Pipelines and Permafrost: Science in a Cold Climate 9780773591554

Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Copyright
Table of Contents
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE
CHAPTER 1: THE CHALLENGE
Oil and gas pipelines: early development
Pipelines for cold regions
Pipelines and the public interest
Where does the "North" begin?
The freezing of soils
Permafrost
CHAPTER 2: THE TERRAIN IN COLD REGIONS
Patterned ground
Solifluction and other soil movements on slopes
Ice-wedge polygons, pingoes and palsar
Other ice in the ground and thermokarst
The climate of the ground
CHAPTER 3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOTECHNICAL ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE NORTH
The passive, or pre-technological approach
Post-war Northern development and the geotechnical approach up to 1960
Pressure
The scientific approach
What happens when soils freeze?
Conservation and the concern for the natural environment
CHAPTER 4: THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE
The first big pipeline on permafrost
Permafrost and earthquakes
Terrain conditions and site investigations
The pipeline and hydrological conditions
Solutions to the problems
The completed pipepline
CHAPTER 5: THE GAS PIPELINES AND THE FROST HEAVE PROBLEM
The Mackenzie Valley pipeline
Frost heave and the cold pipeline
Origin of the heaving pressure
Frost heave and the shut-off pressure
Measuring the movement of water through frozen ground
A difference of opinion
A change of plans
CHAPTER 6: THE ALASKA HIGHWAY PIPELINE
The approved pipeline
Some general problems applying to gas pipelines
Creeping soils, rivers, and glacier-dammed lakes
The Alaska Highway Pipeline and the frost heave problem
Another change of plans
CHAPTER 7 MORE PIPELINES, MORE SCIENCE AND MORE POLITICS
Russian pipelines
The Norman Wells oil pipeline
Applied science carried out by a company
A pipeline bent in France
International science
More megaprojects
CHAPTER 8: FREEZING GROUND, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY
Pipelines in cold places: the future
A new problem or an old one?
A scientific challenge neglected
Who is responsible?
The unanswered questions
Conclusion
Index

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