shaped, less than 3 times as long as wide, not interrupted; spikelet 7–​12 mm long; floret usually with webbed hairs at base; leaf blade tips shaped like a boat bow; up to 30 cm tall; coastal dunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa douglasii Sand Dune Blue Grass, Dune Blue Grass; Mo-n 17b Inflorescence 2–​15 cm long, somewhat cylindric, more than 4 times as long as wide, sometimes interrupted; spikelet 3–​6 mm long; florets without webbed hairs; leaf blade tips not bow shaped; up to 80 cm tall; dry areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Koeleria macrantha (fig.) June Grass 2b Awns more than 2 mm long 18a Inflorescence either globular or a short cylinder, usually less than 4 times as long as wide 19a Inflorescence bushy, soft to touch (annual) 20a Glumes awnless, with dense, gray, feathery hairs hiding florets; lemma awns 3, longest dark, up to 20 mm, attached near middle; inflorescence egg shaped, up to 3 cm long; florets falling from glumes at maturity . . . . . . . . . . . Lagurus ovatus Hare’s-tail Grass; me 20b Glume awn 2–​10 mm long, without feathery hairs; lemma awn 1, less than 5 mm long, attached near tip; inflorescence plumelike, up to 17 cm long; florets falling with glumes at maturity (glumes, both with awns, forming a U or V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard Grass, Rabbitfoot Grass; me 19b Inflorescence not bushy, not soft to touch (awn less than 5 mm long; florets falling from glumes at maturity) 21a Inflorescence compact, 1–​6 cm long, 7–​12 mm wide; glumes, both with awns 2–​ 3 mm long, forming a U or V; lemma awnless; leaf blades up to 8 mm wide, not wirelike; perennial (wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phleum alpinum Alpine Timothy, Mountain Timothy; SF, La-n

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21b Inflorescence not compact, 1–​4 cm long, 3–​7 mm wide; glumes awnless; lemma awn 4 mm long, attached near middle; leaf blades less than 2 mm wide, wirelike; annual (spikelet with 2 florets; densely tufted) . . . . . . . . . . . Aira praecox Early Hair Grass; me 18b Inflorescence cylindric, usually at least 4 times as long as wide, sometimes less in Alopecurus saccatus 22a Awn up to 2.5 mm long (inflorescence up to 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide; densely tufted) 23a Glumes of fertile spikelet with toothed, winglike margins; inflorescence 3–​7 cm long, often partly enclosed in leaf sheath; spikelets detaching in clusters of 6 or more, leaving naked sections of stem (usually 1 spikelet in each cluster fertile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phalaris paradoxa Hood Canary Grass; me 23b Glumes without winglike margins; inflorescence 1–​6 cm long, not enclosed in leaf sheath; spikelets not detaching in clusters (moist areas) . . . . Phleum alpinum Alpine Timothy, Mountain Timothy; SF, La-n 22b Awn 2.5–​10 mm long 24a Spikelet, excluding awns, 4–​10 mm long (lemma awn 3–​10 mm long; florets falling from glumes at maturity) 25a Spikelet 6–​7 mm long, with 1 floret, its awn 3–​6 mm long; inflorescence not interrupted, with faint sweet smell if any . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gastridium phleoides [G. ventricosum] Nit Grass; eu 25b Spikelet 4–​10 mm long, with 1 awnless fertile floret and 2 sterile florets with awns 3–​10 mm long; inflorescence often interrupted, usually sweet smelling 26a Inflorescence up to 14 cm long and 1.5 cm wide; spikelet 7–​10 mm long; lemma awn straight; leaf blades up to 10 mm wide; perennial; densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass; eu 26b Inflorescence up to 4 cm long and 1 cm wide; spikelet 4–​8 mm long; lemma awn bent; leaf blades up to 5 mm wide; annual; not densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthoxanthum aristatum Annual Vernal Grass; eu 24b Spikelet less than 4 mm long, sometimes 5 mm in Alopecurus saccatus 27a Awn bent (lemma tip toothed, its awn attached at middle or lower; annual; forming small clumps) 28a Spikelet with 1 floret; lemma awn 6–​10 mm long; glumes densely hairy; inflorescence up to 7 cm long and 1 cm wide; florets falling with glumes at maturity; moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alopecurus saccatus Pacific Foxtail 28b Spikelet with 2 florets; lemma awn about 4 mm long; glumes not hairy, except at bases; inflorescence up to 4 cm long and about 0.5 cm wide; florets falling from glumes at maturity; sandy soils . . . . . . . . . Aira praecox Early Hair Grass; me 27b Awn straight 29a Glumes awnless, but tips sharp and sometimes with spiny hairs, especially on veins; inflorescence dense, up to 10 cm long and 1.5 cm wide (lemma awn up to 4 mm long)

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30a Inflorescence 2–​10 cm long, up to 15 mm wide; leaf blades 2–​12 cm long, 2–​10 mm wide; florets falling from glumes at maturity (lemma awn up to 3 mm long; densely tufted; coastal) . . . . . . . Agrostis densiflora California Bent Grass; SCr-n 30b Inflorescence 1–​7.5 cm long, 4–​9 mm wide; leaf blades 2.5–​10 cm long, 1–​5 mm wide; florets falling with glumes at maturity (wet places) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis [from A. aequalis] Sonoma Foxtail 29b Glume awn up to 12 mm long, sometimes with long hairs on margins; inflorescence plumelike, up to 15 cm long and 3 cm wide (florets falling with glumes at maturity; inflorescence soft; flattened glumes, both with awns, forming a U or V) 31a Glume margins without long hairs, awns originating just below tips (look carefully); leaf blades 4–​6 mm wide; lemma awn up to 4 mm long; inflorescence often more than 15 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Beard Grass, Rabbitfoot Grass; me 31b Glume margins with long hairs, awn originating well below tip; leaf blades usually less than 4 mm wide; lemma awnless; inflorescence usually less than 9 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon maritimus Mediterranean Beard Grass; me 1b Inflorescence a loose head, sometimes interrupted revealing stem and branches, if present 32a Spikelet with 1 obvious floret, this fertile, sometimes also with smaller sterile florets 33a Spikelet awnless (inflorescence spindle shaped) 34a Spikelet up to 13 mm long; inflorescence up to 30 cm long; stem tough, up to 1 cm wide, often more than 120 cm tall (densely tufted; coastal sand dunes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ammophila arenaria European Beachgrass; eu 34b Spikelet less than 3 mm long; inflorescence up to 15 cm long; stem not tough, less than 1 cm wide, up to 75 cm tall, sometimes falling down and rooting 35a Leaf blades flat, up to 10 mm wide; inflorescence with whorled, lobelike clusters of spikelets; lemma 1 mm long; florets usually falling with glumes at maturity (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon viridis [Agrostis viridis] Whorled Bent Grass, Water Beard Grass; eu 35b Leaf blades often round, up to 6 mm wide; inflorescence without whorled clusters of spikelets; lemma 2–​3 mm long; florets falling from glumes at maturity (inflorescence purple and tan; upright) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis pallens Dune Bent Grass 33b Spikelet with awns 36a Floret with tuft of white hairs at base (spikelet more than 5 mm long, except in Muhlenbergia andina; sometimes densely tufted) 37a Awns easily visible beyond tip or side of spikelet 38a Lemma awn not bent; spikelet 3–​4 mm long, excluding awns; basal hairs of floret sometimes as long as floret; glumes sometimes with short awns (lemma awn 2–​7 mm long; inflorescence often purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muhlenbergia andina Foxtail Muhly; SCl-n

370     Poaceae, Group 3















38b Lemma awn usually bent; spikelet 7–​10 mm long, excluding awns; basal hairs of floret not as long as floret; glumes awnless (lemma tip toothed; leaf blades 2–​4 mm wide, margins inrolled) 39a Spikelet up to 11 mm long; lemma awn 12–​15 mm long; coastal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis foliosa Leafy Reed Grass; Sn-n; 4 39b Spikelet 5–​7 mm long; lemma awn 5–​7 mm long; serpentine (inflorescence straw colored or purple tinged) . . . . . Calamagrostis ophitidis Serpentine Reed Grass; La, Ma, Sn; 4 37b Awns hidden within spikelet or barely protruding (lemma awn attached below middle; glumes awnless; inflorescence a panicle, sometimes purple) 40a Inflorescence 12–​30 cm long and up to 3 cm wide; leaf blades 4–​10 mm wide (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis nutkaensis Pacific Reed Grass; SLO-n 40b Inflorescence 7–​15 cm long and not more than 1.5 cm wide; leaf blades 2–​6 mm wide 41a White hairs present where leaf blade joins sheath; leaf blades 2–​4 mm wide; inflorescence usually less than 1 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis rubescens Pine Reed Grass; SLO-n 41b White hairs absent where leaf blade joins sheath; leaf blades 3–​7 mm wide; inflorescence usually 1–​1.5 cm wide . . . . . . Calamagrostis koelerioides Dense Pine Reed Grass; SLO-n 36b Floret without a tuft of white hairs at base 42a Glume awn 1–​7 mm long (lemma awn 0–​5 mm long; leaf blades up to 20 mm wide; inflorescence 6–​30 cm long, yellow-green or purple) 43a Glume awn 1–​3 mm long; lemma awn 0–​2 mm long; salt marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon imberbis [incorrectly known as P. elongatus] Long-spiked Beard Grass; sa 43b Glume awn 4–​7 mm long; lemma awn 1–​5 mm long; moist areas (spikelets often in grapelike clusters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon australis Chilean Beard Grass; sa 42b Glume awnless, sometimes sharp tipped (lemma awned) 44a Spikelet with 2 awned, sterile florets on either side of awnless, fertile floret (3 florets resemble a single lemma with 2 awns; lower glume 3–​4 mm long; inflorescence sweet smelling) 45a Inflorescence up to 14 cm long and 1.5 cm wide; spikelet 7–​10 mm long, 5–​15 mm wide; leaf blades up to 10 mm wide; perennial; densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass; eu 45b Inflorescence up to 4 cm long and 1 cm wide; spikelet 4–​8 mm long. 3–​9 mm wide; leaf blades up to 6 mm wide; annual; not densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthoxanthum aristatum Annual Vernal Grass; eu 44b Spikelet without sterile florets, fertile floret awned (densely tufted) 46a Lemma awn attached near base (lemma base with short hairs, its awn 6 mm long, bent; inflorescence 8–​11 cm long, up to 1.5 cm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis ophitidis Serpentine Reed Grass; La, Ma, Sn; 4

Poaceae, Group 3    371





















46b Lemma awn attached near middle or tip 47a Awn 3–​6 mm long; lemma densely hairy, toothed; lower glume longer than upper glume; inflorescence up to 9 cm long and 1 cm wide, cattail-like; leaf blades 4–​9 cm long (spikelet green above, cream, shiny at base) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gastridium phleoides [G. ventricosum] Nit Grass; eu 47b Awn usually less than 3 mm long; lemma not densely hairy, entire; glumes equal; inflorescence up to 10 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, not cattail-like; leaf blades 2–​12 cm long (coastal) . . . . . . . Agrostis densiflora California Bent Grass; SCr-n 32b Spikelet with 2–​5 florets, at least 1 fertile, sterile florets sometimes as large as fertile ones 48a Awns 0–​33 mm long 49a Inflorescence 10–​30 cm long; glumes absent; lemma awn 16–​33 mm long; spikelets 2–​4 at each node; leaf blades 10–​30 mm wide; not densely tufted (shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus californicus [Hystrix californica] California Bottlebrush Grass; Sn-SCr; 4 49b Inflorescence 5–​21 cm long; glumes present; lemma awn 0–​30 mm long; spikelets 2 at each node; leaf blades 4–​12 mm wide; densely tufted (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus glaucus (fig.) Blue Wild Rye 48b Awns, if present, less than 4 mm long 50a Spikelet with awns less than 4 mm long 51a Florets of 2 different types in spikelet: lower one awnless and fertile, with a shiny grain, upper one with hooked awn (sterile spikelets 4–​5 mm long; inflorescence 7–​15 cm long; often densely tufted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holcus lanatus Common Velvet Grass; eu 51b Florets similar in spikelet, and not as described in 51a 52a Inflorescence 1–​4 cm long; annual (inflorescence less than 5 mm wide; spikelet 3–​4 mm long, excluding awns; lemma awn bent, attached below middle; floret less than 4 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aira praecox Early Hair Grass; me 52b Inflorescence more than 5 cm long; perennial (coastal) 53a Spikelet 10–​30 mm long, often purple; lemma sharp tipped; inflorescence up to 32 cm long; leaf blades up to 9 mm wide; not densely tufted; with rhizomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus x vancouverensis [Leymus x vancouverensis] Vancouver Wild Rye; Ma-n 53b Spikelet up to 9 mm long, sometimes purple; lemma awn 2–​3 mm long, attached near middle; inflorescence up to 25 cm long; leaf blades up to 4 mm wide; densely tufted; without rhizomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. holciformis Pacific Hair Grass; SLO-n 50b Spikelet without awns 54a Leaf blade tips, especially when folded, curved upward, resembling bow of a boat; floret base sometimes with cottony hairs (sandy, coastal habitats) 55a Spikelet 3–​5 mm long, with 3–​4 florets; inflorescence oval, 1–​5 cm long, up to 1 cm wide (lemma 2–​5 mm long; floret base sometimes with sparse cottony hairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa confinis Beach Blue Grass; Ma-n

372     Poaceae, Group 3









55b Spikelet 5–​10 mm long, with 3–​8 florets; inflorescence cylindric, 2–​9 cm long, 1–​2 cm wide 56a Lemma 5–​8 mm long; floret base often with sparse cottony hairs; leaf blades 1–​2 .5 mm wide; inflorescence 2–​6 cm long . . . . . . . . . . Poa douglasii Sand Dune Blue Grass, Dune Blue Grass; Mo-n 56b Lemma 3–​5 mm long; floret without cottony hairs; leaf blades 1–​5 mm wide; inflorescence 3–​7 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa unilateralis Ocean-bluff Blue Grass, San Francisco Blue Grass; Mo-n 54b Leaf blade tips, not curved upward, not resembling boat bow; floret without cottony hairs 57a Spikelet 4–​6 mm long, sometimes green striped and purple (inflorescence cylindric, up to 15 cm long, 1–​2 cm wide; florets 2–​4; leaves wirelike; densely tufted; up to 80 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Koeleria macrantha (fig.) June Grass 57b Spikelet 6–​30 mm long, not green striped 58a Leaves mostly less than 10 cm long, 1–​4 mm wide, stiff, sharp tipped, sheaths sometimes overlapping; inflorescence up to 8 cm long; pistillate and staminate spikelets 6–​20 mm long, on separate plants; salt marshes, moist alkaline habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distichlis spicata (fig.) Salt Grass 58b Leaves 10–​95 cm long, 3–​15 mm wide, not stiff or sharp tipped, sheaths not overlapping; inflorescence 12–​34 cm long; spikelets bisexual, 13–​30 mm long; backshores of sandy beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elymus mollis [Leymus mollis] (fig.) American Dune Grass; SLO-n

Poaceae, Group 4 Inflorescence branched and often with branchlets or long pedicels that resemble branchlets (see fig. Aira) 1a Branches of inflorescence not divided into branchlets or long pedicels that resemble branchlets, pedicels, if present, very short 2a Branches of inflorescence in 1–​4 whorls, with at least 3 branches in each whorl (spikelets pressed against branches, sessile or nearly so, in rows on one side of each branch) 3a Lemma awn 2–​6 mm long; upright; densely tufted (branches 4–​15 cm long, in 2–​4 whorls; ligules with white hairs; spikelets in 2 rows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloris verticillata Windmill Grass, Finger Grass; na 3b Awns absent; prostrate, stems rooting at nodes, forming large patches 4a Branches 4–​7, 2.5–​5 cm long; ligules with white hairs; lemma hairy on margins; glumes usually purple (common) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynodon dactylon (fig.) Bermuda Grass; af 4b Branches 4–​10, 3–​9 cm long; ligules not hairy; lemma not hairy; stem and spikelets often purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Digitaria sanguinalis (fig.) Hairy Crab Grass; eu 2b Branches of inflorescence not whorled 5a Spikelet solitary at branch ends, these thinner than main stem (awns up to 40 mm long) 6a Lemma tip with 2 teeth less than 1 mm long, these soft, membranous, and white; leaf blades 10–​45 cm long, 4–​15 mm wide; up to 160 cm tall . . . . . . Avena fatua (fig.) Wild Oat; eua

Poaceae, Group 4    373

















6b Lemma tip with 2 teeth 2–​6 mm long, these stiff, white, often turning darker; leaf blades 6–​30 cm long, 2–​6 mm wide; up to 80 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avena barbata Slender Wild Oat; me 5b Spikelets numerous on branches, these about as thick as main stem 7a Spikelets 1–​2 at each node (spikelet sessile) 8a Spikelets alternating on both sides of each branch, oriented with narrow edges facing branch, each with numerous florets; lemma awn 0–​8 mm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Festuca perennis [includes Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne] (fig.) Perennial Rye Grass, Italian Rye Grass; eu 8b Spikelets in dense groups on one side of each branch, each with 1 floret; awn absent or less than 1 mm long (spikelet flattened and often overlapping; salt marshes) 9a Inflorescence dense, branches pressed against stem and often tightly overlapping (glumes curved) 10a Spikelet 8–​14 mm long; stem 3–​6 mm wide at base; rhizomes absent; leaf blade 4–​8 mm wide at base, edges rough, often inrolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spartina densiflora Dense-flowered Cord Grass; sa 10b Spikelet 10–​25 mm long; stem 7–​10 mm wide at base; rhizomes present; leaf blade 5–​17 mm wide at base, edges smooth, mostly flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spartina foliosa California Cord Grass 9b Inflorescence somewhat open, branches not pressed against stem or tightly overlapping (with rhizomes) 11a Stem 1–​4 mm wide at base, wirelike; leaf blades less than 4 mm wide; inflorescence branches spreading widely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spartina patens Salt-meadow Cord Grass; na 11b Stem 5–​14 mm wide at base, not wirelike; leaf blades 4–​25 mm wide; inflorescence branches somewhat spreading (spikelets loosely overlapping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spartina alterniflora Salt-water Cord Grass; na 7b Spikelets 1–​several at each node 12a Spikelets on 2 upright branches at stem tip, sometimes another branch below (branches 3–​6 cm long; spikelets awnless, in 2 rows; leaf blades up to 14 cm long, 2–​12 mm wide; sometimes creeping and rooting; moist coastal habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paspalum distichum Knot Grass 12b Spikelets on several branches, these alternating along stem, sometimes several branches at each node 13a Lemma awn 0–​50 mm long (spikelets, in 3 or 4 rows on each branch, each with 1 fertile floret; grain hard, shiny; glumes and lemma with stiff hairs on margins; leaf blades 5–​30 mm wide; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass; eua 13b Awn, if present, up to 3 mm long 14a Spikelet with up to 12 fertile florets (floret 2–​3 mm long; lemma awn 1 mm long; base of inflorescence often enclosed within leaf sheath; leaf blade often extending to or beyond tip of inflorescence; spikelets often overlapping; moist, alkaline areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis [L. fascicularis] Bearded Sprangletop; Mo, Sn, SF 374     Poaceae, Group 4



14b Spikelet with only 1 fertile floret (inflorescence with delicate hairs; spikelet 2–​4 mm long) 15a Ligule present; branches 2–​7, 1.5–​12 cm long; lower glume absent; grain not shiny; with rhizomes (lemma resembles upper glume) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paspalum dilatatum Dallis Grass; sa 15b Ligule absent; branches 5–​10, less than 3 cm long; both glumes present; grain shiny; without rhizomes (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Echinochloa colona Jungle Rice; eua 1b Branches of inflorescence usually divided into branchlets or long pedicels that resemble branchlets (bend inflorescence to see branchlets) 16a Spikelets 2 or 3 at each node, at least 1 sessile 17a Inflorescence up to about 20 cm long; spikelets partly hidden in leaf sheaths, with silky hairs up to 10 mm long; spikelets 2 at each node, sterile spikelet reduced to a hairy pedicel; awn up to 2 mm long; leaf blades 0.5 cm wide (inflorescence dense; perennial; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Andropogon virginicus Broomsedge Bluestem; na 17b Inflorescence up to 60 cm long; spikelets not hidden in leaf sheaths, without long hairs; spikelets 2 or 3 at each node, neither fertile nor sterile spikelets reduced; awn 5–​ 30 mm long or none; leaf blades 0.5–​5 cm wide 18a With rhizomes; inflorescence open; all spikelets 4–​7 mm long; awn 5–​13 mm long or none; perennial (spikelets usually colorful) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass; me 18b Without rhizomes; inflorescence dense; sessile spikelets 4–​9 mm long, stalked ones 3–​6 mm long; awn 5–​30 mm long or none; annual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorghum bicolor Sorghum, Milo; af 16b Spikelets, if more than 1 at each node, either all sessile or all on pedicels 19a Spikelet with 1 obvious floret, this fertile, sometimes also with smaller sterile florets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 1 19b Spikelet usually with more than 1 obvious floret, at least one of these fertile, sterile florets, if present, similar in size 20a Lemma awn at least 1 mm long, sometimes missing in Bromus secalinus, subkey 2 21a Awn attached at or near lemma tip (glumes awnless) 22a Glumes unequal, usually shorter than rest of spikelet, excluding awns; floret base without long white hairs; awn not attached between 2 awnlike teeth 23a Spikelet, excluding awns, usually more than 1.5 cm long; leaf sheath edges, at least lower portion, fused together; leaf blades usually flat, sometimes inrolled, not wirelike; some ligules prominent, sometimes torn and jagged (florets numerous) . . . . . . . . . Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 2 Bromus 23b Spikelet, excluding awns, usually less than 1.5 cm long; leaf sheath edges not fused together, but overlapping; leaf blades usually inrolled, wirelike; ligules absent or inconspicuous . . . . . . . . . . . Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 3 Festuca (part) 22b Glumes nearly equal, often longer than rest of spikelet, excluding awns; floret base with long white hairs; lemma awn attached between 2 awnlike teeth (awn bent; glumes papery, with 3 or more prominent veins; ligule with long hairs; densely tufted)

Poaceae, Group 4    375























24a Lemma usually with stiff white hairs on back; awn 5–​17 mm long; branches ascending; spikelet 10–​15 mm long; glumes 7–​11 mm long . . . . . . . Rytidosperma penicillatum [incorrectly known as Danthonia pilosa] Hairy Oat Grass; au 24b Lemma not hairy on back; awn 4–​12 mm long; branches spreading outward; spikelet 14–​25 mm long; glumes 15–​20 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Danthonia californica California Oat Grass; Mo-n 21b Lemma awn attached at or below middle (florets 2 or 3; lemma tip usually with 2–​5 teeth; awns may bend with age) 25a Awn less than 4 mm long; spikelet usually with 2 florets (leaves mostly basal) 26a Spikelet, excluding awns, less than 4 mm long; florets without a small hairy bristle among them; lemma tip with 2 teeth (lower floret sometimes awnless; awns bent, barely projecting beyond spikelet) 27a Inflorescence compact, 3–​7 mm wide, oblong or spindle shaped, lower branches not readily visible (spikelet 3–​4 mm long) . . . . . . Aira praecox Early Hair Grass; me 27b Inflorescence spreading, more than 15 mm wide, lower branches readily visible 28a Awn of lower floret, if present, usually shorter than awn of upper floret, longer awn extending beyond spikelet; spikelet 2–​3 mm long, excluding awns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aira elegans [A. elegantissima] Elegant Hair Grass; me 28b Awns equal, both extending beyond spikelet; spikelet 3–​4 mm long, excluding awns (sandy coastal areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aira caryophyllea (fig.) Silver Hair Grass; eu 26b Spikelet, excluding awns, at least 4 mm long; florets often with a small hairy bristle among them; lemma tip with 2–​4 teeth (floret base with long erect hairs; lemma awn attached between middle and base; densely tufted; wet areas) 29a Inflorescence 1.5–​9 cm wide and up to 20 cm long; awn attached near lemma base, barely extending beyond spikelet; basal leaf blades 1–​3 mm wide (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . .Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. holciformis Pacific Hair Grass; SLO-n 29b Inflorescence about 0.5 cm wide and up to 30 cm long; awn attached near lemma middle, extending about 2 mm beyond spikelet; basal leaf blades threadlike (branches pressed against stem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deschampsia elongata Slender Hair Grass 25b Awn at least 4 mm long; spikelet with 2 or 3 florets (lemma base hairy) 30a Awn 25–​45 mm long, bent and twisted; spikelet, excluding awns, 18–​32 mm long; lemma tip with 2 teeth (inflorescence open; glumes longer than lowest floret and often longer than rest of spikelet; widespread) 31a Lemma tip with 2 teeth less than 1 mm long, these soft, membranous, and white; leaf blades 10–​45 cm long, 4–​15 mm wide; up to 160 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avena fatua (fig.) Wild Oat; eu

376     Poaceae, Group 4



















31b Lemma tip with 2 teeth 2–​6 mm long, these stiff, white, often turning darker; leaf blades 6–​30 cm long, 2–​6 mm wide; up to 80 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Avena barbata Slender Wild Oat; me 30b Awn not more than 11 mm long, usually bent; spikelet, excluding awns, not more than 12 mm long; lemma tip with 2–​5 teeth 32a Awn 6–​11 mm long, curved or bent, attached to upper half of lemma; spikelet 7–​9 mm long; glumes shorter than rest of spikelet; lemma tip with 1–​2 teeth (teeth needlelike; moist shade) . . . . . . Trisetum canescens Tall False Oat; SCr-n 32b Awn 1–​9 mm long, usually bent, attached to lower half of lemma; spikelet 4–​8 mm long; glumes as long as or longer than rest of spikelet; lemma tip usually with 2–​4 teeth (inflorescence up to 9 cm wide, branches spreading; glumes 4–​6 mm long; floret base with long erect hairs) 33a Awns 4–​9 mm long, extending 3–​4 mm beyond spikelet; leaves few, 1–​2 mm wide; inflorescence 7–​15 cm long; annual; up to 60 cm tall (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deschampsia danthonioides (fig.) Annual Hair Grass 33b Awns 1–​8 mm long, barely extending beyond spikelet; leaves numerous, 1–​4 mm wide; inflorescence 10–​20 cm long; perennial; up to 100 cm tall (densely tufted; wet, coastal areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. cespitosa Tufted Hair Grass; Ma-n 20b Lemma awn, if present, hook shaped or less than 1 mm long, except in Holcus lanatus and Melica harfordii (subkey 4) 34a Spikelet with 2 or 3 florets, each of these different, one often hidden in Ehrharta erecta (inflorescence up to 30 cm long, spreading; spikelet usually 3 mm long) 35a Spikelet with 3 florets: a large sterile floret with cross grooves on its lemma, a sterile floret with a smooth lemma, and a hidden fertile floret with a smooth lemma; florets falling from glumes at maturity; not densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldt Grass; af 35b Spikelet with 2 florets: lower one producing a smooth, hard, shiny grain, upper one staminate or sterile, its lemma awn hook shaped; florets falling with glumes at maturity; often densely tufted (inflorescence gray or purple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holcus lanatus Common Velvet Grass; eu 34b Spikelet with at least 2 similar florets 36a Florets side-by-side in spikelet (florets 3, tan or purple, falling as a group from glumes; lower 2 florets sterile or staminate, upper bisexual; sweet smelling; leaf blades up to 15 mm wide; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthoxanthum occidentale [Hierochloë occidentale] California Sweet Grass, Vanilla Grass; Mo-n 36b Florets alternating in spikelet 37a Spikelet inflated and papery, resembling a rattlesnake rattle (spikelet sometimes almost as wide as long; inflorescence open)

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38a Inflorescence upright, with more than 15 spikelets, 2–​5 mm long, oval or triangular (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Briza minor Small Quaking Grass; eu 38b Inflorescence drooping, with 1–​14 spikelets, 10–​19 mm long, oval or elliptic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Briza maxima Rattlesnake Grass; eu 37b Spikelet not inflated and papery, not resembling a rattlesnake rattle 39a With a tuft of white hairs where leaf blade joins sheath; spikelet with 5–​35 florets (lemma 3 veined) 40a Plant low, densely matted and creeping, rooting at nodes; spikelet with 12–​35 overlapping florets; leaf blades ascending (panicle open; spikelet 1–​2 mm wide; sand bars) . . . . . . . . . . . . Eragrostis hypnoides Creeping Love Grass; Sn-n 40b Plant sometimes low, but not matted and creeping; spikelet with 6–​20 spaced florets; leaf blades usually spreading outward 41a Margin of leaf blades often with brown, glandular bumps; spikelet with 8–​12 florets (spikelet green or red-purple, 1–​2 mm wide; inflorescence dark, usually less than 15 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eragrostis minor Little Love Grass; eu 41b Leaf blades usually without glands; spikelet usually with fewer than 11 florets 42a With scattered long hairs inside on leaf sheath and where lower branches attach to stem; leaf blades often less than 1 mm wide, margins inrolled (leaf blades up to 30 cm long; inflorescence up to 35 cm long, spreading, gray-green; branches up to 12 cm long; spikelet 1–​2 mm wide; densely tufted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eragrostis curvula Weeping Love Grass; af 42b Without long hairs on leaf sheath or where branches attach to stem; leaf blades 1–​7 mm wide, margins flat 43a Spikelet pedicels 1–​2 mm long, pressed against branchlets; leaf blades 1–​3 mm wide (inflorescence usually less than 20 cm long, sometimes purple-green) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eragrostis pectinacea Carolina Love Grass; Ma, Sn, SF 43b Spikelet pedicels 3–​15 mm long, not pressed against branchlets; leaf blades 4–​7 mm wide 44a Spikelet oblong, about 1.5 mm long; inflorescence usually glandular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eragrostis mexicana ssp. mexicana Mexican Love Grass 44b Spikelet spindle shaped, less than 1 mm long; inflorescence not glandular (inflorescence greenbrown; moist areas) . . . . . . Eragrostis mexicana ssp. virescens [E. orcuttiana] Chilean Love Grass 39b Without a tuft of hairs where leaf blade joins sheath; spikelet usually with fewer than 12 florets

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45a Spikelet 1–​2 mm long, with 2 or 3 florets; inflorescence open, often as wide as long; glumes and lemma without prominent veins (inflorescence 5–​14 cm wide, with many threadlike branchlets bearing numerous spikelets; moist, often alkaline areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muhlenbergia asperifolia Scratch Grass 45b Spikelet at least 3 mm long, usually with more than 2 florets; inflorescence usually not as wide as long; glumes and usually lemma with prominent veins 46a Branches and spikelets not concentrated on 1 side of stem (glumes awnless, somewhat to very unequal, at least lower one usually shorter than rest of spikelet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 4 46b Branches and spikelets all on 1 side of stem, most of stem visible on opposite side 47a Inflorescence 4–​20 cm long, 2–​18 cm wide; stem flattened; spikelet with 2–​6 florets, bunched at branch tips; lemma awned; glumes 3–​6 mm long, hairy on margins; leaf sheaths keeled, edges fused; sometimes densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dactylis glomerata Orchard Grass; eua 47b Inflorescence 4–​8 cm long, up to 1.5 cm wide; stem cylindric; spikelet with 5–​12 florets, alternating on branches; lemma awnless; glumes about 2 mm long, not hairy; leaf sheaths not keeled, edges not fused; not densely tufted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desmazeria rigida [Scleropoa rigida] Stiff Grass; me

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey l  Inflorescence branched and with branchlets; spikelet usually with 1 obvious floret, this fertile, sometimes also with smaller sterile florets 1a Apparent floret a dark purple bulblet enclosed in 2 papery sheaths, these with awnlike projections up to 2 cm long (bulbs sometimes also at stem base) . . . . . . Poa bulbosa ssp. vivipara Bulbous Blue Grass; eu 1b Single fertile floret not as described in 1a 2a Awns more than 1 mm long, sometimes on glumes as well as lemma 3a Floret falling with glumes at maturity; mature florets shiny, hard, and oval 4a Inflorescence not so dense that stem and branches not visible; lower glume half as long as upper, both sharp tipped; lemma awn 0–​25 mm long (spikelets 3–​4 mm long, crowded into 3 or 4 rows on 1 side of branch; inflorescence up to 25 cm long; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard Grass; eua 4b Inflorescence so dense that stem and branches usually not visible except at inflorescence interruptions; glumes more or less equal, awns 2–​7 mm long; lemma awn 1–​5 mm long (inflorescence yellow-green, becoming straw colored or purple; glumes, with awns, forming a U or V) 5a Glumes 3–​4 mm long, tips tapering into awns 2–​3 mm long; lemma awn 0–​3 mm long (salt marshes) . . . . . Polypogon imberbis [incorrectly known as P. elongatus] Long-spiked Beard Grass; sa

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey l    379

















5b Glumes up to 3 mm long, tips ending abruptly, awns 4–​7 mm long; lemma awn 1–​2 mm long (spikelets often clustered; coastal, moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypogon australis Chilean Beard Grass; sa 3b Floret falling from glumes at maturity; mature florets not shiny, hard, or oval, except in Stipa miliacea 6a Lemma awn up to 11 cm long, attached near tip, typically bent once or twice (lemma more than 5 mm long; glumes awnless; upper stem and spikelet often purple; densely tufted) 7a Lemma up to 11 mm long, 1–​2 mm wide, spindle shaped; awn stiff, straight (lemma hairy, widest at middle; awn 38–​100 mm long; lower spikelet up to 20 mm long; inflorescence nodding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stipa pulchra [Nassella pulchra] Purple Needle Grass 7b Lemma up to 9 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, cylindric; awn flexible, often wavy 8a Spikelet 15 mm long; awn 12–​55 mm long . . . . . . . Stipa lepida [Nassella lepida] Foothill Needle Grass 8b Spikelet up to 22 mm long; awn 50–​100 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stipa cernua [Nassella cernua] Nodding Needle Grass 6b Lemma awn less than 2 cm long, not attached near tip, either straight, wavy, or only slightly bent 9a Lemma with a bristle of hairs at base; glumes awnless, sometimes sharp tipped (lemma awn attached near base) 10a Inflorescence open, spikelets 3–​4 mm long, mostly crowded near branchlet tips; not densely tufted (inflorescence 10–​25 cm long, up to 6 cm wide; rhizomes present; leaf blades flat, up to 8 mm wide; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis bolanderi Bolander’s Reed Grass; Sn-n; 4 10b Inflorescence compact, somewhat cylindric, spikelets more than 4 mm long, crowded throughout; densely tufted 11a Awns protruding at least 2 mm beyond spikelet (lemma tip with 4 teeth) 12a Spikelet 8–​10 mm long, awns protruding up to 10 mm; rhizomes absent (leaf blades 1–​2 mm wide, margins inrolled; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis foliosa Leafy Reed Grass; Sn-n; 4 12b Spikelet 6–​8 mm long, awns protruding about 2 mm; rhizomes sometimes present (inflorescence straw colored or purple tinged; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis ophitidis Serpentine Reed Grass; La, Ma, Sn; 4 11b Awns hidden within spikelet, or protruding not more than 1 mm (inflorescence sometimes purple) 13a Awns about 2 mm long, straight, seldom protruding above spikelet tip; hairs at floret base about one-third as long as floret (stem rough; inflorescence dense, 6–​20 cm long; spikelet 3–​6 mm long; wet areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis stricta ssp. inexpansa Dense Reed Grass; Ma, Me-n; 2 13b Awns 4 mm long, bent, usually protruding from spikelet side if at all; hairs at floret base less than one-third as long as floret

380     Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey l



















14a Inflorescence narrow above, open below, up to 3 cm wide, 15–​30 cm long; leaf blades 4–​10 mm wide (spikelet 6–​11 mm long; white hairs absent where leaf blade joins sheath; up to 1.5 m tall; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis nutkaensis Pacific Reed Grass; SLO-n 14b Inflorescence often compact, 1–​1.5 cm wide, 6–​15 cm long; leaf blades 2–​6 mm wide 15a Inflorescence usually less than 1 cm wide; spikelet 4–​5 mm long; leaf blade 2–​5 mm wide, flat, with hairs where blade joins sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis rubescens Pine Reed Grass; SLO-n 15b Inflorescence usually 1–​1.5 cm wide; spikelet 4–​6 mm long; leaf blade 3–​7 mm wide, flat or inrolled, without hairs where blade joins sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calamagrostis koelerioides Dense Pine Reed Grass; SLO-n 9b Lemma without a bristle of hairs at base; glumes sometimes sharp tipped or awned 16a Awn attached at lemma tip (floret shiny and hard, this or awn readily falling off; inflorescence spreading; lemma awn 3–​4 mm long; glume tips tapering, awnlike; densely tufted) . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stipa miliacea [Piptatherum miliaceum] Smilo Grass; eua 16b Awn attached near lemma middle, sometimes near tip 17a Awn 4–​10 mm long (lemma tip with 0–​5 teeth; up to 45 cm tall; not densely tufted) 18a Inflorescence cylindric, dense, up to 12 cm long; lemma awn 4–​8 mm long, attached near middle; glumes up to 5 mm long, sometimes awned; leaf blades up to 3 mm wide (moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis microphylla Small-leaved Bent Grass 18b Inflorescence open, spreading, up to 20 cm long; lemma awn up to 10 mm long, attached above middle; glumes up to 2 mm long, awnless; leaf blades about 1 mm wide (branches threadlike) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis elliottiana [A. exigua] Sierra Bent Grass, Annual Tickle Grass; Na-n 17b Awn up to 4 mm long (glumes at least 2 mm long) 19a Inflorescence branches up to 25 cm long, branchlets attached near tips; spikelets few, near branchlet ends (leaves mostly basal, blades 1–​3 mm wide; inflorescence often purple; lemma awn less than 2 mm long, straight, attached near middle; stem wirelike; densely tufted; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis scabra Rough Bent Grass 19b Branches not more than 5 cm long, branchlets all along their length; spikelets numerous, present on at least half branchlet length 20a Inflorescence dense and cylindric; not densely tufted (inflorescence up to 10 cm long, sometimes partly enclosed in leaf sheath; awn up to 3 mm long; leaves 2–​10 mm wide; ligule up to 2 mm long; coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis densiflora California Bent Grass; SCr-n

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20b Inflorescence usually open; densely tufted 21a Awn up to 3 mm long, straight; inflorescence 5–​20 cm long, spikelets usually along entire length of each branchlet; ligule 2–​ 3 mm long; sandy areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis pallens Dune Bent Grass 21b Awn up to 4 mm long, bent or straight; inflorescence 5–​30 cm long, spikelets on half of each branchlet; ligule 3–​4 mm long; moist areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis exarata Spike Bent Grass, Western Bent Grass; SCr-n 2b Awns lacking or not more than 1 mm long 22a Spikelet flattened (wet habitats) 23a Inflorescence compact, 1–​4 cm wide, up to 30 cm long, spikelets crowded and overlapping on 1 side of each branchlet, arranged in 2 main rows, sometimes a few spikelets between rows; glumes present; spikelet 2–​3 mm long, oval, margins without spines (up to 120 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beckmannia syzigachne American Slough Grass; SFBR-n 23b Inflorescence open and spreading, 5–​10 cm wide, 12–​20 cm long, spikelets not crowded or in 2 rows; glumes absent; spikelet 4–​5 mm long, elliptic, margins with spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leersia oryzoides Rice Cut Grass; Na, Me-n 22b Spikelet not conspicuously flattened 24a Inflorescence loosely spreading, 5–​10 cm wide 25a Inflorescence often as long as wide; spikelet 1–​2 mm long; ligule up to 1 mm long (inflorescence oval, with many threadlike branchlets with numerous purplish spikelets; leaves up to 6 cm long, sharp tipped; with rhizomes; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muhlenbergia asperifolia Scratch Grass 25b Inflorescence sometimes longer than wide; spikelet 1–​3 mm long; ligule 3–​6 mm long 26a One glume shorter than other, at least 1 shorter than rest of spikelet; leaves with long hairs where blade joins sheath; inflorescence often partly hidden in leaf sheath (inflorescence up to 25 cm wide; fertile floret hard; spikelet usually with green or purple markings) 27a Sterile floret absent; leaf blades up to 5 mm wide, margins often inrolled, scarcely hairy, except where blade joins sheath; floret falling from glumes at maturity; lemma not shiny; densely tufted; perennial (lower glume shorter than upper; moist, often alkaline areas) . . . . . . . Sporobolus airoides Alkali Dropseed, Alkali Sacaton 27b Sterile floret below fertile floret, lemma with 7 veins, resembling a glume; leaf blades 4–​20 mm wide, flat, hairy; florets falling with glumes at maturity; lemma shiny; not densely tufted; annual (inflorescence spreading, sometimes separating from stem tumbleweed-like) 28a Inflorescence up to 25 cm long; fertile floret often brown, 2 mm long, with a crescent-shaped thickening at base; leaf blades 8–​15 cm long, 4–​ 12 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Panicum hillmanii Hillman’s Panic Grass; na

382     Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey l





















28b Inflorescence up to 40 cm long; fertile floret ivory white, less than 2 mm long, without basal thickening; leaf blades 5–​30 cm long, 5–​20 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Panicum capillare Witch Grass; SF 26b Glumes nearly equal, both longer than rest of spikelet; leaves without long hairs; inflorescence not hidden 29a Branchlets at branch tips; spikelets few, near branchlet ends; leaf blades 1–​2 mm wide; stems wirelike, sometimes crowded together; inflorescence often purplish (inflorescence more than 25 cm long; branches upright to spreading, up to 12 cm long; lemma awn, if present, less than 2 mm long; leaves mostly basal; densely tufted; up to 90 cm tall; moist areas; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis scabra Rough Bent Grass 29b Branchlets all along branches; spikelets many, often crowded along branchlets; leaf blades 2–​10 mm wide; stems not wirelike or crowded; inflorescence often red-purple or bronze (wet areas) 30a Inflorescence usually not more than 6 cm wide or 15 cm long, dense; branches ascending; leaf blades 2–​5 mm wide; up to 60 cm tall, with some stems prostrate and often rooting at nodes, forming a mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis stolonifera (fig.) Creeping Bent Grass; eu 30b Inflorescence up to 7 cm wide and 25 cm long; branches spreading; leaf blades 4–​10 mm wide; up to 100 cm tall, without prostrate stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis gigantea Giant Bent Grass, Redtop; eu 24b Inflorescence, not loosely spreading, less than 5 cm wide, sometimes up to 8 cm in Melica imperfecta 31a Branches usually completely covered with lobelike clusters of spikelets (inflorescence up to 15 cm long, branches ascending; glumes about 2 mm long, longer than floret; florets falling with glumes at maturity; stem sometimes prostrate and rooting at nodes; moist areas) . . . . Polypogon viridis [Agrostis viridis] Whorled Bent Grass, Water Beard Grass; eu 31b Branches not covered with lobelike clusters of spikelets 32a Spikelet up to 6 mm long, with a pedestal of fused sterile florets arising beside fertile floret; leaf sheath edges almost completely fused (glumes transparent, with purple markings; florets falling from glumes at maturity; dry habitats) 33a Florets without fine hairs; glumes not prominently veined; spikelet pedestal slightly wider below middle; inflorescence up to 8 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melica imperfecta Coast Range Melic, Little California Melic; SCl-s 33b Florets with fine hairs on edges; glumes with 1–​5 prominent veins; spikelet pedestal slightly wider above middle; inflorescence usually less than 1 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melica torreyana Torrey’s Melic; SLO-n 32b Spikelet usually less than 3 mm long, without a pedestal; leaf sheath edges not fused

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey l    383

















34a Glumes unequal, shorter one smaller than rest of spikelet; sterile floret present, veined, resembling a glume; spikelet plump and hard; florets falling with glumes at maturity (spikelet about 2 mm long; ligule of upright white hairs 2–​4 mm long; sometimes forming a basal cluster, clump, or mat; moist, sometimes alkaline areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Panicum acuminatum var. fasciculatum Pacific Panic Grass, Marsh Panicum 34b Glumes nearly equal, longer than rest of spikelet; sterile floret absent; spikelet delicate; floret falling from glumes at maturity 35a Floret with basal tuft of white hairs one-third as long as floret (inflorescence ascending to spreading, several branches at each node; spikelet 3–​4 mm long; ligule 4–​6 mm long; up to 1 m tall; Coast Ranges; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis hallii Hall’s Bent Grass 35b Floret without a tuft of long white hairs 36a Leaves usually less than 1 mm wide, wirelike; ligule less than 1.5 mm long (inflorescence dense, less than 8 cm long; up to 30 cm tall; often densely tufted; coastal dunes) . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis blasdalei Blasdale’s Bent Grass; Me-Ma; 1b 36b Leaves up to 11 mm wide, some flat; ligule 1.5–​6 mm long 37a Some stems prostrate and often rooting at nodes, forming a mat; inflorescence usually 2–​5 cm wide (inflorescence less than 15 cm long; ligule 2–​5 mm long; leaf blade less than 5 mm wide; wet habitats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis stolonifera (fig.) Creeping Bent Grass; eu 37b All stems upright; inflorescence less than 2 cm wide 38a Inflorescence up to 30 cm long; ligule 3–​6 mm long (leaf blade 2–​7 mm wide; densely tufted; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis exarata Spike Bent Grass, Western Bent Grass; SCr-n 38b Inflorescence not more than 20 cm long; ligule 1.5–​3 mm long 39a Inflorescence up to 20 cm long, open, its branches not obscured; ligule 2–​3 mm long; stem leaf blade up to 6 mm wide; not densely tufted (coastal dunes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis pallens Dune Bent Grass 39b Inflorescence not more than 10 cm long, dense, its branches may be obscured; ligule up to 2 mm long; stem leaf blade up to 11 mm wide; densely tufted (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agrostis densiflora California Bent Grass; SCr-n

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 2  Inflorescence with branches, these with branchlets; spikelet, excluding awns, usually more than 1.5 cm long, florets numerous; lemma awn at least 1 mm long, attached near tip; glumes awnless, unequal and usually shorter than rest of spikelet; some ligules prominent, sometimes torn and jagged; leaf sheath edges, at least lower portion, fused together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus

384     Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 2

1a Awns bent and twisted (annual) 2a Awn 5–​11 mm long; spikelet 20–​40 mm long; lower glume 4–​7 mm long; lemma not hairy, margins membranous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus japonicus Japanese Chess; eua 2b Awn 14–​22 mm long; spikelet 15–​20 mm long; lower glume 8–​16 mm long; lemma hairy, margins not membranous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus berteroanus [B. trinii] Chilean Chess, Chilean Brome; sa? 1b Awn straight, not bent and twisted 3a Awn 30–​65 mm long; spikelet 25–​70 mm long (inflorescence open, spreading or ascending; annual; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus diandrus Ripgut Grass; eu 3b Awn not more than 30 mm long; spikelet less than 50 mm long 4a Spikelet markedly flattened; lemma strongly keeled, V shaped in cross-section 5a Awn, if present, less than 4 mm long; usually annual (lemma with 11–​13 prominent veins; inflorescence erect, somewhat open; spikelets 1–​4 on each branch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus catharticus Rescue Grass; sa 5b Awn 4–​15 mm long; perennial (spikelet 2–​4 cm long) 6a Awn 4–​7 mm long; inflorescence spindle shaped, up to 20 cm long, dense; spikelets overlapping, usually more than 4 on each branch (coastal dunes and meadows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus maritimus [B. carinatus var. maritimus] Maritime Brome, Seaside Brome 6b Awn 8–​15 mm long; inflorescence not spindle shaped, 15–​40 cm long, fairly open; spikelets usually not overlapping, 1–​4 on each branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus carinatus (fig.) California Brome 4b Spikelet not markedly flattened; lemma with rounded back, U shaped in cross-section (annual) 7a Inflorescence dense to somewhat dense 8a Inflorescence dense, headlike, whiskbroom-like (head up to 10 cm long, 5 cm wide; branches and spikelets hardly visible; florets overlapping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens Red Brome; me 8b Inflorescence somewhat dense, but not headlike 9a Awn 10–​25 mm long; spikelet 20–​50 mm long; panicle 3–​15 cm long, 2–​6 cm wide, some branches visible, with 1 or 2 spikelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus madritensis ssp. madritensis Foxtail Chess, Spanish Brome; eu 9b Awn 4–​10 mm long; spikelet 12–​22 mm long; panicle 2.5–​13 cm long, up to 4 cm wide, most branches hidden, usually with more than 2 spikelets (panicle at stem tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus hordeaceus Soft Chess; eu 7b Inflorescence an open panicle 10a Awn 8–​30 mm long 11a Awn 15–​30 mm long; spikelet 20–​35 mm long (spikelets usually 1–​3 on each branch; lemma not hairy; leaf blade 2–​5 mm wide, sheath hairy; ligule 2–​3 mm long; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus sterilis Poverty Brome, Sterile Brome; eua

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 2    385









11b Awn 8–​18 mm long; spikelet 10–​20 mm long 12a Awn 8–​18 mm long; lower glume usually with 1 vein; lemma teeth 1–​3 mm long; spikelets sometimes drooping, on 1 side of branch (spikelets sometimes purple tinged; widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus tectorum (fig.) Cheat Grass, Downy Chess; eua 12b Awn 9–​14 mm long; lower glume with 3 veins; lemma teeth 1–​2 mm long; spikelets not drooping nor on 1 side of branch (branches and pedicels S curved, tangled) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus arenarius Australian Chess; au 10b Awn 3–​11 mm long 13a Spikelet 12–​30 mm long (leaf blade hairy) 14a Leaf blade 2–​4 mm wide; ligule 1–​3 mm long; spikelet 12–​24 mm long; awn 3–​10 mm long; annual (lemma with 7 veins and paler margins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus secalinus Rye Brome; eua 14b Leaf blade 3–​14 mm wide; ligule 3–​6 mm long; spikelet 15–​30 mm long; awn 6–​11 mm long; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus vulgaris Columbia Brome; Mo-n 13b Spikelet 20–​37 mm long (awn 3–​7 mm long; leaf blade 3–​12 mm wide) 15a Leaf blades hairy; spikelet 25–​37 mm long (leaf blade up to 38 cm long, 3–​ 12 mm wide; inflorescence 15–​26 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bromus grandis Grand Brome, Tall Brome 15b Leaf blade not hairy; spikelet 20–​40 mm long 16a Leaf sheath hairy; leaf blade 3–​12 mm wide; ligule 1–​3 mm long; awn 5–​7 mm long; inflorescence 7–​14 cm long . . . . . . . . . Bromus orcuttianus Orcutt’s Brome 16b Leaf sheath not hairy; leaf blade 3–​7 mm wide; ligule 2–​4 mm long; awn 3–​7 mm long; inflorescence 7–​27 cm long . . . . . . . . Bromus laevipes Chinook Brome, Woodland Brome

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 3  Inflorescence with branches, these with branchlets; spikelet, excluding awns, usually less than 1.5 cm long, with more than 1 obvious floret; lemma awn at least 1 mm long, attached near tip; glumes awnless, unequal, usually shorter than rest of spikelet; leaf blades often wirelike, sheath edges not fused; ligules absent or inconspicuous. . . . . Festuca (in part) 1a Glumes and lemma hairy 2a Glumes hairy; lemma not hairy; florets 2 or 3, sometimes 4 (awn 4–​14 mm long; up to 40 cm tall; annual) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca microstachys [Vulpia microstachys vars. ciliata, confusa, and pauciflora] Hairy Fescue, Gray Fescue 2b Glumes not hairy; lemma with stiff hairs; florets 3–​12 3a Spikelet with 5–​12 florets; awn 1–​5 mm long (spikelets crowded at stem tip; up to 20 cm tall; annual) . . . . . . . . . . Festuca octoflora [Vulpia octoflora vars. hirtella and octoflora] (fig.) Sixweeks Grass 3b Spikelet with 3–​6 florets; awn 2–​15 mm long

386     Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 3



4a Awn 3–​8 mm long, attached between 2 teeth at lemma tip; inflorescence 1–​3 cm wide, branches spreading; leaf blades up to 4 mm wide, flat; perennial; up to 100 cm tall (spikelet with 3 or 4 florets; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca elmeri Elmer’s Fescue; Mo-n 4b Awn 5–​15 mm long, attached at lemma tip, but not between 2 teeth; inflorescence less than 2 cm wide, branches upright; leaf blades less than 2 mm wide, wirelike; annual; up to 45 cm tall (spikelet nearly sessile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca myuros [Vulpia myuros vars. hirsuta and myuros] Rattail Sixweeks Grass, Foxtail Fescue; eu? 1b Glumes and lemma not hairy 5a Awn attached at lemma tip between 2 teeth (inflorescence 10–​20 cm long, sometimes drooping; leaf blades up to 4 mm wide, flat; spikelet with 3 or 4 florets; awn 2–​5 mm long; lemma with 5 prominent veins; up to 1 m tall, perennial; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca elmeri Elmer’s Fescue; Mo-n 5b Awn attached at lemma tip, but not between 2 teeth 6a Awn usually not more than 4 mm long (densely tufted) 7a Base of leaf blade with lobes clasping stem (leaf blades 4–​10 mm wide, margins usually flat; lemma 5–​9 mm long, sometimes short awned; inflorescence up to 30 cm long; not densely tufted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue, Reed Fescue; eu 7b Base of leaf blade without lobes clasping stem 8a Leaf usually hairy where blade joins sheath (lower branches of inflorescence spreading, usually paired and about 2 cm long before first branchlets; leaf blades 2–​4 mm wide; spikelets numerous, each with at least 3 florets; perennial; up to 150 cm tall; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca californica California Fescue; Mo-n 8b Leaf not hairy where blade joins sheath 9a Lemma, excluding awn, 3–​5 mm long; spikelet with 7–​12 florets; annual; up to 60 cm tall (inflorescence at stem tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca octoflora [Vulpia octoflora vars. hirtella and octoflora] (fig.) Sixweeks Grass 9b Lemma, excluding awn, at least 5 mm long; spikelet with up to 7 florets; perennial; often more than 80 cm tall 10a Leaf sheath usually red-brown, closed, disintegrating into fibers as plant ages; stem at base bending outward before turning upward; awn less than 4 mm long; loosely tufted (usually with rhizomes; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca rubra (fig.) Red Fescue; SLO-n 10b Leaf sheath not red-brown, open in upper half, not disintegrating; stem not bending outward; awn 1–​6 mm long; densely tufted (Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca idahoensis Idaho Fescue, Blue Bunch Grass; SM-n 6b Some awns at least 5 mm long 11a Inflorescence up to 12 cm wide, branches spreading or drooping; leaves mostly basal; perennial; up to 110 cm tall (awn 5–​12 mm long; spikelet with 3–​5 florets; shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca occidentalis Western Fescue; Mo-n

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 3    387









11b Inflorescence less than 3 cm wide, branches erect or spreading; leaves usually not mostly basal; annual; up to 60 cm tall 12a Awn 5 mm long; spikelet with 7–​12 florets (upper glume usually less than 6 mm long; branches upright) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca octoflora [Vulpia octoflora vars. hirtella and octoflora] (fig.) Sixweeks Grass 12b Some awns more than 5 mm long; spikelet usually with fewer than 8 florets 13a Lower glume 1–​2 mm long, less than one-half as long as upper glume; awn 5–​ 15 mm long (inflorescence less than 2 cm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuca myuros [Vulpia myuros vars. hirsuta and myuros] Rattail Sixweeks Grass, Foxtail Fescue; eu? 13b Lower glume 2–​8 mm long, from one-half to as long as upper glume; awn less than 13 mm long 14a Spikelet usually with 2–​4 florets; branches spreading outward or drooping; inflorescence up to 8 cm wide, open . . . . . . . Festuca microstachys [Vulpia microstachys vars. ciliata, confusa, and pauciflora] Hairy Fescue, Gray Fescue 14b Spikelet with 4–​7 florets; branches upright; inflorescence less than 3 cm wide, sometimes very dense . . . . Festuca bromoides [Vulpia bromoides] (fig.) Brome Fescue, Sixweeks Fescue; eu

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 4  Inflorescence with branches, these with branchlets; spikelet with 2 or more similar florets; awns, if present, less than 1 mm long, except in Melica harfordii; glumes awnless, somewhat to very unequal, at least lower one usually shorter than rest of spikelet 1a Leaf blades with long, narrow tips, forming when folded what looks like a bow of a boat; lemma somewhat keeled (lemma awnless, usually less than 5 mm long; lower glume usually shorter than lemma of lowest floret; floret base often with cottony hairs and sometimes hairs elsewhere; leaf sheath open above, often fused below) 2a Spikelet with purple-black, teardrop shaped bulblets 1–​3 mm long, these with several papery projections 1–​2 cm long (bulblets sometimes also at stem base, and true florets may be present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa bulbosa ssp. vivipara Bulbous Blue Grass; eu 2b Spikelet without bulblets 3a Lemma without dense cottony hairs at base 4a Usually less than 20 cm tall; branches spreading, sometimes at right angles; spikelet 3–​5 mm long; lemma veins often prominent; annual; (leaves 1–​3 mm wide, flat; inflorescence sometimes pyramid shaped; often forming mats) . . . . . Poa annua (fig.) Annual Blue Grass; eu 4b Up to 120 cm tall; branches upright; spikelet 5–​10 mm long; lemma veins faint; perennial (ligule 4–​6 mm long; densely tufted) 5a Spikelet 5–​8 mm long; glumes and lemma rounded on backs, not keeled, U shaped in cross-section; inflorescence dense, 1–​2 cm wide, branches sometimes on 1 side, spikelets not bunched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa secunda One-sided Blue Grass, Pine Blue Grass

388     Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 4



5b Spikelet 5–​6 mm long; glumes and lemma keeled, V shaped in cross-section; inflorescence open, usually more than 2 cm wide, branches not on 1 side, spikelets often bunched at branch ends (alkaline soils near hot springs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa napensis Napa Blue Grass; Na; 1b 3b Lemma with cottony hairs at base 6a Glumes crescent shaped; ligule up to 7 mm long (glumes and lemma strongly keeled; inflorescence spreading; perennial; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa trivialis Rough Blue Grass; eu 6b Glumes not crescent shaped; ligule not more than 5 mm long 7a Lemma not hairy (lemma keeled, 5 veined; inflorescence very open; perennial; moist shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa kelloggii Kellogg’s Blue Grass 7b Lemma with some hairs 8a Ligule less than 1 mm long (lemma with hairs on keel and veins; densely tufted; perennial; moist shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa nemoralis Wood Blue Grass; eu 8b Ligule 1–​5 mm long 9a Lemma with hairs on keel and veins, and dense cottony hairs at base; perennial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa pratensis (fig.) Kentucky Blue Grass; eu 9b Lemma with short hairs throughout, and very sparse cottony hairs at base; annual (with rhizomes; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poa howellii Howell’s Blue Grass 1b Leaf blades tapering gradually to needlelike tips, not like boat bow; lemma not keeled, except sometimes in Festuca viridula 10a Spikelet with a clublike pedestal 1–​4 mm long among fertile florets; lemma often with purple splotches; stem base often either swollen or with a bulb (glumes papery, lower one with 1–​11 veins; lemma rounded on back; leaf sheath edges almost completely fused; florets falling from glumes at maturity; perennial) 11a Fertile lemma tapered evenly to needlelike tip (stem base with a bulb; glumes unequal; lemma 5–​18 mm long, hairy; inflorescence branches upright to slightly spreading; spikelet pedestal only slightly thicker at upper end; moist areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melica subulata (fig.) Alaskan Onion Grass; Ma-n 11b Fertile lemma not evenly tapered, tip blunt or short pointed 12a Stem base swollen or with a bulb 13a Inflorescence open, up to 8 cm wide; spikelet pedestal spindle shaped; glumes very unequal; stem base with a bulb (larger glume less than half as long as rest of spikelet; pedestal tip often protruding from spikelet) . . . . . . . . . . . Melica geyeri Geyer’s Onion Grass; Mo-n 13b Inflorescence usually less than 2 cm wide; spikelet pedestal hammer shaped, its knob shorter than stalk; glumes almost equal; stem base usually swollen (spikelet 5–​15 mm long; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melica californica California Melic, Western Melic 12b Stem base neither swollen nor with a bulb (inflorescence less than 4 cm wide; glumes equal)

Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 4    389























14a Spikelet pedestal with a cylindric knob twice as wide as stalk; spikelets 2–​6 on each branch; lemma 6–​16 mm long, sometimes with awn 1–​4 mm long; inflorescence up to 4 cm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melica harfordii Harford’s Onion Grass; Mo-n 14b Spikelet pedestal with a cylindric knob scarcely wider than stalk; spikelets 4–​38 on each branch; lemma 4–​6 mm long, awnless; inflorescence usually less than 2 cm wide (lemma margin usually hairy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melica torreyana Torrey’s Melic; SLO-n 10b Spikelet without a pedestal; lemma without purple splotches, sometimes with small purple markings; stem base neither swollen nor with a bulb 15a Lemma without prominent parallel veins, narrow, spindle shaped, tip tapered to sharp point; lower glume 4–​5 mm long, upper glume 5–​7 mm long (spikelet 9–​12 mm long; lower glume with 1 vein, upper one with 3; leaf sheath strongly veined, edges fused less than halfway; perennial; usually densely tufted; Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . Festuca viridula Green Fescue, Mountain Bunch Grass; Sn-n 15b Lemma with 5–​9 parallel veins, rounded on back, oval to almond shaped, tip not sharply pointed; lower glume up to 4 mm long; upper glume up to 5 mm long (wet areas) 16a Usually associated with freshwater habitats; both glumes with 1 vein; leaf sheath edges fused nearly to top (lemma with 7 prominent veins; glumes papery; leaf blades 4–​12 mm wide; perennial; up to 1.5 m tall; not densely tufted) 17a Spikelet 3–​5 mm long, oval, not pressed against stem, with 4–​7 florets; inflorescence open, spreading, 20–​30 cm wide; upper glume less than 2 mm long; lemma about 2 mm long (lemma tip boat shaped; stem up to 8 mm wide; up to 150 cm tall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glyceria elata Fowl Manna Grass; Ma, Sn 17b Spikelet 7–​20 mm long, cylindric, pressed against stem, with 6–​14 florets; inflorescence usually narrow, less than 20 cm wide; upper glume up to 5 mm long; lemma 3–​6 mm long 18a Lemma tip rounded; lower glume less than 2 mm long . Glyceria leptostachya Narrow Manna Grass, Water Manna Grass; Ma, Sn 18b Lemma tip jagged; lower glume up to 4 mm long (forming floating mats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glyceria x occidentalis Western Manna Grass; SM-n 16b Usually in alkaline or saline habitats; lower glume usually with 1 vein, upper one with 3; leaf sheath edges overlapping or partly fused (glumes shorter than lowest floret; lower glume less than 2 mm long; upper glume 3 mm long) 19a Inflorescence less than 5 mm wide, branches upright; annual; less than 20 cm tall (leaf blade less than 2 mm wide, usually inrolled; upper glume with 3 prominent veins; lemma tip sharp, up to 4 mm long, with 5 faint veins; densely tufted; saline flats) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puccinellia simplex California Alkali Grass 19b Inflorescence up to 14 cm wide, branches spreading; perennial; up to 150 cm tall 20a Leaf blades up to 18 mm wide; lemma 2–​3 mm long, with 7–​9 prominent veins (inflorescence spreading, up to 14 cm wide; lower glume less than 1 mm long; upper glume 1–​2 mm long; with rhizomes, sometimes matted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora Weak Manna Grass; SM-n

390     Poaceae, Group 4, Subkey 4





20b Leaf blades up to 6 mm wide; lowest lemma 2–​5 mm long, with faint veins (coastal salt marshes or alkaline areas) 21a Leaf blades 2–​6 mm wide; spikelet up to 12 mm long; lemma 3–​5 mm long; coastal marshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puccinellia nutkaensis Alaskan Alkali Grass; SM-n 21b Leaf blades 1–​4 mm wide; spikelet up to 9 mm long; lemma 2–​3 mm long; saline meadows, sometimes coastal marshes (lower glume less than 1 mm long; upper glume 1–​2 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puccinellia nuttalliana Nuttall’s Alkali Grass

Heteranthera dubia Water Stargrass

450

PONTEDERIACEAE (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY)  Our only native representative of the Pontederiaceae is Heteranthera dubia (fig.) (Water Stargrass), which occurs from Solano and POACEAE, GROUP 4, SUBKEY 4 Mendocino counties northward. It is a weak-stemmed aquatic that grows in ponds, ditches, and sluggish streams. The alternate, nearly translucent leaves, with prominent sheaths at their bases, are 7–​15 cm long but not more than 0.5 cm wide. The solitary flower originates within a rolled up bract and opens at the water surface. The pale yellow perianth has a long, slender tube and six lobes about 0.5 cm long. There are three stamens. The ovary is superior and the single pistil becomes a many-seeded fruit. Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth) is native to South America. This floating plant sometimes has inflated leaf petioles and an elongated inflorescence of white, lilac, or pale blue flowers. It is widely cultivated in garden pools, from which it escapes and becomes established in ponds and lakes. It is a great nuisance in Florida and other places to which it has been introduced, earning consideration as the world’s most undesirable aquatic plant.

Pontederiaceae    391

POTAMOGETONACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY)  In our region, the Pondweed Family consists of aquatic plants with alternate leaves except for those near the stem tips. The stipules are scalelike and often form a sheath around the stem. In certain species there are broad floating leaves that are very different from the narrow submersed leaves. The small flowers, usually in rather dense inflorescences at stem ends, typically have four perianth segments, four pistils, and four stamens, these with no filaments. Each stamen arises from the base of a structure that resembles a sepal, but which may in fact be part of the stamen. The pistils ripen into one-seeded fruits. 1a All leaves submersed and similar; inflorescence submersed (leaves 1–​5 mm wide) 2a Leaf tips usually blunt; fruit 2–​3 mm long, without a beak (leaves less than 3 mm wide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stuckenia filiformis ssp. alpina [Potamogeton filiformis] Slender-leaved Pondweed 2b Leaf tips pointed; fruit 2–​5 mm long, with a beak 3a Leaves up to 1 mm wide; fruit 2–​5 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stuckenia pectinata [Potamogeton pectinatus] Fennel-leaved Pondweed 3b Leaves 2–​5 mm wide; fruit 3–​4 mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stuckenia striata Nevada Pondweed 1b Leaves often of 2 types: firm, floating leaves at least 5 mm wide and submersed leaves 1–​8 mm wide; inflorescence usually floating or emerging from water 4a All leaves submersed 5a Leaves 5–​8 mm wide, with fine teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamogeton crispus Crisp-leaved Pondweed 5b Leaves less than 5 mm wide, entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamogeton pusillus Small Pondweed 4b Some leaves floating 6a Floating leaves less than 1 cm wide, 0.5–​3 cm long (submersed leaves 1–​5 mm wide, up to 6 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamogeton diversifolius Diverse-leaved Pondweed; Sn 6b Floating leaves 1–​6 cm wide, 1.5–​11 cm long 7a Submersed leaves 10–​30 mm wide, 2–​10 cm long; floating leaves 1–​3 cm wide, 1.5–​7 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamogeton gramineus Grass-leaved Pondweed 7b Submersed leaves up to 2 mm wide, 10–​30 cm long; floating leaves up to 6 cm wide, 6–​11 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamogeton natans Floating-leaved Pondweed; SM-n

RUPPIACEAE (DITCHGRASS FAMILY) This family, consisting of one genus—​Ruppia—​is sometimes included in Potamogetonaceae (Pondweed Family), The plants grow in brackish or freshwater streams entering salt marshes and bays. The opposite or alternate leaves are always slender, with broader stipules. The inflorescences are in the axils of the uppermost leaves on a long, often coiled peduncle. Each flower has no perianth, four pistils, and two stamens with no filaments.

392     Potamogetonaceae

Ruppia cirrhosa Coiled Ditchgrass

1a Peduncle of inflorescence up to 2.5 cm long, with 0–​4 coils; in brackish water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruppia maritima Straight Ditchgrass 1b Peduncle 3–​30 cm long, with 5–​30 coils; in freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruppia cirrhosa fig.) P O T A M O G E T O N A C E A E ( P O Coiled N D W E EDitchgrass D FAMILY)

RUSCACEAE (BUTCHER’S-BROOM FAMILY)  In our region, this family is represented by the genus Maianthemum, often in Liliaceae (Lily Family). They grow in moist, shaded areas. The leaves on the stem are substantial and have parallel veins. The white flowers, with four or six perianth segments less than 6 mm long, are in a raceme or panicle at the stem tip. 1a Perianth segments 4; leaf blades heart shaped, on petioles 5–​15 cm long (flowers 10–​15 in a raceme; perianth 2.5 mm long; up to 40 cm tall; coastal; moist shade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maianthemum dilatatum (fig.) False Lily-of-the-valley; SM, Ma-n 1b Perianth segments 6; leaf blades not heart shaped, sessile (shade) 2a Flowers more than 20, in a panicle; perianth 1–​2 mm long; up to 90 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maianthemum racemosum [Smilacina racemosa] Fat Solomon, Western Solomon-seal 2b Flowers 5–​15, in a raceme; perianth 4–​7 mm long; rarely more than 40 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maianthemum stellatum [Smilacina stellata] (fig.) Slim Solomon

Ruscaceae    393

451

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Maianthemum dilatatum False Lily-of-the-valley

Maianthemum stellatum Slim Solomon

394     Ruscaceae

Trillium ovatum Western Trillium

SMILACACEAE (SMILAX FAMILY) The Smilax Family, often placed in Liliaceae (Lily Family), is mainly one of vines with four genera and about 375 species. It is represented in our area by Smilax californica (Greenbrier), which occurs along stream banks in coniferous forests from Napa County northward. This woody, often prickly vine 2–​5 m long, has tendrils that attach to other plants. The pistillate and staminate flowers are in clusters in the leaf axils of separate plants. The six yellow or green perianth segments are about 5 mm long. The ovary is superior and the black fleshy fruit about 6 mm long. TECOPHILAEACEAE (TECOPHILAEA FAMILY) California’s only representative, Odontostomum hartwegii (Hartweg’s Touthed-mouth), derives its scientific and common names from the six toothlike sterile stamens located at the mouth of the perianth. Each flower also has six stamens with anthers, one style, and six white or yellow partly united perianth segments about 5 mm long. The narrow leaves are mainly basal, 10–​30 cm long, with parallel veins. Odontostomum hartwegii grows in the Coast Ranges. The ovary is superior and the fruit a capsule. This family has been part of Liliaceae (Lily Family). THEMIDACEAE (BRODIAEA FAMILY) Themidaceae includes several genera that used to be included in Liliaceae (Lily Family). The narrow leaves, with parallel veins, are mainly basal. The flowers, in umbels or umbel-like racemes with three or four bracts below them, have six similar perianth segments that are usually partly united except in Muilla maritima (Common Muilla). There are three or six stamens with anthers and sometimes antherless stamens. The ovary is superior and the fruit a capsule. 1a Perianth segments separate to their bases, not forming a tube (perianth 3–​6 mm long, pale green, midvein brown; serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Muilla maritima (pl. 32) Common Muilla 1b Perianth united above their bases, forming a tube 2a Anther-bearing stamens 6 3a Perianth some shade of yellow, each segment with a dark midvein on outer surface (stamens unequal; dry areas) 4a Perianth deep yellow, tube 7–​10 mm long; filaments deeply 2 lobed, anthers in lobe clefts (coastal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triteleia ixioides Golden Triteleia, Pretty-face; SM-SLO 4b Perianth deep to pale yellow, tube 4–​6 mm long; filaments not lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triteleia lugens Dark-mouthed Triteleia; Sn-Sl; 4 3b Perianth purple, violet, lavender, lilac, blue, pale blue, or white 5a Umbel dense; pedicel not more than 1.5 cm long (perianth usually not white, tube 3–​ 12 mm long; stamens unequal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dichelostemma capitatum (fig.) Bluedicks 5b Umbel not dense; most pedicels at least 2 cm long 6a Stamens attached at same level; pedicel up to 5 cm long (stamens equal; perianth white, 9–​16 mm long, tube 2–​4 mm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triteleia hyacinthina Fool’s-onion, White Triteleia; Mo-n 6b Stamens attached at 2 levels; pedicel usually more than 5 cm long

Smilacaceae    395

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Dichelostemma capitatum Bluedicks

Dichelostemma congestum Ookow







388

7a Stamens unequal; perianth white, 15–​28 mm long, tube 7–​11 mm long; pedicel often more than 9 cm long (serpentine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triteleia peduncularis Long-rayed Triteleia; Mo-n 7b Stamens equal; perianth often not white, 18–​47 mm long, tube 12–​25 mm long; pedicel up to 9 cm long (widespread) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triteleia laxa (pl. 32) Ithuriel’s-spear, Grass-nut 2b Anther-bearing stamens 3, antherless stamens sometimes present 8a Antherless stamens none (stamens equal; perianth tube 8–​10 mm long) 9a Leaves 4–​35 cm long, keeled; inflorescence with 6–​15 flowers; pedicel 1–​6 mm long; perianth blue-purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dichelostemma congestum (fig.) Ookow, Forked-toothed Ookow; SCl-n 9b Leaves 30–​85 cm long, not keeled; inflorescence with 6–​35 flowers; pedicel 3–​15 mm long; perianth pink or blue-purple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dichelostemma multiflorum Wild Hyacinth; SM, SCl-n 8b Antherless stamens 3 Disporum smithii 10a  Flowering stem often more than 100 cm long, twining on shrubbery or lying Largeflower Fairybell on ground, but bent even if upright (pedicel 10–​40 mm long; perianth pink, sometimes white, tube 5–​7 mm long; inland; dry areas) . . . . Dichelostemma volubile Snake Lily, Twining Brodiaea; Sl-n 10b Flowering stem rarely more than 50 cm long, upright, not bent 11a Antherless stamens 14–​22 mm long; perianth violet with green midveins (perianth 28–​42 mm long; up to 70 cm tall; serpentine) Maianthemum dilatatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brodiaea leptandra [B. californica var. leptandra] False Lily-of-the-valley Narrow-flowered California Brodiaea; Sn, Na; 1b 11b Antherless stamens 14–​14 mm long; perianth usually violet, usually without green midveins 12a Flowering stem not more than 7 cm tall (antherless stamens 4–​8 mm long)

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)

396     Themidaceae





13a Perianth 17–​25 mm long, tube 6–​9 mm long; anthers hooked at tips (Coast Ranges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brodiaea stellaris Star Brodiaea; Sn-n 13b Perianth 15–​40 mm long, tube 7–​13 mm long; anthers not hooked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brodiaea terrestris Dwarf Brodiaea; SLO-n 12b Flowering stem usually at least 10 cm tall, sometimes only 5 cm in Brodiaea coronaria 14a Perianth 29–​47 mm long, tube 10–​18 mm long (antherless stamens 6–​11 mm long; anthers not hooked; pedicel up to 8 cm long) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brodiaea elegans Harvest Brodiaea; Mo-n 14b Perianth 21–​38 mm long, tube 7–​14 mm long 15a Pedicel not more than 11 cm long; antherless stamens 10–​14 mm long; anthers hooked at tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brodiaea appendiculata Grassland Brodiaea; Na-SCl 15b Pedicel less than 7 cm long; antherless stamens 7–​12 mm long; anthers not hooked at tip (mostly inland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brodiaea coronaria Garland Brodiaea

TOFIELDIACEAE (FALSE-ASPHODEL FAMILY) This family of three genera and about 18 species has one representative in California, Triantha occidentalis [Tofieldia occidentalis] (Western Tofieldia), which is often placed in Liliaceae (Lily Family). The narrow, mainly basal leaves, 5–​20 cm long, have parallel veins. The white, pale yellow, or green flowers are in clusters of two to seven at the tip of a peduncle up to 80 cm tall. There are six similar perianth segments 3–​6 mm long, six stamens, and three styles. The ovary is superior and the fruit a capsule. TYPHACEAE (CATTAIL FAMILY)  There are two genera in this small family. In Typha (cattails), the leaves are somewhat similar to those of grasses, and the pithy, upright stems arise from creeping rhizomes rooted in mud in swamps and at the edges of lakes, ponds, and ditches. The flowers are small and packed tightly into a cylindrical inflorescence 1–​2 cm wide. The staminate flowers, intermixed with slender hairs, have two to five stamens, and are above the pistillate flowers, each of which produces a small, one-seeded dry fruit. There are neither petals nor sepals. In Sparganium (bur-reeds) the stems and leaves may be mostly submersed or floating, but even when this is the case, the inflorescence is raised above the surface of the water. Globular clusters of pistillate flowers, each of which produces a one-seeded dry fruit, are below the clusters of staminate flowers, which have three to five stamens. The perianth is represented by one to six scales. 1a Inflorescence with several separate globular clusters of staminate flowers in upper portion, and clusters of pistillate flowers in lower portion; fruit 2–​20 mm long 2a Inflorescence usually branched; stigmas usually 2; leaves, if straightened, not reaching beyond top of inflorescence; up to 250 cm tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sparganium eurycarpum (fig.) Giant Bur-reed

Tofieldiaceae    397

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Sparganium eurycarpum Giant Bur-reed

Inflorescence cylindrical, continuous column of staminate flowers above a column 1b2b  Inflorescence not branched;a stigma 1; leaves, if straightened, often reaching beyond top of of pistillate flowers; than inflorescence; up fruit to 75less cm tall . . 1 . .mm . . . . long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sparganium emersum Bur-reed;by Sn-n 3a Staminate and pistillate portions of the in florescence usually not separated a gap; 1b Inflorescence cylindric, a continuous column of staminate flowers above a column of pistillate pistillateflowers green when fresh; leaves 10–25 mm wide . . .Typha .. latifolia(pl. 64) flowers; fruit less than 1 mm long Broadleaf Cattail 3a Staminate and pistillate portions of inflorescence usually not separated by a gap; pistillate 3b Staminate and pistillate portions of the in florescence separated by a gap of at least 5 flowers green; leaves 10–​29 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typha latifolia mm; pistillate flowers yellow or brown when fresh; leaves 4–18Broad-leaved mm wide Cattail 4a Inflorescence usually shorter than the leaves; pistillate flowers 3b Staminate and pistillate portions of inflorescence separated by a gap of at least 5usually mm; brown when fresh; leaves 4–12 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typha angustifolia pistillate flowers yellow, orange-brown, or brown; leaves 4–​18 mm wide 4a Inflorescence usually shorter than leaves; pistillate flowers usually brown; leaves 4–​Cattail 15 Narrowleaf mm . . . . . . . . . usually . . . . . . . at . . .least . . . . .as . .long . . . . .as . . the . . . .leaves; . . . . . . .pistillate . . . . . .flowers . Typha yellow angustifolia 4b wide . Inflorescence to or Narrow-leaved Cattail ange brown when fresh; leaves 6–18 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typha . domingensis 4b Inflorescence usually at least as long as leaves; pistillate flowers yellow or orange-brown; Southern Cattail, Narrowleaf Cattail leaves 6–​18 mm wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typha domingensis Southern Cattail

Zannichelliaceae (Horned-pondweed Family) ZANNICHELLIACEAE (HORNED-PONDWEED FAMILY) The only member of ZanThe only member of Zannichelliaceae in our region isZannichellia palustris(Hornednichelliaceae in our region is Zannichellia palustris (fig.) (Horned-pondweed), found in ponds pondweed) (fig.), found in ponds and sluggish streams. It resembles some pondweeds (Potaand sluggish streams. It resembles some pondweeds (Potamogetonaceae) in having extremely mogetonaceae) because it has extremely slender stems, comparably narrow leaves, and tiny slender stems, comparably narrow leaves, and tiny flowers. The leaves, however, are opposite, and the flowers are produced in the leaf axils. Each inflorescence usually has a staminate

398     Zannichelliaceae TYPHACEAE (CATTAIL FAMILY)

453

flower that consists of a single stamen and a pistillate flower with four or five pistils located above a broad, nearly cup shaped bract. The ovary is superior and the fruit achene-like.

Zannichellia palustris Horned-pondweed (Zannichelliaceae) Phyllospadix scouleri Scouler’s Surfgrass (Zosteraceae)

ZOSTERACEAE (EELGRASS FAMILY)  Eelgrasses are mostly submerged marine plants, exposed only at low tide. They have creeping rhizomes and narrow alternate leaves that arise in two rows from the stems. The flowers, without petals or sepals, are concentrated on one side of the flattened inflorescence that is at first enclosed within a leaf-like bract. Staminate flowers have a single anther; pistillate flowers have two stigmas and produce a one-seeded fruit. 1a Leaves 1–​12 mm wide; each inflorescence with both pistillate and staminate flowers; in bays, rooted in mud or sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zostera marina Eelgrass 1b Leaves not more than 4 mm wide; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; on rocky shores with considerable wave action 2a Leaves 1–​2 mm wide, becoming folded or cylindric; flowering stem 30–​60 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phyllospadix torreyi Torrey’s Surfgrass 2b Leaves 1–​4 mm wide, flat; flowering stem 10–​20 cm long . . . . . . . Phyllospadix scouleri (fig.) Scouler’s Surfgrass

Zosteraceae    399

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INDEX

Numbers in boldface indicate plates. Numbers in italics are page numbers of figures. Common family names are listed under the Family entry. Aaron’s-beard, 205 Abies, 316 concolor, 38, 35 grandis, 13, 38, 35 Abronia, 61 latifolia, 20, 230 umbellata ssp. breviflora, 230 umbellata ssp. umbellata, 230 umbellata var. breviflora, 230 umbellata var. umbellata, 20, 230, 19 Acacia baileyana, 181 dealbata, 182 longifolia, 48, 181 melanoxylon, 48, 179 Acacia, Blackwood, 179 Plume, 182 Acaena pinnatifida var. californica, 63, 291 Acaena, California, 63, 291 Acanthomintha duttonii, 207 lanceolata, 207 Acer, 316 circinatum, 301 glabrum, 301 macrophyllum, 11, 42, 301, 302, 301 negundo, 42, 301, 302, 301 negundo var. californicum, 302 Aceraceae, 301

Achillea millefolium, 110, 4 Achlys triphylla, 63, 122, 7 Achyrachaena mollis, 16, 98, 4 Acmispon americanus, 192, 193, 12 brachycarpus, 193, 12 cytisoides, 192 denticulatus, 193 glaber, 184, 192, 193, 12 grandiflorus, 193 heermannii var. orbicularis, 193 junceus, 194 maritimus, 20, 194 parviflorus, 192 strigosus, 193 wrangelianus, 193, 13 Acroptilon repens, 102 Actaea rubra, 64, 277, 282, 278 Adder’s-tongue, Fetid, 12, 346 Adenocaulon bicolor, 12, 101, 87 Adenostoma, 316 fasciculatum, 14, 15, 48, 240, 294 Adiantum aleuticum, 32, 1 jordanii, 31 Adoxa moschatellina, 68 Adoxaceae, 42, 68, 150 Aegilops triuncialis, 365 Aesculus californica, 10, 42, 301, 28

401

Aesculus (continued) glabra, 301 hippocastanum, 301 Agastache urticifolia, 212, 208 Agavaceae, 63, 317, 344 Agave, 312, 317 Ageratina adenophora, 99 Agoseris apargioides var. apargioides, 91 apargioides var. eastwoodiae, 20, 91, 5 grandiflora, 91 heterophylla var. cryptopleura, 90 heterophylla var. heterophylla, 90 retrorsa, 90 Agoseris, Eastwood’s, 91 Large-flowered, 91 Agrostemma githago, 151 Agrostis blasdalei, 384 capillaris, 356 densiflora, 366, 367, 370, 372, 381, 384 elliottiana, 381 exarata, 382, 384 exigua, 381 gigantea, 383 hallii, 384 microphylla, 381 pallens, 370, 382, 384 scabra, 381, 383 stolonifera, 383, 384, 357 viridis, 367, 370, 383 Ailanthus altissima, 47, 306 Aira caryophyllea, 376, 357 elegans, 376 elegantissima, 376 praecox, 369, 372, 376 Aizoaceae, 61, 62, 65, 67, 69 Alamo, 300 Albizia lophantha, 182 Alcea rosea, 221 Alder, Red, 124, 123 White, 11, 124, 123 Alfalfa, 183 Alhagi maurorum, 40, 182 pseudalhagi, 40, 182 Alisma lanceolatum, 319 plantago-aquatica, 319 triviale, 319, 318 Alismataceae, 53, 54, 318 Alkali-heath, 21, 62, 198 Alkali-weed, 164 Allenrolfea occidentalis, 49, 157 Alliaceae, 62, 319, 344 Allium acuminatum, 320, 321 amplectens, 320

402     Index

bolanderi, 320 campanulatum, 320 cratericola, 319 crispum, 321 dichlamydeum, 320 falcifolium, 319 fimbriatum, 9, 320 howellii, 320 hyalinum, 319 lacunosum, 9, 320, 29 neapolitanum, 319 peninsulare var. franciscanum, 321 serra, 320, 29 sharsmithiae, 319 unifolium, 320, 30 Allophyllum divaricatum, 266 gilioides ssp. gilioides, 266 gilioides ssp. violaceum, 266 Allotropa virgata, 171 Almond, 295 Alnus, 49, 122, 316 oregona, 124 rhombifolia, 11, 124, 123 rubra, 124, 123 Alopecurus aequalis, 370 aequalis var. sonomensis, 370 saccatus, 369 Alumroot, Seaside, 304 Small-flowered, 304, 303 Alyssum alyssoides, 138 Alyssum, Pale, 138 Sweet, 138 Yellow, 138 Amaranth, California, 70 Green, 71 Low, 70 Powell’s, 71 Amaranthaceae, 65, 70 Amaranthus, 240 albus, 71 blitoides, 70, 71 californicus, 70 deflexus, 70 hybridus, 71 powellii, 71 retroflexus, 71, 71 Amaryllidaceae, 321, 344 Amaryllis belladonna, 321 Ambrosia, 94, 98 chamissonis, 20, 98 confertiflora, 98, 99 psilostachya, 99, 87 Amelanchier alnifolia, 295 alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia, 291, 295, 26 Ammannia coccinea, 62, 218

Ammannia, Long-leaved, 218 Ammophila arenaria, 20, 367, 370 Amole, 317 Amorpha californica var. napensis, 183, 180 Amsinckia eastwoodiae, 129 grandiflora, 129 intermedia, 16, 129, 7 intermedia var. eastwoodae, 129 lunaris, 129 lycopsoides, 129 menziesii, 129 menziesii var. intermedia, 129 spectabilis, 128 tessellata var. gloriosa, 129 tessellata var. tessellata, 129, 7 vernicosa, 128 Anabaena azollae, 26 Anacardiaceae, 39, 46, 72 Anacardium occidentale, 72 Anagallis arvensis, 61, 228, 229, 19 minima, 66, 229 Anaphalis margaritacea, 17, 106, 5 Ancistrocarphus filagineus, 95 Andropogon virginicus, 375 Androsace elongata ssp. acuta, 60, 277 Androsace, California, 277 Anemone oregana, 12, 59, 281, 278 Anemone, Western Wood, 12, 59, 281, 278 Anemopsis californica, 55, 302, 28 Angelica californica, 81 hendersonii, 81, 73 tomentosa, 81 Angelica, California, 81 Henderson’s, 81, 73 Woolly, 81 Anisocarpus madioides, 116 Anthemis cotula, 110, 87 fuscata, 110 Anthoxanthum aristatum, 369, 371 occidentale, 356, 377 odoratum, 369, 371 Anthriscus caucalis, 78 Antirrhinum, 256 cornutum, 257 kelloggii, 256, 23 multiflorum, 257 vexillocalyculatum ssp. breweri, 257 vexillocalyculatum ssp. vexillocalyculatum, 257 virga, 257 Aphanes occidentalis, 64, 291 Apiaceae, 53, 55, 72, 84 Subkey 1, 76 Subkey 2, 76, 78 Apiastrum angustifolium, 76, 77, 73 Apium graveolens, 81

Apocynaceae, 60, 81 Apocynum androsaemifolium, 82, 83 cannabinum, 82 Aponogeton distachyos, 53, 321 Aponogetonaceae, 53, 321 Aptenia cordifolia, 70 Aquifoliaceae, 40, 83 Aquilegia, 64 eximia, 9, 282 formosa, 282, 25 Arabidopsis thaliana, 145, 135 Arabis blepharophylla, 144, 8 breweri, 144 glabra, 145 sparsiflora var. arcuata, 144 Araceae, 52, 55, 321 Aralia californica, 11, 55, 84, 4 Aralia, Japanese, 83 Araliaceae, 39, 53, 55, 83 Arbutus menziesii, 13, 170, 173, 239, 11 Arceuthobium abietinum, 316 californicum, 316 campylopodum, 316, 29 douglasii, 316 tsugense, 316 Arctium lappa, 95 minus, 95 Arctostaphylos, 13, 173, 239, 316 andersonii, 175 andersonii var. imbricata, 174 andersonii var. pallida, 175 auriculata, 174 bakeri, 176 canescens ssp. canescens, 176 canescens ssp. sonomensis, 176 columbiana, 176 crustacea, 14, 173 crustacea ssp. crinita, 175 crustacea ssp. crustacea, 175 crustacea ssp. rosei, 175 densiflora, 174, 175 franciscana, 174 glandulosa, 173 glandulosa ssp. cushingiana, 176 glandulosa ssp. glandulosa, 14, 176 glauca, 14, 174 hispidula, 175 hookeri ssp. franciscana, 174 hookeri ssp. montana, 175 hookeri ssp. ravenii, 174 imbricata, 174 manzanita ssp. laevigata, 176 manzanita ssp. manzanita, 14, 176 montana ssp. montana, 174, 175 montana ssp. ravenii, 174 montaraensis, 174, 175 nummularia var. sensitiva, 174

Index    403

Arctostaphylos (continued) pacifica, 173, 174 pajaroensis, 175 pallida, 175, 11 regismontana, 175 sensitiva, 174 stanfordiana ssp. decumbens, 174 stanfordiana ssp. stanfordiana, 14, 176, 11 tomentosa ssp. crinita, 175 tomentosa ssp. crustacea, 175 tomentosa ssp. rosei, 175 uva-ursi, 170, 173, 174, 239 virgata, 176 Arecaceae, 323 Arenaria californica, 155 douglasii, 155 paludicola, 155 Argemone munita, 247 platyceras, 247 Aristolochia californica, 39, 85, 4 Aristolochiaceae, 39, 64, 68, 85, 214, 302 Armeria maritima ssp. californica, 261, 23 Arnica cordifolia, 113 discoidea, 99 Arnica, Coastal, 99 Heart-leaved, 113 Rayless, 99 Arrow-grass, Common, 21, 344, 345 Seaside, 344, 345 Three-ribbed, 344 Arrowhead, 319 Spotted, 318 Artemisia, 240 biennis, 105 californica, 17, 44, 100 douglasiana, 105 pycnocephala, 20, 100, 5 suksdorfii, 105 Arthrocnemum subterminale, 55, 157 Artichoke, 95, 97, 102 Arum italicum, 322 Arum, Italian, 322 Arundo donax, 356 Asarum caudatum, 12, 64, 85 Asclepiadaceae, 81 Asclepias californica, 82, 4 cordifolia, 82 eriocarpa, 83 fascicularis, 83 solanoana, 82 speciosa, 83 Ash, California, 232 Oregon, 232, 232

404     Index

Aspidotis californica, 34 densa, 9, 34, 28 Aster chilensis, 109 lentus, 109 radulinus, 108 Aster, Broad-leaved, 108 Common California, 109 Suisun Marsh, 109 Yellow Mock, 44, 100 Asteraceae, 39, 40, 44, 54, 85, 86, 240, 350, 354, 86 Group 1, 90 Group 2, 90, 94 Group 2, Subkey, 98, 100 Group 3, 90, 108 Group 3, Subkey, 112, 114 Astragalus asymmetricus, 191 breweri, 192 clevelandii, 191 didymocarpus, 192 gambelianus, 192 lentiginosus var. idriensis, 191 nuttallii var. virgatus, 191, 180 pycnostachyus, 191 rattanii var. jepsonianus, 192 tener, 192 Asyneuma prenanthoides, 149, 148 Athyrium filix-femina var. californicum, 33 filix-femina var. cyclosorum, 12, 32, 33, 1 Athysanus pusillus, 138 Athysanus, Dwarf, 138 Atriplex argentea ssp. mohavensis, 159 argentea var. expansa, 159 californica, 20, 160 dioica, 160 fruticulosa, 160 gmelinii, 21, 160 hortensis, 159, 158 joaquinana, 160 lentiformis, 49, 159 leucophylla, 20, 160 patula, 22, 160 patula var. obtusa, 160 prostrata, 160 rosea, 160 semibaccata, 159, 10 suberecta, 160 triangularis, 160 Aubrieta deltoidea, 134 Aucuba, 166 Avena barbata, 374, 377 fatua, 16, 373, 376, 357 Azalea, Western, 11, 170, 173, 11 Azolla filiculoides, 26, 29

microphylla, 26 Azollaceae, 26 Baby-blue-eyes, 11, 16, 124, 126, 8 White, 126 Baby’s-breath, 151 Baccharis douglasii, 107 glutinosa, 107 pilularis, 13, 17, 20, 21, 44, 86, 100 salicifolia, 44, 100 viminea, 44, 100 Baccharis, Marsh, 107 Bachelor’s-button, 98 Ballscale, 160 Balm, Lemon, 213 Balsam, Kashmir, 57, 121 Balsaminaceae, 57, 121 Balsamorhiza macrolepis, 111 Balsamroot, California, 111 Baneberry, 277, 282, 278 Barbarea orthoceras, 145, 8 verna, 145 vulgaris, 145 Barberry, California, 122 Barley, Alkali, 364 California, 365 Foxtail, 16, 364 Hare, 364 Low, 364 Meadow, 365 Mediterranean, 364, 360 Northern, 365 Smooth, 364 Squirreltail, 364 Bastard-sedge, Rough-node, 272 Bay, California, 10, 11, 12, 13, 48, 214, 18 Beachaster, California, 108 Beachgrass, European, 20, 367, 370 Beachweed, Silvery, 20, 98 Beaked-rush, Brown, 328 California, 328 Round-headed, 328 White, 328, 326 Bearberry, 170, 174 Beardstyle, Douglas’, 213 Sacramento, 213 Thyme-leaved, 213, 17 Beardtongue, Santa Cruz Mountains, 258 Sonoma, 259 Beargrass, 350, 351 Beckmannia syzigachne, 382 Bedstraw, Bolander’s, 296 California, 298, 28 Climbing, 296

Hedge, 297 Lamarck’s, 297 Narrow-leaved Climbing, 297 Phlox-leaved Serpentine, 297, 27 Rough, 298 Sprawling Trifid, 296 Sweet-scented, 298 Tiny, 297 Beebalm, 213, 17 Beehive, 69 Beeplant, 17, 57, 305, 28 Beet, Sea, 161 Bellardia trixago, 241, 21 Bellflower, Greene’s, 147 Bellis perennis, 110 Berberidaceae, 46, 63, 122 Berberis, 46 aquifolium, 122 nervosa, 122 pinnata, 122 Bergenia crassifolia, 302 Bermuda-buttercup, 244, 245, 22 Berula erecta, 80 Beta vulgaris ssp. maritimus, 161 Betulaceae, 41, 49, 122 Bidens cernua, 113 frondosa, 99 laevis, 113, 87 Bilberry, Dwarf, 173 Bindweed, 164, 165, 165 Black, 274 Hedge, 165 Bird-of-paradise, 181 Bird’s-beak, Hairy, 242 Hispid Salty, 241 Mount Diablo, 242 Pennell’s, 242 Salt Marsh, 241 Serpentine, 242 Soft Salty, 242 Stiff, 242 Bird’s-eyes, 267, 24 Bistort, Western, 274 Bistorta bistortoides, 274 Bitterroot, 67, 224, 19 Bittersweet, 309, 308 Blackberry, California, 18, 294, 290 Cut-leaved, 294 Himalayan, 294 Thornless, 294 Bladderwort, Common, 215, 215 Swollenspur, 215 Blazing-star, Giant, 218 Golden, 218, 18 Lindley’s, 217, 218, 18 Slender, 218

Index    405

Blazing-star (continued) Yellow, 218 Blechnaceae, 31 Blechnum spicant, 31, 28 Bleeding-heart, Pacific, 247, 22 Blennosperma bakeri, 121 nanum, 111 nanum var. nanum, 121, 5 nanum var. robustum, 121 Blennosperma, Common, 121, 5 Point Reyes, 121 Blepharizonia laxa, 109 plumosa, 109 Blinks, 227 Blow-wives, 16, 98, 4 Blue-blossom, 12, 13, 288, 26 Blue-eyed-grass, Western, 16, 17, 18, 337, 30 Blue-eyed-Mary, Few-flowered, 257, 23 Blue-sailors, 92 Bluecup, Common, 149 San Gabriel, 149 Bluecurls, Mountain, 209 Bluedicks, 16, 17, 395, 396 Bluestem, Broomsedge, 375 Blueweed, 113, 119, 120 Bluff-lettuce, 167 Boechera arcuata, 144 breweri, 144, 135 rubicundula, 144 Bogbean, 53, 223 Boisduvalia cleistogama, 236 densiflora, 236 stricta, 236 Bolboschoenus fluviatilis, 329 glaucus, 329 robustus, 22, 329 Borage, 129 Boraginaceae, 47, 48, 59, 61, 65, 66, 124 Group 1, 124 Group 1, Subkey 1, 125 Group 1, Subkey 2, 125, 127 Group 2, 124, 128 Group 2, Subkey, 130, 131 Borago officinalis, 129 Boschniakia hookeri, 239 strobilacea, 239 Botrychium multifidum, 32 Bouncing-bet, 151 Bowlesia incana, 76 Boxelder, 42, 301, 302, 301 Boxwood, Oregon, 43, 156 Boykinia occidentalis, 304

406     Index

Brachypodium distachyon, 365 sylvaticum, 356 Bracken, Western, 16, 17, 31, 1 Brake, Cretan, 30 Brassbuttons, 101, 5 Southern, 101 Brassica campestris, 142 juncea, 142 nigra, 142 rapa, 142, 135 Brassicaceae, 53, 63, 64, 68, 134 Subkey 1, 140, 142 Subkey 2, 141, 144 Breadroot, 182, 14 Brickell-bush, California, 44, 100 Brickellia californica, 44, 100 Bristle-heads, 324 Briza maxima, 378 minor, 16, 378 Brodiaea appendiculata, 397 californica var. leptandra, 396 coronaria, 397 elegans, 16, 397 leptandra, 396 stellaris, 397 terrestris, 397 Brodiaea, Dwarf, 397 Elegant, 16 Garland, 397 Grassland, 397 Harvest, 397 Narrow-flowered California, 396 Star, 397 Twining, 396 Brome, California, 385, 357 Chilean, 385 Chinook, 386 Columbia, 386 Grand, 386 Maritime, 385 Orcutt’s, 386 Poverty, 385 Red, 385 Rye, 386 Seaside, 385 Spanish, 385 Sterile, 385 Tall, 386 Woodland, 386 Bromus, 375, 384 arenarius, 386 berteroanus, 385 carinatus, 385, 357 carinatus var. maritimus, 385

catharticus, 385 diandrus, 16, 385 grandis, 386 hordeaceus, 16, 385 japonicus, 385 laevipes, 386 madritensis ssp. madritensis, 385 madritensis ssp. rubens, 385 maritimus, 385 orcuttianus, 386 racemosus, 356 secalinus, 375, 386 sterilis, 385 tectorum, 386, 358 trinii, 385 vulgaris, 386 Brookfoam, 304 Brooklime, American, 19, 259, 254 Brookweed, Seaside, 66, 310 Broom, California, 184, 193 French, 179, 184, 13 Scotch, 17, 179, 184 Spanish, 47, 179, 182, 14 Striated, 181 Broomrape, California, 240 Chaparral, 240 Clustered, 240, 22 Gray’s, 241 Hemp, 240 Jepson’s, 241 Naked, 240, 22 Oceanspray, 240 Broomshrub, Nevada, 44, 100 Buckbean, 53, 223, 223 Buckbrush, Blue, 286 White, 10, 14, 285, 25 Buckeye, California, 10, 42, 301, 28 Buckwheat, Angle-stemmed, 273 Bay, 272 Clay, 273 Coastal California, 48, 272, 24 Coastal, 272 Coville’s, 272 Curled-leaf, 273 Ear-shaped, 273 Elegant, 272 Fremont’s, 273 Golden-carpet, 273 Hairy-flowered, 273 Hairy, 273 Harford’s, 273 Mount Diablo, 273 Naked-stemmed, 273, 269 Naked, 273 Rose, 273 Seaside, 272

Tiburon, 273 Wand, 273 Wicker-stemmed, 272 Wright’s, 272 Buddleja davidii, 43, 44, 305 Buddlejaceae, 305 Buffalo-berry, 170, 307 Buffalobur, 307 Bugleweed, 210 Bulrush, American, 330 California, 329 Common Three-square, 330 Keeled, 329 Low, 329 Panicled, 329 River, 329 Rough-seeded, 330 Seacoast, 22, 329 Small-fruited, 19, 329 Soft-stemmed, 329 Southern, 329 Bur-chervil, 78 Bur-marigold, 113, 87 Nodding, 113 Bur-reed, 398 Giant, 19, 397, 398 Burclover, California, 183, 181 Burdock, Common, 95 Great, 95 Burningbush, Western, 43, 156 Burnweed, Bushman’s, 108 Coastal, 107 Bursage, Beach, 98 Burweed, Weak-leaved, 99 Butter-and-eggs, 243, 256 Buttercup, Bird’s-foot, 284 Bloomer’s, 284 California, 16, 17, 283, 25 Creeping, 283, 25 Cursed, 53, 283 Downy, 283, 279 Inland Water, 283 Lobb’s Aquatic, 283 Low, 282 Prickle-seeded, 283, 25 Sacramento Valley, 284 Water, 283, 278 Wedge-leaved California, 283 Western, 11, 284 Woodland, 283 Butterfly-bush, 43, 44, 305 Butterweed, California, 107, 111 Cut-leaved, 111 Button-bush, California, 43, 296, 297 Button-celery, 75

Index    407

Button-celery (continued) Coastal, 75 Hoover’s, 75 Jepson’s, 75 Button-willow, California, 43, 296 Cabombaceae, 230 Caesalpinia gilliesii, 181 Cakile edentula, 141 maritima, 141, 9 Calamagrostis bolanderi, 380 foliosa, 371, 380 koelerioides, 371, 381 nutkaensis, 17, 371, 381 ophitidis, 371, 380 rubescens, 371, 381 stricta ssp. inexpansa, 380 Calandrinia, 224 breweri, 226 ciliata, 16, 226, 19 Calendula arvensis, 116 officinalis, 116 California macrophylla, 202 California-aster, 108 California-nutmeg, 34, 38, 2 California-tea, 183, 14 Calla-lily, 321, 322 Callitrichaceae, 251 Callitriche, 52 fassettii, 251 hermaphroditica, 251 heterophylla var. bolanderi, 255 heterophylla var. heterophylla, 255, 252 longipedunculata, 251 marginata, 251 palustris, 251 trochlearis, 251 verna, 251 Calocedrus, 315 decurrens, 34, 35 Calochortus albus, 348 amabilis, 348 clavatus var. pallidus, 349 invenustus, 349 luteus, 17 luteus, 349, 30 pulchellus, 348, 31 raichei, 348 splendens, 349 superbus, 349 tiburonensis, 348, 31 tolmiei, 349 umbellatus, 349 uniflorus, 349 venustus, 349, 31 vestae, 350

408     Index

Caltrop, 59, 316 Calycadenia multiglandulosa, 109, 118 pauciflora, 109 truncata, 118 Calycadenia, Hispid, 109, 118 Calycanthaceae, 43, 68, 85, 146 Calycanthus occidentalis, 43, 146, 9 Calypso bulbosa, 352 bulbosa var. occidentalis, 352 Calyptridium monandrum, 226 monospermum, 226 parryi var. hesseae, 226 quadripetalum, 226 umbellatum, 226 Calystegia atriplicifolia ssp. buttensis, 165 collina, 9, 166 malacophylla ssp. pedicellata, 166, 10 occidentalis, 165 purpurata ssp. purpurata, 165 purpurata ssp. saxicola, 165 sepium ssp. limnophila, 165 soldanella, 20, 165 subacaulis, 165 Camas, 317 Death, 350 Camassia, 317 leichtlinii ssp. suksdorfii, 317 quamash, 317 quamash ssp. breviflora, 317 Camelthorn, 40, 182 Camissonia campestris, 235 cheiranthifolia, 235 hirtella, 235 micrantha, 235 ovata, 235 strigulosa, 235 Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia, 20, 235, 20 hirtella, 235 micrantha, 235 Campanula angustiflora, 149 californica, 149 exigua, 149 griffinii, 149 prenanthoides, 149 sharsmithiae, 149 Campanula, Eastwood’s, 149 Campanulaceae, 57, 65, 147 Campion, Bladder, 152 Rose, 151 San Francisco, 153 White, 151 Canchalagua, 200

Candyflower, 226, 225 Cannabaceae, 63, 149 Cannabis sativa, 63, 149 Cape-ivy, 39, 100 Cape-pondweed, 53, 321 Caprifoliaceae, 39, 43, 44, 68, 150 Capsella bursa-pastoris, 139 Cardamine californica, 11, 141, 9 californica var. cardiophylla, 141 californica var. integrifolia, 141 californica var. sinuata, 141 oligosperma, 144, 135 Cardaria draba, 139 pubescens, 139 Cardionema ramosissimum, 151 Cardoon, 95, 97, 102 Carduus pycnocephalus, 96 tenuiflorus, 96 Carex, 324, 331, 332 albida, 332 amplifolia, 330, 331 aquatilis var. dives, 333 athrostachya, 334 barbarae, 333 bolanderi, 334 brevicaulis, 331 buxbaumii, 331 comosa, 331 cusickii, 332, 334 densa, 333, 334 deweyana ssp. leptopoda, 334 diandra, 334 dudleyi, 334 echinata ssp. phyllomanica, 334 exsiccata, 332 feta, 334 globosa, 331 gracilior, 335 gynodynama, 330 harfordii, 334 hassei, 324 hendersonii, 331 lanuginosa, 330, 331 lemmonii, 332 lenticularis var. lipocarpa, 333 leporina, 335 leptalea, 331 leptopoda, 334 luzulina, 332 lyngbyei, 333 mendocinensis, 330, 331, 332 multicaulis, 331 nebrascensis, 333 nudata, 333, 325 obnupta, 19, 333, 325 ovalis, 335 pellita, 330, 331

pendula, 324 praegracilis, 332 saliniformis, 333 schottii, 332 senta, 333 serratodens, 9, 332 simulata, 332 stipata, 333 subbracteata, 334 subfusca, 335 tumulicola, 333 utriculata, 331 vesicaria var. major, 332 Carpenteria californica, 205 Carpetweed, 224, 224 Carpobrotus, 62 chilensis, 20, 69, 70, 3 edulis, 70, 3 Carrot, Wild, 77 Carthamus creticus, 97 lanatus, 96 Carya, 206 Caryophyllaceae, 61, 62, 151 Cashew, 72 Castilleja, 241, 242 affinis ssp. affinis, 14, 243, 21 affinis ssp. neglecta, 243 ambigua, 21, 244 applegatei ssp. martinii, 243 attenuata, 244 campestris, 244 densiflora, 16, 244 exserta ssp. exserta, 244, 21 exserta ssp. latifolia, 244 foliolosa, 242, 21 miniata, 243 minor ssp. spiralis, 242 rubicundula ssp. lithospermoides, 244 rubicundula ssp. rubicundula, 244 subinclusa ssp. franciscana, 242 wightii, 243, 21 Castor-bean, 41, 177 Cat’s-ear, Hairy, 93 Rough, 93 Smooth, 93 Catchfly, Forked, 153 Lemmon’s, 152 Multi-nerved, 152 Scouler’s, 153, 10 Sleepy, 152 Small-flowered, 153 Snapdragon, 152 Catnip, 207, 212 Cattail, Broad-leaved, 19, 22, 398 Narrow-leaved, 398 Southern, 398

Index    409

Caulanthus coulteri var. lemmonii, 142 flavescens, 144 lasiophyllus, 144 lemmonii, 142 Caulanthus, Lemmon’s, 142 Ceanothus, 43, 164, 284 confusus, 286 cuneatus var. cuneatus, 10, 14, 285, 25 cuneatus var. ramulosus, 285, 286 divergens, 286 ferrisiae, 285 foliosus, 286 foliosus var. foliosus, 14, 287 foliosus var. medius, 287 foliosus var. vineatus, 287 gloriosus var. exaltatus, 286 gloriosus var. gloriosus, 286, 26 gloriosus var. porrectus, 286 griseus, 288 incanus, 287 integerrimus var. integerrimus, 287 integerrimus var. macrothyrus, 288 jepsonii, 285, 286 jepsonii var. albiflorus, 285, 286 leucodermis, 287 masonii, 286 oliganthus var. oliganthus, 288 oliganthus var. sorediatus, 14, 288 papillosus, 287 parryi, 287, 288 prostratus, 286 purpureus, 286 sonomensis, 286, 26 spinosus, 287 thyrsiflorus var. griseus, 288, 26 thyrsiflorus var. thyrsiflorus, 12, 13, 288, 26 velutinus, 287 velutinus var. hookeri, 287 Ceanothus, Calistoga, 286 Carmel, 288, 26 Coyote, 285 Green-barked, 287 Hairy, 288 Holly-leaved, 286 La Cuesta, 287 Mason’s, 286 Mount Vision, 286 Parry’s, 287, 288 Point Reyes, 286, 26 Rincon Ridge, 286 Sonoma, 286, 26 Vine Hill, 287 Wart-leaved, 287 Wavy-leaved, 14, 287 Celastraceae, 43, 156 Celery, 81 Wild, 77, 73 Celosia argentea, 70

410     Index

Celtis, 149 Cenchrus echinatus, 363 incertus, 363 longispinus, 363, 358 Centaurea benedicta, 97 calcitrapa, 95 cyanus, 98 iberica, 95 melitensis, 95 repens, 102 solstitialis, 95 Centaurium davyi, 200 muehlenbergii, 200 tenuiflorum, 200, 15 trichanthum, 200 venustum, 200 Centaury, Alkali, 200 Charming, 200 Davy’s, 200 Slender, 200, 15 Centranthus ruber, 312 Centromadia fitchii, 118 parryi ssp. congdonii, 120 parryi ssp. parryi, 120 pungens, 120 Centunculus minimus, 66, 229 Cephalanthera austiniae, 50, 352, 32 Cephalanthus occidentalis, 43, 296, 297 occidentalis var. californicus, 43, 296 Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum, 154, 10 fontanum ssp. vulgare, 154 glomeratum, 154 viride, 154 Ceratophyllaceae, 52, 68, 156 Ceratophyllum demersum, 52, 156, 156 Cercis occidentalis, 49, 179, 13 Cercocarpus betuloides, 14, 295 Chaenactis glabriuscula var. heterocarpha, 112 glabriuscula var. lanosa, 112 Chaetopappa alsinoides, 104 bellidiflora, 110 exilis, 104 Chaffweed, 66, 229 Chamaemelum fuscatum, 110 Chamaesyce, 56 maculata, 178 ocellata, 178 prostrata, 178 serpens, 178 serpyllifolia, 178 Chamerion angustifolium ssp. circumvagum, 236

Chamise, 14, 15, 48, 294 Chamomile, 110 Rayless, 101 Chamomilla occidentalis, 101 suaveolens, 101 Chaparral-broom, 44, 100 Charlock, 142 Jointed, 141 Chasmanthe floribunda, 337 Checkerbloom, Common, 16, 222, 19 Fringed, 222 Geranium-leaved, 222 Hartweg’s, 222 Maple-leaved, 222 Marin, 221 Point Reyes, 222 Purple-stemmed, 222 Vernal Pool, 222, 19 Checkermallow, 222 Cheeses, 221 Cheeseweed, 221 Cheilanthes cooperae, 32 covillei, 32 gracillima, 32 intertexta, 32 Chenopodiaceae, 48, 49, 55, 64, 157, 164 Subkey, 158, 159 Chenopodium album, 162, 158 ambrosioides, 161 berlandieri, 162 berlandieri var. zschackei, 162 botrys, 161 californicum, 161 chenopodioides, 162 foliosum, 162, 158 macrospermum, 162 macrospermum var. halophilum, 162 multifidum, 161 murale, 161, 158 pumilio, 161 rubrum var. humile, 162 rubrum var. rubrum, 162 strictum var. glaucophyllum, 157 Cherry, Bitter, 295 Holly-leaved, 291, 295, 27 Chess, Australian, 386 Chilean, 385 Downy, 386 Foxtail, 385 Japanese, 385 Soft, 385 Chestnut, Horse, 301 Chia, 14, 207, 214, 17 Chicalote, 247

Chickweed, Chamisso, 155 Common, 155 Common Mouse-ear, 154 Field, 154, 10 Field Mouse-ear, 154 Greater, 155 Shining, 155 Sticky Mouse-ear, 154 Water, 227 Western Mouse-ear, 154 Chicory, 92, 5 California, 92 Stebbins’, 91 Chilean-rhubarb, 56, 204 Chimaphila, 59 menziesii, 171 umbellata, 171, 172 Chinese-caps, 178 Chinese-houses, 11, 258 Round-headed, 257 Sticky, 257 White, 258 Chinquapin, Giant, 194 Golden, 194, 15 Chloris verticillata, 373 Chlorogalum pomeridianum var. divaricatum, 317 pomeridianum var. minus, 317 pomeridianum var. pomeridianum, 317 Chloropyron maritimum, 241 molle ssp. hispidum, 241 molle ssp. molle, 242 Chokecherry, Western, 295, 290 Chorizanthe, 268, 271 clevelandii, 271 cuspidata, 271, 272 diffusa, 268 membranacea, 268, 271, 269 polygonoides, 271 robusta, 272 stellulata, 268 valida, 271 Christmas-berry, 47, 295 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 110 parthenium, 110 segetum, 120 Chrysanthemum, Corn, 120 Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla, 194 chrysophylla var. minor, 194, 15 Chrysopsis oregona var. oregona, 103 oregona var. rudis, 103 oregona var. scaberrima, 103 villosa var. bolanderi, 117 villosa var. sessiliflora, 117

Index    411

Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. mohavensis, 45, 101 Chu-chu-pate, 79 Cicendia quadrangularis, 200 Cichorium intybus, 92, 5 Cicuta douglasii, 80, 73 maculata var. bolanderi, 80 Cinquefoil, Hickman’s, 292 Pacific, 19, 291 Pale, 291 River, 292 Sticky, 292 Sulphur, 291 Circaea alpina ssp. pacifica, 56, 234 Cirsium andrewsii, 97 arvense, 97 brevistylum, 97 cymosum, 96, 98 douglasii, 96 fontinale var. campylon, 97 fontinale var. fontinale, 96 hydrophilum var. hydrophilum, 96 hydrophilum var. vaseyi, 96 occidentale var. californicum, 96, 98 occidentale var. occidentale, 98 occidentale var. venustum, 98, 5 quercetorum, 16, 97 remotifolium var. odontolepis, 96 undulatum, 96 vulgare, 96 Cistaceae, 44, 67, 162 Cistus, 44 creticus, 162 incanus, 162 ladanifer, 163 monspeliensis, 163 Cistus, Gum, 163 Clarkia, 234, 235 affinis, 238 amoena ssp. amoena, 238 amoena ssp. huntiana, 238, 20 biloba, 237, 20 breweri, 237 concinna ssp. automixa, 237 concinna ssp. concinna, 237, 20 davyi, 238 epilobioides, 237 franciscana, 238, 20 gracilis ssp. gracilis, 238 gracilis ssp. sonomensis, 237, 238, 20 imbricata, 238 modesta, 238 purpurea ssp. purpurea, 239 purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera, 239, 20 purpurea ssp. viminea, 239 rhomboidea, 237, 20 rubicunda, 238 tembloriensis, 237 unguiculata, 237

412     Index

Clarkia, Bilobed, 237, 20 Brewer’s, 237 Canyon, 237 Davy’s, 238 Elegant, 237 Hunt’s, 238, 20 Large, 239 Modest, 238 Presidio, 238, 20 Purple, 239 Rhomboid, 237 Ruby Chalice, 238 Slender, 238, 20 Small, 238 Temblor, 237 Tongue, 237, 20 Vine Hill, 238 Willowherb, 237 Winecup, 239, 20 Claytonia exigua ssp. exigua, 227 exigua ssp. glauca, 227 gypsophiloides, 227 perfoliata ssp. mexicana, 227 perfoliata ssp. perfoliata, 11, 18, 227, 225 rubra ssp. depressa, 227 sibirica, 226, 225 Claytonia, Coastal, 227 Santa Lucia, 227 White-leaved, 227 Clematis, 39, 277, 280 lasiantha, 281, 25 ligusticifolia, 281 Clematis, Chaparral, 281 Clinopodium douglasii, 210, 209 Clintonia andrewsiana, 12, 346, 31 Clover, Alsike, 187 Arrow-leaved, 187 Bearded, 189 Branched, 188 Bull, 188, 14 Clammy, 189 Cow, 189 Creek, 189 Crimson, 188 Deceiving, 187 Double-headed, 187 Dwarf Sack, 188 Few-flowered, 189 Foothill, 187 Gray’s, 189 Little Hop, 186 Macrae’s, 187 Maiden, 188 Nodding, 188 Olive, 187 Pale Sack, 188 Pinole, 187

Pinpoint, 187 Rancheria, 188 Red, 187 Saline, 188 Showy, 188 Small-headed, 188, 15 Sour, 183 Square-leaved Sack, 188 Subterranean, 187 Thimble, 189 Tomcat, 189, 181 Tree, 187 Truncate Sack, 188 Two-forked, 188 Valparaiso, 189 Variegated, 189 White-tipped, 189 White, 187 Clubmoss, Little, 27, 29 Cnicus benedictus, 97 Cocklebur, 94 Spiny, 95 Cockscomb, 70 Coffeeberry, California, 10, 13, 18, 285, 26 Hoary, 285 Thick-leaved, 285 Colchita, 193, 12 Collinsia, 57, 256 bartsiifolia, 258 corymbosa, 257 greenei, 257 heterophylla, 11, 258 multicolor, 257 sparsiflora var. arvensis, 257 sparsiflora var. sparsiflora, 257, 23 tinctoria, 257 Collinsia, Greene’s, 257 San Francisco, 257 Collomia diversifolia, 262 grandiflora, 261, 262 heterophylla, 266 Collomia, Large-flowered, 261, 262 Serpentine, 262 Variable-leaved, 266 Coltsfoot, Western Sweet, 105, 110, 89 Columbine, Crimson, 282, 25 Serpentine, 9, 282 Combseed, Little, 131 Commelinaceae, 62, 323 Compositae, 85 Conicosia pugioniformis, 67, 70 Conium maculatum, 77 Consolida, 58 ajacis, 280 ambigua, 280 Convolvulaceae, 50, 65, 163

Convolvulus arvensis, 164, 165, 165 simulans, 164 Conyza bilbaoana, 107 bonariensis, 107 canadensis, 106 coulteri, 105 Coralbells, 302 Corallorhiza, 50 maculata var. maculata, 352, 32 maculata var. occidentalis, 352 striata, 352 Coralroot, Spotted, 352, 32 Striped, 352 Western Spotted, 352 Cordylanthus maritimus, 241 mollis ssp. hispidus, 241 mollis ssp. mollis, 242 nidularius, 242 pilosus, 242 rigidus, 242 tenuis ssp. brunneus, 242 tenuis ssp. capillaris, 242 Coreopsis calliopsidea, 120 douglasii, 112 hamiltonii, 112 stillmanii, 112 Corethrogyne filaginifolia, 108 Cornaceae, 43, 166 Corncockle, 151 Cornflower, 98 Cornus florida, 166 glabrata, 166 kousa, 166 nuttallii, 166, 10 sericea ssp. occidentalis, 11, 166, 10 Coronopus didymus, 139 squamatus, 139 Cortaderia jubata, 356 selloana, 356 Corylus cornuta ssp. californica, 12, 18, 41, 123, 123 cornuta var. californica, 41, 123 Cotoneaster, 50 franchetii, 295 frigidus, 291 integrifolius, 291 lacteus, 291 pannosus, 295 Cotoneaster, Franchet’s, 295 Pink-flowered, 295 Silver-leaved, 295 Cotton-batting-plant, 106

Index    413

Cottongrass, Slender, 327 Cottonrose, California, 102 Dagger-leaved, 102 Cottonseed, Mount Diablo, 102 Cottonweed, Slender, 102 Cottonwood, Black, 300, 299 Fremont’s, 11, 300 Cotula australis, 101 coronopifolia, 101, 5 Cotula, Australian, 101 Cow-lily, 230 Coyote-thistle, 75, 73 Great Valley, 75 Coyotebrush, 13, 17, 20, 21, 44, 86, 100 Coyotemint, 9, 211 Common, 211, 17 Crabapple, Oregon, 293, 296, 289 Crassula aquatica, 167 connata, 167 Crassulaceae, 61, 66, 67, 166 Crataegus gaylussacia, 293 monogyna, 291 suksdorfii, 293 Creambush, 295 Creamcups, 16, 246, 247 Creamsacs, Pink, 244 White, 244 Yellow, 244 Creeper, Virginia, 316 Crepis capillaris, 93 intermedia, 93 monticola, 94 occidentalis ssp. pumila, 93 vesicaria ssp. taraxacifolia, 93 Cress, American Winter, 145, 8 Bitter, 144, 135 Common Winter, 145 Early Winter, 145 Eurasian, 140 Field, 139 Field Penny, 139 Heart-podded Hoary, 139 Lesser Swine, 139 Mouse-ear, 145 Prostrate, 140 Purple Rock, 134 Shield, 139, 137 Swine, 139 Thale, 145, 135 Yellow, 145 Cressa truxillensis, 164 Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora, 337 Crofton-weed, 99

414     Index

Croton, 65 californicus, 177, 12 setigerus, 177 Croton, California, 177, 12 Crowfoot, 283, 279 Cruciferae, 134 Crypsis alopecuroides, 356 vaginiflora, 356 Cryptantha clevelandii, 132 corollata, 131 flaccida, 131 hispidula, 131 hooveri, 132 intermedia, 132 leiocarpa, 132 micromeres, 131 microstachys, 131 muricata, 131 nemaclada, 132 simulans, 131 sparsiflora, 131 torreyana, 132 Cryptantha, Beach, 132 Cleveland’s, 132 Coast Range, 131 Coastal, 132 Colusa, 132 Common, 132 Few-flowered, 131 Hairy, 131 Hoover’s, 132 Minute-flowered, 131 Napa, 131 Pale, 131 Pine, 131 Prickly, 131 Showy, 131 Tejon, 131 Torrey’s, 132 Weak-stemmed, 131 Cucumber, Wild, 168 Cucurbitaceae, 64, 167 Cudweed, Lowland, 105 Purple, 105 Weedy, 106 Cupressaceae, 34, 37, 38 Cupressus abramsiana var. butanoensis, 37 macnabiana, 37 macrocarpa, 37 sargentii, 37 Currant, Chaparral, 14, 203 Golden, 203, 16 Pink-flowering, 11, 203, 16 Cuscuta, 50 californica, 164

californica var. breviflora, 164 campestris, 164 indecora, 164 occidentalis, 164 pacifica, 21, 164 pentagona, 164 salina, 164 salina var. major, 164 subinclusa, 164 Cuscutaceae, 163 Cyclospermum leptophyllum, 76 Cymopterus terebinthinus var. californicus, 76 Cynara cardunculus, 95, 97, 102 scolymus, 95, 97, 102 Cynodon dactylon, 373, 358 Cynoglossum grande, 129, 7 Cynosurus cristatus, 368 echinatus, 16, 363, 32 Cyperaceae, 51, 324, 338, 325 Subkey, 331, 332 Cyperus acuminatus, 327 difformis, 327 eragrostis, 11, 19, 324, 30 erythrorhizos, 324 esculentus var. leptostachyus, 327 involucratus, 324 niger, 327 squarrosus, 324 Cyperus, African, 324 Awned, 324 Red-rooted, 324 Short-pointed, 327 Tall, 11, 19, 324, 30 McNab’s, 37 Monterey, 37, 2 San Mateo, 37 Sargent’s, 9, 37, 1 Cypripedium californicum, 353, 32 fasciculatum, 352 montanum, 353 Cypselea humifusa, 61, 69 Cystopteris fragilis, 33, 28 Cytisus monspessulanus, 184 proliferus, 181 scoparius, 17, 179, 184 striatus, 181 Dactylis glomerata, 379 Daisy, Corn, 120 English, 110 False, 111 Leafy, 108 Northern Rayless, 103 Ox-eye, 110

Rock, 103 Seaside, 17, 20, 86, 108, 5 Wire, 104 Damascisa, 224 Damasonium californicum, 319 Dandelion, Annual, 90 California, 91 Coast, 20, 91, 5 Common, 90, 7 Hidden, 90 Seaside, 91 Spear-leaved, 90 Two-fruited, 94 Danthonia californica, 17, 376 pilosa, 376 Darnel, 365, 366 Datisca glomerata, 56, 169, 168 Datiscaceae, 56, 169 Datura stramonium, 307, 308 Daucus carota, 77, 74 pusillus, 77 Deerbrush, 287 Big, 288 Deerweed, 184, 193, 12 Bird’s-foot, 193 Slender-podded, 193 Wetland, 193 Deinandra corymbosa, 119 kelloggii, 119 Delairea odorata, 39, 100 Delphinium, 58 bakeri, 280 californicum ssp. californicum, 281 californicum ssp. interius, 280 decorum, 281 hansenii, 281 hesperium ssp. hesperium, 281 hesperium ssp. pallescens, 281 luteum, 280 nudicaule, 280, 25 parryi, 281 patens, 280 recurvatum, 280 uliginosum, 280 variegatum, 280 Dendromecon rigida, 47, 246, 247, 22 Dennstaedtiaceae, 31 Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. cespitosa, 377 cespitosa ssp. holciformis, 17, 372, 376 danthonioides, 377, 358 elongata, 376 Descurainia pinnata ssp. menziesii, 145 pinnata, 145, 9 Desmazeria rigida, 379 Devil’s-lettuce, 129, 7

Index    415

Dewcup, Western, 64, 291 Dicentra chrysantha, 247 formosa, 247, 22 Dichelostemma capitatum, 16, 17, 395, 396 congestum, 17, 396, 396 multiflorum, 396 volubile, 396 Dichondra donelliana, 164 micrantha, 163 Dichondra, California, 164 Digitalis purpurea, 256, 253 Digitaria sanguinalis, 373, 359 Dipsacaceae, 56, 169 Dipsacus fullonum, 169 sativus, 169 Dirca occidentalis, 50, 310, 29 Disporum hookeri, 346 smithii, 346 Distichlis spicata, 21, 373, 359 Ditchgrass, Coiled, 393, 393 Straight, 393 Dittrichia graveolens, 104 Dobiepod, 145 Dock, Bitter, 271, 270 Clustered, 271 Curly, 268, 270 Fiddle, 271 Golden, 22, 271, 270 Green, 271, 270 Marsh, 268 Western, 268 Willow, 268 Dodder, California, 164 Canyon, 164 Chaparral, 164 Common, 164 Field, 164 Large-seeded, 164 Salt, 164 Salt Marsh, 21, 164 Western, 164 Dodecatheon, 60, 277 clevelandii ssp. patulum, 277, 25 clevelandii ssp. sanctarum, 277 hendersonii, 11, 277 Dogbane, Bitter, 82, 83 Dogfennel, 110 Dogtail, Hedgehog, 16, 363, 32 Dogwood, American, 11, 166, 10 Brown, 166 Mountain, 166, 10 Douglas-fir, 13, 38, 123, 177

416     Index

Doveweed, 177 Downingia concolor, 18, 147, 148 cuspidata, 147 pulchella, 18, 147 pusilla, 147 Downingia, Cuspidate, 147 Dwarf, 147 Flat-faced, 18, 147 Maroon-spotted, 18, 147, 148 Draba verna, 138, 136 Dropseed, Alkali, 382 Drosanthemum floribundum, 62, 70 Drosera rotundifolia, 55, 169 Droseraceae, 55, 169 Drymocallis glandulosa, 292 Dryopteridaceae, 30, 31, 32, 33 Dryopteris arguta, 33, 1 expansa, 33 Duckmeat, Common, 322, 323 Dotted, 322 Duckweed, Common, 323, 323 Greater, 322 Least, 323 Lesser, 323 Swollen, 322 Uncommon, 322 Valley, 323 Dudleya abramsii ssp. setchellii, 167 cymosa, 167, 11 farinosa, 167 lanceolata, 167 laxa, 167 setchellii, 167 Dudleya, Common, 167, 11 Lance-leaved, 167 Powdery, 167 Santa Clara Valley, 167 Spreading, 167 Durango-root, 56, 169, 168 Dutchman’s-pipe, 39, 85, 4 Dyer’s-rocket, 284 Dysphania ambrosioides, 161 anthelmintica, 161 botrys, 161 chilensis, 161 multifida, 161 pumilio, 161 Eardrops, Golden, 15, 247, 23 Eastwoodia elegans, 44, 100 Echinochloa colona, 375 crus-galli, 374, 379

Echium candicans, 48, 124, 130 Eclipta alba, 111 prostrata, 111 Eelgrass, 399 Egeria densa, 52, 336 Ehrendorferia chrysantha, 15, 247, 23 Ehrharta erecta, 377 Eichhornia crassipes, 53, 391 Elaeagnaceae, 48, 170 Elaeagnus angustifolia, 48, 170 Elatinaceae, 52, 170 Elatine californica, 52, 170 Elderberry, Blue, 18, 69, 2 Red, 69 Eleocharis acicularis, 327 macrostachya, 328 montevidensis, 328 obtusa, 327 parishii, 328 parvula, 327 pauciflora, 328 quinqueflora, 328, 326 radicans, 327 rostellata, 328 suksdorfiana, 328 Elk-clover, 11, 84, 4 Elodea, 52 canadensis, 336, 336 nuttallii, 336 Elymus californicus, 372 caput-medusae, 364 elymoides, 364 glaucus, 372, 359 mollis, 20, 373, 360 multisetus, 16, 364 pacificus, 20, 363 repens, 366, 359 triticoides, 364 x vancouverensis, 372 Elytrigia repens, 366 Emmenanthe penduliflora var. penduliflora, 15, 124, 125, 7 penduliflora var. rosea, 125 Enchanter’s-nightshade, 56, 234 Encina, 198 Enemion occidentale, 282 stipitatum, 282 Epilobium, 60, 234, 235 angustifolium ssp. circumvagum, 236 brachycarpum, 236 campestre, 236 canum, 232, 235, 21 ciliatum ssp. ciliatum, 236 ciliatum ssp. watsonii, 236 cleistogamum, 236 densiflorum, 236

foliosum, 237 halleanum, 236 hallianum, 236 minutum, 237 pygmaeum, 236 torreyi, 236 Epipactis gigantea, 353, 32 helleborine, 353 Equisetaceae, 26, 30 Equisetum arvense, 30 hyemale ssp. affine, 30, 29 laevigatum, 30 palustre, 30 telmateia ssp. braunii, 30 Eragrostis curvula, 378 hypnoides, 378 mexicana ssp. mexicana, 378 mexicana ssp. virescens, 378 minor, 378 orcuttiana, 378 pectinacea, 378 Erechtites glomerata, 108 minima, 107 Eremalche parryi, 221 Eremocarpus setigerus, 177 Eremothera boothii ssp. decorticans, 234 Eriastrum abramsii, 263 pluriflorum, 262 Eriastrum, Abrams’, 263 Ericaceae, 49, 50, 59, 170, 284 Subkey, 173 Ericameria arborescens, 45, 101 ericoides, 20, 45, 114, 88 linearifolia, 45, 114 nauseosa var. mohavensis, 45, 101 Erigeron bonariensis, 107 canadensis, 106, 88 foliosus var. foliosus, 108 foliosus var. franciscensis, 108 glaucus, 17, 20, 86, 108, 5 inornatus var. angustatus, 103 petrophilus, 103 philadelphicus, 108 reductus var. angustatus, 103 sumatrensis, 107 Eriodictyon, 240 californicum, 10, 14, 47, 124, 8 Eriogonum, 240, 271 angulosum, 273 argillosum, 273 covilleanum, 272 elegans, 272 fasciculatum, 48, 272, 24 latifolium, 272

Index    417

Eriogonum (continued) luteolum var. caninum, 273 luteolum var. luteolum, 273 nudum var. auriculatum, 273 nudum var. nudum, 273, 269 nudum var. oblongifolium, 273 nudum var. pubiflorum, 273 roseum, 273 truncatum, 273 umbellatum var. bahiiforme, 272 vimineum, 272 wrightii var. trachygonum, 272 Eriophorum gracile, 327 Eriophyllum confertiflorum, 46, 86, 115, 6 jepsonii, 9, 45, 114 lanatum var. achilleoides, 17, 121, 6 lanatum var. arachnoideum, 121 latilobum, 45, 115 staechadifolium, 45, 46, 100, 115 Erodium, 64, 67 botrys, 16, 202, 15 brachycarpum, 202 cicutarium, 202 macrophyllum, 202 malacoides, 202 moschatum, 202 Eruca sativa, 141 vesicaria ssp. sativa, 141 Eryngium aristulatum var. aristulatum, 75 aristulatum var. hooveri, 75 armatum, 75, 73 castrense, 75 jepsonii, 75 Erysimum capitatum, 146, 9 capitatum ssp. angustatum, 146 concinnum, 146 franciscanum, 146 menziesii, 145, 146 menziesii ssp. concinnum, 146 Erythronium, 63 californicum, 346, 31 helenae, 346 Eschscholzia caespitosa, 247, 248 californica, 16, 20, 246, 248, 23 lobbii, 247 rhombipetala, 247 Escobita, 244 Eucalyptus, 43, 48 conferruminata, 229 globulus, 229 polyanthemos, 229 pulchella, 229 Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia, 126 Eucrypta, Common, 126 Euonymus occidentalis, 43, 156

418     Index

Eupatorium adenophorum, 99 Eupatorium, Sticky, 99 Euphorbia, 56 crenulata, 178 helioscopia, 178 lathyris, 178 oblongata, 178 peplus, 178, 12 spathulata, 178 Euphorbia, European, 178 Euphorbiaceae, 41, 56, 60, 65, 177 Eurybia radulina, 108 Euthamia occidentalis, 119, 88 Evax, Erect, 102 Fire, 102 Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes, 234, 21 Beach, 20, 235, 20 Biennial, 235 Hooker’s, 235, 233 Mat-forming, 234 Shredding, 234 Wolf’s, 234 Evening-snow, 265 Everlasting, California, 106 Fragrant, 106 Narrow-leaved Purple, 105 Pearly, 17, 106, 5 Pink, 106 White, 106 Fabaceae, 40, 46, 47, 48, 49, 58, 122, 178, 239, 267 Subkey 1, 182, 184 Subkey 2, 182, 186 Subkey 3, 182, 189 Subkey 4, 184, 191 Fagaceae, 41, 194 Fairy-lantern, 348 Mount Diablo, 348, 31 The Cedars, 348 Fairy-slipper, Western, 352 Fairybells, 346 Large-flowered, 12, 346, 347 Fairyfans, 238 Fallopia convolvulus, 274 japonica, 274 sachalinensis, 274 False-lupine, Santa Ynez, 182, 14 Falsebrome, Purple, 365 Family, Adder’s-tongue, 32 Amaranth, 65, 70 Amaryllis, 321, 344 Aralia, 53 Arrow-grass, 51, 344 Arum, 52, 55, 321 Azolla, 26

Barberry, 46, 63, 122 Bedstraw, 296 Bellflower, 147 Birch, 41, 49, 122 Bladderwort, 54, 156, 214 Blazing-star, 67, 217 Bluebell, 57, 65, 147 Borage, 47, 48, 59, 61, 65, 66, 124 Bracken, 31 Brake, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Brodiaea, 62, 346, 395 Broomrape, 50, 57, 58, 239, 305 Buckbean, 53, 223 Buckthorn, 40, 43, 49, 284 Buckwheat, 47, 48, 54, 55, 267 Butcher’s-broom, 63, 346, 393 Buttercup, 39, 53, 54, 58, 59, 64, 67, 245, 277 Butterfly-bush, 305 Cacao, 219 Caltrop, 59, 316 Cape-pondweed, 53, 321 Carpetweed, 61, 223 Carrot, 53, 55, 72, 84 Cashew, 72 Cattail, 51, 397 Century-plant, 63, 317, 344 Chain Fern, 31 Cliff Fern, 33 Cypress, 34, 37, 38 Daphne, 50, 310 Datisca, 56, 169 Deer Fern, 31 Ditchgrass, 52, 54, 392 Dodder, 163 Dogbane, 81, 60 Dogwood, 43, 166 Duckweed, 321 Eelgrass, 51, 399 Evening-primrose, 53, 54, 56, 60, 68, 232 False-asphodel, 63, 346, 397 False-hellebore, 60, 63, 344, 350 Fig-marigold, 61, 62, 65, 67, 69 Figwort, 43, 44, 57, 66, 239, 248, 251, 305 Flax, 60, 68, 216 Four-o’clock, 61, 229 Frankenia, 62, 198 Fumitory, 246 Gentian, 61, 199 Geranium, 59, 64, 67, 200 Ginseng, 39, 55, 83 Gooseberry, 40, 41, 202 Goosefoot, 48, 49, 55, 64, 157 Gourd, 64, 167 Grape, 39, 316 Grass-of-parnassus, 68, 248, 304 Grass, 51, 354, 356 Gunnera, 56, 204 Heath, 49, 50, 59, 170 Hemp, 63, 149 Holly, 40, 83

Honeysuckle, 39, 43, 44, 68, 150 Horned-pondweed, 52, 398 Hornwort, 52, 156 Horsetail, 30 Hydrangea, 60, 204 Iceplant, 69 Iris, 62, 337 Laurel, 48, 85, 146, 214, 302 Leadwort, 65, 261 Legume, 178 Lily, 60, 62, 63, 317, 319, 321, 344, 350, 393, 395, 397 Lizard’s-tail, 55, 85, 146, 214, 302 Loasa, 217 Loosestrife, 62, 67, 218 Lopseed, 42, 57, 248, 305 Madder, 39, 43, 61, 296 Maidenhair Fern, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Mallow, 41, 65, 67, 219 Mares’s-tail, 251 Marsilea, 26, 30 Meadowfoam, 63, 215 Mignonette, 58, 284 Milkweed, 81 Milkwort, 58, 267 Miner’s-lettuce, 56, 67, 224, 276 Mint, 42, 57, 207 Mistletoe, 50, 315 Mock-orange, 205 Morning-glory, 50, 65, 163 Mosquito Fern, 26 Muskroot, 42, 68, 150 Mustard, 53, 63, 64, 68, 134 Myrsine, 61, 66, 228, 276 Myrtle, 43, 48, 229 Nasturtium, 58, 310 Nettle, 59, 65, 311 Nightshade, 40, 48, 50, 66, 307 Oak, 41, 194 Oleaster, 48, 170 Olive, 42, 231 Onion, 62, 319, 344 Orchid, 50, 58, 350 Oxalis, 64, 244 Palm, 323 Pea, 40, 46, 47, 48, 49, 58, 122, 178, 239 Peony, 64, 245 Phlox, 59, 61, 63, 65, 261 Pickerel-weed, 53, 54, 391 Pine, 37, 38 Pink, 61, 62, 151 Pipevine, 39, 64, 85, 146, 214, 302 Plantain, 42, 52, 57, 58, 60, 61, 66, 251, 305 Pokeweed, 65, 250 Polypody, 31 Pondweed, 54, 392 Poppy, 47, 55, 57, 60, 64, 67, 246 Primrose, 60, 66, 228, 276, 310 Purslane, 55, 224, 276 Quassia, 47, 306

Index    419

Family (continued) Quillwort, 26, 27 Rockrose, 44, 67, 162 Rose, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 63, 64, 277, 288 Rue, 46, 298 Rush, 51, 338, 339 Saxifrage, 59, 68, 248, 302 Sedge, 51, 324, 325 Silk-tassel, 43, 198 Simarouba, 306 Smilax, 39, 346, 395 Snapdragon, 305 Soapberry, 42, 301 Spicebush, 43, 146 Spiderwort, 62, 323 Spikemoss, 27 Spurge, 41, 56, 60, 65, 177 St. John’s-wort, 62, 205 Staff-tree, 43, 156 Stonecrop, 61, 66, 67, 166 Sumac, 39, 46, 72 Sundew, 55, 169 Sunflower, 39, 40, 44, 54, 85, 86, 350, 354, 86 Sweetshrub, 85, 146, 214, 302 Sycamore, 41, 260 Tamarisk, 49, 309 Teasel, 56, 169 Tecophilaea, 63, 346, 395 Theophrasta, 66, 276, 310 Touch-me-not, 57, 121 Unicorn-plant, 58, 222 Valerian, 56, 311 Verbena, 57, 60, 312 Vervain, 312 Violet, 58, 313 Walnut, 47, 206 Water-milfoil, 52, 156, 204 Water-plantain, 53, 54, 318 Water-starwort, 251 Waterclover, 26, 30 Waterleaf, 124 Waterlily, 53, 230 Watershield, 230 Waterweed, 52, 335 Waterwort, 52, 170 Wax-myrtle, 47, 227 Willow, 41, 298 Wood Fern, 30, 31, 32, 33 Yew, 38 Fanweed, 139, 137 Farewell-to-spring, 238 Fathen, 160 Fatsia japonica, 83 Fennel, Hog, 78 Sweet, 76, 74 Fern, Bird’s-foot, 33 Brittle, 33, 28

420     Index

California Lace, 34 California Shield, 32 Coastal Lip, 32 Coastal Wood, 33, 1 Coffee, 33 Cooper’s Lip, 32 Coville’s Lip, 32 Deer, 31, 28 Dense Lace, 9, 34, 28 Dudley’s Shield, 33 Fivefinger, 32, 1 Fragile, 33 Giant Chain, 11, 31, 1 Goldback, 11, 32 Imbricate Sword, 31 Lace Lip, 32 Leather-leaf, 31, 1 Licorice, 31 Mexican Mosquito, 26 Narrow-leaved Sword, 31 Northern Wood, 33 Silverback, 32 Western Lady, 12, 33, 1 Western Sword, 10, 12, 14, 30, 28 Fescue, Brome, 388, 362 California, 17, 387 Elmer’s, 387 Foxtail, 387, 388 Gray, 386, 388 Green, 390 Hairy, 386, 388 Idaho, 17, 387 Red, 387, 360 Reed, 387 Sixweeks, 388 Tall, 387 Western, 387 Festuca, 375, 386 arundinacea, 387 bromoides, 388, 362 californica, 17, 387 elmeri, 387 idahoensis, 17, 387 microstachys, 386, 388 myuros, 387, 388 occidentalis, 387 octoflora, 386, 387, 388, 362 perennis, 362, 365, 366, 374, 361 rubra, 387, 360 subuliflora, 356 temulenta, 365, 366 viridula, 389, 390 Feverfew, 110 Fiddleneck, Bent-flowered, 129 Bugloss-flowered, 129 Carrizo, 129 Coastal, 128 Common, 16, 129, 7

Desert, 129 Eastwood’s, 129 Large-flowered, 129 Seaside, 128 Small-flowered, 129 Valley, 129 Waxy, 128 Field-marigold, 116 Fiesta-flower, 126 White, 126 Figwort, California, 57, 305 Filago californica, 102 gallica, 102 Filaree, Broad-leaved, 16, 202, 15 Green-stemmed, 202 Large-leaved, 202 Long-beaked, 202 Red-stemmed, 202 Round-leaved, 202 Fir, Grand, 13, 38, 35 White, 38, 35 Firethorn, Slender, 40, 293 Woolly, 40, 293 Fireweed, 236 Rancher’s, 129 Fishhooks, Woolly, 95 Flannelbush, 41, 219, 18 Flatpod, 138 Flax, Brewer’s Western, 217 California Western, 217 Cleveland’s Western, 217 Coast Range Western, 217 Common, 216 Marin Western, 217 Narrow-leaved, 216, 18 Slender Western, 217 Small-flowered Western, 9, 217 Two-carpellate Western, 217 Two-styled Western, 217 Western Blue, 216, 18 Yellow, 60, 217 Fleabane, Franciscan, 108 Leafy, 108 Philadelphia, 108 Rock-loving, 103 Saltmarsh, 107 Flowering-quillwort, 344 Fluellin, Round-leaved, 256 Sharp-leaved, 256 Fluffweed, 102 California, 16, 102 Foeniculum vulgare, 76, 74 Fool’s-onion, 395

Footsteps-of-spring, 17, 78, 4 Forestiera neomexicana, 42, 231 pubescens, 42, 231, 232 Forget-me-not, Broad-leaved, 130 Changing, 130 Four-o’clock, 230 Fourspot, 239 Foxglove, 256, 253 Foxtail, Barnyard, 364 Chinese, 363 Pacific, 369 Sonoma, 370 Fragaria chiloensis, 20, 291, 26 vesca, 291 Frangula californica ssp. californica, 10, 13, 18, 285, 26 californica ssp. crassifolia, 285 californica ssp. tomentella, 285 Frankenia grandifolia, 62, 198 salina, 21, 62, 198 Frankeniaceae, 62, 198 Franseria chamissonis, 98 Fraxinus, 42, 316 dipetala, 232 latifolia, 232, 232 Freesia alba, 337 Freesia, Common, 337 Fremontia, 41, 219 Fremontodendron californicum, 41, 219, 18 Fringecups, 302, 304, 303 Fringepod, Hairy, 138, 9 Narrow-leaved, 138 Ribbed, 138 Fritillaria, 60 affinis, 347 agrestis, 348 biflora, 348 eastwoodiae, 347 falcata, 348 lanceolata, 347 liliacea, 348 purdyi, 348 recurva, 347, 31 Fritillary, Butte County, 347 Chocolate, 348 Fragrant, 348 Purdy’s, 348 Scarlet, 347, 31 Talus, 348 Frogbit, 52 American, 335 Frying-pans, 247 Fuchsia, California, 232, 235, 21

Index    421

Fumaria officinalis, 246 parviflora, 247 Fumariaceae, 246 Fumitory, 246 Small-flowered, 247 Furze, 40, 182 Galinsoga parviflora, 111 Galium, 39, 61 andrewsii, 297 andrewsii ssp. gatense, 297, 27 aparine, 298 bolanderi, 296 californicum, 297, 298, 28 divaricatum, 297 mexicanum var. asperulum, 298 mollugo, 297 murale, 297 parisiense, 296 porrigens var. porrigens, 296 porrigens var. tenue, 297 tricornutum, 296 trifidum ssp. columbianum, 296 trifidum var. pauciflorum, 296 triflorum, 298 Gambelweed, 79 Gamochaeta calviceps, 105 ustulata, 105 Garden-rocket, 141 Garlic, False, 319 Garrya congdonii, 199 elliptica, 199, 199 flavescens, 199 fremontii, 199 Garryaceae, 43, 198 Gastridium phleoides, 369, 372 ventricosum, 369, 372 Gaultheria shallon, 12, 170, 173, 239, 11 Gaura drummondii, 234 Gayophytum heterozygum, 234 Gayophytum, Self-pollinating, 234 Genista monspessulana, 179, 184, 13 Gentian, King’s Scepter, 200, 15 Oregon, 200 Prairie, 200 Gentiana affinis var. ovata, 200 oregana, 200 sceptrum, 200, 15 Gentianaceae, 61, 199 Geraniaceae, 59, 64, 67, 200 Geranium, 67 bicknellii, 201 carolinianum, 201 core-core, 201

422     Index

dissectum, 202 microphyllum, 201 molle, 201 potentilloides, 201 purpureum, 201 pusillum, 202 retrorsum, 201 robertianum, 64, 201 Geranium, Australian, 201 Bicknell’s, 201 Carolina, 201 Cinquefoil, 201 Cut-leaved, 202 Dove’s-foot, 201 Gooseberry, 201 Scarlet, 201 Small-flowered, 202 German-ivy, 39, 100 Gilia achilleifolia ssp. achilleifolia, 266, 24 achilleifolia ssp. multicaulis, 266 capitata ssp. capitata, 266 capitata ssp. chamissonis, 266 capitata ssp. staminea, 266 capitata ssp. tomentosa, 266 clivorum, 267 millefoliata, 267 tenuiflora, 266 tricolor ssp. diffusa, 267 tricolor ssp. tricolor, 267, 24 Gilia, Bird’s-eye, 267 Blue Coast, 266 Blue-headed, 266 California, 266, 24 Dark-eyed, 267 Dune, 266 Globe, 266 Grassland, 267 Pale, 266 Purple-spotted, 267 Purple, 266 San Francisco, 267 Slender-flowered, 266 Small California, 266 Spreading, 266 Spreading Bird’s-eye, 267 Straggling, 266 Woolly-headed, 266 Giraffehead, 210 Githopsis diffusa ssp. robusta, 149 specularioides, 149 Glasswort, 157 Slender, 21, 157 Glaux maritima, 21, 61, 229 Glebionis segetum, 120 Glechoma hederacea, 210 Glinus lotoides, 224

Glorybrush, 286 Glorymat, 286 Glueseed, 121 Glyceria elata, 390 leptostachya, 390 x occidentalis, 390 Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 183, 180 Gnaphalium californicum, 106 canescens ssp. microcephalum, 106 luteoalbum, 106 palustre, 105 purpureum, 105 ramosissimum, 106 stramineum, 106 Gnomeplant, 171 Godetia amoena, 238 purpurea, 239 Golden-aster, Beach, 117 Bolander’s, 17, 86, 117 Bristly, 117 Hairy, 117 Inland Oregon, 103 Oregon, 103 Sticky Oregon, 103 Golden-eggs, 235, 21 Golden-eyed-grass, 337, 30 Golden-fleece, 45, 101 Golden-thistle, 93 Golden-yarrow, 46, 86, 115 Goldenbush, Coastal, 101 Interior, 45, 114 Satan’s, 101 Goldenrod, California, 111 Canada, 105, 6 Coastal, 111 Dune, 111 Guirado’s, 111 Southern, 105 Western, 119, 88 Goldenthread, 164 Goldenweed, Clustered, 111 Goldfields, Alkali, 113 Baker’s, 114 California, 16, 86, 114 Coastal, 114 Ferris’, 113 Fremont’s, 113 Maritime, 99, 113 Seacoast, 114 Small-rayed, 99 Smooth, 99 Woolly, 113 Yellow-rayed, 18, 113

Goldwire, 205, 16 Goodyera oblongifolia, 354, 353 Gooseberry, Bitter, 204 Canyon, 204 Fuchsia-flowered, 203, 16 Hairless Sierran, 203 Hillside, 203, 16 Oakwoods, 203 Straggly, 203 Victor’s, 203 Goosefoot, California, 161 Coastal, 162 Cut-leaved, 161 Leafy, 162, 158 Nettle-leaved, 161 Pit-seeded, 162 Small, 161 South American, 162 Wall, 161, 158 Goosegrass, 298 Gopher-plant, 178 Gorse, 40, 179, 182 Gramineae, 354 Grape, California Wild, 11, 39, 316 Grapefern, Leather, 32, 28 Grass-nut, 396 Grass-of-Parnassus, 304 Large-flowered, 248 Grass, Alaskan Alkali, 21, 391 Alaskan Onion, 389, 361 American Dune, 20, 373, 360 American Slough, 382 Annual Beard, 368, 370 Annual Blue, 388, 361 Annual Hair, 377, 358 Annual Tickle, 381 Annual Vernal, 369, 371 Barb, 365 Barbed Goat, 365 Barnyard, 374, 379 Beach Blue, 372 Bermuda, 373, 358 Blasdale’s Bent, 384 Blue Bunch, 387 Bolander’s Reed, 380 Bristly Dogtail, 363 Bulbous Blue, 379, 388 California Alkali, 390 California Bent, 366, 367, 370, 372, 381, 384 California Bottlebrush, 372 California Canary, 367 California Cord, 21, 374 California Oat, 17, 376 California Semaphore, 362 California Sweet, 377 Carolina Love, 378 Cheat, 386, 358

Index    423

Grass (continued) Chilean Beard, 371, 380 Chilean Love, 378 Common Velvet, 368, 372, 377 Creeping Bent, 383, 384, 357 Creeping Love, 378 Crested Dogtail, 368 Crimson Fountain, 363 Dallis, 375 Dense Pine Reed, 371, 381 Dense Reed, 380 Dense-flowered Cord, 374 Dune Bent, 370, 382, 384 Dune Blue, 368, 373 Early Hair, 369, 372, 376 Elegant Hair, 376 Finger, 373 Foothill Needle, 380 Fowl Manna, 390 Geyer’s Onion, 389 Giant Bent, 383 Hairy Crab, 373, 359 Hairy Oat, 376 Hairy Pampas, 356 Hall’s Bent, 384 Harding, 367 Hare’s-tail, 368 Harford’s Onion, 390 Hillman’s Panic, 382 Hood Canary, 366, 369 Howell’s Blue, 389 Italian Rye, 365, 366, 374 Johnson, 375 Jubata, 356 June, 368, 373, 360 Kellogg’s Blue, 389 Kentucky Blue, 389, 361 Kikuyu, 363 Knot, 374 Leafy Reed, 371, 380 Little Love, 378 Little Quaking, 16 Little-seeded Canary, 367 Long-spiked Beard, 371, 379 Mediterranean Beard, 370 Mexican Love, 378 Modest Prickle, 356 Mountain Bunch, 390 Napa Blue, 389 Narrow Manna, 390 Nit, 369, 372 Nodding Needle, 380 North Coast Semaphore, 362 Nuttall’s Alkali, 391 Ocean-bluff Blue, 373 One-sided Blue, 388 Orchard, 379 Pacific Hair, 17, 372, 376 Pacific Panic, 384 Pacific Reed, 17, 371, 381

424     Index

Pampas, 356 Panic Veldt, 377 Perennial Rye, 365, 366, 374, 361 Pine Blue, 388 Pine Reed, 371, 381 Purple Needle, 355, 380 Quack, 366, 359 Rabbitfoot, 368, 370 Rattail Sixweeks, 387, 388 Rattlesnake, 378 Rescue, 385 Rice Cut, 382 Ripgut, 16, 385 Rough Bent, 381, 383, 389 Saint Augustine, 365 Salt, 21, 373, 359 Salt-meadow Cord, 374 Salt-water Cord, 21, 374 San Francisco Blue, 373 Sand Dune Blue, 20, 368, 373 Scratch, 379, 382 Scribner, 366 Serpentine Reed, 371, 380 Short-spiked Canary, 367 Sickle, 365 Sierra Bent, 381 Silver Hair, 376, 357 Sixweeks, 386, 387, 388, 362 Slender Hair, 376 Small Quaking, 378 Small-leaved Bent, 381 Smilo, 381 Soft Cheat, 16 Solano, 368 Spike Bent, 382, 384 Stiff, 379 Sweet Vernal, 369, 371 Timothy Canary, 367 Tufted Hair, 377 Vanilla, 377 Water Beard, 367, 370, 383 Water Manna, 390 Weak Manna, 390 Weeping Love, 378 Western Bent, 382, 384 Western Manna, 390 Whorled Bent, 367, 370, 383 Windmill, 373 Witch, 383 Wood Blue, 389 Yellow Bristle, 363 Grasspoly, 219 Greasewood, 48, 294 Greenbrier, 39, 395 Grindelia, 164, 240 camporum, 118 hirsutula, 17, 117 hirsutula var. maritima, 117 nana, 117 stricta var. angustifolia, 45, 114

stricta var. platyphylla, 22, 114, 117 stricta var. stricta, 114, 117 Gromwell, 130 Grossulariaceae, 40, 41, 202 Groundcone, California, 239, 22 Small, 239 Groundivy, 210 Groundsel, 107, 111 Common, 108 Widehead, 111 Woodland, 107 Guillenia flavescens, 144 lasiophylla, 144 Gum, Blue, 229 Silver Dollar, 229 Spider, 229 Gumplant, Dune, 22, 114, 117 Great Valley, 118 Hairy, 17, 117 Idaho, 117 Marsh, 45, 114 Pacific, 114, 117 Gumweed, 115, 116 Gunnera tinctoria, 56, 204 Gunneraceae, 56, 204 Gutierrezia californica, 45, 114 Gypsophila paniculata, 151 Hainardia cylindrica, 365 Haloragaceae, 52, 156, 204 Haplopappus arborescens, 45, 101 ericoides, 45, 114 linearifolius, 45, 114 racemosus, 111 Harebell, California, 149, 148 Chaparral, 149 Griffin’s, 149 Sharsmith’s, 149 Swamp, 149 Hareleaf, Common, 121 Lesser, 121 White-crowned, 110 Harmonia hallii, 115 nutans, 115 Harmonia, Hall’s, 115 Nodding, 115 Hawkbit, Hairy, 91 Long-beaked, 91 Hawksbeard, Intermediate, 93

Mountain, 94 Smooth, 93 Weedy, 93 Western, 93 Hawkweed, White-flowered, 89 Hawthorn, Black, 293 Hazelnut, California, 12, 18, 41, 123, 123 Heart’s-ease, Western, 9, 12, 314 Hedera, 39 canariensis, 84 helix, 83, 84 Hedgenettle, Bugle, 211 California, 18, 211, 17 Chamisso’s, 211 Short-spiked, 212 Sonoma, 211 Helenium amarum, 119 bigelovii, 119 puberulum, 104, 119 Helianthella californica, 112 castanea, 119 Helianthella, California, 112 Diablo, 119 Helianthemum scoparium, 67, 162, 163 Helianthus annuus, 120 californicus, 119 ciliaris, 113, 119, 120 gracilentus, 113, 119 Heliotrope, 126 European, 130 Seaside, 20, 130 Wild, 128 Heliotropium curassavicum, 130 curassavicum var. oculatum, 20, 130 europaeum, 130 Helleborine, Broad-leaved, 353 Helminthotheca echioides, 94 Hemicarpha occidentalis, 327 Hemitomes congestum, 171 Hemizonella minima, 104 Hemizonia congesta ssp. clevelandii, 109 congesta ssp. congesta, 16, 109 congesta ssp. lutescens, 118 congesta ssp. luzulifolia, 109 corymbosa, 119 fitchii, 118 kelloggii, 119 parryi ssp. congdonii, 120 parryi ssp. parryi, 120 pungens ssp. maritima, 120 pungens ssp. pungens, 120 Hemlock, Poison, 77

Index    425

Hemlock (continued) Western, 13, 38, 2 Hemp, 63, 149 Indian, 82 Mountain, 82 Hen-and-chickens, 166 Henbit, Clasping, 210 Red, 210 Heracleum lanatum, 80 maximum, 80, 3 Herb-robert, 201 Lesser, 201 Herbaceous Plants, Group 1, 51, 52 Group 2, 51, 54 Group 2, Subkey 1, 56 Group 2, Subkey 2, 56, 59 Group 2, Subkey 3, 56, 62 Herniaria hirsuta var. cinerea, 151 Hespercyparis sargentii, 9 Hesperevax acaulis var. ambusticola, 102 sparsiflora var. sparsiflora, 102 Hesperocnide tenella, 59, 311 Hesperocyparis, 316 abramsiana var. butanoensis, 37 macnabiana, 37 macrocarpa, 37, 2 sargentii, 37, 1 Hesperolinon bicarpellatum, 217 breweri, 217 californicum, 217 clevelandii, 217 congestum, 217 disjunctum, 217 micranthum, 9, 217 spergulinum, 217 Hesperomecon linearis, 67, 247 Heteranthera dubia, 54, 391, 391 Heterocodon rariflorum, 149 Heteromeles arbutifolia, 10, 14, 17, 47, 49, 291, 295, 27 Heterotheca grandiflora, 117 oregona var. oregona, 103 oregona var. rudis, 103 oregona var. scaberrima, 103 sessiliflora ssp. bolanderi, 17, 86, 117 sessiliflora ssp. echioides, 117 sessiliflora ssp. sessiliflora, 117 Heuchera micrantha, 304, 303 pilosissima, 304 sanguinea, 302 Heuchera, Seaside, 304 Hibiscus lasiocarpus, 219 lasiocarpus var. occidentalis, 219 Hibiscus, California, 219

426     Index

Hieracium albiflorum, 92, 89 Hierochloë occidentale, 377 Hippocastanaceae, 301 Hippuridaceae, 251 Hippuris vulgaris, 52, 251, 252 Hirschfeldia incana, 142, 9 Hoita macrostachya, 183 orbicularis, 183 strobilina, 183 Hoita, Loma Prieta, 183 Round-leaved, 183 Holcus lanatus, 368, 372, 377 Holly, English, 40, 83 Hollyhock, 221 Holocarpha heermannii, 116 macradenia, 116 obconica, 116 virgata, 116 Holodiscus, 240 discolor, 291, 295, 27 Holozonia filipes, 110 Honesty, 138 Honeysuckle, Chaparral, 150 Hairy, 150 Southern, 150 Hoptree, 46, 298, 28 Hordeum, 356, 363 brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum, 365 brachyantherum ssp. californicum, 365 depressum, 364 jubatum, 16, 364 marinum ssp. gussoneanum, 364, 360 murinum ssp. glaucum, 364 murinum ssp. leporinum, 364 Horehound, 213 Horkelia californica ssp. californica, 292 californica ssp. dissita, 292 californica ssp. frondosa, 292 californica var. californica, 292, 27 californica var. elata, 292 californica var. frondosa, 292 cuneata ssp. cuneata, 292 cuneata ssp. sericea, 292 cuneata var. cuneata, 292 cuneata var. sericea, 292 marinensis, 292 tenuiloba, 292 Horkelia, California, 292, 27 Kellogg’s, 292 Leafy, 292 Lobed, 292 Point Reyes, 292 Thin-lobed, 292 Wedge-leaved, 292 Horned-pondweed, 52, 398, 399

Hornwort, 52, 156, 156 Horsemint, Nettle-leaved, 212, 208 Horsetail, Common, 30 Giant, 30 Marsh, 30 Horseweed, 106, 88 Coulter’s, 105 Flax-leaved, 107 Tropical, 107 Hosackia crassifolia, 192, 13 gracilis, 192 rosea, 192 stipularis, 192 Hottentot-fig, 70, 3 Hound’s-tongue, 129, 7 Huckleberry, California, 173 Evergreen, 12, 13, 170, 173, 12 Red, 173, 12 Hulsea heterochroma, 117 Hulsea, Red-rayed, 117 Humulus, 149 Hyacinth, Water, 53, 391 Wild, 396 Hydrangeaceae, 60, 204 Hydrilla verticillata, 52, 336 Hydrocharitaceae, 52, 335 Hydrocotyle, 53, 55, 84 ranunculoides, 84, 84 umbellata, 84 verticillata, 84 Hydrophyllaceae, 124 Hydrophyllum occidentale, 126 Hypericaceae, 62, 205 Hypericum, 62 anagalloides, 205 calycinum, 205 concinnum, 205, 16 formosum var. scouleri, 206 perforatum, 206, 206 scouleri, 206 Hypochaeris glabra, 93 radicata, 93 Hystrix californica, 372 Iceplant, 20, 69, 70, 3 Freeway, 70 Narrow-leaved, 70 Rosea, 70 Slender-leaved, 69 Idahoa scapigera, 138 Ilex aquifolium, 40, 83 Impatiens balfourii, 57, 121 Incense-cedar, 34, 35 Indian-warrior, 14, 241 Indigo, Napa False, 183, 180 Inside-out-flower, 12, 122

Iodinebush, 49, 157 Ipheion uniflorum, 319 Ipomoea batatus, 163 Iridaceae, 62, 337 Iris douglasiana, 17, 337, 338, 30 fernaldii, 338, 30 foetidissima, 338 longipetala, 338 macrosiphon, 338 pseudacorus, 337, 338 purdyi, 338 Iris, Coastal, 338 Coral, 338 Douglas’, 17, 337, 338, 30 Fernald’s, 338, 30 Gaping, 337 Ground, 338 Purdy’s, 338 Romulus’, 337 Sword, 338 Islay, 295 Isocoma menziesii var. diabolica, 101 menziesii var. vernonioides, 101 Isoëtaceae, 26, 27 Isoëtes bolanderi, 26 howellii, 27 nuttallii, 27, 29 orcuttii, 27 Isolepis carinata, 329 cernua, 329 Isopyrum occidentale, 282 stipitatum, 282 Ithuriel’s-spear, 18, 396, 32 Iva axillaris, 98, 89 axillaris ssp. robustior, 98 Ivy, Boston, 316 Canary Islands, 84 English, 83, 84 Jacob’s-ladder, 63, 262, 262 Jaumea, 164 carnosa, 21, 112, 6 Jaumea, Fleshy, 21, 112, 6 Jerusalum-oak, 161 Jewelflower, Bearded, 143 Brewer’s, 9, 143 Common, 143 Metcalf Canyon, 143 Morrison’s, 143 Mount Diablo, 142 Mount Hamilton, 142 Mount Tamalpais Bristly, 143

Index    427

Jewelflower (continued) Mountain, 143 One-sided, 9, 143 Socrates Mine, 144 Tamalpais, 143 Tiburon, 143 Yellow-flowered, 144 Yellow-green, 143 Jimbrush, 14, 288 Jimsonweed, 307, 308 Johnny-jump-up, 16, 315, 29 Johnny-nip, 21, 244 Johnnytuck, Rose, 243 Yellow, 243 Juglandaceae, 47, 206, 306 Juglans, 306, 316 californica, 207 californica var. hindsii, 47, 207 hindsii, 47, 207, 16 Juncaceae, 51, 338, 339 Subkey, 342, 343 Juncaginaceae, 51, 344 Juncus acuminatus, 343 ambiguus, 339 articulatus, 343 balticus, 342 balticus ssp. ater, 18, 342 bolanderi, 343, 340 bufonius var. bufonius, 339, 340 bufonius var. congestus, 339 bufonius var. occidentalis, 339 capitatus, 342 covillei, 344 dubius, 343 effusus ssp. pacificus, 343, 340 effusus var. brunneus, 343 effusus var. pacificus, 343 ensifolius, 343 falcatus, 344, 340 hemiendytus, 342, 341 hesperius, 343 kelloggii, 342, 341 lescurii, 19, 20, 342, 341 lesueurii, 342 mexicanus, 342 occidentalis, 342 oxymeris, 343 patens, 343 phaeocephalus var. paniculatus, 343 phaeocephalus var. phaeocephalus, 344 tenuis, 342 uncialis, 342 xiphioides, 343 Juniper, California, 34, 2 Juniperus, 315, 316 californica, 34, 2 Keckiella, 42, 256, 258 breviflora var. breviflora, 258

428     Index

breviflora var. glabrisepala, 258 corymbosa, 259 lemmonii, 258 Kickxia elatine, 256 spuria, 256 Kinnikinnick, 174 Klamathweed, 206, 206 Knapweed, Iberian, 95 Russian, 102 Knotgrass, 276 Knotweed, Abundant Bushy, 276 Beach, 20, 275 Bolander’s, 47, 275 Bushy, 275, 276 California, 275 Common, 276, 269 Douglas’, 9, 275 Fall, 275 Giant, 274 Japanese, 274 Marin, 275 Persian, 275 Pink-headed, 274 Silver-sheathed, 275 Yellow-flowered, 275, 276 Kochia scoparia, 161 Koeleria macrantha, 373, 367, 368, 360 Kopsiopsis, 50 hookeri, 239 strobilacea, 239, 22 Kotolo, 83 Kyllinga brevifolia, 324 Labiatae, 207 Labrador-tea, Western, 171, 172 Lacepod, 145 Lactuca biennis, 92 saligna, 93, 94 serriola, 93 virosa, 93 Lady’s-mantle, 64, 291 Lady’s-slipper, California, 353, 32 Clustered, 352 Mountain, 353 Lady’s-thumb, 274 Lady’s-tresses, Hooded, 354, 353 Western, 354 Laennecia coulteri, 105 Lagophylla minor, 121 ramosissima, 121 ramosissima ssp. congesta, 121 Lagurus ovatus, 368 Lamb’s-quarters, 162, 158 Lamiaceae, 42, 57, 207

Subkey 1, 207, 210 Subkey 2, 207, 212 Lamium amplexicaule, 210 purpureum, 210 Landoltia punctata, 322 Lantana, 312 Lantern, Diogenes’, 348 Lapsana communis, 94 Larkspur, Baker’s, 280 Bog, 280 California, 281 Coastal, 281 European, 280 Golden, 280 Hansen’s, 281 Hospital Canyon, 280 Orange, 280 Pale-flowered Western, 281 Parry’s, 281 Recurved, 280 Red, 280 , 25 Royal, 280 Spreading, 280 Swamp, 280 Valley, 280 Western, 281 Yellow, 280 Zigzag, 280 Lastarriaea coriacea, 268 Lasthenia californica ssp. bakeri, 114 californica ssp. californica, 16, 86, 114 ferrisiae, 113 fremontii, 113 glaberrima, 99 glabrata, 18, 113 macrantha, 114 maritima, 99, 113 microglossa, 99 minor, 113 minor ssp. maritima, 99, 113 platycarpha, 113 Lathyrus, 182, 189 cicera, 189 jepsonii var. californicus, 190 jepsonii var. jepsonii, 190 latifolius, 189, 180 littoralis, 20, 190 tingitanus, 189 torreyi, 190 vestitus, 190, 13 Lauraceae, 48, 68, 214 Laurus nobilis, 214 Lavatera arborea, 221 assurgentiflora, 221 cretica, 221 Layia carnosa, 110

chrysanthemoides, 120 gaillardioides, 118 glandulosa, 110, 118 hieracioides, 118 platyglossa, 86, 118, 6 septentrionalis, 118 Layia, Beach, 110 Colusa, 118 Smooth, 120 Tall, 118 White, 110, 118 Woodland, 118 Leather-root, 183 Leather-spineflower, 268 Leatherwood, Western, 50, 310, 29 Ledum glandulosum, 171 Leersia oryzoides, 382 Legenere limosa, 147 Leguminosae, 178 Lemmonia californica, 126 Lemna aequinoctialis, 323 gibba, 322 minor, 323, 323 minuta, 323 valdiviana, 322 Lemnaceae, 321 Lentibulariaceae, 54, 156, 214 Leontodon saxatilis ssp. longirostris, 91 saxatilis ssp. saxatilis, 91 taraxacoides, 91 Lepechinia calycina, 42, 210, 16 Lepidium, 64 appelianum, 139 campestre, 139 coronopus, 139 dictyotum, 140 didymum, 139, 136 draba, 139 lasiocarpum, 140 latifolium, 140 latipes, 139 nitidum, 16, 140, 136 oxycarpum, 139, 140, 137 perfoliatum, 139, 137 pinnatifidum, 140 strictum, 140 virginicum ssp. menziesii, 140 virginicum ssp. virginicum, 140 virginicum var. pubescens, 140 Lepidospartum squamatum, 44, 100 Leptochloa fascicularis, 374 fusca ssp. fascicularis, 374 Leptosiphon, 59, 263, 264 acicularis, 265 ambiguus, 265 androsaceus, 265 bicolor, 265

Index    429

Leptosiphon (continued) bolanderi, 265 ciliatus, 265 grandiflorus, 265, 24 liniflorus, 265 parviflorus, 16, 265 Leptosyne calliopsidea, 86, 120 douglasii, 112 hamiltonii, 112 stillmanii, 112 Lessingia arachnoidea, 103 filaginifolia var. californica, 108 filaginifolia var. filaginifolia, 108 germanorum, 107 glandulifera, 104 hololeuca, 102 hololeuca var. arachnoidea, 103 micradenia var. glabrata, 103 micradenia var. micradenia, 103 nemaclada, 90 pectinata var. tenuipes, 90 ramulosa, 103 tenuis, 104 Lessingia, Crystal Springs, 103 San Francisco, 107 Sonoma, 103 Spring, 104 Tamalpais, 103 Valley, 104 Woolly-headed, 102 Lettuce, Prickly, 93 Tall Blue, 92 Wild, 93 Willow, 93, 94 Leucanthemum vulgare, 110 Lewisia rediviva, 67, 224, 19 Leymus mollis, 373 pacificus, 363 triticoides, 364 x vancouverensis, 372 Licorice, Wild, 183, 180 Ligusticum apiifolium, 81, 75 Lilac, Summer, 43, 44, 305 Lilaea scilloides, 344 Lilaeopsis, 53 masonii, 76 occidentalis, 76, 74 Lilaeopsis, Mason’s, 76 Western, 76, 74 Liliaceae, 60, 62, 63, 317, 319, 321, 344, 346, 350, 393, 395, 397 Subkey, 346, 348 Lilium, 60 pardalinum ssp. pardalinum, 347

430     Index

pardalinum ssp. pitkinense, 347, 31 pitkinense, 347 rubescens, 347 Lily-of-the-valley, False, 393, 394 Lily, Butterfly Mariposa, 349, 31 California Fawn, 346, 31 Checker, 347 Chocolate, 348 Clay Mariposa, 350 Common Star, 18, 350, 31 Fremont’s Star, 350 Golden Globe, 348 Leopard, 347 Pale Mariposa, 349 Pitkin Marsh, 347, 31 Plain Mariposa, 349 Red Bead, 12, 346, 31 Redwood, 347 Saint Helena Fawn, 346 Serpentine Star, 9, 350 Snake, 396 Splendid Mariposa, 349 Superb Mariposa, 349 Tiburon Mariposa, 348, 31 White Globe, 348 Yellow Mariposa, 17, 349, 30 Limnanthaceae, 63, 215 Limnanthes douglasii ssp. douglasii, 18, 215, 216 douglasii ssp. nivea, 216 douglasii ssp. rosea, 216 douglasii ssp. sulphurea, 216 Limnobium spongia, 52, 335 Limonium californicum, 21, 261, 24 ramosissimum, 261 sinuatum, 65, 261 Limosella, 66 acaulis, 306 aquatica, 306 australis, 306 subulata, 306 Linaceae, 60, 68, 216 Linanthus, 59 acicularis, 265 ambiguus, 265 androsaceus, 265 bicolor, 265 bolanderi, 265 ciliatus, 265 dichotomus ssp. dichotomus, 265 dichotomus ssp. meridianus, 265 grandiflorus, 265 liniflorus, 265 parviflorus, 265 Linaria canadensis, 256 vulgaris, 256 Lindernia dubia, 259

Linseed, Mediterranean, 241, 21 Linum bienne, 216, 18 lewisii, 216, 18 usitatissimum, 216 Lipocarpha occidentalis, 327 Lipocarpha, Western, 327 Lithocarpus densiflorus, 197 Lithophragma affine, 305 bolanderi, 305 cymbalaria, 59, 305 heterophyllum, 11, 305 parviflorum, 304 Lithospermum arvense, 130 Lizardtail, Inland, 46, 86, 115, 6 Seaside, 45, 46, 100, 115 Loasaceae, 67, 217 Lobularia maritima, 138 Loco, Little Blue, 192 Locoweed, Common Dwarf, 192 Idria, 191 Locust, Black, 181 Desert, 181 Loeflingia squarrosa, 151 Log fia filaginoides, 16, 102 gallica, 102 Lolium multiflorum, 365, 366, 374 perenne, 365, 366, 374 temulentum, 365, 366 Lomatium californicum, 79 caruifolium, 77, 80 ciliolatum var. hooveri, 78 dasycarpum, 78 hooveri, 78 macrocarpum, 78 marginatum var. marginatum, 80 marginatum var. purpureum, 80 nudicaule, 79, 75 observatorium, 77 repostum, 79 utriculatum, 77, 3 Lomatium, California, 79 Caraway-leaved, 77, 80 Hoover’s, 78 Large-fruited, 78 Mount Hamilton, 77 Napa, 79 Purple Hartweg’s, 80 Yellow Hartweg’s, 80 Lonicera, 39, 44 hispidula, 150 hispidula var. vacillans, 150

interrupta, 150 involucrata var. ledebourii, 11, 150, 9 subspicata var. denudata, 150 Loosestrife, California, 67, 219 Purple, 218 Three-bracted, 219 Lotus aboriginus, 192 angustissimus, 193 benthamii, 192 corniculatus, 193 crassifolius, 192 denticulatus, 193 formosissimus, 192 grandiflorus, 193 heermannii var. orbicularis, 193 humistratus, 193 junceus, 194 micranthus, 192 purshianus, 193 salsuginosus, 194 scoparius, 184, 193 stipularis, 192 strigosus, 193 tenuis, 194 uliginosus, 193 wrangelianus, 193 Lotus, Bentham’s, 192 Broad-leaved, 192, 13 California, 193, 13 Chile, 193 Coastal, 194 Hairy, 193 Harlequin, 192 Hill, 192 Hooked-beak, 20, 194 Large-flowered, 193 Rose-flowered, 192 Rush, 194 Southern, 193 Spanish, 193, 12 Stipulated, 192 Toothed, 193 Woolly, 193 Lousewort, Dudley’s, 241 Lovage, 81, 75 Lucerne, 183 Tree, 181 Ludwigia, 54 hexapetala, 234, 233 palustris, 53, 233 peploides, 233 Lunaria annua, 138 Lupine, Arroyo, 186 Bay Area Silver, 184, 13 Bigpod, 185 Broad-leaved, 186

Index    431

Lupine (continued) Butter, 185 Chamisso’s Bush, 20, 184 Chick, 186 Cobb Mountain, 186 Collin’s Bush, 184 Douglas’, 185 Douglas’ Silver, 185 Dudley’s, 186 Gully, 186, 14 Lindley’s Varied, 184, 185 Miniature, 16, 185 Mount Diablo Annual, 185 Silky, 185 Silver, 185 Silver Bush, 185 Sky, 186 Stinging, 185 Summer, 17, 185 Swamp, 185 Tidestrom’s, 185 Tree, 184 Varied, 17, 184, 185 Yellow Bush, 20, 184, 13 Lupinus, 182, 184 adsurgens, 185 affinis, 186 albifrons var. albifrons, 185 albifrons var. collinus, 184, 13 albifrons var. douglasii, 185 arboreus, 20, 184, 13 bicolor, 16, 185 chamissonis, 20, 184 formosus, 17, 185 hirsutissimus, 185 latifolius var. dudleyi, 186 latifolius var. latifolius, 186 luteolus, 185 microcarpus var. densiflorus, 186, 14 microcarpus var. microcarpus, 186 nanus, 185 pachylobus, 185 polyphyllus, 185 sericatus, 186 subvexus, 186 succulentus, 186 tidestromii, 185 variicolor, 17, 184, 185 Luzula comosa, 339, 341 Lychnis coronaria, 151 Lycopodiaceae, 26 Lycopus americanus, 210, 208 asper, 210 Lysichiton americanus, 322 Lysimachia, 228 Lythraceae, 62, 67, 218 Lythrum californicum, 67, 219 hyssopifolia, 219

432     Index

salicaria, 62, 218 tribracteatum, 219 Madder, Field, 296, 28 Madia anomala, 115 citriodora, 116 elegans, 116 elegans ssp. densifolia, 116 elegans ssp. vernalis, 116 exigua, 104 glomerata, 104, 115 gracilis, 115, 116 hallii, 115 madioides, 116 minima, 104 nutans, 115 radiata, 115 sativa, 115 Madia, Common, 116 Plump-seeded, 115 Showy Golden, 115 Slender, 115, 116 Thread-stemmed, 104 Madrone, Pacific, 13, 170, 173, 11 Magic-carpet, 70 Mahala-mat, Western, 286 Maianthemum, 62 dilatatum, 393, 394 racemosum, 393 stellatum, 393, 394 Maidenhair, California, 31 Malacothamnus aboriginum, 220 davidsonii, 220 fasciculatus, 220 fasciculatus var. nuttallii, 220 fremontii, 220, 19 marrubioides, 220 Malacothrix clevelandii, 93 floccifera, 92, 93 phaeocarpa, 92 Malacothrix, Cleveland’s, 93 Dusky-fruited, 92 Woolly, 92, 93 Mallow, Alkali, 221, 220 Bull, 221, 19 Chaparral, 220 Common, 221 Cretan, 221 Davidson’s Bush, 220 Fremont’s Bush, 220, 19 Horehound Bush, 220 Indian Valley Bush, 220 Island, 219, 221 Little, 221

Parry’s, 221 Tree, 219, 221 Wheel, 220 Woolly Rose, 219 Malus, 316 fusca, 293, 296, 289 Malva arborea, 219, 221 assurgentiflora, 219, 221 neglecta, 221 nicaeensis, 221, 19 parviflora, 221 pseudolavatera, 221 Malvaceae, 41, 65, 67, 219 Malvella leprosa, 221, 220 Mangifera indica, 72 Mango, 72 Manroot, California, 168, 168 Coastal, 168 Taw, 168 Manzanita, Anderson’s, 175 Baker’s, 176 Big-berried, 14, 174 Brittle-leaved, 14, 175 Columbia, 176 Contra Costa, 176 Crinite, 175 Cushing’s, 176 Douglas-fir, 176 Eastwood’s, 14, 176 Franciscan, 174 Hoary, 176 Howell’s, 175 Kings Mountain, 175 Marin, 176 Montara, 175 Mount Diablo, 174 Mount Tamalpais, 175 Pacific, 174 Pajaro, 175 Pallid, 175, 11 Parry’s, 14, 176 Presidio, 174 Rincon Ridge, 174 Rose’s, 175 San Bruno Mountain, 174 Santa Cruz, 175 Sensitive, 174 Sonoma Hairy, 176 Stanford, 14, 176, 11 Tufted, 175 Vine Hill, 175 Maple, Big-leaved, 11, 42, 301, 302, 301 Mountain, 301 Vine, 301 Marah fabacea, 168, 168

oregana, 168 watsonii, 168 Mare’s-tail, 52, 251, 252 Marigold, Pot, 116 Marijuana, 63, 149 Marrubium vulgare, 213 Marsh-rosemary, Western, 261 Marshpepper, 274, 270 Marsilea vestita, 30, 29 Marsileaceae, 26, 30 Martyniaceae, 58, 222 Matchweed, California, 45, 114 San Joaquin, 45, 114 Matricaria discoidea, 101, 88 occidentalis, 101 Matthiola incana, 134, 144 Mayweed, 110, 87 Valley, 101 Meadowfoam, Douglas’, 18, 215, 216 Pale, 216 Point Reyes, 216 Snow, 216 Meadowrue, Fendler’s, 282 Many-fruited, 11, 282, 279 Meconella californica, 60, 247 linearis, 247 oregana, 247 Meconella, California, 247 Narrow-leaved, 247 Oregon, 247 Medicago lupulina, 183 polymorpha, 183, 181 praecox, 183 sativa, 183 Medick, Black, 183 Early, 183 Medusahead, 364 Melanthiaceae, 60, 63, 344, 350 Melic, California, 389 Coast Range, 383 Little California, 383 Torrey’s, 383, 390 Western, 389 Melica californica, 389 geyeri, 389 harfordii, 377, 388, 390 imperfecta, 383 subulata, 389, 361 torreyana, 383, 390 Melilot, Indian, 183

Index    433

Melilotus albus, 183 indicus, 183 Melissa officinalis, 213, 17 Mentha arvensis, 210, 208 pulegium, 212 spicata, 212 suaveolens, 212 x piperita, 212, 209 Mentha, Sweet, 212 Mentzelia, 67 affinis, 218 dispersa, 218 gracilenta, 218 laevicaulis, 218 lindleyi, 217, 218, 18 micrantha, 218, 18 Menyanthaceae, 53, 223 Menyanthes trifoliata, 53, 223, 223 Mercurialis annua, 60, 177 Mercury, 60, 177 Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, 67, 69 Mexican-tea, 161 Micranthes californica, 11, 304 Micropus amphibolus, 102 californicus, 16, 102 Microseris acuminata, 91 bigelovii, 92 decipiens, 91 douglasii, 91 douglasii ssp. douglasii, 16, 92, 89 douglasii ssp. tenella, 91, 92 elegans, 90 lindleyi, 91 paludosa, 91 sylvatica, 90 Microseris, Bigelow’s, 92 Coastal, 92 Delicate Douglas’, 92 Douglas’, 16, 92, 89 Marsh, 91 Santa Cruz, 91 Sierra Foothills, 91 Microsteris gracilis, 61, 263, 24 Mignonette, White, 284 Milfoil, 110 Milkmaids, 11, 141, 9 Milkvetch, Alkali, 192 Brewer’s, 192 Cleveland’s, 191 Coastal Marsh, 191 Freckled, 191 Gambel’s, 192

434     Index

Jepson’s, 192 Nuttall’s, 191, 180 San Joaquin, 191 Two-seeded, 192 Milkweed, California, 82, 4 Greek, 83 Narrow-leaved, 83 Prostrate, 82 Purple, 82 Round-hooded, 82 Serpentine, 82 Showy, 83 Milkwort, California, 58, 267, 24 Milo, 375 Mimulus, 57, 305 androsaceus, 249 angustatus, 249 aurantiacus, 17, 42, 248 bolanderi, 250 cardinalis, 11, 250 congdonii, 250 douglasii, 250 floribundus, 249 guttatus, 19, 249, 23 kelloggii, 250 layneae, 250 moschatus, 249 pilosus, 249 rattanii, 250 tricolor, 249, 249 Miner’s-lettuce, 11, 18, 227, 225 Southern, 227 Mint, Field, 210, 208 Mountain, 210 Pineapple, 212 Wood, 211 Minuartia californica, 155 douglasii, 155, 152 Mirabilis jalapa, 61, 230 Mission-bells, 347 Missionstar, 59, 305 Mistletoe, Big-leaved, 316 Dense, 316 Douglas-fir Dwarf, 316 European, 315, 316 Fir, 316 Incense-cedar, 315 Juniper, 315 Oak, 11, 316, 29 Western Dwarf, 316, 29 Mistmaiden, 66, 124 Mitella ovalis, 304 Mitrewort, 304 Mock-heather, 20, 45, 114, 88

Mock-orange, Wild, 205 Modesty, 60, 204 Modiola caroliniana, 220 Moehringia macrophylla, 155 Molluginaceae, 61, 223 Mollugo verticillata, 224, 224 Monardella breweri, 211 douglasii, 211 purpurea, 211 sinuata, 210 sinuata ssp. nigrescens, 211 undulata, 211 villosa ssp. franciscana, 9, 210, 211 villosa ssp. villosa, 210, 211, 17 viridis, 211 Monardella, Brewer’s, 211 Curly-leaved, 211 Douglas’, 211 Fenestra, 211 Green, 211 Siskiyou, 211 Money-plant, 138 Monkeyflower, Androsace, 249 Bolander’s, 250 Bush, 17, 42, 248 Chinless, 250 Common, 19, 249, 23 Congdon’s, 250 Downy, 249 Kellogg’s, 250 Layne’s, 250 Long-flowering, 249 Musk, 249 Narrow-leaved, 249 Purple, 250 Rattan’s, 250 Scarlet, 11, 250 Sticky, 42, 248 Tricolored, 249, 249 Monolopia gracilens, 121 major, 121 Monolopia, Cupped, 121 Montbretia, 337 Montia diffusa, 226 fontana, 227 linearis, 226, 225 parvifolia, 226, 225 Montia, Diffuse, 226 Linear-leaved, 226, 225 Small-leaved, 226 Spreading, 226 Montiaceae, 56, 67, 224, 276

Morella californica, 47, 227, 228 Morning-bride, 169 Morning-glory, Beach, 20, 165 Butte County, 165 Climbing, 165 Coastal Bluff, 165 Hairy, 166, 10 Hill, 165 Orchard, 165 Small-flowered, 164 Western, 165 Woolly, 9, 166 Morning-snow, 265 Mosquito-bills, 11, 277 Mountain-mahogany, Birch-leaved, 14, 295 Mousetail, Common, 282, 278 Mud-midget, Giant, 322 Tiny, 322 Mudwort, Delta, 306 Northern, 306 Southern, 306 Mugwort, 105 Coastal, 105 Muhlenbergia andina, 370 asperifolia, 379, 382 Muhly, Foxtail, 370 Muilla maritima, 9, 395, 32 Muilla, Common, 9, 395, 32 Mule-ears, Gray, 112 Narrow-leaved, 112, 7 Smooth, 112 Mulefat, 44, 100 Mullein, Common, 305 Moth, 305, 306 Woolly, 305 Muskbrush, 285, 286 Muskflower, 249 Mustard, Black, 142 California, 144 Field, 142, 135 Hedge, 145 India, 142 Jim Hill, 146 Oriental, 146 Summer, 142, 9 Tansy, 145, 9 Tower, 145 Tumble, 146 White, 141 Myosotis discolor, 129, 130

Index    435

Myosotis (continued) latifolia, 130 versicolor, 130 Myosurus minimus, 67, 281, 282, 278 Myrica californica, 47, 227 cerifera, 227 Myricaceae, 47, 227 Myriophyllum aquaticum, 204 hippuroides, 204 sibiricum, 204 spicatum, 204 Myrsinaceae, 61, 66, 228, 276 Myrtaceae, 43, 48, 229 Nailwort, California, 151 Najas, 52 flexilis, 335, 336 guadalupensis, 335 marina, 335 Naked-ladies, 321 Nama californicum, 126 Nama, Lemmon’s, 126 Narcissus tazetta, 321 Nassella cernua, 380 lepida, 380 pulchra, 380 Nasturtium officinale, 53, 144 Nasturtium, Garden, 58, 310 Navarretia, 65 atractyloides, 264 cotulifolia, 263 divaricata, 264 gowenii, 262 hamata ssp. parviloba, 262 heterandra, 262 heterodoxa, 264 intertexta, 264, 262 jepsonii, 264 leucocephala ssp. bakeri, 263 leucocephala ssp. leucocephala, 264 mellita, 264 nigelliformis, 263 prostrata, 262 pubescens, 263, 24 rosulata, 264 squarrosa, 264 tagetina, 264 viscidula, 264 Navarretia, Adobe, 263 Baker’s, 263 Calistoga, 264 Cotula, 263 Downy, 263, 24 Holly-leaved, 264 Honey-scented, 264 Jepson’s, 264

436     Index

Marigold, 264 Marin County, 264 Mountain, 264 Needle-leaved, 264, 262 Sticky, 264 White-flowered, 264 Nemacladus capillaris, 147 montanus, 147 Nemacladus, Common, 147 Mountain, 147 Nemophila heterophylla, 126 menziesii var. atomaria, 126 menziesii var. menziesii, 11, 16, 124, 126, 8 parviflora, 126 pedunculata, 126 Nemophila, Meadow, 126 Small-flowered, 126 Variable-leaved, 126 Nepeta cataria, 207, 212 Nerium oleander, 82 Neststraw, Everlasting, 102 Nettle, American Stinging, 311 Dwarf, 311 Hoary, 311 Western, 311 Nicotiana acuminata var. multiflora, 307 glauca, 48, 50, 307, 28 Nightshade, Australian, 309 Black, 309, 308 Blue, 309 Douglas’, 309 Forked, 309 Hairy, 309 Lance-leaved, 307 Purple, 309, 28 Small-flowered, 309 White-margined, 307 Ninebark, 291, 293, 27 Nipplewort, 94 Notholithocarpus densiflorus, 10, 12, 13, 194, 197, 195 Nothoscordum, 62 gracile, 319 inodorum, 319 Nuphar, 53 lutea ssp. polysepala, 230 polysepala, 230, 231 Nutgrass, Yellow, 327 Nuttallanthus texanus, 256, 253 Nyctaginaceae, 61, 229 Nymphaea, 53 mexicana, 230 odorata, 231 Nymphaeaceae, 53, 230

Oak, Blue, 10, 198, 195 California Black, 197, 196 Canyon Live, 10, 198, 195 Coast Live, 10, 13, 18, 194, 198, 15 Dwarf Interior Live, 197 Garry’s, 197 Interior Live, 10, 198, 196 Kellogg’s, 197 Leather, 9, 197 Maul, 198 Oracle, 198 Oregon, 197, 196 Palmer’s, 197 Scrub, 14, 197, 195 Shreve, 198 Shrubby Oregon, 197 Tamalpais, 197 Tan, 197 Tanbark, 10, 12, 13, 194, 197, 195 Valley, 10, 197, 196 Oat, Slender Wild, 374, 377 Tall False, 377 Wild, 16, 373, 376, 357 Oceanspray, 291, 295, 27 Odontostomum hartwegii, 63, 395 Odontostomum, Hartweg’s, 63 Oemleria cerasiformis, 11, 48, 291, 294, 289 Oenanthe sarmentosa, 19, 80, 81 Oenanthe, Pacific, 19, 80, 81 Oenothera curtiflora, 233 deltoides ssp. howellii, 234, 21 elata ssp. hookeri, 235, 233 glazioviana, 235 wolfii, 234 xenogaura, 234 Olea europaea, 231 Oleaceae, 42, 231 Oleander, Common, 82 Oleaster, 48, 170 Olive, 231 Desert, 42, 231, 232 Onagraceae, 53, 54, 60, 68, 232 Subkey 1, 234 Subkey 2, 234, 235 Onion, Bolander’s, 320 Clay, 320, 30 Coastal, 320 Crater, 319 Crinkled, 321 Franciscan, 321 Fringed, 9, 320 Hooker’s, 320, 321 Howell’s, 320 Naples, 319 Narrow-leaved, 320 One-leaved, 320

Paper, 320 Pitted, 320 Scythe-leaved, 319 Serrated, 320, 29 Sickle-leaved, 319 Sierra, 320 Wild, 9, 320, 29 Ookow, 17, 396, 396 Forked-toothed, 396 Ophioglossaceae, 32 Orach, California, 20, 160 Garden, 159, 158 Spear, 22, 160 Thick-leaved, 160 Tumbling, 160 Orchid, Phantom, 352, 32 Slender-spire, 354 Stream, 353, 32 White-flowered Bog, 354 Orchidaceae, 50, 58, 350 Oregon-grape, 122 Long-leaved, 122 Shiny-leaved, 122 Orobanchaceae, 50, 57, 58, 239, 305 Subkey, 241, 242 Orobanche, 50 bulbosa, 240 californica ssp. californica, 240 californica ssp. grayana, 241 californica ssp. jepsonii, 241 fasciculata, 240, 22 pinorum, 240 ramosa, 240 uniflora, 240, 22 Orthocarpus campestris, 244 castillejoides, 244 floribundus, 243 purpurascens, 244 pusillus, 243 Osmaronia cerasiformis, 48, 294 Osmorhiza berteroi, 81, 3 brachypoda, 79 chilensis, 81 Osoberry, 11, 48, 291, 294, 289 Owl’s-clover, Banded, 244 Common, 16, 244 Dwarf, 243, 240 Field, 244 Purple, 244, 21 San Francisco, 243 Smooth, 243 Ox-tongue, Bristly, 94 Oxalidaceae, 64, 244 Oxalis albicans ssp. pilosa, 245

Index    437

Oxalis (continued) articulata ssp. rubra, 245 corniculata, 245 incarnata, 245 oregana, 10, 12, 224, 245, 22 pes-caprae, 244, 245, 22 pilosa, 245 rubra, 245 Oxalis, Creeping, 245 Hairy, 245 Oysterplant, 90 Packera eurycephala, 111 Paeonia brownii, 64, 245, 246 Paeoniaceae, 64, 245 Paico, Chilean, 161 Paintbrush, Coast, 243 Common, 14, 243, 21 Franciscan, 242 Large-flowered, 242 Red, 243 Seaside, 243, 21 Tiburon, 243 Wavy-leaved, 243 Woolly, 242, 21 Palm, Canary Island, 323 Panax, 83 Panicum acuminatum var. fasciculatum, 384 capillare, 383 dichotomiflorum, 356 hillmanii, 382 Panicum, Marsh, 384 Pansy, Wild, 313 Papaver californicum, 15, 248 heterophyllum, 248, 23 Papaveraceae, 47, 55, 57, 60, 64, 67, 246 Paper-white, 321 Parapholis incurva, 365 Parentucellia viscosa, 241 Parentucellia, Yellow, 241 Parietaria hespera var. californica, 311 judaica, 65, 311 Parnassia californica, 248 palustris, 248, 304 Parnassiaceae, 68, 248, 304 Paronychia franciscana, 151 Parrot’s-feather, 204 Parsley, Bowles’, 76 California Hedge, 77 Hedge, 77, 78 Knotted Hedge, 78 Marsh, 76 Water, 80, 81

438     Index

Parsnip, 79 Bladder, 77 Cow, 80, 3 Pestle, 79, 75 Sheep, 78 Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 316 tricuspidata, 316 Parvisedum pentandrum, 167 Paspalum dilatatum, 375 distichum, 374 Pastinaca sativa, 79 Paxistima myrsinites, 43, 156 Pea, Bluff, 190 Chaparral, 14, 46, 182, 14 Common Pacific, 190 Delta Tule, 190 Everlasting, 189, 180 Jepson’s, 190 Perennial Sweet, 189 Redwood, 190 Silky Beach, 20, 190 Tangier, 189 Woodland, 190, 13 Pearlwort, Arctic, 154 Beach, 154 Matted, 154 Thick-stemmed, 154 Western, 154 Peavine, Flatpod, 189 Pectiantia ovalis, 304 Pectocarya pusilla, 131 Pedicularis densiflora, 14, 241 dudleyi, 241 Pediomelum californicum, 182, 14 Pelargonium, 59 grossularioides, 201 inquinans, 201 Pellaea andromedifolia, 33 mucronata, 33 Pellitory, Western, 65, 311 Pennisetum clandestinum, 363 setaceum, 363 Pennyroyal, 212 Pennywort, Floating Marsh, 84 Marsh, 84 Water, 84, 84 Whorled Marsh, 84 Penstemon, 42, 57, 256, 258 centranthifolius, 258 grinnellii var. scrophularioides, 258 heterophyllus var. australis, 258 heterophyllus var. heterophyllus, 258

heterophyllus var. purdyi, 258 newberryi var. sonomensis, 259 rattanii var. kleei, 258 Penstemon, Chaparral, 258 Foothill, 258 Grinnell’s, 258 Hairless Bush, 258 Hairy Foothill, 258 Lemmon’s Bush, 258 Purdy’s, 258 Redwood Bush, 259 Yawning Bush, 258 Pentachaeta alsinoides, 104 bellidiflora, 110 exilis ssp. aeolica, 111 exilis ssp. exilis, 104 Pentachaeta, Meager, 104 San Benito, 111 Tiny, 104 White-rayed, 110 Pentagramma pallida, 32 triangularis, 11, 32 Peony, Western, 64, 245, 246 Peppergrass, Alkali, 140 Common, 16, 140, 136 Dwarf, 139 English, 139 Hairypod, 140 Perennial, 140 Perfoliate, 139 Sharp-podded, 139, 140, 137 Tall, 140 Wayside, 140 Peppermint, 212, 209 White, 229 Peppertree, Peruvian, 46, 72 Pepperwort, Hairy, 30, 29 Perideridia californica, 81 gairdneri, 80, 74 kelloggii, 80 oregana, 81 Periwinkle, Greater, 82, 83 Persicaria amphibia, 54, 274 capitata, 274 hydropiper, 274, 270 hydropiperoides, 275 lapathifolia, 275 maculosa, 274 punctata, 54, 274 Petasites frigidus var. palmatus, 105, 110, 89 Petunia parviflora, 307 Petunia, Wild, 307 Phacelia, 125, 127

bolanderi, 127, 125 breweri, 127 californica, 128, 8 ciliata, 127 corymbosa, 127, 128 distans, 128 divaricata, 127 douglasii, 127 imbricata, 128 malvifolia, 128 nemoralis, 128, 125 phacelioides, 127 ramosissima, 128, 8 ramosissima var. latifolia, 128 rattanii, 127 suaveolens, 127 tanacetifolia, 128 Phacelia, Bolander’s, 127, 125 Branched, 128, 8 Brewer’s, 127 Bristly, 128, 125 California, 128, 8 Common, 128 Douglas’, 127 Field, 127 Great Valley, 127 Imbricate, 128 Mount Diablo, 127 Rattan’s, 127 Rock, 128 Serpentine, 127, 128 Shade, 128 Spreading, 127 Stinging, 128 Sweet-scented, 127 Tansy, 128 Phalaris angusta, 367 aquatica, 367 brachystachys, 367 californica, 367 lemmonii, 356 minor, 367 paradoxa, 366, 369 Philadelphaceae, 205 Philadelphus lewisii, 205 Phleum alpinum, 368, 369 pratense, 366 Phlox gracilis, 263 speciosa, 61, 263 speciosa ssp. occidentalis, 263 Phlox, Showy, 263 Slender, 263, 24 Phoenix canariensis, 323 Pholistoma auritum, 126

Index    439

Pholistoma (continued) membranaceum, 126 Phoradendron bolleanum, 316 densum, 316 juniperinum, 315 libocedri, 315 macrophyllum, 316 pauciflorum, 316 serotinum ssp. macrophyllum, 316 serotinum ssp. tomentosum, 11, 316, 29 villosum, 316 Phrymaceae, 42, 47, 57, 248, 305 Phyla, 60 lanceolata, 312 nodiflora, 312 Phyllospadix scouleri, 399, 399 torreyi, 399 Physalis ixocarpa, 309 philadelphica, 309 Physocarpus capitatus, 41, 291, 293, 27 Phytolacca americana, 65, 250 Phytolaccaceae, 65, 250 Pickeringia montana, 14, 46, 182, 14 Pickleweed, 157 Bigelow’s, 157 Perennial, 21, 157 Picris echioides, 94 Pigeonberry, 65, 250 Piggy-back-plant, 59, 302, 304 Pigweed, 162 Prostrate, 70, 71 Prostrate Red, 162 Red, 162 Redroot, 71 Rough, 71, 71 Smooth, 71 Pillwort, American, 26 Pilularia americana, 26 Pimpernel, False, 259 Scarlet, 228, 229, 19 Pinaceae, 37, 38 Pincushion, 169, 11 Inland Yellow, 112 Inner Coast Range, 112 Yellow, 112 Pine, Bishop’s, 13, 37, 2 Coulter’s, 10, 37, 36 Foothill, 10, 37, 36 Gray, 37 Knobcone, 38, 35 Monterey, 13, 38, 36 Pacific Ponderosa, 37, 36 Shore, 13, 37 Sugar, 37, 36

440     Index

Pineappleweed, 101, 88 Valley, 101 Pinefoot, California, 171, 172 Pinesap, Fringed, 171 Pink, California, 151, 152, 10 Windmill, 153 Pinus, 316 attenuata, 38, 35 contorta, 13 contorta ssp. contorta, 37 coulteri, 10, 37, 36 lambertiana, 37, 36 muricata, 13, 37, 2 ponderosa var. pacifica, 37, 36 radiata, 13, 38, 36 sabiniana, 10, 37, 36 Piperia candida, 354 elegans, 354, 32 leptopetala, 354 michaelii, 354 unalascensis, 354 Piperia, Coast, 354 Pipestems, 281, 25 Pipevine, 39, 85 Pipsissewa, 171 Piptatherum miliaceum, 381 Pistachio, 72 Pistacia vera, 72 Pityopus californicus, 171, 172 Plagiobothrys acanthocarpus, 133 arizonicus, 133 bracteatus, 134 chorisianus var. chorisianus, 133 chorisianus var. hickmanii, 133 diffusus, 134 fulvus, 130 fulvus var. campestris, 130 glaber, 132 greenei, 133 hystriculus, 132 infectivus, 130 leptocladus, 134 mollis var. vestitus, 133 nothofulvus, 16, 130, 8 reticulatus var. rossianorum, 134 shastensis, 133 stipitatus var. micranthus, 134 stipitatus var. stipitatus, 133 strictus, 132 tenellus, 130 tener var. subglaber, 132 tener var. tener, 133, 134 trachycarpus, 132 undulatus, 134 verrucosus, 133 Plantaginaceae, 42, 52, 57, 58, 60, 61, 66, 251, 305

Subkey 1, 256 Subkey 2, 256, 258 Subkey 3, 256, 259 Plantago arenaria, 255 coronopus, 255 elongata, 255 erecta, 16, 255 hirtella var. galeottiana, 255 lanceolata, 255, 253 major, 255, 253 maritima, 20, 21, 255 subnuda, 255 truncata ssp. firma, 255 Plantain, Annual Coast, 255 California, 16, 255 Chile, 255 Coastal, 255 Common, 255, 253 Cut-leaved, 255 English, 255, 253 Linear-leaved, 255 Mexican, 255 Sand, 255 Sea, 20, 21, 255 Platanaceae, 41, 260 Platanthera leucostachys, 354 dilatata var. leucostachys, 354 Platanus, 316 racemosa, 11, 41, 260, 260 Platystemon californicus, 16, 60, 67, 246, 247 Plectritis brachystemon, 312 ciliosa, 312 ciliosa ssp. insignis, 312 congesta, 311 congesta ssp. brachystemon, 312 congesta ssp. congesta, 312 macrocera, 312 Plectritis, Long-horned, 312 Long-spurred, 312 Pale, 312 Pink, 312 White, 312 Pleuricospora fimbriolata, 171 Pleuropogon californicus, 362 hooverianus, 362 Pluchea odorata, 107 Plum, Pacific, 293, 296 Sierra, 293, 296, 289 Plumbaginaceae, 65, 261 Poa annua, 388, 361 bulbosa ssp. vivipara, 379, 388

confinis, 372 douglasii, 20, 368, 373 howellii, 389 kelloggii, 389 napensis, 389 nemoralis, 389 pratensis, 389, 361 secunda, 388 tenerrima, 356 trivialis, 389 unilateralis, 373 Poaceae, 51, 338, 354, 356 Group 1, 356, 363 Group 2, 362, 365 Group 3, 362, 366 Group 4, 362, 373 Group 4, Subkey 1, 375, 379 Group 4, Subkey 2, 375, 384 Group 4, Subkey 3, 375, 386 Group 4, Subkey 4, 379, 388 Pogogyne douglasii, 213 serpylloides, 213, 17 zizyphoroides, 213 Poison-oak, Western, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 39, 72, 3 Pokeweed, 65, 250 Polemoniaceae, 59, 61, 63, 65, 261 Subkey 1, 263 Subkey 2, 263, 264 Subkey 3, 263, 265 Polemonium carneum, 63, 262, 262 Polemonium, Oregon, 63, 262 Polygala californica, 58, 267, 24 Polygalaceae, 58, 267 Polygonaceae, 47, 48, 54, 55, 58, 267 Subkey 1, 268, 271 Subkey 2, 268, 273 Polygonum amphibium var. emersum, 274 amphibium var. stipulaceum, 274 arenastrum, 276 argyrocoleon, 275 aviculare ssp. depressum 276, 269 bistortoides, 274 bolanderi, 47, 275 californicum, 275 convolvulus, 274 douglasii, 9, 275 douglasii ssp. spergulariiforme, 275 hydropiper, 274 hydropiperoides, 275 lapathifolium, 275 marinense, 275 paronychia, 20, 275 persicaria, 274 punctatum, 274 ramosissimum ssp. prolificum, 276 ramosissimum ssp. ramosissimum, 275, 276 Polypodiaceae, 31

Index    441

Polypodium californicum, 31 calirhiza, 31 glycyrrhiza, 31 scouleri, 31, 1 Polypody, California, 31 Common, 31 Polypogon australis, 371, 380 elongatus, 371, 379 imberbis, 371, 379 maritimus, 370 monspeliensis, 368, 370 viridis, 367, 370, 383 Polystichum californicum, 32 dudleyi, 33 imbricans ssp. curtum, 31 imbricans ssp. imbricans, 31 munitum, 10, 12, 14, 30, 28 Pomegranate, 218 Pondlily, Yellow, 230, 231 Pondweed, Crisp-leaved, 392 Diverse-leaved, 392 Fennel-leaved, 392 Floating-leaved, 392 Grass-leaved, 392 Nevada, 392 Slender-leaved, 392 Small, 392 Pontederiaceae, 53, 54, 391 Popcornflower, Adobe, 133 Alkali, 134 Arizona, 133 Bearded, 132 Bracted, 134 Calistoga, 132 Choris’, 133 Common, 16, 130, 8 Delicate, 130 Dye, 130 Field, 130 Forget-me-not, 133 Fort Ross, 134 Greene’s Spiny-nut, 133 Hairless, 132 Hairy, 130 Hickman’s, 133 Pacific, 130 Petaluma, 133 Rough-nutlet, 132 San Francisco, 134 Serpentine, 132 Shasta, 133 Showy Great Valley, 133 Slender, 133, 134

442     Index

Small Great Valley, 134 Wavy-stemmed, 134 Poppy, Bush, 47, 246, 247, 22 California, 16, 20, 246, 248, 23 Diamond-petaled California, 247 Fire, 15, 248 Frying-pan, 247 Prickly, 247 Tufted, 248 Wind, 248, 23 Populus, 316 balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, 300 fremontii, 11, 300 nigra, 298 trichocarpa, 300, 299 Portulaca grandiflora, 276 oleracea, 55, 276, 276 Portulacaceae, 55, 224, 276 Potamogeton crispus, 392 diversifolius, 392 filiformis, 392 gramineus, 392 natans, 392 pectinatus, 392 pusillus, 392 Potamogetonaceae, 54, 392, 398 Potato, Sweet, 164 Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica, 19, 291 glandulosa, 292 hickmanii, 292 recta, 291 rivalis, 292 Povertyweed, 98, 89 Pretty-face, 395 Pride-of-Madeira, 48, 130 Primrose-willow, Uruguayan, 234, 233 Primrose, Field, 235 Small, 235 Primulaceae, 60, 66, 228, 276, 310 Prince’s-pine, 171, 172 Little, 171 Proboscidea lutea, 58, 222 Prosartes hookeri, 346 smithii, 12, 346, 347 Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata, 213 vulgaris var. vulgaris, 213, 17 Prunus, 164 dulcis, 295 emarginata, 295 ilicifolia, 49, 291, 295, 27 subcordata, 293, 296, 289 virginiana var. demissa, 295, 290

Pseudognaphalium beneolens, 106 californicum, 106 luteoalbum, 106 microcephalum, 106 ramosissimum, 106 stramineum, 106 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 13, 38, 123, 316 Psilocarphus brevissimus var. multiflorus, 99 oregonus, 99 tenellus, 99 Psoralea californica, 182 physodes, 183 Ptelea crenulata, 46, 298, 28 Pteridaceae, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens, 16, 17, 31, 1 Pteris cretica, 30 Pterostegia drymarioides, 268 Puccinellia nutkaensis, 21, 391 nuttalliana, 391 simplex, 390 Puncture-vine, 59, 316 Punica granatum, 218 Purslane, Common, 55, 276, 276 Pusley, Chinese, 130 Pussy-ears, 349 Pussypaws, Common, 226 Four-petaled, 226 One-seeded, 226 Santa Cruz Mountains, 226 Three-petaled, 226 Pycnanthemum californicum, 210 Pygmyleaf, Spreading, 151 Pygmyweed, Sand, 167 Water, 167 Pyracantha angustifolia, 40, 293 Pyrola picta, 171, 172 Pyrrocoma racemosa, 111 Q-tips, 16, 102 Quailbush, 49, 159 Quamash, 317 Queen-Anne’s-lace, 77, 74 Quercus, 164, 316 agrifolia, 10, 13, 18, 194, 198, 15 berberidifolia, 14, 197, 195 chrysolepis, 10, 197, 198, 195 douglasii, 10, 197, 198, 195 durata, 9, 197 garryana var. garryana, 197, 196 garryana var. semota, 197 kelloggii, 197, 196 lobata, 10, 197, 196 palmeri, 197

parvula var. shrevei, 198 parvula var. tamalpaisensis, 197 wislizeni var. frutescens, 197 wislizeni var. wislizeni, 10, 198, 196 Quickweed, 111 Quillwort, Bolander’s, 26 Flowering, 51 Howell’s, 27 Nuttall’s, 27, 29 Orcutt’s, 27 Rabbitbrush, Mohave, 45, 101 Radish, Wild, 141, 137 Rafinesquia californica, 92 Ragweed, 99 Common, 99 Western, 99, 87 Ragwort, Alkali-marsh, 107, 111 Chaparral, 104 Douglas’ Threadleaf, 45, 114 Purple, 108, 6 Rayless, 104 Tansy, 120 Woodland, 107 Ranunculaceae, 39, 53, 54, 58, 59, 64, 67, 245, 277 Subkey, 282 Ranunculus, 54, 64, 67, 282 aquatilis var. aquatilis, 283, 278 aquatilis var. capillaceus, 283 aquatilis var. diffusus, 283 aquatilis var. hispidulus, 283 aquatilis var. subrigidus, 283 californicus var. californicus, 16, 17, 283, 25 californicus var. cuneatus, 283 canus, 284 flammula var. ovalis, 283, 279 hebecarpus, 283, 279 lobbii, 283 muricatus, 283, 25 occidentalis, 11, 284 orthorhynchus var. bloomeri, 284 orthorhynchus var. platyphyllus, 284 pusillus, 282 repens, 283, 25 sceleratus, 53, 283 uncinatus, 283 Raphanus raphanistrum, 141 sativus, 141, 137 Rapistrum rugosum, 141 Raspberry, Blackcap, 294 Whitebark, 294 Rattlesnake-plantain, 354, 353 Rattlesnake-weed, 77 Rattleweed, Slender, 192 Red-ribbons, 237, 20 Santa Clara, 237

Index    443

Redberry, Holly-leaved, 285 Spiny, 285, 26 Redbud, Western, 49, 179, 13 Redmaids, 16, 226, 19 Brewer’s, 226 Redscale, 160 Redtop, 383 Redwood-ivy, 122 Redwood, Coast, 10, 12, 38, 2 Reed, Giant, 356 Rein-orchid, Alaskan, 354 Elegant, 354, 32 Michael’s, 354 Narrow-petaled, 354 White-flowered, 354 Reseda alba, 284 luteola, 284 Resedaceae, 58, 284 Rhagadiolus stellatus, 94 Rhamnaceae, 40, 43, 49, 284 Rhamnus, 40 californica, 285 crocea, 285, 26 ilicifolia, 285 tomentella ssp. crassifolia, 285 tomentella ssp. tomentella, 285 Rhododendron columbianum, 171, 172 macrophyllum, 12, 173, 11 occidentale, 11, 170, 173, 11 Rhus, 46, 164 aromatica, 11, 72 trilobata, 72 Rhynchospora alba, 328, 326 californica, 328 capitellata, 328 globularis, 328 Ribes, 40, 41 amarum, 204 aureum var. gracillimum, 203, 16 californicum, 203, 16 divaricatum var. pubiflorum, 203 malvaceum, 14, 203 menziesii, 204 quercetorum, 203 roezlii var. cruentum, 203 sanguineum var. glutinosum, 11, 203, 16 speciosum, 203, 16 victoris, 203 Ribwort, 255 Rice, Jungle, 375 Ricinus communis, 41, 177 Rigiopappus leptocladus, 104 Robinia, 316 pseudoacacia, 46, 179, 181 Roble, 197

444     Index

Rockcress, Arching, 144 Brewer’s, 144, 135 Coast, 144, 8 Mount Day, 144 Rocket, Eastern, 146 Yellow, 145 Rockrose, Crete, 162 Montpellier, 163 Romanzoffia californica, 66, 124 suksdorfii, 66, 124 Romulea rosea var. australis, 337 Rorippa curvisiliqua, 145 nasturtium-aquaticum, 53, 144 Rosa californica, 11, 291, 293, 27 eglanteria, 293 gymnocarpa, 12, 291, 293, 294 pinetorum, 294 rubiginosa, 293 spithamea, 293 Rosaceae, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 63, 64, 277, 288 Subkey, 293, 294 Rose, California, 11, 291, 293, 27 Coastal Ground, 293 Malva, 221 Pine, 294 Sonoma, 293 Wood, 12, 291, 294 Rosebay, 12, 173, 11 Rosilla, 104, 119 Rosinweed, 118 Small-flowered, 109 Sticky, 109, 118 Rubiaceae, 39, 43, 61, 296 Rubus, 39 armeniacus, 294 discolor, 294 laciniatus, 294 leucodermis, 294 parviflorus, 12, 41, 293, 290 spectabilis, 46, 291, 294, 27 ulmifolius var. anoplothyrus, 39, 294 ulmifolius var. inermis, 294 ursinus, 18, 294, 290 Rue-anemone, Siskiyou, 282 Western, 282 Rumex acetosella, 268 conglomeratus, 271, 270 crispus, 268, 270 fueginus, 22, 271, 270 maritimus, 271

obtusifolius, 271, 270 occidentalis, 268 pulcher, 271 salicifolius, 268 Rupertia physodes, 183, 14 Ruppia cirrhosa, 393, 393 maritima, 393 Ruppiaceae, 52, 54, 392 Rupturewort, Ashy, 151 Ruscaceae, 62, 63, 346, 393 Rush, Baltic, 19, 342 Bolander’s, 343, 340 Brown-headed, 344 Clustered Toad, 339 Coastal, 343 Common Toad, 339, 340 Common Wood, 339, 341 Coville’s, 344 Dagger, 343 Dwarf, 342 Frog, 339 Hermann’s Dwarf, 342, 341 Inch-high, 342 Iris-leaved, 343 Jointed, 343 Kellogg’s, 342, 341 Low Club, 329 Mariposa, 343 Mexican, 342 Pacific, 343, 340 Panicled, 343 Panicled Brown-headed, 343 Pointed, 343 San Francisco, 19, 20, 342, 341 Self-pollinating, 342 Sickle-leaved, 344, 340 Slender, 342 Spreading, 343 Tapered, 343 Western, 342 Western Toad, 339 Wire, 342 Rushrose, Peak, 67, 162, 163 Russian-olive, 48, 170 Russian-thistle, 157, 159 Succulent, 159 Rutaceae, 46, 298 Rye, Beardless Wild, 364 Blue Wild, 372, 359 Pacific Wild, 363 Vancouver Wild, 372 Rytidosperma penicillatum, 376 Sacaton, Alkali, 382 Sage, Black, 14, 213, 18 California Hummingbird, 214, 17

Creeping, 214 Pitcher, 210, 16 Sonoma, 214 Thistle, 214 Sagebrush, California, 17, 44, 100 Sagewort, Beach, 100 Biennial, 105 Coastal, 20, 100, 5 Sagina crassicaulis, 154 decumbens ssp. occidentalis, 154 maxima ssp. crassicaulis, 154 procumbens, 154 Sagittaria, 53 cuneata, 319 latifolia, 318, 318 montevidensis ssp. calycina, 318 Sailor-caps, 277 Salal, 12, 170, 173, 11 Salicaceae, 41, 298 Salicornia, 55, 164 bigelovii, 157 depressa, 21, 157 europaea, 157 perennis, 21, 157 subterminalis, 157 virginica, 157 Salix, 164, 316 babylonica, 298 breweri, 300 exigua var. exigua, 300 exigua var. hindsiana, 300 laevigata, 300, 299 lasiandra, 11, 300, 299 lasiolepis, 11, 300 lucida ssp. lasiandra, 300 melanopsis, 300 scouleriana, 300, 299 sitchensis, 300, 299 Salmonberry, 46, 291, 294, 27 Salpichroa origanifolia, 307 rhomboidea, 307 Salsify, 90 Yellow, 90 Salsola soda, 159 tragus, 157, 159 Saltbush, Australian, 159, 10 Beach, 20, 160 Big, 49, 159 California, 160 Gmelin’s, 21, 160 Silver, 159 Sprawling, 160 Saltcedar, 310 Salvia carduacea, 214

Index    445

Salvia (continued) columbariae, 14, 207, 214, 17 mellifera, 14, 42, 213, 18 sonomensis, 213, 214 spathacea, 214, 17 Sambucus, 42, 150 mexicana, 69 nigra ssp. caerula, 18, 69, 2 racemosa, 69 Samolus parviflorus, 66, 310 Sand-buttons, 112 Sand-spurrey, Boccone’s, 153 Greater, 153 Hairy, 153 Red, 153 Saltmarsh, 153 Sticky, 22, 154, 10 White Sticky, 154 White-flowered, 154 Sand-verbena, Coastal, 20, 230, 19 Pink, 230 Yellow, 20, 230 Sandbur, Coastal, 363 Mat, 363, 385 Southern, 363 Sandmat, 151 Sandweed, 138 Sandwort, California, 155 Douglas’, 155, 152 Large-leaved, 155 Marsh, 155 Sanicle, Adobe, 78 Coastal, 79 Poison, 79 Purple, 16, 78, 4 Rock, 76 Salt Marsh, 78 Tuberous, 76 Sanicula arctopoides, 17, 78, 4 bipinnata, 79 bipinnatifida, 16, 78, 4 crassicaulis, 79, 4 laciniata, 79 maritima, 78 saxatilis, 76 tuberosa, 76 Sapindaceae, 42, 301 Saponaria officinalis, 151 Satureja douglasii, 210 Saururaceae, 55, 68, 85, 146, 214, 302 Saxifraga, 240 californica, 304 mertensiana, 304 Saxifragaceae, 59, 68, 248, 302

446     Index

Saxifrage, California, 11, 304 Wood, 304 Scabiosa atropurpurea, 169, 11 Scalebroom, 44, 100 Scandix pecten-veneris, 78 Scarlet-bugler, 258 Sceptridium multifidum, 32, 28 Schinus molle, 46, 72 Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis, 19, 22, 330, 326 americanus, 330 californicus, 329 mucronatus, 330 pungens var. longispicatus, 330 tabernaemontani, 329 Scirpus acutus var. occidentalis, 330 americanus, 330 californicus, 329 cernuus, 329 fluviatilis, 329 koilolepis, 329 microcarpus, 19, 329 pungens, 330 robustus, 329 Sclerolinon digynum, 60, 217 Scleropoa rigida, 379 Scoliopus bigelovii, 12, 346 Scolymus hispanicus, 93 Scorpion-grass, Yellow-and-blue, 130 Scouring-rush, Common, 30, 29 Smooth, 30 Scribneria bolanderi, 366 Scrophularia californica, 17, 57, 305, 28 Scrophulariaceae, 43, 44, 57, 66, 239, 248, 251, 305 Scurvy-grass, 145 Scutellaria antirrhinoides, 213 californica, 212 siphocampyloides, 212 tuberosa, 213, 18 Sea-lavender, Branched, 261 California, 21, 261, 24 Winged, 261 Sea-milkwort, 21, 229 Sea-purslane, Western, 69 Sea-spurrey, Greater, 153 Seablite, California, 48, 159 Shrubby, 159 Seablush, 312 Seafig, 70 Seapink, 261 Searocket, Horned, 141, 9 Seascale, 160 Secale cereale, 356 Sedella pentandra, 9, 167

Sedge, Awl-fruited, 333 Big-leaved, 330, 331 Bolander’s, 334 Bristle-stalked, 331 Bristly, 331 Brown Umbrella, 327 Buxbaum’s, 331 Coastal Star, 334 Cusick’s, 332, 334 Deceiving, 333 Dense, 334 Flat, 327 Foothill, 333 Freeway, 332 Green-sheathed, 334 Hare, 335 Harford’s, 334 Henderson’s, 331 Lakeshore, 333 Lemmon’s, 332 Lesser Tussock, 334 Long-bracted, 334 Lyngbye’s, 333 Mendocino, 330, 331, 332 Nebraska, 333 Parish’s, 328 Rice-field, 329 Round-fruited, 331 Rusty, 335 Santa Barbara, 333 Saw-toothed, 9, 332 Schott’s, 332 Short-beaked, 332 Short-stemmed, 331 Sitka, 333 Slender-footed, 334 Slender, 335 Slough, 19, 333, 325 Small-bracted, 334 Southern Beaked, 331 Stick, 331 Suksdorf’s, 328 Torrent, 333, 325 Western Inflated, 332 Western Rough, 333 Wonder-woman, 330 Woodrush, 332 Woolly, 331, 330 Sedum, 67, 240 radiatum, 167 spathulifolium, 167 Seep-willow, 44, 100 Seepweed, Bush, 159 Selaginella bigelovii, 27 wallacei, 27, 29 Selaginellaceae, 26, 27 Self-heal, European, 213, 17

Narrow-leaved, 213 Sempervivum tectorum, 166 Senecio aphanactis, 104 aronicoides, 107, 111 douglasii, 45, 114 elegans, 108, 6 eurycephalus, 111 flaccidus var. douglasii, 45, 114 glomeratus, 108 hydrophilus, 107, 111 jacobaea, 120 mikanioides, 39, 100 minimus, 107 sylvaticus, 107 vulgaris, 108 Senna multiglandulosa, 181 Senna, Mexican, 181 Sequoia sempervirens, 12, 38, 2 Serviceberry, Hairy, 291, 295, 26 Pallid, 295 Sesban, Scarlet, 184 Sesbania punicea, 184 Sesuvium verrucosum, 69 Setaria faberi, 363 pumila, 363 viridis, 356 Shamrock, 186 Shepherd’s-needle, 78 Shepherd’s-purse, 139 Shepherdia argentea, 170 Sherardia arvensis, 61, 296, 28 Shinleaf, White-veined, 171, 172 Shootingstar, Coastal, 277 Padre’s, 277, 25 Sida leprosa var. hederacea, 221 Sidalcea calycosa ssp. calycosa, 222, 19 calycosa ssp. rhizomata, 222 diploscypha, 222 hartwegii, 222 hickmanii ssp. viridis, 221 malachroides, 221, 222 malviflora ssp. laciniata, 222 malviflora ssp. malviflora, 16, 222, 19 malviflora ssp. purpurea, 222 Silene antirrhina, 152 californica, 152 coniflora, 152 dichotoma, 153 gallica, 153 laciniata ssp. californica, 151, 152, 10 latifolia, 151 lemmonii, 152 multinervia, 152 scouleri, 153, 10

Index    447

Silene (continued) scouleri ssp. grandis, 153 verecunda, 153 verecunda ssp. platyota, 153 vulgaris, 152 Silk-tassel, Ashy, 199 Coastal, 199, 199 Congdon’s, 199 Fremont’s, 199 Silverpuffs, 91 Silverweed, Pacific, 291 Silybum marianum, 95 Simaroubaceae, 47, 306 Sinapis alba, 141 arvensis, 142 incana, 142 Sisymbrium altissimum, 146 officinale, 145 orientale, 146 Sisyrinchium bellum, 16, 17, 18, 337, 30 californicum, 337, 30 Skullcap, Blue, 213, 18 California, 212 Dannie, 213 Gray-leaved, 212 Snapdragon, 213 Skunk-cabbage, Yellow, 322 Skunkbush, 11, 72 Skunkweed, 264 Smallage, 81 Smartweed, Water, 274 Smilacaceae, 39, 346, 395 Smilacina racemosa, 393 stellata, 395 Smilax californica, 39, 395 Snakeroot, 79, 4 Snapdragon, Brewer’s, 257 Kellogg’s, 256 Lax, 256, 23 Many-flowered, 257 Spurred, 257 Sticky, 257 Tall, 257 Twiglike, 257 Wiry, 257 Sneezeweed, 104, 119 Bigelow’s, 119 Fine-leaved, 119 Snowberry, Common, 10, 150 Creeping, 150 Snowdrops, Foothill, 130

448     Index

Snowqueen, 259 Soaproot, Common, 317 Dwarf, 317 Prostrate, 317 Soapwort, 151 Sock-destroyer, Short, 78 Tall, 77, 78 Solanaceae, 40, 48, 50, 66, 307 Solanum, 50, 164 americanum, 309 aviculare, 48, 309 douglasii, 309 dulcamara, 309, 308 furcatum, 309 lanceolatum, 40, 307 marginatum, 40, 307 nigrum, 309, 308 nodiflorum, 309 physalifolium, 309 physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum, 309 rostratum, 307 umbelliferum, 309 xanti, 309, 28 Solidago californica, 111 canadensis ssp. elongata, 105 confinis, 105 elongata, 105, 6 guiradonis, 111 occidentalis, 119 spathulata, 111 velutina ssp. californica, 111 Soliva, 94, 98 sessilis, 101 Soliva, Common, 101 Solomon-seal, Western, 393 Solomon, Fat, 393 Slim, 393, 394 Sonchus asper, 94 oleraceus, 94 Sorghum bicolor, 375 halepense, 375 Sorghum, 375 Sorrel, Redwood, 10, 12, 244, 245, 22 Sheep, 268 Yellow, 245 Sourgrass, 245 Sparganium, 51 emersum, 398 eurycarpum, 19, 397, 398 Spartina alterniflora, 21, 374 densiflora, 374

foliosa, 21, 374 patens, 374 Spartium junceum, 47, 179, 182, 14 Spearmint, 212 Spearscale, San Joaquin, 160 Speedwell, Common, 260 Corn, 260 Marsh, 259, 254 Persian, 259 Purslane, 259 Thyme-leaved, 260 Water, 259, 254 Spergula arvensis, 153 Spergularia bocconi, 153 macrotheca var. leucantha, 154 macrotheca var. longistyla, 154 macrotheca var. macrotheca, 22, 154, 10 marina, 153 media, 153 rubra, 153 villosa, 153 Spicebush, 43, 146, 9 Spiderwort, 62, 323 Spikemoss, Bigelow’s, 27 Spikenard, 84 Spikerush, Beaked, 328 Blunt, 327 Common, 328 Few-flowered, 328, 326 Montevideo, 328 Needle, 327 Small, 327 Spongy-stemmed, 327 Spikeweed, Cleveland’s, 109 Coastal, 119 Common, 120 Fitch’s, 118 Kellogg’s, 119 Spinach, New Zealand, 21, 65, 69, 3 Spineflower, Cleveland’s, 271 Knotweed, 271 Pink, 271, 269 Robust, 272 San Francisco Bay, 272 Sonoma, 271 Spiranthes porrifolia, 354 romanzoffiana, 354, 353 Spirodela polyrhiza, 322, 323 punctata, 322 Sporobolus airoides, 382 Sprangletop, Bearded, 374 Spring-gold, 77, 3

Springbeauty, 226, 225 Red-stemmed, 227 Serpentine, 227 Spurge, Caper, 178 Large, 178 Petty, 178, 12 Prostrate, 178 Serpent, 178 Spatulate-leaved, 178 Spotted, 178 Thyme-leaved, 178 Valley, 178 Squirreltail, 364 Big, 16, 364 St. John’s-wort, Scouler’s, 206 Stachys ajugoides, 211 bullata, 18, 211, 17 chamissonis, 211 pycnantha, 212 stricta, 211 Star-flower, 319 Star-thistle, Iberian, 95 Purple, 95 Yellow, 95 Star-tulip, Large-flowered, 349 Oakland, 349 Starflower, 61, 228 Bolander’s, 305 Hill, 11, 305 Mission, 59, 305 Prairie, 304 Stargrass, Water, 54, 391, 391 Starwort, 153 Beach, 155 Common, 156 Crisp, 155 Sitka, 155 Stebbinsoseris decipiens, 91 Stellaria borealis ssp. sitchana, 155 crispa, 155 graminea, 156 littoralis, 155 media, 155 neglecta, 155 nitens, 155 Stenotaphrum secundatum, 365 Stephanomeria virgata ssp. pleurocarpa, 92 Stephanomeria, Tall, 92 Sterculiaceae, 219 Stichwort, Douglas’, 155 Stickleaf, Nada, 218 Nevada, 218 San Luis, 218

Index    449

Sticktight, 99 Stickwort, 153 Stinkbells, 348 Stinkwort, 104 Stipa cernua, 380 lemmonii var. lemmonii, 356 lepida, 380 miliacea, 380, 381 pulchra, 355, 380 Stock, 134, 144 Stonecrop, Broad-leaved, 167 Coast Range, 167 Little, 9, 167 Stork’s-bill, Soft, 202 Southern European, 202 Straggle-bush, 203 Strawberry, Beach, 20, 291, 26 Wood, 291 Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus, 143 albidus ssp. peramoenus, 143 barbiger, 143 batrachopus, 143 brachiatus, 144 breweri, 9, 143 breweri var. hesperidis, 143 callistus, 142 glandulosus ssp. albidus, 143 glandulosus ssp. glandulosus, 143 glandulosus ssp. niger, 143 glandulosus ssp. pulchellus, 143 glandulosus ssp. secundus, 9, 143 hesperidis, 143 hispidus, 142 morrisonii, 143 niger, 143 tortuosus, 143 tortuosus var. suffrutescens, 143 Stuckenia filiformis ssp. alpina, 392 pectinata, 392 striata, 392 Stylocline amphibola, 102 filaginea, 95 gnaphaloides, 102 Stylomecon heterophylla, 248 Suaeda californica, 48, 159 moquinii, 159 nigra, 159 Sugarscoop, 302, 304 Sugarstick, 171 Summer-cypress, 161 Summer’s-darling, 238

450     Index

Suncup, 235 Hairy, 235 Mojave, 235 Self-pollinating, 235 Small, 235 Sundew, Round-leaved, 55, 169 Sunflower, California, 119 Coastal Woolly, 121 Common, 120 Common Woolly, 17, 121, 6 Jepson’s Woolly, 9, 45, 114 San Mateo Woolly, 45, 115 Seaside Woolly, 45, 46, 100, 115 Slender, 113, 119 Sunrose, Baby, 70 Sunshine, Sonoma, 121 Surfgrass, Scouler’s, 399, 399 Torrey’s, 399 Sweet-cicely, California, 79 Mountain, 81 Wood, 81, 3 Sweetbrier, 293 Sweetclover, White, 183 Sweetshrub, 43, 146 Sycamore, Western, 11, 41, 260, 260 Symphoricarpos, 43 albus var. laevigatus, 10, 150 mollis, 150 Symphyotrichum chilense, 109 lentum, 109 Synthyris reniformis, 259 Taeniatherum caput-medusae, 364 Tailed-seed, 94 Tamaricaceae, 49, 309 Tamarisk, French, 310 Tamarix gallica, 49, 310 ramosissima, 49, 310 Tanacetum bipinnatum, 20, 86, 106, 6 camphoratum, 106 parthenium, 110 Tansy, Dune, 20, 86, 106, 6 Taraxacum laevigatum, 90 officinale, 90, 7 Taraxia ovata, 234, 235, 21 Tares, 365, 366 Tarplant, Congdon’s, 120 Heermann’s, 116 Lax, 109 Pale-yellow Hayfield, 16, 109 Pappose, 120

San Joaquin, 116 Santa Cruz, 116 White Hayfield, 109 Tarweed, Big, 109 Coastal, 115 Lemon-scented, 116 Miniature, 104 Mountain, 104, 115 Small, 104 Wanded, 116 Woodland, 116 Yellow Hayfield, 118 Tauschia hartwegii, 79 kelloggii, 79 Tauschia, Hartweg’s, 79 Kellogg’s, 79 Taxaceae, 38 Taxus brevifolia, 34, 38, 2 Teasel, Fuller’s, 169 Wild, 169 Tecophilaeaceae, 63, 346, 395 Telegraph-weed, 117 Tellima grandiflora, 302, 304, 303 Tetragonia tetragonioides, 21, 65, 69, 3 Thalictrum, 280 fendleri var. fendleri, 282 fendleri var. polycarpum, 11, 282, 279 Themidaceae, 62, 346, 395 Theophrastaceae, 66, 276, 310 Thermopsis macrophylla, 182, 14 Thimbleberry, 12, 293, 290 Thintail, 365 Thistle, Blessed, 97 Brownie, 16, 97 Bull, 96 California, 98 Canada, 97 Cobwebby, 98 Common Sow, 94 Crystal Springs Fountain, 96 Franciscan, 97 Fringe-bracted, 96 Indian, 97 Italian, 96 Milk, 95 Mount Hamilton Fountain, 97 Mount Tamalpais, 96 Pacific Fringed, 96 Peregrine, 98 Prickly Sow, 94 Red, 98 Slender-flowered, 96 Smooth Distaff, 97 Spanish, 95, 89

Suisun, 96 Swamp, 96 Venus, 98, 5 Wavy-leaved, 96 Woolly Distaff, 96 Thlaspi arvense, 139, 137 Thornmint, San Mateo, 207 Santa Clara, 207 Threadplant, Common, 147 Threadstem, Woodland, 268 Three-square, Olney’s, 330 Thrift, 261, 23 Thymelaeaceae, 50, 310 Thysanocarpus curvipes, 138, 9 laciniatus, 138 radians, 138 Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata, 302, 304 Tickseed, Douglas’, 112 Leafy-stemmed, 86, 120 Mount Hamilton, 112 Stillman’s, 112 Tidytips, 86, 118, 6 Tillaea erecta, 167 Timothy, Alpine, 368, 369 Cultivated, 366 Mountain, 368, 369 Timwort, 200 Tinker’s-penny, 205 Toadflax, Blue, 256, 253 Tobacco-brush, 287 Tobacco, Many-flowered, 307 Tocalote, 95 Tofieldia occidentalis, 63, 397 Tofieldia, Western, 63, 397 Tofieldiaceae, 63, 346, 397 Tolmiea diplomenziesii, 59, 302, 304 menziesii, 59, 304 Tomatillo, 309 Tonella tenella, 57, 256 Tonella, Small-flowered, 57, 256 Tonguegrass, 140 Hairy, 140 Menzies, 140 Toothwort, 141 Torilis arvensis, 77, 78 nodosa, 78 Torreya californica, 34, 38, 2 Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora, 390 Touthed-mouth, Hartweg’s, 395 Townhall-clock, 68 Toxicodendron diversilobum, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 46, 39, 72, 3 Toxicoscordion, 63

Index    451

Toxicoscordion (continued) fontanum, 9, 350 fremontii, 18, 350, 31 venenosum, 350 Toyon, 10, 14, 17, 47, 291, 295, 27 Tradescantia fluminensis, 62, 323 Tragopogon dubius, 90 porrifolius, 90 Trailplant, 12, 101, 87 Tree-anemone, 205 Tree-of-heaven, 47, 306 Tree-tobacco, 307, 28 Trees and Shrubs, Group 1, 40, 42 Group 2, 40, 44, 90 Group 3, 40, 46 Group 4, 41, 47 Trefoil, Bird’s-foot, 193 Narrow-leaved, 194 Yellow, 183 Triantha occidentalis, 63, 397 Tribulus terrestris, 59, 316 Trichostema lanceolatum, 209, 209 laxum, 210 oblongum, 209 Trientalis latifolia, 61, 228 Trifolium, 182, 186 albopurpureum, 188 albopurpureum var. dichotomum, 188 albopurpureum var. olivaceum, 187 amoenum, 188 barbigerum, 189 barbigerum var. andrewsii, 189 bifidum var. bifidum, 187 bifidum var. decipiens, 187 cernuum, 188 ciliolatum, 187 depauperatum var. amplectens, 188 depauperatum var. depauperatum, 188 depauperatum var. hydrophilum, 188 depauperatum var. truncatum, 188 dichotomum, 188 dubium, 186 fucatum, 188, 14 gracilentum, 187 grayi, 189 hybridum, 187 hydrophilum, 188 incarnatum, 188 macraei, 187 microcephalum, 188, 15 microdon, 189 obtusiflorum, 189 oliganthum, 189 olivaceum, 187 pratense, 187 repens, 187

452     Index

subterraneum, 187 tomentosum, 179 tridentatum, 189 variegatum, 189 vesiculosum, 187 willdenovii, 189, 181 wormskioldii, 189 Triglochin concinna, 344, 345 maritima, 21, 344, 345 scilloides, 51, 344 striata, 344 Trillium, 60 albidum, 350 chloropetalum, 350 ovatum, 12, 350, 351 Trillium, Giant, 350 Sweet, 350 Western, 12, 350, 351 Triodanis biflora, 149, 148 Triphysaria, 241, 242 eriantha ssp. eriantha, 243 eriantha ssp. rosea, 243 floribunda, 243 pusilla, 243, 240 versicolor ssp. faucibarbata, 243 Tripvine, 150 Trisetum canescens, 377 Triteleia hyacinthina, 395 ixioides, 395 laxa, 18, 396, 32 lugens, 395 peduncularis, 396 Triteleia, Dark-mouthed, 395 Golden, 395 Long-rayed, 396 White, 395 Tropaeolaceae, 58, 310 Tropaeolum majus, 58, 310 Tropidocarpum capparideum, 145 gracile, 145 Tropidocarpum, Caper-fruited, 145 Tsuga, 316 heterophylla, 13, 38, 2 Tuctoria mucronata, 368 Tuctoria, Crampton’s, 368 Tule, Common, 19, 22, 330, 326 Tumbleweed, 71, 159 Turkey-mullein, 177 Turkey-pea, 76 Turnip, Wild, 141 Turpentine-weed, 210 Turritus glabra, 145 Twinberry, Black, 11, 150, 9 Two-bells, 149 Typha, 51

angustifolia, 398 domingensis, 398 latifolia, 19, 22, 398 Typhaceae, 51, 397 Ulex europaeus, 40, 179, 182 Ulmus, 316 Umbelliferae, 72 Umbellularia, 316 californica, 10, 11, 12, 13, 48, 214, 18 Unicorn-plant, Spiny, 58, 222 Uropappus lindleyi, 91 Urospermum picroides, 94 Urtica, 59 californica, 311 dioica ssp. gracilis, 311 dioica ssp. holosericea, 311 urens, 311 Urticaceae, 59, 65, 311 Utricularia gibba, 215 macrorhiza, 215, 215 vulgaris, 215 Vaccinium cespitosum, 173 ovatum, 12, 13, 170, 173, 12 parvifolium, 49, 173, 12 Valerian, Red, 312 Valerianaceae, 56, 311 Valley-tassels, 244 Vancouveria planipetala, 12, 63, 122 Vanilla-leaf, 122, 7 Venus-looking-glass, 149, 148 Venus’-needle, 78 Verbascum, 66 blattaria, 305, 306 thapsus, 305 Verbena, 60 bonariensis, 313 bracteata, 313, 313 hastata, 312 lasiostachys var. lasiostachys, 313 lasiostachys var. scabrida, 313, 29 officinalis, 313 Verbena, Bracted, 313, 313 Cluster-flowered, 313 Lemon, 312 Robust, 313, 29 Western, 313 Verbenaceae, 57, 60, 312 Veronica, 60, 61 americana, 19, 259, 254 anagallis-aquatica, 259, 254 arvensis, 260 peregrina ssp. xalapensis, 259 persica, 259 scutellata, 259, 254 serpyllifolia ssp. humifusa, 260

Vervain, European, 313 Western, 313 Vetch, American, 190 Common, 190 Deerpea, 190 Giant, 191, 15 Hairy, 190 Hasse’s, 190 Narrow-leaved, 190 Purple, 191 Slender, 190 Sparrow, 190 Spring, 190 Winter, 191 Woolly, 191 Yellow, 190 Viburnum, 150 ellipticum, 42, 69 Viburnum, Oval-leaved, 42, 69 Vicia, 182, 189 americana, 190 angustifolia, 190 benghalensis, 191 dasycarpa, 191 exigua var. exigua, 190 exigua var. hassei, 190 gigantea, 191, 15 hassei, 190 hirsuta, 190 ludoviciana, 190 lutea, 190 sativa ssp. nigra, 190 sativa ssp. sativa, 190 tetrasperma, 190 villosa ssp. varia, 191 villosa ssp. villosa, 191 Vinca major, 82, 83 Vine, Lily-of-the-valley, 307 Vinegarweed, 209, 209 Viola adunca, 314, 29 arvensis, 314 douglasii, 314 glabella, 314 lobata ssp. integrifolia, 314 lobata ssp. lobata, 314 ocellata, 9, 12, 314 odorata, 314 pedunculata, 16, 315, 29 purpurea, 315 sempervirens, 12, 314, 315 sheltonii, 314 tricolor, 313 Violaceae, 58, 313 Violet, Douglas’, 314 Evergreen, 12, 314, 315 Field, 314

Index    453

Violet (continued) Golden, 314 Lobed Pine, 314 Mountain, 315 Pine, 314 Redwood, 314 Shelton’s, 314 Stream, 314 Western Dog, 314, 29 Viper’s-bugloss, 48, 124, 130 Virgin’s-bower, Western, 281 Viscaceae, 50, 315 Viscum album, 315, 316 Vitaceae, 39, 316 Vitis californica, 11, 39, 316 Vulpia bromoides, 388 microstachys var. ciliata, 386, 388 microstachys var. confusa, 386, 388 microstachys var. pauciflora, 386, 388 myuros var. hirsuta, 387, 388 myuros var. myuros, 387, 388 octoflora var. hirtella, 386, 387, 388 octoflora var. octoflora, 386, 387, 388 Wallflower, Coastal, 146 Menzies’, 145, 146 San Francisco, 146 Western, 146, 9 Walnut, Northern California Black, 47, 207, 16 Southern California Black, 207 Wapato, 318, 318 Warrior’s-plume, 241 Wartcress, Lesser, 139, 136 Wartweed, 178 Water-hemlock, Bolander’s, 80 Douglas’, 80, 73 Western, 80 Water-horehound, Cut-leaved, 210, 208 Water-milfoil, Eurasian, 204 Siberian, 204 Western, 204 Water-nymph, Common, 335 Holly-leaved, 335 Slender, 335, 336 Water-parsnip, Cut-leaved, 80 Water-plantain, Common, 319, 318 Fringed, 319 Lance-leaved, 319 Water-primrose, Common, 53, 233 Yellow, 233 Water-serpent, 336

454     Index

Water-starwort, Bolander’s, 255 Bundled, 251 California, 251 Long-stalked, 251 Northern, 251 Variedleaf, 255, 252 Vernal, 251 Watercress, 53, 144 Waterfern, 26, 29 Waterleaf, California, 126 Waterlily, Banana, 230 Fragrant, 231 White, 231 Yellow, 230 Watermeal, 322 Waterpepper, 274 False, 275 Waterweed, Brazilian, 336 Common, 336, 336 Nuttall’s, 336 Yellow, 233 Waterwort, California, 52, 170 Wattle, Cootamundra, 181 Silver, 182 Sydney Golden, 181 Wax-myrtle, 47, 227, 228 Weatherglass, Poor-man’s, 229 Whipplea modesta, 60, 204, 205 Whiskerbrush, Bi-colored, 265 Bolander’s, 265 Bristly, 265 Common, 16, 265 Flax-flowered, 265 Hairy, 265 Large-flowered, 265, 24 Pink-lobed, 265 Serpentine, 265 Whispering-bells, 15, 124, 125, 7 Rose, 125 Whitethorn, Chaparral, 287 Coastal, 287 Whitetop, 139 Whiteweed, 221 Whitlow-wort, California, 151 Whitlowgrass, Vernal, 138, 136 Wild-ginger, 12, 64, 85 Wildrye, Pacific, 20 Willow-weed, 275 Willow, Arroyo, 11, 300 Black, 300 Brewer’s, 300 Coyote, 300

Dusky, 300 Hinds’, 300 Narrow-leaved, 300 Pacific, 11, 300, 299 Red, 300, 299 Scouler’s, 300, 299 Shining, 300 Sitka, 300, 299 Willowherb, California, 236 Common, 236 Dense-flowered, 236 Hall’s, 236 Many-flowered, 237 Minute, 237 Narrow-leaved, 236 Panicled, 236 San Francisco, 236 Self-fertilizing, 236 Smooth, 236 Watson’s, 236 Wind-flower, Western, 59, 281 Winged-fruit, California, 76 Wintergreen, White-veined, 171 Witch, Blue, 309 Witch’s-teeth, 192 Wolffia columbiana, 322 Wolffiella lingulata, 322 oblonga, 322 Wood-sorrel, Crimson, 245 Hairy, 245 Windowbox, 245 Woodland-star, Variable, 305 Woodsiaceae, 33 Woodwardia fimbriata, 11, 31, 1 Woolly-marbles, Delta, 99 Slender, 99 Woollyheads, Oregon, 99 Woollythreads, Woodland, 121

Wormseed, 161 Wyethia angustifolia, 112, 7 glabra, 112 helenioides, 112 Xanthium, 240 spinosum, 95, 89 strumarium, 94 Xerophyllum tenax, 63, 350, 351 Yabea microcarpa, 77 Yampah, California, 81 Gairdner’s, 80, 74 Kellogg’s, 80 Oregon, 81 Yarrow, Common, 110, 4 Yellow-mats, 78 Yellowflag, 338 Yerba-buena, 210, 209 Yerba-de-Chiva, 281 Yerba-de-selva, 60, 204, 205 Yerba-mansa, 55, 302, 28 Yerba-santa, 10, 14, 47, 124, 8 Yew, Pacific, 34, 38, 2 Zannichellia palustris, 52, 398, 399 Zannichelliaceae, 52, 398 Zantedeschia aethiopica, 321, 322 Zauschneria californica, 235 Zeltnera davyi, 200 trichantha, 200 venusta, 200 Zigadenus fremontii, 350 micranthus var. fontanus, 350 venenosus, 350 Zostera marina, 399 Zosteraceae, 51, 399 Zygophyllaceae, 59, 316

Index    455