Pervasive Ambient Communication for Internet of Things 3031380436, 9783031380433
This book covers several essential aspects of pervasive ambient backscatter communication, one of the most cutting-edge
149 107 9MB
English Pages 273 [279] Year 2023
Table of contents :
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acronyms
Part I Background
Part I Background
1 Vision of Pervasive Backscatter
1.1 What Is Backscatter Communication
Part I Background
1 Vision of Pervasive Backscatter
1.2 Basic Concepts of Pervasive Backscatter
Part I Background
1 Vision of Pervasive Backscatter
1.3 Pervasive Backscatter for IoTs
Part I Background
1 Vision of Pervasive Backscatter
References
Part I Background
2 Understanding State-of-the-Art Ambient Backscatter
2.1 Pervasive Backscatter Characteristics
2.1.1 Uplink and Downlink
Part I Background
2 Understanding State-of-the-Art Ambient Backscatter
2.1 Pervasive Backscatter Characteristics
2.1.2 Network for Backscatter
Part I Background
2 Understanding State-of-the-Art Ambient Backscatter
2.2 State-of-the-Art Backscatter Systems
Part I Background
2 Understanding State-of-the-Art Ambient Backscatter
2.3 Critical Challenges
2.3.1 Efficiency of Tag Data Transmission
Part I Background
2 Understanding State-of-the-Art Ambient Backscatter
2.3 Critical Challenges
2.3.2 Compatibility of Commodity Excitor and Receiver
Part I Background
2 Understanding State-of-the-Art Ambient Backscatter
2.3 Critical Challenges
2.3.3 Identification of Target Carriers
Part I Background
2 Understanding State-of-the-Art Ambient Backscatter
References
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.1 Introduction
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.2 Related Work
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.3 Codeword Translation for Spatial Stream Wi-Fi
3.3.1 Spatial Stream Wi-Fi Primer
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.3 Codeword Translation for Spatial Stream Wi-Fi
3.3.2 Tag Codebook Design for Advanced Wi-Fi
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.4 MOXcatter Design
3.4.1 Wi-Fi Signal Detector
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.4 MOXcatter Design
3.4.2 Tag Modulation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.4 MOXcatter Design
3.4.3 Tag Information Decoding
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.4 MOXcatter Design
3.4.4 Control Signals
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.4 MOXcatter Design
3.4.5 Symbol-Level Modulation in Multi-Stream Wi-Fi
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.5 Performance Evaluation
3.5.1 Implementation and Setup
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.5 Performance Evaluation
3.5.2 Evaluation
3.5.2.1 Backscatter Signal Strength
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.5 Performance Evaluation
3.5.2 Evaluation
3.5.2.2 Bit Error Rate
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.5 Performance Evaluation
3.5.2 Evaluation
3.5.2.3 Throughput
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.6 Application Case
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.7 Discussion
3.7.1 Throughput Enhancement
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
3.7 Discussion
3.7.2 Dual Receivers
3.7.3 Multiple Access Control
3.8 Summary
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
3 Spatial Stream Backscatter with Multiplexing Wi-Fi
References
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.1 Introduction
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.2 Related Work
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.3 Wi-Fi Backscatter Background
4.3.1 OFDM Wi-Fi
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.3 Wi-Fi Backscatter Background
4.3.2 Codeword Translation
4.4 RapidRider Design
4.4.1 Overview
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.4 RapidRider Design
4.4.2 Single-Symbol Modulation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.4 RapidRider Design
4.4.3 Deinterleaving Decoding
4.4.4 Deinterleaving-Twins Decoding
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.5 RapidRider+ Design
4.5.1 Single-Receiver for Aggregated Transmissions
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.6 Performance Evaluation
4.6.1 Implementation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.6 Performance Evaluation
4.6.2 Evaluation
4.6.2.1 RapidRider
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.6 Performance Evaluation
4.6.2 Evaluation
4.6.2.2 RapidRider+
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
4.7 Application Case
4.7.1 Office Check-In
4.7.2 Railway Inspection
4.8 Summary
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
4 Single-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter with Uncontrolled Ambient Signals
References
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.1 Introduction
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.2 Related Work
5.2.1 Backscattering with COTS Radios
5.2.2 Codeword Translation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.2 Related Work
5.2.3 Smart Community
5.3 802.11b Wi-Fi Primer
5.3.1 802.11b Wi-Fi Packet Format
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.3 802.11b Wi-Fi Primer
5.3.2 Low Rate DSSS Transmission
5.3.3 High Rate CCK Transmission
5.4 Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.4.1 Overview
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.4 Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.4.2 Codeword Translation and Symbol Level Modulation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.4 Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.4.3 CRC Reverse Decoding
5.4.3.1 CRC Algorithms
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.4 Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.4.3 CRC Reverse Decoding
5.4.3.2 CRC Reverse Problem
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.4 Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.4.3 CRC Reverse Decoding
5.4.3.3 Calculation of Original Data
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.4 Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.4.3 CRC Reverse Decoding
5.4.3.4 Calculation of Tag Data
5.4.3.5 Extension of Encoding Method
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.5 Sub-Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.5.1 Overview
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.5 Sub-Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.5.2 Sub-Symbol Modulation
5.5.2.1 Parallel Transmission and Sub-Symbol Modulation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.5 Sub-Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.5.2 Sub-Symbol Modulation
5.5.2.2 Comparison with Symbol Level Modulation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.5 Sub-Symbol Level Modulation Design
5.5.2 Sub-Symbol Modulation
5.5.2.3 Extension of Parallel Transmission
5.5.2.4 Synchronization Requirement
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.6 Performance Evaluation
5.6.1 Implementation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.6 Performance Evaluation
5.6.1 Implementation
5.6.1.1 Transmitter and Receiver
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.6 Performance Evaluation
5.6.1 Implementation
5.6.1.2 Backscatter Tag
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.6 Performance Evaluation
5.6.1 Implementation
5.6.1.3 Other Devices and Total Cost
5.6.2 Evaluation
5.6.2.1 Parallel Transmission Verification
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.6 Performance Evaluation
5.6.2 Evaluation
5.6.2.2 End-to-End Performance
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.6 Performance Evaluation
5.6.2 Evaluation
5.6.2.3 FEC Effectiveness
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.7 Application Case
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
5 Symbol and Sub-Symbol Wi-Fi Backscatter for 802.11b
5.8 Summary
References
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.1 Introduction
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.2 Related Work
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.3 Background
6.3.1 Ambient Backscatter System
6.3.2 Basic Idea
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.4 CAB Design
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Tag-Data Demodulation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.4 CAB Design
6.4.3 Ambient-Data Demodulation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.4 CAB Design
6.4.4 Subsymbol-Level Synchronization
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.5 Performance Evaluation
6.5.1 Implementation
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.5 Performance Evaluation
6.5.2 Evaluation
6.5.2.1 End-to-End Performance
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.5 Performance Evaluation
6.5.2 Evaluation
6.5.2.2 Micro Benchmarks
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.6 Application Case
6.6.1 Smart Agricultural
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.7 Discussion and Future Work
6.7.1 COTS Receiver
6.7.2 Ambient Traffic Patterns
Part II Backscatter Communication with Ambient Excitations
6 Content-Agnostic Backscatter with Ambient OFDM Signals
6.7 Discussion and Future Work
6.7.3 QAM Modulation
6.8 Summary
References
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Motivation and Background
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Challenges
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.1 Introduction
7.1.3 Solutions
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.2 Related Work
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.3 Wi-Fi PHY Primer
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.4 System Design
7.4.1 Transmitter Side
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.4 System Design
7.4.2 Tag Side
7.4.2.1 Control Signals Detection
7.4.2.2 Packet Protocol and Length Identification
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.4 System Design
7.4.2 Tag Side
7.4.2.3 Multi-Hop Tag Modulation in a Packet
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.4 System Design
7.4.2 Tag Side
7.4.2.4 Packet Data Fields Allocation Among Tags
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.4 System Design
7.4.2 Tag Side
7.4.2.5 Tag Relay by Multiple Frequency Shifts
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.4 System Design
7.4.3 Receiver Side
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.5 Performance Evaluation
7.5.1 Implementation Details
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.5 Performance Evaluation
7.5.2 Experimental Results
7.5.2.1 Communication Ranges
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.5 Performance Evaluation
7.5.2 Experimental Results
7.5.2.2 Tag-to-Tag Distance
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.5 Performance Evaluation
7.5.2 Experimental Results
7.5.2.3 Obstacles
7.5.2.4 Power Analysis
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.6 Application Case
7.6.1 Health Care
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
7.6 Application Case
7.6.2 Autonomous Vehicles
7.7 Summary and Discussion
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
7 Multi-Hop Wi-Fi Backscatter
References
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.1 Introduction
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.2 Related Work
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.3 Multi-Hop Backscatter Communication Background
8.4 Design
8.4.1 Overview
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.4 Design
8.4.2 Sensing Path
8.4.2.1 Sensing Frontend
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.4 Design
8.4.2 Sensing Path
8.4.2.2 Baseband Modulation
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.4 Design
8.4.3 Relay Path
8.4.3.1 Envelope Detection
8.4.3.2 Correlation Between Sensing Path and Relay Path
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.4 Design
8.4.3 Relay Path
8.4.3.3 Aggregation Node
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.4 Design
8.4.4 Simultaneous Backscatter for Two Paths
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.4 Design
8.4.5 Reader Demodulation
8.4.6 Relay Mode and Reconfiguration of Tags
8.5 Performance Evaluation
8.5.1 Implementation
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.5 Performance Evaluation
8.5.1 Implementation
8.5.1.1 Analog Circuit
8.5.1.2 FPGA Circuit
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.5 Performance Evaluation
8.5.1 Implementation
8.5.1.3 Other Nodes
8.5.1.4 PCB and IC Performance Measurement
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.5 Performance Evaluation
8.5.2 Evaluation
8.5.2.1 Performance of Digital Baseband and Modulation Circuits
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.5 Performance Evaluation
8.5.2 Evaluation
8.5.2.2 Performance of Analog Baseband and Modulation Circuits
8.5.2.3 SNR of Simultaneous Sensing and Relay
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.6 Application Case
8.6.1 Location Management
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
8.6 Application Case
8.6.2 Patient Information Monitoring
8.7 Summary
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
8 Multi-Hop Backscatter Sensor Mesh
References
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.1 Introduction
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.2 Related Work
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.3 Multiscatter Design
9.3.1 Overview
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.3 Multiscatter Design
9.3.2 High-Bandwidth Signal Acquisition
9.3.2.1 High-Bandwidth Envelope Detector
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.3 Multiscatter Design
9.3.2 High-Bandwidth Signal Acquisition
9.3.2.2 Template Matching
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.3 Multiscatter Design
9.3.3 Low-Power Protocol Identification
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.3 Multiscatter Design
9.3.3 Low-Power Protocol Identification
9.3.3.1 Low-Power Computation
9.3.3.2 Ordered Matching
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.3 Multiscatter Design
9.3.4 Overlay Modulation
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.3 Multiscatter Design
9.3.4 Overlay Modulation
9.3.4.1 Reference-Based Tag Modulation
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.3 Multiscatter Design
9.3.5 Event-Driven State Machine
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.4 Performance Evaluation
9.4.1 Implementation
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.4 Performance Evaluation
9.4.2 Evaluation
9.4.2.1 Power Consumption
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.4 Performance Evaluation
9.4.2 Evaluation
9.4.2.2 End-to-End Performance
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.4 Performance Evaluation
9.4.2 Evaluation
9.4.2.3 Leveraging Excitation Diversity
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.5 Application Case
9.5.1 Personal Health Monitoring
Part III Towards Backscatter Networks at Scale
9 Multiprotocol Backscatter with Commodity Radios
9.6 Summary
References
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.1 Introduction
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.2 Related Work
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.3 Microphone Array Backscatter Design
10.3.1 Audio Modulation
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.3 Microphone Array Backscatter Design
10.3.1 Audio Modulation
10.3.1.1 Pulse Position Modulation
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.3 Microphone Array Backscatter Design
10.3.1 Audio Modulation
10.3.1.2 Differential Pulse Position Modulation
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.3 Microphone Array Backscatter Design
10.3.2 Backscatter Transmission
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.3 Microphone Array Backscatter Design
10.3.3 Audio Regeneration
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.3 Microphone Array Backscatter Design
10.3.4 Hardware Customization
10.3.4.1 Analog Modulation Circuits
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.4 Evaluation
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.4 Evaluation
10.4.1 Implementation
10.4.1.1 PCB Prototype
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.4 Evaluation
10.4.1 Implementation
10.4.1.2 ASIC Design
10.4.1.3 Power Consumption
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.4 Evaluation
10.4.2 Quality of Service
10.4.2.1 Latency
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.4 Evaluation
10.4.2 Quality of Service
10.4.2.2 Fidelity
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.4 Evaluation
10.4.3 Coverage
10.4.3.1 Tag-to-Receiver Distance
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.4 Evaluation
10.4.3 Coverage
10.4.3.2 Exciter-to-Tag Distance
10.5 Application
10.5.1 Acoustic Imaging
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.5 Application
10.5.2 Spatial Filtering and Speech Enhancement
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.5 Application
10.5.3 Ultrasonography
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.6 Discussion
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
10.7 Summary
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
10 Microphone Array Backscatter
References
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.1 Introduction
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.2 Related Work
11.3 Apollo Design
11.3.1 System Overview
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.3 Apollo Design
11.3.2 Backscatter Communication
11.3.2.1 Carrier Selection
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.3 Apollo Design
11.3.2 Backscatter Communication
11.3.2.2 BLE Packet Identification
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.3 Apollo Design
11.3.3 Power Management
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.3 Apollo Design
11.3.3 Power Management
11.3.3.1 Comprehensive Use of Three Energy Sources
11.3.3.2 Charging and Discharging
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.3 Apollo Design
11.3.4 Energy-Efficient Sweat Sensing
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.4 Performance Evaluation
11.4.1 Implementation Details
11.4.1.1 Backscatter Communication
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.4 Performance Evaluation
11.4.1 Implementation Details
11.4.1.2 Energy Harvesting
11.4.1.3 Sweat Sensing
11.4.1.4 Power Consumption
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.4 Performance Evaluation
11.4.2 Evaluation Results
11.4.2.1 Backscatter Communication
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.4 Performance Evaluation
11.4.2 Evaluation Results
11.4.2.2 Power Harvesting
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.4 Performance Evaluation
11.4.2 Evaluation Results
11.4.2.3 Sweat Sensing and Analyzing
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.4 Performance Evaluation
11.4.2 Evaluation Results
11.4.2.4 Real-Time Sensor Reading and Data Transmitting
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.5 Application Case
11.5.1 Disease Diagnosis
Part IV Innovative Backscatter-Enabled Applications
11 Apollo: Battery-Free Wearable Sweat Monitoring System
11.5 Application Case
11.5.2 Athlete Health Monitoring
11.6 Summary
References
Part V Future Directions
Part V Future Directions
12 Challenges and Applications of Pervasive Backscatter
12.1 Urgent Challenges
Part V Future Directions
12 Challenges and Applications of Pervasive Backscatter
12.2 Large-Scale Applications
Part V Future Directions
12 Challenges and Applications of Pervasive Backscatter
References
![Artificial Intelligence to Solve Pervasive Internet of Things Issues [1 ed.]
0128185767, 9780128185766](https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/artificial-intelligence-to-solve-pervasive-internet-of-things-issues-1nbsped-0128185767-9780128185766.jpg)
![Cross-Technology Communication for Internet of Things: Fundamentals and Key Technologies [1 ed.]
9789819937196, 9789819937189](https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/cross-technology-communication-for-internet-of-things-fundamentals-and-key-technologies-1nbsped-9789819937196-9789819937189.jpg)
![Efficient Data Handling for Massive Internet of Medical Things: Healthcare Data Analytics (Internet of Things) [1st ed. 2021]
3030666328, 9783030666323](https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/efficient-data-handling-for-massive-internet-of-medical-things-healthcare-data-analytics-internet-of-things-1st-ed-2021-3030666328-9783030666323.jpg)