Periodic table advanced : atomic, physical, chemical properties & natural isotopes 9781423224327, 1423224329

Table of contents :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
ATOMIC NUMBER
ELEMENT NAME
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Oxidation States
ATOMIC RADIUS
ELECTRON AFFINITY
ELEMENT SYMBOL
ATOMIC WEIGHT
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
IONIC RADIUS
1ST IONIZATION POTENTIAL
longer version of the periodic table
Major Families of Elements
Biochemical Periodic Table
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
ATOMIC RADIUS
1ST IONIZATION POTENTIAL
ELECTRON AFFINITY
Trends in Oxidation States
Trends in Ion Size
Atomic Radii of Halogen Elements and Ions
Cations
Anions
Halogen Oxidation States
Nitrogen Oxidation States
Oxygen and Sulfur Oxidation States
Hydrogen Oxidation States
Carbon Oxidation States
NATURAL FORM
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION
ENTHALPY OF FUSION
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCE IN THE EARTH’S CRUST
DENSITY
BOILING POINT
MELTING POINT
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Chemical Properties & Common Uses
MAJOR NATURAL ISOTOPES WITH % OF OCCURRENCE
Atomic Radii of Alkali Metal Elements and Ions

Citation preview

1 1 H 1.008

BarCharts, Inc.®

WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE

Periodic Table

Hydrogen 1s

1

Oxidation States Electroneg.



1 2.2

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

37 0.75

13.60

2

3 Li 6.94 4 Be 9.01 Lithium

Beryllium

1s22s1

1s22s2

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.



1 0.98

152 0.62

(+1)76 5.39



(+2)45

Magnesium

[Ne]3s1

[Ne]3s2

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.



1 0.93

186 0.55

(+1)102 5.14

ATOMIC WEIGHT ELEMENT NAME ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OXIDATION STATES



160

(+2)72



14

– –

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

–

15

16

–

Unstable Anion 24.59

17

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Neon

1s22s2p2

1s22s2p3

1s22s2p4

1s22s2p5

1s22s2p6

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.



3 2.04

80



–

8.30

4,2 2.55

77 1.26

(+4)16 11.26

+ – 3,5,4,2 3.04 74 Unstable Anion

(+3)16 14.53



-2 3.44

74 1.46

(-2)140 13.62



-1 3.98

71 3.40

(-1)133 17.42



– –

–

–

Unstable Anion 21.57

13 Al 26.98 14 Si 28.09 15 P 30.97 16 S 32.07 17 Cl 35.45 18 Ar 39.95

ELECTRON AFFINITY

The Periodic Table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box.

2 1.31

Oxidation States Electroneg.

1s22s2p1

0.28

ATOMIC RADIUS

11 Na 22.99 12 Mg 24.31

1s

2

5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18

ELEMENT SYMBOL

Unstable Anion 9.32

Sodium

13

ATOMIC NUMBER

ELECTRONEGATIVITY IONIC RADIUS 1ST IONIZATION POTENTIAL

Aluminum

Silicon

Phosphorus

Sulfur

Chlorine

Argon

[Ne] 3s2p1

[Ne]3s2p2

[Ne]3s2p3

[Ne]3s2p4

[Ne]3s2p5

[Ne]3s2p6

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

–

–

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.



3 1.61

143

Unstable Anion 7.65

0.43



(+3)54 5.99

4 1.90

118 1.39

(+4)40 8.15

+ 3,5,4 2.19 – 110 0.75

(+5)17 10.49

+ 2,4,6 2.58 – 103 2.08

(-2)184 10.36

+ – 1,3,5,7 3.16 99 3.61

(-1)181 12.97

–

–

Unstable Anion 15.76

4 5 6 7 8 9 3 10 11 12 19 K 39.10 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.96 22 Ti 47.87 23 V 50.94 24 Cr 52.00 25 Mn 54.94 26 Fe 55.85 27 Co 58.93 28 Ni 58.69 29 Cu 63.55 30 Zn 65.39 31 Ga 69.72 32 Ge 72.61 33 As 74.92 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.90 36 Kr 83.80 Potassium

Calcium

Scandium

Titanium

Vanadium

Chromium

Manganese

Iron

Cobalt

Nickel

Copper

Zinc

Gallium

Germanium

Arsenic

Selenium

Bromine

Krypton

[Ar]4s1

[Ar]4s2

[Ar]3d14s2

[Ar]3d24s2

[Ar]3d34s2

[Ar]3d54s1

[Ar]3d54s2

[Ar]3d64s2

[Ar]3d74s2

[Ar]3d84s2

[Ar]3d104s1

[Ar]3d104s2

[Ar]3d104s2p1

[Ar]3d104s2p2

[Ar]3d104s2p3

[Ar]3d104s2p4

[Ar]3d104s2p5

[Ar]3d104s2p6

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.



1 0.82

227 0.50

(+1)151 4.34



2 1.00

197 0.02

(+2)100 6.11



3 1.36

161 0.19

(+3)75 6.56

4 1.54



145 0.08

(+4)61 6.83



5.3 1.63

131 0.53

(+5)54 6.75

6,3,2 1.66 125 0.67

(+3)62 6.77

7,6,4,2,3 1.55 137

(+2)67

Unstable Anion 7.43

2,3 1.83 124 0.151

(+3)55 7.90



2,3 1.88

125 0.66

(+2)65 7.88

2,3 1.91 125 1.16

(+2)69 7.64



2,1 1.90

128 1.24

(+2)73 7.73



2 1.65

133

(+2)74

Unstable Anion 9.39



3 1.81

122 0.43



(+3)62 5.10

4 2.01

123 1.23

(+4)53 7.90



+ – 3,5 2.18

125 0.80

(+3)58 9.81

+ 2,4,6 2.55 – 116 2.02

(-2)198 9.75



+ – 1,5 2.96

114 3.36

(-1)196 11.81



– –

–

–

Unstable Anion 14.00

37 Rb 85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.91 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc 98 44 Ru 101.1 45 Rh 102.9 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.9 48 Cd 112.4 49 In 114.8 50 Sn 118.7 51 Sb 121.8 52 Te 127.6 53 I 126.9 54 Xe 131.3 Rubidium

Strontium

Yttrium

Zirconium

Niobium

[Kr]5s1

[Kr]5s2

[Kr]4d15s2

[Kr]4d25s2

[Kr]4d45s1

Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium [Kr]4d55s1

[Kr]4d55s2

[Kr]4d75s1

Rhodium

Palladium

Silver

Cadmium

Indium

Tin

Antimony

Tellurium

Iodine

Xenon

[Kr]4d85s1

[Kr]4d10

[Kr]4d105s1

[Kr]4d105s2

[Kr]4d105s2p1

[Kr]4d105s2p2

[Kr]4d105s2p3

[Kr]4d105s2p4

[Kr]4d105s2p5

[Kr]4d105s2p6

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.



1 0.82

248 0.49

(+1)161 4.18



2 0.95

215 0.05

(+2)126 5.70



3 1.22

178 0.31

(+3)102 6.22

4 1.33



159 0.43

(+4)84 6.63

5,3 1.60 143 0.92

(+5)64 6.76

6,5,4,3,2 2.16 136 0.75

(+6)59 7.09



7 2.10

135 0.55

–

7.28

2,3,4,6,8 2.20 133 1.05

(+3)68 7.36

2,3,4 2.28 135 1.14

(+3)67 7.46



2,4 2.20

138 0.56

(+2)64 8.34



1 1.93

145 1.30

(+1)115 7.58



2 1.69

149

(+2)95

Unstable Anion 8.99



3 1.78

163 0.30



(+3)80 5.79

4,2 1.96

141 1.11

(+4)45 7.34



+ – 3,5 2.05

145 1.05

(+3)76 8.64

+ 2,4,6 2.10 – 143 1.97

(-2)221 9.01

+ – 1,5,7 2.66 133 3.06

(-1)220 10.45



– 2.60

–

–

Unstable Anion 12.13

55 Cs 132.9 56 Ba 137.3 57 La 138.9 72 Hf 178.5 73 Ta 180.9 74 W 183.8 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 77 Ir 192.2 78 Pt 195.1 79 Au 197.0 80 Hg 200.6 81 Tl 204.4 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 209.0 84 Po 209 85 At 210 86 Rn 222 Cesium

Barium

Lanthanum

[Xe]6s1

[Xe]6s2

[Xe]5d16s2

Hafnium

Tantalum

Tungsten

Rhenium

Osmium

Iridium

Platinum

Gold

Mercury

Thallium

Lead

Bismuth

Polonium

Astatine

Radon

[Xe]4f145d26s2 [Xe]4f145d36s2 [Xe]4f145d46s2 [Xe]4f145d56s2 [Xe]4f145d66s2 [Xe]4f145d76s2 [Xe]4f145d96s1 [Xe]4f145d106s1 [Xe]4f145d106s2 [Xe]4f 5d 6s p [Xe]4f145d106s2p2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p3 [Xe]4f145d106s2p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2p5 [Xe]4f145d106s2p6 14

10

2

1

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.



1 0.79

265 0.47

(+1)174 3.89



2 0.89

217 0.14

(+2)142 5.21



3 1.10

187 0.47

(+3)116 5.77



4 1.3

156 0.01

(+4)83 6.83



5 1.5

143 0.32

(+5)64 7.89

6,5,4,3,2 1.7 137 0.82

(+6)60 7.98

7,6,4,2,-1 1.9 137 0.15

(+7)53 7.88

2,3,4,6,8 2.2 134 1.10

(+4)63 8.7

2,3,4,6 2.2 136 1.56

(+4)63 9.1

2,4 2.2 139 2.13

(+4)63 9.0



3,1 2.4

144 2.31

(+3)85 9.23



2,1 1.9

150

(+2)102

Unstable Anion 10.44

3,1 1.8 170 0.38

(+1)159 6.11

4,2 1.8 175 0.36

(+2)119 7.42



3,5 1.9

155 0.94

(+3)103 7.29



4,2 2.0

118 1.9

(+4)– 8.42

+ – 1,3,5,7 2.2 – 2.8

– -



– –

–

–

Unstable Anion 10.75

87 Fr 223 88 Ra 226 89 Ac 227 104 Rf 261 105 Db 262 106 Sg 266 107 Bh 264 108 Hs 269 109 Mt 268 110 Ds 281 111 Rg 272 112 Cn 277 113 Uut 284 114 Fl 289 115 Uup 288 116 Lv 293 117 Uus 294 118 Uuo 289 Francium

Radium

Actinium

Bohrium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium disc.1994 disc.1996 [Rn]5f146d27s2 [Rn]5f146d37s2 [Rn]5f146d47s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d67s2 [Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 Oxidation States Electroneg. Darmstats, Germany Darmstats, Germany Darmstats, Germany disc.1981 disc.1967 disc.1974 disc.1984 disc.1982 4 -

[Rn]7s

[Rn]7s

[Rn]6d 7s

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

1 0.7

– 0.49

ALKALI METALS

–

0.10



2 0.9

– 0.10

(+2)162 5.28

1





2

3 1.1

188

0.35

(+3) 5.17

- -

ALKALINE EARTH METALS

U.S. $6.95

REFERENCE: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics • 95th edition, 2014-2015 CONTENT ADVISOR: Mark Jackson, Ph.D. Science Professor, Lynn University DESIGN / LAYOUT: John Ford, CEO Image by Capt. John Yossarian

ISBN-13: 978-142322432-7 ISBN-10: 142322432-9

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. ® 2002, 2015 BarCharts, Inc. 1214

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Ununtrium

Flerovium

Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium

disc.2004

disc.1999

disc.2004

disc.2000

disc.2010

disc.2003

Dubna, Russia

Dubna, Russia

Dubna, Russia

Dubna, Russia

Dubna, Russia

Dubna, Russia

-

NOBLE GASES

HALOGENS

6.0

LANTHANIDE SERIES



2

ACTINIDE SERIES

1

58 Ce 140.1 59 Pr 140.9 60 Nd 144.2 61 Pm 145 62 Sm 150.4 63 Eu 152.0 64 Gd 157.3 65 Tb 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 67 Ho 164.9 68 Er 167.3 69 Tm 168.9 70 Yb 173.0 71 Lu 175.0 Cerium

Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium [Xe]4f36s2 [Xe]4f46s2 [Xe]4f56s2

[Xe]4f15d16s2 Oxidation States Electroneg.



3,4 1.12

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3,4 1.13

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3 1.14

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3 –

Samarium

Europium

Gadolinium

Terbium

Dysprosium

Holmium

Erbium

Thulium

Ytterbium

Lutetium

[Xe]4f66s2

[Xe]4f76s2

[Xe]4f75d16s2

[Xe]4f96s2

[Xe]4f106s2

[Xe]4f116s2

[Xe]4f126s2

[Xe]4f136s2

[Xe]4f146s2

[Xe]4f145d16s2

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3,2 1.17

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3,2 –

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3 1.20

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3,4 –

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3 1.22

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3 1.23

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3 1.24

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3,2 1.25

Oxidation States Electroneg.



3,2 –



3 1.0

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

0.65

(+3)114 5.54

182 0.96

(+3)113 1.41

181 1.91

(+3)114 5.53

181 –

(+3)109 5.55

180 –

(+3)108 5.64

199 0.86

(+3)107 5.67

179 –

(+3)105 6.15

176 1.17

(+3)118 5.86

175 0

(+3)103 5.94

174 –

–

6.02

173 –

(+3)100 6.11

173 1.03

(+3)109 6.18

194 –0.02

(+3)99 6.25

172 0.34

(+3)98 5.43

90 Th 232.0 91 Pa 231.0 92 U 238.0 93 Np 237 94 Pu 244 95 Am 243 96 Cm 247 97 Bk 247 98 Cf 251 99 Es 252 100 Fm 257 101 Md 258 102 No 259 103 Lr 262 Thorium

Protactinium

[Rn]6d27s2

Uranium

Neptunium

[Rn]5f26d17s2 [Rn]5f36d17s2 [Rn]5f46d17s2

Plutonium

Americium

Curium

Berkelium

[Rn]5f67s2

[Rn]5f77s2

[Rn]5f76d17s2

[Rn]5f97s2

Californium Einsteinium [Rn]5f107s2

[Rn]5f117s2

Fermium

Mendelevium

Nobelium

Lawrencium

[Rn]5f127s2

[Rn]5f137s2

[Rn]5f147s2

[Rn]5f146d17s2

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.

Electron Affinity

1st Ion. Pot.



4 1.3

180 –

(+4)94 6.08 1



5,4 1.5

161 –

(+5)78 5.89



6,5,4,3 1.7

139 –

(+6)73 6.19

6,5,4,3 1.3 – –

(+5)75 6.27

6,5,4,3 1.3 151 –

(+4)86 6.06

6,5,4,3 – 131 –

(+3)98 5.99



3 –

– –

(+3)97 6.02

4,3 – – –

(+3)96 6.23



3 –

– –

(+3)95 6.30



3 –

– –

–

6.42

2



3 –

– –

–

6.50



3,2 –

– –

–

6.58



3,2 –

– –

–

6.65

ATOMIC NUMBER



3 –

– –

–

ELEMENT SYMBOL

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. In a neutral atom, this is the same as the number of electrons

Major Families of Elements

ATOMIC WEIGHT

Abbreviation for the element used in chemical formulas and chemical equations

•• Column 1: Alkali Metals The most reactive metals, the alkali metals form a cation with +1 charge. Found in ocean salts and oxide minerals; form strong bases (e.g., NaOH), hence the term alkaline as a synonym for basic. Francium is the most electropositive element. •• Column 2: Alkaline Earth Reactive metals that form a cation with a +2 charge, these metals are found in mineral oxides, carbonates and silicates, and ocean salts. •• Column 7: Halogens The most reactive non-metals, halogens react with metals to form salts with the halogen anion having a -1 charge. Reactions with oxygen produce a series of polyatomic ions (e.g., Chlorate). Fluorine is the most electronegative element. •• Column 8: Noble or Rare Gases A stable electronic configuration renders these elements inert to most reagents. Radon, the heaviest member of the family, is also radioactive. •• Transition Metals: d-Orbital Elements These metals exhibit the greatest variety for cation formation due to the partial-filled d-subshell mixing with the valence s-subshell. Some transition metals exhibit useful magnetic properties (Fe), while others are surprisingly chemically inert (e.g., Au and Pt). •• Lanthanides: Elements with Valence f-Orbital Electrons These elements have comparable size and ionization potentials. Most have a +3 oxidation state, though some have +2 and +4. Lanthanides do not form oxyanions. •• Actinides: Elements with a Second Set of f-Orbitals and Many Radioactive Isotopes Elements with an atomic number greater than 92 are synthetic (i.e., they are not found in nature). Radioactive isotopes spontaneously decay to release radioactive particles.

The average mass of an element based on the mass of isotopes and the natural abundance percentage for each isotope

ELEMENT NAME

Unique for each element. The symbol is derived from the name. In some cases, the symbol is based on the Latin name for the element ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Denotes the distribution of the atom’s electrons in orbital subshells. The first number denotes the principle quantum number, or row of the periodic table. The letter denotes the type of orbital (s, p, d or f). The superscript denotes the number of electrons in the orbital s Orbitals: Can hold 2 electrons p Orbitals: Can hold 6 electrons d Orbitals: Can hold 10 electrons f Orbitals: Can hold 14 electrons Oxidation States

The charge of the atom in a chemical bond if all of the bonding electrons transfer to the more electronegative atom EX: MgO, Mg 2+, O 2ATOMIC RADIUS

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Empirical scale describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons when bonded to another atom.

The term electropositive is often used to denote the element in a chemical bond with the smaller electronegativity value

IONIC RADIUS

An estimate of the atom size based on bond distances in metals or covalent molecules. Units: pm (1 pm = 1 x 10-12 m)

An estimate of ion size based on bond lengths in ionic salts. The radius varies with charge. Units: pm (1 pm = 1 x 10-12 m)

ELECTRON AFFINITY

1ST IONIZATION POTENTIAL

The energy associated with the addition of one electron to an atom forming an anion with -1 charge Units: eV – electron volts

The energy required to dislodge the first electron from an atom, forming a cation with +1 charge Units: eV – electron volts

•• Note regarding H and He: Hydrogen and Helium only have a 1s shell. Hydrogen can form an anion by gaining 1 electron or a cation by losing its only electron. Hydrogen is often placed on top of the column that also contains the alkali metals; hydrogen is not an alkali metal. Helium is very chemically stable with a filled 1s orbital shell. It tops the column containing the other non-reactive noble gases. •• Why is it called Periodic? Elements in the same column have similar chemical properties since they have the same number of outer loosely held electrons, called valence electrons. These electrons are the only electrons that participate in chemical reactions. The rest of the electrons are called core electrons. As the periodic table was being developed in the 1800s, holes Element Symbol Latin Name in the table were used to help Antimony Sb Stibium chemists discover new elements Copper Cu Cuprum by looking for elements with Au Aurum properties of the other elements Gold in the column. Iron Fe Ferrum •• Element names and Lead Pb Plumbum abbreviations: The names and Mercury Hg Hydragyrum symbols have developed with Potassium K Kalium the expansion of the list of Ag Argentum known elements. In some cases Silver a Latin name was used to derive Sodium Na Natrium the symbol. The Latin version Tin Sn Stannum of the name is sometimes used Tungsten W Wolfram in compound names.

This longer version of the periodic table shows how the f-subshell elements fit into the rest of the table.

1

Oxidation States Electroneg.

Atomic Radius

183

About the Periodic Table of Elements

Helium

Advanced

Atomic, Physical, Chemical Properties & Natural Isotopes

2 1.57

111

Periodic Table

Advanced

–

18 2 He 4.003

1

H

2

2

Li

Be

3

Na Mg

4

K

Which elements are essential to life?

1 H

Biochemical Periodic Table

3 4 Li Be

19 20 K Ca

Gly

22 Ti

lle

Yal

Cys Glu

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Cr MN Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Gln Ala

s s Pro

Val

Cys

Ser Arg

Asp

9 F

Phe

Tyr

Thr

Leu

32 33 34 36 Ge As Se Br

48 Cd

50 Sn

80 Hg

82 Pb

53 I

Leu

Lys His

Lys

Asn COO

H C

Proteins

O

Carbohydrates

Common elements that are toxic

Arsenic: As #33 Beryllium: Be #4 Cadmium: Cd #48

s Orbital p Orbital d Orbital f Orbital

8 O

13 14 15 16 17 Al Si P S Cl

11 12 Na Mg

H3N+

7 N

6 C

to life:

Chromium (VI): Cr #24 Lead: Pb #82 Mercury: Hg #80

18 13

14

15

16

17 He

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Al

Si

P

S

4

5

6

Cl

Ar

Ca Sc

Ti

V

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br

Kr

5 Rb

Sr

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

Sn Sb Te

6

Cs

Ba La Ce

Pr

Tl

Pb

7

Fr

Ra Ac

Pa

3

Y

Th

Np Pu Am Cm Bk

Cf

8

9

10

11

12

Er Tm Yb

Lu

Hf

Es Fm Md No

Lr

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn

Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho U

7

4.9

3

Ta

W

Re Os

Ir

Pt Au Hg

Bi

I

Xe

Po At Rn

Physical Properties

Periodic Trends H 2.2 Li 0.98 Na 0.93 K 0.82 Rb 0.82 Cs 0.79 Fr 0.7

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Top and right: Most electronegative Be Bottom and left: Least electronegative 1.57 F: Most electronegative with a value of 3.98 Mg Fr: Least electronegative with a value of 0.7 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.60 2.16 2.10 2.20 2.28 2.20 Pt Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir 0.89 1.10 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds 0.9 1.1

Ce Pr 1.12 1.13 Th Pa 1.3 1.5 H 37 Li 152 Na 186

K 227 Rb 248

Cs 265 Fr -

He

Cu 1.90 Ag 1.93 Au 2.4

Zn 1.65 Cd 1.69 Hg 1.9

B 2.04 Al 1.61 Ga 1.81 In 1.78 Tl 1.8

C 2.55 Si 1.90 Ge 2.01 Sn 1.96 Pb 1.8

N 3.04 P 2.19 As 2.18 Sb 2.05 Bi 1.9

O 3.44 S 2.58 Se 2.55 Te 2.10 Po 2.0

Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo

Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 1.14 - 1.17 - 1.20 - 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 - 1.0 U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1.7 1.13 1.3 -

ATOMIC RADIUS Be 111 Mg 160 Ca 197 Sr 215 Ba 217 Ra -



Sc 161 Y 178 La 187 Ac 188

Across a row: Radius decreases Down a column: Radius increases

Ti 145 Zr 159 Hf 156 Rf

V 131 Nb 143 Ta 143

Cr 125 Mo 136 W 137

F 3.98 CI 3.16 Br 2.96 I 2.66 At 2.2

Mn 137 Tc 135 Re 137

Fe 124 Ru 133 Os 134

Co 125 Rh 135 Ir 136

Ni 125 Pd 138 Pt 139

Cu 128 Ag 145 Au 144

Zn 133 Cd 149 Hg 150

B 80 Al 143 Ga 122 In 163 Tl 170

C 77 Si 118 Ge 123 Sn 141 Pb 175

N 74 P 110 As 125 Sb 145 Bi 155

O 74 S 103 Se 116 Te 143 Po 118

He F Ne 71 CI Ar 99 Br Kr 114 I Xe 133 At Rn -

180 161 139

13.60

Li 5.39 Na 5.14 K 4.34 Rb 4.18 Cs 3.89 Fr -

-

151 131

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1ST IONIZATION POTENTIAL

Rare gases: Highest values and least reactive Be Alkali metals: Lowest values and most reactive 9.32 Mg 7.65 V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Ca Sc Ti 6.11 6.56 6.83 6.75 6.77 7.43 7.90 7.88 7.64 7.73 Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag 5.70 6.22 6.63 6.76 7.09 7.28 7.36 7.46 8.34 7.58 Pt Au Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir 5.21 5.77 6.83 7.89 7.98 7.88 8.7 9.1 9.0 9.23 Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg 5.28 5.17 6.0

Ce 5.54 Th 6.08 H 0.75 Li 0.62 Na 0.55 K 0.50 Rb 0.49 Cs 0.47 Fr 0.49

Pr 5.46 Pa 5.89

Zn 9.39 Cd 8.99 Hg

10.44

B 8.30 Al 5.99 Ga 5.10 In 5.79 Tl 6.11

Sc 0.19 Y 0.31 La 0.47 Ac 0.35

Ti 0.08 Zr 0.43 Hf 0.01

V 0.53 Nb 0.92 Ta 0.32

Cr 0.67 Mo 0.75 W 0.82

Rf

Db

Sg

-

Cf

C

N

O

F

Si 8.15 Ge 7.90 Sn 7.34 Pb 7.42

P

S

CI

-

Pa -

Zn

Sc

B

Ti

Cd

Y

Al

Zr

K

Ca

 

La

Ga

Hf

Rb

Sr

 

Ac

In

Rf

Cs

Ba

 

 

 

 

Fr

Ra

 

 

 

 

Es Fm Md No

Lr

B 0.28 Al 0.43 Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga - 0.151 0.66 1.16 1.24 - 0.43 Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In 0.55 1.05 1.14 0.56 1.30 - 0.30 Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl 0.15 1.10 1.56 2.13 2.31 - 0.38 Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn Uut

C 1.26 Si 1.39 Ge 1.23 Sn 1.11 Pb 0.36

N P 0.75 As 0.80 Sb 1.05 Bi 0.94

O 1.46 S 2.08 Se 2.02 Te 1.97 Po 1.9

F 3.40 CI 3.61 Br 3.36 I 3.06 At 2.8

-

Ne -

Kr -

Atomic Radii of Halogen Elements and Ions F (0.64Å)

F- (1.33Å)

-

F (0.99Å)

CI- (1.81Å)

Br (1.14Å)

Br- (1.96Å)

I (1.33Å)

I- (2.19Å)

U -

Np Pu Am Cm Bk -

-

-

-

-

Cf -

Er Tm Yb Lu - 1.03 -0.02 0.34 Es Fm Md No Lr -

4

-

-

-

 Reactions with metals

F

-1 is the only possible state

Cl

+1, +3, +5, and +7 when bonded to oxygen

Br

+1 and +5 when bonded to oxygen

I

Atomic Radii of Alkali Metal Elements and Ions

-3

Na (1.57Å)

Na+ (0.98Å)

Reactions with oxygen

Reactions  with metals

K+ (1.33Å)

NO2 and other nitrogen oxides

Nitride anion

Rb (1.48Å)

Rb (2.16Å)

+

Cs (1.67Å)

Cs (2.35Å)

-2

Cations

Anions

Group 2

Group 16

Be

O

0.31

0.90

0.73

Mg2+

Mg

S

O

O21.40 S

2-

0.66

1.30

1.02

1.84

Ca2+

Ca

Se

Se2-

S, Se & Te

EX: MgO or MgS Oddity: -1 in peroxide, O22-

+2, +4, and +6 when bonded to oxygen

+1

-1 Reactions  with metals

H2O

Hydride anion

0.99 Sr

2+

1.74

1.16

Sr

Te

1.98 Te

1.13

1.92

1.35

2.21

+2 and +4

-4

Reactions  with non-metals

Reactions  with metals

CO and CO2

Carbide anion

-

Burning magnesium causes a change in its oxidation state: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2Mg2+ + 2O2−

ortho

V bcc

In

Sn Sb Te

hex

hex

bcc

bcc

tetra

tetra

rhom

Cs Ba La

Hf

Ta

W

hex

bcc

bcc

bcc

fcc

bcc

hex

Ra Ac bcc

gas

gas

gas

gas

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr bcc

bcc

hex

bcc

hex

Re Os hex

hex

hex

fcc

fcc

fcc

hex

fcc

rhom

hex

fcc

hex

hex

Th Pa

U

fcc

tetra

ortho

hex

Bi

Po At Rn

fcc

fcc

hex

fcc

rhom

cubic

hex

hex

hex

hex

ortho

–

gas

gas

fcc

Es Fm Md No Lr

ortho

hex

hex

hex

hex

hex

–

–

K

Ca Sc

Ti

V

1.54

4.51

6.0

–

C 2.26

N2 O2

*1.25

*1.43

Al

Si

P

S

2.70

2.33

1.82

2.07

F2 Ne

*1.70

*.90

Cl2 Ar *3.21

*1.78

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr 7.14

5.91

5.32

In

Sn Sb Te

4.47

6.52

8.57

10.2

8.69

7.31

7.26

6.68

6.24

Cs Ba La

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

Pt Au Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po At Rn

1.93

3.62

13.3

16.4

19.3

20.8

21.5

11.8

11.3

9.79

Fr

Ra Ac

1.53

2.99

B 2.34

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

Y

2.64

–

hex

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf mono

1.74

0.89

Pb

hex

0.97

He

6.15

5.0

7.15

7.3

7.87

11

8.86

12.1

8.90

12.4

22.6

8.96

12.0

Ir 22.5

10.5

19.3

13.53

5.72

4.80

9.2

3.12

*3.73

I2

Xe

4.92

–

*5.89

*9.73

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

10.0

6.77

6.77

7.01

Th Pa 11.7

–

7.26

U

15.4

7.52

5.24

7.90

8.23

8.55

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf

19.1

20.2

19.7

13.6

13.5

14.8

–

8.80

9.07

9.32

6.90

9.84

Es Fm Md No Lr –

–

–

–

–

cubic = SIMPLE CUBIC; bcc = BODY-CENTERED CUBIC; fcc = FACE-CENTERED CUBIC; hex = HEXAGONAL; ortho = ORTHOHOMBIC; rhom = RHOMBOHEDRAL; tetra = TETRAGONAL mono = MONOCLINIC – = unknown

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION

Li

Be

134.7

308.8

Na Mg 89.04

K 77.5

128.7

References: CRC; The Elements, 3rd ed., J. Emsley, 1998

Ca Sc 150.0

Rb Sr 69.2

kJ/mole Liquid → Gas ∆Hvap at boiling point

139.0

305.0

Y 393.0

Cs Ba La 65.9

Fr –

140.0

399.6

Ti

V

429.0

458.6

0.12

S

383.0

12.40

45.0

Ta

W 799.1

219.7

351.0

382.4

371.8

304.6

115.5

585.0

567.8

Re Os 707.1

627.6

495.4

Ir 563.6

393.0

255.1

99.87

Pt Au Hg 510.5

324.0

59.11

254.0

In

334.0

31.9

95.48

Sn Sb Te

314.0

333.0

481.0

7.9

284.0

U 423.0

–

192.0

176.0

312.0

391.0

8.54

7.43

14.10

Y

Ti 14.15

V 21.5

I2

67.9

114.1

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po At Rn

179.5

151.0

101.0

293.0

344.0

–

387.0

310.0

196.0

251.0

293.0

247.0

–

Ra Ac 7.15

159.0

–

–

–

B

C

50.2

117

Al 10.71

N2 O2 0.71

0.44

Si

P

S

50.21

0.66

1.72

36.94

3.28

Sn Sb Te

6.19

In

7.03

19.87

Pt Au Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

F2 Ne

0.51

21.0

52.31

12.91

33.29

13.81

38.59

Re Os 60.43

57.85

16.2

26.59

Ir 41.12

17.48

16.74

22.17

13.26

11.30

12.55

2.29

6.89

12.34

7.14

U 9.14

7.7

8.62

9.21

10.0

10.15

4.14

11.06

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf 3.20

2.82

14.39

15.0

–

J/(g K) (at 25°C and 1atm)

Be

–

B

1.83

1.03

4.77

24.44

11.3

6.69

17.49

Cl2 Ar 6.4

10.57

1.64

I2

Xe

15.52

–

17.0

19.9

16.84

–

–

–

–

7.66

C

0.71

N2 O2 1.04

0.92

Si

P

S

0.71

0.77

0.71

Rb Sr 0.30

Y 0.30

0.24

0.20

Fr

Ra Ac –

0.20

0.12

Ti

0.52

V

–

0.37

0.32

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

Sn Sb Te

Hf

0.14

0.27

Ta 0.14

F2 Ne

0.82

1.03

Cl2 Ar 0.48

0.52

0.45

0.25

W

0.13

0.48

–

0.45

0.24

Re Os 0.14

0.13

0.42

0.24

Ir

0.13

0.44

0.25

0.39

0.24

0.23

Pt Au Hg

0.13

0.13

0.14

0.23

Tl

0.13

0.23

Pb 0.13

0.33

0.21

Bi

0.12

0.32

0.20

0.19

Th Pa 0.11

Cs Ba La

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

671

1897

Fr

Ra Ac –

3464

–

0.19

U

0.12

–

0.20

0.18

0.24

0.18

0.17

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf –

–

–

–

–

–

4603

–

3443

0.17

0.17

0.16

0.16

Li 181

1287

Na Mg 64

842

1541

Rb Sr

–

–

–

5596

4150

5012

3074

U

–

4131

3000

-196

-183

Al

Si

P

S

2519

3265

280

445

2913

2562

907

3695

2963

Ir

2162

767

Pt Au Hg

4428

3825

2856

357

2204

39

Y

777

–

1794

1529

3228

Ti 1668

V

3273

3230

2011

3100

–

1910

1907

1246

1538

2477

2623

2157

Hf

Ta

W

Re Os

727

Fr

918

2233

Ra Ac

27

700

1495

1455

3017

3422

3186

2334

3033

1964

798

1750

20

1085

420

962

2446

1768

321

1064

931

1021

1572

U 1135

1042

1074

822

1313

-39

1356

644

640

1176

1345

1050

Po At Rn

1473

2567

–

Ca Sc 2.01

0.58

Ti

0.16

Y

0.35

0.17

0.18

Cs Ba La 3

Fr

425

39

Ra Ac