Plant names simplified : their pronunciation, derivation and meaning [Third revised] 9781910455067, 1910455067

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
INTRODUCTION
Dedication
PLANT NAMES SIMPLIFIED

Citation preview

PLANT NAMES SIMPLIFIED 3rd Edition

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PLANT NAMES SIMPLIFIED 3rd Edition

Their Pronunciation, Derivation and Meaning

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First published by W. H. & L. Collingridge, 1931 Third revised edition published by 5m Publishing Ltd, 2019 Copyright © A.T. Johnson, H.A. Smith, A.P. Stockdale 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. Published by 5M Publishing Ltd, Benchmark House, 8 Smithy Wood Drive, Sheffield, S35 1QN, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1234 81 81 80 www.5mpublishing.com

A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 9781910455067

The publishers would like to thank Peter Stewart for assisting in the publication of this book Frontispiece: Escholscholzia californica, by Victoria Begbie Book layout by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Printed and bound by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall

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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION My endeavour in preparing this glossary has been to offer the reader a simple translation and pronunciation of the names of such plants, trees and shrubs as are commonly grown in the average garden. As they stand, such names are to most of us something more than an awkward obstacle barring way to any real intimacy with elements of botany. They are a direct hindrance to our progress as gardeners, and tend to complicate rather than to elucidate the difficulties of a vast and absorbing subject. Centuries ago each plant was known by a long, descriptive sentence, which was unwieldy, to say the least. Then Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624) devised a plan of adopting two names only for each plant. But it was not until the great Swedish naturalist, Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), undertook the task of methodically naming and classifying the whole living world ‘from buffaloes to buttercups’ that the dual system became permanently established. Linnaeus brought order out of chaos and indexed the vegetable world on a basis so sound and universally acceptable to the people of all nations that most of his names are in use today. One of the two names given to each plant, the first, which may be likened to our surname, is the generic, or group, name. This can only occur once that is, as a group name – but while the second, the specific name or species is only given to one plant of the same genus – as is a first name in a family – it may occur in many different genera. Plants of garden origin, or those which are mere variations from the true species, usually have a third, such as Campanula (generic), rotundifolia (specific), ‘Alba’ (varietal). But since most of these varietal names occur as specific names they have not been generally included in the glossary. Names of plants which are hybrids, or which otherwise have a garden origin, have also been omitted. A very large subject has demanded as much brevity as possible, the writer realising that a dictionary of this kind might defeat its own object were it too bulky. Regarding such specific names as must constantly recur – japonica, chinensis, wilsonii, vulgare, floribunda, and —v—

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the like – I have avoided the usual method of a single mention followed by cross references which is apt to waste the reader’s time and patience. Instead of this, such words have been repeated throughout the work in all genera with which they are most closely associated. Generic names, being the more important, are accorded the fuller explanation, and most of the more familiar groups are afforded more liberal treatment than those not so well known. Specific names are treated on similar lines. These are mainly adjectival or descriptive of the plant’s colour, form or habit, but space only allows us to give to each of these a literal translation of the word with a brief indication as to what it alludes. Where a specific name is plainly derived from a name of a person (often merely commemorative) or place, its meaning is usually sufficiently obvious without explanation. It is felt that with a translation of these words before him, the average amateur will be afforded not only an interesting glimpse into the past history of his plants, but that the names will lose much of that awkwardness with which they are so often invested. Further, the second, or specific name, alluding as it so often does to some marked character in the plant, will, in its translated form, often be helpful in aiding the identification of doubtful species. And, after all, these Greek and Latin names which are so disturbing to some people need not themselves be any more foreign and unintelligible than many other words now recognised as English and in daily use. It is entirely a matter of custom, and when we realise how freely we now use such beautiful botanical names as Campanula, Veronica and Clematis now that they have become familiar to us, one may with confidence express the belief that the time will come when the multitude of plant names which are not so well known will be spoken with the ease of the examples given. And it is to the furtherance of that desirable end that this glossary has been prepared. Fuchsia, Geranium, Pelargonium, Dahlia, Aster, Primula, Calendula, Chrysanthemum, Pyrethrum are a few additional botanical plant names that have become absorbed into everyday language. Regarding pronunciation, this is given by phonetic spelling, each syllable being sounded as it is spelt. But in this matter the writer claims no infallibility. Just as in English (as departures in broadcasting have pointed out), where classical accuracy is sometimes superseded by custom, so — vi —

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is the pronunciation of these Latin and Greek names often decided by common usage. The correct pronunciation of Anemone, for example, is an-e-MO-NE, with the accent on each of the last two vowels. But we shall continue to say an-EM-on-e. Hypericum will always be hy-PER-ik-um, rather than hy-per-I-kum; and Erica will be ER-ik-a and not er-I-ka, as the learned would have such names said. The fact is no arbitrary rules of pronunciation can be laid down. Even such a great authority as the Oxford English Dictionary will give a choice of two pronunciations for the same word; and when we are given full licence by such exalted powers to pronounce chauffeur as ‘shofer’, fauteuil as ‘fotill’, cinema as ‘sinnema’, and Celtic as ‘seltik’, one may grieve for the traditions of the classics, but give courage its due and adopt in the pronunciation of our botanical names an equally liberal attitude. Apropos the subject of pronunciation we may quote some lines on ‘cyclamen’ which appeared in the pages of an old-time gardening periodical: How shall we sound its mystic name Of Greek descent and Persian fame? Shall ‘y’ be long and ‘a’ be short, Or will the ‘y’ and ‘a’ retort? Shall ‘y’ be lightly rippled o’er, Or should we emphasise it more? Alas! The doctors disagree, For ‘y’s’ a doubtful quantity. Some people use it now and then, As if ‘twere written ‘Sickly-men’; But as it comes from kuklos, Greek, Why not ‘kick-laymen’, so to speak? The gardener, with his ready wit, Upon another mode has hit; He’s terse and brief – long names dislikes, And so he renders it as ‘Sykes’. At the same time one must have a working principle as a basis in the pronunciation of scientific plant names, and the most important point, — vii —

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perhaps, is to get the correct vowel sound, or stress, in the right place, and this in each case is indicated by the syllable being printed in [uppercase]. With few exceptions the accented vowel (in [uppercase]) is long when alone or following a consonant (O as in ‘mole’, A as in ‘pate’, E as in ‘been’), short when preceding a consonant or between two (O as in ‘on’, or ‘pon’, A as in ‘an’ or ‘pan’, E as in ‘en’ or ‘pen’). The U is given the letter (ew) sound, as in ‘due’. The G is hard (as in ‘get’), but soft when the phonetic sound gives it the J sound (as in ‘gem’), and C is hard (as in ‘can’), when given the K sound, or soft (as in ‘pace’), when it is given the sound of S. Although usage is accepted as an influence in fixing the pronunciation of many words, the rules of the language to which a word belongs must always be the deciding factor in many cases. In the compilation of this glossary much guidance has been obtained from the Oxford English Dictionary, Nuttall’s Standard Dictionary, Nicholson’s Dictionary of Gardening, Johnson’s Gardener’s Dictionary (Fraser and Hemsley), Bentham and Hooker’s botanical works, Dr. B. Daydon Jackson’s Glossary of Botanical Terms, Dr. R.T. Harvey-Gibson’s Plant Names and their Derivatives, and G.F. Zimmer’s Popular Dictionary of Botanical Terms, among other works. In offering this book to the public I may add in conclusion that while I claim no profound knowledge of the classics or of botany I do know something of the simple wants of my fellow amateur gardeners. It is with that conviction that I have made this effort to smooth down one of the roughest places in our common pursuit. To satisfy and to please everyone is far beyond my aspirations. But if in this work I have succeeded in reducing even by a little the menace presented us by that ‘pile of heterogeneous names which stand as a barrier between our people and the fairest gates of knowledge’ (Botany, by Professor Earle), I shall feel that I have done my bit in a good cause. 1931  A.T. JOHNSON It has fallen to my lot to tread delicately in the footsteps of the author of the original edition of this work, and to graft, more or less successfully, my work upon his. To this end many more genera and species of plants appear than in the first edition, which was mainly limited to hardy plants, shrubs — viii —

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etc. The additions therefore comprise a large number of indoor temperate and tropical subjects, while also the opportunity has been taken to include the better known names of the new sectional genera into which the cacti, mesembryanthemums and houseleeks have been grouped in modern times. It is therefore the hope of the publisher and joint author that PLANT NAMES SIMPLIFIED may appeal in a wider measure to the new generations of both amateur and professional gardeners and have as useful a life as the first edition enjoyed in the fifteen years of its existence. 1946  HENRY A. SMITH

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INTRODUCTION The updating of this book has been long overdue. Although it has undergone reprints there have been no major revisions to the text for over seventy years. Where plant names have changed overtime, and given the advances in science, I felt it prudent to carry out some renovation work. Notwithstanding Plant Names Simplified has remained a stock tome with amateurs and professionals alike. This is testament to its simplicity. In revising this edition I have tried to remain faithful to Johnson’s original tenet of furthering the ease with which botanical names are used. The revisions have been made in accordance with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. This edition uses as a starting point The Plant List, an online database which is a collaboration between the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanical Gardens. The database identifies the currently accepted name for any plant. Where there have been name changes I have cross referenced from the original entry to the new entry. Interestingly when the first edition was published in 1931 Hebe was not a recorded generic name rather they were classified as Veronica. Phil Garnock-Jones, emeritus professor, Victoria University, undertook nomenclature work into New Zealand Veronica. This casts doubt and Hebe transfers back into Veronica. The work utilises phylogenetic analyses and identifies that Northern Hemisphere Veronica and New Zealand Hebe share a common ancestor, now extinct. Therefore, I felt it pertinent, although not all taxonomists will agree, to record the original plant names as presented in the second edition. This edition includes family names and where possible dates of birth and death for specific epithets that are commemorative. Geographical names are identified and where regions have changed the modern place name is recorded alongside that of antiquity. The convention for Botanical names has improved significantly since the first edition. The procedure for Botanical naming of plants is written in italics with the genus treated as a noun with a capital letter proceeding it, for example, — xi —

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Campanula, the species is written in lowercase, C. patula. Where there are subspecies, varieties or forms these are written in lowercase italics, for example, Campanula patula subsp. abietina. Intergeneric and interspecific hybrid name changes have been included in this edition. For commemorative genus and species names I have referred to Stearn’s Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners, 2nd edn (1992), the Royal Horticultural Society’s Dictionary of Gardening, (1992) and the Harvard University Herbaria (online database of botanists) which have been invaluable in checking dates and details. With respect to pronunciation I recall the advice given to me by my tutor at Writtle College. They would remind you to ‘pronounce all the vowels’ in the plant name. In addition, when presented with commemorative names such as wilsonii the first ‘i’ is ‘e’ as in bee, and the second ‘i’ is ‘eye’ as in time. It has been a privilege to update this edition of Plant Names Simplified, with thanks to my parents, Bill and Maureen Stockdale, Roger Smith, who took me up on the offer, and 5M Publishing, especially Sarah Hulbert for her advice and guidance. Plant Names Simplified is a functional text book designed to be to on hand when needed. It is my hope that the reader feels more at ease in using Botanical names. 2019  A.P. Stockdale

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Dedicated to my wife Victoria and daughters Tashan-Rose, Amélie-Ferne and Freyja-Lily.

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PLANT NAMES SIMPLIFIED Abelia, a-BEEL-e-a; after Dr. Clarke Abel tenuifolia, ten-u-e-FO-le-a, slender leaved. (1780–1826), physician, and author on viridiflora, see A. tenuifolia. China, who discovered A. chinensis, 1816– Abronia, A-BRO-ne-a; from Gr. abros, deli1817. Flowering shrubs. Caprifoliaceae. cate, alluding to the leafy involucre enclosing chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China. unopened blossoms. Trailing plants. Nyctafloribunda, see Vaselea floribunda. ginaceae. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large flowered.

latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved. triflora, tri-FLOR-a, three flowered, i.e. flowers umbellata, um-bel-LA-ta, having blossoms in in three. umbels. uniflora, uni-FLOR-a, one flowered, that is blooms solitary. Abrus, A-brus; from Gr. abros, delicate with

Abelmoschus, a-BEL-mos-kus; from Arabic, reference to the soft leaves. Warm house Abu-l-misk, father of musk, in allusion to the climber. Leguminosae. precatorius, prek-a-TOR-e-us, entreating. The smell of the seeds of A. moschatus. Annual reference being to the black and red seeds of and perennial herbs. Malvaceae. which rosaries are made. manihot, MAN-e-hot, palmate resembling the Manihot. Abutilon, a-BU-til-on; the Arabic name for

a mallow-like plant. Greenhouse shrubs. Abies, a-BE-es (commonly A-beez); an Malvaceae. ancient Latin name, possibly from L. abeo, darwinii, DAR-win-e-i, after Charles Darwin depart, that is, from the ground, referring to (1809–1882), english naturalist and botanist. great height attained by some species. Coni- insigne, in-SIG-ne, handsome. fers. Pinaceae. megapotamicum, meg-ap-o-TAM-ik-um, mean­ alba, AL-ba, from the L. alba, white. ing big river – the Rio Grande. amabilis, am-A-bil-is, lovely. pictum, pic-TUM, painted; brightly coloured. balsamea, bal-SA-me-a, aromatic (Balm of Gilead sellowianum, see Bakeridesia sellowiana. fir). thompsonii, see A. pictum. brachyphylla, see A. homolepis. vexillarium, see A. megapotamicum. bracteata, brak-te-A-ta, having bracts, or modified vitifolium, see Corynabutilon vitifolium. leaves, at bases of leaf stalks. Acacia, a-KA-she-a; Gr. akis, needle, refercephalonica, sef-a-LON-ik-a, of Cephalonia. concolor, kon-KOL-or, one-coloured, that is, a ring to the thorn. Tender trees and shrubs. Leguminosae. uniform tint. armata, see A. paradoxa. grandis, GRAN-dis, of great size. homolepis, hom-o-LEP-is, having structurally baileyana, ba-le-A-na, after Frederich Manson Bailey (1827–1915), colonial botanist of similar scales. Queensland. The Golden Mimosa. magnifica, mag-NIF-ik-a, magnificent, beautiful. dealbata, de-al-BA-ta, whitened – the foliage. The nobilis, see A. alba. mimosa of florists’ shops. pectinata, see Picea abies. drummondii, drum-MON-de-i, in honour of Abobra, a-BOB-ra; native Brazilian name. James Drummond (1784–1863), curator of Scarlet fruited climber of the cucumber Cork botanic gardens 1809–1829, who collected in Western Australia. family. Cucurbitaceae.

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ACA–ACH paradoxa, pa-ra-DOKS-a, paradoxical, contrary mollis, MOL-lis, soft or tender, usually means velvety. to exception. spinosus, spi-NO-sus, spines. riceana, rice-A-na, after Thomas Spring Rice, Chancellor of the Exchequer. Acer, A-ser; Classical Latin name, possibly verticillata, ver-tis-il-LA-ta, whorl-leaved.

from L. acer, hard or sharp, the wood once Acaena, ak-E-na (or ass-E-na); from Gr. been used for writing tablets. Also proakanthos, a thorn, referring to the spiny nounced AK-er. Trees. Sapindaceae. calyx. Creeping rock plants. Rosaceae. campestre, kam-PES-tre, growing in fields. The buchananii, bu-kan-A-nei, after John Buchanan (1819–1898), Scottish botanist who collected in New Zealand. microphylla, mi-krof-IL-la, small leaved. novae-zelandiae, NOV-e-zeel-AND-e-e, of New Zealand.

Acalypha, a-KAL-y-fa; Gr. akalepe, Hippocrates name for nettle. Warm-house shrubby plants with variegated foliage. Euphorbiaceae.

australis, aws-TRA-lis, Southern. godseffiana, see A. wilkesiana. hispida, HIS-pid-a, bristly. macrostachya, mak-ro-STAK-e-a, large flower spike. musaica, see A. wilkesiana. sanderi, see A. hispida. wilkesiana, wilk-see-A-na, after Charles Wilkes (1798–1877), American naval officer, leader of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 in the Pacific Ocean.

Acanthocereus, a-KAN-tho-SE-re-us; from Gr. acanthos, a thorn and cereus, a well known genus of cacti. Greenhouse cactus. Cactaceae. pentagonus, see A. tetragonus. tetragonus, te-tra-GO-nus, from Gr. tessara four and gonus angle.

English Maple. cappadocicum, kap-pa-DO-se-kum, Cappadocian. dasycarpum, see A. saccharinum. davidii, DA-vid-e-i, after Père Armand David (1826–1900), French missionary and plant collector in China who first discovered it. Re-discovered by Charles Maries. ginnala, see A. tataricum subsp. ginnala. glabrum, GLAB-rum, smooth, hairless. griseum, GREE-see-um, grey. insigne, see A. velutinum. japonicum, jap-ON-ik-um, of Japan. macrophyllum, mak-rof-IL-lum, large leaved. palmatum, pal-MA-tum, leaves palmate, like a hand. pennsylvanicum, pen-sil-VA-nik-um, of Pennsylvania. platanoides, plat-an-OY-des, resembles Platanus (plane tree). The Norway maple. pseudoplatanus, sued-o-plat-A-nus, false plane tree. The Sycamore. rubrum, ROO-brum, red-flowered. saccharinum, sak-kar-I-num, sugary. The Sugar Maple. tataricum, tat-TAR-e-kum, of the Tatar Mountains, Russia. tataricum subsp. ginnala, jin-NA-la, vernacular name. velutinum, vel-u-TE-num, velvety – young wood and buds are downy.

Acantholimon, ak-an-THOL-e-mon; derivation obscure, but Gr. akanthos, a prickle, Aceranthus, misapplied see below. alludes to spiny foliage; limon, Limonium, a diphyllus, see Epimedium diphyllum. related genus. Rock plants. Plumbaginaceae. Aceras, misapplied see below. glumaceum, glu-MA-se-um, with bracts. venustum, ven-US-tum, pleasing, lovely.

chaffy

anthropophorum, see Orchis anthropophora.

Achillea, ak-il-E-a; after Achilles, the Greek hero, who first used the plant in medicine. Acanthus, Ak-AN-thus; Gr. akanthos, a Herbaceous and rock plant. Compositae. prickle, some species being spiny. A conven- ageratifolia, aj-er-a-tee-FO-le-a, with leaves like tional form of the leaf is used in architecture. Ageratum. ageratifolia subsp. serbica, SER-bik-a, of Serbia. Herbaceous plants. Acanthaceae. —2—

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ACH–ACT alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or the juices of the plant. Herbaceous plants. alpine. Ranunculaceae. argentea, see Tanacetum argenteum. carmichaelii, kar-my-KAY-le-i, commemorating coarctata, ko-ARC-ta-ta, pressed or crowded Dr. J. R. Carmichael (d. 1877), plant collector together. in China from 1863–1877. compacta, see A. coarctata. carmichaelii var. truppelianum, trup-pel-e-Afilipendulina, fil-e-pen-DO-le-na, resembling Filnum, after Oscar von Truppel (1854–1931), ipendula (meadowsweet). German Admiral and Governor of Kaio millefolium, mil-le-FO-le-um, thousand-leaved. Chau ( Jiaozhou Bay) from 1901 to 1911. The Yarrow or Milfoil of which there are cul- fischeri, fish-ER-i, after Fischer, a professor of tivated forms. botany. mongolica, see A. alpina. forrestii, for-RES-te-i, after George Forrest montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains. (1873–1932), Scottish plant collector. ptarmica, TAR-mik-a, Greek ptarmos, sneezing, Forrest collected in China between 1904 and dried flowers once used for snuff. The Sneeze1932. wort. fortunei, see A. carmichaelii var. truppelianum. rupestris, roo-PES-tris, growing on rocks. japonicum, jap-ON-ik-um, Japanese. santolina, san-to-LE-na, resembles Santolina. lycoctonum, lik-OK-to-num, wolf ’s bane. serbica, see A. ageratifolia subsp. serbica. napellus, nap-EL-lus, turnip rooted. The Monkstomentosa, to-men-TO-sa, downy foliage. hood. Achimenes, ak-e-MEE-neez; from Latin chei- variegatum, var-e-eg-A-tum, variegated. wilsonii, see A. carmichaelii.

manos, tender, as to cold. Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Many florists’ hybrids. Acorus, ak-OR-us; ancient name, possibly Gesneriaceae. from Greek a, without; kore, pupil of the carminata, kar-MIN-a-ta, carmine. eye, alluding to the ancient use of the plant coccinea, see A. erecta. in medicine. Aquatics. Acoraceae. erecta, e-REK-ta, erect; upright. longiflora, long-if-LO-ra, long-flowered.

calamus, KAL-a-mus; from kalon, Arabic for reed; Calamus, L. name for the Sweet-flag. gramineus, gram-IN-e-us, grass leaved.

Acineta, ak-in-E-ta; from Latin akineta, immovable, the lip being jointless. Cool- Acroclinium, misapplied see below. house orchid. Orchidaceae. roseum, see Rhodanthe chlorocephala subsp. rosea. humboltii, see A. superba. superba, su-PER-ba, superb.

Acrostichum, ak-ROS-tik-um; from Gr. akros, top and stichos, a row, application Acmispon, ak-ME-spon; from Gr. akme, unknown. Tropical ferns. Pteridaceae. point; spon, derivation unknown however crinitum, see Elaphoglossum crinitum. the genus was described by Rafinesque as the peltatum, see Elaphoglossum obovatum. pod being hooked at the point. Herbaceous Actaea, ak-TE-a; from Gr. aktaia, elder, the perennials. Leguminosae. leaves resembling those of that tree. Herbaamericanus, a-mer-ik-A-nus, of America. ceous plants. Ranunculaceae. Acokanthera, ak-O-kan-THE-ra; from Gr. alba, see A. rubra. akoke, a mucron or point; anthera, an anther, dahurica, da-UR-ik-a, of Dahuri, Asia, a mountainous region to the east of Lake Baikal. the anthers are mucronate. Greenhouse japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. flowering shrubs. Apocynaceae. oblongifolia, ob-long-if-O-le-a, oblong-leaved. spectabilis, see A. oblongifolia.

Aconitum, ak-o-NI-tum; ancient classical name, probable origin, Gr. akon, a dart, arrows at one time being poisoned with

racemosa, ras-em-O-sa, resembling a raceme. rubra, ROO-bra, red-coloured. simplex, SIM-pleks, simple – the spikes unbranched. spicata, spe-KA-ta, spiked, alluding to the inflorescence.

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ACT–ADO Actinella, ak-tin-ELL-a; from Gr. aktis, a ray, flowers being rayed like small sunflowers; literally a little ray. Rock and border perennials. Compositae. acaulis, see Tetraneuris acaulis. grandiflora, see Hymenoxys grandiflora.

Actinidia, ak-tin-ID-e-a; from Gr. aktis, a ray, referring to star like flowers, or to rayed stigmas of female blooms. Climbing shrubs. Actinidiaceae. arguta, ar-GU-ta, sharp-toothed or serrated. chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China. henryi, HEN-re-i, after Dr. A. Henry (1857– 1930), plant collector and dendrologist. polygama, pol-e-GAM-a, with male, female and bisexual flowers on the same plant. volubilis, see A. polygama.

Actinotus, ak-tin-O-tus; from L. actinotus, rayed, referring to the involucre. Tender perennial. Apiaceae.

helianthi, he-le-ANTH-i, sunflower like – the petal-like involucre. The Australian Flannel Flower.

Ada, A-da; a complimentary name after the queen of Caria in Asia Minor. Greenhouse orchid. Orchidaceae. aurantiaca, see Brassia aurantiaca. pygmaea, PIG-me-a, dwarf.

Adelocaryum, a-del-o-KAR-ee-um; from the Gr. adelo, unknown or secret; karyo, nut. Perennial. Boraginaceae. coelestinum, se-les-TE-num, heavenly blue.

Adiantum, ad-e-AN-tum; from Gr. a, not; diantos, moistened (adiantos, dry), the fronds of the Maidenhair Fern being supposed to remain dry even after being plunged under water. Greenhouse and hardy ferns. Pteridaceae. affine, af-FIN-e, related. capillus-veneris, kap-IL-lus VEN-er-is, Venus’ hair. The Maidenhair Fern. caudatum, kaw-DA-tum, tailed. concinnum, kon-SIN-num, neat. concinnum var. latum, LA-tum, broad, that is, broader than the type. A native of Muna Island, Indonesia exhibited in 1867 by the nurseries of James Veitch. cuneatum, see A. raddianum. decorum, dek-OR-um, decorous – shapely or becoming. farleyense, far-ley-EN-se, of Farley Hill, Barbados, where it originated. formosum, see A. capillus-veneris. fulvum, FUL-vum, tawny. gracillimum, gra-SIL-lim-um, most graceful. macrophyllum, mak-ROF-il-lum, large fronds – the size of the pinnae. pedatum, ped-A-tum, like a bird’s foot – the fronds. princeps, PRIN-seps, princely. raddianum, ray-dee-A-num, in honour of Giuseppe Raddi (1770–1829), Italian botanist who collected in Brazil and Egypt and gave special attention to cryptogams. reniforme, ren-e-FOR-me, kidney-shaped – the fronds. tenerum, TEN-er-um, tender. tetraphyllum, tet-raf-IL-lum, four leaved, i.e. the pinnae. trapeziforme, trap-e-zif-OR-me, rhomboid leaved – the pinnae. williamsii, WILL-yams-e-i, after B.S. Williams, nurseryman, of Holloway.

Adenophora, ad-en-OF-or-a; from Gr. aden, a gland, and phoreo, to bear; reference obscure. Herbaceous plants. Campanulaceae. Adlumia, ad-LU-me-a; named after Major denticulata, see A. tricuspidata. John Adlum (1759–1836), grape breeder latifolia, see A. pereskiifolia. and American author. Biennial climber. liliiflora, lil-e-i-FO-le-a, lily leaved. Papaveraceae.

pereskiifolia, per-esk-e-if-O-le-a, resembling Pere- cirrhosa, see A. fungosa. skia. fungosa, fun-GO-sa, resembling fungus, the polymorpha, see A. liliiflora. flower. stylosa, see A. liliiflora. Adonis, ad-O-nis; after Adonis of the clastricuspidata, try-kusp-e-DA-ta, three-pointed. sics, one of Aphrodite’s lovers, whose blood triphylla, trif-IL-la, three-leaved. is supposed to have stained the petals of the verticillata, see A. triphylla.

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AEC–AGA Pheasant-eye Adonis (A. annua). Annuals and perennials. Ranunculaceae.

pulcher, PUL-ker, beautiful. speciosus, spes-e-O-sus, handsome.

aestivalis, es-tiv-ALE-is, of summertime referring Aesculus, ES-ku-lus; ancient L. name of an to the flowering. amurensis, am-oor-EN-sis, the region of the oak or mast-bearing tree. Flowering trees. Sapindaceae. Amur river. californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California. annua, ann-U-a, annual. × carnea, KAR-ne-a, flesh-coloured. autumnalis, see A. annua. glabra, GLAB-ra, smooth; hairless. pyrenaica, pir-en-A-ik-a, Pyrenean. vernalis, ver-NA-lis, of spring – time of flowering. hippocastanum, hip-po-KAS-ta-num, from Gr. hippos, a horse; and L. castanea, the chestnut Aechmea, EEK-me-a; from Gr. aichme, a tree of Virgil. The Horse Chestnut. point; referring to the rigid points on the indica, IN-di-ka, of India. sepals in the bud stage. Warm house herba- macrostachya, see A. parviflora. ceous plants. Bromeliaceae. parviflora, par-vif-LOR-a, from L. parvus, small; coelestis, se-LES-tis, sky blue. flor, flower. fasciata, fas-SEE-a-ta, banded. rubicunda, see A. glabra. fulgens, FUL-jenz, glowing red. mariae-reginae, MAR-e-e re-JI-ne, after Queen Aethionema, eth-e-O-ne-ma; origin obscure, Maria. said to be derived from Gr. aitho, to burn;

nema, a filament, alluding to the burnt Aeonium, a-O-ne-um; an ancient name used by Dioscorides for a plant similar to appearance of the stamens. More probable A. arboreum. Greenhouse succulents. Cras- origin, the burning or acrid taste of some species. Rock plants. Brassicaceae. sulaceae. arboreum, ar-bor-E-um, tree like. arboreum var. holochrysum, hol-o-KRI-sum, entirely yellow – the flowers. aureum, AW-re-um, golden. caespitosum, see Sempervivum caespitosum. canariense, ka-nar-e-EN-se, of the Canary Islands. haworthii, ha-WORTH-e-i, after Adrian Hardy Haworth (1768–1833), author of literature on succulents. holochrysum, see A. arboreum var. holochrysum. spathulatum, spath-ul-A-tum, from L. spatula, a spoon – the shape of the leaves. tabuliforme, tab-ul-e-FOR-me, table like, the rosettes have a flat top.

armenum, ar-ME-num, of Armenia. grandiflorum, gran-dif-LO-rum, large flowered. iberideum, i-ber-ID-e-um, like an Iberis (candytuft). pulchellum, see A. grandiflorum.

Agalinis, a-ga-LIN-is; irregular from Greek aga, wonder; Latin linum, flax. Remarkable flax. Orobanchaceae. purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured.

Agapanthus, ag-a-PAN-thus; from the Greek agape, love; anthos, a flower. Greenhouse herbaceous plants. Amaryllidaceae. africanus, af-rik-A-nus, African.

Aerides, a-er-I-deez; from L. aer, the air; umbellatus, see A. africanus. some of the species obtain all their nurishment from the atmosphere through aerial Agaricus, ag-AR-ik-us; probably from Agari, a district in Sarmatia, present day Iran. roots. Tropical orchids. Orchidaceae. Fungi, including the edible mushroom. Agacrispum, KRISP-um, curly – the leaves waved. odorata, od-o-RA-ta, sweet smelling. ricaceae. campestris, kam-PES-tris, growing in fields or

Aeschynanthus, ees-kin-ANTH-us; from plains. The edible Field Mushroom. Gr. aischuno, to be ashamed; and anthos, Agathaea, ag-a-THE-a; from Gr. agathos, a flower, referring to the modest flowers of some species. Warm house shrubby and good; alluding to the beauty of the flower. Greenhouse sub-shrub. Compositae. pendent plants. Gesneriaceae. fulgens, FUL-jenz, glowing red.

coelestis, see Felicia amelloides.

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AGA–ALC Agave, ag-AH-vee; from Gr. agauos, noble; arboreum. Greenhouse succulents. Crassureferring to the stately form when in flower. laceae. × aizoides, ay-ZOY-dees, resembling Aizoon. Tender succulents. Asparagaceae.

americana, a-mer-ik-A-na, of South America. The × aizoides var. domesticum, do-MES-tik-um, freAmerican Aloe (of gardens). quently used as a houseplant. atrovirens, a-tro-VER-enz, dark green. dichotomum, see A. laxum. attenuata, at-ten-u-A-ta, attenuated or drawn out. divaricatum, di-va-rik-A-tum, wide spreading horrida, HOR-rid-a, horrid, having strong spines. branches. shawii, SHAW-e-i, after Henry Shaw (1800– × domesticum, do-MES-tik-um, frequently used 1889), English born merchant and founder as a houseplant. of the Missouri Botanical Garden (Shaw’s laxum, LACK-sum, loose or open. Garden). univittata, u-ne-vit-TA-ta, one line, or stripe – on Ailanthus, a-LAN-thus; from ailanto, the the leaves. native Chinese name for one of the species. utahensis, u-tah-EN-sis, of Utah. Signifying tall enough to reach the skies.

Ageratina, a-jer-a-TEE-na; diminutive form Deciduous tree. Simaroubaceae. altissima, al-TIS-sim-a, tallest. The Tree of of Ageratum. Compositae. Heaven.

aromatica, ar-o-MAT-ik-a, aromatic. ligustrina, lig-us-TRIN-a, resembling Ligustrum (privet).

Ajuga, a-JU-ga; a corruption of L. abiga, a plant used in medicine, or (more probably) Ageratum, aj-er-A-tum; from Gr. a, not, and from a, no, and zugon, a yoke, in reference to geras, old; or Gr. ageratus, not growing old, the calyx lobes being equal – not bilabiate. presumably meaning that the flowers do Creeping plants. Lamiaceae. not readily assume a withered appearance. genevensis, jen-e-VEN-sis, of Geneva. reptans, REP-tans, creeping. Several forms of this Summer bedding. Compositae. altissima, al-TIS-sim-a, tallest. conyzoides, kon-iz-OY-dez, resembling Conyza. houstonianum, hows-to-ne-A-num, commemorating Dr. William Houston (1695–1733), Scottish surgeon and plant collector. mexicanum, see A. houstonianum.

Aglaonema, ag-la-on-E-ma; from Gr. for bright thread, possibly referring to the stamens. Tropical aroids. Araceae. costatum, kos-TA-tum, leaves strongly ribbed. pictum, PIK-tum, painted – the blotched leaves.

are cultivated.

Akebia, a-KE-be-a; an adaptation of the Japanese name akebi for these shrubby twining plants. Lardizabalaceae. lobata, see A. trifoliata. quinata, kwin-A-ta, five lobed – the leaves. trifoliata, tri-fo-li-A-ta, from the L. tri, three; folium, a leaf; because of the three lobed leaves.

Albuca, al-BU-ka; from L. albicans or albus, white – the prevailing colour. Greenhouse Agoseris, a-go-SER-is; possibly from L. aigos, goat; Gr. seris, lettuce, Goat chicory. Annual bulbous plants. Asparagaceae. bracteata, brak-te-A-ta, having bracts, or modified and perennial herbs. Compositae. leaves. glauca, GLAW-ka, sea-green, the foliage.

nelsonii, nel-SO-ne-i, after William Nelson

(1852–1922), British nurseryman who first Agrostis, a-GROS-tis; from Gr. agros, a collected the species. field, the Greek name for grass. Ornamental grasses. Poaceae. Alcea, al-SEE-a; from Gr. alkaia, a kind of nebulosa, neb-ul-O-sa, nebulous or cloud like mallow. Hollyhocks. Herbaceous perennial. referring to the inflorescence. The Cloud Malvaceae. Grass.

Aichryson, a-KRY-son; ancient name used by Dioscorides for a plant similar to Aeonium

rosea, RO-ze-a, red or rosy. The Hollyhock. rosea subsp. ficifolia, fi-kif(or sif )-OL-e-a, Ficus or fig leaved.

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ALC–ALO Alchemilla, al-kem-IL-a; from the Arabic alkemelych, alluding to use of the plants in alchemy. Rock plants. Rosaceae. alpina, al-PINE-a, alpine. mollis, MOL-lis, with soft hairs. The Lady’s Mantle. sericea, ser-IS-e-a, silky – the leaves. vulgaris, see A. xanthochlora. xanthochlora, zanth-o-KLOR-a, yellowish green.

Alisma, al-IZ-ma; water plantain, the Classical Greek name for this plant. Aquatic or bog plants. Alismataceae. natans, see Luronium natans. plantago-aquatica, plan-TA-go a-KWAT-ik-a, an old generic name referring to the Plantago (plantain) like leaves; L. aquaticus, growing in water. The Water Plantain.

Allamanda, al-la-MAN-da; in honour of Dr. Allamand (1735–1803), professor of natural history at Leiden. Warm-house shrubby climbers. Apocynaceae. cathartica, kath-AR-tik-a, purgative, cathartic. hendersonii, see A. cathartica. nobilis, NO-bil-is, large or noble. schottii, SHOT-te-i, after Heinrich Wilhelm Schott (1794–1865), Austrian Botanist who with Pohl was a participant on the Austrian Brazil Expedition from 1817–1821.

cyaneum, sy-A-ne-um, blue flowered. descendens, see A. sphaerocephalon. fistulosum, fis-tu-LO-sum, fistular or hollow leaved. Welsh onion. flavidum, FLA-vid-um, pale yellow. giganteum, ji-GAN-te-um, gigantic. kansuense, see A. sikkimense. moly, MO-le, old Greek name of a magic herb of uncertain identity. narcissiflorum, nar-sis-e-FLOR-um, Narcissus flowered. neapolitanum, ne-a-pol-e-TA-num, from Naples. oreophilum, o-re-O-fa-lum, from Gr. oreo, mountain; phila, loving. ostrowskyanum, see A. oreophilum. paniculatum, pan-ik-u-LA-tum, panicled. polyphyllum, see A. carolinianum. porrum, see A. ampeloprasum. pulchellum, see A. carinatum subsp. pulchellum. purdomii, see A. cyaneum. roseum, RO-ze-um, rosy. sativum, SAT-iv-um, cultivated. The garlic. schoenoprasum, sken-OP-ras-um, old Greek name for leek. The chives. scorodoprasum, scor-od-OP-ras-um, combination of both Greek for onion and leek, signifying the plant is both onion and leek. The sand leek. sikkimense, sik-kim-EN-se, from Sikkim. sphaerocephalon, sfer-o-SEF-al-on, old generic name meaning round-headed – the flower head. triquetrum, tri-KWET-rum, three cornered – the stalks.

Allium, AL-le-um; the Latin term for garlic; now the name for all the onion family, or from the Celtic all, meaning pungent or burning. Bulbous perennials and culinary Alnus, AL-nus; alnus, Latin name for alder. herbs. Amaryllidaceae. Trees. Betulaceae. ampeloprasum, am-pe-LOW-pray-sum, from Gr. ampelos, vine; prasum, leek; a wild leek associated with vineyards. ascalonicum, as-kal-O-nik-um, of Askelon, Palestine. The shallot or eschallot. beesianum, bees-e-A-num, commemorating the nursery firm Bees. carinatum, ka-ri-NA-tum, keeled. carinatum subsp. pulchellum, pul-KEL-um, beautiful but small. carolinianum, ka-ro-li-ne-A-num, from Carolina, USA. cepa, KE-pa, headed, probably from Celtic cep, head. The onion. chrysanthum, kris-AN-thum, golden flowered. cristophii, kris-TOF-e-i, named after Christophe, origin unknown.

cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves. glutinosa, glu-tin-O-sa, sticky referring to the foliage. Alder. incana, in-KA-na, grey or hoary-leaved.

Alocasia, al-o-KAS-e-a; from L. a, without; colocasia, similar to, without being a closely related plant Colocasia. Tropical ornamental leaved plant. Araceae. jenningsii, see Colocasia affinis. longiloba, lon-ge-LO-ba, with long lobes. macrorrhizos, mac-row-RY-zos, long rooted. metallica, see A. macrorrhizos. sanderiana, san-der-e-A-na, after Messrs. Sander of St. Albans, nurserymen. thibantiana, see A. longiloba. watsoniana, see A. longiloba.

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ALO–ALY Aloe, AL-o-e; old Arabic name, possibly Alsophila, al-SOF-il-a; Gr. alsos, a grove; from Arabic alloch, referring to species used phileo, to love, shade loving tree-ferns. medicinally. Greenhouse succulent plants. Greenhouse ferns. Cyatheaceae. English name, Aloe; al-o. Xanthorrhoeaceae. australis, aws-TRA-lis, Southern. abyssinica, ab-is-IN-ik-a, Abyssinian. Alstroemeria, al-stro-MEER-i-a; named in arborescens, ar-bor-ES-cenz, tree like. honour of Baron Claus Alstroemer (1736– humilis, HUM-il-is, dwarf, humble as to stature. 1794), a Swedish botanist and friend of mitriformis, see A. perfoliata. perfoliata, per-fo-le-A-ta, the leaf surrounding the Linnaeus. Half-hardy herbaceous plants. Peruvian Lily. Alstroemeriaceae. stem. succotrina, suc-cot-RE-na, of Socotra. variegata, var-e-eg-A-ta, variegated. Partridge-breasted Aloe or Mackerel Plant. vera, VE-ra, the true or type species.

aurantiaca, see A. aurea. aurea, AW-re-a, golden – the flower. chilensis, see A. ligtu. ligtu, LIG-too, the Chilean vernacular name for this plant. pelegrina, pel-e-GREE-na, spotted blooms.

Alonsoa, al-on-SO-a; after Alonzo Zanoni, Secretary of State of Columbia. Half-hardy Alternanthera, al-tern-AN-ther-a; altershrubby plants. Scrophulariaceae. nate anthers, alluding to the anthers being incisifolia, see A. meridionalis. linearis, lin-e-AR-is, linear leaved, narrow, with alternately barren and fertile. Dwarf, tropical, coloured leaved plants, used for carpet nearly parallel sides. bedding. Amaranthaceae. linifolia, see A. linearis. meridionalis, me-rid-e-o-NAL-iz, noonday, flowering at midday. warscewiczii, see A. meridionalis.

amabilis, see A. bettzickiana. bettzickiana, bets-ik-i-A-na, named after August Bettzick (1814–1865), German gardener. ficoidea, fi-KOY-de-a, resembling Ficus. paronychioides, par-on-ik-OY-des, Paronychia like, several varieties.

Aloysia, al-OY-se-a; named in honour of Maria Louisa (d. 1819), Queen of Spain. Half-hardy shrub. Verbenaceae. Althaea, al-THE-a; Gr. althaia, a healing citriodora, sit-re-o-DOR-a, lemon scented. The medium, referring to its use in medicine. Lemon Scented Verbena. Hardy herbaceous and biennials. Malvaceae. Alpinia, al-PIN-e-a; after P. Alpinus, an ficifolia, see Alcea rosea subsp. ficifolia. Italian botanist. Tropical herbaceous peren- officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in nials. Zingiberaceae. nutans, nu-tanz, drooping or nodding. sanderiana, see A. vittata. vittata, vit-TA-ta, striped.

stock” by herbalists. rosea, see Alcea rosea.

laricifolia, see Minuartia laricifolia.

pyrenaicum, see A. serpyllifolium.

Alyssoides, al-is-OY-dees; resembling Alrawia, al-RA-we-a; in honour of Dr. Ali Alyssum. Herbaceous perennial. Brassicaceae. utriculata, u-trik-ul-A-ta, from L. utriculus, a al-Rawi (fl. 1966), curator of the National small bottle; bladder like, the seed pods. Herbarium of Iraq. Bulbs. Asparagaceae. bellii, bel-LE-i, discovered by Major Frank Bell (fl. Alyssum, AL-iss-um; from Gr. a, not; lyssa, 1884), plant collector in Iran. madness, the plant once being considered a Alsine, al-SEEN-e; Gr. alsos, a grove, often remedy for a bite by a mad dog, hence the popular name, Madwort. Rock plants. Brasa habitat of the chick weeds, according to sicaceae. some authorities; more probably derived argenteum, ar-JEN-te-um, silvery. from the Greek name given by Dioscorides corymbosum, see Aurinia corymbosa. to a Cerastium. Rock plants. Caryophyl- maritimum, see Lobularia maritima. laceae. montanum, mon-TA-num, of mountains. —8—

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AMA–ANA saxatile, see Aurinia saxatilis. serpyllifolium, ser-pil-if-O-le-um, Thymus serpyllum (thyme) leaved.

perianth or the pure white flowers. Bulbs. Melanthiaceae. muscitoxicum, mus-ke-TOKS-ik-um, old name

referring to ‘fly-poison’. Amaranthus, am-a-RANTH-us; from Gr. a, not; maraino, to fade, or amarantos, unfad- Ammobium, am-MO-be-um; from Gr. ing, referring to the durability of the flowers ammos, sand; bio, to live. Thriving in sandy of some species. Tender annuals. Amaranth- places. Perennial. Compositae. aceae. alatum, al-A-tum, winged – the stems. caudatus, kaw-DA-tus, tailed, the shape of the inflorescence. The Love-lies- bleeding. cruentus, kru-EN-tus, dark blood-red. hypochondriacus, hy-pok-ON-dre-ak-us, of melancholy appearance; sombre-coloured flowers. The Prince’s Feather. tricolor, TRIK-o-lor, three coloured.

Ammogeton, misapplied see below. scorzonerifolius, see Agoseris glauca.

Amomyrtus, am-o-MER-tus; from the Gr. amos, fragrant; myrtus, the family name. Trees and shrubs. Myrtaceae. luma, LEU-ma, old name of Chilean origin.

Amaryllis, am-a-RIL-is; a classical name, after a beautiful shepherdess in the poetry Amorpha, am-OR-fa; from Gr. a, not; of Theocritus and Virgil. Half-hardy bulb. morphe, form, referring to the irregular shapes of the leaves. Shrubs. Leguminosae. Amaryllidaceae. belladonna, bel-la-DON-na, Ital. bella, pretty; donna, lady, an extract from the plant used to brighten the eyes. The Belladonna Lily.

canescens, kan-ES-ens, grey or hoary. fruticosa, frut-ik-O-sa, shrubby. nana, NA-na, dwarf.

Amasonia, am-as-O-ne-a; after Thomas Ampelopsis, am-pel-OP-sis; from Gr. Amason, an American traveller. Tropical ampelos, a vine; opsis, resemblance. Resembling a grapevine. Vitaceae. coloured-foliage plants. Lamiaceae. calycina, kal-ik-EEN-a, with showy calyces. campestris, kam-PES-tris, growing in fields. punicea, see A. campestris.

Amberboa, am-BER-bo-a; from a Turkish name for A. moschata. Annual or biennial herbs. Compositae. amberboi, am-BER-bo-e, is the Turkish name given to some species of this kind. moschata, mos-KA-ta, musky.

Amelanchier, am-el-AN-ke-er; name adapted from Fr. amelancier, an old name in the Savoy region for A. ovalis, the Snowy Mespilus. Small flowering trees. Rosaceae. alnifolia, al-nif-O-le-a, alder-leaved. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. lamarckii, la-MARK-e-i, named after Jean Baptiste de Monet Lamarck (1744–1829), French naturalist and author. ovalis, o-VAR-lis, oval, broadly elliptic. The Snowy Mespilus, having edible fruits. vulgaris, see A. ovalis.

glandulosa, glan-du-LO-sa, glandular. glandulosa var. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, variable leaf form. quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. tricuspidata, see Parthenocissus tricuspidata. veithchii, see Parthenocissus tricuspidata.

Amsonia, am-SO-ne-a; after Charles Amson, a scientific American explorer. Herbaceous perennials. Apocynaceae. angustifolia, see A. ciliata. ciliata, sil-e-AH-ta, from L. cilium, eyelid, then eyelash, fringed with hairs. salicifolia, see A. tabernaemontana var. salicifolia. tabernaemontana, tab-er-ne-mon-TA-na, after Jacob Theodore (1525–1590), called Tabernaemontanus from his birthplace; German physician, herbalist and early botanist. tabernaemontana var. salicifolia, sal-is-if-O-le-a, Salix (willow) leaved.

Amygdalus, misapplied see below. communis, see Prunus duleis.

Amianthium, am-e-AN-thee-um; meaning Anacamptis, a-na-KAMP-tis; from Gr. ‘unspotted’ either because of the glandless anakampto, bend back; in allusion to the —9—

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ANA–ANE spur of the flower. Pyramid Orchid. Orchidaceae.

laxiflora, laks-if-LOR-a, with loose flowers. pyramidalis, pir-AM-id-al-is, pyramid or coned shaped, the flower spike.

Anacharis, misapplied see below. alisinastrum, see Elodea canadensis.

Anagallis, an-a-GAL-is; from a Gr. word meaning delightful, or possibly from a fable ascribing to the Pimpernel the power to alleviate melancholy. Annuals, biennials and perennials. Primulaceae. arvensis, ar-VEN-sis, growing in cultivated fields. The Scarlet Pimpernel. indica, see A. arvensis. linifolia, see A. monellii. monelli, mo-NEL-e, after Monell. tenella, ten-EL-la, somewhat delicate i.e. frail.

azurea, a-ZOR-e-a, sky-blue, azure. capensis, ka-PEN-sis, of the Cape of Good Hope. italica, see A. azurea. myosotidiflora, see Brunnera macrophylla. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop referring to the Apothecary. sempervirens, see Pentaglottis sempervirens.

Andromeda, an-DROM-ed-a; named after the Grecian Princess who was bound to a rock and rescued by the hero Perseus. Low evergreen flowering shrubs. Bog Rosemary. Ericaceae. floribunda, see Pieris floribunda. japonica, see Pieris japonica. polifolia, pol-if-O-le-a, smooth or polished – the leaves.

Androsace, an-dro-SA-se (or an-DROsa-se); from Gr. andros, male; sakos, buckler, Ananas, an-A-nas (or an-AN-as); from nanas, the anther being supposed to resemble an the South American (Tupi) name for pineap- ancient buckler. Rock plants. Primulaceae. ple. Tropical fruiting plant. Bromeliaceae. alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or comosus, kom-O-sus, furnished with a tuft. sativa, see A. comosus.

Anaphalioides, an-a-FA-lee-oy-dees; resembling Anaphalis. Herbaceous perennial. Compositae. bellidioides, bel-lid-e-OY-dees, resembling Bellis (the daisy).

Anaphalis, an-a-FAR-lis; old Gr. name: De Candolle said the name was an ancient Gr. one for a similar plant. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae. margaritacea, mar-gar-it-A-se-a, from L. margarita, a pearl. The Pearly Everlasting.

Anastatica, an-as-TAT-ik-a; from Gr. anastasis, resurrection. Called the Resurrection Plant because the dry dead plants open flat when immersed in water. Supposed to be the “rolling thing before the whirlwind” (Isaiah XVII, 13). Annual. Brassicaceae. hierochuntica, hy-er-OK-unt-E-ka, of Jericho – the L. name of Jericho.

alpine. amurensis, am-oor-EN-sis, the region of the Amur river. chamaejasme, kam-e-JAS-me, literally dwarf jasmine. ciliata, sil-e-A-ta, an eyelash, fringed with hair. filiformis, fil-if-OR-mis, thread-like. foliosa, fo-le-O-sa, leafy. glacialis, see A. alpina. helvetica, hel-VET-ik-a, of Helvetia (Switzerland). lactea, lak-TE-a, milky (white). lactiflora, see A. amurensis. lanuginosa, lan-u-jin-O-sa, with long woolly hairs. primuloides, prim-ul-OY-dees, resembling Primula (primrose). pubescens, pew-BES-senz, clothed with soft hairs. sarmentosa, sar-men-TO-sa, twiggy that is many runners. sempervivoides, sem-per-viv-OY-dees, like a Sempervivum. septentrionalis, sep-ten-tre-o-NA-lis, Northern; from L. septen, seven; triones, oxen i.e. the stars of the Great Bear constellation, close to the North Star, hence northern. tibetica, tib-ET-ik-a, of Tibet. villosa, vil-LO-sa, shaggy, hairy.

Anchusa, an-KU-za or an-SHOO-za; from Gr. anchousa, a cosmetic plant for staining the skin, formerly made from A. tinctoria. Anemia, an-EE-me-a; from Gr. aneimon, naked; refers to the naked panicles of fruitHerbaceous and biennial. Boraginaceae. — 10 —

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ANE–ANR ification. Tropical (flowering) ferns. Ane- Angelica, an-JEL-ik-a; from L. angelus, an miaceae. angel, or angelic, alluding to the valuable phyllitidis, fil-LIT-id-is, like Phyllitis. healing properties. Waterside perennials. Anemone, an-EM-o-ne; some authorities Apiaceae. state it is from Gr. anemos, wind; mone, a archangelica, ar-ch-an-JEL-ik-a, named after the Archangel Raphael, who, according to medihabitation, some species enjoying windy eval legend, revealed its virtues. places, hence Windflower, the English name. hirsuta, see A. venenosa. However Stearn suggests it is more likely of officinalis, see A. archangelica. Semitic origin referring to the slaying of venenosa, ve-ne-NO-sa, very poisonous. Naamam (Adonis), whose blood is supposed to have stained the blood-red Anemone cor- Angelonia, an-gel-O-ne-a; from angelon, its onaria or Adonis. Herbaceous and tuberous South American name. Tropical herbaceous perennials. Plantaginaceae. perennials. Ranunculaceae. alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or alpine. angulosa, an-gu-LO-sa, angular. apennina, ap-en-NI-na, of the Apennines. baldensis, ball-DEN-sis, of Mt. Baldo, Italy. blanda, BLAN-da, enchanting or pleasing. coronaria, kor-on-AR-e-a, crown or wreath-like. fulgens, see A. hortensis. halleri, HAL-er-i, after Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777), a Swiss botanist. hepatica, hep-AT-ik-a, liver like, i.e., the lobed leaves. hortensis, hor-TEN-sis, of gardens. japonica, see Clematis florida. narcissiflora, nar-sis-i-FLOR-ra, Narcissus flowered. nemorosa, nem-or-O-sa, of open glades. The Wood Anemone. patens, PA-tens, spreading open, or standing out. pulsatilla, pul-sa-TIL-la, to shake that is in the wind. ranunculoides, ra-nun-kul-OY-dees, like a Ranunculus (buttercup). rivularis, riv-u-LAR-is, of brooks or streams. rupicola, ru-PIK-o-la, a rock-dweller. sulphurea, see A. alpina. sylvestris, sil-VES-tris, pertaining to the woods. vernalis, ver-NA-lis, of the spring.

grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large flowered.

Angophora, an-GO-for-a; from Gr. aggeion, a vessel; phoreo, to bear, in reference to the cup-like fruit. Trees and shrubs. Myrtaceae. floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering.

Angraecum, an-GRA-kum; L. form of Angrek, the Malay name for all orchids of this habit. Tropical epiphytal orchids. Orchidaceae. eburneum, eb-UR-ne-um, like ivory. sesquipedale, ses-kwip-ed-A-le, a foot-and-a-half, the reference being to the long floral spur or nectary.

Anguloa, ang-ul-O-a; after Francisco de Angulo, a Spanish naturalist. South American orchids. Orchidaceae.

clowesii, KLOWES-e-i, after Rev. John Clowes (1777–1846), orchid grower, of Broughton Hall, Manchester (now Clowes Park), he gifted his orchid collection to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Anhalonium, misapplied see below. fissuratum, see Ariocarpus fissuratus. prismaticum, see Ariocarpus retusus.

Anemonopsis, an-em-on-OP-sis; from Anemone, and Gr. opsis, a resemblance, Anomatheca, misapplied see below. referring to the flowers. Herbaceous plant. cruenta, see Freesia laxa. Ranunculaceae. Anredera, an-REE-der-a; named by macrophylla, mak-rof-IL-a, with large leaves. Antoine-Laurant de Jussieu after Anreder Anethum, a-NE-thum; Gr. name for Dill. whom little more is known. Evergreen climbing plants. Basellaceae. Culinary herbs. Apiaceae. graveolens, GRAV-e-ol-enz, strong smelling.

baselloides, bas-el-OY-dees, resembles Basella.

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ANT–APH Antennaria, an-ten-NA-re-a; from L. antenna, a sail-yard, the hairs attached to the seed of the plant resembling the antennae (feelers) of insects. Antennae is the same derivation. Rock and border plants. Compositae. carpatica, kar-PAT-ik-a, Carpathian. dioica, di-OY-ka, literally two houses, that is, male and female parts being on separate plants, dioecious. plantaginifolia, plan-ta-jin-if-O-le-a, Plantago (Plantain) leaved.

discovered in 1876 by Eduard André (1840– 1911), French botanist. crystallinum, kris-tal-LE-num, crystalline as to the veining. scherzerianum, sher-zer-e-A-num, after Karl von Scherzer (1821–1903), Austrian explorer and author. veitchii, VEECH-e-i, collected in Columbia by Gustav Wallis for James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. warocqueanum, war-ok-e-A-num, dedicated to Arthur Warocqué (1835–1880), Belgian industrialist and eminent horticulturist.

Anthemis, AN-the-mis; Gr. name for chamAnthyllis, an-THIL-is; from G. anthos, a omile. Annual, biennial and perennial herbs flower, and ioulos, down, the calyx in many with strongly scented foliage. Compositae. species being downy. Shrubs and perennials. biebersteinii, see A. marschalliana. cotula, KOT-u-la, cup-like, presumably the flower Leguminosae. head. macedonica, mas-e-DON-ik-a, of Macedonia. marschalliana, mar-SHALL-e-a-na, in honour of Baron Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, 19th century German explorer in southern Russia. nobilis, see Chamaemelum nobile. tinctoria, see Cota tinctoria.

barba-jovis, BAR-ba-JO-vis, Jupiter’s or Jove’s beard. hermanniae, her-MAN-e-e, after Frau Hermann. lagascana, lar-ga-SKA-na, named after Marianio La Gasca y Segura (1776–1839), Spanish botanist who spent many years in exile in England and Jersey. sericea, see A. lagascana. tetraphylla, see Tripodion tetraphyllum. vulneraria, vul-ner-A-re-a, wound healing.

Anthericum, an-THER-ik-um; from Gr. anthos, a flower; kerkos, a hedge, probably alluding to great height of some species. Antirrhinum, an-ter-RHI-num; from Gr. Bulbous plants. Asparagaceae. anti, resembling, and rhis (rhinos), a snout, liliago, lil-e-A-go, the silvery (St. Bernard’s) Lily. alluding to the shape of the flower. Border liliastrum, see Paradisea liliastrum. ramosum, ram-O-sum, with many branches. and rock plants. Plantaginaceae. variegatum, see Chlorophytum capense. yedoense, see Comospermum yedoense.

majus, MA-jus, great. The Snapdragon.

Aotus, a-O-tus; from Gr. a, without; Antholyza, misapplied see below. ous,  an  ear, certain calyx appendages are paniculata, see Crocosmia paniculata. lacking that are present in an allied genus Anthriscus, an-THRIS-kus; the Gr. name of Pultenaea. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. a similar plant described by Pliny. Culinary Leguminosae. gracillima, gra-SIL-lim-a, most slender. herb. Apiaceae. cerefolium, ke-ref-O-le-um (or se-ref-o-le-um), Aphelandra, af-el-AN-dra; from Gr. apheles, waxy. The Chervil.

simple; andros, male, the anthers being oneAnthurium, an-THU-re-um; from Gr. celled. Tropical evergreen flowering shrubs. anthos, a flower; oura, a tail, alluding to the Acanthaceae. spadix. Tropical herbaceous plants, either aurantiaca, aw-ran-te-A-ka, golden orange. aurantiaca var. nitens, NIT-enz, shining. fine foliage or floral. Araceae. andraeanum, an-dre-AN-um, found growing in the Andes of Ecuador and Columbia and

nitens, see A. aurantiaca var. nitens. roezlei, see A. aurantiaca.

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APH–ARA Aphyllanthes, af-il-AN-thes; from Gr. a, without; phyllon, a leaf, the flowers being borne at the tips of rush-like growth. Herbaceous perennials. Asparagaceae. monspeliensis, mon-spe-li-EN-sis, of Montpelier.

skinneri, SKIN-er-i, sent to Woburn Abbey by George Ure Skinner (1804–1867), British merchant in Guatemala. thalictrifolia, thal-ik-trif-O-le-a, leaves like a Thalictrum. viridiflora, vir-id-if-LO-ra, green flowered. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. The Columbine.

Apium, AP-i-um; from Celtic apon, water. Ditch plants and culinary vegetables. Arabidopsis, AR-a-be-dop-sis; from Arabis Apiaceae. and Gr. opsis, its appearance resembling this. graveolens, GRAV-e-ol-enz, strong smelling. The Rock plants. Brassicaceae. Celery. graveolens var. rapaceum, rap-A-se-um, turnip like. The turnip-rooted Celery or Celeriac.

lyrata, li-RA-ta, pinnately divided leaf with an enlarged terminal lobe. lyrata subsp. petraea, pet-RE-a, of rocks. thaliana, thar-li-AR-na, named in honour of Johannes Thal (1542–1583), German physician at Nordhausen.

Aponogeton, a-pon-o-GE-ton; from Celtic, apon, water; geiton, neighbour; or Gr. apo, away from; ge, the earth, i.e. living in water. Arabis, AR-ab-is; from Gr. arabis, Arabia, Floating aquatic. Aponogetonaceae. distachyos, dis-TAK-e-os, from Gr. two spiked, the the home of several species. Rock plants. V-shaped flower spike. Brassicaceae. Aporocactus, a-por-o-KAK-tus; from Gr. aporos, not open or impenetrable, and cactus. Possibly from the difficulty in classification. Cactus. Cactaceae. flagelliformis, see Disocactus flagelliformis. × mallisonii, see Disocactus × mallisonii.

Aptenia, misapplied see below.

cordifolia, see Mesembryanthemum cordifolium.

Aquilegia, ak-wil-E-je-a; origin doubtful, possibly from L. aquila, an eagle, the flower spur resembling an eagle’s claw; English name, Columbine, from L. columba, a dove, the form of the flowers suggesting a group of doves. Herbaceous perennials; many hybrid strains. Ranunculaceae.

albida, see A. caucasica. aubrietioides, aw-bre-te-OY-dees, like an Aubretia. bellidifolia, see A. pumila. caucasica, kaw-ka-SIK-a, of the Caucasus. lucida, LU-sid-a, shining that is the leaves. petraea, see Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea. pumila, PU-mil-a, dwarf.

Aralia, ar-A-le-a; from the old French-Canadian vernacular name aralie. Herbaceous plants and shrubs. Araliaceae. cachemirica, Kash-MIR-ik-a, of Kashmir. chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, Chinese. elata, e-LA-ta, tall. elata var. mandshurica, man-SHEM-ree-ka, of Manchuria. elegantissima, see Schefflera elegantissima. japonica, see Fatsia japonica. spinosa, spi-NO-sa, spiny. veitchi, see Schefflera veitchi.

bertolonii, ber-tol-O-ne-i, after Antonio Bertoloni (1775–1869), Italian botanist, professor at Bologna. Araucaria, a-raw-KAR-e-a; from Araucani caerulea, se-RU-le-a, dark blue. the local tribe whose province it is a native. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, Canadian. Coniferous trees. Araucariaceae. flabellata, flab-el-LA-ta, fan-shaped. araucana, a-raw-KAR-na, from the Province of fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant. Araneo, Chile, where it was first found. The glandulosa, glan-dul-O-sa, glandular. Monkey Puzzle. glauca, see A. fragrans. columnaris, kol-LUM-nair-is, columnar. Cook jucunda, see A. glandulosa. Pine. kitaibelii, kit-a-BEL-e-i, after Paul Kitaibel excelsa, see A. columnaris. (1757–1817), professor of botany at Pest. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, Gr. hetero, diverse; nevadensis, nev-a-DEN-sis, of Nevada. phylla, leaves. Norfolk Island Pine. imbricata, see A. araucana. reuteri, see A. bertolonii.

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ARA–ARG Araujia, a-RAU-je-a; the Brazilian name for Areca, ar-E-ka; from areec, the vernacular these vines. Apocynaceae. name of the Palm used by the inhabitants graveolens, GRAV-e-ol-enz, strong smelling. of Malabar. Tropical Palm. Areca Palm. AreArbutus, AR-bu-tus; L. name for A. unedo, caceae.

the Strawberry Tree. Some authorities derive lutescens, see Hyophorbe indica. word from Celtic arboise, rough-fruited. Arenaria, ar-en-AR-e-a; from L. arena, sand, Small trees. Ericaceae. that is inhabiting sandy places, hence sandmenziesii, men-ZE-se-i, after Archibald Menzies wort. Rock plants. Caryophyllaceae. (1754–1842), the Scottish botanist. unedo, u-NED-o or u-NE-do, meaning obscure. Pliny, the Roman naturalist, derives the word from unus, one; edo, to eat. That is to eat one only – pleasant but unwholesome. The Strawberry Tree.

Arctanthemum, ark-TAN-the-mum; from Gr. arktikos, northern; anthemon, a flower. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae. arcticum, ARK-tik-um, Artic.

balearica, bal-e-AR-ik-a, of the Balearic Islands. gothica, GO-thik-a, of Gothland, North Germany. laricifolia, see Minuartia laricifolia. ledebouriana, see Eremogone ledebouriana. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains. purpurascens, pur-pur-ES-ens, purple – the flowers. tetraquetra, tet-ra-KWET-ra, four angled – the leaves in four. verna, see Minuartia verna. villarsii, see Minuartia villarsii.

Arctostaphylos, ark-to-STAF-il-os; from Gr. arktos, a bear, and staphyle, a bunch of grapes, Arequipa, ar-e-QUIP-a; the name of the the berries of some species being eaten by town in Peru where the species is found. bears, hence bear-berry. Shrubs. Ericaceae. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. manzanita, man-zan-IT-a, a Spanish-Californian name for the genus generally. uva-ursi, U-va-UR-see, bear’s grape. The bearberry.

leucotricha, loo-ko-TRIK-a, white-haired.

Argemone, ar-gem-O-ne; from Gr. argemos, a white spot (cataract) on the eye which Arctotis, ark-TO-tis; from Gr. arktos, a bear; the plant was supposed to cure; or from Gr. ous, otos, an ear, probably in reference to the argos, slothful, i.e. from the narcotic effects shaggy fruit. Annuals and perennials. Com- of the poppy. Annuals and perennials. The Mexican poppy. Papaveraceae. positae. acaulis, a-KAW-lis, stemless or with short stems. aspera, AS-per-a, rough that is the leaves. breviscapa, see A. leporhiza. fastuosa, fas-tu-O-sa, stately. grandis, see A. stoechadifolia. leptorhiza, lep-to-RE-za, having fine (slender) roots. scapigera, see A. acaulis. stoechadifolia, sto-cha-DEE-fo-lia, meaning obscure, could be from Gr. stoechas in a row; or referring to the Greek name for mint as the leaves are aromatic.

Ardisia, ar-DIS-e-a; from Gr. ardis, a spearhead, alluding to the shape of the anthers. Greenhouse berry-bearing shrub. Primulaceae. crenata, kren-A-ta, crenate or round-notched – the leaves.

grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large flowered. mexicana, meks-e-KAN-a, of Mexico. platyceras, plat-e-SE-ras, having broad prickles.

Argyranthemum, ar-je-RAN-the-mum; from Gr. argyros, silver; anthemon, a flower. Perennials. Compositae. frutescens, fru-TES-senz, shrubby. The Paris Daisy.

Argyrochosma, ar-gy-ro-KOS-ma; from Gr. argyros, silver; chosma, powder, referring to the white farina covering the leaf. Fern. Pteridaceae. dealbata, de-al-BA-ta, whitewashed – the farina. nivea, NIV-e-a, white – the farina. nivea var. tenera, TEN-er-a, soft, delicate, slender.

Argyroderma, ar-gy-rod-ER-ma; from Gr. argyros, silver; derma, skin, referring to the

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ARI–ARO silvery deposit on the skin. Greenhouse succulent. Aizoacaea. testiculare, tes-tik-u-LAR-e, tubercle like.

Ariocarpus, AR-e-o-KAR-pus; compound of aria (Whitebeam – Sorbus aria) and Gr. carpos, fruit, the fruits suggesting those of the Whitebeam. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. fissuratus, fis-sur-A-tum, cleft. prismaticus, see A. retusus. retusus, ret-U-sus, with a rounded, slightly notched tip.

Arisaema, ar-is-E-ma; from Gr. aris, arum; haima, blood, name referring to the redblotched leaves of some species. Tuberous-rooted perennials. Araceae.

alliacea, al-le-A-see-a, Allium (onion) like in appearance. arenaria, ar-en-AR-e-a; from L. arena, sand, that is inhabiting sandy places. Jersey Thrift. caespitosa, kees-pit-O-sa (or ses-pit-O-sa), closely tufted (literally turf-like). cephalotes, see A. alliacea. fasciculata, see A. pungens. juncea, see A. alliacea. latifolia, see A. pseudoarmeria. maritima, mar-IT-im-a, of the sea. Sea Pink or Thrift. plantaginea, see A. arenaria. pseudoarmeria, sued-o-ar-MEER-e-a, false sea thrift. pungens, PUN-jenz, sharp pointed. splendens, SPLEN-denz, splendid.

Armoracia, ar-mo-RA-se-a; the Latin name

ringens, RIN-gens, gaping – the open spathe. for a related plant. Horse-Radish. Brassispeciosum, spes-e-O-sum, showy. triphyllum, trif-IL-lum, three-leaves, i.e. the leaf caceae. rusticana, russ-te-KA-na, pertaining to the divisions. country.

Arisarum, ar-is-AR-um; possibly from Gr. arista, a bristle, or awn; arum, to which the Arnebia, ar-NE-be-a; from Arabic, arneb, genus is allied, the spathe, or sheath of the name for one of the species. Rock or border flower, having a spike. Herbaceous perenni- plants. Boraginaceae. benthamii, ben-THAM-e-i, named in honour of als. Araceae.

George Bentham ( 1800–1884) botanist and proboscideum, pro-bos-SID-e-um, having a proauthor. boscis or tail-like appendage; literally like a echioides, see Nonea echioides. snout. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. Arnica, AR-nik-a; origin uncertain, possibly

Aristolochia, ar-is-to-LO-ke-a; from Gr. from Gr. arnakis, a lamb’s skin (or Gr. arnion, aris, best (most useful); locheia, childbirth, a lamb), the leaves a soft texture. Herbaceous alluding to the ancient use in maternity – plants. Compositae. the Birthwort. Tropical and hardy climbing amplexicaulis, see A. lanceolata subsp. prima. lanceolata, lan-se-o-LA-ta, the leaves spearplants and shrubs. Aristolochiaceae. shaped. lanceolata subsp. prima, PRY-ma; from L. primus, foremost; most distinguished. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains. sachalinensis, sak-al-in-EN-sis, of Sakhalin Island.

clematitis, klem-at-I-tis, resembling Clematis. elegans, see A. littoralis. gigas, see A. grandiflora. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large flowered. littoralis, lit-tor-A-lis, of the seashore.

Aristotelia, ar-is-to-TE-le-a; believed to be Aronia, a-ROW-ne-a; from Gr. aria, Whitenamed in honour of the philosopher Aris- beam; in allusion to the resemblance of the Chokeberry fruits. Rosaceae. totle. Shrubs. Elaeocarpaceae. chilensis, chil-EN-sis, of Chile. macqui, see A. chilensis.

Armeria, ar-MEER-e-a; old Latin name. English name, Thrift or Sea Pink. Rock and border plants. Plumbaginaceae.

arbutifolia, ar-bew-tif-OL-e-a, resembling Arbutus leaves. Red Chokeberry. melanocarpa, mel-an-ok-AR-pa, black-fruited. The Black Chokeberry. × prunifolia, proo-nif-O-le-a, plum-leaved. Purple Chokeberry.

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ART–ASP Artemisia, ar-tem-EES-e-a; called after Aruncus, a-RUN-kus; named used by Pliny Artemis (Diana), one of the divinities of for these herbs. Perennial herbs. Rosaceae. dioicus, di-OY-kus, literally two houses, that Ancient Greece. Perennials. Compositae. abrotanum, ab-ROT-a-num, Ancient Latin name for Southernwood. absinthium, ab-SIN-the-um, Latin and Pre-Linnean name for Wormwood. alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or alpine. arborescens, ar-bor-ES-senz, tree-like. cana, KA-na, hoary. dracunculus, drak-UN-ku-lus, Latin word meaning a small dragon. The Tarragon. frigida, FRIJ-id-a, growing in cold regions. gnaphalioides, naf-a-le-OY-dees, resembling Gnaphalium (Cudweed). gracilis, see A. scoparia. lactiflora, lak-tif-LO-ra, flowers are milk-white. lanata, see A. pedemontana. laxa, see A. umbelliformis. ludoviciana, lu-do-VIS-e-a-na (or lu-do-vik-eA-na), of Louisiana (U.S.A.). pedemontana, ped-e-mon-TA-na, from Piedmont. pontica, PON-tik-a, Pontus, the shores of the Black Sea. scoparia, sko-PAR-e-a, having twiggy braches like Cytissus scoparius. stellariana, stel-lar-e-A-na, starry. tanacetifolia, tan-a-set-if-O-le-a, leaves like Tanacetum (Tansy). umbelliformis, um-bel-IF-or-miss, furnished in umbels.

is, male and female parts being on separate plants, dioecious.

Arundinaria, ar-un-din-A-re-a; from L. arundo, a reed. Bamboos. Poaceae. anceps, see Yushania anceps. appalachiana, ap-pa-la-chee-A-na, of the Appalachian mountains. auricoma, see Pleioblastus viridistriatus. fortunei, see Pleioblastus fortunei. gigantea, ji-GAN-te-a, unusually tall or big. metake, see Pseudosasa japonica. palmata, see Sasa palmata. pumila, see Pleioblastus argenteostriatus. veitchii, see Sasa veitchii.

Arundo, ar-UN-do; from L. arundo, a reed. Reeds. Poaceae. donax, DO-naks, name for the Greek Reed of Provence. phragmites, see Phragmites australis.

Asarum, as-AR-um; from ancient name, meaning not clear. Herbaceous plants. Aristolochiaceae. caudatum, kaw-DA-tum, tailed. europaeum, u-ro-PE-um, of Europe. virginicum, vir-JIN-ik-um, of Virginia.

Asclepias, as-KLE-pe-as; in honour of Asklepios, Greek god of medicine, who in Latin Arthropodium, arth-ro-pod-e-um; from Gr. was called Aesculapius. Some of the species arthron, a joint; pous, a foot. The floral foot were used in medicine. Asklepios carried a stalks are jointed. Greenhouse herbaceous snake intwined rod which is still used today plants. Asparagaceae. as the sign of healing. Milkweed. Herbacirrhatum, kir-ha-tum, having curls. ceous and sub-shrubby. Apocynaceae. milleflorum, mil-li-FLOR-um, many flowered; literally a thousand flowers. paniculatum, see A. milleflorum.

curassavica, ku-ras-SAV-ik-a, of Curaçao, Dutch Antilles, Carribean Sea. incarnata, in-kar-NA-ta, flesh-coloured. obtusifolia, ob-tu-sif-O-le-a, blunt-leaved. tuberosa, tu-ber-O-sa, bearing tubers.

Arum, a-RUM; ancient name, possibly from Arabic, ar, fire, in reference to the burning taste of the plant. Herbaceous perennials. Ascocentrum, as-ko-SEN-trum; from Gr. Araceae. askos, bladder; kentron, spur. Orchid. creticum, KRET-ik-um, of the Island of Crete. ­Orchidaceae. dracunculus, see Dracunculus vulgaris. italicum, it-AL-ik-um, Italian. maculatum, mak-ul-A-tum, spotted that is the leaves. palaestinum, pal-es-TIN-um, of Palestine.

ampullaceum, am-pul-LA-se-um, bottle shaped.

Asparagus, as-PAR-ag-us; ancient Greek name, said to be derived from Gr. a, intensive; sparasso, to tear, alluding to the prickles

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ASP–AST of some species. Herbaceous and climbing Aspidium, as-PID-e-um; from Gr. aspidion, plants. Asparagaceae. a shield, alluding to the spore-covering or aethiopicus, e-thee-O-pik-us, Africa (especially indusium. Greenhouse and hardy ferns. TecSouth Africa); name derived from Aethiops, tariaceae. an African and son of Vulcan, the Greek God of metalworking and fire. asparagoides, as-par-ag-OY-dees, resembling Asparagus. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists. plumosus, see A. setaceus. setaceus, se-TAY-see-us, from L. seta, a bristle. sprengeri, see A. aethiopicus.

acrostichoides, a-kros-tik-OY-dees, like Acrostichum. aculeatum, see Polystichum tetragonum. aculeatum var. angulare, a-ku-le-A-tum, prickly; ang-ul-A-re, angular. The Soft Shield Fern. angulare, see A. aculeatum var. angulare. capense, ka-PEN-se, of the Cape. falcatum, see Cyrtomium falcatum. lonchitus, see Polystichum lonchitis. munitum, see Polystichum munitum. vestitum, see Polystichum chilense.

Asperula, as-PER-u-la; from L. asper, rough, alluding to the leaves. Rock plants. Asplenium, as-PLE-ne-um; from Gr. a, not; Rubiaceae. splene, spleen, the Black Spleenwort (A. arcadiensis, ar-ka-de-EN-sis, Arcadian. adiantum-nigrum) once being regarded as a azurea, see A. orientalis. cynanchica, si-NAN-chik-a, Greek name for cure for diseases of the spleen. Greenhouse and hardy ferns. Aspleniaceae. quinsy. The Squinancy-wort. gussonei, GUS-on-e-i, named for Giovanni Gussone (1787–1866), a professor of botany who studied the flora of Sicily. hexaphylla, heks-af-IL-la, having six leaves or leaflets. hirta, HER-ta, rough or shaggy. odorata, see Galium odoratum. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, Eastern. suberosa, su-ber-O-sa, corky, that is, the stems.

Asphodeline, as-fod-el-E-ne; allied to Asphodelus. Herbaceous plants. Xanthorrhoeaceae. liburnica, li-BER-nik-a, of Liburnia, Eastern Adriatic. lutea, LU-te-a, yellow. tenuior, ten-U-e-or, more slender.

Asphodelus, as-FOD-el-us; Greek name for the true asphodel, Asphodelus ramosus, and allied species. Herbaceous perennials. Xanthorrhoeaceae.

fistulosus, fis-tu-LO-sus, pipe-like, hollow. ramosus, ra-MO-sus, with many branches. The Asphodel.

Aspidistra, as-pe-DIS-tra; from Gr. aspidion, a small round shield, referring to the mushroom shaped stigma. The cast-iron plant. House plant. Asparagaceae. elatior, e-LA-te-or, taller. lurida, LU-ri-da, sallow-coloured – the flowers.

adiantum-nigrum, a-de-AN-tum-NI-grum, the Maiden hair, NI-grum, black, the stems, the Black Maidenhair Spleenwort. bulbiferum, bul-BIF-er-um, bulbil-bearing. ceterach, see Ceterach officinarum. filix-femina, see Athyrium filix-femina. fontanum, see Asplenium yunnanense. × germanicum, jer-MAN-e-kum, of Germany. lucidum, LU-sid-um, shining. marinum, see Asplenium sulcatum. monanthemum, mon-ANTH-em-um, one flowered, that is, one sorus per pinna. nidus, NY-dus, Latin for nest. Bird’s-nest Fern. ruta-muraria, ROO-ta-mu-RA-re-a, rue of the wall. The Wall-rue Fern. scolopendrium, skol-o-PEN-dre-um; from Gr. scolopendra, a centipede, the ripe sori are very suggestive of centipedes. Hart’s Tongue Fern. sulcatum, sul-KA-tum, furrowed. thelypteroides, thel-ip-ter-OY-dees, like a Thelypteris. trichomanes, trik-OM-an-ez, a thin hair or bristle. The Maidenhair Spleenwort. viride, VIR-id-e, green. viviparum, vi-VIP-ar-um, plant-bearing – plantlets on the fronds. yunnanense, yun-nan-EN-se, from Yunnan, west China.

Aster, AS-ter; from Gr. aster, a star, which the flower is supposed to resemble. ­Herbaceous

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AST–ATH perennials. Michaelmas Daisy. Many hybrid bone, alluding to the shape of the seed. forms. Compositae. Another explanation is suggested by supacris, AK-ris, acrid, pungent. posed likeness of the root to the ankle-bone. albescens, al-BES-senz, whitish. The Milkvetch. Herbaceous plants and alpinus, al-PINE-us, alpine. shrubs. Leguminosae. amellus, a-MEL-lus, name given by Virgil to a blue aster-like plant by the River Mella. cordifolius, see Symphyotrichum cordifolium. delavayi, see A. diplostephioides. diffusus, dif-FU-sus, spread out. diplostephioides, DIP-lo-stef-e-OY-dees, resembling Diplostephium. dumosus, du-MO-sus, bushy. ericoides, see Symphyotrichum ericoides. farreri, FAR-rer-i, in honour of Reginald John Farrer (1880–1920), plant hunter and botanist. laevis, LE-vis, smooth, polished. linosyris, lin-OS-er-is, resembling Linum (flax). The Goldilocks. novae-angliae, see Symphyotrichum novae-angliae. novi-belgii, see Symphyotrichum novi-belgii. puniceus, see Symphyotrichum puniceum. subcaerulens, sub-see-RU-lenz, somewhat or slightly blue. vimineus, vim-IN-e-us, with long pliant growths, like an Osier. yunnanensis, yun-nan-EN-sis, from Yunnan, west China.

alopecuroides, al-o-pek-u-ROY-dez, resembles A. alopecurus (fox-tail like). monspessulanus, mon-spes-sul-A-nus, of Montpellier. onobrychis, on-o-BRI-kis, literally an ass’s fodder. The Sainfoin. tragacantha, trag-a-KAN-tha, goat’s-thorn (from Gr. tragos, goat; akantha, thorn).

Astrantia, as-TRAN-te-a; derivation obscure, a medieval plant-name possibly corrupted from Magistrantia and so derived from L. magister, master, or from aster, star, referring to the star-like flower umbels. Herbaceous plants. Apiaceae.

biebersteinii, bi-ber-STI-ne-i, in honour of Baron Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, 19th century German explorer in southern Russia. carniolica, kar-ne-OL-ik-a, of Carniola a historical region of present day Slovenia. major, MA-jor, greater. minor, MI-nor, smaller.

Astrolepis, as-tro-LEP-is; from Gr. aster, a Astilbe, as-TIL-be; from Gr. a, without; star; lepis, a scale, referring to the shape of stilbe, brightness; in allusion to the dullness the indusium covering the spore cases. Ferns. of the leaves of the type species. Herbaceous Pteridaceae. plants. Saxifragaceae. sinuata, sin-u-A-ta, wavy. × arendsii, ar-ENDS-e-i, named after German nurseryman Georg Arends (1863–1952). chinensis, see A. rubra. davidii, see A. rubra. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. rivularis, riv-u-LAR-is, of streams. rubra, ROO-bra, red-coloured. simplicifolia, sim-plis-e-FO-le-a, having simple (not compound) leaves. thunbergii, thun-BER-ge-i, after Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), Swedish botanist, a student of Linnaeus.

Astilboides, as-TIL-boy-dees; resembling Astilbe. Perennial herbs. Saxifragaceae. tabularis, tab-ul-AR-is, table-like, the leaves.

Astragalus, as-TRAG-a-lus; from Gr. astragalos, one of the bones of the human ankle-

Astrophytum, as-tro-FY-tum; from Gr. aster, a star; phytos, a plant, the plants are starshaped. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. myriostigma, my-re-os-TIG-ma, many-dotted.

Athyrium, a-thee-REE-um; from the Gr. a, without; thurium, shield, referring to the enclosed sori. Ferns. Athyriaceae. alpestre, AL-pes-tre, of mountains. angustum, see A. filix-femina. asplenioides, as-ple-nee-OY-dees, Asplenium like. distentifolium, see A. alpestre. filix-femina, FE-liks-FEM-in-a, female fern. The Lady Fern – in allusion to its elegance. flexile, FLEKS-il-e, pliant, limber. medium, MEE-dee-um, intermediate, middle. yokoscense, yo-ko-SEN-see, of Yokohama, Japan.

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ATR–BAK Avena, a-VE-na; from L. avena, a grass. Poaceae.

Atragene, misapplied see below. alpina, see Clematis alpina.

sativa, SAT-iv-a, cultivated. Common Oats.

Atriplex, A-trip-leks; the Greek name for sterilis, ster-IL-is, barren. Wild oats. orach, a species of this genus of herbs and shrubs which can be used like spinach. The Azalea, az-A-le-a; Gr. azaleos, dry or genus also includes salt-bush. Amaranth- parched, probably from A. pontica, inhabitaceae. ing dry places. Evergreen shrubs. Ericaceae. halimus, HAL-im-us, from Gr. halimon, sea orach. hortensis, hor-TEN-sis, of gardens. The Orach.

alabamensis, al-la-ba-MEN-sis, from the state of Alabama, U.S.A. indica, see Rhododendron indicum. kurume, see Rhododendron amoenum. mollis, see Rhododendron molle.

Atropa, AT-ro-pa; from Gr. atropos, one of the three Fates of Grecian mythology from whom there was no escape. This genus of Azara, az-AR-a; named after J.N. Azara, a herbs, whilst very poisonous, has important Spanish patron of botany. Shrubs. Salicaceae. dentata, den-TA-ta, toothed, the leaves. uses in medicine. Solanaceae. belladonna, bel-la-DON-na, from Italian meaning beautiful lady. The name arises from the fact that the juice was used to dilate the pupil to make the eye appear larger and brighter.

gilliesii, see A. petiolaris. microphylla, mi-kro-FIL-la, small-leaved. petiolaris, pet-e-o-LAR-is, furnished with a leafstalk or a particularly long one.

Azolla, a-ZOL-la; from Gr. azo, dry; ollymi, Aubrieta, aw-BRE-she-a; from Claude to destroy – the plant being killed by dryness. Aubriet (1668–1743), a French botanical Floating aquatics. Salviniaceae. artist. Rock-cress. Brassicaceae. caroliniana, kar-o-LIN-e-an-a, from Carolina. deltoidea, del-TOY-de-a, three-angled, like the Greek letter Delta and oides, resembles; said to allude to the triangular petals.

Babiana, bab-e-A-na; from Dutch babianer, a baboon, which is said to devour the bulbs, hence Baboon-root. Tender bulbous plants. Aucuba, aw-KU-ba; the Japanese name. Iridaceae. Evergreen shrubs. Garryaceae. disticha, see B. fragrans. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan.

fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant.

Audouinia, aw-do-IN-e-a; after Jean Victor plicata, see B. fragrans. Audouin (1797–1841), a French naturalist, stricta, STRIK-ta, upright. founder of the Annales des Sciences Natur- Baccharis, BAK-a-ris; from Gr. Bacchus, elles, along with Brongniart who named the the God of wine, a spicy extract from some genus. Evergreen shrubs. Bruniaceae. species having been used for mixing with capitata, kap-it-A-ta, growing in a dense head. wine. Shrubs. Compositae. Aureolaria, awe-re-o-LAR-e-a; golden-like. halimifolia, hal-im-if-O-le-a, leaves like Atriplex halimus. The Groundsel Tree. Herbs. Orobanchaceae. virginica, ver-JIN-ik-a, of Virginia, U.S.A, the Bakeridesia, baker-id-ES-e-a; after Edmund state being named after Queen Elizabeth I, Gilbert Baker (1864–1949), British plant England’s ‘Virgin Queen’. collector and botanist. Shrubs and small Aurinia, AW-rin-e-a; from L. aureus, golden, trees. Malvaceae. in allusion to the flowers of A. saxatilis. Bien- sellowiana, sel-lo-VE-a-na, after Friedrich Sellow (1789–1831), German traveller and naturalnial and perennial herbs. Brassicaceae. corymbosa, kor-im-BO-sa, flowers in corymbs. saxatilis, saks-A-til-is, haunting rocks.

ist, who made extensive collections in Brazil and Uruguay.

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BAL–BEG Balantium, bal-AN-tee-um, from Gr. balan- Bauhinia, baw-IN-i-a; commemorates the tion, a purse or depository in reference to the Swiss botanists, Johann ( Jean) Bauhin (1541–1613) and Caspar (Gaspard) Bauhin indusium. Tree fern. Dicksoniaceae. antarcticum, an-TARK-tik-um, southern. (1560–1624). The two lobes of the leaf Bambusa, bam-BU-sa; from the Malay ver- signify the two brothers. Warm-house evergreen flowering shrubs. Leguminosae. nacular. Bamboo. Poaceae. aculeata, ak-u-le-A-ta, prickly. aculeata subsp. grandiflora, gran-dif-LOR-a, large-flowered. grandiflora, see B. aculeata subsp. grandiflora. natalensis, na-tal-EN-sis, from Natal. purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured.

palmata, see Sasa palmata. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

Banksia, BANGK-se-a; after Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820), President of the Royal Society. Banks collected the first specimens of this genus whilst aboard Cook’s Endeav- Beaucarnea, bow-KAR-ne-a; commemoour. Greenhouse shrubs. Proteaceae. rates Jean-Baptiste Beaucarne, a nineteenth dryandroides, dry-an-DROY-dees, resembling century Belgian plant collector. Ornamental Dryandra. foliage plants. Asparagaceae. quercifolia, kwer-ke-FOL-e-a, leaves resembling Quercus (oak).

glauca, see B. stricta. recurvata, rek-ur-VA-ta, curved backwards – the leaves. stricta, STRIK-ta, upright.

Baptisia, bap-TIS-e-a; from Gr. bapto, to dye, some species yielding dyer’s tinctures. Hardy herbaceous plants. Leguminosae. Begonia, be-GO-ne-a; named by Charles australis, aws-TRA-lis, southern. Plumier for Michel Begon (1638–1710), tinctoria, tink-TOR-e-a, of dyers, tingo, to dye. French official, patron and plant collector. Barbarea, bar-bar-E-a; called after St. Tender bedding and indoor perennials; flowBarbara, to whom the Winter Cress was ering and ornamental foliage. Begoniaceae. dedicated. Herbaceous salad plant. Winter albococcinea, AL-bow-kok-SIN-e-a, white and scarlet. or American Cress. Brassicaceae. praecox, see B. verna. verna, VER-na, spring, spring-flowering. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

Bartlettina, bart-LET-te-na; after Harley Harris Bartlett (1886–1960), American botanist, director of the Botanical Gardens at the University of Michigan (1919–1955). Shrubs and small trees. Compositae. sordida, SAW-did-a, dirty.

Bartonia, bar-TO-ne-a; after Benjamin Smith Barton (1766–1815), professor of natural history and botany, University of Pennsylvania. Advisor to the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Half-hardy annual. Gentianaceae. aurea, see Mentzelia aurea.

Bassia, BASS-e-a; in honour of Ferdinando Bassi (1710–1774), Italian botanist. Annual occasionally perennial herbs. Amaranthaceae. scoparia, sko-PAR-e-a, broom like.

boliviensis, bol-iv-e-EN-sis, Bolivian. capensis, ka-PEN-sis, of the Cape of Good Hope. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. cucullata, kuk-ul-A-ta, hooded – the upper petals bent over. evansiana, see B. grandis. froebelii, fre-BEL-e-i, after Karl Otto Froebel (1844–1906), German botanist. fuchsioides, few-she-OY-dees, resembling Fuchsia. glabra, GLA-bra, smooth – without hairs. gracilis, GRAS-il-is, graceful. grandis, GRAN-dis, of great size. haageana, see B. scharffii. hydrocotylifolia, hy-dro-KOT-il-if-O-le-a, leaves resemble Hydrocotyl (Pennywort). incarnata, in-kar-NA-ta, flesh-coloured. lloydii, LOY-dee-I, a seedling strain first raised by Frank Lloyd of Coombe House, Croydon, Surrey. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, blotched – the leaves. manicata, man-ik-A-ta, collared (sleeved) with fleshy, scale-like bristles on the leaf-stalk. metallica, see B. incarnata. octopetala, ok-to-PET-a-la, eight-petalled.

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BEL–BER olbia, olb-E-a, rich. rex, reks, a King, presumably the handsome foliage. scandens, see B. glabra. scharffii, SKARF-e-i, after Scharff, German plant collector in South America for Haage and Schmidt, nurseryman of Erfurt, Germany. semperflorens, see B. cucullata. socotrana, sok-O-tra-na, of the Island of Socotra, Indian Ocean. tuberosa, see B. capensis. × weltoniensis, wel-ton-e-EN-sis, introduced by Col. Trevor Clarke of Welton Place, Daventry. × worthiana, wurth-e-A-na, after Worth.

Bellevalia, bel-ee-VAL-e-a; in honour of Pierre Richer de Belleval (1564–1632), professor of anatomy and botany at Montpellier. Bulbous plants. Asparagaceae. ciliata, sil-e-A-ta, an eyelash, fringed with hair. romana, ro-MA-na, Roman.

Bellidastrum, bel-lid-AS-trum; from L. bellis, a Daisy; astrum, a star. Rock plant. Compositae.

michelii, MI-kel-e-i, named for Pietro Antonio Micheli (1679–1737), Florentine botanist.

Bellis, BEL-lis; from L. bellus, pretty; Anglo Saxon daeges eage, day’s-eye, the Daisy. Herbaceous and rock plants. Compositae. perennis, per-EN-nis, perennial. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved. sylvestris, sil-VES-tris, of woods.

Bellium, BEL-le-um; derivation as above, the flowers being Daisy like. Rock plants. Compositae. bellidioides, bel-lid-e-OY-dees, resembles Bellis (daisy-like). minutum, min-U-tum, small, minute.

Beloperone, bel-o-PER-o-ne; from Gr. belos, an arrow; perone, a clasp or buckle. The arrow-shaped connective, the part of the stamen connecting the anther cells. Tender flowering plants. Acanthaceae. violacea, see Justicia carthaginensis.

Benthamia, ben-THA-me-a; after George Bentham (1800–1884), the English botanist. Shrubs. Boraginaceae. fragifera, see Cornus capitata.

Berberidopsis, ber-ber-e-DOP-sis; from Berberis, and Gr. opsis, a resemblance, being like a Berberis. Coral plant. Twining shrub. Berberidopsidaceae. corallina, kor-a-LINE-a, coral – the flowers.

Berberis, BER-ber-is; from the Arabic name berberys. Shrubs. Berberidaceae.

aggregata, ag-gre-GA-ta, heaped together – the clustered fruits. aquifolium, ak-we-FO-le-um, sharp, or holly-leaved. aristata, ar-is-TA-ta, bristled. buxifolia, see B. microphylla. darwinii, DAR-win-e-i, after Charles Darwin (1809–1882), geologist, zoologist and botanist, who discovered it in 1835 whilst collecting plants on the voyage of the ‘Beagle’. dictyophylla, dik-ti-OF-il-la, with net-veined leaves. empetrifolia, em-pet-rif-O-le-a, with leaves resembling Empetrum. gagnepainii, GAG-ne-pain-e-i, after Francois Gagnepain (1866–1952), French botanist. hookeri, HOO-ke-ri, after Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865), professor of botany, first Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ilicifolia, il-lis-if-O-le-a, Ilex (holly) leaved. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, Japanese. lycium, LIS-e-um, resembling the genus Lycium. microphylla, mi-krof-IL-la, small leaved. nepalensis, nep-al-EN-sis, of Nepal. nervosa, ner-VO-sa, large-nerved. nevinii, ne-VEN-e-i, after Reuben Denton Nevius (1827–1913), American missionary and plant collector who corresponded with Asa Gray. polyantha, pol-e-AN-tha, many-flowered. pruinosa, pru-in-O-sa, covered in a waxy bloom, frosted, the glaucous fruits. repens, RE-pens, creeping. sanguinea, san-GWIN-e-a, blood-red – the calyx. sargentiana, sar-jen-te-A-na, after Charles Sprague Sargent (1841–1927), professor of arboriculture at Harvard University and the first Director of the Arnold Arboretum. sinensis, sin-EN-sis, of China. × stenophylla, sten-o-FIL-la, narrow-leaved. thunbergii, thun-BERJ-e-i, after Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), Swedish botanist, a student of Linnaeus. verruculosa, ver-ru-ku-LO-sa, warty – the bark.

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BER–BIG virescens, vir-ES-sens, greenish – the flowers. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. The Barberry. wilsoniae, wil-so-NE-e, named for Mrs Helen Wilson (d.1930), Mrs Wilson’s Barberry.

Beta, BE-ta; from L. beta, Beetroot; or Celtic, bett, red. Biennials. Ornamental and culinary. Amaranthaceae. chilensis, chil-EN-sis, of Chile. The Chilean Beet.

Berchemia, ber-SHE-me-a; after Jacob- cicla, see B. vulgaris. Pierre von Berchem (1763–1832), Dutch c. variegata, see B. chilensis. botanist, who studied the flora of Switzer- vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. The Beetroot. land. Climbing shrubs. Rhamnaceae. Betonica, bet-ON-ik-a; from Celtic bentonic; flavescens, fla-VES-sens, yellowish. ben, head; ton, good, referring to herbalists scandens, SKAN-denz, climbing. use of the common kind. Herbaceous perenvolubilis, see B. scandens. nials. Lamiaceae. Bergenia, ber-ghee-NE-a; after Karl von grandiflora, see Stachys macrantha. Bergen (1704–1759), professor at Frankfurt Betula, BET-u-la; the Latin name for Birch; (Oder). Herbaceous perennials. SaxifraAnglo-Saxon, birce. Trees and shrubs. Betugaceae. laceae. ciliata, sil-e-A-ta, an eyelash, fringed with hair. cordifolia, see B. crassifolia. crassifolia, kras-sif-OL-e-a, thick-leaved. purpurascens, pur-pur-AS-senz, purple – the flowers. stracheyi, STRAK-e-i, after Sir Richard Strachey (1817–1908), British army officer and Indian administrator, who collected with J.E. Winterbottom in Tibet.

alba, see B. pubescens. humilis, HUM-il-is, lowly – on the ground. nana, NA-na, dwarf. nigra, NY-gra, black, the bark markings. papyrifera, pa-pir-IF-er-a, papery – the bark. pendula, PEN-du-la, pendulous or weeping. populifolia, pop-u-lif-O-le-a, leaves resemble Populus (poplar). pubescens, pew-BES-senz, downy. verrucosa, see B. pendula.

Bergerocactus, ber-ger-o-KAK-tus; after Alwin Berger (1871–1931), German botanist and horticulturist, curator of Hanbury Bidens, BI-dens; from L. bis, twice; dens, Garden at La Mortola, Italy. Greenhouse teeth, the seed having two tooth-like projections. Half-hardy perennial. Compositae. cacti. Cactaceae. emoryi, e-MOR-e-i, after Major William Hemsley Emory (1811–1887), United States Army officer and surveyor. Emory corresponded will George Engelmann.

aristosa, ar-is-TO-sa, bearded – the seed. dahlioides, see Cosmos diversifolius var. dahlioides. ferulifolia, fer-u-le-FO-le-a, leaves resembling Ferula (Fennel). laevis, LE-vis, smooth.

Bertolonia, ber-tol-O-ne-a; after Antonio Bertoloni (1775–1869), Italian botanist, Bifrenaria, bi-fren-A-re-a; from L. bis, twice; professor at Bologna. Dwarf tropical plants frenum, a bridle, in reference to the two caudicles connecting the pollen masses to their with ornamental foliage. Melastomataceae. glands. Epiphytic orchids. Orchidaceae. guttata, see Gravesia guttata. harrisoniae, har-ris-O-ne-e, after Elizabeth Harhoutteana, hoot-A-na, named after Louis Benoit rison (1792–1834), Orchid collector at AigVan Houtte (1810–1876), Belgian horticulburth, Liverpool. turist, nurseryman and plant collector. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, spotted. Bignonia, big-NO-ne-a; after Abbe Bignon, marmorata, mar-mor-A-ta, like marble.

librarian to Louis XIV of France. Climber. Bessera, BES-ser-a; after Dr. Wilibald Bignoniaceae. Swibert Joseph Gottlieb von Besser (1784– capreolata, kap-re-o-LA-ta, furnished with ten1842), Austrian born botanist. Bulbous drills. tweedieana, see Dolichandra unguis-cati. plants. Asparagaceae. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant.

venusta, see Pyrostegia venusta.

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BIL–BOR Billardiera, bil-lard-e-AIR-a; named after insignis, in-SIG-nis, striking. Jacques Julien Houtou de Labillardière lateritia, see Caiophora lateritia. (1755–1834), French botanist. Evergreen Bocconia, bok-KO-ne-a; after Paolo Boccone vine. Pittosporaceae. (1633–1703), Italian monk and botanist. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, Gr. hetero, diverse; Herbaceous plants. Papaveraceae. phylla, leaves. longiflora, long-if-LO-ra, long-flowered.

cordata, see Macleaya cordata. microcarpa, mi-kro-KAR-pa, bearing small fruits.

Billbergia, bil-BER-je-a; after Gustaf Johan Bolanthus, bol-AN-thus; from Gr. bolos, Billberg (1772–1844), Swedish botanist. hump; anthos, a flower; a rounded mass of Tropical flowering plants. Bromeliaceae. flowers. Dwarf perennial herbs. Caryophylchlorosticta, klo-row-STIK-ta, from Gr. chloros, laceae. green; stiktos, spotted. liboniana, see Quesnelia liboniana. marmorata, see Quesnelia marmorata. nutans, NU-tanz, nodding. saundersii, see B. chlorosticta. vittata, vit-TA-ta, striped. zebrina, ze-BRY-na, zebra-striped.

frankenioides, frank-en-e-OY-dees, resembling Frankenia.

Boltonia, bol-TO-ne-a; after James Bolton (c1758–1799), British botanist. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae. asteroides, as-ter-OY-dees, resembling Aster.

Blechnum, BLEK-num; from Gr. blechnon, a Bomarea, bo-MA-re-a; after Jacques-Chrisfern, the ancient name for a fern. Hardy and tophe Valmont de Bomare (1731–1807), Greenhouse ferns. Blechnaceae. French naturalist. Greenhouse flowering boreale, bor-e-A-le, northern. twiners. Alstroemeriaceae. brasiliense, braz-il-e-EN-se, Brazilian. occidentale, ok-se-den-TA-le, western. penna-marina, PEN-na-ma-RE-na, from L. penna, feather or wing; marina, of or belonging to the sea. Alpine Water Fern. spicant, SPE-kant, spiked – the appearance of the fertile fronds.

carderi, kar-DER-i, after Carder who collected for William Bull in Columbia. conferta, see B. patocoensis. multiflora, mul-tif-LO-ra, many flowered. oligantha, see B. multiflora. patacoensis, pat-ak-o-EN-sis, of Patococha, Ecuador.

Bletia, BLET-e-a; after Don Luis Blet, Spanish apothecary and botanist, who established a botanic garden in Algeciras towards the end of the eighteenth century. Orchids. Orchidaceae.

Borago, bor-A-go; derivation uncertain, may be from medieval L. borra, rough hair; or burra, a shaggy garment; in reference to the rough foliage. Linnaeus states the name to be a corruption of corago (L. cor, the heart; ago, hyacinthina, see Bletilla striata. to act) from its use in medicine as a heart Bletilla, BLET-il-la; resembles Bletia which sedative. Hardy annual and biennial herbs. Boraginaceae. see. Terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae. Blitum, BLY-tum; from Celtic blith, insipid, referring to the fruits. Hardy annual. Amaranthaceae.

laxiflora, see B. pygmaea. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists. pygmaea, PIG-me-a, dwarf.

Blumenbachia, blu-men-BAK-e-a; after John Frederick Blumenbach MD (1752– 1840), professor of medicine at Gottingen. Tender plants covered in stinging hairs. Loasaceae.

Boronia, bor-ON-ne-a; after Francesco Borone (1769–1794), Italian botanist engaged by Sir James Smith. He fell to his death from a hotel window in Athens, whilst accompanying John Sibthorp in collecting for the Flora Graecae. Shrubs. Rutaceae.

striata, stri-A-ta, striped.

capitatum, see Chenopodium capitatum.

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BOU–BRO drummondii, see B. pulchella. elatior, e-LA-te-or, taller. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, Gr. hetero, diverse; phylla, leaves. megastigma, meg-as-TIG-ma, having a large stigma. pulchella, pul-KEL-la, pretty. serrulata, ser-rul-A-ta, leaves finely toothed.

Brassavola, bras-sa-VO-la; after Antonio Musa Brassavola (1500–1555), Italian botanist. Orchids. Orchidaceae. digbyana, see Rhyncholaelia digbyana.

Brassia, BRAS-se-a; after William Brass (d. 1783), English botanist, who collected for Sir Joseph Banks in West Africa. Orchids. Bougainvillea, boo-gain-VIL-le-a; after Louis Orchidaceae. Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), aurantiaca, aw-ran-te-A-ka, orange coloured. French navigator who circumnavigated the brachiata, see B. verrucosa. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, spotted. globe. Tender climbers. Nyctaginaceae. verrucosa, ver-ru-KO-sa, warty. glabra, GLA-bra, smooth – without hairs. speciosa, see B. spectabilis. spectabilis, spek-TAB-il-is, notable.

Brassica, BRAS-sik-a; from L. brassica, used by Pliny; Celtic bresic, the name for cabbage. Culinary vegetables. Brassicaceae.

Boussingaultia, misapplied see below. baselloides, see Anredera baselloides.

Bouvardia, boo-VARD-e-a; after Dr. Charles Bouvard (1572–1658), keeper of the Jardin du Roi, Paris. Perennial herbs and shrubs. Rubiaceae. humboldtii, see B. longiflora. longiflora, long-if-LO-ra, long-flowered. jasminiflora, jas-min-if-LO-ra, jasmine-flowered.

Brachyglottis, brak-e-GLOT-iss; from Gr. brachys, short; glotta, a tongue; referring to the ray florets. Shrubs. Compositae. greyi, GRAY-i, after Sir George Grey (1812– 1898), Governor of New Zealand. laxifolia, laks-e-FO-le-a, loosely spread leaves.

cretica, KRE-tik-a, of Crete. Broccoli and Cauliflower. juncea, JUNK-e-a, rush-like. The Mustard. napus, NAP-us, diminutive to turnip. The Swede. oleracea, ol-er-A-se-a, of the vegetable garden. The Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Kale, and Savoys. o. acephala, see B. oleracea. o. botrytis, see B. cretica. o. bullata, see B. oleracea. o. capitata, see B. oleracea. o. cauliflora, see B. oleracea. o. caulorapa, see B. oleracea. o. major, see B. oleracea. rapa, RA-pa, the Turnip.

Bravoa, misapplied see below.

geminiflora, see Polianthes geminiflora.

Brachyscome, brak-es-KO-me; from Gr. brachys, short; comus, hair. Annual. Compos- Breynia, BRAY-ne-a; in memory of the botanist Jacob Breyne (1637–1697), and his son itae. iberidifolia, i-ber-id-if-O-le-a, leaves resembling Johann Philipp Breyne (1680–1764), a physician, both from Danzig. Tender shrubs and Iberis. small trees. Phyllanthaceae. Brasenia, bra-SEE-ne-a; commemorating disticha, DIS-tik-a, leaves in two rows. Christoph Brasen (1738–1774), Danish surgeon and plant collector, who collected Briza, BRI-za; from Gr. brizo, to nod, from in Greenland and Labrador. Aquatic herb. the movement of the spikelets. The Ancient Greek name for a grass, probably rye. Cabombaceae. schreberi, shre-BER-i, named after Johann Chris- Grasses. Quaking Grass. Poaceae. tian Daniel von Schreber (1739–1810), German naturalist, who named the genus.

maxima, MAKS-im-a, greatest. media, ME-de-a, midway, medium. minor, MY-nor, smallest.

Brasiliorchis, braz-il-e-OR-kis; a new genus of orchid native to Brazil. Orchids. Orchi- Brodiaea, bro-DE-e-a; named after James Brodie (1744–1824), Scottish botanist. daceae. picta, PIK-ta, painted. Bulbous plants. Asparagaceae. — 24 —

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BRO–BUP bridgesii, see Triteleia bridgesii. capitata, see Dichelostemma capitatum. congesta, see Dichelostemma congestum. coronaria, kor-on-AR-e-a, crowned. grandiflora, see B. coronaria. hendersonii, see Triteleia hendersonii. howellii, see Triteleia grandiflora. ixioides, see Leucocoryne ixioides. laxa, see Triteleia laxa. uniflora, see Tristagma uniflorum.

empetriformis, em-pet-rif-OR-mis, resembling Empetrum.

Bryophyllum, bry-of-IL-um; from Gr. bryo, to sprout; phyllon, a leaf, alluding to the leaves bearing plantlets round their edges. Greenhouse succulents. Crassulaceae. calycinum, see B. pinnatum. pinnatum, pin-NA-tum, with pinnate leaves.

Buddleja, BUD-le-a; called after Rev. Adam Bromelia, bro-ME-le-a; named by Plumier Buddle (1660–1715), English botanist and after Olof Bromel (1629–1705), Swedish vicar at Farmbridge, Essex. Mostly decidubotanist. Herbaceous plants. Bromeliaceae. ous shrubs. Scrophulariaceae. urbaniana, ur-bar-NE-a-na, belonging to towns.

Bromus, BRO-mus; from Gr. bromos, oats. A borrowed word referring initially to wild oats Avena sativa. Ornamental Grasses. Poaceae. briziformis, bri-ze-FOR-mis, formed like Briza or Quaking Grass.

Browallia, brow-AL-le-a; named after Johan Browall (1707–1755), Bishop of Abo, Sweden. Greenhouse annuals. Solanaceae. americana, a-mer-ik-A-na, of America. elata, see B. americana. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy.

Brugmansia, brug-man-SEE-a; named in honour of Sebald Justinus Brugmans (1763–1819), professor of natural history at the University of Leiden. Tender perennial shrubs. Solanaceae. sanguinea, san-GWIN-e-a, blood red. sauveolens, swa-VE-o-lenz, sweet smelling.

alternifolia, al-ter-ne-FO-le-a, alternate leaved. colvilei, COL-vil-LE-i, named after Sir James William Colvile (1801–1880), Scottish lawyer and judge. davidii, DA-vid-e-i, after Pere Armand David (1826–1900), French missionary and plant collector in China who sent specimens back to Adrien René Franchet in 1869. fallowiana, fal-low-e-A-na, named in honour of Sergeant George Fallow (1890–1915), a probationer gardener at the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh and student of Prof. Isaac Bailey Balfour prior to enlisting. The specimen was collected by George Forrest in 1906 and again in 1910 before being named in 1917. globosa, glo-BO-sa, globular, the flower clusters. nanhoensis, see B. davidii. nivea, NIV-e-a, snowy – the leaves and shoots are white. variabilis, see B. davidii.

Buglossoides, bu-gloss-OY-dees; resembling Brunfelsia, brun-FELZ-e-a; after Otto Brun- bugloss. Annual and perennial herbs. Borfels (1489–1534), Carthusian monk and aginaceae. German botanist. Warm-house evergreen purpurocaerulea, pur-PEW-ro-se-RU-le-a, purple and blue flowers. flowering shrubs. Solanaceae. calycina, see B. pauciflora. pauciflora, paw-se-FLOR-a, with few flowers.

Bulbocodium, misapplied see below. vernum, see Colchicum bulbocodium.

Brunnera, brun-NE-ra; named for Samuel Brunner (1790–1844), Swiss botanist. Per- Buphthalmum, bup (or buf )-THAL-mum; from Gr. bous, ox; ophthalmos, an eye, the ennial herbs. Boraginaceae. large rayed flower supposed to resemble the macrophylla, mak-rof-IL-a, with large leaves. eye of an ox. Hardy herbaceous. Compositae. Bryanthus, bry-AN-thus; from Gr. bryon, salicifolium, sal-is-if-O-le-um, leaves resembling moss; anthos, flower, found growing among Salix (willow). mosses. Low shrubs. Ericaceae. speciosum, see Telekia speciosa. — 25 —

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BUP–CAL Bupleurum, bu-PLU-rum; from Gr. boupleu- Instrumental in laying the foundation for ros, ox-rib, name for another umbelliferous Linnaeus’ binomial system. Tropical and subtropical woody plants. Leguminosae. plant. Hardy shrubs. Apiaceae. fruticosum, frut-ik-O-sum, shrubby.

Burchellia, bur-CHEL-le-a; after William Burchell (1781–1863), an English traveller and collector in Brazil and South Africa. Warm-house evergreen shrub. Rubiaceae.

decapetala, dek-a-PET-al-a, ten-petalled. gilliesii, gil-LEEZ-e-i, after John Gillies (1792– 1834), Scottish collector in South America. japonica, see C. decapetala. pulcherrima, pul-KER-rim-a, most beautiful. sepiaria, see C. decapetala.

bubalina, bub-A-le-na, from L. bubalina, buffcoloured, possibly in reference to the yellow- Caiophora, ka-o-FOR-a; from Gr. kaios, a burn; phoreo, to bear; in reference to bristly, ish hairs found on some forms. stinging hairs. Annual or short-lived herbacapensis, see B. bubalina.

ceous climbing perennials. Loasaceae. Butomus, BU-to-mus; from Gr. bous, an ox; lateritia, lat-er-IT-e-a, brick-red; the colour of the temno, to cut, the sharp-edged leaves being flowers. said to injure the mouths of cattle. Aquatic Caladium, kal-A-de-um; origin uncertain, plant. Butomaceae. umbellatus, um-bel-LA-tus, umbelled – the flowers. said to be from Malay kaladi, the native name of the tuberous root. Tropical tuberBuxus, BUKS-us; ancient L. name for Box ous-rooted foliage plants. Araceae. tree. Shrubs and trees. Buxaceae. argyrites, see C. humboldtii. microphylla, mi-krof-IL-la, small leaved. sempervirens, sem-per-VEER-enz, from L. semper, ever; virens, green. Always green. suffruticosa, see B. sempervirens.

bicolor, BIK-ol-or, two-coloured. humboldtii, hum-BOLT-e-i, after Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), Prussian naturalist and explorer.

Cabomba, cab-OM-ba; latinised form of Calamintha, misapplied see below. the native Guiana name. Greenhouse sub- alpina, see Clinopodium alpinum. grandiflora, see Clinopodium grandiflorum. merged aquatic. Cabombaceae. caroliniana, car-ol-in-i-A-na, native of Carolina Calamistrum, kal-a-MIS-trum; L. calamister, State. Considered an invasive species in the curling-iron; from Gr. kalamus, a reed, in U.K. allusion to the hollow stem. Aquatic ferns. Cacalia, ka-KA-le-a; ancient Gr. name, pos- Marsileaceae. sibly from Gr. kakos, pernicious; lian, very globuliferum, glob-ul-IF-er-um, resembling a globe, the spore cases. The Pillwort. much, supposed to be harmful to the soil. Compositae. Calandrinia, kal-an-DRIN-e-a; after Jean coccinea, see Emilia coccinea.

Cactus, KAK-tus; from Gr. kaktos, a name used by Theophrastus for an unknown prickly plant. Now applied to a group of cacti of which the Melon cactus is the type and was the first cactus brought to Europe (1581). This plant was called Cactus melocactus, since changed to Melocactus intortus. Cactaceae. stella-aurata, STEL-la-aw-RA-ta, golden star.

Louis Calandrini (1703–1758), Swiss scientist. Rock garden annuals and perennials. Portulacaceae. grandiflora, see Cistanthe grandiflora. umbellata, see Montiopsis umbellata.

Calanthe, kal-AN-thee; from Gr. kalos, beautiful; anthos, a flower. Deciduous terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae. × veitchii, VEECH-e-i, hybrid produced by Mr Dominy, Veitch & Sons, of Exeter. vestita, ves-TEE-ta, clothed.

Caesalpinia, seez-al-PIN-e-a; after Andrea Cesalpino (1519–1603), Italian botanist, Calathea, kal-ATH-e-a; from Gr. kalathos, a director of the Botanical Garden of Pisa. basket, referring to a native use of the tough — 26 —

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CAL–CAL fibrous leaves. Tropical ornamental leaved Calla, KAL-la; ancient name probably from plants. Marantaceae. Gr. kallos, beauty. Aquatic and marginal bella, BEL-la, pretty. herb. Araceae. bellula, BEL-lu-la, little, pretty – neat, diminutive. concinna, kon-SIN-na, neat, pretty. illustris, il-LUS-tris, brilliant. lancifolia, lan-sif-O-le-a, leaves lance shaped. massangeana, see Maranta leuconeura. makoyana, ma-koy-A-na, after Jacob Makoy Lambert (1790–1873), Belgian plant collector in Brazil. ornata, or-NA-ta, adorned. regalis, re-GA-lis, Royal, stately. roseopicta, RO-ze-o-PIC-ta, rosy painted. sanderiana, san-der-e-A-na, first described by Henry Frederick Conrad Sander (1847– 1920), nurseryman. variegata, var-e-eg-A-ta, variegated. veitchiana, veech-e-A-na, collected by Richard Pearce and named by James Veitch Junior to commemorate his late father James Veitch (1792–1863). warszewiczii, var-skew-IK-ze-i, after Joseph Warszewicz, who collected in Central and South America between 1844–1850 and 1851–1853. zebrina, ze-BRY-na, zebra-striped.

palustris, pal-US-tris, found in marshy places.

Callianthemum, kal-le-an-THEE-mum; from Gr. kallos, beauty; anthemon, a flower. Perennial herbs. Ranunculaceae.

anemonoides, an-em-on-OY-dees, resembling Anemone. angustifolium, an-gus-tif-O-le-um, having narrow leaves.

Callicarpa, kal-le-KAR-pa; from Gr. kalli, beautiful; karpos, fruit. Trees and shrubs. Lamiaceae. bodineiri, bod-e-NE-er-i, commemorating Emile Marie Bodinieri (1842–1901), French missionary in Guizhou Province, China, and plant collector. giraldii, jer-al-DE-i, after Giuseppe Giraldi (1848–1901), Italian missionary, plant collector in China.

Callirhoe, kal-lir-HO-e; after Callirhoe, the name of a divinity of the ancient Greeks. Hardy herbaceous. Malvaceae. involucrata, in-vol-u-KRA-ta, from L. involucrum, roll in, envelop, the leaf edges rolled together.

Calceolaria, kal-se-o-LAIR-e-a; from L. calceolus, a slipper or little shoe, alluding to Callisia, kal-LIS-e-a; from Gr. kalos, beauty. the shape of the flower. Half-hardy rock, Herbaceous perennials. Commelinaceae. herbaceous perennials and shrubs. Calceo- rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured. lariaceae. Callistemon, kal-le-STEM-on; from Gr. biflora, bif-LO-ra, two-flowered, that is, in pairs. × burbidgei, bur-BIJ-e-i, after Frederick William kallistos, most beautiful; stemon, a stamen; Burbidge (1847–1905), curator of the botan- the beauty of the flowers residing in the ical gardens, Trinity College, Dublin at Glas- coloured stamens. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. The Bottlebrush. Myrtaceae. nevin. corymbosa, kor-im-BO-sa, corymbose, flowers in corymbs. integrifolia, in-teg-rif-O-le-a, leaves entire, not broken at the edges. rugosa, see C. integrifolia. violacea, vi-o-LA-se-a, violet-coloured.

linearis, lin-e-AR-is, linear leaved, narrow, with nearly parallel sides. speciosus, spes-e-O-sus, handsome.

Callistephus, kal-lis-TEF-us; from Gr. kallostos, most beautiful; stephos, a crown, referring to the flower. The China Aster. Annual. Calendula, kal-EN-du-la; from L. calandae, Compositae. the first day of the month, probably alluding chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China. to the flowering of the plant throughout the hortensis, see C. chinensis. year. Hardy annual. Compositae. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apoth- Callitriche, kal-LIT-rik-e; from Gr. kalos, ecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in beautiful; thrix, hair – resembling beautiful hair. Submerged aquatics. Plantaginaceae. stock” by herbalists. — 27 —

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CAL–CAM autumnalis, see C. hermaphroditica. tuberosus, tu-ber-O-sus, bearing tubers. hermaphroditica, her-ma-fro-DIT-ik-a, stamens Caltha, KAL-tha; from Gr. kalathos, a and pistol in the same flower. goblet, alluding to the form of the flower. palustris, pal-US-tris, found in marshy places. Bog perennials. Ranunculaceae. verna, see C. palustris. leptosepala, lep-to-SEP-a-la, having thin sepals. Calluna, kal-LU-na; from Gr. kalluno, to palustris, pal-US-tris, found in marshy places. cleanse, alluding to the use of this heather as polypetala, see C. palustris. a broom. Ericaceous Shrub. Ericaceae. radicans, see C. palustris. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

Calycanthus, kal-e-KANTH-us; from Gr. Calocedrus, kal-o-SED-rus; from Gr. kalos, kalyx, calyx; anthos, a flower, in reference to beautiful; cedrus, cedar (which see). Trees. the coloured sepals and petals being alike. Cupressaceae. Shrubs. Calycanthaceae. decurrens, de-KUR-rens, running-down – the lower parts of the leaves clasping the branches. The Incense Cedar.

floridus, FLOR-id-us, from L. floridus, flowering abundantly. floridus var. glaucus, GLAW-kus, sea-green, the foliage. occidentalis, oks-se-DEN-ta-lis, western – North America.

Calocephalus, KAL-o-SEF-a-lus; from Gr. kalos, beautiful; kephale, a head, alluding to the white cord-like stems forming a “beautiful head”. Bedding foliage plant. Compositae. Calypso, kal-IP-so; called after the Ancient brownii, see Leucophyta brownii. Greek goddess of that name. Terrestrial Calochortus, kal-o-KOR-tus; from Gr. kalos, Orchid. Orchidaceae. borealis, see C. bulbosa.

beautiful; chortus, grass, referring to the bulbosa, bul-BO-sa, bulbous. leaves. Half-hardy bulbs. The Mariposa Lily. Calystegia, kal-is-TE-je-a; from Gr. kalyx, Liliaceae. albus, AL-bus, from the L. alba, white. calyx; stege, a covering, the calyx of some of coeruleus, se-RU-le-us, blue. the Bindweeds being enclosed in two bracts. lilacinus, see C. uniflorus. Twining plants. Convolvulaceae. lyallii, LI-al-e-i, after David Lyall (1817–1895), hederacea, hed-er-A-se-a, resembling Hedera physician, botanist and collector. (ivy). nuttallii, NUT-al-le-i, after Thomas Nuttall pubescens, pew-BES-senz, downy. (1786–1859), English botanist and plant col- pubescens flore pleno, see C. hederacea. lector. A curator of Harvard Botanic Garden sepium, SE-pe-um, of hedges. from 1822 to 1834 Nuttall is remembered as silvatica, sil-VAT-ik-a, of the woods. a father of American botany. soldanella, sol-dan-EL-la, leaves like a Solpulchellus, pul-KEL-lus, small and beautiful. danella. uniflorus, uni-FLOR-us, one flowered, that is Camassia, kam-AS-se-a; from Quamash, blooms solitary. venustus, ven-US-tus, charming. the Native American name for C. quamash.

Calomeria, kal-o-MER-e-a; dedicated to Hardy bulbs. Asparagaceae. cusickii, ku-SIK-ke-i, after William Conklin Napoleon Bonaparte from Gr. kalos, Fr. bon, Cusick (1842–1922), self-taught botanist. good; Gr. meris, Fr. partie, a part. Annual and esculenta, see C. quamash. perennial herbs. Compositae. leichtlinii, lecht-LE-ne-i, commemorates Maxiamaranthoides, am-a-RANTH-oy-dees, resembling Amaranth.

milian Leichtlin (1831–1910), German horticulturalist, who specialised in growing bulbs. quamash, KWA-mash, Native American name. The Quamash.

Calopogon, kal-o-PO-gon; from Gr. kalos, beautiful; pogon, a beard, referring to the fringed floral lip. Terrestrial Orchid. Orchi- Camellia, ka-ME-le-a; after George Josef Kamel (Camellus) (1661–1706), a Jesuit of daceae. — 28 —

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CAM–CAR Moravia, who travelled in Asia and the East. Evergreen flowering shrubs. Theaceae. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. sasanqua, sas-ANG-kwa, native Japanese name. sinensis, si-NEN-sis, Chinese. The leaves and buds of which are used to produce tea. sinensis var. assamica, ass-SAM-i-ka, of the region of Assam, India. Assam Tea. thea, see C. sinensis. theifera, see C. sinensis var. assamica.

German naturalist, who collected plants in the Caucasus. rapunculus, ra-PUN-ku-lus, little turnip. The Rampion. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved. The Harebell. sarmatica, sar-MAT-ik-a, Sarmatian (Poland). sibirica, si-BIR-ik-a, of Siberia. trachelium, trak-E-le-um, from Gr. trachelos, a neck; old generic name for Throatwort.

Campanula, kam-PAN-u-la; from L. cam- Campsis, KAMP-sis; from Gr. kampsis, panula, little bell – the bellflower. Annuals, bending, referring to the curved stamens. biennials and herbaceous perennials. Cam- Climber. Bignoniaceae. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. panulaceae. abietina, see C. patula subsp. abietina. arvatica, ar-VAT-ik-a, from Arvas in the Cantabrian Mountains. barbata, bar-BA-ta, bearded – the flowers being hairy. carpatica, kar-PAT-ik-a, Carpathian. excisa, eks-SI-sa, cut, that is, the cleft at the base of the bloom segments. fragilis, FRAJ-il-is, fragile. garganica, gar-GAN-ik-a, from Gargano, Italy. glomerata, glom-er-A-ta, clustered – the flowers. grandis, GRAN-dis, of great size. hofmannii, hof-MAN-ne-i, named by Pantocsek after Hofmann a dear friend. isophylla, i-so-FI-la, leaves equal. lactiflora, lak-tif-LO-ra, flowers are milk-white. latiloba, see C. grandis. medium, MEE-dee-um, from the Italian vernacular name erbe media. Canterbury Bells. muralis, see C. portenschlagiana. patula, PAT-u-la, spreading open – the bells or flowers. patula subsp. abietina, ab-e-TE-na, of coniferous woods. pendula, PEN-du-la, pendulous or weeping. persicifolia, per-sis-if-O-le-a, resembling Prunus persica (peach) leaves. portenschlagiana, por-ten-shlag-e-A-na, commemorates Franz von Portenschlag-Ledermermeyer (1772–1822), Austrian botanist. pulla, PUL-la, dark-coloured. punctata, punk-TA-ta, dotted or speckled. pusilla, pu-SIL-la, dwarf. pyramidalis, pir-AM-id-al-is, pyramid or coned shaped, the flower spike. The Chimney Bellflower. raddeana, rad-de-A-na, commemorates Gustav Ferdinand Richard Radde (1831–1903),

radicans, RAD-e-kanz, trailing and rooting.

Canna, KAN-na; from L. cana, cane or reed. Tropical herbaceous perennials used for summer bedding. Cannaceae. indica, IN-di-ka, of India.

Cannabis, KAN-na-bis; from Gr. kannabis, hemp. An annual grown for its seeds and fibres. Cannabaceae. sativa, SAT-iv-a, cultivated. The Common Hemp.

Capsicum, KAP-sik-um; from Gr. kapto, to bite, referring to the pungency of the fruits. Warm-house annual. Solanaceae. annuum, AN-nu-um, of annual duration.

Caragana, kar-a-GAN-a; from the Mongolian name, Caragan. Shrubs or small trees. Leguminosae.

arborescens, ar-bor-ES-cenz, tree like. frutescens, see C. frutex. frutex, FRUT-ex, from L. frutex, a shrub; shrubby or bushy. pygmaea, PIG-me-a, dwarf. spinosa, spi-NO-sa, spiny.

Carbeni, misapplied see below.

benedicta, see Centaurea benedicta.

Cardamine, kar-dam-I-ne; from Gr. cardamon, cress. A derivative from Gr. kardia, heart; damao, to subdue, a plant of the cress family once used as a heart sedative in medicine. Hardy herbaceous. Brassicaceae. bulbifera, bul-BIF-er-a, bearing bulblets. enneaphyllos, en-ne-af-IL-los, from Gr. nineleaved – leaflets.

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CAR–CAS pentaphyllos, pen-ta-FIL-los, five-leaved or leaflets divided into five. pratensis, pra-TEN-sis, of meadows. A double form of this species being cultivated. trifolia, trif-O-le-a, three-leaved.

caroliniana, car-ol-in-i-A-na, native of Carolina State. cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves.

reniforme, ren-e-FOR-me, kidney-shaped – the fronds.

edulis, ed-U-lis, edible, the fruit.

acutiformis, ak-u-te-FOR-mis, pointed shape the leaf. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. paludosa, see C. acutiformis. pendula, PEN-du-la, pendulous or weeping. riparia, re-PAIR-e-a, frequenting river banks.

carvi, KAR-vi, from Caria, in Asia Minor where it was widely grown. The Caraway. petroselinum, see Petroselinum crispum.

Carpobrotus, kar-po-BRO-tus; from Gr. karpos, a fruit; brotos, edible, the fruits Cardiomanes, kar-de-o-MAN-ez; from Gr. edible. Greenhouse succulents. Aizoaceae. kardio, heart; manos, soft, the fronds vague acinaciformis, a-sin-AS-if-OR-mis, shaped like a scimitar, that is, the leaf curved and thick on resemblance to a heart and soft sheen. Fern. the outer edge and thin on the inner. Hymenophyllaceae. Carum, KA-rum; Latinised form of the Carex, KAR-eks; the L. name for some kind Gr. word karon, from Caria, in Asia Minor of sedge, now applied to the genus. Grass- where it was widely grown. The Caraway. Biennials and perennials. Apiaceae. like herbs. Cyperaceae.

Caryopteris, kar-e-OP-ter-is; from Gr. karnon, a nut; pteron, a wing, the fruits being winged. Shrub. Lamiaceae.

Carnegiea, kar-NEE-gee-a; after Andrew × clandonensis, klan-don-EN-sis of Clandon Carnegie (1835–1919), Scottish American Park, Surrey, U.K. industrialist and philanthropist, whose Insti- incana, in-KA-na, hoary. tute financed collectors of cacti in America. mastacanthus, see C. incana. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. Cassandra, misapplied see below. gigantea, ji-GAN-te-a, unusually tall or big. The Giant Cactus of the Sonoran Desert, Arizona and areas of California. Synonymous image of the American Southwest.

calyculata, see Chamaedaphne calyculata.

Cassia, KAS-se-a; from Gr. kasian, Greek name of the subject. Greenhouse shrubby Carpanthea, kar-PAN-the-a; from the Gr. plants. Leguminosae. corymbosa, see Senna corymbosa. karpos, a fruit; anthos, a flower, probably in marylandica, see Senna marilandica. allusion to the open fruits that look like a star-shaped flower. Greenhouse succulent. Cassinia, kas-SIN-e-a; named after Count Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini (1781– Aizoaceae. pomeridiana, po-mer-ID-e-A-na, post meridian, 1832), French botanist and naturalist. that is, flowers opening after midday. Shrub. Compositae. fulvida, see Ozothamnus leptophyllus.

Carpenteria, kar-pen-TEER-e-a; named in honour of William Marbury Carpenter Cassiope, kas-se-O-pe; named after a Queen (1811–1848), physician and naturalist, of Ethiopia, the mother of Andromeda, in professor of botany and geology then dean, Greek mythology. Shrub. Ericaceae. Medical College of Louisiana (Tulane Uni- fastigiata, fas-tij-e-A-ta, pointed and erect. tetragona, te-tra-GO-na, from Gr. tessara four; versity). Shrub. Hydrangeaceae. gonus angle, the leaves in fours.

californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California.

Carpinus, kar-PINE-us; ancient L. name for Castanea, kas-TA-ne-a; from Gr. kastanon, a chestnut, said to be after Kastana, a district Hornbeam. Deciduous trees. Betulaceae. betulus, BET-u-lus; Betula the generic name for in Thessaly, Greece. L. castanea, a Chestnut Birch, which it resembles. The Hornbeam. tree. Trees. Fagaceae. — 30 —

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CAS–CEA sativa, SAT-iv-a, cultivated, that is, for crops. The edible Chestnut.

Castilleja, kas-STIL-e-a; after Domingo Castillejo (d. 1786), Spanish botanist, surgeon, and professor. Annuals and herbaceous perennials. Orobanchaceae. exserta, eks-SER-ta, protruding.

Catabrosa, cat-a-BRO-sa; from Gr. katabrosis, a gnawing; in allusion to the irregular margins of the glumes, as if gnawed. Grasses. Poaceae. aquatica, a-KWAT-ik-a, growing in water.

Catalpa, kat-AL-pa; a North American vernacular name for C. bignonioides. Flowering trees. Bignoniaceae. bignonioides, big-no-ne-OY-dees, resembling Bignonia. The Indian Bean tree.

Catananche, kat-an-ANG-ke; from Gr. katananke, a strong incentive, alluding to the ancient custom among Greeks, who used it in love potions. Hardy herbaceous. Compositae. caerulea, se-RU-le-a, Cupidone.

sky-blue.

The

Blue

coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. crispa, KRIS-pa, curled. × elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. gigas, see C. warscewiczii. harrisoniana, har-ris-on-e-A-na, after Elizabeth Harrison (1792–1834), Orchid collector at Aigburth, Liverpool. intermedia, in-ter-MED-e-a, between. labiata, lab-e-A-ta, from L. labium, meaning lip, the flamboyant trumpet-shaped lip created a sensation when first seen. mendelii, men-DEL-e-i, after Samuel Mendel (1811–1884), merchant and Orchid collector from Manchester. mossiae, MOSS-ee-e, after Hannah Moss (fl.1838), botanical artist and orchid collector, from Otterspool, Liverpool. National flower of Venezuela. pumila, PU-mil-a, dwarf or diminutive. purpurata, pur-pur-A-ta, purple. trianae, tree-A-ne, after José Jerónimo Triana Silva (1828–1890), Colombian botanist. warscewiczii, war-skew-IK-ze-i, after Joseph Warszewicz, who was interested in orchids and collected in Central and South America between 1844 and 1850.

Ceanothus, se-an-O-thus; ancient Gr. Catharanthus, kath-ar-AN-thus; from Gr. name, supposed to have been applied to an katharos, pure; anthos, a flower. Annuals and unknown plant by Theophrastus, the Greek philosopher. Shrubs. Rhamnaceae. herbaceous perennials. Apocynaceae. roseus, ro-ZE-us, rose-coloured.

Cathcartia, kath-KAR-te-a; called after John Fergusson Cathcart (1802–1851), botanist and Judge in the Indian Civil Service. Hardy herbaceous. Papaveraceae. villosa, see Meconopsis villosa.

Cattleya, KAT-le-a; after William Cattley (d.1832), of Barnet, a keen cultivator of tropical plants. Cattley successfully propagated plant material which flowered in 1818. The resultant type species Cattleya labiata was described by Dr John Lindley. Tropical orchids. Orchidaceae. aclandiae, ak-LAND-ee-e, after Lady Lydia Elizabeth Acland (1786–1856), who first grew the orchid. bowringiana, see Guarianthe bowringiana. cinnabarina, kin- (or sin-) nab-ar-EE-na, cinnabar; from Gr. kinnabari, a Persian dye.

americanus, am-er-ik-A-nus, American. arboreus, ar-BOR-e-us, tree-like. Tending to be woody. azureus, see C. caeruleus. caeruleus, se-RU-le-us, sky-blue. cuneatus, ku-ne-A-tus, wedge-shaped, the leaves. cuneatus subsp. rigidus, RIG-id-us, rigid, stiff. dentatus, den-TA-tus, toothed, the leaf margin. floribundus, see C. dentatus. griseus, GRE-se-us, grey. integerrimus, in-teg-ER-rim-us, entire, the leaves having unbroken margins. papillosus, pap-il-O-sus, pimpled, that is, the leaves nippled with glands. rigidus, see C. cuneatus subsp. rigidus. thyrsiflorus, ther-sif-LO-rus, flowers in thyrses, that is, the middle blooms having longer stalks than those above and below. × veitchianus, veech-e-A-nus, introduced from California by William Lobb for James Veitch & Sons.

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CED–CEP Cedronella, sed-ron-EL-la; from Gr. kedros, scabiosa, skay-be-O-sa, from L. scabies, itch. the Cedar of Pliny, the Roman naturalist, suaveolens, see Amberboa amberboi. alluding to the fragrance – Balm of Gilead. Centaurium, sen-TOR-e-um; from Gr. Aromatic herbs. Lamiaceae. kentauros, centaur; in reference to Chiron, canariensis, ka-nar-e-EN-sis, of the Canary whom it is stated first used herbs in the Islands. medicinal art of surgery. Annual, biennial triphylla, see C. canariensis. and perennial plants. Gentianaceae. Cedrus, SE-drus; from Gr. kedros, cedar; erythraea, er-re-THREE-a, from Gr. erythros, red. some suggest the name is derived from maritimum, mar-IT-im-um, maritime, coastal; in Kedron, a river in Judea. Trees. Pinaceae. reference to the sea. atlantica, at-LAN-tik-a, of the Atlas Mountains. deodara, de-o-DAR-a, from Deodar, an Indian State. libani, LIB-an-i, of Mount Lebanon. The Cedar of Lebanon.

Centradenia, sen- (or ken-) tra-DE-ne-a; from Gr. kentron, a spur; aden, a gland, spurlike glands on the anthers. Perennial herbs and subshrubs. Melastomataceae.

Celastrus, se-LAS-trus; from Gr. kelastros, floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering. an evergreen tree. Shrubs, usually climbers. Celastraceae. Centranthus, sen- (or ken-) TRAN-thus; articulatus, see C. orbiculatus. from Gr. kentron, a spur; anthos, a flower, flagellaris, flaj-el-LAR-is, whip-like. the flower having a spur-like base. Hardy orbiculatus, or-bik-ul-A-tus, shaped like a disc, the herbaceous perennial. Red Valerian. Caprileaves. foliaceae. scandens, SKAN-denz, climbing. macrosiphon, mak-ro-SY-fon, long tubed – the

Celosia, se-LO-se-a; probably from Gr. flowers have a long spur. keleos, burning, in reference to the burned ruber, RU-ber, red. appearance of the flowers of some species. Centropogon, sen- (ken-) tro-PO-gon; from Greenhouse annuals. Amaranthaceae. Gr. kentron, a spur; pogon, a beard; the argentea, ar-JEN-te-a, silvery, the foliage. fringed or bearded stigma. Greenhouse percristata, see C. argentea. plumosa, see C. argentea. ennial. Campanulaceae. × lucyanus, loo-se-A-nus, hybrid created by M. Desponds in honour of M. Lucy, then president of the Horticultural Society of Marseille.

Celsia, misapplied see below.

arcturus, see Verbascum arcturus. cretica, see Verbascum creticum.

Centaurea, sen- (or ken-) TAW-re-a; from Cephalaria, sef- (or kef-) al-AR-e-a; from Gr. kentauros, centaur. Annuals and perenni- Gr. kephale, a head – flowers collected into heads. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Caprials. Compositae. foliaceae. babylonica, bab-e-LON-ik-a, Babylonian. benedicta, ben-e-DIK-ta, blessed. The Blessed Thistle. cineraria, sin-er-AIR-e-a, from L. cinereus, ashcoloured, referring to the grey down on the undersides of the leaves,. cyanus, see Cyanus segetum. dealbata, see C. cineraria. gymnocarpa, see C. cineraria. macrocephala, mak-ro-SEF-a-la, large headed. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains. moschata, see Amberboa moschata. ruthenica, ru-THEN-ik-a, Russian.

gigantea, ji-GAN-te-a, unusually tall or big. tatarica, see C. gigantea.

Cephalocereus, sef- (or kef-) al-o-SER-e-us; from Gr. kephale, a head; cereus, a cactus, alluding to the woolly headed flowering zone. Cactus. Cactaceae.

senilis, sen-E-lis, old – the appearance given by the long white hairs. The Old Man Cactus.

Cephalophyllum, sef- (or kef-) al-o-FI-lum; from Gr. kephale, a head; phyllon, a leaf,

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CEP–CES alluding to the compact head of leaves. Succulents. Aizoaceae.

1934), English horticulturist, who developed the gardens at Warley Place, Essex.

tricolorum, trik-ol-OR-um, three-coloured.

Cercis, SIR-sis; from Gr. kerkis, a weaver’s Cephalotaxus, sef- (or kef-) al-o-TAKS-us; shuttle; a name given by Theophrastus from from Gr. kephale, a head; taxus, yew, resem- the resemblance in the shape of the flattened bling yew with a inflorescence head. Ever- fruits. Trees and shrubs. Leguminosae. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. green shrubs and small trees. Taxaceae. harringtonii, har-ring-TO-ne-i, after Major-Gen- siliquastrum, sil-e-KWAS-trum, from siliqua, a botanic name for pods having a partition eral Charles Stanhope, 4th Earl of Harringbetween the seeds. The Judas Tree. ton (1780–1851), said to be one of the first to grow the plant in Europe. Cereus, SE-re-us; from L. cereus, wax taper,

Cephalotus, sef- (or kef-) al-O-tus; from Gr. referring to the candle-like shape of some of kephalotes, small head, referring to the glan- the species. Cacti. Cactaceae. flagelliformis, see Disocactus flagelliformis. dular head of stamens. Greenhouse herbagrandiflorus, see Selenicereus grandiflorus. ceous plants. Cephalotaceae. hystrix, HIS-trix, like a porcupine. follicularis, fol-lik-ul-A-ris, like a follicle – the leaves.

macdonaldiae, see Selenicereus macdonaldiae. nycticalus, see Selenicereus grandiflorus. speciosissimus, see Heliocereus speciosus. spegazzinii, speg-az-ZIN-e-i, after Carlo Luigi Spegazzini (1858–1926), Italian born Argentinian botanist.

Cerastium, ser-AS-te-um; from Gr. keras, a horn, the seed capsules of some species appearing like horns as they emerge from the calyx. Rock and border plants. CaryoCerinthe, ser- (or ker-) IN-thee; from Gr. phyllaceae. biebersteinii, bi-ber-STI-ne-i, after Friedrich keros, wax; anthos, a flower, once believed August Marschall von Bieberstein (1768– that the flowers were frequented by bees. 1826), botanist and plant collector in Russia. Half-hardy annual. The Honeyworts. Bortomentosum, to-men-TO-sum, felted – the leaves. aginaceae. major, MA-jor, greater.

Cerasus, misapplied see below.

avium, see Prunus avium. japonica, see Prunus japonica. laurocerasus, see Prunus laurocerasus. lusitanica, see Prunus lusitanica.

Ceratophyllum, ser-at-o-FIL-lum; from Gr. keras, a horn; phyllon, a leaf, the divisions of the leaves suggesting horns. Submerged aquatics. Hornwort. Ceratophyllaceae. demersum, de-MER-sum, down under – the water. submersum, sub-MER-sum, submerged.

Ceropegia, ker-o-PE-je-a; from Gr. keros, wax; pege, a fountain, referring to the form and waxy appearance of the flowers. Greenhouse trailing plants. Apocynaceae.

elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. sandersonii, san-der-SO-ne-i, discovered in 1867 by John Sanderson (1829–1881), Scottish plant collector, who emigrated to the Natal in 1850. woodii, WOOD-e-i, named after John Medley Wood (1827–1915), South African botanist, curator of the Durban Botanic Gardens. Wood discovered it in 1881 growing on Groenberg in Natal.

Ceratostigma, ser-at-o-STIG-ma; from Gr. keras, a horn and stigma; alluding to the horn-like branches of the stigma. Shrubs. Cestrum, KES-trum (or SES-trum); Greek name however applied to another subject. Plumbaginaceae. plumbaginoides, plum-bay-gee-NOY-dees, resem- Greenhouse flowering shrubby plants. Solabling Plumbago. naceae. willmottianum, wil-mot-te-A-num, commemorating Miss Ellen Ann Wilmott (1858–

aurantiacum, coloured.

aw-RAN-te-a-kum,

orange-

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CET–CHE elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. Chamaepeuce, misapplied see below. fasciculatum, fas-sik-ul-A-tum, bundled, that is, casabonae, see Ptilostemon casabonae. the flowers. diacantha, see Cirsium diacanthum. newellii, see C. fasciculatum.

Chamaerops, kam-E-rops; from Gr. chamai, Ceterach, SET-er-ak; origin obscure; said to on the ground or dwarf; rhops, a twig, sugbe an ancient Persian name for Fern. The gesting the form in contrast to the tall palms. Scale Fern. Aspleniaceae. Greenhouse palms. Arecaceae. officinarum, of-fis-in-AR-um, of the shop, herbal.

excelsa, see Rhapis excelsa.

Chaenomeles, sha-no-MA-leez; from Gr. fortunei, see Trachycarpus fortunei. chaino, to split ground; melon, apple. humilis, HUM-il-is, low or dwarf. Rosaceae. Chara, KAR-a; possibly from Gr. karis, grace japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. or beauty. Submerged Algae. Characeae. sinensis, si-NEN-sis, Chinese. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy. × superba, su-PER-ba, superb.

aspera, AS-per-a, rough to the touch. fragifera, frag-IF-er-a, the red fruiting bodies resembling Fragaria (strawberry). vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

Chamaecyparis, kam (sham)-e-SIP-a-ris, from Gr. chamai, on the ground; kuparissos, Charieis, misapplied see below. cypress. Coniferous trees. Cupressaceae.

heterophylla, see Felicia heterophylla. lawsoniana, law-so-ne-A-na, after Charles Lawson (1794–1873), an Edinburgh nurse- Cheilanthes, ky-LANTH-eez; from Gr. ryman, who introduced this species from cheilos, a lip; anthos, a flower, referring to the North America in 1854. indusium. Greenhouse ferns. Pteridaceae. obtusa, ob-TU-sa, blunt. pisifera, pis-IF-e-ra, pea-bearing, the cones being elegans, see C. myriophylla. hirta, HER-ta, hairy. round like peas. myriophylla, mir-e-OF-il-a, many leaved. The Chamaecytisus, kam-e-SY-tis-us; from Gr. Lace Fern.

chamai, on the ground; cytisus, Cytisus – a low growing broom. Small trees and shrubs. Cheiranthus, misapplied see below. × allionii, see Erysimum × marshallii. Leguminosae. × cheiri, see Erysimum × cheiri. albus, AL-bus, white.

Cheiridopsis, ky-rid-OP-sis; from Gr. cheiris, Chamaedaphne, kam (sham)-e-DAF-ne; from Gr. chamai, on the ground; Daphne, a sleeve; opsis, like, refers to the withered laurel – a dwarf plant resembling laurel. Her- sheath surrounding the new foliage. Greenhouse succulents. Aizoaceae. baceous perennial. Ericaceae. calyculata, kal-ik-u-LA-ta, small-calyxed.

candidissima, see C. denticulata. caroli-schmidtii, kar-O-le-smid-e-i, after Carl Schmidt (1848–1919), German nurseryman, owner of Haage & Schmidt, Erfurt. denticulata, den-tik-u-LA-ta, toothed, the leaves.

Chamaelirium, kam-e-LIR-e-um; from Gr. chamai, on the ground; leirion, Lily – a dwarf lily-like plant. Herbaceous perennial. Melanthiaceae. Chelidonium, kel-id-O-ne-um; from Gr. carolinianum, see C. luteum. chelidon, a swallow, the plant (Greater luteum, LU-te-um, yellow. Celandine) being supposed to flower and Chamaemelum, kam-E-mel-um; from fade with the arrival and departure of the Gr. chamai, on the ground; melon, apple. swallow. Hardy herbaceous. Papaveraceae. Annual and herbaceous perennial plants. majus, MA-jus, great. There is a double form. Compositae. nobile, no-bil-e, noble referring to the large Chelone, ke-LO-ne; Gr. kelone, a tortoise, the helmet of the flower suggesting the shape of flowers for a small plant. The Chamomile. — 34 —

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CHE–CHR that reptile. Herbaceous plants. Plantaginaceae. barbata, see Penstemon barbatus. glabra, GLAB-ra, smooth – the leaves. obliqua, ob-LEE-kwa, with unequal sides.

× dewitteana, de-wit-TE-a-na, dedicated to Dominique de Witt, nurseryman of Try, Ceroux, Belgium. ternata, ter-NA-ta, with three leaflets. The Mexican Orange.

Chorizema, kor-is-E-ma; Legume discovered by Labillardière in 1792 in Australia. A contraction from Gr. choris, separate; nema, thread, the filaments of their stamina being bonus-henricus, BO-nus-hen-REE-kus, literally separate from each other. Greenhouse flowgood Henry. Good King Henry or Lincoln- ering shrubs. Leguminosae.

Chenopodium, ken-o-POD-e-um; from Gr. chen, a goose; podion, a little foot; from the shape of the leaves. Hardy culinary and ornamental plants. Amaranthaceae. shire Spinach. capitatum, kap-it-A-tum, in heads – the fruits. Strawberry Spinach or Strawberry Blite.

cordatum, kor-DA-tum, heart shaped. ilicifolium, il-is-if-O-le-um, Ilex (holly) leaved.

umbellata, um-bel-LA-ta, flowers in an umbel.

dentata, den-TA-ta, toothed, the leaves.

Christella, kris-TEL-la; in honour of Konrad Chimaphila, kim-AF-il-a; from Gr. cheima, Hermann Heinrich Christ (1833–1933), winter; phileo, to love, the plants are green in Swiss botanist, who specialised in ferns. winter. Dwarf shrubs. Ericaceae. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, spotted. The Spotted Tropical and subtropical ferns. Thelypteridaceae. Wintergreen. Chimonanthus, kim-on-AN-thus; from Gr. cheima, winter; anthos, a flower, alluding to the flowering of Chimonanthus praecox (Winter Sweet) in the early year. Shrub. Calycanthaceae. fragrans, see C. praecox. praecox, PRA-koks, early flowering.

Chionodoxa, misapplied see below. luciliae, see Scilla luciliae. sardensis, see Scilla sardensis.

Chionoscilla, misapplied see Scilla × allenii. Chlidanthus, kly-DAN-thus; from Gr. chlideios, delicate; anthos, a flower. Half-hardy bulbous plants. Amaryllidaceae. fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant.

Chlorophytum, klo-rof-it-um; from Gr. chloros, green; phyton, a plant. Greenhouse herbaceous plant with variegated leaves. Asparagaceae.

Chrysalidocarpus, misapplied see below. lutescens, see Dypsis lutescens.

Chrysanthemum, kris-AN-the-mum; from Gr. chrysos, gold; anthemum, a flower, the flowers being golden, or with yellow disks. Annuals and perennials. Compositae.

arcticum, see Arctanthemum arcticum. carinatum, see Ismelia carinata. coronarium, see Glebionis coronaria. frutescens, see Argyranthemum frutescens. indicum, IN-dik-um, Indian. The Greenhouse Chrysanthemum. leucanthemum, see Leucanthemum vulgare. maximum, MAKS-e-mum, largest. The Shasta Daisy. × morifolium, mor-e-FO-le-um, leaves resembling Morus (mulberry). The greenhouse and border chrysanthemums. segetum, seg-E-tum, of cornfields. The Corn Marigold. × sinense, see C. × morifolium. uliginosum, see Leucanthemella serotina.

capense, ka-pen-se, of the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Chrysogonum, kris-OG-o-num; from Gr. elatum, see C. capense.

chrysos, gold; gonu, a joint, the golden Choisya, CHOY-se-a; in honour of Jacques flowers appearing at the joints of the stem. Denys Choisy (1799–1859), Swiss clergy- Hardy herbaceous. Compositae. virginianum, vir-jin-e-A-num, of Virginia, U.S.A. man and botanist. Shrub. Rutaceae. — 35 —

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CHR–CLA Chrysosplenium, kris-os-PLE-ne-um; from Cissus, SIS-sus; from Gr. kissos, ivy, in referGr. chrysos, gold; splen, spleen, the colour of ence to the climbing habit of these plants. the flowers and medicinal use for the spleen. Greenhouse climbers. Vitaceae. antarctica, an-TARK-tik-a, southern. Dwarf hardy plants. Saxifragaceae. alternifolium, al-ter-ne-FO-le-um, leaves alternate. oppositifolium, op-pos-it-e-FO-le-um, leaves opposite.

discolor, see C. javana. javana, ja-VAR-na, of Java. striata, stri-A-ta, fluted or grooved – presumably the angled stems.

Chysis, KY-sis; from Gr. chysis, melting; Cistanthe, sis-TAN-the; the name alludes to fused appearance of pollen masses. Warm- the appearance of the flowers, which resemble those of Cistus. Succulent flowering house orchids. Orchidaceae. plants. Portulacaceae. aurea, AW-re-a, golden. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered.

bractescens, brak-TES-enz, with bracts.

Cichorium, sik-OR-e-um; an old Arabic Cistus, SIS-tus; ancient Gr. kistos, name of the plant. The Rock Rose. Flowering Shrubs name for Chicory. Gr. kichore. Salad and and rock plants. Cistaceae. root vegetable. Compositae. albidus, AL-bid-us, nearly white – the leaves. endivia, en-DEE-ve-a. The Endive. intybus, IN-tib-us, from L. intubus, wild chicory, the old name for Chicory. The Chicory.

Cimicifuga, sim-is-if-U-ga; from L. cimex, a bug; fugio, to run away, the plant once being used to ward off fleas. Hence the English common name Bugbane. Ranunculaceae. dahurica, see Actaea dahurica. japonica, see Actaea japonica. racemosa, see Actaea racemosa. simplex, see Actaea simplex.

× corbariensis, kor-bar-e-EN-sis, Corbiere, South France. creticus, KRE-tik-us, of Crete. crispus, KRIS-pus, curly – the leaves waved. × cyprius, SIP-re-us, of Cyprus. × florentinus, flor-en-TE-nus, of Florence, Italy. ladaniferus, see C. creticus. laurifolius, law-rif-O-le-us, Laurus (Laurel) leaved. monspeliensis, mon-spe-le-EN-sis, of Montpellier. populifolius, pop-u-lif-O-le-us, Populus (Poplar) leaved. salviifolius, sal-ve-i-FO-le-us, Salvia (Sage) leaved. villosus, see C. creticus.

Cineraria, sin-er-AIR-e-a; from L. cinereus, ash-coloured, referring to the grey down on the undersides of the leaves. Herbaceous Citrullus, sit-RUL-lus; Citrus or Citron-like. The Water Melon. Cucurbitaceae. plants and subshrubs. Compositae. cruenta, see Pericallis cruenta. maritima, see Jacobaea maritima.

lanatus, la-NA-tus, soft-leaved.

erecta, e-REK-ta, erect; upright.

medica, ME-dik-a, median or between. The

Citrus, SIT-rus; classical name first applied Cionura, ki-on-UR-a; from Gr. kion, column to another tree. Greenhouse flowering and or pier; oura, a tail, the upright habit. Decid- fruiting evergreen shrubs. Rutaceae. × aurantium, aw-RAN-te-um, orange. The uous shrub exuding an irritating latex. ApoOrange. cynaceae. limon, LI-mon, lemon. The Lemon. Citron. Cirsium, SIR-se-um; comes from the Gr. trifoliata, trif-o-le-A-ta, three-leaved. kirsos, varicose veins, it was believed the herb was good at soothing the pain from varicose Cladium, KLAD-e-um; from Gr. kladion, a small branch. The flowering stems have veins. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae. diacanthum, di-ak-AN-thum, having two spines. twiggy branches. Bog perennial. Cyperaceae. The Fishbone Thistle.

mariscus, mar-IS-kus, after the genus Mariscus.

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CLA–CLE Cladrastis, klad-RAS-tis; from Gr. klados, a branch; thraustos, fragile, in allusion to the brittle twigs. Flowering shrubs. Leguminosae. kentukea, ken-TUK-e-a, from Kentucky, U.S.A. tinctoria, see C. kentukea.

Clarkia, KLAR-ke-a; after Capt. William Clark (1770–1838), companion of Capt. Meriwether Lewis, explorer of the Rocky Mountain region in 1806. Hardy annuals. Onagraceae. amoena, am-E-na, pleasing. amoena subsp. lindleyi, LIND-le-i, after John Lindley (1799–1865), British botanist, appointed first chair of botany at University College London. amoena subsp. whitneyi, WHIT-ne-i, after Josiah Whitney (1819–1896), professor of geology Harvard University, head of the California State Geological Survey, in whose pursuit it was discovered. breweri, BROO-er-i, after William Henry Brewer (1828–1910), American botanist, pioneer explorer in California. concinna, kon-SIN-na, neat, pretty. elegans, see C. unguiculata. pulchella, pul-KEL-la, pretty. unguiculata, un-gwik-ul-A-ta, narrow-clawed, the lower end of the petal.

Claytonia, klay-TO-ne-a; after John Clayton (1686–1773), pioneer American plant collector. Succulent perennial herbs. Montiaceae. perfoliata, per-fo-le-A-ta, the leaf-stem pierced. sibirica, si-BIR-ik-a, of Siberia.

Clematis, KLEM-a-tis; from Gr. klema, a vine branch, alluding to the vine-like habit of the climbing species. Climbers and woody-based perennials. Ranunculaceae.

heracleifolia, her-ak-le-FO-le-a; with leaves resembling Heracleum. lanuginosa, lan-u-jin-O-sa, downy. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia (China). paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, flowers in a panicle or branching inflorescence. recta, REK-ta, upright. tangutica, tan-GU-te-ka, Tangusian, Siberia. terniflora, ter-ne-FLOR-a, flowers in clusters of three. Sweet Autumn Clematis. texensis, TEX-en-sis, of Texas, U.S.A. vitalba, vit-AL-ba, the white vine. The Wild Clematis, Virgin’s Bower or Traveller’s Joy. viticella, vit-e-SEL-la, vine-bower.

Cleome, kle-O-me; derivation uncertain. Tropical plants. Cleomaceae. gigantea, see C. viridiflora. viridiflora, vir-id-e-FLOR-a, with green flowers.

Clerodendrum, kler-o-DEN-drum; from Gr. kleros, chance; dendron, a tree, in allusion to the various medicinal qualities of the genus, Greenhouse and hardy shrubs and climbers. Lamiaceae.

balfourii, see C. thomsoniae. bungei, BUN-je-e, after Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge (1803–1890), a Russian botanist. chinense, tshi-NEN-se, of China. fallax, see C. speciosissimum. fargesii, see C. trichotomum var. fargesii. foetidum, see C. bungei. fragrans, see C. chinense. speciosissimum, spes-e-o-SIS-se-mum, most showy. thomsoniae, tom-SO-ne-e, discovered by Rev. W.C. Thomson in Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa – now Calabar, Nigeria), who wished it to be named after his late wife. trichotomum, try-KO-to-mum, branches or stems dividing into three. trichotomum var. fargesii, FAR-ge-se-i, after Père Paul Guillaume Farges (1844–1912), missionary and plant collector in China.

alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or alpine. armandii, ar-MAN-de-i, after Armand David (1826–1900), French missionary in China. Clethra, KLE-thra; from Gr. klethra, name coccinea, see C. texensis. for an Alder, which some species resemble. davidiana, see C. heracleifolia. flammula, FLAM-u-la, a little flame. Shrubs and trees. Clethraceae. florida, FLOR-id-a, from L. floridus, flowering acuminata, a-ku-min-A-ta, long-pointed, the abundantly. leaves. alnifolia, al-nif-O-le-a, Alnus (Alder) leaved. graveolens, GRAV-e-ol-enz, strong smelling.

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CLI–COI Clianthus, kli-AN-thus; from Gr. kleios, Grass (C. officinalis). Annual and perennial glory; anthos, a flower. Climbing shrubs. herbs. Brassicaceae. acaulis, a-KAW-lis, stalkless, the plants. Leguminosae. puniceus, pu-NIK-e-us, reddish-purple. New Zealand Glory Pea.

armoracia, see Armoracia rusticana. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (herbal).

Clinopodium, klin-o-PO-de-um; from Gr. Cocos, ko-kos; from Portuguese coco, a mask, kline, bed; podion diminutive of pous, a in allusion to the face like appearance of the foot, the flowers being in whorls one above nut. Arecaceae. another in the shape of an old fashioned nucifera, nu-SIF-er-a, nut-bearing. weddelliana, see Lytocaryum weddellianum. bed’s foot. Perennial herbs. Lamiaceae. alpinum, al-PINE-um (or al-PIN-um), of the Codariocalyx, ko-da-re-O-ka-liks; from Gr. Alps or alpine. koidarion, sheepskin; kalyx, calyx. Shrubs. grandiflorum, gran-dif-LO-rum, large flowered. thymifolium, ty-mif-OL-e-um, Thymus (Thyme) Leguminosae.

motorius, mo-tor-E-us, from L. motus, to move, capable of rapid movement.

leaved.

Clintonia, klin-TO-ne-a; after DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), Governor of New Codiaeum, ko-de-EE-um; from the Ternate York and botanist. Woodland herbs. Lil- native name kodiho. Tropical variegated shrubs. Euphorbiaceae. iaceae. uniflora, uni-FLOR-a, one flowered, that is blooms solitary.

angustifolium, see C. variegatum. chelsonii, see C. variegatum. interruptum, see C. variegatum. variegatum, var-e-eg-A-tum, leaves variegated. warrenii, see C. variegatum.

Clivia, KLY-ve-a; named after Charlotte Percy, Duchess of Northumberland (1787– 1866), member of the Clive family. HerbaCodonopsis, ko-don-OP-sis; from Gr. kodon, ceous perennials. Amaryllidaceae. a bell; opsis, resemblance, the flowers being miniata, min-e-A-ta, vermilion coloured. bell-shaped. Tender perennials. Campanunobilis, NO-bil-is, large or noble. laceae. Cnicus, NY-kus; L. name of safflower, early clematidea, klem-at-ID-e-a, resembling Clematis. name applied to thistles. Annual herb. Com- ovata, o-VA-ta, egg-shaped; the leaves. positae. Coelogyne, se-LOG-e-ne; from Gr. koilos, casabonae, see Ptilostemon casabonae. hollow; gyne, woman, in allusion to the diacantha, see Ptilostemon diacantha. pungens, PUN-jenz, piercing – the leaves are pistil. Cool-house orchids. Orchidaceae. sharp pointed.

cristata, kris-TA-ta, crested lipped. dayana, see C. pulverula.

Cobaea, ko-BE-a; after Bernabé Cobo massangeana, see C. tomentosa. (1580–1657), Spanish Jesuit priest and pulverula, pul-ver-U-la, powdered. naturalist in Mexico, whence most species speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy. come. Half-hardy climbing plants. Pole- tomentosa, to-men-TO-sa, downy foliage. moniaceae. Coffea, KOF-fe-a; from quahouch, the scandens, SKAN-denz, climbing. Arabic name for the liquor of coffee. TropCoccothrinax, kok-o-THRIN-aks, from Gr. ical shrub. Rubiaceae. kokkos, a berry; thrinax, a trident. Warm- arabica, ar-AB-ik-a, from Arabia. The Coffee Tree. house palms. Arecaceae. argentea, ar-JEN-te-a, silvery, the foliage.

Coix, KO-iks; name given by Theophrastus Cochlearia, kok-le-AR-e-a; from L. cochlea, for a reed-leaved plant. Annual ornamental spoon; refers to concave leaves of Scurvy grass. Poaceae. — 38 —

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COL–CON Columnea, kol-UM-ne-a; in honour of Fabius Columna (1567–1640), Italian Colchicum, KOL-chi-kum; named after writer on plants. Shrubs. Gesneriaceae. gloriosa, see C. microcalyx. Colchis, a region on the coast of the Black magnifica, mag-NIF-ik-a, magnificent. Sea, where the plant abounds. Hardy bulbs. microcalyx, mi-kro-KA-liks, from Gr. mikros, Colchicaceae. small; kalyx, calyx. lacryma-jobi, LAK-rim-a-JO-be, literally Job’s tears.

autumnale, aw-tum-NA-le, autumnal flowering. bulbocodium, bul-bo-KO-de-um, from L. bulbus, a globular root (bulb); kodion, wool, with which the bulbs are covered. × byzantinum, bi-zan-TE-num, from Byzantium, a hybrid first described by Clusius in 1601. giganteum, see C. speciosum. speciosum, spes-e-O-sum, showy.

Coleus, misapplied see below.

blumei, see Plectranthus scutellarioides. fredericii, see Plectranthus welwitschii. thyrsoideus, see Plectranthus thyrsoideus. verschaffeltii, see Plectranthus scutellarioides.

Coluria, ko-LUR-e-a; from Gr. kolos, clipped; oura, tail. Herbaceous perennials. Rosaceae. longifolia, long-if-OL-e-a, long leaves.

Colutea, ko-LU-te-a; from the Gr. koloutea, name used by Theophrastus. Shrubs. Leguminosae. arborescens, ar-bor-ES-cenz, tree like. cruenta, see C. orientalis. media, ME-de-a, midway, medium. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia (China).

Colletia, kol-LE-te-a; called after Philib- Commelina, kom-me-LE-na; named after ert Collet (1643–1718), French botanist. Jan Commelin (1629–1692) and Caspar Shrubs. Rhamnaceae. Commelin (1667–1731), Dutch botanists. armata, see C. hystrix. Annuals and perennials. Commelinaceae. cruciata, see C. paradoxa. coelestis, se-LES-tis, sky blue. hystrix, HIS-trix, like a porcupine. tuberosa, tu-ber-O-sa, tuberous rooted. paradoxa, pa-ra-DOKS-a, paradoxical, contrary Comospermum, ko-mo-SPUR-mum; from to exception.

Gr. koma, tuft of hairs; sperma, a seed. A Collinsia, kol-LIN-se-a; called after Zac- genus of one species of flowering plant. cheus Collins (1764–1831), a naturalist, Asparagaceae. of Philadelphia. Hardy annuals. Plantagi- yedoense, yed-o-EN-se, of Yeddon, Japan. naceae. Conicosia, kon-e-KO-se-a; from Gr. konikos, bicolor, see C. verna. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, Gr. hetero, diverse; conical, the conical top of the fruit. Greenhouse succulent. Aizoaceae. phylla, leaves. verna, VER-na, spring, spring-flowering.

pugioniformis, shaped.

pu-je-e-o-nif-OR-mis,

dagger

Collomia, kol-LO-me-a; from Gr. kolla, glue, referring to the mucilage around the seeds. Coniogramme, ko-ne-o-GRAM-me; from Gr. konis, dusty; gramme, line, in allusion Hardy annuals. Polemoniaceae. biflora, bif-LO-ra, two-flowered, that is, in pairs. to the sori being continuous along the veins. Ferns. Pteridaceae. coccinea, see C. biflora. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan.

Colocasia, kol-o-KAS-e-a; from Gr. kolokasia, name for the root of an Egyptian plant. Conophytum, kon-OF-i-tum; from Gr. Tropical tuberous rooted foliage plants. konos, a cone; phyton, a plant, in allusion to the form of many species – an inverted cone. Araceae. Greenhouse succulents. The Pebble Plants. affinis, af-FIN-nis, related or similar to. antiquorum, an-te-KOR-um, ancient. Aizoaceae. esculenta, es-kul-EN-ta, esculent or edible.

aggregatum, see C. piluliforme.

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CON–COR globosum, glo-BO-sum, spherical. longum, LONG-um, long – the leaves, for the genus. minutum, min-U-tum, small, minute. mundum, see C. obcordellum. obcordellum, ob-kor-DEL-lum, obversely heartshaped. The narrow end being at the base. piluliforme, pil-ul-e-FOR-me; from L. pilula, a pill; forma, shape, forming mats or domes.

Cordyline, kor-dil-Y-ne; from Gr. kordyle, a club, in reference to the thickened roots. Greenhouse palm-like plants. Asparagaceae.

ajacis, aj-A-kis, this name has been stated to be found on some marks at the base of the united petals which were compared to the Greek letters AIAI. regalis, re-GA-lis, Royal, stately. sulphurea, sul-FU-re-a, sulphur yellow, the flowers.

auriculata, aw-rik-ul-A-ta, ear-shaped – the leaves. coronata, see C. nuecensis. douglasii, dug-LAS-e-i, after David Douglas (1799–1834), Scottish plant collector. drummondii, drum-MON-de-i, in honour of Thomas Drummond (1780–1835), who collected across North America. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. lanceolata, lan-se-o-LA-ta, the leaves lanceshaped. maritima, mar-IT-im-a, of the sea. nuecensis, new-SEN-sis, native to the Nueces river area in SE Texas. rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured. stillmanii, STIL-man-e-i, after Jacob David Babcock Stillman (1819–1888), physician and botanist. tinctoria, tink-TOR-e-a, reference to dyeing – the variously coloured flowers. verticillata, ver-tis-il-LA-ta, whorled – the leaves.

australis, aws-TRA-lis, southern. fruticosa, frut-ik-O-sa, shrubby. indivisa, in-de-VY-sa, not divided. lineata, see C. indivisa.

Coreopsis, kor-e-OP-sis; from Gr. koris, a bug or tick; opsis, resemblance, from the appearConsolida, kon-soh-LID-a; from L. conso- ance of the seed, hence the common name lido, to make firm, medieval name applied to of Tickseed. Annuals and perennials. Comanother plant (a wound-healing herb) and positae. transferred to this genus. Annuals. The Lark- aristosa, see Bidens aristosa. atkinsoniana, see C. tinctoria. spur. Ranunculaceae.

Convallaria, kon-val-LAIR-e-a; from L. convallium, a valley, the natural habitat of the Lily of the Valley. Hardy herbaceous. Asparagaceae. majalis, maj-A-lis, May – the time of flowering.

Convolvulus, kon-VOL-vu-lus; from L. convolvo, to entwine, alluding to the twining habit of some species. Shrubby, herbaceous and rock plants. Convolvulaceae.

althaeoides, al-the-OY-dees, resembling Althaea (Hollyhock) – the flowers. cantabrica, kan-TAB-rik-a, Cantabria, Spain. cneorum, ne-OR-um, from Gr. kneoron, the shrub resembling olive. lineatus, lin-e-A-tus, with lines. mauritanicus, see C. sabatius. nitidus, NIT-id-us, shining. sabatius, sa-BA-te-us, native to Vado Ligure, in antiquity Vada Sabatia, north-west Italy. soldanella, see Calystegia soldanella. tenuissimus, ten-u-IS-sim-us, most slender. tricolor, TRIK-o-lor, three coloured.

Coprosma, kop-ROZ-ma; from Gr. kopros, dung; osme, a smell; alluding to the unpleasant odour. Greenhouse shrub. Rubiaceae. baueri, bo-EE-re, collected by Ferdinand Bauer (1760–1826), in 1803–1805.

Coriaria, kor-e-AIR-e-a; from L. corium, hide, from the use made of some kinds in tanning leather. The Tanner’s tree. Shrubs. Coriariaceae. terminalis, ter-min-A-lis, flowers terminal.

Cornus, KOR-nus; the Latin name for Cornelian Cherry (C. mas). Trees and shrubs. Cornaceae.

alba, AL-ba, from the L. alba, white. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. candidissima, see C. florida. capitata, kap-it-A-ta, growing in a dense head. florida, FLOR-id-a, from L. floridus, flowering abundantly. glabrata, gla-BRA-ta, glabrous.

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COR–COR kousa, KOO-sa, a Japanese name. mas, mas, male (mascula of Linnaeus). nuttallii, NUT-al-le-i, after Thomas Nuttall (1786–1859), English botanist and plant collector. Nuttall found this specimen near Fort Vancouver. sanguinea, san-GWIN-e-a, blood red. sericea, ser-IS-e-a, silky – the leaves. stolonifera, see C. sericea.

Corokia, kor-O-ke-a; adapted from korokia-taranga, the Maori name. Shrubs. Argophyllaceae.

buddlieoides, bud-le-e-OY-dez, resembling Buddleja. cotoneaster, ko-to-ne-AS-ter, resembling Cotoneaster. macrocarpa, mak-ro-KAR-pa, large fruits. × virgata, vir-GA-ta, with willowy twigs.

Corydalis, kor-ID-a-lis; from Gr. korydalis, the crested lark (derivation korys, a helmet), alluding to the shape of the petals. Herbaceous and rock plants. Papaveraceae. bulbosa, see C. solida. cava, KA-va, hollow, or cave-like – the bulbous root. cheilanthifolia, ky-lanth-e-FO-le-a, with foliage resembling Cheilanthus. lutea, see Pseudofumaria lutea. solida, SOL-id-a, solid – the fleshy root. thalictrifolia, thal-ik-trif-O-le-a, leaves resembling Thalictrum.

Corylopsis, kor-il-OP-sis; from Gr. korylos, hazel; opsis, like, the leaves resembling Corylus. Shrubs and small trees. Hamamelidaceae. pauciflora, paw-se-FLOR-a, with few flowers.

Coronilla, kor-o-NIL-la; meaning a little spicata, spe-KA-ta, spiked – the inflorescence. crown, from L. corona, a crown or garland, in reference to the disposition of the umbels. Corylus, KOR-il-us; the Gr. name, possibly from Gr. korys, hood or helmet; the calyx Rock plants and shrubs. Leguminosae. covering the nut. Shrubs. Betulaceae. cappadocica, see Securigera orientalis. emeroides, see Hippocrepis emerus subsp. emeroides. avellana, av-el-LA-na, after Avella Vecchia near Naples, Italy, where the Hazel was grown for emerus, see Hippocrepis emerus. its nuts. The Hazel and Cobnut. glauca, see C. valentina subsp. glauca. colurna, ko-LUR-na, classical name. minima, MIN-e-ma, from L. minimus, smallest. maxima, MAKS-im-a, greatest. The Filbert. valentina, val-en-TE-na, from Valencia, Spain. valentina subsp. glauca, GLAW-ka, sea-green, the Corymbia, ko-RIM-be-a; from Gr. korymbos, foliage. cluster, the genus distinguished as forming varia, see Securigera varia.

corymb inflorescences. Trees. Myrtaceae. Correa, kor-RE-a; after Jose Francesco citriodora, sit-re-o-DOR-a, lemon scented. Correa de Serra (1750–1823), a Portuguese botanist. Greenhouse evergreen flowering Corynabutilon, kor-IN-a-BU-til-on; from Gr. koryne, a club; and Abutilon. Shrubs. shrubs. Rutaceae. cardinalis, see C. reflexa var. cardinalis. Malvaceae.

reflexa, re-FLEKS-a, leaves bent back, recurved. vitifolium, vi-tif-O-le-um, the leaves resembling reflexa var. cardinalis, kar-din-A-lis, scarlet, carVitis (grape vine). dinal red. Coryphantha, kor-if-ANTH-a; from Gr. speciosa, see C. reflexa. koryphe, summit; anthos, a flower, the flowers ventricosa, see C. reflexa.

Cortaderia, kaw-ta-deer-E-a; from the ver- appearing at the top of the plant. Cacti. Cacnacular Argentine name cortadera meaning taceae. chlorantha, see Escobaria dasyacantha. cutting. Ornamental grasses. Poaceae. clava, KLA-va, club shaped. selloana, sel-lo-A-na, after Friedrich Sellow (1789–1831), German traveller and naturalist, who made extensive collections in Brazil and Uruguay.

Cortusa, misapplied see below. matthioli, see Primula matthioli.

echinus, ek-IN-us, from Gr. echinos, hedgehog. elephantidens, el-ef-AN-tid-enz, elephant’s tooth. macromeris, mak-rom-E-ris, large-flowered. ottonis, ot-TO-nis, after Christoph Friedrich Otto (1783–1856), German botanist, curator of the Berlin Botanic Garden.

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COS–CRA pectinata, see C. echinus. pycnacantha, pik-nak-AN-tha, densely spined. sulcolanata, see C. elephantidens.

Cosmea, KOS-me-a; from Gr. kosmos, beautiful. Annual and perennial herbs. Compositae. bipinnata, bi-pin-A-ta, the leaves double pinnate. diversifolia, di-ver-see-FO-le-a, diversely leaved.

Cosmos, KOS-mos; from Gr. kosmos, beautiful; in reference to the flowers. Half-hardy annuals. Compositae. bipinnatus, bi-pin-A-tus, the leaves double pinnate. diversifolius, di-ver-see-FO-le-us, diversely leaved. diversifolius var. dahlioides, day-le-OY-deez, resembling Dahlia. sulphureus, sul-FUR-e-us, sulphur coloured – the flowers.

Cota, KO-ta; possibly from classical generic name used as a specific epithet for Anthemis cota. Herbs. Compositae.

the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle in Paris. frigidus, FRIJ-id-us, growing in cold regions. harrovianus, har-ro-VE-a-nus, after George Harrow (1858–1940), manager of Veitch’s Coombe Wood nursery. henryanus, hen-re-A-nus, after Dr. Augustine Henry (1857–1930), plant collector and dendrologist. horizontalis, hor-e-zon-TA-lis, horizontal – the habit of growth. humifuus, see C. dammeri. lucidus, LU-sid-us, shining that is the leaves. microphyllus, mi-krof-IL-lus, small leaved. multiflorus, mul-tif-LO-rus, many flowered. pannosus, pan-NO-sis, tattered – the foliage. rotundifolius, ro-tun-dif-O-le-us, round-leaved. salicifolius, sal-is-if-O-le-us, Salix (Willow) leaved. simonsii, SI-mons-e-i, after Charles J. Simons (fl. 1820–1854), apothecary and plant collector in Assam and Khasia.

tinctoria, tink-TOR-e-a, of dyers, tingo, to dye. Cotula, KOT-u-la; from Gr. kotyle, a cup, the Dyer’s Chamomile.

bases of the leaves. Dwarf creeping plants. Cotinus, KOT-in-us; old generic name for Compositae. this plant, signifying wild olive. The Smoke barbata, bar-BA-ta, having hooked hairs. Bush. Trees and shrubs. Anacardiaceae. squalida, SKWOL-id-a, squalid or lowly – flow-

coggygria, kog-GY-gre-a, incorrect interpretation er-heads dingy. of the Gr. word kokkugia, name for the smoke Cotyledon, kot-e-LE-don; from Gr. kotyle, tree. obovatus, ob-ov-A-tus, egg-shaped, the broadest meaning cup-shaped, from the round, part near the tip. concave leaves of Navalwort. Mainly Green-

Cotoneaster, ko-to-ne-AS-ter; from L. coto- house succulent perennials. Crassulaceae. neum, quince; aster, a likeness, leaves been agavoides, see Echeveria agavoides. quince like in some species. Shrubs. Rosaceae. atropurpurea, see Echeveria atropurpurea.

adpressus, ad-PRES-sus, close, pressed down fulgens, see Echeveria fulgens. growth; or fruits closely pressed against the gibbiflora, see Echeveria gibbiflora. gibbiflora var. metallica, see Echeveria gibbiflora. branch. applanatus, ap-lan-A-tus, the branches plane-like, retusa, see Echeveria fulgens. secunda, see Echeveria secunda. or flat. bullatus, bul-LA-tus, wrinkled – the upper simplicifolia, sim-plis-e-FO-le-a, having simple (not compound) leaves. surface of the leaves. buxifolius, buks-e-FO-le-us, resembling Buxus umbilicata, see Umbilicus rupestris. (Box) leaves. Crambe, KRAM-bee; from Gr. krambe, congestus, kon-JES-tus, crowded – the habit. dammeri, DAM-mer-i, after Carl Lebrecht Udo cabbage. Hardy herbaceous plants. Brassicaceae. Dammer (1860–1920), German botanist. divaricatus, di-var-e-KA-tus, spread-out, forking cordifolia, kor-dif-OL-e-a, heart shaped. maritima, mar-IT-im-a, of the sea. The Sea Kale. – the branches. franchetii, fran-SHET-e-i, after Adrien René orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia Franchet (1834–1900), French botanist at (China).

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CRA–CRO Crassula, CRAS-sul-a; diminutive form from L. crassus, thick, referring to the thick or fleshy leaves. Greenhouse succulents. Crassulaceae.

hookerianum, hook-er-e-A-num, after Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865), professor of botany, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. patagua, pa-TAG-u-a, Mapuche name for this plant.

arborescens, ar-bor-ES-senz, tree-like. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. cotyledon, see C. arborescens. Crinum, KRY-num; from Gr. krinon, a lily. dichotoma, dye-ko-TOME-a, repeatedly dividing Greenhouse and hardy bulbous plants. Amainto two branches. ryllidaceae. falcata, see C. perfoliata var. falcata. bulbispermum, bul-be-SPER-mum, from Gr. lactea, LAK-te-a, milk white. bolbos, a bulb; sperma, a seed. obtusa, ob-TU-sa, blunt. capense, see C. bulbispermum. perfoliata, per-fol-e-A-ta, perfoliate leaved – the moorei, MOOR-e-e, after Dr. David Moore leaves pierced by the stem. (1808–1879), Scottish botanist, director of perfoliata var. falcata, fal-KA-ta, sickle-shaped – National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin from the leaves. 1838–1879. Crataegus, kra-TE-gus; Gr. krataigos, a flow- × powellii, POW-el-e-i, raised by Mr. Powell of Old Hall, Southborough, Tonbridge Wells.

ering thorn, believed to be derived from kratos, strength, alluding to the hardness of Crocosmia, kro-KOS-me-a; from Gr. krokos, the wood. Shrubs and trees. Rosaceae. saffron; osme, odour. The dried flowers emit calpodendron, kal-po-DEN-dron, from Gr. kalpis, a strong saffron smell when placed in water. urn; dendron, tree, the flowers being upright Perennial monocot. Iridaceae. and urn-shaped. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves. crus-galli, kroos-GAL-le, literally a cock’s leg. The Cockspur Thorn. laevigata, lev-e-GA-ta, smooth. macracantha, mak-kra-KAN-tha, with large spines. mollis, MOL-lis, soft, with soft hairs. monogyna, mon-o-JIN-a, having a single pistil. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia (China). oxyacantha, see C. laevigata. phaenopyrum, fe-no-PY-rum, from Gr. phaeno, visible; pyrus, pear, alluding to its likeness. Washington Thorn. punctata, punk-TA-ta, the fruits are speckled. tomentosa, see C. calpodendron.

Crepis, KRE-pis; from Gr. krepis, a sandal, reference not clear. Hardy annuals. Compositae. barbata, see Tolpis barbata. rubra, ROO-bra, red.

Crinodendron, kry-no-DEN-dron; from Gr. krinon, lily; dendron, tree, in reference to the flowers. Large shrubs or small trees. Elaeocarpaceae.

× crocosmiiflora, kro-kos-me-i-FLOR-a, flowers like Crocosmia. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, flowers in a panicle or branching inflorescence. pottsii, POTTS-e-i, named in honour of Mr George Honington Potts of Lasswade, Edinburgh.

Crocus, KRO-kus; from Gr. krokos, saffron, possibly from kroke, a thread, the filaments of the styles being the source of the dye. Bulbous perennials. Iridaceae. angustifolius, an-gus-tif-O-le-us, having narrow leaves. aureus, see C. flavus. biflorus, bi-FLOR-us, two-flowered. The Scotch Crocus. chrysanthus, kris-ANTH-us, golden-flowered. flavus, FLA-vus, pure yellow – the flowers. minimus, MIN-e-mus, smallest. nudiflorus, nu-de-FLOR-us, naked-flowered – no foliage present. ochroleucus, ok-ro-LEW-kus, yellowish white flower. sativus, SAT-iv-us, cultivated. The Saffron Crocus. sieberi, SI-ber-e, possibly named after Franz Wilhelm Sieber (1789–1844), plant collector. susianus, see C. angustifolius.

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CRO–CYA vernus, VER-nus, spring flowering. The Dutch or pepo subsp. ovifera, o-VIF-er-a, egg-like, the fruit. spring crocuses are derived from this species. versicolor, ver-SIK-o-lor, changing or varied Cuitlauzina, ku-it-LAW-zee-na; named after Cuitlahuatzin, governor of Iztapalapa, colour.

Mexico. Orchids. Orchidaceae. Crossandra, kros-SAN-dra; from Gr. krossos, pendula, PEN-du-la, pendulous or weeping. a fringe; aner, a man – fringed anthers. EverCuphea, KU-fe-a; from Gr. kyphos, curved, green shrubs and subshrubs. Acanthaceae. infundibuliformis, in-fun-de-bul-E-for-mis, fun- the form of the seed pods. Greenhouse and nel-shaped. bedding plants. Lythraceae. Crucianella, kru-se-an-EL-la; diminutive form of L. crux, cross, the Crosswort. Herbaceous and rock plants. Rubiaceae. maritima, mar-IT-im-a, of sea coasts. stylosa, see Phuopsis stylosa.

Cryophytum, misapplied see below.

ignea, IG-ne-a, fiery – the colour of flowers. The Cigar Plant. llavea, la-VE-a; after Pablo de La Llave (1773– 1833), Mexican priest, politician and naturalist. miniata, see C. llavea. platycentra, see C. ignea.

crystallinum, see Mesembryanthemum crystalliCupressus, ku-PRES-sus; classical name, said num.

to be from Gr. kuo, to produce; parissos, equal, alluding to the symmetrical form of C. sempervirens; possibly from an ancient L. word signifying a box, the wood once used for coffins. Coniferous trees – the Cypresses. ciliata, sil-e-A-ta, an eyelash, fringed with fine Cupressaceae.

Cryptocoryne, krip-to-KOR-in-e; from Gr. kryptos, hidden; koryne, a club – the clublike spadix is enclosed in the spathe. Tropical submerged aquatics. Araceae. hairs – the spath. cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves.

Cryptogramma, krip-to-GRAM-ma; from Gr. kryptos, hidden; gramme, a line, the region of fruiting (spores) being concealed. Hardy ferns. Pteridaceae. crispa, KRIS-pa, curled. The Parsley Fern.

Cryptomeria, krip-to-MEER-e-a; from Gr. krytos, hidden; meris, part, alluding to the hidden floral parts. Coniferous trees. Cupressaceae.

arizonica, ar-i-ZON-ik-a, from Arizona, U.S.A. funebris, fu-NE-bris, pertaining to funerals. lawsoniana, see Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. lusitanica, loo-sit-A-nik-a, of Lusitania (Portugal). macrocarpa, mak-ro-KAR-pa, large fruits. nootkatensis, noot-ka-TEN-sis, of Nootka, North America. obtusa, see Chamaecyparis obtusa. pisifera, see Chamaecyparis pisifera. sempervirens, sem-per-VEER-enz, from L. semper, ever; virens, green. Always green.

japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. Cyananthus, sy-an-AN-thus; from Gr. Cucumis, KU-ku-mis; from L. cucumis, kyanos, dark blue; anthos, a flower. Rock cucumber. Greenhouse climbing plants. plants. Campanulaceae. incanus, in-KA-nus, hoary or grey, the leaves. Cucurbitaceae. citrullus, see Citrullus lanatus. melo, MEE-lo, melon. The Melon. sativus, SAT-iv-us, cultivated. The Cucumber.

Cyanus, sy-AN-us; from Gr. kyanos, dark blue, the name for the Cornflower. Annuals. Compositae.

Cucurbita, ku-KER-bit-a; from L. curbita, segetum, seg-E-tum, of cornfields. The Corna gourd. Greenhouse and tender climbing flower. plants. Gourds and pumpkins. CucurbitaCyathea, sy-a-THE-a; from Gr. kyatheion, a ceae. pepo, PEEP-o, the pre-Linnaean name. The Veg- little cup, the shape of the sori. Greenhouse tree Fern. Cyatheaceae. etable Marrow. — 44 —

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CYC–CYR dealbata, de-al-BA-ta, whitewashed, the colour of the under surface of the frond.

tracyanum, tra-se-A-num, after Henry Amos Tracy (1850–1910), Orchid and bulb specialist of Twickenham.

Cycas, SY-kas; from Gr. kykas, the name of a Cynara, sin-AR-a; from Gr. kyon, a dog, with palm tree. Cycadaceae. revoluta, rev-ol-U-ta, revolute or rolled back, the reference to spines on involucre suggesting leaves. dog’s teeth. Perennial herbs. Compositae. Cyclamen, SIK-la-men; name a contraction of Gr. kyklaminos, from kyklos, a circle, alluding to the coiled stem of the seed vessel. Herbaceous plants. Primulaceae.

cilicicum, si-LIS-ik-um, from Cilicia, an ancient region of Asia Minor. coum, COO-um, of Kos, a Greek Island. coum subsp. caucasicum, kaw-KAS-ik-um, Caucasian. europaeum, see C. purpurascens. hederifolium, hed-er-e-FO-le-um, the leaves resembling Hedera (ivy). ibericum, see C. coum subsp. caucasicum. latifolium, see C. persicum. neapolitanum, see C. hederifolium. persicum, PER-sik-um, of Persia. purpurascens, pur-pur-AS-senz, purple – the flowers. repandum, re-PAN-dum, scalloped, the leaf margins.

cardunculus, kar-DUN-ku-lus, resembles a thistle. The Cardoon or Spanish Artichoke. scolymus, SKOL-im-us, after or like Scolymus. The Giant Artichoke.

Cynoglossum, sin-o-GLOS-sum; from Gr. kyon, dog; glossa, a tongue. The Hound’stongue. Annuals, biennials and perennials. Boraginaceae.

amabile, am-A-bil-e, lovely. coelestinum, see Adelocaryum coelestinum. wallichii, wol-LICH-e-i, after Nathaniel Wallich (1786–1854), Danish surgeon and botanist, who worked for the East India Company and became superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden.

Cyperus, SY-per-us; from old Gr. name kypeiros, for a sedge. Waterside perennials. Cyperaceae. alternifolius, al-ter-ne-FO-le-us, alternate leaved. longus, LONG-us, long, tall. papyrus, pa-PY-rus, paper. The Egyptian Papyrus.

Cydonia, sy-DO-ne-a; classical name for the common quince, derived from the town of Cyphomandra, misapplied see below. Cydon, Crete. Trees. Rosaceae. betacea, see Solanum betaceum. japonica, see Chaenomeles japonica. maulei, see Chaenomeles japonica. oblonga, ob-LON-ga, oblong the leaves. vulgaris, see C. oblonga.

Cypripedium, sip-re-PE-de-um; from Gr. kypris, one of the names of Venus, and podion, a little foot or slipper, literally Venus’ Slipper, now referred to as Lady’s Slipper Cymbalaria, sim-bal-AR-e-a; from Gr. kymOrchid. Greenhouse and hardy terrestrial balon, a cymbal; the shape of the leaves in orchids. Orchidaceae. some species. The Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Her- bellatulum, see Paphiopedilum bellatulum. baceous perennials. Plantaginaceae. calceolus, kal-se-O-lus, a little slipper. aequitriloba, e-kwit-ril-O-ba, three equal lobes, the leaves. muralis, mu-RA-lis, from L. muralis, of walls; found on walls.

Cymbidium, sim-BID-e-um; from Gr. kymbe, a boat, referring to the hollow in the lip. Cool-house orchids. Orchidaceae.

insigne, see Paphiopedilum insigne. macranthos, mak-RANTH-os, large-flowered. reginae, re-JI-ne, of the queen – Queen Victoria. spectabile, see C. reginae. spicerianum, see Paphiopedilum spicerianum. superbiens, see Paphiopedilum superbiens. venustum, see Paphiopedilum venustum. villosum, see Paphiopedilum villosum.

eburneum, eb-UR-ne-um, like ivory. lowianum, low-e-A-num, after Messrs. Low & Cyrtanthus, ser-TAN-thus; from Gr. kyrtos, Co. Clapham nurseries. arched; anthos, a flower; the flowers bend

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CYR–DAH down from the main stalk. Greenhouse bulbs. Amaryllidaceae.

hirsutus, hir-SU-tus, hairy. × kewensis, kew-EN-sis, of Kew Gardens. leucanthus, see Chamaecytisus albus. purgans, PUR-gans, purging – its use in medicine. purpureus, pur-PUR-re-us, purple. scoparius, sko-PAR-e-us, from L. scopae, a broom, a broom made of twigs. The Common Broom. sessilifolius, see Cytisophyllum sessilifolium. supranubius, sue-pra-NEW-be-us, above the clouds, growing at altitude.

angustifolius, an-gus-tif-O-le-us, having narrow leaves. elatus, e-LA-tuss, tall. lutescens, see C. ochroleucus. mackenii, mak-KEN-e-i, discovered at Port Natal, by Mr Mark J. McKen. macowanii, mak-KOW-an-e-i, named for Mr MacOwan, who sent specimens to England from Africa. ochroleucus, ok-ro-LEW-kus, yellow-white or cream-coloured. Daboecia, da-bo-E-se-a; from its Irish

Cyrtochilum, ker- (or ser-) to-KIL-um; from name, St. Dabeoc’s Heath. Dwarf shrub. Gr. kyrtos, curved; cheilos, lip. Orchids. Ericaceae. cantabrica, kan-TAB-rik-a, Cantabria, Spain. Orchidaceae. flexuosum, fleks-u-O-sum, zig-zag – the flower polifolia, see D. cantabrica. stem. Dactylis, DAK-til-is; from Gr. daktylos, a macranthum, mak-RANTH-um, large-flowered.

finger, from the shape of the panicle. The Cyrtomium, kyr-TO-me-um; from Gr. Cocksfoot Grass. Ornamental grass. Poaceae. kyrtos, arched; in allusion to its growth glomerata, glom-er-A-ta, clustered. habit. Ferns. Dryopteridaceae. falcatum, fal-KA-tum, hooked – curved pinnae. Dactylorhiza, dak-til-o-RHY-za; from Gr. daktylos, finger; rhiza, a root, referring to the The False Holly Fern. shape of the tubers. Orchids. Orchidaceae. Cystopteris, sist-OP-ter-is; from Gr. kystis, a foliosa, fo-le-O-sa, profusely leaved, notably the bladder; pteris, a fern. Bladder Fern. Hardy flower stalks. ferns. Cystopteridaceae. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, spotted. bulbifera, bul-BIF-er-a, referring to the little green balls or buds under fronds. fragilis, FRAJ-il-is, fragile – finely leaved. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains.

Cytisophyllum, sy-tis-o-FIL-lum; derived from the genus and section. One species a shrub. Leguminosae.

sessilifolium, ses-sil-if-O-le-um, sessile leaved, that is, stalkless.

Cytisus, SY-tis-us; from Gr. kytisos, trefoil, pertaining to the leaves of many species. Shrubs. Leguminosae.

albus, AL-bus, white. ardoinii, ar-DO-in-e-i after Honoré Jean Baptiste Ardoino (1819–1874) French botanist, who discovered it. × dallimorei, dal-le-MORE-i, after William Dallimore (1871–1959), English botanist. decumbens, de-KUM-benz, prostrate. emeriflorus, em-er-e-FLOR-us, possibly meaning cultivated flower. fragrans, see C. supranubius.

sambucina, sam-BU-kin-a, Sambucus (scent resembling elder).

Dahlia, DAH-le-a; named after Andreas Dahl (1751–1789), a Swedish botanist and pupil of Linnaeus. Originally (and still in America) pronounced DAH-le-a and not DAY-le-a as commonly heard. The dahlias usually grown in gardens are from hybrids from species rarely seen. Half-hardy tuberous herbaceous perennials. Compositae.

coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. imperialis, im-peer-e-A-lis, powerful. juarezii, ju-a-REZ-e-i, after President Benito Jaurez (1806–1872) of Mexico, introduced to the Netherlands from Mexico although possibly itself an early Mexican cultivar. merckii, MERK-e-i, after Heinrich Johann Merck (1770–1853), Merchant banker and Senator of Hamburg. variabilis, var-e-AB-il-is, variable coloured. zimapani, see Cosmos diversifolius.

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DAL–DAV Dalea, DAY-le-a; after Dr. Samuel Dale (1659–1739), English botanist, from Braintree, Essex. Hardy annual and Greenhouse sub-shrub. Leguminosae.

alopecuroides, see D. leporina. mutabilis, see D. obovatifolia. leporina, lep-o-RE-na, hare-like from L. lepus, hare. Hare’s Foot Prairie Clover. obavatifolia, o-bow-VAR-te-fo-le-a, inverted ovate, that is egg shaped with the broadest end uppermost.

Darmera, DAR-mer-a; in honour of Karl Darmer (1843–1918), founder and first president of the Allgemeinen Deutschen Gartner-Verein. Perennial herb. Saxifragaceae. peltata, pel-TA-ta, shaped like a shield, the leaves.

Dasylirion, das-e-LIR-e-on; from Gr. dasys, thick; leirion, lily; referring to the crowded leaves and flowers. Greenhouse evergreen foliage plants. Asparagaceae. glaucophyllum,

glaw-ko-FIL-um,

glau-

Danae, DAN-ee; in Greek mythology the cous-coloured – the leaves. name of the daughter of King Acrisius of Datura, day-TU-ra; vernacular East Indian Argos. Shrub. Asparagaceae. name. Half-hardy annuals and greenhouse racemosa, ras-em-O-sa, resembling a raceme. perennials and shrubs. Solanaceae. Daphne, DAF-ne; Gr. name of Laurus ceratocaula, ser-at-o-KAW-la, horn-stalked. nobilis, some say named after the river god’s cornucopia, see D. metel. daughter in Grecian mythology, who, on fastuosa, see D. metel. being pursued by Apollo, prayed for aid, and inermis, see D. stramonium. was transformed into a Laurel tree. Shrubs. innoxia, in-nox-E-a, from L. innoxia, harmless, not having prickles. Thymelaeaceae. blagayana, blag-ay-A-na, discovered in Sveti Lavrent region of Slovenia by a local farmer in 1837. A flowering branch was presented to Count Rihard Blagnay who forwarded the specimen to his friend, the botanist, Henrik Freyer. cneorum, ne-OR-um, old Greek name. collina, see D. sericea. indica, IN-dik-a, of India. laureola, LAW-re-o-la, a little laurel. The Spurge Laurel. mezereum, me-ZE-re-um, probably from Persian, mazaryum, the Spurge Olive; some authorities believe the word to signify death, the berries being poisonous. The Mezerion. odora, od-O-ra, sweetly scented. petraea, pet-RE-a, growing on rocks. pontica, PON-tik-a, Pontic, the shores of the Black Sea. rupestris, see D. petraea. sericea, ser-IS-e-a, silky – the leaves.

Darlingtonia, dar-ling-TO-ne-a; after Dr. William Darlington (1782–1863), of Philadelphia, physician and botanist. Hardy herbaceous foliage plant. Insectivorous. Sarraceniaceae. californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California.

metel, ME-tel, from Arabic matil, referring to the apothecaries nut, of metel, origin uncertain. meteloides, see D. innoxia. sanguinea, see Brugmansia sanguinea. sauveolens, see Brugmansia suaveolens. stramonium, stra-MO-ne-um, old botanic name for the Thorn Apple of medicine. The Thorn Apple.

Daucus, DAW-kus; from the ancient Gr. name daukos. Annual and biennial. Apiaceae. carota, ka-RO-ta, red-rooted. The Carrot.

Davallia, da-VAL-le-a; after Edmund Davall (1763–1798), Swiss botanist. Tropical and temperate ferns. Davalliaceae.

bullata, bul-LA-ta, blistered. canariensis, ka-nar-e-EN-sis, of the Canary Islands. decora, dek-OR-a, from L. decorus, graceful, neat or becoming. denticulata, den-tik-u-LA-ta, toothed, the leaves. elegans, see D. denticulata. fijiensis, fee-jee-EN-sis, of the Fiji Islands. hirta, HER-ta, hairy. mariesii, mar-EES-e-i, after Charles Maries (1851–1902), plant collector and botanist, who worked for the firm of James Veitch & Sons collecting in Japan and China.

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DAV–DEN mooreana, moor-e-AN-a, after Thomas Moore (1821–1887), botanist and gardener, author of The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland. tyermanni, ty-er-MAN-e, after Mr. Tyerman, curator of Waverley Botanic Garden and Park, Liverpool.

grandiflorum, gran-dif-LO-rum, large flowered. nudicaule, nu-di-KAW-le, naked-stemmed. sulphureum, see Consolida sulphurea. tatsienense, tat-SE-en-EN-se, from Tasienlu (Kangding), western China. triste, TRIS-te, sad, the dull blue of the flowers. zalil, ZAL-il, after Zalil, the vernacular Afghanistan name.

Davidia, da-VID-e-a; after Abbe Jean Pierre Armand David (1826–1900), French missionary and plant collector in China. Tree. Dendrobium, den-DRO-be-um; from Gr. dendron, a tree; bios, life, in allusion to the Cornaceae. involucrata, in-vol-u-KRA-ta, from L. involu- wild plants being found on trees. Tropical crum, roll in, envelop, referring to the bracts orchids, many species epiphytes on trees. covering the inflorescence. Orchidaceae. Decumaria, dek-u-MA-re-a; from L. decimus, ten, the number of the calyx and seed-pods often being in tens. Twining plants. Hydrangeaceae. barbara, BAR-bar-a, foreign.

Deinanthe, de-in-AN-the; from Gr. deinos, wonderful; anthos, flower. Herbaceous perennial. Hydrangeaceae. caerulea, se-RU-le-a, sky-blue.

Delonix, de-LON-ix; from Gr. delos, conspicuous; onux, a claw, alluding to the long clawed petals. Trees. Leguminosae. regia, RE-je-a, royal, princely.

Delosperma, de-lo-SPER-ma; from Gr. delos, manifest; sperma, seed. The seeds being clear or obvious, exposed to the eye. Perennials. Aizoaceae. cooperi, KOO-per-e, after Thomas Cooper (1815– 1913), English plant collector, who collected in South Africa between 1859 to 1862. echinatum, ek-in-A-tum, the spines resembling a hedgehog.

bigibbum, big-IB-bum, two-humped. chrysanthum, kris-ANTH-um, golden flowered. chrysotoxum, kris-ot-OX-um, golden arched. dalhousianum, see D. pulchellum. densiflorum, den-sif-LOR-um, dense flowered. fimbriatum, fim-bre-A-tum, fringed. infundibulum, in-fun-DIB-u-lum, shaped like a funnel. nobile, NO-bil-e, notable, renowned. polyanthum, pol-e-ANTH-um, many flowered. primulinum, see D. polyanthum. pulchellum, pul-KEL-um, beautiful. speciosum, spes-e-O-sum, showy. wardianum, ward-e-A-num, after Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791–1868), English doctor and inventor of the Wardian case.

Dendrochilum, den-dro-KI-lum; from Gr. dendron, a tree; cheilos, a lip, referring to lipped flowers and growing on trees. Tropical orchids. Orchidaceae. cobbianum, kob-i-A-num, after William Cobb (died 1922), businessman and orchid collector. filiforme, fil-if-OR-me, thread-like. glumaceum, glu-MA-see-um, flower spike resembling grass.

Delphinium, del-FIN-e-um; from Gr. Dendromecon, den-DROM-e-kon; from Gr. delphin, a dolphin, from the fancied resem- dendron, a tree; mecon, a poppy. Shrubby blance of the flower-spur to a dolphin’s head. perennial. Papaveraceae. Annuals, biennials and herbaceous perenni- rigida, RIG-id-a, rigid, the Bush Poppy. als. Ranunculaceae. Dentaria, den-TAR-e-a; from L. dens, a ajacis, see Consolida ajacis. californicum, kal-if-OR-nik-um, native habitat tooth, in reference to the tooth-like scales on the roots. Herbaceous perennials. BrasCalifornia. cardinale, kar-din-A-le, scarlet. sicaceae. consolida, see Consolida regalis. elatum, e-LA-tum, tall. formosum, for-MO-sum, beautiful.

bulbifera, see Cardamine bulbifera. digitata, see Cardamine pentaphyllos. enneaphylla, see Cardamine enneaphyllos.

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DES–DIC Desfontainia, des-fon-TA-ne-a; after Rene Louiche Desfontaines (1750–1833), French botanist, professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Evergreen shrub. Columelliaceae. spinosa, spi-NO-sa, spiny.

Desmodium, des-MO-de-um; from Gr. desmon, chain, referring to the jointed pod. Tender shrubs. Leguminosae. canadense, kan-a-DEN-se, of Canada. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. gyrans, see Codariocalyx motorius. tiliifolium, see D. elegans.

Deutzia, DOYTS-e-a; named in commemoration of Johan van der Deutz (1743–1788), Dutch patron of Carl Thunberg. Shrubs. Hydrangeaceae.

carthusianorum subsp. atrorubens, at-ro-RU-bens, dark red. caryophyllus, kar-e-o-FIL-lus, from Gr. karya, walnut; phyllon, a leaf, in reference to the clove-like fragrance. An old name used for an unrelated shrub producing the cloves of commerce. The Clove Pink. chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China. cruentus, kru-EN-tus, dark blood-red. deltoides, del-TOY-dees, triangular, shape of the Greek letter delta on the petals. The Maiden Pink. glacialis, glas-e-A-lis, from Alpine glacier regions. graniticus, gran-IT-ik-us, of granite rocks. gratianopolitanus, gra-te-an-o-pol-e-TA-nus, for Grenoble, Dauphine, France. microlepis, mi-kro-LE-pis, having small scales. neglectus, see D. seguieri subsp. gautieri. plumarius, plu-MAR-e-us, from L. plumeus, feathery. The flowers being frilled or feathered. The Pink. seguieri, say-gu-e-AYR-re, after Jean-Francois Seguier (1703–1784), French astronomer and botanist. seguieri subsp. gautieri, gaw-te-AYR-i, after Maria Clement Gaston Gautier (1841–1911) French botanist and collector. sinensis, see D. chinensis. squarrosus, skwar-RO-sus, rough or scurfy. superbus, su-PER-bus, superb. The Fringed Pink.

corymbosa, kor-im-BO-sa, corymbose, flowers in broad corymb. crenata, kre-NA-ta, cut in round scallops; leaves crenate. discolor, DIS-ko-lor, various colours – the flowers. gracilis, GRAS-il-is, slender. scabra, SKA-bra, rough, the bark. setchuenensis, setsh-u-en-EN-sis, of Sichuan province, China. sieboldiana, se-bold-e-AN-a, after Philipp Franz Balthazar von Siebold ((1796–1866), botanist, traveler in Japan and author. Diascia, di-AS-ke-a; from Gr. di, two; vilmorinae, see D. discolor. askos, a pouch, referring to the two-spurred

Dianthus, di-AN-thus; from Gr. dios, God corolla. Low slender herbs. Scrophulariaceae. or divine in respect of Zeus; anthos, a flower. barberae, BAR-ber-e, collected in South Africa by Col. James Henry Bowker and sent in 1870 A plant name used by Theophrastus. The to Kew by his sister Mary Elizabeth Barber Divine flower. Annuals, biennials and peren(1818–1899). nials. The Carnation and Pink family. CaryDicentra, di-SEN-tra; from Gr. di, two; ophyllaceae. allwoodii, hybrid crosses produced from D. caryo- kentron, a spur, alluding to the two Spurs of phyllus × D. plumarius. Allwoodii group. the petals. Hardy herbaceous. Papaveraceae. alpinus, al-PINE-us, alpine. chrysantha, see Ehrendorferia chrysantha. anatolicus, an-at-OL-ik-us, of Anatolia, Turkey. cucullaria, ku-kul-LAR-e-a, hooded. atrorubens, see D. carthusianorum subsp. eximia, eks-IM-e-a, excellent, choice. atrorubens. formosa, for-MO-sa, handsome. barbatus, bar-BA-tus, bearded. The Sweet spectabile, see Lamprocapnos spectabilis. William. Dichelostemma, dy-kel-O-stem-a; from Gr. caesius, SE-se-us, light blue. The Cheddar Pink. callizonus, kal-e-ZO-nus, beautifully zoned or dichelos, with two prongs; stemma, wreath or garland. Corms. Asparagaceae. banded. capitatum, kap-it-A-tum, flowers clustered in a carthusianorum, kar-THU-se-an-OR-um, of the head. Carthusian Monastery of Grand Chartreuse, congestum, kon-JES-tum, crowded, the flowers. France.

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DIC–DIO Dichorisandra, dik-or-e-ZAN-dra; from Gr. floribunda, see Weigela floribunda. dis, two; choris, apart; aner, man; referring to florida, FLO-rid-a, from L. floridus, flowery. the way two stamens stand apart. Perennial rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured. herbs. Commelinaceae. Dietes, dy-E-teez; from Gr. di, two; etes, mosaica, mo-SA-ik-a, mosaic variegation. affinities. Rhizomatous plants. Iridaceae. reginae, re-JI-ne, queen – Queen Victoria. thyrsiflora, thir-sif-LOR-a, thyrse flowered.

bicolor, BIK-ol-or, two-coloured. robinsoniana, rob-in-SO-ne-A-na, named by Mueller commemorating Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor of New South Wales.

Dicksonia, dik-SO-ne-a; after James Dickson (1738–1822), British botanist. Tree ferns. Dicksoniaceae. Digitalis, dij-it-A-lis; Latinized version antarctica, see Balantium antarcticum. of the German name (Fingerhut) from L. squarrosa, skwar-RO-sa, rough or shaggy. digitus, a finger, the flower resembling the Dictamnus, dik-TAM-nus; Classical Greek finger of a glove. Biennials and herbaceous name for a perennial herb, diktamnon, perennials. Plantaginaceae. dittany, the plant possibly being named after ferruginea, fer-ru-JIN-e-a, rusty – the flowers being brownish. the Dikti mountain range, Crete where it lutea, LU-te-a, yellow. occurs. Hardy herbaceous. Rutaceae. purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured. albus, AL-bus, white. fraxinella, see D. albus.

Dimorphanthus, misapplied see below.

mandschuricus, see Aralia elata var. mandshurica.

Didiscus, did-IS-kus; from Gr. di, two; diskos, DI-mor-FOTH-eek-a; a flat disk; the form of the flower head. Half- Dimorphotheca, from Gr. di, two; morphe, shape; theka, a hardy annual. Apiaceae. case or capsule, in reference to the two kinds caeruleus, ser-U-le-us, sky-blue. of achenes formed. The achenes of the disc Dieffenbachia, deef-fen-BAK-e-a; named and ray florets differ. Annuals and perenniby Schott after Herr Joseph Dieffenbach als. Compositae. (1790–1863), plant collector and later gar- aurantiaca, see D. sinuata. dener at the Royal Palace Gardens Schon- pluvialis, plu-ve-A-lis, rainy, presumably alluding brunn, Vienna. Evergreen perennial herbs. to the natural season of flowering. Araceae. sinuata, sin-u-A-ta, wavy margin or scal× bausei, BAWS-e-i, after C.F. Bause (c. 1839– 1895), German born nurseryman, South Norwood, Middlesex. × memoria-corsii, me-MOR-e-a-KOR-se-i, hybrid cross dedicated to the memory of Marquis Corsi Salviati, by his son. shuttleworthiana, shutl-WORTH-e-an-a, after Edward Shuttleworth (1829–1909), plant collector and nurseryman. Shuttleworth collected in South America around 1873 for William Bull.

Dierama, di-er-A-ma; from Gr. dierama, a funnel, alluding to the shape of the flowers. Bulbous perennial. Iridaceae. pulcherrimum, pul-KER-rim-um, most beautiful.

loped-leaved.

Dionaea, di-o-NE-a; from Gr. Dione, the mother of Aphrodite. Greenhouse herbaceous insectivorous plant. Droseraceae.

muscipula, mus-KIP-u-la, fly-catching. The Venus Flytrap.

Dioscorea, di-o-SKOR-e-a; after Dioscorides, a Greek physician. Hardy tuberous-rooted climber. Dioscoreaceae.

elephantipes, el-ef-AN-tip-ez, elephant’s foot. In allusion to the shape of the rootstock. polystachya, pol-e-STAK-e-a, many spiked. Chinese yam.

Diosma, di-OZ-ma; from Gr. dios, divine; Diervilla, di-er-VIL-la; after M. Dierville, osme, odour, referring to the perfume. a French surgeon who travelled in Canada. Greenhouse shrub with fragrant leaves. Rutaceae. Flowering shrubs. Caprifoliaceae. — 50 —

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DIO–DOL inermis, in-ER-mis, unarmed. sylvestris, see D. fullonum.

capitata, see Audouinia capitata. ericoides, see D. hirsuta. hirsuta, hir-SU-ta, hairy.

Disa, DY-sa; the net-veined dorsal sepal of Diospyros, di-o-SPY-ros; from Gr. dios, the flowers; alluding to the mythical Queen divine; puros, wheat or food; food of the Disa who came to the King of Sveas clad in gods. Persimmon or Date Palm. Ebenaceae. a fishing-net. Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. kaki, KA-ke, native Japanese name. The PersimOrchidaceae. mon of Japan. lotus, LO-tus, after the Lotus, which if eaten grandiflora, see D. uniflora. causes forgetfulness. The Persimmon of uniflora, uni-FLOR-a, one flowered, that is blooms solitary. Southern Europe. The Date-plum. virginiana, vir-jin-e-A-na, of Virginia. The VirDisocactus, dis-o-KAK-tus; from Gr. dis, ginian Date Plum.

two or twice and cactus. Two-shaped cactus. Dipelta, di-PEL-ta; from Gr. di, two; pelta, Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. and shield, referring to the pair of opposite ackermannii, ak-er-MAN-ne-i, named after bracts. Shrubs. Caprifoliaceae. Georg Ackermann (fl. 1824), who collected floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering. ventricosa, see D. yunnanensis. yunnanensis, yun-nan-EN-sis, of Yunnan, west China.

Diplacus, DIP-la-kus; from Gr. dis, two; plakos, placenta, seed capsule with two placentas. Greenhouse flowering shrub. Phrymaceae. glutinosus, glu-tin-O-sus, sticky. puniceus, pu-NIK-e-us, reddish-purple.

Dipladenia, dip-la-DE-ne-a; from Gr. diploos, double; aden, gland, two gland-like developments on the ovary. Tropical evergreen flowering climbers. Apocynaceae. × amabilis, am-A-bil-is, lovely. boliviensis, see Mandevilla boliviensis. brearleyana, see Odontadenia macrantha.

Diplopappus, dip-lo-PAP-pus; from Gr. diploos, double; pappos, a plume, in allusion to the feathery awns which crown the seed. Annual and perennial herbs. Compositae. chrysophyllus, kris-of-IL-lus, golden leaves.

Dipsacus, DIP-sa-kus; from Gr. dipsa, thirst, referring to the cavity formed by the uniting of the leaves round the stem, which collects and holds water. Biennial or short-lived perennial. Caprifoliaceae.

it in Mexico. biformis, bif-OR-mis, two forms – simulating both Epiphyllum and Phyllocactus. flagelliformis, flaj-el-lif-OR-mis, flagellant or whip-like. The Rats-tail Cactus. × mallisonii, mal-le-SON-e-i, after Mr Mallinson, gardener to Sir Samuel Scott, who raised this hybrid. phyllanthoides, fil-lanth-OY-dees, resembling Phyllanthus.

Dodecatheon, do-dek-ATH-e-on; ancient name signifying ‘Flower of the Twelve Gods’; from dodeka, twelve; theos, god. Herbaceous perennials. Primulaceae. clevelandii, KLEEVE-land-e-i, after Daniel Cleveland (1838–1929), natural historian and San Diego lawyer. hendersonii, hen-der-SO-ne-i, after Louis Forniquet Henderson (1853–1942), American Botanist and the first professor of botany at the University of Idaho. jeffreyi, JEF-re-e, after John Jeffrey (1826–1854), Scotish botanist and plant collector in North America. meadia, ME-de-a, after Richard Mead (1673– 1754), English physician, Meadia was first suggested for the name of the genus, but not accepted by Linnaeus.

acaulis, a-KAW-lis, stemless. fullonum, ful-LO-num, relating to fullers. The Dolichandra, DOL-e-kan-dra; from Gr. technique of raising the nap in woollen cloth. dolikos, long; andros, male; alluding to the The Fullers’ Teasel. long anthers. Climbing shrub. Bignoniaceae.

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DOL–DRI unguis-cati, un-gwis-KAT-e, cat’s claw. The Cat’s Claw vine.

Dolichos, DOL-ik-os; from Gr. dolikos, long; old Gr. name of a bean transferred to these closely related climbers. Leguminosae.

pyrenaica, see Petrocallis pyrenaica. × suendermannii, SOON-der-MAN-e-i, named for Franz Sundermann, nurseryman and hybridiser who established the Botanic Alpine Garden, Lindau, Bavaria in 1886.

Dracaena, drak-E-na; from Gr. drakaina, lablab, see Lablab purpureus. a female dragon, the juice when thickened Dolichothele, dol-ik-o-THE-le; from Gr. supposed to resemble dragon’s blood. Perdolikos, long; thele, a nipple, the elongated ennial herbs, shrubs and trees. Asparagaceae. tubercles. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. amabilis, see Cordyline fruticosa. longimamma, long-im-AM-ma, long tubercled.

Doodia, DOOD-e-a; after Samuel Doody (1656–1706), a London apothecary and botanist, keeper of Chelsea Physic Garden. Evergreen ferns. Blechnaceae. aspera, AS-per-a, rough to the touch. caudata, kaw-DA-ta, tailed – the fronds.

draco, DRAK-o, dragon. fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant. godseffiana, see D. surculosa. goldieana, gold-e-A-na, after Rev. Hugh Goldie who collected it for Edinburgh Botanic Garden in 1870. surculosa, sir-KOO-lo-sa, producing suckers. terminalis, see Cordyline fruticosa.

Doronicum, dor-ON-ik-um; from the Arabic name doronigi or doronakh. Herbaceous per- Dracocephalum, drak-o-SEF-a-lum; from Gr. drakon, dragon; kephale, head, in allusion to ennials. Compositae. the gaping mouth of the flower. Annuals and austriacum, AWS-tre-ak-um, of Austria. perennials. Dragon’s Head. Lamiaceae. caucasicum, see D. orientale. orientale, or-e-en-TA-le, Eastern. plantagineum, plan-ta-JI-ne-um, leaves resembling Plantago (Plantain).

Doryopteris, dor-re-OP-teh-ris; from Gr. dory, a spear; pteris, a fern. Ferns. Pteridaceae.

pedata, ped-A-ta, footed – the bird’s claw-like fronds. pedata var. palmata, pal-MA-ta, palmate, like a hand – the fronds.

Douglasia, misapplied see Vitaliana.

forrestii, for-RES-te-i, after George Forrest (1873–1932), Scottish plant collector. Forrest collected in China between 1904 and 1932. moldavica, mol-DA-ve-ka, Moldovian. nutans, nu-tanz, drooping or nodding. ruyschiana, rews-ki-AN-a, after Frederick Ruysch (1638–1731), Dutch botanist. virginianum, see Physostegia virginiana.

Dracula, dra-KU-la; diminutive form of Gr. draco, little dragon. Orchids. Orchidaceae.

Downingia, down-ING-e-a; after Andrew bella, BEL-la, beautiful or pretty. Jackson Downing (1815–1852), horticul- chimaera, KI-mer-a, weird, fanciful – the flowers. turist and landscape gardener. Annuals. Dracunculus, drak-UN-ku-lus, Latin name Campanulaceae. for another plant. The Dragon Arum. Herelegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. baceous perennials. Araceae. pulchella, pul-KEL-la, pretty.

vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

Draba, DRA-ba; old Gr. name for a cress. Drimys, DRIM-is; from Gr. drimus, acrid, Annual or perennial herb. Brassicaceae. referring to the pungent taste of the bark aizoides, ay-ZOY-dees, resembling Aizoon. and foliage. Evergreen trees and shrubs. aizoon, see D. lasiocarpa. Winteraceae. bruniifolia, bru-ne-e-FO-le-a, Brunia leaved. dedeana, DED-e-an-a, after James Dede author of the English Botanist’s Pocket Companion (1809). lasiocarpa, las-e-o-KAR-pa, hairy fruits.

winteri, WIN-ter-i, after John Winter, the aromatic bark (Winter’s Bark) being used as a preventative for scurvy. Winter captained the Elizabeth, one of Drakes ships.

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DRO–ECH Drosera, DROS-e-ra; from Gr. droseros, dewy, referring to the gland tipped hairs on the leaves. Bog plants. Insectivorous. Droseraceae.

Echeveria, esh-e-VE-re-a; after Atanasio Echeverria y Godoy (fl. 1771–1803), Mexican botanical artist. Tender succulents. Crassulaceae.

anglica, ANG-lik-a, of England. agavoides, ag-a-VOY-dees, resembling Agave. binata, bi-NA-ta, from L. bina, pairs; the type atropurpurea, atro-pur-PUR-e-a, deep purple. species having a ‘T’ leaf form splitting into fulgens, FUL-jenz, shining or glowing. pairs. gibbiflora, gib-bif-LO-ra, humped flowers. capensis, ka-PEN-sis, of the Cape of Good Hope. metallica, see E. gibbiflora. dichotoma, see D. binata. retusa, see E. fulgens. longifolia, see D. anglica. secunda, sek-UN-da, one-sided flower spike. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved. The Echinacea, ek-in-A-se-a; from Gr. echinos, Sundew.

hedgehog, referring to the prickly involucre. Dryas, DRI-as; from Gr. dryas, a Dryad or Hardy herbaceous perennials. Compositae. wood nymph; some authorities derive from purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured. Gr. drys, an oak, leaves of the D. octopetala resemble those of oak. Rock Plants. Rosaceae. Echinocactus, EK-in-o-KAK-tus; from Gr. drummondii, drum-MON-de-i, after Thomas echinos, a hedgehog; cactus, referring to the Drummond (1780–1835), plant collector in spiny plants. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. Canada and the United States of America for Veitch Nurseries. octopetala, ok-to-PET-a-la, eight-petalled.

Dryopteris, dri-OP-ter-is; from Gr. drys, oak; pteris, a fern. The plants characteristically being found in oak woods. Ferns. Dryopteridaceae.

grusonii, GRUS-o-ne-i, after Herman Gruson (1821–1895), German industrialist and avid cacti collector. horizonthalonius, hor-E-zon-thal-ON-e-us, with horizontal areoles. ingens, see E. platyacanthus. platyacanthus, plat-e-a-KAN-thus, with broad spines. polycephalus, pol-e-KEF-a-lus, alternatively pol-eSEF-a-lus, many headed.

cristata, kris-TA-ta, crested. In this case the word refers to the fringed margins of the fronds. erythrosora, er-ith-RO-sor-a, from Gr. erythros, Echinocereus, EK-e-no-SE-re-us; from Gr. red; soros, stack, pile or heap, having red spore echinos, hedgehog; cereus, an allusion to the cases. filix-mas, FIL-iks-mas, male fern, it being of tall prickly plants. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. chloranthus, klo-RANTH-us, green – the flowers. and robust growth. The Male Fern. dasyacanthus, day-ze-a-KAN-thus, thick spines or Dypsis, DIP-sis; origin obscure named by spines close together. Domini Francisci Noronha in 1787. Ever- fendleri, FEND-ler-i, after August Fendler (1813–1883), German plant collector in green palms. Arecaceae. North and Central America. lutescens, lu-TES-senz, becoming yellow. pectinatus, pek-tin-A-tus, like a comb, the spines. Ecballium, ek-bal-LE-um; from Gr. ekbal- poselgeri, pos-EL-ger-e, after Heinrich Poselger lein, to cast out, the seeds violently ejected. (1818–1883), plant collector South West United States (1850–1856). Herbaceous perennial. Cucurbitaceae. pulchellus, pul-KEL-lus, small and beautiful. elaterium, el-at-E-re-um, impelling, the seeds expelled from ripe fruits. The Squirting viridiflorus, vir-id-e-FLOR-us, with green flowers. Cucumber.

Echinofossulocactus, EK-in-o-FOS-sul-oEccremocarpus, ek-krem-o-KAR-pus; from KAK-tus; from Gr. echinos, a hedgehog; L. Gr. ekkremes, pendant; karpos, fruit, the seed fossula, a groove; and cactus, the plants being vessels being a slender pendulous pod. Half- prickly and grooved. Cacti. Cactaceae. coptonogonus, kop-ton-OG-on-us, notched or hardy, sub-shrubby climber. Bignoniaceae. scaber, SKA-ber, rough – to the touch.

wavy – the ribs.

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ECH–ELA crispatus, kris-PA-tus, curled. obvallatus, ob-val-LA-tus, fortified as with a rampart.

serpyllifolius, ser-pil-if-O-le-us, leaves resemble Thymus serpyllum (thyme).

possibly meaning small. sphaerocephalus, sfer-o-SEF-a-lus, round-headed – the flower head.

chrysantha, kris-ANTH-a, golden-flowered.

eyriesii, ey-REE-se-i, named for Alexander Eyries of Le Havre, cactus collector, who first introduced it from South America. ferox, FE-roks, from L. ferox, fierce, very prickly. macrogona, mak-ro-GO-na, large angled. maximiliana, MAX-e-mil-e-A-na, after Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied (1782–1867), German explorer, ethnologist and naturalist. maximiliana subsp. caespitosa, ses-pit-O-sa, growing in tufts. oxygona, ox-e-GO-na, with sharp angles. pentlandii, PENT-land-e-i, after Joseph Barclay Pentland (1797–1873), Irish geographer, natural scientist and traveller. Whilst in Bolivia Pentland discovered and sent samples of this cacti to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. spachiana, spash-e-A-na, of Spachia, Mexico.

crassipes, KRAS-sip-eez, with a thick stem. speciosa, see E. crassipes.

Edwardsia, misapplied see below. Echinops, EK-e-nops; from Gr. echinos, a grandiflora, see Sophora tetraptera. hedgehog; opsis, like, in reference to the Ehrendorferia, e-ren-DOR-fe-re-a; named spines which surround the flower. Herbain honour of Friedrich Ehrendorfer (1927 ceous perennials and biennials. Compositae. –), Austrian botanist, on his seventieth bannaticus, ban-NAT-ik-us, from Banat, a historibirthday. Biennial and perennial plant. Papacal region in Central Europe. ritro, RE-tro, South European vernacular name veraceae. Eichhornia, ish-HOR-ne-a; after Johann Albrecht Friedrich Eichhorn (1779–1856), Echinopsis, ek-in-OP-sis; from Gr. echinos, a Prussian politician. Aquatic herbs. Ponthedgehog; opsis, like; the plants are balls of ederiaceae. azurea, a-ZOR-e-a, Sky-blue, azure. spines. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. Elaeagnus, el-e-AG-nus; said to be from Gr. elaia, olive; agnos, the Greek name for Vitex agnus-castus. Stearn attributes it to Theophrastus and probably heleagnos, for a Salix, from Gr. helodes, marshy; agnos, lamb, or hagnos, pure, as in white. The masses of pure white fruits. Shrubs. Elaeagnaceae. angustifolia, an-gus-tif-O-le-a, having narrow leaves. The Oleaster. argentea, see E. angustifolia. glabra, GLAB-ra, smooth – the leaves. macrophylla, mak-rof-IL-a, with large leaves. multiflora, mul-tif-LO-ra, many flowered. pungens, PUN-jenz, piercing – the twigs are sharp pointed. rhamnoides, ram-NOY-dees, like Rhamnus (buckthorn). The Sea Buckthorn.

Echium, EK-e-um; from Gr. echis, a viper, an old belief in the plant (Viper’s Bugloss) as a remedy for adder’s bite or from Gr. echion, classical name used by Dioscorides. Annuals, Elaphoglossum, e-la-foe-GLOS-sum; from Gr. elaphos, a stag; glossa, a tongue, alluding biennials and perennials. Boraginaceae. to the shape of the fronds. Ferns. Dryopterialbicans, AL-bi-kans, whitish. creticum, KRET-ik-um, Cretan. daceae. plantagineum, plan-ta-JI-ne-um, leaves resembling Plantago (Plantain). vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common.

crinitum, KRYN-it-um, hairy. obovatum, ob-o-VAY-tum, inverted ovate, that is, egg-shaped with the broadest end uppermost.

Edraianthus, ed-ray-e-ANTH-us; from Gr. Elatine, e-LAT-e-ne; ancient Gr. name used edraios, sessile; anthos, a flower. Rock plants. by Dioscorides. Submerged aquatics. ElatiCampanulaceae. naceae. dalmaticus, dal-MAT-ik-us, of Dalmatia. graminifolius, gram-in-if-OL-e-us, grass-leaved. pumilio, pew-MIL-e-o, rather dwarf.

hexandra, hex-AN-dra, with six stamens. macropoda, mak-ro-PO-da, from Gr. macro, large; poda, foot – stout stalked.

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ELI–EPI Elisena, misapplied see below.

longipetala, see Ismene longipetala.

Elodea, el-O-de-a; from Gr. helodes, a marsh, the native habitat. Submerged aquatics. Hydrocharitaceae. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. Invasive pond weed. densa crispa, see Lagarosiphon major.

Epacris, e-PAK-ris; from Gr. epi, upon; akros, a summit; habitat on high ground. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Ericaceae. hyacinthiflora, hy-a-SINTH-if-LO-ra, resembling hyacinth flowers. impressa, im-PRES-sa, flower tube with two depressions. longiflora, long-if-LO-ra, long-flowered.

Epidendrum, ep-e-DEN-drum; from Gr. epi, Embothrium, em-BOTH-re-um; from Gr. upon; dendron, a tree; growing upon trees. en, in; bothrion, a pit, referring to the struc- Epiphytic orchids. Orchidaceae. fragrans, see Prosthechea fragrans. ture of the anthers. Shrubs. Proteaceae. coccineum, kok-SIN-e-um, scarlet flowers.

Emilia, em-IL-e-a; derivation unknown probably commemorative. Half-hardy annual. Compositae. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet flowers. sagittata, see Emilia coccinea.

radicans, RAD-e-kanz, producing roots. vittellinum, see Prosthechea vitellina. wallisii, wal-LIS-e-i, introduced in 1874 from New Grenada by Gustav Wallis (1830–1878), German born plant collector, employed by James Veitch and Sons, Chelsea.

Epigaea, ep-e-GAY-a; from Gr. epi, upon; Empetrum, em-PE-trum; from Gr. en, in; gaia, earth, in allusion to its creeping habit. petros, a rock, the plant haunting rocky Creeping shrub. Ericaceae. repens, RE-penz, creeping. places. Shrub. Ericaceae. nigrum, NI-grum, black – the berries. Epilobium, ep-e-LO-be-um; from Gr. epi, Encelia, en-SE-le-a; named in honour of upon; lobos, pod, the flowers appearing to be Christopher Encel, author on oak galls, growing on the pod-like ovary. The Willow Herbs. Perennial herbs. Onagraceae. 1577. Shrubs. Compositae. californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California. The Californian Bush Sunflower.

Enkianthus, en-ki-AN-thus; from Gr. enkyos, pregnant; anthos, flower, in reference to the round, bell-shaped blossoms that give the allusion of a flower within a flower. Shrubs. Ericaceae. campanulatus, kam-pan-u-LAH-tus, bell-shaped. cernuus, SER-nu-us, drooping – the flowers. japonicus, jap-ON-ik-us, of Japan.

Ensete, en-SE-te; probably the Abyssinian vernacular name. Monocarpic perennial. Musaceae. ventricosum, ven-trik-O-sum, having a swelling on one side.

angustifolium, an-gus-tif-O-le-um, having narrow leaves. The Rose Bay Willow herb. dodonaei, dod-on-A-e, after Rembert Dodoens (1517–1585), Flemish Royal physician and herbalist, professor of medicine at Leiden. fleischeri, FLI-sher-i, after Johann Gottlieb Fleischer (1797–1838), German botanist and ornithologist. glabellum, glab-EL-um, small and smooth – the leaves. hirsutum, hir-SU-tum, hairy. Codlins and Cream. nummularifolium, num-mul-AR-e-FO-le-um, rounded leaves resembling money. obcordatum, ob-kor-DA-tum, obversely heartshaped. The narrow end being at the base. rosmarinifolium, see E. dodonaei.

Epimedium, ep-im-E-di-um; Gr. name of obscure meaning for another plant. HerEomecon, e-om-E-kon; from Gr. eos, dawn; baceous and rock plants. The Barrenworts. mecon, a poppy, the Japanese ‘Poppy of the Berberidaceae. Dawn’. Hardy perennial. Papaveraceae. alpinum, al-PINE-um, alpine. chionantha, ki-on-AN-tha, snowy – the white flowers.

diphyllum, dif-IL-lum, two-leaved. grandiflorum, gran-dif-LO-rum, large flowered.

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EPI–ERI hyemalis, hi-em-A-lis, pertaining to winter. The Winter Aconite.

macranthum, see E. grandiflorum. pinnatum, pin-NA-tum, with pinnate leaves.

Epipactis, ep-ip-AK-tis; a name given by the Ercilla, er-SIL-la; in honour of Don Alonso de Ancient Greeks and adopted for this genus. Ercilla y Zuniga (1533–1594), Spanish poet. Hardy evergreen creeper. Phytolaccaceae. Orchids. Orchidaceae. helleborine, hel-le-BOR-in-e, resembling Helleborus (hellebore). latifolia, see E. helleborine. palustris, pal-US-tris, found in marshy places.

spicata, spe-KA-ta, spiked – the inflorescence. volubilis, see E. spicata.

Eremogone, er-e-MO-go-ne; from Gr. eremos, a desert; gonu, a joint or angle. HerEpiphyllum, ep-e-FIL-lum; from Gr. epi, baceous perennials. Sandwort. Caryophylupon; phyllon, a leaf; flowers borne on leaf- laceae. ledebouriana, led-e-boo-re-A-na, after Carl Frielike branches. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. crenatum, kre-NA-tum, scallop-edged. gaertneri, see Hatiora gaertneri. oxypetalum, ox-e-PET-a-lum; blended from Gr. oxys, sharp; L. petalum, a petal – the petals being sharp pointed. russellianum, see Schlumbergera russelliana. truncatum, see Schlumbergera truncata.

Epithelantha, ep-e-thel-AN-tha; from Gr. epi, upon; thele, a nipple; anthos, a flower. The flowers are borne on tubercles. Cacti. Cactaceae. micromeris, mi-kro-MER-is, small in all its parts.

drich von Ledebour (1785–1851), professor of science at the University of Tartu, Estonia.

Eremurus, er-e-MU-rus; from Gr. eremos, desert; oura, a tail; alluding to the single flower-spike. Herbaceous perennials. Desert Candle or the Foxtail Lily. Xanthorrhoeaceae.

aitchisonii, aitch-e-SO-ne-i, after Dr James Aitchison (1836–1898), British physician and botanist, who collected in India and Afghanistan. bungei, see E. stenophyllus. elwesii, see E. aitchisonii. himalaicus, him-al-A-ik-us, Himalayan. robustus, ro-BUS-tus, strong or robust. stenophyllus, sten-o-FIL-lus, narrow-leaved.

Equisetum, ek-we-SE-tum; from L. equus, horse; seta, a bristle, the barren growths resembling horses’ tails. Herbaceous peren- Erepsia, e-REP-se-a; from Gr. erepo, to nial. The Horsetails. Equisetaceae. cover with a roof, in allusion to the hidden sylvaticum, sil-VAT-ik-um, inhabiting woods. stamens. Succulent. Aizoaceae. Eragrostis, er-a-GROS-tis; from Gr. eros, inclaudens, in-KLAW-denz, the flowers remaining expanded, not closing. love; agrostis, grass; in allusion to its beauty. Ornamental annual grass. Poaceae. Erica, ER-ik-a (more correctly e-RI-ka); elegans, see E. japonica. from Gr. ereike, Heath or heather. Shrubs. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. Ericaceae. Eranthemum, e-RAN-the-mum; from Gr. arborea, ar-BOR-e-a, tree-like. australis, aws-TRA-lis, southern. eros, love; anthemon, flower; referring to the carnea, see E. herbacea. beauty of the flowers. Tropical sub-shrubby × cavendishiana, KAV-en-dish-e-A-na, after flowering plants. Acanthaceae. William Cavendish (1790–1858), 6th Duke albiflorum, see Pseuderanthemum albiflorum. andersonii, see Pseuderanthemum andersonii. cooperi, see Pseuderanthemum cooperi.

Eranthis, e-RAN-this; from Gr. er, spring; anthos, a flower; referring to the early flowering. Tuberous perennials. Ranunculaceae. cilicica, si-LIS-ik-a, from Cilicia, an ancient region of Asia Minor.

of Devonshire. ciliaris, sil-e-AR-is, fringed with fine hairs – the leaves. cinerea, sin-er-E-a, grey or ashen, the underparts of the leaves. × darleyensis, dar-le-EN-sis, originated at the Darley Dale nursery. gracilis, GRAS-il-is, slender. herbacea, her-BA-se-a, herbaceous.

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ERI–ERO hyemalis, hi-em-A-lis, pertaining to winter. lusitanica, loo-sit-A-nik-a, of Lusitania (Portugal). mediterranea, see E. herbacea. melanthera, mel-AN-ther-a, black anthers. stricta, see E. terminalis. terminalis, ter-min-A-lis, flowers terminal. tetralix, te-TRA-liks, four leaves arranged crosswise. vagans, VA-gans, wandering, widespread. ventricosa, ven-trik-O-sa, swollen or bellied.

stems of some species. Submerged aquatics. Eriocaulaceae. aquaticum, a-KWAT-ik-um, aquatic. septangulare, see E. aquaticum.

Eriogonum, er-e-o-GO-num; from Gr. erion, wool; gonu, a joint; the joints of the stems being downy. Hardy perennials. Polygonaceae. compositum, kom-POS-it-um, compound – the

flowers in a composite head. Erigeron, er-IJ-er-on; from Gr. eri, early (or fasciculatum, fas-sik-ul-A-tum, bundled, that is, ear, spring); geron, old (an old man), alludthe flowers. ing to the hairy seed pappus; or, more prob- umbellatum, um-bel-LA-tum, flowers in umbels. ably, to the hoary appearance of the leaves of some species in spring. Herbaceous perenni- Eriophorum, er-e-o-FOR-um; from Gr. erion, wool; phoreo, to bear, in allusion to the als. Compositae. coulteri, KOL-ter-e, after Thomas Coulter hairy fruits. Perennial grass-like herbs. Cot(1793–1843), Irish botanist who collected in tongrass. Cyperaceae.

angustifolium, an-gus-tif-O-le-um, having narrow California and Mexico. leaves. karvinskianus, kar-vin-sky-A-nus, after Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinsky von Karmin (1780– polystachion, see E. angustifolium. 1855), German plant collector who intro- vaginatum, va-jin-A-tum, sheathed. duced the species from Mexico. Eriostemon, er-e-os-TE-mon; from Gr. erion, mucronatus, see E. karvinskianus. wool; stemon, a stamen; the downy stamens. multiradiatus, mul-te-RA-de-a-tus, many-rayed. philadelphicus, fil-a-DEL-fik-us, of Philadelphia, Greenhouse shrubs. Rutaceae. buxifolius, bux-if-O-le-us, resembling Buxus USA. (Box) leaves. speciosus, spes-e-O-sus, handsome. × pulchellus, pul-KEL-lus, small and beautiful. strigosus, strig-O-sus, bristly.

Erinacea, er-in-A-se-a; from L. erinaceus, a Erodium, er-O-deum; from Gr. erodios, a hedgehog, the branches being spiny. Ever- heron, in reference to the resemblance of the style and ovaries to the head and beak of green shrub. Leguminosae. anthyllis, an-THIL-is, from Gr. anthos, a flower; that bird. Herbaceous and rock plants. The ioulos, down; the calyx being covered in a Heron’s Bill or Storksbill. Geraniaceae. silky hair. pungens, see E. anthyllis.

Erinus, er-I-nus; Greek name erinos, used by Dioscorides for a kind of basil and transferred to this genus. Perennial herbs. Plantaginaceae. alpinus, al-PINE-us, alpine.

Eriobotrya, er-e-o-BOT-re-a; from Gr. erion, wool; botrys, a bunch of grapes; referring to the downy flower clusters. Frost tender evergreen shrubs and trees. Rosaceae. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan.

Eriocaulon, er-e-o-KAW-lon; from Gr. erion, wool; kaulon, a stem; alluding to the woolly

amanum, am-A-num, from Mt. Amano, Syria. chamaedryoides, see E. reichardii. chrysanthum, kris-ANTH-um, golden flowered. corsicum, KOR-sik-um, of Corsica. glandulosum, glan-dul-O-sum, glandular. guttatum, gut-TA-tum, spotted – the flowers. macradenum, see E. glandulosum. manescavi, man-es-KA-ve-i, after its finder M. Manescau, Mayor of Pau, France. olympicum, ol-IM-pe-kum, Olympian, that is Mount Olympus. pelargonifolium, see E. trifolium. reichardii, ri-KAR-de-i, after Johann Jacob Reichard (1743–1782), German botanist and editor of several works of Linnaeus. trichomanefolium, trik-o-ma-ne-FO-le-um, leaves resembling Trichomanes, a genus of ferns.

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ERY–ESC trifolium, trif-OL-e-um, from L. tres, three; folium, a leaf.

Eryngium, e-RING-e-um (or er-IN-je-um); from Gr. eryngion, a name for some sort of thistle with spiny-toothed leaves described by Theophrastus. Herbaceous perennials. The Eryngoes. Apiaceae.

californicum, kal-if-OR-nik-um, native habitat California. citrinum, sit-RI-num, citron-yellow, the flowers. dens-canis, dens-KA-nis, a dog’s tooth. The Dog’stooth violet. hartwegii, see E. multiscapideum. howellii, HOW-el-e-i, after Thomas Howell (1842–1912), plant collector in Oregon. multiscapideum, mul-te-ska-pe-DE-um, with many scapes, leafless flower stems. revolutum, rev-ol-U-tum, revolute or rolled back, the leaves.

alpinum, al-PINE-um, alpine. amethystinum, am-e-this-TE-num, violet-blue. bourgatii, boor-GA-te-i, after a French medical practitioner Bourgat who collected plants in the Pyrenees with Gouan in 1766–1767. maritimum, mar-IT-im-um, belonging to the sea Escallonia, es-kal-LO-ne-a; in commemoration of Señor Escallon, a Spanish traveller coasts. The Sea Holly. in the eighteenth century. Mostly evergreen planum, PLA-num, flat, with flat leaves.

Erysimum, er-IS-im-um; from Gr. eryo, to draw up; some of the species being supposed to raise blisters. Biennial and perennial, rock and border plants. Brassicaceae.

shrubs and trees. Escalloniaceae.

bifida, bi-FID-a, cleft in two. × edinensis, see E. × rigida. × exoniensis, ex-o-ne-EN-sis, of Exeter. floribunda, see E. paniculata var. floribunda. illinita, il-LIN-it-a, varnished or glossy, the leaves. macrantha, mak-RANTH-a, large-flowered. montevidensis, see E. bifida. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, with flowers arranged in panicles. paniculata var. floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering. pterocladon, see E. rosea. pulverulenta, pul-ver-ul-EN-ta, powdered. punctata, see E. rubra. × rigida, rij-ID-a, rigid; stiff. rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured. rubra, ROO-bra, red, the flowers.

arkansanus, see E. capitatum. capitatum, kap-it-A-tum, flowers clustered in a head. × cheiri, KY-re, meaning obscure although some suggest it is from Arabic keiri, a name for a sweet smelling red flower, others from Gr. cheir, a hand; the flowers being suitable for hand bouquets. linifolium, li-nif-O-le-um, resembling Linum (flax) leaves. × marshallii, mar-SHAL-le-i, raised by John Marshall of Limburn. ochroleucum, ok-ro-LEW-kum, yellow-white or cream-coloured. perofskianum, per-of-SKE-a-num, possibly after Eschscholzia, esh-SHOL-se-a; after Dr. J. Count Vasily Perovsky (1794–1857), mili- F. Eschscholtz, naturalist and physician, tary general and governor of Orenburg. attached to a Russian exploring expedition

to N.W. America. Usually treated as annuals. Papaveraceae.

Erythraea, misapplied see below.

centaurium, see Centaurium erythraea. massonii, see Centaurium maritimum.

californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California. The Californian Poppy.

Erythrina, er-ith-RE-na; from Gr. erythros, red, referring to colour of flowers. Half- Escobaria, es-ko-BAR-e-a; after the brothhardy flowering shrub. The Coral tree. Legu- ers Romulo Escobar Zerman (1872–1946) and Numa Pompilio Escobar Zerman minosae. (1874–1949), Mexican agriculturists. Cacti. crista-galli, KRIS-ta-GAL-li, a cock’s comb. Cactaceae. Erythronium, er-ith-RO-ne-um; from Gr. dasyacantha, day-ze-a-KANTH-a, thick spines or erythros, red; that being the colour of the spines close together. flowers of the European species. Bulbous tuberculosa, TU-ber-ku-LO-sa, tubercled. vivipara, vi-VIP-ar-a, from L. vivus, alive; parere, plants. Liliaceae. americanum, a-mer-e-KAY-num, of the Americas.

bring forth, producing young stem plants.

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EUC–EUP Eucalyptus, u-kal-IP-tus; from Gr. eu, good japonica, see Miscanthus sinensis. or well; kalyptos, covered, in allusion to the japonica var. zebrina, see Miscanthus sinensis. calyx and petals forming a lid (operculum) Euonymus, u-ON-e-mus; from Gr. eu, good; which is shed when the flower opens. Trees onoma, a name; of good repute. Trees and and shrubs. Myrtaceae. shrubs. Celastraceae. citriodora, see Corymbia citriodora. coccifera, kok-SIF-er-a, from L. coccus, grain; fera, bearing; in reference to the coccoid insects that infest some plants. globulus, GLOB-ul-us, globular. gunnii, GUN-e-i; after Ronald Gunn (1808– 1881), Tasmanian magistrate, landowner and botanist.

Eucharidium, misapplied see below. breweri, see Clarkia breweri. concinnum, see Clarkia concinna. grandiflorum, see Clarkia concinna.

alatus, al-A-tus, winged – the branches. atropurpureus, AT-ro-pur-PUR-e-us, dark purple. europaeus, u-ro-PE-us, European. fortunei, for-TOO-ne-i, after Robert Fortune (1812–1880), Scottish plant collector in China. japonicus, jap-ON-ik-us, of Japan. latifolius, lat-if-O-le-us, broad-leaves. radicans, see E. fortunei. sachalinensis, sak-al-in-EN-sis, of Sakhalin Island.

Eupatorium, u-pat-OR-e-um; commemorating Mithridates the Great (Eupator Eucharis, U-kar-is; from Gr. eucharis, charm- Dionysius) (135–63 BC), King of Pontus, ing, referring to the pleasing fragrance of the who discovered in one species an antidote flowers. Tropical evergreen bulbous plants. for poison. Hardy herbaceous plants and Amaryllidaceae. shrubs. Compositae. amazonica, am-a-ZON-ik-a, Amazonian. candida, KAN-did-a, white. × grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large flowers.

Eucnide, u-NID-e; from Gr. eu, good; knide, stinging nettle, in allusion to the nettle-like hairs. Annual and biennial herbs. Loasaceae. bartonioides, bar-ton-e-OY-dez, resembling Bartonia.

ageratoides, see Ageratum altissima. aromaticum, see Ageratina aromatica. cannabinum, kan-nab-EE-num, resembling Cannabis (hemp). ianthinum, see Bartlettina sordida. purpureum, pur-PUR-e-um, purple. riparium, re-PAIR-e-um, of river banks. weinmannianum, see Ageratina ligustrina.

Euphorbia, u-FOR-be-a; after Euphorbus, Eucomis, U-kom-is; from Gr. eukomus, physician to Juba, King of Mauritania, who beautiful hair, referring to the leafy tuft sur- used the latex for medicinal purposes. Annuals, mounting the flower spike. Perennial bulbs. perennials and succulents. Euphorbiaceae. Asparagaceae. capitata, see E. hirta. comosa, ko-MO-sa, hairy. punctata, see E. comosa.

Eucryphia, u-KRIF-e-a; from Gr. eu, good; kryphia, a covering; in reference to the caplike cover formed by the calyx. Flowering shrubs. Cunoniaceae. cordifolia, kor-dif-OL-e-a, heart shaped. pinnatifolia, see E. cordifolia.

Eulalia, u-LAL-e-a; named by Kunth in honour of Madame Eulaliae Delile (1800– 1840), French botanical artist, who ‘created elegant pencil drawings’. Hardy ornamental grasses. Poaceae. gracillima, see Microstegium glabratum.

characias, kar-ra-KEY-as, from Gr. charakias, fit for a stake, in reference to the upright or erect habit. characias subsp. wulfenii, wul-FEN-e-i, after Francis Xavier von Wulfen, professor of natural philosophy at Klagenfurt. cyparissias, si-par-IS-se-as, resembling a cypress – the foliage. The Cypress Spurge. epithymoides, ep-ith-e-MOY-dees, resembling Epithymum. fulgens, FUL-jenz, shining or glowing. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, Gr. hetero, diverse; phylla, leaves. hirta, HER-ta, hairy. jacquiniiflora, see E. fulgens. lathyris, LATH-e-ris, old name for Caper Spurge.

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EXA–FEN marginata, mar-jin-A-ta, margined with another colour – white. milii, MIL-e-i, named for Pierre Bernard Milius (1773–1829), explorer and governor of Reunion Island, who introduced it to France in 1821. milii var. splendens, SPLEN-denz, splendid. myrsinites, mir-sin-I-tees, from Ancient Greek name signifying myrtle, reference obscure. obesa, o-BE-sa, obese, or tub-like. pilosa, pil-O-sa, soft long hairs. polychroma, see E. epithymoides. pulcherrima, pul-KER-rim-a, most beautiful. Poinsettia. splendens, see E. milii var. splendens. wulfenii, see E. characias subsp. wulfenii.

Fallopia, fal-O-pe-a; commemorating Gabriele Fallopio (1523–1562), Italian anatomist, professor of Anatomy, Surgery and Botany at the University of Padua. Herbaceous perennials and climbers. Polygonaceae.

baldschuanica, bawld-shu-AN-ik-a, of Bal’juan, Tajikistan. japonica, see Reynoutria japonica.

Farfugium, far-FEW-ge-um; name ascribed by Pliny. Evergreen herbaceous perennial. Compositae. japonicum, jap-ON-ik-um, of Japan.

× Fatshedera, FATS-head-e-ra; an intergeneric hybrid (Fatsia japonica ‘Moseri’ × Hedera Exacum, EKS-ak-um; of Pliny and Diosco- hibernica). Evergreen shrub. Araliaceae. rides derivation unknown. Possibly from L. lizei, LY-zee-i, named for Lize Freres who created the hybrid in France in 1910. ex, out; actum, to drive, in reference to the purgative properties of some species. Con- Fatsia, FAT-se-a; from the Japanese name, servatory plants. Gentianaceae. Fatsi, for Fatsia japonica. Shrubs. Araliaceae. affine, af-FIN-ne, related or similar to. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. trinervium, tri-ner-VEE-um, with three promi- papyrifera, see Tetrapanax papyrifer. nent veins (nerves). Faucaria, fau-KAR-e-a; from L. faux, a zeylanicum, see E. trinervium.

gullet or throat, the pairs of leaves resemble Exochorda, eks-o-KOR-da; from Gr. exo, the open mouth of a carnivore. Greenhouse outside; chorde, a cord or thong, in refer- succulents. Aizoaceae. ence to the structure of the ovary. Shrubs. bosscheana, BOS-she-a-na, named after Leon Van Rosaceae. den Bossche (1841–1911), of Tirlemont, albertii, see E. racemosa. Belgium, in whose garden the first plants were giraldii, see E. racemosa subsp. giraldii. grown from seed in Europe. grandiflora, see E. racemosa. felina, fe-LE-na, cat-like. × macrantha, mak-RANTH-a, large-flowered. lupina, see F. felina. racemosa, ras-em-O-sa, resembling a raceme. tigrina, tig-RE-na, tiger-striped. racemosa subsp. giraldii, jir-AL-de-i, introduced by Pere Giuseppe Giraldi (d. 1901), plant Felicia, fe-LIS-e-a; named after Herr Felix, a German official at Regensburg, who died in collector in China.

Fabiana, fab-E-a-na; in commemoration of Archbishop Francisco Fabian y Fuero (1719–1801), of Valencia, Spain, a promoter of botanical study. Half-hardy shrub. Solanaceae. imbricata, im-bre-KA-ta, overlapping leaves.

1846. Annuals and perennials. Compositae.

abyssinica, ab-is-SIN-ik-a, Abyssinian, native to Ethiopia (Abyssinia). amelloides, a-mel-LOY-deez, resembling Amellus. fragilis, see F. tenella. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, Gr. hetero, diverse; phylla, leaves. tenella, ten-EL-la, tender; delicate.

Fagus, FA-gus; the Latin name for a Beech tree, some authorities deriving the word Fendlera, fend-LE-ra; after August Fendler from Gr. phago, to eat, the seeds being edible. (1813–1883), German plant collector in North and Central America. Shrubs. Trees. Fagaceae. sylvatica, sil-VAT-ik-a, inhabiting woods – the Hydrangeaceae. Beech Tree.

rupicola, roo-PIK-o-la, rock inhabiting.

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FER–FOR Ferocactus, fer-o-KAK-tus; from L. ferox, fierce, and cactus, refers to the very spiny plants. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae.

cylindraceus, sil-in-DRAK-e-us, long and round, cylindrical. cylindraceus subsp. lecontei, lec-ON-te-i, named after Dr. John Lawrence LeConte (1825– 1883), American entomologist and explorer who first noticed it. echidne, ek-ID-ne, viper’s fang-like – the spines. latispinus, see F. recurvus. lecontei, see F. cylindraceus subsp. lecontei. recurvus, re-KER-vus, curved backwards. uncinatus, un-sin-A-tus, hooked – the spines. viridescens, vir-id-ES-senz, greenish flowered. wislizeni, wis-liz-EE-ne, after Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus (1810–1889), German-born American explorer and botanist who found it at El Paso.

parcellii, see F. aspera. pumila, PU-mil-a, dwarf or diminutive. repens, RE-penz, creeping. stipulata, see F. pumila.

Filipendula, fil-e-PEN-du-la; from L. filum, a thread; pendulus, drooping, in allusion to the root tubers of some species. Herbaceous perennials. Rosaceae.

camschatica, kams-KAT-ik-a, of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. × purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured. rubra, ROO-bra, red. ulmaria, ul-MAIR-e-a, old generic name for common Meadowsweet, meaning elm-leaved. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

Fittonia, fit-TO-ne-a; commemorative of Elizabeth and Sarah Mary Fitton, botanical authors. Tropical trailing foliage plants. Ferula, FER-u-la; name given to the Giant Acanthaceae. Fennel by Pliny, the Roman naturalist. Herb albivenis, al-be-VEN-is, white-veined. and perennials. Apiaceae. argyroneura, see F. albivenis. communis, kom-MU-nis, common, that is, in groups or communities. foetida, FET-id-a, bad-smelling. tingitana, ting-e-TA-na, of Tangiers.

gigantea, ji-GAN-te-a, of large size. pearcei, PEERS-e-i, after Pearce. Unresolved name.

glauca, GLAW-ka, sea-green, the foliage. ovina, o-VE-na, pertaining to sheep (fodder plant), hence Sheep’s Fescue.

plant being used to plug spaces round chimneys in wood houses as a precaution against fire.

Ficus, FI-kus; the Latin name for the Fig tree and one common to most European languages. Believed to be derived from the Hebrew name, fag. Trees, shrubs and vines. Moraceae.

Forsythia, for-SI-the-a; after William Forsyth, superintendent of the Royal Gardens, Kensington (1737–1805). Shrubs. Oleaceae.

Foeniculum, fee-NIK-u-lum; from L. Fessia, FESS-e-a; dedicated to Dr. Bernhard Heindl (1947-), philosopher and writer, faenum, hay, because of its odour. Perennial on the basis of a moniker. Bulbous plants. herb. Apiaceae. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. Fennel. Asparagaceae. puschkinioides, pus-kin-e-OY-dees, resembling Fontinalis, FON-tin-a-lis; from L. fons, Puschkinia. spring or fountain – alluding to habitat. SubFestuca, fes-TU-ka; from L. festuca, a stem or merged aquatic moss. Fontinalaceae. antipyretica, an-te-py-re-TIK-a, anti-fire, the blade. Grasses. Poaceae.

aspera, AS-per-a, rough. benjamina, ben-ja-ME-na, from Indian benjan, the name for this plant. carica, KAR-ik-a, of Caria, Asia Minor (ancient geography). The Fig. elastica, el-AS-tik-a, elastic. The Indian Rubber Tree.

densiflora, see F. velutina. × intermedia, in-ter-ME-de-a, intermediate that is between its two parents. spectabilis, see F. × intermedia. suspensa, sus-PEN-sa, hanging down, the flowers. velutina, vel-u-TE-na, velvety – young wood and buds are downy. viridissima, vir-id-IS-sim-a, greenest.

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FOT–FRI Fothergilla, foth-er-GILL-a; commemorating Dr. John Fothergill (1712–1780), Quaker and physician of Stratford, Essex. Noted for his collection of American plants. Shrubs. Hamamelidaceae.

gardenii, gar-DE-ne-i, of Dr. Garden (USA), who discovered it. major, MA-jor, bigger; larger. monticola, see F. major.

excelsior, ek-SEL-se-or, taller. The Ash. latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved. mandshurica, mands-HOO-rik-a, of Manchuria. mariesii, see F. sieboldiana. oregona, see F. latifolia. ornus, OR-nus, old Latin name for Ash tree. The Flowering Ash. sieboldiana, se-bold-e-A-na, after Philipp Franz van Siebold (1796–1866), German doctor, who travelled in Japan from 1823 to 1830 and again 1859 to 1863, introduced many Japanese plants into European gardens.

Fragaria, fraj-AR-e-a (or fra-GAR-e-a); from L. fraga, strawberry; presumably from fragrans, sweet-smelling, alluding to the Freesia, FREE-se-a; after Dr. Freidrich Heinfruit. Rock plants and fruit. Rosaceae. rich Theodor Freese (d. 1876), of Kiel, a elatior, see F. virginiana. friend of Ecklon who named the genus. Very indica, IN-dik-a, of India. fragrant cut flowers. Iridaceae. monophylla, mon-of-IL-la, single leaved. vesca, VES-ka, small or feeble. The Wild Strawberry. virginiana, vir-jin-e-A-na, of Virginia.

Franciscea, fran-SIS-se-a; after Francis, Emperor of Austria and patron of botany. Tropical flowering shrub. Solanaceae.

alba, AL-ba, from the L. alba, white. laxa, LACK-sa, loose or open. leichtlinii, lecht-LE-ne-i, for Max Leichtlin (1831–1910) of Baden-Baden, who introduced many plants into cultivation, notably from the Near East. refracta, re-FRAK-ta, bent back.

calycina, see Brunfelsia pauciflora. Fremontodendron, free-mon-toe-DENFrancoa, fran-KO-a; after Fransisco Franco, dron; named after Major-General John 16th-century physician of Valencia, Spain. Charles Fremont (1813–1890), who between 1842 and 1848 made four hazGreenhouse herbaceous. Melianthaceae. appendiculata, ap-pen-dik-ul-A-ta, elongated ardous explorations into the far west of the or lengthened, the flowering stalks; literally United States. Shrubs. Malvaceae. californicum, kal-if-OR-nik-um, of California. mexicanum, meks-e-KAN-um, of Mexico.

appendaged. ramosa, ra-MO-sa, branched.

Frangula, FRANG-ul-a; old name for the Fritillaria, frit-il-LAR-e-a; from L. fritillus, a Alder Buckthorn. Shrubs and trees. Rham- dice-box, the markings on the flower resembling those on a chequer or chess-board, naceae. which is often associated with games of dice. alnus, AL-nus, resembling Alnus (alder). purshiana, pursh-e-AN-a, after Federick Traugott Bulbous plants. Liliaceae. Pursh (1774–1820), German explorer.

Frankenia, fran-KE-ne-a; after Johan Frankenius (1590–1661), professor of anatomy and botany at Uppsala, Sweden. Rock plants. Frankeniaceae. laevis, LE-vis, smooth. pulverulenta, pul-ver-ul-EN-ta, powdery.

Fraxinus, FRAKS-in-us; Latin name for an Ash tree, probably from Gr. phrasso, to fence, the wood being useful for fence-making. Trees. Oleaceae. angustifolia, an-gus-tif-O-le-a, narrow-leaved.

armena, see F. pinardii. aurea, aw-RE-a, golden. bithynica, bith-e-NIK-a, from Bithynia, in ancient geography a region of North-west Asia Minor, now in Turkey. citrina, see F. bithynica. imperialis, im-peer-e-A-lis, imperial, majestic. The Crown Imperial. meleagris, me-le-A-gris, Gr. name for Guinea-fowl, literally speckled – the flowers chequered. pinardii, pin-ARD-e-i, after Christian Pinard (collected 1843 to 1846), who discovered it in Turkey.

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FUC–GAR Fuchsia, FEW-sche-a; after Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566), a German physician and botanist, professor at Tubingen. Noted for his herbal published in 1542 and 1543 with beautiful woodcuts. Shrubs. Onagraceae. corymbiflora, kor-im-bif-LO-ra, cluster flowered. fulgens, FUL-jens, glowing. gracilis, see F. magellanica. macrostemma, see F. magellanica. magellanica, maj-el-AN-ik-a, of the area of the Straits of Magellan. procumbens, pro-KUM-benz, prostrate. riccartonii, see F. magellanica. splendens, SPLEN-denz, splendid. triphylla, trif-IL-a, three-leaved – the leaves in threes around the stem.

nivalis, niv-A-lis, snowy. The Common Snowdrop. plicatus, plik-A-tus, pleated. plicatus subsp. byzantinus, bi-zan-TE-nus, Byzantine.

Galax, GA-laks; from Gr. gala, milk, possibly in reference to the milk-white flowers. Woodland or peat plant. Diapensiaceae. aphylla, af-IL-la, no leaves, that is, on the flower stalks.

Galega, ga-LE-ga; from Gr. gala, milk; ago, to lead, the plant once being esteemed as a fodder crop for cows and goats in milk, hence Goat’s Rue. Hardy perennials. Leguminosae.

Fumaria, few-MAR-e-a; from L. fumus, officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (herbal). smoke, some species having a smoky odour. Galium, GA-le-um; from Gr. gala, milk, the Annual climber. Papaveraceae. capreolata, kap-re-o-LA-ta, provided with ten- leaves of G. verum once having been used for the curdling of milk. Rock plants. Rubiaceae. drils. aparine, ap-AR-in-nee, the Greek name for cleavers. odoratum, od-o-RA-tum, sweet-smelling. The Sweet Woodruff. olympicum, ol-IM-pik-um, Mt. Olympus.

Funkia, misapplied see below.

fortunei, see Hosta sieboldiana. grandiflora, see Hosta plantaginea. lancifolia, see Hosta lancifolia. sieboldiana, see Hosta sieboldiana. subcordata, see Hosta plantaginea. tardiflora, see Hosta longipes. undulata, see Hosta undulata.

Galtonia, gawl-TO-ne-a; commemorating Francis Galton, anthropologist. Hardy bulb. Asparagaceae.

Gagea, GA-je-a; commemorating Sir candicans, see Ornithogalum candicans. Thomas Gage (1781–1820), a botanist. viridiflora, ver-id-ee-FLOR-a, with green flowers. Hardy bulbs. Liliaceae. Gamolepis, misapplied see below. lutea, LU-te-a, yellow.

tagetes, see Steirodiscus tagetes.

Gaillardia, gal-LAR-de-a; after M. Gaillard de Charentonneau, a French patron of botany. Hardy perennials; most garden kinds are hybrids. Compositae. amblyodon, am-BLY-od-on, blunt toothed. aristata, ar-is-TA-ta, awned – the seeds. picta, PIK-ta, painted. pulchella, pul-KEL-la, pretty (diminutive).

Gardenia, gar-DE-ne-a; commemorating Dr. Alexander Garden (1730–1791), who corresponded with Linnaeus. Garden was born in Scotland and emigrated to Charleston, South Carolina where he was a physician and botanist. Tender shrubs. Rubiaceae. florida, see G. jasminoides.

Galanthus, gal-AN-thus; from Gr. gala, jasminoides, jaz-min-OY-dees, resembling Jasmimilk; anthos, a flower, alluding to its whitenum ( Jasmine). ness – the Snowdrop. Bulbous. AmarylliGarrya, GAR-re-a; named by Douglas in daceae. honour of Mr Garry, of the Hudson Bay byzantinus, see G. plicatus subsp. byzantinus. elwesii, el-WE-ze-i, after Henry John Elwes Company who gave the former much assis(1846–1922), botanist and author. tance in his plant-collecting expeditions — 63 —

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GAS–GEN (1820–1830) in the Pacific North West. Latin the botanical works of Theophrastus. Shrubs. Garryaceae. Half-hardy perennials and annuals. The elliptica, el-LIP-tik-a, ellipse-shaped, the leaves. Treasure Flower. Compositae. Gasteria, gas-TE-re-a; from Gr. gaster, belly, alluding to the swollen base of the flowers. Greenhouse succulents. Xanthorrhoeaceae. brevifolia, brev-IF-ol-e-a, short-leaved. carinata, kar-ee-NAH-tuh, having a keel. carinata var. verrucosa, ver-ru-KO-sa, warted. disticha, DIS-tik-a, leaves in two rows. lingua, lin-GWA, tongue-like, the leaves. verrucosa, see G. carinata var. verrucosa.

linearis, lin-e-AR-is, linear leaved, narrow, with nearly parallel sides. longiscapa, see G. linearis. rigens, RI-gens, rigid. splendens, see G. rigens.

Gelasine, je-LAS-e-ne; from Gr. gelasinos, a smiling dimple, referring to the flowers. Bulbs. Iridaceae. azurea, see G. elongata.

Gastrorchis, gast-ROAR-kis; from Gr. elongata, e-long-GAH-tuh, lengthened or elongated. gaster, belly; orchis, orchid; in allusion to the swollen lip base. Orchids. Orchidaceae. Genista, jen-IS-ta; ancient Latin name from tuberculosa, tu-ber-kul-O-sa, tubercles. which the Plantagenet kings and queens of Gaultheria, gawl-THE-re-a; commemo- England took their name (planta genista). rating Dr. Gaulthier, a botanist and physi- Flowering shrubs. Leguminosae. cian, of Quebec, in the eighteenth century. aetnensis, et-NEN-sis, of Mount Etna. cinerea, sin-er-E-a, greyish – the foliage. Shrubs. Ericaceae. dalmatica, see G. sylvestris subsp. dalmatica. nummularioides, num-mul-AR-e-oy-dees, like Nummalaria (moneywort), the leaves and growths. mucronata, muk-ron-A-ta, from L. mucro, sharp point, leaves terminating in a point. procumbens, pro-KUM-benz, prostrate, flat on the ground. pyrolifolia, pir-ol-e-FO-le-a, leaves like Pyrola (wintergreen). shallon, SHAL-lon, old Native American name. trichophylla, trik-of-IL-la, hairy-leaved.

Gaura, GAW-ra; from Gr. gauros, superb. Hardy perennial. Onagraceae.

glabrescens, see Cytisus emeriflorus. hispanica, his-PAN-ik-a, Spanish Broom. pilosa, pil-O-sa, downy, covered in long soft hairs. radiata, rad-e-A-ta, rayed – the form of the branches. sagittalis, sag-it-TA-liss, like an arrow – the winged twigs. sylvestris, sil-VES-tris, pertaining to the woods. sylvestris subsp. dalmatica, dal-MAT-ik-a, of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic side of the Balkan Peninsula. tinctoria, tink-TOR-e-a, of dyers, tingo, to dye. Dyer’s Greenweed. virgata, see G. tinctoria.

lindheimeri, lind-HI-mer-i, for Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer (1801–1879), German AmeriGentiana, can botanist.

JEN-she-AN-a; (or JEN-teAN-a); called after Gentius, King of Illyria, Gaylussacia, gay-loo-SAK-e-a; named after who first used the plant in medicine. Rock a French chemist, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and border perennials. Gentianaceae. acaulis, a-KAW-lis, stemless. (1778–1850). Peat shrubs. Ericaceae. baccata, bak-KA-ta, berry-like, having fruits with a pulpy texture. Black Huckleberry. dumosa, du-MO-sa, bushy. frondosa, fron-DO-sa, leafy. resinosa, see G. baccata.

Gazania, gaz-A-ne-a; from L. gaza, treasure, or riches, in allusion to the large and gaudy flowers, or commemorating Theodore of Gaza (1398–1478) who translated into

algida, al-GEE-da, cold, originating in high mountains. algida var. purdomii, PUR-dom-e-i, in honour of William Purdom (1880–1921), British plant collector. andrewsii, AN-drew-see-i, in honour of the English botanical artist Henry C. Andrews (fl. 1799–1830), illustrator of The Botanist’s Repository (1797–1815). bavarica, bav-AR-ik-a, of Bavaria.

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GEO–GEU farreri, see G. lawrencei. freyniana, see G. septemfida. kurroo, KER-roo, native name of habitat. lawrencei, law-RENS-e-i, named after R. W. Lawrence, a nineteenth century amateur botanist who collected in Tasmania. ornata, or-NA-ta, ornate. pnuemonanthe, new-mon-AN-the, literally lungflower, the plant once being used as a remedy for lung disease. purdomii, see G. algida var. purdomii. septemfida, sep-TEM-fid-a, seven-cleft, referring to the flowers. sino-ornata, SI-no-or-NA-ta, Chinese ornate gentian. verna, VER-na, spring, spring-flowering.

robertianum, ro-ber-te-AN-um, after Robert, a French abbot. The Herb Robert. sanguineum, san-GWIN-e-um, blood red. striatum, see G. versicolor. traversii, tra-VER-see-i, after William Locke Travers (1819–1903), solicitor, parliamentarian and botanist. versicolor, ver-SIK-o-lor, various colours. wallichianum, wol-litsch-e-A-num, of Dr. Nathaniel Wallich (1786–1854), a director of the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta.

gracilis, see G. cuneata.

aurantiaca, aw-ran-te-A-ka, golden-orange. jamesonii, jame-SO-ne-i, commemorating Robert Jameson (1832–1908), Scottish born botanist who settled in South Africa. The Barberton Daisy.

Gerardia, jer-ARD-e-a; named after John Gerard (1545–1612), barber-surgeon, garden superintendent to Lord Burghley, Minister to Queen Elizabeth I. He is famous for his Herball, first published in 1597. ParGeonoma, je-o-NO-ma; from Gr. geonomos, asitic plants. Orobanchaceae. skilled in agriculture. These feather palms purpurea, see Agalinis purpurea. send out buds from the apex of the stems. quercifolia, see Aureolaria virginica. These in turn forming new plants. Tender Gerbera, JER-ber-a; after Traugott Gerber, a palms. Arecaceae. German naturalist who died in 1743. Tender cuneata, ku-ne-A-ta, wedge-shaped, the leaves, perennials. Compositae. usually with the narrow end down. Geranium, jer-A-nee-um; from Gr. geranos, a crane, the fruit of the plant resembling the head and beak of that bird, hence Cranesbill. Border perennials and rock plants. Gera- Gesneria, GES-ner-e-a; after Conrad niaceae. Gessner (1516–1565) of Zurich. Tropical albanum, al-BA-num, of Albania. flowering and foliage tuberous plants. Gesnearmenum, see G. psilostemon. riaceae. endressii, en-DRES-see-i, after Philip Anton Christoph Endress (1806–1831), German plant collector who died of malaria after a plant collecting trip to the Pyrenees. grandiflorum, see G. sanguineum. ibericum, i-BER-ik-um, of Iberia, that is Spain and Portugal. macrorrhizum, mak-ror-RHIZ-um, large rooted. nepalense, nep-al-EN-see, of Nepal. nodosum, no-DO-sum, full of nodes, thick jointed. phaeum, FE-um, brownish or dusky. pratense, pra-TEN-see, of the meadows. psilostemon, si-lo-STEM-on, with glabrous stamens. pylzowianum, pil-zo-e-AN-um, after Mikhail Alexandrovich Pyltsov, Russian army officer, who accompanied Przewalski in China 1870–1873.

calycina, ka-lee-SIN-a, calyx like. cardinalis, see Sinningia cardinalis. × exoniensis, eks-on-e-EN-sis, of Exeter, Devon, England. × naegelioides, naeg-el-e-OY-dez, resembling Naegelia. refulgens, misapplied, possibly a cultivar of Smithiantha.

Geum, JE-um; name used by Pliny, possibly from the Gr. geuo, to give an agreeable flavour (to taste), the roots of some species being aromatic. Herbaceous perennials. Rosaceae. × borisii, see G. coccineum. chiloense, chil-o-EN-se, of the Island of Chiloe. coccineum, kok-SIN-e-um, scarlet. × heldreichii, see G. coccineum. montanum, mon-TA-num, of mountains. rivale, re-VA-le, pertaining to brooks.

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GIB–GLO Gibbaeum, gib-BE-um; from L. gibba, a hump, referring to the humped appearance of the larger of the two leaves forming the new growth. Greenhouse succulents. Aizoaceae. album, AL-bum, white – the flowers. dispar, DIS-par, unequal – the leaves. gibbosum, gib-BO-sum, humped or swollen. heathii, HEETH-e-i, after Dr Francis Harold Rodier Heath (fl. 1910–1937), English grower of succulent plants. pubescens, pew-BES-senz, downy.

× gandavensis, gan-dav-EN-sis, relating to Ghent, Belgium. primulinus, see G. dalenii. psittacinus, see G. dalenii. tristis, TRIS-tis, dull, sad.

Glandora, GLAN-dor-a; in reference to the hairy corolla. Dwarf shrub. Boraginaceae. prostrata, pros-TRA-ta, prostrate, lying flat.

Glandularia, glan-do-LAIR-e-a; having small glands. Annual and perennial herbs. Gilia, GIL-e-a; dedicated to Fillipo Luigi Verbenaceae. Gilii (1756–1821), astronomer in Rome, laciniata, las-in-e-A-ta, slashed or torn into narrow divisions. author with Caspar Xuarez of Observazioni peruviana, pe-ru-ve-A-na, of Peru. fitologiche (1789–1792). Mainly half-hardy tenera, TEN-er-a, soft, delicate, slender. annuals. Polemoniaceae. achilleifolia, a-kil-le-if-OL-e-a, leaves resembling Glaucium, GLAW-ke-um (or GLAWce-um); from Gr. glaukos, blue-grey, the Achillea. capitata, kap-it-A-ta, growing in a dense head. colour of the foliage. Hardy biennials. Papacoronopifolia, kor-on-op-e-FO-le-a, leaves resem- veraceae. bling Coronopus. tricolor, TRIK-ol-or, three coloured.

corniculatum, kor-nik-ul-A-tum, horned. The Horned Poppy. flavum, FLA-vum, yellow – the flowers.

Gillenia, gil-LE-ne-a; named after Arnold Gille, German physician who wrote on hor- Glebionis, gleb-e-O-nis; from L. gleba, soil; ticulture in the seventeenth century and had ionis, characteristic of, reference obscure. a garden at Cassel. Rhizomatous perennial Herbaceous perennials. Compositae. herbs. Rosaceae. coronaria, kor-on-AIR-e-a, crown or wreath-like. trifoliata, see Spiraea trifoliata.

Glechoma, glee-KO-ma; from Gr. glechon, Ginkgo, GINK-go; from Chinese yin, silver; a kind of mint. Perennial herbs. Lamiaceae. kuo, apricot, via Japanese pronunciation, hederacea, hed-er-A-se-a, resembling Hedera (ivy). ginko. Introduced into Europe from Japan. Gleditsia, gled-ITS-see-a; named after Tree. Ginkgoaceae. Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714–1786), biloba, bi-LO-ba, two-lobed, the foliage. director of the Botanical Garden, Berlin and Gladiolus, glad-e-O-lus; from L. gladiolus, a friend of Linnaeus. Trees. Honey Locust. small sword, the shape of the leaf. Bulbous Leguminosae. plants, mainly hybrids in common cultiva- caspia, KAS-pe-a, Caspian. triacanthos, tri-a-KAN-thos, three-spined. tion. Iridaceae. blandus, see G. carneus. × brenchleyensis, brench-ley-EN-sis, of Brenchley. byzantinus, see G. communis. cardinalis, kar-din-A-lis, scarlet, cardinal red. carneus, kar-NE-us, flesh-coloured, deep pink. colvillei, COL-vil-le-i, named after nurseryman James Colville of Chelsea, London. communis, kom-MU-nis, common, that is, in groups or communities. dalenii, da-LEN-e-i, after Cornelius Dalen, Director of Rotterdam Botanic Gardens who introduced the species into gardens.

Gleichenia, gle-KEE-ne-a; after Baron Gleichen (1717–1783), German botanist. Greenhouse ferns. Gleicheniaceae. circinnata, ser-sin-NA-ta, coiled. dicarpa, From Gr. di, two; carpa, fruits. rupestris, roo-PES-tris, rock loving.

Globularia, glob-u-LAR-e-a; from L. globulus, a small globe, in reference to the rounded flower heads. Sub-shrubs and perennials. Globe Daisy. Plantaginaceae.

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GLO–GOR bellidifolia, see G. meridionalis. denudata, de-nu-DA-ta, uncovered or not hairy. cordifolia, kor-dif-OL-e-a, heart shaped. pinifolia, py-nif-OL-e-a, Pinus (Pine) leaved. incanescens, in-ka-NES-sens, becoming hoary. Godetia, go-DE-she-a; after Charles H. meridionalis, me-rid-e-o-NA-lis, of noonday; Godet, Swiss botanist and entomologist. blooming at midday. trichosantha, trik-o-SAN-tha, hairy flowered, the The genus is now included under Clarkia. grandiflora, see Clarkia amoena subsp. lindleyi. appearance of the blossoms. whitneyi, see Clarkia amoena subsp. whitneyi.

Gloriosa, glo-re-O-sa; from L. gloriosus, glorious, referring to the gorgeous flowers. Goldfussia, gold-FUS-se-a; after Dr. GoldTropical climbing tuberous rooted plants. fuss (1782–1848), natural history professor in Bonn university. The genus is now Glory-Lily. Colchicaceae. superba, su-PER-ba, superb. included under Strobilanthes. anisophylla, see Strobilanthes persicifolia.

Glottiphylum, glot-tif-IL-lum; from Gr. isophylla, see Strobilanthes persicifolia. glotta, tongue; phylla, leaf, referring to the thick fleshy leaves. Greenhouse succulents. Gomesa, go-MESS-a; after Bernadino Antonio Gomes (1768–1823), Portuguese Aizoaceae. physician and botanist. Orchids. Orchidaceae. apiculatum, see G. cruciatum. cruciatum, kroo-see-A-tum, in the form of a cross. linguiforme, lin-gwe-FOR-me, tongue shaped. longum, LONG-um, long, the leaves.

concolor, KON-kol-or, one-coloured. forbesii, FORBES-e-i, after John Forbes (1799– 1823), plant collector for the Horticultural Society of London. Collected in Brazil and Africa. varicosa, var-ik-O-sa, dilated veins.

Gloxinia, gloks-IN-e-a, named after Benjamin Peter Gloxin (flourished 1785), a botanical writer of Colmar. Tuberous perenGomphrena, gom-FREE-na; from an ancient nials. Gesneriaceae. name for amaranth. Tender annuals. Amaperennis, per-EN-nis, perennial. ranthaceae. speciosa, see Sinningia speciosa. globosa, glob-O-sa, globular. The Globe Ama-

Glyceria, glik-ER-e-a; (or gly-ce-re-a); from ranth. Gr. glykys, sweet; with reference to the sweet Goniolimon, gon-e-o-LI-mon; from Gr. tasting of some seeds of the genus. Aquatic gonia, an angle; limon, after Limonium, a grass. Poaceae. related genus. The branches are angled. Peraquatica, see Catabrosa aquatica. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. ennial herbs. Plumbaginaceae. eximium, eks-IM-e-um, excellent.

Glycyrrhiza, glik-er-RHE-za (or gly-ser- tataricum, tat-TAR-e-kum, of the Tatar MounRHY-za); from Gr. glykys, sweet; rhiza, a tains, Russia. root, referring to the sweet juice of the roots Goniophlebium, gon-e-of-LEB-e-um; from from which liquorice is made. Perennial Gr. gonia, an angle; phlebion, a vein, alluding herbs. Leguminosae. to the angled veins. Epiphytic ferns. Polypoglabra, GLAB-ra, smooth, destitute of hairs. diaceae. Gnaphalium, naf-A-le-um; from Gr. gnaphal- appendiculatum, ap-pen-dik-ul-A-tum, drooping ion, woolly, in allusion to the very woolly like an appendage. foliage. Hardy herbaceous plants. Compositae. subauriculatum, see Schellolepis subauriculata. supinum, sue-PINE-um, prostrate; low growing.

Gordonia, gor-DO-ne-a; named after James Gnidia, NID-e-a; Latin referring to the Gordon (1708–1780), nurseryman of Mile Doric city and region of Gnidus (Gr. Knidos) End, London. Trees. Theaceae. in Caria, Asia Minor (Turkey). Greenhouse lasianthus, las-e-AN-thus, hairy flowered. flowering shrubs. Thymelaeaceae. pubescens, pew-BES-senz, downy. — 67 —

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GOS–GYM Gossypium, gos-SIP-e-um; from L. gossypion, cotton plant. Annual and perennial herbs, subshrubs, shrubs and trees. Malvaceae. barbadense, bar-bad-EN-see, from Barbados. herbaceum, her-BA-se-um, herbaceous.

Grammanthes, misapplied see below. gentianoides, see Crassula dichotoma.

bowringiana, bo-ring-e-A-na, introduced by Veitch and named after Mr J.C. Bowring of Forest Farm, Windsor, an ardent amateur orchid collector. skinneri, SKIN-ner-i, after George Ure Skinner (1804–1867), botanist, plant collector in Guatemala and Honduras. The national flower of Costa Rica.

Gravesia, GRAVE-see-a; possibly after Guaiacum, gwa-e-AK-um; the native name George Graves (1784–1839), author of the for the tropical evergreen tree lignum vitae. ‘Naturalist’s Pocket-book or Tourist’s Com- Shrubs and trees. Zygophyllaceae. panion’. Annual and perennial herbs. Melas- officinale, of-FIS-in-A-lee, found in shops. Lignum vitae, the wood of life so named tomataceae. because of its high repute in medicine.

guttata, gut-TA-ta, speckled or spotted.

Gunnera, GUN-ner-a; named after Johan Ernst Gunnerus (1718–1773), Norwegian Grevillea, gre-VIL-le-a; named after Charles bishop and botanist. Author of Flora NorF. Greville (1749–1809), a founder of the vegica (1766–1772). Herbaceous perenniHorticultural Society of London (RHS), als. Gunneraceae. once vice-president of the Royal Society chilensis, see G. tinctoria. magellanica, maj-el-AN-ik-a, of the area of the and patron of botany. Evergreen Trees and Straits of Magellan. Shrubs. Proteaceae. manicata, man-ik-A-ta, literally sleeved, usually Greenovia, misapplied see below. aurea, see Aeonium aureum.

juniperina, ju-NIP-er-e-na, resembling Juniperus applied to pubescent material which may be (juniper). stripped off in shreds. juniperina subsp. sulphurea, sul-FU-re-a, sulphur scabra, see G. tinctoria. yellow, the flowers. tinctoria, tink-TOR-e-a, of dyers, tingo, to dye. robusta, ro-BUS-ta, strong or robust. rosmarinifolia, ros-mar-e-nif-OL-e-a, Rosmarinus Guzmania, guz-MAN-e-a; named in honour (Rosemary) leaved. of Anastasio Guzman (d. 1807), Spanish sulphurea, see G. juniperina subsp. sulphurea. naturalist. Perennial herbs. Bromeliaceae.

Griffinia, grif-FIN-e-a; after William Griffin lingulata, ling-ul-A-ta, tongue-shaped. (d. 1827), a distinguished cultivator of Gymnocalycium, gim-no-kal-IK-e-um; from bulbs. Tropical bulbs. Amaryllidaceae. Gr. gymnos, naked; kalyx, a bud, the flower hyacinthina, hy-a-SINTH-in-a, dark ­ purplishbuds having no covering. Cacti. Cactaceae. blue; resembling Hyacinthus (hyacinth).

Griselinia, gris-el-IN-e-a; after Francesco Griselini (1717–1783), a Venetian botanist. Shrub. Cornaceae. littoralis, lit-tor-A-lis, of the sea-shore.

Grusonia, grus-ON-e-a; after Hermann Gruson of Magdebourg, a cactus specialist. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae.

denudatum, de-nu-DA-tum, denuded of covering. gibbosum, gib-BO-sum, swollen on one side, humped. leeanum, see G. gibbosum. monvillei, mon-VIL-e-i, after Hippolyte Boissel (1794–1863), Baron de Monville, whose plant collection was sold by auction in 1846. multiflorum, see G. monvillei.

bradtiana, brad-tee-A-na, after George Bradt, Gymnocarpium, gyim-no-KAR-pe-um; editor of The Southern Florist and Gardener. from Gr. gymnos, naked; karpus, fruit. The cereiformis, see G. bradtiana.

Guarianthe, gwa-re-AN-thee; from the Costa Rican native name for orchid. Orchidaceae.

sori being naked. Ferns. Cystopteridaceae.

dryopteris, dri-OP-ter-is; from Gr. drys, oak; pteris, a fern. The Oak Fern.

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GYM–HAL Gymnocladus, gim-no-KLA-dus; from Gr. gymnos, naked; klados, a branch. The branches are bare for many months in winter and the buds are barely visible. Trees. Leguminosae.

Haberlea, HAB-er-le-a; named after Karl Konstantin Haberle (1764–1832), teacher of botany, University of Pest, Hungary. Monotypic genus of rock plants. Gesneriaceae.

ferdinand-coburgi, see H. rhodopensis. canadensis, see G. dioica. rhodopensis, ro-do-PEN-sis, from the Rhodope dioica, di-OY-ka, literally two houses, that is, male mountains, Bulgaria. and female parts being on separate plants, dioecious. The Kentucky Coffee Tree. The seeds of which were used as a coffee substitute Habranthus, hab-RAN-thus; from Gr. habros, graceful; anthos, a flower, of graceful by the American Pioneers.

appearance. Half-hardy bulbs. AmarylliGymnogramma, gim-no-GRAM-ma; from daceae. Gr. gymnos, naked; gramma, lines, from the pratensis, see Rhodophiala pratensis. conspicuous naked sori being in lines. Ferns. Habrothamnus, hab-roth-AM-nus; from Gr. Pteridaceae. habros, graceful; thamnos, a shrub, referring argyrophylum, ar-ger-of-IL-la, silver-leaved. to the showy flowers. Greenhouse shrubs. calomelanos, see Pityrogramma calomelanos. chrysophylla, kris-of-IL-lum, with golden leaves. Solanaceae. dealbata, see Pityrogramma dealbata. japonica, see Coniogramme japonica. peruviana, see Pityrogramma calomelanos var. peruviana. tartarea, see Pityrogramma ebenea. wetenhalliana, wet-ten-hal-le-A-na, after Wettenhall.

Gynerium, gyn-EER-e-um; from Gr. gyne, woman; erion, wool, the hairy spikelets of the female plants. Grasses. Poaceae. argenteum, see Cortaderia selloana. sagittatum, sag-it-TA-tum, like an arrow. Uva grass.

elegans, see Cestrum elegans. newelli, new-EL-le, bred by and named after a Mr Newell, Downham Market, Norfolk.

Hacquetia, hak-KWET-e-a; named after Belsazar de la Motte Hacquet (c.1740–1815), Slovenian physician of French descent. Perennial herb. Apiaceae. epipactis, ep-e-PAK-tis, an old generic name. The Greek word given to plants thought to curdle milk.

Haemanthus, ha-MAN-thus; from Gr. haima, blood; anthos, flower, alluding to the red colour of the flowers. Greenhouse Gypsophila, gip-SOF-il-la; from Gr. gypsos, bulbous plants. Amaryllidaceae. chalk; phileo, to love, in reference to some albiflos, AL-be-flos, white-flowered. species preference for chalky soils. Annual coccineus, kok-SIN-e-us, scarlet. or perennials herbs of varying habit. Cary- katharinae, see Scadoxus multiflorus subsp. katharinae. ophyllaceae. cerastoides, se-rast-OY-dees, like Cerastium. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. frankenioides, see Bolanthus frankenioides. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, with flowers arranged in panicles. repens, RE-penz, creeping.

multiflorus, see Scadoxus multiflorus. natalensis, see Scadoxus puniceus.

Hakonechloa, hak-o-ne-KLO-a; from the Japanese region of Hakone; Gr. chloi, grass. Poaceae. macra, MAK-ra, large.

Habenaria, hab-en-AR-e-a; from L. habena, a strap, referring to the strap-shaped spur. Halesia, hale-E-ze-a; commemorating Dr. Stephen Hales (1677–1761), curate of Terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae. Teddington, botanical author. Shrubs. Stybifolia, see Platanthera bifolia. blephariglottis, see Platanthera blephariglottis. racaceae. fimbriata, see Platanthera grandiflora.

carolina, ka-ro-LI-na, from Carolina, USA.

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HAL–HED diptera, DIP-ter-a, from Gr. literally two-winged – the seed pods. tetraptera, tet-RAP-ter-a, from Gr. literally fourwinged – the seed pods. tetraptera var. monticola, mon-TIK-o-la, growing on hills.

Halimium, hal-e-ME-um; from Gr. halimos, sea-coast. Shrubs and sub-shrubs. Cistaceae. halimifolium, hal-im-if-OL-e-um, leaves resembling Halimus. lasianthum, las-e-AN-thum, hairy flowered. lasianthum subsp. formosum, for-MO-sum, beautiful. ocymoides, os-e-MOY-dees, resembling Ocimum.

Halimodendron, hal-e-mod-EN-dron; from Gr. halimos, sea-coast; dendron, tree – a seaside shrub. Leguminosae. argenteum, see H. halodendron. halodendron, ha-lo-DEN-dron, literally Salt Tree.

Hamamelis, ham-a-MEL-is; from Gr. hama, together; mela, fruit, flowers and fruit being borne at the same time. Shrubs. Hamamelidaceae. arborea, ar-BOR-e-a, tree-like. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. mollis, MOL-lis, downy. virginiana, vir-jin-e-A-na, of Virginia, U.S.A.

Hatiora, hat-e-OR-a; an anagram of the genus Hariota which was renamed. In honour of Thomas Hariot (1560–1621), cartographer. Cactus. Cactaceae. gaertneri, GEERT-ner-i, after Karl Friedrich von Gaertner (1772–1850), German botanist. Easter cactus. salicornioides, sal-ik-or-me-OY-dees, resembling Salicornia (glasswort).

Haworthia, ha-WORTH-e-i; after Adrian Hardy Haworth (1768–1833), English botanist and writer on succulents. Greenhouse succulents. Xanthorrhoeaceae. atrovirens, see H. herbacea. herbacea, her-BA-se-a, herbaceous. margaritifera, see H. pumila. pumila, PU-mil-a, dwarf or diminutive. reinwardtii, rin-WARD-e-i, after Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773–1854), Dutch botanist.

Hebe, not an accepted name when this book was first printed. It is being argued Hebe share a common ancestor with Veronica which see.

Hebenstretia, he-ben-STRY-te-a; after Professor John Ernest Hebenstreit (1703– 1757), of Leipzig. Half-hardy annual. ScroHamatocactus, ham-A-to-KAK-tus; from phulariaceae. L. hamatus, hooked and cactus, refers to the comosa, ko-MO-sa, hairy. hooked central spine. Greenhouse cactus. Hedera, HED-er-a; the ancient Latin name Cactaceae. for Ivy. Climbers. Araliaceae. hamatocanthus, ham-A-to-KAN-thus; from L. hamatus, hooked; anthos, a flower. setispinus, see Thelocactus setispinus.

arborea, see H. helix. canariensis, ka-nar-e-EN-sis, of the Canary Islands. colchica, KOL-chik-a, from Colchis. digitata, see H. helix. helix, HE-liks, spiral, or twisted. The Common Ivy. regneriana, see H. colchica.

Hardenbergia, har-den-BER-je-a; after Frances Countess Hardenburg, sister of Baron Hugel, a plant collector and whose plants his sister cared for while on his travels. Greenhouse twining plants. Leguminosae. Hedychium, he-DIK-e-um; from Gr. hedys, comptoniana, kom-ton-e-A-na, introduced by sweet; chion, snow, alluding to the snowLady Margaret Compton (1793–1830), wife of Spencer Compton second Marquess of white fragrant flowers (of some species). Tropical herbaceous plants. Zingiberaceae. Northampton. monophylla, see H. violacea. violacea, vi-o-LA-se-a, violet-coloured.

Harpalium, misapplied see below. rigidum, see Helianthus pauciflorus.

coronarium, kor-on-AIR-e-um, crown or wreathlike. gardnerianum, gard-ner-e-A-num, commemorates Col. Edward Gardner, East India Company. maximum, see H. coronarium.

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HED–HEL Hedysarum, hed-e-SAR-um; possibly from sparsifolius, see H. atrorubens. Gr. hedys, sweet, in reference to these fra- tomentosus, to-men-TO-sus, felted, the leaf underparts. grant plants. Herbaceous perennials subshrubs and shrubs. Leguminosae. Helichrysum, he-le-KRI-sum; from Gr. coronarium, kor-on-AIR-e-um, crown or wreath- helios, the sun; chrysos, gold, alluding to the like – the flowers. flowers of some species. Border plants and multijugum, mul-te-JU-gum, many paired leaves. shrubs. Compositae. Helenium, hel-E-ne-um; Gr. name for bellidioides, see Anaphalioides bellidioides. another plant honouring Helen of Troy. bracteatum, brak-te-A-tum, the flowers having many bracts. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae.

rosmarinifolium, ros-mar-e-nif-OL-e-um, Rosautumnale, aw-tum-NA-le, autumnal. marinus (Rosemary) leaved. bigelovii, big-e-LOV-e-i, after Jacob Bigelow triplinerve, trip-le-NER-ve, three-nerved – the (1787–1879), physician and botanist, proleaves. fessor of materia medica at Harvard Medical School. Heliconia, he-le-KO-ne-a; from Gr. Helicon, bolanderi, bo-LAND-er-e, after Henry Nicholas a mountain in Greece. Tropical herbaceous Bolander (1831–1897), German-American foliage plants. Heliconiaceae. botanist and educator. aureo-striata, see H. wagneriana. flexuosum, fleks-u-O-sum, zig-zag – the flower illustris, see H. indica. stem. indica, IN-di-ka, of India. grandicephalum, see H. autumnale. rubricaulis, see H. indica. striatum, Hybrid see H. flexuosum. wagneriana, wag-ner-e-A-na, after Moritz Friedrich Wagner (1813–1887), German botaHelianthemum, he-le-AN-the-mum; from nist. Gr. helios, the sun; anthemon, a flower, the

Sun Rose. Mainly dwarf shrubs. Also pro- Heliocereus, he-le-o-se-RE-us; from Gr. nounced he-le-ANTH-em-um. Cistaceae. helios, the sun; cereus, cactus, flowers expand formosum, see Halimium lasianthum subsp. for- in sunlight. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. mosum. halimifolium, see Halimium halimifolium. nummularium, num-mul-AR-e-um, from L. nummus, a coin, the shape of the leaf. ocymoides, see Halimium ocymoides. vineale, vin-e-A-le, inhabiting vineyards. vulgare, see H. nummularium.

speciosus, spes-e-O-sus, handsome.

Heliohebe, he-le-o-HEE-bee; from Gr. helios, the sun; hebe, Greek goddess of youth, cupbearer to the gods. Sun Hebe. Shrubs or subshrubs. Plantaginaceae. hulkeana, hul-ke-A-na, probably of native origin.

Helianthus, he-le-AN-thus; from Gr. helios, Heliophila, he-le-O-fil-a; from Gr. helios, the sun; anthos, a flower, the Sunflower. the sun; phileo, to love. Half-hardy annuals. Annuals and perennials. Compositae. Brassicaceae.

annuus, AN-u-us, annual. africana, af-re-KA-na, of Africa. argophyllus, ar-GO-fil-lus, silvery foliage – leaves arabioides, see H. africana. clothed in white down. linearis, lin-e-AR-is, linear leaved, narrow, with atrorubens, at-ro-RU-bens, dark red. nearly parallel sides. debilis, DE-bil-is, weak, frail. linearis var. linearifolia, lin-e-ar-if-OL-e-a, debilis subsp. cucumerifolius, ku-ku-mer-e-FOnarrow leaved. le-us, resembling Cucumis (cucumber) pilosa, pil-O-sa, soft long hairs. foliage. Heliopsis, he-le-OP-sis; from Gr. helios, the decapetalus, dek-a-PET-al-us, ten-petalled. sun; opsis, a resemblance, the appearance of giganteus, ji-GAN-te-us, gigantic. multiflorus, mul-tif-LO-rus, many flowered. the flowers. Hardy perennials. Compositae. pauciflorus, paw-sif-LO-rus, few-flowered. helianthoides, he-le-anth-OY-dees, resembling rigidus, see H. pauciflorus. Helianthus.

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HEL–HER Hemerocallis, hem-er-o-KAL-lis; from Gr. hemera, a day; kallos, beauty. Herbaceous perennials. Xanthorrhoeaceae.

helianthoides var. scabra, SKA-bra, rough. laevis, see Bidens laevis. scabra, see H. helianthoides subsp. scabra.

Heliotropium, he-le-o-TRO-pe-um; from Gr. helios, the sun; trope, to turn, the flowers were believed to turn to the sun. Greenhouse sub-shrubs. Boraginaceae. arborescens, ar-bor-ES-cenz, tree like. nicotianifolium, nik-o-te-A-ne-FO-le-um, resembling Nicotiana (Tobacco) leaves. peruvianum, see H. arborescens.

Helipterum, hel-IP-ter-um; from Gr. helios, the sun; pteron, a wing, in reference to the plumed seed pappus. Hardy annuals. Compositae.

aurantiaca, see H. fulva var. aurantiaca. dumortieri, do-mor-TE-ayr-e, in honour of Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (1797–1878), Belgian botanist and member of parliament. flava, see H. lilioasphodelus. fulva, FUL-va, tawny. fulva var. aurantiaca, aw-ran-te-A-ka, golden orange. graminea, see H. minor. lilioasphodelus, le-le-o-as-FO-del-us; name given by Clusius. middendorffii, mid-den-DORF-e-i, after Alexander von Theodorowitsch Middendorff (1815–1894), zoologist and botanist who was active in Siberia. minor, MY-nor, dwarf.

manglesii, mang-LES-e-i, after James Mangles (1786–1867), British naval officer, naturalist and horticulturist. roseum, see Rhodanthe chlorocephala subsp. rosea. Hemionitis, he-me-on-I-tis; from Gr. hemi-

onos, a mule, the plants being thought sterile. Helleborus, hel-LE-bor-us; classical name of Warm-house ferns. Pteridaceae. one of the species. Herbaceous perennials. arifolia, ar-if-OL-e-a, leaves resembling Arum. cordata, see H. arifolia. Ranunculaceae. caucasicus, kaw-KAS-ik-us, Caucasian. colchicus, KOL-chik-us, from Colchis. foetidus, FET-id-us, bad-smelling. guttatus, see H. caucasicus. lividus, LIV-id-us, leaves bluish grey or leadcoloured. niger, NI-jer, black – the root. Christmas Hellebore or Christmas Rose. viridis, VIR-id-is, green – the flowers.

palmata, pal-MA-ta, palmate, like a hand – the leaves.

Hepatica, he-PAT-ik-a; from Gr. hepar, liver, which the lobed leaves are supposed to resemble. Perennials. Ranunculaceae. angulosa, see Anemone angulosa. triloba, see Anemone hepatica.

Heracleum, her-AK-le-um; named after Hercules, who is said to have discovered the Helonias, hel-O-ne-as; from Gr. helos, a plant’s medicinal virtues; or after heracles, a marsh, H. bullata being a bog plant. Melan- plant consecrated to Hercules. Biennials and thiaceae. perennials. Apiaceae. bullata, bul-LA-ta, puckered – like a primrose leaf.

Heloniopsis, hel-o-ne-OP-sis; from Gr. Helonias (q.v.) and Gr. opsis, a resemblance. Herbaceous plants. Melanthiaceae. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia (China). orientalis var. breviscapa, brev-is-KA-pa, shortscaped (stalked).

Helxine, misapplied see below. soleirolii, see Soleirolia soleirolii.

giganteum, ji-GAN-te-um, gigantic. mantegazzianum, man-te-gats-e-A-num, dedicated to Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910), a champion of Darwinian theory in Italy. sphondylium, sfon-DIL-le-um, name given by Caspar Bauhin. Possibly referring to the similarity of the segmented stem to vertebrae. sphondylium subsp. sibiricum, si-BIR-ik-um, Siberian.

Hereroa, her-e-RO-a; after Herer in Namibia, the native habitat. Succulent plants. Aizoaceae.

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HER–HIE dolabriformis, dol-A-brif-OR-mis, axe or hatchet cine and botany, correspondent of Linnaeus. shaped leaves. Rock and border perennials. Saxifragaceae. granulata, gran-u-LA-ta, granulated or rough. americana, a-mer-ik-A-na, of America. × brizoides, briz-OY-dees, resembling Briza, BriHerniaria, her-ne-AR-e-a; from L. hernia, zoides group. rupture, for which the plant was a supposed hispida, HIS-pid-a, bristly. remedy. Creeping or carpeting rock plant. micrantha, mi-KRAN-tha, small-flowered. sanguinea, san-GWIN-e-a, blood red. Caryophyllaceae. glabra, GLAB-ra, smooth.

Hexacentris, unresolved see below. Herpestis, her-PES-tis; from Gr. herpestes, mysorensis, see Thunbergia mysorensis. creeping – the habit of the plant. Aquatic. Hibbertia, hib-BER-te-a; after George Plantaginaceae. Hibbert (1757–1837), a patron of botany. amplexicaulis, am-pleks-e-KAW-lis, leaves clasp- Greenhouse climbers. Dilleniaceae. ing the stem.

dentata, den-TA-ta, toothed, the leaves.

Hertia, her-TE-a; in honour of Joannes volubilis, vol-U-bil-is, twining. Casimirus Hertius (1679–1748), German Hibiscus, hi-BIS-kus; name of very ancient physician and author. Herbaceous perennial. origin used by Virgil for a mallow-like plant. Compositae. Shrubs, perennials and annuals. Malvaceae. cheirifolia, ky-rif-O-le-a, leaves resembling see Erysimum × cheiri (the wallflower).

Hesperantha, hes-per-AN-tha; from Gr. hespera, evening; anthos, a flower. Corms. Iridaceae. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet.

africanus, see H. trionum. manihot, see Abelmoschus manihot. syriacus, syr-e-AK-us, Syrian, misleading name, since this shrub has been cultivated in Korea prior to the sixteenth century. trionum, tre-O-num, three-coloured. The Flower of an Hour Hibiscus or Bladder Ketmia.

Hesperis, HES-per-is; from Gr. hespera, evening, the Sweet Rockets being more fra- Hidalgoa, hid-AL-go-a; after Miguel grant at this time of day. Biennial and herba- Hidalgo (1753–1811), early Mexican leader. Half-hardy climber. Compositae. ceous plants. Brassicaceae. matronalis, mat-ro-NA-lis, pertaining to a matron or dame. Old English name, Dame’s Violet.

wercklei, WERK-le-i, after Carlo Werckle (1860– 1924), Costa Rican plant collector.

Hieracium, hi-er-AK-e-um; an ancient name Hesperoyucca, hes-per-o-YUK-ka; from Gr. from Gr. hierax, a hawk. Pliny, the Roman hesperos, western and yucca (q.v.). Perennials. naturalist, believed hawks ate the plant to Asparagaceae. strengthen their eyesight. Also pronounced whipplei, WHIP-ple-i, after Amiel Weeks hi-er-A-se-um. The Hawkweed. Perennial Whipple (1817–1863), American military herbs. Compositae. engineer and surveyor. Heteromeles, he-ter-OM-el-eez; from Gr. heteros, variable; melon, an apple, alluding to the variable character of the fruits. Shrubs. Rosaceae. arbutifolia, ar-bew-tif-OL-e-a, Arbutus leaves.

resembling

aurantiacum, see Pilosella aurantiaca. pannosum, pan-NO-sum, roughly hairy, like wool cloth. pannosum subsp. bornmuelleri, born-MOOLler-i, after Joseph Friedrich Nicolaus Bornmüller (1862–1948), German botanist, who collaborated with Josef Freyn. villosum, vil-LO-sum, covered with long, loose hairs.

Heuchera, HEW-ke-ra (or HOY-ker-a); named after Johann Heinrich von Heucher Hierochloe, hi-er-o-KLO-e; from Gr. hieros, (1677–1747), German professor of medi- sacred; chloe, grass, alluding to the grass — 73 —

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HIM–HOR being strewn on church floors, hence the professor of botany at Göttingen. Herbs or woody plants with very showy foliage. English name of Holy Grass. Poaceae. odorata, od-or-A-ta, sweet-scented. Rubiaceae. discolor, DIS-ko-lor, various colours.

Himantoglossum, he-man-toe-GLOS-um; regalis, re-GA-lis, royal. from Gr. himas, strap; glossa, a tongue, alluding to the unusually long strap-like labellum. Holboellia, hol-BEL-le-a; after Frederik Ludvig Holboell (1765–1829), of CopenGreenhouse orchids. Orchidaceae. hircinum, her-SE-num, from L. hircus, he-goat, hagen Botanic Garden. Greenhouse climber. pertaining to the smell. Berberidaceae. latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved.

Hippeastrum, hip-pe-AS-trum; from Gr. hippeus, a knight; astron, a star, from the Holcoglossum, hol-ko-GLOS-sum; from fancied resemblance of the species to a Gr. holkos, furrow; glossa, a tongue. Orchid. horses head and associated with Knight’s Orchidaceae. kimballianum, kim-bal-le-A-num, named in star. Greenhouse bulbs. Amaryllidaceae. honour of the American orchid collector equestre, see H. puniceum. W.S. Kimball. pratense, see Rhodophiala pratensis. puniceum, pu-NIS-e-um, reddish-purple. Holcus, HOL-kus; from Gr. holkus, the name reticulatum, re-tik-ul-A-tum, the colours forming of a grass. Hardy variegated grass. Poaceae. a network. lanatus, la-NA-tus, soft-leaved.

Hippocrepis, hip-po-KRE-pis; from Gr. Holodiscus, ho-lo-DIS-kus; from Gr. holos, hippo, horse; krepis, a shoe, in reference to entire; diskos, a disk, in allusion to the flower the shape of the seed pod, which resembles a disk. Shrubs. Rosaceae. horseshoe. Rock plants. Leguminosae. dumosus, dew-MO-sus, bushy or shrubby. comosa, ko-MO-sa, hairy, in tufts. emerus, EM-er-us, old generic name, meaning cultivated. emerus subsp. emeroides, em-er-OY-dees, resembling emerus.

Homeria, ho-ME-re-a; said to be from Gr. homereo, alluding to the meeting or joining of the filaments. Greenhouse bulbous plants. Iridaceae.

Hippolytia, hip-po-LI-te-a; commemorates collina, see Moraea collina. tricolor, TRIK-o-lor, three coloured. Ippolit Mikhailovich Krascheninnikov (1884–1947), Russian botanist. Herbaceous Hoodia, HOOD-e-a; Sweet commemorated the plant to Mr. Hood, a cultivator of sucperennials. Compositae. herderi, HERD-er-i, after Ferdinand Gottfried culent plants. Greenhouse succulents. ApoTheobald Herder (1828–1896), German cynaceae. botanist, in Russia.

Hippophae, hip-PO-fa-e; Gr. name for a spring plant. Shrub. Elaeagnaceae. rhamnoides, see Elaeagnus rhamnoides. salicifolia, sal-is-if-O-le-a, Salix (Willow) leaved.

bainii, BANE-e-i, after Thomas Bain (1830– 1893), South African plant collector. gordonii, GOR-do-ne-i, after Robert Jacob Gordon (1743–1795), Dutch explorer collecting in South Africa.

Hordeum, HOR-de-um; Latin name for Hippuris, hip-PUR-is; from Gr. hippos, a barley. Ornamental grasses. Poaceae. horse; oura, a tail – the stems, crowded with jubatum, joo-BA-tum, crested or maned. hair-like leaves, resemble a horse’s tail. SubHornungia, hor-NUN-ge-a; after Ernst merged aquatics. Plantaginaceae. Gottfried Hornung (1795–1862), German vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. pharmacist. Annuals. Brassicaceae. Hoffmannia, hof-MAN-e-a; named after alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or alpine. Georg Frank Hoffmann (1760–1826), — 74 —

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HOS–HYA second voyage which included Norfolk Hosackia, hos-AK-e-a; commemorating Island. Dr. David Hosack (1769–1835), American botanist. Rock and border plants. Legumi- Hoya, HOY-a; after Thomas Hoy (c.1750– nosae. 1822), head gardener at Syon House, seat oblongifolia, ob-long-if-O-le-a, oblong-leaved. of the Duke of Northumberland. The Wax purshiana, see Acmispon americanus. Flower. Evergreen perennial. Apocynaceae. Hosta, HOS-ta; after Nicholaus Thomas bella, see H. lanceolata subsp. bella. Host (1761–1834), botanist and physician carnosa, kar-NO-sa, fleshy or flesh coloured – the flowers. to the Emperor of Austria. Hardy foliage lanceolata, lan-se-o-LA-ta, the leaves spearand flowering plants. Asparagaceae. shaped. lancifolia, lan-sif-O-le-a, leaves lance shaped. lanceolata subsp. bella, BEL-la, pretty. longipes, LON-gi-pez, long-footed. paxtonii, see H. lanceolata subsp. bella. plantaginea, plan-ta-JIN-e-a, leaves resembling Humea, misapplied see below. Plantago (plantain). elegans, see Calomeria amaranthoides. sieboldiana, se-bold-e-A-na, after Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (1796–1866), German Humulus, HU-mu-lus; origin uncertain, physician, botanist, and traveller. possibly from Latinised form of old German undulata, un-du-LA-ta, waved – the leaves.

humela, hops, from L. humus, soil, that is Hottonia, hot-TO-ne-a; after Peter Hotton lowly or trailing if not supported. Climbing (1648–1709), Dutch professor of botany at or twining plants. Cannabaceae. japonicus var. variegatus, see H. scandens. Leiden. Aquatics. Primulaceae. palustris, pal-US-tris, found in marshy places.

Houstonia, hows-TO-ne-a; commemorating William Houston (1695–1733), Scottish surgeon and plant collector. Rock plants. Rubiaceae. serpyllifolia, ser-pil-if-O-le-a, leaves like wild thyme, Thymus serpyllum.

lupulus, LOO-pul-us, the old herbalists’ shop name for the Hop, meaning a wolf; also applied to hook-like teeth with which the stems are armed and by which it climbs or clings to a support. scandens, SKAN-denz, climbing. yunnanensis, yun-nan-EN-sis, of Yunnan, China.

Hunnemannia, hun-ne-MAN-ne-a; after Houttuynia, howt-too-IN-e-a; after Maarten John Hunneman (c. 1760–1839), London Houttuyn (1720–1794), Dutch naturalist book-seller and introducer of plants. Halfand physician. Marsh plants. Saururaceae. hardy perennial. Papaveraceae. cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves.

fumariifolia, fu-mar-e-i-FO-le-a, leaves resem-

bling Fumaria (fumitory). Hovea, HO-ve-a; after Anton Pantaleon Hove (c.1762–1830), a Polish botanist. Hutchinsia, hut-CHIN-se-a; after Ellen Greenhouse flowering shrub. Leguminosae. Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist, a elliptica, el-LIP-tik-a, ellipse-shaped, the leaves. specialist in non-flowering plants. Rock Howea, HOW-e-a; after Lord Howe’s plants. Brassicaceae. alpina, see Hornungia alpina. Island, where these plants are found. Greenhouse and room palms. Arecaceae. Hyacinthoides, hy-a-sinth-OY-dees; resembelmoreana, bel-mor-e-A-na, after Somer- bling Hyacinthus (hyacinth). Bulbs. Asparset Richard Lowry-Corry, fourth Earl of agaceae. Belmore (1835–1913), governor of New South Wales. forsteriana, fors-ter-e-A-na, after Johann Reinhold Forster (1729–1798) and Georg Forster  (1754–1794), collectors on Cook’s

hispanica, his-PAN-ik-a, of Spain. The Spanish Bluebell. italica, it-AL-ik-a, of Italy. lingulata, ling-ul-A-ta, tongue-leaved. non-scripta, non-SKRIP-ta, without markings.

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HYA–HYP Hyacinthus, hi-a-SIN-thus; named after Hyakinthos, the beautiful Spartan (Greek Mythology), who was accidentally killed by Apollo. The legend stating that a plant sprang up from where his blood was shed. Florists’ hyacinths are forms of H. orientalis. Bulbous perennials. Asparagaceae. amethystinus, see Hyacinthoides hispanica. azureus, see Bellevalia ciliata. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia (China). romanus, see Bellevalia romana.

Hymenocallis, hi-men-o-KAL-is; from Gr. hymen, a membrane; kalos, beautiful, a reference to the membranous cup forming the flower centre. Bulbous plants. Amaryllidaceae. calathina, see Ismene narcissiflora. caribaea, ka-RIB-e-a, Caribbean. × macrostephana, mak-ros-TEF-an-a, crowned. ovata, o-VA-ta, egg-shaped – the leaves. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy.

large

Hymenophyllum, hi-men-of-IL-lum; from Gr. hymen, a membrane; phyllon, a leaf, Hydrangea, hy-DRAN-je-a; from Gr. hydor, alluding to the delicate membranous fronds. water; aggeion, a vessel, or vase, in reference Greenhouse filmy ferns. Hymenophyllaceae. to the shape of the seed capsule. Shrubs. demissum, dem-IS-sum, hanging down. Hydrangeaceae. flabellatum, flab-el-LA-tum, fan-shaped. arborescens, ar-bor-ES-cenz, tree like. aspera, AS-per-a, rough to the touch. heteromalla, het-er-o-MAL-la, woolly-leaved. hortensis, see H. macrophylla. macrophylla, mak-rof-IL-a, with large leaves. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, flowers in a panicle or branching inflorescence. petiolaris, pet-e-o-LAR-is, with a long leaf-stalk. vestita, see H. heteromalla.

pulcherrimum, pul-KER-rim-um, most beautiful. tunbrigense, tun-brij-EN-se, of Tunbridge Wells. Tunbridge Wells Filmy Fern.

Hymenoxys, hi-men-OX-is; from Gr. hymen, a membrane; oxys, sharp. Herbaceous perennials and sub-shrubs. Compositae. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large flowered.

Hyophorbe, hi-o-FOR-be; from Gr. hys, pig; Hydrocharis, hi-DROK-ar-is; from Gr. phorbe, food. The fruits eaten by pigs. Palms. hydor, water; charis, graceful, in allusion to Arecaceae. the beauty of the floating flowers. Aquatics. indica, IN-di-ka, of India. Hydrocharitaceae. Hypericum, hi-PER-ik-um (in Classical morsus-ranae, MOR-sus-RA-ne; from L. morsus, Greek, hi-per-E-kum); Gr. name of obscure a bite; rana, a frog. The Frog-bit. meaning; some authorities derive word from Hydrocotyle, hi-dro-KOT-il-e; from Gr. Gr. hyper, above; eikon, image, flowers being hydor, water; kotyle, a cup, in reference to the placed above images to keep evil away; or cup-like hollow at the centre of the leaf. Bog ereike, a heath, possibly in reference to the natural habitat of some species. Rock and plants. Araliaceae. border plants and shrubs. Hypericaceae. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. Hydropeltis, synonym please see below. purpurea, see Brasenia schreberi.

Hylocereus, hi-lo-SE-re-us; from Gr. hyle, a wood, and cereus; the habitat – epiphytic on trees. Greenhouse climbing cacti. Cactaceae. triangularis, see H. trigonus. trigonus, tri-GO-nus, three angled – the stem.

Hymenanthera, unresolved see below. crassifolia, see Melicytus crassifolius.

androsaemum, an-dros-E-mum, old generic name from Gr. aner, man; haima, blood, the berry being red. The Tutsan. auruem, see H. monogynum. balearicum, bal-e-AR-ik-um, of the Balearic Isles. calycinum, kal-is-E-num, from L. calyx, a cup, probably in allusion to the large cup-shaped calyx. coris, KOR-is, the leaves resembling Coris. empetrifolium, em-pet-rif-O-le-um, with leaves resembling Empetrum. fragile, FRAJ-il-e, fragile.

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HYP–IMP hircinum, her-SE-num, from L. hircus, he-goat, pertaining to the smell. hookerianum, hook-er-e-A-num, after Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865), professor of botany, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. humifusum, hu-me-FEW-sum, spread over the ground. hyssopifolium, his-sup-e-FOH-le-um, leaves resemble Hyssopus. kalmianum, kal-me-A-num, after Peter Kalm (1715–1779), Finnish naturalist, pupil of Linnaeus and traveller in North America, who discovered it. lysimachioides, lis-im-ak-e-OY-dees, resembling Lysimachia (Loosestrife). monogynum, mon-O-jin-um, having a single pistil. × moserianum, mo-ser-e-A-num, hybrid developed by Jean-Jacques Moser, Versailles. patulum, PAT-u-lum, spreading. polyphyllum, pol-if-IL-lum, many-leaved. repens, RE-penz, creeping and rooting. reptans, REP-tans, creeping.

Hypolepis, hi-po-LEP-is; from Gr. hypo, under; lepis, a scale, the position of the sori. Greenhouse ferns. Dennstaedtiaceae. distans, DIS-tanz, distant, the frond divisions. millefolium, mil-le-FO-le-um, thousand-leaved. repens, RE-penz, creeping.

Idesia, i-DE-ze-a; named after E.Y. Ides, a German or Dutch explorer, who travelled in China in the seventeenth century for Tzar Peter the Great. Tree. Salicaceae. polycarpa, pol-ik-AR-pa, many-fruited.

Ilex, I-leks; from the old Latin name ilex, an evergreen oak (Holm Oak), to which the Holly was supposed to bear some resemblance. Many of the hollies in cultivation are forms of I. aquifolium. Evergreen trees and shrubs. Aquifoliaceae. × altaclarensis, al-ta-kla-REN-sis, raised at Highclere Castle in 1835 (I. aquifolium ×  I. perado). aquifolium, ak-we-FO-le-um, old name, meaning pointed leaves. Possibly from L. acus, needle or pin; folia, leaf, on account of its prickly leaf. cornuta, kor-NU-ta, horned or horn shaped. crenata, kre-NA-ta, cut in round scallops; leaves crenate. perado, per-A-do, introduced by James Gordon in 1760. perado subsp. platyphylla, plat-e-FIL-la, broadleaves. pernyi, PER-ne-i, after Paul Hubert Perny (1818– 1907), French missionary in China. platyphylla, see I. perado subsp. platyphylla.

Illicium, il-LIS-e-um; from L. illicio, to Hyssopus, his-SO-pus; applied to this plant attract or allure, referring to the aromatic from a very ancient name used by the perfume. The Aniseed Tree. Shrubs and Greeks, probably of Hebrew origin. A pot trees. Schisandraceae. anisatum, an-is-A-tum, anise-scented. herb. The Hyssop. Lamiaceae. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists.

floridanum, flor-id-A-num, of Florida.

Imantophyllum, im-ant-of-IL-lum; from Gr. imas, a leather thong; phyllon, a leaf, alluding Iberis, I-ber-is; from Iberia, the ancient name for to the leaves which are strap-like in form and Spain, were many of the species are common. texture. An excellent name dropped in favour Rock and border plants. Brassicaceae. of the merely complimentary one of Clivia carnosa, kar-NO-sa, fleshy. (which see). Both names were published on corifolia, kor-if-OL-e-a, with leathery leaves. the same date, namely, October 1, 1828. coronaria, kor-on-AR-e-a, crown flowering. The Rocket Candytuft. pruitii, see I. carnosa. saxatilis, saks-A-til-is, inhabiting rocks. semperflorens, sem-per-FLOR-enz, always flowering. sempervirens, sem-per-VEER-enz, always green. tenoreana, see I. carnosa. umbellata, um-bel-LA-ta, flowers in an umbel. Annual Candytuft.

Impatiens, im-PA-she-enz (or im-PAT-e-enz); from L. impatiens, impatient or hasty, in allusion to the manner in which the pods of some species explode and scatter their seed when touched. Annuals and biennials. Balsaminaceae. balsamina, bawl-sa-ME-na, Balsam, old name for the group.

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INC–IRI glandulifera, glan-dul-IF-er-a, gland-bearing – the orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, Eastern. leaves. royleana, roy-le-A-na, named for John Forbes longicornuta, long-e-KOR-nu-ta, long horned, Royle (1798–1858), British botanist and that is, the flowers. physician, in India 1819–1831, then pronoli-tangere, no-li-TAN-ger-e, pop, ‘touch me fessor of material medica in London 1837– not’, in reference to the expulsive action of the 1856. seed pods. salicina, sal-is-E-na, resembling Salix (willow), roylei, see I. glandulifera. the leaves. sultani, see I. walleriana. walleriana, wall-er-e-AN-a, named in honour of Ionopsidium, misapplied see below. Rev. Horace Waller (1833–1896), who col- acaule, see Cochlearia acaulis. lected impatiens on a Zambezi expedition in Ipomoea, ip-o-ME-a; from Gr. ips, worm, 1864 with Scottish explorer David Livingused by Linnaeus for bindweed; homoios, stone. Busy-Lizzies.

like, referring to the twining habit. Mostly Incarvillea, in-kar-VIL-le-a; commemorat- annuals. Convolvulaceae. ing Pierre d’Incarville (1706–1757), French batatas, bat-A-tas, the vernacular Carib (Haitian) Indian name for sweet potato. From it derives Jesuit missionary to China, correspondent the English word potato. of M. Jussieu. Herbaceous perennials. Bignococcinea, see I. rubriflora. niaceae. brevipes, see I. mairei. delavayi, de-la-VA-i, after Père Jean Marie Delavay (1834–1895), missionary and plant collector in Yunnan province, China. mairei, MAIR-e-i, in honour of Edouard Ernest Maire (1848–1932), missionary in Yunnan, West China, who made large collections of herbarium specimens between 1905 and 1916. olgae, OL-gay-e, named after Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist.

hederacea, see I. nil. lobata, lo-BA-ta, lobed. nil, NIL, possibly taken from hub-al-nil or granum nil, the Arabic for Ipomoea. purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured. quamoclit, kwa-MOK-lit, Quamoclit, the native name. rubriflora, roo-bree-FLOR-a, red flowered. rubro-coerula, see I. tricolor. tricolor, TRIK-o-lor, three coloured. versicolor, see I. lobata.

Indigofera, in-dig-OF-er-a; from indigo, the Iresine, i-res-IN-e; from Gr. eiros, wool, blue dye ( L. indicum, indigo); fero, to bear, alluding to the flowers and seeds. Tender annuals and herbaceous perennials. Amaor produce. Shrubs. Leguminosae. ranthaceae. gerardiana, see I. heterantha. heterantha, het-e-RAN-tha, from Gr. heteros, varying; anthos, flower, in allusion to the diverse flowers.

Inula, IN-u-la; believed to be a corruption of helenium, I. helenium (Elecampane) being the Inula campana of Medieval Latin. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae.

herbstii, HERB-ste-i, after Hermann Herbst, nursery and seedsman of Herbst and Stenger, Kew Nursery, Kew Road, Richmond. lindenii, LIN-den-e-i, after Jean Jules Linden (1817–1898), Luxembourg botanical explorer in South America, later nurseryman in Belgium.

ensifolia, en-sif-OL-e-a, leaves in the shape of a Iris, I-ris; from Gr. iris, a rainbow, presumable in reference to the many colours of the sword. flowers. Bulbous, rhizomatous and herbaglandulosa, see I. orientalis. helenium, hel-E-ne-um, old generic name, ceous perennials. Iridaceae. brevicaulis, brev-e-KAW-lis, short-stemmed. meaning Helen-flower. bulleyana, bul-le-A-na, after Arthur Kilpin Bulley macrocephala, mak-ro-SEF-a-la, large headed. (1861–1942), founder of Bees nursery, montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains. Neston, Cheshire. oculus-christi, OK-u-lus-KRIS-te, Christ’s eyes, chamaeiris, see I. lutescens. presumably the appearance of the blossom.

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ISA–ISO chrysographes, kris-o-GRAF-es, veined with gold. cristata, kris-TA-ta, crested. delavayi, de-la-VA-i, after Père Jean Marie Delavay (1834–1895), missionary and plant collector in Yunnan province, China. douglasiana, dug-las-e-A-na, after David Douglas (1799–1834), botanist and explorer who introduced North American plants to Europe. ensata, en-SAR-ta, resembling a sword. filifolia, fil-if-OL-e-a, three-leaved, narrow foliage. florentina, flor-en-TE-na, of Florence, Italy. foetidissima, fet-id-IS-sim-a, most fetid – the leaf colour. foliosa, see I. brevicaulis. forrestii, for-RES-te-i, after George Forrest (1873–1932), Scottish plant collector. Forrest collected in China between 1904 and 1932. fulva, FUL-va, tawny. × germanica, jer-MAN-ik-a, of Germany. gracilipes, gras-IL-e-pez, slender stalked. graminea, gram-IN-e-a, grassy, the foliage. hexagona, heks-ag-O-na, the ovary being six-angled. histrio, HIS-tre-o, from L. histrio, an actor, the flowers being dramatic. hoogiana, hoo-ge-A-na, dedicated to the brothers Johannes Marius Cornelius Hoog (1865–1950) and Thomas Marinus Hoog (1873–1948), of C.G. van Turbergen nursery Haarlem, Dutch bulb growers. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. juncea, JUN-se-a, a rush, the plant having rushlike leaves. kaempferi, see I. ensata. lacustris, la-KUS-tris, a lake, found by the Great Lakes. laevigata, lev-e-GA-ta, smooth. latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved. lutescens, lu-TES-senz, becoming yellow. missouriensis, mis-soor-e-EN-sis, found at the source of the River Missouri, Rocky Mountains. monnieri, see I. orientalis. ochroleuca, see I. orientalis. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, Eastern. pallida, PAL-lid-a, pale, the flowers paler in colour than those of the commoner I. × germanica.

pseudacorus, sued-ak-OR-us, false acorus so named to distinguish it from Acorus calamus, true Acorus. pumila, PU-mil-a, dwarf or diminutive. reticulata, re-tik-ul-A-ta, netted – the bulb. ruthenica, roo-THEN-ik-a, Russian. siberica, si-BIR-ik-a, of Siberia. spuria, SPU-re-a, illegitimate, considered a hybrid by Linnaeus. stylosa, see I. unguicularis. tectorum, tek-TOR-um, on roofs, this iris being grown on thatched roofs in Japan. tenax, TE-naks, tough, the fibres of the leaves. tingitana, ting-e-TA-na, of Tangiers. unguicularis, un-gwik-ul-AR-is, furnished with a claw, narrowing to the base. versicolor, ver-SIK-o-lor, variable coloured. xiphioides, see I. latifolia. xiphium, ZIF-e-um, old Greek name for Gladiolus segetum, from xiphos, sword.

Isatis, i-SA-tis; classical name for a healing herb. Biennials. Brassicaceae.

glauca, GLAW-ka, blue-green, the foliage. tinctoria, ting-TOR-e-a, of dyers. Woad. The blue dye used by ancient Britons to stain their bodies.

Ismelia, iz-MEL-e-a; origin obscure named by Henri Cassini in 1826. Annual. Compositae. carinata, ka-ri-NA-ta, keeled.

Ismene, is-ME-ne; after Ismene, daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta in Greek legend. Bulbous plants. Amaryllidaceae.

longipetala, long-e-PET-a-la, long petalled. narcissiflora, nar-sis-i-FLOR-ra, narcissus flowered.

Isoetes, is-o-EE-tez; from Gr. isos, equal; etos, year – the plant does not alter with the seasons. Submerged aquatic. The Quillwort. Isoetaceae. lacustris, la-KUS-tris, found in lakes.

Isolatocereus, i-so-la-toh-SE-re-us; from L. isolato, remote or isolated; cereus, wax taper (a candle), describing the sparseness of plants in habitat. Cacti. Cactaceae.

dumortieri, do-mor-TE-ayr-e, in honour of Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (1797–1878), Belgian botanist and member of parliament.

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ISO–JAS Isolepis, is-o-LEP-is; from Gr. isos, equal; Jacaranda, jak-ar-AN-da; the vernacular lepis, a scale, the scales of the perianth Brazilian name. Tropical trees grown as are equal. Greenhouse dwarf sedge. Cyper- ornamental foliage pot plants. Bignoniaceae. caerulea, se-RU-le-a, sky-blue. aceae. cernua, SER-nu-a, drooping. gracilis, see I. cernua. setacea, se-TA-se-a, bristly.

mimosifolia, leaved.

digitaliflorum, see Kohleria digitaliflora. hondense, see Kohleria hondensis.

Adonis leaves. incana, in-KA-na, hoary or grey, the leaves. maritima, mar-IT-im-a, of sea coasts. The Dusty Miller.

mim-O-see-FOL-e-a,

Mimosa

Jacobaea, jay-ko-BE-a; from its medieval Isoloma, is-o-LO-ma; from Gr. isos, equal; name St James’s (Jacobus) Wort. Herbaceous loma, a border, the lobes of the corolla are perennials. Compositae. adonidifolia, ad-on-id-if-O-le-a, resembling equal. Herbaceous plants. Gesneriaceae.

Isopyrum, is-o-PI-rum; from Gr. isos, equal; pyros, wheat, the seeds resemble those of Jacobinia, jak-o-BIN-e-a; derivation wheat. Perennial herbs. Ranunculaceae. unknown, possibly named for the town of fumarioides, see Leptopyrum fumarioides. Jacobina near Bahia, Brazil. Tender perennithalictroides, thal-ik-TROY-dees, resembling als. Acanthaceae. Thalictrum. Itea, I-te-a; the old Greek name for a willow, alluding to the pendulous racemes looking similar to willow catkins. Trees and shrubs. Iteaceae. ilicifolia, il-is-if-OL-e-a, Ilex (holly) leaved.

chrysostephana, kris-OS-tef-A-na, golden crowned. coccinea, see Pachystachys coccinea. ghiesbreghtiana, Gheez-brek-te-A-na, after Auguste Boniface Ghiesbreght (1810–1893), Belgium plant collector.

Jamesia, JAME-se-a; in honour of Dr. Edwin Ixia, IKS-e-a; from the Gr. name ixia, bird- James (1797–1861), American botanist, lime, in reference to the sticky nature of the who first discovered it in 1820 on Major sap. Half-hardy bulbs. Iridaceae. Long’s expedition to the Rocky Mountains. campanulata, kam-pan-u-LAH-ta, bell-shaped. Shrub. Hydrangeaceae. crateroides, see I. campanulata. viridiflora, ver-id-if-LO-ra, green-flowered.

americana, a-mer-ik-A-na, of America.

montanum, see I. tartaricum. tataricum, tah-TAR-ik-um, from Central Asia, formerly called Tartary.

laevis, LE-vis, smooth, polished. perennis, see J. laevis.

quadrifida, kwod-RIF-id-a, petals four-notched.

nursery firm Bees who introduced it. fruticans, FRUT-ik-anz, from L. frutex, a shrub; shrubby or bushy. mesnyi, mez-NE-i, in honour of William Mesny (1842–1919), from Jersey. nudiflorum, nu-dif-LO-rum, naked flowered, the shrub blooming when the branches are leafless. The Winter Jasmine.

Jasione, jas-e-O-ne; Ancient Greek name for Ixiolirion, iks-e-o-LIR-e-on; from Gr. ixia, another shrub. Rock plants. Campanulaceae. birdlime; leirion, a lily, literally the ixia like crispa, KRIS-pa, finely waved; closely curled. Lily. Bulbs. Ixioliriaceae. humilis, see J. crispa. Jasminum, jaz-MIN-um; said to be derived Ixoca, iks-O-ka; the name is a shortened from the Persian name yasmin, or yasamin. form of the obsolete genus Ixocaulon. Peren- Shrubby flowering climbers. Oleaceae. nial herbs. Caryophyllaceae. beesianum, bee-ze-A-num, in honour of the Ixora, iks-OR-a; after Iswara, a Malabar deity to whom the flowers were offered. Tropical flowering plants. Rubiaceae. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. macrothyrsa, ma-kro-THER-sa, large compact cylindrical panicle.

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JEF–KEN officinale, of-fis-in-A-le, of the shop (herbal). The Jessamine or Jasmine.

carthaeginensis, kar-tha-jin-EN-sis, of Cartagena, Columbia. flavicoma, flav-e-KO-ma, yellow-haired. floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering.

Jeffersonia, jef-fer-SO-ne-a; commemorating Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), President of the United States from 1801–1809. WoodKaempferia, keep-FEER-e-a; after Engelland herb. Berberidaceae. bert Kaempfer (1651–1716), physician. diphylla, dif-IL-la, two-leaved, that is in pairs. Kaempfer joined the Dutch East India Juglans, JUG-lanz; old Latin name for Company and travelled widely throughout the walnut. From jovis, of Jupiter; glans, the East and settled in Nagasaki, Japan for an acorn. The nut of Jupiter in mythology. two years. Tropical foliage plants. ZingibTrees. Juglandaceae. eraceae. nigra, NY-gra, black. regia, RE-je-a, royal, princely, application uncertain. The Walnut.

gilbertii, GIL-bert-e-i, origin obscure possibly after Mr. Gilbert of Moulmein (in present day Burma), who sent plant specimens to Joseph Hooker. rotunda, ro-TUND-a, round, the tuberous roots.

Juncus, JUN-kus; from L. jungo, to tie or bind, the stems being used as cord. Aquatic Kalanchoe, kal-an-KO-e; corrupted from the grasses. Juncaceae. effusus, ef-FEW-sus, spread out, the leaves. native Chinese name for one of the species. zebrinus, see J. effusus. Greenhouse succulents. Crassulaceae. Juniperus, ju-NIP-er-us; old Latin name for carnea, KAR-ne-a, flesh coloured. dinklagei, dink-large-e-i, named after Max Julius the Juniper tree. Evergreen trees and shrubs. Dinklage (1864–1935), botanist and collecCupressaceae. tor. chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China. communis, kom-MU-nis, common, that is, in groups or communities. The Juniper. drupacea, droo-PA-se-a, alluding to the drupelike fruits. deppeana, dep-e-A-na, after Ferdinand Deppe (1794–1861), German botanist. excelsa, eks-SEL-sa, tall. pachyphlaea, see J. deppeana. procumbens, pro-KUM-benz, prostrate. sabina, sa-BI-na, old Latin name for the Savin. virginiana, vir-jin-e-A-na, of Virginia.

Jussiaea, jus-SE-e-a; after Bernard de Jussieu (1699–1777), pioneer French botanist. Bog aquatics. Onagraceae. longifolia, see Ludwigia longifolia. repens, see Ludwigia adscendens. scabra, SKA-bra, rough, the bark. sprengeri, see Ludwigia peruviana.

dyeri, see K. dinklagei. flammea, FLAM-me-a, flame coloured. kewensis, kew-EN-sis, of Kew Gardens, where first raised. marmorata, mar-mor-A-ta, marbled-leaved.

Kalmia, KAL-me-a; named after Pehr Kalm (1716–1779), Finnish pupil of Linnaeus, who was sent by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1748 to report on the natural resources of North America. Flowering shrubs. Ericaceae. angustifolia, an-gus-tif-O-le-a, narrow-leaved. glauca, GLAW-ka, sea-green – the foliage. latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved.

Kalosanthes, kal-os-AN-theez; from Gr. kalos, beautiful; anthos, flower, in reference to floral beauty. Greenhouse succulent. Crassulaceae.

Justicia, jus-TIS-e-a; after James Justice coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. F.R.S. (fl. 1730–1763), a noted Scottish Kaulfussia, misapplied see below. horticulturist. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. amelloides, see Felicia heterophylla. Acanthaceae. Kennedia, ken-NED-e-a; after John calycotricha, see Schaueria calycotricha. Kennedy (1759–1842), a partner of Lee and carnea, KAR-ne-a, flesh-coloured. — 81 —

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KEN–KOL Kennedy, nursery men of Hammersmith, medicine at Erfurt and author. Herbaceous London. Woody and herbaceous perennials. perennials. Xanthorrhoeaceae. alooides, see K. uvaria. Leguminosae. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. prostrata, pros-TRA-ta, prostrate, lying flat.

Kentia, misapplied see below.

belmoreana, see Howea belmoreana. forsteriana, see Howea forsteriana.

Kerria, KER-re-a; named after William Kerr (d. 1814), plant collector of Kew, who introduced K. japonica. Flowering shrubs. Rosaceae. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan.

Kirengeshoma, kir-en-ge-SHOW-ma; Japanese name for a yellow-flowered perennial, from ki, yellow; renge, lotus blossom; shoma, hat. Herbaceous perennial. Hydrangeaceae. palmata, pal-MA-ta, palmate, like a hand – the leaves.

burchellii, see K. uvaria. caulescens, kaw-LES-scenz, long-stemmed. ensifolia, en-sif-OL-e-a, leaves in the shape of a sword. macowanii, see K. triangularis. nelsonii, see K. triangularis. northiae, NOR-the-e, in honour of Marianne North (1830–1890), prolific English botanical artist and traveller. rufa, ROO-fa, reddish. triangularis, try-an-goo-LAR-is, with three angles. tuckii, see K. ensifolia. tysonii, TI-so-ne-i, after William Tyson (1851– 1920), plant collector active in South Africa. uvaria, u-VAR-e-a, from L. uva, bunch of grapes, old generic name meaning clustered. The Red-hot Poker.

Kochia, KOK-e-a; after Wilhelm Daniel Kitaibelia, kit-a-BE-le-a; after Paul Kitaibel Josef Koch (1771–1849), professor of (1757–1817), Hungarian botanist, profes- botany at Erlangen. Foliage annuals. Amasor of botany at Pest. Border and woodland ranthaceae. plants. Malvaceae. scoparia, see Bassia scoparia. vitifolia, vi-tif-OL-e-a, Vitis or vine-leaved.

trichophylla, trik-of-IL-la, hairy-leaved. Summer

Cypress. Kleinia, KLY-ne-a; after Jacob Theodor Klein (1685–1759), German botanist. Per- Koelreuteria, kol-roy-TEER-e-a; after Joseph ennial succulents. Compositae. Gottlieb Koelrueter (1733–1806), profesarticulata, ar-tik-u-LA-ta, jointed. sor of natural history at Karlsruhe, pioneer galpinii, GAL-pin-e-i, after Ernest Edward Galpin in plant hybridisation. Deciduous flowering (1858–1941), South African plant collector. tree. Sapindaceae. repens, RE-penz, creeping and rooting. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, flowers in panicles.

Knautia, NOOR-te-a; in honour of Christoph Knaut (1638–1694), German doctor Kohleria, koh-LER-e-a; after Johann and botanist. Annuals and herbaceous per- Michael Kohler (1812–1884), lecturer in natural history at Zurich. Herbs and shrubs. ennials. Caprifoliaceae. arvensis, ar-VEN-sis, growing in cultivated fields. Gesneriaceae. The Field Scabious. macedonica, mas-e-DON-ik-a, of Macedonia. The Macedonian Scabious.

amabilis, am-A-bil-is, lovely. digitaliflora, DIJ-it-al-if-LO-ra, the flowers resembling Digitalis (foxgloves). hondensis, HON-den-sis, of Honda, New Granada a port town, on the Magdelena river, in present day Columbia.

Kneiffia, nif-FEE-a; in honour of Friedrich Gotthard Kneiff (1785–1832), of Strasbourg, pharmacist, botanist and botanical Kolkwitzia, kol-KWIT-zee-a; named for author. Herbaceous plants. Onagraceae. Richard Kolkwitz (1873–1956), professor pumila, PU-mil-a, dwarf. of botany in Berlin. Flowering shrub. CapriKniphofia, nif-O-fe-a; after Johann Hiero- foliaceae. nymous Knipof (1704–1763), professor of amabilis, am-A-bil-is, lovely. — 82 —

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KON–LAM Koniga, KONE-ig-a; after Charles Koenig. × Laeliocattleya, LA-le-o-KAT-le-a; name for intergeneric hybrids between Laelia and Hardy annual. Brassicaceae. maritima, see Lobularia maritima. Cattleya. Orchids. Orchidaceae. Lablab, LAB-lab; Egyptian name adopted Lagarosiphon, la-ga-ro-SI-fon; from Gr. by Linnaeus. Perennial herbs. Leguminosae. lagaros, narrow; siphon, tube. Aquatic plants. purpureus, pur-PUR-re-us, purple. Hydrocharitaceae. major, MA-jor, greater.

+ Laburnocytisus, la-BUR-no-si-TIS-us; an intergeneric graft-chimaera between Labur- Lagenaria, lag-en-AR-e-a; from Gr. lagenos, a bottle, referring to the shape of the fruit. num and Cytisus. Small tree. Leguminosae. adamii, ad-AM-e-i, horticultural curiosity raised Tender annuals. The Bottle Gourd. Cucurby Jean Louis Adam, French nurseryman, in bitaceae. 1825.

siceraria, sis-e-RA-re-a; possibly from L. sicera, intoxicating drink.

Laburnum, la-BUR-num; the old Latin vulgaris, see L. siceraria. name for the tree. Trees and shrubs. LeguLagerstroemia, la-ger-STRO-me-a; after minosae. Magnus von Lagerstroem (1691–1759), alpinum, al-PINE-um, alpine. anagyroides, an-a-JI-roy-dees, resembling Anagyris. Swedish merchant, a friend of Linnaeus. vulgare, see L. anagyroides. Shrubs or trees. Lythraceae. indica, IN-di-ka, of India.

Lachenalia, lak-en-A-le-a; named after Werner de la Chenal (1736–1800), Swiss Lagurus, lag-UR-us; from Gr. lagos, a hare; botanist and author. Greenhouse bulbs. oura, a tail, alluding to the tail-like infloresAsparagaceae. cence. Annual ornamental grass. Poaceae. aloides, al-OY-dees, resembling Aloe. aloides var. aloides, al-OY-dees, resembling Aloe. aloides var. aurea, AW-re-a, golden. bulbifera, bul-BIF-er-a, bearing bulblets. nelsonii, see L. aloides var. aloides. pendula, see L. bulbifera. tricolor, see L. aloides var. aloides.

ovatus, o-VA-tus, egg-shaped – the leaves.

Lamarckia, lam-ARK-e-a; after Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744–1829), French naturalist. Annual ornamental grass. Poaceae. aurea, AW-re-a, golden, the inflorescence.

Lactuca, lak-TU-ka; from L. lac, milk, in Lamium, LA-me-um; from Gr. laimos, the reference to the white juice. Perennials and throat, alluding to the throat-like appearance of the blossoms. Herbaceous perennisalad vegetables. Compositae. bourgaei, BOOR-je-i, after Eugene Bourgeau als. Lamiaceae. (1813–1877), French plant collector. plumieri, ploo-me-AIR-i, after Charles Plumier (1646–1704), French botanist. sativa, SAT-iv-a, cultivated. The Lettuce.

album, AL-bum, white – the flowers. galeobdolon, ga-le-OB-do-lon, old generic name, meaning a weasel and a bad smell. maculatum, mak-ul-A-tum, spotted.

Laelia, LA-le-a; from Laelia, the name of a Lampranthus, lam-PRAN-thus; from Gr. vestal virgin. Tropical orchids. Orchidaceae. lampros, bright, shining; anthos, a flower, in allusion to the brilliant flowers. Shrubs. albida, AL-bid-a, nearly white. anceps, AN-ceps, two-edged, flattened. Aizoaceae. autumnalis, aw-tum-NA-lis, autumn flowering. cinnabarina, see Cattleya cinnabarina. crispa, see Cattleya crispa. × elegans, see Cattleya × elegans. pumila, see Cattleya pumila. purpurata, see Cattleya purpurata.

aureus, AW-re-us, golden. blandus, BLAND-us, mild. brownii, BROWN-e-i, after Nicholas Edward Brown (1849–1934), English plant taxonomist and an authority on succulents. coccineus, kok-SIN-e-us, scarlet.

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LAM–LAU deltoides, del-TOY-dees, triangular shaped – the woolly stamens. Greenhouse flowering leaves. shrubs. Melastomataceae. multiradiatus, mul-te-RA-de-a-tus, many-rayed. macrantha, mak-RANTH-a, large-flowered. roseus, see L. multiradiatus. Lasianthaea, las-e-AN-the-a; from Gr. lasios, spectabilis, spek-TAB-il-is, notable. violaceus, vy-o-LA-se-us, violet. woolly; anthos, a flower. Herbaceous peren-

Lamprocapnos, lam-pro-KAP-nos; from Gr. nials. Compositae. aurea, AW-re-a, golden – the flower. lampros, bright, shining; kapnos, smoke, the genus being in the Fumitory subfamily. One Lasthenia, las-THE-ne-a; said to be the species of herbaceous perennial. Papaveraceae. name of a girl pupil of Plato. Hardy annuals. spectabilis, spek-TAB-il-us, showy. The Bleeding Compositae. Heart.

californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California. glabrata, glab-RA-ta, smooth – the leaves.

Lantana, lan-TA-na; an ancient name for Viburnum, the foliage of the two shrubs Lastrea, LAS-tre-a; named after Charles being similar. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Jean Louis Delastre (1792–1859), French Verbenaceae. botanist. Hardy ferns. Dryopteridaceae. camara, ka-MAR-a, the South American vernacular name.

Lapageria, lap-a-JEER-e-a; commemorating Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie (1763– 1818), the wife of Napolean Bonaparte. Greenhouse climbers. Philesiaceae. rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured.

aemula, EM-u-la, to rival, this fern rivalling others in possessing fragrance. The Hayscented Buckler Fern. cristata, kris-TA-ta, crested. In this case the word refers to the fringed margins of the fronds. filix-mas, see Dryopteris filix-mas. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains. spinulosa, spi-nul-O-sa, spiny – the margins of lobes and pinnacles. thelypteris, see Thelypteris confluens.

Lapeirousia, lap-a-ROO-se-a; after PhilippeIsidore Picot de Lapeyrouse, Baron de Lapeyrouse (1744–1818), French naturalist. Hardy Latania, lat-A-ne-a; from the Mauritius native name Latanier. Greenhouse palms. bulbous flowering plants. Iridaceae. Arecaceae. anceps, AN-ceps, two-edged, flattened.

borbonica, see L. lontaroides. lontaroides, lon-ta-ROY-dees, resembling Lontarus.

cruenta, see Freesia laxa.

Lardizabala, lar-diz-AB-a-la; commemorating Miguel de Lardizábal y Uribe (1744– 1824), Spanish patron of botany. Monotypic Lathyrus, LATH-e-rus; Ancient Greek genus. Hardy flowering climber. Lardiza- name for some leguminous plant. Annuals and perennials. Leguminosae. balaceae. biternata, BIT-ter-na-ta, twice ternate – the leaves.

Larix, LAR-iks; the classical name for the Larch, the English name being derived from it. Deciduous conifers. Pinaceae.

grandiflorus, gran-dif-LO-rus, large flowered. latifolius, lat-if-O-le-us, broad-leaves. magellanicus, maj-el-LAN-ik-us, from the Straits of Magellan. Lord Anson’s Pea. nervosus, ner-VO-sus, large-nerved. odoratus, od-o-RA-tus, sweet smelling. tingitanus, ting-e-TA-nus, of Tangiers. vernus, VER-nus, vernal or Spring, time of flowering.

decidua, de-SID-u-a, deciduous. europea, see L. decidua. kaempferi, KEM-fer-i, after Engelbert Kaempfer (1651–1716), German physician and trav- Laurus, LAW-rus; old Latin name for a Bay eller. tree, the true ‘Laurel’ of the ancients, perhaps leptolepis, see L. kaempferi.

derived from the Celtic, laur, green. EverLasiandra, las-e-AN-dra; from Gr. lasios, green shrub. Lauraceae. woolly; aner, an anther, alluding to the nobilis, NO-bil-is, large or noble. The Bay Tree. — 84 —

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LAV–LEO Lavandula, lav-AN-du-la; said to be derived Leiophyllum, li-o-FIL-lum; from Gr. leios, from L. lavo, to wash, the Romans and smooth; phyllon, a leaf, the foliage being Greeks having used Lavender in their baths. glossy. Shrub. Ericaceae. Sub-shrub. Lamiaceae. buxifolium, buks-if-O-le-um, resembling Buxus angustifolia, an-gus-tif-O-le-a, narrow-leaved. angustifolia subsp. pyrenaica, pir-en-A-ik-a, Pyrenean. spica, see L. angustifolia. stoechas, STO-kas, from Gr. stoechas in a row. vera, see L. angustifolia subsp. pyrenaica.

(Box), the leaf.

Lemaireocereus, le-mair-e-o-SE-re-us; after Charles Lemaire (1801–1871), a French cactus (cereus) specialist. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae.

Lavatera, la-VA-ter-a; commemorating the candelabrum, see Isolatocereus dumortieri. Lavater brothers, Johann Heinrich Lavater hystrix, see Cereus hystrix. (1611–1691), Swiss physician and professor Lemna, LEM-na; the Greek name for a of medicine and natural history, and Johann water plant. Floating aquatics. The Duck Jacob Lavater (1594–1636), Swiss physician Weed. Araceae. and naturalist. Biennials and perennials; minor, MY-nor, dwarf. some sub-shrubby. Malvaceae. trisulca, TRIS-ul-ka, in threes – the appearance of arborea, see Malva arborea. olbia, olb-E-a, rich. trimestris, tri-MES-tris, maturing in three months.

leafy growths.

biloba, bi-LO-ba, two-lobed, the foliage. formosa, for-MO-sa, handsome.

Edelweiss.

Leonotis, le-on-O-tis; from Gr. leon, a lion; ous, an ear, the flower having a fancied resemLayia, LA-e-a; after George Tradescant blance to a lion’s ear. Greenhouse flowering Lay (c.1800–1845), British naturalist and shrub. Lamiaceae. explorer. Hardy annuals. Annual herbs. leonurus, le-o-NU-rus, lion’s tail, the flower spike. Compositae. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. Leontopodium, le-on-to-PO-de-um; from glandulosa, glan-dul-O-sa, glandular. Gr. leon, a lion; pous, a foot, the flowers and platyglossa, plat-e-GLOS-sa, broad-tongued. leaves being supposed to resemble a lion’s Lechenaultia, le-shen-AULT-e-a; after paw. Hardy perennials. Compositae. Jean-Baptiste Leschenault de La Tour alpinum, see L. nivale subsp. alpinum. (1773–1826), French botanist. Greenhouse nivale, niv-A-le, snowy. nivale subsp. alpinum, al-PINE-um, alpine. The flowering shrubs. Goodeniaceae. Leonurus, le-on-U-rus; from Gr. leon, a Ledum, LE-dum; probably from Gr. ledon, lion; oura, a tail, the tufted flowerhead sugCistus ledon, which it resembles. Shrubs. gesting a lion’s tail. Herbaceous perennials. Ericaceae. Lamiaceae. groenlandicum, see L. palustre subsp. groenlandicum. latifolium, lat-if-O-le-um, broad leaved. palustre, pal-US-tree, marsh loving. palustre subsp. groenlandicum, green-LAND-ekum, of Greenland.

cardiaca, kar-DI-a-ka, of the heart, ancient medicine.

Leopoldia, le-o-POL-de-a; commemorating Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo (1797–1870), Grand Leea, LEE-a; after James Lee (1715–1795), a Duke of Tuscany, patron of Filippo Parlanoted Hammersmith nurseryman. Tropical tore. Bulbous perennials. Asparagaceae. comosa, ko-MO-sa, hairy-tufted. The Tassel Hyafoliage plants. Vitaceae. amabilis, am-A-bil-is, lovely.

cinth.

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LEP–LEU lew-KAN-the-mel-la; Lepidium, lep-ID-e-um; from Gr. lepis, a Leucanthemella, scale, the shape of the pods. The garden or diminutive form of Leucanthemum, which see. Perennial herbs. Compositae. salad cress. Brassicaceae.

serotina, ser-o-TIN-a, late in starting spring growth.

sativum, SAT-iv-um, cultivated. Salad Cress.

Lepismium, lep-IS-me-um; from Gr. lepis, a scale, the small scales attached to the areoles. Leucanthemum, lew-KAN-the-mum; from Gr. leukos, white; anthemon, a flower. PerenGreenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. nial herbs. Compositae. commune, kom-MU-ne, common. cruciforme, kru-se-FOR-me, in the shape of a cross.

× superbum, su-PER-ba, superb. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. The Oxeye Daisy.

Leptopteris, lep-to-TER-is; from Gr. leptos, Leuchtenbergia, look-ten-BER-ge-a; in honour of the Duke of Leuchtenberg, name slender; pteris, a fern. Ferns. Osmundaceae. hymenophylloides, hi-men-of-il-LOY-dees, resem- adopted by Hooker by which this plant bling Hymenophyllum. was said to be known upon the continent; Leptopyrum, lep-to-PI-rum; from Gr. leptos, although he was unable to find any records. slender; pyros, wheat, in allusion to the fruits. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. principis, prin-SIP-is, noble, princely.

Herbaceous perennials. Ranunculaceae. fumarioides, fu-mar-e-OY-dees, Fumaria.

resembling Leucocoryne, lew-ko-KOR-rin-e; from Gr.

leukos, white; coryne, a club, referring to Leptosiphon, lep-to-SI-fon; from Gr. leptos, the white protruding sterile stamens of the slender; siphon, a tube, referring to the flower type species. Bulbous perennials endemic to of some species. Annuals and rock plants. Chile. Amaryllidaceae. ixioides, iks-e-OY-dees, resembling Ixia. Polemoniaceae. androsaceus, see Linanthus androsaceus. Leucojum, lew-KO-e-um; from Gr. leukos, densiflorus, den-sif-LO-rus, the flowers clustered. white; ion, a violet, referring to the colour Leptospermum, lep-to-SPER-mum; from and possibly the fragrance to the flower. Gr. leptos, slender; sperma, a seed, the latter Hardy bulbs. The Snowflake. Amaryllibeing very thin, almost threadlike. Shrubs. daceae. Myrtaceae.

scoparium, sko-PAR-e-um, resembling broom, Cytisus scoparius. Manuka.

aestivum, ES-tiv-um, summer – season of flowering. vernum, VER-num, spring – season of flowering.

Leucophyta, lew-KO-fy-ta; from Gr. leukos, Leptosyne, lep-TOS-in-e; from Gr. leptos, white; phyton, plant, in allusion to the colour slender, mainly annuals of slender growth. of the plant. Subshrub. Compositae. Annuals and perennials. Compositae. brownii, BROWN-e-i, after Robert Brown douglasii, see Coreopsis douglasii. maritima, see Coreopsis maritima. stillmannii, see Coreopsis stillmanii.

(1773–1858), Scottish botanist, who first described the genus in 1817.

Lespedeza, les-pe-DE-za; named in honour of Vicente Manuel de Céspedes (1721– 1794), Spanish governor of East Florida. He gave André Michaux permission to explore East Florida in search of new plants. The genus name is a result of a misspelling in print. Hardy flowering shrubs. Leguminosae. bicolor, BIK-ol-or, two-coloured. capitata, kap-it-A-ta, flowers in a head.

Leucothoe, lew-KO-tho-e; said to be called after Leucothea, daughter of a Babylonian king (Grecian mythology), who, on being buried by her father, was transformed into a shrub by Apollo. Shrubs. Ericaceae. axillaris, aks-il-LAR-is, the flowers in axillary racemes. catesbaei, KATS-be-i, after Mark Catesby (1683– 1749), author of ‘A Natural History of Carolina’.

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LEW–LIL davisiae, da-VIS-e-e, collected by Nancy Jane Ligularia, lig-U-lar-e-a; from L. ligula, a Davis (1833–1921), American plant col- little tongue; referring to the shape of the ray lector, one of the founders of Birmingham florets. Perennial herbs. Compositae. School, Pennsylvania and for over sixty years dentata, den-TA-ta, toothed, the leaves. its principal. veitchiana, veech-e-A-na, first collected by Dr. A Henry in the province of Hupeh and exhibLewisia, lew-IS-e-a; after Captain Meriited by James Veitch and Sons. wether Lewis (1774–1809), explorer, of the Lewis and Clark expedition 1804–1806. wilsoniana, wil-so-ne-A-na, in honour of Ernest Henry Wilson (1876–1930), English plant Rock plants. Montiaceae. collector in China. cotyledon, kot-e-LE-don, old name meaning cupshaped (leaf ). Ligustrum, li-GUS-trum; Latin name for cotyledon var. howellii, HOW-el-e-i, after Thomas Privet, possibly from L. ligo, to bind, the Howell (1842–1912), collector of the flora of twigs having been used for tying. Shrubs. Washington and Oregon. Oleaceae. rediviva, red-iv-I-va, reviving, the plant suddenly coriaceum, see L. japonicum. flowering, although appearing lifeless. japonicum, jap-ON-ik-um, of Japan. tweedyi, TWEED-e-i, after James Tweedie (1775– ovalifolium, o-val-if-O-le-um, oval-leaved. 1862), plant collector in South America. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. Common Privet.

Leycesteria, lay-ses-TEER-e-a; commemoLilium, LIL-e-um; Latin name for Lily and rating William Leycester (1775–1831), the common to almost all European languages. last of the East India Company’s judges in Hardy bulbs. Liliaceae. Bengal to be designated Chief Judge. Shrubs. auratum, aw-RA-tum, golden-rayed. Caprifoliaceae. bulbiferum, bul-BIF-er-um, bulbil-bearing. formosa, for-MO-sa, handsome.

Liatris, li-A-tris; derivation unknown. Herbaceous perennials. Perennial herbs. Compositae. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. pycnostachya, pik-no-STAK-e-a, densely spiked.

Libertia, li-BER-te-a; after Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist. Rhizomatous perennial herbs. Iridaceae. chilensis, chil-EN-sis, Chilean. formosa, see L. chilensis. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. ixioides, iks-e-OY-dees, resembling Ixia.

Libocedrus, lib-o-CED-rus; from Gr. libanos, incense; kedros, a cedar. Coniferous trees. Cupressaceae. decurrens, see Calocedrus decurrens. plumosa, plu-MO-sa, from L. plumeus, feathery.

Libonia, le-BO-ne-a; after Joseph Libon (1821–1861), Belgian plant collector and botanist, active in Brazil. Greenhouse shrubby flowering plants. Acanthaceae. × penrhosiensis, pen-rhos-e-EN-sis, of Penrhos Hall, Wales.

candidum, KAN-did-um, white. The White Lily. chalcedonicum, kal-se-DON-ik-um, of Chalcedon, Asia Minor. croceum, see L. bulbiferum. davidii, DA-vid-e-i, after Pere Armand David (1826–1900), French missionary and plant collector in China. davidii var. willmottiae, wil-MOT-e-e, after Ellen Ann Wilmott (1858–1934), English gardener at Warley Place, Essex. × elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. hansonii, han-SO-ne-i, after Peter Hanson (1821–1887), Danish-American landscape painter and noted authority on tulips. henryi, HEN-re-i, after Dr. Augustine Henry (1857–1930), Irish plantsman and pioneer collector in China. lancifolium, lan-sif-OL-e-um, lance-shaped leaves. longiflorum, long-e-FLOR-um, long-flowered. martagon, MAR-ta-gon, old name of obscure origin. monadelphum, mon-a-DEL-fum, monadelphous, having the stamens united. pardalinum, par-da-LE-num, panther-spotted. parryi, PAR-re-i, after Charles Christopher Parry (1823–1890), British-American botanist.

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LIM–LIN philippinense, fil-ip-e-NEN-see, of Philippine Islands. pomponium, pom-PO-ne-um, meaning obscure, possibly of much splendour. The Scarlet Pompone. regale, re-GA-le, royal, alluding to the magnificent flowers. speciosum, spes-e-O-sum, showy. superbum, su-PER-bum, superb. × testaceum, tes-TA-se-um, pale brown or apricot, the colour of the flowers. tigrinum, see L. lancifolium. willmottiae, see L. davidii var. willmottiae.

Limnanthemum, lim-NAN-the-mum; from Gr. limne, marsh; anthemon, a blossom, a reference to the plants being found in marshland or aquatic. Greenhouse and hardy aquatics. Menyanthaceae. humboldtianum, see Nymphoides indica. nymphoides, nim-FOY-dees; resembling Nyphaea. peltatum, see Nymphoides peltata.

bonducellii, bon-du-KEL-le-i, common in the deserts of Algeria, whence it was reported by M. Bonduelle, adjunct surgeon. bourgeaui, boor-JE-i, after Eugène Bourgeau (1813–1877), French naturalist, who collected plants on the Canary Islands. eximium, see Goniolimon eximium. gmelinii, mel-E-ne-i, after Johann Georg Gmelin (1709–1755), German naturalist, botanist and geographer. latifolium, see L. platyphyllum. minutum, min-EW-tum, small, minute. ovalifolium, o-val-if-O-le-um, oval-leaved. platyphyllum, plat-e-FIL-lum, broad-leaves. profusum, pro-FU-sum, profusely flowering. sinuatum, sin-u-A-tum, with a wavy margin, scalloped-leaved. suworowii, see Psylliostachys suworowi. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. The Sea Lavender.

Linanthus, lin-AN-thus; from Gr. linon, flax; anthos, a flower. The flowers resembling Linum. Annual and perennial herbaceous plants. Polemoniaceae.

Limnanthes, lim-NAN-thes; from Gr. limne, androsaceus, an-dro-SA-se-us, resembling a marsh; anthos, a flower, some of these Androsace. annuals inhabiting moist places. LimnanthLinaria, lin-AR-e-a; from L. linum, flax, aceae. douglasii, dug-LAS-e-i, after David Douglas which some species resemble in growth. Rock plants and annuals. Plantaginaceae. (1799–1834), Scottish plant collector.

gratioloides, see L. indica. indica, IN-di-ka, of India. sessiliflora, SES-sil-e-FLOR-a, flowers without a foot stalk.

aequitriloba, see Cymbalaria aequitriloba. alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or alpine. bipartita, see L. incarnata. cymbalaria, see Cymbalaria muralis. dalmatica, dal-MAT-e-KA, of Dalmatia. dalmatica subsp. macedonica, mas-e-DON-ik-a, of Macedonia. hepaticifolia, hep-at-ik-e-FO-le-a, leaves resembling Hepatica. incarnata, in-kar-NA-ta, flesh-coloured. macedonica, see L. dalmatica subsp. macedonica. maroccana, mar-ok-KA-na, of Morocco. purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured. reticulata, re-tik-ul-A-ta, netted or lined. tristis, TRIS-tis, square leaved. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. The Common Toadflax.

Limonium, lim-ON-ne-um; from Gr. leimon, a meadow, the plants found growing in salt marshes. Greenhouse and hardy perennials. Plumbaginaceae.

Linnaea, lin-NE-a; named after Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), by Jan Frederik Gronovius at Linnaeus’ request. The Twinflower, L. borealis, a woodland plant, being

Limnobium, lim-NO-be-um; from Gr. limne, a marsh; bios, life, living in marshy pools. Greenhouse submerged aquatic. Hydrocharitaceae. bogotense, see L. laevigatum. laevigatum, lev-e-GA-tum, smooth. stoloniferum, see L. laevigatum.

Limnophila, lim-NO-fil-a; from Gr. limne, a marsh; philos, loving, in reference to the place of growth. Submerged aquatic. Plantaginaceae.

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LIN–LOB a great favourite of his. Evergreen shrub. grow. Greenhouse succulents. The Pebble Plants. Aizoaceae. Caprifoliaceae. borealis, bor-e-A-lis, northern.

Linum, LI-num; the Latin name for flax (Gr. linon). Herbaceous, rock plants and annuals. Linaceae. alpinum, al-PINE-um, alpine. arboreum, ar-bor-E-um, tree like. flavum, FLA-vum, yellow – the flowers. grandiflorum, gran-dif-LO-rum, large flowered. monogynum, mon-O-jin-um, having a single pistil. narbonense, nar-bon-EN-se, of Narbonne. perenne, per-EN-ne, perennial. suffruticosum, suf-frut-ik-O-sum, having a woody base. suffruticosum subsp. salsoloides, sal-sol-OY-dees, like Salsola (Saltwort). usitatissimum, u-sit-a-TIS-sim-um, most useful. The Flax Plant.

bella, BEL-la, beautiful or pretty. fulviceps, FUL-ve-seps, from L. fulvi, tawny; ceps, head. lesliei, LES-le-i, after Thomas Nicholas Leslie (1858–1942), plant collector and meteorologist. turbiniformis, ter-bin-if-OR-mis, shaped like a spinning top or cone.

Lithospermum, lith-o-SPER-mum; from Gr. lithos, a stone; sperma, a seed, the latter being extremely hard. Sub-shrubby rock plants. Boraginaceae. graminifolium, see Moltkia suffruticosa. officinale, of-fis-in-A-le, of shops (herbal). prostratum, see Glandora prostrata. purpurocaeruleum, see Buglossoides purpurocaerulea.

Littorella, lit-tor-EL-la; from L. littus, the shore, inhabits sandy pools. Hardy aquatic. Lippia, LIP-pe-a; after Augustus Lippi Plantaginaceae. (1678–1701), Italian naturalist and bota- lacustris, see L. uniflora. nist, who travelled in Egypt and Abyssinia. uniflora, uni-FLOR-a, one flowered, the blooms Herbs, shrubs and small trees. Verbenaceae. on single stems. citriodora, see Aloysia citriodora.

Liquidambar, lik-wid-AM-bar; from L. liquidus, liquid; ambar, amber, in reference to the gum (storax) yielded by some species. Trees. Altingiaceae. styraciflua, ster-ak-IF-lu-a, storax-flowing, hence the popular name, Sweet Gum.

Livistona, liv-is-TO-na; after Patrick Murray (1634–1671), Baron of Livingston, near Edinburgh. His plant collection became the foundation of Edinburgh Botanic Garden. Greenhouse palms. Arecaceae. chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China. humilis, HUM-il-is, low or dwarf. rotundifolia, see Saribus rotundifolius.

Liriodendron, lir-e-o-DEN-dron; from Gr. lirion, a lily; dendron, a tree. Trees. Magno- Loasa, lo-A-sa; native South American name, meaning and derivation unknown. liaceae. Greenhouse annual climbing plants. chinense, tshi-NEN-se, of China. tulipifera, tew-lip-IF-er-a, tulip bearing. The Loasaceae. Tulip Tree.

lateritia, lat-er-IT-e-a, from Latin meaning brickred, the colour of the flowers.

Liriope, li-RE-o-pee; after the Greek woodland nymph, Liriope, the mother of Narcis- Lobelia, lo-BE-le-a; after M. Matthias de L’Obel (1538–1616), a Fleming, physician sus. Rhizomatous herbs. Asparagaceae. to James I of England, traveller, plant colgraminifolia, gram-in-if-O-le-a, grass-leaved. muscari, mus-KAR-e, from Gr. moschos, musk, lector and botanical author. Hardy and halfhardy herbaceous annuals and perennials. the flowers having a musky odour. Many garden varieties. Campanulaceae. Lithops, LITH-ops; from Gr. lithos, stone; angulata, ang-ul-A-ta, angled, presumably the ops, face, on account of the resemblance to growths. the stones (pebbles) among which the plants cardinalis, kar-din-A-lis, scarlet, cardinal red. — 89 —

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LOB–LOP erinus, e-RI-nus, meaning obscure, an old generic name. The bedding lobelia. fulgens, see L. cardinalis. nummularia, num-mul-AR-e-a, from L. nummus, a coin, the shape of the leaf. siphilitica, sif-il-IT-ik-a, alluding to the disease, for which the plant was once used as a remedy. tenuior, TEN-u-e-or, more slender. tupa, TEW-pa, the old generic name of native Chilean origin.

Lobivia, lob-IV-e-a; an anagram of Bolivia, where the species are found. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. bruchii, BROOK-e-i, after Carlos Bruch (1869– 1943), German photographer and scientific illustrator who moved to Argentina. caespitosa, see Echinopsis maximiliana subsp. caespitosa. densispina, den-se-SPY-na, densely spined. ferox, see Echinopsis ferox. grandis, see L. bruchii. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. haageana, see L. marsoneri var. iridescens. marsoneri, mar-SO-ne-rye, after Oreste Marsoner, Argentine cacti collector. marsoneri var. iridescens, ir-id-ES-senz, appearing to change colour from different angles. pentlandii, see Echinopsis pentlandii. rebutioides, see L. densispina.

Lobularia, lob-u-LAR-e-a; diminutive of L. lobus, alluding to the small fruit. Annual and perennial herbs. Brassicaceae. maritima, mar-IT-im-a, of sea coasts. The Sweet Alyssum.

Loiseleuria, loys-el-EUR-e-a; after Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps (1774–1849), a French physician and botanist. One species of trailing flowering small evergreen shrub. Ericaceae. procumbens, pro-KUM-benz, lying down.

elegantissima, el-e-gan-TIS-sim-a, most elegant. longifolia, long-if-OL-e-a, long leaves.

Lomelosia, lo-me-LO-se-a; the border (Gr. loma) being membranous. Annuals and perennials. Caprifoliaceae. caucasica, kaw-KAS-ik-a, Caucasian.

Lonicera, lon-IS-er-a; named after Adam Lonicer (1528–1586), German botanist. Climbers and shrubs. Caprifoliaceae.

aureoreticulata, AW-re-o-ret-ik-ul-A-ta, golden veined. caprifolium, kap-rif-O-le-um, herbalist name, a plant which climbs like a goat. fragrantissima, fra-gran-TIS-sim-a, most fragrant. involucrata, in-vol-u-KRA-ta, from L. involucrum, roll in, envelop, referring to the bracts covering the inflorescence. ligustrina, li-GUS-tre-na, resembling Ligustrum (Privet). ligustrina var. pileata, pil-e-A-ta, having a cap, the berry being topped by a curious outgrowth of the calyx. ligustrina var. yunnanensis, yun-nan-EN-sis, of Yunnan, west China. nitida, see L. ligustrina var. yunnanensis. periclymenum, per-ik-LIM-en-um, Greek name, periklymenon for the Woodbine or Honeysuckle. pileata, see L. ligustrina var. pileata. rupicola, roo-PIK-o-la, of rocks. rupicola var. syringantha, sir-ing-AN-tha, the flowers resembling Syringa (lilac). sempervirens, sem-per-VEER-enz, from L. semper, ever; virens, green. Always green. setifera, set-IF-e-ra, bearing bristles. standishii, stan-DISH-e-i, after John Standish (1814–1875), English nurseryman, who raised Robert Fortune’s Chinese and Japanese plant introductions. syringantha, see L. rupicola var. syringantha. xylosteum, zy-LOS-te-um, a disused generic name from Gr. xylon, wood; osteon, bone – the woody stems.

Lomaria, lo-MAR-e-a; from Gr. loma, a margin, in reference to the position of the sori. Lophocereus, LOF-o-se-RE-us; from Gr. Greenhouse and hardy ferns. Blechnaceae. lophos, a crest; cereus, wax taper, referring to alpina, see Blechnum penna-marina. the bristly top of the stem when flowering. gibba, GIB-ba, gibbous or humped. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. spicant, see Blechnum spicant. Lomatia, lo-MA-te-a; from Gr. loma, edge, referring to the winged edge of the seeds. Greenhouse foliage shrubs. Proteaceae.

schottii, SHOT-te-i, after Arthur Carl Victor Schott (1814–1875), German-American cartographer and botanist, who mapped the US Mexican border.

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LOP–LYC Lophophora, lof-OF-or-a; from Gr. lophos, a crest; phoreo, to bear, the reference is the hairs borne at the areoles. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. lewinii, see L. williamsii. williamsii, WILL-yams-e-i, after Williams.

Lotus, LO-tus; old name adopted by Greek naturalists for a trefoil-like plant. Greenhouse and hardy perennials. Leguminosae. corniculatus, kor-nik-ul-A-tus, a little horn, the shape of the flower. Bird’s foot Trefoil. peliorhynchus, pel-e-or-IN-kus, stork’s beak.

arboreus, ar-BOR-e-us, tree-like. The Tree Lupin. hartwegii, hart-VE-ge-i, after Karl Theodor Hartweg (1812–1871), German plant hunter, who collected for the Horticultural Society of London in Mexico and California. mutabilis, mu-TA-bil-is, variable in colour or form. nootkatensis, noot-kat-EN-sis, of Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island. paynei, PA-ne-i, after Theodore Payne (1872– 1963), English born Californian nurseryman who discovered it. polyphyllus, pol-if-IL-lus, many-leaved. The Common Lupin. pubescens, pew-BES-senz, downy. subcarnosus, sub-kar-NO-sus, somewhat fleshy.

Luculia, lu-KU-le-a; from Luculi Swa, the native Nepalese name for Luculia gratissima. Greenhouse evergreen flowering shrub. Luronium, lu-row-NE-um; ancient name Rubiaceae. gratissima, gra-TIS-sim-ma, most welcome or used by Dioscorides. Aquatic herb. Alismavery grateful, the sweet fragrance. taceae.

pinceana, PIN-se-a-na, after Robert Taylor Pince natans, NA-tanz, floating. (1804–1871), nurseryman of Lucombe and Lycaste, ly-KAS-tee; after Lycaste, a Sicilian Pince Co. Exeter.

beauty, mother of Eryx. Lycaste on account Ludwigia, lud-VIG-e-a; after Kristian Got- of her beauty is sometimes referred to as tlieb Ludwig (1709–1773), German botaVenus. Greenhouse orchids. Orchidaceae. nist and professor of medicine. Bog plants aromatica, ar-o-MAT-ik-a, aromatic. and submerged aquatics. Onagraceae. deppei, DEP-pe-i, after Ferdinand Deppe (1794– adscendens, ad-SEN-denz, ascending, mounting. longifolia, long-if-O-le-a, long-leaved. mulerttii, mul-ERT-te-i, after Mullert. palustris, pal-US-tris, found in marshy places. peruviana, pe-ru-ve-A-na, of Peru.

1861), German naturalist, who travelled to Mexico and California. skinneri, see L. virginalis. virginalis, ver-JIN-a-lis, white, virginal.

Lychnis, LIK-nis; from Gr. lychnos, a lamp, in Luma, LEU-ma; old name of Chilean origin for a related species Amomyrtus luma. reference to the brilliantly coloured flowers. Herbaceous border and rock plants. CaryoShrubs and small trees. Myrtaceae. phyllaceae. apiculata, ap-ik-ul-A-ta, the leaves pointed. Lunaria, loon-AIR-e-a; from L. luna, the moon, alluding to the round and silvery seed vessels. Hardy biennial or perennial herbs. Brassicaceae. annua, ann-U-a, annual. biennis, see L. annua. rediviva, red-iv-I-va, reviving, the plant being perennial.

Lupinus, lu-PE-nus ( or lu-PY-nus); from L. lupus, a wolf (destroyer), the mistaken belief that some species devastated land by their abundance. Annual or perennial herbs and shrubs. Leguminosae.

alpina, see Silene suecica. chalcedonica, see Silene chalcedonica. coeli-rosa, see Silene coeli-rosa. coronaria, see Silene coronaria. dioica, see Silene dioica. diurna, di-UR-na, day-flowering. Double kind chiefly cultivated. flos-cuculi, see Silene flos-cuculi. flos-jovis, see Silene flos-jovis. × haageana, ha-ag-e-A-na, after Friedrich Adolph Haage (1796–1866), German nurseryman, or Johann Nicolaus Haage (1826–1878), German nurseryman. vespertina, see Silene latifolia. viscaria, see Silene viscaria.

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LYC–MAG Lycium, LY-se-um; said to be from Gr. estrife. Some authorities state that the genus is lykion, a thorny medicinal plant, from Lycia, named after Lysimachus, King of Thrace (306 in Asia Minor. Shrubs. Solanaceae. BC.) who, it is said, was the first to discover barbarum, BAR-bar-um, foreign. the Loosestrife’s supposed soothing properbarbatum, bar-BA-tum, bearded. ties. Herbaceous perennials. Primulaceae. chinense, tshi-NEN-se, of China.

Lycopersicon, lik-o-PER-sik-on (or LY-coPER-se-kon); from Gr. lykos, a wolf; persicon, a peach, a belief when first cultivated as an ornamental in Europe of supposed poisonous qualities. See also Solanum lycopersicum. Greenhouse annual fruit-bearing plant. Solanaceae. esculentum, es-kul-EN-tum, edible. The Wild Tomato.

clethroides, kleth-ROY-dees, the flowers resembling the genus Clethra (White Alder). europaea, u-ro-PE-a, European. nummularia, num-mul-AR-e-a, from L. nummus, a coin, the shape of the leaf. The Creeping Jenny. punctata, punk-TA-ta, the flowers being dotted. verticillata, ver-tis-il-LA-ta, whorled – the foliage. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. The Yellow Loosestrife.

Lythrum, LITH-rum; from Gr. lythron, Lycoris, ly-KOR-is; after Lycoris, a Roman blood, in allusion to the colour of the beauty and the subject of Cornelius Gallus’ love poetry. Bulbous plants. Amaryllidaceae. flowers. Herbaceous perennials. Lythraceae. aurea, AW-re-a, golden. radiata, rad-e-A-ta, rayed – radiating from the centre. squamigera, skwam-IG-er-a, scale-bearing.

alatum, al-A-tum, winged, the stalks. salicaria, sal-ik-AR-e-a, the leaves willow-like, or the flower spikes willow-herb like. The Purple Loosestrife. virgatum, ver-GA-tum, twiggy.

Lygodium, ly-GO-de-um; from Gr. lygodes, flexible, referring to the twining stems. Lytocaryum, li-to-KAR-ee-um; from the Gr. lysis, loosen or break down; karyo, nut. Palm. Greenhouse climbing ferns. Lygodiaceae. japonicum, jap-ON-ik-um, of Japan. Japanese Arecaceae. Climbing Fern. palmatum, pal-MA-tum, leaves palmate, like a hand. American Climbing Fern. scandens, SKAN-denz, climbing.

weddellianum, wed-del-le-A-num, after Hugh Algernon Weddell (1819–1877), physician and botanist, active in South America.

Machaerocereus, misapplied please see below. Lyonia, ly-O-ne-a; after John Lyon (1765– eruca, see Stenocereus eruca. 1814), Scottish plant collector, who introduced North American plants into Europe. Mackaya, mak-KAY-a; after James Townsend Mackay (1775–1862), Scottish Shrubs and trees. Ericaceae. ligustrina, lig-us-TRIN-a, resembling Ligustrum botanist, curator of the Trinity College (privet). Gardens, Dublin. Greenhouse flowering Lysichiton, lis-e-KI-ton; from Gr. lysis, shrub. Acanthaceae. loosing; chiton, a tunic, alluding to the wide bella, BEL-la, beautiful or pretty. open spathe which is released from the Macleaya, ma-CLAY-a; after Alexander spadix as the fruits ripen. Skunk Cabbage. Macleay (1767–1848), Scottish entomoloHerbaceous perennials. Araceae. gist, who was elected a fellow of the Linnean americanus, a-mer-e-KAY-nus, of the Americas. Society of London in 1794. Perennial herbs. From Alaska to California. camtschatcensis, kams-kat-KEN-sis, of the Kam- Papaveraceae. chatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East. The range extends to Japan.

cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves.

Magnolia, mag-NO-le-a; named by LinLysimachia, lis-e-MAK-e-a; probably from naeus in commemoration of Pierre Magnol Gr. luo, to loose; mache, strife, hence Loos- (1638–1715), a professor of botany and — 92 —

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MAH–MAM director of Montpellier Botanic Gardens, meaning soft or soothing, from the leaf France. Shrubs and trees. Magnoliaceae. texture or medicinal properties. Hardy conspicua, see M. denudata. annuals. Malvaceae.

denudata, de-nu-DA-ta, uncovered or not hairy. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. trifida, TRIF-id-a, the leaves being three-cleft. kobus, KO-bus, a Japanese name. Malus, MAY (or MAL)-us; from Gr. × lennei, see M. × soulangeana. obovata, ob-ov-A-ta, egg-shaped, the broadest melon, an apple, also applied to other fruits. part near the tip. Rosaceae. × soulangeana, soo-lan-je-A-na, after Etienne baccata, bak-KAR-ta, berried. Soulange-Bodin (1774–1846), French horti- coronaria, kor-on-AR-e-a, crowned. culturist, of Fromont, who raised this hybrid domestica, do-MES-tik-a, domestic – from its in his gardens. various uses. stellata, stel-LA-ta, starry, the flowers. × eleyi, EE-ley-i, hybrid cross named after Charles Eley, the raiser. Mahonia, ma-HO-ne-a; after Bernard McMahon (1775–1816), Irish-American floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering. Japanese Flowering Crabapple. horticulturist, who produced the first pub- × prunifolia, proo-nif-O-le-a, Prunus (Plum) lished seed list in the United States. Shrubs. leaved. Berberidaceae. sikkimensis, sik-kim-EN-sis, of Sikkim, India. aquifolium, see Berberis aquifolium × spectabilis, spek-TAB-il-is, showy. bealei, bee-LE-i, after Thomas Chaye Beale toringo, tor-IN-go, a Japanese name. (1805–1857), Scottish merchant in Shang- trilobata, try-lo-BA-ta, leaves with three lobes. hai, in whose garden Fortune preserved his Malva, MAL-va; from L. malva, mallow, specimens prior to despatch to England. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. from Gr. malakos, soothing, probably allud-

Maianthemum, ma-AN-the-mum; from Gr. ing to an emollient yielded by the seeds. Maia, the mother of Mercury (Gr. mythol- Annuals and herbaceous perennials. Malogy), to whom the month of May was vaceae. dedicated; anthemon, a flower. Rock and alcea, al-SEE-a; from Gr. alkaia, a kind of mallow. arborea, ar-BOR-e-a, tree-like. woodland plants. Asparagaceae. crispa, see M. verticillata. bifolium, bi-FO-le-um, twin leaved. convallaria, see M. bifolium. racemosum, ra-se-MO-sum, with flowers in racemes. stellatum, stel-LA-tum, starry.

moschata, mos-KA-ta, musky, the leaves slightly fragrant. The Musk Mallow. verticillata, ver-tis-il-LA-ta, whorled – the leaves.

Malvastrum, mal-VAS-trum; from Malva Malacocarpus, mal-a-ko-KAR-pus; from Gr. and L. aster, a star. Rock plants and hardy malakos, soft; karpos, fruit, referring to the perennials. Malvaceae. soft fleshy fruits. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. coccineum, see Sphaeralcea coccinea. corynodes, kor-e-NO-dees, the stigmas being clublike. erinaceus, see Parodia erinacea.

gilliesii, gil-LEEZ-e-i, after John Gillies (1792– 1834), Scottish surgeon, plant collector in South America. lateritium, lat-er-IT-e-um, brick-red.

Malcolmia, mal-KO-me-a; after William Malcolm (d. 1820), London nurseryman, Mammillaria, mam-mil-LAR-e-a; from L. botanist and associate of Robert Sweet. mammilla, a nipple, in reference to the teatlike tubercles characteristic of many species. Hardy annuals. Brassicaceae. maritima, mar-IT-im-a, of the sea. The Virginian Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. Stock.

Malope, MAL-o-pe; ancient Gr. name used by Pliny for a kind of mallow; Gr. malos,

applanata, see M. heyderi subsp. hemisphaerica. chionocephala, ki-on-o-SEF-a-la, snowy-headed. cirrifera, sir-RIF-er-a, bearing tendrils. dolichocentra, see M. polythele.

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MAN–MAR echinata, ek-in-A-ta, spines resembling a hedgehog. elegans, see M. haageana subsp. elegans. geminispina, gem-e-ni-SPI-na, twin spines. gracilis, GRAS-il-is, slender. haageana, ha-ag-e-A-na, after Friedrich Adolph Haage (1796–1866), German nurseryman, or Johann Nicolaus Haage (1826–1878), German nurseryman. haageana subsp. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. heyderi, HED-er-i, after Edward Heyder (1808– 1884), German cacti specialist. heyderi subsp. hemisphaerica, hem-e-SFER-ik-a, the form of half a sphere. longimamma, long-im-AM-ma, long tubercled. magnimamma, mag-ne-MAM-ma, large tubercled. microthele, mi-kro-THE-le, small-nippled. nivea, see M. geminispina. polythele, po-le-THE-le, many nippled. prolifera, pro-LIF-er-a, numerous white spines. pusilla, see M. prolifera. sempervivi, sem-per-VI-ve, like a sempervivum. stella-aurata, see Cactus stella-aurata. tetracantha, see M. polythele. uncinata, un-sin-NA-ta, hooked. villifera, see Neomammillaria villifera. vivipara, see Escobaria vivipara.

Mandevilla, man-de-VIL-la; after Henry John Mandeville (1773–1861), British Minister in Buenos Aires and plant collector. Greenhouse evergreen climber. Apocynaceae.

student of Ghini at Pisa. Tropical foliage perennials. Marantaceae.

arundinacea, ar-un-din-A-se-a, resembling Arundo (reed). bellula, see Calathea bellula. bicolor, see Micristata. cristata, kris-TA-ta, crested. gratiosa, gra-ti-O-sa, favoured, the beautiful leaf colour. Advertised in W. Bull’s catalogue 1884. Species obscure. insignis, see Calathea lancifolia. leopardina, see Calathea concinna. leuconeura, lu-ko-NEU-ra, white veined – the leaves. massangeana, see M. leuconeura. musaica, see Calathea bella. picta, see Calathea warszewiczii. polita, see Calathea makoyana. roseo-picta, see Calathea roseopicta. wagneri, see Calathea roseopicta. warscewiczi, see Calathea warszewiczii. zebrina, see Calathea zebrina.

Margyricarpus, mar-ge-re-KAR-pus; from L. margarita, pearl; Gr. karpos, a berry. Halfhardy shrub. Rosaceae. pinnatus, pin-NA-tus, foliage pinnate. setosus, see M. pinnatus.

Marica, misapplied see below.

brachypus, see Neomarica brachypus. caerulea, see Neomarica caerulea. northiana, see Neomarica northiana.

Marrubium, mar-ROO-be-um; believed to be the Hebrew name, marrob, bitter juice. One of the five bitter herbs used in the Jewish Passover rites. It is possible Linnaeus Mandragora, man-dra-GOR-a; from Gr. derived the word from L. marruvium or mandragoros (Mandrake), a herb possessing marrubium; a town in the province of L’Aqnarcotic properties. Hardy perennials. Sola- uila, Italy. Aromatic herbs. Lamiaceae. naceae. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. The Horehound. boliviensis, bol-iv-e-EN-sis, Bolivian. laxa, LAKS-a, loose. sauveolens, see M. laxa.

officinarum, of-fis-in-AR-um, of the shop, herbal.

Marsdenia, mars-DE-ne-a; after William Manettia, man-ET-te-a; after Xavirio Marsden (1754–1836), First secretary to the Manetti (1723–1785), Prefect of Botanic Admiralty and plant collector. Greenhouse Garden at Florence. Climbing shrubs. and hardy shrubs. Apocynaceae. erecta, see Cionura erecta. Rubiaceae. bicolor, see M. luteorubra. luteorubra, LOO-te-o-ROO-bra, yellow and red.

Maranta, mar-AN-ta; after Bartolomeo Maranti (1500–1571), Italian botanist,

flavescens, see Pergularia flavescens. floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering. macrophylla, mak-rof-IL-a, with large leaves. maculata, see M. macrophylla.

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MAR–MAZ Marshallia, mar-SHAL-le-a; after Humphry Matthiola, mat-TE-o-la; after Pietro Andrea Marshall (1722–1801), American botanist. Gregorio Mattioli (1501–1577), Italian physician and botanist. Half-hardy annuals Half-hardy perennials. Compositae. lanceolata, lan-se-o-LA-ta, the leaves spear- and biennials. Stock-gilli-flower, Ten-week shaped. Stock, Brompton Stock, etc. of hybrid Marsilea, mar-SE-le-a; after Luigi Ferdi- origin, have their parentage in this genus. nando, Count de Masigli (1658–1730), Brassicaceae. Italian botanist. Aquatic ferns. Marsileaceae.

quadrifolia, kwad-rif-OL-e-a, four lobes to the leaves.

Martynia, mar-TIN-e-a; after Dr. John Martyn (1699–1768), professor of botany at Cambridge. Half-hardy annuals. Martyniaceae. annua, AN-u-a, annual. fragrans, see Proboscidea fragrans. proboscidea, see Proboscidea louisianica.

annua, see M. incana. bicornis, see M. longipetala subsp. bicornis. incana, in-KA-na, hoary, the leaves. The Brompton Stock. longipetala, long-e-PET-a-la, long petalled. longipetala subsp. bicornis, bik-OR-nis, twohorned, the seed pod. The Night-scented Stock. sinuata, sin-u-A-ta, scalloped-leaved.

Maurandya, maw-RAN-de-a; named in 1797 by Gomez Ortega in honour of Catalina Pancracia Maurandy, Spanish botMasdevallia, maz-dev-AL-le-a; after Jose anist, of Cartagena who published scientific Masdevall (c.1740–1801), Spanish botanist papers. Half-hardy twiners. Plantaginaceae. and physician. Greenhouse orchids. Orchi- barclayana, bar-KLA-ar-na, after Robert Barclay (1757–1830), English botanist and horticuldaceae. amabilis, am-A-bil-is, lovely. bella, see Dracula bella. caudata, kaw-DA-ta, tailed. chimaera, see Dracula chimaera. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. harryana, see M. coccinea. ignea, IG-ne-a, fiery – colour of flowers. lindenii, see M. coccinea. tovarensis, to-var-EN-sis, of Tovar, Columbia. veitchiana, veech-e-A-na, introduced by James Veitch and Sons.

turist. scandens, SKAN-denz, climbing.

Maxillaria, maks-il-LAR-e-a; from L. maxilla, the jaw; referring to the appearance of the column and lip to the jaws of an insect. Greenhouse orchids. Orchidaceae. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. harrisoniae, see Bifrenaria harrisoniae. picta, see Brasiliorchis picta. sanderiana, san-der-e-A-na, discovered in Ecuador by Klaboch and cultivated by Sander’s nursery, St Albans, England. tenuifolia, see Maxillariella tenuifolia. venusta, ven-US-ta, charming.

Matricaria, mat-re-KAR-e-a; from L. matrix, the womb; once used medicinally in uterine disorders. Hardy perennials. Compositae. Maxillariella, maks-il-LA-re-EL-la; a dimineximia, eks-IM-e-a, excellent, choice. utive of Maxillaria (which see), in reference inodora, see Tripleurospermum inodorum. to the much smaller flowers. Greenhouse Matteuccia, mat-TEW-ke-a; after Carlo orchids. Orchidaceae. Matteucci (1811–1868), Italian physicist tenuifolia, ten-u-if-OL-e-a, narrow-leaved. and neurophysiologist, a pioneer in the field Mazus, MA-zus; from Gr. mazos, a teat, in of bioelectromagnetism. Hardy Ferns. Ono- reference to the tubercles at the mouth of the cleaceae. flowers. Creeping rock plants. Phrymaceae. struthiopteris, stru-the-OP-ter-is, from Gr. strouthion, an ostrich; pteris, a fern, and the fronds being supposed to resemble ostrich’s feather. Hardy ferns.

pumilio, pew-MIL-e-o, dwarf. pumilus, pew-MIL-us, dwarf. reptans, REP-tans, creeping and rooting. rugosus, see Mazus pumilus.

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MEC–MEL Meconopsis, mek-on-OP-sis; from Gr. mekon, Melaleuca, mel-a-LEW-ka; from Gr. melas, a poppy; opsis, like. Biennials and perennials. black; leukos, white, the colours of the old Papaveraceae. and new bark. Greenhouse shrubs. Myrtabaileyi, BA-le-i, after Lieutenant-Colonel Freder- ceae. ick Marshman Bailey (1882–1967), British army officer. betonicifolia, bet-on-ik-e-FO-le-a, betony leaved. cambrica, see Papaver cambricum. grandis, GRAN-dis, of great size. integrifolia, in-teg-rif-OL-e-a, leaves entire, not divided. prattii, PRAT-e-i, collected by Antwerp Edgar Pratt (1852–1924), British naturalist and explorer. quintuplinervia, kwin-tup-lin-ER-ve-a, five nerved – the leaves. simplicifolia, sim-plis-if-OL-e-a, leaves simple, that is, not divided. villosa, vil-LO-sa, shaggy, with fine hairs. wallichii, wol-LICH-e-i, after Nathaniel Wallich (1786–1854), Danish surgeon and botanist, who worked for the East India Company and became superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden.

ericifolia, er-ik-if-O-le-a, leaves resembling Erica. fulgens, FUL-jenz, shining or glowing. leucadendra, loo-ka-DEN-dra, white-leaved like Leucadendron. scabra, SKA-bra, rough – the leaves. thymifolia, ty-mif-OL-e-a, Thymus (Thyme) leaved.

Melianthus, me-li-AN-thus; from Gr. mele, honey; anthos, a flower, the blooms yielding plentiful amounts of nectar. Half-hardy perennials. Melianthaceae. comosus, kom-O-sus, tufted with hairs. major, MA-jor, greater. pectinatus, pek-tin-A-tus, like a comb.

Melicytus, mel-e-SY-tus; from Gr. mele, honey; kytos, a hollow jar, the staminal nectaries being hollow. Trees and shrubs. Violaceae.

Medeola, med-E-o-la; called after Medea, the crassifolius, kras-sif-OL-e-us, thick-leaved. Greek sorceress. Low growing herbaceous Melinis, ME-lin-is; from Gr. meline, millet. perennial. Liliaceae. Grasses. Poaceae. asparagoides, see Asparagus asparagoides. virginiana, vir-jin-e-A-na, of Virginia, U.S.A.

repens, RE-penz, creeping.

Medicago, med-ik-A-go; Medik indirectly Meliosma, mel-i-OZ-ma; from Gr. mele, from Media, the country whence Alfalfa was honey; osme, a smell, the scent of the flowers. supposed to have been derived. Herbaceous Deciduous trees and shrubs. Sabiaceae. myriantha, mir-e-AN-tha, myriad flowers. perennials and fodder plants. Leguminosae. echinus, see M. intertexta. falcata, fal-KA-ta, sickle-shaped. intertexta, in-ter-TEX-ta, intertwined. sativa, SAT-iv-a, cultivated. Alfalfa; Lucerne. scutellata, skew-tel-LA-ta, a little shield.

veitchiorum, veech-e-OR-um, after Veitch Nurseries.

Melissa, mel-IS-sa; from Gr. melissa, a bee, the plants being attractive to bees. Perennial herbs. Lamiaceae.

Medinilla, me-din-IL-la; after José de Medi- officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in nilla y Pineda, Spanish governor of the Maristock” by herbalists. anas in the 1820’s. Tropical flowering shrubs. Melastomataceae. Melittis, mel-IT-tis; same derivation as curtisii, ker-TIS-e-i, after William Curtis (1746– Melissa. Aromatic herb. Lamiaceae. 1799), English botanist and author. magnifica, mag-NIF-ik-a, magnificent.

Megasea, misapplied see below. ciliata, see Bergenia ciliata. cordifolia, see Bergenia crassifolia. crassifolia, see Bergenia crassifolia. stracheyi, see Bergenia stracheyi.

melissophyllum, mel-is-sof-IL-lum, leaves resembling Melissa.

Melocactus, mel-o-KAK-tus; from L. melo, a melon; cactus, descriptive of the globular form of these cacti. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. — 96 —

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MEN–MES empetrifolia, see Phyllodoce empetriformis. ferruginea, fer-ru-JIN-e-a, rusty. polifolia, pol-if-OL-e-a, Polium leaved, that is, Teucrium polium.

communis, see M. intortus. intortus, in-TOR-tus, twisted.

Menispermum, me-nis-PER-mum; from Gr. mene, the crescent moon; sperma, seed, the latter being crescent-shaped. Hardy climb- Mertensia, mer-TEN-se-a; named after Francis Karl Mertens (1764–1831), profesing shrub. Menispermaceae. sor of botany at Bremen. Hardy perennials. canadense, kan-a-DEN-se, of Canada. Boraginaceae. Mentha, MEN-tha; named to honour the alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or Greek nymph, Minthe, supposedly turned alpine. into this aromatic plant by Persephone. ciliata, sil-e-A-ta, an eyelash, fringed with hair. Herbaceous perennials and carpeting plants. echioides, see Pseudomertensia echioides. primuloides, prim-ul-OY-dees, resembling Lamiaceae. aquatica, a-KWAT-ik-a, growing in water. The Bergamot Mint. gibraltarica, see M. pulegium. × piperita, pi-per-E-ta, pepper. The Peppermint. pulegium, pu-LE-je-um, from L. pulex, a flea, which the plant was supposed to eradicate. The Pennyroyal. requienii, re-KWE-en-e-i, after Esprit Requien (1788–1851), French naturalist. spicata, spe-KA-ta, spiked. Spearmint. viridis, see M. spicata.

Mentzelia, ment-ZE-le-a; in honour of Christian Mentzel (1622–1701), German botanist. Mainly annuals and biennials. Loasaceae.

aurea, AW-re-a, golden yellow. bartonioides, bar-to-ne-OY-dees, resembling Bartonia. lindleyi, LIND-le-i, after John Lindley (1799– 1865), British botanist, appointed first chair of botany at University College London.

Menyanthes, men-e-AN-thes; possibly from Gr. men, month; anthos, a flower, the flowering period of the Bogbean, being supposed to last a month. Hardy aquatic. Menyanthaceae. crista-galli, see Nephrophyllidium crista-galli. nymphoides, see Limnanthemum nymphoides. trifoliata, trif-ol-e-A-ta, leaves in three. The Bogbean.

Menziesia, men-ZE-ze-a; or men-E-se-a, named after Archibald Menzies (1754– 1842), Scottish surgeon and botanist on Vancouver’s expedition 1790–1795. Dwarf ericaceous shrubs. Ericaceae. coerulea, se-RU-le-a, blue.

Primula. sibirica, si-BIR-ik-a, of Siberia. virginica, vir-JIN-ik-a, of Virginia.

Mesembryanthemum, mes-em-bre-ANthe-mum; from Gr. mesembria, midday; anthemon, a flower, in reference to the first recorded species opening at noon. Annuals and biennials. Aizoaceae.

acinaciforme, see Carpobrotus acinaciformis. aurantiacum, aw-RAN-te-ak-um, orangecoloured. aureum, AW-re-um, golden. barbatum, bar-BA-tum, bearded, having hooked hairs. blandum, BLAND-um, pleasing. bolusiae, BO-lus-e-e, after Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus (1877–1970), South African botanist and taxonomist. brownii, BROWN-e-i, after Nicholas Edward Brown (1849–1934), English plant taxonomist and an authority on succulents. coccineum, see Lampranthus coccineus. cooperi, see Delosperma cooperi. cordifolium, kor-dif-O-le-um, heart-shaped leaves. criniflorum, see Stigmatocarpum criniflorum. crystallinum, kris-tal-LE-num, crystalline – the foliage. The Ice Plant. cymbifolium, kim (or sim)-bif-OL-e-um, boat shaped leaves. deltoides, see Lampranthus deltoides. densum, DEN-sum, close, dense. dolabriforme, dol-A-brif-OR-me, axe or hatchet shaped leaves. echinatum, see Delosperma echinatum. edule, see Carpobrotus edulis. inclaudens, see Erepsia inclaudens. polyanthum, pol-e-ANTH-um, many flowered.

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MES–MIL pomeridianum, see Carpanthea pomeridiana. pugioniforme, see Conicosia pugioniformis. pyropeum, py-ro-PE-um, flame coloured. roseum, see Lampranthus multiradiatus. spectabile, see Lampranthus spectabilis. tigrinum, see Faucaria tigrina. tricolorum, see Cephalophyllum tricolorum. turbiniforme, ter-bin-if-OR-me, shaped like a spinning top or cone. uncinatum, un-sin-A-tum, hooked at the end – the leaves. violaceum, vi-o-LA-se-um, violet-coloured.

Microglossa, mi-kro-GLOS-a; from Gr. mikros, small; glossa, a tongue, referring to the short segments of the corolla. Shrub. Compositae. albescens, see Aster albescens.

Microlepia, mi-kro-LE-pe-a; from Gr. mikros, small; lepis, a scale, the appearance of the spore cases. Greenhouse ferns. Dennstaedtiaceae. hirta cristata, see Davallia hirta.

Mespilus, MES-pil-us; from Gr. mesos, half; Micromeria, mi-kro-MEER-e-a; from Gr. pilos, a bullet or ball, referring to the half- mikros, small; meris, a part, referring to the ball shape of the fruit. Fruit bearing tree. small flowers and leaves of these plants. Halfhardy shrubby perennials. Lamiaceae. Rosaceae. germanica, jer-MAN-ik-a, of Germany. The Medlar.

croatica, kro-AT-ik-a, of Croatia. marginata, mar-jin-A-ta, margined with another colour. piperella, see M. marginata. rupestris, see Clinopodium thymifolium.

Metasequoia, met-a-se-KWOY-a; from Gr. meta, with; sequoia (which see), a fossil genus rediscovered on the border between the Szechuan and Hupeh provinces, China Microsperma, misapplied please see below. bartonioides, see Eucnide bartonioides. 1945. Evergreen tree. Cupressaceae. glyptostroboides, glip-toh-stro-BOY-dees, resem- Microstegium, mi-kro-STE-ge-um; from Gr. bling Glyptostrobus. mikros, small; stege, a roof, to cover over, preMetrosideros, me-tros-id-E-ros; from Gr. sumably the small lemmas. Grasses. Poaceae. metra, heart of a tree; sideros, iron, alluding glabratum, GLAB-ra-tum, somewhat glabrous (smooth). to the hardness of the wood. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Myrtaceae. Mikania, mik-AN-e-a; after Joseph Mikan floribunda, see Angophora floribunda. (1743–1814), professor of botany at Prague. speciosa, see Callistemon speciosus. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Compositae. Meum, ME-um; from Gr. meion, small, in scandens, SKAN-denz, climbing. allusion to the fineness of the foliage. Hardy Mila, MIL-a; anagram of Lima, capital of aromatic herb. Apiaceae. Peru, in the neighbourhood of which the athamanticum, ath-am-AN-tik-um, resembling Athamanta, this genus being named after species is found. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. Mount Athamas, Sicily. caespitosa, ses-pit-O-sa, growing in tufts.

Meyenia, mey-EN-e-a; after Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen (1804–1840), German Milla, MIL-la; named by Cavanilles to naturalist, professor of botany in Berlin. honour Julian Milla, head gardener in the Royal Garden, Madrid, 18th century. HalfGreenhouse flowering shrub. Solanaceae. hardy bulbs. Asparagaceae. erecta, see Thunbergia erecta. Michauxia, me-SHO-se-a; after André Michaux (1746–1802), French botanist. Biennials. Campanulaceae.

biflora, bif-LO-ra, two-flowered, that is, in pairs. laxiflora, see Triteleia laxa. uniflora, see Tristagma uniflorum.

campanuloides, kam-pan-ul-OY-dez, resembling Millettia, mil-LET-te-a; after Charles Campanula. Millett (c. 1825), plant collector and offi-

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MIL–MIT cial with the British East India Company. Climbers and trees. Leguminosae. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan.

Miltonia, mil-TO-ne-a; after Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam (1786–1857), Viscount Milton then later the 5th Earl Fitzwilliam, patron of natural science and lover of orchids. Epiphytic orchids. Orchidaceae.

moschatus, mos-KA-tus, musk. The Musk Plant. ringens, RIN-gens, the flowers gaping.

Mina, misapplied see below. lobata, see Ipomoea lobata.

Minuartia, min-u-AR-te-a; in honour of Jaun Minuart (1693–1768), Spanish apothecary and botanist at Barcelona, then Madrid. Mostly perennial herbs. Caryophyl× bleuana, see Miltoniopsis × bleuana. clowesii, KLOWES-e-i, after Rev. John Clowes laceae. (1777–1846), orchid grower, of Broughton Hall, Manchester (now Clowes Park), he gifted his orchid collection to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. phalaenopsis, see Miltoniopsis phalaenopsis. roezlii, see Miltoniopsis roezlii. spectabilis, spek-TAB-il-is, notable. vexillaria, see Miltoniopsis vexillaria.

laricifolia, lar-is-if-o-le-a, Larix (Larch) like leaves. verna, VER-na, spring – time of flowering. villarsii, vil-LAR-se-i, after Dominique Villars (1745–1814), professor of botany at Grenoble, whose noted for his work on the flora of the Dauphiné region, France.

× bleuana, blu-A-na, the first Miltoniopsis cross by Alfred Bleu, French orchid breeder, in 1883, from M. vexillaria and M. roezlii. phalaenopsis, fal-e-NOP-sis, resembling a moth. roezlii, ROEZ-le-i, in honour of Benedikt Roezl (1824–1885), Czech botanist and plant collector. vexillaria, veks-il-LA-re-a, standard bearing – the conspicuous labellum.

of Peru. longiflora, long-if-LO-ra, long-flowered.

Mirabilis, mir-AB-il-is; from L. mirabilis, Miltoniopsis, mil-to-ne-OP-sis; from Milto- wonderful or to be admired. Tender perennea (which see); opsis, resembling. Orchids. nials. Nyctaginaceae. jalapa, jal-A-pa, old name. The Jalap or Marvel Orchidaceae.

Mimosa, mi-MO-sa; from Gr. mimos, imitator, referring to the sensitivity of the leaves to touch or injury. Greenhouse plants. Sensitive plant. Leguminosae.

Miscanthus, mis-KAN-thus; from Gr. miskos, a stem; anthos, a flower, referring to the tall flowering stems. Ornamental and economic grasses. Poaceae. × giganteus, ji-GAN-te-us, gigantic. Hybrid cross between M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis. Elephant Grass. sacchariflorus, sak-kar-e-FLOR-us, sugary flowered. sinensis, si-NEN-sis, Chinese.

Mitchella, mit-CHEL-a; named by Linnaeus for Dr. John Mitchell (1711–1768), a botanist, of Virginia. Rock or woodland Mimulus, MIM-ul-us; from L. mimus, herb. Rubiaceae. a mimic, the flowers being supposed to repens, RE-penz, creeping. resemble a mask, or a monkey’s face, hence Monkey-flower; or from L. mimo, an Mitella, mit-EL-la; the diminutive of L. ape. Herbaceous perennials, most kinds mitra, a mitre (a little mitre), in allusion in cultivation are cultivars of M. luteus. to the two-cleft seed pod. Small woodland plants. Saxifragaceae. Phrymaceae. pudica, PUD-ik-a, humble, bashful. sensitiva, sen-sit-IV-a, sensitive to touch.

cardinalis, kar-din-A-lis, scarlet, cardinal red. cupreus, KU-pre-us, copper-coloured. guttatus, gut-TA-tus, covered with small spots. harrisonii, cultivar of M. moschatus. luteus, LU-te-us, yellow. The Common Monkey-flower.

diphylla, dif-IL-la, two-leaved.

Mitraria, mit-RAH-re-a; from L. mitra, mitre, referring to the shape of the fruit. Greenhouse shrub. Gesneriaceae. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet.

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MOL–MOR Molinia, mol-EE-ne-a; after Juan Molina dragons and monsters. Perennial climbers. (1740–1829), a writer on Chilean natural Araceae. deliciosa, de-lis-e-O-sa, delicious. history. Hardy grass. Poaceae.

caerulea, se-RU-le-a, sky-blue. Montbretia, misapplied see below. Moltkia, MOLT-ke-a; named after Count × crocosmiiflora, see Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora. Joachim Godske Moltke (1746–1818), a pottsii, see Crocosmia pottsii. Danish nobleman and patron of the sciences. Montiopsis, mon-te-OP-sis; resembling Shrubby perennial. Boraginaceae. Montia. Annuals and perennials. Monpetraea, pet-RE-a, of rocks. tiaceae. suffruticosa, suf-frut-ik-O-sa, having a woody base.

umbellata, um-bel-LA-ta, flowers in an umbel. Annual Candytuft.

Momordica, mo-MOR-dik-a; from L. mordeo, to bite, in allusion to the jagged seeds as though bitten. Tender annual fruiting climbers. Cucurbitaceae.

Monvillea, mon-VIL-e-a; dedicated to Baron Hippolyte Boissel de Monville (1794–1863), French collector and authority on cactus. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae.

Monanthes, mo-NAN-thez; from Gr. monos, single; anthos, a flower, one-flowered. Given in error as the type species (M. polyphylla) was thought to be one-flowered; it is few flowered. Greenhouse succulents. Crassulaceae.

Moraea, mor-EE-a; after Robert More (1703–1780), a keen botanist and natural historian. Originally spelt Morea, however Linnaeus amended it to Moraea in 1762, to honour his father-in-law J. Moraeus, a Swedish physician. Bulbous plants. Iridaceae.

balsamina, bawl-sa-ME-na, balsam scented. charantia, kar-AN-te-a, Charantia the pre-Linnean name for this plant. elaterium, see Ecballium elaterium.

laxiflora, laks-if-LOR-a, with loose flowers. muralis, mu-RA-lis, from L. muralis, of walls; found on walls. polyphylla, pol-if-IL-la, many-leaved.

cavendishii, kav-en-DISH-e-i, commemorating William Spencer Cavendish (1790–1858), 6th Duke of Devonshire, cactus collector. spegazzinii, see Cereus spegazzinii.

aristata, ar-is-TA-ta, bristled. bicolor, see Dietes bicolor. collina, kol-LE-na, found on hills. robinsoniana, see Dietes robinsoniana. unguiculata, un-gwik-ul-A-ta, narrow-clawed, the lower end of the petal.

Monarda, mon-AR-da; after Nicolás Bautista Monardes (1493–1588), a physician and botanist of Seville. Herbaceous perennials. Morella, mo-REL-la; alluding to the fruits Lamiaceae. being a similar colour to Morello Cherries. didyma, DID-im-a, double or twin, the flowers Evergreen. Myricaceae. having stamens in pairs of different sizes. cerifera, ser-IF-er-a, wax-bearing, the fruits yielding a candle-wax. Wax Myrtle.

fistulosa, fis-tul-O-sa, stem hollow.

Monilaria, mo-nil-AR-e-a; from L. monilla, a necklace, the stems constricted into beadlike sections. Greenhouse succulents. Aizoaceae. moniliformis, mo-ne-le-FOR-mis, necklace like.

Morina, mor-E-na; named after Louis Morin (1635–1714), a French plant collector and botanist. Herbaceous perennials. Caprifoliaceae. coulteriana, kol-ter-e-A-na, in honour of Thomas

Coulter (1793–1843), Irish botanist. Monstera, mon-STE-ra; derivation unclear longifolia, long-if-OL-e-a, long leaves. although it is possible that it is a latinised French equivalent of Dracontium, it being Morisia, mor-IS-e-a; after Giuseppe typical to associate aroids with snakes, Giacinto Moris (1796–1869), Italian bot-

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MOR–MYR anist, professor at the University of Turin. Rock plant. Brassicaceae. hypogaea, see M. monanthos. monanthos, mon-AN-thos, one-flowered.

comosum, see Leopoldia comosa. conicum, see M. armeniacum. moschatum, see M. racemosum. racemosum, ra-se-MO-sum, with flowers in racemes.

Morus, MOR-us; ancient L. name. Tree cultivated for its edible fruit and leaves for silk- Mussaenda, mus-SEN-da; Latinized version of the Sinhalese name for M. frondosa. Tropworm forage. Trees. Moraceae. ical flowering shrubs. Rubiaceae. alba, AL-ba, from the L. alba, white, the fruits. erythrophylla, er-ith-ROF-il-la, red-leaved. frondosa, fron-DOZ-a, leafy. macrophylla, mak-rof-IL-a, with large leaves.

nigra, NY-gra, black. The Mulberry. rubra, ROO-bra, red.

Moschosma, misapplied see below.

Mutisia, mew-TIS-e-a; named after José riparium, see Tetradenia riparia. Celestino Mutis (1732 –1808), Spanish botMuehlenbeckia, muhl-en-BEK-e-a; after anist who settled in South America. GreenHenri Gustave Muehlenbeck (1798–1845), house climbers. Compositae. German physician and plant collector, clematis, see M. orbignyana. remembered for his works on Bryophytes. decurrens, de-KUR-rens, running down – the leaves clasping the stems. Slender trailing shrubs. Polygonaceae. complexa, kom-PLEKS-a, the branches interwoven, entangled. The Wire Vine.

orbignyana, or-bin-YA-na, commemorating Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d’Orbigny (1802–1857), French naturalist.

Mulgedium, mul-GE-de-um; probably from L. mulgeo, to milk, the juice of the plants Myosotidium, my-o-so-TID-e-um; from being white. Annuals and biennials. Com- Myosotis (see below) and Gr. eidos, an appearance, the flowers resembling those of positae. Myosotis. One species a perennial herb. Borplumieri, see Lactuca plumieri. aginaceae. Musa, MU-za; said to be in honour of Anto- hortensium, hor-TEN-se-um, belonging to nius Musa, a freedman of Emperor Augusgardens. tus, whose physician he became; the Arabic nobile, see M. hortensium. name mouz, is considered by some to be the basis of the Latin musa. Tropical fruiting Myosotis, my-o-SO-tis; from Gr. mus, a mouse; otos, an ear, the foliage resemblance. plants. Musaceae. acuminata, a-ku-min-A-ta, long-pointed, the The plant to which the name was originally given by the ancient Greeks was not a forleaves. basjoo, BA-shou, the Japanese vernacular name get-me-not. Hardy biennials and perennials. from the Chinese vernacular name Ba jiao, Boraginaceae. for banana. cavendishii, see M. acuminata. ensete, see Ensete ventricosum. × paradisiaca, par-a-DIS-e-ak-a, of paradise. The Plantain. × sapientum, see M. × paradisiaca.

alpestris, al-PES-tris, alpine. azorica, az-OR-ik-a, of the Azores. dissitiflora, dis-sit-if-LO-ra, the flowers far apart. The garden Forget-me-not. palustris, see M. scorpioides. scorpioides, skor-pe-OY-dees, from Gr. skorpios, resembling a scorpion.

Muscari, mus-KAR-e; from Gr. moschos, musk, the flowers of some species having a Myrica, mer-IK-a; from Gr. myrike, tamarisk. Shrubs. Myricaceae. musky odour. Hardy bulbs. Asparagaceae. armeniacum, ar-me-ne-AK-um, of Armenia. botryoides, bot-re-OY-dez, from Gr. botrus, grapes, like a bunch of grapes. The Grape Hyacinth.

cerifera, see Morella cerifera. gale, gale, old name for Bog Myrtle (Sweet Gale), probably from Gagel, an Anglo-Saxon term for the same shrub.

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MYR–NEI Myriophyllum, mer-e-of-IL-lum; from Gr. myrios, a myriad; phyllon, a leaf, in reference to the many divisions in the leaves. Submerged aquatics. Water Milfoil and Feather-foil. Haloragaceae. aquaticum, a-KWAT-ik-um, aquatic. heterophyllum, het-er-o-FIL-um, variously leaved, those emerged differing from those submerged. proserpinacoides, see M. aquaticum. spicatum, spe-KA-tum, spiked. verticillatum, ver-tis-il-LA-tum, whorled – the foliage.

Myrrhis, MER-ris; from Gr. myrrha, fragrant. Sweet Cicely. True myrrh is Commiphora myrrha. Aromatic herb. Apiaceae. odorata, od-o-RA-ta, sweet smelling.

Myrsiphyllum, misapplied see below. asparagoides, see Asparagus asparagoides.

Myrtus, MER-tus; from Gr. murtos, the ancient name for Myrtle. Half-hardy shrubs. Myrtaceae. communis, kom-MU-nis, common. luma, see Amomyrtus luma. ugni, see Ugni molinae.

Naegelia, misapplied see below.

cinnabarina, see Smithiantha cinnabarina. fulgida, see Smithiantha fulgida. multiflora, see Smithiantha multiflora. zebrina, see Smithiantha zebrina.

bulbocodium, bul-bo-KO-de-um, probably from Gr. bolbus, a bulb; kodion, a little fleece, the covering of the bulb. The Hoop Petticoat Daffodil. cyclamineus, sik-la-MIN-e-us, like a Cyclamen flower. flavus, FLA-vus, pure yellow. hispanicus, his-PAN-ik-us, of Spain. × incomparabilis, in-kom-par-A-bil-is, incomparable. jonquilla, jon-KWIL-la, variant of Spanish jonquillo, from L. juncus, a rush, referring to the rush-like leaves. The Jonquil. juncifolius, see N. flavus. major, see N. hispanicus. maximus, see N. hispanicus. minor, see N. psuedonarcissus subsp. minor. × odorus, od-OR-us, sweet-scented. poeticus, po-ET-ik-us, the Poet’s Narcissus. pseudonarcissus, SUED-o-nar-SIS-sus, the false narcissus. The English Daffodil. p. subsp. minor, MI-nor, smaller. tazetta, taz-ET-ta, old name from the Italian vernacular name tazza, used for Narcissus, meaning small cup; from the form of the corona. Polynesian Narcissus. triandrus, tre-AN-drus, having three stamens.

Nassella, NA-sel-la; from L. nassa, a basket with a narrow neck, in allusion to the inflorescence. Grasses. Poaceae.

cernua, SER-nu-a, drooping – the flowers. Nodding Needlegrass. pulchra, PUL-kra, pretty. Purple Needlegrass. The State Grass of California.

Nananthus, nan-AN-thus; from Gr. nanos, dwarf; anthos, a flower, alluding to the dwarf habit of the plants. Greenhouse succulents. Nasturtium, nas-TUR-she-um; from L. nasi-tortium, distortion of the nose, in referAizoaceae. pole-evansii, pole-EV-anz-e-i, after Illtyd Buller ence to the pungency of some of the species. Pole-Evans (1879–1968), Welsh born South Aquatic salad herb. The garden plant popuAfrican botanist and plant collector. larly called Nasturtium is Tropaeolum majus, vittatus, vit-TA-tus, ribbon-striped. which see. Brassicaceae. Nandina, nan-DY-na; from Japanese name officinale, of-fis-in-A-le, of shops (herbal). The Watercress. nandin. Shrubs. Berberidaceae.

domestica, do-MES-tik-a, domestic – from its Neillia, ne-IL-le-a; named after Dr. Patrick various uses in Japanese households.

Neill (1776–1851), Scottish naturalist and Narcissus, nar-SIS-sus; a classical L. name Secretary of the Caledonia Horticultural derived from the Gr. narke, numbness, Society. Shrubs. Rosaceae. torpor, in allusion to its narcotic qualities. amurensis, see Physocarpus amurensis. opulifolia, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Hardy bulbs. Amaryllidaceae. — 102 —

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NEL–NER Nelumbo, ne-LUM-bo; Sinhalese name for N. nucifera. Aquatic herbs. Nelumbonaceae. lutea, LU-te-a, yellow. nucifera, nu-SIF-e-ra, bearing nuts.

northiana, north-e-A-na, after Marianne North (1830–1890), botanical illustrator. rafflesiana, raf-les-e-A-na, after Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781–1826), patron of science and founder of Singapore. ventricosa, ven-trik-O-sa, swollen or bellied.

Nemesia, nem-e-ZE-a; from Gr. nemesion, an old name used by Dioscorides for some Nepeta, NEP-e-ta (or nep-E-ta); name sort of snapdragon. Half-hardy annuals used used by Pliny, possibly after Nepi in Italy. for bedding. Scrophulariaceae. Hardy and half-hardy herbaceous plants. floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free Lamiaceae. flowering. strumosa, stroo-MO-sa, having cushion like swellings. versicolor, ver-SIK-ol-or, changeable colour.

cataria, ka-TAR-e-a, pertaining to cats. glechoma, see Glechoma hederacea. mussinii, see N. racemosa. racemosa, ra-se-MO-sa, with flowers in racemes.

Nemophila, nem-OF-il-a; from Gr. nemos, Nephrodium, nef-RO-de-um; from Gr. grove or glade; phileo, to love, the plants nephros, a kidney, the shape of the indusium inhabiting such places. Hardy annuals. Borcovering the spore cases. Greenhouse ferns. aginaceae. Dryopteridaceae. insignis, see menziesii subsp. insignis. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, blotched. menziesii, men-ZE-se-i, after Archibald Menzies (1754–1842), the Scottish botanist. The Baby Blue-eyes. m. subsp. insignis, in-SIG-nis, showy.

molle, see Christella dentata. multifidum, mul-TIF-id-um, many times divided. richardsii, RICH-ards-e-i, possibly after Louis Claude Marie Richards (1754–1821), French botanist and collector.

Nephrolepis, nef-rol-EP-is; from Gr. nephros, Neomammillaria, ne-O-mam-mil-LAR-e-a; a kidney; lepis, a scale, referring to the shape from Gr. neo, new; mammillaria from L. of the indusium covering the spore cases. mammilla, a nipple. Greenhouse cacti. CacFerns. Nephrolepidaceae. taceae. bausei, BAUS-e-i, after Christian Frederick Bause villifera, vil-LIF-er-a, bearing shaggy hair.

Neomarica, ne-o-MAR-ik-a; from Gr. neo, new; Marica, the genus. Greenhouse perennials. Iridaceae.

brachypus, brak-IP-us, stalks short. caerulea, se-RU-le-a, sky-blue. northiana, north-e-A-na, after Marianne North (1830–1890), English biologist and botanical artist, whose collection of paintings is housed at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Nepenthes, ne-PEN-thez; from Gr. meaning without care, in allusion to the passage in the Odyssey where Helen so drugged the wine cup that its contents freed man from grief and care. The Pitcherplant. Tropical perennials. Nepenthaceae.

(d. 1895), German born British hybridiser of indoor plants. biserrata, bi-ser-RAY-ta, double-toothed, that is the teeth on the leaves being themselves toothed. cordifolia, kor-dif-OL-e-a, heart shaped. davallioides, dav-al-le-OY-dees, resembling Davallia. exaltata, eks-al-TA-ta, elevated or tall. The Boston Fern. rufescens, see N. biserrata. todeaoides, TO-de-a-OY-dees, resembling Todea.

Nephrophyllidium, nef-ro-fi-LID-e-um; from Gr. nephros, a kidney; phyllon, leaf. Perennial herb. Menyanthaceae. crista-galli, kris-ta-GAL-le, cock’s crest.

Nerine, ne-RI-ne; from Gr. nereis, the water nymph of that name, in allusion to the myth curtisii, KER-tis-e-i, after Curtis. distillatoria, dis-til-la-TOR-e-a, distilling. The that bulbs of N. sarniensis (Guernsey Lily) were cast on to the shore of Guernsey after a first introduced species. mirabilis, mir-A-bil-is, wonderful. shipwreck. Bulbs. Amaryllidaceae. — 103 —

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NER–NOT bowdenii, bow-DEN-e-i, collected by Athelstan rivularis, riv-u-LAR-is, of riversides. Cornish-Bowden (1871–1942), in South scoparia, sko-PAR-e-a, Broom-like. Africa and introduced into British gardens Nigella, ni-JEL-la; from L. nigellus, the in 1902. diminutive of niger, black, referring to the flexuosa, see N. undulata. fothergillii, see N. sarniensis. seed. Hardy annuals. Ranunculaceae. pumila, PU-mil-a, dwarf. damascena, dam-as-SE-na, Damascus, but the sarniensis, sar-ne-EN-sis, of Guensey (ancient word here probably means damask. name Sarnia). hispanica, his-PAN-ik-a, of Spain. undulata, un-du-LA-ta, waved – the leaves.

Nerium, NE-re-um; name used by Dioscorides. Tender shrubs. Apocynaceae.

Niphobolus, misapplied see below. lingua, see Pyrrosia lingua.

Nivenia, ni-VEN-e-a; after James Niven (1776–1827), Scottish gardener at EdinNertera, NER-ter-a; from Gr. nerteros, lowly, burgh and Syon House and collector in the plant being very prostrate. Half-hardy South Africa 1798–1812. Woody iris. Iridaceae. herbaceous perennial. Rubiaceae. oleander, O-le-AN-der, from Italian oleandro, referring to the olive-like leaves.

depressa, see N. granadensis. granadensis, gran-a-DEN-sis, of Columbia (New Granada).

corymbosa, kor-im-BO-sa, corymbose.

Nolana, no-LA-na; from L. nola, a little bell, the form of the flowers. Half-hardy trailing Nicandra, nik-AN-dra; after Nikander of annuals. Solanaceae. Colophon, Greek botanist and medical atriplicifolia, see N. paradoxa. writer, c. 150 BC. Hardy annual. Solanaceae. paradoxa, pa-ra-DOKS-a, paradoxical, contrary physalodes, FY-sal-OY-dees, resembling Physalis – the seed vessels.

to exception.

Nonea, non-E-a; after Johann Philipp Nicotiana, nik-o-te-A-na (or ne-ko-she- Nonne (1729–1772), a German botanist. A-na); named after Jean Nicot (1530– Annual and perennial herbs. Boraginaceae. 1600), French Ambassador to Portugal who echioides, ek-e-OY-dees, like an Echium. The introduced tobacco into France. Annuals Prophet’s Flower. and perennials. Solanaceae. lutea, LU-te-a, yellow. affinis, see N. alata. alata, al-A-ta, winged – the petiole. × sanderae, SAN-der-e, after Henry Frederick Conrad Sander (1847–1920), German born British nurseryman, St Albans, England. suaveolens, SWA-ve-ol-enz, sweet smelling. sylvestris, sil-VES-tris, sylvan or of woodland. tabacum, tab-A-kum, tobacco, old name for the Virginian tobacco plant. Tobacco.

Nopalea, no-PAL-e-a; from Nopal, the Mexican name for some species. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae.

cochenellifera, kok-chin-el-LIF-er-a, cochineal-­ bearing. The favourite food plant of the cochineal insect.

Nopalxochia, no-pal-ZOK-e-a; an Aztec Nierembergia, ne-er-em-BER-ge-a; after name. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. Juan Eusebio Nieremberg (1595–1658), a phyllanthoides, see Disocactus phyllanthoides. Spanish Jesuit and author of a book on nature Nothofagus, noth-o-FA-gus; from Gr. nothos, in 1635. Half-hardy perennials. Solanaceae. false; L. fagus, beech, being similar to beech coerulea, ser-U-le-a, blue. but from the Southern Hemisphere. Trees. frutescens, see N. scoparia. hippomanica, hip-po-MAN-ik-a, from Gr. hip- Nothofagaceae. pomanes, used for herbs which drive horses mad, are poisonous to them or of which they are madly fond.

antarctica, an-TARK-tik-a, of the Southern Polar region, used in botany for the region south of 45° S.

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NOT–ODO cunninghamii, kun-ning-HAM-e-i, after Allan Cunningham (1791–1839), collector of Australian plants. dombeyi, DOM-bee-i, named after Joseph Dombey (1742–1794), French botanist, who travelled in Chile and Peru with Ruiz and Pavon. menziesii, men-ZE-se-i, after Archibald Menzies (1754–1842), the Scottish botanist.

odorata, od-or-A-ta, sweet-scented. odorata subsp. tuberosa, tu-ber-O-sa, tuberous. pygmaea, see N. tetragona. stellata, see N. nouchali. tetragona, te-tra-GO-na, from Gr. tetra, four; gonia, an angle, the receptacle being four-angled. tuberosa, see N. odorata subsp. tuberosa.

Nymphoides, nim-FOY-dees; resembling Notholaena, noth-o-LE-na; from Gr. nothos, Nyphaea. Aquatics. Menyanthaceae. spurious; chlaena, a cloak, referring to the indica, IN-di-ka, of India. peltata, pel-TA-ta, shaped like a shield, the leaves. imperfect indusium. Ferns. Pteridaceae. dealbata, see Argyrochosma dealbata. Nyssa, NIS-sa; named for Nyssa, one of the flavens, see Argyrochosma nivea var. tenera. water nymphs. N. aquatica grows in swamps. nivea, see Argyrochosma nivea. Trees. Cornaceae. sinuata, see Astrolepis sinuata. aquatica, a-KWAT-ik-a, growing in or near water.

Tupelo. Nuphar, NEW-far; from naufar, the Arabic name for this plant. Hardy aquatic. Nym- sylvatica, sil-VAT-ik-a, inhabiting woods. phaeaceae. Ochna, OK-na; from Gr. ochne, the wild lutea, LU-te-a, yellow. The Yellow Water Lily. pear, Ochna leaves resemble those of the Nuttallia, nut-TAL-le-a; after Thomas pear. Tropical flowering shrub. Ochnaceae. Nuttall (1786–1859), English botanist, kirkii, KERK-e-i, after John Kirk (1832–1922), Scottish physician, explorer and naturalist. who travelled extensively in the U.S.A. from multiflora, mul-tif-LO-ra, many flowered. 1810 to 1834. Deciduous flowering shrub. serrulata, ser-rul-A-ta, leaves finely toothed. Rosaceae. cerasiformis, see Oemleria cerasiformis. Ocimum, O-sim-um; from Gr. okimon, an aromatic herb, possibly this one. Annual Nycterinia, nik-ter-IN-e-a; from Gr. nykaromatic herb. Lamiaceae. teros, by night, in allusion to the night fra- basilicum, ba-SIL-ik-um, princely, royal. The grance of the flowers. Half-hardy annuals. classical name for basil alluding to its healing Scrophulariaceae. qualities. The Sweet Basil. capensis, ka-PEN-sis, of the Cape of Good Hope. minimum, MIN-e-mum, small or least. selaginoides, sel-ag-in-OY-dez, resembling SelagOdontadenia, o-don-ta-DE-ne-a; from Gr. inella.

odontos, a tooth; aden, a gland. In reference Nyctocereus (A.Berger) Britt. & Rose, NIK- to the toothed glands. Shrubs. Apocynaceae. to-SE-re-us; from Gr. nyktos, night; cereus, macrantha, mak-RANTH-a, large-flowered. cactus, the species are night-blooming. × Odontioda, o-don-te-O-da; a name comCacti. Cactaceae. pounded from Odontoglossum and Cochlioda, serpentinus, see Disocactus flagelliformis. the species being hybrids between members Nymphaea, NIM-fe-a; from Gr. Nymphe, of these two genera. The first hybrid being goddess of springs (water-nymph), refer- registered in 1904. See Oncidium. ring to the habit. The Water-Lilies. Nym- bradshawiae, see Oncidium ‘Bradshawiae’. phaeaceae. Odontoglossum, o-don-to-GLOS-um; from alba, AL-ba, white. nouchali, new-KA-le, Burman in his Flore Indica Gr. odontos, a tooth; glossa, a tongue, alludcites this Indian name for the plant that is ing to the shape of the lip. Greenhouse found on the Coramandel Coast and notable orchids. Orchidaceae. for oval leaves and blue flowers.

alexandrae, see Oncidium alexandrae.

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ODO–ONC bictonense, see Rhynchostele bictoniensis. cervantesii, see Rhynchostele cervantesii. citrosmum, see Cuitlauzina pendula. crispum, see Oncidium alexandrae. grande, see Rossioglossum grande. hallii, see Oncidium hallii. harryanum, see Oncidium harryanum. luteopurpureum, see Oncidium luteopurpureum. pescatorei, see Oncidium nobile. rossii, see Rhynchostele rossii. triumphans, see Oncidium spectatissimum.

Odontonema, o-don-to-NE-ma; from Gr. odontos, a tooth; nema, a thread, alluding to the peduncles of one species. Shrubs and herbaceous perennials. Acanthaceae. rutilans, ROO-til-anz, reddish – the flowers.

Oemleria, em-LEER-e-a; named for Augustus Gottlieb Oemler (1773–1852), German-American pharmacist and naturalist, a friend of Nuttall, Elliott and Torrey. Shrub. Rosaceae. cerasiformis, ser-as-if-OR-mis, cherry-like – cerasus.

Oenanthe, ee-NAN-thee; from Gr. oinos, wine; anthos, a flower, having a vinous odour. Aquatics. Apiaceae. fistulosa, fis-tul-O-sa, stem hollow between the joints or nodes. The Water Dropwort. fluviatilis, floo-ve-A-til-is, found in rivers.

Olea, OL-e-a; Classical Latin name for the olive (the same derivation as Gr. elaio). Economically important fruit. Oleaceae. europaea, u-ro-PE-a, European. The Olive Tree.

Olearia, ol-e-A-re-a; named in memory of Johann Olschlager (1635–1711), German horticulturist. The latinised version of the family name is Olearius. Herbs, shrubs or small trees. Compositae.

gunniana, gun-ne-A-na, after Ronald Campbell Gunn (1808–1881), Tasmanian magistrate and botanist. haastii, ha-AST-e-i, after Julius von Haast (1822– 1887), German born geologist and plant collector who settled in New Zealand. macrodonta, mak-ro-DON-ta, long toothed, the leaves. nummulariifolia, num-mul-AR-e-e-FO-le-a, resembling Lysimachia nummularia (Creeping Jenny). stellulata, stel-lew-LA-ta, a little star, the flowers.

Olsynium, ol-SIN-e-um; from Gr. ol, whole; syn, together, referring to the stamens being hardly united. Perennial herbs. Iridaceae. douglasii, dug-LAS-e-i, after David Douglas (1799–1834), Scottish plant collector. filifolium, fil-if-O-le-um, thread-like foliage.

Omphalodes, om-fa-LO-dees; from Gr. omphalos, a naval; eidos, like, the shape of the seeds. The Navelwort. Annuals and perenniOenothera, ee-NOTH-e-ra (or en-oth-E-ra); als. Boraginaceae. possibly a corruption from Gr. oinos, wine; cappadocica, kap-pa-DO-sik-a, of Cappadocia, Asia Minor. thera, pursuing or imbibing. The roots of the ancient plant from which the name derives linifolia, lin-e-FO-le-a, resembling Linum (flax) leaves. being regarded as an incentive to drinkluciliae, lu-SIL-e-e, after Mme. Lucile Boissier ing. Herbaceous perennials, biennials and (1822–1849), wife of Pierre Edmond Boisannuals. Onagraceae. sier, she died whilst accompanying him on an biennis, bi-EN-nis, biennial. cespitosa, ses-pit-O-sa, growing in tufts. fruticosa, frut-ik-O-sa, shrubby. lamarckiana, lam-ARK-e-A-na, after Jean Baptiste de Monet Lamarck (1744–1829), French naturalist and botanical author. missouriensis, mis-soor-e-EN-sis, of Missouri, U.S.A. pumila, see Kneiffia pumila. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy. taraxacifolia, tar-aks-a-sif-O-le-a, Taraxacum (Dandelion) leaved.

expedition in Spain. nitida, NIT-id-a, shining – the leaves. verna, VER-na, spring, spring-flowering.

Oncidium, on-SID-e-um; from Gr. onkos, a tumour. Alluding to the swellings on the lip. Orchids. Orchidaceae. alexandrae, al-ex-AN-dra, after Princess Alexandra of Denmark. bicallosum, see Trichocentrum bicallosum. ‘Bradshawiae’, Hybrid cross O. andersonianum × O. harryanum.

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ONO–OPU concolor, see Gomesa concolor. flexuosum, see Cyrtochilum flexuosum. forbesii, see Gomesa forbesii. hallii, HAL-le-i, after Col. Francis Hall (d.1834), plant collector in Ecuador during 1831 and 1832. harryanum, har-ry-A-num, after Sir Harry Veitch (1840–1924), horticulturist who sent collectors out for the firm of James Veitch & Sons. kramerianum, see Psychopsis krameriana. luteopurpureum, LU-te-o-pur-PUR-e-um, yellow and purple. macranthum, see Cyrtochilum macranthum. nobile, NO-bil-e, notable, renowned. ornithorhynchum, or-ni-thor-IN-kum, bird’s bill or beak. papilio, see Psychopsis papilio. rogersii, see Gomesa varicosa. spectatissimum, spek-ta-TIS-sim-um, most spectacular. sphacelatum, sfak-el-A-tum, scorched. splendidum, see Trichocentrum splendidum. tigrinum, tig-RE-num, tiger-striped. varicosum, see Gomesa varicosa.

Onosma, on-OZ-ma; from Gr. onos, an ass; osme, a smell, reference obscure. Rock plants. Boraginaceae.

Onoclea, on-OK-le-a; from Gr. onos, vessel; kleio, to close, a plant with leaves rolled up into the semblance of berries, referring to the capsule-like fructification. Ferns. Onocleaceae.

apifera, ap-IF-er-a, bee-bearing. The Bee Orchid. aranifera, see O. sphegodes. insectifera, in-sek-TIF-er-a, insect-bearing. muscifera, see O. insectifera. sphegodes, sfeg-O-dees, wasp-like. tenthredinifera, ten-three-din-IF-er-a, sawfly-bearing.

germanica, see Matteuccia struthiopteris. sensibilis, sen-SIB-il-is, sensitive. The Sensitive Fern.

albo-roseum, AL-bo-ro-ZE-um, white and rosy. taurica, TAW-rik-a, of the Crimean peninsula known as Taurica. The Golden Drop.

Onychium, on-IK-e-um; from Gr. onychion, a little claw, in allusion to the shape of the fertile segments. Greenhouse ferns. Pteridaceae. japonicum, jap-ON-ik-um, of Japan.

Ophiopogon, off-e-o-PO-gon; from Gr. ophis, a serpent; pogon, a beard. Perennial plants. Asparagaceae. jaburan, jab-U-ran, oriental name. japonicus, jap-ON-ik-us, of Japan. planiscapus, plan-e-SKA-pus, flat flowering stem. spicatus, see Liriope graminifolia.

Ophrys, OFF-ris; the Gr. name for a plant with two leaves possibly from Gr. ophrys, eyebrows, in allusion to the fringe of the inner sepals. Terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae.

Oplismenus, op-LIS-me-nus; from Gr. hopOnonis, on-O-nis; ancient Gr. name used by lismenos, weapon (armed), referring to the Theophrastus. Rock and border perennials. awned glumes in the inflorescence. GreenLeguminosae. house ornamental foliage grass. Poaceae. fruticosa, frut-ik-O-sa, shrubby. hircina, see O. spinosa subsp. hircina. minutissima, min-u-TIS-sim-a, very small. natrix, NAT-riks, goat-root. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved. spinosa, spi-NO-sa, spiny. spinosa subsp. hircina, her-SE-na, with goat smell.

burmanni, bur-MAN-ne, after Nicolaas Laurens Burman (1734–1793), Dutch botanist and author of Flora Indica (1768).

Opuntia, o-PUN-te-a; from Opuntus (or Opus), a town in Greece; it is said the word is derived from Latin not applicable to the Onopordum, on-op-OR-dum; Latinized plants now named. Cactus plants. Cactaceae. version of an old Gr. name, onopordon, from engelmannii, en-gel-MAN-e-i, after Georg Engelmann (1809–1884), German-born botanist onos, an ass; porde, fart, possibly alluding to and physician. Engelmann moved to St. the effect on donkeys. Ornamental thistles. Louis where he was respected as an author on Compositae. Cactaceae. acanthium, ak-ANTH-e-um, resembling Acanthus. The Cotton Thistle. illyricum, il-LER-ik-um, of Illyria.

ficus-indica, FI-kus-IN-dik-a, Indian fig. The Indian Fig. humifusa, hum-e-FU-sa, spread over the ground.

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ORB–OSM leucotricha, lu-ko-TRIK-a, White-haired. macrorhiza, mak-rorh-E-za, large rooted. mesacantha, see O. humifusa. microdasys, mi-KROD-as-is, Gr. compound word, small and thick. missouriensis, see O. polycantha. monacantha, mon-ak-ANTH-a, one-spined. papyracantha, pap-y-rak-ANTH-a, papery spines. polycantha, pol-e-KANTH-a, many spines. rafinesquei, see O. humifusa. tuna, TU-na, native name. vulgaris, see O. ficus-indica.

onites, on-E-tez, onites. The Pot Marjoram. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. The Common Marjoram.

Ornduffia, orn-DUF-e-a; in commemoration of Robert Ornduff (1932–2000), botanist who studied Villarsia. Aquatic plants. Menyanthaceae. reniformis, ren-if-OR-mis, kidney-shaped, the leaves.

Ornithogalum, or-nith-OG-a-lum; from Gr. Orbea, OR-be-a; from L. orbis, disc, in ref- ornis, bird; gala, milk, ‘bird’s milk’ was said erence to the opening of the corolla. Succu- to be a current expression among the ancient Greeks for some wonderful thing. Bulbous lents. Apocynaceae. variegata, var-e-eg-A-ta, variegated – the flowers. plants. Asparagaceae. Orchis, OR-kis; ancient Gr. name, referring to the two oblong tubers at the root of many species. Hardy terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae.

anthropophora, an-thro-POF-o-ra, resembling a man. The Green Man Orchid. foliosa, see Dactylorhiza foliosa. hircina, see Himantoglossum hircinum. laxiflora, see Anacamptis laxiflora. maculata, see Dactylorhiza maculata. mascula, MAS-ku-la, male, probably referring to its earliness and vigour. purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured. pyramidalis, see Anacamptis pyramidalis. sambucina, see Dactylorhiza sambucina.

arabicum, ar-AB-ik-um, of Arabia. candicans, KAN-dik-ans, white. The Spire Lily. conicum, KON-e-kum, from Gr. konicos, coneshaped. lacteum, see O. conicum. longibracteatum, see Albuca bracteata. narbonense, nar-bon-EN-se, of Narbonne. nutans, NU-tanz, drooping or nodding. pyramidale, pir-am-ID-al-e, pyramidal, the flower spikes. pyrenaicum, pir-en-A-ik-um, Pyrenean. thyrsoides, ther-SOY-dees, flowers in a thyrse-like spike. umbellatum, um-bel-LA-tum, umbelled, the flower stalks all arising from the same point.

Ornus, misapplied see below. Oreocereus, OR-e-o-SE-RE-us; from Gr. vulgaris, see Sorbus aucuparia. oros, a mountain; cereus, wax taper. GreenOrobus, OR-o-bus; old Gr. name, said to be house cacti. Cactaceae. celsianus, kel-se-A-nus, named after Jacques derived from Gr. oro, to excite; bous, ox, the Martin Cels (1740–1806), French botanist vetches being tempting fodder. Herbaceous who created a botanical garden in Paris. Cel’s perennials and rock plants. Unresolved. Hair Candle Cactus. trollii, TROL-e-i, dedicating Wilhelm Troll Leguminosae.

(1897–1978), German botanist, a specialist vernus, see Lathyrus vernus. in plant morphology. The Old Man of the Orontium, or-ON-te-um; adopted old Gr. Andes cactus.

name for a plant that grew on the banks Origanum, or-IG-a-num; from Gr. oros, a of the river Orontes. Aquatic perennial. mountain; ganos, gladness, the usual habitat Araceae. and attractiveness of the plants. Herbaceous aquaticum, a-KWAT-ik-um, aquatic. and sub-shrubby perennials. Lamiaceae. dictamnus, dik-TAM-nus, old generic name. The Osmanthus, oz-MAN-thus; from Gr. osme, perfume; anthos, a flower, the blossoms Dittany of Crete. marjorana, mar-jor-A-na, marjoram, old name. being very fragrant. Shrubs. Oleaceae. The Sweet Marjoram.

aquifolium, see O. heterophyllus.

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OSM–OXA delavayi, de-la-VA-i, after Père Jean Marie Delavay (1834–1895), missionary and plant collector in Yunnan province, China. fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant. heterophyllus, het-er-o-FIL-us, variously leaved.

Osmunda, oz-MUN-da; various derivations have been offered in explanation for this name. One explanation is from Osmunder, the Saxon name for the Nordic God Thor; alternatively said to be named for Osmundus, c. 1025, a Scandinavian clergyman favoured by the King; or from L. os, mouth, and mundare, to clean. Hardy ferns. Osmundaceae.

coronopifolia, kor-on-op-e-FO-le-a, leaves resembling Coronopus. crassifolia, kras-sif-OL-e-a, thick-leaved. denticulata, den-tik-u-LA-ta, toothed, the leaves. digitata, dij-e-TA-ta, fingered, the leaves. filicaulis, fil-e-KAW-lis, thread-stemmed. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, diversely leaved. perfoliata, per-fo-le-A-ta, the leaf-stem pierced.

Othonnopsis, oth-on-NOP-sis; from Othonna (which see) and opsis, resemblance. Half-hardy sub-shrub. Unresolved. Compositae. cheirifolia, see Hertia cheirifolia.

Ourisia, owr-IS-e-a; after Governor Ouris cinnamomea, see Osmundastrum cinnamomeum. of the Falkland Islands. Hardy rock plants. claytoniana, kla-to-ne-A-na, after John Clayton (1686–1773), English born American bot- Plantaginaceae. anist. regalis, re-GA-lis, Royal, stately. The Royal Fern.

coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet.

cinnamomeum, sin-na-MO-me-um, cinnamon, the colour of the fructification.

acetosella, as-et-o-SEL-la, old generic name, from L. acetum, vinegar or sour, the leaves. The Wood Sorrel. adenophylla, ad-en-OF-il-la, with glandular leaves. bowiei, BO-e-i, named after James Bowie (1789– 1869), botanist and Kew gardener who collected in Brazil with Alan Cunningham and was sent to the Cape, South Africa in 1817. cernua, see O. pes-caprae. corniculata, kor-nik-ul-A-ta, horned. deppei, DEP-pe-i, after Ferdinand Deppe (1794– 1861), a botanist and collector in South America. enneaphylla, en-ne-AF-il-la, from Gr. for nineleaved, that is nine divisions to each leaf. floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering. lasiandra, las-e-AN-dra, woolly stamened. lobata, see O. perdicaria. oregana, or-e-GA-na, from Oregon. perdicaria, per-dee-kar-E-a, from Chilean Yerba de la perdiz, partridge herb. pes-caprae, pez-KA-pre, from L. goat’s foot, referring to the leaflet. tetraphylla, tet-raf-IL-la, four-leaved (leaflets). valdiviana, see O. valdiviensis. valdiviensis, val-div-e-EN-sis, from the Valdivian rainforests in Chile.

Oxalis, OX-a-lis; from Gr. oxys, acid, alludOsmundastrum, os-mun-DAS-trum, from ing to the acidity of the leaves of many Osmunda and astrum, indicating incomplete species. Rock garden and woodland perennials. Oxalidaceae. resemblance. Hardy Fern. Osmundaceae. Osteospermum, oss-tee-o-SPUR-mum; a blended word from Gr. osteon, bone, and L. spermum, seed. Shrubs, subshrubs or annual to perennial herbs. Compositae.

ecklonis, ek-LON-is, in honour of Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1795–1868), Danish botanist.

Ostrowskia, os-TROW-ske-a; named after Michael Nicholazewitsch von Ostrowsky, Russian patron of botany. Hardy perennial. Campanulaceae. magnifica, mag-NIF-ik-a, magnificent.

Ostrya, OS-tre-a; from Gr. ostrys, the name given by Theophrastus for this tree. Deciduous trees. Betulaceae.

carpinifolia, kar-pi-nif-O-le-a, resembling Carpinus (hornbeam) leaves.

Othonna, oth-ON-na; Ancient Greek name for another plant. Possibly from Gr. othone, linen, the leaves of many of these ragworts having a soft downy covering. Greenhouse herbaceous perennials and shrubs. Compositae. arborescens, ar-bor-ES-senz, tree-like.

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OXE–PAN Oxera, ox-E-ra; from Gr. oxys, acid, refer- dense clusters. Herbaceous perennials and ring to the sour taste. Warm-house climber. shrubs. Acanthaceae. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. Lamiaceae. pulchella, pul-KEL-la, pretty (diminutive).

Paeonia, pe-O-ne-a (English rendering Peony, PE-o-ne); named after Paeon, a physimacrocarpus, see Vaccinium macrocarpon. cian of the gods in Ancient Greece, who used palustris, see Vaccinium oxycoccos. the plant medicinally. Most of the garden Oxypetalum, ox-e-PET-a-lum; blended from peonies are varieties or hybrids. Paeoniaceae. Gr. oxys, sharp; L. petalum, a petal – the albiflora, see P. lactiflora. petals being sharp pointed. Warm-house corallina, see P. mascula. delavayi, de-la-VA-i, after Père Jean Marie Delavay climbers. Apocynaceae. (1834–1895), missionary and plant collector Oxycoccos, misapplied see below.

coeruleum, se-RU-le-um, blue.

Oxytropis, ox-e-TRO-pis; from Gr. oxys, sharp; tropis, a keel, the keel petals ending in a sharp point. Hardy herbaceous perennials. Leguminosae.

in Yunnan province, China. lactiflora, lak-tif-LO-ra, flowers are milk-white. lutea, see P. delavayi. mascula, MAS-ku-la, male, probably referring to its vigour. × moutan, see P × suffruticosa. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists. × suffruticosa, suf-frut-ik-O-sa, having a woody base.

jacquinii, jak-kwin-E-i, named after Nicholas Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), Dutch born botanist. montana, see O. jacquinii. neglecta, nee-GLEK-ta, from L. neglectus, overlooked. pyrenaica, see O. neglecta. Palaua, PAL-u-a; after Antonio Palau y uralensis, u-ra-LEN-sis, from the Ural Mountains. Verdera (1734–1793), Spanish professor of

Ozothamnus, o-zo-THAM-nus; possibly botany, who introduced Spain to Linnaeus’ from Gr. ozos, twiggy; thamnos, shrub, allud- system of plant classification. Half-hardy ing to the form. Flowering shrub. Composi- annual. Malvaceae. dissecta, dis-SEK-ta, cut – the leaves. tae. leptophyllus, lep-to-FY-lus, from Gr. leptos, flexuosa, see P. dissecta. slender; phyllon, a leaf. Paliurus, pal-e-U-rus; the Greek name used rosmarinifolius, roz-mar-in-if-OL-e-us, leaves by Theophrastus. Flowering shrubs. Rhamresembling Rosmarinus (rosemary).

naceae. Pachycereus, PAK-e-SE-re-us; from Gr. aculeatus, see P. spina-christi. pachys, thick; cereus, (which see). Cacti. spina-christi, SPY-na-KRIS-te, Christ’s thorn. Cactaceae. Panax, PAN-aks; from Gr. pan, all; akos, a pringlei, PRIN-gl-e, after Cyrus Guernsey Pringle remedy, in allusion to the medicinal attrib(1838–1911), American plant collector utes of P. ginseng. Tropical ornamental active in Mexico. foliage plants. Araliaceae. Pachysandra, pak-e-SAN-dra; from Gr. balfourii, see Polyscias balfouriana. pachys, thick; aner, a man, alluding to the filicifolium, see Polyscias filicifolia. unusually thick stamens. Woodland shrubs. guilfoylei, see Polyscias guilfoylei. victoriae, see Polyscias guilfoylei. Buxaceae. procumbens, pro-CUM-benz, procumbent, Pancratium, pan-KRA-te-um; from Gr. pan, growing along the ground without rooting. all; kratos, potent, name used by Dioscorides terminalis, ter-min-A-lis, flowers terminal. for a bulbous plant used medicinally. Bulbs. Pachystachys, pak-e-STAK-is; from Gr. Amaryllidaceae. pachys, thick; stachys, a spike, the flowers in fragrans, see Hymenocallis caribaea. — 110 —

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PAN–PAR illyricum, il-LIR-ik-um, of Illyria, on the Adriatic. maritimum, mar-IT-im-um, maritime, coastal; in reference to the sea.

superbiens, su-PERB-e-enz, superb. venustum, ven-US-tum, charming. villosum, vil-LO-sum, shaggy, hairy.

Pandanus, PAN-dan-us; latinised from Malay Papilionanthe, pa-pil-e-o-NAN-thee; from pandang, the vernacular name. Tropical L. papilio, butterfly; Gr. anthos, a flower. foliage plants. The Screw Pine. Pandanaceae. Orchids. Orchidaceae. baptistii, see P. tectorius. sanderi, see P. tectorius. tectorius, tek-TOR-e-us, of roofs. variegatus, see P. tectorius. veitchii, see P. tectorius.

teres, TER-ees, terete, that is, circular in cross section – the leaves and stems.

Papyrus, misapplied see below. antiquorum, see Cyperus papyrus.

Panicum, PA-nik-um; the Latin name for a Paradisea, par-a-DIS-e-a; commemorates kind of millet used for bread making. Orna- Giovianni Paradisi, an Italian. Hardy herbaceous plants. Asparagaceae. mental grasses. Poaceae. capillare, kap-il-LAR-e, hair-like, that is, slender. plicatum, see Setaria palmifolia. variegatum, var-e-eg-A-tum, variegated.

liliastrum, lil-e-as-trum, star Lily. St. Bruno’s Lily.

Parahebe, par-er-HEE-bee; from Gr. para, near, alongside; Hebe, from which genus Papaver, pap-A-ver; Latin name for a poppy, this has been removed. Subshrubs. Plantagof doubtful origin. Annuals and perennials. inaceae. catarractae, kat-ar-RAK-te, it appears to be from Papaveraceae. alpinum, al-PINE-um, alpine. cambricum, KAM-brik-um, of Wales. The Welsh Poppy. glaucum, GLAW-kum, glaucous or blue-green, the foliage. The Tulip Poppy. nudicaule, nu-di-KAW-le, naked-stemmed. orientale, or-e-en-TA-le, Eastern. The Oriental Poppy. pavoninum, pa-vo-NE-num, a peacock. The Peacock Poppy. rhoeas, RE-as, old generic name, possibly from Gr. rhoia, a pomegranate, which the flower and fruits of the field poppy were supposed to resemble. The Corn Poppy. Shirley strain developed from this species. rupifragum, roo-pe-FRAG-um, rock breaking. somniferum, som-NIF-er-um, causing sleep. The Opium Poppy. The Carnation and other garden strains developed from this. umbrosum, um-BRO-zum, growing in shady places.

Paphiopedilum, pa-fe-o-PED-il-um; from Gr. paphia, an epithet of Aphrodite (Venus); pedilon, slipper. Venus’ Slipper Orchid. Orchidaceae.

a local name, its flower sprays suggesting a waterfall.

Paris, PAR-is; from L. par, equal, referring to the regularity of the parts. Hardy perennial. Melanthiaceae. quadrifolia, kwad-rif-O-le-a, four leaved.

Parnassia, par-NAS-se-a; named after Mount Parnassus, a sacred mountain of the ancient Greeks, from which these waterside plants were fabulously supposed to have sprung. Celastraceae. palustris, pal-US-tris, found in marshy places. The Grass of Parnassus.

Parochetus, from Gr. para, near; ochetus, a brook; the plant delighting in watersides. Carpeting herb. Leguminosae. communis, kom-MU-nis, common, that is, growing in groups or communities.

Parodia, pa-row-DE-a; Spegazzini dedicated it to the memory of Dr. Domingo Parodi (1823–1890), one of the first investigators of Paraguayan flora. Cactus. Cactaceae.

bellatulum, bel-LAT-u-lum, pretty. erinacea, er-in-A-se-a, from L. erinaceus, a hedgeinsigne, in-SIG-ne, striking. hog, the branches being spiny. spicerianum, spi-ser-e-A-num, after Mrs Spicer of Wimbledon whose son, a tea-planter, sent Paronychia, par-o-NIK-e-a; from Gr. paroback specimens from Bhutan. nychia, a whitlow, which these plants were

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PAR–PAV supposed to cure, hence English names Nailwort and Whitlow-wort. Caryophyllaceae.

argentea, ar-JEN-te-a, silvery, the foliage. capitata, kap-it-A-ta, growing in a dense head. kapela, ka-PE-la, of the mountainous region of Velika Kapela, Croatia. kapela subsp. serpyllifolia, ser-pil-if-O-le-a, leaves like wild thyme, Thymus serpyllum. serpyllifolia, see P. kapela subsp. serpyllifolia.

edulis, ed-U-lis, edible, the fruit. incarnata, see P. edulis. manicata, man-ik-A-ta, collared or sleeved. princeps, see P. racemosa. quadrangularis, kwod-ran-gul-A-ris, squarestalked. racemosa, ras-em-O-sa, resembling a raceme. vitifolia, vi-tif-O-le-a, Vitis (Vine) leaved.

Pastinaca, pas-te-NAK-a; from L. pastus, Parrotia, par-RO-te-a; named after Johann food; referring to the edible root. HerbaJacob Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot (1791– ceous perennials. Apiaceae. 1841), German naturalist and traveller. sativa, SAT-iv-a, cultivated. The Parsnip. Trees. Hamamelidaceae. Patrinia, pat-RIN-e-a; commemorating persica, PER-sik-a, of Persia. Eugène Louis Melchior Patrin (1742– Parthenocissus, par-thee-no-SIS-us; from Gr. 1815), French mineralogist and naturalist, parthenos, a virgin; kissos, ivy; described by who traveled in Siberia. Herbaceous bienniPlanchon as ‘hermaphrodite flowers which als and perennials. Caprifoliaceae. are actually physiologically polygamo-mo- palmata, pal-MA-ta, palmate, like a hand – the leaves. noecious with many psuedo-hermaphrodite scabiosifolia, ska-be-O-se-FO-le-a, scabious-­ male flowers..’. Climbing plants. Vitaceae. leaved. henryana, hen-re-A-na, after Dr. A. Henry (1857–1930), physician, plant collector and villosa, vil-LO-sa, shaggy, hairy. dendrologist. Paullinia, paul-LIN-e-a; after a Danish botinserta, IN-sir-ta, insert, introduce. anist Simon Paulli (1603–1680), professor quinquefolia, kwin-kwe-FO-le-a, leaflets in five. of anatomy, surgery and botany at CopenhaThe Virginia Creeper. tricuspidata, try-kusp-e-DA-ta, three-pointed, gen. Tender flowering climber. Sapindaceae. thalictrifolia, thal-ik-trif-OL-e-a, leaves resemthe older or larger leaves with three tailed bling Thalictrum. divisions.

Passiflora, pas-e-FLOR-a; from L. passus, suffering; flos, flower, literally the Flower of the Passion (Passion Flower), the early Spanish Roman Catholic priests in South America finding in the plant features they regarded as symbols of the Cruxifixion. Thus the five stamens were the five wounds; the three stigmas, the three nails; the style of the pistil, the flogging column; the corona, the crown of thorns, or the halo of glory; the digitate or fingered leaves, the hands of the multitude; the coiled tendrils, the flogging cords; the five sepals and five petals, the disciples (Peter and Judas being omitted in the count). Tender climbers. Passifloraceae. alata, al-A-ta, winged – the stalks. antioquiensis, an-te-o-kwe-EN-sis, from Antioquia, Columbia. caerulea, se-RU-le-a, sky-blue. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet.

Paulownia, paw-LO-ne-a; named after Princess Anna Paulowna (1795–1865), daughter of Czar Paul I of Russia. Princess of Orange later Queen consort of the Netherlands. Flowering and foliage tree. Paulowniaceae. imperialis, see P. tomentosa. tormentosa, to-men-TO-sa, felted, the leaf underparts.

Pavia, PA-ve-a; named after Pieter Pauw (1564–1617), Dutch botanist and anatomist. Unresolved see Aesculus. Trees. Sapindaceae. californica, see Aesculus californica. carnea, see Aesculus glabra.

Pavonia, pav-O-ne-a; after José Antonio Pavón y Jiménez (1754–1840), Spanish botanist and traveller, who collaborated with Hipólito Ruiz López. Tropical flowering plants. Malvaceae.

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PED–PEN Pellaea, pel-LE-a; from Gr. pellos, dark coloured, referring to the black stalks or Pedicularis, ped-ik-u-LAR-is; from L. stipes of the fronds. Greenhouse ferns. Pteripediculus, a louse, the plant (Lousewort) daceae. atropurpurea, atro-pur-PUR-e-a, deep purple. being supposed to cause lice to appear on calomelanos, kal-o-MEL-an-os, beautiful black, sheep which browsed upon it. Rock plants. stalks or stipes. Orobanchaceae. flexuosa, see P. ovata. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. multiflora, mul-tif-LO-ra, many flowered.

dolichorrhiza, dol-ik-orh-E-za, long rooted. flammea, FLAM-me-a, flame coloured. megalantha, meg-al-ANTH-a, large-flowered. sceptrum-carolinum, SEP-trum-kar-o-LIN-um, Charles’ Sceptre (King Charles XII of Sweden).

geraniifolia, jer-a-ne-e-FO-le-a, leaves resembling Geranium. hastata, see P. calomelanos. ovata, o-VA-ta, egg-shaped – the leaves. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved, the pinnae. ternifolia, ter-ne-FO-le-a, leaves in threes, the pinnae.

Pediocactus, PED-e-o-KAK-tus; from Gr. pedion, a plain; Cactus, referring to the habitat, the Great Plains of Colorado, U.S.A. Peltandra, pel-TAN-dra; from Gr. pelte, a little shield; aner, a man, hence andros, a Hardy or greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. simpsonii, SIM-son-e-i, after James Hervey stamen. The united stamens having the form Simpson (1813–1883), an employee of the of a shield. Aquatics. Araceae. virginica, vir-JIN-ik-a, of Virginia.

Topographical Engineers.

Pelargonium, pel-ar-GO-ne-um; from Gr. pelargos, a stork, the ripe seed head being supposed to resemble the head and beak of that bird, hence Storksbill. Most kinds commonly grown are of garden origin and are popularly spoken of as ‘Geraniums’. Geraniaceae.

Peltoboykinia, pel-to-boy-KIN-e-a; from Gr. pelte, a little shield; Boykinia, in allusion to resembling this genus. Herbaceous perennials. Saxifragaceae. tellimoides, tel-li-MOY-dees, resembling Tellima.

Pennisetum, pen-nis-E-tum; from L. penna, a feather; seta, a bristle; the hairs attached to capitatum, kap-it-A-tum, flowers clustered in a the flower plumes being feathered in some head. species. Ornamental grasses. Poaceae.

citriodorum, sit-re-o-DOR-um, lemon scented. longistylum, long-e-STY-lum, long-styled. crispum, KRISP-um, curly – the leaves waved. polystachion, pol-e-STAK-e-on, many-spiked. echinatum, ek-in-A-tum, the spines resembling a setaceum, se-TA-se-um, bristly. hedgehog. setosum, see P. polystachion. grandiflorum, gran-dif-LO-rum, large flowered. Penstemon, pen-STE-mon; from Gr. pente, graveolens, GRAV-e-ol-enz, strong smelling. inquinans, IN-kwe-nans, dyed or stained. five; stemon, a stamen, alluding to five (four peltatum, pel-TA-tum, shaped like a shield. The fertile and one rudimentary) stamens. Hardy Ivy-leaved Pelargonium. perennials; many hybrids. Plantaginaceae. radula, rad-U-la, rasp-leaved. barbatus, bar-BA-tus, bearded with hooked hairs. tomentosum, to-men-TO-sum, felted – the leaves. barbatus subsp. torreyi, TOR-re-i, after John zonale, zo-NA-le, zoned or banded. The Zonal Torrey (1796–1873), American botanist, Pelargonium. co-author with Asa Gray of the ‘Flora of North America’. Pelecyphora, pel-ek-if-OR-a; from Gr. pelekys, bridgesii, brid-JE-se-i, after Bridges, an American hatchet; phoreo, to bear, hatchet-bearing, the collector. shape of the tubercles suggesting hatchets. campanulatus, kam-pan-u-LAH-tus, bell-shaped. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. centranthifolius, sen- (or ken-) tran-the-FO-le-us; aselliformis, as-EL-lif-OR-mis, resembling a leaves resembling Centranthus (Red Valerian). Woodlouse, the tubercles.

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PEN–PER cobaea, KO-be-a, resembling Cobaea, the flowers. confertus, kon-FER-tus, closely crowded, the flowers. cordifolius, kor-de-FO-le-us, heart-shaped leaves. diffusus, dif-FEW-sus, spreading, the habit. fruticosus, frut-ik-O-sus, shrubby. fruticosus var. scouleri, SKOOL-er-i, after John Scouler (1804–1871), Scottish naturalist. glaber, GLA-ber, smooth. glaucus, GLAW-kus, sea-green, the foliage. hartwegii, hart-VE-ge-i, after Karl Theodor Hartweg (1812–1871), German plant hunter, who collected for the Horticultural Society of London in Mexico and California. heterophyllus, het-er-o-FIL-us, variously leaved. humilis, HUM-il-is, low or dwarf. isophyllus, i-so-FIL-lus, with equal-sized leaves. menziesii, men-ZE-se-i, after Archibald Menzies (1754–1842), the Scottish botanist. roezlii, REZ-le-i, after Benedikt Roezl (1824– 1885) Austrian gardener, traveller and botanist. rostriflorus, ros-tre-FLO-rus, beak-flowered. rupicola, roo-PIK-o-la, of rocks. scouleri, see P. fruticosus var. scouleri. secundiflorus, se-kun-de-FLOR-us, a one-sided flower spike. spectabilis, spek-TAB-il-is, notable. torreyi, see P. barbatus subsp. torreyi.

nummularifolia, see P. rotundifolia. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved. sandersii, see P. argyreia.

Pereskia, per-ESK-e-a; commemorating Nicholas Claude Fabry de Peiresc (1580– 1637), French patron of botany. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. aculeata, ak-u-le-A-ta, prickly. bleo, BLE-o, Brazilian vernacular name.

Perezia, pe-RE-se-a; after Lorenzo Perez, apothecary of Toledo, author of the ‘Book of Theriaca’ (1575). Half-hardy bedding annual. Compositae. multiflora, mul-tif-LO-ra, many flowered.

Pergularia, per-gu-LAR-e-a; from L. pergula; plants fit for a pergola. Perennial climbers. Apocynaceae. flavescens, fla-VES-sens, yellowish.

Pericallis, per-e-KAL-lis; from Gr. peri, around; kallos, beauty. Perennial herbs and shrubs. Compositae. cruenta, kru-EN-ta, bloody, referring to the purple colour of the back of the leaf.

Perilla, per-IL-la; derivation obscure, possibly from the Hindu vernacular name. HalfPentaglottis, pent-a-GLOT-is; from Gr. hardy bedding annual. Lamiaceae. penta, five; glotta, tongue, the five pubescent nankinensis, see Plectranthus scutellarioides. scales of the corolla. Perennial herb. BoragPeriploca, per-IP-lo-ka; from Gr. periploke, inaceae. sempervirens, sem-per-VEER-enz, from L. semper, an intertwining, the habit of the plant. Hardy twiner. Apocynaceae. ever; virens, green. Always green. Alkanet. graeca, GRE-ka, of Greece.

Pentas, PEN-tas; from Gr. pente, five; the parts of the flower being in fives. Tropical Peristeria, per-is-TEER-e-a; from Gr. peristera, a dove, in allusion to the form of the evergreen flowering shrubs. Rubiaceae. column. Warm-house orchids. Orchidaceae. carnea, see P. lanceolata subsp. cymosa. lanceolata, lan-se-o-LA-ta, the leaves lance-shaped. elata, e-LA-ta, tall. lanceolata subsp. cymosa, si-MO-sa, from Gr. cyma, young sprout, the flowers in the centre Pernettya, per-NET-e-a; named after Antoine Joseph Pernety (1716–1801), of the cymes opening first.

author of a book on the Falkland Islands. Peperomia, pep-er-O-me-a; from Gr. peperi, Berry-bearing ornamental shrubs. Ericaceae. pepper; homoios, similar; flowers and foliage mucronata, see Gaultheria mucronata. similar to those of Piper, the pepper plant. Tropical ornamental foliage plants. Piper- Perovskia, per-OV-ske-a; after Count Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky (1794–1857) once aceae. Governor of Russian province of Orenburg. argyreia, ar-ger-I-a, silver-striped. Sub-shrubby perennial. Lamiaceae. marmorata, mar-mor-A-ta, marbled. — 114 —

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PER–PHA atriplicifolia, at-rip-lis-e-FO-le-a, leaves resem- Petroselinum, pet-ros-el-EE-num; from Gr. bling Atriplex. petros, a rock; selinon, parsley. The Garden

Persea, PER-se-a; ancient name for an Egyp- Parsley. Apiaceae. crispum, KRISP-um, curly – the leaves waved. tian tree (Cordia myxa). Tropical fruiting Petunia, pe-TU-ne-a; from Brazilian shrub. Lauraceae. petun, tobacco, petunias being allied to the americana, a-mer-ik-A-na, of America. gratissima, see P. americana. Tobacco Plant. Greenhouse and bedding plants. Solanaceae. Persica, misapplied see below. nyctaginiflora, nik-ta-gin-e-FLOR-a, flowers davidiana, see Prunus davidiana. resembling Nyctaginia. vulgaris, see Prunus persica. violacea, vi-o-LA-se-a, violet-coloured. vulgaris var. laevis, see Prunus persica var. nuciPeucedanum, pu-SED-a-num; the Greek persica.

name used by Hippocrates. Perennial and Persicaria, per-se-KAR-e-a; from Persica, biennial herbs or shrubs. Apiaceae. peach, referring to the leaf shape. Annuals graveolens, see Anethum graveolens. sativum, see Pastinaca sativa. and herbaceous perennials. Polygonaceae.

bistorta, bis-TOR-ta, twice-turned, the twisted Phacelia, fa-SE-le-a; from Gr. phakelos, a root; old generic name for the Bistort. campanulata, kam-pan-u-LA-ta, resembling bundle, alluding to the disposition of the flowers. Annuals and perennials. Boraginaceae. Campanula (bellflower). campanularia, kam-pan-u-LAR-e-a, bell-shaped, capitata, kap-it-A-ta, growing in a dense head. the flowers. wallichii, wol-LICH-e-i, after Nathaniel Wallich grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. (1786–1854), Danish surgeon and botanist, minor, MY-nor, dwarf. who worked for the East India Company minor var. whitlavia, whit-LA-ve-a, named after and became superintendent of the Calcutta Francis Whitla (1783–1855), an Irish botaBotanic Garden. nist. Petasites, pet-a-SE-tes; from Gr. petasos, a parryi, PAR-re-i, after Charles Christopher Parry (1823–1890), British-American botanist. broad-brimmed hat, or sunshade, in refer- tanacetifolia, tan-a-set-if-O-le-a, Tanacetum or ence to the large leaves of some species. Hertansy-leaved. baceous perennials. Compositae. viscida, VIS-kid-a, viscid or sticky, the stems and fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant. leaves. whitlavia, see P. minor var. whitlavia.

Petrea, pet-RE-a; after Robert James, Lord Petre (1713–1742), a patron of botany. Phaius, FA-us; from Gr. for dark and swarthy, Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Verbenaceae. from colour of flowers of original species. volubilis, vol-U-bil-is, twisting round; the twining Warm-house terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae. stems.

Petrocallis, pe-tro-KAL-lis; from Gr. petros, rock; kallos, beauty; from its habitat and beautiful flowers. Alpine perennial herb. Brassicaceae. pyrenaica, pir-en-A-ik-a, Pyrenean.

Petrorhagia, pe-tro-RAG-e-a; from Gr. petra, rock; rhagas, a fissure; breaking rock. Annual or perennial herbs. Caryophyllaceae. saxifraga, sax-e-FRA-ga, from L. saxum, a rock (or stone); frango, to break.

blumei, see P. tankervilleae. × cooksoniae, kook-SO-ne-a, after Norman Charles Cookson (1842–1909), Lead manufacturer and Orchid grower, who raised this hybrid. grandifolius, see P. tankervilleae. tankervilleae, tan-kar-VIL-e-a; in 1788 Joseph Banks named it in commemoration of Lady Emma Tankerville, in whose greenhouse it flowered. tuberculosus, see Gastrorchis tuberculosa.

Phalaenopsis, fal-a-NOP-sis; from Gr. phalaina, moth; opsis, resemblance, in

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PHA–PHL llusion to the flowers. Warm-house a­ Orchids. Orchidaceae.

delavayi, de-la-VA-i, after Père Jean Marie Delavay (1834–1895), missionary and plant collector in Yunnan province, China. gordonianus, gor-DON-e-a-nus, after James Gordon (1708–1780), nurseryman of Mile End, London, correspondent of Linnaeus. grandiflorus, gran-dif-LO-rus, large flowered. incanus, in-KA-nus, hoary or grey, the leaf underside. inodorus, in-o-DOR-us, having no fragrance. microphyllus, mi-kro-FIL-lus, small-leaved. satsumi, sat-SU-me, Japanese name. tomentosus, to-men-TO-sus, felted, the leaves.

amabilis, am-A-bil-is, lovely. grandiflora, see P. amabilis. lowii, LOW-e-i, after Sir Hugh Low (1824– 1905), British colonial administrator and plant collector in Borneo. sanderiana, san-der-e-A-na, in commemoration of Henry Frederick Conrad Sander (1847– 1920), nurseryman and orchid specialist, brought into cultivation by Sander’s nursery, St Albans, England. schilleriana, shil-ler-e-AN-a, after Consul Gustav Wilhelm Schiller (1803–1870), Shipping Philesia, fil-E-ze-a; from Gr. philein, to love, company owner and orchid collector.

in reference to the Lily-like flowers. Dwarf Phalaris, FAL-ar-is; Ancient Greek name, shrub. Philesiaceae. possibly from phalaros, shining, referring buxifolia, see P. magellanica. to the polished seeds. Ornamental grasses. magellanica, maj-el-AN-ik-a, of the area of the Straits of Magellan. Poaceae. arundinacea, ar-un-din-A-se-a, resembling Phillyrea, fil-LER-e-a; the ancient Gr. name Arundo (reed). of the plant. Evergreen shrubs or small trees. canariensis, ka-nar-e-EN-sis, of the Canary Oleaceae. Islands. angustifolia, an-gus-tif-O-le-a, narrow-leaved.

Phaseolus, FAS-e-o-lus; ancient name from latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved. L. faseolus; Gr. phaselos, the name of a bean. Phlebodium, fleb-O-de-um; from Gr. A wide range of annuals and perennials phlebos, a vein, referring to the strong venaincluding climbing and dwarf beans. Legution or veining of the fronds, and odous, a minosae. tooth, the shape of the areoles. Warm-house coccineus, kok-SIN-e-us, scarlet. ferns. Polypodiaceae. multiflorus, see P. coccineus. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

Phedimus, fed-E-mus; a mythological name. Succulents. Crassulaceae. middendorffianus, mid-den-dor-fe-A-nus, after Alexander Theodor von Middendorff (1815– 1894), Russian zoologist and introducer of many Siberian plants.

Phegopteris, feg-O-ter-is; from Gr. phegos, now considered the Beech but possibly the Sweet Chestnut; pteris, fern. The Beech Fern. Thelypteridaceae.

aureum, AW-re-um, golden – the sori or rhizome scales. sporodocarpum, spor-o-do-KAR-pum, sporefruited, the prominent sori.

Phlomis, FLO-mis; from Gr. phlomos, a mullein, or some other woolly plant, which this subject resembled. Herbaceous perennials and shrubs. Lamiaceae. fruticosa, frut-ik-O-sa, shrubby. herba-venti, HERB-a-VEN-ti, herb of the wind. samia, SA-me-a, of Samos.

connectilis, kon-NEK-til-is, from L. conecto, to join Phlox, floks; from Gr. phlego, to burn, or phlox, a flame, doubtless in allusion to the together, in reference to the pinnae.

brightly coloured flowers. Herbaceous perPhiladelphus, fil-a-DEL-fus; according to ennials and annuals. Polemoniaceae. Sweet, Linnaeus named this in honour of amoena, am-E-na, lovely, pleasing. an Egytian King Ptolemy Philadelphus. Fra- canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. decussata, dek-us-SA-ta, divided crosswise, pregrant flowering shrubs. Hydrangeaceae. coronarius, kor-on-AIR-e-us, crown or wreath-like.

sumably the leaf arrangement.

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PHO–PHY divaricata, di-var-e-KAR-ta, spreading. drummondii, drum-MON-de-i, after Thomas Drummond (1780–1835), plant collector in Canada and the United States of America for the Veitch nursery. ovata, o-VA-ta, egg-shaped – the leaves. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, flowers in a panicle or branching inflorescence. pilosa, pil-O-sa, hairy. × stellaria, stel-LAIR-e-a, old name; star-shaped. stolonifera, sto-lon-IF-er-a, having stolons, or rooted runners. subulata, sub-u-LA-ta, awl-like, the leaves.

who was noted for plant hybridisation, he worked for Veitch Nurseries. × sedenii, sed-E-ne-i, after John Seden (1840– 1921), British hybridiser, trained by John Dominy at Veitch Nurseries.

Phragmites, frag-MY-teez; from Gr. phragma, a fence, alluding to the fence or hedge-like habit of growth, also Gr. name for reed. Waterside perennial. Poaceae. australis, aws-TRA-lis, southern. communis, see P. australis.

Phrynium, FRY-ne-um; from Gr. phrynos, Phoenix, FE-niks; the Greek name for Date a toad, the plants inhabit marshes. Tropical Palm, used by Theophrastus. Greenhouse herbaceous foliage plants. Marantaceae. and room palms. Arecaceae. canariensis, ka-nar-e-EN-sis, of the Canary Islands. dactylifera, dak-til-IF-er-a, furnished with fingers. The Date Palm. roebelenii, ro-BEL-in-e-i, after Carl Roebelin (1855–1927), Swiss plant collector, in the service of Frederick Sander. rupicola, roo-PIK-o-la, rock loving.

variegatum, see Calathea variegata.

Phuopsis, fu-OP-sis; from Phu, old Greek name for Valerian; opsis, like, the flowers resembling those of Valerian. Rock garden trailer. Rubiaceae.

stylosa, sty-LO-sa, the inflorescence having many and prominent styles.

Phygelius, fy-JE-le-us; from Gr. phyge, flight, according to William Jackson Hooker referring to avoidance, ‘in consequence of its so long escaped the researches of botanists’. colensoi, kol-EN-so-i, after William Colenso Tender perennials. Scrophulariaceae.

Phormium, FOR-me-um; from Gr. phormos, a basket, the fibres of the leaves used for basket-making. Evergreen perennial herbs. Xanthorrhoeaceae.

(1811–1899) New Zealand missionary and capensis, ka-PEN-sis, of the Cape of Good Hope. botanist. Phyllanthus, fil-LAN-thus; from Gr. phyllon, cookianum, see P. colensoi. tenax, TE-naks, tough, the leaf-fibres. The New a leaf; anthos, a flower, the flowers being proZealand Flax. duced along the edges of the leaf-like phyllo-

Photinia, fo-TIN-e-a; from Gr. photeinos, des. Tropical shrubby plants. Phyllanthaceae. shining, referring to the glossy leaves. Trees disticha, DIS-tik-a, leaves in two rows. disticha f. nivosa, niv-O-sa, snowy white – the and shrubs. Rosaceae. arbutifolia, ar-bew-tif-OL-e-a, resembling Arbutus leaves. × fraseri, FRA-sir-i, discovered by Oliver Fraser of Fraser’s Nursery, Birmingham, Alabama c. 1940. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. serrulata, ser-rul-A-ta, leaves finely toothed.

leaves. glaucescens, see P. grandifolius. grandifolius, gran-de-FO-le-us, large-leaved. mimosoides, mim-o-SOY-dees, resembles Mimosa. nivosus, see Breynia disticha. nivosus var. roseopictus, see P. disticha f. nivosa. pulcher, PUL-ker, beautiful.

Phragmipedium, frag-my-pe-DE-um; from Phyllocactus, fil-lo-KAK-tus; from Gr. Gr. phragma, a fence; pedilon, a slipper. Lady phyllon, a leaf; and cactus. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. Slipper Orchid. Orchidaceae. caudatum, kaw-DA-tum, tailed. × dominianum, dom-in-e-A-num, after John Dominy (1816–1891), British horticulturist,

ackermanni, see Disocactus ackermannii. crenatus, see Epiphyllum crenatum. grandis, see Epiphyllum oxypetalum.

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PHY–PHY Physaria, fy-SAR-e-a; from Gr. physa, a bladder, bellows, in allusion to the inflated Phyllodoce, fil-LO-do-ke (fil-o-DO-se); fruit. Bladderpod. Herbaceous perennials. name of the sea nymph in Greek classics. Brassicaceae. gracilis, GRAS-il-is, slender. Dwarf ericaceous shrubs. Ericaceae. mendocina, men-dos-E-na, of Mendoza, Chile. latifrons, see Epiphyllum oxypetalum. phyllanthoides, see Disocactus phyllanthoides.

empetriformis, em-pet-rif-OR-mis, resembling Empetrum (the crowberry). Physocarpus,

fy-so-KAR-pus; from Gr. Phyllostachys, fil-LOS-tak-is; from Gr. physa, a bladder; karpos, fruit, in allusion to phyllon, a leaf; stachys, a spike, the flowers in the inflated follicles. Shrubs. Rosaceae. amurensis, am-oor-EN-sis, the region of the leafy spikes. Hardy bamboos. Poaceae. Amur river. aurea, AW-re-a, golden, the stems. nigra, NY-gra, black, the stems. viridiglaucescens, ver-id-e-glaw-SES-senz, glaucous green.

opulifolius, op-ul-if-O-le-us, leaves like Viburnum opulus, the Guelder-rose.

Physoplexis, fy-so-PLEK-sis; from Gr. physa, bladder; plexis, plaiting, weaving, in referPhymatodes, fy-mat-O-dees; from Gr. ence to the joining together of the divisions phymata, tubercles, the impressed sori (frucof the swollen corolla. Rock plant. Campantification) looking like tubercles on the ulaceae. upper side of the fronds. Greenhouse ferns. comosa, kom-O-sa, with hairy tufts. The Tufted Dipteridaceae. Horned Rampion. albosquamata, AL-bo-skwa-MA-ta, white scaly – Physoptychis, fy-so-TIK-is; from Gr. physa, a white dots on the fronds. billardierei, bil-LAR-de-air-i, after Jacques-Ju- bladder; ptyche, fold, in allusion to the bladlien Houtou de Labillardière (1755–1834), der-like silicles. Perennial herbs. Brassicaceae. French explorer and botanist. caspica, KAS-pi-ka, from the region of the nigrescens, see Phymatosorus membranifolium. Caspian Sea.

Phymatosorus, fy-mat-O-sor-us; from Gr. phymata, tubercles; soros, stack; pile; heap, impressed sori (fructification) looking like tubercles on the upper side of the fronds. Greenhouse ferns. Polypodiaceae.

Physostegia, fy-so-STE-je-a; from Gr. physa, a bladder; stege, a covering, in reference to the formation of the calyx. Herbaceous perennials. Lamiaceae.

virginiana, vir-jin-e-A-na, of Virginia, U.S.A. membranifolium, mem-bran-e-FO-le-um, foliage Phyteuma, fy-TEW-ma; possibly from Gr. resembling skin. pustulatus, pus-tu-LA-tus, covered with blad- phyteuo, to plant, or Gr. phyton, vegetable growth; used by Dioscorides and adapted by der-like excrescences – the seats of the sori.

Linnaeus. Herbaceous perennials and rock Physalis, FY-sa-lis; from Gr. physa, a bladder, plants. Campanulaceae. in allusion to the inflated calyx. Herbaceous comosum, see Physoplexis comosa. perennials. Solanaceae. halleri, see P. ovatum. alkekengi, al-ke-KEN-ge, probably a corruption from the Gr. halikakabos, in reference to the bladder shape. alkekengi var. franchetii, fran-SHET-e-i, after Adrien René Franchet (1834–1900), French botanist at the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle in Paris. ixocarpa, ix-o-KAR-pa, viscid – the fruits. The Tomatillo or Jamberry. peruviana, pe-ru-ve-A-na, of Peru. The Cape Gooseberry or Goldenberry.

orbiculare, or-bik-ul-AR-e, resembling an orb, the rounded flowers. ovatum, o-VA-tum, egg-shaped. sieberi, SI-ber-i, after Franz Wilhelm Sieber (1789–1844), botanist and plant collector. spicatum, spe-KA-tum, spiked – the flowers.

Phytolacca, fy-tol-AK-ka; from Gr. phyton, a plant; lacca, lac, in allusion to the crimson colour of the fruit juice. Herbaceous perennials. The Poke Weeds. Phytolaccaceae.

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PIC–PIN acinosa, ak-in-O-sa, full of kernels. the long hairs on the spine cushions. Greenamericana, a-mer-ik-A-na, of America. house cacti. Cactaceae. decandra, see P. americana. senilis, see Cephalocereus senilis. dodecandra, doe-dek-AN-dra, having twelve Pilosella, py-lo-SEL-la; diminutive form of stamens.

L. pilosus, shaggy, a little hairy. Perennial Picea, PI-se-a; ancient L. name. Conifers. flowering plant. Compositae. The Spruce. Pinaceae. aurantiaca, aw-ran-te-A-ka, golden orange. abies, A-beez, resembling Abies (firs). The Norway Spruce. × albertiana, al-ber-te-A-na, the Alberta Spruce. Compact growing cross. breweriana, brew-er-e-A-na, after William Henry Brewer (1828–1910), American botanist, first Chair of Agriculture at Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University. engelmannii, en-gel-MAN-ne-i, after George Engelmann (1809–1884), German-American botanist, a pioneer of western North American Flora. excelsa, see P. abies. mariana, MA-re-a-na, introduced from Maryland (terra mariana). morinda, see P. smithiana. nigra, see P. mariana. omorika, om-OR-ik-a, local name for Serbian spruce. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia (China). pungens, PUN-jenz, sharp – the pointed leaves. sitchensis, sit-KEN-sis, of Sitka. smithiana, smith-e-A-na, in honour of Sir James Edward Smith (1759–1828), founder and first president of the Linnean Society of London.

Pilularia, pil-ul-A-re-a; from L. pilula, a pill – referring to the round spore cases. Submerged aquatic ferns. Marsileaceae. globulifera, see Calamistrum globuliferum.

Pimelea, py-MEEL-e-a; from Gr. pimele, fat, referring to the viscid matter on the leaves of some species and the oily seeds. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Thymelaeaceae. decussata, dek-us-SA-ta, divided crosswise. ferruginea, fer-ru-JIN-e-a, rusty. rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured. spectabilis, spek-TAB-il-is, notable.

Pimenta, py-MEN-ta; from Spanish pimento. Warm-house shrub. Myrtaceae.

acris, see P. racemosa. dioica, di-OY-ka, literally two houses, that is, male and female parts being on separate plants, dioecious. officinalis, see P. dioica. racemosa, ras-em-O-sa, resembling a raceme.

Pinguicula, pin-GWIK-ul-a; from L. pinguis, fat or greasy, from the appearance of the leaves in common Butterwort. Herbaceous perennials. Lentibulariaceae.

Pieris, PY-er-is; mythological name. Ever- grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. green shrubs belonging to the Heath family. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. Shrubs. Ericaceae. Pinus, PY-nus; ancient classical name for a floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free pine tree. Coniferous trees. Pinaceae. flowering. formosa, for-MO-sa, handsome. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan.

Pilea, PY-le-a; from pileus, the Roman felt cap, because of the calyx covering of the achene. Greenhouse foliage perennial. Urticaceae. microphylla, mi-krof-IL-la, small leaved. muscosa, see P. microphylla.

Pilocereus, py-lo-SE-re-us; from L. pilosus, shaggy and cereus (which see), alluding to

austriaca, see P. nigra. cembra, SEM-bra, old name for the Arolla Pine. coulteri, KOLE-ter-i, discovered in the Santa Lucia Mountains by Thomas Coulter (1793– 1843), in 1831. halepensis, al-ep-EN-sis, of Aleppo. Aleppo Pine. jeffreyi, JEF-re-e, after John Jeffrey (1826–1854), Scotish botanist and plant collector in North America. laricio, see P. nigra subsp. laricio. monophylla, mon-o-FIL-a, with one leaf. mugo, MEW-go, Italian for dwarf pine. nigra, NY-gra, black.

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PIP–PLA nigra subsp. laricio, lar-IS-e-o, resembling Larix (larch); old botanical name. pinaster, py-NAS-ter, old name for the Maritime Pine. pinea, PY-ne-a, a Pine or Stone Pine. The Umbrella Pine (Fr. Pin Parasol). ponderosa, pon-der-O-sa, large and heavywooded. radiata, rad-e-A-ta, rayed – the form of the branches. strobus, STRO-bus, from Gr. strobilos, an old generic name referring to cones. The Weymouth Pine i.e. Lord Weymouth’s. sylvestris, sil-VES-tris, of woods. The Scots Pine.

Piper, PY-per; the ancient name. Herbs, woody climbers, shrubs or small trees. Piperaceae. betle, BE-tl, Betel – native name. excelsum, ek-SEL-sum, tall or lofty. nigrum, NI-grum, black. The Black Pepper.

Piptanthus, pip-TAN-thus; from Gr. pipto, to fall; anthos, a flower, alluding to the short duration of the blossoms. Flowering shrubs. Leguminosae. nepalensis, nep-al-EN-sis, of Nepal.

Pistia, PIS-te-a; from Gr. pistos, aquatic. Floating aquatics. Araceae.

Pittosporum, pit-TOS-por-rum; from Gr. pitte, tar; sporos, seed, the latter being coated with a resinous substance. Flowering shrubs. Pittosporaceae. crassifolium, kras-sif-OL-e-um, thick-leaved. mayi, see P. tenuifolium. tenuifolium, ten-u-if-OL-e-um, narrow-leaved. tobira, to-BI-ra, native Japanese name. undulatum, un-du-LA-tum, waved – the leaves.

Pityrogramma, pit-e-row-GRAM-ma; from Gr. pityron, chaff; gramma, writing, from the white powdery covering on the lower surface of the fronds. Ferns. Pteridaceae. calomelanos, cal-om-EL-an-os, beautiful black. calomelanos var. peruviana, pe-ru-ve-A-na, of Peru. dealbata, de-al-BA-ta, whitewashed – the silvery farina on the fronds. ebenea, e-bee-NE-a, ebony black the mature stipes.

Plagianthus, pla-ge-AN-thus; from Gr. plagios, oblique; anthos, a flower, in allusion to the asymmetrical shape of the petals. Flowering trees. Malvaceae. betulinus, bet-u-LE-nus, the leaves like Betula (birch). lyallii, LI-al-e-i, after David Lyall (1817–1895), physician, botanist and collector.

stratiotes, strat-e-O-tez, resembling Stratiotes. The Water Cabbage.

Platanthera, pla-TAN-ther-a; from Gr. platus, broad; anthera, an anther, in alluPisum, PY-sum; the Classical Latin name, sion to the broad anthers on these flowers. possibly related to the Celtic, pis, pea. Orchids. Orchidaceae. bifolia, bi-FO-le-a, two-leaved. Annuals. Leguminosae. blephariglottis, blef-ar-e-GLOT-is, eyesaccharatum, sak-kar-A-tum, sugar. The Sugar lash-tongued, the lip ciliated. Snap. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. sativum, SAT-iv-um, cultivated. umbellatum, um-bel-LA-tum, bearing umbels. Platanus, PLAT-a-nus; the old Greek name, The Crown Pea. platanos, for the Plane tree, meaning broad

Pitcairnia, pit-CAIRN-e-a; after William (platus), in reference to the palmate leaves or Pitcairn (1712–1791), English physician, wide-spreading branches. Trees. Platanaceae. who had a botanic garden in Islington. Trop- acerifolia, a-ser-if-O-le-a, leaves resembling Acer. The London Plane. ical flowering perennials. Bromeliaceae. occidentalis, oks-se-den-TA-lis, western – North andreana, an-dre-A-na, after Édouard-François America. André (1840–1911), French horticulturist orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia and garden designer. (China). bifrons, BY-fronz, twin leaves. Platycladus, plat-e-KLA-dus; from Gr. bracteata, see P. bifrons. platys, broad or flat; klados, a branch, in reffulgens, see P. bifrons.

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PLA–POD erence to the flat branches. Conifer. Cupres- Pleione, pli-O-ne; from Gr. mythology, Pleione, mother of Pleiades. Greenhouse saceae. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, eastern – Eastern Asia orchids. Orchidaceae. (China).

humilis, HUM-il-is, low or dwarf. × lagenaria, lag-e-NA-re-a, bottle-shaped.

Platycerium, plat-e-SER-e-um; from Gr. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, spotted. platys, broad; keras, a horn, in allusion to praecox, PRA-koks, early flowering. the broad horn-shaped fertile fronds. GreenPleiospilos, pla-OS-pil-os; from Gr. pleios, house ferns. Polypodiaceae. full; spilos, a dot or spot, in allusion to the aethiopicum, see P. stemaria. alcicorne, alk-ik-ORN-e, elk’s horn. The Elkhorn dotted leaves. Greenhouse succulents. AizoFern. aceae. grande, GRAN-de, large and fine. stemaria, ste-MA-re-a, stag’s horn. The Staghorn Fern.

Platyclinis, misapplied see below.

filiformis, see Dendrochilum filiforme. glumacea, see Dendrochilum glumaceum.

bolusii, BO-lus-e-i, after Harry Bolus (1834– 1911), South African botanist, who founded the Bolus Herbarium. roodiae, ROOD-e-e, after Mrs Petrusa Benjamina Rood (1861–1946), South African succulent plant collector, who sent plants and seed to N.E. Brown and Pole-Evans. simulans, SIM-u-lanz, simulating or looking like – in this case the stony surroundings.

Platycodon, plat-ik-O-don; from Gr. platys, broad; kodon, a bell, in allusion to the large bell-shaped flowers. Herbaceous perennials. Pleroma, ple-RO-ma; from Gr. pleroma, fullThe Chinese Bellflower. Campanulaceae. ness – the cells in the capsules. Greenhouse grandiflorus, gran-dif-LO-rus, large flowered. flowering shrubs. Melastomataceae. macranthum, mak-RANTH-um, large-flowered.

Platystemon, plat-e-STE-mon; from Gr. platys, broad; stemon, a stamen, in reference Plumbago, plum-BA-go; from L. plumbum, to the form of the flowers. Hardy annuals. lead, so called by Pliny, who attributed the curing of lead poisoning to the European Papaveraceae. californicus, kal-if-OR-nik-us, of California. species. Flowering shrubs. The Leadwort. Cream Cups. Plumbaginaceae. Plectranthus, plek-TRAN-thus; from Gr. plectron, spur; anthos, flower. Annuals, herbaceous perennials and shrubs. Lamiaceae.

auriculata, aw-rik-ul-A-ta, with an ear-shaped appendage. capensis, see P. auriculata. indica, IN-di-ka, of India. larpentae, see Ceratostigma plumbaginoides. rosea, see P. indica. willmottiana, see Ceratostigma willmottianum.

scutellarioides, sku-tel-lar-e-OY-dees, resembling Scutellaria. thyrsoideus, thyr-so-ID-e-us, thyrse-like – the flower spikes. welwitschii, wel- (or vel-) VITS-ke-i, after Frie- Plumeria, plu-MAIR-e-a; after Charles drich Martin Joseph Welwitsch (1806– Plumier (1646–1704), French botanist. 1872), Austrian botanist and explorer. Warm house flowering shrubs. Apocynaceae. acutifolia, see P. rubra. Pleioblastus, pli-O-blast-us; from Gr. pleios, bicolor, see P. rubra. full; blastos, bud; in allusion to the many rubra, ROO-bra, red. The Frangipani Tree.

buds. Grasses. Poaceae.

argenteostriatus, ar-jen-te-o-stri-A-tus, silvery Podophyllum, pod-o-FIL-lum; a contraction of Anapodophyllum; duck’s-foot-leaved. striped. fortunei, for-TOO-ne-i, after Robert Fortune Herbaceous perennials. Berberidaceae. (1812–1880), Scottish plant collector in emodi, see Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. China. peltatum, pel-TA-tum, shaped like a shield, the viridistriatus, vir-id-e-stri-A-tus, green striped. leaves.

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POI–POL Poinciana, misapplied see below.

multiflorum, mul-tif-LO-rum, many flowered. Solomon’s Seal of gardens. odoratum, od-o-RA-tum, sweet-smelling. officinale, see P. odoratum.

elata, see Caesalpinia pulcherrima. gilliesii, see Caesalpinia gilliesii. regia, see Delonix regia.

Polemonium, pol-e-MO-ne-um; derivation doubtful, possibly Gr. polemos, war, from the lance shaped leaflets, or, as Pliny suggested, because two kings went to war as to which of them had discovered the virtues of the plant. Other authorities state Dioscorides named it after King Polemon II of Pontus. Herbaceous perennials. Polemoniaceae. caeruleum, ser-U-le-um, sky-blue. Jacob’s Ladder. carneum, KAR-ne-um, flesh-coloured. confertum, kon-FER-tum, crowed the flowers. hultenii, hul-TE-ne-i, after Oskar Eric Gunnar Hultén (1894–1981), Swedish botanist and plant geographer. humile, see P. hultenii. reptans, REP-tans, creeping. richardsonii, rich-ard-SO-ne-i, collected by Sir John Richardson (1787–1865), Scottish naval surgeon, naturalist and arctic explorer.

Polygonum, pol-IG-on-um; from Gr. polys, many; gonu, joints; in reference to the stem formation. Annuals, herbaceous perennials and climbers. The Knotweeds. Polygonaceae. affine, af-FIN-ne, related or similar to. baldschuanicum, see Fallopia baldschuanica. bistorta, see Persicaria bistorta. campanulatum, see Persicaria campanulata. capitatum, see Persicaria capitata. compactum, see Reynoutria japonica. polystachyum, see Persicaria wallichii. sachalinense, see Reynoutria sachalinensis. vacciniifolium, vak-sin-e-i-FO-le-um, leaves resembling Vaccinium.

Polyphlebium, pol-e-FLE-be-um; from Gr. poly, many; phlebos, vein, in reference to fronds with prominent veins. Fern. Hymenophyllaceae. venosum, ve-NO-sum, veined.

Polypodium, pol-e-PO-de-um; from Gr. Polianthes, pol-e-AN-theez; from Gr. polios, polys, many; pous, a foot (many little feet), in grey, whitish; anthos, a flower. Perennial allusion to the furry foot-like divisions of the herbs. Asparagaceae. creeping stems. Hardy and greenhouse ferns. geminiflora, jem-in-if-LO-ra, twin-flowered. Polypodiaceae. tuberosa, tu-ber-O-sa, bearing tubers. Polygala, pol-IG-a-la; from Gr. polys, much; gala, milk, the supposition that the presence of these herbs in pasture increased the production of milk, hence Milkwort, the English name. Annuals, perennials, herbs and shrubs. Polygalaceae.

chamaebuxus, kam-e-BUKS-us, from Gr. chamai, low growing; Buxus, box, from the resemblance of the leaves to those of Buxus. myrtifolia, mer-te-FO-le-a, leaves resembling Myrtus (Myrtle).

Polygonatum, pol-ig-on-A-tum; from Gr. polys, many; gonu, joints. Gerard states that the name alludes to the many knots, or joints, in the roots and not the stem, as is popularly supposed. Herbaceous perennials. Asparagaceae. hirtum, HER-tum, hairy. latifolium, see P. hirtum.

albosquamatum, AL-bo-skwa-MA-tum, white scaly, dots on the fronds. alpestre, AL-pes-tre, of mountains. aureum, see Phlebodium aureum. billardierei, bil-LAR-de-air-i, after Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière (1755–1834), French explorer and botanist. cambricum, KAM-bre-kum, of Wales. The Welsh Polypody. dryopteris, see Gymnocarpium dryopteris. phegopteris, see Phegopteris connectilis. pustulatum, see Phymatosorus pustulatus. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. The Polypody.

Polyscias, pol-e-SKI-as; from Gr. polys, many; skias, canopy, the flower being divided into lesser umbels. Evergreen shrubs and trees. Araliaceae.

balfouriana, BAL-four-e-A-na, after John Hutton Balfour (1808–1884), Scottish botanist, Regis Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

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POL–PRA filicifolia, fil-is-if-O-le-a, fern-leaved. alluding to the milky juice. Annuals. Portuguilfoylei, gwil-FOY-le-i, introduced in 1868 by lacaceae. William Guilfoyle (1840–1912), landscaper grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. and botanist, who later became curator of the oleracea, o-ler-A-se-a, of the vegetable garden, a Melbourne Botanic Gardens. pot-herb. The Purslane.

Polystichum, pol-IS-tik-um; from Gr. poly, many; stichos, a row, in reference to the several rows of sori. Greenhouse and hardy ferns. Dryopteridaceae.

acrostichoides, ak-ROS-tik-OY-dees; resembling Acrostichum. aculeatum, ak-u-le-A-tum, prickly – the acute pinnae. The Prickly Shield Fern. angulare, see P. setiferum. chilense, chil-EN-se, Chilean. lonchitis, lon-KI-tis, spear-shaped. The Holly Fern. munitum, mu-NE-tum, armed with spines. setiferum, set-IF-e-rum, bearing bristles. tetragonum, te-tra-GO-num, from Gr. tessara four; gonus angle.

Posoqueria, po-zo-KE-re-a; part of the native Guyanese name – Aymara posoqueri for P. longifolia. Tropical flowering shrubs. Rubiaceae. coriacea, ko-re-A-se-a, leathery, the leaves. coriacea subsp. formosa, for-MO-sa, beautiful. fragrantissima, fra-gran-TIS-sim-a, most fragrant. longiflora, long-if-LO-ra, long-flowered.

Potamogeton, pot-a-mog-E-ton; from Gr. potamos, a river; geiton, a neighbour, growing in rivers or ponds. Submerged aquatics. The Pondweeds. Potamogetonaceae. crispus, KRIS-pus, curly – the leaves waved. lucens, lu-SENZ, shining – the foliage. pectinatus, see Stuckenia pectinata. perfoliatus, per-fol-e-A-tus, perfoliate leaved – stem-clasping leaves. pusillus, pu-SIL-lus, small – the plant.

Pontederia, pon-te-DEER-e-a; named after J. Pontedera (1688–1757), once professor of botany at Padua. Hardy aquatic. Pontederiaceae. Potentilla, po-ten-TIL-la; from L. potens, cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves. powerful, some species having active mediciPopulus, POP-u-lus; the arbor-populi (tree nal properties. Rock plants, herbaceous perof the people) of the Romans, the Italian ennials and shrubs. Rosaceae. or Lombardy Poplar being much planted in argentea, ar-JEN-te-a, silvery, the foliage. argyrophylla, ar-ger-OF-il-la, silvery-leaved. their cities. Trees. Salicaceae.

aurea, AW-re-a, golden, the flowers. alba, AL-ba, from the L. alba, white. davurica, da-VOO-rik-a, of Davuria, Siberia. balsamifera, bawl-sam-IF-er-a, balsam scented. fragiformis, fraj-if-OR-mis, resembling Fragaria × canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. (strawberry). × candicans, KAN-dik-ans, shining white – the fruticosa, frut-ik-O-sa, shrubby. leaves. nepalensis, nep-al-EN-sis, of Nepal. × canescens, kan-ES-sens, greyish-white, hoary. nitida, NIT-id-a, shining – the leaves. deltoides, del-TOY-dees, triangular, shape of the purdomii, see Coluria longifolia. leaves. deltoides subsp. monilifera, mon-il-IF-er-a, neck- rupestris, roo-PES-tris, growing on rocks. tridentata, see Sibbaldiopsis tridentata. lace bearing – the long fruits. monilifera, see P. deltoides subsp. monilifera. Poterium, po-TEER-e-um; from Gr. potenigra, NY-gra, black. nigra var. italica, it-AL-ik-a, of Italy. The Lom- rion, a drinking-cup, the shape of the calyx in these herbs. The Burnets. Rosaceae. bardy Poplar. serotina, see P. × canadensis. canadense, see Sanguisorba canadensis. tremula, TREM-u-la, trembling, the quivering of obtusum, see Sanguisorba obtusa. the leaves. The Aspen. sanguisorba, see Sanguisorba minor. trichocarpa, trik-o-KAR-pa, with hairy fruits.

Portulaca, por-tu-LAK-a; an old L. name, possibly from L. porto, to carry; lac, milk,

Pratia, misapplied see below.

angulata, see Lobelia angulata. begonifolia, see Lobelia nummularia.

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PRI–PRO Primula, PRIM-u-la; from L. primus, first, referring to the early flowering of many of the primroses. Hardy and greenhouse herbaceous plants, some treated as annuals. Primulaceae. acaulis, see P. vulgaris. auricula, aur-IK-ul-a, from L. auricula, an ear – the ear-like leaves. The Auricula. beesiana, beez-e-A-na, after Messrs. Bees Ltd. the nursery. bulleyana, bul-le-A-na, after Arthur Kilpin Bulley (1861–1942), founder of Bees nursery, Neston, Cheshire. capitata, kap-it-A-ta, growing in a dense head. cashmeriana, kash-mer-e-A-na, of Kashmir. chionantha, ki-on-AN-tha, snow-white flowers. cockburniana, kok-burn-e-A-na, named by Antwerp Pratt for H. Cockburn of the Consular Service and Rev. George Cockburn of the Scotch Kirk Mission who assisted him in his travels in China. denticulata, den-tik-u-LA-ta, toothed, the leaves. elatior, e-LA-te-or, taller. The Oxlip. farinosa, far-in-O-sa, mealy, the foliage and stems. florindae, flor-IN-de, named for Florinda Kingdon-Ward. forrestii, for-RES-te-i, after George Forrest (1873–1932), Scottish plant collector in China. frondosa, fron-DO-za, leafy. glaucescens, GLAW-ses-senz, somewhat blue. glycyosma, see P. wilsonii. helodoxa, hel-o-DOKS-a, the glory of the bog. hirsuta, hir-SU-ta, hairy. involucrata, in-vol-u-KRA-ta, from L. involucrum, roll in, envelop, referring to the flowers being ruffed. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. juliae, JU-le-e, after Julia Mlokosiewicz, who discovered it. littoniana, see P. vialii. malacoides, mal-ak-OY-dees, resembling mallow, presumably the flower colour. marginata, mar-jin-A-ta, the leaves margined with another colour – white. matthioli, mat-THE-ol-le, after Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli (1501–1577), Italian physician and botanist. microdonta, see P. sikkimensis. obconica, ob-KON-ik-a, an inverted cone – the calyx.

× polyantha, pol-e-AN-tha, many-flowered. A naturally occurring hybrid between P. veris and P. vulgaris. polyneura, pol-e-NOR-a, many veins, within the leaf. pulverulenta, pul-ver-ul-EN-ta, powdered. rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured. saxatalis, saks-A-til-is, haunting rocks. secundiflora, sek-un-dif-LO-ra, the flowers of the cluster all turned one way. sieboldii, se-BOLD-e-i, after Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (1796–1866), German physician, botanist, and traveler. sikkimensis, sik-kim-EN-sis, of Sikkim. sinensis, si-NEN-sis, Chinese. × variabilis, var-e-AB-il-is, variable. veitchii, see P. polyneura. veris, VE-ris, spring-flowering. vialii, vi-AL-e-i, in honour of Paul Vial (1855– 1917), French missionary, ethnographer and linguist in China. villosa, vil-LO-sa, shaggy, the leaves hairy. viscosa, see P. hirsuta. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. wilsonii, wil-SO-ne-i, in honour of Ernest Henry Wilson (1876–1930), English plant collector in China. winteri, WIN-ter-i, after Mr E.L. Winter, commissioner of Kumaon, who collected it.

Proboscidea, pro-bos-SID-e-a; the seed pods resembling a proboscis. Annual and perennial herbs. Martyniaceae. fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant. louisianica, loo-e-se-AN-ik-a, U.S.A.

of

Louisiana,

Prospero, pro-SPE-ro; from L. prosperus, (pro, conform; spes, hope), prosper, to grow quickly. Some authorities make the connection with the character in ‘The Tempest’, Prospero, Duke of Milan. Hardy bulb. Asparagaceae. autumnale, aw-tum-NA-le, autumnal.

Prostanthera, pros-tan-THE-ra; from Gr. prostheke, appendage; anthera, an anther – the connectives of the anthers are spurred. Tender flowering shrubs. Lamiaceae. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved.

Prosthechea, pros-thee-KEY-a; from Gr. prostheke, an appendage, in allusion to the

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PRU–PSE appendage on the column. Appendage Orchid. Orchidaceae. fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant. vitellina, vit-el-LE-na, yolk of egg colour.

Prumnopitys, prum-NOP-it-is; from Gr. prumnos, the last or extreme; pitys, a pine. Hardy conifer. The Plum Fir. Podocarpaceae. andina, an-DE-na, of the Andes. elegans, see P. andina.

Prunella, proo-NEL-la; from German Bräune, quinsy, which the plant was supposed to heal. Also spelt Brunella which the German herbalists used. Rock and border perennials. Lamiaceae. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. The Self-heal.

Prunus, PROO-nus; classical name of the plum. Flowering and fruiting trees. Rosaceae.

amygdaloides, am-IG-dal-OY-dees, resembling amygdalus, which see. amygdalus, am-IG-da-lus, from Gr. amygdalos, an almond, or from Gr. amysso, to lacerate, in reference to the fissures or channels in the ‘stone’. avium, AV-e-um, L. avis, a bird. The Common Gean. cerasifera, ser-as-IF-er-a, cherry-bearing. The Cherry-Plum. cerasus, ser-A-sus, Gr. kerasos, a Cherry tree, said to have come from Cerasus in Pontus. The Cherry Tree. communis, see P. dulcis. cornuta, kor-NU-ta, horned – the shape of the fruits. davidiana, da-vid-e-A-na, after Père David (1826–1900). domestica, do-MES-tik-a, domestic – from its various uses. dulcis, DUL-cis, sweet. The Sweet Almond. incana, in-KA-na, woolly, the leaf undersides. incisa, IN-si-sa, deeply cut, the leaves. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. laurocerasus, LAW-ro-ser-A-sus, literally laurel cherry. The Cherry Laurel or ‘Laurel’ of gardens. lusitanica, loo-sit-A-nik-a, of Lusitania (Portugal). Portuguese Laurel. mahaleb, ma-A-leb, from Arabic, mahleb or mahlab, meaning the Mahalab cherry from which a spice is extracted.

mume, MU-me, variant of the Japanese name, ume, for this species. padus, PA-dus, Gr. name for the true Bird-Cherry. persica, PER-sik-a, from persicum, the Latin name for peach, literally Persia, whence the tree reached Europe from China. persica var. nucipersica, nu-se-PER-sik-a, from L. nuci, a nut; persica, see above. The Nectarine. serrula, ser-RU-la, leaves with small saw-teeth margins. serrulata, ser-rul-A-ta, leaves finely toothed. spinosa, spi-NO-sa, spiny. subhirtella, sub-hir-TEL-la, slightly hairy – the leaves and young wood. triloba, tril-O-ba, the leaves usually three-lobed.

Pseuderanthemum, SUED-e-RAN-themum; false Eranthemum. Evergreen herbs and shrubs. Acanthaceae.

albiflorum, al-bif-LOR-um, with white flowers. andersonii, an-der-SO-ne-i, probably after Thomas Anderson (1832–1870), botanist in India who collected with Joseph Hooker. cooperi, KOO-per-i, after Sir Daniel Cooper (1821–1902), who raised seed of the specimen which were sent to Vietch’s nursery.

Pseudofumaria, sue-do-few-MAR-e-a; false Fumaria. Herbaceous perennials. Papaveraceae. lutea, LU-te-a, yellow.

Pseudolysimachion, SUE-do-lis-e-MAKe-on; false Lysimachia. Herbaceous perennials. Plantaginaceae. linariifolium, le-nar-e-i-FO-le-um, resembling Linaria leaves.

Pseudomertensia, SUE-do-mer-TEN-se-a; the false Mertensia. Herbaceous perennials. Boraginaceae. echioides, ek-e-OY-dees, resembling Echium.

Pseudosasa, SUE-do-SA-sa; the false Sasa, allied to the true Sasa (which see). Bamboo. Poaceae. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan.

Pseudotrillium, SUE-do-TRIL-le-um; false Trillium, proposed monotypic genus based on molecular evidence. Perennial herb. Melanthiaceae. rivale, re-VA-le, growing by brook-sides.

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PSE–PUN Pseudotsuga, SUE-do-SU-ga; the false Tsuga, allied to the true Tsugas (Hemlock Firs). Conifers. Pinaceae.

douglasii, see Pseudotsuga menziesii. menziesii, men-ZE-se-i, after Archibald Menzies (1754–1842), Scottish naval officer, surgeon and botanist, who was appointed as naturalist on Vancouver’s ship Discovery in 1790.

umbrosa, um-BRO-za, growing in shady places. Shade loving. wimsettii, possibly a variety of P. cretica.

Pterocactus, ter-o-KAK-tus; from Gr. pteron, a wing, and cactus, reference being to the winged seeds. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. pumilus, pew-MIL-us, dwarf.

Psidium, SID-e-um; from Gr. psidion, a tuberosus, tu-ber-O-sus, bearing tubers. pomegranate. Tropical Fruiting Tree. The Pterocephalus, ter-o-SEF-a-lus; from Gr. Guava. Myrtaceae. pteron, wing; kephale, a head, signifying a guajava, gwa-JAR-va, from Sp. gaujaba. winged head, alluding to the form of the guava, see P. guajava. flower. Annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs Psychopsis, SI-kop-sis; from Gr. psyche, but- and shrubs. Caprifoliaceae. terfly; opsis, like, alluding to the shape of the perennis, per-EN-nis, perennial. flower. Epiphytic orchids. Orchidaceae. krameriana, kra-mer-e-A-na, after Franz August Ptilostemon, ty-lo-STE-mon; from Gr. Kramer (fl. 1852–1875), German gardener ptilon, down; stema, stamen. Annual and perennial herbs. Compositae. to Herr Senator Jenisch. papilio, pa-PIL-e-o, the flower resembling a butterfly.

Psylliostachys, si-le-o-STAK-is; resembling Plantago psyllium; stachys, spike. Half hardy annuals. Plumbaginaceae. suworowi, su-wor-O-i, after Ivan Petrovich Suvorov (1829–1880), Russian medical inspector of the Turkestan region.

casabonae, kas-a-BO-ne, after Giuseppe Casabona (1515–1596), herbalist of Cosimo I of Florence and director of the Botanical Garden of Pisa. diacantha, di-ak-AN-tha, two spined. The Fishbone Thistle.

Ptychosperma, ty-ko-SPER-ma; from Gr. ptyche, a fold; sperma, seed, in allusion to the fold within the seed. Palms. Arecaceae.

Ptelea, TEL-e-a; from Gr. ptelea, the Greek elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. name for elm, the similarity residing in the Pulmonaria, pul-mon-AIR-e-a; from L. winged fruits. Ornamental Tree. Rutaceae. pulmo, pertaining to the lungs, one species trifoliata, trif-ol-e-A-ta, leaves in three. having being regarded as a remedy for disPteridium, ter-id-E-um; diminutive of Gr. eases of the lungs, hence the common name pteris, a fern, from pteron, a wing. Bracken Lungwort. Rock garden and woodland perFern. Dennstaedtiaceae. ennials. Boraginaceae. aquilinum, ak-wil-E-num, an eagle, various explanations offered, most probable being the branched frond resembling a pair of outstretched wings. The Bracken.

Pteris, TER-is; from Gr. pteron, a wing, the branched frond resembling a pair of outspread wings. Greenhouse ferns. Pteridaceae. aquilina, see Pteridium aquilinum. cretica, KRE-tik-a, of Crete. longifolia, long-if-OL-e-a, long leaves. palmata, see Doryopteris pedata var. palmata. serrulata, ser-rul-A-ta, finely toothed. tremula, TREM-u-la, trembling.

angustifolia, an-gus-tif-O-le-a, narrow-leaved. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists. rubra, ROO-bra, red – the flowers. saccharata, sak-kar-A-ta, sugared; application obscure but possibly alluding to the white-powdered leaves.

Punica, PU-ne-ka; from Malum punicum, Apple of Carthage, of Pliny. Flowering wall shrub. Lythraceae.

granatum, gra-NA-tum, from L. granum, grain; having many seeds.

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PUS–QUE Puschkinia, poos-KIN-e-a; after Apollo Mussin-Pushkin (1760–1805), Russian chemist and plant collector. Half-hardy bulbs. Asparagaceae. scilloides, sil-OY-dees, resembling Scilla.

Pyracantha, py-ra-KAN-tha; from Gr. pyr, fire; akanthos, a thorn, in reference to the brilliant berries and spiny branches. The Fire-Thorn. Evergreen shrubs. Rosaceae. angustifolia, an-gus-tif-O-le-a, narrow-leaved. atalantioides, a-ta-lan-te-OY-dees; resembling Atalantia. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. gibbsii, see P. atalantioides.

Pyrethrum, py-RE-thrum; from Gr. pyr, fire, probably fever-heat, since the plant was used in ancient medicine to assuage fevers. Rock and herbaceous perennials. Compositae. parthenium, see Tanacetum parthenium. p. aureum, see Tanacetum parthenium. roseum, see Tanacetum coccineum.

communis, kom-MU-nis, common, that is, in groups or communities. cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves. The Plymouth Pear. coronaria, see Malus coronaria eleyi, see Malus × eleyi floribunda, see Malus floribunda malus, see Malus domestica melanocarpa, see Aronia melanocarpa nivalis, niv-A-lis, snowy. Snow Pear. prunifolia, see Malus × prunifolia pulcherrima, pul-KER-rim-a, most beautiful. pulcherrima var. scheideckeri, shi-DEK-er-i, after Peter Scheidecker, of Munich, who raised it. pyrifolia, py-re-fo-LE-a, Pear-leaved. Asian Pear. sikkimensis, see Malus sikkimensis sinensis, see Chaenomeles sinensis sorbus, see Sorbus domestica spectabilis, see Malus × spectabilis torminalis, see Sorbus torminalis toringo, see Malus toringo vilmorinii, see Sorbus vilmorinii

Quercus, KWER-kus; Latin name for an oak tree; some authorities derive word from Pyrola, PY-ro-la; from L. pyrus, a Pear Tree, Celtic, quer, fine and cuez, a tree. Evergreen in reference to the shape of the leaves. Her- and deciduous trees. Fagaceae. castaneifolia, kas-tan-e-e-FO-le-a, leaves resembaceous perennials. Ericaceae. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved.

Pyrostegia, py-row-STE-je-a; from Gr. pyr, fire; stege, a roof; in reference to the colour of the corolla. Climbers. Bignoniaceae. venusta, ven-US-ta, lovely.

Pyrrosia, py-ROW-see-a; from Gr. pyrros, flame red, in allusion to the colour of the fronds. Ferns. Polypodiaceae.

lingua, LING-wa, a tongue – the shape of the fronds.

Pyrus, PY-russ; the Latin name for pear. Trees. Rosaceae. amygdaliformis, am-ig-dal-if-OR-mis, resembling almond. aria, see Sorbus aria. aucuparia, see Sorbus aucuparia baccata, see Malus baccata calleryana, kal-le-re-A-na, named for Joseph-Marie Callery (1810–1862), missionary and interpreter who sent specimens to France from China. chamaemespilus, see Sorbus chamaemespilus

bling Castanea (Chestnut). cerris, SER-ris, old (Latin) name for this tree. The Turkey Oak. coccifera, kok-SIF-er-a, coccus-bearing, here alluding to the kermes insect parasitic on this tree, and which yields a scarlet dye, hence Kermes Oak. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet – the autumnal colour of the foliage. The Scarlet Oak. × hispanica, his-PAN-ik-a, of Spain. ilex, I-leks, ancient Latin name for the Holm Oak, now the generic name for the hollies which some evergreen oaks resemble. The Holm, Evergreen or Holly-leaved Oak. kelloggii, kel-LOG-e-i, after Albert Kellogg (1813–1887), pioneer Californian botanist. libani, LIB-an-e, of Lebanon. × lucombeana, see Q. × hispanica. palustris, pal-US-tris, found in marshy places. petraea, pet-RE-a, of rocks. phellos, FEL-los, willow. The Willow Oak. pontica, PON-tik-a, Pontic, the shores of the Black Sea. robur, RO-ber, classical L. for oak-wood also strength or applied to solid wood. rubra, ROO-bra, red – the autumnal leaf colour.

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QUE–RET suber, SU-ber, cork, old Latin name for this tree. Cork Oak. velutina, vel-u-TE-na, velvety – young wood and buds are downy.

australis, aws-TRA-lis, southern. glabra, GLAB-ra, smooth, or without hairs. subsericea, sub-ser-IS-e-a, somewhat silky.

liboniana, lib-o-ne-A-na, of Libon, Brazil. marmorata, mar-mor-A-ta, marbled.

resemblance. raphanistrum subsp. sativus, SAT-iv-us, cultivated. The Radish.

Raphanus, RAF-an-us; classical name used Quesnelia, kwes-NEL-e-a; probably Martin by Theophrastus. Radish. Brassicaceae. Quesnel, French consul to French Guiana, caudatus, kaw-DA-tus, tailed, the shape of the who travelled and collected plants in South inflorescence. The Rat-tailed Radish. America. Quesnel introduced the genus to raphanistrum, raf-an-NIS-trum; from Raphanus, which see; astrum, indicating incomplete Europe. Bromeliads. Bromeliaceae. Ramonda, ra-MON-da; after Louis Francis Ramond (1753–1827), a French botanist. Rebutia, re-BUT-e-a; after Pierre Rebut (1827–1898), French wine-grower and Rock plants. Gesneriaceae. myconi, MY-ko-ne, after Francisco Mico, 16th trader in cacti. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. century Spanish physician and botanist. pyrenaica, see R. myconi. serbica, SER-bik-a, of Serbia. liboniana, lib-o-ne-A-na, of Libon, Brazil. marmorata, mar-mor-A-ta, marbled.

grandiflora, see R. minuscula. minuscula, min-u-SKU-la, miniature.

aconitifolius, ak-on-e-tif-O-le-us, leaves resembling Aconitum. acris, AK-ris, acrid, pungent. amplexicaulis, am-pleks-e-KAW-lis, leaves clasping the stem. anemonoides, see Callianthemum anemonoides. asiaticus, a-she-AT-ik-us, Asian. The Persian Ranunculus. crenatus, kre-NA-tus, leaves crenated or scalloped. glacialis, glas-e-A-lis, from Alpine glacier regions. gramineus, gram-IN-e-us, grass leaved. lingua, lin-GWA, tongue-like, the leaves. lyallii, LI-al-e-i, after David Lyall (1817–1895), physician, who collected in New Zealand. nemorosus, see Anemone nemorosa. nivalis, niv-A-lis, snowy. nyssanus, nis-SA-nus, from Nyssa. parnassifolius, par-nas-sif-O-le-us, leaves resembling Parnassia. rutifolius, see Callianthemum angustifolium.

collector in China. piasezkii, pe-AS-ski-i, named after P.J. Piaszki, who collected in China around 1875.

Rehmannia, ra-MAN-e-a; named after Joseph Rehmann (1779–1831), a Russian doctor. Ranunculus, ra-NUN-kul-us; from L. rana, Greenhouse perennials. Plantaginaceae. angulata, see R. piasezkii. frog, some species inhabiting marshy places elata, e-LA-ta, tall. where frogs abound. Herbaceous, waterside henryi, HEN-re-i, after Dr. Augustine Henry and rock plants. Ranunculaceae. (1857–1930), Irish plantsman and pioneer

Reinwardtia, rin-WARDT-e-a; after Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773–1854), Dutch botanist, founding father of Bogor Botanical Gardens Indonesia. Greenhouse flowering shrub. Linaceae. indica, IN-di-ka, of India. tetragyna, tet-RA-ji-na, four styles. trigyna, see R. indica.

Reseda, re-SE-da; from L. resedo, to heal, or assuage, the name being given by Pliny to a species of mignonette which was believed to possess certain medicinal virtues. Hardy annuals. Resedaceae. odorata, od-o-RA-ta, sweet smelling or scented.

The Mignonette. Raoulia, ra-OO-le-a; after Edouard Raoul (1825–1852), French naval surgeon who Retinispora, misapplied see below. wrote on New Zealand plants when in New obtusa, see Chamaecyparis obtusa. Zealand waters. Mat-forming rock plants. pisifera, see Chamaecyparis pisifera. Compositae. plumosa, see Chamaecyparis pisifera.

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REY–RHO Reynoutria, rey-NU-tre-a; in honour of Charles de Saint Omer (1533–1569), Lord of Reynoutre, patron of botany. Mostly herbaceous perennials. Polygonaceae.

japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. Invasive Japanese Knotweed. sachalinensis, sak-al-in-EN-sis, of Sakhalin Island, north of Japan.

cassytha, see R. baccifera. crispata, kris-PA-ta, curled. houlletii, HOWL-let-e-i, after M. Houllet (1811–1890), French horticulturist, Orchid collector and later head of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. paradoxa, pa-ra-DOKS-a, paradoxical, contrary to exception.

Rhodanthe, ro-DAN-the; from Gr. rhodon, Rhamnus, RAM-nus; ancient Gr. name, posa rose; anthos, a flower, in reference to the sibly from Gr. rhamnos, name for a thorny deep-red colour. Half-hardy annuals. Comshrub. Deciduous or evergreen trees and positae. shrubs. Rhamnaceae. chlorocephala, klo-ro-SEF-a-la, from Gr. chloros, alaternus, al-a-TER-nus, an old generic name of doubtful origin. cathartica, kath-AR-tik-a, cathartic. The Buckthorn. costata, Kos-TA-ta, leaves conspicuously ribbed. frangula, see Frangula alnus. infectoria, in-fec-TOR-e-a, yielding dye. purshiana, see Frangula purshiana.

green; kephale, a head. chlorocephala subsp. rosea, RO-ze-a, rosy coloured. The Everlasting. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, spotted. manglesii, mang-LES-e-i, after James Mangles (1786–1867), British naval officer, naturalist and horticulturist.

Rhodiola, ROD-e-o-la; from L. rhodia radix, Rhaphiolepis, raf-fe-O-lep-is; from Gr. the rosy odour and tint of the root-stocks. rhaphis, needle; lepis, scale, the sharply The Rose-root. Perennial herbs. Crassulaceae. pointed bracteoles surrounding the flower. hobsonii, hob-SO-ne-i, after Herbert Elgar Evergreen shrubs or small trees. Rosaceae. Hobson (1844–1922), plant collector in indica, IN-di-ka, of India. ovata, o-VA-ta, egg-shaped – the leaves.

Tibet. primuloides, prim-u-LOY-dees, resembling Primula. rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured. rosea var. rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured.

Rhapis, RAP-is; from Gr. rhaphis, a needle, referring to the sharply pointed leaves. Greenhouse palms. The Ground Rattan Rhodochiton, ro-do-KY-ton; from Gr. rhodo, Cane. Arecaceae. rose; chiton, a cloak, the calyx is red and excelsa, eks-SEL-sa, tall. flabelliformis, see R. excelsa. swollen. Greenhouse flowering climber. humilis, HUM-il-is, low or dwarf. Plantaginaceae. volubile, vol-U-bil-e, twisting round.

Rheum, RE-um; from the Gr. rheon, rhubarb, from Rha, imported roots from Iran. Herba- Rhododendron, ro-do-DEN-dron; from Gr. ceous perennials. Polygonaceae. rhodon, a rose; dendron, a tree. Trees and emodi, em-O-de, Emodi Montes, Himalayas in shrubs. Ericaceae. Classical Greek. officinale, of-fis-in-A-le, of the shop (herbal). palmatum, pal-MA-tum, leaves palmate, like a hand. rhaponticum, ra-PON-tik-um, Rha of Pontus. The Culinary Rhubarb.

Rhipsalis, RIP-sa-lis; from Gr. rhips, a willow or wickerwork, referring to the slender interlacing branches. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. baccifera, bak-sif-E-ra, bearing berries.

ambiguum, am-BIG-u-um, uncertain, possibly alluding to the indefinite colour. amoenum, am-E-num, pleasing, lovely. arborescens, ar-bor-ES-cenz, tree like. arboreum, ar-bor-E-um, tree like. augustinii, aw-gus-TE-ne-i, after Dr. Augustine Henry (1857–1930), plant collector and dendrologist. auriculatum, aw-rik-ul-A-tum, the leaves earshaped from L. auricula. × balsaminiflorum, bawl-SAM-in-e-FLOR-um, balsam flowered.

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RHO–RHO calendulaceum, kal-en-du-LA-se-um, resembling Calendula (pot marigold), the brilliant colour. calophytum, kal-o-FY-tum, beautiful plant. calostrotum, kal-os-TRO-tum, literally beautiful covering, presumably the silvery leaves. campanulatum, kam-pan-u-LA-tum, bell shaped flowers. campylocarpum, kam-pi-lo-KAR-pum, bearing curved fruit. campylogynum, kam-pi-lo-JIN-um, the style curved. canadense, kan-a-DEN-se, of Canada. catawbiense, kat-aw-be-EN-se, of Catawba, U.S.A. caucasicum, kaw-KAS-ik-um, Caucasian. ciliatum, sil-e-A-tum, fringed with bristles – the leaves. cinnabarinum, sin-na-bar-E-num, cinnabar-red, the flowers. dauricum, DAW-rik-um, of Dahuria, Siberia. decorum, dek-OR-um, shapely or becoming. dichroanthum, dik-ro-AN-thum, with bicoloured flowers. discolor, DIS-ko-lor, variously coloured flowers. falconeri, fal-KON-er-i, after Hugh Falconer (1808–1865), Scottish physician and botanist, superintendent of Calcutta Botanic Gardens. fastigiatum, fas-tij-e-A-tum, fastigiate – erect branches tapering to a point. ferrugineum, fer-ru-JIN-e-um, rusty – the leaf underside. The Alpine Rose. flavidum, FLA-vid-um, pale yellow. flavum, see R. luteum. glaucum, GLAW-kum, glaucous or blue-green, the underside of the leaf. griffithianum, grif-fith-e-A-num, after William Griffith (1810–1845), British botanist, plant collector in India and Afghanistan. haematodes, hem-a-TO-dees, blood-like – colour of the flowers. hippophaeoides, hip-po-fa-OY-dees, resembling Hippophae (sea buckthorn). impeditum, im-ped-E-tum, tangled – the twiggy branches. indicum, IN-dik-um, Indian – the familiar evergreen planted at Magnolia Plantation, South Carolina. intricatum, in-trik-A-tum, web-like tangled. lapponicum, lap-PON-ik-um, of Lapland. ledifolium, see R. mucronatum. ledoides, see R. trichostomum var. ledoides. lepidotum, lep-id-O-tum, beset with scales. luteum, LU-te-um, yellow.

molle, MOL-le, soft or velvety – the leaves. moupinense, moo-pin-EN-se, of Mupin, Sichuan, West China. mucronatum, moo-kro-NA-tum, pointed. myrtilloides, see R. campylogynum. neriiflorum, ne-re-i-FLO-rum, flowers resemble Nerium (Oleander). nudiflorum, nu-de-FLOR-um, naked, the flowers coming before the leaves. oleifolium, see R. virgatum. orbiculare, or-bik-ul-AR-e, orbicular or round – the leaves. oreotrephes, or-e-o-TRE-fez, mountain dweller. polycladum, pol-e-KLA-dum, from Gr. poly, many; klados, a branch, in reference to the many branches. ponticum, PON-tik-um, of the south shore of the Black Sea. Invasive species. × praecox, PRA-koks, early – as to flowering. primulinum, see R. flavidum. punctatum, punk-TA-tum, dotted – the leaves. racemosum, ra-se-MO-sum, flowers in raceme-like clusters. rhodora, ro-DOR-a, old generic name signifying rosy-red. russatum, rus-SA-tum, reddened – the foliage. saluenense, sal-u--e-NEN-se, from the region of the Salween River of Burma and China. schlippenbachii, schlip-pen-BACH-e-i, after Baron Alexander von Schlippenbach (1828?), Russian naval officer and plant collector, he collected specimens of this plant from Korea in 1854. scintillans, see R. polycladum. serpyllifolium, ser-pil-if-OL-e-um, leaves like wild thyme, Thymus serpyllum. souliei, SOO-le-i, discovered by Jean André Soulié (1858–1905), French missionary and plant collector in China. Murdered in Tibet. thomsonii, tom-SON-e-i, after Thomas Thompson (1817–1878), Scottish physician, superintendent of Calcutta Botanic Garden. trichostomum, trik-o-STO-mum, hairy mouthed, the throat of the flower. trichostomum var. ledoides, led-OY-dees, resembling Ledum. vaseyi, va-ZE-i, discovered by George Vasey (1822–1893), American physician and botanist. virgatum, ver-GA-tum, twiggy. viscosum, vis-KO-sum, sticky or viscid. williamsianum, wil-yamz-e-A-num, after Mr. John Charles Williams (1861–1939), of

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RHO–RIC Caerhays Castle, Cornwall, the first amateur Rhynchospermum, rin-kos-PER-mum; from to appreciate the value of Rhododendrons. Gr. rhynchos, a beak; sperma, a seed. Greenyunnanense, yun-nan-EN-se, of Yunnan, west house climber. Compositae. China. jasminoides, see Trachelospermum jasminoides.

Rhodophiala, ro-do-FY-a-la; from Gr. rhodon, rose; phiale, broad flat container, the flowers being funnel shaped. Bulbous perennials. Amaryllidaceae. pratensis, pra-TEN-sis, of meadows.

Rhynchostele, rin-kos-TE-le; from Gr. rhynchos, beak; stele, pillar, possibly alluding to beak-like extension over the anther. Orchids. Orchidaceae.

bictoniensis, bik-ton-e-EN-sis, of Bicton Park Botanical Gardens, Devon. cervantesii, ser-van-TE-see-i, after Cervantes. rossii, ross-E-i, named for Sir John Ross (1777– 1856), British naval officer and Arctic explorer, who collected orchids whilst in Mexico in 1830.

Rhodora, misapplied see below.

canadensis, see Rhododendron canadense.

Rhodothamnus, ro-do-THAM-nus; Gr. rhodo, a rose; thamnos, a bush or shrub, the flowers rose-coloured. Flowering shrub. Ericaceae. Rhynchostylis, rin-kos-TIE-lis; from Gr. chamaecistus, kam-e-SIS-tus; from Gr. chamai, rhynchos, beak; stylos, column, referring to on the ground; kistos, an old generic name the appearance of the type species flower of misleading application. Ericaceous dwarf column. Foxtail Orchids. Orchidaceae. shrub.

gigantea, ji-GAN-te-a, unusually tall or big.

Rhodotypos, ro-DO-tip-os; from Gr. rhodon, retusa, re-TEW-sa, a rounded leaf with a slight notch to the tip. a rose; typos, type. The flowers suggesting a rose. Shrub. Rosaceae. Ribes, RY-bees; origin uncertain, possibly kerrioides, see R. scandens. from Arabic Ribas, an acid plant used by scandens, SKAN-denz, climbing. Arabian physicians and known to science as Rheum ribes. Flowering and fruiting shrubs. Rhoeo, misapplied see below. Grossulariaceae. discolor, see Tradescantia spathacea. Rhus, roos; from Gr. rhous, ancient name for the plant. Foliage shrubs with milky or resinous juice. Trees and shrubs. Anacardiaceae.

coppallinum, kop-al-LE-num, yielding copal (lacquer). cotinoides, see Cotinus obovatus. cotinus, see Cotinus coggygria. glabra, GLAB-ra, smooth, destitute of hairs. toxicodendron, see Toxicodendron pubescens. typhina, TY-fe-na, the branches shaped like antlers. The Stag’s Horn Sumach. vernicifera, see Toxicodendron verniciferum.

aureum, AW-re-um, golden – the flowers. grossularia, see R. uva-crispa. nigrum, NI-grum, black – the fruit. The Black Currant. rubrum, ROO-brum, red. The Red Currant. sanguineum, san-GWIN-e-um, blood red, the flowers. speciosum, spes-e-O-sum, showy. The Fuchsia Currant. uva-crispa, u-va-KRIS-pa, curled bunch of grapes. The Gooseberry. vulgare, see R. rubrum. v. album, see R. rubrum. viburnifolium, vi-bur-nif-O-le-um, resembling Viburnum leaves.

Rhyncholaelia, rin-ko-LAY-le-a; from Gr. rhyncos, a beak and the genus Laelia. Riccia, RICH-e-a; after Pietro Francisco Orchids. Orchidaceae. digbyana, dig-by-AN-a, sent in 1845 from British Ricci, a florentine botanist. Greenhouse Honduras to Edward St. Vincent Digby floating cryptogamic plants known as Crys(1809–1889), with whom it flowered in talworts. Ricciaceae. 1846.

fluitans, FLU-it-anz, floating.

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RIC–ROS Richardia, rik-AR-de-a; named after Richard Richardson (1663–1741), English physician. Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Rubiaceae. aethiopica, see Zantedeschia aethiopica. africana, see Zantedeschia aethiopica. albomaculata, see Zantedeschia albomaculata. elliottiana, see Zantedeschia elliottiana. pentlandii, see Zantedeschia pentlandii. rehmannii, see Zantedeschia rehmannii.

aesculifolia, es-ku-le-FO-le-a; Aesculus (Horse-chestnut) leaved. pinnata, pin-NA-ta, pinnated – the divided leaves. podophylla, pod-o-FIL-la, foot-stalked leaves. sambucifolia, sam-bu-kif-O-le-a, Sambucus (Elder) leaved. tabularis, see Astilboides tabularis.

Roella, ro-EL-la; in honour of Willem Roelle (1700–1775), professor of anatomy Ricinus, RIS-in-us; classical L. name, pos- Amsterdam, curator of the Hortus Amstersibly from L. ricinus, a tick or bug which dam, who sent seeds of this plant, amongst the seed resembles. Foliage plants. Euphor- others to Linnaeus. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Campanulaceae. biaceae. communis, kom-MU-nis, common or social. The Castor Oil Plant.

Rimaria, misapplied see below. heathii, see Gibbaeum heathii. roodiae, see Vanheerdea roodiae.

Rivina, riv-EE-na; after A.Q. Rivinus (1652– 1723), professor of botany at Leipzig. Warm house fruiting shrub. Phytolaccaceae. humilis, HUM-il-is, low or dwarf.

ciliata, sil-e-A-ta, an eyelash, fringed with hair. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant.

Romneya, ROM-ne-a; after Rev. John Thomas Romney Robinson (1792–1882), Irish astronomer and friend of Coulter. Subshrubby perennials. Papaveraceae. coulteri, KOLE-ter-i, after Thomas Coulter (1793–1843), Irish physician and botanist. Coulter undertook botanical explorations in Mexico and California. trichocalyx, trik-O-ka-liks, hairy-calyxed.

Robinia, rob-IN-e-a; named after Jean Robin (1550–1629), a French botanist and Romulea, rom-U-le-a; named after Romulus, herbalist to Henry IV of France. Shrubs and the founder of Rome. Half-hardy bulbs. Iridaceae. trees. Leguminosae. hispida, HIS-pid-a, bristly. hispida var. kelseyi, kel-SE-i, after Harlan P. Kelsey (1872–1958), American nurseryman who introduced it in 1901. inermis, in-ER-mis, unarmed, that is, not thorny. The Mop-headed Acacia. pseudoacacia, SUE-da-a-KA-she-a; false Acacia. viscosa, vis-KO-sa, viscid or gummy.

bulbocodium, bul-bo-KO-de-um, from L. bulbus, a globular root (bulb); kodion, wool, with which the bulbs are covered.

Rondeletia, RON-del-EE-te-a; after Guillaume Rondelet (1507–1566), French physician and author. Warm-house flowering shrubs. Rubiaceae. odorata, od-o-RA-ta, sweet smelling.

Rochea, RO-she-a; named after Daniel de speciosa, see R. odorata. la Roche (1743–1812), Swiss physician. Rosa, RO-za; the ancient Latin name for Greenhouse succulents. Crassulaceae. the Rose, perhaps from Celtic rhod, red. coccinea, see Crassula coccinea. Experts claim the Latins pronounced the falcata, fal-KA-ta, sickle-shaped – the leaves. jasminea, see Crassula obtusa. word ROS-a – short ‘o’. Flowering shrubs. Rosaceae. Rodgersia, rod-JER-se-a; named after acicularis, a-sik-ul-AR-is, needle-shaped, the Admiral Rodgers (1812–1882), USA naval thorns. officer who commanded the expedition in alba, AL-ba, from the L. alba, white, the flowers. which R. podophylla was discovered. Hardy alpina, see R. pendulina. perennials. Saxifragaceae. arvensis, ar-VEN-sis, growing in cultivated fields. — 132 —

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ROS–RUB banksiae, BANKS-se-e, named for Lady Banks (1758–1828), The Banksian Rose. bracteata, brak-te-A-ta, having bracts, or modified leaves, at bases of leaf stalks. californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California. canina, kan-I-na, dog, probably signifying common or worthless, that is, scentless. The Dog Rose. carolina, ka-ro-LI-na, from Carolina, USA. centifolia, sen- (or Ken-) tif-O-le-a, hundred-leaved in reference to the numerous petals. The Cabbage Rose. cinnamomea, see R. majalis. × damascena, dam-as-SE-na, damask. R. gallica × R. moschata. The Damask Rose. ecae, EK-e, adapted from “E.C.A.” Mrs Aitchison’s initials, her husband having introduced the species. ferox, FE-roks, from L. ferox, fierce, very prickly. foetida, FET-id-a, bad-smelling. gallica, GAL-ik-a, French. glauca, GLAW-ka, sea-green, the foliage. hugonis, see R. xanthina. humilis, HUM-il-is, low or dwarf. indica, IN-dik-a, the Chinese Rose probably brought back by the East India Company. laevigata, lev-e-GA-ta, smooth, the leaves. luciae, LU-se-e, after Lucy Savatier, wife of Paul Amédée Ludovic Savatier. lucida, LU-sid-a, shining or bright the glossy foliage. lutea, see R. foetida. macrophylla, mak-rof-IL-a, with large leaves. majalis, maj-A-lis, May – the time of flowering. microphylla, see R. roxburghii f. normalis. moschata, mos-KA-ta, musk. moyesii, moy-EEZ-e-i, after Rev. James Moyes of the China Inland Mission. multiflora, mul-tif-LO-ra, many flowered. nitida, NIT-id-a, shining – the leaves. × noisettiana, noy-set-te-A-na, after M. Louis Claude Noisette (1772–1849), French botanist, nurseryman and specialist rose grower. nutkana, nut-KA-na, takes its name from the Nuu-chah-nulth people. pendulina, pen-du-LE-na, drooping. polyantha, see R. multiflora. pomifera, see R. villosa. roxburghii, roks-burg-E-i, after William Roxburgh (1751–1815), Scottish physician and botanist, working predominantly in India. roxburghii f. normalis, NOR-ma-lis, in conformity with rule.

rubiginosa, roo-be-gin- (or jin-)O-sa, rusty – the foliage. The Sweet Briar. rubrifolia, see R. glauca. rugosa, roo-GO-sa, wrinkled, the leaves. sericea, ser-IS-e-a, silky – the leaves. setigera, set-IJ-er-a, bearing bristles. sicula, SIK-ul-a, of Sicily, whence it comes. spinosissima, spin-no-SIS-sim-a, most spiny. The Burnet or Scotch Rose. tomentosa, to-men-TO-sa, downy foliage. villosa, vil-LO-sa, shaggy, hairy. wichuraiana, see R. luciae. xanthina, zan-THE-na, from Gr. xanthos, yellow.

Roscoea, ros-KO-e-a; after William Roscoe (1753–1831), founder of Liverpool Botanic Garden. Hardy perennials. Zingiberaceae.

cautleyoides, kawt-le-OY-dees, resembling Cautlea. humeana, hu-m-e-AN-a, in honour of David Hume – gardener at RBG Edinburgh who died in WW1.

Rosmarinus, ros-mar-E-nus; from L. ros, dew (spray); marinus, sea. Often inhabiting sea-cliffs in Southern Europe. Woody shrub. Lamiaceae. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists.

Rossioglossum, ross-e-o-GLOS-sum; named for Sir John Ross (1777–1856), British naval officer and Arctic explorer, who collected orchids whilst in Mexico in 1830. Orchids. Orchidaceae. grande, GRAN-de, magnificent.

Rosularia, ros-u-LAR-e-a; forming rosettes. Succulents and rock plants. Crassulaceae. sempervivoides, sem-per-viv-OY-dees, resembling Sempervivum.

Rubus, ROO-bus; old Roman name, probably derived from L. ruber, red, the colour of the fruits of many species. Climbing or trailing and upright – stemmed shrubby plants; fruiting and ornamental. Rosaceae. biflorus, bif-LO-rus, two-flowered. cockburnianus, kok-burn-e-A-nus, in recognition of the Cockburn family who resided in China.

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RUD–SAG deliciosus, de-lis-e-O-sus, delicious – referring to the beauty of the blossoms. fruticosus, frut-ik-O-sus, shrubby. The Blackberry. giraldianus, see R. cockburnianus. idaeus, id-A-us, of Mount Ida. The Raspberry. laciniatus, las-in-e-A-tus, leaves jagged or deeply cut. The Parsley-leaved Bramble. loganobaccus, lo-GAN-o-BAK-kus. after Judge James Harvey Logan (1841–1928). The Loganberry. nutkanus, see R. parviflorus. odoratus, od-o-RA-tus, sweet smelling. parviflorus, par-vif-LOR-us, from L. parvus, small; flor, flower. phoenicolasius, fen-IK-ol-AS-e-us, purple-haired – the stems. The Wineberry. rosifolius, ro-za-FOL-e-us, rose-leaved. thibetanus, the-bet-A-nus, of Tibet.

Ruscus, RUS-kus; said to be a corruption of bruscus, the old herbalists’ name for Butcher’s Broom; possibly from Celtic brus, a box; kelen, holly, hence the name Box Holly. Evergreen shrubby plants. Asparagaceae. aculeatus, ak-u-le-A-tus, prickly. hypoglossum, hi-po-GLOS-sum, literally under tongue, in reference to the leaf-like bract on the underside.

Russelia, rus-SEL-e-a; named after Alexander Russell (1715–1768), Scottish physician and traveller. Greenhouse evergreens. Plantaginaceae. equisetiformis, ek-we-se-te-FOR-mis, resembling Equisetum. juncea, see R. equisetiformis. sarmentosa, sar-men-TO-za, bearing runners.

Rudbeckia, rood-BEK-e-a; named after Olof Rudbeck (1630–1702), a Swedish botanist, Ruta, ROO-ta; ancient name for Rue, from founder of Uppsala Botanic Garden. Herba- L. ruta, from Gr. ryte, unpleasant or bitterness. Rutaceae. ceous perennials. Compositae. californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California. hirta, HER-ta, hairy. laciniata, las-in-e-A-ta, slashed or torn into narrow divisions. maxima, MAKS-im-a, greatest. newmani, NEW-man-e, after Newman. pinnata, pin-NA-ta, pinnated – the divided leaves. purpurea, see Echinacea purpurea. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy.

graveolens, GRAV-e-ol-enz, strong smelling. Rue.

Sabatia, sab-A-te-a; after Liberato Sabbati (1714–1779), Italian botanist and gardener, Keeper of the botanical garden in Rome. Biennials. Gentianaceae. campestris, kam-PES-tris, growing in fields.

Saccharum, SAK-ka-rum; from Gr. sakcharon, sugar. Tropical Grass. Poaceae. officinarum, of-fis-in-AR-um, of the shops or eco-

Ruellia, roo-EL-le-a; after Jean de la Ruelle nomic. The Sugar Cane. (1474–1537), botanist and physician to Saccolabium, sak-ko-LA-be-um; from L. Francis I of France. Warm-house flowering saccus, a bag; labium, a lip, the labellum or shrub. Acanthaceae. lip is like a bag. Tropical orchids. Orchimacrantha, mak-RANTH-a, large-flowered. daceae. Rumex, ROO-meks; old Latin name for a ampullaceum, see Ascocentrum ampullaceum. kind of sorrel, from L. rumo, to suck, from blumei, see Rhynchostylis retusa. the habit of Romans sucking sorrel leaves to giganteum, see Rhynchostylis gigantea. allay thirst. Border and aquatic perennials. Sagina, sa-GE-na; ancient name of spurrey, Polygonaceae. acetosa, as- (or ak-) et-O-sa, acid. The Garden meaning fodder, which was originally regarded as a species of this genus. Pearlwort. Sorrel. hydrolapathum, hid-rol-a-PATH-um, growing in Carpet bedding plants. Caryophyllaceae. water. The Water Dock. patientia, pat-e-EN-te-a, patience. The Herb Patience. scutatus, skew-TA-tus, resembling a shield. The French Sorrel.

boydii, see S. procumbens. glabra, GLAB-ra, smooth – the leaves. pilifera, pil-IF-er-a, bearing hair. procumbens, pro-CUM-benz, procumbent, growing along the ground without rooting.

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SAG–SAM Sagittaria, saj-it-TAIR-e-a; from L. sagitta, an arrow, in reference to the arrowhead form of the leaves in some species. Aquatics. Alismataceae.

latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved. montevidensis, mon-tev-e-DEN-sis; of Montevideo. sagittifolia, saj-it-tif-O-le-a, arrow-leaved. The Arrowhead. variabilis, see S. latifolia.

Saintpaulia, saint-PAW-le-a; after Baron Walter von Saint Paul-Ilaire (1860–1940), German district commissioner in Tanganyika, who discovered S. ionantha. Warmhouse perennial. Gesneriaceae. ionantha, i-on-AN-tha, violet-flowered.

Salix, SA-liks; Latin name for willow, possibly from Celtic, sal, near; lis, water. Trees and shrubs. Salicaceae.

Salvia, SAL-ve-a; from L. name used by Pliny, derived from L. salvus, meaning safe, unharmed, referring to the medicinal properties. Shrubs and herbaceous perennials. Lamiaceae. argentea, ar-JEN-te-a, silvery, the foliage. azurea, a-ZOR-e-a, Sky-blue, azure. barrelieri, bah-rel-E-er-i, after Jacques Barrelier (1606–1673), French botanist and Dominican monk. canescens, kan-ES-senz, more or less grey or hoary. carduacea, kar-du-A-se-a, thistle-like. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. dichroa, see S. barrelieri. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. farinacea, far-in-A-se-a, mealy. glutinosa, glu-tin-O-sa, sticky. grahamii, see S. microphylla. heerii, hee-RE-i, after Oswald Heer (1809–1883), Swiss geologist and naturalist, professor of botany at Zurich. horminum, see S. viridis. involucrata, in-vol-u-KRA-ta, from L. involucrum, roll in, envelop. microphylla, mi-krof-IL-la, small leaved. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists. patens, PA-tenz, spreading. pitcheri, see S. azurea. rutilans, see S. elegans. sclarea, SKLAR-e-a, clary, old name for sage, L. word meaning clear – its use in eye lotions. splendens, SPLEN-denz, splendid. turkestanica, see S. sclarea. uliginosa, u-lij-in-O-sa, growing in swamps. virgata, vir-GA-ta, with willowy twigs. viridis, VIR-id-is, green.

alba, AL-ba, from the L. alba, white. alba var. caerulea, se-RU-le-a, blue, underparts of the leaves. The Bat Willow. alba var. vitellina, vit-el-LE-na, orange-yellow – the twigs. arbuscula, ar-BUS-ku-la, a small tree or shrub. babylonica, bab-e-LON-ik-a, Babylonian. The Weeping Willow. Though not a native of Babylon, it is accepted that this tree was introduced to England (1692) from Asia Minor. caprea, KAP-re-a, a goat. The Goat Willow. cinerea, sin-er-E-a, ash-coloured. eleagnos, el-e-AG-nos, resembling olive, the leaves. × fragilis, FRAJ-il-is, brittle, hence Crack Willow. herbacea, her-BA-se-a, herbaceous. incana, see S. eleagnos. lanata, lan-A-ta, woolly-leaves and young wood. Salvinia, sal-VIN-e-a; after Antonio Salvini pentandra, pent-AN-dra, five-stamened. (1653–1729), professor of Greek at Florrepens, RE-penz, creeping. ence. Greenhouse aquatics. Salviniaceae. retusa, re-TEW-sa, a rounded leaf with a slight auriculata, aw-rik-ul-A-ta, with an ear-shaped notch to the tip. appendage. viminalis, vim-e-NA-lis, slender or twiggy. The natans, NA-tanz, floating. Osier.

Salpiglossis, sal-pe-GLOS-sis; from Gr. salpinx, a tube; glossa, a tongue, refers to the style in the tube of the corolla. Tender annual. Solanaceae. sinuata, sin-u-A-ta, having a deeply waved leaf margin. The Scalloped Tube-Tongue.

Sambucus, sam-BU-kus; ancient Latin name of elder, said to be derived from L. sambuca, the name of a musical instrument which was made of Elder wood. Foliage and fruiting shrubs. Adoxaceae. nigra, NY-gra, black – the fruits. The Elder. racemosa, ras-em-O-sa, resembling a raceme.

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SAM–SAR Samolus, SA-mo-lus; name used by Pliny; viridis, VIR-id-is, green, in comparison to the other species. several derivations suggested; possibly from Celtic, san, health; mos, a pig, alluding to its Sanvitalia, san-vit-A-le-a; after the Italian value as a food for pigs. Herbaceous peren- house of Sanvitali, of Parma. Hardy annual. nial. Primulaceae. Compositae. repens, RE-penz, creeping.

procumbens,

pro-CUM-benz,

procumbent,

growing along the ground without rooting. Sanchezia, san-KE-ze-a; in honour of José Sanchez (d.1797), professor of botany at the Saponaria, sap-on-AIR-e-a; from L. sapo, College of Surgery, Cadiz; formerly at the soap, the bruised leaves of S. officinalis proRoyal Botanical Gardens, Madrid. Perennial ducing a lather, once used as a soap substiherbs. Acanthaceae. nobilis, NO-bil-is, large or noble, of fine appear- tute. Annuals and herbaceous perennials. Caryophyllaceae. ance.

Sanguinaria, san-gwin-AIR-e-a; from L. sanguis, blood, the sap being a red colour. Tuberous perennials. Papaveraceae.

canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. The Bloodroot.

caespitosa, ses-pit-O-sa, growing in tufts. calabrica, kal-AB-rik-a, of Calabria. ocymoides, o-sim-OY-dees, resembling Ocymum. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists. pulvinaris, pul-vin-AR-is, cushioned. vaccaria, see Vaccaria hispanica.

Sanguisorba, san-gwe-SOR-ba; from L. sanguis, blood; sorbeo, to soak, in allusion to the styptic qualities of the root, an infu- Sarcococca, sar-ko-KOK-ka; from Gr. sarx, sion of which was used to prevent bleeding. flesh; kokkos, a berry, the fruits being fleshy. Herbaceous perennials and small shrubs. Shrubs. Buxaceae. confusa, kon-FU-sa, uncertain. Rosaceae. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. minor, MY-nor, dwarf. obtusa, ob-TU-sa, blunt.

hookeriana, see S. pruniformis. pruniformis, pru-ne-FOR-mis, from L. prunus, plum; formis, having the form of. ruscifolia, rus-ke-FO-le-a, leaves resembling Ruscus. saligna, see S. pruniformis.

Sansevieria, san-se-VEER-e-a; after Raimondo di Sangro (1710–1771), Prince of San Severo and patron of horticulture. Greenhouse and room foliage plants. Bow- Saribus, sa-RE-bus; native Indonesian name, possibly from sariboe, one thousand, in refstring Hemp. Asparagaceae. cylindrica, sil-IN-drik-a, cylindrical. erence to the many spines which look like guineenis, see S. hyacinthoides. shark’s teeth. Greenhouse Palms. Arecaceae. hyacinthoides, hy-a-sinth-OY-dees, resembling rotundifolius, ro-tun-dif-O-le-us, round-leaved. Hyacinthus (hyacinth). trifasciata, tri-fas-see-A-ta, three-banded. Sarmienta, sar-me-EN-ta; dedicated to zeylanica, zey-LAN-ik-a, of Sri Lanka (formerly Martín Sarmiento (1695–1772), Spanish known as Ceylon). scholar and Benedictine monk, whose writ-

Santolina, san-tol-E-na; from L. sanctum ings included botany. Greenhouse trailer. linum, holy flax, a Pre-Linnaean name for S. Gesneriaceae. repens, RE-penz, creeping. virens. Aromatic shrubs. Compositae. chamaecyparissus, kam-e-sip-ar-IS-sus, an old name meaning ground cypress. decumbens, de-KUM-benz, prostrate. incana, see S. decumbens. virens, VY-renz, green. The Cotton Lavender.

Sarracenia, sar-ra-SE-ne-a; after Michel Sarrasin (1659–1734), a physician of Quebec, who sent the plants to Tournefort. Carnivorous perennial herbs. Sarraceniaceae.

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SAS–SAX drummondii, drum-MON-de-i, in honour of Thomas Drummond (1780–1835), who collected across North America. flava, FLA-va, yellow. purpurea, pur-PUR-e-a, purple coloured. variolaris, var-e-o-LAR-is, pimpled.

Saxegothaea, saks-GO-the-a; named in honour of Prince Albert (1819–1861), consort of Queen Victoria, who was Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Conifers. Prince Albert’s Yew. Podocarpaceae. conspicua, kon-SPIK-u-a, conspicuous or remark-

able. Sasa, SA-sa; the Japanese name for dwarf bamboo. Bamboo. Poaceae. Saxifraga, sax-e-FRA-ga; from L. saxum, a palmata, pal-MA-ta, palmate, like a hand – the rock (or stone); frango, to break; the belief leaves. being its capability of breaking rock as it veitchii, VEECH-e-i, introduced from Japan by grew in crevices. Annuals and herbaceous Charles Maries (1851–1902), plant collector, perennials. Saxifragaceae. who collected for the James Veitch & Sons Nursery.

Satureja, sat-u-RE-ja; old Latin name for savory, possibly from the Arabic sattar, a name applied to labiates in general. Herbs. Lamiaceae. hortensis, hor-TEN-sis, belonging to gardens. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains.

Satyrium, sat-ER-e-um; from an old Gr. satyrion, orchid; from their connection to the satyrs. Orchids. Orchidaceae.

carneum, KAR-ne-um, flesh-coloured. coriifolium, kor-e-if-OL-e-um, resembling Correa leaves.

Sauromatum, saw-ROM-a-tum; from Gr. sauros, lizard, in reference to the spotted spathe. Tuberous perennial. Araceae. guttatum, see S. venosum. venosum, ve-NO-sum, veined.

Saururus, sau-RU-rus; from Gr. sauros, a lizard; oura, a tail – the form suggested by the inflorescence. Aquatics. Saururaceae.

cernuus, SER-nu-us, nodding or drooping – the flowers. The Lizard’s Tail. chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China.

Saussurea, saus-SU-re-a; in honour of Swiss father and son H.B. de Saussure (1740– 1799), philosopher and naturalist, and N.T. de Saussure (1767–1845), botanist and chemist. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae. alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or alpine. pygmaea, PIG-me-a, dwarf.

aizoides, ay-ZOY-dees, resembling Aizoon. aizoon, see S. paniculata. altissima, see S. hostii. × andrewsii, AN-drews-e-i, after William Andrews (1802–1880), Irish plant collector, noted for his work on Saxifraga. aretioides, ar-et-e-OY-dees, resembling Aretia. aspera, AS-per-a, rough that is the leaves. biflora, bif-LO-ra, two-flowered, that is, in pairs. burseriana, bur-sir-e-A-na, commemorating Joachim Burser (1583–1639), German physician and botanist. caesia, SE-se-a, grey-leaved. callosa, kal-LO-sa, calloused, with a thick skin. ceratophylla, see S. trifurcata. cernua, SER-nu-a, drooping – the flowers. cespitosa, ses-pit-O-sa, growing in tufts. cochlearis, kok-le-AR-is, shell-like – the foliage. cordifolia, see Bergenia crassifolia. cortusifolia, see S. serotina. cotyledon, kot-e-LE-don, old name meaning cupshaped (leaf ), usually applied to the lobe of a seed. crassifolia, see Bergenia crassifolia. crustata, krus-TA-ta, encrusted, with silvery scales. cuneata, ku-ne-A-ta, wedge-shaped, the leaves. cuneifolia, ku-ne-i-FO-le-a, wedge-leaved. cymbalaria, sim-bal-AR-e-a, old generic name from L. cymbalum, cymbal, in reference to the leaf shape. diapensioides, di-a-pen-se-OY-dees, resembling Diapensia, a very small Lapland shrub. exarata, ex-a-RA-ta, furrowed. exarata subsp. moschata, mos-KA-ta, musky. federici-augusti, fred-er-E-ki-aw-GUS-ti, in honour of Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (1750–1827), King of Saxony. federici-augusti subsp. grisebachii, grise-BACHe-i, after August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach

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SCA–SCH (1814–1879), professor of botany at Göttingen. ferdinandi-coburgi, fer-din-AN-di-KO-bur-gi, in honour of Prince Ferdinand Georg August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1785–1851). florulenta, flor-u-LEN-ta, full of flower. fortunei, for-TOO-ne-i, after Robert Fortune (1812–1880), Scottish plant collector in China. fragilis, FRAJ-il-is, fragile. fragilis subsp. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, panicled. geranioides, jer-a-ne-OY-dees, resembling Geranium. × geum, JE-um, to stimulate (ancient medicine). globulifera, glob-ul-IF-er-a, globe bearing, the gem-buds being a distinctive feature. granulata, gran-u-LA-ta, granulated – the small grain-like root tubers. grisebachii, see S. federici-augusti subsp. grisebachii. hostii, HOST-e-i, after Nicolaus Thomas Host (1761–1834), botanist and physician to the Emperor of Austria. hypnoides, hip-NOY-dees, moss-like. imbricata, see S. retusa. incrustata, see S. crustata. juniperifolia, jew-nip-er-if-O-le-a, leaves resembling Juniperus (juniper). laevis, see S. pseudolaevis. ligulata, see S. stolonifera. lingulata, see S. callosa. longifolia, long-if-OL-e-a, long leaves. marginata, mar-jin-A-ta, the leaves margined with white. maweana, maw-e-A-na, after George Maw (1832–1912), plant collector. media, ME-de-a, medium, in allusion to the altitude of the plant’s natural range, or its stature. moschata, see S. exarata subsp. moschata. muscoides, mus-KOY-dees, fly-like. nivalis, niv-A-lis, snowy. oppositifolia, op-pos-it-if-O-le-a, leaves opposite. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, panicled. pedemontana, ped-e-mon-TA-na, from Piedmont. peltata, see Darmera peltata. pseudolaevis, sued-o-LE-vis, from Gr. pseudo, false; laevis, smooth. purpurascens, see Bergenia purpurascens. retusa, re-TEW-sa, a rounded leaf with a slight notch to the tip. rotundifolia, ro-tun-dif-O-le-a, round-leaved.

sancta, SANG-ta, sacred, holy; application obscure. sarmentosa, see S. stolonifera. serotina, ser-o-TIN-a, late in starting spring growth. sibthorpii, sib-THORP-e-i, after John Sibthorp (1758–1796), professor of botany at Oxford. spathulata, see S. hypnoides. squarrosa, skwar-RO-sa, scales projecting outwards – the foliage. stellaris, stel-LAR-is, starry – the flowers. stolonifera, sto-lon-IF-er-a, having stolons, or rooted runners. stracheyi, see Bergenia stracheyi. taygetea, tay-GE-te-a, from Taygetus a mountain range in Southern Greece. tellimoides, see Peltoboykinia tellimoides. tenella, ten-EL-la, delicate, fine in texture. tombeanensis, tom-be-an-EN-sis, of Tombea, Italy. tricuspidata, try-kusp-e-DA-ta, three-toothed, the leaf lobes. trifurcata, try-fur-KA-ta, three forked, the divisions of the leaves. umbrosa, um-BRO-za, shade-loving. valdensis, val-DEN-sis, from Mount Baldo, Northern Italy. valentina, see S. fragilis subsp. paniculata. vandellii, van-DEL-le-i, after Domingo Vandelli (1735–1816), Portuguese botanist.

Scabiosa, skay-be-O-sa; from L. scabies, itch, the plant once being regarded as a remedy for skin diseases. Annual and perennial herbs. Pincushion Flower. Caprifoliaceae. atropurpurea, atro-pur-PUR-e-a, deep purple. caucasica, see Lomelosia caucasica. columbaria, kol-um-BAR-e-a, old name meaning dove-coloured. ochroleuca, OK-ro-LOO-ka, yellowish white. pterocephala, see Pterocephalus perennis.

Scadoxus, sca-DOKS-us; from Gr. scadion, umbel; doxa, glory. Bulbs and rhizomatous herbs. Amaryllidaceae. multiflorus, mul-tif-LO-rus, many flowered. multiflorus subsp. katharinae, kath-ar-EE-ne, collected by Katherine Saunders (1824–1901), English born plant collector and botanical illustrator, in Natal, South Africa. puniceus, pu-NIK-e-us, reddish-purple.

Schaueria, show-ER-e-a; in honour of Johannes Conrad Schauer (1813–1848),

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SCH–SCI German botanist, professor of botany at soldanelloides, sol-dan-el-LOY-dees, resembling Soldanella. Greifswald. Perennial herbs and subshrubs. Acanthaceae. Schizopetalon, skiz-o-PET-a-lon; from Gr. calicotricha, kal-ik-O-trik-a, beautiful haired. schizo, to cut; petalon, a petal, the fringed Schefflera, shef-LER-a; for Johann Peter flowers. Annual. Brassicaceae. Ernst von Scheffler (1739–1809), German walkeri, WAW-ker-i, after John Walker, who sent seed back from Chile. physician and botanist from Danzig, who contributed plants to Reyger’s Florae GedanSchizophragma, skiz-o-FRAG-ma; from Gr. ensis. Tree, shrubs, subshrubs and vines. schizo, to cut; phragma, wall of an enclosure, Araliaceae. in reference to the curious splitting of the elegantissima, el-e-gan-TIS-sim-a, most elegant. veitchii, VEECH-e-i, introduced, in 1866, by seed capsules. Shrubs. Hydrangeaceae. John Gould Veitch (1839–1870), plant collector.

hydrangeoides, hy-dran-je-OY-dees, resembling Hydrangea.

Schellolepis, skell-lo-LEP-is; from Gr. schello, Schizostylis, misapplied see below. skeleton; lepis, scale; the character of the coccinea, see Hesperantha coccinea. scale surrounding the sori. Ferns. Polypo- Schlumbergera, sklum-BER-ger-a; after Freddiaceae. erick Schlumberger, Belgian horticulturist subauriculata, sub-aw-rik-ul-A-ta, rather earand cactus breeder. Cactaceae. shaped. Schivereckia, shiv-er-EK-e-a; after Suibart Burchard Schivereck (1742–1806), professor of botany at the University of Lemberg. Rock Plants. Brassicaeae. podolica, pod-OL-ik-a, of Podolia, South West Russia.

gaertneri, see Hatiora gaertneri. russelliana, rus-sel-e-A-na, in honour of John Russell (1766–1839), 6th Duke of Bedford, patron of botany. Christmas cactus. truncata, trun-KA-ta, ending bluntly – the stem segments.

Schoenoplectus, sken-o-PLEK-tus; from Gr. Schisandra, ski-ZAN-dra; from Gr. schizo, schoinos, rush; pleko, plait, in allusion to the to cut; aner, a man; in reference to the split mat forming rhizomes. Annual and perenstamens. Twining shrubs. Schisandraceae. nial rhizomatous herbs. Cyperaceae. chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China.

Schizanthus, skiz-AN-thus; from Gr. schizo, to cut; anthos, a flower, the petals deeply fringed. Greenhouse annuals. Solanaceae.

grahamii, GRA-am-e-i, after Robert Graham (1786–1845), Scottish physician and botanist, a founding father of Glasgow Botanic Garden. pinnatus, pin-NA-tus, foliage pinnate the best known species. retusus, see S. grahamii. wisetonensis, wis-ton-EN-sis, of Wiseton Hall, Nottinghamshire seat of Joseph Frederick Laycock.

lacustris, lak-US-tris, of lakes. tabernaemontani, tab-er-na-MON-ta-ne, after Jacob Theodore (1525–1590), called Tabernaemontanus from his birthplace; German physician, herbalist and early botanist. triqueter, tre-KWE-ter, stems three-angled.

Schubertia, shu-BER-te-a; after Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert (1780–1860), German physician and botanist. Twinning shrubs. Apocynaceae. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered.

Sciadopitys, si-a-DOP-it-is; from Gr. skias, a parasol or sunshade; pitys, a fir tree, the Schizocodon, skiz-ok-O-don; from Gr. whorled leaves like the ribs of an umbrella. schizo, to cut; codon, a bell, the bell-shaped Conifer. Sciadopityaceae. flowers being deeply cut or fringed. Rock or verticillata, ver-tis-il-LA-ta, whorled – the leaves. The Umbrella Pine. woodland plant. Diapensiaceae. — 139 —

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SCI–SED Scilla, SIL-la; ancient Gr. or L. name for very suggestive of centipedes. Hardy everanother plant. Hardy and tender bulbs. green ferns. Aspleniaceae. vulgare, see Asplenium scolopendrium. Asparagaceae. × allenii, AL-len-e-i, after James Allen, Park House, Shepton Mallet, who noticed the hybrids freely seeding. amoena, am-E-na, pleasing. autumnalis, see Prospero autumnale. bifolia, bi-FO-le-a, two-leaved. campanulata, see Hyacinthoides hispanica. festalis, see Hyacinthoides non-scripta. hispanica, see Hyacinthoides hispanica. hyacinthoides, hy-a-sinth-OY-dees, resembling Hyacinthus (hyacinth). italica, see Hyacinthoides italica. leucophylla, see Alrawia bellii. lingulata, see Hyacinthoides lingulata. litardierei, li-tar-DEER-e-i, after René Verriet de Litardière (1888–1957), French botanist, director of the botanical institute Grenoble. luciliae, lu-SIL-e-e, after Mme. Lucile Boissier. patula, see Hyacinthoides hispanica. peruviana, per-u-ve-A-na, misleading, for this species is from the Mediterranean region and brought back to Britain on HMS Peru. pratensis, see S. litardierei. puschkinioides, see Fessia puschkinioides. sardensis, sar-DEN-sis, Sardinian. siberica, si-BIR-ik-a, of Siberia. verna, VER-na, spring, spring-flowering.

Scirpus, SKER-pus; old L. name for a rush or a reed. Bog plants. Cyperaceae.

v. crispum, recognised as a group of cultivars of Asplenium scolopendrium.

Scolymus, SKOL-im-us; old Gr. name used by Hesiod, possibly from Gr. skolos, a thorn, these plants being spiny. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae. hispanicus, his-PAN-ik-us, of Spain. maculatus, mak-ul-A-tus, blotched – the leaves.

Scorzonera, skor-zon-E-ra; from old Fr. scorzon, a serpent, the plant once being regarded as a remedy for snake-bite. Edible-rooted perennial. Compositae. hispanica, his-PAN-ik-a, of Spain. The Scorzonera.

Scutellaria, sku-tel-LAR-e-a; from L. scutella, a dish, referring to the form of the persistent calyx. Greenhouse and hardy perennials. The Skull-caps. Lamiaceae.

alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or alpine. baicalensis, bi-kal-EN-sis, from Baikalia, Russia. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. galericulata, gal-er-ik-ul-A-ta, small helmet shaped. indica, IN-di-ka, of India. indica var. parvifolia, par-ve-FO-le-a, with small leaves.

Seaforthia, misapplied see below. cernuus, see Isolepis cernua. elegans, see Ptychosperma elegans. lacustris, see Schoenoplectus lacustris. setaceus, see Isolepis setacea. Securigera, see-cur-e-JE-ra; from L. securis, an tabernaemontani, see Schoenoplectus taberaxe; gero, to bear, in allusion to the shape of naemontani. tabernaemontani zebrinus, cultivar of Schoeno- the pods. Low growing vines. Leguminosae. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, from the Orient; plectus tabernaemontani. Eastern. triqueter, see Schoenoplectus triqueter. varia, VAR-e-a, varying in colour.

Sclerocactus, skler-o-KAK-tus; from Gr. Sedum, SE-dum; Tournefort was the first scleros, hard (cruel) and cactus – the spines to describe it as from L. sedendo, sitting; or being hooked. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae. sedando, settling, in allusion to the characpolyancistrus, pol-e-an-SIS-trus; many angles or teristic of some species growing on the rocks. hooks. Tournefort identifies some species as having Scolopendrium, skol-o-PEN-dre-um; from healing properties, L. inflammationes sedant, Gr. scolopendra, a centipede, a name origi- inflammation and aches. Succulent greennally applied to the Ceterach Fern, which house and hardy evergreen and deciduous resembled that creature. The ripe sori are rock plants. Crassulaceae. — 140 —

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SEL–SEL palmeri, PAH-mer-i, after Edward Palmer (1829– acre, AK-re, biting or sharp to the taste. The 1911), British born botanist, who emigrated Common Stonecrop. to the United States and undertook fieldwork aizoon, ay-ZO-on, ever living. in North and South America. album, AL-bum, white. The White Stonecrop. pilosum, pil-O-sum, the leaves are hairy. altissimum, see S. sediforme. amplexicaule, am-pleks-e-KAW-le, leaves clasping populifolium, pop-u-lif-O-le-um, leaves resembling Populus (Poplar). the stem. anacampseros, an-a-KAMP-ser-os, an old generic praealtum, pre-AL-tum, the growth very high. name, meaning “to cause love to return” praegerianum, see Rhodiola hobsonii. primuloides, see Rhodiola primuloides. (Greek mythology). anglicum, ANG-lik-cum, of England. pulchellum, pul-KEL-um, beautiful but small. anopetalum, see S. ochroleucum. reflexum, see S. rupestre. brevifolium, brev-if-O-le-um, with short leaves. rhodiola, see Rhodiola rosen var. rosea. caeruleum, ser-U-le-um, sky-blue. roseum, RO-ze-um, the fragrance of the fleshy carneum, see S. lineare. rootstock, hence Rose-root (Rhodiola). compactum, kom-PAK-tum, compact – the habit rupestre, roo-PES-tre, rock-breaking. of growth. sediforme, sed-i-FORM-e, the appearance of dasyphyllum, das-e-FIL-lum, with thick leaves. Sedum. dendroideum, den-dro-ID-e-um, resembling a sempervivoides, see Rosularia sempervivoides. tree. sexangulare, seks-ang-ul-AR-e, the leaves in six divergens, di-VER-jens, spreading. rows. ellacombeanum, see S. kamtschaticum. sieboldii, se-BOLD-e-i, after Philipp Franz ewersii, ew-ERS-e-i, in honour of Johann Gustav Balthasar von Siebold (1796–1866), German von Ewers (1779–1830), rector of the Uniphysician, botanist, and traveler. versity of Dorpat (now Tartu). spectabile, spek-TAB-il-e, showy. farinosum, far-in-O-sum, mealy, the foliage. spurium, SPEW-re-um, false or doubtful, possibly glaucum, see S. dasyphyllum. in reference to its many false names. hispanicum, his-PAN-ik-um, from Spain. stahlii, STAH-le-i, after Christian Ernst Stahl humifusum, hu-me-FEW-sum, spread over the (1848–1919), German botanist, professor of ground. botany at Jena. kamtschaticum, kams-KAT-ik-um, of the Kam- stoloniferum, sto-lon-IF-er-um, bearing runners – chatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East. the creeping stems. liebmannianum, leeb-man-E-a-num, after Fred- telephium, te-LEF-e-um, old name derived from erik Michael Liebmann (1813–1856), Telephus, son of Heracles. Danish botanist and collector, director of the ternatum, ter-NA-tum, leaves in threes. University of Copenhagen Botanic Garden. Selaginella, sel-a-jin-EL-la; diminutive of lineare, lin-e-AR-e, with narrow leaves. lydium, lid-E-um, old name, possibly alluding to Selago, an ancient name of a Lycopodium. Moss-like branching herb. Selaginellaceae. Lydia, Asia Minor. apus, A-pus, stalkless. magellense, maj-el-EN-se, of Monte Majellla, caesia, see S. uncinata. Italy. cuspidata, see S. pallescens. maximum, MAKS-e-mum, largest. denticulata, see S. kraussiana. middendorffianum, see Phedimus middendorffianus. grandis, GRAN-dis, of great size. moranense, mor-an-EN-se, from Real de Moran, kraussiana, kraus-se-A-na, after Christian FerMexico. dinand Friedrich von Krauss (1812–1890), multiceps, MUL-te-seps, with many heads. German botanist, who collected in South nevii, NE-ve-i, after Reuben Denton Nevius Africa. (1827–1913), who discovered it. lepidophylla, lep-id-OF-il-la, scaly leaves. The Resobtusatum, ob-tew-SA-tum, the leaves are obtuse urrection Plant. or blunt. martensii, mar-TEN-se-i, after Martin Martins ochroleucum, OK-ro-LOO-kum, yellowish white. (1797–1863), Belgium Botanist, who with oreganum, or-e-GA-num, Oregon, first found by Galeotti collected in Mexico. the River Oregon. pallescens, pal-LESS-enz, rather pale.

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SEL–SEQ uncinata, un-sin-NA-ta, end of leaves hooked. willdenowii, wil-den-O-ve-i, after Carl Ludwig Wildenow (1765–1812), German botanist, director of the Botanical garden of Berlin.

Selenicereus, sel-en-e-SE-re-us; from Gr. selene, the moon; and cereus – the flowers opening at night. Greenhouse climbing cacti. Cactaceae.

coniflorus, ko-nif-LOR-us, cone-like flower buds. grandiflorus, gran-dif-LOR-us, large flowered. The Queen of the Night. macdonaldiae, mak-don-ald-E-e, received from Honduras by favour of Mrs MacDonald, possibly the wife of the late General Alexander MacDonald, Governor of Honduras.

Selenipedium, sel-en-e-PED-e-um; from Gr. selenis, a little crescent; pedilon, a slipper, the shape of the labellum. Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae. caudatum, see Phragmipedium caudatum. × dominianum, see Phragmipedium × dominianum. sedenii, see Phragmipedium × sedenii.

Sempervivum, sem-per-VI-vum; from L. semper, always; vivus, alive, alluding to the tenacity of life common to these plants. Greenhouse and hardy succulents. Crassulaceae. arachnoideum, ar-ak-NOY-de-um, cob-webbed. arboreum, see Aeonium arboreum. arenarium, see S. globiferum subsp. arenarium. caespitosum, ses-pit-O-sum, tufted. calcaratum, kal-kar-A-tum, spurred. calcareum, kal-KAR-e-um, chalk-loving. canariense, see Aeonium canariense. comollii, kom-OL-le-i, after Giuseppe Comolli (1780–1849), Italian botanist and professor of philosophy of mathematics at Pavia. domesticum, see Aichryson × aizoides var. domesticum. × funckii, FUNK-e-i, after Heinrich Christian Funck (1771–1839), German apothecary and bryologist. globiferum, glob-IF-e-rum, globe bearing or spherical clusters. globiferum subsp. arenarium, ar-en-A-re-um, sand-loving. haworthii, see Aeonium haworthii. heuffelii, HUF-fel-e-i, after Janos A. Heuffel (1800–1857), Hungarian botanist.

holochrysum, hol-o-KRY-sum, wholly golden. montanum, mon-TA-num, mountain. ruthenicum, ru-THEN-ik-um, Russian. soboliferum, see S. globiferum. spathulatum, see Aeonium spathulatum. tabuliforme, see Aeonium tabuliforme. tectorum, tek-TOR-um, of roofs. The Houseleek. tectorum var. glaucum, GLAW-kum, sea-green.

Senecio, sen-E-se-o; from L. senex, old (an old man), in allusion to the grey and hoary seed pappus. Annuals, hardy and greenhouse perennials, and shrubs. Compositae. abrotanifolius, ab-ROT-an-if-O-le-us, resembling Artemisia abrotanum leaves. adonidifolius, see Jacobaea adonidifolia. cineraria, see Jacobaea maritima. clivorum, see Ligularia dentata. cruentus, kru-EN-tus, dark blood-red. doronicum, dor-ON-ik-um, old generic name for this or similar plant. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. greyi, see Brachyglottis greyi. incanus, see Jacobaea incana. kaempferi, see Farfugium japonicum. lanatus, lan-A-tus, woolly. laxifolius, see Brachyglottis laxifolia. macroglossus, mak-ro-GLOS-sus, large tongued. The Cape Ivy. maritimus, mar-IT-im-us, of the sea. pulcher, PUL-ker, beautiful. tanguticus, see Sinacalia tangutica. veitchianus, see Ligularia veitchiana. wilsonianus, see Ligularia wilsoniana.

Senna, SEN-na; from Arabic sana. Trees, shrubs and herbs. Leguminosae. corymbosa, kor-im-BO-sa, corymbose, flowers in corymbs. marilandica, ma-ry-LAND-ik-a, native of the State of Maryland.

Sequoia, se-KWOY-a; named in honour of Sequoyah (1770–1843), inventor of the Cherokee syllablary. The Redwood. Coniferous trees. Cupressaceae. gigantea, see Sequoiadendron giganteum. sempervirens, sem-per-VEER-enz, from L. semper, ever; virens, green. Always green.

Sequoiadendron, se-kwoy-a-DEN-dron; from Sequoia, (which see), and Gr. dendron,

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SER–SIL tree. The Giant Redwood. Coniferous trees. Sibthorpia, sib-THOR-pe-a; after Humphry Cupressaceae. Sibthorpe (1713–1797), professor of botany giganteum, ji-GAN-te-um, gigantic. at Oxford from 1747 to 1783. Trailing Serapias, ser-A-pe-as; the name of an Egyp- plants. Plantaginaceae. tian deity, Serapis, and used by Pliny for this europaea, u-ro-PE-a, European. plant or an ally. Hardy terrestrial orchids. Sidalcea, si-dal-SE-a; a combined word from Orchidaceae. Sida and Alcea, related genera. Herbaceous cordigera, kor-DIG-er-a, heart-bearing. perennials. Malvaceae. lingua, lin-GWA, tongue-like, the leaves. longipetala, see S. vomeracea. vomeracea, vom-er-A-se-a, from L. vomeris, ploughshare, in allusion to the shape of the labellum. The Ploughshare Orchid.

candida, KAN-did-a, white. malviflora, mal-ve-FLOR-a, the flowers resemble Malva (Mallow).

coronata, kor-on-A-ta, crowned, the tufted ­flower-heads.

chalcedonica, kal-se-DON-ik-a, of Chalcedonia, an ancient region that stretched along the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus. The major town being Chalcedon. coeli-rosa, kee-le-RO-za, Rose of Heaven. compacta, kom-PAK-ta, the flower heads are compact. coronaria, kor-o-NA-re-a, used for garlands. dioica, di-OY-ka, literally two houses, that is male and female parts being on separate plants, dioecious. elisabethae, el-iz-a-BE-the, dedicated to Princess Elizabeth of Savoy (1800–1856), the wife of the Viceroy of the Lombardo-Veneto. flos-cuculi, flos-KUK-ul-e, cuckoo flower, that is, blooming around the time of cuckoos. flos-jovis, flos-JO-vis, Jove’s flower, name of ancient origin. hookeri, HOOK-er-i, named in 1838 after William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865), then professor of botany at the University of Glasgow, who assisted with the layout of the Glasgow Botanic Gardens. laciniata, las-in-e-A-ta, the petals cut or fringed. latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved. maritima, see S. uniflora. pendula, PEN-du-la, pendulous or weeping. quadrifida, see Ixoca quadrifida. schafta, SHAF-ta, derived from the vernacular Caspian name for this plant.

Silene, si-LE-ne; the Greek name for another plant Viscaria, probably from Gr. sialon, Sericographis, ser-ik-o-GRAF-is; from Gr. saliva, the gummy exudations on the stems serikos, silk; grapho, to write. Greenhouse which ward off insects. Catchfly or campion. flowering shrubs. Acanthaceae. Annuals and herbaceous perennials. Caryoghiesbreghtiana, see Jacobinia ghiesbreghtiana. phyllaceae. Serratula, ser-RA-tu-la; from L. serrula, a acaulis, a-KAW-lis, stemless. saw (literally a little saw), in allusion to the alpestris, al-PES-tris, alpine. toothed leaf-margins. Hardy herbaceous armeria, ar-MEER-e-a, old generic name meaning “near the sea”. perennials. Compositae. Setaria, se-TA-re-a; from L. seta, a bristle, in allusion to the bristly inflorescence. Annual and perennial grasses. Poaceae.

palmifolia, pal-me-FO-le-a, resembling palm leaves.

Shepherdia, shep-HER-de-a; after John Shepherd (1764–1836), curator of the Liverpool Botanic Gardens. Shrub. Elaeagnaceae. argentea, ar-JEN-te-a, silvery, the foliage.

Shortia, SHOR-te-a; after Dr. Charles Short (1794–1863), botanist of Kentucky. Woodland and rock garden plants. Diapensiaceae.

galacifolia, ga-las-if-O-le-a, the leaves resembling Galax. uniflora, uni-FLOR-a, one flowered, that is blooms solitary.

Sibbaldiopsis, sib-bal-de-OP-sis; resembling Sibbaldia. Evergreen perennial plant. Rosaceae. tridentata, trid-en-TA-ta, three-lobed, the leaves.

Sibiraea, si-BIR-e-a; Siberian, the geographical distribution. Shrubs. Rosaceae. laevigata, lev-e-GA-ta, smooth-leaved.

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SIL–SMI Sisyrinchium, sis-e-RINK-e-um; old Gr. name first applied to another plant. Small herbaceous perennials with grass-like tufted Silphium, SIL-fe-um; ancient name trans- leaves. Blue-eyed Grass. Iridaceae. ferred to this genus referring to the resinous angustifolium, an-gus-tif-O-le-um, having narrow leaves. juice. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae. suecica, su-E-sik-a, of Sweden. uniflora, uni-FLOR-a, one flowered. viscaria, vis-KAR-e-a, sticky, the stems gummy.

laciniatum, las-in-e-A-tum, leaves cut into narrow fringe-like segments. The common name Compass Plant refers to the North-South orientation of the leaves. perfoliatum, per-fo-le-A-tum, the leaves perfoliate or stem clasping.

Silybum, SIL-ib-um; name applied by Dioscorides to some thistle-like plants. Annual and biennial herbs. Compositae. marianum, mar-e-A-num, St. Mary’s, in reference to the white spots on the leaves.

bellum, BEL-lum, pretty. bermudiana, ber-mu-de-A-na, of Bermuda. californicum, kal-if-OR-nik-um, native habitat California. filifolium, see Olsynium filifolium. graminifolium, gram-in-if-OL-e-um, grass-leaved. grandiflorum, see Olsynium douglasii. striatum, stri-A-tum, striped, the leaves channelled or grooved.

Sium, SEE-um; old Gr. name for a marsh plant. The root vegetable, Skirret. Apiaceae.

sisarum, SIS-ar-um, from the Arabic dgizer, a

Sinacalia, si-na-KA-le-a; genus of Chinese carrot. The shape of the roots. plants related to Cacalia. Perennial herbs. Skimmia, skim-e-a; from skimmi, a Japanese Compositae. name for S. japonica. Berry-bearing shrubs. tangutica, tan-GU-te-ka, Tangusian, Siberia. Rutaceae. Sinningia, sin-NING-e-a; after Wilhelm arborescens, ar-bor-ES-cenz, tree like. Sinning (1792–1874), head gardener to the fortunei, see Ilex cornuta. Bonn University, where it was raised in 1825 japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. from seed. Greenhouse tuberous perennials. laureola, LAW-re-o-la, a little laurel. Gesneriaceae. melanocarpa, mel-an-ok-AR-pa, black-fruited. cardinalis, kar-din-A-lis, scarlet, cardinal red. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy.

multinervia, mul-te-NER-ve-a, many-nerved. repens, RE-penz, creeping.

Sinofranchetia, si-no-fran-SHET-e-a; from Smilacina, misapplied see below. sino, China; and Adrien René Franchet racemosa, see Maianthemum racemosum. (1834–1900), French botanist and author- stellata, see Maianthemum stellatum. ity on Chinese plants. One species a climbSmilax, SMI-laks; ancient Gr. name of ing shrub. Lardizabalaceae. obscure meaning. Tendril climbing vines. chinensis, tsh-NEN-sis, of China. The Greenbriar. Smilacaceae. Sinopodophyllum, si-no-pod-o-FIL-lum; argyrea, ar-gy-RE-a, silvery. from prefix sino, China and Anapodophyl- aspera, AS-per-a, rough. lum; duck’s-foot-leaved. Herbaceous peren- officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shops. The Sarsaparilla. nials. Berberidaceae. hexandrum, heks-AN-drum, with six stamens.

Smithiantha, smith-e-AN-tha; commemoSinowilsonia, si-no-wil-SO-ne-a; prefix rating Matilda Smith (1854–1926), botanisino, China; and after Ernest Henry Wilson cal artist. Bulbous plants. Gesneriaceae. (1876–1930), plant collector in China. cinnabarina, kin- (or sin-) nab-ar-EE-na, vermillion. Genus of one shrub. Hamamelidaceae. henryi, HEN-re-i, after Dr. Augustine Henry (1857–1930), Irish plantsman and pioneer collector in China.

fulgida, FUL-jid-a, shining. multiflora, mul-tif-LO-ra, many flowered. zebrina, ze-BRY-na, zebra-striped.

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SOB–SOP Sobralia, sob-RA-le-a; dedicated to Don Soldanella, sol-dan-EL-la; said to be from Francisco Martinez Sobral (fl. 1798), soldo, an Italian coin, in allusion to the Spanish physician to the Royal Court of roundness of the leaf. Alpine. Primulaceae. King Charles IV, promoter of botany. Warm- alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or alpine. house terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae. macrantha, mak-RANTH-a, large-flowered.

Solandra, so-LAN-dra; after Daniel Carlsson Solander (1733–1782), Swedish naturalist, Apostle of Linnaeus, companion of Sir Joseph Banks on Captain Cook’s first voyage of exploration. Tropical flowering shrubs. Solanaceae. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered.

Solanum, so-LA-num; name given by Pliny, the Roman naturalist, to one of the nightshades; possibly derived from L. solamen, solace, from medicinal virtues. Hardy and greenhouse annuals, herbaceous perennials, tuberous-rooted vegetable and shrubs. Solanaceae.

betaceum, be-TA-ce-um, beet-like. The Tamarillo or Tree Tomato. capense, ka-PEN-se, of the Cape – Cape Colony. capsicastrum, see S. pseudocapsicum var. diflorum. crispum, KRISP-um, curly – the leaves waved. jasminoides, jaz-min-OY-dees, resembling Jasminum (jasmine). lobelii, lo-BEL-e-i, after M. Matthias de L’Obel (1538–1616), a Fleming, physician to James I of England, traveller, plant collector and botanical author. lycopersicum, lik-o-PER-sik-um (or LY-co-PERse-kum); from Gr. lykos, a wolf; persicon, a peach, probably in reference to supposed poisonous qualities. Cultivated tomato. marginatum, mar-jin-A-tum, edged with white. melongena, mel-ON-je-na, old name referring to the large fruits of the Egg-plant. psuedocapsicum, SUE-do-KAP-sik-um, false capsicum. pseudocapsicum var. diflorum, di-FLOR-a, two-flowered, that is, in pairs. sisymbriifolium, sis-im-bre-i-FO-le-um, resembling Sisymbrium leaves. tuberosum, tu-ber-O-sum, bearing tubers. The Potato. wendlandii, wend-LAND-e-i, introduced into cultivation by Hermann Wendland (1825– 1903), German botanist, director of the Royal Gardens of Herrenhausen, Hanover.

minima, MIN-e-ma, from L. minimus, smallest. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains.

Soleirolia, so-le-RO-le-a; after JosephFrançois Soleirol (1781–1863), army engineer and plant collector, who collected specimens in Corsica and Sardinia. Creeping herb. Urticaceae. soleirolii, so-le-RO-le-i, see above.

Solidago, sol-id-A-go; from L. solido, to make whole or to heal, in reference to supposed healing properties. Herbaceous perennials. Compositae.

brachystachys, see S. virgaurea. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. missouriensis, mis-soor-e-EN-sis, of Missouri, U.S.A. virga-aurea, VIR-ga-AW-re-a, from L. virga, twig or rod; aurea, golden. An old name, signifying a golden twig, hence the English name Golden-rod. virgaurea, virg-AW-re-a, golden twigs.

Sollya, SOL-e-a; after Richard Horsman Solly (1778–1858), English naturalist. Tender twining shrubs. Pittosporaceae. heterophylla, see Billardiera heterophylla. parviflora, par-vif-LOR-a, from L. parvus, small; flor, flower.

Sonerila, son-er-IL-a; from Soneri-ila, the native Malabar name for one species. Tropical perennials, flowering and ornamental foliage plants. Melastomataceae. maculata, mak-ul-A-ta, spotted. margaritacea, mar-gar-it-A-se-a, pearl-spotted. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy.

Sophora, SOF-or-a; from Arabic sophera, a tree with pea-shaped flowers. Shrubs or trees. Leguminosae.

davidii, DA-vid-e-i, after Pere Armand David (1826–1900), French missionary and plant collector in China. japonica, see Styphnolobium japonicum.

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SOP–SPI tetraptera, tet-RAP-ter-a, from Gr. literally four- Spartium, SPAR-te-um; from Gr. spartion, a winged – the seed pods. rush, which the plant resembles. Flowering viciifolia, see S. davidii. shrub. Leguminosae. Sophronitis, sof-ron-I-tis; from sophrona, junceum, JUN-ke-um, a rush, the form of the twigs. The Spanish Broom.

modest, referring to the miniature cattleya-like plants and flowers. Greenhouse Spathiphyllum, spath-e-FI-lum; from Gr. spatha, spath; phyllon, a leaf, in reference to orchids. Orchidaceae. the spathe resembling a leaf. Evergreen pergrandiflora, see Cattleya coccinea. ennials. Araceae. Sorbaria, sor-BAR-e-a; from L. resembling wallisii, wal-LIS-e-i, introduced in 1875 from Sorbus. Shrubs. Rosaceae. Columbia by Gustav Wallis (1830–1878), sorbifolia, sor-be-FO-le-a, leaves resembling Sorbus. tomentosa, to-men-TO-sa, downy foliage.

German born plant collector, employed by James Veitch and Sons, Chelsea.

Specularia, spek-ul-AIR-e-a; derived from L. Sorbus, SOR-bus; from L. sorbum, ser- speculum, a mirror. Annual. Campanulaceae. vice-berry; sorb apple. Trees and shrubs. speculumveneris, SPEK-ul-um-VEN-er-is, Venus’s Looking-glass. Rosaceae. aria, A-re-a, old generic name for Whitebeams, Spergula, SPER-gu-la; from L. spargo, to probably Persian place name of origin. scatter, alluding to the scattering of the aucuparia, aw-ku-PAR-e-a, old name for Mounseeds. Annual herbs. Caryophyllaceae. tain Ash, from L. aucupium, bird-catching; from the ancient belief that the berries intoxicated birds, rendering them easily caught. The Rowan Tree or Mountain Ash. chamaemespilus, kam-e-MES-pil-us, literally ground medlar – its dwarf stature. commixta, kom-MIX-sta, mixed together. domestica, do-MES-tik-a, domestic – from its various uses. The Service Tree. intermedia, in-ter-MED-e-a, between. torminalis, tor-min-A-lis, against colic. The Wild Service Tree. vilmorinii, vil-mor-E-ne-i, after Maurice de Vilmorin (1849–1918), French nurseryman, who raised it from seed sent by Père Delavey.

arvensis, ar-VEN-sis, growing in cultivated fields. The Corn Spurrey, an annual weed and indicator plant for acidic soils. pilifera, see Sagina pilifera.

Sphaeralcea, sfer-AL-se-a; from Gr. sphaira, a globe; alcea, mallow, alluding to the rounded form of the seed pods. Globe Mallow. Hardy perennial. Malvaceae. coccinea, kok-SIN-e-a, scarlet. munroana, mun-ro-A-na, discovered by David Douglas in 1826 and named in honour of Mr. Munro, head gardener to the Horticultural Society of London.

Sphenogyne, misapplied see below. Sparaxis, spar-AKS-sis; from Gr. sparasso, speciosa, see Ursinia anthemoides. to tear, in reference to the lacerated spathes. Spigelia, spi-JE-le-a; after Adriaan van der Half-hardy bulbs, now mostly under Spiegel (1578–1625), Dutch physician and Dierama and Ixia. Perennial herbs. Iridaceae. botanist, professor of anatomy at Padua. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. Herbaceous perennials. Loganiaceae. pulcherrima, see Dierama pulcherrimum. tricolor, TRIK-o-lor, three coloured.

marilandica, mair-e-LAN-dik-a, of Maryland, U.S.A.

Sparmannia, spar-MAN-ne-a; after Andreas Sparmann (1748–1820), Swedish naturalist, who accompanied Captain Cook on his second expedition. Greenhouse flowering shrub. Malvaceae. africana, af-re-KA-na, of Africa.

Spinacia, spe-NA-se-a; from L. spina, a prickle, in allusion to the prickly seeds of some forms. Culinary vegetable. Amaranthaceae.

oleracea, ol-er-A-se-a, of the vegetable garden, culinary or potherbs. Spinach.

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SPI–STA Spiraea, spi-RE-a; probably from Gr. speira, a wreath. Herbaceous perennials and shrubs. Rosaceae.

aitchisonii, aitch-e-SO-ne-i, after Dr James Aitchison (1836–1898), British physician and botanist, who collected in India and Afghanistan. × arguta, ar-GU-ta, sharp-toothed or serrated. aruncus, see Aruncus dioicus. astilboides, as-TIL-boy-dees, resembling Astilbe. bella, BEL-la, beautiful or pretty. betulifolia, bet-u-le-FO-le-a; leaves resembling Betula (birch) leaves. betulifolia var. corymbosa, kor-im-BO-sa, flowers in corymbs. bracteata, see S. nipponica. bullata, see S. japonica. × bumalda, bu-MALD-a, commemorating Ovidio Montalbani (1601–1671), who published works under the pseudonym Gio. Antonio Bumalda. camschatica, see Filipendula camschatica. cana, KA-na, hoary. canescens, kan-ES-senz, more or less grey or hoary. cantoniensis, kan-ton-e-EN-sis, of Canton. crenata, kre-NA-ta, cut in round scallops; leaves crenate. decumbens, de-KUM-benz, prostrate. discolor, see Holodiscus dumosus. douglasii, dug-LAS-e-i, after David Douglas (1799–1834), Scottish plant collector. douglasii subsp. menziesii, men-ZE-se-i, after Archibald Menzies (1754–1842), the Scottish botanist. filipendula, see Filipendula vulgaris. gigantea, see Filipendula vulgaris. japonica, jap-ON-ik-a, of Japan. laevigata, see Sibiraea laevigata. lindleyana, see Sorbaria tomentosa. lobata, see Filipendula rubra. media, ME-de-a, intermediate, the stature. menziesii, see S. douglasii subsp. menziesii. mollifolia, mol-le-FO-le-a, soft-leaved. nipponica, nip-ON-ik-a, Japanese. palmata, see Filipendula rubra. prunifolia, proo-nif-O-le-a, plum-leaved. reevesiana, see S. cantoniensis. salicifolia, sal-is-if-O-le-a, Salix (willow) leaved. sorbifolia, see Sorbaria sorbifolia. thunbergii, thun-BER-ge-i, after Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), Swedish botanist a student of Linnaeus. trifoliata, trif-ol-e-A-ta, leaves in three.

trilobata, try-lo-BA-ta, leaves with three lobes. ulmaria, see Filipendula ulmaria. × vanhouttei, van-HOUT-te-i, after Louis Benoît van Houtte (1810–1876), Belgium horticulturist.

Sprekelia, sprek-E-le-a; after Johann Herman von Sprekelsen (1691–1764), who sent the plant to Linnaeus. Greenhouse bulbs. Amaryllidaceae. formosissima, for-mos-IS-sim-a, most beautiful.

Stachys, STAK-is; from Gr. stachus, spike, alluding to the pointed inflorescences. Herbaceous perennials and tuberous vegetable. Lamiaceae. affinis, af-FIN-is, allied. Chinese Artichoke. byzantina, bi-zan-TE-na, Byzantine. The Lamb’s Ear. corsica, KOR-sik-a, of Corsica. grandiflora, see S. macrantha. lanata, see S. byzantina. lavandulifolia, lav-an-dew-le-FO-le-a, the leaves resembling Lavandula (lavender). macrantha, mak-RANTH-a, large-flowered. officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (apothecary’s), applied to plants always kept “in stock” by herbalists. Betony. tubifera, see S. affinis.

Stanhopea, Stan-HO-pe-a; after Philip Henry Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope (1781– 1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London. Warm-house Orchids. Orchidaceae. bucephalus, see S. oculata. graveolens, GRAV-e-ol-enz, strong smelling. jenischiana, jen-is-SHE-a-na, named by Kramer gardener to Herr Senator Jenisch of Kleinflottbeck, Hamburg. oculata, ok-ul-A-ta, eyed. tigrina, tig-RE-na, tiger marked.

Stapelia, sta-PEL-e-a; after Johannes Bodaeus van Stapel (1602–1636), Dutch physician and botanist, who edited botanical works of Theophrastus. Succulents. Apocynaceae. asterias, as-TEER-e-as, resembles a starfish. bufonia, see Stisseria bufonia. gigantea, ji-GAN-te-a, unusually tall or big. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. hirsuta, hir-SU-ta, hairy. variegata, see Orbea variegata.

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STA–STE Staphylea, staf-e-LE-a; from Gr. staphyle, a the finely cut segments of the corolla. Hardy cluster, the inflorescence resembling a cluster perennial. Melanthiaceae. densum, DEN-sum, close, dense. of grapes. Shrubs. Staphyleaceae. colchica, KOL-chik-a, from Colchis. × coulomberi, koo-lom-be-AIR-i, after Coulombier of Vitry, France in whose nursery it was first noticed in 1887. Considered by some authorities to be a hybrid of S. colchica and S. pinnata by others as a variety of S. colchica. pinnata, pin-NA-ta, pinnated – the divided leaves. trifolia, trif-O-le-a, three-leaved.

Statice, misapplied see below.

bonduelli, see Limonium bonducellii. bourgaei, see Limonium bourgeaui. dumosa, see Goniolimon tataricum. eximia, see Goniolimon eximium. gmelinii, see Limonium gmelinii. latifolia, see Limonium platyphyllum. limonium, see Limonium vulgare. minuta, see Limonium minutum. ovalifolia, see Limonium ovalifolium. profusa, see Limonium profusum. sinuata, see Limonium sinuatum. suworowi, see Psylliostachys suworowi. tatarica, see Goniolimon tataricum.

gramineum, gram-IN-e-um, grassy, the foliage. robustum, see S. gramineum.

Stenocereus, sten-o-SER-e-us; from Gr. stenos, narrow; L. cereus, a genus name for a cacti meaning tapering or candle. Cacti. Cactaceae. eruca, er-OO-ka, resembling a caterpillar, the prostate stems. Commonly known as Creeping Devil.

Stenotaphrum, sten-o-TAF-rum; from Gr. stenos, narrow; taphros, a trench, the floral spikelets being situated in cavities in the stem. Grass. Poaceae. secundatum, sek-un-DA-tum, one-sided flower spike.

Stephanandra, stef-an-AN-dra; from Gr. stephanos, a crown; andros, man or stamen, in allusion to the form of the stamens which persist around the capsule. Shrubs. Rosaceae. flexuosa, see S. incisa. incisa, IN-si-sa, deeply cut, the leaves. tanakae, tan-A-ke, after Yoshio Tanaka (1838– 1916), Japanese botanist.

Stauntonia, staun-TO-ne-a; after Sir George Staunton (1737–1801), a traveller and botanist, who accompanied Lord Macartney on his mission to China in 1793. Shrub. Lard- Stephanotis, stef-an-O-tis; from Gr. stephanos, a crown; otos, an ear, referring to the izabalaceae. hexaphylla, heks-af-IL-la, having six leaflets to a auricles of the staminal crown. Tropical leaf. climbing flowering shrubs. Apocynaceae. floribunda, see Marsdenia floribunda.

Steirodiscus, ste-row-DISK-us; from Gr. steiros, barren; diskos, disk, reference to sterile Sternbergia, stern-BER-ge-a; after Count disk florets. Perennial herbs. Compositae. Kaspar M. von Sternberg (1761–1838), tagetes, taj-E-tez, Tagetes (Marigold) like. Czech botanist. Bulbous plants. AmarylliStellaria, stel-LAR-e-a; from L. stella, a star, daceae. in reference to the star-shaped flowers. Rock clusiana, klew-ze-A-na, of Carolus Clusius (1526–1609), Flemish doctor and pioneerplants. Caryophyllaceae. graminea, gram-IN-e-a, grassy, the foliage. holostea, hol-LO-ste-a, old generic name meaning “entire” and “a bone” used in ancient medicine for healing fractures. The Stitchwort. media, ME-de-a, intermediate.

Stenanthium, sten-AN-the-um; from Gr. stenos, narrow; anthos, a flower, alluding to

ing botanist. colchiciflora, kol-tshe-se-FLOR-a, flowers resembling Colchicum. fischeriana, see S. vernalis. graeca, see S. colchiciflora. lutea, LU-te-a, yellow. macrantha, see S. clusiana. vernalis, ver-NA-lis, of spring – time of flowering.

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STE–STR Stevia, STEVE-e-a; after Pedro Jaime Esteve 4th Earl of Ilchester, English diplomat and (d.1566), botanist of Valencia. Herbaceous plant collector. Some authorities include the perennials. Compositae. genera within Photinia. Shrubs. Rosaceae. serrata, ser-RA-ta, saw-toothed edge to the leaves.

davidiana var. undulata, un-du-LA-ta, waved – the leaf margins. Unresolved name.

Stewartia, stew-AR-te-a; named in honour glaucescens, see S. nussia. of John Stuart, Earl of Bute (1713–1792), nussia, NEW-se-a, native Nepalese name for this chief adviser to Augusta, Princess Dowager specimen. of Wales, when she founded the Royal undulata, see S. davidiana var. undulata. Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1759–1760. FlowerStratiotes, strat-e-O-tees; from Gr. stratiotis, ing shrubs. Theaceae. a soldier, in allusion to the swordlike leaves. ovata, o-VA-ta, egg-shaped – the leaves. Aquatic. Hydrocharitaceae. pentagyna, see S. ovata. false

aloides, al-OY-dees, resembling Aloe. The Water Soldier.

Stigmaphyllon, stig-maf-IL-lon; from Gr. stigma, the receptive top of the pistil; phyllon, a leaf – the stigma is leaf-like or foliaceous. Tropical flowering climbing shrub. Malpighiaceae.

Strelitzia, stre-LITS-e-a; after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1744–1818), wife of George III of England. Greenhouse perennials. Strelitziaceae.

psuedocamellia, Camellia.

SUE-do-kam-EL-le-a;

ciliatum, sil-e-A-tum, fringed with fine hairs.

reginae, re-JI-ne, of the Queen – Queen Charlotte.

Stigmatocarpum, stig-mat-o-KAR-pum; Streptocarpus, strep-to-KAR-pus; from Gr. from Gr. stigma, stigma; karpos, fruit, the streptos, twisted; karpos, a fruit, the latter stigmas persisting on the capsule. Succulents. being spiralled. Houseplants. Gesneriaceae. dunnii, DUN-ne-i; named for Edward John Aizoaceae. criniflorum, krin-if-LO-rum, the petals being hair-like.

Stipa, STY-pa; from L. stuppa, tow, in allusion to the silky inflorescence. Ornamental grasses. Poaceae.

elegantissima, el-e-gan-TIS-sim-a, most elegant. pennata, pen-NA-ta, feathered. The Feather Grass.

Dunn (1844–1937), Australian geologist, who collected seed for Kew in 1884 from the Transvaal, whilst surveying. polyanthus, pol-e-AN-thus, many-flowered. wendlandii, wend-LAND-e-i, introduced into cultivation by Carl Sprenger of Dammann & Co, Naples Italy in honour of Hermann Wendland (1825–1903), German botanist, director of the Royal Gardens of Herrenhausen, Hanover.

Stisseria, sti-SEER-e-a; after Jean André Stisser (1657–1700), professor and founder Streptosolen, strep-to-SO-len; from Gr. of Helmstadt Botanical Garden. Succulents. streptos, twisted; solon, tube, with reference to the form of the corolla tube. Greenhouse Sapotaceae. shrub. Solanaceae. bufonia, bu-FO-ne-a, toad-like. jamesonii,

jame-SO-ne-i,

William

Jameson

Stokesia, STOKES-e-a; named after Jona(1796–1873), Scottish botanist, professor of chemistry and botany at the Central Univerthan Stokes (1755–1831), English physician sity of Ecuador in Quito. and botanist. Herbaceous perennial. Compositae. Strobilanthes, strob-il-AN-thez; from Gr. cyanea, see S. laevis. strobilos, a pine cone; anthos, a flower, the laevis, LE-vis, smooth. flower head – especially in the bud stage, Stranvaesia, stran-VE-se-a; named by resembling a cone. Greenhouse flowering Lindley in honour of William Thomas plants. Acanthaceae. Horner Fox-Strangeways (1795–1865), anisophylla, see S. persicifolia. — 149 —

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STR–SYM dyeriana, dy-er-e-A-na, after William Thistleton-Dyer (1843–1928), director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew. isophyllus, see S. persicifolia. persicifolia, per-sis-if-O-le-a, resembling Prunus persica (peach) leaves.

kept a plant collection at Twickenham. Greenhouse shrubs. Leguminosae.

galegifolia, gal-e-gif-OL-e-a, resembles Galega foliage.

Swertia, SWER-te-a; after Emanuel Swert (1552–1612), a Dutch florist. Dwarf rock Struthiopteris, stru-the-OP-ter-is; from and bog plants. Gentianaceae. Gr. strouthion, an ostrich; pteris, a fern, perennis, per-EN-nis, perennial. the fronds being supposed to resemble an Syagrus, sy-AG-rus; a name used by Pliny ostrich’s feather. Hardy ferns. Blechnaceae. for  another plant. Greenhouse palms. Aregermanica, jer-MAN-ik-a, of Germany.

caceae. Stuckenia, stuk-E-ne-a; commemorating weddelliana, see Lytocaryum weddellianum. Wilhelm Adolf Stucken (1860–1901), Symphoria, sim-FOR-e-a; from Gr. symGerman botanist, who collected plants in phoreo, to accumulate; alluding to the Australia. Aquatic. Potamogetonaceae. racemes. Berry-bearing shrubs. Caprifopectinata, pek-tin-A-ta, feathered or comb-like, liaceae. the arrangement of the leaves.

racemosa, ras-em-O-sa, flowers and fruits in

racemes. Stylophorum, sty-LO-for-um; from Gr. stylos, a style; phoreo, to bear, in allusion to Symphoricarpos, sim-for-e-KAR-pus; from the columnar style. Herbaceous perennial. Gr. symphoreo, to accumulate; karpos, a fruit, Papaveraceae. alluding to the clustered fruits. Berry-beardiphyllum, dif-IL-lum, two-leaved. ing shrubs. Caprifoliaceae.

Styphnolobium, stif-no-LO-be-um; from Gr. Greek styphno, sour, astringent; lobus, pod, in reference to the sour tasting seed pod. Small trees and shrubs. Leguminosae. japonicum, jap-ON-ik-um, of Japan.

albus, AL-bus, white. The Snowberry. occidentalis, oks-se-DEN-ta-lis, western – North America. orbiculatus, or-bik-ul-A-tus, shaped like a disc, the leaves. racemosus, see Symphoria racemosa.

Styrax, STY-raks; ancient Gr. name, derived Symphyandra, misapplied see below. from the Arabic for the shrub, yielding the hofmannii, see Campanula hofmannii. pendula, see Campanula pendula. resin known as storax. Shrubs. Styracaceae. japonicus, jap-ON-ik-us, of Japan. Symphyotrichum, sim-fe-o-TRIK-um; from obassis, o-BAS-sis, latinised Japanese name. Gr. symphyio, grow together; thrix, hair, in odoratissimus, od-or-a-TIS-sim-us, very fragrant. allusion to the hair-like flowers. Annuals and officinalis, of-fis-in-A-lis, of the shop (herbal). herbaceous perennials. Compositae. veitchiorum, see S. odoratissimus. wilsonii, wil-SO-ne-i, after Ernest Henry Wilson (1876–1930), English plant collector, who introduced it.

Sutherlandia, suth-er-LAN-de-a; named after James Sutherland (1639–1719), professor of botany at Edinburgh. Half-hardy shrubs. Leguminosae.

cordifolium, kor-dif-O-le-um, heart-shaped leaves. ericoides, er-ik-OY-dees, like Erica (heather). novae-angliae, NO-vi-ANG-le-e, of New England, U.S.A. novi-belgii, NO-vi-BEL-je-i, of New York, name of historical origin. puniceum, pu-NIS-e-um, purple.

Symphytum, SIM-fy-tum; from Gr. symphyo, to make whole, or heal; phyton, plant, in Swainsona, swain-SO-na; named for Isaac allusion to the medicinal properties. HerbaSwainson (1746–1812), physician, who ceous perennials. Boraginaceae. frutescens, fru-TES-senz, shrubby.

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SYM–TAU Tagetes, ta-GE-tez; after Tages, an Etruscan deity. Half-hardy annuals. Compositae.

asperrimum, as-PER-re-mum, roughest. caucasicum, kaw-KAS-ik-um, Caucasian. officinale, of-fis-in-A-le, of the shop (herbal).

Symplocarpus, sim-plo-KAR-pus; from Gr. symploke, connected; karpos, fruit, the seed being united in a mass. Tuberous-rooted perennial. Araceae. foetidus, FET-id-us, bad-smelling.

erecta, e-REK-ta, erect; upright. The African Marigold. lunulata, loo-nu-LA-ta, in reference to the moon – crescent shaped. minuta, min-U-ta, small, minute. patula, see T. erecta. signata, see T. lunulata.

Synthyris, sin-THIR-is; from Gr. syn, Tamarix, TAM-ar-iks; from Tamaris together; thyris, a small aperture, referring to the formation of the seed vessel. Rock plants. (Tambro), a river in Spain, where some species abound. Flowering and hedge shrubs. Plantaginaceae. pinnatifida, pin-na-TIF-id-a, leaves pinnately cut. Tamaricaceae. reniformis, ren-e-FOR-mis, kidney-shaped, the leaves.

Syringa, sy-RING-a; from Gr. syrinx, a tube, in allusion to the hollow stems sometimes used for pipe-stems. Flowering shrubs. Oleaceae.

chinensis, see S. oblate. josikaea, jos-ik-E-a, named by Baron Jacquin to honour Baroness von Josika, who discovered it in Transylvania. Josika’s Lilac. oblata, o-BLA-ta, widened - the broad leaves. pekinensis, see S. reticulata subsp. pekinensis. persica, PER-sik-a, of Persia. The Persian Lilac. reticulata, ret-ik-ul-A-ta, netted or lined. reticulata subsp. pekinensis, pe-kin-EN-sis, first sent from Pekin. villosa, vil-LO-sa, shaggy, with hairs, of no application to the plant so named. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

Tabernaemontana, tab-er-na-MON-ta-na; after Jacob Theodore (1525–1590), called Tabernaemontanus from his birthplace; German physician, herbalist and early botanist. A large genus of tropical flowering trees and shrubs. Apocynaceae.

anglica, see T. gallica. chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China. gallica, GAL-ik-a, French. hispida, HIS-pid-a, bristly. pentandra, see T. chinensis. tetrandra, tet-RAN-dra, four stamens.

Tanacetum, tan-a-SE-tum; derivation uncertain but said to be from Gr. athanatos, immortal, from its use in funeral cloths. Herbaceous perennials and rock plants. Compositae.

argenteum, ar-JEN-te-um, silvery-white – the foliage. coccineum, kok-SIN-e-um, scarlet flowers. herderi, see Hippolytia herderi. parthenium, par-THEN-e-um, common pellitory. The Feverfew. vulgare, vul-GAR-e, common. The Tansy. v. crispum, see T. vulgare.

Tanakaea, tan-a-KE-a; in honour of Yoshio Tanaka (1838–1916), Japanese botanist. Rock plant. Saxifragaceae. radicans, RAD-e-kanz, rooting i.e. the runners.

Taraxacum, ta-RAX-a-kum; through a

coronaria, see T. divaricata. native Arabian name to Persian talkh charok, divaricata, de-var-ik-A-ta, wide spreading branches. bitter herb. Perennials. Compositae. gratissima, see T. divaricata. campylodes, kam-pe-LO-dees, having a curved Tacsonia, tak-SO-ne-a; from tacso, a Peruappearance – the seed head. vian name for one of the species. Green- officinale, see T. campylodes.

house climbers. Passifloraceae.

× exoniensis, eks-on-e-EN-sis, of Exeter, Devon, Tauscheria, towsh-E-re-a; after Ignatius J. Tauscher, professor of botany, Prague. England. Annual. Brassicaceae. manicata, see Passiflora manicata. vanvolxemii, see Passiflora antioquiensis. lasiocarpa, las-e-o-KAR-pa, hairy fruits.

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TAX–TEU Taxodium, taks-O-de-um; from L. Taxus, Tellima, tel-LI-ma; said to be an anagram of the yew; Gr. oides, resembling. Coniferous Mitella, from which the genus was separated. Woodland perennials. Saxifragaceae. trees with yew-like foliage. Cupressaceae. distichum, DI-stik-um, the leaves in two rows. The Swamp Cypress.

grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered.

Testudinaria, misplaced see below.

Taxus, TAKS-us; Latin name for a yew tree; elephantipes, see Dioscorea elephantipes. perhaps from Gr. taxon, a bow, the wood Tetradenia, te-tra-DE-ne-a; from Gr. tetra, being once used for making bows. Evergreen four; aden, a gland. Perennial shrubs. trees. Taxaceae. Lamiaceae. baccata, bak-KAR-ta, berried. The Common Yew. riparia, re-PAIR-e-a, frequenting river banks. brevifolia, brev-e-FO-le-a, short-leaved. cuspidata, kus-pid-A-ta, the leaves tipped with a Tetragonia, tet-ra-GO-na; from Gr. tetra, short sharp point. The Japanese Yew. four; gonia, an angle, the fruits being four fastigiata, see T. baccata. angled. Hardy annual grown as spinach

Tchihatchewia, ke-hatch-EW-e-a; in honour substitute in the vegetable garden. The New of the Russian botanist Tchihatcheff. Rock Zealand Spinach. Aizoaceae. expansa, see T. tetragonioides. plants. Brassicaceae. tetragonioides, tet-ra-go-ne-OY-dees, resembling isatidea, i-sa-TID-e-a, resembling Isatis.

Tetragonia.

Tecoma, te-KO-ma; said to be a contraction Tetraneuris, tet-ra-NU-ris; from Gr. tetra, of the Mexican name Tecomaxochitl. Green- four; neura, sinew. Annuals and perennial house and hardy trees and shrubs. Bigno- herbs. Compositae. niaceae. acaulis, a-KAW-lis, stalkless, or apparently so. capensis, ka-PEN-sis, of the Cape of Good Hope. grandiflora, see Campsis grandiflora. radicans, see Campsis radicans.

Tetrapanax, tet-ra-PAN-ax; from Gr. tetra, four; Panax, in reference to the petals in the original description. Shrubs or small trees. Tecophilaea, te-KOF-e-le-a; after Tecophila Araliaceae. Billotti, Italian botanical artist. Greenhouse papyrifer, pap-e-RIF-er, papery. flowering bulbs. Tecophilaeaceae. cyanocrocus, cy-AN-o-KRO-kus, referring to the Tetratheca, tet-ra-THE-ka; from Gr. tetra, colour (blue) and the shape (resembling a four; theke, a box or cell, alluding to the Crocus), literally the blue crocus. anthers having four cells. Greenhouse flowTelanthera, tel-an-THE-ra; from Gr. telios, ering shrubs. Elaeocarpaceae. complete or perfect; anthera, an anther, the latter all being of equal lengths. Tender plants, for carpet bedding. Amaranthaceae. amabilis, see Alternanthera ficoidea. amoena, am-E-na, lovely, pleasing. bettzickiana, see Alternanthera bettzickiana. ficoidea, see Alternanthera ficoidea. versicolor, ver-SIK-o-lor, various or changeable colours.

Telekia, te-le-KE-a; in honour of Count Samuel Teleki de Szék (1739–1822), Hungarian patron of botany. Perennial herbs. Compositae. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy.

ericifolia, er-ik-e-FO-le-a; foliage resembling Erica (heath). hirsuta, hir-SU-ta, hairy. verticillata, ver-tis-il-LA-ta, whorled – the leaves.

Teucrium, TEW-kre-um; named after Teucher, a Trojan prince who first used one of the species in medicine. Annuals, herbaceous perennials, rock plants and shrubs. Lamiaceae. aureum, AW-re-um, golden – the flowers. chamaedrys, kam-E-dris, old name for germander signifying oak leaved and on the ground. fruticans, FRUT-ik-anz, from L. frutex, a shrub; shrubby or bushy. lucidum, LU-sid-um, shining – the foliage.

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THA–THU marum, MAR-um, old name for Cat Thyme, of cacao, ka-KAY-o, Aztec name for the cocoa uncertain origin. The Cat Thyme. tree. massiliense, mas-sil-e-EN-se, of Marseilles. Thermopsis, ther-MOP-sis; from Gr. thermos, polium, PO-le-um, early name for Poly Germander, probably signifying grey – the foliage. lupin; opsis, resemblance. Herbaceous perenThe Poly Germander. nials. Leguminosae. pyrenaicum, pir-en-A-ik-um, Pyrenean. caroliniana, see T. villosa. Thalia, THA-le-a; after Johannes Thal fabacea, see T. lupinoides. lupinoides, lu-pin-OY-dees, resembling Lupinus (1542–1583), German physician and bot(lupin). anist. Half-hardy perennials. Marantaceae. montana, mon-TA-na, of mountains. dealbata, de-al-BA-ta, whitened, the foliage. villosa, vil-LO-sa, shaggy, hairy.

Thalictrum, thal-IK-trum; old Gr. name pos- Thladiantha, thlad-e-AN-tha; from Gr. sibly from thallo, to flourish, or to abound thladias, eunuch; anthos, a flower, in allusion in, referring to the numerous flowers. Herto the suppressed anthers. Tender annual baceous perennials. Ranunculaceae. climbers. Cucurbitaceae. adiantifolium, cultivar see T. minus. alpinum, al-PINE-um, alpine. anemonoides, an-em-on-OY-dees, resembling Anemone. aquilegiifolium, ak-wil-le-je-if-O-le-um, leaves resembling Aquilegia. delavayi, de-la-VA-i, after Père Jean Marie Delavay (1834–1895), missionary and plant collector in Yunnan province, China. dipterocarpum, see T. delavayi. flavum, FLA-vum, yellow – the flowers. glaucum, see T. speciosissimum. minus, MI-nus, smaller. speciosissimum, spes-e-o-SIS-se-mum, most showy.

Thelocactus, thel-o-KAK-tus; from Gr. thele, a nipple and cactus; refers to the tubercles of the plants. Greenhouse cacti. Cactaceae.

bicolor, BIK-ol-or, two-coloured. hexaedrophorus, hex-a-DROF-or-us, having six sides – the tubercles. setispinus, se-tis-PIN-us, spines resembling bristles. subterraneus, see Turbinicarpus subterraneus.

Thelypteris, the-LIP-ter-is; from Gr. thelus, a female; pteris, a fern. The Female Fern. Thelypteridaceae. confluens, kon-FLU-enz, from L. confluo, run together. Marsh Fern or Bog Fern.

Theobroma, the-o-BRO-ma; from Gr. theos, a god; broma, food. A name devised by Linneaus, food for the gods, referring to the fruit. The cocoa or chocolate. Warm house shrub. Malvaceae.

dubia, DU-be-a, intermediate.

Thlaspi, THLAS-pe; from thlaspis, an old Greek name for a kind of cress. Rock plants. Brassicaceae. bellidifolium, bel-lid-e-FO-le-um, foliage resembling Bellis (daisy). rotundifolium, ro-tun-dif-O-le-um, round-leaved.

Thrinax, THRIN-aks; from Gr. thrinax, a trident, the shape of the leaves. Warmhouse palms. Arecaceae.

argentea, see Coccothrinax argentea. excelsa, eks-SEL-sa, tall. parviflora, par-vif-LOR-a, from L. parvus, small; flor, flower. radiata, rad-e-A-ta, rayed – the leaf divisions.

Thuja, THEW-ya; classical name, possibly from Gr. thuia, ancient name for some resin bearing tree; or from Gr. thuon, a sacrifice, at which the resin would be burned as incense. Arbor-vitae. Coniferous trees. Cupressaceae. dolabrata, see Thujopsis dolabrata. gigantea, see T. plicata. japonica, see T. standishii. lobbii, see T. plicata. occidentalis, oks-se-DEN-ta-lis, western – North America. orientalis, see Platycladus orientalis. plicata, pli-KA-ta, folded – the leaves. standishii, stan-DISH-e-i, after John Standish (1814–1875), English nurseryman, who raised Robert Fortune’s Chinese and Japanese plant introductions.

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THU–TIL Thujopsis, thew-YOP-sis; from Gr. Thuja, Thyrsacanthus, thir-sak-AN-thus; from Gr. and opsis, likeness, resembling Thuja. Conif- thyrsos, a thyrse, and acanthus – thyrse-flowered Acanthus. Greenhouse flowering erous tree. Cupressaceae. dolabrata, dol-a-BRA-ta, axe-shaped. shrubs. Acanthaceae. rutilans, see Odontonema rutilans.

Thunbergia, thun- (or tun-) BER-ge-a; named after Karl Peter Thunberg (1743– Tiarella, te-a-REL-la; from L. tiara, a little 1828), Swedish botanist, student of Lin- crown, alluding to the shape of the seed pod. naeus, and traveller in Japan and South Woodland plants. Saxifragaceae. cordifolia, kor-dif-OL-e-a, heart shaped. Africa. Greenhouse climbers. Acanthaceae. unifoliata, u-ne-fo-le-A-ta, one-leaved, that is, the alata, al-A-ta, winged – the leaf stalks. leaves rising direct and singularly from the erecta, e-REK-ta, erect; upright. rootstock. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. harrisii, HAR-ris-e-i, after Lord Harris, Governor Tibouchina, tib-out-SHY-na; the native of Madras, who first sent seeds to Kew. Guianan name. Greenhouse flowering laurifolia, law-re-FO-le-a, foliage resembling shrubs. Melastomataceae. Laurus (bay laurel). mysorensis, my-sor-EN-sis, from the Kingdom of elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. semidecandra, sem-e-dek-AN-dra, with five Mysore, present day southern India. anthers.

Thunia, tu-NE-a; after Count Frank Graf Tigridia, tig-RID-e-a; from Gr. tigris, a tiger; von Thun of Tetschen (1786–1873), who eidos, like, referring to the brightly spotted had an important collection of orchids. flowers. Half-hardy bulbs. Iridaceae. Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Orchidaceae. pavonia, pa-VO-ne-a, a peacock – the large showy alba, AL-ba, from the L. alba, white. marshalliana, see T. alba.

flowers.

Tilia, TIL-e-a; old Latin name for Lime tree. Thymus, TY-mus; old Gr. name used by TheTrees. Malvaceae. ophrastus either for this plant or for savoury. cordata, kor-DA-ta, heart shaped, the leaves. Shrubby and trailing rock plants and culi- × euchlora, u-KLOR-a, dark green. nary herbs. Lamiaceae. × europaea, u-ro-PE-a, European. azoricus, see T. serpyllum. caespititius, ses-pit-it-E-us, growing closely, turflike. carnosus, kar-NO-sus, flesh coloured – the leaves. × citriodorus, sit-re-o-DOR-us, lemon scented. erectus, see T. carnosus. herba-barona, HER-ba-bar-O-na, herb baron. lanuginosus, see T. pulegioides. micans, see T. caespititius. nitidus, see T. richardii subsp. nitidus. pulegioides, pu-le-je-OY-dees, resembling Mentha pulegium. richardii, rik-ARD-e-i, after Antoine Richard (1735–1807), royal gardener at the court of Louis XVI who introduced plants from the balearics. richardii subsp. nitidus, NIT-id-us, lustrous. serpyllum, ser-PIL-lum; old Gr. name kerpyllos, for the Wild Thyme. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common.

mongolica, mon-GOL-ik-a, Mongolian. petiolaris, see T. tormentosa. platyphyllos, plat-e-FIL-lus, broad-leaved. tormentosa, tor-men-TO-sa, felted, the leaf underparts. × vulgaris, see T. × europaea.

Tillandsia, til-LAND-se-a; after Elias Tillands (1640–1693), a Swedish botanist and physician, cataloguer of plants in Abo, Finland. Tropical epiphytes, flowering and ornamental foliage. Bromeliaceae. anceps, AN-ceps, two-edged, flattened. duvaliana, see Vriesea duvaliana. hieroglyphica, see Vriesea hieroglyphica. lindenii, LIN-den-e, after Jean Jules Linden (1817–1898), Belgium botanist and plant collector. regina, see Vriesea regina. tessalata, see Vriesea gigantea.

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TIN–TRA usneoides, us-ne-OY-dees, resembling Usnea, China. Greenhouse flowering annuals. Lina genus of lichens, some pendulous. The derniaceae. Spanish Moss. asiatica, aysh-e-AT-ik-a, Asiatic. baillonii, bail-LO-ne-i, after Henri Ernest Baillon Tinantia, te-NAN-te-a; after François (1827–1895), French botanist. Auguste Tinant (1803–1853), Luxembourg flava, FLA-va, yellow. botanist. Greenhouse or window herba- fournieri, four-ne-AIR-i, after Eugène Pierre ceous perennials. Commelinaceae. Nicolas Fournier (1834–1884), French boterecta, e-REK-ta, erect habit. anist.

Titanopsis, ti-tan-OP-sis; variant from late Torreya, tor-RE-a; after Dr. John Torrey Middle English and Gr. Titan, the sun god; (1796–1873), American botanist. Evergreen opsis, like; alluding to the round yellow coniferous trees. Taxaceae. flowers. Greenhouse succulent perennial. californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California. nucifera, nu-SIF-er-a, nut-bearing. Aizoaceae. calcarea, kal-kar-E-a, resembling limestone. Only Tournefortia, tourn-FOR-te-a; after Joseph found in limestone outcrops. Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708), a notable Todea, TO-de-a; after Heinrich Julius Tode systematic botanist whose labours laid the (1733–1797), mycologist of Mecklenburg, foundation for Linnaean plant classification. Germany. Greenhouse ferns, coriaceous and Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Boraginaceae. bicolor, BIK-ol-or, two-coloured. filmy fronded. Osmundaceae. africana, af-re-KA-na, of Africa. barbara, BAR-bar-a, foreign. hymenophylloides, see Leptopteris hymenophylloides. pellucida, pel-LU-sid-a, pellucid or transparent. superba, su-PER-ba, superb.

Tofieldia, to-FEEL-de-a; after Thomas Tofield (1730–1779), a friend of Hudson, the author of the genus. Herbaceous perennials. Tofieldiaceae. calyculata, kal-ik-u-LA-ta, small-calyxed. palustris, see T. calyculata. pubens, see Triantha racemosa.

cordifolia, kor-dif-OL-e-a, heart shaped. heliotropioides, see Heliotropium nicotianifolium. laevigata, see T. bicolor.

Townsendia, town-SEND-e-a; after David Townsend (1787–1858), botanist of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Rock plant. Compositae.

rothrockii, roth-ROK-e-i, after Joseph Rothrock (1839–1922), American plant collector on the Wheeler Expedition of 1875. wilcoxiana, see T. rothrockii.

Toxicodendron, toks-ik-o-DEN-dron; from Gr. toxicos, poisonous; dendron, a tree. Trees. Anacardiaceae. pubescens, pew-BES-senz, downy.

Tolmiea, TOL-me-a; after William Fraser verniciferum, ver-nik-IF-er-a, yields varnish. Tolmie (1812–1886), Scottish surgeon of toks-ik-o-SKOR-de-on; the Hudson Bay Company. Herbaceous per- Toxicoscordion, from Gr. toxicos, poisonous; scordion, a plant ennial. Saxifragaceae. menziesii, men-ZE-se-i, after Archibald Menzies that smells like garlic. Bulbous plants. The Death Camas. Melanthiaceae. (1754–1842), the Scottish botanist. Tolpis, TOL-pis; derivation unexplained. Hardy annual. Compositae.

nuttallii, nut-TAL-le-i, after Thomas Nuttall (1786–1859), English botanist, who travelled extensively in the U.S.A. from 1810 to 1834.

Torenia, tor-E-ne-a; after Reverend Olof Torén (1718–1753), an Apostle of Linnaeus, priest to the Swedish East India Company, he travelled to Surat, India and

Trachelium, trak-E-le-um; from Gr. trachelos, the throat, in reference to the uses of the plant in ancient medicine. Herbaceous perennials. Campanulaceae.

barbata, bar-BA-ta, bearded.

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TRA–TRI caeruleum, ser-U-le-um, sky-blue. The Throatwort.

through a hole. Greenhouse flowering shrub. Elaeocarpaceae.

Trachelospermum, trak-e-lo-SPER-mum; stelligera, stel-LIG-er-a, star-bearing – refers to stellate down on the leaves. from Gr. trachelos, throat; sperma, seeds; application obscure. Greenhouse twining Triantha, try-AN-tha; three-flowered. Herbaceous perennials. Tofieldiaceae. plants. Apocynaceae. jasminoides, Jasmine.

jaz-min-OY-dees,

resembling

racemosa, ras-em-O-sa, resembling a raceme.

Trichocentrum, tri-ko-SEN-trum; from Gr. Trachycarpus, trak-e-KAR-pus; from Gr. thrix, a hair; kentron, spur, alluding to the trachus, rough; karpus, a fruit, the seeds of long slender spur. Epiphytic orchids. Orchisome species being hairy. Hardy palm. Are- daceae. bicallosum, bik-al-LO-sum, two-warted. caceae.

splendidum, splen-DID-um, splendid. excelsus, see Rhapis excelsa. fortunei, for-TOO-ne-i, after Robert Fortune (1812–1880), Scottish plant collector in Trichocereus, TRIK-o-SE-re-us; from Gr. trichos, a hair; cereus, cactus, the flowers China.

having hairy tubes. Greenhouse cacti. CacTrachymene, trak-e-ME-ne; from Gr. trachus, taceae. rough; meninx, a membrane, the channels in macrogonus, see Echinopsis macrogona. the fruit. Half-hardy annuals. Araliaceae. spachianus, see Echinopsis spachiana. coerulea, se-RU-le-a, blue.

Trichodiadema, TRIK-o-di-a-DE-ma; from Tradescantia, trad-e-SKAN-te-a; in honour Gr. trichos, a hair; diadema, to bind round. of John Tradescant the Elder (c1570–1638), Greenhouse succulent plants. Aizoaceae. and John Tradescant the Younger (1608– barbatum, bar-BA-tum, bearded. 1662), gardeners to Charles I. Greenhouse densum, DEN-sum, close, dense. and hardy herbaceous perennials. Com- stellatum, stel-LA-tum, starry. stelligerum, stel-LIG-er-um, star-bearing. melinaceae. reginae, see Dichorisandra reginae. Tricholaena, trik-ol-E-na; from Gr. thrix, a rosea, see Callisia rosea. hair; chlaina, a cloak, referring to the shaggy spathacea, spath-A-se-a; with a spath, the spathspikelets. Half-hardy annual ornamental like bract surrounding the flower. grass. Poaceae. virginiana, vir-jin-e-A-na, of Virginia, U.S.A. rosea, see Melinis repens.

zebrina, ze-BRY-na, zebra-striped.

Tragopogon, trag-o-PO-gon; from Gr. tragos, a goat; pogon, a beard, referring to the long silky beards on the seeds. Culinary vegetable. Compositae. porrifolius, por-rif-OL-e-us, foliage resembling Allium porrum (leek). The Salsafy.

Trichomanes, trik-OM-an-eez; from Gr. thrix, hair; manos, soft, the shining stems and soft, pellucid fronds. Greenhouse filmy ferns. Hymenophyllaceae.

bancroftii, ban-KROFT-e-i, after Edward Nathaniel Bancroft (1772–1842), English physician and botanist, active in Jamaica. radicans, see Vandenboschia radicans. reniforme, see Cardiomanes reniforme. venosum, see Polyphlebium venosum.

Trapa, TRA-pa; from L. calcitrapa, an ancient four-pronged instrument once used in warfare for impeding cavalry horses. Word applied here in allusion to the four-horned Trichopilia, trik-op-E-le-a; from Gr. thrix, a seeds. Aquatic perennials. Lythraceae. hair; pilion, a cap, in allusion to three tufts natans, NA-tanz, floating. The Water Chestnut. of hair surmounting the column and hiding Tremandra, tree-MAN-dra; from Gr. trema, the anther bed. Greenhouse orchids. Orchiaperture and anthera, the anthers burst open daceae. — 156 —

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TRI–TRI crispa, see T. marginata. marginata, mar-jin-A-ta, margined with another colour. suavis, SWA-vis, sweet – the fragrance. tortilis, TOR-til-is, twisted – the petals.

grandiflorum, gran-dif-LO-rum, large flowered. ovatum, o-VA-tum, egg-shaped, presumably the flower segments. recurvatum, re-kur-VA-tum, recurved, the flowers. rivale, see Pseudotrillium rivale. sessile, SES-sil-e, stemless, the flowers. stylosum, see T. catesbaei.

Trichosanthes, trik-os-AN-theez; from Gr. thrix, a hair; anthos, a flower, the edges of the corolla limbs are ciliated or fringed. GreenTripleurospermum, tri-plu-ro-SPER-mum; house ornamental gourd. Cucurbitaceae. anguina, see T. cucumerina. from Gr. tri, three; pleuron, a rib; sperma, cucumerina, ku-ku-MER-e-na, resembling seed; in reference to the achene. Herbaceous Cucumis (cucumber). perennials. Compositae. Trichostema, trik-o-STEM-a; from Gr. thrix, inodorum, in-o-DOR-um, scentless. The Scentless Mayweed. a hair; stema, stamen, in allusion to the hairlike slender filaments. Herbs and sub-shrubs. Tripodion, tri-POD-e-on; from Gr. tri, Lamiaceae. three; podion, a little foot. Herbaceous perlanatum, la-NA-tum, woolly. ennials. Leguminosae. tetraphyllum, tet-raf-IL-um, from Gr. tetra, four; Tricuspidaria, unresolved see below. phyllum, leaf.

dependens, see Crinodendron patagua. lanceolata, see Crinodendron hookerianum.

Tristagma, try-STAG-ma; from Gr. tri, Tricyrtis, trik-ER-tis; from Gr. treis, three; three; stagma, that which drips, in reference kyrtos, humped, referring to the three outer to the three nectaries on the ovary. Bulbs. sepals having swollen bases. Tender peren- Amaryllidaceae. nial. Liliaceae. uniflorum, u-nif-LO-rum, one-flowered. hirta, HER-ta, hairy – the plant is softly hairy.

Triteleia, try-tel-e-a; from Gr. tri, three; Trientalis, tre-en-TA-lis; from L. trien, telios, perfect (complete), in allusion to the one-third of a foot, the height of the plant. floral parts being in threes. Hardy bulbs. Woodland herb. Primulaceae. Asparagaceae. americana, a-mer-ik-A-na, of America. europaea, see Lysimachia europaea. latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved.

Trifolium, tri-FO-le-um; from L. tres, three; folium, a leaf, the trefoil foliage. Trailing and other perennials and annuals. Leguminosae. alpinum, al-PINE-um, alpine. badium, BA-de-um, chestnut brown. repens, RE-penz, creeping. rubens, ROO-bens, red, usually means dark red. uniflorum, u-nif-LO-rum, one-flowered.

bridgesii, brid-JEES-e-i, after Thomas Bridges (1807–1865), English botanist and collector. Bridges’ Brodiaea. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. hendersonii, hen-der-SO-ne-i, after Louis Forniquet Henderson (1853–1942), American botanist and collector. laxa, LAKS-a, loose – the flowers. uniflora, see Tristagma uniflorum.

Tritoma, misapplied see below. uvaria, see Kniphofia uvaria.

Trillium, TRIL-le-um; from L. triplum, triple, alluding to the three-parted flowers. Tritonia, tri-TO-ne-a; from Gr. triton, a Tuberous perennials. The Wood Lilies. Mel- weathercock, in allusion to the variable positions of the anthers. Half-hardy bulbous anthiaceae. catesbaei, KATS-be-i, after Mark Catesby (1683– plants. Iridaceae. 1749), author of ‘A Natural History of Carolina’. Catesby’s Trillium. erectum, e-REK-tum, erect; upright.

crocata, kro-KA-ta, saffron-yellow. x crocosmiiflora, see Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora. pottsii, see Crocosmia pottsii.

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TRO–TUN Trochodendron, trok-o-DEN-dron; from Gr. trochos, a wheel; dendron, a tree, the flowers being rayed like the spokes of a wheel. Evergreen tree. Trochodendraceae. aralioides, ar-a-le-OY-dees, resembling Aralia.

brunoniana, see T. dumosa. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, of Canada. dumosa, du-MO-sa, bushy. heterophylla, het-er-of-IL-la, variable leaf form. mertensiana, mer-ten-se-A-na, after Franz Carl Mertens (1764–1831), German botanist. sieboldii, se-BOLD-e-i, after Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (1796–1866), German physician, botanist, and traveler.

Trollius, TROL-le-us; from the Swiss-German vernacular name Trollblume; some authorities give German trol, a globe, or something round. Herbaceous perennials. Tulipa, TEW-lip-a; a corruption of the The Globe flower. Ranunculaceae. altaicus, al-TA-ik-us, from the Altai Mountains in Persian word thoulyban, or tulipant, a turban, which the flower of the tulip is supCentral Asia. asiaticus, a-she-AT-ik-us, of Asia. posed to resemble. Hardy bulbs. The Tulip; chinensis, tshi-NEN-sis, of China. most of the tulips in cultivation are hybrids. europaeus, u-RO-pe-us, European. Liliaceae. ledebourii, led-e-BOUR-e-i, after Carl Friedrich von Ledebour (1785–1851), professor of science at the University of Tartu, Estonia. ledebourii var. polysepalus, pol-e-SEP-a-lus, many sepals. Found only on the northern most Japanese Island of Rebun. patulus, see T. ranunculinus. pumilus, pew-MIL-us, dwarf. ranunculinus, ra-nun-KUL-i-nus, resembling Ranunculus (buttercup).

Tropaeolum, trop-e-O-lum; from L. tropaeum (Gr. tropaion), a trophy, probably in allusion to the likeness of the flowers and leaves to the helmets and shields once displayed in Greece and Rome about scenes of victory. Annuals and herbaceous perennials. Tropaeolaceae. aduncum, see T. peregrinum. canariense, ka-nar-e-EN-se, of the Canary Islands. lobbianum, see T. peltophorum. majus, MA-jus, great. The Climbing Nasturtium. minus, MI-nus, small. The Dwarf Nasturtium. peltophorum, pel-to-FOR-um, from Gr. pelte, a little shield; phoreo, to bear. Shield Nasturtium. pentaphyllum, pen-ta-FIL-lum, five-leaved or leaflets divided into five. peregrinum, per-e-GRY-num, foreign or wan­ dering, here probably means straggly in growth. speciosum, spes-e-O-sum, showy. tuberosum, tu-ber-O-sum, bearing tubers.

biflora, bif-LO-ra, two-flowered, that is, in pairs. clusiana, klew-ze-A-na, of Carolus Clusius (1526–1609), pioneering botanist, remembered for his work on Tulip ‘break’ and plant breeding. dasystemon, das-e-STE-mon, with hairy stamens. elegans, see T. gesneriana. gesneriana, ges-ner-e-A-na, after Conrad von Gessner (1516–1565), Swiss naturalist, who first described tulips growing at Augsburg. greigii, GREG-e-i, after Major General Samuel Alexeyvich Greig (1827–1887), patron of botany, president of the Russian Horticultural Society. kaufmanniana, kowf-man-ne-A-na, after Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann (1818– 1882), the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan. orphanidea, or-fan-ID-e-a, after Theodoros G. Orphanides (1817–1886), professor of Botany at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. persica, PER-sik-a, of Persia. praecox, see T. clusiana. praestans, PRE-stans, excelling, standing out. sprengeri, spreng-ER-i, after Karl Sprenger (1846–1917), German nurseryman. suaveolens, SWA-ve-ol-enz, sweetly scented. sylvestris, sil-VES-tris, wild, pertaining to the woods. tarda, TAR-da, late flowering. vitelliana, see T. gesneriana.

Tsuga, SU-ga; Japanese name for Tsuga sieTunica, unresolved see below. boldii. Coniferous trees. Pinaceae. albertiana, see T. heterophylla.

saxifraga, see Petrorhagia saxifraga.

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TUR–URS Turbinicarpus, ter-bin-e-KAR-pus; with fruits shaped like a spinning top or cone. Cacti. Cactaceae.

farfara, far-FAR-a, the ancient name for Coltsfoot.

carpinifolia, kar-pine-E-fo-le-a, resembling Carpinus (Hornbeam). fulva, see U. rubra. glabra, GLAB-ra, smooth, destitute of hairs. minor, MY-nor, dwarf. montana, see U. glabra. nitens, NIT-enz, shining or glossy – the leaves. procera, see U. minor. pumila, PU-mil-a, dwarf or diminutive. rubra, ROO-bra, red-coloured. stricta, see U. minor.

Tweedia, TWEE-de-a; after James Tweedie (1775–1862), plant collector in South America. Greenhouse flowering twiners. Apocynaceae.

Umbellularia, um-bel-lu-lar-e-a; from L. umbellula, a little shade, in allusion to the flowers being in umbels, that is, parasol-shaped clusters. Shrubs. Lauraceae.

subterraneus, sub-ter-RAY-ne-us, underground in allusion to the fleshy tuberous root.

Tussilago, tus-sil-A-go; from L. tussis, a cough; ago, to act, its use in ancient medicine. Herbaceous perennials. Coltsfoot. Compositae.

coerulea, see Oxypetalum coeruleum.

californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California.

Tydaea, unresolved see below.

Umbilicus, um-bil-E-kus; from L. umbilicus, the navel, referring to the rounded, concave Typha, TI-fa; ancient name, possibly from leaves of some species. Succulent rock plant. Gr. typhe, a cat’s tail, or typhos, a fen, the Crassulaceae. usual habit of the reed-maces. Aquatics. pendulinus, see U. rupestris. rupestris, roo-PES-tris, rock loving. Typhaceae. amabilis, see Kohleria amabilis.

angustifolia, an-gus-tif-O-le-a, narrow-leaved. Uniola, YU-ne-o-la; adopted L. name of an latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved. laxmannii, lax-MAN-ne-i, after Erik Gustav unknown plant. Grasses. Poaceae. paniculata, pan-ik-ul-A-ta, panicled. Laxmann (1737-1796), Finnish-Swedish clergyman, explorer and naturalist. Urceolina, ur-se-o-LE-na; from L. urceolus, minima, MIN-e-ma, from L. minimus, smallest.

a small cup or pitcher, alluding to the small Ugni, UG-ne; derives from the Mapuche size of the membranous floral cup or nectary. Native American name Uni, for Ugni Greenhouse bulb. Amaryllidaceae. molinae. Evergreen shrubs. Myrtaceae. pendula, see Urceolina urceolata. molinae, mol-LIN-e, after Juan Ignacio Molina urceolata, ur-se-o-LA-ta, urn-shaped. (1740–1829), a Chilean Jesuit Priest and botanist, who first described it. Urospermum, u-ro-SPERM-um; from Gr.

Ulex, YU-leks; ancient L. name, used by oura, a tail; sperma, seed, the latter having Pliny for a type of heather. Thorny flowering a tail-like protuberance. Border and rock plants. Compositae. shrub. Leguminosae. dalechampii, da-le-SHAMP-e-i, after Jacques Daléchamps (1513–1588), French physician and botanist. picroides, pik-ROY-dees, resembling an ox-tongue.

europaeus, u-RO-pe-us, European. gallii, GAL-le-i, of France (Gaul). minor, MY-nor, dwarf. nanus, see U. minor.

Ulmus, UL-mus; old L. name for an elm tree. Ursinia, ur-SE-ne-a; after Johann Ursinus of The Romans used pollarded elms in vine- Regensburg (1608–1666), a German botanyards over which to grow the vines. Trees. ical author. Half-hardy annuals. Compositae. anethoides, an-eth-OY-dez, resembling Anethum. Ulmaceae. alata, al-A-ta, winged – branches having corky wings. campestris, see U. glabra.

anthemoides, an-them-OY-dez, Anthemis. pulchra, see U. anthemoides.

resembling

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UTR–VAN Utricularia, u-trik-u-LAIR-e-a; from L. utriculus, a small bladder, in allusion to the small insect-trapping sacs attached to the submerged leaves. Aquatic. Lentibulariaceae. vulgaris, vul-GAR-is, common. The Bladderwort.

Uvularia, u-va-LAR-e-a; from L. uvula, the lobe hanging from the soft palate in man, because of the hanging flowers. Hardy perennials. Colchicaceae. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large-flowered. perfoliata, per-fol-e-A-ta, perfoliate leaved – the leaves pierced by the stem.

Valeriana, va-leer-e-A-na; from L. valeo, to be healthy (ancient medicine); in reference to the plants associated medicinal use. Herbaceous perennials. Caprifoliaceae. celtica, KEL-tik-a, Celtic. dioica, di-OY-ka, literally two houses, that is, male and female parts being on separate plants, dioecious. phu, few, Gr. phou, old name for Valerian, or Cretan Spikenard; said to mean evil smelling. supina, su-PI-na, prostrate.

Valerianella, va-leer-e-a-NEL-la; diminutive of Valeriana, from the resemblance to these Vaccaria, vak-KAR-re-a; old generic name herbs. Salad vegetables. Caprifoliaceae. from Latin meaning cow-herb. Annual locusta, low-KUS-ta, growing in an enclosed space. Herb. Caryophyllaceae. olitoria, see V. locusta.

hispanica, his-PAN-ik-a, from Spain.

Vaccinium, vak-SIN-e-um; ancient Latin Vallisneria, val-lis-NEER-e-a; after Antonio name, used by Virgil and Pliny, for the blue- Vallisnieri de Vallisnera (1661–1730), professor of Padua. Fresh-water aquatics. Hydroberry. Shrubs. Ericaceae. angustifolium, an-gus-tif-O-le-um, having narrow charitaceae. leaves. arctostaphylos, ark-tos-TAF-il-os, from Gr. arktos, a bear; staphlye, a bunch of grapes, old generic name meaning fruits eaten by bears. corymbosum, kor-im-BO-sum, corymbs, in allusion to the cluster of flowers in which the outer stalks or pedicels are longer than the inner ones. erythrocarpum, er-ith-ro-KAR-pum, having red fruit. floribundum, flor-ib-UN-dum, abundant or free flowering. glaucoalbum, GLAW-ko-AL-bum, blue-white, the underside of the leaf. macrocarpon, mak-ro-KAR-pon, having large fruits. mortinia, see V. floribundum. myrtillus, mir-TIL-lus, myrtle, old name for Bilberry. The Bilberry or Whottleberry. ovatum, o-VA-tum, egg-shaped, the leaves. oxycoccos, oks-e-KOK-kos, from Gr. oxys, sharp or bitter; kokkos, a berry, in reference to the sourness of the fruits. pennsylvanicum, pen-sil-VAN-ik-um, of Pennsylvania. uliginosum, u-lij-in-O-sum, growing in swamps. vitis-idaea, VI-tis-i-DE-a, old generic name, meaning vine of Mount Ida (Crete). The Cowberry.

spiralis, spi-RA-lis, spiral, or coiled, the growths.

Vallota, misapplied see below. purpurea, see Cyrtanthus elatus.

Vancouveria, van-koo-VEER-e-a; after Captain George Vancouver (1757–1798), Royal Navy, British explorer. Sailed with Captain Cook. He undertook a four year voyage (1791–1795) during which he carried out the first detailed survey of the Pacific coast of North America. Woodland herb. Berberidaceae. hexandra, heks-AN-dra, with six stamens.

Vanda, VAN-da; the Sanskrit name of the first species introduced. Tropical orchids. Orchidaceae. coerulea, ser- (or ker-) U-le-a, Sky-blue. kimballiana, see Holcoglossum kimballianum. suavis, see V. tricolor var. suavis. teres, see Papilionanthe teres. tricolor, TRIK-o-lor, three coloured. tricolor var. suavis, SWA-vis, sweet.

Vandenboschia, van-den-BOSH-e-a; named in honour of Roelof Benjamin van den Bosch (1810–1862), Dutch botanist, spe-

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VAN–VER cialising in ferns and mosses. Ferns. Hyme- mulleins having downy foliage. Herbaceous perennials. Scrophulariaceae. nophyllaceae. radicans, RAD-e-kanz, creeping and rooting. The Killarney Fern.

Vanheerdea, van-HEER-dee-a; for Pieter Van Heerde (1893–1979), South African teacher and succulent plant collector. Succulents. Aizoaceae. roodiae, ROOD-e-e, after Mrs Petrusa Benjamina Rood (1861–1946), South African succulent plant collector, who sent plants and seed to N.E. Brown and Pole-Evans.

Vanilla, va-NIL-la; from Spanish vaynilla, a diminutive of vaina, signifying sheath, and bestowed because of the cylindrical seed pods suggesting the sheath of a knife. Tropical climbing orchid. The seed pods of V. planifolia are the vanilla of commerce. Orchidaceae. planifolia, plan-if-OL-e-a, flat-leaved.

Veltheimia, vel-TYM-e-a; after Count Veltheim (1741–1801), German patron of botany. Greenhouse flowering bulbs. Asparagaceae. bracteata, brak-te-A-ta, having bracts, or modified leaves, at bases of leaf stalks. capensis, ka-PEN-sis, of the Cape of Good Hope. glauca, see V. capensis. viridifolia, see V. capensis.

Venidium, ven-ID-e-um; from L. vena, vein; because of the ribbed fruits. South African half-hardy annuals and perennials. Compositae.

calendulaceum, kal-en-du-LA-se-um, resembling Calendula. fastuosum, see Arctotis fastuosa.

arcturus, ark-TU-rus, after Arcturus, a yellow star, the colour of the flowers. chaixii, SCHAY-ze-i, after Abbé Dominique Chaix (1730–1799), French cleric and botanist. creticum, KRE-tik-um, of Crete. cupreum, KU-pre-um, copper-coloured – the flowers. densiflorum, den-sif-LO-rum, many or dense flowers. olympicum, ol-IM-pik-um, of Olympia. pannosum, pan-NO-sum, roughly hairy, like wool cloth. phlomoides, flo-MOY-dees, like Phlomis. phoeniceum, fen-IK-e-um, reddish-scarlet. thapsiforme, see V. densiflorum. thapsus, THAP-sus, after Thapsus in ancient Africa (now Tunisia), or after Greek Thapsos Island.

Verbena, ver-BE-na; ancient L. name of the common vervain, V. officinalis; some authorities say it is derived from L. verbenae, the sacred branches of olive, laurel and myrtle used in religious ceremonies and also in medicine. Herbaceous perennials. Verbenaceae. bonariensis, bon-ar-e-EN-sis, of Bonaria, Buenos Ayres. chamaedryfolia, see Glandularia peruviana. erinoides, see Glandularia laciniata. hortensis, hor-TEN-sis, belonging to gardens. hybrida, hi-BRID-a, Latinised form of hybrid, a cross between two plants. rigida, rij-ID-a, rigid; stiff. tenera, see Glandularia tenera. venosa, see V. rigida.

Verbesina, ver-be-SE-na; from the similarity of the foliage to Verbena. Half-hardy perenVeratrum, ver-A-trum; ancient name of hel- nials. Compositae. lebore. False Hellebore. Herbaceous peren- encelioides, en-se-le-OY-dees, resembling Encelia. nials. Melanthiaceae. helianthoides, he-le-anth-OY-dees, resembling

album, AL-bum, white – the flowers. Helianthus. nigrum, NI-grum, black – the dark purple Vernonia, ver-NO-ne-a; after William flowers. Vernon (circa 1666–1711), British botanist viride, VIR-id-e, green – the flowers.

who collected in Maryland in 1698. Hardy Verbascum, ver-BAS-kum; classical L. name, perennials. Compositae. possibly a corruption of L. barbascum, a altissima, see V. gigantea. hairy plant (barba, a beard), many of the arkansana, ar-kan-SA-na, of Arkansas. — 161 —

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VER–VER gigantea, ji-GAN-te-a, unusually tall or big. noveboracensis, no-ve-bor-a-SEN-sis, of New York (Novum Eboracum, from the Roman name for York).

Veronica, ver-ON-ik-a; origin doubtful. Some authorities give it as a corruption of Betonica, the foliage of the plants being similar, others suggest it is a Latin form of the Greek word Beronike, yet others refer it to the Greek hiera eicon, sacred image, or the Arabic viroo nikoo, beautiful remembrance. Annuals, herbaceous perennials, aquatics and shrubs. Plantaginaceae. amplexicaulis, am-pleks-e-KAW-lis, leaves clasping the stem. anagallis, an-a-GAL-lis, old name for Water Pimpernel. × andersonii, an-der-SO-ne-i, named after Anderson of Maryfield, Edinburgh, who crossed V. speciosa with V. salicifolia to develop this popular garden hybrid. angustifolia, see Psuedolysimachion linariifolium. armstrongii, arm-STRONG-e-i, found by J.F Armstrong in 1869. austriaca, AWS-tre-ak-a, of Austria. austriaca subsp. teucrium, TEW-kre-um, old generic name, which see. balfouriana, bal-four-e-A-na, after Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour (1853–1922), professor of botany at the University of Edinburgh. Raised by seed from New Zealand prior to 1897. beccabunga, bek-ka-BUNG-a, old name for Brooklime, meaning “mouth smart” that is, pungent. bidwillii, bid-WIL-le-i, after John Bidwill (1815– 1853)who discovered it. buxifolia, buks-if-O-le-a, resembling Buxus (Box), the leaf. canescens, kan-ES-senz, more or less grey or hoary. carnosula, kar-NOS-u-la, somewhat fleshy – the foliage. catarractae, see Parahebe catarractae. chamaedrys, kam-E-dris, old name used by Theophrastus for Germander Speedwell, from Gr. chamai, on the ground; drys, oak; the plant’s habit and shape of leaves. chathamica, chat-HAM-ik-a, of Chatham Islands. cinerea, see V. wyomingensis. colensoi, kol-EN-so-i, after William Colenso (1811–1899), New Zealand missionary and botanist.

cuppressoides, ku-pres-OY-dees, the leaves resembling Cupressus (cypress). darwiniana, dar-win-e-A-na, after Charles Darwin (1809–1882), geologist and naturalist who collected plants on the voyage of The Beagle. decumbens, de-KUM-benz, lying on the ground with the tips upright. elliptica, el-LIP-tik-a, elliptic, the leaves. filiformis, fil-if-OR-mis, thread-like, the growths. fruticans, FRUT-ik-anz, from L. frutex, a shrub; shrubby or bushy. gentianoides, jen-te-an-OY-dees, resembling Gentiana – the tufted foliage. hectori, hek-TOR-i, after Sir James Hector (1834–1907), New Zealand geologist and botanist of Scottish origin. hulkeana, see Heliohebe hulkeana. incana, see V. spicata subsp. incana. longifolia, long-if-OL-e-a, long leaves. lyallii, li-AL-e-i, after David Lyall (1817–1895), Scottish botanist and lifetime friend of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. lycopodioides, li-ko-pod-e-OY-dees, resembling Lycopodium or club moss. orientalis, or-e-en-TA-lis, from the Orient; Eastern. parviflora, par-vif-LOR-a, from L. parvus, small; flor, flower. pectinata, pek-tin-A-ta, from L. pecten, comb. Comblike – the leaves. persica, PER-sik-a, of Persia. pimeleoides, py-mel-e-OY-dees, resembling Pimelia. pinguifolia, pin-gwe-FO-le-a, the leaves appearing fatty or greasy. repens, RE-penz, creeping. salicifolia, sal-is-if-O-le-a, leaves resembling Salix (willow). salicornloides, sal-ik-orn-LOY-dees, resembling Salicornia. saxatilis, see V. fruticans. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy. spicata, spe-KA-ta, spiked – the inflorescence. spicata subsp. incana, in-KA-na, covered in soft white hairs. subsessilis, sub-SES-sil-is, partially sitting – the leaves having little or no stalk. teucrium, see austiaca subsp. teucrium. traversii, tra-VER-se-i, after William Thomas Locke Travers (1819–1903), solicitor, parliamentarian and botanist. vernicosa, ver-nik-O-sa, shining as if varnished. virginica, see Veronicastrum virginicum.

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VER–VIE wyomingensis, wy-o-ming-EN-sis, in relation to the Algonquin name for large prairie place.

Veronicastrum, ver-on-e-KAS-trum; from Veronica, which see; astrum, indicating incomplete resemblance. Perennial herbs. Plantaginaceae. virginicum, ver-JIN-ik-um, of Virginia.

Vesalea, vee-sal-E-a; in honour of Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), Brussels born Father of the Science of Anatomy, professor at the Univeristy of Padua. Shrubs. Caprifoliaceae. floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, many-flowered.

Vesicaria, ves-e-KAIR-e-a; from L. vesica, a bladder, alluding to the inflated seed pods. Branched annuals or perennials. Brassicaceae. arctica, see Physaria mendocina. gnaphalodes, see Physoptychis caspica. gracilis, see Physaria gracilis. utriculata, see Alyssoides utriculata.

Viburnum, vi-BUR-num; old Latin name for one of the species of this genus, possibly V. lantana. Shrubs. Adoxaceae. acerifolium, a-ser-if-O-le-um, leaves resembling Acer (maple). atrocyaneum, at-row-sy-AN-e-um, very dark blue. atrocyaneum f. harryanum, har-re-A-num, after Sir Harry Veitch (1840–1924), horticulturist and head of the nursery firm James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, London. Instrumental in promoting the Royal International Horticultural Exhibition of 1912 – the first Chelsea Flower Show. × bodnantense, bod-nan-TEN-see, referring to Bodnant Gardens, Talycafn, North Wales, largely created by the 2nd Lord Aberconway. carlesii, KAR-les-e-i, after William Richard Carles (1848–1929), consular and botanist, he collected plants in China, Japan and Korea sending specimens back to the Royal Botanic Garden Kew. davidii, DA-vid-e-i, after Père Armand David (1826–1900), French missionary and plant collector in China. Introduced by Wilson for Messrs. Veitch in 1904. farreri, FAR-rer-i, in honour of Reginald John Farrer (1880–1920), plant hunter and botanist. fragrans, FRA-granz, fragrant.

grandiflorum, gran-dif-LO-rum, large flowered. Introduced from Bhutan by Robert Cooper for A.K. Bulley in 1914. harryanum, see V. atrocyaneum f. harryanum. henryi, HEN-re-i, after Dr. Augustine Henry (1857–1930), Irish plantsman and pioneer collector in China. hessei, HES-se-i, after Hesse, a Hanoverian who introduced it. hupehense, hu-pe-EN-se, from Hupeh, China. kansuense, kan-su-EN-se, from Kansu, China. lantana, lan-TA-na, late Latin name of Viburnum. The Wayfaring Tree. macrocephalum, mak-ro-SEF-a-lum, largeheaded, the flowers. odoratissimum, od-or-a-TIS-sim-um, sweetest-­ scented. opulus, OP-ul-us, once the generic name for the Guelder Rose; derived from an old Latin name for Maple – the leaves of both being somewhat similar. The Guelder Rose. prunifolium, pru-nif-O-le-um, Prunus (plum) leaved. rhytidophyllum, ry-tid-of-IL-lum, leaves deeply grooved. tinus, TI-nus, the old Latin name for the species, meaning obscure. tomentosum, to-men-TO-sum, felted – the leaves. utile, YU-til-e, useful.

Vicia, VIS-e-a; classical L. name, possibly from L. vincio, to bind, in reference to the clinging tendrils of many of the vetches. Annual and herbaceous perennials. Leguminosae.

argentea, ar-JEN-te-a, silvery, the foliage. cracca, KRAK-a, old name for Tufted Vetch, possibly from Gr. arachon, a pea-like plant. faba, FA-ba, Faba – one-time generic name. The Broad Bean. orobus, OR-o-bus, once the generic name (q.v.) of the Bitter Vetch. pyrenaica, pir-en-A-ik-a, Pyrenean. unijuga, u-ne-JU-ga, in single pairs, the leaves.

Victoria, vik-TOR-e-a; after Queen Victoria. Tropical aquatic. Nymphaeaceae.

amazonica, a-ma-ZON-ik-a, from the region of the Amazon. regia, RE-je-a, Royal.

Vieusseuxia, misapplied please see below. glaucopsis, see Moraea aristata. pavonia, see Tigridia pavonia.

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VIL–VIT Villarsia, vil-LAR-se-a; after Dominique Villars (1745–1814), professor of botany at Grenoble, who was noted for his work on the flora of the Dauphiné region, France. Herbaceous perennials and aquatics. Menyanthaceae.

pinnata, pin-NA-ta, pinnated – the divided leaves. rothomagensis, see V. hispida. rupestris, roo-PES-tris, growing on rocks. tricolor, TRIK-o-lor, three coloured. tricolor subsp. macedonica, mas-e-DON-ik-a, of Macedonia.

chilensis, chil-EN-sis, Chilean. nymphoidea, nim-FOY-de-a, resembling Nyphaea. Viscaria, vis-KAIR-e-a; from L. viscum, ovata, o-VA-ta, egg-shaped – the leaves. birdlime. Rock and border plants. Caryoreniformis, see Ornduffia reniformis.

phyllaceae. Vinca, VIN-ka; old L. name, possibly from oculata, ok-ul-A-ta, with an eye. L. vincio, to bind, alluding to the long tough Viscum, VIS-kum; Latin name for Mistletoe. runners. Greenhouse and hardy shrubby Parasitic shrubby plant. Santalaceae. plants. Apocynaceae. album, AL-bum, white – the berries. The Misdifformis, dif-FOR-mis, of unusual form, probably alluding to the shape of flower segments. herbacea, her-BA-se-a, herbaceous. major, MA-jor, greater. minor, MI-nor, lesser. The Lesser Periwinkle. rosea, see Catharanthus roseus.

tletoe.

Vitaliana, vit-al-e-A-na; in honour of Vitaliano Donati (1717–1762), Italian botanist. Perennial herb. Primulaceae. primuliflora, prim-u-le-FLOR-a, Primrose-flow-

ered. Viola, VI-o-la; the ancient Latin name for a violet (akin to Gr. ion, a violet). Annuals or Vitex, VI-teks; ancient L. name for V. perennial herbs and small shrubs. Violaceae. agnus-castus. Hardy and greenhouse flowerarenaria, see V. rupestris. ing shrubs. Lamiaceae. biflora, bif-LO-ra, two-flowered, that is, in pairs.

agnus-castus, AG-nus-KAS-tus, chaste lamb tree bosniaca, see V. tricolor subsp. macedonica. – a classical name. calcarata, kal-kar-A-ta, spurred. canadensis, kan-a-DEN-sis, Canadian. Vitis, VI-tis; old Latin name for grapevine. canina, kan-I-na, dog, probably signifying Climbing foliage and fruit plants. Vitaceae. common or worthless, that is, scentless. The aestivalis, es-tiv-A-lis, summer. Dog Violet. amurensis, am-oor-EN-sis, the region of the cenisia, sen-IS-e-a, from Mont Cenis, France. Amur river. cornuta, kor-NEW-ta, horned – the sepals are arizonica, ar-i-ZON-ik-a, from Arizona. awl-shaped and suggest horns. armata, see V. davidii. cucullata, see V. obliqua. candicans, KAN-dik-ans, white – the shoots. dichroa, dik-RO-a, two-coloured. coignetiae, koyn-ET-e-e, first introduced from gracilis, GRAS-il-is, slender. Japan to France by a Madame Coignet. hederacea, hed-er-A-se-a, resembling Hedera (Ivy) davidii, DA-vid-e-i, discovered in Shensi, in 1872, – the shape of the leaves. by Père Armand David (1826–1900), French hirta, HER-ta, hairy. missionary and plant collector in China. hispida, HIS-pid-a, bristly. Plants in cultivation are probably derived lutea, LU-te-a, yellow. from a re-introduction by Wilson for Messrs. munbyana, mun-be-A-na, after Giles Munby Veitch in 1900. (1813–1876), botanist. flexuosa, fleks-u-O-sa, flexous, the growths obliqua, ob-LEE-kwa, with unequal sides. curving in a wavy manner. odorata, od-or-A-ta, sweet-scented. The Sweet henryana, see Parthenocissus henryana. Violet. heterophylla, see Ampelopsis glandulosa var. hetpedata, ped-A-ta, footed – the bird’s claw-like erophylla. leaves. inconstans, see Parthenocissus tricuspidata. pedunculata, ped-ungk-ul-A-ta, peduncled – the long flower stalks. monticola, mon-TIK-o-la, growing on hills.

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VIT–WEI piasezkii, pi-a-ZET-ski-i, named after P.J. Piaszki, who collected in China around 1875. quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. sinensis, see V. piasezkii. striata, see Cissus striata. thunbergii, thun-BERG-e-i, after Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), Swedish botanist and student of Linnaeus. vinifera, vin-IF-er-a, wine-producing. The Grape Vine. vitacea, see Parthenocissus inserta.

Waitzia, WAIT-ze-a; after F.A.C. Waitz of Java, who corresponded with Wendland. Half-hardy annuals. Compositae. aurea, see Waitzia nitida. grandiflora, gran-dif-LO-ra, large flowered. nitida, NIT-id-a, shining – the leaves.

Waldsteinia, wald- (or vald-) STI-ne-a; after Count Franz Adam Waldstein-Wartenburg (1759–1823), Austrian botanist, co-author of a book on Hungarian flora. Trailing perVittadinia, vit-ta-DIN-e-a; after Carlo Vit- ennials. Rosaceae. fragarioides, fraj-air-e-OY-deez, resembling tadini (1800–1865), Italian mycologist and Fragaria (strawberry), the leaves. physician. Perennial herbs with thick root- ternata, ter-NA-ta, with three leaflets. stocks, or branching sub-shrubs. Compositae. trifolia, see W. ternata. australis, aws-TRA-lis, southern.

Watsonia, wat-SO-ne-a; named after Sir Vriesea, VRE-ze-a or VREEZ-e-a; after William Watson (1715–1787), English Willem Henrik de Vriese (1806–1862), medical practitioner and scientist. HalfDutch botanist, professor of botany first at hardy shrubs. Iridaceae. Amsterdam, then at Leiden. Perennial herbs. ardernei, see W. borbonica. borbonica, bor-bon-IK-a, in honour of the House Bromeliaceae.

of Bourbon of France. carinata, kar-in-A-ta, keeled. duvaliana, du-val-e-A-na, after Henri Duval borbonica subsp. ardernei, ar-DER-ne-i, after Henry Matthew Arderne (1834–1914), busi(1777–1814), French medical practitioner nessman and plantsman, who introduced it and author. about 1890. gigantea, ji-GAN-te-a, unusually tall or big. hieroglyphica, hi-er-o-GLIF-ik-a, resembling iridifolia, see W. meriana. meriana, meer-e-A-na, after Maria Sybilla Merian hieroglyphics, the markings on the leaves. (1647–1717), German-born naturalist and psittacina, sit-tak-E-na, parrot-like - the floral scientific illustrator. colouring. regina, re-JI-na, queen. Wedelia, wed- (or ved-) E-le-a; after George splendens, SPLEN-denz, splendid. W. Wedel (1645–1721), professor of botany tessellata, see V. gigantea at Jena. Half-hardy perennials. Compositae.

Wahlenbergia, wah-len-BER-ge-a; named aurea, see Lasianthaea aurea. after Dr. Wahlenberg (1780–1851) of radiosa, rad-e-O-sa, rayed. Uppsala, a botanical author. Rock-garden Weigela, we- (or ve-) JE-la; after Christian perennials. Campanulaceae. Ehrenfried von Weigel (1748–1831), a proalbomarginata, AL-bow-mar-jin-A-ta, white mar- fessor of botany at Griefswald. Flowering gined. shrubs. Caprifoliaceae. dalmatica, see Edraianthus dalmaticus. gracilis, GRAS-il-is, slender. hederacea, hed-er-A-se-a, the leaves resembling Hedera (ivy). kitaibelii, see Edraianthus graminifolius. pumilio, see Edraianthus pumilio. serpyllifolia, see Edraianthus serpyllifolius. tasmanica, see W. albomarginata. vinciflora, see W. gracilis.

floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free flowering. florida, FLO-rid-a, from L. floridus, flowery. rosea, see Diervilla florida.

Weinmannia, ween- (or veen-) MAN-ne-a; after Johann Wilhelm Weinmann (1683– 1741), of Regensburg, German apothecary. Greenhouse shrubs. Cunoniaceae.

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WEL–XER reticulata, ret-ik-ul-A-ta, netted or lined. trichosperma, trik-o-SPER-ma, hairy-seeded.

Previously only found in fossil records until Wollemia nobilis was discovered in 1994. Trees. Araucariaceae.

Wellingtonia, see Sequoiadendron.

nobilis, NO-bil-is, in honour of David Noble

Welwitschia, wel- (or vel-) VITS-ke-a; after (born 1964), canyoner, member of the team that discovered it. Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872), Austrian botanist and explorer, who introduced this Woodsia, WOOD-se-a; named after Joseph plant curiosity to Europe. Xerophyte. WelWoods (1776–1864), English Architect witschiaceae. and botanist. Greenhouse and hardy ferns. mirabilis, mir-A-bil-is, wonderful. Woodsiaceae. Whitlavia, see Phacelia. alpina, al-PINE-a (or al-PIN-a), of the Alps or Widdringtonia, WID-ring-TO-ne-a; after Captain Widdrington, conifer botanist in the late 1700s & early 1800s. Tender conifers. Cupressaceae. cupressoides, see W. nodiflora. juniperoides, see W. nodiflora. nodiflora, no-dif-LO-ra, flowering at the nodes.

alpine. hyperborea, see W. alpina. ilvensis, il-VEN-sis, from Ilva (Elba). obtusa, ob-TU-sa, blunt. polystichoides, pol-is-tik-OY-deez, resembling Polystichum.

Woodwardia, wood-WARD-e-a; after Thomas Jenkinson Woodward (1745– Wigandia, wig- (or vig-) AN-de-a; after 1820), English botanist. Greenhouse ferns. Johannes Wigand (1523–1587), Bishop Blechnaceae. of Pomernia, botanical author. Summer areolata, ar-e-o-LA-ta, divided into open spaces bedding foliage plants. Boraginaceae. between the veins.

caracasana, see W. urens. radicans, RAD-e-kanz, creeping and rooting. urens, U-rens, stinging; burning. virginica, vir-JIN-ik-a, Virginian. vigieri, VIG-e-air-e, dedicated to Achille Georges Hippolyte, Vicomte Vigier (1825–1883), Wulfenia, woolf-E-ne-a; after Franz Xavier who created a Botanic garden at Nice. von Wulfen (1728–1805), Austrian botan-

Wilcoxia, unresolved see below. Cactaceae. tuberosus, see Echinocereus poselgeri.

ical author, teacher and Jesuit abbot. Herbaceous perennials. Plantaginaceae. amherstiana, see Wulfeniopsis amherstiana.

Wisteria, wis-TEER-e-a; after Caspar Wistar carinthiaca, kar-in-the-A-ka, from Carinthia. (1761–1818), professor at University of Wulfeniopsis, woolf-en-E-op-sis; from Penn. Climbing flowering shrubs. LegumiWulfenia (which see); opsis, resembles, likenosae. ness. Herbaceous perennials. Plantaginaceae. chinensis, see W. sinensis. floribunda, flor-e-BUN-da, abundant or free amherstiana, am-HERST-e-a-na, after Sarah, Countess Amherst (1762–1838), an amateur flowering. botanist who collected plants on her travels japonica, see Millettia japonica. in India. multijuga, see W. floribunda. sinensis, si-NEN-sis, Chinese. Xanthoceras, zanth-OS-er-as; from Gr.

Witsenia, wit-SEE-ne-a; after Nicholas xanthos, yellow; keras, a horn, the projecting Witsen eighteenth century Dutch patron horn-like growths between the petals. Trees. of botany. Greenhouse flowering shrubs. Sapindaceae. sorbifolum, sor-bif-O-le-um, Sorbus leaved. Iridaceae. corymbosa, see Nivenia corymbosa.

Xeranthemum, zer-AN-the-mum; from Gr. Wollemia, wol-EM-e-a; named after the xeros, dry; anthos, a flower, alluding to the Wollemi National Park, New South Wales. chief characteristics of this plant. The dried — 166 —

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XER–ZEP flower heads retain their form and colour for Zanthoxylum, zanth-OKS-il-lum; from Gr. xanthos, yellow; xylon, wood, the latter being years. Annuals. Compositae. annuum, AN-nu-um, annual. Everlasting flower. yellow in some species. Trees or shrubs. Xerophyllum, zer-o-FIL-lum; from Gr. xeros, Rutaceae. dry, phyllon, a leaf, the leaves being dry and grassy. Herbaceous perennials. Melanthiaceae. asphodeloides, ass-fo-del-OY-dees, resembling Aphodelus (asphodel). setifolium, see X. asphodeloides

ailanthoides, a-lanth-OY-dees, resembling Ailanthus. americanum, a-mer-i-KAY-num, of the Americas. The Toothache Tree. bungeanum, bunj-E-a-num, after Alexander von Bunge (1803–1890), a Russian botanist. bungei, see Z. bungeanum. piperitum, see Z. bungeanum.

Yucca, YUK-ka; modification of an aboriginal name applied to another plant. Flowering and foliage shrubs. Asparagaceae. Zauschneria, zawsch-NEER-e-a; after aloifolia, al-o-if-OL-e-a, foliage resembles Aloe. Johann Baptist Zauschner (1737–1799), anceps, AN-ceps, two-edged, flattened. botanist, professor of medicine Prague. baccata, bak-KA-ta, berried, referring to the Half-hardy shrubby perennial. Onagraceae. edible fruits. brevifolia, brev-if-OL-e-a, short-leaved. filamentosa, fil-a-men-TO-za, thready, referring to the filaments on the leaf margins. glauca, GLAW-ka, sea-green – the foliage. gloriosa, glor-i-O-sa, glorious. gloriosa var. tristis, TRIS-tis, square leaved. recurvifolia, see Y. gloriosa var. tristis. whipplei, see Hesperoyucca whipplei.

californica, kal-if-OR-nik-a, of California.

Zea, ZE-a; from the Greek name for another cereal. Ornamental foliage, fodder and corn grasses. Poaceae. mays, may-z, Mexican vernacular name for maize.

Zebrina, see below.

pendula, see Tradescantia zebrina var. zebrina.

Yushania, u-SHA-ne-a; named after Yushan, Zelkova, zel-KO-va; from the vernacular Yu shan, literally Jade Mountain, the highest name in the Caucasus. Shrubs and trees. mountain in Taiwan where the type species Ulmaceae. acuminata, see Z. serrata. was found. Grasses. Poaceae. carpinifolia, kar-pine-E-fo-le-a, resembling Carpinus (hornbeam). crenata, kre-NA-ta, notched – the leaves. serrata, ser-RA-ta, saw-toothed edge to the leaves.

anceps, AN-ceps, two-edged, flattened.

Zaluzianskya, zal-u-ze-AN-ske-a; after Adam Zaluziansky (1558–1613), a physician and botanist, of Prague. Half-hardy Zenobia, zen-O-be-a; after Zenobia, once annuals. Scrophulariaceae. capensis, ka-PEN-sis, of the Cape of Good Hope. Empress of Palmyra circa AD266. Flowering shrubs. Ericaceae. selaginoides, see Z. villosa. pulverulenta, pul-ver-ul-EN-ta, powdered as with dust, the leaves. speciosa, spes-e-O-sa, showy.

villosa, vil-LO-sa, shaggy, hairy.

Zantedeschia, zan-te-de-SHE-a; after Giovanni Zantedeschi (1773–1846), Italian Zephyranthes, zef-er-AN-thez; from Gr. botanist. Herbaceous perennials. Araceae. zephyros, the west wind; anthos, a flower. aethiopica, eth-i-O-pik-a, Ethiopian. albomaculata, AL-bo-mak-ul-A-ta, white In reference to the origin of the genus in the Western Hemisphere. Bulbs. Amaryllispotted, the leaves. elliottiana, el-le-ot-e-A-na, in compliment to daceae. Capt. Elliott of Farnboro Park, Hampshire. pentlandii, PENT-land-e-i, grown by R.Whyte of Pentland House, Lee. rehmannii, ra-MAN-e-i, after Anton Rehmann (1840–1917), Polish botanist.

atamasco, at-am-AS-ko, old name. The Atamasco Lily. candida, KAN-di-da, white. carinata, kar-in-A-ta, keeled. rosea, RO-ze-a, rose-coloured.

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ZIG–ZYG treatiae, tre-AT-e-e, after Mrs Mary Treat, Green Zizania, ziz-A-ne-a; from Gr. zizanion, a Cove Springs, Florida. name for a ‘tare’ or weed of wheat fields, not versicolor, ver-SIK-o-lor, variously coloured. this. Waterside grasses. Poaceae. aquatica, a-KWAT-ik-a, growing in or near water. Zigadenus, zig-a-DE-nus; from Gr. zygon, Canadian wild rice. yoke; aden, gland. The glands are sometimes latifolia, lat-if-O-le-a, broad-leaved.

in pairs at the base of the sepals. Bulbs and rhizomatous perennial herbs. Melanthiaceae. Ziziphus, ZIZ-if-us; from Zizouf, the Arabian name for Z. lotus. Shrubs and trees. angustifolius, see Stenanthium densum. glaberrimus, gla-ber-RIM-us, completely gla- Rhamnaceae. brous, without hairs. muscitoxicum, see Amianthium muscitoxicum. nuttallii, see Toxicoscordion nuttallii.

lotus, LO-tus, lotus. The African or Jujube Lotus.

Zygocactus, misapplied see below.

truncatus, see Schlumbergera truncata.

Zingiber, ZING-ib-er; classical name × Zygocolax, misapplied see below. coming from the Sanskrit. Tropical foliage veitchii, see Zygopetalum × veitchii. and flowering plants. Zingiberaceae. Zygopetalum, ZY-go-PET-a-lum; from Gr. officinale, of-fis-in-A-le, of the shops. The roots zygos, a yoke; petalon, a petal, in reference to form the Ginger of commerce. the segments of the perianth being jointed at Zinnia, ZIN-ne-a; named after Johann their bases. Orchids. Orchidaceae. Gottfried Zinn (1727–1759), professor of crinitum, KRYN-it-um, hairy. botany at Göttingen. Half-hardy annuals. intermedium, see Z. maculatum. mackayi, see Z. maculatum. Compositae. maculatum, mak-ul-A-tum, spotted. elegans, EL-e-ganz, elegant. haageana, ha-ag-e-A-na, after J.N. Haage (1826– 1878), German nurseryman. pauciflora, paw-sif-LO-ra, few-flowered. verticillata, ver-tis-il-LA-ta, whorled – the leaves.

maxillare, max-il-LA-re, shaped like a jaw. × sedenii, sed-E-ne-i, after John Seden, a noted hybridiser for Veitch Nurseries. × veitchii, VEECH-e-i, after Messrs. Veitch, nurserymen of Chelsea, London.

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