Physiology of behavior 9780134080918, 1292158107, 9781292158105, 1021041041, 2022042042, 0134080912, 9781292158112, 1292158115

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
1. Introduction......Page 16
Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience......Page 18
Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience......Page 19
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits......Page 24
Evolution of Large Brains......Page 26
Research with Animals......Page 29
Research with Humans......Page 30
Strategies for Learning......Page 32
2. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System......Page 36
The Nervous System: An Overview......Page 38
Neurons......Page 39
Supporting Cells......Page 44
The Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 47
Neural Communication: An Overview......Page 48
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons......Page 50
The Membrane Potential......Page 51
The Action Potential......Page 53
Conduction of the Action Potential......Page 56
Structure of Synapses......Page 59
Release of Neurotransmitters......Page 60
Activation of Receptors......Page 62
Postsynaptic Potentials......Page 63
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials......Page 64
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration......Page 65
Other Types of Synapses......Page 67
Other Forms of Chemical Communication......Page 68
3. Structure of the Nervous System......Page 71
Basic Features of the Nervous System......Page 73
Anatomical Directions......Page 74
The Ventricular System and Production of CSF......Page 76
Prenatal Brain Development......Page 79
Postnatal Brain Development......Page 83
The Forebrain......Page 85
The Midbrain......Page 93
The Hindbrain......Page 94
The Spinal Cord......Page 95
Cranial Nerves......Page 97
Spinal Nerves......Page 98
The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 99
4. Psychopharmacology......Page 103
An Overview of Psychopharmacology......Page 105
Pharmacokinetics......Page 106
Drug Effectiveness......Page 108
Effects of Repeated Administration......Page 109
Placebo Effects......Page 110
Sites of Drug Action......Page 111
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters......Page 112
Effects on Receptors......Page 113
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters......Page 114
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators......Page 115
Amino Acids......Page 116
Acetylcholine......Page 118
The Monoamines......Page 121
Peptides......Page 128
Lipids......Page 129
5. Methods and Strategies of Research......Page 133
Producing Brain Lesions......Page 136
Stereotaxic Surgery......Page 137
Histological Methods......Page 139
Tracing Neural Connections......Page 141
Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain......Page 145
Recording Neural Activity......Page 148
Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity......Page 151
Stimulating Neural Activity......Page 153
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals......Page 156
Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain......Page 158
Genetic Methods......Page 160
Targeted Mutations......Page 161
Antisense Oligonucleotides......Page 162
6. Vision......Page 164
The Stimulus: Light......Page 167
Anatomy of the Eye......Page 168
Photoreceptors......Page 169
Transduction......Page 170
Central and Peripheral Vision......Page 172
The Optic Nerves......Page 173
Overview of the Visual Pathway......Page 174
Striate Cortex......Page 176
Extrastriate Cortex......Page 178
Role of the Retinal Ganglion Cells in Light/Dark Perception......Page 180
Role of the Retina in Color Perception......Page 182
Role of the Extrastriate Cortex......Page 185
Role of the Striate Cortex......Page 188
Role of the Extrastriate Cortex......Page 190
Role of the Retina......Page 195
Role of the Extrastriate Cortex......Page 196
Role of the Extrastriate Cortex......Page 198
7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses......Page 203
The Stimulus......Page 205
Anatomy of the Ear......Page 206
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information......Page 208
The Auditory Pathway......Page 209
Perception of Pitch......Page 212
Perception of Timbre......Page 213
Perception of Spatial Location......Page 214
Perception of Complex Sounds......Page 217
Perception of Music......Page 218
Vestibular System......Page 221
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus......Page 222
The Vestibular Pathway......Page 223
The Stimuli......Page 224
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs......Page 225
Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation......Page 226
The Somatosensory Pathways......Page 228
Perception of Pain......Page 230
The Stimuli......Page 236
Perception of Gustatory Information......Page 237
The Gustatory Pathway......Page 239
Olfaction......Page 240
The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus......Page 241
Transduction of Olfactory Information......Page 242
Perception of Specific Odors......Page 243
8. Control of Movement......Page 246
Anatomy......Page 248
The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction......Page 250
Sensory Feedback from Muscles......Page 251
The Gamma Motor System......Page 253
Polysynaptic Reflexes......Page 255
Cortical Structures......Page 256
Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways......Page 258
Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex......Page 260
Subcortical Structures......Page 264
Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System......Page 270
Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex......Page 272
Constructional Apraxia......Page 274
9. Sleep and Biological Rhythms......Page 276
What Is Sleep?......Page 278
Stages of Sleep......Page 279
Brain Activity During Sleep......Page 281
Why Do We Sleep?......Page 283
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep......Page 284
Sleep and Learning......Page 286
Neural Control of Sleep......Page 289
Neural Control of Arousal......Page 290
Neural Control of Sleep/Wake Transitions......Page 294
Neural Control of Transition to REM......Page 296
Insomnia......Page 299
Narcolepsy......Page 300
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep......Page 302
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers......Page 304
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus......Page 305
Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin......Page 308
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag......Page 309
10. Reproductive Behavior......Page 311
Production of Gametes and Fertilization......Page 313
Development of the Sex Organs......Page 314
Sexual Maturation......Page 316
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles......Page 319
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals......Page 320
Human Sexual Behavior......Page 322
Effects of Pheromones......Page 324
Males......Page 328
Formation of Pair Bonds......Page 331
Sexual Orientation......Page 333
Role of Androgens......Page 334
The Sexually Dimorphic Brain......Page 335
Heredity and Sexual Orientation......Page 337
Maternal Behavior of Rodents......Page 339
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior......Page 340
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior......Page 343
11. Emotion......Page 345
Components of Emotional Response......Page 347
Research with Laboratory Animals......Page 348
Research with Humans......Page 352
Research with Laboratory Animals......Page 354
Research with Humans......Page 355
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior......Page 356
Role of the vmPFC......Page 361
Brain Development and Impulse Control......Page 362
Serotonin and Impulse Control......Page 363
Moral Decision Making......Page 364
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses......Page 366
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition......Page 367
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression......Page 373
Feelings of Emotions......Page 376
The James-Lange Theory......Page 377
Feedback from Emotional Expressions......Page 378
12. Ingestive Behavior......Page 381
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms......Page 383
Two Types of Thirst......Page 384
Neural Mechanisms of Thirst......Page 387
The Short-Term Reservoir......Page 389
Absorptive Phase......Page 390
Signals from the Digestive System......Page 392
Metabolic Signals......Page 393
Eating: Signals to Stop a Meal......Page 395
Short-Term Satiety......Page 396
Signals from Intestinal Factors......Page 397
Signals from Liver Factors......Page 398
Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue......Page 399
Hypothalamus......Page 401
Obesity......Page 407
Possible Causes......Page 408
Treatment......Page 410
Eating Disorders......Page 414
Possible Causes......Page 416
Treatment......Page 418
13. Learning and Memory......Page 420
Types of Learning......Page 423
Types of Memory......Page 425
Classical Conditioning......Page 428
Operant Conditioning......Page 430
Role of the Basal Ganglia......Page 435
Role of the Cortex......Page 436
Retaining Perceptual Information in Short-Term Memory......Page 437
Role of the Hippocampus......Page 439
Role of the Cortex......Page 444
Role of the Hippocampus......Page 445
Motor Learning......Page 447
Perceptual Learning......Page 448
Relational Learning......Page 449
Long-Term Potentiation......Page 453
Role of NMDA Receptors......Page 454
Role of AMPA Receptors......Page 457
Role of Synaptic Changes......Page 458
14. Human Communication......Page 461
Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms......Page 463
Lateralization......Page 464
Language Production......Page 465
Language Comprehension......Page 466
Bilingualism......Page 467
Recognition of People’s Voices......Page 468
Disorders of Language Production: Broca’s Aphasia......Page 470
Disorders of Language Comprehension: Wernicke’s Aphasia......Page 473
Conduction Aphasia......Page 478
Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf......Page 480
Stuttering......Page 481
Pure Alexia......Page 484
Toward an Understanding of Reading......Page 486
Toward an Understanding of Writing......Page 492
15. Neurological Disorders......Page 496
Tumors......Page 498
Seizures......Page 501
Causes......Page 504
Treatments......Page 505
Causes......Page 509
Treatments......Page 510
Inherited Metabolic Disorders......Page 511
Down Syndrome......Page 513
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies......Page 515
Parkinson’s Disease......Page 516
Huntington’s Disease......Page 521
Multiple Sclerosis......Page 523
Dementia......Page 525
Korsakoff’s Syndrome......Page 529
Encephalitis......Page 531
Meningitis......Page 532
16. Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders......Page 534
Description......Page 536
Heritability......Page 538
Environmental Factors......Page 541
Anomalies in Schizophrenia......Page 543
The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms......Page 546
The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms......Page 548
Description......Page 552
Biological Treatments......Page 553
Role of the Frontal Cortex......Page 558
The Monoamine Hypothesis......Page 559
Role of the 5-HT Transporter......Page 560
Role of Circadian Rhythms......Page 561
17. Stress, Anxiety, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders......Page 567
Stress......Page 569
Physiology of the Stress Response......Page 570
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress......Page 571
Effects of Stress on the Brain......Page 572
Psychoneuroimmunology......Page 575
Heritability......Page 579
Brain Changes......Page 580
Treatment......Page 582
Symptoms......Page 583
Treatment......Page 585
Symptoms......Page 588
Heritability......Page 589
Treatment......Page 590
Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 593
Heritability......Page 594
Brain Changes......Page 595
Symptoms......Page 598
Heritability......Page 599
Brain Changes......Page 600
18. Substance Abuse......Page 603
Common Features of Substance Abuse......Page 606
Positive Reinforcement......Page 607
Negative Reinforcement......Page 612
Heredity......Page 616
Stimulants......Page 617
Opiates......Page 618
Stimulants......Page 620
Nicotine......Page 622
Alcohol......Page 625
Cannabis......Page 626
Treatment for Substance Abuse......Page 629
Stimulants......Page 630
Nicotine......Page 631
Brain Stimulation......Page 632
Glossary......Page 634
References......Page 652
Credits......Page 703
Name Index......Page 710
Subject Index......Page 724
Back Cover......Page 738

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