Pentre Farm, Flint, 1976-81: An official building in the Roman lead mining district 9780860546344, 9781407318301

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Contents
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONVENTIONS USED ON PLANS
Introduction (T J O'L)
Summary (KB)
Part 1: The site (TJO'L)
Part 2: The finds
Part 3: The pottery
Part 4: Specialist reports
Bibliography

Citation preview

Pentre Farm, Flint 1976 - 81 An official building in the Roman lead mining district

T. J. O'Leary with Kevin Blackley and Chris Musson

BAR British Series 207 1989

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 207, 1989: 'Pentre Farm, Flint, 1976-1981'

©

The Clwyd-·Powy-s Archaeological Trust,

1989

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546344 paperback ISBN 9781407318301 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546344 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

C on ten t s

L i s to fp la tes L i s to ff ig u r es L i s to ft a b les

i i i

A cknow ledgemen t s

1

C onven t ions u sed o np l an s

1

I n troduc t ion b y TJO 'Lea ry P hy s i ca l e nv i ronmen t H i s to ry o fD i scove ry S umma ry , b yK ev in B lock l ey

2 3 6

P ar tI : T he s i t eb y TJO 'Lea ry S t age I S t age I S t age I I S t age I V S t age V S t age V I S t age V I I S t age V I I I D emol i t ion o ft h ec omp lex L a te rR oman a c t iv i ty Med ieva l a c t iv i ty T he a r ea w e s to ft h ec omp lex T he a r ea n o r th o ft h ec omp lex F ea tu r e so fu nce r ta in s t age T he a r ea n o r th o ft h e s i t e I n huma t ion s G ene ra l d i s cu s s ion

8 1 3 1 7 2 2 2 6 2 9 3 2 3 6 3 8 3 9 3 9 3 9 4 1 4 3 4 4 4 6

P ar tI : T he f i nd s I n t roduc t ion , b y K ev in B lock ley T he c o in s ,b y PJC a sey O b jec t so fg o ld ,b yJ ane tW eb s t e r O b je c t s o f c oppe r -a l loy , b y J ane t W eb s te r

6 3 6 3 6 4

4 7

6 4

N on -Roman f i nd s o f c opp e r -a l loy , b y Ma r t in H en ig O b jec t so fl e ad ,b yJ ane tW eb s te r L ead w a t e r -p ipe s a nd s he e t s ,b yK ev in B lock l ey a nd K e i th Maud e O b je c t so fi r on ,b yJ ane tW eb s te r a nd P V W eb s ter O b jec t so fb one ,b yJ ane t W eb s te r T he g l a s s ,b yJ enn if er P r ice O b je c t so fs t one ,b yJ ane tW eb s te r T he w a l lp l a s t e r ,b y RL ing B r ick a nd t i l e ,b y P VW eb s t er S t amped t i l ea nd g r a ff i to ,b yM WC H a s sa l la nd R S0 T om l in Mamma l ian p aw p r in t so nc e ram ic t i l e s , b y M AE d ing ton

6 8 6 9 7 0 7 2 7 4 7 7 8 6 8 8 9 1 9 2 9 3

P ar tI I : T he p o t tery b y P VW eb s t er w i th D B a i ley , BM D ick in son , BR H ar t l ey & K F H a r t ley I n t roduc t ion T he S am ian P o t te ry T he C oa r se P o t t e ry T rade l i nk sa nd s o c ia l i mp l ica t ion s C h rono logy C onc lu s ion s C a ta logue P o t te ry f r om t h ee a r ly e xcava t ion sa tP en t re F fwmdan

1 20

P ar tI V : S pec ia l i s tr epor t s T he a n ima lb one s ,b y AK ing a nd t h e l a te BW es t ley A na ly s i so fs ed imen t s ,b y M LS hack l ey F lo ra l a nd f a una lr ema in s , b yK enne th B ra s s i l

1 24 1 27 1 28

B ib l iography

1 30

9 4 9 4 9 4 9 7 9 7 9 8 9 8

i

L IST OF PLATES I

G ene ra l v i ew o fe xcava t ion s , l o ok ing

I

s ou th , s how ing f ounda t ion t r enche s f o r b u i ld ing s o fS t age I . Y a rd 7A b e tween t h e We s tR ange ( l e f t )

5 3

a nd S ou th R ange ( r igh t ) w i th t h e No r th w e s tR ange i nt h eb a ckg round . L ook ing I I

n o r th . S tage I V . D e ta i lo ft h ee a s tw a l lo ft h e We s tR ange , s how ing p o s t -p ipe s a nd p l a s te rf a ce .

L ook ing w e s tS t age I V . I V G ene ra l v i ew o fe xcava t ion s , l o ok ing n o r th -we s t . S t age V I I . V G ene ra l v i ew o fB a th -house a nd p a r to f N o r thwe s tR ange , S tage V I a nd u nde r ly ing We s tR ange o fS tage I V . L ook ing n o r th . V I D e ta i lo fR ooms 4 7 a nd 5 1 i nt h e B a th -house , S tage V I . L ook ing n o r th . V I I D e ta i lo fp i e ri nB a th -hou se ,R oom 4 7 , s how ing r ev ised p i la , S tage V I .

5 4

5 4 5 5

5 6 5 6

L ook ing w e s t . V I I I D e ta i l o fB a th -hou se d ra in F 134 , w i th l e ad p ipe F 131 f e ed ing i n to i t . L ook ing w e s t . S t age V I . I X P lunge b a th F 130 , l o ok ing s ou th -we s t , w i th l e ad p ipe F 131 i nf o reg round . S t age V I . X P lunge b a th F 130 , l o ok ing e a s t . S t age V I . X I G ene ra l v i ew o fe xcava t ion s , l o ok ing

5 7

w e s t . S t age V . X I I D e ta i l o fF 101 i nR ooms 3 9 a nd 4 0o ft h e N o r th R ange , l o ok ing n o r th . S t age V . X I I I L ead s hee t , n o4 7 . X IV L ead j unc t ion , n o4 0 . XV S tone w i th b a rnac le s f r om B a th -hou se , S tage V I I . XV IS tone w i th d r a in l oe , f r om R oom 3 9 ,

5 9

5 7

5 8 5 8

5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2

S tage V .

6 2

6 9 7 1

L IST OF F IGURES 1 2 4 5 7 1 0 1 3 1 5

2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9

O b jec t s o fc oppe r -a l loy O b jec t s o fl e ad C ro ss -s ec t ion s t h rough w a te r -p ipe s a nd j unc t ion s O b jec t s o f -i r on O b jec t s o fi r on O b jec t s o fb one O b jec t s o fg l a s s

1 9

3 0 3 1

O b jec t s o fg l a s s O b jec t s o fg la s s

2 1 &I V 2 3 P lan o fS t age I V 5 P lan o fd emo l i t ion b e tween S t ages I V &V 2 2 7 P lan o fS t age V 3 1 P lan o fS t age V I 3 3 P lan o fS t age V I I 3 5 T en ta t ive r e con s t ruc t ion o fS t age V I I 3 7 P lan o fS t age V I I I 4 0 P lan o ff e a tu re s w e s to ft h ec omp lex 4 2 P lan o ff e a tu re s n o r th o ft h ec omp lex

3 2 3 3 3 4

O b jec t s o fs t one P a in ted w a l l p l a s te r S am ian w a re

3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2

P o t te ry P o t te ry P o t te ry P o t te ry P o t te ry P o t te ry P o t te ry P o t te ry

4 5 6 5 6 7

4 3 4 4 4 5

P o t te ry P o t te ry P o t te ry

5

P o t te ry f r om e a r ly e xcava t ion s a tP en t re F fw rndan N umbe ro fb one f r agmen t s &i n d iv idua ls Mo l lu scan r ema in s

1 2

C onven t ion s u sed o n p l ans L oca t ion p l an o fP en t re F a rm , F l in t

3 4 5 6 7 8

R omano -Br i t i sh s i te s i nF l in t L oca t ion p l an o fe xcava t ion t r enche s D eve lopmen tp l an s o ft h e c omp lex P lan o fS t age I T en ta t ive r e con s t ruc t ion o fS t age I P lan o fS tage I

9 1 0

P lan o fS tage I I P lan o fd emol i t ion b e tween S t age s I I

1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2

P lan o fd i t che s a nd c obb l ing n o r th o f t h e c omp lex O b je c t s o fc oppe r -a l loy O b jec t s o fc oppe r -a l loy

7 2 7 3 7 5 7 6 8 3 8 5 8 6 8 7 9 0 1 00 1 03 1 05 1 07 1 09 11 13 15 17 19 1 21 1 22

L IST OF TABLES 1

C o in l i s t

2 3

C la s s if i ca t ion o fn a i ls We igh to ft i l e f r om t h e c omp lex

6 3 7 4 9 2

6

4

S umma ry o f Ampho rae f a b r ic t y pe s

9 7

7

1 23 1 24 1 28

Pentre Farm, Flint 1976-81

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The excavations at Pentre Farm were undertaken by the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust in two major seasons, the first in 1976n7, the later in 1981 (Fig 6). Funding for the excavations was provided by Cadw:Welsh Historic Monuments, who also financed the post-excavation work. The excavations were directed by T J O'Leary, who also prepared the excavation report and discussion section. Mr CR Musson (then director of the Clwyd­ Powys Archaeological Trust) undertookextensiveediting of the report in its initial stages. Final editing and organisation of the report for publication was under­ taken by myself. Illustrations were prepared by Brian Williams (struc­ tural); Peter and Janet Webster (pottery and small finds) and Kathy Holland (small finds and final correc­ tions).

Thanks go to Professor Barri Jones for helpful comments during the excavations and to Sheila Gibson for comments on inital drafts of the reconstruc­ tion drawings. I should like to thank Mike Yates (Cadw) and Jeff Davies (University College, Aberystwyth) for com­ ments on a final draft of the report, and Jenny Britnell and Chris Martin for transforming a much amended text to a state worthy of publication. Thanks also go to Bill Britnell (director of CPAn for constant help and encouragement throughout the final stages of publication. I am indebted to all those who prepared specialist reports for this volume (noted in the contents list). A special note of thanks go to all those who helped in all aspects of excavation and post-excavation work, particularly the inhabitants of Flint, who helped the work proceed smoothly. Kevin Blockley Llidiartywaen, February 1989.

CONVENTIONS USED ON PLANS

�Stonewalls

Ll

Foundation trench for stonewall

�Walls � (continued from previous stage)

' Grave11y 1 oam [IZJ

� Miscellaneous features and foundation � trench for timberwall

L...:__D

� Robber trench

[·/:,: i- F:J Concrete floor

B

1 ---::,...-1 ---

j/

Figure 1

LJLoam

/·

_ _,.....

Stake holes

Reconstructedwall line

1 Sect ion Iine

� Clayey loam

� Pebbly I oam

D

,��

Gritty mortar floor Charcoal/hear th

2

Pentre Farm, Flint 1976-81

Introduction

Introduction (T J O'L)

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The site of Pentre Farm is situated in the hamlet of Oakei:iholt, 1 km east-south-east of the town of Flint, at SJ 254 723. It lies astride the 10 m contour line on

land sloping gently towards the marshes on the edge of the Dee estuary (Fig 2). The site was hemmed in by the tracks of the main east-west railway on the north; the main east-west road (A548) on the south; a bungalow to the west and the buildings of Pentre Farm to the east

sand and mud

2km

�o

� Figure 2: Location plan of Pentre Farm, Flint

J-

contour lines in metres above OD

1mile

P en tr eF arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 ( F ig 3 ) . T he r eg ion a round P en t re F a rm i s mo s te a s i ly d e s cr ibed i n t e rms o f t h e o l d c oun ty o f F l in t sh i re w h ich c on s is ted ,f o rt h e mo s tp a r t ,o f al o ng p l a teau o f f a i r ly h i gh g round ( l e s st h an 3 10 m ) ,e nc i rc led ,e xcep t i nt h es ou th a nd t h es ou th -we s t ,b y am a rg in o fl owe r l a nd s k i r t ing t h e s ea a nd t h e e s tua ry o ft h e D ee , a nd e x t end ing a l ong t h ev aleys o ft h eD ee ,A lun & C lwyd . T he p l a teau f o rm ing t h ec en t re o fF l in t sh i re i sf o rmed b y c a rbon if e rou s l ime s tone l y ing a bove t h e S i lu r ian r o ck s . A round H a lkyn ,j u s tt ot h e s ou th o fF l in t , t h e l ime s tone c on ta in sl e ad o re i nw o rkab le q uan t i t ie s . O n t o po ft h el ime s tone i sas e r ie so fs and s tone sk nown a s t h eM i l l s tone g r i ts e r ie s . I nt h en o r th o fF l in t sh i re t h e s e r ie s i sr ep re sen ted b y t h e H o lywel s ha le s , f r om w h ich s andy b ed s a r ea lmo s ta bsen t . T ot h ee a s ta nd l y ing o n t h e l ime s tone a r e t h e C oa l Mea su re s o ft h e F l in t sh i re c oa lf ie ld s . T he se c on s is t ma in ly o f s ha le s w i th s ubo rd ina te s and s tone sa nd an umbe ro fc oa ls eams . T hese r o ck s a r e l e s s r e s i s tan t t ow ea the r ing t h an o lde r r ock s a nd t h e refo re t h ey n ow f o rm t h e l ow ly ing g round o ft h e c oun t ry . T o t h e e a s t o fH in t R ed S and s tone o f t h e T r ia s s ic S ys tem o ve rl ie s t h e c oa l mea su re s b u t i s l a rge ly h idden b y ac ove r o f g l a c ia l B ou lde r C lay , c ove red a l ong t h eD ee e s tua ry b yr i ve ra l luv ium ( Dav ie s 1 949 ) . T oday t h ec oa s ta ls t r ip o nw h ich F l in tl i e s ,b e tween F ynmo r -G roew a nd C onnah 's Q uay , i s a n a lmo s t c on t inuou s b u i l t -up a r ea w i th m uch i n du s t r ia l p rop e r ty p a r t ia l ly d e re l ic t . T he r i ve r D ee i sb ad ly s i l ted o w ing t ot h eb u i ld ing o fs ea w a l ls ,t h ee a r l ie s to fw h ich w a s ac au seway p e rhap sb u i l tb yE a r lH ugh o fC he s te r . T he w a l l sp reven ts cou ra nd t h es t eady w iden ing o ft h e e s tua ry s eawa rd s a l so p reven t s t h e e bb t i de f r om d eve lop ing a s t rong s cou r ing e f fe c t . I n t h e R oman p e r iod , h oweve r , s hoa l c ond i t ions w e re d i f f e ren ta nd s ea l e ve lw a sp o ss ib ly h ighe r ,( t he R ive rD ee i sm a rked

I n troduc t ion

3

e x t rac ted a nd e xpo r ted l e ad ,h av ing as e t t lemen ti no r a round t h et own o fF l in t . T he s i x inch O rdanance S u rvey map o f1 900 ( s hee t i x NE ) ma rk st h es i te o fa n ' Anc ien tF u rna ce 'd i s cov e r ed i n1 840 u nde rt h es ou th -we s tp a r to ft h eM il D am b e long ing t oC roe sA t t iM i l l ,a bou t2 00 m s ou th o fS t D av id 's C hu rch . T he n ex t m a jo r g roup o f f i nd s w e re r epor ted b y J udge Wynne F fou lke s( 1856 ) ,w ho n o ted d i scove r ie s made i nS h ip F ie ld , t ot h e s ou th -ea s t o ft h e C he s te r R oad , o ppo s i te S t D av id 's c hu rch . F ive s ke le ton s w e re f ound i nc rude s t one c i s t s ,w h ich w e re n o ti n ta c t , a nd c l ose b y ,f r agmen t so ft e r ra s i g i l la ta w e re p res en t a sw e l la ss he rd so f mo r ta r ia a nd a mpho rae ,t i l ef r ag m en t s ,a n ima lb one sa nd t wo c o ins ,o ne o fw h ich w a s b e l ieved t ob eT ra jan ic . I nt h en o r th -we s to fS h ip F ie ld w a s a5 4f tl e ng th o fs t one w a l l ,b onded w i th as t i f fc l ay a nd w i th e a s t e r ly r e tu rns a te ach e nd . N ea rby t h e re w a s ah o le s unk t ot h e' r amme l ' ( c1 . 75 m d eep ) ' w i th t h es ame r ude f l agg ing ' . Wha tw a sp robab ly aw e l lo r at a nk w a sa l so d i scove red . F ina l ly ,F fou lke sr ema rk s o ns ome c o in s ,s uppo sed ly ' Cae sa r 's 'w h ich w e re s a id b y a n o ld m an t oh ave b een d i s cove red b y h i s f a the r w h i l s td igg ing s ome f ounda t ion sj u s tt ot h es ou th -ea s t o f t h e b rook w h ich h ad o nce f o rmed t h e s ou the rn b ounda ry o ft h e S h ip F ie ld . H enry T ay lo r , w r i t ing h i sH is tor ic N o t ices o fF l in t ( 1883 ) n o ted d i scove r ie so fp i ece s o fg l a s s , t i l e s , a nd o t he re v idence o fR oman o ccupa t ion , f ound a tC roe s A t t i . T ay lo ra l so r e f e r red t o ac o in o fC ommodu s( AD 1 77 -92 ) d i scove red w hen t r ench ing C he s te r R oad o ppo s i te S tD av id 's C hu r ch .F o r ty y ea r sl a te rb u ts t il p r io r t oa ny e xcava t ion i nt h e a r ea t h e e x i s t ing e v i d ence w a s s umma r ised : ' A l l t h a t c an n ow b e s a id i s t h a t t h e p l ace w a s p robab ly n eve r mo re t han as ma l l m in ing v i l lage w h i the r t h e l e ad w a s b rough t d own f r om t h e h i l l s , w he re i tw a s s me l ted a nd s h ipped t o

o nP to lemy 's map o f B r i ta in a sS e te ia E s t ) . T hen t o o ,

C he s te r . L ead a bound s i nt h eH a lkyn H i l ls am i le o r

t h e i ndu s t r ia l a nd d enuded l a nd s cape o fp resen t d ay F l in t w ou ld h ave b een c ove red b y f o re s t , l i ke o ne s ou th -ea s to fH o lywe l l , r e f e r red t oi nt h e D ome sday B ook .

t wo t ot h es ou th ;a no u tc rop o fc anne lc oa lo ccu r sc l o se t oP en t re a nd t h eR oman s u sed c anne la nd o t he rc oa l f o rs me l t ing . .T he s t ream w ou ld b eu sefu lf o rs me l t i n g p u rpo se s a nd i t s mou th p rov ided al i t t le h a rbou r . T he re m ay a l so h ave b een a ne a sy f o rd a nd w ay a c ro s s t h e s and s h e re t ot h e Wi r ra l P en insu la a nd h ence t o

H ISTORY OF D ISCOVERY T he f i r s tr e f e rence t oh i s to r ica lr ema ins i nt h ea r ea w a s m ade i n 1 778 b y T homa s P ennan t ( 1778 ) w ho r e m a rked o nb o th al o ca lt r ad i t ion t h a t al a rge t own h ad , i nt h e p a s t , s t ood a tC roe s A t t i a nd o n e v idence o f b u i ld ing f ounda t ions t u rn ing u pu nde rt h ep l ough . H e a l so t hough tn o tab le t h eo ccu r rence o ft o ns o fl e ad o re a nd w a s te f r om v a r iou s p l ace s h e re a nd i nN o r thop ; a nd i np a r t icu la ra tP en t re F fw rndan ( f u rnace v i l lage ) , t ot h es ou th o fP en t re F a rm , an ame s ugge s t ive t oh im o ft h ea n t iqu i ty o fl e ad s me l t ing i nt h i sa r ea . H ep ub l i shed ,t o o ,d escr ip t ions a nd d raw ing so fm any c o in s , b rooche s a nd o the r o b jec t s o f s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry d a te . H is c onc lus ion w a s t h a t t h e R omans

C he s te r ;s uch ar ou te w a su sed b yE dwa rd I t ot r anspo r t h i sa rm ie s a c ro ss t h ee s tua ry . P en t re w a so ccup ied i n t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s AD , i fn o te a r l ie ra nd a ppa ren t ly b y ap opu la t ion w i th C e l t ic t a s te s ;p o s s ib ly t h e i ndu s t ry a nd p opu la t ion d w ind led b y t h e f ou r th c en tu ry ' ( Tay lo r 1 923 ) . I nt h e a u tumn o f 1 923 a nd 1 924 e xcava t ion s w e re c a r r ied o u to ve r at o ta l o f f ou rw eek s i nS h ip F ie ld ( c2 00 m s ou th e a s to fP en t re F a rm ) ,a nd t h er e su l t so f t h e se a r e c r uc ia l t oa ny u nde r s tand ing o f t h e P en t re F fwrndan R oman s e t t lemen t ( A tk inson a nd T ay lo r 1 924 ,p a r t s i& i ) . I n1 923 ,s eve ra ln a r row t r enche su p t o6 0ml o ng ,r evea led r ema ins o ft wo f u rnace s ,o ne o f w h ich ( Fu rnace B ) s e emed t ot h ee xcava to r st or e p re s en t t h e r ema ins o f al e ad -sme l t ing f ur na ce , h av ing

4 P en t re F a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

I n t roduc t ion

a s soc ia ted w i th i to r e ,l ump so fs l ag ,f r agmen t so fl e ad , c ha r coa l ,a nd s t one sc oa ted w i th v i t reou ss l ag . T he re w e re a l so s h ed w a l l s , af l agged a r ea ,a no ccup ied a r ea , a nd as ha l low p i t( Dav ie s 1 949 ) . I n1 924 ,e l even mo re t r enche sw e re c u ti nw h ich t h e r ema in s o fu p t os i x o rs e ven f u rnace s t o ge the r w i th ' s hed w a l l s 'a nd t wo r ough ly p aved a r ea sw e re u ncov e r ed . Wh i le n o t a l l o f t h e f u rna ce s b o re s i gn s o f a s soc ia t ion w i th l e ad w o rk ing , o ne ( Fu rna ce L ) w a s d e sc r ibed a s a' g roup o fs t one ss e ti nc l ay a nd c ove r ing a na r ea o f 4b y 4f t . S eve ra lo ft h es t one sw e re h i gh ly g l azed ,e v iden t ly b yi n tens eh ea t ,w h i le a tt wo p l a ce s , r un l e ad a nd l e ad s l ag w e r e f i rm ly e mbedded a mong

t h es t one s ' ( Dav ie s 1 949 ) . P o t te ry d a ted m o s to ft h e s t ruc tu re st ot h ef i r s th a l fo ft h es e cond c en tu ry . N o f u r the r w o rk w a s c a r r ied o u t i nt h e a r ea u n t i l 1 933 -4 , w hen P e t ch e xcava ted o ppo s i te S h ip F i e ld . H e u ncove red r ema in s o f aR oman b u i ld ing c on s t ruc t ed o f s a nd s tone , t h e e a s te rn e nd o f w h ich h ad b een d e s t royed b yt h eC he s te rR oad . T ot h es ou th -ea s t w a sp a r to fa no the rr oom b eyond ap aved a r ea . W i th in t h e f o o t ing s o ft h e f i r s tb u i ld ing w e re t wo s he rd s o f H ad r ian ic t e r ra s i g i l la ta ( P e t ch & T ay lo r1 925 ) . P e t ch f e l t t h a th e h ad n o ts hown t h ee x i s tan ce o fe x ten s ive l e ad s me l t ing h e re , i ns p i te o f t h e s u i tab il i ty o f t h e l o ca t ion a nd t h ee a sy a c ce s st ol e ad s upp l ie so nH a lkyn

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P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -81 moun ta in . T he o n ly o t he re xcava t ion w o rk p r io rt ot h e p r e sen te xcava t ion sw a sc a r r ied o u tb yH aye si n1 958 a nd 1 961 . T he f i r s to ft h e se ,i nt h es ou th o fS h ip F ie ld , r e vea led as ha l low p i t a nd t h e s e cond p ene t ra ted t h e h ypo cau s ts y s tem o ft h eb a th -hou se mo re f u l ly i n ve s t i ga ted i nt h ep re sen te xcava t ion s . H aye sw ro t e : ' Th i s n ew R oman b u i ld ing l e ave s ag ap o fa bou t2 30 m e t re s b e tween i ta nd t h en ea re s tr ema in sf ound i nt h ee a r l ie r e xcava t ion s . T h is l im i ted e xcava t ion s ugge s t s ,h ow e ve r ,t h a ti th a s ad i f f e ren tc ha rac te rf r om t h eb u i ld ing f ound o nt h er e s to ft h e s i te a nd m ay b et h er e s idence o fs ome i mpo r tan te xecu t ive c once rned w i th t h el e ad s me l t ing '( Haye s 1 961) . A s ar e su l to ft h i sd i scove ry t h es i te w a s s chedu led a sa n A nc ien t Monumen t( No 1 22 i nt h eF l in t sh i re l i s t )i nS ep tembe r1 961 . When ,i n e a r ly 1 976 ,p roposa l s w e re m ade t ob u i ld o n t h e s i te , i n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e r ema ins w a s c on s ide red n ece s s a ry . A tt h ei n v i ta t ion o ft h eC lwyd -Powys A rchaeo l o g ica l T ru s t a n e xp lo Ya to ry e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u tb yP rof e s so r G D BJ one so f Manche s te rU n ive r s i ty i nJ une 1 976 . T h i sp rov ided p o s i t ive e v idence o f R oman o ccupa t ion i nt h el a te f i r s to rs e cond c en tu r ie s

I n t roduc t ion 5

AD , a nd l e d t o t h e mo re e x ten s ive p ro jec t n ow r e p o r ted i nt h i s monog raph . [ P rof e s so r J one s a l so n o ted a t t h i s t ime a f u r the r f u rnace t ot h es ou th -ea s to fP en t re F a rm d u r ing b u i ld i n g w o rk s ( Br i tann ia , 8( 1 977 ) , 3 58 ) . T r ia l e xcava t ions o n ap lo t o f d e re l ic t l a nd a tt h e j unc t ion o fC he s te rR oad ( A458 )a nd C roe sA t t iL ane w e re c onduc ted b y t h eT ru s ti n 1 986 , t oe va lua te t h e s i te p r io rt ot h ep ropo sed d eve lopmen to fa na men i ty a r ea (Wee tman 1 986 , 1 5 -16 ) . F u r the rt r ace so f mason ry a nd t imbe rb u i ld ing sw e re f ound ,t ot h es ou th o ft ho se i d en t if ied b yP e t ch ,i n c lud i ng as ma l l f u rnace a nd l e ad s l ag a nd o re ( i b id , 1 5 ) . Am agne t ic s u rvey w a sc a r r ied o u ti n1 987 o nb eha lf o ft h eT ru s tb yD r W TC S owe rbu t t so ft h eD epa r t m en t o f G eo logy , U n ive r s i ty o f Manche s te r , w i th in t h e a r ea o f ap ropo sed h ou s ing d eve lopmen t t ot h e s ou th o fP en t re F a rm ( F ig 3 ) . T h is p roduced a noma l ie s s ugge s t ing a dd i t iona l f u rnace s , b u t t h ese w e re n o t c onf i rmed b y s ub sequen t t r ia l e xcava t ion , a nd n o a dd i t iona l R oman r ema in sw e re i d en t if ied i nt h i sa r ea d u r ing t h ec ou r se o fd eve lopmen ti n1 988 . KB ]

F igure 4 : L o ca t ion p lan o fe xcava t ion t r enches ,s ca le 1 : 100

6 P en t re F a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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S ummary ( KB )

S t age I

S t age V

T he i n i t ia l p ha se o f t h e c omp lex i sr e p re sen t ed b y t h ree r a nge so fb u i ld ing so fc l ay a nd t i mbe rc on s t ruc t i on b u i l ts oon a f t e r AD 1 20 . Ay a rd ,i n co rpo ra t ing a D shaped or namen ta l p oo l , l a y i n t h e h ea r t o f t h e c omp lex . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a ta ne a s ter nr a nge m ay h ave b een b u i l t( ou t s ide t h el i m i to fe xcava t ion )t op roduce as ymme t r ica l l a you t . T he c omp lex i st h ough t t o r e p re sen t a n o f ic ia l r e s idence a s soc ia t ed w i th l e ad m in ing i nt h e d i s t r ic t .

A na dd i t iona l s t one b u i ld ing ( No r th R ange ) w a sb u i l t a nd t h er ema in ing s e c t ion o ft h e We s tR ange r e p la ced b y ah ea ted r o om . T he t i mbe rS ou th R a nge r ema ined s t and ing .

S t age I

S t age V I S ome m ino r a l t e ra t ion s w e r e u nde r tak en , i nt h e l a t e s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu r ie s , o n t h ee x i s t ing b u i ld i n g s . T he h ea ted r oom w a sr e p la ced b y ab a th -hou se , c omp r i s ing f o u rm a in r oom s ,o ne c on ta in ing ap l unge b a th .

F ew c hange sw e re u nde r taken s a ve n ew r oom sb e ing a dded t ot h e We s tR ange . S t age V I I S t age I I I n t h e A n ton ine p e r iod t h e v e randah a nd e x te rna l c o r r ido r sw e re r emoved f r om t h eS ou th R ange ,p a r to f w h ich w a s u sed f o r l e ad w o rk ing , a nd o f t h e We s t R ange d emo l i shed .

I nt h ee a r ly t om id t h i rd c en tu ry t h ec omp lex s aw t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e S ou th R ange a nd a dd i t ion o ft h r ee r oom s( o ne t i mb e r ,t wo m a son ry )o nt h es o u th s i de o f t h e N o r th -we s t R ange . T he c en t ra l r o om m ay h ave b een a t owe r ( F ig 1 6 ) p rov id ing a n i mpo s ing f r on t e l eva t ion .

S t age I V

S t age V I I I

T h i ss t age s aw c on s ide r ab le r e bu i ld ing o ft h ec omp lex s ome t ime i nt h el a t es e cond c en tu ry . T he N o r th R ange a nd p a r t o f t h e We s t r a nge w e re d emo l i shed a nd a m a son ry b u i ld ing ( No r th -we s t R ange ) c on s t ruc t ed , a c o r r ido rr unn ing t h el e ng th o ft h eb u i ld ing .

T he m a jo r i ty o ft h ec omp lex w a sr obbed o fi t ss t one i n t h em id t h i rd c en tu ry , a l though a dd i t iona l f l oo r sa nd w a l l si ns ome o ft h es ou the rn r oom si n d ic a te ac on t inu a t ion o fo ccupa t ion .

F igure 5 : D eve lopmen t p l an so ft h e c omp l ex ,s c a le 1 : 600

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P ar t 1 : The s i te ( TJO 'L )

PRE -CO MPLEX OCCUPAT ION P reh is tor ic Du r ing t h e e xcava t ion , n ine p i ece s o fu nda tab le , g l a c i a lo rb each f l in tw e re r e coi e red . T hey a r ed es c r ibed i nt h ea r ch ive r epo r t . R oman R unn ing a c ro s st h ew e s te rn p a r to ft h es i te ,f r om s ou th e a s tt on o r th -we s tw a s ad i tch F O ( F ig 1 8 ) . I t s c ou r se w a s t r aced i np lan i nt h en o r th -we s ta nd i nt h e s ou th e a s tb yr e co rd ing t h ep o in t w he re t h e s t ra t if ica t ion i n t h e c omp lex h ad s ub s ided i n to t h e d i tch a s i t s f i l l s e t t led . I tw a s e xcava ted o n ly i nt wo s ondages ( F ig 1 8 ) . T he n o r ther ns ondage ( Co nF ig 1 8 )r e vea led t h a tt h e d i tch a tt h i s p o in t w a s f l a t -bo t tomed , 0 . 80 m w ide , w i th s i de s s l op ing o u twa rd s t o make at o ta l w id th o f 1 . 20 ma tt h et o p . Mo s to ft h ed i tch w a sf i l led b y af awn h omogenou s c l ay w i th s ma l l l o am i n c lu s ion s , e i the r

l i ng o ft h e d i tch b e fo re t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e c om p l ex . D i t ch FO i st h eo n ly f e a tu re c e r ta in ly p re -da t ing t h e P en t re F a rm c omp lex . T he s eve ra l s he rd s o fp o t te ry f ound i ni ti n c luded m a te r ia ld a ted t y po log ica l ly t ot h e p e r iod AD 9 0 -120 . Ap o s s ib ly i n t ru s ive s he rd f r om t h e d i tch -f i l l , m igh t s uppo r t a n e a r ly -Had r ian ic s t a r t ing d a te f o r t h e c omp lex , ad a te o the rw i se b a sed o n t h e b l ack -b rown i sh w a re b u i l t i n to p oo l F 27 , af e a tu re p o s s ib ly o fS t age I( p1 2 ) . [ A mo re d e ta i led a s se s smen to ft h ed i s t r ibu t ion a nd f unc t ion o fp re -comp lex f e a tu re si sn o tp o s s ib le g i ven t h e d i s tu rbance b y l a te r f e a tu re s , a nd o n ly p a r t ia l e xcava t ion o ft h e d i t che s . KB ]

S TAGE I T he e v idence f o r S t age I( P ig 6 )r e s t ed o n as e r ie s o f f ounda t ion t r enche sf o rc l ay a nd t imbe rw a l ls f o rm ing

t h e w ea the r ing o fn a tu ra l s ub so i ls o r , mo re p robab ly ,

t h ree r a nge s o n t h e n o r the rn , s ou ther n a nd w e s ter n

t h e r e su l t o f d e l ibe ra te b a ck f i l l ing w i th c l ay u p ca s t f r om d i t ch F 500 . T he c l ay w a sc ove red b y ac ha rcoa l l a den c l ay loam a s so c ia ted w i th t h ed e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s

s i de so f as ubd iv ided y a rd ,a ny e a s twa rd c on t inua t ion o f t h e c omp lex l y ing b enea th moder n a cce s s p a th s , y a rd sa nd b u i ld ing s . Much o ft h eS t age Is t ra t if ica t ion ,

o fS tage V I Io rV I I I . Whe re t h e s e c t ion o ft h e d i t ch w a s r e vea led i nt h e s i de o fs ondage D ,t h ep rof i le ,s l igh t ly d i s to r ted i nt h e

i n c lud ing s ome o ft h e f ounda t ion t r enche s , h ad b een d i s tu rbed o rt r unca ted b yl a te rp hase so fd eve lopmen t . I n o t he r p a r t s f r agmen ta ry s u r face s a nd o t he r l a ye r s w e re r emoved w i thou t e xam ina t ion d u r ing s a lvage w o rk t owa rd st h ee nd o fe xcava t ion a imed a tu ncove r i n g t h e w ho le o ft h ew a l l l a you t . A l low ing f o rm ino rv a r ia t ion sm en t ioned i nt h et e x t , t h e g ene ra l m e thod o f c ons t ruc t ion w a s a s f o l lows . T he f o unda t ion t r enche sc u tn o th ing o t he rt h an n a tu ra l s ub so i l a nd i np ro f i le w e re s t eep -s ided , o n a ve rage c 0 . 45 m w ide a tt h et o pa nd c0 . 25 -0 .3 m a tt h eb o t tom , w h ich w a s u sua l ly r ounded . T he b o t tom s w e r e c u t mo re o rl e s sh o r izon ta l ly i n to t h es l igh te a s twa rd s l ope

o b l ique c u t , w a s af l a t tened V -shape w i th a s l igh t ly r ounded b a se . T he l owe s tf i l lo fr ubb le w a sc ove red b y af i ne f awn s i l tw h ich r e s ted o n ap o s s ib le r e -cu t ,a nd b enea th o n ad ense o range -b rown c l ay c on ta in ing a l e ns o fg r een c l ay . S ed imen ta na lys i so ft h el owe s td i tch -f i l lc on f i rmed t h a t t h i s h ad n o tb een w a te r d epo s i ted . D r S ha ck ley s ugge s t st h a ti tm igh th ave b een f o rmed b y t h ec r um b l ing o ft h es i de so ft h ed i tch b u ti ti se qua l ly p o s s ib le t h a t i tr e su l ted f r om d e l ibe ra te b ack f i l l ing . T h i s i s i mp l ied b yt h en a tu re o ft h ef i l ls ,r ubb le a tt h eb o t tom , a nd t h e i rh o r izon ta lr a the rt h an c u rved p rof i le . T he s i l t a bove t h er ubb le me tt h es i de so ft h ed i t ch a tt h ep o in t s w he re t h e re w e re i r regu la r i t ie si nt h e i rs l ope sa nd i ti s p o s s ib le t h a tt h e l a ye r r e p re sen t s a n a ccumu la t ion i n t h e d i tch a f te ri th ad b een r e -cu t . T he t o pmo s td i t ch f i l l a tt h e p o in t o f S e c t ion C w a s c u t b y aS t age 1 f ounda t ion t r ench , m ay h ave b een ad e l ibe ra te l e ve l -

t o a n a ve r age d ep th o f c0 . 7 m . Whe re b u t t e nd s o ccu r red t h ey w e r eg ene ra l ly r ounded i np l an ,a sw e re mo s t c o rne r s . I n to t h e se t r enche s p o s t s h ad b een p l aced , u sua l ly c en t ra l ly b u t o cca s iona l ly t oo ne s i de o rt h eo the r ; t h er e cu r ren tc en t re to cen t re s pac ing i n e x ter na lw a l ls a ppea red t ob e c0 . 9 m( 3R oman f e e t ? ) w h i le i n te rna l w a l l s w e re o f ten mo re c l o se ly s t udded , a ta s l i t t le a s 0 . 4 -0 .5 m c en t re s .

A l l t h e f ounda t ion

P en t r eF a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 t r enche s w e re b a ck f i l led w i th e xcava ted s ub so i l o f v a ry ing k i nd s ; w he r et h et y pe o fb ack f i l lm a t ched t h e c on t iguou s s ub so i l , t r ench -edge s w e re o f ten d i f f icu l t t ot r a ce , e ven w he r e t h e w a l l l ine s w e r e c l ea r f r om o t he r e v idence . W i th in t h eb a ckf i l l l a y p o s t imp r e s s ion s , t h e s h ape o f w h ich b e came b e t te r d e f ined w i th d ep th . I n t h e o u t s ide w a l l st h e se w e re g ene ra l ly s qua re o rr e c tangu l a r ,w i th a ve rage s i ze so f0 . 10 m x0 . 10 m a nd 0 . 12 m x0 . 08 m r e sp ec t ive ly ,w h i le i n te rna lw a l l sh ad a ppa r e n t ly e mp loyed c i r cu la r p o s t s b e tween 0 . 12 m a nd 0 . 14 m i n d i ame te r . S ome p o s t imp re s s ion s w e r e m is shap ed , p r e sumab ly b y e x t ra c t ion o f t h e p o s t s ; o c ca s iona l l a rge r p o s t imp re s s ion s p o s s ib ly m a rked t h ep o s i t ion o fd oo rway s ,o ri mpl ied aw id e rs pa c ing o f p o s t sa l ong af a cade ,s u ch a st h a to fV e randah 1 5i nt h e s ou th R ange . T he p o s t imp re s s ion sw e re f i l led w i th a v a r ie ty o fm a t e r ia l s t owa rd s t h et o pa nd ad i s t inc t ive s a ndy l o am l owe rd own . N o o u t s ide w a l l s f r i im t h i s s t age r ema ined a bove g round l e ve l , b u t e v idence f o r t h e i n f i l l ing o f t h e i n te rna lf r ame c ame f r om t h ew a l ld i v id ing R oom s 1 a nd 1 2 i n t h e S ou th R ange , w he re a s t ub o f c l ean o r ange -b rown c l ay 0 . 2 mw ide l a yb e twe en a nd a r ound t h e p o s t imp re s s ion s , t h e b o t tom o f t h e c l ay b e ing l e ve lw i th t h et o po ft h eb a ck f i l led f o unda t ion t r ench . A long t h e c en t re o f t h e c l ay w a s at h in d a rk -b rown b and o f l o am , u p t o 0 . 02 m w ide p r e sumab ly t h e i mp re s s ion o fw a t t le o rl a th i n f i l l ing , s p rung b e twe en t h eu p r igh t sa s ak ey f o rt h ec l ay w a l l ing . F ragmen t s o fw a l l -p la s te rs e a led a ga in s tt h ef o o to ft h ew a l lb yt h e S t age I c onc re t e f l oo r ss howed t h a tt h ep a r t i t ion h ad b een p l a s te red o nb o th f a ce s i nS t age I . N or th R ange N one o ft h ef ounda t ion t r enche so ft h i sr a nge w a ss e en a bove n a tu ra ls ub so i l . T he f o unda t ion t r ench d ef in ing t h es ou the rn s i de so fC o r r ido r 4w a sc on s t ruc ted a so ne w i th t h ef o unda t ion t r ench o ft h ee a s t e rn s i de o fA l ley 7a nd c an t h e re fo r e b e s e en a s p a r t o f t h e o r ig ina l l a you t . T he r a nge c omp r i sed t wo l a rge r o om s ( 1a nd 3 )t h e e a s te rn b e ing p a r t icu la r ly s pa c iou s ; t h e se l a y e i the r s i de o f as ma l le rc en t ra lr o om ( 2 ) . T hey w e re a ll i nked b y aC o r r ido r ( 4 ) o n t h e s ou the rn s i de . T he r a nge m ea su red 5 . 5 mn o r th sou th t ot h ec en t re so ff o unda t i on t r enche s ; t h ee a s t -we s tm ea su remen tw a sa tl e a s t 2 3 .7 m o n t h e s ou th , w he re t h er a nge r a nb eyond t h e e a s te rn l i m i t o f e xcava t ion , b u t p e rhap s a s m uch a s 2 6 .4 m o nt h el e s sw e l ld ef ined ,b u tp o s s ib ly c omp le t e n o r the rn s i de . T he re , t h e n o r ther n s i d e o f R oom C c ame t o ar ounded e nd w e s to f am ode rn d i t ch a nd w a s n o tt r a ced t oi t se a s t ,d e sp i te d e ta i led s p i te xcava t ion i n s e a r ch o f a ny th ing t h a t m igh t h ave c on t inued t h e a l ignmen t . F rom t h ee a s te nd o ft h i sf o unda t ion t r en ch t h e re w a s ag ap o f 5 . 8 mb e fo re t h e a l ignmen t w a s r e sumed b yf ou rp o s tho le s ,a l t e rn a te ly l a rge ( c0 . 35 m d i am ) a nd s ma l l ( c0 . 15 m d i am ) , b u t n o mo r e t h an 0 . 10 m d eep . A ny p o s t -p i t s f u r the re a s ts hou ld h ave

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b een s e en i nt h e e x t r eme n o r th -ea s te rn c o rne r o ft h e e xcava t ion b u t n one w a s f ound . D e sp i te t r unca t ion a nd p i t t ing o f t h i s p a r t o ft h e s i t e , i ti su n l ike ly t h a t f o unda t ion t r enche s l i ke t h o se o fS t age Iw ou ld h ave b e en e n t i re ly r emoved ;n o ra r et h ey l i ke ly t oh ave b e en m i s s ed d u r ing e xcava t ion . I tm ay t h e re fo re b e s ug g e s t ed t h a tt h en o r th -ea s tp a r to ft h eN o r th R ange w a s p l anned a sa n o pen s ided s t ruc tu re . R ooms 1a nd 2w e re s epa ra t ed b y as ha l low f o unda t i on t r ench o fr e c tangu la rp rof i le , o n ly 0 . 15 m d e ep , c u t i n to c l ean s ub so i l . T he p o s t imp re s s ion s a l ong i t w e r e i regu la r ly s p aced , t h ough s im i la r i n s i ze t o o t he r so ft h er a nge . D e sp i t et h e se v a r ia t ion s ,c on t em p o rane i ty w i th t h e r e s t o f t h e S t age I f o unda t ion t r enche sw a s s ugge s t ed b y t h e s im i la r i ty o ft h e i r f i l l s a nd t h er o unded s hape o ft h ej u nc t ion sa tt h en o r th a nd s ou th ; i ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t al a te r i n t r u s ion w ou ld h ave p roduced r e -en t r an tc o rne r so ft h ek i nd s hown i n F ig 6 . C on s ide rab le d i ff i cu l t ie s w e re e xpe r ienced i n t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e p a r t i t ion b e tween R ooms 2a nd 3 . T he f i l l s o f t h ree i regu la r p i t s ( F6 , F 7 , F 8 ) w h i ch f o rmed a na ppa ren td i v i s ion b e tween t h er oom s ,w e re b a re ly d i s t ingu i shab le f r om t h e s u r round ing s ub so i l . T he p i t sc on ta ined n of i nd sa pa r tf r om aw o rked f l i n t , a nd t h ep o s s ib i l i ty o ft h e i rb e ing p r eh i s to r ic c anno tb e d i scoun t ed . T hey f o rmed a n o r th sou th a l ignmen t w h ich r ough ly c omp lemen ted r ounded e nd so nb o th o f t h ec o r r ido rf o unda t ion t r enche s . T he a l ignmen tw a s c on t inued b y al i nea r f o unda t ion t r ench ( F 10 ) w h ich w ou ld h ave b i sec ted ag ap i nt h es ou the rn f o unda t ion t r ench o ft h er a nge h ad i tn o ts t opped t h r ee -qua r t e r so f t h e w ay a c ro s s C o r r ido r4 . T he g ap m igh tr e p re sen t t wo d oo rway s l e ad ing e i the r s i de o f t h e C o r r ido r d i v id ing -wa l l . F ew o ft h ef e a tu re si nt h eN o r th R ange s hown o nF i g 6c ou ld b e a l lo ca ted s e cu re ly t oS t age Ia nd t h ey a r e d i scu s sed b e low ( p1 2 ) . At i ny r emnan to fp l a in w h i t e w a l l -p la s t e r , h oweve r , a ppea red t o b e l y ing i n s i tu i n s ide t h e s ou the rn f ounda t ion t r ench o fC o r r ido r 4 , s ugge s t ing t h ew a l l sm ay h ave b een p l a s te red f r om a n e a r ly s t age . O n t h e n o r ther n s i de o fR oom C ap o s t -p ipe ( FB ) 0 . 17 m d i ame te ra nd 0 . 27 m d eep l a y i n ap o s t -p i tc u t b yt h en o r the rn f ounda t ion t r en ch f o rt h eN o r th R ange ; i tm ay b e long t ot h e t i me t h e r a nge w a s b e ing b u i l t . T he p l an o f S t age Im ake s i tc l ea r t h a t n o t a l p o s t p o s i t ion s w e re d e te c ted a nd o n ly t h o se c on s ide red c e r ta in a r e m a rked o n t h ep l an . Two o t he r f e a tu r e s c u t t ing t h e n a tu ra l s ub so i l r e s emb led p o s t -p i tF B ;o ne ( FA ) w a sn o te xcava ted b u t t h eo t he r( FC ) c on ta ined ap o s t -p ipe 0 . 14 m d i ame t e r a nd 0 . 25 m d e ep . Two u nexcava ted s t akeho le sl a yt o t h e e a s t o f FA . R unn ing d i agona l ly a c ro s s R oom C t owa rd si t sn o r th -we s tc o rne rw a s as ha l low g u l ly 0 . 03 md eep a nd 0 . 15 m w ide , f i led w i th p i nk c l ay a nd s oo ty l o am . Ma rg ina l ly o ve r lapp ing t h i sa nd r e spe c t i n g t h e p o s i t ion o f t h e p o s t -p ipe i nF C w a s as ma l l p a t ch o fs a ndy l o am . T he f e a tu r e sp r e sen tn or e ad i ly -

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P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T he s i t e c omp r ehen s ib le p a t te rn . T he S ou th R ange T h i s r ange c omp r ised f ou r l a rge r oom s , t h e w e s t e rn p a i r b e ing i n i t ia l ly f r on ted b y v e s t ibu le s ( 1 1A a nd 1 2A ) . Ag ap b e tween R oom 1 a nd A l ley 7mus th ave b een u sed a s aC o r r ido r( 10 ) . T he f ounda t ion t r ench d e l im i t ing t h e s ou the rn s i de o ft h e r a nge c on ta ined a p o s t imp res s ion 0 . 2 m s qua re , p e rhap s r e f lec t ing a w ide rs pac ing o f mo re s ub s tan t ia lp o s t sa l ong a no pen v e randah ,w h ich p re sumab ly j o ined w i th C o r r ido r 1 0 . O n ly a s ma l l p a r t o f t h e e a s te rn p a i r o f r ooms w a s e xcava ted a nd t ime d id n o tp e rm i t t h ec a r e fu l e xam i n a t ion o f t h e s ub so i l w h ich r evea led t h e f ounda t ion t r enche so ft h ev e s t ibu le a nd v e randah i nt h ew e s te rn p a i r ; t h e a b sence o fe v idence f o r t h e se r oom s i nt h e e a s te rn p a i ri sn o t , t h e refo re , c onc lu s ive . T he g ene ra ll a you to ft h eb u i ld ing ss ugge s t st h a tt h e w ide v e randah a l ong t h e s ou the rn s i de o f t h e r a nge m ay h ave r ep re sen ted p a r t o f t h e s ou the rn f a cade o f t h e c omp lex . E xc lud ing t h e c on jec tu r ed C o r r ido r 6 , t h er ange m ea su red 8 . 25 m x 1 6 .5 m t ot h ec en t r e so f i t s f ounda t ion t r enche s . T he s u rv iv ing f ounda t ion t r enche sw e re s e en c u t t ing n a tu ra ls ub so i lo n ly ,a nd w e r ep a r t ia l ly c ove red b yt h e d i s t inc t ive c onc re te f l oo r s o f S tage H . T he e a r l ie s t r ema in ing f ounda t ion t r ench ( F15 ) s epa ra t ing R ooms 1a nd 1 2f r om t h e i rv e s t ibu le s 1A a nd 1 2A ,w a sc u t b y an o r th -sou th t r ench d i v id ing R oom s 1 a nd 1 2 ( F 16 )b u ts hou ld n o tn ece s sa r i ly b es e en a s af e a tu re o f ad if e ren tp ha se ; t h ee a rl ie s td e tec ted l a ye ri nR oom 1 ( 1 1( 73 )r an o ve rt h e f i l l so fb o th F 15 a nd F 16 ,b u t i nt h ec ase o ft h el a t te ra bu t ted t h ec l ay w a l l -s tub ,a nd i nt h ef o rme r ,d id n o tc ro s st h ew a l l l ine s ugge s ted b y t h e p o s t imp re s s ion s ( b e tween 0 . 10 m a nd 0 . 18 m a c ro s s ,p e rhap sa s ar e su l to fd i s tu rbance o nr emova l ) . B o th w a l l t renche s mu s t t h e re fo re h ave b een i n u se s imu l taneou s ly a ts ome t ime d u r ing S t age I ,a l though i ti st h eo re t ica l ly p o s s ib le t h a tF 15 a l so e x i s ted a l one a ta ne ven e a r l ie rs t age ,w i th af l oo ro fn a tu ra ls ub so i l . T he b ounda r ie s o f R oom s 1 a nd 1 2 a nd t h e i r v e s t ibu le s w e re i mp l ied b y t h e l im i t s o f t h e f l oo r s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e i n te rna l p a r t i t ions , t h e f ounda t ion t r enche s t h emse lve s h av ing b een t o ta l ly r emoved b y t h eS t age I Ir e bu i ld ing w o rk a pa r tf r om as l ive ro nt h e s ou th -we s te rn e x te rna lc o rne ro fR oom 1 ( F 14 ) . Two r oom s o ccup ied t h e s pa ce t ot h e e a s t o fR oom 1 2 i n S t age I I ,o ne o fw h ich w a ss ubd iv ided ( Room s 1 3a nd 1 4 ) ; t h e se m ay r e p resen tr ebu i ld ing o f at imbe rs t ruc t u re i n t o to ,t h eo n ly t r ace o ft h ee a r l ie re a s te rn p a i ro f r oom sb e ing as l ive ro f al i nea rf e a tu re ,p re sumab ly a f ounda t ion t r ench o n t h e n o r ther n s i de o fR oom B . P rese r ved f l oo rs u r f ace so fS t age Iw i th in t h eS ou th R ange w e re f ew . T he o r ig ina l f l oo r s i nt h ree o f t h e r ooms c on s i s ted o fl o am ( 1 1 /73 , 1/ 90 ) ,a nd ap a tch o f

F igure 6 :P lan o fS tage I .s ca le 1 : 150

1

c l ayey l o am r ema ined i nt h eo the r( 1 1/45 ) . B e fo re t h e a l te ra t ion d u r ing S tage I( p 1 2 ) , R oom 1 w a s r e su r f a ced w i th c l ay a nd V e s t ibu le 1A w i th g ravely c l ay . N o s uch r e su r f ac ing s w e re t r a ced i nR oom s 1 2 a nd 1 2A ,t hough t h e re w a s al a rge p a tch o fc ha rcoa li nt h e c en t re o fV e s t ibu le 1 2A . G rey d i sco lou ra t ion so nt h e s u r f a ce o fn a tu ra ls ubso i li nV e randah 1 5 ,C o r r ido r 1 0 a nd R oom B ,p re sumab ly f r om t h e i ru se i nS tage s Ia nd I , w e re n o ted b u tc ou ld n o tb ee xam ined i nd e ta i l . We s t R ange A s w i th t h e S ou th R ange , t h e f ounda t ion t r enche s o f t h e We s tR ange w e re s e en c u t t ing n a tu ra ls ubso i lo n ly , a nd w e re s ea led i n p a r t b y c onc re te f l oo r s f i rm ly a t t r ibu ted t o S tage I . T he i r u se i n S tage Ic anno t r e a sonab ly b e d oub ted . T he n o r ther nh a lf o ft h er a nge w a sa ppa r en t ly t a ken u p b y as i ng le l a rge r oom ( 2 1 ) t ot h e s ou th o fw h ich w e re t wo s ma l le r r ooms a nd an a r row s pa ce p e rhap s b e s t i n te rp re ted a s ac upboa rd ( 20 , 1 9 , 1 8 ) ; f r agmen t a ry e v idence f u r the rs ou th h i n t sa ta na r rangemen to f v e s t ibu le a nd v e randah ( 17A , 1 7 )s im i la rt ot h a to ft h e S ou th R ange . T he s ou the rn b ounda ry o ft h er a nge l a y b eyond t h e l im i to fe xcava t ion , b u t i fi tm a tched t h a t a s sumed f o rt h ef a cade o ft h eS ou th R ange ,t h eo ve ra l l d imens ion s o f t h e We s t R ange c an b e p l aced a ta p p rox ima te ly 7 m x 1 4 m t o t h e c en t re s o f t h e w a l l t r enche s . T he n o r ther n a nd s ou the rn f ounda t ion t r enche s o f R ooms 1 9 a nd 2 0 w e re at y p ica l ly n a r row , t h e p o s t s b e ing mo re c l o se ly s paced t h an i ne x te rna lw a l ls . T he n o r the rn s i de o f R oom 1 9 r e ta ined a s t ub o f c l ay w a l l ing ,r e semb l ing t h a tb e tween R ooms 1 a nd 1 2i n t h e S ou th R ange . T he n o r ther nl im i to ft h e We s tR ange w a sp rob lem a t ica l . T he w e s te rn f ounda t ion t r ench w a sp a r t ia l ly c u t a way b y l a te w a l l s , b u t e nough o f i t s n o r the rn e nd r ema ined t os how t h ec ur ve o fe i the r ab u t te nd o ra n e a s twa rd tu rn ing c or ne r . O ppo s i te t h is , t h e e a s te rn f ounda t ion t r ench , a l though p a r t ia l ly c u t a way b y a l a te rf e a tu re ,a l so d i sp layed w ha ta ppea red t ob e ab u t t e nd . A s t h ep a t te rn o ft r enche s a tt h ee a s te nd o ft h e N o r th R ange r e ad i ly s hows , t h is n eed n o t i mp ly t h e a b sence o f ac r o s s -wa l l , t hough n o e v idence w a s d e tec ted f o r at r ench b e tween t h ese t wo p o in t s . I ft h e r a nge w a s n o t o pen -ended , a s t h i s i mp l ie s , a ny w a l l t r ench c ou ld h ave e i the r b een m is sed i nt h e d i ff icu l t s ub so i l , o r mo re p robab ly , c omp le te ly r emoved b y a f ounda t ion t r ench ( F42 ) c u t a l ong t h e s ame l i ne i n S tage I . S u rv iv ing S t age If l oo r s u r f ace s i nt h e We s tR ange w e re o b served o n ly i nR oom 1 9 ,w he re ab rown l o am , p a r t ia l ly d i sco lou red g rey ( 1 1 /80 ) w a ss ea led b enea th t h e S t age I c onc re te f l oo r , a nd i nR oom 2 0 , w he re a s im i la rb rown l o am b enea th t h eS t age I c onc re te m ay

1 2

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T he s i t e

a l so h ave b een aS t age If l oo r . E x t erna l A rea s B e twe en t h eN o r th ,S ou th a nd We s tR ange sw e re t wo e x te rna la r ea s . A l ley 7 ,a bou t 1 . 5 mw id eb e tween i t s f l ank ing w al -f a ce s , l a y b e tween t h e S ou th a nd We s t R ange sa nd c on t inued a c ro s st h ew e s te rn e nd o fY a rd 8 ,w h i ch o c cup ied t h e s pa ce b e tween t h e N o r th a nd S ou th R ange s . T he e a s t e rn w a l lo fA l ley 7p rov ided a c l ea rb ounda ry t oY a rd 8o nt h ew e s tb u tt h es e a r ch f o r a n e a s ter n b ounda ry p r e sen t ed p rob lem s s im i la r t o t h o se e ncoun t e r ed i ne xcava t ing t h ep a r t i t ion b e tween R ooms 2a nd 3 .N one w a so b se rved ,h oweve r ,w i th in t h e e xcava ted a r ea . M ino r c o lou r -va r ia t ion s i n t h e s ub so i ls ugge s ted t h ep r e sence o f al i nea rf e a tu re 0 . 35 m -0 .40 m w ide ( F 28 ) . O n e xcava t ion t h ee dge s a nd b o t tom o fF 28 w e r e d i ff i cu l tt oe s tab l i sh w i th c onf i d ence , b u t t h e p o s t imp re s s ion s i n d ica t ed o n F ig 6 w e r ed ef in i te a nd p rov ided e v idence f o r ad i v i s ion o f Y a rd 8i nS t age I ;t h ew e s ter np a r tm ea su r ing 5 . 25 m x9m a nd t h ee a s te rn p a r t5 . 25 m b ya tl e a s t8 . 25 m . T he o n ly s u r v iv ing f e a tu re i nA l ley 7w a s as ha l low U s e c t ioned g u l ly ( F26 ) , p a r a l le l w i th a nd c l o se t ot h e e a s te rn w a l lo ft h e We s tR ange ,i n te rp re t ed a s as t o rm w a t e rg u l ly . T he s t ra t if ica t ion i nY a rd 8i sd i s cu s sed s epa ra te ly ( p1 6 )b e cau se o fu nce r ta in ty i ni t sp ha s ing . A l tera t ion sd ur ing S tage I T he o n ly a l te ra t ion t ot h ec omp lex d ef in i te ly a t t r ibu t a b le t oS t age Iw a st h er emova l ,i nt h eS ou th R ange ,o f t h e p a r t i t ion d i v id ing R oom s 1 a nd 1 2 f r om t h e i r v e s t ibu le s . T h i s i ss hown t o h ave o c cu r r ed b e fo re S t age I b y t h es equence i nR oom s 1 a nd 1 2 , w he re a dd i t iona l f l oo r s u r f ace s o f p ebb le s , g r ave l a nd g r i t b enea th t h e S t age I c on c re te f l oo r r a n u n in te r rup ted a c ro s s f o unda t ion t r ench F 15 , s how ing t h a t t h ep a r t i t i on h ad b een r emoved b e fo r e t h ee nd o fS t age I . S t ra t i f ica t ion p o s s ib ly o fS tage I T he f o l low ing p a rag raph sd e s c r ib el a ye r sa nd f e a tu re s o ft h eN o r th a nd We s tR ange sa nd E x t er na lA rea s( F ig 6 )w h ich w e re s e a led b y s t ra t if ica t ion o fS t age I I o r l a t e r , b u t w h ich b o re a n i n de te rm ina te s t ra teg raph ic r e la t ion sh ip t of e a tu re sk nown t ob eo fS t age I .T he re w a s n o s t ra t if ica t ion o f t h i s c a tego ry i n t h e S ou th R ange . N or th R ange F ou r p i t s i n R oom 1 w e re f i led w i th r e depo s i t ed n a tu ra ls ub so i l ,w i thou tf i nd s . T h re e( F 1 ,F 2 ,F 3 )w e r e s e en c u t t ing n a tu ra l s ub so i l o n ly , b u t t h e f ou r th a l so c u t ap o s t -p i t ( F 12 ) ; p i t s F 1 -3 s e em l i ke ly e i the r t o h ave b een p r eh i s to r ic o rt oh ave b e longed ,w i th p o s t p i tF 12 a nd p i tF l1 ,t o at i me e a r ly i nS t age Ib e fo re o c cupa t ion r e f u se h ad a c cumu la t ed a bou t t h e s i t e . A f i f th p i t ( F 13 ) , a l so c u t t ing p o s t -p i tF 12 , c on ta ined a f ew s ma l l b ody she rd s o f u nd i s t in c t ive R oman p o t t e ry . I n te r rup t ing a nd a l igned w i th t h e n o r the rn w a l l o f

R oom 2w a s at a nk s e ti n ac l ay l ined p i t( F4 )c u ti n to t h e n a tu ra l s ub so i l . I ni t s n o r th -we s t c o rne r w a s t h e e ve r t ed l i po f al e ad p i pe ,p r e sumab ly a ni n le t , w h ich p ro t ruded s l igh t ly f r om t h ec l ay a si ft oa c commoda t e at i mbe rl i n ing . T he t a nk 's f i l lo fh omogeneou sr ubb ly l o am w a sc u tb yd i t ch F 97 ,i t se l fo u to fu se b yS t age I V w hen i tw a sc u tb yd i t ch F 300 . T he p l acemen to ft h e t a nk l a t e ri nt h e s equence t h an S t age Ii si mp lau s ib le b ecau se i t sc on s t ruc t ion w ou ld t h en h ave i n vo lved t h e u nde r cu t t ing o ft h e n o r ther nw a l l o fR oom 2 ;i fc on s t ru c ted a t al a te rd a te t h ep i tw ou ld s u re ly h ave b een p l aced e n t i re ly w i th in t h e r oom , s o a s t o l e ave t h e e x te rna lw a l lu nd i s tu rbed . I nS t age Ia ny n o r the rn w a l l a st h i sp o in tc ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave b een b a sed o n a s o le -p la te r e s t ing o nt h en o r the rn s i de o ft h ep i t 's c l ay l i n ing . L e s s s e cu re ly s t ra t if ied f e a tu re s i n R oom C a r e d e sc r ibed b e low ( p2 0 ) . W e s tR ange W i th in R oom 2 1 a nd s e a led b y t h e d eb r i s o fd emo l i t i on w o rk b e twe en S t age s Ia nd I I w e re f o u r p i t s ( F20 -23 ) , s e en c u t t ing n a tu ra l s ub so i l o n ly . I n t h e a b sence o f l i nk ing s t ra t if ica t ion c onne c t ing t h em t o w a l l st h e i rp ha s ing i su nce r ta in ,a l though t h e i ru ncon t am ina ted f i l l s s ugge s t ed t h ey b e longed t oa n e a r ly t i me i nt h el i f eo ft h ec omp lex . S ed imen ta na ly s i so f as amp le f r om p i t F 22 o f f e red n o r e a l g u ide t oi t s d epo s i t iona l o r ig in . E x te rna lA rea s O n t h e s ou the rn s i de o f Y a rd 8 w a s as em i c i r cu la r p oo l ( F27 ) ,c u ti n to t h en a tu ra l s ub so i la nd s hown b y i t si nf i l l ing t oh ave b e en o u to fu s eb yt h es t a r to fS t age I V( a tt h el a te s t ) . S t ra t ig r aph ica l ly ,t h e re fo re ,i tc ou ld h ave b e longed t oa ny p a r to fS t age s I I I Ib u ti t ss em i c i r cu la r s h ape s e em s a pp rop r ia te t oi t s i n te rp re ta t ion a s af o rma le l emen ti nt h ec a re f u l ly d e s igned l a you to f S t age I . N or th o ft h e W e s tR ange T ot h en o r th o ft h e We s tR ange w a s as o l i ta ry p i t( F 37 ) s e a led b y t h ec l ay b enea th t h e S t age I c onc re t ef l oo r o fR oom 2 3 . I t s u ncon tam ina ted f i l l s ugge s t s t h a t i f n o to f ap r e -comp lex p e r iod ,i tp robab ly b e longed t oa t i me e a r ly i nS t age I . D a t ing e v idence f o r S tage I( PVVV ) T he s am ian e v idence s ugge s t s o ccupa t ion n ea r t h e e xcava t ed s i te f r om cAD 9 0 ,a nd i ti ss uppo r ted b o th b y t h e l a rge n umbe ro fl a te f i r s t / ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry c oa r se p o t te ry v e s se l s p r e sen to n t h e s i te , a nd b y t h e d a te o ft h em a te r ia lf r om e a r l ie re xcava t ion sa tP en t re F fwr ndan ( p 120 ) . T he c on s t r uc t ion o f t h e c omp lex c anno t ,h oweve r ,d a te f r om a se a r ly a s AD 9 0b ecau se a mong s t t h e s ma l l a moun t o f m a te r ia l f r om S t age I w e r e s h e rd s o fB la ck -bur n i shed w a re ( n o s 2 6 -7 ) a nd C en t ra l G au l i sh s am ian ( n o t i l u s t ra ted ) o f f o rm 3 5 . B la ck -bu rn i shed w a re i su n l ike ly t oh ave b e en i m -

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -81 T he s i t e p or ted i n to t h ea r ea b e fo re cAD 1 20 . T he refo re ,i fn o s 2 6 -7 d ob e long t ot h ei n i t ia lc ons t ruc t ion o ft h ec o rn -

1 3

p l ex i tmu s th ave b e en b u i l ta f te r cAD 1 20 . A ne a r ly H ad r ian ic d a te f o rS tage Imay t h e refo re b es ugge s t ed .

F igure 7 : T en ta t ive r econs truc t ion o fS tage I

S TAGE I

i sp re sen ted ( p 1 4 ) f o r t h e i r i ndependen t p ha s ing i n

T he c hange s w h ich d ef ine S t age I ( F ig 8 a nd p lI ) i n vo lved t h eb u i ld ing o ft wo e x tens ions ,e a ch c on s is t i n g o f t wo r oom s ; o ne l a y t o t h e w e s t o f t h e We s t R ange (We s tE x ten s ion ;R ooms 2 4 ,2 5 )a nd t h eo t he r i n t h e a ng le b e twe en t h e N o r th a nd We s t R ange s ( No r th -we s tE x tens ion ; R ooms 2 2 , 2 3 ) . T he f ounda -

S t age I . I na dd i t ion , as ma l lr oom ( 26 )w a si n se r ted i n t h es ou th -ea s te rn c o rne ro ft h es i ng le l a rge r oom ( 2 1 ) w h ich o ccup ied t h en o r ther nh a l fo ft h e We s tR ange i n S t age I .T he re i se v idence t h a tt h i sr oom i nt u rn w a s d emo l i shed b e fo re t h ec hange sa t t r ibu ted t oS t age I I , a nd a l so a rgumen t st os ugge s tt h a tR oom 2 1 o fS t age Ih ad b e come a n o pen y a rd i nS t age I ( Ya rd 2 1A ) .

t i on t r enche sc u tt ho se o fS t age Ia nd d i f f e red f r ac t ion a l ly i no r ien ta t ion ,a sw e l l a si nf i l la nd p o s t -spac ing s ( Room 1 9 i nS t age Ie xcep ted ) . T he e x ten s ions w e re o n ly s ea led b yS tage I Vs t ra t if ica t ion ,b u ta na rgumen t

T he t wo e x tens ions w e re a lmo s t c e r ta in ly b u i l t a s s epa ra te s t ruc tu ra l e l emen t s , a l though t h e i r f ounda t i on t r enche s w e re s hown b y t h e i r c on t inu i ty i np l an a nd f i l l ing t ob e long t o as i ng le p ha se o fc on s t ruc t ion .

1 4

P en t r eF a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he s i t e

T hey v a r ied i ns e ve ra l r e spec t s f r om t h e f o unda t ion t r enche su sed i nS t age I .T he a ve rage d ep th m ea su red f r om t h e s u r f a ce o ft h e s ub so i l w a s c0 . 15 m l e s s , a t 0 . 55 m . T he w id th a tt h et o pv a r ied b e tween 0 . 35 m a nd 0 . 45 m . T he m a in d i f f e r ence ,h oweve r ,l a yi nt h e s i z e ,s hape a nd s pa c ing o ft h ep o s t imp re s s ion s ,w h ich w e r er ound ,s ma l le rt h an t h o s ei nS t age I( c0 . 10 m d i a me te r )a nd m o re i regu la r ly b u tc l o se ly s pa ced ( 0 .3 m c en t re to -cen t re o na ve r age ) .T he a ppa ren t ly u n squa r ed p o s t s o fS t age I s ugge s t t h a t , i nc on t ra s t t oS t age I , t i mbe r sa r r ived a tt h es i te u np repa red . S t range ly , t h e p a t te rn o f p o s t imp re s s ion s i n t h e n ew f o unda t ion t r enche sm ak e sn oa l lowance f o rd oo rway s . R emnan t s o fc l ay w a l l ing a r ound R oom 2 3 r e semb led t h e i n f i l l i ng b e tween t h e u p r igh t s o f S t age I ,a l though t h e r e w a si nt h i sc a se n or ema in ing e v idence f o rt h eu s eo f w a t t le s o r l a th s ; i tm ay b e , h oweve r , t h a t t h e c l o se s p ac ing o fp o s t s m ade w a t t l ing u nnece s sa ry . We s ta nd N or th -we s tE x ten s ion s T he e a s te rn b ounda ry o ft h eN o r th -we s tE x ten s ion w a s f o rmed b y t h eN o r th R ange ,a nd t h e s ou the rn b ound a r yb y an ew f ounda t ion t r ench a l ong w ha ti st a ken t o h ave b een t h e o r ig ina l n o r th e nd o ft h e We s tR ange . T he N o r th -we s tE x ten s ion m e a su red 6 . 75 m x4 . 25 m t ot h ec en t r e so ft h ew a l l -po s t s . T he We s tE x ten s ion w a s b ound ed o n t h e e a s t b y ar e def ined w al l ine d i v id ing i tf r om t h e We s tR ange ;f r om t h ec en t re so fi t s w al -l ine si tm ea su r ed 8 . 25 m e a s t -we s tb y am in imum o f3 . 15 m n o r th -sou th ,F ig 8s how ing ap u re ly n o t iona l c on t inua t ion b eyond t h es ou ther nl i m i to fe xcava t ion . T he n ew f o unda t ion t r enche s , c on s t ruc ted a s o ne , c u te a r l ie rf o unda t ion t r en che si nt h ree p l ace s ;t h et wo b u t t -end ed f o unda t ion t r enche s o f t h e N o r th -we s t E x ten s ion c u ta way t h eg r ea te rp a r to ft h ef O unda t ion t r ench w h ich h ad f o rmed t h e b ounda ry o f t h e We s t R ange i n S t age I . T he f i l l s o f t h e n ew f o unda t ion t r enche s d i f f e red f r om t h o se o f S t age Ii nt h a t t h ey w e r e c on tam ina ted w i th p i nk c l ay , p l a s te r f l e ck s , p o t te ry a nd b one , w h i le t h e b ack f i l l s o f t h e e a r l ie r f ounda t ion t r enche s w e re u ncon tam ina t ed . R oom 2 3w a sf l oo red w i th ad i s t inc t ive w h i te p ebb ly c onc re t e( 1 0 /80 ) ; t i ny f r agmen t so fc r u shed p o t t e ry o r t i l e i nt h e s u r f ace , t h rown d own w hen t h e l a id f l oo r w a s s t i l l w e t , m ay h ave b een i n t ended t oa dd c o lou r . T he c onc re te s e a led at h ick m ake -up o fc l ay , w i thou t d i sco lou ra t ion o rd e te c tab le w ea ro ni t ss u r f ace . B o th t h e c onc re te a nd t h e c l ay s e a led t h e e dge s o f t h e f o unda t ion t r enche sa r ound t h er oom a nd r a nu pt ot h e s u rv iv ing c l ay w a l l s t ub s . E l sewhe re i nt h ec omp lex ( Rooms 1 , 1 2 a nd 1 9 ) i d en t ica l c onc re te f l oo r s d i r e c t ly s e a led S t age Is t ra t if ica t ion ; t h ea b sence o fa ny d e te c tab le f l oo r -f in i sh b enea th t h e c onc re te i nR oom 2 3s ugge s t st h a ti tw a sc on tempo r a ry w i th t h eS t age I c on s t ruc t ion w o rk .

I nR oom 2 4p a t chy r emnan t so f ag r i t ty m o r t a rf l oo r ( 1 0 / 97 ) o ve r lay t h e e dge s o ft h e n o r the rn f ounda t ion t r ench . I nt h ev e ry n o r th -we s tc or n e r ,a tt h ej unc t ion o f w al a nd f l oo r , l a y af r agmen t o f q ua r te r round m ou ld ing ( 1 0 /96 ) . I nt h es ame c o rne ro ft h er oom w a s as ha l low p i t , v e r t ica l s ided a nd f l a t -bo t tomed ( F 44 ) ; i t so bv iou s ly l a t e rf i l lo fm idden m a te r ia l( l i ke t h a to f F 43 , p1 6 )a nd i t sp r e c ise p o s i t ion ing i nt h ec or ne ro f t h e r oom s ugge s t t h a t i tm ay h ave h e ld at a nk c on n ec ted w i th t h e u se o ft h e r oom , r a the r t h an w i th i t s c on s t ruc t ion . F ragmen t s o f p a in t ed p l a s te r f r om t h e d emo l i t ion d eb r i s o f b o th e x ten s ion s , a nd f r om p i t s c u t t ing t h e d eb r i s , s ugge s ted t h a tR ooms 2 3 a nd 2 4 a tl e a s t , h ad b een g i ven ad e co ra t ive f i n i sh ( p p 8 8 -90 ) . S ou th a nd We s tR ang e s C on c re te f l oo r s , i d en t i ca l t ot h a t i nR oom 2 3 , w e re f ound i nR oom s 1a nd 1 2o ft h eS ou th R a nge a nd i n R ooms 1 9a nd 2 0o ft h e We s tR ange . T hey a r et a ken t o m a rk c on tempo ra ry p o in t s i n o t he rw i se s e pa ra te s equence so fs t ra t if ica t ion . I nR ooms 1 , 1 2 a nd 1 9 , t h ec onc re t ew a sc u tb yf o unda t ion t r enche so fr e bu i ld i n gw o rk ( S tage I I )w h ich w a sc l ea r ly e a r l ie rt h an t h e e r e c t ion o ft h e f i r s t s t one r a nge ( S tage I V ) . O n t h i s b a s i st h ec onc re te f l oo r sa nd t h e i rr e la ted s t r a t if i ca t ion a r e p l aced i n dependen t ly a sS t age I . T he p oo rs t a te o fp r e se rva t ion o ft h ec on c re t ef l oo r i nt h e s ou the rn p a r t o f R oom 1 , a bove t h e f o rme r V e s t ibu le 1A ,i st h ough tt oh ave r e su l ted f r om l e ach i n go ft h ec emen te l emen td ue t ot h ev a ry ing p e rmea b i l i ty o ft h eu nde r ly ing S t age If l oo r s . T he c onc re te i n R oom 1 ( 1 1 /9 )w a s al i t t le c oa r se rt h an t h a to fR oom 1 2( 1 1 /2 )a nd a l so al i t t le t h inne r , t h ough t h es u r f a ce s l a y a t t h e s ame a b so lu te l e ve l . I n t h e n o r th -we s t c o rne r so fR ooms 1 a nd 1 2w e re p a tche so fc ha r coa l , d evo id o ff i nd s . T h i s c ou ld h ave a c cumu la t ed a ta ny t i me b e twe en S t age I a nd t h e a bandonmen t o f t h e f l oo r sa tt h ee nd o fS t age I V ,b u t ,i n te rp re ted a sw a s te f r om b r az ie r s ,t h ey m a rk af u nc t ion a pp rop r ia t et ot h e r oom s i na l s t age s . I nR oom 1 9 t h ec onc re te ( 1 1 /20 ) w a s a lmo s ti n ta c t a nd f o und ed o n am ake -up o fy e l low c l ay . I n ve s t iga t i on o fR oom 2 0w a sr e s t r ic ted t o as ma l ls o ndage c1 m s qua re a tt h e b o t tom o f w h ich w a s a n i d en t ica l c onc re te f l oo r ( 3 / 100 ) r e s t ing o n b rown r a the r t h an y e l low c l ay . We s t R ange R oom 2 6 w a s i n se r t ed i nt h e s ou th -ea s t e rn c o rne r o f f o rme rR oom 2 1 ,u s ing p r e -ex i s t ing w a l l sf o ri t ss ou th e r na nd e a s te rn s i de sa nd n ew f o unda t ion t r enche so n t h en o r th a nd w e s t ;i tm ea su red 4 . 5 m x3 . 75 m t ot h e c en t re s o ft h e w a l l l ine s . A t t h e n o r th -ea s t c o rne r o f R oom 2 6 i t s n ew

F igure 8 : P lan o fS tage I ,s c a l e 1 : 150

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 T he s i te

S TAGE I

We s t E x ten s ion

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p re -comp lex d i tch ' -' -' -b e low

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1 0/96 o pus s i gn inum mo inchng

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We s t R ang e F24

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N o r thwe s t E x ten s ion

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F 17

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N o r th R ange —

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I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I m

II II II II II

c on t inues a s i nS tage I

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1 6 P en t r eF a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he s i t e

f o unda t ion t r ench c l ea r ly c u tt h a to ft h eS t age Ib u i ld i n g :a tt h es ou th -we s tc or ne rt h e re w a sn oc l ea rd i s t inc t i on b e tween t h e t r ench f i l l ing s , b u t t h e n ew w a l l t r ench w a s 0 . 05 m s ha l lowe r , w i th a s ou the rnmo s t p o s t imp re s s ion w h ich d up l i ca ted o ne o f t h e S t age I t i mbe r s . U n l ike S t age If ounda t ion t r enche s ,t h o se o f t h en ew ly c on s t ruc t ed w al sc on ta ined l ump so fp i nk i s h c l ay ; i np a r tt h ey w e re s e a led b y d eb r i s f r om t h e d emol i t ion w o rk t h a tt o ok p l ace b e tween S t age s Ia nd C on s ide r a t ion o ft h e s upe r s t ruc tu re o f t h eS t age Ie x ten s ion s a nd o fR oom 2 6 f i rm ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h en ow L shaped r ema inde ro fR oom 2 1 s hou ld mo re c o r re c t ly b e s e en a s u n roo f ed ; h ence fo r th i tw i l l b e r e f e r r ed t oa sY a rd 2 1A . F ea tu r e si nt h i sy a rd p o s s ib ly b e long ing t o S t age I a r e d e s c r ibed i n t h e n ex t s e c t ion . E x t erna l A rea s I nt h ea b sence o fp re se rved s t ra t if i ca t ion i nA l ley 7 ,i t i sa s sumed t h a tg uly F 26 m ay h ave r ema ined i nu s ei n S t age I . P oo lF 27 i nY a rd 8a lmo s tc e r ta in ly r ema ined i nu se ,u n t i li t se ven tua lb a ck f il ing e a r ly i nS t age I V . S t ra t i f ica t ion p o s s ib ly o fS tage I W e s tR ange T ot h en o r th o fR oom 2 4 w a s aw ide sp read d epo s i to f s a ndy l o am ( F43 )( F ig 6 ) . D e sp i t ei t sa ppa ren th omo g ene i ty t wo c oncen t ra t ion s o fb one a nd s h e l l f o rmed t i p l i ne s , a nd t h i s , t o ge the r w i th a h i gh c on ten t o f k i t chen r e fu se ,s ugge s ted i tw a s am idden . I t ss u r v iva l a tt h i s p o in tm ay h ave b e en e nhanced b y i t sp o s i t ion a bove s ub s idence i n to t h ep r e -comp lex d i t ch ( F0 )( F ig 1 8 ) . T he p r e sen ce o ft h in p a t che so fs im i la ro ccupa t i on r e fu se a bove ,b u tn o t iceab ly n o tb enea th ,t h ef l oo r s u r f a ce so ft h ea d jacen tr oom s , s ugge s t st h a tt h em id d en o n ly b egan t o a ccumu la te a f t e r t h e N o r th -we s t E x ten s ion h ad b een b u i l t . I t su sage m ay h ave c on t in u ed t h roughou tS t age s Ia nd I I ,b o th t h em idden i t se lf a nd t h er ooms t ot h es ou th a nd e a s to n ly b e ing s e a led b yd eb r i sf r om t h ed emo l i t ion w h ich o ccu r r ed b e twe en S t age sI Ia nd I V . E x te rna lA rea s T he e a r ly s t ra t if ica t ion i nY a rd 8w a sn o te xam ined i n d e ta i l , l e av ing u nce r ta in t ie s a bou t r e la t ion sh ip s b e t ween t h em a in f e a tu re s . L y ing t ot h en o r th a nd n o r th e a s t o fp oo l F 27 wa s al a ye r o f o r ange -b rown c l ay l o am , u p t o 0 . 2 m d eep a nd a ppa ren t ly f o rmed o f r e depo s i t ed n a tu ra l s ub so i l . W i th in t h e s ame a r ea o f t h ey a rd w a s al e ad p ipe ( F29 )c omp r i s ing t h re ep i ece s c onne c ted a tp ou r ed l e ad j o in t s ,o ne o fw h ich o ve r lay ap i t( F87 ) ,t e n ta t ive ly a s c r ibed t oS t age I ;t h er e la t ion s h ip o fp i ta nd p ipe t ot h ec l ay loam w a sn o to b se r ved . T he c l ay loam , o n t h e o t he r h and , c l ea r ly s e a led t h e f o unda t ion t r enche so f as mal r oom ( 2 7 )b u i l ti n to t h e n o r th -ea s t c o rne r o f Y a rd 8 ,t h e f o unda t ion t r enche s t h em se lve s b e ing c on tam ina t ed w i th f l eck s o f w h i te p l a s te r a nd l e ad o x ide , s ugge s t ing t h e r oom d i d n o t

b e long t o ap r ima ry s t age o fc on s t ruc t ion . Two o ft h e p o s t imp r e s s ion si ni t sw e s tw a l l ,h oweve r ,w e r ec l ea r ly v i s ib le i nt h e s u r f a ce o ft h e c l ay l o am , w h ich w ou ld t h e re fo re a ppea rt oh ave b een l a id a f te rt h et i mbe r so f R oom 2 7 h ad a l r eady b e en p l aced i np o s i t ion ,t h ough p robab ly d u r ing t h e s ame g ene ra l o pe ra t ion . When f ound ,t h ew e s ter ne nd o ft h el e ad p i pe s t ood e xpo sed a bove t h es u r f a ce o fn a tu ra l s ub so i l , a n u n l ik e ly s i tu a t ion w h i le i tw a ss t il i nu se ;t h er i gou r so f an o r the rn c l ima t es u r e ly i mp ly t h a ti tw ou ld h ave h ad t h ep r o t ec t i on o f s ome e nca s ing l a ye r s u ch a s t h e c l ay loam n o ted a bove . T he p i pe l a y c l o se a l ong s ide t h e s ou th w a l l o f R oom 2 7 , b u t c hanged d i re c t ion o u t s ide t h e s ou th -we s tc o rne ra si ft oa vo id b o th t h er oom a nd P oo l F 27 ,o n ap r e sumed c ou r se t owa rd ss ma l le rr emnan t s o fp ipe f u r the r w e s t i nY a rd 8a nd i nt h e n o r th -ea s t c o rne ro fR oom 2 6( F 30 ,F 31 ) . I ti sa r gued a bove ( p 1 4 ) t h a t R oom 2 6 c ame i n to e x i s tence a tt h e b eg inn ing o f S t age I . I ti sc l ea r , h oweve r ,t h a ti th ad g one o u to fu s eb yS t age I ,w hen t h e a r ea i tf o rme r ly o ccup ied w a s c onve r ted i n to a s i ng le o pen s pa ce w i th Y a rd 8 .I ts e ems l i ke ly f r om t h e f o rm o ft h eg u l ly i nw h ich t h ep i p el a ya ti t so b s e rved w e s t er ne nd ( F 31 ) t h a t i tr o se a bove g round l e ve l a t t h i sp o in t ,p r e sumab ly t os upp ly w a te rt ot h en o r th -ea s t c o rne r o f R oom 2 6 . O n t h e b a s i s o f i t s a ppa ren t c onnec t ion w i th R oom 2 6( o u to fu s eb yS t age I I )t h e p i pe s e em su n l ike ly t ob e aS t age I Ia dd i t ion ,a nd i ti s a s s igned w i th r e a sonab le c onf idence t oS t age I ,a l ong w i th t h ec l ay loam d epo s i ta nd t h ew a l l so fR oom 2 7 . T he R oom 2 7w a l l -a l ignmen t sd i dn o te xa c t ly m a t ch t h o se o ft h eo t he rr oom s . T he t r enche sw e r es ha l lowe r ( 0 .35 m i nc l ean s ub so i l )t h an m o s to fS t age sI I Ia nd w e r es qua re i np rof i le . I nt h es ou the rn t r ench w e re s i x r e c tangu la rp o s t imp re s s ion sm ea su r ing 0 . 10 m x0 . 15 m ,a tb e tween 0 . 35 m a nd 0 . 60 m c en t re s . A pa r tf r om t h e s ou th -we s t c or ne r p o s t , o n ly o ne d ef in i t e p o s t i mp re s s ion w a st r a ced i nt h ew e s te rn f ounda t ion t r ench , t h e n o r the rn e nd o fw h i ch b e came u nce r ta in w he re i t c o inc id ed w i th p i t F 62 ( S tage I ) . A f u r the r p o s t i mp re s s ion , h oweve r , w a s f o und i n ap o s t -p i t h a rd a ga in s ta nd c l ea r ly c u t t ing t h e S t age Iw a l l t r ench o n t h e N o r th R ange C o r r ido r ; t h i s m ay b e t a k en a s a c on t inua t ion o f t h e w e s t w a l l o f R oom 2 7 , p e rhap s e ven d eno t ing ad oo r -po s t . D a t ing e v idence f o rS tage H ( PVVV ) T he l a te s t p i ece s f r om t h i s s t age ( n o s 3 2 , 3 5 -6 ) a r e H ad r ian ic -An ton ine b u tn one n eed n e ce s sa r i ly b el a t e r t h an H ad r ian ic . T he a s semb lage i sc ompa ra t ive ly s ma l lb u ts e ems s im i la rt ot h a tf o und o nm i l i ta ry s i te s t h ough t t oh ave b een a bandoned a tt h e t i me o f t h e A n ton ine a dvance i n to S co t land . D emo l i t ion b e twe en S tage s Ia nd I I P r io rt ot h er e bu i ld ing d e sc r ibed a sS t age H Is ub s tan t i a l p a r t so ft h e S ou th a nd We s tR ange s w e r ed emo l i s hed . C ompa r i son o fF ig s 8a nd 9s how sc l ea r ly t h e r emova lo fR oom 2 6 ,t h ec u t t ing b a ck o ft h ee a s tw a l l

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T he s i t e o ft h e We s tR ange , a nd t h e a ma lgama t ion o fY a rd 8 w i th A l ley 7a nd Y a rd 2 1A t of o rm as i ng le s p ace . A t t h e s ame t ime t h ev e randah a nd e x t e rna lc o r r ido r s o f t h e S ou th R ange w e re r emoved , l e av ing o n ly t h e c en t ra l r oom s , w h ich w e re t h em se lve s r e bu i l t o n t h e s ame p l an . Ma t e r ia le v idenc ef o rd emol i t ion b e tween S t age s I a nd I I w a s s c an t , b e ing c onf ined t oR oom 2 6 o n ly . T he r emova lo fo t he rr oom sh a sb e en i n f e r red f r om t h e p l anned a r ea o f aS t age I Ic l ay d epo s i t( 1 1/ 27 ,F ig 9 ) . S ou th a nd W e s tR anges W i th in t h en o r the rn p a r to fR oom 2 6w a s am ix tu r eo f o range c l ay s w i th l o am a nd m uch w h i t e w a l l -p la s t e r ( 10 / 92A , F ig 9 ) , i n t e rp r e t ed a s d emo l i shed w a l l ing . T he d eb r i s w a s s e a led b y t wo p a t che so fc ha r coa l , i n t u rn s e a led b y ap r ima ry f l oo ro fS t age I V . T he s ou th w e s ter n c o rne r o f t h e r oom , i n c lud ing t h e o r ig ina l e a s t e rn e nd o ff ounda t ion t r en ch F 17 ,w a sa l so s e a led b y t h ec l ay ( 1 1 /27 ) . C lay d epo s i t 1 /27 c omp le te ly s e a led t h e f o unda t i on t r enche sf o rm ing t h ee a s t e rn s i de o fC o r r ido r 1 0 , t h es ou the rn s i de o fV e randah 1 5 ,t h en o r the rn ,s ou th e r n a nd e a s te rn s i de o fC upboa rd 1 8 , a nd p a r to ft h e e a s t e rn w a l l o fR oom 2 6 . A l l w a l l s w i th f o unda t ion t r enche sc omp le te ly s e a led b enea th t h ec l ay m u s th ave b een d emo l i shed b e fo r e i t s d epo s i t ion . I n c on t r a s t , t h e re w a sn od i re c te v idence f o rt h ed emo l i t ion o ft h e n o r the rn e nd o fA l ley 7p r io rt oS t age I I ,a so ppo sed t o S t age I V ; b u t t h e e f f ec t ive w iden ing o f A l ley 7 b e tween t h e S ou th a nd We s t R ange s i n S t age I I , s ugge s t s t h a t t h e l a you t o f t h e o r ig ina l a ley h ad a l ready b een a bandoned . O nt h ew e s to fR oom 1 a nd t h es ou th o fR ooms 1 a nd 1 2 ,t h eo u te rs i de so ff ounda t ion t r enche s ,w h ich , o n t h e i n s ide h ad c u t d i s t in c t ive S t age I c onc r e t e f l oo r s , w e re a l so s e a led b yc l ay d epo s i t 1 /27 . T hu s , i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e s e r o oms w e re d emo l i shed b e fo re b e ing r e bu i l to nt h es ame p l an i nS t ag eI I . R oom s B a nd 1 3 / 14 w e re a l so r e bu i l t i n S t age I I a nd i ti s a s sumed t h a t ,i np r epa ra t ion ,t h ee a r l ie rp a i ro fr o oms w a s d emo l i shed a tt h e s ame t i me a s t h e r e s t o f t h e r ange .

S TAGE I l l A f te r t h e d emol i t ion w o rk d e s c r ibed i nt h e p r ev iou s s e c t ion ,t h ec en t ra lr oom so ft h eS ou th R ange a nd p a r t s o ft h e We s tR ange w e re r e bu i l t( F ig 9 ) . N oa l te ra t ion s a t t r ibu tab le t ot h i s S t age w e re d e te c ted i nt h e N o r th R ange o r We s ta nd N o r th -we s tE x ten s ion s . T he m e thod o f c on s t ruc t ion v a r ied s l igh t ly f r om t h ose o fS t age s Ia nd I . T he f o unda t ion t r enche sw e r e u n i fo rm ly w ide r ,m ea su r ing 0 . 7 ma c ro s sa tt h et o pa nd 0 . 35 m a tt h eb o t tom . I n s t ead o fb e ing f i l led w i th c l ean o r n ea r ly c l ean s ub so i l , t h ey w e re n ow h eav i ly c on t am ina t ed w i th p la s te r a nd c l ay , a nd c on ta ined a v a r ie ty o f f i nd s . P o s t imp re s s ion s w e re c l ea r ly d e -

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f i ned ,b o th i nt h ef i l l so ft h ef o unda t ion t r enche sa nd i n t h er emnan t so fc l ay w a ll ing a bove t h em . T hey w e re s ub -c i r cu la ra nd o f t en l a rge rt h an t h o se o fS t age s Ia nd I ,m ea su r ing u p t o0 . 20 m a c ro s s . T he c en t re s w e r e g ene ra l ly 0 . 3 mt o0 . 5 ma pa r t ,b u ts ome w ide rs p a c i n g sm ay m a rk t h ep o s i t ion o fd oo rway s . T he i mp re s s i on sp ene t ra ted t h ef u l l d ep th ( 0 .7 m ) o ft h ef ounda t i on t r ench , d emon s t ra t ing t h e c on t inued a b sen ce o f s o le -p la t e s . A round t h eS ou th R ange ,l y ing a bove a nd l e ve l w i th t h e t o p o ft h e f o unda t ion t r ench f i l s w e re r emnan t so fc l ay u sed a si n f i l l ing b e twe en t h et i mb e r u p r igh t s . T he h e igh t v a r ied f r om 0 . 03 m t o0 . 20 m ; w he re n o td i s tu rbed b yt h ei mpo s i t ion o fl a te rd epo s i t s t h e w id th w a s a bou t 0 . 20 m , a s i nS t age s Ia nd I . A long t h ec en t re o ft h ec l ay s t ub si nt h en o r the rn w al o fR oom 1 2 ,t h ew e s t e rn w a l lo fR oom 1 a nd t h ew a l l d i v id ing R oom s 1 3 a nd 1 4 w e re t h in b and s o fl o o se b rown l o am b e twe en 0 . 0 1 ma nd 0 . 02 m w ide , p r e s umab ly m a rk ing t h e p o s i t ion s o f h o r izon ta l w a t t le s i n te rwoven i regu la r ly b e tween t h e u p r igh t s . T he b a se so ft h ee x t e rna l w al so ft h e S ou th R ange w e re s e a led b y af i l le t o fg r een i sh c l ay u p t o0 . 2 m w ide , f o rm ing a n a ng le o fa bou t4 5 d eg re e s b e tween t h e b a se o f t h e w a l l a nd t h e s u r round ing g r ound s u r f a ce . T he f i l le t a l ong t h e n o r th w a l l o fR oom 1 2 i n co rpo ra ted al i ne o fa mpho r a s h e rd s l a id i mmed i a t e ly a ga in s tt h eo u te rf a ce o ft h es u rv iv ing w al s tub , w h i le t h a t a l ong m o s t o f t h e s ou the rn a nd w e s ter n w al so ft h er a nge o ve r lay al i ne o fp ebb le sp l a ced i n as im i la r p o s i t ion . T he i n co rpo ra t ion o f t h e p o t t e ry a nd p ebb le s m ake s i tl i ke ly t h a t t h e f i l le t w a s p u r p o s e ly l a id i nt h i s m anne r , a nd d i d n o t s imp ly c om p r i se t h er emnan to fa ne x t er na lw ea the rp roo fr e nd e r i n gw h i ch h ad b een w a shed t ot h ef o o to ft h ew a l lb y t h ee l emen t s ; n og r een i sh c l ay o ft h et y pe u s ed i nt h e f i l le tw a sf o und i nt h ed emo l i t ion d eb r i so ft h i sr a nge . P l a s te ra ta ched t ot h e i n ne rf a ce so ft h e w a l l s tub s i nt h e S ou th R ange i n d ica t ed h ow t h e n ew w a l l s h ad b een f i n i shed i nS t age I . Much o ft h ep a in ted p l a s t e r f o und i nt h ed eb r i sr e su l t ing f r om t h el a te rd emo l i t ion o ft h e se r oom s( b e tween S t age sV Ia nd V I I )m u s th ave d e r ived f r om S t age I Io rl a t e r . S ou th a nd We s tR ang e s F ounda t ion t r enche sa r ound R oom B a nd 1 3 / 14 w e r e c on t inuou sw i th t h o s eo fR ooms 1 a nd 1 2 ,w h ich b u t t t h e e dge s o ft h ed i s t inc t ive S t age I c onc re t ef l oo r s . T he o u te r e dge s o f t h e n ew w a l l t renche s w e r e o ve r lapped b y c l ay m ake -up ( 1 1 /27 ) , w h ich b u t t ed a ga in s t w a l l s tub s o r , w he re t h e se d i d n o t r ema in , r e spe c ted t h ea l ignmen to ft h ew a l l s s ugge s ted b y t h e p o s t -po s i t ion s . T he c l ay m ake -up w a s s e a led b y t h e f i l le t o f e x t e rna l w ea the r -p roof ing w he re t h a t w a s p r e sen t a nd i nt h e n o r th w a s c u t b y t h e f o unda t ion t r ench f o rt h es ou ther nw a l lo ft h eS t age I VN o r th -we s t R ange . A pa r tf r om t h ew a l ld i v id ing R oom s 1a nd 1 2 ,t h e S ou th R ange w a s c omp le te ly r e bu i l ta sf o u r , e qua l ly l a rge r o om s , t h e mo re w e s te r ly o f t h e e a s te rn p a i r

1 8 P en t r eF a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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b e ing s ubd iv ided i n to t wo e qua lp a r t s( Room s 1 3a nd 1 4 )b ya ne a s t -we s tw a l lw h i ch s u rv ived e i the rs i de o f amoder nd r a in . T he r ounded n o r th -ea s te rn c o rne ro f R oom B m a rked t h ee a s te rn e nd o ft h er a nge . A s m en t ioned a bove , t h e S t age I I c onc re te f l oo r s w e re c u tb a ck d u r ing d i gg ing o ft h eS t age I If ounda t i on t r en che s , t h e g ap b e tween t h e r a gged e dge s a nd t h e e x te rna l w a l l s t h en b e ing p a t ched w i th w ha t a p p ea r ed a tt h e t i me o f e xcava t ion t o b e g r ave l , b u t w h i ch m ay h ave b een l a id o r ig ina l ly a sc onc re te , t h e c emen tf r a c t ion h av ing s ub sequen t ly l e a ched o u t . T oo l i t t le o fR oom 1 4 w a s i n ve s t iga ted t od i s t in g u i sh a ny f l oo r ing . I nR oom 1 3 a n o r ange c l ay l a y b enea th ap ebb ly l o am ( 1 1 / 38 ) . E ven t h ough t h e se w e r eo n ly s e a led b yd eb r i sf r om t h ed emol i t ion o ft h e S ou th R ange b e tween S t age s V I a nd V I I , t h ey h ave b een d e s c r ibed i nS t age I Ib e cau se t h ey w e re t h ef i r s t d epo s i t st oo ve r lap t h ee dge so ft h es u r round ing f o un d a t ion t r enche s . S im i la ra r gumen t sa pp ly t ot h el a t e ro ft wo f e a tu re s i nR oom B .T he e a r l ie rf e a tu re ,p a r t ia l ly o b scu red i n p l an b y d e t r i tu s f r om t h e l a te r f e a tu re , w a s h a l f s e c t ioned l o ng i tud ina l ly ( n o r th sou th ) . I tw a s h a l f f i gu re -o f -e igh t ,t h es ou the rn e nd b e ing s l igh t ly d eepe r ( 0 .20 m ) t h an t h e n o r ther n ( 0 .16 m ) . I t s f i l l w a s a m a t r ix o ff i ne ly b roken c ha r coa la nd b rown c l ay loam w i th ac onc en t ra t ion o fc ha r coa la bove t h ed ep re s s ion a tt h e s ou the rn e nd . T he u nexcava t ed s ou th -ea s t e rn c or n e rw a s c u tb ya c i r cu la rf e a tu re ,0 . 25 m d eep ,e x tend ed t ot h en o r th b y as ma l le r ,s h a l lowe r ,s ub re c tangu la rc u t . T he b a se o f t h e f e a tu re w a s c ove r ed w i th a v e ry t h in l a ye r o f c ha r coa lo rs oo t( 2 mm t h ick ) ,t h ough t h es i de so ft h e p i t i t se l fs howed n o h a rden ing o rb u rn ing . T he s oo t w a s s e a led b y ad en se p i nk c l ay i nw h ich w e re t h re e f l a t la id p i ec e s o f H awa rden S and s tone , t h emse lve s c ove r ed b y ab ow l -shaped l a ye ro fp i nk c l ay l a id o n ly a r ound t h eo u te re dge s , t h u s l e av ing ap i e ce o fs a nd s t one c0 . 10 m d i ame t e r , s t i l l e xpo sed . I nt h i s b ow l s haped d ep re s s ion w e re t wo l a ye r s o f l e ad ( 0 .02 m t h ick ) s e pa ra t ed b y al e n s ( 0 .0 1 mt h ick ) o fc l ay a nd l e ad o x ide . S oc l o se ly d i dt h el e ad f i tt h eb ow l shaped c on tou r s t h a t i th ad o bv iou s ly b een d epo s i t ed i n a s em i -mo l ten s t a t e . T he s l igh t ly c oncave u ppe rf a ce o f t h el e ad w a sc ove red b y am ixed l a ye ro fc ha r coa la nd c l ay , 0 . 05 m t h ick , w h ich d i d n o t , h oweve r , f i l l t h e f e a tu re t oc on tempo ra ry g r ound l e ve l . T h i sw a sd one a r ound t h e o u te re dge s b y ad en se c l ay w i th m o t t led i n c lu s ion s , w h ich l i ke t h e c l ay b e low l e f t e mp ty a b ow l shap ed c en t ra l s p a ce . T h i sa nd t h e f e a tu re a sa w ho le w a s l e veled o f fb y s a ndy c l ay a nd c ha r coa l , f l e cked w i th l e ad o x ide . Wh i l s tt h e f u nc t ion o ft h ee a r l ie rf e a tu re c anno tb e s e cu re ly i d en t if i ed , t h e l a t e r o ne w a s c l ea r ly ab ow l f u rnace . T he f l oo ro ft h er oom a r ound i tw a sc ove red

w i th c ha r coa l a nd s oo t , f l eck ed w i th l e ad -ox ide , a l m ixed w i th p i nk a nd r e dc l ay s . T h i ss e a led t h ee dge s o ft h ef ounda t ion t r en che so n t h en o r ther na nd s ou th e r ns i de so fR oom B . I nt h e We s t R ange , a l l t h e w a l l s a r ound C upboa rd 1 8 ,a nd t h ee a s tw a l lo fR oom 1 7 ,h ad b een d emo l i shed b e fo re S t age I I . Mo s t o fR oom 1 9 a nd p r e sumab ly R oom 2 0r ema ined s t and ing , h oweve r , t ob er e pa i red b y an ew E a s t e rn w a l l ,w h ich w a ss hown b yt h ep l an o f ar e la ted f l oo r -f in i sh ( 1 1/ 82 ) , t oh ave t u rned w e s t t o f o rm t h en ew s ou the rn e nd o fR oom 1 7 . O nt h eb a s i s o fl a te rb ounda r ie si nt h es ame p o s i t ion ,t h i sm ay a l so h ave b een t h es ou the rn l i m i to ft h er a nge . T he r emova l o fR oom 2 6c onve r ted t h en o r the rn w al o fR ooms 1 9 a nd 2 0i n to t h ee x te rna lw a l lo f am uch redu ced We s t R ange ,t h ea r ea t ot h en o r th n ow b e com ing ap a r to ft h e e n la rged o pen s p ace f o rmed b y t h e a ma lgama t ion o f Y a rd 2 1A ,A l ley 7a nd Y a rd 8 . A s i nR ooms 1 a nd 1 2 o f t h e S ou th R ange , t h e c onc re t ef l oo ro fR oom 1 9a pp ea r st oh ave r ema ined i n u se i nS t age I I ,t h eg ap b e tween i t sc u t -ba ck e dge a nd t h en ew e a s te rn w al b e ing m ade g ood w i th ag rave l ly d epo s i t( 1 1 / 49 ) s im i la rt ot h a t i nt h e e qu iva len tp o s i t i on i n t h e S ou th R ange ( 1 1 / 81 ) . R oom 1 7 w a s f i n i shed w i th f i rm g r ave l ly c l ay loam ( 1 1 / 82 ) w h ich r ema ined i np a t che s , s ome o ve r lapp ing t h e e dge s o f t h e n ew s ou ther na nd e a s t er nf o unda t ion t r enche s . N or th -we s tern e x ten s ion I n R oom 2 4 , t h e p o s s ib le t a nk a s c r ibed t oS t age I ( F44 )w a se ven tua l ly f i l led ,p robab ly i nS t age I I ,w i th m a t e r ia l r e semb l ing t h a t o f t h e m idden i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide t h er oom t ot h en o r th ( F43 ) . E x t erna l A rea s I n Y a rd 8 B , f ur na ce F 69 , o ve r lay t h e a r ea f o rme r ly o ccup ied b yR oom 2 7a nd w a si t se l fc ove r ed b yd eb r i s f r om d emo l i t ion w o rk p r e -da t ing S t age I V . T he f e a t u re i n co rpo ra ted p i ece so fH awa rden S and s tone o ft h e k i nd c ommon ly u s ed i nS t age I V . I ni t s u ppe r p a r t s w a s al i t t le l e ad o x ide a nd al a rge l ump o fl e ad ; l e ad o x ide w a su sed e l s ewhe re i nt h ec omp lex ,h oweve r ,a s f l oo r ing a nd f i l l ing m a te r ia la nd i t sp r e sence h e re n eed n o t i n d i ca te t h e u s e o ft h e f u rnace f o r l e ad -wo rk ing . T he f u rnace w a sc ove r ed b y ac ha r coa ld epo s i t ,0 . 03 m t o0 . 10 m d e ep ,c on ta in ing m o l ten l e ad l ump s ,g r een i s h g l a s s l ike g l obu le sa nd o t he rf i nd s . A bove t h e f o rme rR oom 2 6 , i nt h e m uch e n la rged c en t ra ls p a ce n ow d e s igna ted Y a rd 8 A ,t h ed emo l i t ion d eb r i so ft h er o om ( 1 0 /92A e t c )m e rged w i th c l ay 1 / 2 7 ,s ugge s t ing t h a tt h ed eb r i sm ay h e re h ave b een u s ed a s as u r f a ce i ni t so wn r i gh t . I nt h e w idened A l ley 7( n ow d e s igna ted Y a rd 7 A ) t h ec l ay d epo s i th ad s ub s ided s l igh t ly i n to t h ea s sumed s t o rm w a te rg u l ly F 26 ( S tage s Ia nd I ) . T he r e su l t ing

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d ep re s s ion w a s f i led b y c ha r coa l a nd s e a led a ti t s n o r the rn e nd b y t wo p a t che s o fs i l ty l o am a nd c ha r c oa l ;t h e se w e re c u tb yt h ree s ha l low s c oop sf i l led w i th ac on t inuou sc ha r coa ld epo s i t . I nY a rd 7 Aw a sg u l ly F 26A . D a t ing e v idence f o r S tage I I( PV W ) T he re i so n ly as ma l la moun to fp o t te ry f r om t h i ss t age , b u t i tm ay b e c on s ide red t o ge the rw i th t h a tf r om t h e S t age I I I Im idden ( n o s3 7 -47 )a nd t h es h e rd sf r om t h e d emo l i t ion b e twe en S t age sI Ia nd I V( n o s5 8 -69 ) . T he l a t e s tp i ece sa r ef r om ac on s t ruc t iona lc on tex t( n o s5 1 3 )a nd d a te t ot h em id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry a nd f r om d emo l i t ion ( no 6 4 ) . T he se s ugge s tt h a tt h i ss t age m ay b eo fA n ton ine d a te .

S t ra t if ica t ion o fS tage sI ,I o rI I F ig 9i n c lude ss e ve ra lf e a tu re sw h ich c u tn o th ing o t he r t h an n a tu ra l s ub so i lb u tw e re s e a led b y t h e d eb r i s o f d emo l i t ion w o rk u nde r taken p r io r t oS t age I V . A l l m u s t t h e re fo re b e long t o S t age s I I I I , t h ough t h e i r p r ec i se a l loca t ion i s am a t te ro fu nce r ta in ty . T he mo s td i s t inc t ive f e a tu r e( F57 )a ppea red t oh ave af i gu re -o f -e igh ts hape ,a l though i tw a sb i sec t ed b ya S t age I Vf ounda t ion t r ench . I t ss hape ,b u rn ts i de sa nd c ha r coaly f i l ls ugge s t ed t h a ti tm ay h ave b een ab ow l f u rnace , as pe cu la t ion s uppo r ted b ys ed imen ta na ly s i s w h ich s ugge s t ed i r on -wo rk ing . A bove t h eb a ckf iled f u rnace w e re t h ree l a ye r so fc ha r coa l ly l o am . T o t h e n o r th w a s ag u l ly f i l led w i th l o o se l o am ( F58 ) ;i tw a sn o td e te c t ed t ot h es ou th o f ap o in tw he re i tw a s c u t b y aS t age I V f ounda t ion t r ench , a nd i t s o r ig in m ay h ave l a in a d ja cen tt ot h ef u rna ce . T he g u l ly r a nt owa rd st h en o r th -we s ta nd p r e sumab ly c u tt h rough t h er e -en t ran ta ng le b e tween t h e We s ta nd N o r th -we s t E x t en s ion s . I tw a s n o to b se rved i nt h ea r ea b eyond , w he re i t s c on t inua t ion m ay h ave l a in i n l e ve l s r e moved w i thou te xam ina t ion d u r ing t h ef i na ls t age so f t h e e xcava t ion . Two s ma l lp i t s ( F59 ,F 60 ) ,s ha r ing as im i la rf i ll ing t ot h a to ft h ef u rna ce m ay h ave g one o u to fu se a tt h e s ame t ime . S ou th -we s to ft h ef u rnace ,b u tn o tn e ce s s a r i ly r e la ted t oi t ,w e r et wo s ma l lo va lp i t s( F6 1 ,F 62 ) o fu nc lea rf u nc t ion ,f i l led w i th c ha r coa l -f le cked r e de p o s i ted s ub so i l . I nt h ee a s te rn p a r to fY a rd 8 Aw a s as ub re c tangu la r p i t( F63 ) ,0 . 10 m d eep ,f i l led w i th c ha r coa la nd s ma l l b u rn tb one s . I t sw e s te rn s i de w a sc u tb yt h es u rv iv ing p a r to fa no the rs ha l low p i tf i l led w i th c ha r coa l -f le cked g r ey l o am . I ng ene ra l c ha ra c te r t h e se f i l l s r e s emb le o t he r sr e f e r r ed t oi nt h i s s e c t ion ,b u tt h e re i sn op roo f t h a tt h ey b e long t ot h e f i r s tt h r ee s t age s . T hey w e re s e a led o n ly b y m oder nf a rm b u i ld ing s t h a t h ad t r un c a ted t h ee a s t e rn p a r t s o ft h ee xcava t ed a r ea .

D emo l i t ion b e tw een S tage sI Ia nd I V B e fo re t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h eN o r th -we s tR ange a t t h es t a r to fS t age I V , t h eN o r th R ange ,t h en o r th e nd o ft h e We s tR ange ,a nd t h e We s ta nd N o r th -we s t E x t en s ion w e re d emo l i shed f olow ing af i r e( F ig 1 0 ) . T he re w a sn oe v idence f o rc hange e l s ewhe re i n t h ec omp lex a pa r tf r om t h ei n f e r red r emova lo ft h e R oom 1 9 /20 p a r t i t ion w a l li nt h e S ou th R ange . I n a l l o f t h e a r ea s o f d emo l i t ion , d en se c ha rcoa l d epo s i t sd evo id o fo c cupa t ion r e f us eo ve r lay S t age I I s u r f a ce s o r t h e i r r e la ted f ounda t ion t r enche s , w h i le c l ea r ly r e spe c t ing t h e w a l l s t ub s o r w a l l a l ignmen t s s ugge s ted b yt h ep o s t -po s i t ion s . A bove t h ec ha rcoa l a nd c ove r ing t h ef o rme rw a l la l ignmen t sw e re l a ye r s o f o r ange c l ay 0 . 1 m t o 0 . 15 m t h ick , s ome t ime s r e ddened a nd m ixed w i th much w a l lp l a s te r . T he c l ay w a s c u tb y t h e f o unda t ion t r enche s f o r t h e S t age I V N o r th -we s tR ange . T he c ha r coa lb enea th t h ec l ay a nd p l a s t e rw a sp owde ry a nd u ncompac t ed , c on ta in ing n e i the r t i l e f r agmen t s n o rn a i l s ;o n ly o ne b u rn tt i mbe rr ema ined i na ny th ing l i ke i t s o r ig ina l f o rm . T aken t o ge the r t h e c l ay a nd c ha r coa la r ec onf iden t ly i n te rp re t ed a sd eb r i sd e r ived f r om t h e b u rn ing a nd s ub sequen t d emol i t ion o f t h e S t age I Ib u i ld ing s . T he j umb led c ha ra c te ro ft h ec l ay a nd p l a s te rs ugge s t st h a tt h ew a l l sw e re b roken d own p i ecemea l b e fo re b e ing l e ve l led , i nc on t ra s t t ol a te r e p i sode s o fd emo l i t ion i nw h ich w a l l ing a ppea red t o h ave b een p u shed o ve ri nc omp le te s e c t ion s . W e s ta nd N or th -w e s tE x ten s ion s C ha r coa ld epo s i t sv a r ied i nd ep th b e tween 0 . 0 1 ma nd 0 . 09 m , t h e mo s tc ommon d ep th b e ing 0 . 02 m . O ne c ha r coa ld epo s i tw a s ,h oweve r ,0 . 10 m d eep a nd w a s i mmed ia te ly o ve r la in b y ag roup o fa mpho ra s h e rd s ,i n s ome c a se sb l ackened o n t h e i r u ppe r s u r f ace s , b u ti n a lc a s e sb u rn tg r ey o nt h eb o t tom . A to ne p o in to nt h e e a s t w a l l o f R oom 2 4 an a r row s t r ip o f c ha rcoa l s p anned t h e f u l l w id th o ft h e f o unda t ion t r ench , p r e s umab ly m a rk ing t h ep o s i t ion o f ad oo rway . N o r th R ange C ha r coa l d epo s i t s i nt h e N o r th R ange w e re p a t ch ie r t h an t h o se i nt h e We s t a nd N o r th -we s t E x t en s ion s ; c l ay d eb r is w a s r e co rded o n ly i n as ma l l a r ea a tt h e s ou th -we s t ,a nd i nY a rd 8 B . E x terna lA r ea s I nY a rd 8 B t h en o r ther ne dge o ft h ec ha r coa lf r om t h e S t age I I f u rnace ( F69 ) w a so ve r lapped b y al a ye ro f c l ay c on ta in ing p l a s te rl ump s , c0 . 10 m d eep ,a s sumed t ob e t h e d eb r i s f r om p a r t s o ft h e d emo l i shed N o r th R ange . T he n o r t he rn e dge o ft h ec l ay w a sc u tb y t h e S t age V w a l l( F92 ) .

F igure 1 0 : P lan o fd emo l i t ion b e tween S tage s I Ia nd I V ,s c a le 1 : 150

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S TAGE I V T he d emo l i shed S t age I I r oom s w e re r e p la ced i n S t age I V( F ig 1 )b y as t one -bu i l tN o r th -we s tR ange o f f i ve moms ,l i nk ed b y ac o r r ido ro nt h es ou the rn s i de . T he e x te rna l d imen s ion s o ft h e r a nge w e r e c8 m x 2 3 .75 m . Mo s tw a l l sh ad b een r obb ed t ot h e i rf o unda t i on a nd m any w a l la l ignmen t sw e r er e p re sen t ed o n ly b yr obbe rt r enche s . D e ta i led s t ra t ig raph ic s e quen ce s w e r er e cove r ed f r om f ul e xcava t ion o fR oom s2 9 -31 a nd C o r r ido r 3 . T he d epo s i t s i nR ooms 2 8 a nd 3 2 w e r e r a p id ly h a l f -sec t ioned a nd w e re t h en c l ea red a t s pe ed a l ong w i th a l ld epo s i t si nR oom 3 4 ,d own t ot h e r emnan t so ft h et i mbe rs t age sb enea th . T he s t ra t if ied d epo s i t s w i th in t h e i n d iv idua l r ooms w e re i s o la t ed f r om o ne a no the r e i the r b y r obb e r t r enche s o r b y r emnan t s o f w a l l s . O f ten , c on s i s t ing a s t h ey d i d o f n onde s c r ip tp a t che so fc l ay l o am a nd o c cupa t ion r e f u s e ,t h ey w e re i mpo s s ib le t or e la t ew i th c onf id ence t o i n d iv idua l s t age s i nt h ed eve lopmen to ft h ec omp lex , a pa r tf r om t h ef i r s tf l oo r ing m a t e r ia l s . T he d eb r i so ft h ed emo l i shed S t age I Ir ooms h ad a r e a sonab ly f l a ts u r f a ce a nd m ay h ave b een p u rpo se ly l e ve l led t of o rm ab a s ef o rt h ef l oo r so ft h en ew N o r th w e s t R ange . T he f ounda t ion t r enche s w e r e c u t t oa d ep th o fb e tween 0 . 3 ma nd 0 . 4 mf r om t h es u r f a ce o f t h ed emol i t ion d eb r i s ,t h rough t h ee a r l ie rd epo s i t sa nd i n to t h en a tu ra ls ub s t ra tum . Whe re f ounda t ion t r enche s r ema ined i n ta c t , t h ey v a r ied i nw id th b e twe en 0 . 7 m a nd 0 . 8 m . Wa l l s w i th in t h em w e re f o unded o n a s i ng le c ou r se o fd r e s sed s t one s ,p re ss ed f i rm ly a ga in s t t h es i de so ft h ef ounda t ion t r ench ; t h es t one u s ed w a s ay elow -bu f fC a rbon i f e rou s L ime s tone i d en t if ied a s o r ig ina t ing i nt h er e g ion o fH awa rden a bou t1 2 .8 k mt o t h es ou th -we s t . T he f o o t ing c omp r i sed s t one sl a id i n m o s tc a se s a so ppo sed f a c ing so fm ixed h eade r s a nd s t re t che r s ,t h es ma l lc en t ra lg ap b e ing m ade g ood w i th am ix tu re o f p ebb ly l o am a nd r ubb le . A bove t h i s , s im i la r ly l a id H awa rden S and s tone h ad b een u s ed t o f o rm w a l l s 0 . 6 m w id e , p r e se r ved t o am ax imum h e igh to ff i ve c ou r se s( 0 .40 m )a l ong t h es ou ther nw a l l o ft h er a nge . N om o r ta rr ema ined b e tween t h ec ou r se s , n o ra ny g r ave lo rs a nd w h i ch c ou ld h ave d e r ived f r om d e cayed mo r ta r( af i ne b rown l o am b e twe en t h es t one s i np l a ce s c ou ld h ave b e en a p o s t -depo s i t iona l s o i l f o rma t ion ) . I ts e ems p robab le , t h e re fo re , t h a t t h e o r ig ina l w al s w e re d r y -bu i l t . T he n a r row s pa ce s b e tween t h ew a l l -f ac e sa nd t h ee dge so ft h ef o unda t ion t r enche sh ad b een b a ckf i l led w i th am ix tu r eo fy e l low a nd o r ange c l ay s w i th s a ndy i n c lu s ion s , p l a s te r a nd c ha r coa lf l eck s ,p r e sumab ly d e r ived f r om t h eS t age I I d emol i t ion d eb r i s . Ap o s t so cke t ( F87 ) , i nt h es ou the rn w a l l o fR oom 3 1 ,i mpl i ed t h ep r e senc eh e re o f ad oo rway . T he re w a s n o e v idence t h a t a ny o f t h e n ew w a l l s h ad b e en

p l a s te red ; c e r ta in ly t h ey h ad n o t b een s o a l ong t h e s ou th s i de o fC o r r ido r3 ,w he re b o th t h eS t age I Va nd l a t e r f l oo r s u r f ace s b u t ted d i re c t ly a ga in s t t h e s t one w o rk , h e re a l one i nt h e N o r th -we s t R ange s u rv iv ing a bove t h e c on tempo ra ry g round l e ve l . E l sewhe re , d eep e r r obb ing o f t h e w al s t one s h ad r emoved a ny c hanc e o f r e cove r ing i n fo rma t ion o n p o s s ib le w al f i n i she s , e i the r f r om t h e s u rv iva l o fp l a s t e r i t se l f o r f r om t h er e co rd ing o fg ap s l e f tb y i t sd e compo s i t ion b e twe en f l oo r f i n i she s a nd m a t ch ing w a l l l ine s ( a s p o s tu la t ed i nt h ec a se o ft h e S t age V N o r th R ange ( p 2 8 ) . N or th -w e s t R ange T he b ounda r ie s o fa l r oom s w e r e c l ea r ly m a rked b y s u rv iv ing w a l l so rb yd i f f e rence sb e tween f l oo rd epo s i t so ne i the rs i de o fr obbe rt r enche s . T he s ou the rn w al s t ood 0 . 75 m c l ea ro ft h et i mbe rS ou th R ange a nd c2 . 1 mc l ea ro ft h em uch reduced We s tR ange . F ounda t ion t r enche s f o r t h e n ew R ange c u t t h e l e ve l led d emo l i t ion d eb r i s o ft h e e a r l ie rt i mbe r We s t R ange . I nt h en o r the rn p a r to fY a rd 7 Aa nd i nt h eg ap b e tween t h e We s ta nd N o r th -we s tR ange s t wo l a ye r s o ve r lapp ed t h e c on s t ruc t ion t r ench f o r t h e s ou the rn w a l l o f t h e N o r th -we s t R ange a nd a bu t ted t h e w a l l i t se l f ;t h es e cond l a ye ra l so d i rec t ly a bu t ted t h es t ub o f t h e w e s t w a l l o ft h e S ou th R ange . A bove t h ese l a y d emo l i t ion d eb r i so ft h e We s tR ange ,d a t ing t ob e f o re S t age V . W i th in t h er a nge R oom 2 8w a sn o te xcava ted t ot h i s l e ve l a pa r t f r om i t s s ou th -ea s t c o rne r , w he re s eve ra l b u rn tp i e ce so fH awa rden S and s tone ,l y ing f l a ti nf i ne s a ndy c ha r coa la nd i mmed ia te ly a bove t h ed emo l i t ion d eb r i s o ft h e e a r l ie r t i mbe r b u i ld ing ,p rob ab ly r ep re s e n t ed ah ea r th ( F66 ) . I nR oom 2 9 at h in l a ye r o fb rown -b lack l o am a nd o ne o f c l ay loam h ad b e en u s ed t o l e ve l o f f t h e s ub s id ence o fe a r l ie rd epo s i t si n to t h el i ne o ft h ep re c omp lex d i t ch ,b e fo re t h el a y ing o f al o am f l oo r( 6 /58 ) , w h i ch s e a led t h ee dge o ft h ew a l l 's f o unda t ion t r ench i nt h e n o r th -we s t c o rne r o f t h e r oom . T he a s sumed S t age I V f l oo rs u r f ace i nR oom 3 0w a sp a t chy . N ea r t h e s ou th -ea s ter nc or ne r , t h e e a s t er ne dge o f as a ndy c l ay loam ( 6 /42 ) o ve r lapped t h e w e s te rn e dge o f a s a ndy c l ay ( 6 / 49 ) w h i ch w a s i nt u rn a lmo s t t o taly c ove red b yt wo f u r the rl a ye r s : ag roup o fs t one s( F68 ) p e rhap sf o rm ing s ome k i nd o f ah ea r th b a se s im i la rt o t h a ti nR oom 2 8 ,a nd amo r ta r loam p a t ch i n ah o l low a l ong s ide i t( 6 /27 ) . T he n o r the rn p a r to ft h er oom w a s c u ta way b yp i t sF 67 a nd F 139 , a s c r ibed t oS t age V . I nR oom 3 1 , ap i t c u t t h e d emo l i t ion d eb r i s o ft h e e a r l ie r t i mbe r r oom s a nd w a s s e a led b y t h e p r ima ry f l oo r ( 1 0 /66 ) . T h i s , t h e mo s t s ub s tan t ia l f l oo ro ft h e r a nge ,c omp r i sed a ne x t en s ive l a ye ro fm ixed c l ay a nd l o am , m o r e p l a s t ic t h an t h e c l ay o f t h e d emo l i t ion

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d eb r i sb enea th . I ni tw e re s e tt wo n o r th sou th l i ne so f s t one s c1 . 00 m a pa r t . T he p u rpo se o fw h i ch r ema in s o b scu r e . I nt h en o r th -we s tc o rne ro ft h er oom t h ec l ay d emol i t ion d eb r i s a ppea red t oh ave b een u sed d i r ec t ly a s af l oo rs u r f a ce . I nt h es ou th -ea s tt h e f i r s tp a t ch o f o ccupa t ion r e f u se a c cumu la ted o n t o p o f as l igh t ly l a rge r s p r ead o f p ebb le , a ppa ren t ly a f l oo r s u r f a ce . T h i sb o r ea na mb iguou sr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h ef o unda t i on t r ench u sed w hen t h e n o r th w a l l o ft h e C o r r ido r w a se x tend ed a c ro s sR oom 3 1 ,p o s s ib ly i nS t age I V( p 2 6 ) . Wa l l F 72 h ad s u r f ace s a s soc ia t ed w i th i ti nt h e c o r r ido rt oi t ss ou th , as p a ce l e f tw i thou te v idence f o r f l oo r ing i ft h a tw a l l i sn o to fS t age I V . I nR oom 3 2 ,t h in g r ey l am inae o fo ccupa t ion d eb r i s l a ya bove af l aky c l ay ( 7 / 55 )w h ich w a se i the rt h et o p o ft h ed emol i t ion d eb r i so r as u r f ac ei ni t so wn r i gh t . I nC o r r ido r3 ,c l ay m ake -up s0 . 10 m t o0 . 15 m d e ep ( 5 / 10 , 5 / 13 , 5 / 2 1 ) f o rmed a f l oo r s u r f a ce o n t o p o f w h ich w e re t wo p a t che s o f s a ndy g r ave l , p e rhap s r e pa i r s t o am ino r s ub s idence i n to t h e p r e -comp lex d i t ch . C u t t ing t h eb o t tom -ha lf o ft h ec l ay m ake -up b u t s e a led b y t h e t o p -ha l f w e re t wo c ha r coa l -f i l led p i t s 0 . 10 m t o0 . 15 m d eep ,d emon s t ra t ing t h a tt h es e em i n g ly h omogeneou sc l ay h ad b een d epo s i ted i na tl e a s t t wo l a ye r s . T he c l ay a l so s e a led t h ef o unda t ion so ft wo u nu sed c r o s s -wa l l s m a t ch ing t h e d i v i s ion s b e tween R oom s2 8 / 29 a nd 2 9 / 30 . T he se w e re n o tc a r r ied a bove f l oo r l e ve l a nd w e re s e a led a c ro s s t h e f ul w id th o f t h e i rf ounda t ion t r enche sb y t h ec l ay ,t h ee a s t e rn o ne h av ing b een b a ckf i l led a f te ro n ly t wo s t one sh ad b een l a id i nt h eb o t tom . L eav ing a s ide t h ea r gumen ta st ow he the ro rn o tw a l l F 72 b e long st oS t age I V ,C o r r ido r3 w a sn o tc a r r ied t h rough t h ef u l ll e ng th o ft h er a nge ,b e ing i n te r rup ted o ppo s i t e t h e e a s te rn w a l l o fR oom 3 0 b y b u t t -ended w a l lF 81 ,w h ich r e semb led t h et wo u nus ed w al f o un d a t ion s r e f e r r ed t o i nt h e p r ev iou s p a rag r aph . F 81 s u rv ived c0 . 05 m a bove t h e c l ay m ak e -up s . A t t h e e a s te rn e nd o ft h er a nge t h ea l ignmen to fC o r r ido r3 w a sr e sumed b y al o ng n a r row r oom ( 3 4 )i nw h ich n o c ohe ren ts u r f a ce o fS t age I V c ou ld b e d e t e c ted . B e n ea th t h er oom ,h oweve rw a st h es em i -c i r cu la rp oo lo f S t age sI I I I( F 27 ) ,b ackf i l led w i th l o am a nd b l o ck so f H awa rden S and s tone i d en t ica l t o t h o s e u s ed i n t h e S t age I V c on s t ruc t ion . T he t o p o ft h eb a ck f i l l l a y a t a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame l e ve l a st h e f l oo r s u r f a ce o f C o r r ido r 3 .

S ou th R ange A n e x t e rna l s u r f a ce ( 1 1 / 15 ) , o ve r ly ing t h e s ou the rn e dge o f t h e f ounda t ion t r ench f o r t h e N o r th -we s t R ange , a bu t t ed t h e b a se o f t h e c l ay w a l l s tub o n t h e w e s ts i de o ft h eS ou th R ange ,t h a tw a l lw a ss t i l li nu se d u r ing S t age I V .

L a te rd emo l i t ion d eb r i si mmed ia te ly p r e -da t ing S t age V I I d emon s t ra ted t h a tt h eS ou th R ange w a ss t and ing t i l l t h a t t i me a nd , b y i n f e rence , t h a ti ts t ood i nS t age I V .

We s t R ang e ( p lI ,I I ) I th a sa l r eady b een a rgued t h a tp a t ch ing o ft h ec onc r e t e f l oo r si nR oom 1 9a nd 2 0i mp l ie st h er e ten t ion o ft h e s e f l oo r sf o rs ome t i me d u r ing S t age I I . B o th f l oo r sw e re s e a led b y ac l ay d epo s i t w h ich a l so s e a led t h ed i v id ing w al b e twe en t h em . T he n o r ther np a r t so ft h ec l ay l a y b enea th al a t e rp a t ch ing o fs a nd s tone s l ab s l y ing o ne d eep i n l o am ( 1 1/25 ) , w h ich c l ea r ly r e spe c ted t h e n o r the rn w a l l l ine ; t h i sp a t ch ing w a sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly ac ompen sa t ion f o r s ub s idence i n to t h e p r e -comp lex d i t ch . I nS t age I V t h e We s tR ange a pp ea r s t oh ave b e en r e duced t oo ne o rp e rhap st wo r ooms o n ly : R oom s 1 9 a nd 2 0 w e re a ma lgama ted , t of o rm R oom 1 9A ; l a te d emo l i t ion d eb r i sc ove red t h ee a s t e rn p a r to ft h e 1 7A / 1 9A d i v id ing w a l l , w h ich m ay i mp ly t h a t i tw a s n o t s t and ing a tt h e t i me t h e r a nge w a s d emol i shed . N o t e nough o ft h i s p a r to ft h er a nge w a s e xcava ted t ob e c e r ta in ,b u ti ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e We s tR ange s t ood a s as i ng le l a rge r oom i nS t age I V .

E x t erna l A rea s T he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h eN o r th -we s tR ange e f fe c t ive ly d i v ided t h e l a rge e x te rna l s pa ce o fS t age I I i n to t wo ( Ya rd s 7 A a nd 8 B ) , c onne c ted b y an a r row p a s sage b e tween t h eN o r th -we s ta nd S ou th R ange s ( p l I ) . C u t t ing s u r f ace 1 / 15 a nd c ove red b y t h e s ub se q uen t d emo l i t ion d eb r i s o f t h e We s t R ange p r io r t o S t age V w a sg u l ly F 71 . T h i ss l oped f r om i t sn o r the r ly p o in to fo r ig in t ot h es ou th w he r ei tw a sc u tb y al a t e r d i t ch ,b eyond w h i ch i td i dn o tr e appe a r . A ga in s tt h eo u t s ide o fR oom 1 a nd a l so c u t t ing 1 / 1 5 w a s as h a l low c i r cu la rp i t ( F70 ) c on ta in ing s ma l l p i ece s o f s a nd s tone s e t n ea t ly o n t o p o f ab rown i sh c l ay . T he p r e sence o fc ha r coa l a nd s l igh tb u rn ing o n t h eu ppe rs u r f a ce so fs ome o ft h es t one ss ugge s t st h a t t h i sm igh th ave b e en ah ea r th o rt h eb a se f o r ab ra z ie r . I nY a rd 8 B w a s ag r oup o f s ma l l p i t s ( F 102 -106 ) c u t t ing e i the r t h e d emo l i t ion d eb r i s o f t h e t i mbe r N o r th R ange o r t h e c ha r coa l w a s t e f r om S t age I f u rnace F 69 . T hey w e re s e a led b y d eb r i s f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e S ou th R ange p r io rt oS t age V I I . N ea r t h e e a s te rn l i m i t o f e xcava t ion w a s al a rge c ha r coa l -f i l led f e a tu re ,p robab ly af u rna ce . I ti sp o s s i b le t h a tt h e f u rnace w a sb u i l td u r ing S t age s I I I I ,i n t h e a b sence o f p o s i t ive p roo f f o r a n e a r ly d a t ing , h oweve r , i ti si n c luded h e re w i th S t age I V f e a tu re s p o s t -da t ing t h ed emo l i t ion o ft h et i mbe rN o r th R ange .

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S t ra t if i ca t ion p o s s ib ly o fS tage I V N or th -w e s tR ange A t s ome t i me ,p robab ly b u tn o td emon s t rab ly d u r ing S t age I V ,t h ea dd i t ion o fw a l lF 72 c a r r ied C o r r ido r3 t h ew ho le l e ng th o ft h er a nge ,a pa r tf r om t h es ou th -ea s t c o rne ro c cup ied b yR oom 3 4 . T he n ew w a l l ( F 72 ) d i sp layed t h e s ame m e thod o f c on s t ruc t ion a st h a t c ha ra c te r i s ing S t age I V a nd a l so u sed s im i la rH awa rden S and s tone b l ock s . T he r ew e re s i gn if i can t d i f f e renc e s , h oweve r , i n t h a t i t s r a f t o f i g neou sb ou lde r sw a sl e s sc l o se ly p a cked a nd w he re i t s w e s te rn e nd a bu t ted w a l lF 81 ,a nd t h eb o t tom o fF 72 w a s0 . 10 m t o0 . 15 m h i ghe r . T he b u t te nd so fF 72 ,a sw el a si t ss l igh t ly d i f f e ren t m e thod o f c on s t ruc t ion s ugge s t s i ti sl a te r t h an t h e S t age I V w a l l s o f t h e N o r th -we s t R ange ; a nd y e t i t r e semb le st h em m o re t h an a ny th ing e l s eo nt h es i te . I t i sp o s s ib le t h a tR oom 3 1 w a so r ig inaly b u i l tt os pan t h ef ul w id th o ft h er a nge a nd w a so n ly s ub sequen t ly r e duced i ns i z et oa l low C o r r ido r3 t or un t h rough t o t h ee a s t . A l te rna t ive ly ,F 72 m ay s imp ly h ave b e en t h e l a s tw a l li nt h er a nge t ob eb u i l t . T he f i r s tl a ye rt oa bu tw a l lF 72 i nC o r r ido r3 w a sa p ebb ly g r ave la nd l o am ( 5 /5 ) . T h i sa l so a bu t ted b o th s i de so fF 81 a nd r a nt h el e ng th o fC o r r ido r3 . S im i la r m a t e r ia l ( 7 /71 -7 /73 ) h ad b e en u sed a s p a t ch ing i n R oom 3 1 . I ft h e se l a ye r sw e re c on t empo r a ry w i th t h e c on s t ru c t ion o fF 72 a nd t h a tw a l lw a sp a r to fS t age I V , t h en t h ec l ay l a ye r s 5 / 10 e t c i l u s t ra ted o n F ig 1 a r e m o re l i ke ly t o h ave b een S t age I V m ake -up t h an s u r f a ce si nt h e i ro wn r i gh t . O nt h eo t he rh and i ti sq u i t e p o s s ib le t h a t5 / 5w a s ar e fu rb i sh ing o ft h es u r f a ce l a te r d u r ing S t age I V ,a nd w a sr e ta ined i nS t age V . D a t ing e v idence f o r S tage I V ( PV W ) T h i ss t age i n c lude ss ome A n ton ine p i e ce s( n o s8 0 ,8 5 , 9 0 ) a nd an umbe r w h ich a r e e i the r l a te H ad r ian ic o r A n ton ine ( n o s 8 6 ,9 4 ) . Al a te s e cond c en tu ry d a te i s l i ke ly . D emo l i t ion b e tw een S tage sI Va nd V As e quen ce o fd epo s i t s s im i la r t ot h o se m a rk ing t h e d emol i t ion b e tween S t age sI Ia nd I Vr e p re s en t ed t h e d emol i t ion o ft h er ema in ing p a r t so ft h e We s tR ange p r io rt o ,a nd p o s s ib ly i np r epa ra t ion f o r ,t h ec on s t ruc t i on w o rk r e p r e sen t ing S t age V . M ino r a l te ra t ion s w e r ea l so m ade i nt h eN o r th -we s tR ange ( F ig 1 2 ) . W e s tR ange C lean p owde ry c ha r coa l ( 1 1 / 18 ) ,b e tween 0 . 02 m a nd 0 . 04 m d eep ,c ove red t h eS t age I Vf l oo rs u r f ace so ft h e We s tR ange . O n t o p o ft h ec ha r coa l w a s ap a r t ia l ly a r t icu la ted c r umb ly w h i t ew a l l -p la s te r ,c ove red i nt u r n b yb r own i sh -o r ange c l ay p a r t ia l ly b u rn tr e d ; c0 . 10 m d eep ,t h i sc on ta ined n o s i gn o fp o s to rw a t t le i mp re s -

s i on s . T he c ha r coa l , u ncon tam ina t ed b y d ome s t ic f i nd s , n a i l so rr oof ing t i l e s , s ugge s t s t h eb u rn ing o fa t h a t ched o rs h ing led r oo f ; t h e r e ddened c l ay t e s t if ie s t h a t p a r t s o ft h e w a l l s , a tl e a s t , w e re a f f e c t ed b y t h e f i re . T he s t ra t if ica t ion o f t h e p l a s te r , a s a r t icu la ted s hee t s b enea th t h e r emnan t s o fc l ay w al ing , i mp l ie s t h a t , i np l ace s , w ho le s e c t ion s o f w al ing c o l lap sed d u r ing t h e f i re o r w e re s ub sequen t ly p u shed o ve r , r a the r t h an b e ing h amme red t ot h e g r ound i ns ma l le r p i e ce s . Ah o l low i nt h et o po ft h ed emol i t ion d eb r i s ,a bove t h e l i ne o f t h e p r e -comp lex d i tch w a s l e ve l led w i th c l ayey l o am . A ne a r l ie rp a t ch ing ( 1 1 /25 i nS t age I V ) , s im i la r ly l o ca t ed a bove t h ee a r l ie rd i t ch , s howed t h a t s ub s id ence h ad a l so o ccu r red w h i le t h e We s t R ange w a s s t i l l s t and ing ; i tm ay e ven h ave a c ce le ra t ed t h e d e cay o ft h a tr a nge .

S TAGE V Ah ypo cau s t ed r oom w a sc on s t ruc ted a bove t h ed eb r i s o ft h e We s tR ange a nd t h e t h r ee r ooms o ft h eN o r th R ange w e re r e bu i l ti ns t one ( F ig 1 3a nd p lX I , X I I ) . I na l l c a se s , f o unda t ion t r enche s f o r t h e n ew w a l l s c l ea r ly c u ts t ra t if i ca t ion o fS t age I V o r ,i nt h ec a se o f t h eh ypocau s t ed r oom ,t h ed emol i t ion d epo s i t so ve r ly i n g t h em . T he h ypocau s t ed r oom l a y b enea th t h e S t age V I B a th -hou se a nd t h er oom so ft h en ew N o r th R ange w e r e s t ra t ig r aph i ca l ly e a r l ie r t h an t h e d emol i t i on o f t h e S ou th R ange , w h ich i t se l f p r e ceded t h e c on s t ruc t ion w o rk o f S t age V I I . R ebu i ld ing o f t h e N o r th R ange m ay t h e re fo re b e p l a ced i nS t age V o r S t age V I . I ti sd e s c r ib ed h e re a s p a r t o f S t age V b ecau se i ts ha r e sw i th t h eh ypocau s t ed r oom t h eu s eo f d i s t inc t ive g r e en s a nd s tone b l ock s , n o t s e en i n t h e b u i ld ing w o rk s e cu re ly a t t r ibu ted t oS t age V I . T he r ema in s o f t h e n ew N o r th R ange w e r e f u l ly e xcava ted b u tt i me p e rm i t ted o n ly l i m i ted e xcava t ion i n t h e h ypo cau s t ed r oom , t o e s tab l i sh t h e g ene ra l c ha ra c te ro fi t sw a l l s a nd i t sp l a ce i nt h e s equence . H ypo cau s ted R oom T he e x ten to ft h en ew r o om ( 3 7 )i sv i r tua l ly u nknown , t h e e xcava ted w a l l s d ef in ing o n ly i t s n o r th -ea s t er n c o rne r . T he a r ea f u r the rt ot h es ou th w a sn o ti n ve s t i g a ted ,w h i le t h a tt ot h en o r th -we s th ad b e en c u ta way b y m ed ieva l r obb ing . O n ly t wo w a l l a l ignmen t s w e r e u ncove red ( F93 , F 94 ) ,b o th f o unded i nt r enche s0 . 65 m w ide a nd c u tt o ad ep th o f0 . 30 m f r om t h e s u r f ace o ft h e d emo l i t ion d eb r i s o f t h e S ou th R ange , t h rough t h e u nde r ly ing c onc re te f l oo r sa nd i n to n a tu ra ls ub so i l . Two c ou r se s o f w a l l f o o t ing r ema ined , 0 . 57 m w ide , c omp r i s ing l o ng t h in p i ece s o fg r een i sh s a nd s tone l a id m a in ly a s

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s t re t che r s . T he u ppe rp a r t s o ft h e w al s w e re r obbed b e fo re t h eb u i ld ing o ft h e S t age V I B a th -hou se . E nc losed w i th in t h e se w al s w a s amo r ta r f l oo r o n w h i ch l a y as i ng le h ypo cau s tt i l e . C ove r ing t h em o r ta r f l oo ra nd c on t iguou s w i th t h e e dge s o ft h et i l e w a s a l a ye r( 0 .05 m d eep )o fd en se c ha r coa l ,p r ov ing t h a tt h e s y s tem h ad b een f i red . T he se d epo s i t sw e re s e a led b y t h em ake -up s f o rt h eS t age V IB a th -hou se s ub f loo r s . N or th R ange T he w a l l so ft h en ew N o r th R ange w e re 0 . 5 mt o0 . 7m w id e . T he f o unda t ion s w e r e i regu la r , b u t g ene raly s ha l low ( c0 . 15 m ) . T he e a s t w a l l , a nd a l e a s t -we s t w al s , w e r e b u i l t o n e dge -s e t p i ece s o f s a nd s tone p a cked o ne c ou r se d eep , o f ten i n ad ens ep i nk c l ay . T he f o unda t ion f o rt h e n o r th w a l lo fR oom 3 9 w a s r e info r ced w he re i tb o rde red p i t F 303 ; h e re , i te m p l oyed ac r ude h e r r ing -bone t e chn ique ,w i th am ix tu re o fy e l low a nd p u rp le s a nd s tone s e ti n am a t r ix o fc l ay s i n af ounda t ion t r ench 0 . 55 m w ide a nd a tl e a s t0 . 40 m d eep . T he e a s t w al o f t h e r a nge a pa r t , t h e n o r th -sou th w a l l sh ad n or e a lf ounda t ion ,t h eb o t tom c ou r se o ft h e w al sb e twe en R oom s3 9a nd 4 0 ,a nd b e tween R oom s 4 0a nd 4 1 ,b e ing s l igh t ly i mp re s sed b e low c on tempo r a ry g r ound l e ve l i n to t h en a tu ra l s ub so i l . T he w e s te rn w a l lo fR oom 3 9h ad f o unda t ion sw h ich c on s i s t ed o fu nmo r ta red p i ece s o fy e l low a nd p u rp le s a nd s tone w i th s ome g l a c ia lb ou lde r s ,g ene ra l ly s t and i n g f r ee b u t s ome t ime s i n av e ry s halow f o unda t ion t r ench ( 0 .05 m d e ep m ax imum ) ,a nd v a ry ing i nw id th b e tween 0 . 45 m a nd 0 . 60 m . T he w a l l s a bove d i sp layed a r ough u n i fo rm i ty , c ha ra c t e r i sed b y t h e u se o f p u rp le m ic r i t ic B un te r S and s tone , t h en ea re s ts ou r ce f o rw h ich i st h eW i r ra l . T he f a c ing s l a id v a r iou s ly a s h eade r s a nd s t re t che r s , s ome t ime s o ccup ied t h ef u l l w id th o ft h ew a l l ,b u ti n o t he rp o s i t ion s l e f tr oom f o r an a r row c en t ra l c o re o f s ma l le rp i ece so fs a nd s tone . T he a ve rage w id th o ft h e e x te rna l w al s w a s 0 . 55 m , w h i le i n te rna l p a r t i t ion s w e r e s l igh t ly n a r rowe r . B r eak s i nt h e w a l l ing a nd p l a s te r a tt h e s ou th -ea s t c o rne r o f R oom 3 9 a nd b e tween R oom s 3 9 a nd 4 0 m a rked t h ep o s i t ion so fd oo rway s . A tv a r iou sp o in t s a r ound R oom s3 9a nd 4 0w e re s ho r tl e ng th so fc oa r s e o pu s s i gn inum p l a s te r , p oo r ly -p re se rved b u t a lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e r emnan t o f aq ua r te r round m ou ld ing f o rm ing as k i r t ing r ound t h er oom s . N owhe re w a st h e p l a s te r f l u sh w i th t h e w al a nd p ane l l ing o r at h ick p l a s te rf i n i sh ( s ub sequen t ly d e cayed o rr emoved )m u s t b ei n voked t oe xp la in t h e f a i r ly l a rge i n te r ven ing g ap ( 0 .05 m t o0 . 10 m ) , f o und f i l led w i th b r own l o am . O ve ral t h e n ew N o r th R ange m ea su red 1 4 .35 m e a s t -we s t ( n o t i n c lud ing t h e f o u r th r oom e x tend ing e a s t )b y6 . 0 mn o r th sou th ( t ot h eo u t e rf a ce so fw a l l s ) . R ooms 3 9 a nd 4 0 w e re a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame s i ze ( 4 .8 m n o r th -sou th a nd r e sp e c t ive ly 4 . 3 ma nd 4 . 0 m e a s t -we s tb e twe en t h e i n ne r f a ce s o ft h e w a l l s ) . T he e a s te rnmo s to ft h et h ree n ew r o oms ( C ) ,l i ke i t st i mbe r

p r ede ce s so r ,w a sl a rge rt h an o t he rr oom si nt h er a nge , t h ough n o t i n t h i s c a se o pen s id ed . I n t e rna l ly , i t m ea su red 4 . 8 mn o r th sou th b y 5 . 9 me a s t -we s t . A f u r the rr oom l a y t ot h ee a s to ft h ee xcava ted a r ea . B o th R oom s 3 9 a nd 4 0 w e re f l oo red w i th l a rge f l ag s tone s . T he f l ag s tone si nR oom 3 9( 9 /26 )w e re o f p u rp le B un te r S and s tone 0 . 05 m t o 0 . 12 m t h ick , b edded i nu pt o0 . 07 m o fy e l low s a nd ,i nR oom 4 0( 9 / 2 6 ) t h ey w e re am o re e ven y e l low -b rown H awa rden S and s tone ,0 . 05 m t o0 . 15 m t h ick . S ome o ft h ec en t ra l f l ag s tone s i nR oom 3 9 s howed s i gn s o fh av ing b e en d i s tu rbed . D ra in F 90 e x tended f r om t h ec en t r eo ft h e r oom b enea th t h es t one f l oo r( p l XV I ) . I nt h en o r th -we s tc or ne ro fR oom 4 0 as ma l la r ea w a s f i l led t ot h es ame l e ve la st h ef l ag sw i th w h i t i sh g r ave l w h ich s u r rounded al e ad p ip e( F 100 )p a s s ing t h rough t h e n o r th w a l l a nd d r a in ing i n to ad i t ch F 304 ) t ot h e n o r th o ft h e c omp lex ( F ig 1 9 ) . T he g r ave l m igh tb e s e en a s ar e pa i ra f te rt h er emova lo f al e ng th o fp i p ing f o rme r ly c onne c ted w i th F 100 . I nt h ee a s t ,r e s t ing o n t o po ft h ef l ag s tone f l oo r , as em i -c i r cu la ra r rangemen t o fs t one s( F 10 1 ) m ay h ave b een ah ea r th o r as uppo r t f o r ab a s in . E v iden ce f o rt h ef l oo r ing o fR oom C a tt h e e a s te rn e nd o ft h er a nge h ad b een r emoved b yl e ve l l ing d own i np r epa ra t ion f o r t h e b u i ld ing o f at wen t ie th c en tu ry p i g s ty . T h i sw a sd emo l i shed i nt h e 1 950 sb u t t h e p r e sen t o ccupan t o fP en t re F a rm r e ca l l s t h a t t h e d i v i s ion s w i th in t h e p i g s ty w e r e f o rmed b y s l ab s o f s t one s im i la r t ot h o se t h a t f l oo red R oom 4 0 o f t h e R oman b u i ld ing . A f te r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e r a nge b u t b e fo re t h e S t age V I I r e su r f a c ing , t h e f l oo r o f R oom 3 9 h ad s ub s ided i n to t h e f i l l o ft h e S t age Ic l ay -l ined p i tF 4 . P r ima r i ly i nt h i sh o l low ,b u ta l so o no t he rp a r t so ft h e f l oo r ,o ccupa t ion r e f u se h ad a c cumu la t ed i nt h ef o rm o fc ompa c ted b rown i sh l o am c on ta in ing s e ve ra lf i nd s . E x t erna l A rea s I nY a rd 8 B l i nea rf e a tu re F 107 ,w ha teve ri t sf u n c t ion , w a s p r e sumab ly s t i l l i nu s e b e cau se t h e d eb r i s o ft h e S ou th R ange d emo l i shed p r io rt oS t age V I I ,o beyed i t s l i ne . As halow t r ench ( F 107 ) c u t t ing a nd s e a led b y t h e s ame d epo s i t s a st h ep i t s , l a y t ot h e w e s to fY a rd 8 B p a ra l le lw i th a nd 1 . 5 ma way f r om t h ew a l lo ft h eS ou th R ange . D emo l i t ion d eb r i so ft h eS ou th R ange p r io rt o S t age V I Io beyed t h el i ne o fF 107 ,w h ich p r e sumab ly r ema ined i nu se u n t i lt h a tt i me . I t sf u nc t ion i su nc lea r , b u tm ay r e p re s en tt h ef o unda t ion o f al e an to s t ru c tu re . S t ra t if i ca t ion p o s s ib ly o fS t ag e V E x te rna lA r ea s . I n t h e n o r th -we s t c or ne r o f Y a rd 7 A , i mmed ia te ly a bove t h ed emol i t ion d eb r i so ft h et i mbe r We s tR ange w a s ag r ave l ly l o am m a t r ix w i th s c a t t e red f l a t la id p i ece so fs a nd s tone ( 1 /53 ) . T he t o po ft h ed emo l i t ion d eb r i sw a su neven ,b u ts howed n os i gn o fs i l t ing i nt h e s u r f a ce d ep r e s s ion s ;p r e sumab ly l a ye r1 / 53 s oon s e a led i t .T he l a t te rw a sc u tb yp o s t -p i t sr e la ted t oS t age V I I .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 T he s i t e I s o la ted d epo s i t si nt he N or th -we s tR ange S tage V T he e a r l ie s t l a ye r s o f t h i s r a nge h ave a l ready b een d e sc r ibed i nS tage I V . T ho se d es c r ibed h e re r ep re sen t t h e n ex t g ene ra l p ha se , b u t c anno t b e l i nked w i th c e r ta in ty t of e a tu re s a t t r ibu ted t oS tage V . S t ra t if ica t ion i n R oom 2 8 w a s n o t r e co rded . I n R oom 2 9t wo c on t iguous c l ayey d epo s i t s( 6 / 50 ,6 / 51 ) f o rmed a n u nb roken f l oo r w h ich l a y a t t h e s ame a b so lu te l e ve la st h e s u r f ace o f af l oo ro fc l ayey loam ( 0 .10 m t o 0 . 15 m d eep ) i nR oom 3 0 ( 6/ 19 ) . T he a ppa ren t d iv is ion i n t h e s u r f ace o f R oom 2 9 w a s p robab ly c aused b ys l igh td i f f e ren t ia ls e t t lemen to ft h e f l oo ro n to f e a tu re s o fe a r l ie r t i mbe rs t ruc tu re s . I nR oom 3 0 ,f l oo r6 / 19 w a sc u tb y al o ng s ha l low p i t ( a tm o s t0 . 20 m d eep )F 139 ,r e -cu tb e fo re t h el a y ing o f t h e s u r f a ce d e sc r ibed i n S t age V I b y a n e qua l ly r e gu la r ,b u ts ho r t e ra nd s ha l lowe rr e c tangu la rp i tF 67 . O nt h ee a s te rn s i de o ft h er oom w e re t wo s ma l le rs ub r e c tangu la r p i t s ( F 137 , F 138 ) , b o th t oo s ha l low t o p ene t ra te t h ef u l ld ep th o ff l oo r6 / 19 . T he b a se o fp i t F 138 w a sp aved w i th r a ndom ly -p la ced p i ece so fs a nd s t one . R unn ing d i agona l ly a c ro ss t h e r oom f r om s ou th -ea s tt on o r th -we s tw a s ad ep re s s ion i nt h e f l oo r s u r f a ce w h ich d id n o ta ppea rt ob e ac u tf e a tu re . I t sf i l l o fb rown l oam may h ave b een d epo s i ted a sp a r to ft h e l e ve l l ing p roce ss p r io rt ot h el a y ing o ft h ef l oo r( 6 / 13 ) d e sc r ibed i nS tage V I . I nt h e s i de o ft h ed ep re s s ion a s t akeho le h ad b een f o rmed ( F 118 ) . I nR oom 3 1A a f l oo ro f c ompac ted p ebb ly l o am ( 7 /69 )r e semb led t h es u r f ace si nt h es ou th -we s tc o rne r o f t h e r ooms ( 7 /71 -73 ) a nd i n C o r r ido r 3 3 ( 5 /5 ) , p e rhap s s ugge s t ing c on tempo rane i ty . F loo r 7 /69 e t c w a s c u tb y as mal p i t ( F 110 , i t se l f c u t b y s t akeho le F 111 ) ;i tl a ya d ja cen tt o amuch l a rge rp i t ,F 112 ,w i th i regu la r ly s l op ing s i de s . B eyond t h is f l oo ri nt h ee a s t w a sa no the rs ma l lp i t( P 116 ) . A bove t h ef l oo rw a s a p a t ch o fg r i t ty l o am c u tb y t wo s mal p i t s . R oom 3 2w a sr e in fo rced w i th ap ebb ly l o am ( 7 /43 ) s im i la r i n c ompo s i t ion t o a nd a tt h e s ame a b so lu te l e ve l a s t h e f l oo r ing j u s t d e sc r ibed f o r R oom 3 1A . F loo r7 / 43 w a ss ea led b y as e r ie so fc ha rcoa ld epo s i t s , t h ee a rl ie s to fw h ich f i l led ap o s s ib le h ea r th ( P 133 ) i n t h em idd le o ft h er oom . I n t e r leaved w i th t h ec ha rcoa l w e r el e n se so fp ebb ly mo r ta r ,b ea t en c l ay a nd l e ad s l ag T he se d epo s i t sw e re c u tb y t wo p i t s f i l led w i th b u i ld i n g d eb r i s . Two p i t s( P 140 , F 141 ) w e re f i l led w i th a l o am c omp le te ly f r ee o fc ha r coa la nd t h e se m ay t h e re f o re b er obbe rp i t sf o ri n s ta l la t ion si nw ha ta ppea r st o h ave b een aw o rk shop . I nt h en o r th -we s tc o rne ro ft h e r oom w a s ac a rved s t one b ench -foo t ing ( P ig 3 4 ,n o4 ) . I t s b a se h ad b een s e t 0 . 02 m b e low t h e l e ve l o f t h e e a rl ie s ti d en t if iab le f l oo r o ft h e r oom b u t s ome c ha r c oa ld epo s i t sh ad l a pped u pa ga in s ti t ,p rov ing t h a tt h e b ench mu s th ave b een p resen td u r ing t h ed epo s i t ion o f t h e c ha rcoa l . T he g ene ra l c ha ra c te r o f t h e c ha rcoa l a nd i t s l e nse s c l o se ly r e semb led t h a t o f t h e f l oo r i n R oom 4 1 . As ma l la r ea o fp ebb le sr ema in ing o n t h es ou th s i de o f R oom 3 4 h a s b e en t r ea ted a s t h e s ame a s t h e

2 9

m a t e r ia l r e su r f ac ing C o r r ido r 3 ( 5 /5 ) . D a t ing e v idence f or S tage V ( PV W ) C o lou rc o a ted w h i te w a re s( f rom C o logne o rt h eN ene v a l ley )( no 1 36 )f i r s ta ppea ri nt h i sS tage . No s1 09 a nd 12 a r eb o th l i ke ly t od a te f r om t h es e cond h a lf o ft h e c en tu ry o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry .

S TAGE V I S t age V I c on s i s t s o f aB a th -hou se , b u i l t w he re t h e h ypocau s ted r oom ( S tage V ) h ad s t ood ( P ig 1 4a nd p l V IX ) . T he n o r ther n a nd e a s te rn p a r t s o f t h e B a th h ou se w e re e xcava ted i nd e ta i l , t hough l a ck o f t ime p reven ted f u l l i n ve s t iga t ion s o f t h e p a r t s n ea re s t t h e s ou ther n l i m i t o f e xcava t ion , w he r e o n ly t h e u pp e r mo s ts t ra t if ica t ion w a sd ug . I nt h ea b sence o fe v idence t o t h e c on t ra ry , t h e n o r th , n o r th -we s t a nd s ou the rn r a nge s a r e a s sumed t o h ave r ema ined s t and ing . A r oom ( 4 1 ) a dded t ot h e n o r th e a s t c o rne r c ou ld h ave b e en c on s t ruc ted i ne i the r S tage V o rS t age V Ib u ti s d e sc r ibed h e re f o r t h e s ake o fc onven ience . T he o n ly s u rv iv ing w a l l e xcava ted i nd e ta i l ( P 122 ) w a s s e t i n as ha l low t r ench h a lf f i l led w i th c l ay p a ck ing ,b enea th af oo t ing o fd re s sed s and s tone b l ock s ( 0 .70 m w ide ) . A bove t h is t h ew a l l ,i n se tb y0 . 05 m i n e a ch s i de , s u r v ived a s u p t of i ve c ou r se s o f p oo r ly d re s sed s and s tone b lock s ,c rude ly a r ranged a sh eade r s a nd s t re t che r s . B e twe en t h e f a c ing s w a s a n i nf i l l o f c l ay a nd s ma l l p i ece s o fs and s tone . A bou t1 . 5 mt ot h ee a s to ft h eB a th -house ,V e randah 3 8 w a s d ef ined b y an umbe r o f p i t s ( P 123 -126 ) b e t ween 2 . 4a nd 2 . 6 ma pa r t ,v a ry ing b e tween 0 . 5a nd 0 . 7 mi nd ep th . B a th -hou se A l l o f t h e B a th -house w a l ls h ad b een r obbed , a pa r t f r om t ho se a round R oom 4 7 . Wa l l a l ignmen t s w e re d i f f icu l tt od e tec ta s ac on sequence ,a nd c ou ld o n ly b e i n f e r red f r om t h e r ema ins o f o t he r f e a tu re s . A l to g e the rf ou rr oom s( 47 ,4 8 ,5 0 ,5 1 ) , av e randah ( 3 8 )a nd t wo c o r r ido r s ( 49 , 5 1A ) c ou ld b e d ef ined i nt h i s w ay . T he p raef urn ium p re sumab ly l a yo n t h es ou th w a l lo f R ooms 4 7 o r4 8 o ro n t h ew e s ts i de o fR oom 4 8 . R oom 4 7 w a s f o rmed b y t h ree e x ten t w a l l s a nd a s ma l l p a r t o f af ou r th . T he s ou the rn a nd e a s ter n b ounda r ie so fR oom 4 8 l a y b eyond t h e l im i to fe xca v a t ion , b u t h ave b een a s sumed t oc on t inue t h e e s tab l i shed l i ne s o ft h e a d jacen tr ooms . T ha t t h e n o r the rn b ounda ry o fR oom 4 8 w a s ac on t inua t ion o f t h a t o f R oom 4 7 w a s s hown b y t h ee dge o f ah ypocau s ts ub f l oo r ,c on t iguou sw i th b u tn o tc u tb y am ed ieva lr obb e r p i t . T he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn w a l ls o fR oom 5 1 w e re i mp l ied b y t h e s t ra igh te dge s o fi t s c onc re te f l oo r ( 2 / 2 8 )a sw e l la sb yt h ef r agmen ta ry r ema in so fc l ay a nd t i mbe r w a l ls ( 3 /81 ) . O ne s t one r ema in ing i n t h e m idd le o ft h ep ro je c ted w e s ter na l ignmen to fR oom 5 1 n eed n o tb ea ni nd ica t ion o fw a l l -w id th ,a si tm ay h ave

3 0 P en t r eF a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T h es i t e

b een at h re sho ld b l o ck . T he s ou th a nd e a s t b ounda r ie s o f R oom 5 0 h ave a l r eady b e en p rov ided b yt h eo u tl ine so fR ooms 4 8a nd 5 1 . T he w e s te rn a l ignmen tp a r t ialy s u r v ived i n as ho r t l e ng th o f w a ll ing , 0 . 7 m w ide , ( F 144 ) a bu t t ing t h e w e s t e rn s i de o fp l unge b a th F 130 . A no the rp i e ce o f w al ing 1 . 5 ml o ng a nd a tl e a s t0 . 7 mw ide ,i n d ica t ed t h e n o r the rn l i m i t o f t h e r oom ( F 145 ) . C on t iguou s w i th t h i s w a l l t ot h e n o r th w a s t h e m a in B a th -hous e d r a in ,m uch o fw h ich h ad b een d e s t royed b ym ed ieva l r obb ing . T he d r a in a ppea r s t oh ave o r ig ina t ed i nt h e c en t re o fR oom 5 1 d r a in ing o u to ft h en o r the rn s i de o f t h er oom w he r ei tt u rned s ha rp ly t ot h ew e s t ,r u nn ing a l ong s ide R oom s 4 9 a nd 5 0 . I t s e a s ter nmo s t e x tan t w a l l s , j u s t t ot h e n o r th -we s t o f R oom 5 1 w e re c on s t ru c t ed o fb ox t i le s . N owhe re d i dt h e se s u rv ive a bove o ne c ou r s e b u t , g i ven f l oo r l e ve l s i nR oom 5 1 i ti s p o s s ib le t h a tt h ey r e p re sen tt h ef u l ld ep th o ft h ed r a in a t t h i s p a r t ( c 0 . 30 m t o 0 . 35 m ) . F u r the r w e s t , h oweve r , t h e d ra in b e came a pp r e c iab ly d eepe r , i t s w al b e ing f o rmed b yl a rge s a nd s tone f l ag s tone su pt o 1m l o ng a nd 0 . 80 m t o 1m d eep . A tt h ep a r tw he re t h i sf l ag s tone l i n ing s u rv ived b e s t t h eo ppo s ing f l ag s tone sl e aned t owa rd so ne a no the r :a t t h e b o t tom , t h ed r a in w a s c0 . 40 m w ide b u t t h e g ap b e tween t h e t o p s o ft h e f l ag s tone l i n ing w a s am e re 0 . 20 m t o0 . 25 m . H e r et h ed r a in w a sc apped b y af ew B un te rS and s tone b l o ck so ne c ou r se d eep w h ich a l igned w i th o ne c ou r se o fs im i la rs t one sj u s to ve r am e t r et o t h es ou th ( P 134 ) . T aken t o ge the rt h e se m ay r e p r e s en t t h er u ined o u te rf a ce o f aw a l lo rt e n ta t ive ly ak e rb ing . Ac ompac ted p ebb le s u r f a ce ( 2 /20 ) , w h ich s l igh t ly o ve r lapped t h e s ou ther n s i de w al o f t h e m a in d r a in ( F95 )a pp ea red t or e p re sen tt h ea l ignmen to fs t one si n F 134 . T he p ebb le s u r f ac e w a s c u t b y g u l ly F 204 o f S t age V I I I , s oi t sp o s i t ion i nS t age V I a so ppo sed t o S t age V I I i sn o ts t ra t ig r aph ica l ly s e cu re . E a s t o f t h e B a th -hou se , i n t e rp re ta t ion o f p o s t -p i t s F 123 -126 a st h ef o unda t ion sf o ra no pen v e randah w a s c onf i rmed b y t h e s ub sequen t a c cumu la t ion o fg r ave l l a ye r sw h ich w h i le i n te r leav ing b e tween t h ep o s t -p i t s w e re g ene ra l ly c onf ined e i the rt ot h ev e randah i t s e l fo r t ot h eo pen Y a rd t oi t se a s t . W i th in t h ev e randah t h e g r ave l l a ye r s a bu t t ed t h e e a s t e rn f a ce o f t h e B a th h ou se , w h i ch w a s t h e re fo re i ne x i s t ence b e fo re t h ey w e r e l a id . T he p o s t -p i t s t h emse lve s h ad b een d ug t h rough t h e g r ave l s u r f ace s b u t b e cau se t h e e a s ter n m o s tp i t( P 126 )w a sc u tb yt r ench F 154 o fS t age V I It h e v e randah a s aw ho le h a s t h e re fo re b een p ha sed i n de p enden t ly i nS t age V I . T he f i r s tf l oo ro rm ake -up t o p o s tda t et h ee a s t er nw a l lo ft h eB a th -hou se w a l lw a sa l a ye ro fm ixed c l ay a nd g r i t ( 3 /38 ) . I nR oom 4 7c ha r coa la nd m o r ta ro ve r ly ing w a l lF 93 o ft h eS t age V h ypocau s ted r oom s e emed t ob et h ef i r s t o ff ou rm ake -up s f o r af l ag s tone a nd b aked c l ay s ub -

f l oo r( 2 /25 ) ,s e a led b yt h eS t age V I Ih ypo cau s ts t ack s . I nR oom 4 8 , s t and ing o n ac l ayey l o am s ub f loo r f o unded o n c r u shed t i l ea nd m o r ta r , w a s ah ypo cau s t s y s tem ,t h eh e igh to fw h ich c ou ld b eg auged a t0 . 75 m , f r om af a l len b u t a r t i cu la t ed p i lae n ea r t h ee a s t e nd . T he s t ack sw e re u sua l ly 0 . 45 m t o0 . 55 m a pa r t ,c en t re t o -cen t r e . R oom 5 0h ad b een c omp le t e ly d e s t royed b ym ed ie v a lr obb ing e xcep tf o r ap l unge b a th ( P 130 )w i th al e ad d r a inp ipe ( P 131 )l e ad ing f r om ap l ug -ho le i ni t sn o r th e a s tc o rne rt ot h em a in B a th -hou se d r a in t ot h en o r th . T he t r ench i nw h ich t h ep i pe l a yw a sf i l led w i th s e ve ra l w e l l -compa c ted t i p laye r s ; i th ad e ven tua l ly b ecome c hoked w i th c l ayey s i l t . I nR oom 5 1 aw el -p re se rved f l oo ro fl a rge c e ram ic t i l e s( 2 /23 )w a sf o unded o n as t one a nd m o r ta rm ake u p , a nd as e r ie s o ff i rm ly c ompa c ted l e ve l l ing l a ye r s w h i ch p a r t ialy f i l led t h e e x t reme e a s te rn e nd o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion t r en ch f o rt h em a in d ra in . S t r ip sa l ong t h e e a s te rn a nd w e s ter ns i de o ft h et i l e sw e r ef i l led b yo pu s s i gn inum ( 2 /28 ) w h ich m a rg ina l ly o ve r lapp ed t h e e dge s o f s ome o f t h e t i l e s , i n c lud ing t h e o ne t h a t c r o s sed t h e l i ne o f t h e w a l l d i v id ing R oom 5 1 f r om R oom 4 7 . T h i s w a sc l ea r ly at h re sho ld a nd h ad b een h eav i ly s co red b y r e pea ted o pen ing o f t h e d oo r t h a t o nce s t ood i nt h i sp o s i t ion . T he w ho le f l oo rw a sl a id s oa st od ra in t owa rd st h e c en t re a nd t ot h en o r th , t of e ed i n to t h em a in d r a in b y w ay o f a n i n le t s t i l l r e p r es en ted b y ap i nk m o r ta r s u r round , c0 . 10 m s qua re . Al a ye ro fc l ay a nd p l a s te r o c cu r r ing i nV e randah 3 8 a nd b y t h e m a in d r a in i n C o r r ido r 5 1A i n d ica ted ap o s s ib le r o u te o fa c ce s s a t t h a tp o in t ( 3 / 80 ) . N o r th ,N or th -we s ta nd S ou th R ange s A l lt h r ee r a nge sa r ea s sumed t oh ave r ema in ed i nu s e . S t age V I I a l te r a t ion s t o t h e N o r th -we s t R ange a nd S t age V I I I r e f loo r ing o ft h e N o r th R ange i mp ly t h a t b o th s t ood i nS t age V I . S im i la r ly ,d epo s i t si nY a rd 7 , b ounded b yV e randah 3 8( a dded i nS t age V I )r a nu pt o , b u tn o tb eyond ,t h ew e s ter nw a l lo ft h e S ou th R ange , d emon s t ra t ing t h a ta tl e a s tt h a tp a r to ft h er a nge s t ood i nS t age V I . A ta bou tt h i st i me t h ed oo rway b e tween R ooms 3 9 a nd 4 0i nt h eN o r th R ange w a sb l o cked w i th p i ece so f s t one ( P 156 ) l i ke t h o se u s ed i nt h eo r ig ina lc on s t ruc t i on o ft h e R ange ,b u t mo re i regu la r ly l a id . S t ra t if ica t ion p o s s ib ly o fS t age V I R oom 4 1 I nt h ea ng le b e tween t h eN o r th a nd N o r th -we s tR ange s , R oom 4 1 w a sb u i l to n u nmo r ta red f oo t ing so fv a r y ing w id th , s ome t ime s i n av e r y s h a l low t r ench ( 0 .05 m m ax )b u tg ene ra l ly f r ee s ta nd ing . T h i s ,t o ge the rw i th t h ea b sence o fm o r ta ra nd t h el a ck o fp rope rc ou r s ing ,

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i mp l ie s ah a l f t imbe red s upe r s t ruc tu re . T hese f oo t ing s f o rmed t h e n o r th , s ou th a nd e a s t s i de s o ft h er oom , t h e s ou the rn s i de b e ing f o rmed b y t h en o r th w a l lo fR oom 3 2 . S ince t h ee a s te rn b ounda ry o fR oom 4 1 d up l ica ted t h e w e s te rn w a l l o fR oom 3 9 t h e n ew r oom s hou ld b e s e en a s a n a dd i t ion t o t h e N o r th -we s tR ange ,r a the r t h an t ot h e n o r th . T he n o r the rn a nd e a s te rn f oo t ing so ve r lay t h ew e s t e r n p a r t o f S tage V d ra in F 90 . O ccupa t ion d epo s i t s w i th in t h er oom w e re c u tb yg u l ly F 153 r unn ing t ot h e n o r th o ft h e c omp lex v i ag u l ly F 306 i n to d i t ch F 317 , w h ich h ad f i l led u pw i th c ha r coa ld e t r i tu sd u r ing S t age V I I . O nt h ea s sump t ion t h a tg u l l ie sF 153 /F306 w ou ld n o t h ave l e ad t o ac hoked d ra in ,R oom 4 1 b e long s t o S tage V o rS tage V I( S tage V Ii sp re f e r red h e re f o rt h e s ake o fc onven ience ) . W i th in R oom 4 1 ac l ay f l oo r w a s c ove red b y f i ne l am inae o fl e ad o x ide a nd c ha rcoa l , i n te r leaved w i th p a tche so fc l ay . T he l e ad o x ide c ou ld h ave b een u sed a s f l oo r ing ma te r ia l o r m ake -up a nd n eed n o t i mp ly l e ad -wo rk ing . A lmo s ti d en t ica ls t ra t if ica t ion o ccu r r ed a tt h e s ame a b so lu te l e ve l i nR oom 3 2 t ot h e s ou th , w he re l am inae o fc ha r coa la nd l e ad o x ide si n te r leaved w i th t h e c ha rcoa l f i l l o f as ha l low t h ree -pha se h ea r th ( F 133 , S tage V ) i nt h em idd le o ft h e r oom . I so la ted d epo s i t si nt he Nor th -we s t R ange , S tage V I S ome o ra l lo ft h el a ye r sd e sc r ibed i nt h i ss e c t ion m ay h ave b e longed t o S t age V I , t h ough t h ey l a ck c l ea r s t ra t ig raph ica lr e la t ionsh ip s t od emons t ra te t h e p o in t . F o r c onven ience , t h ey a r e i lu s t ra ted o n t h e S t age V I p l an ( P ig 1 4 ) . I nt h en o r th o fR oom 2 9 ,c u t t ing c l ay f l oo r6 / 51 o f S tage V w e re t wo p i t s ( F 135 , F 136 ) t r unca ted b y a S tage V I Ip i t( P 159 ) . I nR oom 3 0 ,a bove t h ef l oo ra tr ibu ted t e n ta t ive ly t o S tage V ( 6 / 19 ) w a s ap o s s ib le f l oo r o f c ompa c ted s andy l o am ( 6 / 13 ) . R oom 3 1A w a s f l oo red b y ac ompa c ted c l ay loam ( 7 /29 -30 ) a bove w h ich w a s ap a tch o fs andy loam .

b ar n s , p re sumab ly t h e r e su l t o fs l ow d ecay a f t e r t h e p o s t s h ad b een c u to f f . P a r t ia l ly -a r t icu la ted s hee t so f w h i te w a l l -p la s te rl a yf a ce -down o nt h ec onc re te f l oo r s o fR oom s 1 a nd 1 2 . A bove t h ep l a s te r s hee t s a nd s ea l ing t h e p o s t -po s i t i ons a l ong t h ew a l l l ine sw e re s eve ra ll a ye r so fc l ean , d en se , r e dd i sh -b rown a nd o range c l ay , u p t o0 . 25 m t h ick a nd o f ten m ixed w i th s mal l ump s o f w al p l a s te r . T rapped b e tween t h ec l ay sa to ne p o in tw e re t wo s t ra igh t , t h in ( c0 . 01 m )b and so fb rown l o am , u p t o 2m l o ng ,s l op ing a t as ha l low a ng le t ot h eh o r izon t a l . S im i la rb and si nt h es t ub so ft h ew a l l st h emse lve s h ave a l ready b een i n te rp re ted a s w a t t le i mp re s s ion s ( p 9 ) . I ft h e s ame i n t e rp re ta t ion h o ld s t r ue h e re , i t a ppea r st h a ts ome p a r t so ft h ew a l l ing h ad b een p u shed o ve ri ns e c t ion s ,a nd n o tb een b roken d own p i ecemea l . A bove R ooms 1 3 a nd 1 4 t h ec l ay w a st h inne r( 0 .15 m ) a nd n e i the rc on ta ined n o r s e a led a ny p l a s te r . T he s t ra t ig raph ic s equence s ugge s t s t h a tt h et imbe r S ou th R ange w a s d emo l i shed w h i le t h e s t one N o r th w e s tR ange s t ood i n tac t . T he s ubsequen t mod if i ca t ion t o t h e s ou th -ea s t c o rne r o f No r th -we s t R ange mu s t h ave o ccu r red v e ry s oon a f te r t h e d emo l i t ion o f t h e S ou th R ange b ecause a l l t h es t ra t if ica t ion c app ing t h e d emo l i t ion d eb r is r e la ted i no ne w ay o ra no the rt ot h e n ew w a l ls o fR ooms 4 2a nd 4 5 ( S tage V I I ) . D a t ing e v idence f o r S tage V I ( PV W ) T he l a te s tp i ece s f r om t h i s s t age a r e n o s 1 38 , o fl a te s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tury ( f rom ac on s t ruc t ion o r i mmed ia t e ly p o s t -con s t ruc t ion l a ye r )a nd 1 47 a nd 1 50 ( f rom o ccupa t ion l e ve l s ) , b o th o f m id t ol a te s e cond c en tury . T he d eve loped t ype o fd i sh w i th i n te r sec t ing a r cd eco ra t ion d o e sn o ts e em t ob ep re sen ti nA n ton ine S co t land a nd ad a te o fi n t roduc t ion p r io rt o cAD 1 75 s eems i mp robab le . S t age V I s hou ld , t h e re fo re , p o s t d a te t h e l a te s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry .

S TAGE V I I

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S t age V . I nC o r r ido r3 4a l l s t ra t if i ca t ion l a t e rt h an 5 / 5( S tage I V ) w a sr emoved w i thou t e xam ina t ion .

R ange w a s s upe r seded b y R oom s4 2 a nd 4 5 . T o t h e

D emo l i t ion b e tween S tages V I a nd V I I A s equence o f l a ye r s c ove r ing R ooms 1 a nd 1 2 i mp l ied d emo l i t ion o ft h e S ou th R ange ; e v idence f o r t h e e a s te rn p a r t s o f t h e r a nge h ad b een r emoved b y moder nl e vel ing . T he e a s te rn e nd o fC o r r ido r 3 3 i n t h e No r th -we s tR ange w a s a l so a l te red a tt h is t ime . S ou th R ange Many o f t h e p o s t -po s i t ion s i nt h e w a l ls s u r round ing R ooms 1 a nd 1 2w e re f i l led w i th h omogenou sb rown

e a s t o f R oom 4 5 , a bove f o rme r Y a rd 8 w e re t wo p o s s ib le s hed so re nc lo su re s( 43 ,44 ) . S ou th o fR ooms 4 2 a nd 4 5 , a n o u tdoo ra r ea w a s l a id ( 1 / 33 ) a bove t h e d emo l i shed S ou th R ange . I n t h e B a th -hou se , a l te ra t i ons w e re m ade t oV e randah 3 8a nd t oR oom s4 7a nd 5 1( P ig 1 5 ) . A l lr ooms w e re f u l ly e xcava ted a pa r tf r om R ooms 4 5 , w h ich w a s h a l f -se c t ioned a nd t h en r e d uced ,w i thou tr e co rd ,t ot h el e ve lo fs ub so i ll a te i nt h e e xcava t ion ( p l I V ) . I n t h e e a s ter n p a r t s o f t h e s i t e , e v idence o fS t age V I Ih ad b een r emoved , p a r t ia l ly b y p lough ing b u t m a in ly b y l e ve l l ing f o r mode rn f a rm b u i ld ing s .

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R oom s4 2a nd 4 5 T he f o unda t ion t r enche s f o r t h e s er oom s c u tt h ec l ay d emol i t ion d eb r i so ft h eS ou th R ange . T he s u rv iv ing w al so ft h e se r ooms w e re n o tb onded t o ge the rb u tt h e g ene ra l s im i la r i ty o f b u i ld ing m a t e r ia l s , m e thod o f c on s t ruc t ion a nd l e ve l o fe a r l ie s t a s soc ia ted s u r f a ce s s ugge s t s t h ey w e re c on s t ruc ted t o ge the r . T he e a r l ie s t s t ra t if ica t ion p o s t -da t ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e se w al sw a ss e a led b y l a ye r s e qua t ed w i th t h er e su r f a c i n go fY a rd 4 6i nS t age V I I I . Whe r et h ec onc r e te f l oo ro ft h ef o rme rS ou th R ange h ad b een u s ed a s af ounda t ion ,t h ef o unda t ion sh ad l e f t s halow i mp re s s ion s ac en t ime t re o rs od eep . Whe re t h e c onc re te w a s a b sen t , f ounda t ion t r enche s w e re d ug ,a bou t0 . 95 m w ide a nd u pt o0 . 50 m d e ep f r om t h e s u r f a ce o ft h ed emo l i shed c l ay w a l l ing . W i th in t h e se f ounda t ion t r enche s w e r e s e t t h ree c ou r se s o f s a nd s t one b l o ck sl a id a sp a i r ed s t re t che r s ,a l te rna t ing w i th t wo l a ye r so fd en se o r ange c l ay . A bove t h e se f o unda t i on s ,s u rv ived u pt ot wo c ou r se so fw a l l ing . T h i sw a s m ade o fp oo r ly -d re s sed b l o ck su pt o0 . 45 x0 . 25 x0 . 15 m , s e ta ss t r e t che r s w i th a n i n f il o fs ma l le rp i ece s o f s a nd s tone , l o am a nd o f f -wh i t e m o r ta r . I nR oom 4 2 w al s s u rv ived o n t h e s ou the rn a nd w e s te rn s i de s m ea su r ing b e tween 0 . 60 m a nd 0 . 70 m i nw id th . I n R oom 4 5 ,w he re t h es u rv iv ing w al sw e re w id e r( 0 .75 mt o0 . 90 m ) a nd a l so b onded t o ge the r i nt h e n o r th e a s te rn a nd s ou th -we s te rn c or n e r s . E nough o f t h e n o r the rn w a l lo fR oom 4 5s u rv ived t os how t h a ti to nce a bu t t ed a nd d up l ica ted t h es ou th w al o fR oom 3 2 . I n c on t ra s tt h es ou th w a l lo fR oom 3 1A w a sc l ea r ly u s ed a s t h e n o r ther n w a l l f o r R oom 4 2 . B r eak s i n t h e w al ing i nt h es ou th -ea s tc or ne r so fb o th r ooms ( f iled b y s ha l low r obbe r t r enche s ) m a rked t h e p o s i t ion s o f d oo rway s . I np r epa ra t ion f o rt h el a y ing o ff l oo r st h ed emo l i t ion d eb r i sb enea th R oom s4 2a nd 4 5w a sl e ve l led o f fw i th av a r ie ty o fc l ay , g r ave l s a nd m ixed r ubb le . T he se w e r e c ove r ed b y s u r f a ce s o fg l ac ia l p ebb le s a nd t i l e f r agmen t s p r e s sed i n to ac l ay / loam m a t r ix ( 8 / 12 , 8 / 2 4 ) ; s im i la r s u r f a ce s w e re f ound i na l l e a s te rn a nd s ou th -e a s te rn p a r t s o ft h e c omp lex . N or th R ange S ea l ing t h eS t age V f l ag s tone f l oo r sa nd l a te rt h an t h e a bu t t ing b l o cked d oo rway b e tween R oom s3 9a nd 4 0 , w e r e t wo n ew f l oo r s o fc l ay w i th p ebb le s , t i l e f r ag m en t s a nd p i e ce s o f s a nd s tone ( 9 / 14 , 9 / 17 ) . T he i r s u r f a ce s w e re h o r izon ta l , a l though t h e l a ye r s a s a w ho le v a r ied i nd ep th b e tween 0 . 05 m a nd 0 . 20 m . T hey c l o se ly r e semb led m o s to t he rf l oo r sa t t r ibu ted t o S t age V I I , i nt h e N o r th -we s tR ange a nd i nR oom 4 2 a nd 4 5 . C u t t ing t h e m idd le o ft h e f l oo r i nR oom 3 9 w a s a n e a s t -we s t r ow o f t h i r teen i regu la r ly shaped s t ake h o le s , i n te rp re ted a s aw a t t le p a r t i t ion . S t ruc ture ss ou th o ft h eN or th R ang e T h ree c l ay d epo s i t s( 1 / 44 ,9 / 35 ,9 / 38 )m e rged w i th o ne

a no the rt of o rm ac on t inuou sm ake -up f o rs u r f a ce so f n o to n ly p ebb le a nd t i l et y p ica lo fS t age V I I ,b u ta l so s a nd s tone s l ab s m o re c onf ined t ot h e l i m i t s o f 1 / 44 . T he se s l ab s a pp ea red t oh ave b een b ounded o n t h e n o r th b y as l o t( F 151 )w h ich ,a l though c u ti n to t h ec l ay m ay s t il h ave b e en p a r t o ft h e s ame b u i ld ing w a l l s . T he l o am f i led s l o tb egan 0 . 70 m f r om t h ee a s tw a l lo f R oom 3 2 , b enea th al a rge f l a t s l ab o fs a nd s tone a nd e nded s im i la r ly , 2 . 85 m f u r the r e a s t . B enea th b o th s t one st h es l o tn a r rowed i ns e c t ion f r om 0 . 10 m s qua r e i n to t e non l ike p ro jec t ion s0 . 03 m w ide , 0 . 10 m d e ep a nd 0 . 10 m l o ng . I ft h e e xcava ted s l o t r e p re sen t s a b eam , t h e mo r t ic e sa r e d i ff i cu l t t oe xp la in u n le s s t h e b eam w a sb e ing r e -used . T he s t one st h emse lve s m ay h ave b een p o s t -pad s f o r al e an to . T he c on cen t ra t ion o fs a nd s tone s l ab sa bove c l ay 1 / 4 4 w a sd el im i ted o n t h es ou th b ya no the rl o am -f i l led s l o t ( F 152 ) a ppa ren t ly a l so c u t t ing t h e c on t iguou s c l ay sb u to f ad i f f e ren tc ha rac te r ,b e ing 0 . 05 m w ide r , l e s s s qua re i np r of i le a nd w i thou t p o s t -pad s . I tw a s t r a ced f r om j u s to u t s id et h es ou th -we s tc o rne ro fR oom 4 5 ,f o r ad i s tance o f 3m b e fo r eb e ing c u tb y m oder n d i s tu rbance . T he t wo s l o t s a nd s u r f a ce 1 / 44 m ay r e p re sen t al e an to s t ruc tu re o n t h e e a s t e nd o f t h e N o r th -we s tR ange . E x t erna l A rea s S ou th o fR oom s4 2a nd 4 5 ,t h ef i r s tf e a tu r et oc u tt h e d emol i shed c l ay w a l l ing o f t h e S ou th R ange w a s a s ma l lh ea r th ( F 158 ) l i ned w i th o r ange c l ay a nd f i l led w i th a g r i t ty w h i te l e ad w a s te l y ing b en ea th s ome c ha r coa l . T he l e ad w a s te c on ta ined ah i gh p e r cen tage o f l e ad o x id e ( i den t i f ied b y D r A lan W i l l iams o f UM IST )b u tt h eh ea r th c anno tb ep roven c on c lu s ive ly t oh ave b e en u s ed f o rt h ec up e l la t ion o fl e ad . C u t t ing t h eh ea r th w a sw ha ta pp ea r st oh ave b een a n a bo r t ive d r a in ( F 154 ) , av e r t ica l ly s ided t r ench s l op i n g d ownwa rd s f r om ad ep th o f 1 . 0 ma ti t sr o und ed p o in t o fo r ig in o u t s ide R oom 4 5 , t o 1 . 5 mw he re i t p a ssed b eyond t h e l i m i t o f e xcava t ion , c l o se t ot h e s ou th -ea s te rn c o rne r o ft h e B a th -hou se . T he b a se o f t h ef e a tu re w a sf i l led t o ad ep th o f c0 . 30 m w i th d en se r e d -b rown c l ay c apped b yu neven r ough ly r e c tangu la r s l ab so fH awa rden S and s tone r e s t ing 0 . 05 m t o0 . 20 m a pa r ta nd c ove r ing t h ec en t ra lp a r t so ft h et r ench o n ly . A bove t h e s et h et r ench h ad b een r ef i l led w i th ag r av e ly l o am , t h e u ppe r p a r t s o fw h ich m e rged w i th t h e g r ave l ly l o am ( 1 / 33 ) s e a l ing t h e f e a tu re . B a th -hou se F ou r c r ude ly -bu i l t p i e r s i n R oom 4 7 i n c lud ed o ne w h ich p a r t ia l ly c on s i s ted o fp i lae l y ing o nt h e i rs i d e s , s t i l la r t icu la ted b yt h e i ro r ig ina lm o r ta r( p lV I I ) . S uch p i lae w e re f i r s tu s ed i nS t age V Ia nd m ay h ave f o rmed t h e o r ig ina l h ypo cau s t s y s tem i nR oom 4 7 . O n p3 6 a r gumen t s a r e a dvanced t os how t h a t t h e B a th -hous e w a sn o tu s ed a ss u ch i nS t age V I I I ;t h en ew p i e r sm u s t b er o ugh ly c on tempo ra r yw i th t h er e bu i ld ing o fS t age V I I .A pa r tf r om t h ep i lae ,t h en ew p i e r sc on s is t ed o fa

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m o r ta ra nd s t one c ong lome ra te ,a nd m ea su red 0 . 80 m t o0 . 95 m n o r th -sou th ,b y0 . 55 m t o0 . 80 m e a s t -we s t . I n t h e m idd le o f t h e n o r ther n s i de o f t h e r oom o ne s qua re s t one ,p e rhap st h er ema in so ff l oo r ing ,l a yf l u sh w i th t h et o po ft h en o r ther nmo s tp i e r so n as ma l lp i e ce o fm o r ta rc ong lome ra te d umped a tt h ee nd o ft h ef l ue . T ot h en o r th o ft h es t one ,t h ef o rme rd oo rway b e tween R ooms 4 7a nd 5 1h ad b een b l o ck ed w i th s t one s( F 157 ) , s e ti nt h es ame t y pe o f mo r ta rc ong lome ra te . I nR oom 5 1 t wo s t one s l ab s ( 2 /7 ) r e s t ing o n t h e r ema in s o fa c r ude m o r ta r p o r ta l a bove t h e S t age V I f l oo r m ay r e p re sen t t h e r ema in s o f l a rge ly r obbed r e f loo r ing , p o s s ib ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h eb l o ck ing o ft h ed oo r w ay t oR oom 4 7 . T he l a te rd i s tu rbance o fR oom 4 9 m ade i ti mpo s s ib le t od e t e c tc ompa rab le c hange st h e re

a nd R oom 4 8 s howed n os i gn so fa l te ra t ion . O ne o t he rf e a tu re m ay r e la te t ot h i sp ha s e . C u t t ing s ome o ft h eg r ave l sa tt h ee a s te rn s i de o fV e r andah 3 8 ( d e sc r ibed i nS t age V Ia bove )w a s as ha l low ,c oncave n o r th -sou th c u t( F 155 )0 . 05 m t o0 . 10 m d e ep a nd 3 . 90 mi nl e ng th . B o th e nd sw e re r o unded ,t h en o r the rn e nd l y ing i mmed ia t e ly t o t h e s ou th o f t h e s ou th -we s t c o rne ro fR oom 4 2 . T h i sm ay r e p r e sen tt h ef o unda t ion o f ar e -bu i l tv e randah -i np a r tm ak ing u se o ft h ew e s t w a l l o fR oom 4 2 . I s o la ted d epo s i t s i nt he N o r th -we s t R ange , S tag e V I I L aye r si l u s t ra ted o nt h ep l an o fS t age V I I( F ig 1 5 )a r e s im i la rs u r f a ce sl y ing a ts im i la ra b so lu t el e ve l s ,w h ich

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t h rough t h er e la t ion sh ip so ft h es u r f ace ( 5 /4 )i nc o r r i d o r 3 a r et h ough tt oi mmed ia te ly p o s t -da t e t h e c on s t ru c t ion o fR ooms 4 2a nd 4 5 . F ea tu r e so nt h ep l an a r e t h os e w h i ch t h rough t h e i r r e gu la r i ty m ay h ave b een d ug f o rs t ruc tu ra lp u rpo se s ' .A f t e rr emova lo fp l ough so i l t h e e x tan t s t ra t if i ca t ion i nR oom 2 8 c omp r i sed t wo l a ye r s o fg r ey i sh -b rown c ha rcoa l ly l o am ( 6 /70 , 6 / 71 ) s epa ra ted b ya ne a s t -we s tw a l l( F 167 )m ade o fi regu l a r ly l a id s l ab so fB un te rS and s tone o ne c ou r se d eep . I nR oom 2 9 ac ompa c ted f l oo r o fc l ay loam w i th s ome p ebb le s( 6 /46 ) ,r e semb l ing t h eS t age V I If l oo ri n C o r r ido r3 3 ,o ve r lay p i t sF 135 a nd F 136 ,d es c r ibed i n S t age V I . T he l a te rf e a tu re si nR oom 2 9w e re t wo p i t s ( F 159 a nd F 160 )w h ich w e re ,i nt u rn ,c u tb y ap i tt h a t w a s t h ough t t op o s t -da te t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e c om p l ex . I nR oom 3 0 ap ebb le loam f l oo r ( 6 / 12 ) , s im i la r t o t h a ti nR oom 2 9a nd C o r r ido r3 o ve r lay t h es t ra t if i ca t i on d e sc r ibed i nS t age V I . Two p i t s( F 16 1 ,F 162 )c u t 6 / 12 i nt h es ou th -we s t e rn q ua r t e ro ft h er oom . Al a ye r o fc l ay i nt h es ou the rn p a r to ft h er oom m ay h ave b een l a id a s ar epa i r . L ike f l oo r s i no t he r r oom s a s c r ibed t oS t age V I I , R oom 3 1A a l so h ad c ompa c ted p ebb le a nd t i l e s u r f a ce s s e t i nb rown l o am ( 7 / 19 , 7 / 20 , 7 / 23 ) . I n t h e n o r th -ea s tc o rne ro ft h er oom s ome c ha r coa ll y ing o n ap a t ch o fb u rn tc l ay p robab ly i n d i ca ted t h ep o s i t ion o f ah ea r th ( F 163 ) w h i le a no the r c ha r coa l p a t ch i nt h e s ou th o ft h er oom ( 7 / 17 ) c ou ld l e s sc e r ta in ly b ei d en t i f ied i nt h i s w ay . A bove t h i s g ene ra l l e ve l c omp r i s ing t h e S t age V I I f l oo r i n R oom 3 1A , w a s as e r ie s o f s ma l l , m o s t ly i n te r leav ing p a t che s o f c l ay , c l ay loam , l o am , c ha r c oa lo rc ha rcoa l loam . C u t t ing s ome o ft h e se p a t che s , b u ts e a led b y o t he r s w a s g u l ly F 164 . T h i s w a s f l a t b o t tomed , c0 . 40 m d eep w i th a lmo s tv e r t ica ls i de sa nd as l igh t ly r ound ed s ou the rn e nd . I t sn o r the rn e nd h ad b een c u tb y t h er obbe rt r ench o ft h en o r the rn w a l l o f t h er a nge ,b u tt h eg u l ly d i dn o ta ppea rt ot h en o r th o f t h i s ,a nd w a s ,t h e re fo re ,n o t ad r a in . I t s f i l lo fm ixed b ar n sg i ve sn oc l ue a st of unc t ion ,b u ti ti sp o s s ib le t h a t F 164 h ad o nce b een t h ef o unda t ion f o r ad i v id ing w a l l i nR oom 3 1A . R oom 3 2 w a s f l oo red w i th ap ebb ly l o am ( 7 / 31 , 7 / 3 2 )w h ich c on ta ined m o re l o am t h an s im i la rf l oo r sa t a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame a b so lu te l e ve l w i th in t h e N o r th -we s t R ange . O f f l oo r s a tt h i s l e ve l , t h a t i n C o r r ido r 3 3 c on ta ined l e a s t l o am o f a l l . T he r e t h e p ebb le s ( 5 /4 ) h ad b een l a id a ga in s t t h e w e s t w a l l o f R oom 4 2 a nd c onsequen t ly p o s t -da ted t h e c on s t ruc t i on o ft h a t R oom , a l though n o t n ece s sa r i ly b y v e ry l o ng .

m a jo r i ty o ft h ep o t t e ry f r om t h e s i te s hou ld o rc ou ld p r e -da te cAD 2 60 .

D a t ing e v idence f o r S tage V I I ( PVVV ) T he h i gh p ropo r t ion o fr e s idua l m a te r ia l i nt h i s s t age m ay b en o ted . N o 1 90 i sh oweve rp robab ly e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . T he re a r e an umbe ro fm uch l a t e rp i e ce s i n t h e d emo l i t ion d epo s i t ( n o s 2 30 -33 , 2 50 ) a nd t h e se p robab ly r ef le c tl a te ra c t iv i ty o no rn ea rt h es i t e . T he

R oom s4 2a nd 4 5 O ve r lay ing t h eS t age V I Is u r f ace so fR oom s4 2a nd 4 5 w e r es ub s tan t ia lf l oo r so fc ompac ted g r ave la nd l o am ( 8 / 1 , 8 / 10 , 8 / 25 ) , v e ry s im i la rt ot h em a jo rs u r f a ce o f Y a rd 4 6( 1 / 15 ) , l a id a f t e rR oom 5 2 w a s f i n i shed . I nR oom 4 2 ,s u r f a ce 8 / 10 w a sc u tb y as ub c i r cu la r

S TAGE V II I Mo s t e v idenc e f o r S t age V I I I i sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e B a th -hou se ,w h i ch n ol o nge rs e r ved i t so r ig ina l f u nc t i on . R oom s4 2 a nd 4 5 w e re r e su r f aced w i th s im i la r m a t e r ia l t ot h a tf ound i nY a rd 4 6 . I nt h eN o r th -we s t R ange t h e l a te s t , v e ry p a t chy l a ye r s , s ugge s t l e s s i n ten s ive o ccupa t ion t h an p r ev iou s ly ( P ig 1 7 ) . T he p l an o fS t age V I I Ia l so s how s t h es equence o f r obb ing w h ich m ay o rm ay n o t h ave o ccu r red b e fo re t h e a l t e ra t ion s d e s c r ib ed h e re . B a th -hou se V e randah 3 8 wa s r e p la ced b y R oom 5 2 f o rmed b y w al s F 188 -190 , o ne o fw h i ch ( P 188 ) a l so re def ined t h ee a s te rn s i de o fR oom 5 1 . B e tween w a l lF 189 a nd t h es ou the rn l i m i to fe xcava t ion w a s as ho r tl e ng th o f w a l l( P 19 1 )w h ich ,w i th n oi n t e rna ls u r f ac et oi t se a s t , m u s th ave r e tu rned w e s twa rd st of o rm ar oom s ou th o f t h e B a th -hous e . T he n ew w a l l s w e r e b u i l t w i thou t f o unda t ion s , t h e b o t tom c ou r se r e s t ing o n t h e p r e -ex i s t ing s t ra t if ica t i on ,a pa r tf r om t h a to fF 189 w h ich w a ss uppo r ted b y as t one a nd c l ay p a ck ing w he re i tc r o s sed s ub s idence i n to t h ep r e -comp lex d i t ch F O . T he w a l l sw e r e c0 . 50 mw ide a nd c on s i s ted o fB un te r S and s tone s l ab sl a id m o s t ly a ss t re t che r s ,e i the rs i de o fa n i n f il o fs ma l le r p i ece so ft h es ame s t one m ixed w i th l o am . G ene ra l ly o n ly t wo c ou r se s r ema ined , a l though f ou r w e r e r e c o rded a bove t h e s ub s idence . S t ra t if ica t ion i nR oom 5 2w a sf r agmen ta ry b u ts e v e r a lt i ny p a t che so fg r i ta nd g r i t ty l o am w i th p ebb le s , a l b u t t ing a ga in s ta nd t h e re fo re l a te rt h an w a l l sF 188 , F 189 ,a r ei n te rp re ted a sb u i ld ing d eb r i su s ed a sm ake u p sf o re qua l ly p a t chy f l oo rf i n i she s( 3 1 7 ,3 / 8 ,3 / 2 1 ,3 / 2 2 ) . C u t t h rough t h e se p a t che s w e re t wo s ma l l p i t s , F 194 a nd F 196 ,f i l led w i th b rown l o am . T he n ew r oom i mp l ie s t h e r e ten t ion o fa tl e a s t t h e e a s te rn p a r t so ft h eo l dB a th -hou se . I nt h en o r th -ea s t c o rne r o fR oom 5 1 , p ebb le loam f l oo r 2 / 19 a bu t ted a nd w a s l a te r t h an t h e w e s t w a l l o fR oom 5 2 ( P 188 ) a nd d i pped i n to t h e e a s te nd o ft h e m a in B a th -hous e d r a in , w h ich w a s t h e re fo re u ncapp ed a nd o u t o fu s e . F loo r2 / 19 ,s oa l so R oom 5 2 ,m u s th ave b een b u i l ts oon a f t e rt h e B a th -hous e l o s t i t so r ig ina l f u nc t ion . O the ri n te rna ld e ta i lo ft h eB a th -hou se a tt h i sS t age i sl a ck ing , m o s to ft h e a r ea h av ing b een r emoved b y m ed ieva l r obb ing .

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3 8 P en t r eF arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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p o s t -p i t F 198 , w i th p ack ing s t one s s t i l l i ns i tu . A s im i la r ly b u i l t , s ub r ec tangu la r p o s t -p i t j u s t t o t h e s ou th -ea s t ( F 197 ) , c u t S t age V I I l e ve l s o n ly . Two m o re p i t s( F 199 ,F 200 )o ft h es ame t y p ec u tt h eg r ave l f l oo r ( 8 / 1 ) i nR oom 4 5 . T he s t ra t if i ca t ion i nb o th r oom sw a sc u ta tt h ee dge sb yr o bbe rt r enche s( p o s s i b l y m ed ieva l ) a nd s e a led h o r izon ta l ly b y p l oughso i l . E x t erna l A rea s Y a rd 4 6w a sc omp le t e ly r e su r f aced w i th as ub s tan t ia l g r ave la nd l o am d epo s i t( 1 / 15 ) , w h ich w a s l a te rt h an t h ew e s tw a l lo fR oom 5 2 . S ub t le c hange si nc o lou r a t i on a nd l o am c oncen t ra t ion s ugge s tt h a tt h el a ye rw a s f o rmed i ns eve ra l t i p s w h ich w e re t h en p r e sumab ly l e ve l led b e fo re m o re g r ave l w a s l a id o n t o p . Away f r om t h ew a l l st h eg round w a sm o re c ompa c t ed . T he n o r the rn e dge so f1 / 15 w e re c u tb yr obbe rt r enche so f t h es ou the rn w a l l so fR oom s4 2a nd 4 5 ;e l sewhe r et h e s u r f a ce sw a sd i r ec t ly s e a led b yp l ough so i l , a nd p ene t r a ted o cca s iona l ly b y mode rn f a rmya rd p i t s . T he N o r th -we s tR ange N oc hange w a sd e te c t ed i nR oom 3 2b u ti nC o r r ido r3 w e r e t wo h ea r th s ( F 17 1 , F 20 1 ) . T he mo r e w e s t e r ly , ( F201 )w a sm ade o fp u rp le a nd y e l low s a nd s tone s l ab s l y ing i n ac ha r coa l loam m a t r ix c apped b y c ha rcoa l . T he s t one si nt h eh ea r th a nd t h es u rv iv ing s t one so ft h e w a l li mmed ia te ly b eh ind i th ad b een b u rn tr e d . H ea r th F 171 w a s s im i la r ly c on s t ruc ted b u t m ay h ave f u nc t i oned d i f f e ren t ly a s i t s s t one s a nd t h o se i nt h e w a l l w e r eb l a ckened ,n o tr e ddened . T he c ha r coa lc app ing F 171 ( 5 / 3 ) s p r ead ing t o i t s n o r th w a s r e co rded a s s e a l ing t h es ou the rn e dge o fr obbe rt r ench F 170 ,o ve r t wo s ma l l a r ea s o f c0 . 20 x0 . 50 m . I n t h e r obbe r t r enche sh oweve r ,i tw a so f ten d i ff i cu l tt od i s t ingu i sh b e tween r obbe rt r ench b ack f i l la nd s l ive r so fc on s t ruc t i on t r ench b a ckf i l la dhe r ing t ot h es i de o ft h eo r ig ina l c on s t ruc t ion t r ench o na lmo s tt h es ame v e r t ica lp l ane a st h a to ft h er obbe rt r ench . I ft h er e co rded r e la t ion s h ip r e a l ly d oe s r e f e r t ot h er obbe r t r ench f i l l b e ing o ve r lapped b yF 171 , a nd n o tm e r e ly t h e c on s t r uc t ion t r ench b ackf i l l ,t h ei mp l i ca t ion i st h a tF 17 1 w a sb u i l t a f t e rt h ed emol i t ion o ft h ec omp lex ,a nd w h i le i t sr u in s w e r e s u ff i c ien t ly e xpo sed f o r t h e a d jacen t w a l l t o b e come c ha r red . T he p o s i t ion o ft h e h ea r th s i mp l ie s t h ed i suse o fC o r r ido r3 a s ar o u te o fa c ce s s ,s oi ft h ey w e r e i nu se i n as t and ing b u i ld ing , t h e N o r th -we s t R ange m u s t h ave b een c l o se t o e va cua t ion , i fn o t d emol i t ion . H ea r th F 20 1 w a s s e a led b y al a ye r o f d e s t ruc t ion d eb r i s w h ich i nt u rn s e a led t h e w e s te rn p a r to ft h es i te ,m a rk ing t h ef i na la bandonmen to ft h e c omp lex . N or th R ange T he re i sn oe v idence t os how w he the ro rn o tt h i sr a nge w a s s t i l l i n u se i n S t age V I I I . W i thou t p o s i t ive e v idence t ot h ec on t ra ry i t sd emo l i t ion i sa s sumed t o h ave t a ken p l a ce a tt h e s ame t i me a s t h e r e s t o f t h e c omp lex .

A l tera t ion sd ur ing S tage V II I R oom 5 2 T he l a te s t s t r uc tu ra l a l t e ra t ion o n t h e s i te w a s t h e d i v i s ion o f R oom 5 2 i n to t wo r ough ly e qua l p a r t s . L y ing a bove t h ep i t ipo s tho le F 194 w h ich c u t as u r f ac e ( 3 / 8 ,3 / 2 1 )l a id a ga in s tt h eS t age V I I Iw a l l( F 188 )w a s as ho r tl e ng th o fe a s t -we s tw a l l ing ( F 192 ) . I tw a sm ade o fs l ab so fm ic r i t ic B un t e rS and s tone l i ke t h o se u sed i n t h e S t age V I I I w a l l s . T he Man che s t e r U n ive r s i ty e x cava t ion s o fJ une 1 976 h ad r emoved al i t t le o ft h e s t ra t if i ca t ion f r om t h i s r oom a nd a s ha l low t r ench ( F202 ) w a s n o ted , w h ich e x t ended t h e a l ignmen t o f w a l l F 192 e a s twa rd s . T he t r ench l a y i mmed ia te ly b e low t o p so i la nd c u tt h el a t e s tR oman s t ra t if i ca t ion i n t h e r oom ; i ti st h e re fo r e i n te rp re ted a s t h e r obbe r t r ench f o rp a r to fw a l lF 192 . As ha l low s l o tw i th t h e s ame s t ra t ig raph ic r e la t ion sh ip s ,j u s tt ot h es ou th a nd e a s to fr obbe rt r ench F 202 ,m ay a l so h ave b een a s so c i a ted w i th t h ed i v i s ion o ft h e mom . Ap a t chy c l ay loam h ad b een l a id a ga in s tb o th s i de s o f w a l l F 192 , f o rm ing t h e n ew f l oo r o f t h e r oom . S eve r a ll a rge p i e ce so ft i l ea nd f l a ts t one sp r e s sed i n to t h i s i nt h en o r the rn p a r to ft h er oom c ou ld h ave b een p a r t o ft h i s f l oo r s u r f a ce o rl a te r r e pa i r . A l so i nt h e n o r the rn p a r to ft h er oom w e re t h ree s ma l lp i t s( F204 6 )w h i ch c u tt h ef l oo r . I nt h es ou th -we s tc o rne ro ft h e r oom w a s ah eap o f w a l l p l a s te r ( mo s t o fi tw h i te ) , n a i l s , t i l e f r agmen t s a nd c ha r coa l ; a l m ixed w i th l o a m. T he d e r iva t ion o ft h e se m a te r ia l s i su nce r ta in a nd t h ey m ay h ave b een b rough ti n to R oom 5 2s imp ly t ob e u sed a sm ake -up f o r af l oo rs t il u nmade a tt h e t i me t h ec omp lex wa sa bandoned . S t r a t if i ca t ion i nt h e n o r the rn p a r to fR oom 5 2w a sc u tb yt h er obbe rt r ench o f w a l l F 148 , w h ich c on ta ined a s h e rd o f m ed ieva l p o t te ry ;t h er oom a s aw ho le w a ss e a led b yp l oughso i l o rt o p so i l . D a t ing e v idence f o r S tage V I I I ( PVVV ) T he m a te r ia l f r om S t age V I I I m ay b e g rouped w i th t h a tf r om t h e V I I -V I I Ia c cumu la t ion i nt h ed i t che s t o t h ew e s to ft h ec omp lex . N o2 60 i sp robab ly m id t h i rd c en tu ry o rl a te r . T he r e i sn o th ing t os ugge s td ef in i te S t age V I I Ia c t iv i ty a f te rt h ee a r ly t om id t h i rd c en tu ry .

DEMOL IT ION OF THE CO MPLEX A f t e rS t age V I I I ,m uch , i fn o ta l lo ft h ec omp lex w a s d emo l i shed . Mo s to ft h eN o r th -we s tR ange a ppea r st o h ave b een r o bbed n o tl o ng a f te rt h el a s to ccupa t ion o f t h ec omp lex a nd t h eN o r th R ange m ay a l so h ave b een d e s t royed a tt h i s t i me ( P ig 1 7 ) . E v idence p r e sen ted b e low ( p3 9 ) d emon s t ra te s t h a t t h e re w a s ap ha se o f m ed ieva l r o bb ing i nt h e B a th -hou se . B a th -hou se a nd R oom s4 2a nd 4 5 T o t h ew e s to ft h ec omp lex al a ye ro fc ha r coa ld eb r i s c ove r ed t h e b a ckf i l led d i t che s ( p 4 0 ) a nd p a r t ia l ly r obbed m a in B a th -hou se d r a in ,b u ti td i dn o tc ove ra ny

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T he s i t e p a r to ft h eB a th -hou se . T he c ha rcoa lw a sc u tb y ag u l ly w h ich w a si nt u rn c ove red b ya no the rl a ye ro fc ha r coa l d eb r i s s e a l ing p a r t s o ft h e B a th -hou se a s w e l l a st h e w es te rn h a lf o ft h e No r th -we s tR ange . T h i sd eb r i sw a s l a te rc u tb yt h em ed ieva lr obbe rp i to ft h eB a th -house . A st h er e s to ft h eB a th -house a nd R oom s4 2a nd 4 5 w e re o n ly s ea led b yp loughso i lo rt o p so i l ,i tc anno tb e p roven s t ra t ig raph icaly t h a t t h ese s t ruc tu re s w e re d emol i shed a tt h es ame t ime a st h eN o r th -we s tR ange . Nor th -wes ta nd N or th R ange s T he r obbe r t r ench f i l l s w e re o fs im i la r b rown b ar n s w i th o c ca s iona lc oncen t ra t ion so fs t one , c ha rcoa la nd t h el i ke . C lea rd i s t inc t ions c ou ld b e made b e tween t h e v a r iou st i pl i ne so ft h eb ack f il ,h oweve r ,a nd as imp le s equence w a se s tab l i shed . T h i ss howed t h a tt h ec ro s s w a l ls a nd n o r th c o r r ido rw a l lh ad b een d i sman t led f i r s t ( r obbe rt r enche s F 172 -177 ) f o l lowed b y t h e s i de a nd e nd w a l l s( r obbe rt r enche sF 178 -181 ) . A l though s ome p iece so fd re s sed s t one r ema ined a tf oo t ing l e ve l , mo s t w a l l s h ad b een r obbed d own t ot h e i r f ounda t ion s o f i g neou sb ou lde r s . I ns ome p l ace se ven t h e se h ad b een r emoved . I n t h e a r ea o ft h e No r th R ange mode rn p lough ing h ad d amaged t h el a te rl e ve l s . O n ly o ne r obbe rt r ench ( F 183 ) s u rv ived a nd h e re s t onewo rk h ad b een c om p l e te ly r emoved i nc on t ra s tt ot h ose o fw a l l sF 91 ,F 92 , F 99 o fw h ich f ou ro rf i ve c ou r se sr ema ined . R obbe r t r ench F 183 w a s b a ck f iled w i th t h e s ame s o r t o f m a te r ia l a s f i l led r obbe r t r enche s i nt h e No r th -we s t R ange a l though t h es t ra t ig raph ic r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h em w a s i n de te rm ina te .

LATER RO MAN ACT IV ITY S eve ra l s he rd s o ft h e l a te r t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s w e re r e cove red f r om t h et o p so i l a nd s ugge s t as ou r ce

3 9

w e r e f ound l ow d own i n t h e f i l o f t h i s r obbe r p i t . T he se h ave b een r epo r ted o ni nf ul w i th t h er e s to ft h e m ed ieva lp o t t e ry ( O 'Lea ry a nd D avey 1 977 ) . T he t wo s he rd sf ound i nt h ep i tw e re as he rd o fu nknown s ou rce d a ted 1 250 1350 ; as he rd o ff o rm a nd f a b r ic ' s im i la rt o m any f ound i n Ew loe , C lwyd ' a nd d a ted t ob e tween 1 400 a nd 1 500 . B o th t h e se s he rd s w e re w el s ea led a nd m u s tb et a ken a se v idence f o r ap ha se o fm ed ieva l r obb ing .T h i sd oe sn o tm ean t h a tt h eB a th -hou se m ay n o th ave b een d i sman t led t og round l e ve li nt h eR oman p e r iod , b u t f o r r obb ing t o h ave t a ken p l ace i n t h e m ed ieva lp e r iod , t h ep o s i t ion o ft h eB a th -hou se mu s t h ave b een c l ea r .

THE AREA WEST OF THE CO MPLEX T ot h ew e s to ft h ec omp lex l a y at r a ck a nd as e r ie so f d i t che s . E nough s t ra t if ica t ion r ema ined t oe s tab l i sh a s imp le s equence w h ich i sp resen t ed i nt h eo rde ro fi t s a ppa ren tr e la t ionsh ip t ot h a tw i th in t h ec omp lex i t se lf ( P ig 1 8 ) . A f te rr emova l o fp l oughso i l a l lv i s ib le s t ra t if i ca t ion w a s p l anned a nd p a r t s o f t h e d i t ches i nve s t iga ted i n t h ree s ondages ( A -C ) . A dd i t iona l ly , p a r t s o f s ome e x tan t l a ye r s w e re r emoved t ot e s t t h e a ppa ren t a b s ence o ff e a tu re s b enea th ( e g p a r t s o ft r ack 4 / 14 ) . S tage sI II I S t ra t if i ca t ion p re -da t ing d i tch F 500 Two o ft h ee a r l ie s tl a ye r s i nt h i sp a r to ft h es i te ( F / 13 , 4/ 17 )h ave a l ready b een d esc r ibed w i th t h e p r e -com p l ex d i tch F O ( p 8 ) . I n S ondage A , l y ing o n , a nd p a r t ia l ly p re s sed i n to t h en a tu ra ls ub so i lw a s ap a t ch o f h a rd -pa cked p ebb le sw h ich m ay h ave f o rmed p a r to fa t r ack ( 4 / 14 ) .

o t he rt h an t h es i te i t se lf . Two s he rd so ft h is d a t ew e re ,

D i tch F 500

h oweve r , r e t r ieved

T h is w a s af l a t -bo t tomed , U -shaped d i tch , f u l ly e xca v a ted i n S ondage A o n ly . I tw a s d ef ined i n p l an r unn ing p a ra l le lw i th t h ew e s te rn w a l lo ft h ec omp lex , b e fo re p a s s ing b eyond t h ew e s te rn l im i to fe xcava t ion . I t s p r ima ry f i l l ing c on ta ined e i gh t f r agmen t s o fb r ick a nd t i l e , m a t e r ia l s t h a td id n o ta ppea ro n t h es i te u n t i l S t age I V w h i le F 500 m ay h ave c u td e n ovo o rc om p l e t e ly r e cu t a l ong t h e s ame l i ne .

f r om t wo p i t s , n e i the r o f w h ich

w a sp rope r ly d ef ined d u r ing e xcava t ion . T he p re sence o f l a te -Roman s he rd s i n s uch c on tex t s i s e n t i re ly i n cons i s ten tw i th t h er e s to ft h ed a ted s equence a nd i t i sl i ke ly t h a t t h ey m a rk t h e p o s i t ion o fi n t ru s ive f e a t u re s .

MEDIEVAL ACT IV ITY C u t t ing t h ec ha rcoa ld eb r i ss ea l ing t h ee a s te rn p a r t so f t h eB a th -house a sw e l la st h eS t age I If l oo r( 3 / 19 ) ,a nd s ea led o n ly b y t o p so i l w a s al a rge p i t . T h is i si n te r p re t ed a st h er obb ing o fp a r t so ft h eB a th -house . T he p i tw a sc oncen t ra ted o nf o rme rR oom 5 0( t hef r ig ida r i um ) a nd f r om i t s d ep th s e ems t oh ave b een d ug t o r emove t h ep i lae t i l e s a s w e l l a s t h e w a l ls a nd t h e i r f ounda t ion so fw h ich n one r ema ined s ave n ex tt ot h e p lunge b a th ( F130 ) ( p3 0 ) . Two s he rd so fm ed ieva la nd l a te -med ieva l ' p o t te ry

S t ra t if i ca t ion l a ter t h an d i tch F 500 b u t e ar l ier t h an S t age I V T he p r ima ry f i l l o f d i tch F 500 w a s o ve r la in o n t h e e a s te rn s i de b y p ebb le s 4 / 14 . T hey r e s ted o n at h ick a nd s l igh t ly c ambe red c l ay p robab ly r edepo s i ted f r om ac u t t ing o ft h ed i t ch F 500 . T he t r a ck h ad b e en c u to n t h es ou th b yS tage V Id ra in F 506 a nd o nt h ee a s tb yt h e S t age I V No r th -we s t R ange . O n t h e n o r th i tr a n b eyond t h e l im i t o f e xcava t ion , a l though h e re , i n c on t ra s tt oi t sd en se a nd w e l l -compac ted s u r f a ce n ea r t h eb u i ld ing si t sc omp r ised o n ly af ew s c a t te r ed p ebb le s .

4 0 P en t r eF arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he s i t e

F e a tu r e s We s to ft he c omp lex I

A i F 502-4

t F 505 D itch F 500

— IN o t e xcava ted T rack 4 / 14

!

F 506

—— —

N o r thw e s t R ange — - P re c omp lex d i tch FO —

KEY S tages I I I I S tage s I V-V II

5

Uncer ta in s t age

1 0m

F igure 1 8 : P lan o ff e a ture sw e s to ft h ec omp lex , s c a le 1 : 150

S tage sI V -V I I D i t ch F 505 a nd s ub s equen tg u l l i es F 502 ,F 503 , F 504 D i t ch F 500 w a sc u tb yd i t ch F 505 t h es qua re p rof i le o f w h ich c l os e ly r e semb led t h a to ft h eB a th -hou se d r a in F 506 . O ne f l ag s tone l i n ing d r a in F 506 , w h ich h ad s u rv ived t h el a te rr obb ing a c t iv i ty , w a sa lmo s ti d en t i c a l w i th a no the r f o und d i s tu rbed i nt h e u ppe r f i l l s o f d i t ch F 505 i n S ondage A . T he t wo f e a tu re s w e re p r e sumab ly p a r to ft h es ame B a th -hou se d r a in , s t one l i ned a tl e a s ta sf a ra sS ondage A ,a l though i nS ondage B t h e d i t ch a s aw ho le , a nd t h e b o t tom o f i ti n p a r t i cu la r , h ad n a r rowed . S im i la r p r ima ry s i l t s h ad a c cumu la t ed i nb o th t h e se d r a in s . I n S ondage A , as ub s id ia ry g u l ly , F 502 , f e d i n to d i t ch F 505 c u rv ing f r om t h ee x t reme s ou th -we s tc o r -

n e r o f t h e s i te . B u t t ing t h e b a ckf i l led F 502 w a s a s h a l lowe rg u l ly o fs im i la rp rof i le F 503 , w h ich , w hen i t s e l f b a ck f i l led , w a s c u t t o f o rm a t h i rd , s im i la r ly p rof i led g u l ly ( F504 ) . T he f i l l s o ft h e se g u l l ie s w e r e v e ry s im i la r t o , a nd m ay h ave b een c on t inuou s w i th l a ye r so fd emo l i t ion d eb r i sw h ich g ene ra l ly s e a led t h i s p a r to ft h e s i t e ( s ee b e low S t age V I I ) . S tage V I I a nd l a ter A l l b u t o ne o f t h e t o pmo s t l a ye r s t ot h e w e s t o f t h e c omp lex w e re c ha rac te r i sed b y t h e i r h i gh c ha r coa l c on ten ta nd p r o fu se f l eck s o fb r ick o rt i l e , t h e s i ng le e xcep t ion w a s as o f t ,g r i t ty l o am t h a tf i l led t h eB a th h ou se d ra in ( F506 ) a f te r i t sl i n ing h ad b een p a r t ia l ly r obbed . T he e a r l ie s to ft h ec ha r coa ld eb r i sl a ye r sf i l led d i t ch

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T he s i t e F 505 a bove t h i sp r ima ry s i l t . T h i s w a so ve r la in b ya l a ye r c on ta in ing m uch H awa rden S and s tone -c om m on t oS t age I V , w h ich l e ve l led o f ft h ea r ea . D i t ch F 505 w a s c app ed b y as equence o f w h ich s e a led a l lo ft h e d i t che s a nd g u l l ie s , t h e t r ack ( 4 / 14 ) , a nd r obbe rt r enche si nt h ew e s te rn p a r t so ft h ec omp lex ( F 172 , F 173 , F 176 p a r t , F 180 p a r t , F 178 ) a sw e l l a s p a r t s o ft h er e -u sed B a th -hou se .

THE AREA NORTH OF THE CO MPLEX T he s e quence t ot h en o r th o ft h ec omp lex w a se s tab l i shed t h rough an umbe ro fi n te r cu t t ing d i tche s ,g u l l ie s a nd p i t s . T he re w a s , h oweve r , v e ry l i t t le h o r izon ta l s t ra t if ica t ion ,s ot h a td e ta i li sl a ck ing a nd t h es e quence i sp r e sen ted i nt h eo rde ro fi t sa ppa ren tr e la t ion sh ip st o t h a tw i th in t h ec omp lex i t s e l f( P ig 1 9 ) . A l lo ft h ef e a tu re s i l e s c r ibed h e r e w e r er e vea led i n p l an a nd m o s t w e re e xcava ted . T oge the r t h e se f e a t u re s r e p re sen t as ma l l y a rd t ot h e n o r th , a nd t ot h e n o r th -we s to ft h ec omp lex . S tage sI II I D i tch F 300 a nd e ar l i er f ea tu r es T he L shap ed p l an o f d i t ch F 300 c u t i n to n a tu ra l s ub so i l , l a y o n t h e s ame a l ignmen t s a s t h e c omp lex . B e tween t h e p o in t w he re i tw a s c u t b y l a t e r f e a tu re s j u s tn o r th o fR oom 2i nt h et i mbe rN o r th R ange a nd t h e p o in tw he re i tr a no u to ft h ee xcava ted a r ea a tt h e NW , t h e b o t tom o ft h e d i t ch s l oped d ownwa rd s b y a bou t 0 . 25 m . T he p r ima ry f i l lw a s as i l ty l o am . As e cond d i tch ( F30 1 )s l oped d ownwa rd s c0 . 27 m f r om i t sp o in t o fo r ig in i nR oom 2 ,w he re i tc u tb a ck f i l led p i tF 4 , to i t s j u nc t ion w i th d i t ch F 300 . A si td i dn o ta ppea ro n t h e n o r the rn s i de o fd i t ch F 300 ,w he re t h e r ew e re n ol a te r i n tru s ion s t o i n te r rup t i t s c on t inua t ion , o f t h e t wo d i tche sp r e sumab ly w o rked t o ge the rw i th F 30 1 f e ed i n g i n to F 300 . D i t ch F 301 w a sf i l led w i th c l ay sa nd m ixed c ha r coa l a nd c l ay l y ing b enea th ac l ean b l a ck c ha r coa ld epo s i t c apped b yh a rd o range c l ay p a r t ialy b u rn tr e d ,w h ich l e ve l led -o f ft h ed i t ch . T he n o r the rn e nd o ft h e s e f i l l s ( b e low t h eb l a ck c ha r coa l )w a so ve r la in b yt h es e cond d epo s i tf o und i nd i tch F 300 . A st h ei n te r f a ce b e tween t h ef i l so ft h ed i t che sf o rmed as ha rp ly d ef ined e dge , i ti si mp l ied t h a td i t ch F 300 w a sr e cu ta f te rd i t ch F 30 1 h ad b e en f i led u p ,b u tb e fo re t h ec ha r coa lw a sd epo s i t ed a nd i th ad b een l e ve l led o f fw i th c l ay . D i t ch F 300 w a s s ub sequen t ly f i l led u p w i th o r ange c l ay , m o t t led w i th p i nke r l ump s a ppa ren t ly b u rn t ; t h i s c l o s e ly r e s emb led b o th t h et o pf i l lo fd i t ch F 301 a nd al a ye ri n t h em idd le o ft h ey a rd ( 1 2 / 1 ) c u tb y l a te rf e a tu re s . C lay o f t h i s t y pe o ccu r red e xc lu s ive ly i n l a ye r s w h i ch r e p re sen ted t h ed emo l i t ion a tt h ee nd o fS t age s I Ia nd V I . I ne ach o ft h e se t h el e ve l led c l ay w a l l sl a y o n t o p o fe x ten s ive c ha r coa l d epo s i t s a nd w e re o f ten m o t t led p i nk o rr e dp r e sumab ly a s ar e su l to fe xpo su re t oh ea t . I nt h ec a se o fd i tch F 300 t h ef i l lw a si t se l fc u t

4 1

b y aS t age I Vd i t ch ( F 304 ) ,s ot h a tt h el e ve l l ing o fb o th d i t che sF 300 a nd F 30 1 c an b er e a sonab ly a s s igned t o t h ed emol i t ion w o rk a tt h ee nd o fS t age I V . A l so c u tb yt h eS t age I V -V d i t ch ( P 304 )a nd c u t t ing n a tu ra l s ub so i l w a s as ma l l r e c tangu la r p i t ( P 302 ) o f w h ich o n ly s ma l la moun t s r ema ined o ne i the rs i de o f t h e d i t ch . S tage I V -V D i t ch F 304 a nd c on s t ruc t ion o fs t one l in ed p i tF 303 Whe re i tc u td i t ch F 300 ,d i t ch F 304 a ppea red t oh ave b een d ug a so ne w i th ad eep s t one -l ined p i t ( P 303 ) , i t se l fc u t t ing d i t ch F 30 1 . T he s ou th -ea s t e rn c o rne ro f F 303 w a so ve r la in b yc l ay t h a th ad b een s p i l led f r om t h eb a se o ft h en o r th w a l lo fR oom 4 0( S tage I V ) . T he c on s t ruc t ion p i t f o r t h e s t one -l ined t a nk c u t i n to t h e n a tu ra lg round a nd s o f ty elow s a nd s tone t o ad ep th o f 1 . 50 m b e low c on tempo ra ry g round l e ve l . I t s s i de s w e r e t h en l i ned w i th b e twe en s i x a nd e i gh t s t re t che r c ou r s e s o fd r e s sed H awa rden S and s tone o f at y pe i n u s ef r om S t age I Vo nwa rd s . O n t h eo t he rs i d eo ft h e p i t , w he re t h e b u i lde r s h ad n o te ncoun te red t h e s o l id f o unda t ion o f s a nd s tone b ed ro ck t h a t e x i s ted o n t h e s ou the rn s i de ,t wo e x t ra c ou r se sh ad b een u sed . N ea r t h et o po ft h ee a s te nd o ft h el i n ing w a s ar e c tangu la r s o cke tf o rmed b ys t and ing t wo s t one so nt h e i rs i de s , the f u nc t ion o fw h ich r ema in s u nc lea r . I nt h ep i tw a s ad ump o fs i l ty s a nd c0 . 80 m d e ep t h e t o po fw h ich l a yj u s ta bove t h el e ve lo ft h eb o t tom o f t h e s t one l i n ing . A s im i la r b u t s ha l lowe r d epo s i t c ove red t h i s a nd w a s i n den t ed b y al a ye r o fa ngu la r p i ece s o f s a nd s tone s e t o n e nd a nd p i t ched s l igh t ly e a s twa rd s . T hey w e re c ove r ed i nt u rn b y al a ye r o f p ebb ly s a nd . T he se f o u rd epo s i t sc on t ra s t ed s t rong ly w i th t h e s i l ty l o am i mmed ia te ly a bove w h i ch c on t a ined n a i l s ,b r ick a nd t i l e f r agmen t s , s t one a nd c ha r c oa l r e p re sen t ing d i su se . I mmed ia t e ly a bove t h i s l a ye r o n t h e e a s te rn e dge o fp i tF 303 w a s ag r ave l ly s a nd t h a th ad s p i l led i nf r om t h eb o t tom o fd i t ch F 304 , w he re i tl a yb enea th t h eS t age V l e ad p i p eF 100 ( p2 8 ) . A l l s ubs equen tf i l l s o fd i t ch F 304 w e re l a t e rt h an t h e i n se r t ion o ft h ep i pe . T he i n te rp re ta t ion o fp i tF 303 i s u nc lea rb u ti tm ay h ave b een as o akaway o rc e s s -p i t . L ead p ipe F 100 As ho r tl e ng th o fl e ad p ipe ( P 100 )p ro t r uded f r om t wo l a ye r s o fh a rd p i nk i sh c l ay w h ich f o rmed p a r t o ft h e b a se o ft h en o r th w a l lo fR oom 4 0b u i l ti nS t age V . T he s p layed e nd o ft h ep i pe l e di n to t h es ou th o fd i t ch F 304 . J u s ta bove a nd i mmed ia te ly b eyond t h es p layed n o r th e r ne nd o ft h ep i pe w a s am a t r ix o fg r ave lp ebb le sa nd l o am . S t age V -V I G u l ly F 305 As ha l low g u l ly ( P 305 ) , f a l l ing s l igh t ly f r om w e s tt o e a s t s ome 2 m n o r th o f R oom s 3 9 a nd 4 1 , c u r ved a r ound t h e s t one l ined p i t ( P 303 ) a nd f e d i n to d i t ch F 304 n ea r i t s s ou the rn e nd . T he g u l ly b ecame

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P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T h e s i te 4 3 s ha l lowe r t h e f u r the re a s t i tw en t : p r e sumab ly i th ad b een t r unca ted b yp l ough ing . I nt h ee a s te rn p a r t ,c l ay a nd g r ave lf i l led t h eb a se o ft h ef e a tu re : t h er e s to ft h e g uly w a sc hoked b yc ha r coa l . T h i sc ha r coa l f i l lw a s c u tb yg u l ly F 309 a s c r ib ed t oS t age V Io rl a te r . D ra in F 310 a nd P i tF 306 T owa rd st h ew e s to ft h ey a rd w a s ad r a in ( F 310 )w h ich l i nk ed t h e e nd o f as t one l ined d r a in ( F90 ) r unn ing f r om R oom 4 0 t o ap o s s ib le s o akaway p i t ( F306 ) w h ich w a s n o tf u l ly e xcava ted . A sd r a in F 90 w a so f o ne b u i ld w i th R oom 4 0 ,d r a in F 310 a nd p i tF 306 m u s t h ave b een b u i l tb yS t age Va tt h el a t e s t . A p a r tf r om t h e p r ima ry f i lo fd r a in F 310 t h ef i l l so fb o th f e a tu re sw e re s im i la r i n te r spe r sed c l ayey b a rn s a nd s i l t s . A bove t h e se f i l l s ,o ve ra na r ea s l igh t ly l a rge rt h an t h ed i ame t e ro ft h ep o s s ib le s oakaway ( F306 )w e re t wo d epo s i t s , w h ich m ay h ave r e su l ted f r om s i nkage i n to a ni n com p l e t e ly f i l led s oakaway . T hey w e r ec u tb yg uly F 311 , a t t r ibu ted t oS t age V Io rl a te r . S t age V Io r l a ter G u l l ie sF 309 , F 3 11 ; P i t sF 3 12 ,F 3 13 ,F 3 14 C u t t ing t h ec app ing l a ye ro fp i tF 306 w a sg u l ly F 311 . I td r a ined f r om j u s tn o r th o fR oom 3 1A t o ap o in tj u s t o u t s ide t h e n o r th w a l l o f R oom 4 1 , w he r e i th ad a r ounded e nd . I t sl i ne s hows t h a ti tw a sl a te rt h an R oom 4 1 ,w h ich w a si t se l f as e conda ry a dd i t ion t ot h eN o r th w e s tR ange . I t ss i l ty p r ima ry f i l lm igh th ave a c cumu l a t ed d u r ing i t su s eb u ti th ad t h en b ecome c hoked b y as e conda ry f i l lo fp ebb ly l o am a nd c ha r coa l . T he r ounded n o r th -ea s te rn e nd o fg uly F 311 w a sc u t b y p i t F 312 , t h e s i l t l o am f i l o f w h ich w a s c u t b y a no the rp i t ,F 3 1 3 . I t s f i l lw a ss im i la rt ot h a to fF 312 b u th ad c l ay i n c lu s ion s . • As mal g u l ly r u nn ing n o r th f r om R oom 4 1 ( P 309 ) c u tc hok ed d r a in F 90 a nd w a si t se l fc u tb yp i tF 313 . F rom t h e r e la t ion sh ip s w i th d r a in F 90 , g u l ly F 309 m u s t b e long t oS t age V I a tt h ee a r l ie s t . I ti n t e r s ec t s F 305 a tt h ep o in t w he re e a ch w e re c u tb y al a te rp i t ( F 314 ) . D i su s eo fs t one l in ed p i tF 303 ;f i l lo fd i t ch F 304 D i t ch F 304 w a se v iden t ly i nu s ew hen f e db yl e ad p i pe F 100 o fS t age V . A t al a te rd a te t h e d i t ch w a s f i l led w i th d epo s i t s l i nk ing w i th t h e u ppe rmo s t f i l l s a bove s t one -l ined p i tF 303 . S ed imen ta na ly s i so ft h ee a r l ie s t o ft h ep i t -f i l ls s ugge s t ed t h a ti tw a sn o tw a t e rd epo s i t ed b u tf o rmed b y an a tu ra l p ro ce s so fa c cumu la t ion , t h e b r eakdown o fs o i l sa nd o t he rs e d imen t s ,a nd t h ea dd i t i on o f m uch d e t r i tu s . T he o ve r ly ing d epo s i t w a s c oncen t r a t ed o nt h es ou the rn s i de o fp i tF 303 w he re i t h ad s p r ead f r om R oom 3 9 ,e i the rb e cau se t h en o r the rn w al o ft h er oom w a si n comp le te o rb e cau se t h e re w a s ad oo rway . T h i sd epo s i t ,o fc l ayey l o am w i th c ha r coa l

a nd t i l ef l e ck sr e semb led t h eS t age V I If l oo ri nR oom 3 9( 9 / 14 )a nd m ay h ave b e en s u rp lu st ot h er e f loo r ing p ro ce s s . A bove t h i s , t wo c ha rcoa l -cha rged , c l ayey loam d epo s i t s c on ta ined s eve ra ll e n se so fc l ayey l o am a nd c ha rcoa lc on ta in ing l e ad o x ide ,g a lena ,l e ad a nd b one f r agmen t s . A l though t h e se l e n se s c on ta ined m uch b u rn t d eb r i s , s e d imen t a na ly s i s s howed t h a t q ua r tz g r a in s t h emse lve s h ad n o tb een b u rn t s ugge s t ing t h e l e n se sw e re d ome s t ic r ubb i sh t i p sr a the rt h an t h eb u rn t b u i ld ing d eb r i s . I nde ed a lt h ree l a ye r si mp ly d ump ing a nd /o r a ccumu la t ion o fr ubb i sh i nt h e h o l low a bove t h e n ow -de f unc tp i t( F 303 ) . A l though n one o ft h ed epo s i t sj u s td es c r ibed p hy s i c a l ly j o ined a ny o ft h ef i l l so fd i t ch F 304 ,c o r re la t ion i sp o s s ib le . O ne o ft h ed i t ch f i l l sc on ta ined g a lena e t c r e semb l ing l e ve l s i n p i t F 3 0 3 . Ac ha rcoa l -f le cked l o am w i th g l a s sa nd p o tf r agmen t s ,a nd o t he rf i nd sa l so o c cu r red i nb o th f e a tu re s( P 303 a nd F 304 ) ,a l though i n d i t ch F 304 i tc omp r ised am a jo rp ropo r t ion o ft h ef i l l . F i na l ly , h oweve r , t h et wo w e re f i led t og round l e ve l b y ac on t inuou sc l ayey l o am ,c on ta in ing b r ick a nd t i l e f r agmen t s , p o t , d aub , l e ad o x ide , t i ny g r een i sh g l a s s g l obu le sa nd al i t t le c ha r coa l . T hu sj o ined ,F 3 0 3a nd F 304 w e r ec u tb y t h r ee s ma l lp i t s .

F EATURES OF UNCERTA IN S TAGE I s o la ted d epo s i t st ot h ee a s to fF 304 B e tween d i tch F 304 a nd t h ee a s te rn e dge o ft h ee xca v a ted a r ea w a s as equence o f d epo s i t s n o t d i r ec t ly r e la ted t of e a tu re s d e sc r ib ed a bove . T he t wo e a r l ie s t l a ye r sb o th c on s i s ted o fc ha r coa l ,f l e cked o r ange c l ay , p e rhap s d e r ived f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o f c l ay w a l l s f r om a d ja cen t R ooms 1a nd 2 d emo l i shed p r io r t o S t age V . T he o ve r ly ing p a t che s o f g r ave l a nd l e ad o x ide d ef in i te ly p o s t -da ted t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e S t age V N o r th R ange ,b e cau se s ome o ft h el e ad o x id e a nd g r ave lb u t t ed a ga in s ta nd r e ce s sed i n to t h ev e r t i ca l j o in t s o f t h e w a l l . T h rough t h e se p a t che s w a s c u t a g u l ly ( P 318 ) , r unn ing p a ra l le l w i th t h e n o r th w a l l o f R oom 4 0 , w h ich m ay h ave s e rved a s as t o rm -wa t e r g u l ly b e fo r e b e ing f i l led b y c ha r coa l -cha rged l o am a nd t i l e a nd c ha r coa l -f le cked c l ay . As im i la r l a ye r t h en c ove r ed t h ea r ea i mmed ia te ly n o r th o fR oom 4 0 b e fo re b e ing c u tb yt wo s ma l l s t akeho le sF 319 ,F 320 . T he t o p s o ft h e se d epo s i t s a nd t h e t o p o fd i t ch F 304 w e r e t r unca ted b y m ed ieva l a nd l a te rp l ough ing . I s o la ted d eb r i ss ou th o fd i tch F 300 . S ou th o f d i t ch F 300 a nd n o r th o f t h e c omp lex w e r e s e ve ra l p i t s . P i t sF 307 a nd F 308 b o th c u tt h ep i nk i sh o r ange c l ay a t t r ibu ted t ot h ed e s t ruc t ion o fc l ay w a l l s a tt h ee nd o fS t age I I . P i tF 307 w a sn o te xcava ted ,b u t t h e b ar n s f i l l o fp i tF 308 w h ich c on ta ined b one s a nd

F i gure19 : P lan o ff e a ture s n o r th o ft h e c omp lex ,s c a le 1 : 150

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T he s i t e

l e ad o x ide , w a s c u tb y t wo p o s s ib le s t akeho le s F 32 1 a nd F 322 ,b o th f i l led w i th b rown l o am . T ot h ee a s to ft h e se f e a tu re s ,c u t t ing n a tu ra ls ub so i l a nd s e a led b yt o p so i l w a sp i tF 323 . I s o la ted f ea tu r es n or th o fd i t che sF 300 a nd F 304 A lmo s t a l l o ft h e f e a tu r e s t ot h e n o r th o fd i t ch F 300 w e r ef ound i mmed ia t e ly b e low p l ough so i l a nd , w i th o u ti n te rven ing s t ra t if ica t ion ,c u tn a tu ra ls ub so i l . T he e x cep t ion s l a y n ea r t h e e a s t o f t h e e xcava ted a r ea w he re t h ey w e re c ove red b y a n e x ten s ive l a ye r o f b l a ck i sh b rown s i l ty l o am c on ta in ing p o t a nd s ome b r ick a nd t i l e f r agmen t s . S ed imen t a na ly s i s l e d D r S ha ck ly t oc onc lude t h a tt h i sh ad b een f o rmed b e fo re i t s d epo s i t ion h e re b y t h e s ame d emo l i t ion p ro ce s se s t h a tc r ea ted s im i la rd epo s i t s w e s to ft h ec omp lex . F ig 1 9s how st h eh und red o dd p i t sa nd p o s s ib le p o s t p i t si nt h i sa r ea . A na ly s i so ft h e i rd imen s ion sa nd f i l l s f a i led t op roduce a ny o bv iou sp a t te rn s . N one s howed ap o s t imp re s s ion . E ven a l ong t h et h re e mo s to bv iou s a l ignmen t sr unn ing e a s t -we s tb e tween F 324 a nd F 360 ; n o r th sou th b e tween F 347 a nd F 339 ; a nd n o r th sou th b e tween F 373 a nd F 372 , t h e p i t s s howed n e i the r u n ifo rm i ty o fd imen s ion s n o r s im i la r i ty o ff i l l s . T he e a s t -we s ta l ignmen tb e twe en F 324 a nd F 360 m ay w e l l h ave f o rmed af e nce i mmed ia te ly n o r th o fd r a inage / b ounda ry d i t ch F 300 . D i t ch F 300 h a sb een i n te rp r e t ed a s ab ounda ry a nd t h e t wo m ay h ave f u nc t ioned t o ge the r . P i t s a l ong t h i s a l ignmen th ad b een r e cu ta t l e a s to nce . T he t wo n o r th sou th a l ignmen t sw e re mo re d i ff i cu l t t oi n te rp re t , e ven i ns u ch ag ene ra l w ay . I t m ay b e n o t ed , h oweve r , t h a t t h e i r a l ignmen t s w e re a pp rox ima te ly p a ra l le l t oo ne a no the r . Mov ing n o r th t h e p i t s b ecame f ewe r a nd v i r tua l ly n one o ccu r red i nt h e a r ea o f p o s s ib le c obb l ing ( d e s c r ibed b e low p p4 4 -45 ) , t h e s ou the rn e dge o fw h i ch w a sv e ry r o ugh ly p a ra l le lw i th t h ec omp lex ,r e in fo r c i n gt h es ugge s t ion t h a tt h es t one l a ye rw h ich m ade u p t h e ' c obbl ing ' w a s n o t ag eo log ica l f o rma t ion .

THE AREA I N THE NORTH OF THE S ITE T he f i r s tp ha se i nt h ep ropo s ed r e deve lopmen to ft h e P en t re F a rm s i te w a s t h e i n s e r t ion o f aT -shaped c u l d e -sa c o f f t h e C he s te r R oad , s o t h a t b u i ld ing c ou ld t a ke p l ace i nt h es u r round ing p l o t s . I nt h en o r th o ft h e s i t e al a rge e ndange red a r ea w a sd ef ined b yt h e' c ro s s ' o ft h ec u l -de -sa c . P ro f e s so rJ one s 'e xcava t ion so fJ une 1 976 ( F ig 4 )h ad t e s ted t h i s a r ea , u n cove r ing s e ve ra l p o s tho le s , i n c luded a mong s t t h o se d e s c r ib ed i n t h e p re ced ing s e c t ion . T he p o s s ib i l ty t h a tt h e se m ay h ave b e longed t oa n a r rangemen to ft i mbe rs t ruc tu re so n ly c omp r ehen s ib le i nt h e w ide r v i ew l e d t ot h e m e chan i ca l s t ipp ing o f

p l ough so i l a nd mod e rn d eb r i s f r om t h e w ho le o ft h e ' c ro s s ' o ft h ec u l -de sac ( a bou t7 50 s qm ; h ence fo r th t h en o r th o ft h es i t e ) . D ep th v a r ied b e twe en 0 . 35 m i n t h ew e s ta nd 0 . 60 m i nt h ee a s tw he re t h eo ve rbu rden h ad b e en i n c rea sed b y t h e d eb r i s f r om t h e r e cen t ly d emol i shed f a rm b u i ld ing s . T he a r ea t h u su ncove red w a ss t r ipped ,i nt h re ec on secu t ive s p i t st ot h et o po ft h e s ub so i l . T he o n ly f e a tu re s d e t ec t ed w e r e at wen t ie th c en tu ry d i t ch w h i ch h ad l a in a l ong s ide t h ep i g s t ie so f t h eo l df a rm i nt h ee x t reme e a s to ft h ee xcava t ed a r ea , a nd i nt h ee x t r eme w e s t , af ew s ma l lp o s tho le sw h ich l a y i nt h ev i c in i ty o ft h ew e s te rnmo s ts ondag e i n ve s t i ga ted i n t h e Manche s te r U n ive r s i ty e xcava t ion s . U nce r ta in t ie sa bou tt h ei n te rp re ta t ion o ft h ep o s tho le s p romp t ed m o re d e ta i led a r ea e xcava t ion , 1 5 m x7m , i nt h ee x t reme n o r th -we s ta r ea o ft h e' T ' ,t h es i ze b e ing d e te rm ined b y t h e l i m i t s o f ap l a s t i c s h e l te r u s ed t o p ro t e c t t h e e xcava t ion f r om t h e s e ve re w in te rc ond i t i on s . T he D i tches T he e a r l ie s t d i t ch F 12 w a s f i l led w i th a v i r tua l ly u ncon tam ina ted n a tu ra ll o am ,p r e sumab ly d e r ived f r om t h ew ea the r ing o ft h es i de s ,b e f o re b e ing r e cu ta l ong i t s l e ng th b y ad e ep a nd n a r rowe rU shaped d i t ch ( F2 ) . I n t u rn ,b e fo re a ny f i l lh ad b een d epo s i t ed i ni tr e cu td i t ch F 2w a sc u tb ye a s t -we s td i tch F 4 . T he t wo m u s th ave f u nc t ioned t o ge the rb e cau se w a te rr u nn ing f r om s ou th t on o r th i nd i t ch F 2c ou ld n o th ave e s caped a l ong t h e s i l ted c on t inua t ion o fd i t ch F 12 . T he b a se o fd i tch F 4 w a s ,h oweve r ,a t as im i la rl e ve la st h a to fd i t ch F 2a nd i t ss l ope w ou ld h ave c a r r ied w a s te a way t ot h ee a s t . T he h omogenou sf i l lo fF 2i n t e r leaved w i th t h o se o f as ho r tl e ng th o fc u rv ing U shaped g u l ly ( F 3 ) , w h ich f e l l g en t ly f r om s ou th t on o r th . G u l ly F l /F 14 l i nked g u l l ie s F 2 a nd F 4 . T he u pp e r p a r t s o ft h e f i l a tt h e n o r the rn e nd o ft h ed i t ch ( F2 ) w e r ec u tb yd i t ch F 16 , w h ich l a yt ot h en o r th o fd i tch F 2a nd p a ra l le lw i th i t . I tn a r rowed b u ti n c rea sed i nd ep th a si tn ea red d i t ch F 4 ,w h ich m u s th ave r ema ined i nu se w i th d i t ch F 16 . T he s c a t t er o fi g neou sb ou ld er sa nd o t he r r ema in s W i th in t h ea r ea e xcava ted t ot h es ou th o fd i t ch F 4a nd t ot h e e a s t o f d i t ch F 2 /F 12 , w a s al a ye r o f g l a c ia l i g neou sb ou ld e r s ,u sua l ly n o m o re t h an o ne d eep a nd o f t en p acked c l o s e ly t o ge the r . T hey l a y a bove a nd p a r t ia l ly w i th in t h e n a tu ra l s ub so i l a nd b enea th t h e p l ough so i l , a l though i nt h e w e s t t h ey w e re a l so c ov e r ed b y ad eb r i sl a ye r . O cca s iona lb ou lde r sd i dr u nt o t h ew e s ta nd n o r th o ft h ed i t ch ( F2 /F 12 a nd F 4 ) ,b u tt h e m a rked i n c rea se i nd en s i ty t ot h e s ou th a nd w e s t o f t h em s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e b ou lde r s m ay h ave b e en p u rpo se ly l a id i n s ide a n a r ea d e f ined b y t h e d i t che s , a l though n owhe re w a st h e r e ac l ea rs t ra t ig r aph ic r e la t i on sh ip b e twe en t h et wo . As im i la rc hange i nd en s i ty

F igure 2 0 : P l an o fd i tche s a nd c obb l ing n or th o ft h e c omp lex ,s c a le 1 : 150

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4 6 P en t r eF a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he s i t e

o c cu r red j u s tn o r th o ft h ec omp lex a tt h ep o in tw he r e t h eb ou lde r s m e rged w i th am a s s o fs ma l lp i t s a nd /o r p o s tho le s ( p4 4 ) . S ea l ing d i t ch F 2 w a s al o cal i s ed c ha r coa l f l e cked l o am d epo s i tc u tb yt h ree o ft h es t akeho le sd i s cove red b y Manche s te rU n ive r s i ty i nJ u ly 1 976 ,a nd j u s tn o r th o ft h e l o am d epo s i t w e re t h r ee mo re s t akeho le s , o ne c u ti n to t h en a tu ra ls ub so i la nd t wo i n to t h ef i l lo fd i t ch F 2 . P ha s ing a nd d a t ing o ft h ed i tche s O n t h e b a s i s o f a r t e f a c t s f r om t h e d i t ch f i l l s , t h e f e a tu re s i nt h e n o r th o ft h e s i te c an b e r e la ted t ot h e i n te rp re t ive f r amewo rk o f s t age s w o rked o u t f o r t h e c omp lex . T he f i l s o fd i t ch F 4 c on ta ined p o t te ry i n c lud ing a s h e rd o f af l anged b ow li nB lack -bu rn i shed Wa r e( AD 1 20 -60 )f r om t h ep r ima ry s i l t . A l so i na nu pp e rf i l lo f d i t ch F 4w e re f r agmen t so ft wen ty y e l low -b rown H a w a rden S and s tone , at y pe o fs t one n o t i n t roduced t o t h ec omp lex u n t i l S t age I V . I nt h ef i lo fd i t ch F 2w e re s e ve ra lf r agmen t so ft i l e , am a te r ia l w h ich d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een i n t ro d uced t ot h e c omp lex u n t i l S t age I V o rj u s t b e fo r e . T he re w a s a l so a s he rd o f C en t ra l G au l i sh S am ian w a r e , F o rm 3 7 ( Had r ian ic -An ton ine ) . T os umma r i se ,w h i l s tF 12 m igh th ave p r e -da t ed t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h ec omp lex ,d i t che sF 2a nd F 4s e em t o h ave b een b road ly c on tempo ra ry w i th S t age s I H I . T he s ub sequen t i n te r cu t t ing a nd f i l l ing o f d i t che s c on t inued u nt i la tl e a s tS t age I V a nd p o s s ib ly l a te r .

s i de w a s i n ta c ta nd s l oped a ta na ng le o f5 ° t h rough t h e u n s tab le p ebb ly s ub so i l . T he b a s eo ft h eg r ave w a sc ove red b y al i ne o ff o u r t e gu lae , o u te rf a ce s u pp e rmo s t . Af i f th t e gu la , o u te r f a ce i nwa rd , s t ood o n e dge t o t h e n o r th o f t h e se . A l though t h e e a s te rn s i de o ft h e g r ave h ad b een d i s t u rbed t h ew e s ter ns i d ea nd s ou the rn a nd o ft h eg r ave c e r ta in ly c on ta ined n o t i l e s o n e dge . A bove t h ew e s t er nh a lf o ft h en o r ther nmo s tt i l ew a s ad epo s i to fp ebb ly s ub so i lu pt o0 . 10 m t h ick . T he l e f t l e g o f as k e le ton r e s t ed o n t h i s a nd w a s t h u s r a i sed a bove t h e l e ve l o f t h e o t he r s k e le ta l r ema in s w h ich w e r e b ad ly d e compo sed a nd p a r t ia l ly c r u shed . T he a rms o ft h es k e le ton s e em t oh ave l a in a tt h es i de . T he s k e le ton w a sb u r ied b enea th r e depo s i ted p ebb ly s ub s o i l ( 0 .30 -0 .40 m t h ick ) . T h i si nt u rn w a sc apped b y a no the r l i ne o f f o u r t e gu lae , o u t e r f a ce s u ppe rmo s t . U n l ike t h et i l e so nt h eb a se o ft h eg r ave ,t h e se w e r en o t l y ing f l a tb u th ad b r oken i ns e ve ra lp l ac e sw he re t h ey h ad s ub s ided i n to ad ep r e s s ion i nt h et o po ft h eu nd e r l y ing s ubso i l b a ckf i l l ( c0 . 25 m d eep i nt h e c en t re ) . T he u ppe rmo s t 0 . 30 m o f t h e g r ave w a s f i led b y a m ix tu re o fh umu s a nd r e depo s i t ed p ebb ly s ub so i l . S k e l e ton r ema in s , B u r ia l 1 T he c ond i t ion o ft h eb u r ia lw a sv e ry p oo r ;t h es ku l la nd p e lv i s w e re f r agmen ta ry a nd u se le s s f o rd e t e rm in ing t h e s e x o f t h e s k e le ton , t h e r i b s a nd v e r t eb r ae o n ly s u rv ived a ss pongy f r agmen t s ,a nd t h el o ng b one sw e r e f r agmen t ed w i th t h e e nd s s e ve re ly e r oded . D en t i t ion ---5 -

I NHU MAT IONS

876 5 /32 1

-2 --5678 1234 5678

B yG uy G rang er ( 1981 12 )

/m i s s ing a n t e m o r tem

Two i n huma t ion sw e re l o ca t ed n o r th o ft h ec omp lex , d u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o f ag a rage ( F ig 4 ) . B o th w e re a l igned n o r th s ou th ,w i th h ead st ot h es ou th . Mach ine c l ea rance o f t h e s u r round ing a r ea r e vea led n o o t he r b u r ia l s . T he p rox im i ty o f t h e s e cond t o t h e f i r s t i mpl ie s k now ledge o f t h e p o s i t ion o f t h e f i r s t b u r ia l w hen t h es e cond t o ok p l ace . T he f a c tt h a tH awa rden S and s tone w a su sed i nt h el i n ing o fo ne o ft h eg r ave s ( f i r s ta ppea r ing o nt h es i te i nS t age I V )a nd t i l e su s ed i nt h eo t he r( f i r s ta ppea r ing o ns i te a ga in i nS t age I V ) s ugge s t s t h a tt h eb u r ia l s d a t e t oS t age I V o rl a te r . A d a te o f cAD 1 50 o rl a te ri st h e re fo re s ugge s t ed f o rt h e b u r ia l s .

D en ta la t t r i t ion s ugge s ted a na ge o fb e tween 2 5a nd 3 5 y e a r s ,t h ough o n ly m o la r so nt h el e f ts i de o ft h e mou th c ou ld b ei n sp ec t ed . T he m o la r si nt h er i gh ts i de o ft h e m and ib le w e re c ove red w i th a mode ra t e t o s e ve re l a ye r o fd en ta l c a lcu lu s o n a l l s u r f ace s i n c lud ing t h e o ccu sa l s , w h ich w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t t h e u ppe r r i gh t m o la r s h ad b e en l o s t s ome t ime b e fo r e d ea th . O the r t e e th w e re a lmo s tf r ee f r om d en ta lc a lcu lu s . Mode ra t e t os e ve r e d en ta l h ypop la s ia w a s p r e sen t o n a l l t e e th , a nd as l igh tt o mode ra te d eg re eo fp e r iodon ta ld i sea se w a s s e en . As i ng le m en ta lf o ramen w a ss e en o nt h el e f ts i de o f t h em and ib le ,t h er i gh ts i de n o ts u rv iv ing .N om and ibu l a rt o r i w e re v i s ib le . T he s ku l lh ad m in ima lb r ow d eve lopmen t ,a nd s ma l l t om ed ium m a s to id p roce s s a nd a n e x te rna l o cc ip i ta l p ro t rube rance ,a l o fw h ich i n d ica te t h a tt h ei n d iv idua l w a se i the r af ema le o r av e ry l i gh t ly b u i l tm a le . T he mo s tc omp le te l o ng b one w a st h el e f tf emu r ,t h e e x tan t b u t i n comp le te l e ng th o fw h ich w a s 3 45 mm . P ho tog raph si n d ica te t h et o ta ll e ng th o ft h ef emu rw a s

B ur ia l 1 I nt h ea r ea o ft h eb u r ia l st h en a tu ra lg l ac ia ld epo s i t so f t h e D ee e s tua ry l a y b enea th am id - t or e d -b rown s o i l f o rma t ion . T h i sh ad f o rmed t o ad ep th o f c0 . 10 m b y t h et i me i tw a sc u tb yB u r ia l 1w h ich m ea su red a tl e a s t 1 . 8 x0 . 45 m . T he e a s te rn s i de o f t h e c u t h ad b een r emoved b y t h e l a te rg r ave ( Bu r ia l 2 )b u tt h ew e s t er n

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 T he s i t e c3 80 mm w h ich i nt u rn ( u s ing t h et a b le o fT ro t te ra nd G le se r 1 958 ) w ou ld s ugge s t ah e igh to f 1 . 49 m . I ti st h e re fo re mo s tl i ke ly t h a tt h is i n d iv idua l w a sa

4 7

s ex o ft h e i nd iv idua l s u rv ived b u tp ho tog raphs o ft h e b u r ia l i ns i tu s how a f a i r ly s ma l l i nd iv idua l , s o t h a t v e ry t e n ta t ive ly i tm ay b e s a id t ob e f ema le .

f ema le . B ur ia l2 P a ra l le lt ot h ee a s te rn s i de o fB u r ia l 1w a s as e cond . I t w a s c u tf r om t h e s ame a bso lu te l e ve l a s t h e f i r s tb u t w a s h a l fa sb ig a ga in ( 2 .9 x0 . 8 m ) . T he n o r th -we s t e dge o ft h i s c u t h ad e xpo sed t h e n o r th -we s t s i de s o f t i l e s f o rm ing t h eb a se a nd c ove ro ft h e e a r l ie r b u r ia l . T he f ul c i rcumf e rence o f t h e l a rge , n ew c u t w a s l i ned w i th d re s sed b lock s o f H awa rden S and s tone s t and ing o ne dge . O nt h ew e s t e rn s i de t wo b lo ck so fa s econd c ou r se r ema ined . O n t h e b a se o f t h e g rave w e re t h e r ema in s o f a s ke le ton w h ich ,l i ke t h ee a r l ie ro ne , w a sd e compo sed a nd p a r t ia l ly c r u shed . I t sh ead l a y a tt h es ou the rn e nd a nd t h e re w a s ag ap o f c1m b e tween i t sf e e ta nd t h e n o r the rn e nd o ft h eg rave a d ja cen tt ot h ed i s tu rbed p a r t o ft h ee a r l ie rg r ave ( Bu r ia l 1 ) . I t sa rm sl a ya tt h es i de . A bove t h es ke le ton w e r ef ou rp i e ce so fr e -used l e ad s hee t ,o ne o fw h ich w a sm a rked w i th s t a r sa nd c r o s se s , p i e rced i n s eve ra l p l a ce s w i th i r on n a i l s ( p l X I I I ) , p e rhap si n d ica t ing t h a tt h eb ody h ad b een p l a ced i na w ooden c of in . T he l e ad w a s b en t i nwa rd s : n o r the rn a nd s ou the rn e dge sb e ing c0 . 25 m h i ghe rt h an t h e c en t ra l p a r t s . T he l e ad w a sc ove red b y t wo c ou r se sb y H awa rden S and s tone b lo ck s p i t ched o n e dge w h ich f i l led a nd s l igh t ly p ro t ruded f r om t h e t o p o ft h e g rave . H umus a nd af ew p i e ce so fb roken r oof t i l ew e re m ixed w i th t h em . T ha t t h e s t one s p ro jec ted a bove t h e g rave c u t i nd ica te st h a tt h ey m ay h ave b een i n tended t om a rk t h e p o s i t ion o ft h eg rave .

GENERAL D ISCUSSION T he i n te rna l e v idence f o r t h e f unc t ion o f t h e s i te i s b road ly l im i ted t ot h ef olow ing c a tego r ie s : m e thod o f c on s t ruc t ion w i th i t s a ppa r en t ly m i l i ta ry c onno ta t ion s i n t h e e a r ly s t age s ; p l an -fo rm a nd s i ze , a ga in w i th p o s s ib le m i l i tar yo ro f f ic ia lc onno ta t ion s ;t h ep re sence o f s t amped m i l i ta ry t i l e s ; t h e s t ruc tu ra l c on t inu i ty d emon s t ra ted b y t h e s t ra t ig raphy a nd , l a s t ly , ad a te r a nge o f cAD 1 20 -240 . T h is i n te rna l i n fo rma t ion i s n o t , i ni t se lf ,s uff ic ien tt og ene ra te at h o rough d i scu s s i on o ft h e c omp lex a nd a t t emp t s a tf u r the r e xp lana t i on m us t d raw o n e x te rna l e v idence a nd g ene ra l a r gumen t , ap roce s s w h ich n ece ssa r i ly r ema in s o pen e nded . Me thod o fC ons t ruc t ion T he m e thod o f c on s t ruc t ion u s ed i nS t age s I I I I h a s b e en d e sc r ibed b e s t b y R ichmond ( 1961 ) a nd c an b e p a ra l le led i n ag ene ra lw ay i n many m i l i ta ry c on t ex t s : H od H il ( R ichmond 1 968 ) ,F i shboume ( Cun l i f f e1 971 ) , R ichbo rough ( Cun l i f f e 1 968 ) . N ea rby ,a tC he s te r ,o n t h eO ld Ma rke tH a l ls i te w e re s l o t sc u ti n to t h en a tu ra l s and sa nd s and s tone b a ck f i l led w i th s po i l t oh o ld t h e u p r igh t s f i rm ( Pe t ch 1 970 ) . E nough o f t h e w a l l ing r ema ined t os how t h a tt h es pace sb e tween t h eu p r igh t s h ad b een f i l led b yc l ay p acked o n to w a t t le sa t tached t o t h e t i mbe ru p r igh t s . S uch w a l l ing h a s b een f ound o n m any m i l i ta ry s i te s : I n ch tu th i l ( F re re a nd S t . J oseph 1 974 ) ,G louce s te r( Hu r s t 1 972 ) ,P en L ly s tyn ( Hogg e t a /1 968 ) .

S k e le ta lr ema ins ,B ur ia l2 T h is b u r ia lw a si nr ough ly t h es ame c ond i t ion a sB u r ia l 1t hough t h eb one s w e re e ven mo re f r agmen ted .

P lan f o rm a nd s i ze T he a ppea r ance o ft h is m e thod o fc on s t ruc t ion p r ima r -

D en t i t ion

i l yo nm i l i ta ry s i te sm ay b et h er e su l to f ab i a si nf i e ld w o rk t owa rd s f o r t s a nd s t one s t ruc tu re s , a nd a way 1

87 654//1 R CC

1 12 34 5 6 7 /

/m i ss ing a n t e mo r tem C d en ta lc a r ie s R r oo to n ly D en ta la t t r i t ion s ugge s ted a na ge o fb e tween 3 0a nd 4 0 y ea r s . As l igh t d eg r ee o f d en ta l c a lcu lu s , mode ra te d en ta l h ypop la s ia , w i th m a rked d i sco lou ra t ion a nd b and ing o ft h et e e th ,a nd mode ra te t os eve re p e r iodon t a l d i s ea se w e re a l l p re sen t . T he r i gh t m and ibu la r s e cond mo la rw a sm i sp laced o u twa rd s . S ing le m en ta l f o ram ina w e re s e en o n b o th t h e l e f ta nd r i gh t s i de o f t h e m and ib le a nd n o m and ibu la r t o r i w e re p r e sen t . N oo s teo log ica le v idence f o re i the rt h es t a tu re o rt h e

f r om v i c i a nd t imbe rs t ruc tu re s . Whe re t i mbe rs t ruc t u re sw e re d i scove red i nt h ec i v i ls e t t lemen ta tW i lde r s poo l ( H inchc l i f f e 1 975 ) , h oweve r , t h ey w e re i n d i v i dua l ly much s male rt h an t h eP en t re F a rm c omp lex . T he s ame i st r ue o ft h eb u i ld ing s i nt h ev i c ia tC he s te r ( Sa lway 1 958 ) a nd C o rb r idge ( Dan ie l s 1 959 ) . S im i l a r i t ie si ns i ze w i th P en t re F a rm o n ly o ccu rw i th t h es o c a l led o ff ic ia l r e s idence s o r r n ans iones ( d i scu ssed b e low ) ,a l though ab u i ld ing i n t e rp re ted a s am ans io a t G re ta B r idge (W i l son 1 974 )w a s much s ma l le r . B u i ld i n g s s uppo sed ly o f t h is t ype a tC he s te r , C o rb r idge , B r econ G ae r (Whee le r 1 926 ) , a nd al a te r e xamp le a t V indo landa ( B i r ley 1 977 ) s how l i t t le s t anda rd isa t ion a nd b e t te rc ompar i sons o fb o th s i ze a nd p l an b e tween b u i ld ing s h av ing t h e s ame m e thod o fc on s t ruc t ion a s P en t re F a rm c an b e f ound i nc ommandan t s ' h ou se s w i th in f o r t s . I nS t age s I H I t h eP en t re F a rm c omp lex m ea su red a tl e a s t6 00 s qm ,a na r ea s im i la rt ot h o se o f

4 8

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -81

T he s i te

c ommandan t s ' h ou se sa tH od H i l l I( Bra i ls fo rd 1 962 ) , F endoch ( Col ingwood a nd R ichmond 1 969 )a nd C a s t en C olen I( Na sh -W i ll iams 1 969 ) . S uch c ou r tya rd b u i ld ings h ave a l so a ppea red a s s t one -bu i l t t own h ouse s , l i ke t h o se i n i n su la V I I a t C ae rwen t ( Na sh -W i l l iams 1 969 ) a nd i n su la X IV a t S i lche s te r( Boon 1 974 ) ,b u ta tP en t re F a rm t h em e thod o fc on s t ruc t ion t oge the rw i th t h et y pe o fp l an a nd s i ze o f b u i ld ing s eem t o i mp ly s ome m i l i ta ry o r o f f ic ia l i n vo lvemen t d u r ing S t age s I I I I . E ven i nS t age I V , w hen ac ons ide rab le c hange t ot h ec omp lex i sm a rked b y t h e a dd i t ion o f t h e ' v i l la l ike ' N o r th -we s t R ange a ny a t temp ta t ap u re ly c i v i l ian i n t e rp re ta t ion f r om t h is s t age o nwa rd s mu s tb eb a lanced b yt h ef a c tt h a ts ome o ft h eo r ig ina lt imbe rs t ruc tu re ss t il s t ood . T he N o r th w e s tR ange r e semb le s t yp ica l e a r ly s t one -bu i l t v i l la s s uch a st ho se a tP a rk S t ree t ,L ock leys ,C ox G r een a nd F roce s te r , b u t i n a l l o f t h ese v i l la s t h e r e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re w a s t h e s o le c on s t i tuen to ft h eb u i ld ing . A t P en t re F a rm t h e N o r th -we s t R ange w a s m e r e ly a c on so l ida t ion o f amuch l a rge rw ho le u s ing w ha tm ay h ave b een av e ry c ommon b u i ld ing f o rm o f t h e d ay , i t se l f d e r ived d i re c t ly o r i nd i rec t ly f r om t h e f o rm o f m i l i ta ry b a r rack b lock s . N om i l i ta ry c onnec t ion i s ,o f c ou r se ,i mp l ied p er s eb u t ,c l o se t oP en t re F a rm a tt h e t i l e ry o fL eg io XX a tH o l t as im i la rb u i ld ing , mode l led o n av i l la o ft h eo rd ina ry c o r r ido rp l an ,w a st h ough tt o b e t h a to ft h e o f f ice r ( s ) i nc ha rge ( Ma c Mu l lan 1 965 ; N a sh -W i l l iams 1 969 ) . Wha teve r t h e s im i la r i t ie s b e t we en t h e No r th -we s tR ange a nd e a r ly s t one v i l la s ,t h e r a i son d ' e t re f o rP en t re F a rm i sb ound t ob ed i f f e ren t f r om b u i ld ing sn o rma l ly a s sumed t oh ave b een e r ec ted a s ar e su l t o f a g r icu l tu ra l p ro spe r i ty f o r , o n p re sen t e v idence , R oman ised n a t ive f a rm ing d i d n o t d eve lop o nt h ep oo rf a rm land o fN o r th -Ea s t Wa le s . Ad i f f e ren t s t imu lu s mus te xp la in t h ee x i s tence o ft h eP en t re F a rm c omp lex . T he B a th -house I f , b y s how ing f a r f ewe r m i l i ta ry c onno ta t ion s t h an S tage s I I I I , t h eN o r th -we s tR ange o fS t age I V m igh t i mp ly aw eaken ing m i l i ta ry c onnec t ion , t h e e v idence f r om t h eS tage V Ib a th -house s t reng thens i ta ga in . T he i n te rna la r rangemen to ft h eb a th -hou se ( p2 9 -30 ) p e r m i t st h eo rde ro fc i rcu la t ion t ow h ich t h ew o rd R e ihen t y p r e f e r s .

T he s l igh t d ev ia t ion s f r om t h e s t anda rd

R e ih en typ p lan a tP en t re F a rm c an b ep a ra l le led a tR ed H ou se , C o rb r idge ( Dan ie ls 1 959 ) w he re t h ef r ig ida r i um i sp o s i t ioned t oo ne s i de o ft h eb u i ld ing i n s tead o f a tt h ee nd o ft h er ow . L a rge m i l i ta ry b a th -hou se so ft h e s ame t ype h ave b een f ound a tC a s te l l C o hen ( Na shW i l l iams 1 969 ) w he re t h e r ooms w e re much l o nge r , b u t t h o se i n t h e b a th -house a t S tock s tad t ( von P e t r i kov i t s 1 975 ) w e re o fs im i la r s i ze . At y po logy o fR e ihen typ b a th -hou se s d e r ived f r om m i l i ta ry s i te ss hows t h a tt h ey d eve loped f r om t h eb a s ic t h ree room u n i t o fp raef urn ium , c a ldar ium a nd t e p i d ar ium ,w i th t h ef r ig ida r ium ,apody ter ium a nd l a con i c um b e ing a dd i t ion s t o o ne e nd . T he P en t re F a rm

b u i ld ing ,d a ted b yp o t te ry t ot h eA n ton ine p e r iod ,c an b er e la ted t ot h i st ypo logy . I ti sl a te e nough t oh ave t h e f r ig ida r ium i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e o r ig ina l l a you t a nd t h ep o s s ib le l a con icum w a sn o to ft h ec i r cu la rv a r ie ty w h ich w e re T ra jan ic a tt h el a t e s t . I td oe sn o th ave a n a pody t er ium b u t a pody t er ia d o n o t a ppea r i nk nown b a th -house s o fa ux i l ia ry u n i t su n t i lt h eS eve ran p e r iod ( Dan ie l s 1 959 ) . T he b a th -hou se a tP en t re F a rm t h u s f i t s t h e m il i ta ry t ypo logy o f t h e A n ton ine p e r iod , w h ich i sc on s i s ten t w i th i t s a r chaeo log ica l d a t ing . C lo se s to fa l l t ot h eP en t re F a rm b a th -hou se i nt ype a nd s i ze a r e t h e b a th -hou se s a tT r emadoc a nd P re s t a tyn w he re D an ie l s ( 1970 ) e xp la ined t h a t o n ly t h e i r s ma l lne s s m ade t h em u nu sua l . A t P re s ta tyn , a s a t P en t re F a rm , t h em i l i ta ry c onno ta t ion so ft h eR e ihen t y p p l an -fo rm w e re e ndo r sed b y t h e p re sence o f L e g i ona ry s t amp ed t i l e s ( B lo ck ley f o r thcom ing ) .

S tamped m i l i tary t i l e s I nS t age V Is eve ra lt i l e ss t amped L EG IO XX VV w e re u sed i nt h eh ypocau s tp i lae o ft h e c a ldar ium ,a nd t h e p re sence o f l e g iona ry t i l e s h a s o f ten b e en t a ken t o m a rk o f f ic ia l s t a tu s . T i le s i n ab u i ld ing o n t h e c l i f f s a bove F o lk s tone l e d t o t h e s ugge s t ion ` . . tha t t h i s b u i ld ing w i th i t s s upe rb v i ew a c ro s s t h e c hanne l b e l o nged t ot h eF lee tC ommande r . . . '( Cun l if f e1 968 ) . A t P re s ta tyn ' n e i the rt h ea ppa ren tp ove r ty o ft h er ema in s n o r t h e s ma l lne ss o f t h e b u i ld ing s . . p r ec lude s [ a n o ff i c ia lc onne c t ion ] . . .on t h ec on t ra ry t h es t amped t i l e s s u re ly s t reng then a r gumen t s f o r l i nk s w i th e i the r t h e m i l i ta ry o r t h e p ro cu ra to r ia l d epa r tmen t ' ( Dan ie l s 1 970 ) . T he p re sence o fs t amped m i l i ta ry t i l e s i sn o t , h ow e ve r , e v idence t ob e u sed u nc r i t ica l ly . I th a s b een s ugge s ted , f o re xamp le , t h a t s ome s ma l l s e cond c en t u ry b u i ld ing si nS lovak ia a t Mu so r ,O be r le is ,S tupava a nd M i lanovce c on t rad ic t t h e i mp l ica t ion o ft h e t i l e s o fL eg io XV A po l l ina r i sf ound w i th in t h em : ' t he t i l e s c om ing a st h ey d o ,f r om m i l i ta ry u n i t s ,m a in ly l e g ions , h ave p romp ted S cho la r s t o r ega rd t h e se a s R oman f o r t s , o r , a t l e a s t , a s t h e h ou se s o f c ommande r s o f R oman t r oop s . . .bu t a pa r t f r om t h e t i l e s f r om m i l i ta ry t i l ew o rk s ,t h ese b u i ld ing sh ave n o th ing m i l i ta ry a bou t t h em ' ( Möc sy 1 974 ) . Wha t s e ems t o h ave b een i g no r ed b y mo s t w r i t e r s d i scu ss ing t h i s s ub jec t i st h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a tb r ick s a nd t i l e s s e rved a sa n a r t ic le o f c omme rce . A l though MacMu l len ( 1965 ) c on s ide r s t h i s p o s s ib i l i ty t ob e ' r a the r s u rp r i s ing ' h e u se s i tt o e xp la in t h eo ccu r rence o fm i l i ta ry s t amp si n an umbe r o f u nm i s takab ly c i v i l ian s i te s . Among s t t h e i mp re s s i ve l i s t h e a s semb le s i s av i l la n ea r B u rg s ta l l i n C zecho s lovak ia b u i l t o fb r ick s f r om t h e X th G em ina a nd a no the r o ne i n S w i tze r land o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry u s ing t i l e s d r awn f r om t h e XX I s t a nd X I th l e g ions : MacMu l lan c oncede s t h a t i ti sn a tu ra l t ol o ok f o r a m i l i ta ry f unc t ion i n ab u i ld ing m ade o f l e g iona ry b r ick s ,b u ts ugge s t s t h a tt h el i ke l ie s tc on je c tu re i st h a t t h el e g ions e xchanged s u rp lu sm anuf ac tu red g ood sf o r

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T he s i te

4 9

f ood g rown i nt h en e ighbou rhood ( Ma c Mu l lan 1 965 ) .

f i ed b y t h e p re sence o f l e g iona ry t i l e s i nb u i ld ing s

P resen t e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t t i l e s a s a r t ic le s o f c omme rce a r e u n l ike ly t o h ave moved much m o re t han 1 2 km f r om t h e i rp l a ce o f manufac tu re ,w h ich i n t h e c a se o f P en t re F a rm w ou ld a l low t h em t o h ave c ome f r om t h ek nown m i l i ta ry t i l e ry a tH o l t .

w h ich , e xcep t a tC o rb r idge , c ou ld b e s hown t oh ave b e en p a r to ft h es ame s t ruc tu ra ls cheme a st h ee x te rna l b a th -hou se s o ft h e f o r t . ( The C o rb r idge m ans io w a s i d en t if ied o n t h e p re sence o f l e g iona ry t i l e s a l one . ) Whe re n o c onne c t ion w i th m il i ta ry s t ruc tu re s c an b e s hown ,i th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h ec ha ra c te ro ft h e se h ou se ss e t st h em a pa r tf r om o the r si nt h eV iCUS . ' S ca le o fc on s t ruc t ion c omp lex i ty o ff i t t ing s a nd d eco ra t ion s ugge s t t h e o ff i c ia l ' ( Sa lway 1 958 ) . C e r ta in p o s s ib le i n te rp re ta t ion s w i th in t h i s c l a s s o f

Mans ione s a nd P rae tor ia I ft he P en t re F a rm c omp lex i sn o t c onc lu s ive ly m i l i t a ry , t h e c omb ina t ion o f p l an -fo rm , s i ze , m e thod o f c ons truc t ion ,t ype o fb a th -hou se a nd s t amped m i l i ta ry t i le s s ugge s t s am i l i ta ry l i nk s t rong e nough t os e ek p a ra l le ls f o ri ta mong s t av a r ie ty o fo ff ic ia lb u i ld ing s . T he i den t if ica t ion o f ac l a s so fb u i ld ing sa sm ans iones o rp rae tor ia w a s f i r s t t e n ta t ive ly s ugge s ted a tS aa l b u rg ( J acob i1 897 ) . L a te r , al a rge b u i ld ing c l o se t ot h e b a th -house a tB recon G ae rw a se xp la ined a s am ans io (Whee le r 1 926 ) ,w hen as im i la rb u i ld ing a tN ew s tead ( Cu r ie 1 911 ) w a s a l so men t ioned . B i r ley ( 1 935 ) s t rong ly s uppo r ted t h i s s ugge s t ion a nd i n d ica ted a n o the r l a rge b u i ld ing s ome w ay s ou th o f t h e f o r t a t B enwel . H e s t re ssed t h e c o r re c tne s s o f e xp la in ing t h ese b u i ld ings a s o ff ic ia l l o dg ing s b y c i t ing a n i n s c r ip t ion f r om M ih i l ic i i n B u lga r ia ( C IL I I 6 123 , o r ig ina l ly q uo ted i nK a l inka 1 906 ) . T he i n sc r ip t ion r e co rd st h ee r ec t ion o ft wo d i f f e ren tt ype so fb u i ld ing s , t abernae a nd p rae tor ia i n AD 6 0 -61 o n t h e m i l i ta ry

b u i ld ing c an b e c ons ide red a s e xp lana t ion s f o r t h e P en t re F a rm c omp lex . S t r ic t ly s peak ing , am ans io w a s al o dg ing f o rt h eo ff i c ia l so ft h ec u r su sp ub l icu s( Boon 1 974 ) a l though r e cen tw o rk h a sp o in ted o u tt h a tt h e re i sn o s ound e v idence , a s f a r a s t h e f i r s t t ot h e t h i rd c en tu ry AD i sc oncer ned , f o r t h e a s sump t ion t h a t a r e s t -house b e s ide t h e r ou te w a s d e s igna t ed am ans io . O the rt e rms w e re e mp loyed i no rde rt or e f e rt os uch a b u i ld ing s uch a s t a berna , p rae tor ium a nd s t abu lum ( Bende r 1 975 ) . N eve r the le s s , t h e i mpe r ia l p o s ta l s e rv ice s e s tab l ished u nde r A ugu s tu s mu s t h ave u sed b u i ld ing so ft h is c l a ss a l ong i t sr ou te s .P en t re F a rm l a y o n t h e r oad a c ro s s N o r th Wa le s , w h ich mu s t h ave e x i s ted f r om t h et i me S egon t ium wa sf i r s te s tab l i shed . T he c onne c t ion b e tween C he s t e r a nd C ae rna rvon i s

r oads i nT h race , t h e w o rk b e ing c a r r ied o u t b y t h e p rocu ra to r o f t h e p rov ince o n t h e o rde r s o f t h e Em p e ro r ( Sa lway 1 958 ) . U nde r t h e e mp i re t h e w o rd p rae tor ium w a su sed n o to n ly t od e sc r ibe t h eg ene ra l 's q ua r te r si n ac amp ,o rt h ec ommand ing o f f ice r 's r e s i d ence i na na ux i l l ia ry f o r t ,b u tf o ra ny h ouse r e se r ved f o ro f f ic ia lu se ,s uch a sa n i mpe r ia l v i l la , ag ove rno r s ' r e s idence o rt h eq ua r t e r sp rov ided o u t s ide t h ef o r tf o r

m en t ioned a sh er X I i nt h eA n ton ine I t ine ra ry ,a nd t h e a e r ia lp ho tog raph t a ken b yP ro f e s so r G D BJ one s ,j u s t s ou th -ea s t o f F l in t , s hows ar oad w h ich m igh t h ave b een p a r t o ft h e R oman c oa s ta l r ou te . O n t h eD eva S egon t ium i t i ne ra ry ,t h ei n te rmed ia t et own so fKanov ium a nd V arae h ave b een i d en t if ied a s C ae rhun a nd S t A saph ,b ecau se t h e i rd i s tance sf r om C ae rna r von ,C he s te r a nd e a ch o t he ra pp rox ima te t ot h e c a lcu la t ed a ve rage b e tween m ans ione so f2 5 R oman m i le s .

o ff ice r so nt ou r so fd u ty ( B i r ley 1 935 ) .T h is h a s mo re r e cen t ly b een r e info r ced : ' mo s tp l ace st h a tw e re c a l led p rae tor ium w e re s e t t lemen t so nb ig r oad si nt h ep rov -

U s ing t h es ame a rgumen tt h eP en t re F a rm c omp lex i su n l ike ly t oh ave b een am an s io b e cause i ti so n ly 1 m i le s f r om C he s te r . I t s i d en t if ica t ion a st h e s i te o fa

i n ce sa nd o we t h e i ro r ig ins t oh ouse sb u i l tb yt h es t a te a nd c a l led p rae tor ia w h ich h ad t op rov ide q ua r t e r sf o r t h ee mpe ro r ,g ove rno r sa nd o the ro ff ic ia l so nt o u r so f

m ans io , a nd h ome o f V arae , w ou ld l e ave u nequa l

d u ty ' ( Bogae r s 1 964 ) . I ti sc l ea rt h a tn e i the ro ft h et e rm sm an s io o rp rae to r i um c an b ep rec i se ly d e f ined ,a nd t og ob eyond ab a s ic r e cogn i t ion o ft h ec l a s so fb u i ld ing si sd i ff icu l t . L i t t le c an b eg a ined f r om t h eg round p l ans a l one s i nce t h e re s eems t ob e l i t t le c on s i s tency w i th in t h e c l a s s . T he p lan o ft h em ans io a tN ew s t ead ,f o re xamp le ,i ss im i la r t ot ho se o fs uch l a rge rm i l i ta ry h ouse sa st h ep rae tor ia o fa uxi l ia ry f o r t so rt h et r ibune 's h ou se si nf o r t re s se s i n wh ich t h er ooms a r er anged a round ac en t ra lc o lon n aded c ou r t . E l sewhe re , t h e B enwe l l m ans io w a s a s t ra igh t fo rwa rd a i s led s t ruc tu re , w h i le t h e b u i ld ing i n te rp re ted a ss uch a tC o rb r idge b egan w i th af o rm l i ke t h a to f aw inged -co r r ido rv i l la ; a tC he s te r ,t h em ans io r e semb led t h ek ind o fv i l la w h ich c onnec ted b u i ld ing s w e re g rouped a round a c en t ra l c ou r tya rd ( Sa lway 1 958 ) . N o c l ea r t r end o r d eve lopmen t i n d e s ign a ppea r s ,b u ta l l t h em an s iones j u s tl i s ted w e re i d en t i -

d i s tance s f o r t h e t h ree s t age s k nown t oh ave e x is ted b e tween C he s te r a nd C ae rna rvon . T ha t P en t r e F a rm w a s am u ta t io o r s ma l le r c oun te rpa r t o f t h e m ans io , a c t ing a s ar e lay s t a t ion i sa l so ap o s s ib i l i ty , b u tt h e re w a s n oe v idence w i th in t h e e xcava t ion a r ea a tP en t re F a rm o f a ny f o rm o f s t ab l ing . T hus P en t re F a rm p robab ly h ad n o th ing t od ow i th t h ec u r sus p ub l icus . I f a ny c a tego ry w i th in B ende r 's g ene ra l c l a s s o fb u i ld i n g s c a l led m ans iones o rp rae tor ia f i t s P en t re F a rm t h en i ti sh i s ` Ra s thouse r b e i L age rn u nd K a s te l len ' , w h ich e mpha s i se so ff ic ia lc onnec t ion sw i thou tn e ce s s a r i ly i mp ly ing t h e c on t inuou s p r e sence o fs o ld ie r s . I ti sy e ta no the r m a t te rt oa s sume t h a tP en t re F a rm l a y c l o se t o af o r t . I fi td id , i tm igh t h ave h ou sed o ff i c ia l s o ft h e p rocu ra to r 's d epa r tmen t a sw e l l a so f t h em i l i ta ry a tv a r ious t ime s ,p e rhaps e ven a tt h es ame t i me ,s i nce i ti sp o s s ib le t oi n te rp re tp ar t so ft h eP en t re F a rm g round p l an s a s s u i te s o fr ooms o fc ompa rab le s t a tu s . T he re i sn o a r chaeo log ica l e v idence t os ay w he the r

5 0

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he s i t e

P en t re F a rm w a sn ea r af o r t ,b u ta nh i s to r ica la pp ra isa l g i ve sa ni n d ica t ion . S ince T ac i tu sr e co rded t h a tt h e re w a s r e s i s tance f r om t h e D eceang l i i n AD 4 8 ( Na sh W il iams 1 969 ) ,i tmay b ea s sumed t h a ts ome f o rm o f , a s y e t u nde tec ted , f o r t w a s e r ec ted i no r n ea r t h e i r t e r r i to ry a tt h a t t ime , b e fo re t h e w i thd rawa l t oc ope w i th t h e r ebe l l ion o f t h e B r igan te s . B y AD 6 0 , h oweve r , t h e D e ceang l i h ad p robab ly a cqu ie s ced . C e r ta in ly ,n or e s i s tance w a sr e co rded d u r ing t h ed r ive t owa rd s A ng le sey . T he a bsence o f k nown f o r t s i n D eceang l ian t e r r i to ry h a s b een t a ken a sa n i n d ica t ion o f ap ea ce fu l , p ro -Roman n a t ive p opu la t ion , a nd i n t h e se c i r cum s tance s No r th Wa le s c ou ld h ave b een a dequa te ly p o l iced f r om t h el e g iona ry b a se a tC he s te r . T he l o ca l l e ad -m in ing i n du s t ry , o n t h e o t he r h and , m igh ti ni t se lf h ave b een c on s ide red e nough o f ap r ize t ow a r ran tg ua rd ing . I ti sk nown t h a te xp lo i ta t ion mu s t h ave b een s t a r ted b y AD 7 0 , f r om t h e d a te o f t h e e a r l ie s tl e ad p ig ,a nd a ta r ound t h is t ime af o r to rf o r t s m ay h ave b een b u i l t t o s a f egua rd t h e n ew ly -found e conom ic p o ten t ia l . S oon a f te rwa rd s , h oweve r , t h e s i tua t ion c hanged w i th t h e a ppea rance o f i mpe r ia l l e s see sl i ke C .N ip iu sA s can iu sw hose n ame o ccu r so n ap ig o f AD 7 4 (Web s te r 1 953 ) . W i th c i v i l ian o ff ic ia ls b ecom ing i n c r ea s ing ly i n v o lved ,t h en eed f o rd i rec tm i l i ta ry s upe rv i s ion w ou ld h ave d e c rea sed ,s ot h a tb yt h et i me t h eP en t re F fw rndan i n du s t r ia l s e t t lemen tw a s e s tab l i shed i na bou t AD 9 0 t h en eed f o r af o r tm igh th ave g one a l toge the r .E ven i f t h e p o t t e ry u sed t o t h e d a t e t h e P en t re F fw rndan s e t t lemen ti sp u shed b a ck t ot h eb eg inn ing o fi t sr a nge ( a bou t AD 9 0 , p1 20 ) , i ti si mpo s s ib le t os e et h a ts i te f l ou r i sh ing i nt ime t op roduce ,o rb ea s soc ia ted i na ny w ay w i th t h ek nown l e ad p ig s . T he e a r l ie s tc en t re o f p roduc t ion o r p roce s s ing mu s t t h e refo re h ave b een e l sewhe re i n t h e t e r r i to ry o f t h e D eceang l i a nd t h e P en t re F f rwndan s e t t lemen t mu s tb es epa ra te f r om a ny c on jec tu red b u t s t il o ccup ied e a r ly f o r t . T he P en t re F a rm c omp lex m ay n o t , t h e re fo r e , h ave b een b u i l ta l ongs ide af o r ta ta l l ; t h i si sn o tt os ay t h a t m i l i ta ry i n te re s t s w ou ld b e e n t i re ly a b sen t . I ndeed , b ecau se a l l m ine ra l r i gh t s b e longed t o t h e e mpe ro r s ome k i nd o f m i l i ta ry o r o f f ic ia l p re sence i sl i ke ly ; t h ough i tm ay h ave b een m anage r ia l a nd c once rned w i th t h e r e venue f o r l e a seho ld ing s , r a the r t h an c oe r c i ve a nd c once rned w i th p o l ic ing . A ss uch i tw ou ld n o t n e ce s sa r i ly h ave n eeded af o r ti nt h ei mmed ia te v i c in i t y : ' a no f f ice ro rt wo -c en tur ion o r o p t io c a l led o n f o r t e chn ica l d i rec t ion , f o r e xamp le , w ou ld n o t h ave l i ved i n ad ef ended b u i ld ing ' ( Ma c Mu l lan 1 964 ) . Two a ppa ren t ly u ndef ended s i te s i nC he sh i re , w i th o f f ic ia lc onnec t ion s ,m ay a l so b er e f e r red t oi ns uppo r t o f t h e i d ea t h a t P en t re F a rm , a sa n o f f ic ia l b u i ld ing , n eed n o t i mp ly t h e n ea rby p re sence o f af o r t . T he t wen t ie th L eg ion w o rk sd epo ta tH o l ts t ood o ng round s l op ing g en t ly d own t h ef i f ty foo tc on tou rt ot h ee dge o ft h ew e s tb ank o ft h eR ive rD ee . T he b a r rack sh ad a l a rge w a l l a r ound t h em w h ich w ou ld n o t h ave b een s u f f ic ien tf o rd e f ence a nd t h eo f f ice r 's h ouse l a yt oo ne

s i de o ft h e c ompound , a ppa r en t ly w i thou ta ny e nc lo s u re a ta l l . A ni ndus t r ia ls i te a tH e ronb r idge ,s im i la rt o H o l ti ni t se l eva t ion a nd r e la t ion t ot h eR ive rD ee ,h a s b een i n te rp re ted a st h et r an s -sh ipmen tp o in to fg ood s c om ing d own r ive r f r om H o l t e n r ou te f o r C he s te r a nd y e t t h e s i te w a s ( Thomp son 1 965 ) .

n o t e nc lo sed i n a ny w ay

I n terpre ta t ion a s a n o ff ic ia l b u i ld ing T o c on s ide r t h e s i te i n i t s r eg iona l e nv i ronmen t i t m a t te r sl i t t le w he the ri t sc o r re c ti n t e rp re ta t ion i sm an s i o o r p rae tor ium , o n ly t h a t i tw a s o ff ic ia l . O ne p o s s ib le r e a son f o rs uch ab u i ld ing i st h a t t h e re w e re l o ca lp o r tf a c i l i t ie sa tt h e mou th o ft h eb rook t ha tr un s b e s ide S h ip F ie ld i n to t h e D ee . U n t i l e a r l ie r t h i s c en tu ry t h e re w a s aw ha r fa tt h e mou th o ft h is b rook , a cco rd ing t ol o ca lr e s iden t s : a l though aw ide e xpanse o f ma r sh n ow s epa ra te st h es i te o ft h eP en t re F f rwndan s e t t lemen t f r om t h e t i da l w a te r s , t h i s m ay n o t h ave b een s oi nR oman t ime ss i nce s hoa lc ond i t ion ss eem t o h ave d e te r io ra ted s i nce t h en ( C lee re 1 978 ) . B u ti fp o r t f a c i l i t ie s a r e t ob ec on s ide red a st h er a ison d 'e t re f o r as ub s tan t ia l b u i ld ing l i ke t h a t a tP en t re F a rm , t h e g ood s p a s s ing t h rough mu s t h ave b een o f g rea te r i mpo r tance t h an t ho se r equ i red f o r a n o rd ina ry c i v i l s e t t lemen t . O ne i sf o rced t ot h e mo s t o bv iou s c on jec tu re , t h a t t h e r a ison d 'e t r e o fb o th t h e P en t re F f rwndan s e t t le m en ta nd t h eP en t re F a rm b u i ld ing i st h el e ad m in ing i n du s t ry . N o d i re c tc onnec t ion b e tween t he i ndus t ry a nd P en t re F a rm c an b e s hown , b u t o ne i ss t rong ly s ugge s ted b y a n a s se s smen t o f t h e a r gumen t s w h ich r e ly o n g ene ra l c on s ide ra t ions r a the r t h an s pec if ic e v idence f r om t h e P en t re F a rm o r P en t re F fwmdan e xcava t ion s . T he m ine ra l w ea l th o fB r i ta in w a s o ne o ft h e p r in c i p le r e a son sf o rt h eC laud ian i n va s ion a t at ime w hen , a cco rd ing t oP l iny , l e ad w a s ' m ined w i th s ome d i ff i c u l ty i nS pa in a nd G au l b u t i nB r i ta in i ti sp re sen t t o s uch a n e x ten t n ea r t h e s u r f ace t h a t t h e re i s al aw l i m i t ing i t se xp lo i ta t ion ' ( Na t . H i s t . XXX IV 1 7 , 1 64 ) . N o r th Wa le s c on ta ined r i ch s upe rf i c ia l d epo s i t s o f g a lena , e spe c ia l ly t ho se o f t h e P r e s ta tyn -Ho lywe l l s e r ie sw he re t h ev e ins h ave b een f o rmed u nde r ac ove r o fs ha le ( Web s te r 1 953 ) . Whe the ro rn o tt h i so r e w a s f ound t oc on ta in i n su f f ic ien t s i lve r c on ten t f o r d i re c t m i l i ta ry e xp lo i ta t ion i so p en t od oub t ,b u tt h e re c an b e n one a bou t t h e d emand g ene ra ted b y t h e l e g iona ry b a se a nd c i v i l ian s e t t lemen ta tC he s te r ,w he re a l lk ind s o ff i t t ing sf r om p ipe st oc o f f ins w ou ld h ave b een m ade o f l e ad . T he e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s a tP en t r e F fwr ndan d emon s t ra t ed t h a t s ome k i nd o fl e ad p roces s ing w a s c a r r ied o nf r om t h el a te f i r s tt om id s e cond c en tu r ie sa t l e a s t , r e ga rd le ss o f w he the r o r n o t t h is w a s a c tua l ly s me l t ing . Af u rnace p a cked w i th l i me s tone c h ip sa nd c ha r coa l f o und i n 1 976 , s uppo r t s t h is i d ea a nd i ff u r n a ce s d i scove red i n1 840 ( s ee p 3 )a r ea l so t a ken i n to a ccoun t ,t h et o ta la r ea c ove red b y i n du s t r ia l f e a tu re si s c ons ide rab le . P en t re F a rm ,b u i l te a r ly i nt h eH ad r ian ic

P en t re F a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T he s i te p e r iod w hen l e ad p roce s s ing s t i l l c on t inued a tP en t re F fw rndan , s how s n o d i rec to r n ecce s sa ry c onnec t ion w i th l a rge -sca le l e adwo rk ing . T he l e ad r e s idue ( ox ide ? )u sed a s f l oo r m a te r ia l s i nS tage s I V -V I I I s ugge s t s t h a tp roce s s ing m ay h ave c on t inued n ea rby u n t i l l a te i nt h el i f eo ft h ec omp lex . T he o n ly e v idence o fl e ad w o rk ing a tP en t re F a rm i s as ma l l h ea r th i nS t age I I a nd a n o n ly t e n ta t ive ly i d en t if i ed c upe l la t ion h ea r th b e long ing t oS tage V I I I . I ti sd i ff icu l t , h oweve r , o n g ene ra lr a the rt h an s pec if ic g round s , t oa vo id m ak ing t h ec onnec t ion b e tween P en t re F a rm a nd t h el o ca ll e ad i ndu s t ry . I nt h is c on tex t ,i ti sl e g i t ima te t os pe cu la t eo n t h e p o s s ib le f unc t ion o f t h e P en t re F a rm c omp lex w i th in t h eo rgan isa t ion o ft h el o ca ll e ad m in ing i n du s t r y . F unc t ion o ft he c omp lex w i th in t he l o ca l l e ad m in ing i ndus try Who o ccup ied t h e c omp lex? T he s t a tu s o ft h e c om p l ex i t se l f i sd i ff i cu l t t oa s ce r ta in , b u t t h e f l oo r s a nd d eco ra t ions o ft h eb e t te rr ooms i ni tc ompa re w i th t h e m a te r ia l s f ound i n c en tu r ions ' q ua r t e r s a t C he s te r . T he p lan r e semb le st h o se o ft r ibune s 'h ouse si nl e g ion a r y f o r t r e s se s o r c ommandan t s ' h ou se s i n a ux i l ia ry f o r t s . S omeone o fe que s t r ian r ank may b ec on s ide red . L a te ri nt h es equence ,f r om S t age I Vo nwa rd s ,w i th a n a ppa ren td ec l ine i nq ua l i ty o f ma te r ia ls a nd p re c is ion o fl a you ti ti sl e s se a sy t os p ecu la te i nt h i sf a sh ion . T he n eed f o r a ccommoda t ion i so bv iou s , s i nce e ven i f m i l i ta ry o ff ice r sm igh tb el o dged i nt h ec ommandan t 's h ou se , s ome p rov i s ion mu s t h ave b een r equ i red f o r c i v i l o ff i c ia ls , n o t l e a s t t h e s t a f f o f t h e p rocura tor p rov incae ( Sa lw ay 1 958 ) . T he a dm in is t ra t ion o fm ine s w a s u nde r t h e c on t ro l o f t h e p rocu ra to r w ho w a s r e spon s ib le t o t h e e mpe ro r f o r t h e' managemen t o f i mpe r ia le s ta te sa nd a l lf i nanc ia la dm in i s t ra t ion ( Web s te r 1 953 ) . H e r e as i ng le f r eedman p rocu ra to rw a sc on t ro l le ro f t ho se m ine s w h ich w e re n o t i mpo r tan t e nough t o w a r ran tb o th a ne que s t r ian a nd af r eedman p rocu ra to r (Weave r1 965 ) .U lp iu sA e l ianu sw a so ne s u ch f r eedman a nd i tw a su nde rh i sj u r i sd ic t ion t h a tt h es e cond o ft h e A l l ju s t re lp l aque sw a si s sued . A l though i ti sc u s tom a r y t oa s sume t h a t m in ing w o rk i nR oman t ime s w a s c a r r ied o u t b y s l ave l a bou r , t h e r e gu la t ions i s sued u nde r U lp iu s A e l ianu s , s e em t o s ugge s t t h a t w h i le s l ave l a bou r m igh tb e e mp loyed b y i n d iv idua l s t h e re w a s aw ide l i be r ty o fa c t ion f o rc o lon io rt e nan t s ,a nd t h e r egu la t ion s g ove rn ing t e nu re s e emed t ob e s pe c i a l ly d e s igned t oe ncou rage i nd iv idua li n i t ia t ive ( A l len 1 970 ) . I ti si nt h ei mp lemen ta t ion a nd s upe rv i s ion o f t h e se r egu la t ion s t h a t t h e n eed f o r p rocu ra to r ia l o ff i c i a l si sf ound a nd t h el e ad p ig b ea r ing C .N ip i A scan i (Web s te r 1 953 ) t e s t if ie s t ot h e p re sence o fl e s see s i n No r th -ea s t Wa le s f r om a t l e a s t AD 7 4 : p e rhap s a s im i la r a dm in is t ra t ion s hou ld b e e nv isaged h e re . I n t h e Al ju s t re l i n sc r ip t ion t h e p rocu ra to r a tV ipa sca i s a u tho r ised t of i ne t h el e ssee o ft h eb a th monopo ly i fh e f a i ls t op rov ide t h es e rv ice r equ i red u nde rh i sc on t rac t .

5 1

H e may a l so b ea t as l ave a nd h ave h im s o ld , o r c onf i sca te t h ep rope r ty o f af r ee m an a nd e xc lude h im f r om t h e m in ing d i s tr ic t s i fh ei sf ound g u i l ty o ft h e f t o ro fc on t raven t ion o fv a r iou s m in ing r e gu la t ion s . I n a dd i t ion ,h em ay h ave t od ec ide i s sues i nc ou r t ,s uch a s b reache s o f monopo l ie s s o ld b y t h e p rocu ra to r o r d i spu te s b e tween p a r tne r s i n am in ing c once s s ion ( Brun t 1 966 ) . N one o ft h e se p owe r s i se x t en s ive b u t t h ey d o s how t h a t o n t h e m in ing e s ta te s , p rocu ra to r s w e r ev e s ted w i th t h es ame k i nd o fp owe r sa s mun ic ipa l m ag i s t ra te s . T he P en t re F a rm c omp lex w ou ld h ave b een a dequa te f o rs uch a no ff i c ia la nd i t sl o ca t ion n ea r t h e p l ace o f p roce s s ing a nd p o s s ib le t r an s -sh ipmen t i d ea l f o r t h e e xecu t ion o f p rocu to r ia l d u t ie s . T he c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e c omp lex f o r s uch a p ro cu to r ia l o ff i c ia l , a b i n i t io , w ou ld a l so e xp la in t h e m i l i ta ry b e ing v e ry c l ose , a st h e M ih i l ic i i n scr ip t ion s how s . A l te rna t ive ly , o ne m igh t s pecu la te o n t h e p re sence o f am i l i ta ry o ff i c ia l a t P en t re F a rm . Ma c Mulen ( 1964 ) h a s c on s ide r ed t h e a dm in i s t ra t ive r o le o f t h e m i l i ta ry a nd e xp la ins t h a t E gyp t o f f e r s i mpo r tan t i n f o rma t ion t h a tc an b eu sed w i th c onf idence ,s i nce i ti s o f t en c onf i rmed b yw ha ti sk nown o fo t he rp rov ince s . Many o ft h es o ld ie r si nE gyp tw e re b a sed i nc amp so r c i v i lo ff ice sf r om w h ich t h ey w e re s en tt od ot h e i ra d m in i s t ra t ive j ob s . O the r s w e re s c a t te red i n m ino r p o s t s ,s t a t ionar i i i ns t a t ione s . O u t s ide E gyp ts t a t ion a r i i a r e m e t w i th f r equen t ly , s ome t ime s u nde r t h e n ame o f r eg ionar iu s , t oi n d ica te r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r a r u ra l d i s t r ic t . S t a t iones w e re h e ld b y d e tachmen t s l i v ing i n t h e i r o wn t e n t s , i n p r iva te h ou se s o r i n u nfo r t if ied m ans iones ( Mac Mu l len 1 964 ) . T he l a s t c ommen t m ay make s uch m i l i ta ry o f f ic ia ls s e em a pp rop r ia t e f o r P en t re F a rm , b u t t h e d u t ie s o f t h e s t a t ionar i i d e scr ibed b y Ma c Mu l len a r e h a rd ly r e le v an t t o al e ad -m in ing d i s t r ic t . T hese r a nged f r om c ha s ing c r im ina ls , t o g ua rd ing t h e g ove rno r 's r e s i d ence o r o ve r see ing t h e c onf i sca t ion o f p rope r ty . T yp ica l ly t h ey w e re a t ta ched t or oad s a nd c ommun i c a t ion c en t re s ,t ok eep t h ep ea ce a nd h e lp w i th m ove m en to fd r augh ta n ima ls , d rove r sa nd t h ea nnona . I n c on t ra s t t o t h e se d u t ie s t h o se o f t h e p rocu ra to r ia l d epa r tmen t d e scr ibed e a r l ie r i nt h e d i sscu s s ion s e em b e t te r t oc ha ra c t er i se t h e a u tho r i ty a nd r e spons ib i l i ty o ft h e o ccupan to fP en t re F a rm . T he c omp lex a s p ar to fa n I mper ia l E s ta te C lo se ly b ound u p w i th t h e p re sence o fp rocu ra to r ia l o f f ic ia l s i st h e i mp l ica t ion t h a tt h ea r ea i nw h ich t h ey w o rked w a s a n i mpe r ia l e s ta te . T he se c e r ta in ly e x i s ted i nB r i ta in ,a nd a ni n sc r ip t ion f r om C om b oD own , B a th ( R IB 1 79 ) , s e t u p i n t h e r e ign o f C a raca l la t o r e co rd t h er e s to ra t ion o f ar u ined h eadqua r te r sb yN ae v i u s , i mpe r ia l f r eedman a nd a s s i s tan t t ot h e p ro cu ra t o r s , r e co rd sa n i mpe r ia l i n te re s t ,p o s s ib ly i nt h el o ca l B a th S tone ( F re re 1 974 ) . I ns ou the rn B r i ta in t h e re a r e t wo v e ry l a rge a r ea s w he re t h e a b sence o fv i l la s a nd e ven t own s i sn o t icab le . T he f i r s t i sS a l i sbu ry P la in a nd C r anbour ne C ha se w he re a n a r ea o f o ve r 9 00

5 2

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he s i te

s qua re m i le s i sv i r tualy d evo id o f v i l la s , a l though f a rms tead sa nd v ilage so f' p ea san tt ype 'a bound ( F re re 1 974 ) ,o ri nt h eF en b a s in w he re a na r ea t h ree t ime sa s l a rge h a s d ra inage w o rk s o n am a s s ive s c a le w h ich i mp ly o ff ic ia la c t ion . I ti sp robab le t h a tt h et e r r i to r ie s w e r e p ub l ic l a nd , p ea san t s e t t le r s r e ce iv ing f a rms i n r e tu rn f o rr en t , a nd n o d oub t b e ing p l aced u nde r t h e c on t ro l o f ap rocu ra tor s a l tu s ( F re re 1 974 ) . S ince t h et e r r i to ry o ft h eD eceang l i i nw h ich P en t re F a rm l a y s e ems s im i la r ly d evo id o f t own a nd v i l la s e t t lemen t ,a nd b ea r ing i nm ind t h a tm ine sw e re i mpe r i a l p rope r ty a nyway , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a ts ome k i nd o f i mpe r ia l e s ta te e x i s ted h e re . T he e xc lu s ive d i s t r ibu t i on o fn a t ive h ome s tead s i nn o r th -we s t Wa le s s e em s t oc o inc ide d i rec t ly w i th a n a r ea o fi n t en s ive m i l i ta ry p re sence . S e t t lemen t i n n o r th -we s t Wa le s , o n t h e o t he rh and ,p e rhap sc on t inued a sb e fo re , i na ne s sen t i a l ly p a s to ra le conomy ( Ke l ly 1 977 ) . I nt h et e r r i to ry o ft h eD e ceang l i ,t h is m igh th ave b een a s ar e su l to ft h e c onf i sca t ion o ft h ea r ea sa round t h em ine s . ' I nG a la t ia t h ep rocu ra to ri sa tl e a s ta s so c ia ted w i th t h el e ga te i n d e te rm in ing t h eb ounda r ie sb e tween t h ec i ty o fS aga l a s su sa nd t h ev ilage o fT ymb r ian is su s . E ven t h ough t h e re i sn od i rec tt e s t imony t h a tt h e v i l lage w a s i na n i mpe r ia l e s ta te , If e e l t h a t t h e p rocu ra to r ' s p r esence mu s tb ee xp la ined o nt h eh ypo the s i st h a ti tw a s ;i tw a s t h ef i s ca li n te re s tt h a tb rough th im i n . . . ' ( Brun t 1 966 ) .

S ta tu s o ft he R oman L ead M in ing D i s tr ic to f N or th -ea s t Wa les I ft h eP en t re F a rm c omp lex i st ob es e en a sa no f f ic ia l b u i ld ing i n teg ra ted w i th t h e l e ad m in ing i ndu s t ry , s ome c on s ide ra t ion o ft h es t a tu so ft h a ti n du s t ry s e ems a pp rop r ia te . T h i s h a s b een d one b y a s se s s ing t h e F l in t sh i re m ine s t o ge the r w i th t h e mo s t s ucce s sfu l R oman m ine s i nB r i ta in o n t h e Mend ip s . T he o pen c a s tI r on A ge m ine so ft h e Mend ip sw e re h a rne s sed b y t h e R oman s s oon a f te r t h e c onque s t a nd a f o r t w a s e s tab l ished i na bou t AD 4 5 t op ro te c t t h e m ine s o f h i gh -qua l i ty o re . As e cond f o r tm ay h ave b een b u i l ti n t h es e cond c en tu ry . T he s ca le o ft h e Mend ip i n du s t ry a nd i t s h i gh s i lve r c on ten t s ugge s t s t h a t as t rong m i l i ta ry p re sence r ema ined e ven t h ough l e s see s a r e k nown f r om t h e t ime o fN e ro . T he Mend ip i n du s t ry w a s w e l l p l aced f o r s e rv ing m a rke t s i nt h e s ou th o f B r i tann ia a nd i no the rp rov ince sv i aS orv iodorum a nd C lausen t ium o n t h e s ou th c oa s t . Mend ip l e ad p i g s h ave b een f ound i nS tV a lery a nd L i l lebonne a nd i n

c en tu ry t h ei n du s t ry r e ce ived n ew i mpe tu sw hen i tw a s u sed e x t en s ive ly i nt h em anuf ac tu re o fp ew t e ra nd t h e l a rge n umbe r o f We s t -Coun t ry v i l la s e n su r ed t h a t t h e re w a s ag ood m a rke t . T he F l in t sh i re m ine s ,t o o ,w e re p o ss ib ly i ne x i s tence i nt h eI r on A ge . C e r ta in ly t h ey w e re b e ing w o rked b y t h eR omans v e ry s oon a f te rt h ec onque s to ft h ea r ea i n AD 5 8 -9 . T he a ppea rance o f l e s see s l i ke A scan iu s , h oweve r , i nt h e r e ign o f D om i t ian a tt h e l a te s t , s ug g e s t s t h a td i r ec t m i l i ta ry e xp lo i ta t ion h ad e nded , p e r h ap s b ecau se t h e s i lve r c on ten t o ft h e o r e w a s l owe r t h an a n t ic ipa ted . I ft h is w a ss o ,i mpe r ia lr e venue c ou ld p e rhap sb ee qua l ly w e l ls e cu r ed f r om l e v ie so nc i v i l ian l e a seho lde r s , w i thou t t h e r i sk o fl a rge -sca le i mpe r ia l i n ve s tmen t . O na va i lab le e v idence ,m a rke t sf o rF l in t s h i r ep roduc t sn eve rs eem t oh ave b een a sw ide sp read a s t h o se o f t h e Mend ip s . C he s te r mu s t h ave u sed a l a rge p e r cen tage o ft h el e ad p roduced a nd t h e f a r the s t F l in t sh i re p ig sa r ek nown t oh ave r e ached i sR unco rn i nC he sh i re . I nt h es e cond c en tu ry as i tua t ion c an b ee nv isaged i n w h ich c i v i l ian i n vo lvemen t i nt h e m ine s h ad g rown s ub s tan t ia l ly o r e ven t a ken o ve r f r om t h e m i l i ta ry a l toge the r ,a nd s i nce t h eP en t re F a rm c omp lex p roba b l yd a te si n i ta l ly f r om t h ep e r iod o fH ad r ian ic s t imu lu s t of r on t ie rd eve lopmen ti nt h e 1 20 s ,o ne m ay s p ecu la te t h a ti td e r ive sf r om s ome i n te rna lr e o rgan isa t ion o ft h e F l in t sh i re m ine s . B o th t h e P en t re F a rm a nd P en t re F fw rndan s e t t lemen t s g ene ra l ly , w e re a ppa ren t ly u na f f ec ted b yt h ec hange si nt h en o r th o ft h ep rov ince u nde r A n ton inu s P ius a nd t h is t o o m ay i nd ica te t h e c on t inued i mpo r tance o ft h eF l in t sh i re i n du s t ry i nt h e l a te r s e cond c en tu ry . T he c hange s e v iden t i n t h e P en t re F a rm c omp lex i nS t age V I I I o f cAD 2 00 m ay m ean t h a tt h ef o rme r ly o ff ic ia lc omp lex h ad b ecome a p r iva te s t ruc tu re ,p o s s ib ly i n c lud ing aw o rk shop ,t h ough n o tn ece ssa r i ly o ne d ea l ing w i th l e ad . H ow t h is r e la te s t o l a te s e cond c en tu ry We lsh h i s to ry , w hen t h e re i s mo s t u nce r ta in ty a bou tp o t te ry d a t ing , i sn o tp o s s ib le t os ay . T he F l in t sh i re m ine sa ppea rt oh ave p layed n o p a r ti nt h ep ew te ri n du s t ry o ft h et h i rd c en tu ry a nd t h e o n ly o t he r s ca t te red f i nd s f r om t h e P en t re F fw rndan s e t t lemen t a r e o fm id -fou r th c en tu ry d a te . T he a ppa ren td em i se o ft h eP en t re F f rwndan s e t t le m en t m ay w e l l b e m i r ro red b y t h a t o f as i te a t Mu n i c ip ium D . D . i nU ppe r Moe s ia , w he re t h e m anage m en to ft h em ine sw a si nt h eh and so fi mpe r ia la u tho r i -

P ompe i i ,w he re i s o top ic a na lys i sh a sr evea led t h a tt h e l e ad f r om ac i s te rn m ay h ave b e en i mpo r ted f r om t h e Mend ip sb e tween AD 4 9 a nd 7 9 . T he L i l lebonne p i g

t i e s ( p rocu ra to r s a nd f r eedmen ) , w ho se o ff ic ia l p o s i t i on g ave t h em l i t t le i n te re s t i nt h e e s tab l ishmen t o f c ommun i ty l i f ea l ong u rban l i ne s( Möcsy 1 970 ) . T he e ven tua l e f f e c to n t h e i s o la ted c ommun i ty w as t h a t i t f e l l i n to d ec l ine a s s oon a s t h e m ine s , o n w h ich i t s

i so ft h eS eve ran p e r iod a nd t e s t if ie st ot h em a in ta ined i mpo r tan ce o f t h e Mend ip i ndu s t ry . I n t h e t h i rd

e x i s tence w a s b a sed , c ea sed t o f unc t ion ( Ce r skov 1 970 ) .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

P la tes

5 3

P la te I : G enera l v i ew o fe xcava t ions , l ook ing s ou th ,s how ing f ounda t ion t r enches f o r b u i ld ings o fS tage I

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P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -81

P la tes

P la te I : Y ard 7 Ab e tween t he Wes tR ange ( l ef t )a nd S ou th R ange ( r igh t )w i th t he N or th -wes tR ange i nt he b ackg round . L ook ing n or th . S tage I V .

P la te I I : D e ta i lo ft he e a s tw a l lo ft he Wes tR ange s how ing p o s t -p ipes a nd p las ter f a ce . L ook ing w e s t . S tage I V .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

P la te I V : G enera l v i ew o fe xcava t ions , l o ok ing n or th -wes t . S tage V I I .

P la tes

5 5

5 6

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

P la tes

P la te V : G enera lv i ew o fB a th -house a nd p ar to f Nor thwe s t R ange ,S tage V I a nd u nder ly ing Wes t R ange o fS tage I V . L ook ing n or th .

P la te V I : D e ta i l o fR ooms 4 7 a nd 5 1 i nt he B a th -house , S tage V I . L ook ing n or th .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

P la tes

5 7

P la te V I I : D eta i l o fp i er i nB a th -house , Room 4 7 , s how ing r ev i sed p i la , S tage V I . L ook ing w es t .

P la te V I I I : D e ta i lo fB a th -house d ra in F 134 , w i th l e ad p ipe F 131 f e ed ing i n to i t . L ook ing w e s t . S tage V I .

5 8

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

P la tes

P la te I X : P lunge b a th F 130 ,l o ok ing s ou th -we s t ,w i th l e ad p ipe F 131 i nf o reground . S tage V I .

P la te X : P lunge b a th F 130 ,l o ok ing e as t . S tage V I .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

P la te X I : G enera l v i ew o fe xcava t ions , l ook ing w es t . S tage V .

P la te X I I : D e ta i l o fF 101 i n Rooms 3 9 a nd 4 0 o ft he Nor th R ange , l o ok ing n or th . S tage V .

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P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

P la tes

P la te XV : S tone w i th b arnac les f r om B a th -house , S tage V I I .

P la te XV I : S tone w i th d ra in h o le , f rom Room 3 9 , S tage V .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

6 3

P ar t2 : T he f i nds

I NTRODUCT ION ( KB ) T he ma jo r i ty o ft h es ma l lf i nd sr epo r t sw e re w r i t ten i n

THE CO INS

1 976 -7 a nd o n ly s l igh t ly r e v i sed i n1 987 . T hey r ema in e s sen t ialy t h e o r ig ina l r epo r t s . Many o ft h e f i nd s h ave b een m i s la id a nd w e re n o t a va i lab le f o rs t udy i n1 987 ,t h e se i n c lude g o ld ,c oppe r -

B y PJ C asey ( 1976 )

a l loy a nd s ma l ll e ad o b jec t s ,w o rked b one ,a n ima l a nd h uman b one sa nd s t one ( t he b ench l e g s u rv ive s ) .

T he c ond i t ion o ft h ec o in sa tt h e momen to fd epo s i t ion h a sb een i nd ica ted b y an o ta t ion o ft h ew ea r ,w he re t h i s c an b ea sce r ta ined . T he n o ta t ion i ss ub jec t ive a nd h a s n o c h rono log ica l v a lue :

T ab le 1 : T he c o in l i s t L aye r

S F No

1 / 1 3 ( pos t -comp lex ) 3 / 97 3 96 ( S tage I V ) 1 0 /93 4 14 ( S tage I I ) 3 / 94 3 72 ( S tage V I ) 1 2 /60 2 69 1 / 60 2 2

I s sue r

D enom

M .An ton iu s

D en

T ype ANT AVG I I V IR RPC

R e fR IC

D a te

C ond

B raw 5 44 .8

3 2 -31BC

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a s6 56

AD73 -78

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7 53 (a )

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L EG . .

T i tu s /Dom i t ian C ae s . V e spa s ian

A s SC -S pe s

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D om i t ian

S es t

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AD77 -78

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UW /E W

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D om i t ian T ra jan

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( po s t -comp lex )

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AD85 AD98 -117

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1 26

T ra jan

S es t

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( S tage V ) 1 2 /52

3 99

T ra jan

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UW /U W

5 49

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4 5a

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7 14d

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UW /W

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1 / 60 8 ( po s t -comp lex )

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1 / 60 4 ( po s t -comp lex ) T op so i l 9 0 2 / 11 1 30 ( S tage V ) 1 / 64 2 4 ( po s t -comp lex )

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U 'W : Unworn : s ugges t s av i r tua l ly u nc i rcu la ted c o in ; SW : S l igh t ly worn : h ighes t p a r t s o f t h e d e s ign a l i t t le

f l a t tened b y w ea r ; W :Wo rn : d e s ign w e l l a b raded b u t l e gend s v i s ib le ; EW : E x t reme ly w or n ; i leg ib le .

6 4

P en t r eF arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

O ft h e f ou r t een c o in sr e cove red f r om t h ee xcava t ion s o n ly f i ve w e r e f r om s t ra t i f ied l e ve l s w i th in t h e c om p l ex ,t h er ema inde rb e ing r e s idua lo ri np o s t -comp lex d epo s i t s . T ho se i ns t ra t if i ed c on tex t sw e re a l so a ppa r e n t ly r e s idua l s i nce t h e l a te s tc o in ( AD 1 43 -44 f r om S t age V ) w a s f o und i n al a te s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry c on tex t . I ng ene ra lt h ec o in ss uppo r tt h ep o t te ry d a t ing ,i n d i c a t ing as t a r t ing d a te f o r o ccupa t ion i nt h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry AD . F u r the r i n te rp re ta t ion f r om t h e s ma l l n umbe ro fc o in sf ound w ou ld b eu nw i se . KB

3 .

OBJECTS OF GOLD B yJ ane t Web s t er ( 1976 -7 ) 1 .

( No t i l u s t ra ted ) . Sma l l f r agmen t o fg o ld l e a f . ( SF 5 ,t o p so i l a bove t h ec omp lex ) .

OBJECTS OF COPPER ALLOY ( F IGS 2 1 -3 ) B yJ ane t Web s t er ( 1976 -7 ) 1 .

2 .

T he l owe rh a l fo f at r umpe tb roo ch . ( SF 3 0 ,p o s t R oman /6 4 ) . T he b reak o c cu r sa tt h e t o po ft h e w a i s t k nob . T he b u t ton i sf l anked b y p l a in m ou ld ing sa nd a l lt h ee x tan tm ou ld ing sa r ec a r r ied r ound t h eb ack o ft h eb roo ch . T he l e g i sp l a in . T he re i sa n e l abo ra te f oo t c on s i s t ing o f f o u r m ou ld ing sa nd t e rm ina t ing i n ap ro jec t ing k nob . T rumpe t b roo che s a r e k nown t oh ave b een i n c i r cu la t ion a tl e a s ta se a r ly a st h el a te N e ron ian o re a r ly F lav ian p e r iod ( J Web s te r f o r thcom ing b ; H ob ley 1 969 , 10 , f i g 1 9 , n o 9 ) a nd i ti s s ugge s t ed t h a tt h e i re vo lu t ion m ay b ee ven e a r l i e r( Boon a nd S avo ry 1 975 ,4 1 -6 1 ) . T he t r um p e t b roo ch m a in ta ined i t s p opu la r i ty o ve r a c on s ide rab le p e r iod a nd t h e f u l ly e vo lved t y p e w i th a can thu sw a i s t mou ld ing w a ss t i l l f l ou r i sh i n gi nt h eA n ton ine p e r iod ( Cun l if f e1 968 ,8 1 ,p l XXV I I I ,n o 3 0 ) . A d i sc b roo ch o f t h e t y pe o f ten k nown a s a ' b uck le r ' . ( SF 1 20 , 2 / 7 , R oom 5 1 , S t age V I I ) . T he b roo ch i sh i nged . T he d i s c h a s am a rg ina l r im a nd s i xp ro jec t ing l u g s . T he c en t r e o ft h e d i sc r i se s t o ac upp ed s t ud w i th as ma l l c en t ra l b o s s . T he re a r e t wo c oncen t r ic i n c i sed c i r c le s j u s tw i th in t h e m a rg ina l r i b . T he t y pe i sb r ief ly d i s cu s sed b yH u l l ( 1 967 , 5 6 , f i g2 2 ,n o2 07 )a nd B u t che r( 1 974 ,1 28 ,f i g5 ,n o 2 9 ) w he re t h e o ccu r rence o f t h e t y pe i nP an n on ia , G e rmany a nd B e lg ium i sn o ted , a nd a n umbe r o f B r i t i sh p a ra l le l s a r e c i t ed . T he re s e ems t ob el i t t le f i rm d a t ing b u tt h es e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s a r e s ugge s ted .

4 .

B ronze b roo ch w i th ah i nged p i n . ( SF 4 28 , 1 / 3 , R oom 1 2 , S t age I I ) . T he c r o s sba r f o r t h e p i vo ti sc on s t ruc t ed s ot h a tf r om t h ef r on ti th a s e ve ry a ppea rance o fb e ing t h e s i de w ing s o fa s p rung b rooch w h i le a tt h e b a ck t h e c a s ing i s r e ce ss ed w i th in t h el i ne so ft h e' s ide w ing s ' . T he p i vo tb a rp ro je c t st h rough t h ee nd o fi t sc ove ra t o ne s i de m uch a st h e a x ia l b a r o f as p rung -p in b roo ch m igh t p ro je c t t h rough p i e r ced d i s co id t e rm ina l st os i de w ing s .T he c r o s sba ri se l abo ra t e ly m ou lded o n t h e f r on t o n ly a nd t h e r e a r e s mal s em i -c i r cu la r m ou ld ing s t o e i the r s i de o f t h e h ead . I np rof i le t h eb ow i ss h a rp ly a ngu la ra tt h e h ead a nd t h en d e sc r ibe s ag en t le c u rve . A t t h e t o po ft h eh ead i sm ou lded aV shap ed t o ngue s e t w i th in ap l a in r e c tangu la rp ane lb o rde red b yt wo o u t e rr i b s w h ich e x tend a sf a ra st h e e name l led p ane l , w he re t h ey m e rge i n to t h eo u t e rb o rde r s . T he e name ld e co ra t ion e x tend sa l lt h ew ay d own t h ef r on to ft h eb ow . I tc on s i s t so ft wo b and so f a l te rna t ing b l o ck s o f b l ue a nd y e l low e name l w i th ab ronze w a l ld own t h ec en t re . A tt h et o po f t h ep ane lt wo e l onga ted V shaped mou ld ing so f b ron ze i n t e r rup tt h ef i r s tb l o ck so fc o lou r . T he t a pe r ing b ow t e rm ina t e si n as ma l lk nobbed f oo t . B rooche so ft h i st y pe a r ed eve lopmen t sf r om t h e P o lden H il w i th D o lph in p rof i le s e r ie s( JWeb s te r f o r thcom ing b ,n o s 2 40 . T he p r of i le c hanged f r om t h eh ump a tt h eh ead a nd f l a t t ish b ow t oa s ha rp a ng le a nd g r a ce fu lc u r ve .T he p i nm ay b e s p rung o r h i nged , i fh i nged t h e a ppea rance o f s i de w ing si sr e ta ined ;t h es em i -c i r cu la rm ou ld ing s t oe i the rs i de o ft h eh ead o ft h eb ow a r er e ta ined . T he P ence F a rm e xamp le m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th s e ve ra l b roo che s f r om W i lde r spoo l ; o ne ( Web s te r Jf o r thcom ing a ,n o1 )h a s as p r ung p i n a nd ad eco ra ted b u t n o t e name l led u ppe r b ow ; a no the r , ab rooch i n Wa r r ing ton Mu s eum ( Th o mp son 1 965 , 8 2 -3 , f i g2 0 , n o4 ) , h a s t h es ame t r ea tmen t o f t h e h ou s ing f o r t h e p i vo t o f t h e h i nged p i nw i th ,a ppa r en t ly ,e l abo r a te s i d ew ing s t ot h ef r on ta nd i nf a c t ar e ce s sed c a s ing f o rm ing t h ec r o s sba rt ot h er e a r . T he b roo ch d i f f e r sf r om t h e P en t re F a rm o ne i nh av ing f l anged mou ld i n g sd own t h es i de so ft h eb ow a nd i nt h ef a c tt h a t t h e e name l d eco ra t ion e x tend s o n ly h a l f -way d own t h e b ow . I n v i ew o f t h e W i lde r spoo l p a ra l le l si ts e em sr e a sonab le t os ugge s t as e cond c en tu ry d a te f o rt h eP en t re F a rm b roo ch .S im i la r b roo che s h ave r e cen t ly b een f o und a tP re s ta tyn ( Ma ck re th , f o r thcom ing , f i g 3 6 , n o s 5 7 ) . T he h i nged l i d o f ab ronze j u g . ( SF 9 2 , 0 / 20 , R oom 1 , S t age I I ) . T he l i d i sa pp rox ima t e ly h ea r t -shaped b u t t h e l owe r e nd o f t h e h ea r t , i n s t ead o fe nd ing i n ap o in t ,i se l onga t ed a nd c u t o f fs t ra igh t ,n od oub tt oa c commoda te t h es pou t o ft h ej u g ( Ta s s ina r i 1 975 , p l XXXV , n o 1 80 ) . T he h eavy m ed ia l r i b a nd p r o jec t ion f r om i t r ema in o n t h e t o p o f t h e l i d . T he p r o jec t ion

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

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P en t r eF a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

p robab ly e nded i n ak nob b ym ean so fw h i ch t h e l i dc ou ld b el i f t ed . T ra ce so ft h eh i nge r ema in a t t h eo u t e re nd o ft h er i b( d en B oe s t e rd 1 956 ,p lX I , n o2 49 ;7 0 ,n o s2 47 -53 ,d a t ed i s tt o3 r dc en tu ry AD ) . S ea l -box l i d . ( SF 5 6 , p o s t -Roman /60 ) . T he o b je c t i sd amaged b u t t h e l i d m u s t h ave b een a pp rox ima te ly o va l i ns hape . T he re i s ar i dged m a rg in w i th ,a tt h et o p ,t h ep i e r ced f l a t tened l u g w h i ch f o rmed t h ec en t ra ll e a fo ft h eh i nge . T he l i di sd eco ra ted w i th as i x -pe ta l led f l owe rd e f ined b y b ronze w a l l s . E ach p e ta l a nd t h e c i r cu la r c en t re w e re o r ig ina l ly i n la id w i th e name l . A n umbe r o fP annon ian l e a f shap ed s e a l -box l i d s w i th f l owe rm o t if sh ave b een p ubl i shed ( S e l lye 1 939 ,8 4 ,p l XV ,n o s1 2 -13 ;n o s1 4 -15 ) . S ee a l so a ne xamp le f r om C he s te r( L loyd - Mo rgan 1 978 , 3 1 ,f i g2 6 ,n o7 ) . T he l i do f ab ronz ei n kwel . ( SF 3 67 ,6 / 54 ,R oom 2 9 ,S t age V ) . S ee C oms to ck & V e rmeu le ( 1 971 , 3 24 ,n o s4 54 -5 )f o rc omp le te e xamp le so fi n kwe l l s o ft h i s t y pe . T he P en t re F a rm l i d i se qu ipped w i th ak nob a nd w i th as ma l ll o op h and le o nt o p . O nt h eu nde r s ide o ft h el i d , as ho r tw ay f r om t h e e dge , i s ad ownwa rd -p ro je c t ing f l ange w h ich d e sc r ibe s af ul c i r c le a nd p r e sumab ly s a tw i th in t h ea pe r tu r eo ft h eb ody o ft h ei n kwe l la nd s e rved t og i ve as e cu re f i t . T he r i ve t sw h ich s e cu re t h e l o op h and le p ro t rude t h rough t ot h eb ack w i th in t h ec i r c le d ef ined b yt h ef l ange . T he s ha f to ft h e k nob p a s se st h rough t h el i da nd s e rve st os e cu re ab ronze o ri r on t o ngue o fu nknown p u rpo se ;t h i s c anno t h ave s e r ved a s ac a t ch a s i t s p o in t w i l l h ave b een i n h ib i t ed b y t h e f l ange . T he r e a r e a n umbe r o f? i ron f r agmen t s a s so c ia ted w i th t h e i n kwe l lt o p ,o ne o fw h ich h a s ap ro jec t ing b r onze f l ange ,n ow d e s c r ib ing as ma l li n comp le t ec i r c le . T he se f r agmen t sm ay h ave c on s t i tu t ed al i n ing t o t h e u nde r s ide o f t h e i n kpo t l i d , t oc oncea l t h e m e thod so ff i x ing t h ek nob a nd h and le . I fs o ,t h e s ma l l c i r cu la r f l ange o f t h e l i n ing s e em s t o i n d ica te a n a pp rop r ia te ly s ma l l a p e r tu re f o r t h e r emova l o fi n k . C and le s t ick . ( SF 2 60 ,0 / 48 ,p o s t -comp lex ) . T he o b jec tc omp r i se s t wo b e l l shaped c up s , b ack t o b a ck ,w i th ad e co r a t ive m ou ld ing b e tween . O ne c up h a s a n i n ter na l s p ike c en t ra l ly p l aced , t h e o t he r h a s as ma l l c i r cu la r r e ce s s i n t h e s ame p o s i t ion . T he o b je c ts hou ld b ec ompa red w i th al a rge ra nd s l igh t ly m o re e l abo r a te e xamp le f r om H ed d e rnhe im ( F i sche r 1 973 , 1 0 7 -8 , f i g 2 7 , n o 1 ) w h i ch r e ta in st h ec y l ind r ica lh ou s ing f o r ac and le i n o ne o f i t s c up s a nd e v iden ce o f t h e s ame h ou s ing i nt h e o t he r . F i sche r l i s t s an umbe ro f C on t inen ta l p a r a l le l s . T he H edde rnhe im c an d l e s t ick w a s c l ea r ly r e ve r s ib le a si st h e P en t re F a rm e xamp le , t h ough t h e a dvan tage o f t h i s i s n o t o bv iou s . B ecau se o f t h e s ma l l s i ze o f t h e

8 .

9 . 1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 1 6 .

c up st h eP en t re F a rm c and le s t ick w ou ld n o th ave n e eded i n te rna lc y l inde r st oh ou se t h ec and le s ,a s t h e l a t te r w ou ld h ave b een a d equa t e ly h e ld b y t h e e dge s o ft h e c up s , e spec ialy w i th t h e a dd i t i ona ls t ab il i ty a f fo rded b y as p ike . As im i la rr e v e r s ib le c and le s t ick w a s f o und a tB rough , E a s t Y o rk sh i r e ( Co rde r 1 935 , 3 2 , f i g 8 ,n o 6 )w he re o t he r e xamp le s f r om B r i ta in a r e c i t ed , n ame ly o ne f r om C a s t le H i l l , Wh i t ton , I p sw ich , a nd a s i ng le c up , p e rhap s f r om as im i la r d oub le c an d l e s t i ck , f r om L inco ln a nd n ow i nt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum ( Ia m mo s t g r a te fu l t o IS co t t a nd S T homp son f o r d r aw ing t h e H edde rnhe im r e f e r e nce t om y a t ten t ion ) . Sma l l p l umb -bob . ( SF 4 15 , 1 0 / 100 , m idden o u t s ide R oom s2 4 -25 , St a ge s T he p ro je c t ion a tt h eb o t tom o ft h eb ob i sr e ce s sed p e rhap sf o ra p o in te r . T he k nob a tt h et o po ft h eb ob i sp i e r ced f o ra t ta ch ing t o al i ne . B ronze l o ck -p la te . ( SF 3 42 , 6 / 51 , R oom 2 9 , S t age I V ) . S ma l l t umb le r l o ck b o l t . ( SF 3 4 , p o s t -Roman / 6 4 ) . T he w o rk ing s o ft h i s t y pe o fb o l tw i th t h e t um b l e r l o ck s l ide -key a r e d e s c r ibed b y Whee le r ( 1 930 , 7 0 -7 1 , f i g 1 6 ) . T he P en t re F a rm i t em m u s th ave b e en u sed t of a s ten ab ox l i ke t h eb o l t f r om F i n sbu ry C i r cu s ( i l lu s t ra ted b y Whee le r 1 930 , 7 3 , f i g 1 7 , n o 2 ) , t ow h ich i ti ss im i la ri n s i ze t h ough t h ep i e r c ing i sn o ts oc omp le t e . B e l l -shaped s t ud .( SF 3 4 ,6 /24 ,d emo l i t ion b e twe en S t age s P robab ly d e r ived f r om R oom 2 4 o r2 5 ) . T he f i t t ing h a s ab road s ha f to fb ron ze c a s ti no ne w i th t h ek nob . O ne e dge o ft h es h a f ti sc a re fu l ly s h aped b u tt h eo t he ri sr o ugh ly f i n i shed s a ve f o r aV shap ed n i ck t owa rd st h eo u t e re dge . T he e nd o ft h es h a f ti sd amaged . S t ud s s u ch a s t h i s h ave r e cen t ly f o rmed t h e s ub jec t o f as t udy b y A l la son Jone s ( i n B i shop 1 985 , 9 5 -108 ) . T he P en t r e F a rm f i t t ing i so f A l la son Jone s 's T ype 2 , c ha ra c t e r i sed b y i t s l o ng b r onze s hank , t w ice a sw ide a si ti st h ick . S he s ugge s t s t h a t t h is t y pe o fb e l l shap ed s t ud w a su s ed f o ra tach ing d eco r a t ive p ane l so rl o ck p l a t e s t ob oxe s o rc he s t s a nd i st ob e f ound o n b o th m i l i ta r y a nd c i v i l ian s i te s . AB e l l shaped s t ud s im i la rt ot h el a s tb u tw i th a n i r on s h ank a nd , t h e re fo re , o f A l la son Jone s 's T yp e 1 .S he s ugge s t st h a tt h e se s t ud sw e re u s ed f o r av a r ie ty o fp u rpo se sa nd n o te s ap r edom inan t ly m i l i ta ry d i s t r ibu t ion . ( SF 2 , t o p so i l a bove c omp lex ) . H eavy f u nc t iona lr i ng . ( SF 1 7 ,p o s t -Roman /60 ) . I n comp le te . S im i la r . ( SF 5 , t o p so i l a bove c omp lex ) . F unc t iona lr i ng . ( SF 3 69 , 6 / 58 ,R oom 2 9 ,S t age I V ) . F unc t iona l r i ng . ( SF 39 , 1 3 /85 , y a rd t o t h e

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

7

8

9

1 0

1 3

1 5

1 4

1 2

1 1

1 6

1 7

2 3

-

2 2 2 4

2 0

1

1

1

1

1

2 5 1

5 0 1

F igure 2 2 : Ob jec t s o fc opper -a l loy , f u l l s i ze

7 5

I 1 00

2 7 1 25 mm

6 7

6 8

1 7 . 1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 .

P en tre F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 n o r th o ft h ec omp lex , S t age F unc t iona l r i ng . ( SF 2 95 , n o r th o ft h ec omp lex , S t age ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . F ragmen t s

T he f i nd s V ) . 1 3 /60 , y a rd t o t h e V ) . o f at h in f unc t iona l

( ? ) r i ng w i th a s l ive r o f ( ? ) l e a the r a s soc ia ted . ( SF 7 9 , t o p so i l a bove c omp lex ) . F e r ru le . ( SF 3 18 ,6 / 18 ,R oom 3 0 ,S tage I V ) . F o r s im i la ro b jec t s s ee ( Cun l if f e 1 971 , 1 24 , f i g 5 3 , n o s 1 80 -81 ; B ra i lsfo rd 1 962 , 1 2 ,f i g 1 ,n o s 1 8 , A 19 ; R i t te r l ing 1 912 , p l XV I , n o s 2 8 -33 ; H ob ley 1 974 ,f i g2 4 ,n o4 3 ) ,a nd e xamp le sf r om U sk ( J Web s te rf o r thcom ing b ) .

3 1 .

3 2 .

3 3 .

F ragmen t so f af i nge rr i ng . ( SF 2 73 ,2 / 30 ,R oom 5 1 , S tage V I ) . T he b eze l c omp r i se s ac i r cu la r b ronze w a l lw h ich o nce h oused as em i -p rec iou s s t one ,e name lo rg l a ss s e t t ing . T he s hou lde r sa r e d e co ra t ive ly r i dged a nd n o t ched . A mo re e l abo ra te e xamp le f r om C he s te r fo rd , E ssex i sg i ven b y Ma r sha l l ( 1907 , 2 16 , f i g 1 55 , n o 1 406 ; a l so B u tche r1 967 ,2 2 ,f i g8 ,n o s6 13 ;w he re as e cond c en tu ry d a te i ss ugge s ted ) . B ronze d oub le h ook ,p e rhap sf o ru se o n as t ee lya rd o r b a lance . ( SF 4 4 , t o p so i l a bove c omp lex ) . T he re a r ee xamp le sf r om t h e Wa lb rook ,L ondon ( Br i t i sh Museum 1 922 , 7 5 , f i g 4 0 , n o 1 ) a nd f r om n ea rt h e Mans ion H ou se ,L ondon (Whee le r 1 930 , 8 5 , f i g2 2 ,n o2 ) . B ronze n eed le , n ow d amaged a tt h e e ye . ( SF 2 77 ,2 / 37 ,R oom 5 1A , S t age V ) . Sma l l b ronze h ook . ( SF 4 2 , t op so i l a bove c omp lex ) . P e rhap s af i sh h ook . P robab ly as i ng le -p ronged n a i lc l eane r . ( SF 1 35 , 0 / 8 ,p o s t -comp lex ) . A si ti sp i e r ced a tt h eh ead

2 5 .

f o rs u spen s ion i tc ou ld h ave b een p a r to f at o i le t s e t . ( Cunl i f f e 1 975 , 2 02 , f i g 10 , n o 2 0 ; t h e re w rong ly i d en t if ied ) . S ty lus . ( SF 1 9 ,t op so i la bove t h ec omp lex ) . T he

2 6 .

p o in ti sl o s t . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) .

2 7 .

c omp r i s ing p a r to ft h ec o i led w i re a nd a x ia lb a r . ( SF 2 9 ,p o s t -comp lex /64 ) . P robab ly f r om al a te f i r s to re a r ly s e cond c en tu ry b rooch . Sma l l b ronze n a i l o r t a ck . ( SF 7 7 , 0 / 1 p o s t -

R oman /60 ) . 3 4 .

S i lve r ed b ronze c one ,p e rhap sf r om t h ec en t re o f ad i sc b rooch . ( SF 3 21 , p o s t -Roman / 17 ) .

3 5 .

P o s s ib ly a c r ude f i nge r r i ng . ( SF 1 88 , p o s t R oman /60 ) . O the rw i se a r e info rcemen t o r f a s t en ing l i ke as t ap le . Sma l ld eco ra t ive s t ud ? ( SF 2 72 ,2 / 32 ,R oom 5 1 , S t age V I ) . T he o b jec ti sr e c tangu la ra nd s l igh t ly c u rved . S tud w i th f l ange o n t h e u nde r s ide , p i e r ced b y a f l a th eaded n a i l w h ich p a sse s t h rough a n o n ion s haped w a she r o n t h e u nde r s ide o ft h e s t ud , c f t wo s t ud sf r om F i shbou rne ( Cun l if f e 1 971 , 1 24 , f i g5 3 ,n o s1 82 -3 ) . L ike t h eF i shbou rne e xamp le s t h e P en t re F a rm s t ud a l so r e ta ins t r ace so fl e ad . ( SF 1 4 , p o s t -Roman /60 ) . Sma l l o b jec t , b e l l l ike i na ppea rance , w i th c u t a way s e c t ions t o e i the r s i de . ( SF 3 38 , 6 /47 , R oom 2 9 , S t age V ) . L ozenge -shaped f r agmen t o f s hee t b ronze w i th t h ee nd sf o lded t owa rd st h ec en t re a nd b en tb ack o u ta ga in . ( SF 2 79 , 2 / 36 , R oom 5 1 , S tage V I ) . N ea l ( 1 974 , 1 34 ,f i g5 9 ,n o s 1 04 -106 )s ugge s ted t h a ts uch o b jec t ss e rved a si mp rov i sed s p l i tp i ns o rr i ve t s f o rl e a the r w o rk . T h in b i nd ing . ( SF 1 ,t o p so i l a bove c omp lex ) . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . S qua shed d omed s t ud . ( SF

3 6 .

3 7 .

3 8 .

3 9 .

P a r t o f ab rooch s p r ing , 4 0 . 4 1 . 4 2 .

3 34 , 6 / 10 , R oom 3 0 , S t age V I I ) . ( No t i l us t ra ted ) . S hee t b ronze f r agmen t s . ( SF 3 43 , 6 / 54 , R oom 2 9 , S t age V ) .

4 3 .

( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Sma l lf r agmen to fd omed s t ud .

c omp lex ) . 2 8 .

2 9 .

3 0 .

T iny e xpand ing b race le tf o r ab aby ,o rp e rhap sa h a i r -r ing . ( SF 6 5 , t o p so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) . T he o ve r lapp ing t e rm ina ls a r e t a pe red t o a ccommoda te e a ch o t he r . T he r i ng i sp l a in . O rnamen ta lf oo t . ( SF 3 31 , 1 / 55 ,R oom 7 ,S t age V I ) . T he re i s ap ro je c t ing s ha f t f o r a t tachmen t b eh ind a nd ar o l led f oo ta to ne e nd ; t h eo ppo s i te e nd i sb roken . T he f oo tw a sp robab ly a t ta ched t o s ome s ma l l w ooden o b jec t . B ronze f i t t ing .( SF 3 73 ,6 /24 ,d emo l i t ion b e twe en S tage sI Ia nd I V . P robab ly d e r ived f r om R oom 2 4 o r 2 5 ) . L ike t h e p rev iou s p i ece t h e re i sa p ro jec t ing s ha f t t o t h e r e a r o f t h e o b je c t f o r p u rpo se so fa t tachmen t . T he f i t t ing i sb roken a t b o th e nd s .

E i the r ap i n w i th ak nobbed h ead a nd a s ma l l l e ng th o f s ha f t o r , m o re l i ke ly a n o rnamen ta l n a i l . ( SF 2 75 , 2 / 32 , R oom 5 1 , S t age V I ) . F ragmen t so fb ronze c ha in ,c omp r i s ing o ne o va l l o op ,o pen -ended ,a nd af r agmen to fa no the r ,a nd o ne c i rcu la r l oop w i th e nd s o ve r lapped a nd p re s sed t o ge the r . ( SF 2 70 , 2 / 33 , R oom 5 1a , S t age V ) . A l though t h e re a r em a rked w ea rf a ce t s o n e ach o ft h e l i nk s , i tm ay b e t h a t t h e c i rcu la r l o op r ep re sen t s ar epa i r o f t h e c ha in a nd i sa r ep lacemen t . ( No ti lus t ra ted ) . P e rhap s af r agmen to f al i nk o f c ha in . S im i la rt ot h eo va ll o op sd e sc r ib ed a bove ( no 3 2 ) t h ough mo re a ngu la r . ( SF 2 3 , p o s t -

4 4 . 4 5 .

( SF 4 9 , t o p so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . F ragmen to fp i n . ( SF 3 55 , 7 / 8 9 , Y a rd 8 ,S t age I ) . ( No ti l u s t ra ted ) .F r agmen t so ft h in b ronze b i nd ing . ( SF 2 35 , 1 / 41 , Y a rd 4 6 , S t age V I I ) .

NON -RO MAN F INDS OF COPPER -ALLOY ( NOT I LLUSTRATED ) B y Mar t in H en ig ( 1976 ) 1 .

B uck le , s t rap -end t y pe . 1 6 mm .

D -shaped w i th t o ngue

T he a t tachmen t p l a te s s u rv ive i n a

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 s omewha tc o r roded s t a te ( c1 8 mm )b u tt h ep i ni s m i s s ing . ( SF 3 7 ,t o pso i l ,a bove m ed ieva lr obb ing o fb a th -house ) . M id f ou r teen th c en tu ry L ondon Mu s Med C a t . 1 940 , 2 72 , p l LXXV , n o 8 ;B idd le , B a r f ie ld &

2 .

T he f i nd s

6 9

2 7 , t o p so i l , n o r th p a r t s i te ) . T he b uck le i sp a ra l le led b yt wo s im i la re xamp le s i nt h eA shmo lean Mu seum A cc ,n o s 1 927 ,6 272 ; 1 927 , 6 304 ; b o th f r om D unw ich P in w i th o vo id h ead p i e rced ; 3 2 mm p e rhap sf o r s u spen s ion , p robab ly m ed ieva l . ( SF 9 ,t o p so i l

3 .

M ila rd , 1 959 , 1 82 , f i g 1 9 , n o 4 ,s t ra t if ied AD 1 350 -1426 ) . B uck le ,s t i r rup s haped . P in m is s ing 3 1 mm . ( SF

a bove m ed ieva l r obb ing o fb a th -house ) .

3 1 2 9

2 8

3 0

( 3 4 3 5 3 6

3 7

1 1

1

1

3 8

1

2 5 1

3 9

( , z% u r

7 5

5 0

1 00

4 0

1 25 m m

F igure 2 3 : Ob jec t s o fc opper -a l loy , f u l l s i ze OBJECTS OF LEAD ( F IG 2 4 ) B yJ ane t Web s t er ( 1976 -7 ) 1 5 . As e r ie so fl e ech l ike r unne l so fl e ad . ( SF 4 32 , f r om Manche s te r U n ive r s i ty E xcava t ion 1 976 , l a te S t age V II ) . S eve ra lh ave b een c u to f fw i th s hea r s a tt h e b road e nd . T he o b jec t s h ave n o t b een c a s t ,a st h e i rr ough f i n i sh s how sn os i gn o f c a s t ing f l a she sa nd t h ey c anno t ,t h e re fo re ,r e p r e sen t t r ia lr un s f o rb rooche s . T he o b jec t sa r er unne l s o ro ve r f low d r ip so fl e ad w h ich h ave b een t r immed f r om l a rge ri t ems . ( Ia m mo s tg r a te fu lt oP ro f e s so r W H Mann ing f o rd i scu s s ing t h e se o b je c t s w i th m e a nd f o r m ak ing m any v a luab le c ommen t s ) . 6 -7 . L ead w e igh t s ,3 . 5 l b s , 1 . 60 k ga nd 6 . 25 l b s ,2 . 80

8 .

k g r e spec t ive ly . ( SF 2 98 , 9 / 32 , R oom 3 9 , a l te ra t ion s t oS t age V ) . ( No ti lu s t ra ted )La rge l e ad d i sc w i th d eep c i r cu la r

9 .

r e ce ss c l o se t oo ne e dge . ( SF 5 1 , t o p so i la bove t h e c omp lex ) . C u rved s t r ip o fl e ad b ind ing . ( SF 1 83 ,0 / 35 ,p o s t c omp lex ) . Two o r ig ina le dges r ema in a nd d e sc r ibe ar e c tangu la rc or ne r . T h ree i r on n a i ls w i th l a rge h ead s a r e i ne v idence a l ong t h e o ppo s i t e l o ng e dge .

1 0 .

H eavy l e ad s hea th ing . ( SF 3 29 , 1 3 /33 , y a rd t o t h e n o r th o ft h e c omp lex , S tage V ) .

1 .

( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . S im i la r o b jec t , n a r rowe r a nd mo re c y l ind r ica l . ( SF 3 19 ,6 / 46 ,R oom 2 9 ,S t age V I I ) .

1 2 .

L ead o f f -cu t . ( SF 4 33 , 1 0 /96 , R oom 2 4 , S t age I ) .

1 3 .

Sma l l r i ng o f l e ad , p re sumab ly f o r b i nd ing o r s ea l ing . ( SF 3 10 1 3 /67 , y a rd t ot h en o r th o ft h e c omp lex , S t age V ) .

1 4 -15 . Tw i s ted r od s o fl e ad . ( SF 4 35 , 1 3 /8 , S t age V I o rl a te r ,a nd S F 1 77 ,t op so i la bove t h ec omp lex ) .

7 0

P en tr eF arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

1 6 .

L a rge ? r ing o fl e ad . ( SF 4 34 ,p o s t -comp lex /64 ) .

1 7 .

( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . L ead s pud . ( SF 4 31 , 0 / 1 , d emo l i t ion b e tween S tage s V I I a nd V I I I ) .

1 8 . (No t i lu s t ra ted ) . B en t r e c tang le o f t h ick s hee t . ( SF 4 3 ,0 / 1 ,d emo l i t ion b e tween S tage sV I Ia nd V I I I ) . 1 9 -26 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Me l ted a mo rphou s p i ece s . E igh ti t em s f r om v a r iou s c on tex t s . 2 7 -35 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . S t r ip s o fv a r iou s s hape sa nd c ro s s se c t ion s . N ine i t ems f r om v a r iou sc on tex t s .

t h e c a s t ing , o nce i n ve r ted i n to i t s f unc t iona l p o s i t ion , w ou ld h ave s e r ved a s as uppo r tf o r t h e w a te r -p ipe . 4 1 .

LEAD WATER -P IPES AND SHEETS B yK ev in B lock l ey a nd K e i th Maud e

4 2 .

Wa ter -p ipes ( F ig 2 5 ,p lX IV ) N ine l e ng ths o f l e ad w a te r -p ipe s w e re r e ta ined f r om t h e e xcava t ions ; f ou r f r om t r ia l w o rk c onduc ted i n 1 976 b y P ro fe s so r G D BJ one s ( no s4 1 -44 ) a nd f i ve f r om t h e ma in 1 976 -77 e xcava t ion s ( no s 3 6 -40 ) . P ipe s3 6 -40 w e re f r om F 29 i nt h eS t age I c ou r tya rd a nd t h e r ema inde r f r om t h e B a th -hou se . L ead p i pe s F 100 , f r om t h e No r th R ange i nS t age V , a nd F 131 , f r om t h eB a th -house i nS t age V I ,w e re n o tr e ta ined f o r s t udy .

4 3 .

4 4 . 3 6 . 3 7 .

L eng th o fw a te r -p ipe ,s h ie ld shaped c r o s s sec t ion . L eng th 0 . 17 m . L eng th o fw a te r -p ipe ,s h ie ld -shaped c r o s s se ct ion .

3 9 .

4 0 .

L eng th o fw a te r -p ipe ,s h ie ld shaped c r o s s se c t ion . L eng th 0 . 82 m . Two l e ng ths o f w a te r -p ipe w i th s h ie ld -shaped c r o s s se c t ion s ,j o ined b y al e ad j unc t ion b ox 10 mm l o ng . O ne e nd o ft h ep ipe i sn o tb roken a nd m ay w e l l r ep re sen ta n o u t le t . L eng th 0 . 5 m . Two l e ng th s o f w a te r -p ipe w i th s h ie ld -shap ed c r o s s sec t ions ,j o ined b y al e ad j unc t ion b ox 9 0 mm l o ng ( p lX IV ) . O ne l e ng th o fp ipe i sc omp le te , m ea su r ing 1 . 6 m l o ng a nd s how s s i gn s o f a f u r the rj unc t ion b ox ( on ly as t a in r ema in s ) a ti t s o pen e nd . O ve ra l l l e ng th 2 . 2 m . T he p ipe sa bove ( no s3 6 -40 )w e re m anuf ac tu red f r om s hee t so fl e ad 5 -7 mm t h ick , f o lded r ound s o t h a t t h e e dge s w e re b rough t c l o se ly t o ge the r a nd t h e j o in t s ea led b y ar un o f mo l ten l e ad ( p e rhap s p ou red i n to a mou ld a l ong t h e j o in t s eam )w h ich w a st h en h amme red d own o nc oo l i n g ( F ig 2 5 , n o s 3 9 -40 ) . C ro s s -sec t ions m ea s u r ed 4 0 -50 mm b y 6 0 -77 mm .

T he j unc t ion b oxe sw e re c a s ti na ni n ve r t ed p o s i t ion i n t h e f o rm o f a n i n ve r ted Y . T o j o in t wo l e ng th s o f w a te r -p ipe t h e e nd s o f t h e p ipe s w e r e p l aced i n b e twe en t h ef o rk so ft h eY , t h ee nd s f o lded r ound t h e p ipe s a nd t h e t wo e nd s s ea led w i th mo l ten l e ad . R ibb ing c an b e s e en o n t h e s i de s o f b o th j unc t ions , p e rhap st og i ve e x t ra s t reng th ( p lX IV ) . T he f l a tt o po f

o rb yc a s tm e ta l ,b u ti nt h i sc a se t h ej o in th a sn o t b een h amme red ( F ig 2 5 , n o4 3 ) . L eng th o f w a te r -p ipe w i th o vo id c ro s s -sec t ion 1 20 mm b y8 0 mm . L eng th 1 . 25 m . A to ne e nd •i th a sb een c u ta nd o pened o u ti n to as hove ls hape •a nd i nt h ec a se o ft h i sp ipe t h ej o in th a sn o tb een f u sed . T he p robab le u se o ft h ep ipe i st h a to fa d i scha rge o u t le t .

L eng th 0 . 67 m . 3 8 .

L eng th o f w a te r -p ipe w i th o vo id c ro s s sec t ion 8 5 mm b y 6 5 mm , 7mm t h ick . L eng th 0 . 85 m . T he l e ad s hee t ,f r om w h ich t h ep ipe w a sf a b r ica ted , h a sb een j o ined a l ong t h es e am b yp ou r ing mo l ten l e ad i n to am ou ld a l ong t h e s eam a nd t h i s c a s t l e ad j o in ti sv e ry a ppa ren t ( F ig 2 5 , n o4 1 ) . O ne e nd o ft h ep ipe h a sb een b e l led o u t ,p e rhap s i no rde r t oa l low a no the r l e ng th o f p ipe t ob e i n se r t ed , t h i sb e l l ing a l so d emon s t ra te s t h ep oo r q ua l i ty o ft h ej o in t , i nt h a to ne s i de o ft h ej o in t h a sb een o pened r a the rt h an t h em e ta ls t re tch ing . L eng th o fw a te r -p ipe w i th s h ie ld -shaped c ro s s s e c t ion 7 0 mm l o ng a x i s ,4 0 mm s ho r ta x i s , 5mm t h ick . L eng th 0 . 8 m . T he j o in th a sb een f u sed b y s o lde r ing o r b y c a s t m e ta l a nd t h ej o in t h a s t h en b een t i d ied u pb y m ean s o fh amme r ing ( a s n o s3 6 -40 )p r e sumab ly a s am ean st oc on so l ida te t h ej o in t . L eng th o f w a te r -p ipe w i th a f l a t t ened c i r cu la r c r o s s se c t ion 5 5 mm b y5 0 mm . L eng th 0 . 45 m . A si nn o4 2t h ej o in th a sb e en f u sed b ys o lde r ing

S hee t l e ad ( p l X I I I ) A l lo ft h es hee t s w e re r e cove red f r om B u r ia l 2( p4 7 ) . F ou r l e ad s hee t s w e r e r e cove red f r om t h e b u r ia l b u t o n ly t h ree w e re a va i lab le f o rs t udy . 4 5 .

L ead s hee t0 . 22 m b y0 . 50 m , 5mm t h ick . N oc u t e dge s , b ea ten s u r f ace . T h ree i r on n a i l s a r e v i s ib le p i e r c ing t h es h ee ta r ound i t sc i r cum f e r ence s ,

4 6 .

o ne s u r v iv ing t o al e ng th o f3 0 mm . L ead s hee t0 . 27 m b y0 . 90 m , 5mm t h ick . N oc u t

4 7 .

e dge s ,b ea ten s u r f a ce . S ix i r on n a i l sa r e v i s ib le p i e r c ing t h es hee ta r ound i t sc i rcumf e rence , o ne s u rv iv ing t o al e ng th o f3 0 mm . D eco ra t ed l e ad s hee t 1 . 24 m l o ng 0 . 41 -0 .42 m w ide , 1 0 mm t h ick . T h ree e dge s a ppea r t ob e o r ig ina l , b u t p a r t ly t r immed , w h i l s t t h e f ou r th e dge h a s b een f l a t tened b y al a rge n umbe r o f h amme rb low s ( w i th ah amme rh ead m ea su r ing c5 0 mm b y3 0 mm ) . T he s he e ti sp i e rced a r ound i t s c i r cumf e rence b y s i x i r on n a i l s . I ti se v iden tt h a tt h ed eco ra t ion o n t h e s he e tw a s p roduced b yp l a c ing s t r ip so fl e ad i nt h eb a se o f t h e mou ld b efo re p ou r ing t h e mo l ten l e ad i n to t h e m ou ld . T he d e s ign m ay b e s e en i np lX I I I . T he o b je c t m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een p a r t o f a w a te rt a nk b u tn o te nough s u r v ive st ob ec e r ta in .

P en tre F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

2

1

T he f i nd s

3

7

6

4

5

1 2

1 0

1 3

1 5

9

5 0 1

I

I

F igure 2 4 : Ob jec t s o fl e ad , s ca le 1 : 2

1 00

1 50

2 00

2 50 m m

7 1

7 2

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

j o int

3 9

4 0

4 1

43

F igure 2 5 : C ros s -sec t ions t hrough w a ter -p ipes a nd j unc t ions ,s ca le 1 : 2

OBJECTS OF I RON ( F IGS 2 6 -7 ) B yJ ane t Web s t er a nd P V Web s t er ( 1976 -7 )

Mann ing ( 1 972 ,1 81 )a nd B r i t ish Museum ( 1920 , 1 49 -50 ) . At umb le rl o ck k ey o fs im i la rd imen s ions

Wi th t h ee xcep t ion o fn a i l s ,t h ee xcava t ion s a tP en t re F a rm y i e lded r e la t ive ly l i t t le i r onwo rk . T he e xamp le s f ound s e em t oh ave b een c onne c ted m a in ly w i th t h e

3 .

i sg i ven i n Web s te r ( 1975 , n o 2 21 ) . T umb le rl o ck l i f tk ey . ( 0 /6 ,d emo l i t ion b e tween S t age s V I I a nd V I I I ) .

s t ruc tu re o rf i t t ings o ft h eb u i ld ing . T he re i s am a rked

4 .

T umb le rl o ck l i f tk ey . ( 0 / 1 ,d emo l i t ion b e tween

s ca rc i ty o fd ome s t ic e qu ipmen to rt o o l sw h ich i sh a rd t or e conc i le w i th t h er e la t ive p l en ty o fo t he rd ome s t ic r ubb i sh s uch a sp o t t ery . T h is s e c t ion h a sb ene f i t ta l g r ea t ly f r om d i scu ss ion w i th P ro fe s so r W H Mann ing t ow hom w es hou ld l i ke t or e co rd o u rg ra t i tude . 1 . H ippos and le , m is s ing o ne w ing b u t o t herw i se c omp le te . ( 10 /5 , ?S tage V ) . I th a s ah ooked r od ( now f r ac tu r ed ) a tt h e f r on t , ah ooked h ee l a nd t h eo ne r ema in ing w ing b end s f o rwa rd t or e ta in t h ef r on to ft h eh oof . T he s t anda rd c l a s s if ica t ion ( by A ube r t )i so u t l ined a nd d i scu s sed b y Mann ing ( 1972 ,1 71 ,n o s2 4 -5 ) . T h is e xamp le c o r re spond s t oA ube r tt ype 1 . 2 .

L a rge t umb le r l o ck s l ide k ey . ( 0 / 1 , d emo l i t ion b e tween S t age V I I a nd V I I I ) . T he w o rk ings o f t h is t ype o f k ey a nd i t s l o ck a r e d e sc r ibed i n

5 .

6 .

7 . 8 .

S t age s V I I a nd V I I I ) . T h is s imp le r f o rm o f t umb le r l o ck c an b e f ound i n Mann ing ( 1972 ) , B r i t i sh Mu seum ( 1 920 ) a nd Web s te r( 1975 ) . T -shaped i t em f l a t tened o n t h es t em o ft h e Ta nd e v iden t ly f i xed t os ome l a rge r o b jec t w i th t wo r i ve t s ,( t op so i l ) . I tp robab ly s e rved a s al e gw i th as p layed f oo t ; a t ta chmen t t o ag r id i ron o r b r az ie r s e em s p o s s ib le . F oo t , p robab ly f r om ag r id i ron , ( t op so i l ) . A n e xamp le ,f r om G rea tC he s te r fo rd ,o ft h ec omp le te o b jec t i sg i ven b y L ive r s idge ( 1968 , f i g 6 5 , d ) . F unc t iona lr i ng . ( 1 /30 ,S t age V I I ) . V a r ious u se s a r e o fc ou r se p o s s ib le . B a r w i th h amme red k nob a to ne e nd . ( 6 /57 , i s o la ted d epo s i ti nN o r th -we s tR ange , S t age V ) . T he re a ppea r s t ob e as we l l ing b e low t h e k nob s ugge s t ing t h a t t h is i s ah and le o fs ome t o o l o r

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

1 / / j1 ,

T he f i nd s

7 3

•I I ",11 01

1

2 00

1 00

3 00mm

F igure 2 6 : Ob jec t s o fi r on , s ca le 1 : 3

i mp lemen t . A n i t em l i ke ap oke r o rf i re s hove l s eems p o ss ib le a l though t h e re i sn oe v idence o n t h ee x tan tf r agmen to ft h et w i s t ing c ha rac t e r i s t ic 9 .

o ft h i s t ype o fo b je c t . S p l i t -sp ike l o op . ( 0 /25 , d emo l i t ion b e tween S tage s V I I a nd V I I I ) . T he s p l i t sp ike l oop w a s g ene ra l ly d r iven t h rough t i mbe r a nd t h e s p ike s o pened o u t a nd h amme red o ve r w hen t h ey h ad p ene t ra ted t ot h eo t he rs i de ; t i mbe ro fa tl e a s t5 0 mm t h ickne s si st h u si mp l ied b yt h i se xamp le . A

1 0 .

1 . 1 2 .

1 3 .

d i scu s s ion o ft h et yp ew i th e xamp le si sp r e sen ted b y Mann ing ( 1972 , n o9 0 ) . F ragmen to fn a i led s t r ip o rb ind ing . ( 2 /37 ,S t age V ) . As im i la r p ie ce w a s f ound a tG adeb r idge P a rk ( Mann ing 1 974 , n o 5 95 ) . J o ine r 's d og . ( 0 / 1 , d emo l i t ion b e tween S t age V I Ia nd V I I I ) ; c f Mann ing ( 1974 , n o s 6 53 -4 ) . P a r to f aT -shaped s t ap le . ( 2 /21 ,S t age V I I ) . T h i s i s ac ommon m ean s o f s e cu r ing b ox t i le s i n p o s i t ion a nd s eem s t h e mo s t l i ke ly f unc t ion i n t h ep re sen tc on tex t ;c f Mann ing ( 1974 ,n o s 5 111 7 ) . P a r to f ah ook . ( 7 / 11 ,i s o la ted d epo s i ti nN o r th w es t R ange , S tage V I I ) . Mann ing ( 1 974 , n o s 5 22 -3 )g i ve sc omp le t ee xamp le so ft h et y pe f r om

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

G adebr idge P a rk . I r on b a r . S ome s t ruc tu ra l u se s e em s l i ke ly , p o s s ib ly a s al i n te li n ap o s i t ion w he re aw ooden l i n te l w ou ld b e e xpo sed t of i re d amage ( e g i na f ur nace f l ue ) . ( Uns t ra t i f ied ) . I r on p o in t , h eav i ly c o r roded a nd e roded a way f r om t h ep o in t . ( 9 / 17 ,S t age V I I ) . P a r to f al a rge r o b jec t ( s ee n o 1 6 ) . P o r t ion o f a n u n iden t if ied o b jec t . ( 1 / 7 , S t age V I I Io rl a te r ) . T he c omp le te p i ece p robab ly h ad t wo p o in ted ' l eg s ' ,o ne a te i the re nd o ft h ec r o s s b a r , t h e w ho le b e ing n o t u n l ike amode rn b oo t s c rape r i na ppea r ance . F ragmen t s o ft wo o t he r ' l eg s ' i mp ly a t l e a s t o ne o t he r s im i la r o b jec t . T he s im i la r i ty o ft h ep o in t sw i th t h a to nn o 1 5i s s t r ik ing . AR oman d a te s e ems t ob e i mp l ied b y t h e c on t ex t o f a tl e a s t s ome o f t h e se o b jec t s ; s t ruc tu ra l u se , p re sumab ly a s ag i an t s t ap le , s e ems p robab le .

N a i ls ( No t i lus tra ted ) ( PV W ) V e ry f ew n a i l s w e re r e cove r ed f r om s t r a t if ied l e ve ls , s ugge s t ing p e rhap st h a tw ooden e l emen t si nt h ee a r l ie r p ha se s w e re p egged t o ge the r r a the r t h an n a i led . T he o n ly s i gn if ican t q uan t i ty o f n a i ls c ome s f r om t h e

7 4

P en tre F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

u ppe rmo s t l e ve ls w he re t h e n a i l s p re sumab ly d e r ive l a rge ly f r om t h ed e s t ruc t ion o ft h eb u i ld ing . A l l n a i l s e xam ined w e re h eav i ly c o r roded ,a nd mo s tw e re f r ag m en ted . I tw a s ,h oweve r ,p o ss ib le t om ake a na pp rox i m a t ed iv i s ion a cco rd ing t ot h ec l a s s if ica t ion s ugge s ted b y Mann ing ( 1976 ,4 1 , f i g 1 ) . A l l i d en t if iab le n a i l s f e l l w i th in Mann ing 's t y pe I .T h i s t ype c an b es ubd i v i ded a cco rd ing t o n a i l h ead s hape : t ype I a h a s a

3 .

4 . 5 .

d omed h ead ,w h i le t ype I bi sf l a t -headed . A l lt h en a i ls f r om u ppe rl e ve l s a tP en t re F a rm h ave b een g rouped a cco rd ing t ot h i s c l a ss if ica t ion ( Tab le 2 ) .

N a i l t ype

Numbe r

%

We igh t( kg )

%

T ype l a T yp e l b C o r roded e t c

1 9 7 6 6 0

1 2 4 9 3 8

0 . 42 1 . 02 0 . 86

1 8 4 4 3 7

T o ta l

1 55

9 9

2 . 30

9 9

l e ng thway sw hen i tw a sf a sh ioned i n to ah and le . N eed le w i th o b long e ye a nd p o in tm i s s ing . ( SF 1 32 , 0 / 32 , p o s t -comp lex ) . I th a s au n if o rm ,

7 .

t h ough o bv iou s ly t a pe r ing ,s ha f ts ot h a tt h ec ro s s s e c t ion a tt h ee ye i st h es ame a sl owe rd own t h e s ha f t . T h i st ype a l so t e rm ina te si n as t ubby p o in t a bove t h ee ye (Whee le r 1 930 ,p l XL I I ,n o s7 ,9 ) . A mo re c omp le te e xamp le t h an n o 6a bove . ( SF 2 53 , 3 / 30 ,R oom 5 2 / 3 , S tage V I I I ) . Af u r the r n e ed le o f t h e t y pe d e sc r ibed i nn o 6 w i th t h ep o in tl o s t . ( SF 1 06 , 3 / 5 , 7S tage V I ) . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . B one n eed le f r agmen t ,p robab ly

8 . 9 .

OBJECTS OF BONE ( F IG 2 8 )

o ft h es ame t y pe a sn o6 . ( 6SF 3 28 ,6 /20 ,R oom 2 9 , S t age I V ) . 1 0 .

N eed le w i th t h e e ye c u t i n ab road f l a t h ead t e rm ina t ing i n ar ounded t i p . ( SF 7 6 , 0 / 1 ,p o s t c omp lex ) . ( Whee le r1 930 ,p l XL I I ,n o8 ) . I nt h i s c a se t h e e ye c on s i s ts o f t wo c i rcu la r p i e rc ing s , o ne a bove t h eo t he ra nd r unn ing i n to e ach o t he r . T he p o in ti sl o s t . ( An eed le w i th as im i la re ye i s g i ven i nH a ssa l la nd R hode s 1 974 ,7 2 ,f i g2 8 ,n o 1 4 ) .

1 .

A no the re xamp le o ft h et ype d es c r ibed i nn o 1 0 . ( SF 1 07 , 0 / 28 , p o s t -comp lex ) . T he p o in t i s m is s ing . T he e ye i so b long .

1 2 .

P in w i th s imp le k nobbed h ead a nd s we l l ing s ha f t . ( SF 8 8 , 0 / 3 , p o s t -comp lex ) .

1 3 .

S im i la r , l a rge r p i n , w i th p o in t i n tac t . t o p so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) .

1 4 .

P in w i th e l abo ra te ly c a rved h ead c ons i s t ing o fa c on ica l k nob w i th t wo c o l la r mou ld ing s b e low . ( SF 4 3 , t o p so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) . P a r t o f ap i n w i th a f a ce ted s ha f t a nd c r ude ly c a rved h ead c on s i s t ing o fc on ica lk nob a nd c o l la r

1 5 .

B yJ ane t Web s t er ( 1976 -7 )

2 .

D ice . ( SF 4 16 , 1 0 / 100 , m idden o u t s ide R ooms 2 4 -25 ,S tage s N umbe red f r om o ne t os i x b ym ean so f mo t if sc on s is t ing o fa ni n sc r ibed d o t a nd t wo r i ng s .T he d i ce i sp o l ished s moo th . ( Fo r e xamp le s s e e N ea l 1 974 , 1 57 , f i g 6 7 , n o 3 36 ; H a s sa l l a nd R hode s 1 974 , 7 2 , f i g 2 8 , n o s 3 4 -5 ; C u r ie 1 911 ,p l XC I I I ,n o3 ; Whe e le ra nd Whee le r 1 928 , f i g 1 4 , n o 2 7 ) . C oun te r w i th c a rved c oncen t r ic c i r c le d e s ign .

( SF 4 8 ,

m ou ld ing . ( SF 7 4 , t o p so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) . 1 6 .

1 .

T he c u rved h and le o f a n i r on i mp lemen t . ( SF 1 28 , 0 / 1 , p o s t -comp lex ) . Made o fa n ima l h o rn , b roken b u tw i th t h ei r on t a ng r ema in ing . T he t i p o ft h e h o rn w a s c u t o f fa nd t h e w ho le f a c e t ted

6 .

T ab le 2 : C las s if i ca t ion o fn a i l s

I tc anno tb e c l a imed t h a t t h ese f i gu re s r ep re sen t a v e ry l a rge t ype s amp le ,b u t t h ey s e em i n te rnaly c on s i s ten t . T ype l a t e nd s t o b e l a rge r a nd t h e re fo re h eav ie rt h an l ba nd t h i si sr ef lec t ed i nt h ef i gu re s . T he u n iden t if iab le p i ece s s hou ld c on s i s t o f f r agment s o f b o th t ype sa nd t h u st h ep e rcen tage d i f f e rence b e tween w e igh ta nd n umbe rs hou ld b e , a nd i s ,l e s s . Many o ft h en a i l se xam ined s how s ome b uck l ing b u t v e ry f ew e xh ib i t t h e c ha ra c te r i s t ic c u rve o f t h e n a i l e x t rac ted w i th ac l awed t o o l . I ts eems l i ke ly o n t h i s e v idence t h a tt h e s t ruc tu re o fw h ich t h ey f o rmed p a r t w a s a l lowed t od ecay a nd c o l lap se r a the r t h an b e ing d e l ibe ra te ly d emo l i shed w h i le i t st imbe r sw e re s t i l lr e u sab le .

( SF 17 , 1 3 / 14 ,y a rd t ot h en o r th o ft h ec omp lex , S t age V I I ) . ( Cu r le 1 911 ,p l XC I I I ,n o s4 ,2 4 -5 ) . C oun te rw i th d i shed f a ce ,c en t ra li n c ised d o ta nd f a in tt r ace so fi n c i sed c oncen t r ic c i rc le d e co ra t ion . ( SF 1 23 , 0 / 32 , p o s t -comp lex ) . H igh ly p o l i shed b one c oun te rw i th i n c i sed d o to n o ne f a ce . ( SF 3 80 , t op so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) .

P in w i th n ea t ly c a rved h ead c ons is t ing o f a c on ica l k nob a nd c o l la r mou ld ing . ( SF 3 76 , t o p so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) .

1 7 -18 . H eavy b one p i ns ,b o th b roken . ( SF 6 0 ,t o p so i l a bove a nd c omp lex , a nd S F 16 , 0 / 32 , p o s t c omp lex ) . 1 9 .

S im i la rt on o s 1 7 -8 b u tn o ta sh eavy . ( SF 7 5 ,0 / 1 ,p o s t -comp lex ) . 2 0 -26 .( No ti l u s t ra ted ) .S even f u r the rb one p i nf r agmen t s w e r e r e cove red f r om v a r iou s c on tex t s .

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

7 5

2

-

7

9 6 5

8

I

1 0

1

1 2

MI

1 3

-

1 5

1 4

1 6

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1• 1 1 11 0

1

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P en tre F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

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P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 THE GLASS B yJ enn if er P r ice ( 1987 ) D iscus s ion Du r ing t h e e xcava t ion s at o ta l o f 3 01 f r agmen t s o f R oman g l a s s w e re f ound . O f t h e se , 2 01 w e re f r om v e sse ls , e i gh ty -n ine w e re w indow g l a s s a nd e l even w e r e o b je c t s . T he v e sse l g l a s s w a s b l u i sh g r een , e xcep t f o r f i f teen c o lou red a nd f o r ty -one c o lou r le s s f r agmen t s , a s w a s t h e w indow g l a ss , a pa r t f r om f ou r c o lou r le s s f r agmen t s . T he v e s se l g l a s s h a s b een d i v ided i n to t wo m a in c a tego r ie s -c o lou red ,c o lou r le s so rb l u i sh g re en t a b le w a re s , s uch a sd r ink ing c up s , b ow ls ,j ug s , f l a sk s a nd b o t t le s ( 1 18 f r agmen t s ) , a nd b lu i sh g r een h ou seho ld c on ta ine r s ( e igh ty th ree f r agmen t s ) . T he t a b lewa re s a r e g ene raly o f g ood q ua l i ty , s ome o f t h em b e ing q u i te f i ne ,a nd t h e re a r es eve ra lr a the ru nu sua lv e s se ls i nt h i sa s semb lage ( no tab ly n o s 1 ,2 ,a nd 2 4 ) . Among t h et a b lewa re f r agmen t s am in imum o ff o u r c o lou red , s i x teen c o lou r le s s a nd f i ve b l u ish g re en v e sse l s h ave b een r e cogn i sed , a nd t h e re i sc e r ta in ly o ne c y l ind r ica lb o t t le a mong t h ec on ta ine r s ,b u ti th a s p roved mo re d i ff icu l tt oe s tab l i sh t h en umbe ro fs qua re b o t t le s . T he re m ay b e a sf ew a s f ou ro rf i ve , t h ough p robab ly many mo re a r er ep re sen ted b y t h es u rv iv ing f r agmen t s . T he v e s se lf o rms r ep re sen ted r ange i nt h e i rd a t e so f p roduc t ion f r om t h el a te rf i r s tc en tu ry a tt h ee a r l ie s tt o

T he f i nd s

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s e cond c en tu ry AD . T he o b jec t s ,c oun te r s ( o rg am ing p i ece s )a nd b ead s , c anno tb ed a ted v e ry c l o se ly a st h ey o ccu rt h roughou t t h e R oman p e r iod , t h ough n one i sn ece s sa r i ly l a te r t h an t h e s e cond c en tu ry AD . T he w indow f r agmen t s a l l c ome f r om c a s t p ane s ; c a s t w indow g l a ss w a s p roduced i nt h ef i r s ta nd s e cond ,a nd p e rhap st h ee a r ly t h i rd c en tu r ie s , b e fo re b e ing r ep laced b y b lown w in d ow g l a s s i nt h e t h i rd a nd f ou r th c en tu r ie s . T he o n ly f r agmen to fc a s tv e s se lg l a s sc ome sf r om a p eaco ck b l ue b ow lw i th o ve rhang ing r im ( no 1 ) . C a s t v e sse ls i nt h i sc o lou ra r en o tv e ry c ommon i nR oman B r i ta in , t h ough a s ha l low c onvex c u rved b ow l w i th h o r izon ta l r i b s o n t h e b ody a nd a w hee l -cu t g roove i n s ide t h er im i sk nown f r om T r in i ty S t ree t , D o rche s t e r , D o r se t ( Coo l & P r ice f o r thcom ing ) , a nd c u rved b ody f r agmen t sh ave c ome f r om t h eL loyd sB ank s i te , D o rche s te r , D o r se t a nd f r om t h e H e rm i tage , B ox , W i l t sh i re . B ow l sw i th o ve rhang ing r ims w e re u sua l ly m ade i n c o lou r le s sg l a s s . T hey d on o to ccu rb e fo re t h eF lav ian p e r iod , b u ta r e f ound t h roughou tt h eR oman w o r ld i n t h el a te f i r s ta nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . T h is v e sse lt ype i sw e l l -known i nR oman B r i ta in ,e sp ec ia l ly i nF lav ian H ad r ian ic c on tex t s , a sa tF i shbour ne ( Ha rden & P r ice 1 97 1 ,3 31 & 3 34 ,n o s2 6 ,2 8 ,3 3 -4 ) ,a nd n ume rou ss i t e s i n n o r the rn B r i ta in ( s ee , f o r e xamp le , C ha r le swo r th 1 959 , 3 8 -40 ) . C ompa ra t ive ly f ew b ow ls w i th o ve rhang ing r im s m ade i nc o lou red g la s sh ave b een f ound i nB r i ta in . A n

t h em idd le o ft h et h i rd c en tu ry a tt h el a te s t . I ng ene ra l , s t rong ly c o lou red g l a s s i sf ound o n ly r a re ly a f te r t h e N e ron ian t oe a r ly F lav ian p e r iod ,b u ty e l low i sh b rown a nd y elow i sh g reen v e sse l s ,u sua l ly j ug s ( c fn o s3 -4 ) , s ome t ime so ccu ri nm id s e cond c en tu ry d epo s i t s ,a nd p eacock b l ue v e s se l s , ( no s 1 2 ) h ave o cca s iona l ly b een n o ted o n s econd c en tu ry s i te s , s o t h e c o lou red v e sse ls u sed a tP en t re F a rm m ay h ave b e en i np roduc t i on d u r ing t h ee a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . A l lo ft h e c o lou r le s s v e sse ls c ou ld h ave b een i nu se d u r ing t h e s e cond c en tu ry , t h ough t h e f a ce t -cu t b eake r ( no 5 ) may h ave b een made i nt h el a te f i r s tc en tu ry ,a nd t h e

o paque r e d f r agmen t w a s f ound a t D i tch ley , O xon ( Ha rden 1 936 ,6 4 , f i g 1 2 .3 ) ,a nd as ma l l s ha l low d a rk y e l low b rown p l a te i sk nown f r om K ing W i l l iam

c y l ind r ica l c up s w i th f i re rounded r im s ( no s 1 2 -17 ) ,

I ti si n te re s t ing t h a ta no the rv e s se l , t h e f r agmen ta ry f l a sk w i th g l obu la rb ody a nd f unne l mou th ( no 2 ) ,w a s a l so m ade i np eaco ck b l ue g l a s s , a sb l own v e sse ls i n

j ug w i th p ou r ing s pou t ( no 2 1 ) a nd c y l ind r ica lj ug o r b o t t le ( no 2 3 ) , c ou ld h ave b een p roduced i nt h ee a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . T he b lu i sh g reen t a b lewa re s a nd c on ta ine r s mo s t p robab ly a l so b e long t ot h e s e cond c en tu ry , t h ough j ug s s im i la r t on o 2 5 a nd b ow ls s im i la r t on o s 2 6 -7 o ccu r i n F l av ian c on tex t s . S qua re b o t t le s a r e v e ry c ommon ly f ound i n l a rge q uan t i t ie s o n a l l k i nd s o f R omano -Br i t i sh s i te s f r om t h eN e ron ian p e r iod t ot h e e nd o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry , w h i le c y l ind r ica l b o t t le s d i sappea re a r ly i nt h es e cond c en tu ry . T he d eco ra ted c y l ind r ica l b o t t le ( no 2 4 ) i s a mo s t u nu sua l f i nd i n R oman B r i ta in . I tu nfo r tuna te ly c ome s f r om a l a te R oman c on tex t ,b u tt h e re i sl i t t le d oub t t h a ti ts hou ld b ed a ted t ot h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic p e r iod , a nd s oi tw a s p robab ly i n u se o n t h e s i t e i n t h e e a r ly p a r t o f t h e

S t re e t , L ondon ( no t d a rk b l ue a s s t a ted b y Whee le r 1 930 , 1 22 , f i g 4 2 .2 ) . Two p eacock b l ue f r agmen t s , f r om b ow lr ims w i thou ta no ve rhang , h ave b e en n o ted f r om We lbeck S t re e t , C a s t lefo rd , We s t Y o rk sh i re ( unpub l i shed ) a nd B i r ren s ( Robe r t son 1 975 , 1 37 , n o 3 9 ,f i g4 8 .3 ) . N one o ft h e se c ame f r om d a ted c on t ex t s , b u t i ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h e c o lou red s pec imen s w e r ei nu se a tt h es ame t ime a st h ec o lou r le s so ne s( t ha t i s , t h e l a te f i r s ta nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ) .

t h is c o lou r a r e n o t a ta l l c ommon i nR oman B r i ta in , t h ough t h e re a r es ome f r agmen t sf r om as ha l low b ow l a tC o sg rove ,N o r than t s( P r ice f o r thcom ing ) . T he f o rm o f t h e v e s se l i sa l so r a the r u nu sua l ; i t s c o lou r , r im f i n ish a nd d eco ra t ion s ugge s ts t rong ly t h a t i ti s af i r s t o r e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry v e s se l , b u t i th a s n o t b een p o s s ib le t of i nd a ny c l o se p a ra l le l s . Mo s t o f t h e g lobu la r f l a sk s w i th f unne l mou th s f ound i nt h e n o r th -we s ter n p rov ince s a r e l a rge r t h an t h is s pec imen . O ne v a r ian t w i th as l ende r l o ng n eck a nd as ma l lf u nne l mou th i sk nown i nH ad r ian ic t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry c on tex t s ( I s ing s 1 957 , F o rm 9 2 ) , a nd a no the r , w h ich s ome t ime s h a s ab a se r i ng ,b e long s t o t h et h i rd a nd f our th c en tu r ie s( I s ing s 1 957 ,F o rm 1 04 ;

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P en tr eF arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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H a rden & G reen 1 978 , 1 63 -170 ) . Ac o lou r le s sf l a sk f r om C o logne ( Ha rden e ta l 1 968 , n o 14 -d e sc r ibed a s at h i rd c en tu ry i n den ted b eake r ) i sc l ose ly c ompa rab le w i th t h eP en t re F a rm e xamp le . T he r ims , mou th s , n eck s a nd t h e f o rm a nd w hee l -cu t d e co ra t ion o ft h es hou lde r so ft h et wo v e s se l sa r ev e ry s im i la r ,a nd t h e se f e a tu re sa r ec ha rac te r i s t ic o fc o lou r l e s s d r ink ing c up f o rms m ade i n t h e l a te f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu ry . T he r e s to ft h eC o logne f l a sk , h ow e ve r , i sq u i te d i f f e r en t , w i th r a ised a r cad ing a nd s i x i n den t so nt h eo vo id b ody a nd as ma l lt ubu la rb a se r i ng w i th d omed b a se . D e sp i te t h e d i f f e ren t c o lou red g l a s s , t h e t wo v e sse ls a ppea r t ob e long t ot h e s ame t r ad i t ion o f m anu f ac tu re , a nd b o th c ou ld h ave b een p roduced a ta bou tt h es ame t i me ,a round t h ee nd o ft h e f i r s to ri nt h ee a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . No s 3a nd 4a r e l i ke ly t oc ome f r om c on ica l l o ng n ecked j ug s , t h ough t h e s ma l l s i ze o f t h e f r agmen t s m ake s t h e i d en t if i ca t ion u nce r ta in , a nd n o 2 5 v e ry p robab ly a l so b e long s t o av e sse l o ft h i s f o rm ( I s ing s 1 957 F o rm 5 5 ) . T he se j ug s ,w h ich h ave as ma l lf o lded r im , l o ng n a r row n eck , c on ica l b ody a nd a n a ngu la r r i bbon w i th c en t ra l r i b , u sua l ly w i th a v e r t ica l t r a i l e x tend ing d own t h eb ody f r om t h eh and le , a nd e i the r as imp le c oncave b a se o ra n o pen b a se r ing , o ccu ri n t h e r eg ion n o r th o ft h e A lp sb u t n o t e l sewhe re i nt h e R oman w o r ld . An umbe ro fb road ly c on tempo ra ry j ug f o rms w e re m ade i nb r igh tc o lou r s s uch a sd a rk b l ue , y e l low i sh b rown ,y e l low ish g reen a nd p u rp le , a sw e l l a sb lu i sh g reen g l a s s . T he se a r e f r equen t ly f ound i n c on tex t s f r om cAD 6 5 t ot h e e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry , t h ough s ome e xamp le s , i n c lud ing a f ew y e l low i sh g r een a nd y e l low i sh b rown j ugs ,r ema ined i nu se u n t i l a tl e a s tt h em idd le o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry ( P r ice 1 980 , 6 6 ; P r ice 1 987 , 1 93 -5 ) . T he f o rm i sv e ry c ommon o nR omano -Br i t i sh s i te s ; m any e xamp le sw i th t h ec oncave b a se a r ek nown ,a sa t B a rnwel ,C amb s( Ha rden e ta l1 968 ,n o7 3 ) ,R adnage , B uck s ( Ha rden e t a l 1 987 , n o 6 8 ) a nd W inche s te r ( Ha rden 1 967 ) , a nd s pec imen s w i th o pen b a se r ing s a l so o ccu r f r equen t ly , a s a t T owce s te r , N o r than t s ( P r ice 1 980 ,f i g 1 5 ,n o s7 -9 ) ,a nd B a r t low H i l ls ,E s sex ( Gage 1 834 ,p l2 ,f i g 1 ) . T he f r agmen ta ry f a ce t -cu t b eake r ( no 5 ) i s al ow w ide t r unca ted c on ica l v e s se l w i th mou ld ing a tt h e r im , p ronounced r i dge s a bove a nd b e low t h e d eco ra t i on z one w h ich c on ta in s t h ree r ow s o f l a rge o va l f a ce t s i nq u incunx ,c l o se ly s e tt of o rm d i amond s ,a nd ap ro jec t ing f oo t . T h is i s ar e cogn i sed v a r ian t w i th in al a rge rg roup o fs im i la r ly d eco ra t ed h i gh -qua l i ty c up s w h ich h ave b een f ound i n many p a r t s o f t h e R oman w o r ld i nt h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry a nd f i r s t h a l f o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry ( Be rge r 1 960 ,F o rm I V ,6 7 -70 ; We lke r 1 974 , 5 5 -62 ,n o s 1 47 -8 ; O l ive r 1 984 ,n o4 7 , f i g 5 ,n o 5 1) . O ne i n tac tc up ,f r om B a rnwe l l ,C amb s( Ha rden e ta l 1 968 , n o 1 0 1 ; H a rden e ta l 1 987 , n o 1 04 ) a nd m any f r agmen t s h ave b een f ound i n F lav ian t o H ad r ian ic c on tex t si nB r i ta in , t h ough c ompa r a t ive ly f ew c an b e

s hown t oc ome f r om l ow v e s se l s s im i la r t o t h i s e x a mp le . S eve ra l p i ece s h ave b een f ound a t We lbe ck S t ree t ,C a s t le fo rd , We s tY o rk sh i r e( unpub l ished ) ,a nd al owe r b ody f r agmen t f r om E a s tga te , G louce s t e r p robab ly c ome s f r om a no the r e xamp le ( P r ice 1 983 , 1 69 , f i g 9 8 .11 ) . N o s 6 10 a r e p i e ce s f r om c o lou r le s s d r ink ing c up s w i th w hee l -cu t o r a b raded l i nea r d eco ra t ion . Av e ry l a rge n umbe r o f s im i la r v e sse ls h ave b een f ound i n B r i ta in , g ene ra l ly i n e a r ly t o m id s e cond c en tu ry c on tex t s , b u t u n t i l r e cen t ly t h ey h ave a t t rac t ed l i t t le a t ten t ion ,p robab ly b e cause t h ey u sua l ly o ccu ra sv e ry s ma l l f r agmen t s , a nd t h e c omp le te p rof i le c an r a re ly b er e cons t ruc ted ( f o re xamp le ,s ee C ha r le swo r th 1 959 , f i g7 ,n o s6 ,1 0 -11 ,p l1 ,2 ;P r ice 1 980 ,6 3 -4 ,f i g1 4 ,n o s 3 -5 , &6 8 ,f i g 1 7 ,n o3 ;P r ice 1 987 , 1 88 -191 ,f i g2 ,n o s 8 14 ) . T he w hee l -cu t d e co ra t ion i ss ome t ime s f o rmed b y g r ind ing a way t h e o u t s ide s u r f ace t ol e ave h o r izon ta l r i b s i nr e l ief , a so n n o s 6 -7 , b u t t h i s w ou ld p robab ly h ave b een r e served f o rv e sse ls o fc ons ide rab le l u xu ry , a si tmu s th ave b een at ime con sum ing p ro ce s s . I th a s n o to f ten b een n o t ed o nc o lou r le ss b l own c up s ,t h ough as im i la r t r ea tmen t o ccu r s o n as ha l low s egmen ta l b ow l f r om a n A n ton ine p i t a tF e lmonge r s , H a r low , E ssex ( P r ice 1 987 , 1 87 -188 , f i g 1 ,n o 1 ) . N o 8 , ar im f r agmen t , i sc l o se ly c ompa rab le w i th a g l obu la rc up f r om a s e cond c en tu ry b u r ia l a tB raugh i n g , H e il s ( Ha rden 1 977 , 1 02 , f i g 4 3 .3 , p l I XB , a nd f r agmen t s f r om ad epo s i t d a ted c _AD 1 60 a tS hake n oak ,O xon ( Ha rden 1 971 , 1 0 1 ,f i g4 4 .45 -6 ,n o s9 8 -9 ) . T he b a se f r agmen t s ,n o9 ,a l so c ome f r om aw hee l -cu t d r ink ing c up ; s im i la r b a se s a r e k nown f r om F i sh b ou rne ( Ha rden a nd P r ice 1 971 ,3 46 , f i g 1 40 .59 ) ,a nd C a s t leca ry ( wh ich h a s aw hee l -cu t r i ng o n t h e b a se , t h ough i ti sn o ts hown i nC ha r le swo r th 1 959 ,f i g7 . 6 ) . T he f o rm o ft h e c omp le te v e sse l i sn o t k nown i nt h e c a se o fn o 1 0 , ab ody f r agmen tw i th t we lve b and s o f a b raded l i ne s ,b u ti tm ay h ave b een s im i la rt o ap i e ce w i th m u l t ip le c l o se se ta b raded b and sf r om t h es e cond c en tu ry d epo s i t i nt h e l a t r ine d ra in o f t h e C omman d an t 's h ou se a tH ouse s tead s ( Cha r le swo r th 1 971 , 3 5 , f i g 8 ) . I n 1 971 , C ha r le swo r th s t a ted t h a t t h i s d ra in d epo s i tw a sc l o se ly d a t ed b e tween AD 1 28 a nd c1 39 4 2 , b u t al a te r p ub l ica t ion ( Cha r le swo r th 1 975 , 2 4 ) m en t ions l a te rs e cond c en tu ry c o in s a nd p o t te ry f r om t h es ame d r a in , s ot h is n o t av e ry c l o se ly d a ted g roup . T he r im f r agmen t , n o 1 , i sf r om ar a the r d i f f e r en t k i nd o fc up w h ich p robab ly a l so b e long st ot h es e cond c en tury , t h ough t h e t y pe m ay h ave c on t inued i n p roduc t ion l a te r t h an t h e o ne s d i scus sed a bove . I ti s c y l ind r ica l w i th as imp le v e r t ica l r im w h ich h a s b een g round v e ry s moo th , a nd s hou ld b e c ompa r ed w i th s im i la rr im f r agmen t s f r om Ma rypo r t ,C umb r ia ( P r ice 1 976 , 5 2 , f i g 9 . 5 ) a nd R ud s ton , N o r th H umbe r s ide ( Cha r le swo r th 1 980 , 1 25 , f i g 8 4 .2 ) . N o s 1 2 -17 c ome f r om c y l ind r ica l c up s w i th f i re r ounded r ims w h ich o ccu r i nl a rge q uan t i t ie s i nt h e n o r th -we s tp rov ince sd u r ing t h el a te rs e cond a nd e a r ly

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -81

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t h i rd c en tu r ie s( I s ing s 1 957 ,F o rm 8 5 ) . N o s 1 2 -17 a r e f r om t h e u ndeco ra ted f o rm w i th av e r t ica l o rs l igh t ly i n tu rned r im a nd at u bu la ra nd t r a i led d oub le b a se r i ng , w h ich i st h ec ommone s tt ype o fd r ink ing v e s se li nu se i nR oman B r i ta in d u r ing t h i sp e r iod . O ne e xamp le h a s

s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry c on tex t s ,w hen t h ey m ay h ave f o lded o r r ounded r ims . A g reen ish j ug w i th f o lded r im s im i la r t o t h e P en t re F a rm f r agmen t i s k nown f r om as e cond c en tu ry b u r ia la tS ke le ton G re en ,

b een f ound i n tac ta tA i r l ie ,A ngu s( Cha r le swo r th 1 959 , p l1 . 4 ) a nd f r agmen t sa r ek nown o n m any o t he rs i te s , i n c lud ing F i shbou rne ( Ha rden & P r ice 1 971 , 3 52 -5 , f i g 1 41 , 7 4 -5 ) , t h e f o r t res s b a th s a tC ae r leon ( A l len 1 986 , 11 , f i g 4 3 , n o s 6 8 -70 , ) , Y o rk ( Ha rden 1 962 , 1 37 , f i g 8 6 .HG 2 02 .6 ) , a nd H ouse s t ead s ( Cha r le s wo r th 1 971 , 3 4 ,f i g s 4& 5-b u ts e et h ed i scu s s ion o f t h e d a t ing o f t h is d epo s i t i n c onnec t ion w i th n o 1 0 ,

w i th f i re rounded r im s i n c lude e xamp le s f r om O s p r inge (Wh i t ing e t a l 1 931 , p l XV I I .154 ) a nd t h e f o r t re s s b a ths a t C ae r leon ( A l len 1 986 , 1 08 -9 , f i g 4 2 .57 ) . T he t a l l n a r row n eck , n o 2 2 , m ay c ome f r om a v a r ie ty o ff l a sk f o rms ,s on o th ing c an b es a id a bou tt h e p re c i se t ype o fv e s se l . S im i la r f r agmen t s a r e k nown

a bove ) . T he o t he r v e r s ion ( no 1 2 ) , w h ich h a s as l igh t ly o u tben tr im , h o r izon ta l t r a i l s o n t h e u ppe r a nd l owe r b ody a nd av a r ie ty o fb a se r i ng s , i n c lud ing t h ed oub le b a se r i ng ,i sa l so v e ry w ide ly k nown . Ac omp le te c up w a sf ound a tB a ldock , H e r t s ( Cha r le swo r th 1 959 ,4 9 , p lI .1 )a nd f r agmen t sh ave c ome f r om aw ide r a nge o f s i te s ,a sa tC aerwen t( Boon 1 972 -3 , 1 2 1 ,f i g4 . 41) ,a nd i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry d ra in d epo s i t a tt h e C omman d an t 's h ouse ,H ou se s tead s( Cha r le swo r th 1 971 ,f i g s 1 2 ,a nd t h eb a se o n ly o ff i g 3 ) . T he c o lou r le ss t u bu la r r im ( no 1 8 ) a nd t h e b l u i sh g reen t u bu la rr im ( no 2 7 )v e ry p robab ly c ome f r om t h e s ame k i nd o fb ow l ,w i th amo re o rl e s sc y l ind r ica lb ody a nd a na pp l ied ' t rue ' b a se r i ng ( c fn o2 6 ) . B ow ls w i th t ubu la rr ims w e re p roduced o ve r al o ng p e r iod o ft i me ( I s ing s 1 957 , F o rms 4 4 -5 ) . T he e a r l ie s te xamp le s i n B r i ta in d a te f r om t h eC laud ian p e r iod a tC am u l odunum ( Ha rden 1 947 ,p l LXXXV I I I .80 -1 )a nd t h el a te s to ccu r i nt h el a te rf ou r th / ea r ly f i f th c en tu ry d epo s i ta tB u rgh C a s t le ( Ha rden 1 983 , f i g 3 7 , 8 1 -2 ) ,b u t mo s to ft h ese b ow l s a r e f ound d u r ing t h e l a te r f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu ry AD , a s a t R ichbo rough , K en t ( Bu she -Fox 1 949 , p l LXV I I I .369 & 3 72 ) , a nd L ong Me lfo rd , S uf fo lk ( Aven t &H ow le t t1 980 ,2 46 ,f i g4 1 ,p l XV I I Ia ) . T he se b ow l s w e r e p roduced i nc o lou red a nd b l u ish g re en g l a s s , a nd w e re s ome t ime s d eco ra ted w i th r i b s o n t h e b ody . C o lou r le s s e xamp le s a r e q u i te u ncom mon , t h ough ap a le g r een ish c o lou r le s s b ow l t h ough t t od a te f r om t h ee nd o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry i sk nown a tE l l Hun se l ,L imbu rg ,N e the r land s( I s ing s 1 971 ,2 0 , f i g4 , n o 5 5 ) . T he r im f r agmen t ,n o 1 9 , a nd b a se f r agmen t ,n o2 0 , c ome f r om c o lou r le s s s ma l l b ow l s , p e rhap s l i ke t wo f r om H aux ton ,C amb s( Ha rden 1 958 ,1 2 -3 ,1 5 ,f i g7 ,p l I I ,c d ) . Sma l lb ow l s o ft h i s k i nd ,s ome t ime s w i th a r i dge o n t h eu nde r s ide o ft h er im , h ave b een f ound i n s econd c en tu ry c on tex t s a t Maa s t r ich t -Be l fo r t a nd e l sewhe re i nL imbu rg , N e the r land s ( I s ing s 1 971 , 2 1 , f i g 3 ,n o 5 7 , 2 3 , f i g 1 2 , n o6 6 , 8 ) . T he s ma l lr im f r agmen t ,n o2 1 ,v e ry p robab ly c ome s f r om aj ug w i th a t r efo i l mou th o r p ou r ing s pou t , t hough i ti st oo s ma l l f o r c e r ta in i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e f o rm . J ug sw i th t r e fo i l mou ths o ccu ra tm any p e r iod s i nt h e R oman e mp i re ( c fI s ings 1 957 , F orms 5 6 a nd 8 8 ) , b u t i nB r i ta in t h ey a r e m o s t f r equen t ly n o t ed i n

H e r t s( Cha r le swo r th 1 981 ,2 71 ,f i g 1 06 .12 ) ,a nd o t he r s

f r om many s i te s . T he n e ck m ay b ec ompa red w i th t h a t o ft h eo vo id b od ied f l a sk f r om H aux ton ( Ha rden 1 958 , 1 2 -14 , f i g 5 ,p ll i la ) . T he b ody f r agmen t , n o 2 3 , p robab ly c ome s f r om a c o lou r le s s c y l ind r ica l b o t t le w i th h o r izon ta l b and s o f l i nea r c u t d eco ra t ion o n t h e b ody . T he se o ccu r i n s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu ry c on tex t s i n t h e n or th -we s t p rov ince s ,a nd t h ey h ave b een n o ted o ns eve ra ls i te si n B r i ta in . Ac omp le te o ne i sk nown f r om H aux ton ( Ha rden 1 958 , 1 2 , 1 4 -5 , f i g 6 ,p l 1 I 1b ) , a nd t h e re i s al a rge f r agmen t f r om a no the r a t C o rb r idge ( Cha r le swo r th 1 959 , 5 4 ,f i g 1 0 .1 ) . T he v e r t ica l s c ra tch ing v i s ib le o n t h e s hou lde ra ng le s ugge s t s t h a tt h ev e s se l w a s s t o red i n ac l o se -f i t t ing c a se . T he f r agmen ta ry b l u i sh g reen c y l ind r ica lb o t t le w i th h or izon ta lb and so fl i nea rw hee lc u td e co ra t ion ,n o2 4 , i s amo s tu nu sua l f i nd o n aR omano -Br i t ish s i te . T he s hape ,d e ta i ls o fm anuf a c tu re a nd c o lou ro ft h ev e s se l a r e p re c i se ly s im i la r t o t h e u ndeco ra ted c y l ind r ica l b o t t le s d i scu s sed b e low a s c on ta ine r s , b u t Ia m n o t a wa re o fa ny o t he r e xamp le s w i th w hee l c u t d eco ra t i on i n t h e n o r th -we s te rn p rov ince s . I s ing s ( 1957 , F o rm 5 1 , 6 7 ) r e f e r s t o s ome s pec imens a tP ompe i i w h ich h ave ad eco ra t ion o fw hee lc u tl i nes ,b u ts ay s' i n t h e p rov ince s t h i s i sv ery r a re i ne a r ly b o t t le s ' . T hey a r e ,h oweve r ,c ommon ly f ound i np a r t so fn o r th A f r ica a nd t h e e a s ter n Med i t e r ranean a r ea , a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e v e s se l t r ave l led al o ng w ay t o No r th Wa le s , p robab ly a s ap e r sona l p o s se s s ion , r a the r t h an a s a n o b jec to ft r ade . T he v e r t ica ls c ra tche so nt h eb ody a nd h eavy w ea ro n t h eb a se e dge s ugge s tt h a ti tw a ss t o red i n ac l ose -f i t t ing c a se a nd t h a ti tw a s i nu se f o r ac on s i de rab le t i me . T he r im f r agmen t , n o 2 8 , p robab ly c ome s f r om a s ma l lb ow lo rj a r ,b u ti ti sn o te a sy t oi d en t ify t h ee xac t f o rm f r om t h es u rv iv ing p i ece . Ac ons ide rab le v a r ie ty o fj a r s a r e f ound i ns e cond c en tury c on tex t s , b u t t h ey h ave n o t r e ce ived a g r ea t d ea l o f a t ten t ion i np r in t . T hey a r e v e ry r a re ly f ound c omp le te , u n le ss t h ey o ccu r a s g r ave g ood s o r h ave b een u sed a s c i ne ra ry u rns ( c fI s ing s 1 957 ,F o rm 9 4 ) . T he f r agmen t so fc on ta ine r s( no s2 9 -33 )c ome f r om b l u ish g re en c y l ind r ica lo rs qua re b o t t le s . B o th f o rms h ave s im i la r f o lded r im s , n e ck s , s hou lde r s a nd b road a ngu la r h and le s , o f ten w i th mu l t ip le r e ed ing o n t h e l owe r p a r t . T he b od ie s o f ten h ave v e r t ica l s c ra t ch

8 0

P en tre F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

ma rk s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h ey h ave b een moved i na nd o u t o f ac l o se -f i t t ing c a se , a nd t h e n eck s s ome t ime s h ave a b and o f h o r i zon ta l s c r a t ch m a rk s , p robab ly i n d ica t ing t h a tt h es t oppe rw a sa t tached t ot h eb o t t le b y ac o rd . B o th f o rms a r ee x t reme ly c ommon f i nd s o n R omano -Br i t i sh s i te s ,a nd o ccu rt h roughou tt h ew e s t e r n p rov ince s i n t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s AD ( I s ing s 1 957 ,F o rms 5 0 -51) . T he c y l ind r ica l b o t t le s o ccu r v e ry w ide ly o n f i r s t c en tu ry s i te s ,p a r t icu la r ly i nF lav ian c on tex t s ,a nd t h ey a r e n o t c ommon a f te r t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry . Two ma in f o rm sa r ek nown ;o ne h a s at a l la nd c ompa ra t ive ly n a r row b ody w i th as ho r tn a r row n eck , a s a tC ae r leon ( Boon 1 967 , 9 5 , f i g 1 )a nd I n ch tu th i l ( P r ice 1 985 , 3 07 , f i g 9 4 .11 ) , a nd t h e o the r h a s al ow w ide b ody ,o f ten w i th aw ide n e ck ,a sa tY o rk ( Ha rden 1 962 , p l6 6 .HG 5 3 ) . No 3 1 c anno t b e r e cons t ruc ted f r om t h e s u rv iv ing f r agmen t s , b u t t h e b ody d i ame te r s ugge s t s t h a tt h i s w a s at a l l b o t t le . I ti sn o tewo r thy t h a to n ly o ne c y l ind r ica lb o t t le h a s b een f ound , w h ich i nd ica te s t h a t s qua re b o t t le s w e re t h e m a in c on ta ine r s i nu se d u r ing t h e o ccupa t ion o f P en t re F a rm , a nd i ti sa l so i n t e re s t ing t h a t o ne o ft h e b ody f r agmen t ss how sc l ea re v idence f o rr e -use ,a st h e b roken s u r f ace i sc omp le te ly f l a ta nd m a t tw i th ag r ea t d ea lo fw ea r . T he r e -u se o ft h ee dge so ff r agmen t so f t h ick g la ss h a sn o to f ten b een n o ted ,t h ough t wo e dge s f r om ap i ece o f al a rge s qua re b o t t le a tC o sg rove h ad b een r e -wo rked i nt h is w ay ,a nd i tw a st h e re s ugge s ted t h a tt h ep i e ce m ay h ave b een u s ed a s ap a le t te ,o rf o r s ome i n du s t r ia l p u rpo se , s uch a s t h e p repa ra t ion o f h ide s ( P r ice f o r thcom ing ) . S qua re b o t t le sa r ea l so v e ry c ommon ly f ound o nf i r s t c en tu ry s i t e s , b u t , u n l ike t h e c y l ind r ica l b o t t le s , t h ey c on t inue i nw ide sp read u se u n t i la tl e a s tt h ee nd o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry ( Cha r le swo r th 1 966 ) . S qua re b o t t le s w e re u sua l ly b lown i n to ab ody mou ld w i th as epa ra t e d eco ra ted b a se mou ld , a nd a v e ry w ide v a r ie ty o f r a ised d e s ign s o ccu r o n t h e b a se s ( s ee C ha r le swo r th 1 959 , f i g9 ) . Mo s to ft h e se b o t t le sa r ew e l l -made a nd o fr obu s tc on s t ruc t ion ,a st h ey w ou ld n eed t ob ef o rt h e l o ng -d i s tance t r an spo r to fl i qu id a nd s em i l iqu id s ub s t ance s ,b u tn o3 3 ,w i th t h r ee c oncen t r ic c i rc le si nl ow r e l ie f , c ome s f r om a s mal b ubb ly b o t t le w h ich h a s b een b lown v e ry t h in a t t h e a ng le s . T he se s ma l l , c a re le ss ly m ade a nd r a the r f r ag i le b o t t le s h ave b een n o ted a t s eve ra l f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu ry s i te s i n R oman B r i ta in , a nd m ay h ave b e en t h e p roduc t s o f l o ca l g la s smak ing c en t re s , a s t h ey w e re p re sumab ly u sed a sc on ta ine r sf o rt h et r an spo r to fo n ly v e ry s ma l l q uan t i t ie so fs ub s tance sa nd t h ey w e r eu n l ike ly t oh ave t r ave l led mo re t h an q u i te s ho r td i s tance s . Ag roup o f t h e se s ma l l c a re le s s ly m ade s qua re b o t t le s h a s b een

3 5 -6 ) a r e t h e u sua l ' b lack ' a nd o paque w h i te p i ano c onvex d i scs w h ich o ccu ro n B r i t i sh s i t e s t h roughou t t h e R oman p e r iod , g ene ra l ly a s s i ng le f i nd s , t h ough s e t sf o rb oa rd g ame sa r es ome t ime sf ound i nb u r ia l s ,a s i n aF l av ian b u r ia la tG range R oad ,W inche s t e r( B idd le 1 967 , 2 44 -5 , f i g 9 ) a nd a l a te s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry b u r ia l a t O sp r inge (Wh i t ing e ta l 1 931 , p l LV I ) . T he t h i rd , n o 3 4 , i s am uch l e s sc ommon t ype : i ti so paque t u rquo ise b l ue , s ub rec tangu la r i ns hape a nd c omp le t e ly s moo th o n t h e b ase , a nd t h e re i sa w avy b and a tt h e e dge o f t h e c onvex s u r f ace w h ich m ay b e t h e m a rk so f as e t t ing ,p e rhap s f r om ar i ng o r p endan t . T he g l a s sm e lon b ead ,n o3 7 ,i s at y pe o fb ead much m o re w ide ly k nown i n f r i t o r f a ience w h ich o ccu r s t h roughou t t h e R oman p e r iod . T he g l a s s v e r s ion s o ccu ri ns ome q uan t i t ie sd u r ing t h el a te rf i r s ta nd e a r ly t om id s e cond c en tury ( Gu ido 1 978 , 1 00 ,f i g3 7 .21 -2 ) , a nd a r e o f t en f o und o n m i l i ta ry s i te s . T he b i con ica l b ead , n o 3 8 , ( Gu ido 1 978 , 9 7 , f i g 3 7 .12 -3 ) i s at y pe f r equen t ly f ound i n l a te R oman c on tex t s , b u t a l so k nown a te a r l ie rp er iod s . F ou rw e re f ound i nd epo s i t s d a ted t o cAD 1 60 -230 i nt h e d ra in o f t h e l e g iona ry b a th -hou se a tC ae r leon ( B rewe r 1 986 , 1 48 , f i g4 8 .62 5 ) . T he l o ng b i con ica lb ead , n o 3 9 , ( Gu ido 1 978 , 9 8 , f i g3 7 .14 ) ,a nd t h ep en tagona lb ead s ,n o s4 0 -3 ,( Gu ido 1 978 9 6 -7 , f i g 3 7 .8 ) o ccu r t h roughou t t h e R oman p e r iod , s ot h ey c anno t b e c l o se ly d a ted . T he w indow g l a s s i so f t h e c a s t , m a t t -g lo ssy , t ype f ound a tv e ry m any s i te si nB r i ta in i nt h ef i r s tt oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ( Boon 1 966 ) . T he p ie ce sa tP en t re F a rm a r e m ade i nv a r ious s hade s o fb lu ish g reen a nd n ea r c o lou r le s s g l a s s , a nd a r e o f ten u neven i n t h ickne s s , b e ing t h in i nt h e m idd le a nd much t h icke rn ea r t ot h e e dge s . T hey a r e f l a t , d u l l a nd p ock -ma rked u nde r n ea th a nd u neven a nd b r igh t o n t h e t o p . S ix p ie ce s h ave a t h ick r ounded e dge , s ome t ime s w i th t oo l ing m a rk s i n t h e t o p s u r f ace , a nd t wo j o ined f r agmen t s h ave ag ro sed e dge , s im i la r t ot h e w indowpane f r om H a r t f ie ld , S u s sex ( Ha rden 1 974 ) . S ome o f t h e e dge f r agmen t sh ave t r ace so ft h e mo r ta r ,w h ich f i xed t h em i n to t h e w indow a pe r tu re o r w ooden f r ame , o n t h e u nde r s ide . A s o n ly v e ry l i t t le o ft h i s m a te r ia l c ome s f r om s t ra t if ied c on tex t s , i ti sn o t p o ss ib le t oi d en t ify m any o ft h er oom s w i th g l azed w indow s .

C a ta logue ( F ig s 2 9 -31 ) A mo re d e ta i led c a ta logue o ft h e f r agmen t s n o t i lu s t r a ted i sh oused i nt h e s i te a r ch ive .

r e cogn ised f r om Ma id s tone , S ta ine s , C o lche s te r a nd H a r low ( P r ice 1 987 , 1 97 -199 , f i g 4 ,n o s 3 3 -34 ) , a nd f u r the r w o rk o n t h e b a se d e s ign s w i l l i d en t i fy o t he r

C as t a nd G round V esse l s 1 R im f r agmen t ,b ow lw i th o ve rhang ing r im . D eep g reen i sh b l ue ( p ea cock b l ue ) . V e ry f ew s ma l l r ound b ubb le s ; l i t t le v i s ib le w ea the r ing , e xcep t f o rs l igh t ly p i t ted s u r f a ce s .P a r to fb road d i agona l ly

g roup s . T he o b jec t s f a l l i n to t wo c a tego r ie s : c oun te r s o r

o u t sp layed r im w i th o ve rhang ing e dge , s t ra igh t s i de t a pe r ing i nwa rd s . U ppe rr im s u r f ace g round

g am ing p i e ce s , a nd b ead s . Two o ft h e c oun te r s ( no s

f l a t , l e av ing r i dge s a tj unc t ions w i th o ve rhang

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1 a nd b ody .A l ls u r f ace sg round a nd r o ta ry -po l i shed . P res en t h e igh t 1 mm ; r im d i ame te r 1 60 mm , t h ickne s s 1 2 .5 mm . S F 3 48 , 6 / 51 , S t age I V , R oom 2 9 ( l a te 2 nd /ea r ly 3 rd AD ) .

7 .

B lown v e s se ls -c o lou red 2 . T en r im a nd b ody f r agmen t s ,s e ven j o ined ,f l a sk w i th g l obu la rb ody . D eep g r een i sh b l ue ( p eaco ck b lue ) . Smal r ound b ubb le s , s l igh t ly e l onga ted i n n e ck ; f l ak ing i r ide scen t w ea the r ing , p i t ted w i th s mal f i s su re s . C urved r im , e dge c r a cked o f fa nd g round , f unne l mou th , s ho r tn eck , w ide c onvex c u rved b ody a nd p a r t o f l owe r b ody t a pe r ing t owa rd sb a se ( m i s s ing ) . N a r row w hee l c u tl i ne b e low s hou lde r , t wo b and so fw hee lc u t a nd a b r aded l i ne so n t h e u ppe rb ody , t wo c l o se -

4 .

Two j o ined b ody f r agmen t s , p robab ly f r om a c on ica lj ug . L igh tg re en ish y e l low . Sma l lr ound b ubb le s ; l i t t le v i s ib le w ea the r ing , e xcep t f o r s l igh t ly r ough p a tche so no u t s ide s u r f ace . P a r to f s t ra igh ts i de w i th o ne b road v e r t ica lr i b . P re sen t h e igh t5 9 mm ,t h ickne s s 1 1 .5 mm . S F3 25 ,8 0 , p o s t -comp lex . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Two s ma l l b ody f r agmen t s . V e ry p a le g reen ish y e l low . Sma l l e l onga ted b ubb le s ; n o v i s ib le w ea the r ing . P a r to fs t ra igh t s i de w i th f a in te v idence f o ro ne r i b . D imen s ion s 1 x1 3 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 . 5 mm . S F 3 91 , 6 / 13 ,

s ma l l b ubb le s ; l i gh t ly p i t t ed o u t s ide s u r f ace s , s t ra in c r ack . R im e dge g round a nd p o l i shed , s t ra igh t s i de t a pe r ing i nt o f oo t , b a se m is s ing . O u t s ide s u r face c u t a way , l e av ing t wo s ha l low h o r izon ta l mou ld ing s a tt h e r im a nd o ne o n t h e u pp e r b ody , ad eco ra t ion z one , a nd a d eep h o r izon ta l r i dge o n l owe r b ody a bove t h e d i agona l ly p ro je c t ing f oo t . T he r a ised d eco ra t ion

( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Two b ody f r agmen t s ,p o s t -comp lex . 8 .

5 3 &S F4 17c , 1 0 / 100 , p o s t -comp lex . R im f r agmen t , h em i sphe r ica l c up . C o lou r le s s . V e ry f ew s ma l lr ound b ubb le s ;d u l l ,l i gh t ly p i t ted o u t s ide s u r f ace ,s t ra in c r ack s . Sma l lc u rved r im , e dge c r acked o f f a nd g round s moo th , c onvex c u rved b ody . Two h o r izon ta lw hee l c u tl i ne s a t r im ; o u t s ide s u r f ace w hee l p o l ished . P re sen t h e igh t3 5 mm ;r im d i ame te r8 6 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 -

R im f r agmen t , c up . C o lou r le s s . S ome s ma l l b ubb le s ; d u l l , g rey -b rown w ea the r ing , p i t ted . Sma l l c urved r im , e dge c r a cked o f fa nd g round s moo th ,c ons t r ic t ion a bove c onvex c u rved u ppe r b ody e xpand ing o u t . H o r izon ta lw hee lc u tl i ne a t c on s t r ic t ion . P re sen th e igh t1 7 mm ;r im d i ame te r 6 0 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 . 5 -2 mm . S F3 5 , 0 / 64 ,p o s t R oman .

9 .

1 0 .

T h ree j o ined f r agmen t s , l owe r b ody a nd b a se , c up . C o lou r le s s . Sma l l b ubb le s ; d u l l , g rey b rown w ea the r ing ,p i t ted . Sma l lp a r to fc y l ind r ica l l owe rb ody ,t a pe r ing i nt o af l a tb as e . H o r izon ta l w hee l c u t l i ne o n l owe r b ody , w hee l c u t l i ne a t e dge o fb a se .P re sen th e igh t1 3 mm ;b a se d i ame t e r 8 4 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 2 mm . S F2 44 , 0 / 42 ,p o s t c omp lex . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) B ody f r agmen t . C o lou r le s s . Sma l lb ubb le s ;d u l l ,s t ra in c r ack . P a r to fs l igh t ly c onvex c u rved b ody . H o r izon ta l w hee l c u t l i ne a bove t we lve n a r row d i agona l a b raded b and s . P re sen th e igh t3 4 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 1 .5 mm . S F

1 .

1 66 , 0 / 35 , p o s t -comp lex . R im f r agmen t ,c y l ind r ica lc up . C o lou r le ss . Sma l l b ubb le s ; d u l l , p a t che s o f l i gh t p i t t ing . V e r t ica l r im e dge ,c r acked o f fa nd g round s moo th ,s t ra igh t s i de . O ne n a r row h o r izon ta la b raded b and b e low r im ,o ne o n u ppe rb ody . P re sen th e igh t2 7 mm ; r im d i ame te r 8 0 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 1 .5 mm . S F 2 40 , 2 / 12 , p o s t -comp lex .

B lown v e s se l s -c o lour le s s : w i th t r a i l ed d ecora t ion 1 2 . B ody f r agmen t , c y l ind r ica l c up . C o lou r le s s .

z one h a s t h ree r ow s o f l a rge o va l f a ce t s c u t i n q u incunx , c l o se -se t t of o rm d i amond s ; t h e t o p r ow h a ss ma l lo va lf a ce t sb e tween t h el a rge o ne s . V e r t ica l p o l i sh ing m a rk s a r e v i s ib le w i th in t h e f a ce t s . H e igh t8 3a im ;r im d i ame te r9 2 ma t ;b a se d i ame te r5 4 mm ;t h ickne s s2 -8 mm . S F4 10b ,2 / 6 .

1 . 5 mm . S F 3 75 , 1 0 / 30 R im f r agmen t ,c up . C o lou r le s s . V e ry f ew s ma l l r ound b ubb le s ;b r igh t ,l i gh t ly p i t ted o u t s ide s u r f a ce , s t ra in c r ack . Sma l lc urved r im ,e dge c r acked o f f a nd g round s moo th ,s l igh t ly c onvex c u rved b ody . H o r izon ta l w hee l c u t l i ne a nd r a i sed r i b b e low

F ragmen t s w i th w he e l p o l i shed o u t s ide s u r f a ce s .

p o s t -comp lex . B lown v e s se l s -c o lour le ss : w i th w hee l c u t d ecora t ion 5 . S ix r im , b ody a nd b a se f r agmen t s , f ou rj o ined , c on ica l b eake r . C o lou r le s s . V e ry f ew r ound

8 1

r im ; o u t s ide s u r f ace w hee l p o l ished . P r e sen t h e igh t3 1 mm ; r im d i ame te r 10 mm ; t h ickne s s 1mm . S F4 12 , 5 / 2 1 .

s e tn a r row w he e lc u tl i ne so nl owe rb ody . P re sen t h e igh t 7 2 mm ; r im d i ame te r4 9 mm ; t h ickne s s 0 . 5 -2 mm . S F4 13 , 7 / 88 ,p o s t -comp lex . 3 .

T he f i nd s

B ubb ly ; d u l l , s t ra in c r a ck s . P a r t o f s l igh t ly c onvex c u r ved s i de . H o r izon ta l t r a i l b e low r im ( m is s ing ) . P re sen t h e igh t 4 5 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 1 . 5m . S F3 47 ,7 / 74 ,p re S t age I Ve a r ly to m id o r l a te s e cond c en tu ry AD . B lown v e s se l s -c o lour les s : u nd ecora ted 1 3 .

R im f r agmen t , c y l ind r ica l c up . C o lou r le s s . B ubb ly ; p i t ted . V e r t ica l r im , e dge f i re r ounded a nd t h ickened , s t ra igh t s i de . P re sen t h e igh t 2 6 mm ;r im d i ame te r8 4 mm ,t h ickne s s1 3 mm . S F 9 6 , 2/1,p o s t S t age V I I I -m id t h i rd c en tury o nwa rd s . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Two f r agmen t so fr im ,a sn o1 3 ,p o s t -

8 2

1 4 .

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

c omp lex . R im f r agmen t ,c y l ind r ica lc up .C o lou r le s s . Sma l l b ubb le s , s ome o va l , i n h o r izon ta l a l ignmen t ; s ome s c ra t che s . V e r t ica l r im ,e dge f i re r ounded

a nd t h ickened , s t ra igh t s i de . P re sen t h e igh t 3 0 mm ;r im d i ame te r9 0 mm ;t h ickne ss 2 -4 mm . S F 9 3 , 0 / 12 , p o s t -comp lex . ( No ti lu s tra ted ) .R im f r agmen ta sn o1 4 ,p o s t -comp lex . 1 5 . R im f r agmen t ,c y l ind r ica lc up .C o lou r le s s . Sma l l b ubb le s ; d u l l , s ome p i t t ing . V e r t ica l r im , e dge f i re r ounded a nd t h ickened ,s t ra igh ts i de . P re sen t h e igh t4 0 mm ;r im d i ame te r9 6 mm ;t h ickne ss 1 4mm . S F2 49 , t o p so i l . 1 6 . B a se f r agmen t ,c y l ind r ica lc up .C o lou r le s s . Sma l l b ubb le s ;d u l l . Sma l lp a r to fl owe rb ody ,t u bu la r o u te rb a se r i ng ,t r a i led i n ne rb a se r i ng . P re sen t h e igh t 4mm ;b a se d i ame te r3 8 mm ,t h ickne ss 1 + 1 7 .

n a r row c y l ind r ica l n e ck w i th s l igh tc on st r ic t ion

2 3 .

b o t t le . C o lou r le s s . S ome b ubb le s ; d u l l . Sma l l p a r to fc ur ved s hou lde ra nd v er t ica l u ppe rb ody . V e r t ica l u sage s c ra tche s o n b ody . D imen s ion s 2 0 x3 1 mm ;t h ickne s s 1mm . S F1 32 ,0 /25 ,p o s t c omp lex . B lown v e s se ls -B lu i sh g reen : d ecora ted 2 4 . T h i r ty -n ine n e ck ,s hou lde r ,b ody ,b a se a nd h and le f r agmen t s( many j o in ing ) ,c y l ind r ica lb o t t le . S ome b ubb le s , mo s t ly s ma l l a nd r ound ; d u l l . V e ry s ma l l p a r t o fs ho r t w ide n eck , t o o l ing ma rk s a t j unc t ion w i th b road c onvex c u rved s hou lde r ; w ide , a lmo s t s t ra igh t s i de s , w ide s t a ts hou lde r ,

mm . S F5 3 ,t op so i l . B a se f r agmen t , c y l ind r ica l c up . G reen ish c o lou r le s s . Many s ma l l b ubb le s ; d u l l , s ome s t ra in c r a ck s . P a r t o fw ide l owe rb ody , t u bu la r o u te r b a se r i ng , t r a i led i n ne r b a se r i ng , c en t ra l a pp l ied d o t . P on t i l s ca ro n i n ne r r i ng . P r esen t h e igh t 8mm ;b a se d i ame te r4 4 mm ;t h ickne ss 1 + mm . S F 1 , 0 / 60 , p o s t -Roman .

c oncave b a se ( mo s t ly m is s ing ) . B road a ngu la r r i bbon h and le w i th a tl e a s ts even f i ne r i b s . F ive h o r izon ta l b and s o f w hee l c u t d e co ra t ion o n b ody ; t wo c l o se -se tn a r row a b raded l i ne s b e low s hou lde r ,i nt h em idd le o ft h eb ody a nd a bove t h e b a se , a nd o ne b road s ha l low w hee l c u t o n t h e u pp e r a nd l owe r b ody . V e r t ica l s c ra tche s , e sp ec ia l ly o n s hou lde r a nd a bove b ase , h eavy r i ng o fw ea ro nb a se . P r esen th e igh t 1 70 mm ( t o b a se o f n eck ) ; h e igh t o f b ody 1 45 mm ; n e ck d i ame te r c7 6 mm ;m ax imum b ody d i ame te r 1 66 mm ( a t1 40 mm ) ;b a se d i ame te r1 40 mm ;t h ickne s s 2 -4 mm . S F4 10a ,2 / 53 ,4 17b , 1 0 / 100 & 4 10 c ,I V 2 / 53 , p o s t -comp lex .

B ody f r agmen t s f r om c o lou r le s s c up s ( No ti lus t ra ted ) . O ne f r agmen tf r om S t age V ,R oom 3 9 , s even f r agmen t s p o s t -comp lex . 1 8 . R im f r agmen t ,b ow lw i th t u bu la rr im . C o lou r le ss .

1 9 .

B ubb ly ,w i th o va lb ubb le si nh o r izon ta la l ignmen t ; d u l l , s t ra in c r ack s . V e r t ica l r im , e dge b en t o u t a nd d own t o f o rm h o l low t u be , s ma l l p a r t o f u ppe r b ody t a p e r ing i nwa rd s . B roken e dge o f b ody g ro sed . P re sen th e igh t1 0 mm ;r im d i ame te r c1 80 mm ;t h ickne s s 1 3 mm . S F4 24 ,9 / 40 ,p o s t c omp lex . R im f r agmen t , b ow l . C o lou r le s s . S ome s ma l l b ubb le s ;d u l l . D iagona l ly e ve r ted r im ,e dge f i re r ounded a nd t h ickened , s ma l l p a r t o f v e r t ica l u ppe rb ody . P r e sen th e igh t1 2 mm ;r im d i ame te r 1 00 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 2 .5 mm . S F4 0 , t o p so i l .

2 0 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

Two j o ined n e ck a nd b ody f r agmen t s , c on ica l j ug . S ome s ma l lb ubb le s ,r ound i nb ody ,e l onga t ed i nn eck ; n o v i s ib le w ea the r ing e xcep tc r az ing i n v e r t ica l b and o n n eck . P a r t o f l o ng n a r row c y l ind r ica l n e ck , c on s t r ic t ion a tj unc t ion w i th s t ra igh t s i de , e xpand ing o u t . C lo se -se t r i b s , v e r t ica l o n n e ck , sp i ra l o n b ody . P re sen t h e igh t 1 08 mm , n eck d i ame te r 1 7 mm ; t h ickne ss 2 . 5 -5 mm . S F3 27 ,0 / 80 , &S F2 8 ,0 / 60 ,p o s t -comp lex a nd p o s t -Roman . B a se f r agmen t , b ow l .

O cca s iona l s ma l l r ound

Two b a se f r agmen t s ,b ow l . C o lou r le s s . B ubb ly ;

b ubb le s ;s l igh t ly d u l l .P a r to fw ide c onvex c u rved

d u l l .O u t sp layed t u bu la rb a se r i ng ,s l igh t ly c onvex b a se . P re sen t h e igh t 5 mm ; b a se d i ame t e r 7 0 mm ; t h ickne s s0 . 5 -2 .5 mm . S F2 49 , t o p so i l .

l owe r b ody , a pp l ied ' t rue ' b a se -r ing , r a the r d i s to r ted . O ne s ho r t d i agona l r i b a bove b a se r i ng . P re sen th e igh t 1 5 mm ; b a se d i ame te r c8 0 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 4 .5 mm . S F 3 78 , 1 0 /42 , p r e -

B a se f r agmen t s ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Two j o in ing f r agmen t s c ame f r om S t age V I I , R oom 5 1 , a nd o ne f r agmen t f r om a p o s t -comp lex c on tex t . 2 1 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . R im f r agmen t ,j ug w i th p ou r ing

2 2 .

a tb a se . P re sen th e igh t5 0 mm ;n eck d i ame t e r2 0 mm ; t h ickne s s 2mm . S F 5 0 , t o p so i l . ( No t i lu s t ra t ed ) . B ody f r agmen t , c y l ind r ica l

s pou t .C o lou r le s s . Sma l lb ubb le s ;d u l li np a t che s . V e ry s ma l l p a r t o fe ve r ted r im , e dge r o l led u p a nd i na nd f l a t tened , a nd f unne l mou th . P re sen t h e igh t c2 2 mm ; t h ickne ss 2 mm . S F 7 ,0 / 18 , p o s t -Roman . Two j o ined n e ck f r agmen t s , f l a sk o r j ug . C o lou r le s s . V e ry b ubb ly ;d u l l ,p i t ted . P a r to ft a l l

St a ge I V / ea r ly t om id o rl a te s e cond c en tu ry AD . ( No t i lu s t r a t ed ) . 2c ur ved b ody f r agmen t s , p o s t c omp lex . B lown v e s se l s : u ndecora ted 2 7 . R im f r agmen t , b ow l w i th t u bu la r r im .

S ome

s ma l l r ound b ubb le s ; l i t t le v i s ib le w ea the r ing . V e r t ica l r im , e dge b en t o u t a nd d own t of o rm a

2 8 .

r ound t u be ,s t ra igh ts i de . P re sen th e igh t 1 5 mm ; r im d i ame te r 1 26 mm ; t h ickne ss 1 2 mm . S F 3 23 , 0 / 80 , p o s t -comp lex . R im f r agmen t , b ow l o rj a r . S ome s ma l l r ound

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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P en t r eF a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

b ubb le s ; d u l l , s l igh t p i t t ing . W ide o u t sp layed r im , e dge b en t o u t a nd d own t of o rm ar o und t u be ,s l igh te v idence f o rc hange o fa ng le . P re sen t h e igh t 1 0 mm , r im d i ame te r 1 40 mm ; t h ickne s s 1 1 .5 mm . S F3 22 , 9 / 35 ,p o s t -comp lex . B lu i sh g reen f ragm en t s ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . T h re e b ody f r agmen t s f r om p o s t R oman c on t ex t s ,s i xf r agmen t sf r om p o s t comp lex c on tex t s , t wo f r agmen t s f r om t o p so i l , a nd t wo f r om aS t age VI c on tex t . B lown v e s se l s : b l u i sh g r een b o t t l e s 2 9 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) R im a nd n eck f r agmen t . S ome b ubb le s ; d u l l . D iagona l f o lded r im , e dge b en t o u t ,u pa nd i n ,a nd f l a t tened o nt h eu ppe rs u r f a ce t h ee dge o fc y l ind r ica l n e ck . P re sen th e igh t2 3 mm ; r im d i ame t e r5 0 mm ; t h ickne s s4 . 5 -5 mm . S F6 4 , t o p so i l . 3 0 . R im a nd n e ck f r agmen t . S ome b ubb le s ; d u l l . H o r izon ta lf o lded r im ,e dge b en to u t ,u pa nd i n , a nd f l a t tened o n u ppe rs u r f ace ,w ide c y l ind r i ca l n eck . Wea rs c a t che s o n e dge o fr im a nd n e ck . P re sen t h e igh t 4 8 mm ; r im d i ame t e r 8 2 mm ; t h ickne s s 6mm . S F2 91 , 3 / 58 , S t age V I I I , l a t e s e cond / ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry AD . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . O ne f r agmen t f r om t o p so i l , o ne p i e ce f r om ap o s t -Roman l e ve l , o ne f r agmen t f r om ac on tex t n o tr e la ted t ot h e c omp lex , o ne p i ece f r om p o s t -comp lex a nd af r agmen t f r om S t age V . B lown v e s se l s : c y l ind r i ca l b o t t l es 3 1 . ( No t i lu s t ra t ed ) . T h r ee b ody a nd o ne b a s e f r agmen t s . Sma l l r o und b ubb le s ; d u l l . P a r t o f s hou lde r ,s t ra igh ts i d ea nd c oncave b a se . V e r t ica l s c ra t che s o n b ody , r i ng o f w ea r a tb a se e dge . NB :o ne f r agmen tw i th av e r yw or na nd f l a t tened e dge h a sb een u sed f o rs ome s e conda ry p u rpo se . P re sen th e igh t( l a rge s tf r )7 5 mm ;b ody d i ame t e r c2 10 mm ;t h ickne s s4 -6 mm . S F3 25 ,0 / 80 ,p o s t c omp lex . B lown v e s s e l s : s qua re b o t t l e s 3 2 . H and le f r agmen t . B ubb le s a nd b l a ck s peck s i n h and le , f ew b ubb le s i n b ody ; l i t t le v i s ib le w ea the r ing . P a r t o f c u rved s hou lde r a nd f l a t v e r t i ca ls i de ;l owe rp a r to fb road a ngu la rr i bbon h and le w i th e l even r i b s . P re sen th e igh t5 1 mm ; m ax imum w id th o fh and le 5 m ; t h ickne s s 1 . 5 2mm . S F 2 99 , 8 / 29 ,S t age V I I -l a te s e cond t o e a r ly t h i rd AD . 3 . B a se f r agmen t ,s ma l lb o t t le . B ubb ly ;l i t t le v i s ib le w ea the r ing . P a r to fs l igh t ly c oncave b a se w i th t h ree c oncen t r ic c i r c le si nl ow r e l ie f . G la s sv e r y t h in n ea re dge o fb a se . D imen s ion s2 8 x2 1 mm ; d i am o fo u t s ide c i r c le c5 0 mm ; t h ickne s s0 . 25 2 . 5 mm . S F4 11 ,0 / 6 ,R oom 8 ,p o s t -comp lex .

S quare b o t t l ef ragm en t s ( No ti l u s t ra ted ) .S even f r agmen t sp o s t -Roman c on t ex t s , f o r ty -n ine p i e ce sp o s t comp lex l e ve l s ,n i ne p i ec e s f r om t o p so i l , o ne f r agmen t f r om ac on t ex t n o t r e la ted t ot h ec omp lex ,o ne p i e ce f r om S t age I V , t wo p i ece s f r om S t age V .o ne p i ece f r om S t age V I I ,R oom 4 0a nd o ne p i ece f r om S t age V I I I . O b j ec t s : c oun t er so rg am ing p i ece s 3 4 . S ub r ec tangu la r p l ano -convex d i s c . O paque t u rquo i se b l ue . Wavy b and m a rk ing e dge o f c onvex s u r f ace . F l a ts u r f ace c omp le te ly s moo th , e v idence o fw ea ro nc onvex s u r f a ce s . H e igh t6 mm ;m ax imum d imen s ion s 1 2 x1 2 mm . S F1 3 , 0 / 60 , p o s t -Roman . 3 5 . P l ano -convex d i s c . ' B lack ' . B ubb ly ; s ome p i t t ing . C h ip m is s ing f r om s i de . F l a t s u r f ac e c omp le t e ly s moo th , c onvex s u r f a ce d u l l a nd w o rn . H e igh t 6mm ;m ax imum d i ame te r1 5 mm . S F 33 , 6 / 42 , S t age I V , R oom 3 0 , l a t e s e cond e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry AD . 3 6 . P l ano -convex d i sc . O paque w h i te . B ubb ly ; s ome p i t t ing . F l a t s u r f ace d imp led , c onvex s u r f a ce d u l l . H e igh t 7mm ; m ax imum d i ame te r 2 2 mm . S F 1 2 ,0 / 60 ,p o s t -Roman . B ead s 3 7 . Me lon b ead . D a rk b l ue . B ubb ly ; d u l l . L eng th 1 3 .5 mm ; m ax imum d i ame t e r 1 8 .5 mm . S F9 4 , 0 / 20 , p o s t -comp lex . 3 8 . S ma l lb i con ica lb ead . O paque m id b l ue . S ma l l p e r fo ra t ion , t wo s ho r t g roove s e x tend ing f r om p e r fo r a t ion a to ne e nd . L eng th 6mm ;m ax imum d i ame t e r 8mm . S F 3 14 , 4 / 7 , S t age s V I I -V II , l a te s e cond /m id t h i rd c en tu ry AD . 3 9 . L ong b i con ica l b ead . D a rk g r een . S ma l l p e r fo ra t ion . L eng th 7mm , m ax imum d i ame te r 4 mm . S F 2 69 , 9 / 15 , S t age V , R oom 3 9 , l a te s e cond / ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry AD . 4 0 . Sma l l f i ve s ided b ead . D eep g re en i sh b l ue ( p eaco ck b l ue ) . L eng th 9mm ; m ax imum w id th 5mm . S F 6 6 ,t o p so i l . 4 1 . Sma l lw ide f i ve s ided b ead . D e ep g reen i sh b l ue ( p eaco ck b l ue ) . L eng th 1 0 mm ;m ax imum w id th 7mm . S F 2 90 , CD /52 , S t age V , l a t e s e cond / e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry AD . 4 2 . Two j o ined f r agmen t s , f i ve s ided b ead . D a rk g r een o ve ro paque y e l low ( a pp ea r ing d a rk g r e en ) . L eng th 1 2 mm ; m a x imum w id th 5mm . S F7 2 , t o p so i l . 4 3 . W ide f i ve s ided b ead . D a rk g r een . L eng th 1 3 mm ;m ax imum w id th 6mm . S F3 52 ,9 / 40 ,p o s t c omp lex . W indow G las s T he w indow g l a s si sb l u i sh g r een o rn ea r ly c o lou r le s s , m a t to no ne s u r f a ce a nd g l o s sy o nt h eo t he rs u r f ace a nd u neven i nt h ickne s s . T he e dge sw e re u sua l ly r o unded , t h ough t wo j o ined p i ece s h ave ag r o sed e dge .

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( No t i l u s t ra ted ) . E igh ty -e igh t f r agmen t s w e re r e c o rded f r om t h e f olow ing l o ca t ion s : f i f teen p i e ce s f r om t o p so i l ; f i f ty -s even p i ece s f r om p o s t -comp lex ; s i xp i ece sf r om p o s t -Roman ;o ne p i ece f r om S t age I V , R oom 5 1A ; o ne p i ece f r om S t age V I I ,R oom 2 9 ; o ne

p i ece f r om S t age V I ,R oom 5 1 ; o ne p i e ce f r om S t age V I I ,R oom 5 1 ;o ne p i ece f r om S t age V I I ,n o r th o fc om p l ex ; o ne p i e ce f r om S t age V I I , R oom 3 ; o ne p i ec e f r om S t age V I I I ,Y a rd 1 6 ;t wo p i ece sf r om S t age V I I I , o ne p i ece f r om S t age V I I -VH I , w e s to fc omp lex .

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OBJECTS OF S TONE ( F IG 3 2 ) B yJ ane t Web s t er ( 1976 -7 ) 1 .

2 .

3 . 4 .

P a r t o f as ha le b ra ce le t o f a pp rox ima t e ly D s haped s e c t ion . ( SF 1 49 , 0 / 24 , p o s t -comp lex ) . T he c u rved o u te r e dge i sp l a in b u t t h e r e a r e t r ac e so fr i dg ing o nt h ei n ne rs u r f a ce . ( C fL awson 1 976 , 2 50 ,2 52 , f i g4 ,n o s 1 9 -31 ) . F ragmen to f as t one b ow l ,p robab ly m a rb le . ( SF 3 79 ,t o p so i la bove t h ec omp lex ) . T he e l abo ra t e ly m ou lded l i pc ou ld n o th ave b een u sed f o rp ou r ing , a st h er im o ft h eb ow le x tend si na nu nb rok en l i ne b eh ind t h e l i p . T he i n t e r io r i ss moo th b u t t h e v e s se li sn o tl i k e ly t oh ave s e rved a s am o r ta ri n v i ew o f t h e n on -func t iona l s pou t . P e rhap s a g a rden o rnamen t . F ragmen t so ft h er im o f as t one v e s se l ,p robab ly o fm a rb le . ( SF 3 41 ,6 / 56 , R oom 3 9 , S t age V ) . ( W i th P V Web s te r ) . B ench s uppo r t . ( SF 3 54 ( u pp e r f r agmen t ) 7 / 56 , R oom 3 2 , S t age I V ; S F 2 82 ( l owe rf r agmen t )9 / 17 ,R oom 4 0 ,S t age V I I ) . Two f r agmen t so fr e ds a nd s tone j o in t of o rm a n a lmo s tc omp le t es uppo r t . T he f r on tc a r r ie sd eco r a t ive c a r v ing i n t h e f o rm o f a n a n ima l l e g t e rm ina t ing i n af o u r -c lawed f o o t . T he l e g i s g r a ce fu l ly b en t s o t h a t i n p rof i le t h e s uppo r t d e sc r ibe s as ha l low S shape . B e low t h e l i ne o f t h ef oo tt h es i de so ft h eb a se a r er o ugh ly w o rked , p e rhap st oa low t h eb a se t ob es e ti n to af l oo ra nd c emen t ed i np o s i t ion , a l though t h e r e i sn o e v i d ence t oi n d ica te w he the ro rn o tt h i s h appened .

A bove t h e l i ne o ft h e t o po ft h el e gt h es uppo r t w iden s s ha rp ly i n to ar e c tangu la r b l ock w h ich e x tend s t h e f u l l w id th o ft h e s uppo r t . T he l e f t h and s i de i sn o t iceab ly b e t te r f i n i shed t h an t h e r i gh t . T he re s e em sl i t t le d oub tt h a tt h es uppo r tb e long s t o ab ench . T he b e t t e rf i n i sh o fo ne s i de s ugge s t s t h a t i ts uppo r t ed t h e l e f t -hand e nd o f s u ch a b ench w h ich h ad b een p l aced a l ong s ide t h e w e s tw a l lo fR oom 3 2 ,c on s t ruc ted i nS t age I V( p 2 9 ) . B enche s s uppo r ted b y S shaped m a rb le l e g sa r e a l so t ob ef o und a tH e r cu laneum i nt h ef r ig ida r i um o ft h eS ubu rban B a th s ( d eF ranc is c i s 1 974 , 3 2 , p l2 8 ) a nd t h e c a ldar ium o f t h e w omen ' s s e c t ion o ft h e F o rum B a th s ( Ma iu r i 1 958 , 1 06 , f i g 8 3 ) . S im i la r b enche s a r e , h oweve r , t ob e f o und i no t he r m a te r ia l s a nd i no t he r t y pe s o f e s tab l i shmen t , a si ss hown b y aw ooden b ench w i th S shaped f r on tl e g sf r om as hop o nt h en o r th s i de o f t h e D ecumanu s Max imu s i nH e r cu lan e um ( p e r sona l o b se rva t ion ) . T he c u rved p r of i le , s ome t ime s w i th t h e l i on c l aw f o o t , s e ems t o h ave b een g ene r a l ly p r e f e r red f o r t h i s c l a s s o f f u rn i tu re ( R i ch t e r 1 966 , 1 04 , f i g s 5 28 -9 ) . S t one b ench f r agmen t s a r e n o t c ommon a ss i t e f i nd s b u ta n e xamp le f r om t h i s c oun t ry m ay b e n o ted f r om t h ea pod y te r ium o ft h eb a th sa tMum r i l l s ( Ma cdona ld a nd C u r le 1 929 , 4 14 , f i g 1l b a nd 4 53 ; a l so s e e L ive r s idge 1 955 , 1 5 f o r ag ene ra l d i scu s s ion o fb enche si nt h ew e s ter np rov ince s ) .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

T he f i nd s

1

3

4

F igure 3 2 : Ob jec t s o fs t one , s ca le -n ol , 1 : 1 ; n o s 2& 3 ,1 : 2 : n o4 ,1 : 4

8 7

8 8

P en tre F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

THE WALL PLASTER ( F IG 3 3 )

i d ea o ft h er e la t ive q uan t i t ie si n vo lved . T he m ea su re m en t sa r eb a sed o n t h e max imum h e igh ta nd w id th o f

B y RL ing ( 1976 -7 )

e ach p i ece -d a ta w h ich w i l lg i ve ar e a sonab ly a ccu ra te i d ea o f t h e a r ea r ep re sen ted , s i nce t h e e dge s o f mo s t f r agmen t s a r e a s sumed t o h ave b een e r oded . A l l f i gu re s a r e q uo ted i n m i l l ime t re s o r s qua re c en t i m e t re s . Ad e ta i led c ons ide ra t ion o f t h e t wo d eco ra -

Mo s to ft h ep i ece sa r eu nde co ra ted . T hey c ons i s to fa b rown i sh -wh i te m a te r ia l c on ta in ing a n a gg r ega te o f g r i ta nd s ma l lb rown o rb l ack p ebb le s ;g ra s sw a su sed a s ab ind ing med ium ,a si sn o rma l i nR omano -Br i t ish p l a s te r . I ti sn o ta lway se a sy t od e te rm ine w he the rt h e p l a s te rw a sa pp l ied a l la to nce o ri ns ucce s s ive l a ye r s , s i nce s uch l a ye r so f ten b ond t i gh t ly t o ge the r ;o ne m ay g ue s s f r om o c ca s iona l t r ace s a nd f r om a na logy e l se w he re t h a tt h e r ew e re u sua l ly t wo c oa t s . T he s u r f ace w a st r ea ted w i th aw h i tewa sh ( t h ickne s sv a ry ing f r om am e re s k im t o a bou t 2 mm ) a nd w a s s ome t ime s c a re fu l ly s moo thed o r s ome t ime s l e f t r ough w i th t h e w h i tewa she r 's b ru sh ma rk so nt h e' g ra in 'o ft h ep l a s te r ( t he v e r t ica l c o r ruga t ions f o rmed d u r ing t h e a pp l ica t i on a nd d ry ing )c l ea r ly v i s ib le . O nt h eb a ck t h e re a r e o f ten t h ei mp r in t so fk ey ing p a t t e rn s c u ti nt h e u nde r l y ing c l ay ( e g B a rbe t 1 973 , 7 3 ; 1 974 , 2 9 ) . A s w e l la st h eu nde r coa tp i ece s t h e re a r e an umbe r o f p i ece s w i th c o lou r w a she s o r p a t te rn ing . Two g roups a r e d i scu ssed b e low ( Deco ra t ions A a nd B ) b ecause t h ey a r e o f b e t te r q ua l i ty a nd s how mo re v a r ied d eco ra t ion t h an t h e r e s t . U n l ike t h ep la s te rf r om m any R oman s i te s ,t h a tf r om P en t re F a rm s how s l i t t le e v idence o f r e de co ra t ion . O n ly f ou r c l ea r i n s tance s h ave b een o b se rved : 3 / 13 ( t h ree s ucce s s ive d e co ra t ion s ) , 3 / 22 , 7 / 64 , 1 /3 . A l l a r e f r om r ooms w h ich s t ood f o r s eve ra l s t age s : 3 / 13 a nd 3 / 22 p robab ly d e r ive f r om R oom 1 9 , w h ich w a s b u i l ti nS t age I ; 1/3 p robab ly d e r ive sf r om R oom 1 , w h ich w a s r ebu i l t i nS tage I I a nd s t ood u n t i l S t age V I I ;a nd 7 /64 p robab ly d e r ive sf r om R oom 2 3 , w h ich s t ood d u r ing S tage s Ia nd I I . S ome t ime st h er ede co r a t ion c ons i s t s o f an ew l a ye r o fp la s te r o ve r 1 0 mm t h ick ,s ome t ime si ti s aw a sh b a re ly 1mm t h ick . I nn o c a se i st h ep reced ing d e co ra t ion ' s pa r row p ecked ' t o a s s i s t t h ea dhe rence o ft h e n ew l a ye r . T he p rob lem s o f s t udy ing t h e P en t re F a rm p l a s te r a r e c ommon t oa l l s i te s w he re d epo s i t s a r e f r agmen t a ry a nd t o al a rge e x ten ti ns e conda ry c on tex t s . Many d i f f e ren t d epo s i t s c on ta in f r agmen t s w h ich u ndoub t e d ly o r ig ina te f r om t h e s ame d eco ra t ion s , w h i le c on v e r se ly s i ng le d epo s i t s m ay c on ta in f r agmen t s f r om mo re t h an o ne d e co ra t ion ; b u t f o rn onde scr ip t w h i te p l a s te r ( a nd s ome t ime s f o r c o lou red p i e ce s ) t h e r e la t i on sh ip s a r e a lmo s t i mpo s s ib le t oe s tab l i sh . Mo re o ve r , f r agmen t s o f p l a s te r f r om a s i ng le d e co ra t ion m ay v a ry i n t h ickne s s a nd i n g ene ra l a ppea rance a cco rd ing t ot h e i rp o s i t ion o nt h ew a l l . B a rbe t( 1973 ) g i ve sg u idance o nh ow t od ea lw i th f r agmen ta ry f i nd s o f w a l l p l a s te r a nd d i scu sse s v a r ia t ions i nt h ickne s s . T he p re sen t a na lys i s , t h e re fo re , a vo id s c onnec t ing p i ece sf r om d i f f e ren tl a ye r su n le s st h ea f f in i ty i sf a i r ly s t rong . A tt h es ame t ime ,t h er e s idua l f r agmen t sm ay b e r e la ted t ot h e i rp o s s ib le o r ig ina l l o ca t ions . T he f r agmen t s h ave a l l b een m ea su red t og i ve a n

t i on si sg i ven b e low -t h ec a ta logue o fo t he rf r agmen t s b e ing r e ta ined i nt h e a r ch ive . M isce l laneous f r agmen t s T he p l a s te r f r agmen t s h ave b een c a ta logued a nd a s t a t i s t ica l a na lys i s o fD eco ra t ion s Aa nd B p r epa r ed . T h is d a ta i sh ou sed i nt h e a r ch ive . D ecora t ion A ( F ig 3 3 ) A mo re d e ta i led e xam ina t ion i sp o ss ib le f o rt h ep l a s te r f r om 6 / 51 ( f ound i nR oom 2 9 S t age V . b u t p e rhap s d e r ived f r om R oom 2 3 ) ,w h ich a l l s eems t ob e long t o o ne -co lou r ed d eco ra t ion a nd i st h el a rge s ts i ng le i d en t i f iab le c omp lex o fw a l lp l a s te rf r om t h eP en t re F a rm e xcava t ion s . None the le s s , i tr ep re sen t s av e ry t i ny p ropo r t ion o f t h e w ho le d eco ra t ion , a nd t h e re i sn o q ue s t ion o fr e con s truc t ing t h ew ho le s cheme . A l lt h a t c an b e d one i st od i s t ingu ish v a r iou s d eco ra t ive e l e m en t s . O n ly a m e t icu lous s e a r ch f o r j o in s b e tween f r agmen t sc a r ry ing d i f f e ren tc o lou r sm igh ts hed s ome l i gh t o n h ow t h e e l emen t s w en t t o ge the r . I n t h e c i rcums tance s , s i nce t h er a nge o fd e s ign a nd t h ep au c i ty o fj o in s s ugge s t ar ep r e sen ta t ive s amp le r a the r t h an o ne s ma l l p a r t o f t h e d eco ra t ion , i th a s b een t h ough t w o r thwh i le t o make a s t a t is t ica l a na ly s i s , w h ich w i l l g i ve ag ene ra l i d ea o ft h e d eco ra t ive e m p ha s is . T he p l a s te ri sr a the rc oa r se a nd g rey -wh i te i nc o lou r , c on ta in ing ag ood d ea lo fg r i ta nd s ma l ld a rk p ebb le s ; g ra s sw a su sed i nt h en o rma lw ay a s ab ind ing m ed ium . T he s u r f ace i sg ene ra l ly w e l ls moo thed ,a si sa pp rop r i a t e f o r ap a t te rned d eco ra t ion o f r e a sonab le q ua l i ty , a nd s ome f r agmen t ss how c l ea rt r ace so fw o rk ing w i th at r owe l o r o t he r s moo th ing t o o l . T he s moo th ing i s n o t , h oweve r ,a lways s ucce ss fu l : t h e s u r f ace i ss ome t i me s u neven a nd o f ten r e ta in s t h e m a rk so ft h eb rush u sed t oa pp ly t h e i n i t ia l w h i tewa sh . T he t h icknes so f t h e f r agmen t s v a r ie s f r om 9 mm t o3 3 mm , b u t t h e m a jo r i ty m ea su re f r om 1 8 mm t o2 3 mm ; m any o ft h e t h inne r f r agmen t s h ave p robab ly s p l i t a l ong t h ej o in t b e tween t wo l a ye r s , a nd s o d o n o t r ep re sen t t h e f u l l t h ickne s so ft h ep l a s te r . O nt h eb a ck f a ce o fa lmos ta l l t h e t h icke r f r agmen t s a r e r i dge s w h ich m u s t b e t h e n ega t ive i mp re ss ions o f k ey ing p a t tern s c u t i n a n u nde r ly ing s u r f ace o fc l ay o r mo r ta r . T he p a in t ing o ff r am ing e l emen t s i sg ene ra l ly c a re l e s s : s t r ipes , f o r i n s tance , v a ry i nt h ickne s s a nd i n t en s i ty a nd a r e n o t a lways a s s t r a igh t a s t h e d e s igne r i n tended . T he l e a f a nd f l o ra l mo t if s a r e n a tu ra l ly a l i t t le m o re c a re fu l ; t h er o se t te sa nd e nc i r c l ing w rea ths ( F ig 3 , A 8 ) h ave b een p a in ted w i th t h e a i d o fc om p a sse s a nd h o r izon ta l g u ide l i ne s .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1 F ig 3 3 ( A2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8a nd 9 ) s how s t h e mo re i n te re s t ing o ri n fo rma t ive f r agmen t s . T he v e r t ica lh a s b e en j udged f r om t h eg ra in o ft h ep l a s te r ,b u tt h e re i s n o w ay o fa s ce r ta in ing w h ich i st h et o pa nd w h ich i s t h eb o t tom o fe ach p i ece . D ecora t ion A : S t a t i s t ica lA na ly s is ( F ig 3 3 ) T he f o l low ing a r ea l lf r om 6 / 51 ,R oom 2 9 ,b u tp e rhap s d e r ived f r om R oom 2 3 , S t age V . 1 . 2 .

3 .

P la in w h i te f r agmen t s . 3 94 .81 s qc m ( 17 .14% ) G re en , y e l low a nd r ed mo t if s ( g a r land s , l e ave s , f i l le t s ? )o nw h i te g round . 5 11 .86 s qc m( 22 .22% ) , ( F ig 3 , A 2 ) . B o rde r s b e tween p a le g reen a nd w h i te f i e ld s ;

6 .

b l ack o rpu rp le l i ne sp a in ted o ve rj unc t ion . 1 74 .37 s qc m ( 7 .57% ) . ( F ig 3 , A 3 ) . P u rp le s t r ipe s a nd /o r r ed m a rk ing s o n w h i t e g round . 1 00 .80 s qc m ( 4 .38% ) . B lack s t r ipe sa nd /o rm a rk ing s o n w h i te g round . 1 35 .88 s qc m ( 5 .90% ) , ( F ig 3 3 , A 5 ) . Y elow f i e ld s w i th b l ack e l emen t s ( ?l e ave s o r

7 .

h ang ing f i l le t s ) . 2 04 .03 s qc m ( 8 .86% ) . B o rde r sb e tween y e l low a nd w h i te f i e ld s ; b l a ck

8 .

l i ne sp a in ted o ve rj unc t ion . 1 42 .30 s qc m( 6 .18% ) , ( F ig 3 3 , A 7 ) . D a rk r ed f i e ld s w i th ?w h i te a nd p u rp le -b lack

9 .

e l emen t s( r ose t te ss e ti nw rea th s ) . 4 29 .51 s qc m ( 18 .64% ) , ( F ig 3 3 , A 8 ) . B o rde r sb e tween d a rk r ed a nd w h i te f i e ld s ;b l ack

4 . 5 .

l i ne sp a in ted o ve rj unc t ion .2 09 .95 s qc m( 9 .11% ) , ( F ig 3 3 ,A 9 ) . T he a na ly s i s ,i fi th a sa ny v a lue ,i mp l ie st h a tt h eg rea te r

T he f i nd s

8 9

f i g4 ,n o6 a ) , w h i le s l igh t ly s im i la r mo t if si nd i f f e ren t c o lou r s ,b u tp rese rv ing t h e i rc ompa s sp o in t sa nd g u ide l i ne s ,o ccu ri nt h ev i l la a tH ad s tock ,E s sex ( L ive r s idge 1 969 ,f i g4 ,n o4 aa nd 4 b ) . G a r land s( F ig 3 3 ,A 2 )a l so a ppea ra to t he rs i t e s ,f o ri n s tance a tW i tcombe ,w he re ag reen o ne a nd ay e l low o ne s eem t oi n te r sec t( L ive r s i dge 1 969 , 1 41 -3 a nd e spec ia l ly f i g4 ,n o 7 e ) . T he mo s t r e levan t p a ra l le ls , h oweve r , s e em t o b e t ho se a tC he s te r , w hence d eco ra to r s m igh th ave b een b rough t t o p a in t a t P en t re F a rm . F ragmen t s f r om b a r ra ck b lock s i nt h e n o r th -ea s tc o rne ro ft h e f o r t re s s i n c lude s eve ra l w i th r ed , g reen a nd y elow f l o ra l o r v ege ta ld eco ra t ion o n aw h i te g round ,n o tab ly ar o se t te ( r ed ) s e t i n ap a i r o f c oncen t r ic c i r c le s ( y e l low a nd p u rp le ) a nd p a r t o f ag reen a nd y e l low l e a f d e s ign w h ich i sp e rhap st h ej unc t ion o ft wo h ang ing g a r land s ( t he c hamf e red u ppe r e dge o f t h e f r agmen t s ugge s t s t h a t i tc ame f r om b enea th ap ro jec t ing l e dge o rc o r n i ce ) . S ome o ft h ef r agmen t sa l so h ave g u ide l i ne sl i ke t ho se u sed i nt h e P en t r e F a rm d e co ra t ion ( New s tead a nd D roop 1 936 , 3 8f f ,p l s I X , X ) ( Ia m g ra tefu l t oD r GL loyd - Mo rgan o ft h eG ro sveno r Museum f o rs how i n gm et h e se a nd o t he rs im i la rp ie ce sf r om t h ee xcava t i ons i nC he s te r ) . A no the rs i te i nN o r th Wa le s w i th f o l ia te w a l lp a in t i n g s i sC ae rhun ( Canov ium ) , w he re a p re -T ra jan ic r oom i n t h e p r inc ip ia o f t h e f o r t y i e lded f r agmen t s w i th as im i la r c o lou r s c heme t ot h a t a tP en t r e F a rm , i n c lud ing o ne w i th ' t ra ce so f ap a t te rn o fg reen l e ave s w i th y e l low s t a lk s ' ( Ba i l l ie R eyno ld s 1 938 ) . D ecora t ion B ( F ig 3 3 ) T h is i sad i s t inc t ive d eco ra t ion i n ac l o se -g ra ined g r ey b rown p l a s te rw i th aw e l ls moo thed s u r f a ce ;o n ly af ew

p a r to ft h ed eco ra t ion w a s w h i te g round . One m igh t g ue s s , b y s t udy o f t h e f r agmen t s a nd b y a na log ie s e l sewhe re f o re xamp le R oom 2o ft h eP a in ted H ou se a t D ove r ( Toynbee 1 972a , 2 60 -64 ; T oynbee 1 972b , p l XXV I I IB )t h a tt h e ma in ( m idd le )z one o ft h ew a l l h ad w h i te f i e ld sw i th c o lou red s u r round s ,a nd p e rhap st h a t t h eu ppe rw a l l h ad ac on t inuou sw h i te g round . H ow e ve r ,s eve ra lo t he rs y s tems a r ep o s s ib le .

f r agmen t s s u rv ive , n one o f t h em w i th w i th a w h i te g round . T he f r agmen t sa r er e la t ive ly c a refu l ly p a in ted a nd s how aw ide v a r ie ty o fc o lou r s , b u t t h e re a r e n o l e a fo rf l owe r mo t i f s : mo s tp i ece s s e em t oc ome f r om t h ef r ame sb e tween p ane l s . T he s ou r ce sa r e :7 / 64 ( a rea 3 80 .33 s qc m ) ; 8 / 31 ( 26 .97 s qc m ) ; 0 / 3 ( 50 .81 s qc m ) ; 0 /28 ( 5 .00 s q c m ) . O f t h e se t h e f i r s t p rov ide s t h e

D ecora t ion A : P ara l le l s

t i on , s i nce i to ve r l ie sa ne a r l ie r , much c oa r se rp l a s te r . T he t h ickne s s v a r ie s f r om 7mm t o1 5 mm , b u t mo s t

D eco ra t ion A i s amode s tp ane ld eco ra t ion w i th af ew f o l ia te a nd f l o ra l mo t if s , u nexcep t iona l i n t ype , a nd o f f e r ing n op rec ise d a t ing c r i te r ia . I ti sn o td i ff icu l tt o f i nd a pp rox ima te p a ra l le l so no t he rB r i t i sh s i te sf o rt h e i n d iv idua l mo t if s . I ft h eb l ack e l emen t s i nn o 6 ,( no t i lu s t ra ted )a r ei n ve r ted a nd i n te rp re ted a sc omma l ike l e ave s g row ing f r ee o f o ne a no the r , r a the r t h an a s h ang ing f i l le t s , t h ey r e semb le t h e l e ave s o n p a in ted f r agmen t sf r om av i l la a tH a rpham ,Y o rk s( L ive r s idge 1 969 , f i g4 ,n o s6 a -c ; a l so ,i nG au l , B a rbe t 1 974 , f i g s 2 2 ,5 8 -6 ,p l sI V -V I I I ) . H ang ing f i l le t sa r ec ommon i n P ompe ian p a in t ing ,t h ough g ene ra l ly a t ta ched t os h ie ld s o r t h e e nd s o f g a r land s . T he w h i te r o se t te o n ar ed g round i n ac i rcu la rf r ame ( F ig 3 3 ,A 8 )a l so r e semb le s amo t if f r om t h eH a rpham v i l la ( L ive r s idge 1 969 , 1 39 ,

e a r l ie s tc on tex t( S tage V :R oom 3 6 ) ;b u t ,w ha teve rt h e u l t ima te s ou r ce , t h e p l a s te r i sn o ta n o r ig ina l d e co ra -

p i ece s a r e b e tween 1 0 mm a nd 1 4 mm ( a ve rage 1 2 mm ) . D ecora t ion B : S t a t i s t ica lA na lys is ( F ig 3 3 ) 1 .

2 .

D a rk b r ick r e dw i th t i ny w h i te a nd y e l low s p la she s . 9 . 4 s q c m . ( 7 /64 a nd 0 /28 , R oom 3 6 , S t age V , a nd R oom 3 1 , S t age I V ) . S e r ie so fv e r t ica lb and s ,p robab ly f r am ing e l emen t s b e tween p ane l s : b rown -pu rp le ( a t l e a s t 2 5 mm w ide ) ;w h i te ( 8 mm :o ve rb rown -pu rp le ) :b rown p u rp le ( 1 1 mm ) ; w h i te ( 9 mm ) ; d a rk g r een ( 32 mm ) ;w h i te ( 1 3 -14 mm ) ;b rown i sh r ed ( 1 4 mm ) ; w h i te 5mm ;o ve rb l ack ) ;b l ack w i th m i lky w h i te mo t t l ing ( a t l e a s t 2 7 mm ) . A rea 2 14 .60 s qc m .

9 0

3 .

4 .

P en tre F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s w h i te s t r ipe a nd g rey w i th w h i te mo t t l ing ( 5 .52 s qc m ) f r om 8 / 31 . ( F ig 3 3 , B 4 ) .

( 7 /64 a nd 8 / 31 ( j o in ing f r agmen t s ) . R oom 3 6 , S tage V ,a nd d emo l i t ion b e tween S t ages V I a nd V I I ) . ( F ig 3 3 , B 2 ) . S e r ie so fv e r t ica lb and s ,p e rhap sc on t inuou sf r om t h e l a s t : b rown i sh r ed o r p u rp le ( me re t r ace ) ; w h i te ( 4 mm w ide :o ve rb l ack ) ;b l ack w i th m i lky w h i te mo t t l ing ( 78 mm ) ; w h i te ( 6 mm : o ve r b l ack ) ; r ed w i th y e l low mo t t l ing ( a t l e a s t 3 0 mm ) . T o ta l 8 4 .00 s qc m . F u r the rf r agmen t so f b l ack w i th m i lky w h i te mo t t l ing ( 184 mm ) a nd r ed w i th y e l low mo t t l ing ( 5 .94 s qc m ) . ( 7 /64 a nd 8 / 31 ( j o in ing f r agmen t s )R oom 3 6 ,S t age V ,a nd d emo l i t ion b e tween S t age sV Ia nd V I I ) . ( F ig 3 3 , B 3 ) . Af u r the rs e r ie s : w h i te w i th p ink ish r ed mo t t l ing ( a tl a s t2 2 mm ) ;g rey ( 14 mm ) ;w h i te ( 5 mm : o n g rey ) ;g rey w i th w h i te mo t t l ing ( a tl e a s t3 5 mm ) . 6 7 .5 s q c m . F rom 7 /64 . F u r the r f r agmen t w i th

5 .

D a rk p ink ish r e d .A rea 1 3 .82 s qc m . ( 7 /64 a nd 0 / 3 ,R oom 3 6 , S t age V a nd d emo l i t ion b e tween S t age s V I I a nd V I I I ) .

6 .

D a rk p i nk i sh r e db o rde red b yv e r t ica lb l ack b and a tl e a s t 4mm w ide . 1 8 .4 s qc m . ( 0 / 3 ,d emo l i t ion b e tween S t age s V I I a nd V I I I ) .

7 .

8 .

9 .

D a rk r ed b o rde r ed b yv e r t ica ld a rk g reen b and ( a t l e a s t 1 4 mm w ide ) c a r ry ing t r ace s o f w h i te s t r ipe . 7 . 14 s q c m . ( 0 / 3 d emo l i t ion b e tween S t age s V I Ia nd V I I I ) . ( F ig 3 3 , B 7 ) . R edd ish b rown a nd c r eamy y e l low z one s w i th v e r t ica l b l a ck s t r ipe 6 / 7 mm w ide ) p a in ted o ve r j unc t ion . 1 2 .95 s qc m . ( 0 /3 d emo l i t ion b e twe en S t age s V I I a nd V I I I ) . I nde te rm ina te c o lou r . 4 . 83 s qc m . ( 7 /64 ,R oom 3 6 , S t age V ) .

A 2

A 3

A 5

Wh i te

B rown

B lock

R ed

Y e l low

P urp le

G rey. wh ite

G reen

P ink •wh ite

F igure 3 3 : P a in ted w a l l p las ter , s ca le 1 : 3

B 4

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 BR ICK AND T ILE B y P V Web s t er ( 1976 -7 )

P en t re F a rm y i e lded l a rge q uan t i t ie so fb r ick a nd t i l e . O ve ral q uan t i t ie s f r om e a ch l a ye r h ave b een n o ted a nd t h e l a ye r -by laye r d e ta i l s d epo s i ted w i th t h e s i te a r ch ive . As umma ry b y s t age a nd r oom i sg i ven i n T ab le 3 .

C a tegor ies o fb r ick a nd t i l e i d en t i f ied R oof T i l es B o th t e gu lae a nd i mb r ices w e r e p re sen t i ns u f f ic ien t q uan t i t ie sf r om l a te rs t age st om ake i tv i r tua l ly c e r ta in t h a tt h ey f o rmed t h em e thod o fr oo f ing . Af ew t e gu lae s howed s i gn so f mod if ica t ion s ;s uch mod if ica t ion ,i fi t t a ke s p l ace a f te r f i r ing , i sd i ff icu l t t o d e t ec t u n le s s s ub s tan t ia lp i ece s o ft h e t i l e s a r ef ound o rt h ey a r ei n s i tu . H oweve r , a tl e a s to ne t e gu la h ad b e en mod if ied d u r ing m anuf a c tu re t o r educe t h e f l ange t o am e re t e non 5 0 mm l o ng . I n su ff ic ien tr ema ined o ft h et i l et o a s ce r ta in w he the r mo re t h an o ne t e non w a s p re sen t . Mod if ica t ion o f r oo f t i l e s f o r u se e l sewhe r e i n t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f ab u i ld ing i sw e l l a t te s t ed ( c f B lake 1 947 ,3 05 a nd p as s im ) . H oweve r ,t h e mo s tl i ke ly u se o ft h ep re sen t t i l e w ou ld b e i nt h e u ppe rmo s t r ow o f t e gu lae o nt h er oo f ,t h ef l ange h av ing b een c u ta way t o a ccommoda te e i the r t h e r i dge o r ad e co ra t ive f i n ia l . O ne t e gu la w i th ah o le f o r an a i lo rp eg w a sa l so n o ted , p e rhap s p a r to ft h e l owe s tc ou r se o fs uch t i l e s w h ich w ou ld h ave b een n a i led o rp egged i np l a ce ( c fB lake 1 947 , 3 04 ; B rod r ibb 1 987 , 1 0 -11 ) .

T he f i nd s

9 1

t i l e s w e re r e ta ined i nt h i sf o rm . T he se t i l e sm ay h ave b een u sed t op ro tec t w ooden b eams w i th in t h e b a th h ou se s t ruc tu re . No s i gn s o f ac onc re te v au l ted r oo f w e re f ound , s oi tm ay b ea s sumed t h a tt h er oof w a so f t i mbe r . S ome m ean so fp ro te c t ing t h er oo fj o is t sf r om h ea t a nd mo i s tu re w ou ld h ave b een r equ i red a nd a s u spended t i l e c e i l ing i sp o ss ib le . E nca semen to ft h e m a in b eam sw i th c e ram ic b oxe sw ou ld h ave f o rmed a n a dd i t iona lp ro te c t ion a ga ins tt h eh ea ta nd d amp o ft h e h o t te s t r ooms . A f ew t i l e s c on ta ined c i r cu la r h o le s c5 0 mm i n d i ame te r o n t h e p l a in s i de s . T oo l i t t le r ema ined t o a s cer ta in i ft h ey w e re t r ue b ox o rL -shaped t i l e s . I ti s p o s s ib le t h a tt h e se a r em e re ly b ox t i l e sw i th as l igh t ly d i f f e ren tf o rm o fv en t . H oweve r , as im i la rf unc t ion t o t h eL -shaped t i l e si sa l so p o s s ib le ( s ee B rod r ibb 1 987 , 7 6 , f i g 3 3 ,c ) . F loor T i les L a rge t i l e s c2 . 5 -3 .0 c m t h ick . T hese w e re g ene ra l ly s co red i na n o pen l a t t ice p a t te rn o n t h e u nde r s ide , n o d oub t t oa i d a dhe s ion t o amo r ta r m a tr ix . T hey w e re f ound i ns i tu i nt h e l owe r o rs ub -f loo r s o ft h e b a th h ou se h ypocaus t s , b u t c ou ld h ave s e rved o t he r p u r p o se s a s w e l l . T hey c o r r e spond t ot h e 1 8 inch t i l e s ( S esqu ipeda les ) r e commended b y V i t ruv ius ( De A rch i tec tura , V o l 1 0 ,2 )f o rt h ep u rpose . T hey w ou ld a l so h ave f o rmed t h e i d ea l c app ing t ot h e h ypocau s t p i lae ,a c t ing a s ab a se f o rt h e mo r ta r -conc re te f l oo ro f t h e h o tr ooms . A no the rf unc t ion w ou ld h ave b een t o a c ta s ac e i l ing t ot h e h o tr ooms w he re t h ey c ou ld b e f i xed w i th t h e a i d o f m e ta l c l amp s a nd p la s te r ed t o p ro tec tt h er oo ff r om h ea ta nd d amp ( c fB lake 1 947 ,n o 3 10 a nd D e A rch i tec tura , V o l 1 0 , 3a l so B rod r ibb 1 987 , 3 ,f o rb r ick a nd t i l e n ame s a nd s i ze s ) .

h ypo cau s t s . A l lt r ue b ox t i l e sa ppea red t ob es co red f o r c emen to rp l a s te ro nt wo o ppo s ing s i de s ,w i th v en t sf o r c ommun ica t ion b e tween t h e v a r iou s f l ue s i nt h e r e -

B r ick s Two s i ze so fb r ick w e r er e co rded : 2 7 .3 c m x2 7 .7 c m x4 . 7c m( we igh t 6k g )a nd 1 9 .5 c m x1 9 .5 c m x7 . 5 /8 .0 c m ( we igh t 5 . 45 k g ) . T he s ma l le rc o r re spond t ot h e L a te rcu l i B e sa le s o f c l a ss ica l l i t e ra tu re a nd p ra c t ice ( B lake 1 947 , 3 06 ; B rod r ibb 1 987 , 3 4 -6 ) a nd w e re t h e

m a in ing ' p la in ' s i de s . S co r ing h ad b een d one e i the r

r e commended c omponen t s o f h ypocau s tp i lae .

w i th ap o in ti n al a t t ice d e s ign o rw i th ac omb ( u sua l ly i n aw avy l ine p a t te rn ) . N o c omp le te b oxe s w e re

o t he r sa ppea rt ob el a rge rv e r s ions o ft h es ame t ype ( c f B lake 1 973 , 1 09 f o rt h eu se o ft h i ss i ze i nt h eA n ton ine p e r iod ) o r p e rhap s p eda l l es ( B rod r ibb 1 987 , 3 6 -7 ) . T he l a rge r b r ick s p robab ly f o rmed a s l igh t ly w ide r

B ox T i l es A s i sn o rma l ly t h e c a se , t h e se p robab ly f o rmed t h e m ean s o f p rov id ing w a l l f l ue s f o r t h e b a th -house

f ound , n o r c ou ld a ny b e r e con s t ruc ted f r om t h e e x a mp le ss ubm i t ted f o rs t udy ,b u tw id th so f1 3 -16 c mf o r t h e s co red f a ce w e re r e co rded a nd t h e p l a in f a ce a ppea r s t o h ave b een o f s im i la r d imen s ion s . T he p l ac ing o fv en t sw a sn o te n t i re ly s t anda rd ; v en t s w e re c9 10 c ml o ng a nd c3 . 5c mw ide w he re m ea su red a nd w e r ep l aced s ot h a tt h ey b egan c6 10 c mf r om t h ee nd o ft h et i l e . I ft h ev en t s w e re s ymme t r ica l ly p l aced a s s e ems p robab le t h en t h eo ve r a l ll e ng th o ft h eb ox t i l e s w ou ld h ave b een c2 5 -30 c m . I na dd i t ion t ot h et r ue b ox t i l e s an umbe ro fa be r ran t f o rm sw e re n o ted . S ome b ox t i l e sa ppea rt oh ave b een m ade a nd t h en c u ti nh a lf b e fo re f i r ing s oa st om ake L s hap ed o rg ab le shaped t i l e s . T he s i de v en t so ft h eb ox

T he

b a se a nd c ap t ot h ep i lae a l though o the ru se sf o rb o th t y pe s w i th in t h e s t ruc tu re a r ep o s s ib le . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e m a te r ia l d e sc r ibed a bove t h e re w e re l a rge q uan t i t ie so fb r ick a nd t i l ef r om u n s t ra t if ied l e ve ls , ma in ly , n od oub t , t h er e su l to ft h e f i na l d emo l i t ion o ft h eb a th -house . L eve ls n o ta s soc ia ted w i th t h e b u i ld ing y i e lded v e ry l ow q uan t i t ie s o fb r ick a nd t i l e a nd h ave n o tb een i n c luded i nT ab le 3 . T he n o tab le a b sence o f b r ick a nd t i l e f r om l e ve l s p r io r t o S t age I V p re sumab ly i nd ica te s t h a t t h e f i r s t s t ruc tu re s o n t h e s i t e w e r e r oo f ed w i th s ome m a te r ia l o t he r t h an t i l e .

9 2

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he f i nd s

V en t s O ne f r agmen to fc h imney p o t w a s f ound a nd i si lu s t r a ted ( F ig . 4 5 , n o 3 29 ) . I ti sn o tp o s s ib le t oo f f e r a

r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e c omp le te c h imney f r om s uch a s ma l l p i ece . T he p o s s ib le r a nge o f c h imney f o rm s d eco ra ted w i th t h umbed z one si sc ons ide rab le ( Low the r 1 976 ,f i g s 1 4 ) .

T ab le 3 : We igh to ft i l e f rom t he c omp lex

S tage

R oom ( we igh ti nk g )

D emo l i t ion b e tween I I &I V

2 9 ( 0 .23 ) , 3 1 ( 3 .35 )

( 3 .58 )

I V

3 0 ( 0 .43 ) . 3 ( 2 .68 )

( 3 .11 )

I V a l te ra t ion s

3 3 ( 4 .05 )

( 4 .05 )

D emo l i t ion b e tween V I &V

1 9 ( 0 .45 ) , 3 1 ( 0 .80 )

( 1 .25 )

V

3 6 ( 0 .18 ) , 3 9 ( 22 .35 ) , 5 1 ( 0 .20 ) , 7 / 35 ( 18 .55 )

V I

7( 14 .68 ) , 3 0 ( 1 .33 ) ,4 6 ( 3 .85 ) , 5 0 ( 3 .18 ) , 5 1 ( 286 .63 ) , 5 4 ( 1 .20 ) , 7 / 38 ( 22 .23 )

D emo l i t ion b e tween V I &V I I

1 ( 12 .4 ) , 1 2 ( 2 .85 ) , 3 3 ( 6 .08 )

( 4 1 .28 )

( 3 33 .10 )

( 2 1 .33 )

V I I 1+12 ( 6 .76 ) , 3 0 ( 4 .38 ) , 3 2 ( 2 .23 ) , 3 6 ( 2 4 .66 ) , 3 8 ( 3 .04 ) , 3 9 ( 6 .83 ) ,4 0 ( 1 .78 ) ,4 2( 92 .01 ) ,4 3 ( 4 .80 ) ,4 4 ( 56 .33 ) , 4 5 ( 44 .47 ) , 4 6 ( 15 .14 ) , 4 9 ( 0 .30 ) , 5 1 ( 2 .90 ) , 5 2 ( 2 5 .88 )

( 291 .51 )

V I I I

4 2( 3 .13 ) ,4 6 ( 3 .30 ) ,4 9 ( 1 .26 ) , 5 2+53 ( 9 .6 )

( 17 .29 )

V I I I a l te ra t ions

2 9 ( 0 .66 ) ,4 6 ( 12 .31) ,4 9 ( 0 .65 )

( 1 3 .62 )

S TA MPED T ILES AND GRAFF ITO

a l so p robab ly f r om d i e s d i f f e ren t f r om t h e p ub l i shed H o l t e xamp le s .

B y M W C Ha ssa l la nd R S 0 T om l in ( 1976 -7 ) S t amped t i l es ( No t i lu s t ra t ed ) . F ragmen t s o f n i ne s t amped t i l e s w e re f ound i n1 977 d u r ing e xcava t ion s o ft h eR oman

G raf f i to ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) F ragmen to fb ox f l ue t i le 1 05 mm b y 7 5 mm , 5mm t h ick ( i ncomp le te ) . B e low t h eb o t tom e dge o ft h es qua re o pen ing o r ig ina l ly c u ti nt h es i de o f

b a th -house . A l l a r ep robab ly f r om d i f f e ren t d i e s a nd a ppea rt oh ave r e ad L EG XX VV ,L eg ( io )XX V (a ler ia ) V ( ic t r ix ) , e xcep t o ne , s im i la r i n s t y le t o H o l t n o 3

t h e t i l ei s ag ra f f i to w h ich h a s b een c u tb y ap ra c t iced h and b e fo re f i r ing : QVINTVSAV I I [ . . . ] A IV IABI IL ISV 1 . . . ] [ VS A NT I [ . . .. . . ]V [ . I n l i ne

( G r ime s 1 930 , f i g5 9 )w h ich m ay h ave r e ad L EG XX VAV , f o rL eg ( io ) XX V (a ler ia ) V ( ic tr ix ) . O ft h e r e s t o n ly t h ree c an p robab ly b e m a t ched a tH o l t( Ho l tn o s 2 , 6a nd 7 r e spec t ive ly ) ; t wo c anno t b e m a tched a l though o ne i ss e ti na na nsa te p ane ls im i la rt ot h a to f H o l tn o s 5a nd 8 ;t h er ema inde ra r ef r agmen ta ry b u ta r e

2t h e l a s t l e t t e r c ou ld b e X . T he g ra f f i to c ou ld r e p re sen t t h e t r ia n o r r z ina o f t wo i n d iv idua ls , a s Q u in tu s A v id ( iu s? ) Amab i l i s , A [u ] l u s A n t i [s t iu s ? F e l i ]x . T he r a r ep raenom en V ib iu s , t h ough t h eo r e t i c a l ly p o s s ib le a sa n a l te rna t ive t oA u lu s , i sm uch l e s s l i ke ly .

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -81 MA M MAL IAN PA W PR INTS ON CERA M IC T ILES

3 .

B y M AE d ing ton ( 1976 -7 ) 1 .

2 .

( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . T he s ma l l f oo tr e semb le s t h a t o f amoder nd ome s t ica ted c a t( F e l i sd ome s t icu s ) r a the rt h an t h ei n d igenou sw i ld c a t( Fel ss y lv es t r i s ) . T he p re sence a nd s t a tu so fd ome s t ica ted c a t s i n B r i ta in i nR oman t ime s a r e m a t te r s f o r d eba te a nd p oo r ly d ocumen ted . ( 8 /7 ,d emo l i t ion d eb r is , R ooms 1 a nd 1 2 , S t age V I -V I I ) . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . F rom t h e s i ze o f t h e se d og t r ack s ,t h ea n ima lw ou ld h ave b een a pp rox ima te ly t h es i ze o f amoder nf ox t e r r ie r . D og so ft h is s i ze w ou ld h ave b een u sed f o r h un t ing ; t h e re i sa l so e v idence f r om mo sa ic s ,e t ct h a td og so ft h i ss i ze w e r ek ep ta sp e t s . ( 8 / 12 ,R oom 4 5 ,S t age V I I ) .

4 .

5 .

T he f i nd s

9 3

( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . T he t r ack s i n d ica te t h a t t h e a n ima l , am ed ium t o l a rge d og , w a lked w e l l f o rwa rd o ni t st o e s ,a nd t h u st h a ti tw a sb red f o r s peed , l i ke t h e moder n g reyhound . I tw ou ld s e em l i ke ly t h a ti tw a s o fs im i la rs i ze t o as ma l l g reyhound ( t hough p robab ly r ough -coa ted ) a nd w a su sed f o rh un t ing . T he c l ose s ta na logy w ou ld b e t h e l u r che r , b red i n mo re r e cen t t i me s f o r h un t ing r abb i t s . ( Top so i la bove c omp lex a nd 0 / 1 3 ) . ( No t i lus t ra ted ) . A s l igh t ly s ma l le r d og t h an s ugge s ted b yn o 3a bove ( may b e af ema le o ft h e s ame t y pe ) . T he a n ima l w a s t r o t t ing w hen t h e t r ack s w e re m ade , w i th ac on sequen to ve r lap o f t h e ma rk s . ( P lough so i l ) . ( No ti lus t ra ted ) .T he t r a ck sc ou ld n o tb ei d en t if ied a st h o se o f ad og o rc a t . T he n ea re s tt r ack i st h a t o f al a rge mouse . ( 0 .25 , med ieva lr obb ing ) .

9 4

P en tre F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he p o t tery

P ar t I I : T he p o t tery b y P V Web s t er w i th DB a i ley , BM D ick inson ,

B R Har t ley

& K F Har t ley

I NTRODUCT ION T he r epo r t w h ich f o l low s w a s o r ig ina l ly w r i t ten i n 1 976 -7 . F u r the rw o rk o nt h es i te r e co rd ss ub sequen t ly

p rov ide s m uch o f t h e b a s i s f o r s oc ia l a nd e conom ic c on s ide ra t ions . A na ly s is o f t h e p o t te ry b egan o n s i te w he re a l l

h a s n e ce s s i ta ted ar e -o rde r ing o ft h e t e x ta nd t h i s h a s b een f o l lowed b y i t s r e v i s ion i n 1 987 . T ime h a s n o t ,

s he rd s w e r e c oun ted a nd s o r ted i n to r im s , b a se s a nd b ody s he rd s a s w e l l a s i n to b road f a b r ic c a tego r ie s . H oweve r ,t h e se h ave n o tb een u sed a st h eb a s i sf o rt h e k i nd o fq uan t i f ica t ion p re sen ted b yF u l fo rd ( 1975 ) f o r t h ree r e a sons : f i r s t ly , t h e f a b r ic d i v i s ion s a r e n o t s u f f ic ien t ly d e ta i led ; s e cond ly , t h e h i gh n umbe r o f s t ru c tu ra l s t age s d iv ide s t h e a s semb lage i n to g roup s w h ich a r e t oo s ma l l t o b e s t a t i s t ica l ly v i ab le ; a nd l a s t ly , t h e re i s ah i gh p ropo r t ion o fr e s idua lp o t te ry i n e ach s t age . I ns um , b o th t h e s i ze a nd c ompo s i t ion o f

h oweve r , a l lowed f o r ma jo r r ewr i t ing a nd i tr ema in s e s sen t ia l ly t h er epo r ta so r ig ina l ly s ubm i t ted .

THE SA M IAN POTTERY L i t t le s am ian w a re w a s r e cove r ed f r om t h e s i t e ; w ha t w a s f ound c on s i s ted m a in ly o fs ma l l s he rd s a nd w a s o f ten r e s idua l o r f r om u n s t ra t if ied c on t ex t s . T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e mo re s ub s tan t ia l f r agmen t s o f d eco r a ted s am ian h a sb een i n c luded i nt h ec a ta logue b e low a nd as e le c t ion i lu s t ra ted t od emon s tra te t h er ange . O f t h e p l a in s am ian o n ly o ne f l agon ( no 1 7 ) h a s b een d i scus sed i nd e ta i l ,b e cau se o fi t si n t r ins ic i n t e re s t ,b u t a pa r t f r om t h i s t h e p la in w a re f o rmed t o o s ma l l a s amp le i ne ach s t age t oa dd s i gn if ican t ly t ot h e c h ro n o logy o ft h es i te . S ome o ft h e s am ian e v idence h a s b een s umma r ized i na nu npub l i shed c ha r tw h ich f o rmed t h eb a s is f o rp a r to ft h en ume r ica la na ly s is p re sen ted i n t h e s e c t ion o n t r ade l i nk s a nd s o c ia l i mp l ica t ion s . A ny c onc lus ion s a r e n ece s sa r i ly t e n ta t ive . H ow e ve r , t h e g ene ra l d a te r a nge o f t h e m a te r ia l i sc l ea r . S ou th G au l i sh p o t te ry i sp r e sen t i ns i gn if ican t q uan -

t h e s amp le s ugge s ted t h a t s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s w a s u nsu i tab le . Ag ene ra la s se s smen to fp o t te ry d i s t r ibu t i on w a sm ade a sp a r to fa na t temp tt oe s tab l i sh f unc t i ona l d i f f e rence s b e tween r ooms . I tw a sd ec ided t h a tt h eb e s to ve ra l lp i c tu re c ou ld b e o b ta ined b yi lu s t ra t ing a nd /o rd e sc r ib ing a l l s t ra t if ied r ims a nd t h i s h a s b een d one f o r a l l s t age s e xcep t t h e l a te s t( l aye r sa bove t h ed emo l i t ion w o rk o fS t age sV I I a nd V I I I ) . B ody s he rd s h ave a l so b e en m en t ioned w he re t h ey s e em p a r t icu la r ly r e levan t ( f o r e xamp le , N ene V a l ley c o lou r -coa ted w a re i sr e p re sen ted a lmo s t e n t i re ly b y b ody f r agmen t s ) . T he a im h a s b een t o p re sen ta sc omp le te ap i c tu re a sp o s s ib le o ft h ec e ram i c s f r om e a ch s t age a nd t om ake p o s s ib le am in imum

t i t y , b u t t h e f o rms a r e p redom inan t ly l a te . T he r e i s o n ly o ne e xamp le o ff o rm 2 9a nd t h a t av ery c oa r se ly r ou le t ted r im w h ich c ou ld w e l ld a te f r om t h ev ery e nd

v e s se lc oun ta ts ome f u tu re d a te ,i fs od e s i red . T h is h a s b een d one m a in ly t h rough t h ec a ta logue ( pp 9 9 -120 ) .

o ft h ep e r iod o fp roduc t ion o ft h ef o rm . T he re a r eo n ly af ew e xamp le so ff o rm 1 8 ,a nd t h es he rd so ff o rm 3 7 , w he re d e co r a ted , a r e a l l l a te i n t h e S ou th G au l ish s e r ie s . O nt h is b a s is i ts e em s p o s s ib le t os ugge s tt h a t o ccupa t ion i su n l ike ly o n o rn ea rt h es i t eb efo re cAD

S ources a nd F abr ics A l though i ti si n Wa le s ,P en t re F a rm i sg eog raph ica l ly p a r to ft h eC he sh i re P la in a nd i ti sv e ry s im i la rt oo t he r C he sh i re P la in s i te s i ni t s c e ram ic a s semb lage . Two m a jo rg roup s o fs ou r ce s f o rc oa r se p o t te ry o t he r t h an m o r ta r ia c an b ei d en t i f ied f o rP en t re F a rm . T he se a r e t h e s e ve ra l c en t re s p roduc ing C he sh i re P la in w a re s a nd t h e B la ck -bu rn i shed w a re i n du s t ry o fD o r se t .

9 0 . F o rt h el a te s td a te o fo ccupa t ion w es ha l lh ave t or e ly o n t h e c oa r se p o t te ry e v idence . I tm ay b e n o ted , h oweve r , t h a tl a te r A n ton ine f o rms s uch a s7 9 /80 , 4 5 a nd C u r ie 2 1 a r ep re sen ti ns ma l l n umbe r s .

C he sh i re P la in F ab r ics . T he p roduc t so fa l t h ek nown k i ln s i t e s o n t h e C he sh i re P la in ( i e H o l t , W i lde r spoo l a nd N o r thw ich ) s ha re c e r ta in c ha rac te r i s t i cs .

T he

THE COARSE POTTERY C oa r se p o t t e ry f o rmed t h el a rge s ts i ng le f i nd sc a tego ry

p r inc ipa l f a b r ics p re sen t o n t h e s i te s c on ta in a h i gh p ropo r t ion o fs andy f i l le r , n o d oub t d e r ived f r om t h e

a t P en t re F a rm a nd , a s w e l l a s d a t ing t h e s i te , i t

s a nd d epo s i t s w h ich a r e af e a tu re o ft h e s u r f ace g eo l -

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 o gy o ft h er eg ion . T he e xac tp ropor t ion o fs andy f i l le r u sed i na ny p a r t icu la rp o ts eems t ov a ry b u t t h is w i l l n o tn ece s sa r i ly h e lp d i s t ingu i sh t h ep roduc to fo ne k i ln f r om t h a to fa no the r . V a r ia t ion s may o ccu rb ecau se o f f a c to r s s uch a s t h e s t i f fne ss o f t h e c l ay a nd w ea the r c ond i t ion s : t h a ti s ,t h ea moun to ff i l le rn eeded f o ra ny g i ven p o tw il b ed i f f e ren to n ac o ld w e t mo rn ing f r om t h a tr equ i red o n ah o td ry a f te rnoon . F u r the rmo re ,t h e c o lou ro ft h ef a b r ics f ound a te ach c en t re i sg ene ra l ly f a i r ly s im i la r . A l l c en t re s w e re p robab ly p roduc ing b o th o x id ized a nd r educed f ab r ics ma in ly w i th in t h e o range t h rough o range -buf f t ol i gh t r ed a nd t h rough l i gh tt om id -g rey . I nt h is s i tua t ion i ti so f t en d i ff i cu l t t od i s t ingu ish t h e p roduc t s o f d i f f e ren t k i ln s , s o t h e t e rm ' Chesh i re P la in f a b r ic ' h a s b een u sed h e re t o c ha ra c te r i se t h e se s andy f a b r ic s . T he p a ra l le ls q uo ted f o re xamp le so ft h ef a b r ic w i l lo f ten b ef r om ak nown k i ln s i te , b u t t h i s d oe s n o t n ece ssa r i ly i mp ly t h a t t h e v e sse li nq ue s t ion w a sm ade a tt h es i te a nd i n deed i ti s

T he p o t tery

9 5

p ropo sed f o rt h ei n t roduc t ion o f BB1 i nq uan t i ty t ot h e Wa l l z one s hou ld n o ta l so a pp ly t oo u ra r ea . T he t ype so fB lack -bu rn i shed Wa re p r esen ta tP en t re F a rm c l ose ly r e semb le t h o se f ound t h roughou tn o r th e r nB r i ta in ( G i l lam 1 976 g i ve s af a i r ly c omp le te r a nge o ft y pe sf ound i nt h is a r ea ) . I tm ay ,h oweve r ,b en o ted t h a ts eve ra le xamp le so fl i d si nB la ck -bu rn i shed Wa re o ccu r . T he B la ck -bu rn ished l i ds e em s l a rge ly t oh ave e s caped m en t ion i nt h e l i t e ra tu re o n t h e c e ram ics o f n o r the rn B r i ta in ,d e sp i te t h ea ppea rance o f ac omp le te e xamp le a t H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 , 1 55 , n o 1 00 ) . A p re l im ina ry r e v iew o f t h e a va i lab le e v idence w i l l b e f ound i n Wa l lace a nd Web s te r f o r thcom ing . S uch a s imp le f o rm c ou ld w e l l h ave a w ide d a t e r a nge b u t mo s t o f t h e e xamp le s k nown t ot h e a u tho r a r e f r om s e cond c en tu ry c on tex t s a nd i ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t s uch al i d w ou ld b e s u i tab le f o r u se w i th t h e f l anged b ow l o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry a nd w ou ld c onve r t t h e l a t te r i n to ac a s se ro le a tl e a s t a s w e l l a s t h e f l anged

u n l ike ly t h a ta l lt h eR oman k i lns i nt h i sa r ea h ave b een d i scove red . O fc ou r se ,c e r ta in p roduc t sf r om t h eC he sh i re P la in

d i she ss ugge s ted f o rt h is p u rpo se b yG i l lam ( 1976 ,f i g 6 ;n o s 9 0 -91 ) .

c an b ed i s t ingu ished . T he f i ne w a re sm ade a tH o l t ,f o r e xamp le , a r ev e ry d i s t inc t ive ( Gr eene 1 977 ) a nd s ev e r a le xamp le so ft h ese f ound t h e i rw ay t oP en t re F a rm ( no s5 9 , 18 -19 ,3 06 ) . E ven w i th in t h e mo re u n if o rm C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic sc e r ta in f o rms s e ems t ob ec ha r a c te r is t ic o fk nown k i lns . T hus , f l anged b ow l s p ro -

M i sce l laneou sf ab r ics C o lour c oa ted w h i te w are s . T he re a r e af ew e xamp le s o ft h i sf ab r ic i nl a te rl e ve l sb u t ,a so ne w ou ld e xpe c to n ap r edom inan t ly s e cond c en tu ry s i te , t h e w a r e i sn o t c ommon . S ome w a re w i l l h ave b een i mpo r ted f r om C o logne ( s ee A nde r son 1 981) s ome f r om t h e N ene V a l ley .

d uced a t H o l t a ppea r t o b e c ha ra c te r ized b y t wo g roove s ,o ne t owa rd se i the re dge o ft h ef l ange ( Gr ime s 1 930 , n o s 8 3 -6 ) , w h i le W i lde r spoo l a ppea r s t oh ave s pec ia l i sed i nr ough -ca s ta nd r ou le t ted b eake r s a nd a d i s t inc t ive f o rm o f b ow l , s ome t ime s t hough t t o b e r em in iscen to ft h es am ian f o rm 4 4( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 , 8 3 , n o s 3 5 -7 ; 8 5 , n o s 5 3 -5 ) . Whe re f o rms a r e t h ough tt oo r ig ina te a tc e r ta in k i lns t h i si ss t a ted i nt h e c a ta logue ,a l though i tm u s tb eb o rne i nm ind t h a to t he r k i ln sp roduc ing s im i la rf o rm sm ay y e ta wa i td i scove ry i nt h e a r ea . F o r f u r the r d i scu s s ion o fC he sh i re P la in

S evern V a l ley Ware . A ga in , t h e re a r eo n ly af ew e x a mp le sa nd P en t re F a rm i sc l ea r ly o nt h ee x t reme e dge o f t h e k nown We s t M id land s d i s t r ibu t ion ( Web s te r 1 976 , f i g s 1 -12 ) . I tm ay b e s i gn i f ican tt h a tt h ew a re f i r s ta ppea r sa tP en t re i nt h el a te s tp ha se ( S tage V I I I ) . T h is w ou ld f i ti nw i th t h ep a t te rn s een a t Manche s te r ( J one s a nd G rea ley 1 974 , 9 4 ) , i n c on t ra s t w i th t h e e a r l ie ra ppea rance o ft h e w a re a tC he s te r ( Ca r r ing ton 1 977b ) .

Wa re s s ee Web s te r 1 982 . S ou rces o fm o r tar ia ( K FH ) B la ck -bu rn ished Wa re . A l l B lack -bu rn i shed Wa re f r om t h e s i t e f a l l s w i th in t h a t b ranch o f t h e f a b r ic k nown a s C a tego ry 1 . T he s ou r ce o f a tl e a s t s ome C a tego ry 1 v e s se l s s e em s l i ke ly t ob e D o r se t ( W i l l i ams 1 977 ) b u t o the r s ou rce s a r e p o s s ib le ( among a s ma l l n umbe r o f C a tego ry 1 s amp le s f r om W i lde r s poo le xam ined a tl e a s to ne n on -Do r se tf a br ic a ppea r s t ob e p re sen t : W i l l iams a nd H inchc l if f e , f o r t hcom i n g ) . I tw ou ld s e em t h a tt h ef i r s ta ppea rance o fB lack b ur n ished Wa re i nq uan t i ty o n t h eC he sh i re P la in , a s f u r the rn o r th ,w a s aH ad r ian ic p henomenon . T he e v i d ence f r om N o r thw ich ( J one s e t a l 1 971 ) i sf a i r ly c onc lu s ive ; t h e s am ian e v idence s hows t h a t t h e t wo p e r iod s o n t h e s i te c an b e d i v ided i n to al a te f i r s t t o e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry , P e r iod I( w i thou t B lack -bu r n i shed w a re )a nd aH ad r ian ic t oe a r ly A n ton ine ,P e r iod I( w i th B lack -burn i shed Wa re ) . T he re t h us s e ems n o g ood r e a son t o s uppo se t h a t t h e d a te o f c AD 1 20

Twen ty two i d en t if iab le mo r ta r ia w e re e xam ined . T he m a in s upp l ie r si nt h eF lav ian p e r iod w e re p robab ly t h e m ake r so ff o rm G i l lam 2 38 ,w o rked i nG a l l ia B e lg ica , p e rhap s i n t h e P a s d e C a la is . T he i r mo r ta r ia o f t en o ccu r i n g r ea te r n umbe r s o n s i te s n ea r t h e c oa s t , p e rhap sa s ar e su l to fc oa s ta ld i s t r ibu t ion . T he re s e ems a l so t oh ave b een al o ca l s ou r ce a l ready f unc t ion ing b e fo re t h e e nd o f t h e F lav ian p e r iod ( no s 7 1 , 3 14 , p o s s ib ly f r om o ne v e sse l ) . A bou th a l fo ft h e s amp le , c an b e d a ted w i th in AD 1 00 -160+ a nd w a s s upp l ied f r om l o ca l s ou rce s i n C he sh i re ( i nc lud ing W i lde r s poo l ) a nd N o r th Wa le s ( e igh t a nd t h ree e xamp le s r e spec t ive ly ) . T he s i ng le e xamp le o ff o rm B u she -Fox 2 6 -30 ( AD 8 0 -150 ) c ou ld w e l l b e long t ot h is p e r iod . T he r ema in ing s even mo r ta r ia c ove r t h e p e r iod AD 1 50 -300 /350 ,i n d ica t ing ar ema rkab le r e duc t ion i nt h e u se o f mo r ta r ia o nt h es i te ,o n ly p a r t ly e xp la ined b yt h e g ene ra lc h rono logy . A l lb u tt wo o ft h ese w e re m ade i n

9 6

P en tre F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he p o t te ry

t h e Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l lp o t t e r ie sw h ich o bv iou s ly t o ok o ve r t h is t i ny m a rke tw hen l o ca l s upp l ie s f a i led . T he O xfo rd p o t te r ie so n ly r e a ched t h e i rp eak o fp roduc t ion i nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h et h i rd c en tu ry a nd ,p robab ly f o r t h i sr e a son , m ade l i t t le i mp r e s s ion h e r e ( o ne e xamp le o n ly ) . T he s i ng le e xamp le f r om t h eR h ine land i sn o t s u rp r i s ing , s i nce s uch mo r ta r ia a r e f ound i n s ma l l n umbe r s d i spe r sed t h roughou tB r i ta in , o n s i te s o ccu p i ed w i th in t h ep e r iod AD 1 50 -250 . I tw i l lh ave b een s e en f r om t h ed i scu ss ion o fs ou r ce s a bove t h a t t h e m a jo r s upp l ie r s o f mo r ta r ia w e re t h e c en t re s a t Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l a nd n ea r W i lde r spoo l . F o r c onven ience a nd t o a vo id r epe t i t ion t h e se t wo m a jo r mo r ta r ium f a b r ic s a r e d e sc r ibed b e low . Mance t ter -Har t sh i l l . Ah a rd , f i ne tex tu red w h i te o r c r eam f a br ic s ome t ime s w i th s l igh t ly d a rke r s l ip . I t c on ta in s v e ry l i t t le t empe r ing a nd t h e t r i tu ra t ion g r i t u sed a f t e r cAD 1 40 i sc ompo sed o fr ed -b rown o rd a rk b rown m a te r ia l( u sua l ly p re -f i red w a s te p o t te ry ) ,o f ten m ixed t o ge the r . S t ock ton H ea th , n ear W i ld er spoo l . T he f a b r ic c om mon ly p roduced h e re w a s as o f t , b a s ica l ly f i ne tex t u red o ne , o range -b rown i n c o lou r , s ome t ime s w i th p a le b lu ish -g rey c o re ; t h e f a b r ic c an b e s o h eav i ly t empe red w i th s andy p a r t ic le s t h a ti ti so f ten a b ra s ive t ot h e t o uch . T he mo r ta r ia m ay b e s e lf -co lou red o r h ave ac r eam ,w h i te o rr ed -b rown s l ip ,w h ich d oe sn o t s u rv ive w e l l . T he t r i tu ra t ion g r i ti su sua l ly am ix tu re o fq ua r tz a nd r ed -b rown a nd b rown ma te r ia l . None o f t h e mo r ta r ia a mong s tt h ew a s te f r om t h ek i lns h a sa l l q ua r tz t r i tu ra t ion g r i t , w h ich i sn o rma l a tH o l ta nd i n m any mo r ta r ia l i ke ly t oh ave b een made i n Wa le s . I t i s ,h oweve r , n o ty e tp o s s ib le t ob ec omp le te ly c e r ta in t h a t q ua r tz g r i t w a s n o t u sed a l one a tW i lde r spoo l , t h ough i ts eems u n l ike ly . ( Af u l le rd e sc r ip t ion o ft h e f a b r ic s o f mo r ta r ia m ade i n t h e se p o t te r ie s c an b e f ound i nH a r t ley a nd Web s te r1 973 ,9 1) . T h i sw a sa l so o ne o ft h ep o t te r ie sp roduc ing t h es oc a l led R ae t ian o r s ub -Rae t ian mo r ta r ium . ( c fR obe rt son 1 975 ,2 41-44 ) .

S ev i l le . F i r s t t os e cond c en tu ry AD . B . Ampho rae o f P e l iche t f o rm 4 7 c on ta in ing w ine f r om S ou th G au l . M id -second t ot h i rd c en tu ry AD . C . Ampho rae o f D re s se l f o rms 2 4 c on ta in ing w ine f r om C ampan ia . D . P o s s ib ly o ne s he rd o f a n a mpho ra o f C amu l o dunum f o rm 1 85 c on ta in ing G a rum f r om S ou th S pa in . E . Ah and le f r agmen t p e rhap s f r om aR hod ian s ty le a mpho ra w i th p eaked h and le s . T he h and le i sr ound i n c r o s s sec t ion a nd o f f a i r ly c oa r se l i gh t o range red f a b r ic , b u rn ished o n t h e o u te r h and le . C ommod i ty u n iden t if ied , b u tp robab ly w ine f r om t h e A egean . F . F ab r ic u n iden t if ied . S he rd so ft h i sf a b r ic m ay w e l l b ef r om ag lobu la ra mpho ra . T he f a b r ic w a s ,h oweve r , s moo the rt h an t h a tu sed n o rma l ly f o rD re s se l2 0 . T he f r agmen t sr e cove r ed w e re c r eam -buf fw i th ag rey c o re a nd i n c luded f i ne w h i te a nd g rey i n c lu s ion sa nd s ome m ica . T he s u r face w a s s moo th a nd o r ig ina l ly h ad a c r eam s l ip . G . F ab r ic u n iden t if ied . A s i ng le s he rd , a ppa ren t ly a l so f r om ag l obu la r f o rm . T he f a b r ic i ss andy w i th s ome m ica . T he c o lou ri sp r edom inan t ly p i nk -bu f fb u t w i th ar o se -p ink i n ne r s u r f a ce a nd r o se -p ink i mmed i a t e ly b e low t h e o u te r s u r f ace . H . T he f a b r ic ( un iden t i f ied ) i s ah a rd d u sky p i nk w i th f ew v i s ib le i n c lu s ions b u t s ome m ica p re sen t . T he s u r f ace h a s al i gh t c r eam s l ip . T he e x tan t f r agmen t s ( no 3 23 ) a r e i lu s t ra ted . T hey a r e c l ea r ly f r om a r e la t ive ly n a r row a mpho rae w i th a n a r row p o in ted b a se . Ampho ra -bo rne c ommod i t ie s w e re r e a ch ing P en t re F a rm f r om a tl e a s te i gh ts ou rce si nt h e Med i te r ranean . T o a s se s s t h er e la t ive i mpo r tance o ft h e se s ou rce st h e

T he a mpho rae T he s t udy o ft h e a mpho rae f r om P en t re F a rm s e em s mo re l i ke ly t os hed l i gh tu pon t h et r ade c on tac t so ft h e

a mpho rae w e re q uan t if ied b y w e igh t . T he g l obu la r S ou the rn S pan ish o i la mpho rae ( D re sse l2 0 )a r es hown t op redom ina te e ven a l low ing f o rt h eg r ea te rw e igh to f

s i te t h an o ni t sc h rono logy . I nt h eh ope o fo b ta in ing a n i n d ica t ion , n o t o n ly o ft h e a mpho ra -bo rne c ommod i t i e s r e ach ing t h e s i te b u ta l so o ft h e i rr e la t ive i mpo r t a nce , a l l a mpho ra s he rd s w e re w e ighed a nd d i v ided

t h is t yp ec ompa red t oo t he ra mpho ra t ype s . 2 8 .6 k go f D re sse l 2 0 w e re p re sen ti nc ompa r i son w i th at o ta lo f 1 . 45 k g f o ra l l o t he rt y pe s . T he w ine a mpho rae f r om S ou the rn G au l ( Pe l iche t 4 7 ) a r e n ex t i n i mpo r tance w h i le o t he r s ou rce s a r e r ep r e sen ted b y o n ly a f ew s he rd s e a ch . O ne o t he rp o in ts ugge s ted b yT ab le 4i st h a ta mpho r a e w e re o n ly p re sen t i n q uan t i ty d u r ing t h e l a te r s t age s . Mo s ta mpho rae a r ef r om S t age I Vo rl a te ra nd t h e m a jo r i ty f r om S t age V I I o rl a te r . T h is m ay h ave i mp l ica t ions o f f unc t ion o r t r ade , t h e re i sn o r e a son w hy D re s se l 2 0 , i np a r t icu la r , s hou ld n o t h ave b een

a cco rd ing t o c ommod i ty , s t age a nd r oom ( d e ta i l s r e ta ined i na r ch ive ) . T h i s i n fo rma t ion i ss umma r i sed i nT ab le 4 , w h ich f o l lows ab r ief d e scr ip t ion o f t h e a mpho rae t ype sp re sen t . I lu s t ra ted a mpho rae a ppea r i nt h ec a ta logue a sn o s3 23 -7 . F o rf u l le rd i scu s s ion o f t h e i d en t if ied f o rms s ee P eacock & W i l l iam s 1 986 . T ype sp re sen t( i den t if ica t ion s b y D P SP eacock ) A . Ampho rae o fD r e sse l f o rm 2 0c on ta in ing o l ive o i l f r om t h e a r ea o f S ou th S pa in b e tween C o rdoba a nd

t r aded i nt h is a r ea a ta lmo s ta ny t i me d u r ing t h eh i s to ry o ft h e s i te .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 F ab r ic P re I I C omp lex A

1

2

I I IV

I V

I V -V

3

6

1

V V I -V I I V I I V I Io r P o s t V I I I V I I 1

5

1 6

4 1

1

6 4 3 1 1

V I I I

P o s t V I I I

9 1

7

T he p o t tery

P o s t N o r th We igh t C omp lex o f ( kg ) C omp lex

1 1 1 1 T o ta l

1

2

3

6

2

1

5

1 6

5

7 0

1

8

9 7

1

2 8 .60 0 . 65 0 . 15 0 . 05 0 . 05 0 . 25 0 . 05 0 . 25 3 0 .05

T ab le 4 : S ummary o f amphora f abr ic t ype s f r om a l l p ha se s TRADE L INKS AND SOCIAL IMPL ICAT IONS T he t r ade l i nk s r evea led b y t h e P en t re F a rm c oa r se p o t te ry h ave ,i nt h e ma in ,a l ready b een o u t l ined a bove . T he m a jo rs ou rce so fa l lc oa r se p o t te ry w e re l o ca lb u t t h e re w e re a l so i mpo r tan t c on t r ibu t ion s f r om o u t s ide t h e i mmed ia te a r ea : D o r se t f o r s ome o r a l l o f t h e B la ck -bu rn i shed w a re a nd Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l lfo rs ome o ft h el a te r mor ta r ia , a sw e l l ,o fc ou r se ,a sS ou th a nd C en t ra lG au lf o rt h es am ian w a re . Mo s to t he rs ou rce s a r e q uan t i ta t ive ly u n impo r tan t b u t n eve r the le ss o f i n te re s t . Mor ta r ia w e re a l so b e ing d rawn f r om K en to r N o r th -ea s tG au la nd O xfo rd sh i re ;o t he rc oa r se p o t te ry c ame f r om t h eS eve rn V a l ley ,t h eN ene V a l ley ,L ezoux a nd t h eR h ine land . L amp s w e re i mpo r ted f r om G au l a nd ,a lmo s tc er ta in ly ,f r om I t a ly . T he n umbe ro ft h e se s ou rce s ,w h ich a r em ino ro ne si nt e rm so ft h is p a r t icu l a rs i te ,i sn o tl a rge b u tt h eg eog raph ica lr a nge i sg rea t . T he s ma l l q uan t i ty o f s uch w a re s p re sen t a tP en t re F a rm i sf u r the re v idence f o rt h e e x is tence o fm idd le m en i nt h eR omano -Br i t i sh p o t tery t r ade , a st h e m a r k e t ing o f s uch s ma l l n umbe r s o f v e s se ls w ou ld b e u neconom ic ,e xcep ta sp a r to ft h em ixed s t ock o fs uch am an . I tm igh ta l so s ugge s tt h em a rke t -pu l lo ft h es i te o rt h ep rox im i ty o fr oad s . I mpo r t ed a mpho rae a l so f o rm p a r t o f t h e o ve ra l l t r ade p a t te rn . G lobu la r a mpho rae h o ld ing o i l f r om S ou th S pa in p redom ina te , a s o ne w ou ld e xpec t , b u t o t he rv e sse ls p r esen t i n d ica te t h ei mpo r ta t ion o fw ine f r om S ou th G au l a nd C ampan ia a nd o ff i sh p roduc t s f r om S ou th S pa in . An umbe ro fa mpho rae o fu n iden t i f ied s ou rce s ugge s tt h a tt h el i s ti sn o te xhaus t ive a nd t h a to t he rc ommod i t ie s f r om o t he rp a r t so ft h e Med i t e r ranean w e re r e ach ing t h e s i te . S ome m ea su re o ft h es oc ia ls t a tu so ft h es i te a nd i t s o ccupan t s m ay b e g auged b y t h e mo re ' e xo t ic ' i t ems p re sen t .T he t h ree l amp s( no s2 4 , 1 73 ,2 21) c l ea r ly f a l l i n to t h is c a tego ry . I mpo r ted l amp sa r en o tc ommon a s s i te f i nd s i n n o r the rn B r i ta in , a nd s e cond c en tu ry I t a l ian l amp s( no s2 4 ,2 21 )a r en o tc ommon i nB r i ta in a s aw ho le ( p e r s c omm D M B a i ley ) . S im i la r ly , t h e H o l tf i ne w a re s( no s5 9 , 18 , 19 ,3 06 )a r er a re e ven i n

t h ei mmed ia te v i c in i ty o ft h ek i ln s a nd f a rf r om c om mon a tC he s t e ri t se lf ( p e r sc omm PC a r r ing ton ) . B o th c a tego r ie s o f f i ne w a re , t h e re fo re , i mp ly a c e r ta in w ea l th . I tm ay b es i gn if ican t t h a tb o th t h el amp s a nd t h e H o l t w a re s a r e u n l ike ly t oh ave r e a ched t h e s i te a f te r t h e H ad r ian ic p e r iod , i et h a t b o th b e long t ot h e e a r l ie rs t age s i nt e rm s o ft h e i ro r ig ina l a pp ea rance o n t h e s i te . T he c on t ra s t w i th t h el a te r s t age s i sm a rked . O n as i te w h ich c ou ld a f fo rd i mpo r t ed l amp s o ne w ou ld e xpe c t B r i t i sh a nd C on t inen ta l c o lou r -coa ted f a b r ic si fi t ss t a tu s w e re m a in ta ined i n to t h ea pp rop r i a t ep roduc t ion p e r iod ,b u td e sp i t e o ccupa t ion i n to t h e m id t h i rd c en tu ry P en t re F a rm y i e lded f ew e xamp le s o f N ene V a l ley w a re a nd o n ly s i ng le e xamp le s o f L ezoux a nd R hen i sh c o lou r c oa t s . T he s am ian w a re s how s as im i la rd ec l ine i nq ua l i ty w hen t h e e a r l ie r a nd l a t e r s t age s a r e c ompa red . T he g r ea t m a jo r i ty o f t h e d eco ra ted p i e ce s , f o r e xamp le , b e long , o r a ppea r t ob e long , t o t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry . H oweve r , t h e o ve ra l l q uan t i ty o f s am ian i sl ow ,a nd e ven i ft h ee a r l ie rs t age so ft h es i te w e r e c ompa ra t ive ly w ea l thy i n c ompa r ison t o t h e l a te r , t h e o ve ra l l p i c tu re d oe s n o t s e em t o i n d ica te p a r t icu la r ly g r ea t w ea l th o r h i gh s oc ia l s t a tu s a ta ny p e r iod . Q ua l i ta t ive ly t h en t h e l a te r l e ve l s s e em p oo re r a nd q uan t i ta t ive ly t h e s ame w ou ld s e em t ob e t r ue . T he o ve ra l l n umbe r s o f l a te r s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu ry p i ece s a r e r e la t ive ly s ma l l . T h is m ay w e l l r ef lec t a c hange i nt h e o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i t e . I ns umma ry , t h e p o t te ry s ugge s t s a n e conom ic a nd p e rhap ss oc ia ld ec l ine o nt h es i te a f te ra ni n i t ia lp e r iod o f r e la t ive p ro spe r i ty . I ti sn o t p o s s ib le t oa s ce r ta in f r om t h e c e ram ic e v idence w hen t h e a ppa r en t i n i t ia l p ro spe r i ty c ea sed , a l though e conom ic d e c l ine f r om t h e m id s e cond c en tury o nwa rd s i se v iden t f r om t h e s t ru c tu ra l s equence ( b e tween s t age s I I a nd I V ) . CHRONOLOGY A tP en t re F a rm t h ee i gh t s t age s o fd eve lopmen th ave t ob e a ccommoda ted w i th in ac ompa ra t ive ly n a r row t i me span . T he n umbe ro f s he rd s w h ich a r e o fu se i n

9 8

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he p o t te ry

d a t ing t h e s t ru c tu ra l s equence i sn o t a s h i gh a s o ne w ou ld w i sh a nd t h ed a t ing o f as t age i so f ten h eav i ly d ependen to n r e la t ive c h rono logy .

S co t land a nd ad a te o fi n t roduc t ion p r io rt o cAD 1 70 s e ems i mp robab le . S t age V Is hou ld ,t h e ref o re ,d a te t o t h e l a te s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu r ie s , o rl a t e r .

S t age I . T he s am ian e v idence s ugge s t s o ccupa t ion n ea r t h e

S t age V I I . T he h i gh p ropo r t ion o fr e s idua l m a te r ia l i nt h is s t age

e xcava ted s i t ef r om cAD 9 0 ,a nd i ss uppo r ted b o th b y t h e l a rge n umbe ro fl a te f i r s t t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry c oa r se p o t te ry v e s se l s p re sen to n t h e s i te , a nd b y t h e d a te o ft h em a te r ia lf r om e a rl ie re xcava t ion sa tP en t re F fw rndan ( s ee b e low p 1 20 ) . T he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e c omp lex c anno t ,h oweve r ,d a t ef r om a se a r ly a s AD 9 0 b e cau se a mong s t t h e s ma l l a moun t o f m a t e r ia l f r om S t age Iw e re s he rd so fB lack -bu rn ished w a r e ( no s2 6 7 )a nd C en t ra lG au l i sh s am ian ( no ti lus t ra ted )o ff o rm 3 5 . B lack -bu rn ished w a re i su n l ike ly t oh ave b een i mpo r ted i n to t h e a r ea i nq uan t i ty b efo re cAD 1 20 . T he re fo re ,i fn o s2 6 -7 d ob e long t ot h ei n i t ia lc ons t ruc t i on o ft h ec omp lex , i tw a sp robab ly b u i l ta f te r cAD 1 20 . A ne a r ly H ad r ian ic d a t e f o r S t age Im ay , t h e re f o re , b e s ugge s ted .

m ay b e n o ted . N o 1 90 i s , h oweve r , p robab ly e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . T he re a r e an umbe ro f much l a te rp i ece s i nt h ed emo l i t ion d epo s i t( no s 2 30 -33 , 2 50 )a nd t h e se p robab ly r ef lec tl a te ra c t iv i ty o no rn ea rt h es i te . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e p o t te ry f r om t h e s i te s hou ld o rc ou ld p re -da te cAD 2 60 .

S t age I . T he l a te s t p i ece s f r om t h is s t age ( no s 3 2 , 3 5 -6 ) a r e H ad r ian ic -An ton ine b u tn one n eed n ece s sa r i ly b el a te r t h a t H ad r ian ic . T he a s semb lage i s c ompa ra t ive ly s ma l lb u ts eems s im i la rt ot h a tf ound o nm i l i ta ry s i te s t h ough t t o h ave b een a bandoned a tt h e t i me o f t h e A n ton ine a dvance i n to S co t land .

p i ece sb u td i f f e r sl i t t le f r om t h ep i c tu re a l ready o f f e red a bove . S he rd sw h ich a r ed ef in i te ly l a te rt h an cAD 2 40 a r e v e ry f ew i n deed a nd t h e e nd o fm a jo ro ccupa t ion o n t h e s i te m ay h ave o ccu red a t a bou t t h is t i me ,

S t age I I . T he re i so n ly as ma l la moun to fp o t te ry f r om t h i ss t age , b u t i tm ay b e c on s ide red t o ge the rw i th t h a t f r om t h e S t age I I I Im idden ( no s3 7 -47 )a nd t h es he rd sf r om t h e d emo l i t ion b e tween S t age sI Ia nd I V( no s5 8 -69 ) . T he l a te s t p i ece s a r e f r om ac on s t ruc t iona l c on tex t s ( no s 5 1 -3 )a nd d a te t ot h em id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry . N o6 4 f r om d emo l i t ion i sl a te s e cond -ea r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . T he se s ugge s tt h a tt h i ss t age m ay b eo fA n ton ine d a te . S t age I V . T h i ss t age i n c lude ss ome A n ton ine p i ece s( no s8 0 ,8 5 , 9 0 ) a nd an umbe r w h ich a r ee i the r l a te r H ad r ian ic o r A n ton ine ( no s 8 6 , 9 4 ) . Al a te s e cond c en tu ry d a te i s l i ke ly .

S t age V I I I . T he m a te r ia l f r om S t age V I I I may b e g rouped w i th t h a t f r om t h e V I I -V I I I a ccumu la t ion i nt h ed i t che s t o t h ew e s to ft h ec omp lex . N o2 60 i sp robab ly m id t h i rd c en tury o rl a t e r . T he re i sn o th ing t os ugge s td ef in i te S tage V I I Ia c t iv i ty a f te rt h ee a r ly t om id t h i rd c en tu ry . U ns tra t if ied . T he u ns t ra t if ied m a te r ia l i n c lude s an umbe r o f l a t e r

a l though s ome s o r t o f a c t iv i ty o n r e duced s ca le i s i mp l ied b yt h ef ew l a te rp i e ce sp re sen ta nd b yt h ep i t f i l l 6 / 21 ( no s 2 94 -8 ) .

CONCLUS IONS T he c e ram ic e v idence i st o o i mp rec ise t oa l low a ny e xac t d a t ing o f t h e s t ruc tu ra l s t age s a tP en t re F a rm . T he t o ta l t i me span , h oweve r , i sn o t l a rge : s e t t lemen t n ea r t h e s i te i su n l ike ly t oh ave o ccu red o u t s ide t h e p e r iod cAD 9 0 -c3 00 a nd t h eb u i ld ing c omp lex i t se lf s e ems t ob e long t ot h ep e r iod cAD 1 20 -240 . O n t h e e v idence o f f e red , i ts e em s p o s s ib le t o s ugge s t t h e f o l low ing d a te s : S tage s I H I e a r ly t om id o rl a te s e cond c en tury S t age s I V -V I I l a te s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry S t age V I I I

e a r ly t om id t h i rd c en tu ry

S t age V . C o lou rc oa ted w h i t ew a re sf r om C o logne o rt h eN ene V a l ley ( no 1 36 )f i r s ta ppea ri nt h i sS t age . N o s1 09 a nd

CATALOGUE

12 a r ea l so l i ke ly t od a te f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e s e cond o re a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry .

S o i lc ond i t ions a ppea rt oh ave h ad s ome e f f ec to n t h e c oa r se p o t te ry f r om P en t re F a rm . S u r f a ce s a r e o f t en s omewha t e r oded a nd i ti sn o t a lways p o ss ib le t o

S t age V I .

d e sc r ibe o r ig ina l s u r f a ce t r ea tmen t . Mo s to f t h e p o t t e ry i sf a i r ly h a rd ( j e i to f f e r s s ome r e s i s tance w hen

T he l a te s t p i ece s f r om t h i s s t age a r e n o s 1 38 o f l a te s e cond -ea r ly t h i rd c en tury ( f rom a c on s t ruc t ion o r i mmed ia te ly p o s t -con s t ruc t ion l a ye r )a nd 1 47 a nd 1 50 ( f rom o ccupa t ion l e ve ls ) , b o th o f m id t ol a te s e cond

s c ra tched w i th t h e f i nge r n a i l , 2 . 5 o n Moh 's s ca le o f h a rdne s s ,a nd af a b r ic i so n ly d e scr ibed a ss o f to rh a rd w hen i tv a r ie s m a rked ly f r om t h is n o rm ) .

c en tu ry . T he t y pe o fd i sh w i th d eve loped i n te r sec t ing

An umbe r o f t h e m o re c ommon f a b r ic s h ave b een

a r cd eco ra t ion d oe sn o ts e em t ob ep re sen ti nA n ton ine

d e sc r ibed i nt h e i n t roduc to ry s e c t ion s . O the r f a b r ic s

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

t e x t . A l l o t he r f a b r ic s c an b e c on s ide red t oc on ta in s ome f i l le ru n le s so t he rw ise s t a ted . A l l f a b r ic s w h ich a r ec oa r se rt h an B la ck -bu rn ished w a re C a tego ry 1a r e

f o rm 3 7 w i th a n o vo lo p robab ly b y A lbuc iu s i a nd i so n ab u rn tb ow lf r om t h e Wroxe te rf o rum .

d e sc r ibed a s ' c oa r se ' . A l l i t em s a r e f r om t h e c omp lex u n le s s o t herw i se s t a ted .

1 976 -7 ) T he f o l low ing s upe r f ixe s a r e u sed . 1 .S t amp s r e co rded f r om t h e f a c to ry i nq ue s t ion . 2 .O the rs t amp s o ft h e s ame m an r e co rded t h e re . 3 .A s s igned t ot h ep roduc t ion c en t re o n t h e g round s o ff a b r ic a nd /o r d i s t r ibu t ion . 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

F o rm 2 7 s t amp ed B IRA (C ) ILL I . B i rag i l lu s i 7 a . L e s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re ' . T he s t amp w a so n ly u sed o nc up s ,a nd o ccu r s i nt h eg roup s f r om t h e L ondon S e cond F i re . S i nce o t he rs t amp s o fh i s c ome f r om C a t te r ick a nd I l k ley ,h ec l ea r ly w o rked cAD 1 00 -25 . ( 0 / 12 a nd 0 / 80 , p o s t -demo l i t ion b e twe en S tage s V I I a nd V I I I ) . F o rm 2 7s t amped F CO . IV .A ? )C o ( s iu s ? )I u cundu s 4 a . L a G rauf e senque 3. OFCO . IV w a s c l ea r ly i n tended ,a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h es t amp i sf r om ab roken d i e . T he p o t t e r 's r e co rd i sb a s ica l ly F lav ian ,a nd i n c lude ss i te ss uch a sC ae r leon a nd N ews t ead . c AD 7 5 -100 . ( 10 /75 , d emo l i t ion b e twe en S tage s I I a nd I V ) . F o rm 2 7s t amped DO CF . D onnaucu s5 a . L e s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re ' . D onnaucu s w a s o ne o f t h e p o t te r sw ho se w o rk ( i nc lud ing t h i ss t amp )a ppea r s i nt h eL ondon S econd F i re g roup s . T h is p a r t icu la r o ne h a sa l so b een n o ted f r om Mahon ( p re sumab ly b e fo re AD 1 25 ) . cAD 1 00 -25 . ( F rom t o p so i l a bove t h e y a rd n o r th o ft h ec omp lex ) . D ish s t amped OFP V I . P au l lu s i i 3 a . L a G rauf e senque 2.T h is s t amp i sk nown f r om s i te s s uch a sC ae r leon ,C a t te r ick ( two e xamp le s )a nd t h eS aa lbu rg . O the rs t amp sa ppea ra tC o rb r idge a nd W i lde r spoo l , b u t a s t h e re i sa l so o ne f r om R i ss t is sen a nd ,a sh em ade f o rm 2 9 , ad a te cAD 7 0 -95 i sl i ke ly . ( F rom t o p so i l a bove R oom 2 8 ) . F o rm 2 7s t amped [ P .AVL ]VS M r e t r . P au l lu si v 1 0a . L ezoux 2.T h i s i so ne o ft h e l e s s c ommon s t amp s o ft h e p o t te r w ho se d eco ra ted w a re h a s a s so c ia t ion sw i th t h ee a r ly w o rk o fC innamu s I to ccu r s i nt h e B i rdo swa ld A l ley g roup . H i s p l a in w a re s t amp s a r e o t he rw ise k nown i n t h e g roup s f r om t h eC a s t le fo rd P o t te ry S hop ( o ft h e 1 40 s )a nd V e ru lam ium S econd F i re ( c AD 1 55 6 0 ) . cAD 1 35 -160 . ( 4 /22 ,f r om t h ew e s to ft h e c omp lex , S t age V I I o fl a t e r ) . F o rm 3 8 s t amped S AC [ERO M ] ( I I I ) . S ace ro l a . L ezoux 3.T h is s t amp w a s u sed o nf o rm s 1 8 / 3 1-31 ,1 8ß1R ,2 7 ,3 1 ,3 3a nd 3 8 ,a nd t h e re i so ne

9 9

e xamp le f r om t h eN ew ton K yme v i cu s . S ace ro m ay o n ly h ave u sed t h is o ne d i e , b u t t h e re a r e r epo r t s( unve r if ied )o fa no the rs t amp f r om B i r ren s a nd o ne o n f o rm 7 9 . I tw a s u sed o n t h e r im o f

( e g B lack -bu rn i shed w a re , S ever n V a l ley w a re ) a r e a dequa te ly d e sc r ibed i nt h el i t e ra tu re r e f e r red t oi nt h e

T he s am ian s t amps ( F ig 3 4 ) ( BRH & BMD ,

T he p o t te ry

c AD 1 50 -80 . h ouse ) .

( F rom t op so i l a bove t h e b a th -

D ecora ted s am ian ( F ig 3 4 ) ( PV W , 1 976 -7 ) 7 . F o rm 3 7 .S ou th G au l i sh .B a sa lp o r t ion a nd s ome f l ake s , s how ing p ane l d eco ra t ion s epa ra ted b y w avy l ine b o rde r s . T he p ane l s c on ta in f r om l e f t t o r i gh t : t h e f e e t o f a( ? )danc ing f i gu re o ve r s t y l ised g r a s s ; t h e d og 0 .1994 ; ap a i r o f f e e t , p robab ly p a r to ft h eD iana ,0 .104 . T he t wo l a t te r f i gu re s o ccu r t o ge the r o n av e sse l f r om L a

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

G rauf e senque ( He rme t1 934 ,p l .8 7 ,3 ) . cAD 8 0 10 . ( 4/ 1a nd 0 / 42 , w e s t o ft h e c omp lex , S t age V I I o rl a t e r ) . F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l i sh . F ou r j o in ing p i ece s s how ing a no vo lo w i th t r ip le t i pped t o ngue a bove aw avy l i ne . T he d eco ra t ion s hows t h e b oa r , 0 .1670 a nd p a r to ft h ed og ,0 .2039 W ,s epa ra ted b y as t y l i sed b u sh . B e low i s ab a sa l w rea th c ompo sed o ft r ip le l e ave s( Kno r r1 919 ,2 5 ,T ex tb . 1 2 ,t o pr ow ,e x t reme r i gh t ) . A l lt h em a in e l emen t s a r e u sed b y G ermanu s ( c f K no r r 1 919 , T a f 3 4 , 2 4 -5 f o rt h e f i gu re t ype s ; K no r r 1 952 , T a f2 8 ,F f o rt h eb u sh ;a l so H erme t 1 934 ,p l . 1 00 , 1 9 ) . F o r t h eg ene ra ls t y le s e eJ a cob s 1 912 ,T af 1 ,2 . cAD 8 0 -110 . ( 10 / 100 , m idden b eyond R ooms 2 3 -4 , p o s s ib ly o f S t age I ,I I I I e l sewhe re ) . ( No ti lu s t ra t ed ) . F o rm 3 7 . S ou th G au l ish .F ou r f r agmen t s f r om t h es ame v e s se l . T he se s how a n o vo lo w i th t r ip le t i pped t o ngue ,w avy l ine b o rde r s , af r agmen ta ry f i gu re , s t ag a nd l e a f mo t i f . cAD 8 0 -110 . ( 9 / 35 ,d emo l i t ion o fS ou th R ange b e tween S t age s V I a nd V I I ) . F o rm 3 0 . C ent r a l G au l ish . L owe r p a r t o f a d eco ra t ive p ane l , s omewha t s mudged , b u t i n c lud ing aw avy l ine b o rde ra nd o ppo sed d oub le l e ave s ( po s s ib ly R oge r s ' , G .365 ) ; o ne b o rde r

1 .

m ay e nd i n ab eaded c up . S&S ( p l 3 9 , 4 60 ) s how s t h e u se o ft h i s p a r t icu la r c omb ina t ion o f s t amp s b y o ne o f t h e mou ld make r s s upp ly ing I o ena l is ( Roge r s , X -12 ) c AD 1 00 -20 . ( 0 / 1 , d emo l i t ion d eb r i s p o s t -S tage V I I I ) . ( No ti l us t ra ted ) . F o rm 3 7 . C en t ra lG au l ish . T he f r agmen t c on ta in s ab eaded c i r c le u sed a s a n o vo lo ( c f S&S , 3 5 , f i g 1 0 , 1 ; p l3 5 ,4 13 ; p l4 0 , p a ss im )c ha rac te r i s t ic o fo ne o ft h e mou ld m ake r s s upp ly ing I o ena l i s ( Roge r s ' , X -12 ) . cAD 1 00 -

1 2 .

2 0 . ( Top so i l a bove t h e b a th -house ) . ( No t i lus t ra ted ) . F orm 3 7 . C en t ra l G au l ish . R im a nd as ma l lf r agmen to fo vo lo . T he o vo lo i s i n comp le te b u t p robab ly t h e s ame a s R oge r s B 38 ( a t t r ibu ted t oh i s p o t te r X -9 , t h e Mede tu s R an t° s t y le o f S&S ) . T ra jan ic -Had r ian ic . ( 0 /80 ,

1 00

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he p o t tery

( 1 M 17 \ 1 3 )

1K - a r

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F igure 3 4 : S am ian w are , s ca le 1 : 2

1 3 .

a t t r ibu te s h i s f i gu re t yp e 0 .93 t oC en t ra l G au l

t op so i l w e s to ft h ec omp lex ) . F o rm 3 7 . C en t ra lG au l i sh . Twe lve f r agmen t so f

a nd t h e s l igh t ly d i f f e ren t 0 .93a t oE a s t G au l ; h oweve r ,h ea l so e qua te s0 .93 w i th D .5 6 ,w he rea s

t h es ame b ow l . T he o vo lo i sC innamu so vo lo 3 a ( S imp son a nd R oge r s 1 969 , f i g 1 ,1 ) . B e low i s p ane l d eco ra t ion w i th in b eaded b o rde r s . F rom l e f t t o r i gh t t h e d e co ra t ion c ons i s t s o f : V enu s o ve r am a sk ,0 .310 ( a ppa ren t ly u sed b yD iv ix tu s ; c f S&S , p l 15 , 2 , 3 ) ; as t and ing m a le n ude , 0 .93a ( D .56 ) ; t h re e d o lph ins ( 0 .2401) p l a ced n o se t ot a i lv e r t ica l ly ,s oa st or e semb le av e r t ica l s c ro l l ; as ea b u l l , 0 .42 w i th in ah a l f -meda l l ion ( Roge r s ' ,F 7 ,a s s igned b yh im t oC r ic i ro ) ;a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f ar epe t i t ion o f t h e s equence . F o r d o lph ins u sed a s a' s c ro l l ' c f S&S , p l 1 55 , 2 2 ( Pugnu s ) . T he V enus t ype s e ems a l so t oh ave b e en u sed b y C en so r inu s a nd p o ss ib ly P a te rnu s ( c f S&S , p l 1 02 , 1 a nd p l 1 09 , 7 ) .

O swa ld

1 4 .

t h e Mche le t te t ype i sm uch c l o se r t o0 .93a . D . 5 6 i st a ken f r om aL ezoux mou ld . T he s e a b u l l a nd d o lph in s a ppea r i nt h e w o rk o f C innamu s , w h ich , t o ge the r w i th t h e e v idence o ft h e o vo lo , m ake s i tl i ke ly t h a t t h is i sa n e xamp le o f h i s w o rk . c AD 1 50 -70 . ( 0 / 11 , 0 / 34 , d emo l i t ion d ebr is a bove t h eb a th -hou se a nd f r om u ns t ra t if ied l e ve ls ) . ( No ti l u s t ra ted ) . F o rm 3 7 . C en t ra lG au l i sh . T he o vo lo i si n comp le te b u t i sp robab ly o vo lo 3 ao f C innamu s ( s e e n o 1 3 a bove ) . B e low i sa n i v y l e a f a l so u sed b y C innamu s ( Roge r s , . 1 ) a nd a b i rd w h ich a l so a ppea r si nh i sw o rk ( S&S ,p l1 62 , 6 1 ) . cAD 1 50 -70 . ( Top so i la bove t h ec omp lex ) .

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T he p o t t ery 1 5 .

( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . F o rm 3 7 . C en t ra lG au l i sh . A b eaded b o rde r w i th t h e s e ab u l l 0 .52a w i th in a m eda l l ion . 0 .52a w a s u sed b y an umbe r o f A n ton ine p o t t e r s ; o f t h e se ,Doeccu s u se s i ti n c omb ina t ion w i th t h e m eda l l ion ( c f S& S . p l 1 50 , 3 9 ,4 1) . cAD 1 60 -90 . ( Top so i la bove t h e c omp lex ) .

1 6 .

( No ti lu s t ra ted ) .F o rm 7 2 . ?C en t ra lG au l ish . A n umbe r o f f r agmen t s o f av e s se l o r v e s se ls d eco ra ted i n as imp le t e chn ique b e tween i n c ised l i ne s ( c f O swa ld a nd P ryce 1 920 , p l 7 7 , 4 ) . P robab ly l a te rs e cond c en tu ry . F rom p o s t -S tage V I I a nd u n s t ra t if ied ( 0 /34 , d emo l i t ion d eb r is a bove d i t che s w e s to ft h ec omp lex a nd f r om t h e t o p so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) .

P la in s am ian 1 7 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . F l agon t o p .

T he c oarse p o t tery ( F ig s 3 5 -45 ) ( PV W , DB & KFH , 1 976 -7 ) P re -comp lex 1 8 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) .

A l te ra t ion s i nS t age I F rom R oom 1 : 2 4 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . B a se f r agmen t a nd s hou lde r f r om a l amp o f L oe schke t ype V I I I ( o r l e s s p robab ly L oeschke t ype V ) . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly I t a l ian . L a te rf i r s tc en tu ry t om id s e cond c en tu ry AD ,b u t mo s tp robab ly T ra jan ic -Had r ian ic . ( 1 1 / 5 ) . ( D B ) . P os s ib ly o fS t age I F rom Y a rd 8 : 2 5 . F langed b ow l i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th r e eded r im ;C o rb r idge ( R ichmond a nd G i l lam 1 951 ) n o 2 5 ( T ra jan ic o re a r ly H ad r ian ic ) i so f t h e s ame g ene ra l t y pe . ( 7 /89 ) . 2 6 . L id i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re , o x id ised p ink o n t h es u r f ace . T he re i si n te rna lz i g -zag d eco ra t ion . S ee H o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 )n o 1 00 f o rt h ef o rm ;a l so

C en t ra l G au l i sh .

O swa ld a nd P ryce 1 920 ,p l LXXX I I I ,3 ;S t anf ie ld 1 929 , 6 7 -9 . ( Top so i l a bove t h e b a th -hou se ) .

Mo r ta r ium f l ange i no r ange

f a b r ic w i th ag rey i sh c o re . T he mo r ta r ium w a s p o s s ib ly made a tW i lde r spoo la l though t h ef a br ic c on ta ins v ery l i t t le s andy m a te r ia l . S ome g r i th a s b een s ca t te red o n t op o ft h ef l ange . T h is v e s se l w a sp robab ly m ade i nt h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 4 / 17 ) . ( K FH ) . S t age I F rom R ooms 1 : 1 9 . B ow li no range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . I th a s b een mode l led t o r e semb le a m e ta l b ow l w i th l o op h and le ss e cu r ing m e ta lr i ngs . F o rt h es ame mo t i fc fG i l lam 1 970 ,t y pe 1 74 ;a l so H a r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 , n o 4 0 . B o th e xamp le s c i ted a r e l i ke ly t ob eo ft h e s e cond c en tury . ( 1 1/9 ) .

2 7 .

F rom al a ye rs ea l ing t h ep a r t i t ion b e tween 1 / 11a a nd 1 2 / 12a : 2 2 . F langed b ow l w i th r e eded r im i n h a rd g r ey f a b r ic ; c fG r ime s 1 930 , 8 5 . O ne o ft h eF lav ian T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 1 1[ 10 ) . 2 3 . F langed b ow l w i th r e eded r im i n l i gh t g r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . O ft h es ame t y pe a sn o2 2 . ( 1 1/ 70 ,w i th af r agmen tf r om 1 /73 , s e ea bove ) .

Wa l la ce a nd Web s te r f o r thcom ing . ( 7 /89 ) . ( No ti l u s t ra ted ) . Wa l ls he rd o f aB la ck -bu rn i shed w a r e j a r w i th a cu te -ang led l a t t ice d eco ra t ion . H ad r ian ic -An ton ine . ( 7 /89 ) .

S t age I F rom R oom 2 4 : 2 8 . F langed b ow l i nm id -g rey f a b r ic w i th ad a rke r g rey s u r f ace . O ne o ft h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s ; c fG i l lam 1 970 ,n o2 15 f o rt h eg ene ra lt y pe . ( 10 / 9 6 ) . F rom R oom 7 3 : 2 9 . O ne o f t wo f l anged b ow l s i n l i gh t o r ange / red f a b r ic o f C he sh i re P la in o r ig in ; c f D eane ry

3 0 .

3 1 . 3 2 .

F ie ld , C he s te r ( D roop a nd N ew s tead 1 928 ) p l XL I I , 6 a . O ne o f t h e F lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 10 /80 ) . J a ri np i nk C he sh i r eP la in f a b r ic w i th g rey s u r f ace ; W i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ) n o 9 h a s s im i la r i t ie s . ( 10 / 74 ) . J a ri np i nk C he sh i re P l a in f a b r ic w i th g r ey s u r f ace . ( 10 /74 ) . J a r i ng r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . T he f o rm i s r em in iscen to fB la ck -burn ished j a r so fH ad r ian ic A n ton ine d a te . ( 101 74 ) .

F rom t h ep a r t i t ion b e tween R oom s 1 a nd 1a ,s ea led b y aS tage I f l oo r : 2 0 . J a ri nm id -g rey f a b r ic ;c f Wh i tchu rch ( J one sa nd Web s te r 1 968 )n o 1 35 ( p re -Had r ian ic ) . ( 1 1f 73 ) . 2 1 . J a ri ng rey C he sh i r eP la in f a b r ic . ( 1 1( 73 ) . F rom t h e s ame c on tex t c ame a f r agmen t o f t h e t h e s ame v e s se la sn o2 3 . ( 1 1/73 )

1 0 1

3 3 .

L id i nC he sh i re P l a in f a b r ic v a ry ing f r om p ink t o g r ey . ( 10 /74 ) .

F rom R ooms 2 4 -5 : 3 4 . F langed b ow li ng r ey f a br ic . O ne o ft h eF lav ian T ra jan ic s e r ies . ( 1 1/51) . 3 5 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -burn ished w a re ; c fG i l lam ( 1970 ) n o 3 07 , AD 1 20 -60 . ( 1 1/51) . 3 6 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ; c fG i l lam ( 1976 ) n o 6 1 , m id s e cond c en tury . ( 1 1/51 ) . S t age I o rI I F rom m idden n o r th o fR ooms 2 4 a nd 2 5 : 3 7 . F lagon i no range -buf ff a br ic w i th ac r eam c o lou r c oa t . c fG i l lam 1 970 , t y pe 5 . AD 10 -50 . ( 10 /

1 02

3 8 .

3 9 . 4 0 .

4 1 . 4 2 .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

T he p o t tery

1 00 ) . J a r i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re o r r e la ted f a b r ic . T he c o re h a s i n c lu s ion su pt o c2mm i nl e ng th ; c fG i l lam 1 970 ,t y pe 1 20 . AD 1 20 -60 . ( 10 / 100 ) . J a ri nl i gh tg rey f a b r ic . ( 10 / 100 ) . J a r i n o range -bu f f f a b r ic , w i th t r ace s o f m ica d us t ing . P e rhap s aH o l t p roduc t . T he s hape s ugge s t s al a te f i r s to re a r ly s e cond c en tu ry d a te . ( 10 / 100 ) . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Wa l ls he rd o fj a ri no f f -wh i t e f a b r ic ; p o s s ib ly aH o l tp roduc t . ( 10 / 100 ) . F langed d i sh i no range -buf ff a b r ic , p robab ly o f C he sh i re P la in o r ig in ; c fH o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 )n o 1 39 . L a te f i r s t o re a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry .

4 4 .

( 10 / 100 ) . F langed b ow li nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ;p robab ly o ne o ft h eH ad r ian ic -An ton ine s e r ie s . ( 10 / 100 ) . F langed b ow li nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re .H ad r ian ic -

4 5 .

A n ton ine ; c f C o rb r idge ( Fo r s t e r a nd K now le s 1 912 ) n o 7 9 . ( 10 / 100 ) . B ow l i nr ose -p ink f a b r ic b u rn ta nd f i red g rey i n

4 3 .

4 6 . 4 7 .

p l aces .T he r im a ppea r st ob es omewha td i s to r ted . ( 10 / 100 ) . L id i no range -bu f ff a b r ic ,p robab ly o fC he sh i r e P la in o r ig in . ( 10 / 100 ) . T h ree f r agmen t sf r om t h es ame mo r ta r ium a sn o 2 14 b e low . Manufa c tu red i n No r th Wa le s o r C he sh i re . F lav ian . ( 10 / 100 ) . ( K FH ) .

S t age I ,I o rI I F rom t h e w e s to ft h e c omp lex : 5 4 . F l anged b ow lw i th r e eded r im i nl i gh tr ed C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . O ne o ft h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 4 /5 ) . 5 5 . B ow l i nl i gh tr ed C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 4 /5 ) . 5 6 . 5 7 .

D emo l i t ion b e tween S t ages I Ia nd I V F rom d eb r is b enea th C o r r ido r 3 3 : 5 8 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . R em in iscen to fH ad r ian ic A n ton ine j a r si nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re a nd p os s ib ly o f as im i la rd a te . ( 5 / 19 ) . 5 9 . C on ica l c up i no f f -wh i te f a b r ic w i th r ou le t ted d e co ra t ion . AH o l t f i ne w a re ; c fG reene 1 977 , f i g 5 8 .1 ,n o2 . ( La te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 7 1 75 ) . Ia mg r a tefu lt oD r KG reene f o r e xam in ing t h i s p i e ce p r io r t ot h e a ppea rance o f h i s a r t ic le . 6 0 . F langed b ow l o rd i sh i nB la ck -bur n ished w a re ;

S t age I I F rom R oom s 1 a nd /o r 1 2

6 1 .

4 8 .

6 2 .

Two j o in ing p i e ce sf o rm ing a lmo s t aq ua r te ro fa w o rn mo r ta r ium i nf i ne t e x tu r ed ,p a le b rown ish c r eam f ab r ic w i th w h i te a nd g rey f l in tt r i tu ra t ion g r i t ; al i t t le g r i ti sa l so s ca t te red o ve rt h ef l ange . T he f o rm i sr ep re sen ta t ive o f at ype o f mo r ta r ium k nown a s B u she -Fox 2 6 -30 ( Bu she -Fox 1 913 , f i g 1 9 ) ,f ound i ns ma l ln umbe r sa l lo ve rB r i ta in . T hey w e r e a lmo s t c e r ta in ly i mpo r ted . T he re i s c on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion i n t h e f o rms , a nd t h e s i gn if i cance o f t h e se d i s t inc t ions i sn o t c l ea r . T he o ve ral d a te f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f t h i s

4 9 .

u n s tamped f o rm i sAD 8 0 -120 .T hey a r es ome t ime s v e ry t o ugh v e s se l sa nd c ou ld w e l lh ave r ema ined i nu se f o r al o ng t ime . ( 1 1/6 ) . ( K FH ) . L id i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re . S ee n o 2 6a bove . ( 1 1/38 ) .

6 3 .

6 4 . 6 5 .

F rom R oom 1 7 : J a ri nl i gh tg r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 1 1/30 ) . 6 7 . F rom A l ley 7 : 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 3 .

J a ri nB lack -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o 2 ,m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 1/40 ) . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o 2 ,m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 1/40 ) J a ri nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 970 ,n o 4 ,l a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 1/40 ) .

c fG i l lam 1 970 , n o 3 07 . AD 1 20 -60 . ( 7 /80 ) . J a rw i th l i d sea t ing i nf awn -g rey f a b r ic w i th g rey s u r f a ce . ( 7 /88 ) . T azza i nl i gh tr e d f a b r ic . T he t ype w a s m ade a t b o th H o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 , n o s 2 13 -4 ) a nd W i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ,n o 5 9 ) a nd t h is i sp robab ly aC he sh i re P la in p roduc t . ( 7 / 8 8 ) . Mo r ta r ium i nc r eam f a b r ic . T he t ype i sd i scu s sed mo re f u l ly f o r n o 1 49 b e low . Made i nG a l l ia B e lg ica , p e rhap s i nt h eP a s d e C a la i s , cAD 7 0 1 00 . ( 7 /88 ) . ( K FH ) .

6 6 . 5 0 .

J a r i nl i gh t b rown C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th a d a rke rs u r f ace . ( 12/15 ) . B ow l i n l i gh t g r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce ; c f H e ronb r idge ( Ha r t ley a nd K a ine , 1 954 ) n o 5 9 f o r as im i la r v e s se l b u t i na d i f f e ren tf a b r ic . T he P en t r eF a rm e xamp le may b eo fW i lde r spoo l o r ig in . P robab ly l a t e f i r s t t o m id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 / 15 ) .

6 8 . 6 9 .

J a ri nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o 5 . L a t e s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . ( 7 /88 ) . B ow li nl i gh tr ed f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o re a nd d a rk g rey s moo thed o rb u rn ished s u r f ace . P o s s ib ly a t e r ra n i g ra d e r iva t ive w h ich h a sb een b u rn t . F o r t h et e r ra n i gra t y pe s e eG reene 1 979 , f i g4 7 ,n o 3 4 . ( 10 /92 ) . D ish i nl i gh tr e d f a b r ic ,p e rhap s aH o l tp roduc t ; c fG r ime s 1 930 ,n o 1 49 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 10 / 107 ) . S ha l low d i sh i n b u f f f a b r ic l i gh t ly b u rn i shed e x te r na l ly a nd w i th s oo t ing o n t h e r im ; c fH o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o s 1 32 -3 . L a te f i r s t t oe a r ly t o m id s e cond c en tury . ( 10 / 107 ) J a r i n B lack -bur n i shed w a re ; p e rhap s G i l lam 1 970 , n o 1 24 . AD 1 20 -60 . ( 1 1/63 ) . ( No t i lu s t r a ted ) . F langed b ow l i ng r ey f a b r ic . O ne o ft h e F l av ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 10 /75 ) .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 T he p o t te ry

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P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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F rom n o r th o ft h ec omp lex : 7 0 . 7 1 .

7 2 . 7 3 .

7 4 .

7 5 .

7 6 .

J a rr im i ns l igh t ly s andy f a br ic . ( 12 /22 ) . F langed b ow l w i th r eeded r im i no range f a b r ic ; p o s s ib ly aH o l tp roduc t ,c fG r ime s 1 930 , n o 8 0 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 /22 ) . J a r i no range C he sh i r eP la in f a b r i c . ( 12 /27 ) . F langed a nd r e eded r im b ow li no range C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ; c fH o l t( G r ime s 1 930 )n o8 7 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 /27 ) F langed b ow l w i th r e eded r im i n o range -buf f C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic ; c fH o l t( G r ime s 1 930 )n o 8 7 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 /20 ) . J a r i nl i gh t o range C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ; H o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 )n o6 5 i ss omewha ts im i la r . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 /21 ) . Mo r ta r ium i nf i ne tex tu red o range -b rown f a b r ic , w i th t i ny t r ace s o fw ha t m ay b e aR ae t ian s l ip ; w h i te q ua r tz t r i tu ra t ioh g r i t . T h i s w a sc e r ta in ly m ade i nt h eC he sh i re o rN o r th Wa le sa r ea ,p robab ly i nt h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 / 21 ) . ( K FH ) .

S t age I V F rom C o r r ido r 3 3 : 7 7 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o s5 4 -5 ,e a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 5 / 1 0 ) . 7 8 . D i sh i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ; G i l lam 1 976 , n o 6 8 ( e a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry ) r ep re sen t s t h e g ene ra l t ype . ( 5 / 10 ) .

H e ronb r idge ( Ha r t ley a nd K a ine 1 954 ) n o 6 6 . L a te f i r s t t oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . 1 9 ) .

( 1 1 /

A l tera t ions d ur ing S tage I V F rom C o r r ido r 3 3 : 8 8 . 8 9 .

J a ri nl i gh tg rey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 5 /5 ) . J a r i nf a i r ly s moo th l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic b u rn i shed

9 0 .

J a r i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re . P o s s ib ly G i l lam 1 976 , n o4 . L a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 5 /5 ) . F langed b ow l i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic . O ne o f t h e F lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 5 /5 ) . B ow l i no r ange -buf fC he sh i re f a b r ic w i th g rey c o re a nd w h i te s l ip . ( 5 /5 ) . L id i nd a rk g rey f ab r ic . ( 5 /5 ) .

o n t h e i n s ide o ft h er im . ( 5 /5 ) .

9 1 . 9 2 . 9 3 .

D emo l i t ion b e tween S t ages I Va nd V 9 4 . J a ri nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 970 ,n o 1 28 . AD 1 30 -80 . ( 9 /40 ) .

S t age V F rom C o r r ido r 5 1A : 9 5 .

9 6 .

J a ri nl i gh tg rey w a re b u rn i shed o nt h es hou lde r , a nd i n te rna l ly o n t h e r im ; c f G i l lam 1 970 , n o 1 03 . AD 8 0 -120 f o rt h eg ene ra l t ype . ( 2/ 16 ) B ow l i n o range -buf f f ab r ic , m ica -du s ted . A v e sse ls im i la rt oH e ronb r idge ( Ha r t ley a nd K a ine 1 954 )n o5 6a nd a l so o fH o l to r ig in s e ems p o s s ib le . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 2/ 16 ) .

F rom n o r th o ft h ec omp lex : 7 9 . J a ri ng r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 12 /24 ) . F rom R oom 3 0 : 8 0 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 n o5 9 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 /42 ) . F rom R oom 2 9 : 8 1 . J a rr im i ng rey f a b r ic . ( 6 / 58 ) . 8 2 . L id i ng rey f ab r ic . ( 6 /58 ) . 8 3 . J a ri nl i gh tg rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 6 /61 ) . F rom A l ley 7 : 8 4 . F lagon i no range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th g rey c o re a nd t r a ce s o f aw h i te s l ip ; c fH a r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 , n o 3f o r t h e g ene ra l t y pe . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 1/ 15 ) . 8 5 . F langed b ow li nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o 3 6 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 1/ 15 ) . 8 6 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Wa l l a nd b a se o f ad i sh i n B lack -bur n ished w a re ; p robab ly G i l lam 1 970 , n o 3 08 . AD 1 30 -80 . ( 1 1 / 15 ) .

F rom R oom 5 1 : 9 7 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Wa l l f r agmen t o f j a r w i th r u s t ica t ed d eco ra t ion . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond 9 8 .

c en tu ry . ( 2 /53 ) . L id i nC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic v a ry ing f r om l i gh t g rey t ol i gh tb rown ;c fG i l lam 1 970 ,n o3 39 . AD 8 0 -140 . ( 2 /53 ) .

F rom R oom 3 9 : 9 9 .

J a r i n l i gh t o range C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th t r ace so fw h i te s l ip ;c fH o l t( G r ime s1 930 )n o6 4 . T he s hape w ou ld b e s u i tab le f o r a` h oneypoe . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 9 / 15 ) . 1 00 . J a ri nl i gh tg rey f a b r ic . ( 9 /30 ) . 1 01 . F langed b ow l i nl i gh tg rey f a b r ic . N on jo in ing f r agmen t s f r om t h e s ame l e ve l ( r e s to red o n t h e d r aw ing )s ugge s tt h a tt h eb ow lw a sc a r ina ted a nd o ne o ft h e F lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 9 /30 ) . 1 02 . B ow l i nl i gh t b rown f a b r ic . P o s s ib ly a v e sse l r em in iscen t o f s am ian f o rms 2 9 a nd 3 0 w a s i n tended . ( 9 /30 ) .

F rom R oom 1 8 :

F rom Y a rd 8 :

8 7 .

1 03 . ( No t i lus t ra ted ) . Mo r ta r ium i nl i gh t r ed f a b r ic

( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . F ragmen t o f c up i n o r ange b uf ff a b r ic w i th t r ace so fm ica d u s t ing i n ter na l ly . T he v e sse l a ppea r s t o b e a n i m i ta t ion o f t h e s am ian f o rm 2 7 ; c fH o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o 1 66 ;

w i th w h i te a nd r e d t r i tu ra t ion g r i t s . B ody s he rd f r om av e s se lp robab ly m ade a tW i lde r spoo l . ( 9 / 4 4 ) . ( K FH ) .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 T he p o t tery

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n o9 1 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry .

c ou ld w e l l h ave r e semb led Manche s te r ( J one s a nd G r ea ley 1 974 )n o 1 56 ,a l though t h ef a b r ic i s d i f f e ren t . L a te f i r s t t o e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry

( 12 /32 ) . 1 05 . L id i nm id -g rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 12 /32 ) . 1 06 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ; c f

s e ems l i ke ly . ( 6 / 18 ) . 18 . P o r t ion o f ab ow l o r b eake r i n t h in f i ne b uf f f a b r ic , aH o l tf i ne w a re ;c fG r ime s 1 930 ,n o s 1 72

W i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ) n o 9 . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 /60 ) .

a nd 1 91 f o rp o s s ib le r e cons t ruc t ion a nd G r eene 1 977 , f o r d i scus s ion . L a te f i r s t t oe a r ly o rm id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 18 ) . 19 . Wa l ls he rd i ns im i la rw a re t on o 18 . O r ig ina l ly f r om av e sse ls uch a sH o l t( Gr imes 1 930 )n o1 74 ; c fn o 5 9 a bove . ( 6 / 18 ) . 1 20 . J a r i n h a rd o range f ab r ic , f i red g rey o n t h e s u r f a ce e x ter na l ly . G i l lam ( 1 970 , n o s 1 07 -8 ) i lu s t ra t e s t h e g ene ra l t ype . L a te f i r s t t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 19 ) . 1 21 . F langed b ow l w i th r e eded r im i nl i gh t o range -

F rom n o r th o ft h ec omp lex : 1 04 . B ow li np i nk -bu f ff a b r ic ; c fH o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 )

1 07 . F langed b ow l w i th r e eded r im i n l i gh t o r ange f a b r ic ;p robab ly aH o l tp roduc t ;c fG r ime s 1 930 , n o 8 3 . L a te f i r s t t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 / 6 1 ) . 1 08 . L id i ng rey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 12 /61 ) . 1 09 . D i sh i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ( BB1 ) . T he r im f o rm mo s t c l ose ly r e semb le s t h o se o f t h e l a te r h a l fo f t h e s e cond c en tu ry ( e g G i l lam 1 970 n o 3 10 , a l though t h a tv e s se l i si n BB2 ) . Mumr i l l s ( S tee r 1 960 -1 ) n o 1 8 ( m id s e cond c en tu ry ) h a s s im i la r i t ie s . ( 121 79 ) . 10 . J a ri nl i gh tr ed -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ;c fH o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o6 1 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 /84 ) . 11 . B e ake ri np a le o range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f ab r ic w i th t r ace s o f m ica d u s t ing e x te rna l ly . T he b eake r h a s b een d e co ra ted w i th t wo z one s o f r a ised b o s se sa ch ieved b y h o ld ing ar i ng o rt u be a ga in s t t h e o u t s ide o f t h e v e s se l a nd p u sh ing a ga in s ti tw i th af i nge rf r om i n s ide ( f inge rp r in t s s u rv ive o n t h e i n te r io ro fs ome b o s se s t op rove t h i s ) . T he r im a nd f ab r ic r e semb le D eane ry F ie ld , C he s te r ( D roop a nd N ew s tead 1 928 ) n o 2 3 . T he v e sse li sp robab ly aH o l tp roduc t . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry ? ( 12 /86 ) . 12 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re . T he r im a ppea r st o b es l igh t ly d i s to r ted a nd t h ea ng le o ft h ed raw ing h a sb een a r r ived a tb ye xam ina t ion o ft h es hou lde r a nd b u rn i sh ing ma rk s . P e rhap s f r om a v e s se l s im i la rt oG i l lam 1 976 ,n o 6( e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry ) , a l though as l igh t ly e a r l ie r i n i t ia l d a te w ou ld b e p o s s ib le . ( 12 / 18 ) . P os s ib ly o fS tage V F rom t h e f ounda t ion s o f t h e d iv id ing w a l l b e tween R ooms 4 3 a nd 4 4 : 13 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn ished w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o s 2 -3 . M id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 9 /46 ) . I s o la ted d epos i t si nt h eN or th W es tR ange ( S tage V ) F rom R oom 3 0 : 14 . F lagon i n f i ne l i gh t o range -buf f f a b r ic w i th a w h i te s l ip ; R ichmond a nd G i l lam 1 955 , n o 8 ( s econd h a lf o f s e cond c en tu ry ) i ss omewha t s im i la r . ( 6 / 18 ) . 15 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn ished w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o s 2 -3 . M id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 18 ) . 16 . Hanged d i sh i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o 5 . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 1 8 ) . 17 . B ow l i no range C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ; t h e f o rm

b uf ff a b r ic . T he f ab r ic h a ss pa r se s andy f i l le rb u t i sp robab ly a C he sh i r e P la in p roduc t ; c f H o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 )n o8 5 . L a te rf i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 19 ) . 1 22 . F langed b ow l o rd i sh i nB la ck -bu rn ished w a re . c f G i l lam 1 976 , n o 3 6 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . H ad r ian ic -An ton ine s e r ie s . ( 6/ 19 ) . 1 23 . F langed b ow l i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re , b u rn t a nd p a r t ia l ly o x id ized . T he l ow c hamf e r ( a s G i l lam 1 976 , n o 4 1) s ugge s t s ad a te l a te i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry s e r ie s . 1 24 . F lagon i n l i gh t r ed f a i r ly s moo th f ab r ic ; c f N o r thw ich ( J one s e t a l . 1 971 ) n o 1 0 ( w i th r e f e rence s ) . L a te f i r s t t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 10 /46 ) . 1 25 . R im p robab ly o f ad i sh i nl i gh tb rown C hesh i r e P la in f a b r ic w i th ag rey c o re ; c f H o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o s 1 29 -34 . L a te f i r s t t o e a r ly t o m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 10 /46 ) . F rom R oom 2 9 : 1 26 . Sma l l j a r o r f l a sk i n l i gh t r ed C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . Sma l l f l a sk s w e re b e ing made a t W i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ,n o s6 8 ) . T hey a ppea ri nt h en o r th i nt h e l a te f i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s( c fG i l lam 1 970 ,n o s3 6 -9 ) . ( 6 / 5 1 ) . 1 27 . J a r i nl i gh t b rown C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic , b u rn t g rey o n t h e r im . ( 6 /51) . 1 28 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ace . A b a sa l s he rd f r om t h e s ame l a ye r i sa ppa ren t ly f r om t h es ame v e s se la nd s how sl a t t ice d e co ra t ion , a sd o s he rd s f r om 6 / 58 ( po s s ib ly S t age V ) . A n e a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry d a t em ay b es ugge s ted . ( 6 /51) . 1 29 . F ou rf r agmen t s ,n one j o in ing ,b u tp robab ly f r om t h es ame j a ri nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re . T he a ng le a tt h e n eck v a r ie s c on s ide rab ly b u t t h e f o rm i s p robab ly t h a t r ep re sen ted b y G i l lam 1 970 , n o 1 29 . AD 1 40 -80 . ( 6 /51) . 1 30 . F langed d i sh i nl i gh tb rown C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 6 /51) .

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P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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1 31 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o5 9 . M id t os e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 /51) F rom R oom 3 6 : 1 32 . R im f r agmen ti no range -b rown f a b r ic w i th g rey c o re a nd d a rk g rey s u r f ace . ( 7 /46 ) . 1 33 . F langed b ow li nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o3 6 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 7 /52 ) . 1 34 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Twen ty -fou r f r agmen t s o f a r i ng -necked f l agon b roken b e low t h e r im . 6 9 ) .

( 7 /

1 35 . R oughca s t b eake r i n w h i te f ab r ic w i th b rown c o lou r c oa t . P robab ly a C o logne p roduc t ; c f A nde r son 1 981 ,f i g1 9 .1 ,n o 1f o rt h er im ,a l though t h e f o rm mu s t b e l a te a s V e ru lam ium ( F re re 1 972 ) n o 7 80 ( a t ype d a ted f r om c AD 1 50 -5 o nwa rd s ) ,a nd Mum r i l ls ( S te e r1 960 )n o7 9( m id s e cond c en tu ry ) . ( 7 /69 ) . 1 36 . L id i no range -buf f C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic b ur n t g rey i np la ce s . ( 7 /69 ) . S t age V I F rom Room 7 : 1 37 . F langed b ow l w i th r eeded r im i ng rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r fa ce e x te rna l ly a nd o n r im . O ne o ft h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 1 / 5 9 ) . F rom R oom 5 1 : 1 38 . D ish i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o7 7 . L a te s econd t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . ( 2 / 30 ) . I s o la ted d epos i ts i nt h eN or th Wes tR ange ( S tage V I ) F rom R oom 2 9 : 1 39 . J a ri nl i gh tg rey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 6 /54 ) . 1 40 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o3 6 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 /47 ) . 1 41 . L id i nl i gh tg rey f ab r ic . ( 6 /47 ) .

p l ace s . I nf i ne t ex tu red y e l low i sh c r eam f a b r ic w i th f l in tt r i tu ra t ion g r i t : t h eg r i tw a s c a r r ied u p t ot h eb ead a nd o ve rt h ef l ange . T he re a r et r a ce s o fc oncen tr ic s co r ing i n s ide a nd o n t h e f l ange . Mo r ta r ia o ft h i st ype w e re made i nG a l l ia B e lg ica , p e rhap si nt h eP a sd eC a la i s cAD 7 0 -100 ( Ha r t ley 1 977 ,G roup I ) . ( K FH ) . ( 1 1/64 ) . F rom R oom s 3 2 : 1 50 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 970 , n o 3 09 . AD 1 60 -200 . ( 7 /34 ) . 1 51 . J a r i n o range C he sh i r e P la in f ab r ic ; c f H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o 5 9 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 7 / 35 -6 ) . S t age V Io rl a t er 1 52 . F langed b ow l w i th r e eded r im i n g rey f a b r ic h eav i ly s oo ted o nt h e f l ange . O ne o ft h eF lav ian T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 12 /81) . F rom n o r th o ft h ec omp lex : 1 53 . F langed b ow l w i th r e eded r im i ng rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . O ne o f t h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 12 /8 ) . 1 54 . B ow lo rd i sh i nl i gh tg rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . P o s s ib ly av e s se lr em in is cen to ft h es am ian f o rm 3 7 w a s i n tended . ( 12 /8 ) . 1 55 . F lagon i nl i gh tr ed f a b r ic w i th o range -bu f fs u r f a ce a nd t r a ce so f aw h i te s l ip ;G i l lam 1 970 ,n o 5( AD 10 -50 ) r ep re sen t s t h eg ene ra l t ype . ( 12 / 12 ) . 1 56 . P o s s ib ly an e cked b ow li no range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 12 / 12 ) . 1 57 . B ow l i n l i gh t r ed C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . R em in i scen to ft h es am ian f o rm 3 7 ;c fHe ronb r idge ( Ha r t ley a nd K a ine 1 954 ) n o 5 8 ; H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 )n o s1 53 -4 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12/12 ) . 1 58 . F lagon i no range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th t r ace s o f aw h i te s l ip ; c fC o rb r idge ( R ichmond

F rom R oom 3 0 : 1 42 . B eake ri nl i gh to range f a b r ic . ( 6 / 13 ) . 1 43 . F langed b ow li nl i gh tg rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . O ne o ft h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 6 / 13 ) . 1 44 . F langed b ow li nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 976 n o4 1 . L a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 13 ) . 1 45 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o6 0 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 13 ) . 1 46 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . V e ry a b raded h em isphe r ica l b ow l i n l i gh t r ed -buf f C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ; r em in iscen to f s am ian f o rm 3 7 . ( 6 / 13 ) . 1 47 . D i sh i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o 5 2 . M id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6/ 13 ) . 1 48 . L id i np ink t of awn C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic b u rn t g rey o n t h er im . ( 6 / 13 ) . F rom e a s to ft h eb a th -house : 1 49 . Two j o in ing p i ece sf o rm ing a bou to ne q ua r te ro f t h e r im o f amo r ta r ium ( f o rm : G i l lam 1 970 , n o 2 38 ) w h ich h a s b een r i ve t ted i n a t l e a s t t wo

a nd G i l lam 1 955 ) n o 8( l a te s e cond c en tu ry ) ; M i leca s t le 4 8( G ib son a nd S imp son 1 911 )n o1 4 , ( f rom P e r iod I ) ; B i r r ens ( Robe r tson 1 975 ) f i g 7 5 ,3 . Am id o rl a te s e cond t om id t h i rd c en tu ry d a te m ay b e s ugge s t ed f o r t h e t y pe . ( 12/13 ) . 1 59 . J a ri nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 970 ,n o s 1 23 -5 . AD 1 20 -80 . ( 12 / 13 ) . 1 60 . B ow l i n l i gh t b rown C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . R em in iscen to ft h e s am ian f o rm 3 7 . ( 12 / 13 ) . 1 6 1 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Wa l lf r agmen t so f ar oughca s t j a r i n o r ange -buf f C he sh i re P la in f a b r i c ; c f W i lde r spoo l( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r1 973 )n o s2 3 3 3 . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12/13 ) . 1 62 . J a r i nl i gh tg r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 1 2 / 14 ) . 1 63 . F langed b ow li nB lack -burn ished w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o s3 5 -6 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . T he v e s se l h a sb een r e pa i red w i th ar i ve t . ( J o in ing f r agmen t s f r om 1 2/ 13a nd 1 2 / 14 ) . 1 64 . B ow lo rd i sh i nb u f fC he sh i r eP la in f a br i c . ( 12 / 1 4 ) .

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 T he p o t tery

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1 65 . L id i n p ink C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic w i th a g rey s u r f a ce . ( 12 / 14 ) . 1 66 . F langed b ow li ng r ey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic w i th ad a rke rs u r f ace . P re sumab ly o ne o ft h eF lav ian T ra jan ic f o rms b u t p e rhap s l a te i n t h e s e r ie s . ? Ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 / 11) . 1 67 . F langed b ow li nl i gh tr ed C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ; c fH o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o 1 39 . ? Ea r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 12 / 11 ) . L aye r 1 2 / 11 a l so c on ta ined a s he rd o f B lack -bu rn i shed w a re a nd p a r t o f a W i lde r spoo l r oughca s t b eake r . 1 68 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . B ow l i nr ed f a b r ic w i th g rey c o re a nd w h i te s l ip . A lmo s tc e r ta in ly p a r to ft h e s ame v es se la sn o9 2 . ( 2 /20 ) . 1 69 . B ow li nl i gh tr ed f a b r ic w i th a pp l ied h and le . T he f o rm r e semb le so ne c ommon i nt h eS eve rn V a l ley ; c f Web s te r 1 976 , n o s 1 45 -53 , a nd , a l though e xac t p a ra l le l s a r e l a ck ing , t h i s i sp robab ly a S eve rn V a l ley p roduc t . ( 2 /20 ) . 1 70 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Mo r ta r ium b a se ,b ur n t .P robab ly aWi lde r spoo lp roduc t . ( 4 / 3 ) . ( K FH ) . D emo l i t ion b e tween S tages V Ia nd V I I F rom t h ed e s t ruc t ion l e ve ls i nR ooms 1 -12 : 1 71 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . B ody s he rd o f ab ow l i nl i gh t o range red f ab r ic w i th p a tchy r ed c o lou rc oa t . A H o l tp roduc t . J o in sn o 1 84 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly t o m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 8 /37 ) . 1 72 . B eake r i n b rown C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic w i th d a rke rs u r fa ce . P robab ly aW i lde r spoo lp roduc t ; c fH a r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 , n o s 3 1-33 . E a r ly m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 8 /27 ) . 1 73 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . H and le f r agmen tf r om al amp o f L oe schke t ype V I I I . G au l i sh . L a te f i r s t c en tu ry t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 8 / 32 ) . ( D MB ) . 1 74 . J a ri no range -bu f fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 8 / 32 ) . 1 75 . R im i ng rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . P o s s ib ly p a r t o f aw ide -mou thed f l agon . ( 8 / 32 ) . 1 76 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o 3 . L a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 1/3 ) . F rom R oom 4 3 : 1 77 . J a ri ng r ey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 9 /35 ) . 1 78 . Hanged b ow l o rd i sh i nB la ck -bu rn ished w a re . O ne o ft h e H ad r ian ic -An ton ine s e r ie s . ( 9 / 35 ) . F rom R oom 4 4 : 1 79 . L id i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ; c f H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o 1 00 , f o r ac omp le te e xamp le o f t h e t y pe . A lso Wa l la ce a nd Web s te r f o r thcom ing . ( 1 /44 ) .

s i te e xcava ted i n1 976 a nd o ccup ied i n to t h el a te s e cond o r e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry (W il iam s a nd H inchc l i f f e , f o r thcom ing ) . ( 2 / 15 ) . 1 82 . Mo r ta r l ike b ow li nl i gh to range -buf ff a b r ic w i th g rey c o re . T h i s i sp robab ly a C he sh i re P la in p roduc t a l though t h e f ab r ic c on ta in s r e la t ive ly l i t t le s andy f i l le r . T he f o rm i sp re sumab ly r e la ted t o t h a t o f c on tempo ra ry mo r ta r ia a nd i s mo s t l i ke ly , t h e re fo re , t ob e o f s e cond c en tu ry d a te . ( 2 / 15 ) . F rom R oom 4 2 : 1 83 . F langed b ow l w i th r eeded r im i ng r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce . O ne o f t h e F lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . Mo r ta r i sa dhe r ing t o p a r t so ft h ev e s se l . ( 8 /28 ) . 1 84 . B ow l i nl i gh t o r ange red f a b r ic w i th r ed c o lou r c oa t . Av e s se lr em in iscen to ft h es am ian f o rm 3 7 w a sp robab ly i n tended . T h is i saH o l tp roduc t . I a m g ra te fu l t oD r PC a r r ing ton f o rc ommen t ing o n t h ep i ece . C fG reene 1 977 , n o 17 f o rs ome d i scu s s ion o fH o l tl ed -sl ipped f i ne w a re s . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . T h is v e s se lc on s i s t s o fs eve ra lj o in ing f r agmen t s ; f r om R oom 4 2 ( 8 / 2 4 ,t wo f r agmen t s ) ;R oom 4 5( 8 / 30 ) ,one f r agmen t ) ; f r om t h ed e s truc t ion l e ve ls i nR oom s 1 a nd 1 2 p r io rt oP ha se V I Ia nd af u r the rf r agmen t( 8 / 37 ) , c fn o 1 71 . F rom Y a rd 4 6 : 1 85 . F langed b ow l o rd i sh i no range t ol i gh t b rown f a b r ic . P e rhap s o ne o f t h e F lav ian -T r a jan ic s e r ie s . ( 1 /65 ) . F rom R oom 4 5 : 1 86 . B ow l i ng rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 8 / 12 ) . F rom R oom 4 0 : 1 87 . R oughca s tb eake ri nl i gh tb rown C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ; c f W i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ) n o2 4 . E a r ly m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 9 / 17 ) . 1 88 . Mo r ta r ium i nc oa rse l i gh tr e d f a b r ic w i th t r ace s o f ac r eam s l ip . Made i n Wa le so ri nt h eC he sh i re P la in . ( 9 / 17 ) . ( K FH ) . F rom C o r r ido r 5 1A : 1 89 . B eake r i ns moo th l i gh t g rey f a b r ic . B u rn i shed a bove t h e d eco r a t ion . ( 2 /21) . 1 90 . R im f r agmen to f af l anged a nd g rooved b ow l i n B lack -bur n ished w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 970 , n o 2 26 . AD 2 00 -240 . ( 2/ 12 ) .

S t age V I I F rom R oom 5 1 : 1 80 . B eake r i ns moo th o range -b rown f a br ic . ( 2/ 15 ) .

I s o la ted d epos i ts i nt h eN or th W es tR ange ( S tage V I I )

1 81 . W ide -mou thed j a ri no range -bu f fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . D e sp i te t h el i ke ly o r ig in o ft h ef a b r ic t h e

F rom C o r r ido r 3 : 1 91 . B eake ri nB lack -bur n i shed w a re b ur n tf r om g rey

f o rm i sr e la ted t ov e s se ls f ound mo s t f r equen t ly i nS eve rn V a l ley w a re ;c f Web s t e r1 976 ,n o s2 0 3 1 . S im i la rj a r sa r ef ound a tW i lde r spoo lo n t h e

t oo r ange e x te rna l ly ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o2 9 . M id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 5 /4 ) . 1 92 . D ish i nB lack -burn ished w a re . T he f a b r ic i sBB1

P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -81 T he p o t tery

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b u tt h ef o rm mo s tc l o se ly r e semb le st h a to f BB2 , e g G i l lam 1 970 , n o 3 10 , AD 1 50 -210 ; S tee r 1 960 -1 ,n o4 8 , ( m id s e cond c en tu ry ) . Ad a te i n t h es e cond h a lf o ft h es e cond c en tu ry s e ems t h e mo s tl i ke ly . ( 5 /4 ) 1 93 . R oughca s t b eake r i nl i gh t o range f a b r ic w i th a d a rk b rown c o lou rc oa t ;N o r th G au l i sh c fA nde r son 1 981 , f i g 1 9 .3 ,n o2 9 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 7 / 3 1-2 ) . 1 94 . L id i np ink -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 7 /31 -2 ) . F rom R oom 2 9 : 1 95 . B eake r i no range -b rown C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic ; c fW i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ) n o 2 3 . E a r ly m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 /46 ) . 1 96 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 6 /46 ) . 1 97 . J a ro rp o s s ib ly l a rge b eake r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a r e ; G ilam 1 976 , n o s 3 0 -1 , r ep re sen t t h e g ene ra l t ype . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 4 6 ) . 1 98 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o6 0 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 /46 ) . 1 99 . D i sh i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re . ( 6 /46 ) . F rom R oom 3 0 : 2 00 . J a ro rf l agon n eck i no range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f ab r ic w i th aw h i te s l ip . ( 6 / 12 ) . F rom R oom 3 6 : 2 01 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Wa l l f r agmen t o f b eake r i n b uf fw i th b rown c o lou rc oa t . P robab ly aC o logne p roduc t . P o s s ib ly f r om av e s se ls uch a sA nde r son 1 981 ,f i g 1 9 .1 ,n o 5o r 6( l a te f i r s tt ol a te s e cond c en tu r ie s ) . B u ts ee a l so C o rde r 1 96 1 ,f i g 1 8 ,n o s 3 -4 . A lmo s tc e r ta in ly l a t e rt h an cAD 1 60 . S e e n o2 29 b e low . ( 7 / 16 ) . 2 02 . D i sh i nl i gh tg rey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 7 / 16 ) . 2 03 . D i sh i no range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ,b u rn t o nr im . ( 7 / 16 ) . 2 04 . V e ry a b raded b ow l i nl i gh tg rey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 7 / 18 ) . 2 05 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . P a r to ft h e l owe rw a l lo f aj a r i np ink C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th d eco ra t ion o f s co red d i agona ll i ne s . T he s i xl i ne s c1mm w ide a nd 1 mm a pa r t w e re p robab ly s co red w i th a c omb . ( 7 / 19 ) . 2 06 . J a ri ns moo th g rey f a b r ic . ( 7 /23 ) . 2 07 . B ow li np ink -bu f fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . P robab ly o ne o f t h e s e r ie s r ep resen ted b y H o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o s 1 29 -37 . L a te f i r s t t o e a r ly t o m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 7 / 23 ) . F rom R oom 2 9 : 2 08 . J a ri ng rey f a b r ic . ( 6 /35 ) . 2 09 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 6 /35 ) . 2 10 . J a r i n b uf f f a b r ic p robab ly o f C he sh i re P la in o r ig in . T he re i sa no x id ized d epo s i to np a r to ft h e r im ( ?l e ad ) ; c fG i l lam 1 970 , n o 17 . AD 1 30 5 0 . ( 6 /35 a nd 6 / 36 ) .

2 11 . L id i ng rey C he sh i re P la in F ab r ic . ( 6 /36 ) . 2 12 . L id i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ; c fn o 1 79 a bove . ( 6 /36 ) . 2 13 . F l anged b ow li nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o3 4 . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 / 35 a nd 6 / 36 ) . 2 14 . Two j o in ing p i ece sm ak ing u pa bou t aq ua r te ro f al a rge h ook r immed mo r ta r ium i np u rp l i sh p i nk f a b r ic w i th b lue -g rey c o re . T he s u r fa ce i sf i red t oo r ange -b rown a nd t h e re a r et r ace so f ac r eam s l ip . T he re i sa bundan tw h i te q ua r tz t r i tu r a t ion g r i t . T he f a b r ic c on ta in s al o to fs andy m a te r ia l . T he v e ry d eep ly h ooked r im u ndoub ted ly p o in t s t o aF lav ian d a te . Manuf ac tu re i nN o r th Wa le si s p robab le . J o in s w i th n o 4 7 . ( 6 /36 a nd 8 0 ) . ( KF H ) . 2 15 . J a ri nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o 3 . L a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 /48 ) . F rom R oom 3 1 : 2 16 . L id i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re , c fn o 1 79 a bove . ( 7 / 103 ) . D emo l i t ion L ev e l s b e tween S tage s V I Ia nd V I I I ( s ea led o n ly b yp os t -med ieva l o rm od ern l a yer s ) . F rom p o s t -S tage V I I l a ye r s : 2 17 . J a ri nl i gh tr ed C he sh i re P la in F ab r ic . ( 0 / 38 ) . 2 18 . ( No ti lus t ra ted ) . L id i nl i gh tr e dC he sh i re P l a in F ab r ic . ( 0 / 38 ) . 2 19 . ( No t i l u s t ra ted ) . L id a sn o 2 16 . ( 0 / 39 ) . 2 20 . L id i n g rey C he sh i re P la in F ab r ic ; c f G i l lam 1 970 , n o 3 39 . AD 8 0 -140 . ( 0 /8 ) . 2 21 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . H and le f r om al amp o fL oe schke t ype V I I I ( o r l e s s p robab ly L oe schke t y pe V ) . A lmo s tc e r ta in ly I t a l ian . L a te f i r s tt om id s e cond c en tu ry AD a nd mo s tl i ke ly T ra jan ic -Had r ian ic . ( 0 / 12 ) . ( D M B ) . 2 22 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Two f r agmen t sf r om d i f f e ren t r oughca s tb eake r si nC o logne f ab r ic ( wh i te f a b r ic w i th g r ey -b rown c o lou rc oa t ) ;c fn o s2 0 1 a n2 29 . ( 0 / 12 ) . 2 23 . J a r i np i nk -bu f f C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . Al o op h and le r e semb l ing t h a tu sed o n ah oney p o th a s b een a f f ixed ' s ideways o n ' . I tc ou ld n o t h ave b een u sed t o t i e o n al i d b u t mu s t h ave a i ded l i f t ing . ( 0 / 12 ) . 2 24 . J a r i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re s oo ted o n r im ; c f G i l lam 1 970 ,n o s 1 32 -134 . M id s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tur ie s . ( 0 / 12 ) . 2 25 . B ow l i n g r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . T he re i s s ome r e semb lance i nf o rm t ot h e g r een -g lazed h em i sphe r ica lb ow l sp robab ly p roduced a tH o l t ; c f Wh i tchu rch ( J one sa nd Web s te r1 968 )n o s 1 45 a nd 1 45a . ( 0 / 12 ) . 2 26 . H amme rhead mo r ta r ium i no f f -wh i te f a b r ic ,b u rn t , p robab ly a f te r f r a c tu re . Ar e eded h amme rhead mo r ta r ium m ade i n t h e Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l p o t te r ie s cAD 2 30 -80 . As ma l lb ody s he rd f r om a Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l mo r ta r ium c ome s f r om

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t h e s ame l a ye r . ( 0 / 12 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 27 . Ampho ra s t oppe ri nl i gh tb uf ff a b r ic ;c fA tk in son 1 942 , n o A 14 f o r a n i lu s t ra t ion o fa n e xamp le f ound i ns i tu i nt h en e ck o f ag lobu la ra mpho ra . E xamp le sf r om t h eN e ron ian f o r t re s sa tU sk ( e g

2 28 . 2 29 .

2 30 .

2 31 .

f r om p i t DTZ ,d raw ing 3 530 i nt h eU sk a r ch ive ) d emon s t ra te t h a tt h i s t ype o fs t oppe rw a si nu se f r om a ne a r ly d a te . S ee a l so C o l l se ta l , 1 977 ,24 a nd 3 9 . ( 0 .12 ) . L id i ng rey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 0 / 12 ) . B eake r i n l i gh t p ink f ab r ic w i th b rown c o lou r c oa ta nd r oughca s td eco ra t ion .P robab ly aC o logne p roduc t ,s ee A nde r son 1 981 ,f i g 1 9 .1 ,n o 6( m id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry )a l so F re re 1 972 ,n o7 81 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 /26 ) . R eeded h amme rhead mo r ta r ium i n o f f -wh i te f a b r ic made i nt h e Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l lp o t te r ie s , p robab ly l a te rt h an AD 2 60 a nd p o s s ib ly i nt h e f ou r th c en tu ry . ( 0 1 26 ) . ( K FH ) . R im o fj a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . P o s s ib ly

p a r to f al a te j a rs uch a sG i l lam 1 976 ,n o s 1 2 -14 ( f ou r th c en tu ry ) . ( 0 7 35 ) . 2 32 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . F lange a nd p a r t o f w a l l o f a f l anged a nd r i dged b ow li nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ; G ilam 1 970 ,2 28 . AD 2 90 -370 . ( 0 /35 ) . 2 33 . J a r i n B lack -bu rn ished w a r e ; p o s s ib ly G i l lam 1 976 , n o 1 0 . L a te t h i rd c en tu ry . ( 0 /36 ) . 2 34 . B ow li ng rey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ;c f Wi lde r spoo l (W i l l iam s a nd H inchc l if f e f o r thcom ing ) ; H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o9 2 , s e cond c en tu ry ( 0 /36 ) . 2 35 . T azza i nl i gh t o range -buf f f a b r ic w i th a w h i te s l ip ;c fH o l t( G r ime s1 930 )n o s2 13 -4 ;W i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r1 973 )n o s5 9 -60 .( 0 / 36 a nd 0 / 1) . 2 36 . Mo r ta r ium i n t y p ica l W i lde r spoo l f a b r ic w i th c r eam s l ip ;s im i la rt oH a r t ley a nd Web s te r1 973 , f i g 1 ,n o9 1 ,t hough t h ef l ange o ft h i se xamp le i s s halowe r . P r ima r i ly H ad r ian ic . ( 0 / 56 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 37 . T h ree p ie ce sf r om t h eo ne p a r t ly b ur n t mo r ta r ium i no range -b rown f ab r ic c on ta in ing s ome s andy p a r t ic le s , w i th t r a ce s o f c r eam s l ip a nd w i th q ua r tz t r i tu ra t ion g r i t .T he f a b r ic i sn o tt y p ica lo f W i lde r spoo lb u t mo r ta r ia o ft h is t ype a nd f a b r ic a r e u ndoub ted ly c ommon i n No r th Wa le s a nd C he sh i re . P roduc t ion a t H o l t i sp o s s ib le b u t t h e re w e re p robab ly m any s ma l l w o rk shop s i n t h is g ene ra la r ea i nt h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 / 5 6 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 38 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) .

F ragmen t s o f mo r ta r ium i n

w h i te Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l f a b r ic , AD 1 40 -400 . ( 0 /20 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 39 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . F ragmen t s o f mo r ta r ium i n w h i te f a b r ic m ade i n t h e Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l p o t te r ie s , AD 1 40 -400 . T he l e ve la l so c on ta ined ab ody s he rd ,p robab ly f r om t h e s ame v e sse l a s n o 3 07 . ( 0 /6 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 40 . D ish i nB lack -bur n ished w a re ; t ypo log ica l ly i ti s i n te rmed ia te b e tween G i l lam 1 970 ,n o3 16 ( AD

1 25 -60 ) a nd n o 3 29 ( AD 1 90 -340 ) . T he re a r e s im i la r i t ie st oG i l lam 1 976 ,n o7 9 . Ad a te w i th in t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e s e cond o r e a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry m ay b e s ugge s ted . ( 0 /6 ) . 2 41 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Wa l l f r agmen t o f ab eake r i n o f f -wh i te f a b r ic w i th m a roon c o lou rc o a te x te rna l ly a nd l i gh tb rown c o lou rc oa ti n te rna l ly .A ppa ren t ly f r om av e s se ls uch a sG ilam 1 970 ,n o8 6 . F rom C o logne o r t h e N ene V a l ley . L a te r s e cond o r e a r ly t h i rd c en tu r ie s . AD 1 80 -230 ) . ( 0 /3 ) . 2 42 . R im i ns moo th l i gh tr ed f ab r ic w i th t r a ce so fr ed c o lou rc oa t . P o s s ib ly a ni m i ta t ion o ft h es am ian f o rm 3 8 . S ee a l so H a r t ley 1 981 , f o r r ed s l ip w a re sf r om W i lde r spoo l . L a te s e cond c en tu ry o r l a te r . ( 0 /2 ) . 2 43 . Af l ange f r agmen tf r om as l igh t ly b u rn t mo r ta r ium i ns l igh t ly s andy , c r eam f a b r ic w i th p ink c o re . T he f ab r ic a nd t h es ha rp ly t u rned -unde rf l ange i s t y p ica l o f t h e mo r ta r ia p roduced i nw o rk shop s l i ke t h o se a tC ow ley ,H ead ing ton a nd e l sewhe re i n t h e v i c in i ty o f O xfo rd . I ta pp rox ima te s t o Y oung 1 977 , M17 w h ich Y oung d a te s t o cAD 2 40 -300 . ( 0 /2 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 44 . B eake r i nl i gh tr ed f a i r ly s moo th f a b r ic . ( 0 / 1) . 2 45 . B eake ri nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o6 6 . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 / 1 ) . 2 46 . J a r i nm id t od a rk g r ey f ab r ic c on ta in ing s ome s andy f i l le ra nd p o s s ib ly o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in . T he f o rm i si n te rmed ia te b e tween t h e e ve r ted r im j a r s o ft h e l a te f i r s to re a r ly s e cond c en tu ry a nd t h e l a t t iced j a r s i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re o f t h eH ad r ian ic -An ton ine p e r iod . G i l lam 1 970 ,n o 17 ( AD 1 30 -50 ) h a s s im i la r i t ie s . ( 0 / 1 ) . 2 47 . J a r i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ; G i l lam 1 970 , n o 18 , ( AD 1 20 -60 ) r ep re sen t s t h e g ene ra l t yp e . ( 0 / 1) . 2 48 . J a ri nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re . ( 0 / 1 ) . 2 49 . J a r i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ; G i l lam 1 976 , n o 1 6 . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 / 1 ) . 2 50 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o 1 0 . ( 0 / 1) . 2 51 . J a r i n B lack -bu rn i shed w a re ; t h ree f r agmen t s p robab ly f r om t h e s ame v e s se l ; c f C o rb r idge ( R ichmond a nd G i l lam 1 951 )n o s2 9a nd 4 1 ( l a te t h i rd t of ou r th c en tu ry ) . ( 0 / 1 ) . 2 52 . W ide -mou thed j a r i n s moo th l i gh t p i nk -bu f f f a b r ic w i th l i t t le f i l le r ; p robab ly S eve rn V a l ley w a r e ; c f Wh i tchu rch ( J one s a nd Web s t e r 1 968 ) n o s 1 77 a nd 1 77a , l a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 / 1 ) . 2 53 . F langed a nd g rooved b ow l i nB la ck -bur n ished w a r e ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o2 27 . AD 2 10 -300 . ( 0 / 1 ) . 2 54 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn ished w a r e ;o ne o ft h e H ad r ian ic -An ton ine s e r ie s . ( 0 / 1) 2 55 . D i sh i nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re ; G i l lam 1 976 , n o 7 7 . L a te s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . ( 0 / 1 ) . 2 56 . R ae t ian mo r ta r ium w i th much q ua r tz t r i tu ra t ion g r i t . T he r im -p ro f i le i ss im i la rt ot h a to f mo r ta r ia w i th c r eam s l ip m ade a tW i lde r spoo la nd s t amp ed

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 97681 T he p o t tery

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P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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b yp o t te r su s ing t r adema rk s( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ,f i g 1 ,95 ) . T h i sv e sse lw a sm ade e i the ri n C he sh i re o ri nN o r th Wa le s cAD 1 00 -35 . ( 0 / 1 ) . ( K FH ) 2 57 . F lange f r agmen t f r om aR ae t ian o rs ub -Rae t ian mo r ta r ium w i th d i s ta l b ead , p robab ly m ade a t W i lde r spoo l . T he se mo r ta r ia c anno t b e d a ted c l o se ly b u tt h i s e xamp le w ou ld f i t ad a te i nt h e m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 / 1) . ( K FH ) .

S t age V I I I F rom R oom 4 9 : 2 58 . Sma l lj a ro rb eake ri nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ; ( 2 / 1 7 ) . F rom R oom 5 2 /53 : 2 59 . J a ri nf awn t ol i gh tb rown C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ; c fH o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 ) 'no 6 0 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly o rm id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 3 /8 ) . 2 60 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . F ragmen to fi n den ted b eake ri n w h i te f a b r ic w i th d a rk g rey -b rown c o lou r c oa t . P robab ly f r om t h eN ene V a l ley . A l though t h i s t ype o f b eake r i s mo re c ommon f r om t h e m id t h i rd c en tu ry o nwa rd s ( c fG i l lam 1 970 , n o 5 4 ) s ome e xamp le sd oo ccu rf r om m id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry ( c fF re re 1 972 , n o 7 90 ) . ( 3 /37 ) . S t age V I Io r V I I I 2 61 . D ish i nB la ck -burn i shed w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o s6 8 -9 . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 4 / 1 ) . 2 62 . L id i ng rey C he sh i re P la in f ab r ic . ( 4 / 1) . 2 63 . F lagon i np ink t op ink -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic w i th t r a ce so fw h i te s l ip ;c fW i lde r spoo l( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ) n o 3 ; T u r r e t 4 8B ( Shaw 1 926 ) n o 1 6 ( Pe r iod I b ) . ?M id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 /42 ) . 2 64 . R im i np ink C he sh i re P l a in f a b r ic w i th a l i gh t o range -buf f s u r f ace . P o ss ib ly p a r t o f al a rge f l agon ; c f C o rb r idge ( R ichmond a nd G i l lam 1 955 ) n o 8 . L a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 /42 ) . 2 65 . H and led b eake r i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re ; c f G i l lam 1 976 ,n o2 5 . M id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 0 /42 ) . 2 66 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o6 5 . L a te s e cond c en tury . O ne o ft wo H ad r ian ic -An ton ine f l anged d i she s . ( 0 /42 ) . 2 67 . F langed a nd g rooved b ow l o r d i sh i n B lack b u rn ished w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o 4 2 . L a te s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . ( 0 /42 ) . 2 68 . F langed b ow l w i th b roken f l ange i n l i gh t r e d f a b r ic . P e rhap si n t ended t ob er em in i scen to ft h e

2 69

s am ian f o rm 3 8 a nd , i fs o , t h en l a te s e cond c en tury o rl a te r . ( 0 /42 ) . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Mo r ta r ium i no r ange -buf ff a b r ic . Ab ody s he rd f r om av e sse lm ade a tW i lde r spoo l o r i n t h e v i c in i ty . S econd c en tu ry . ( 0 /42 ) .

( K FH ) . 2 70 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . D ish i nB lack -bur n ished w a re . V e ry s im i la rt on o2 61 . ( 0 /42 ) .

S t age V I I Io r l a te r ( s ea led o n ly b yp os t -med i eva lo r m od ern l a y er s ) F rom t h e s equence w e s to ft h e c omp lex : 2 71 . F l agon i n l i gh t o range f a b r ic w i th t r ace s o f a w h i te s l ip . ( 0 /44 ) . 2 72 . J a ri nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o s 7a nd 1 0 . T h i rd c en tu ry ( 0 /44 ) . 2 73 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . S he rd f r om a f l anged a nd r i dged d i sh i nB la ck -bu rn ished w a re . T he p i ece h a sb een b u rn ta nd t h ef l ange b roken o f f . G i l lam 1 970 ,n o2 28 ( AD 2 90 -370 )r e p re sen t st h eg ene ra l t y pe . ( 0 /44 ) . 2 74 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Wa l l f r agmen t o f b eake r i n N ene V a l ley f a b r ic ( wh i te f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey b rown s l ip ) . F ragmen to ft r a i led d eco ra t ion a so n G i l lam 1 970 , n o 5 1 . AD 2 50 -300 . ( 0 / 45 ) . 2 75 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Mo r ta r ium s pou t i nl i gh t r e d f a b r ic m ade a tW i lde r spoo l . O ft h e s ame b a s ic t y pe a sn o2 80 b u tw i th t r a ce so fr e d -b rown s l ip u sed o n t h e R ae t ian a nd s ub -Rae t ian m o r ta r ia m ade t h e re . cAD 1 00 -30 . ( 0 /71 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 76 . Mo r ta r ium i nc r eam f ab r ic . T h is r im p ro f i le w a s p roduced i nt h e Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l p o t t e r ie s c AD 1 40 -240 . V ery l a rge mo r ta r ia l i ke t h i s e xamp le w e re r a re ly m ade i n t h e se p o t t e r ie s d u r ing t h e p e r iod w hen mo r ta r ia w e re s t amped t h e re ,s ot h ed a te o ft h is p i ece i smo re l i ke ly t ob e p o s t cAD 1 80 . ( 0 / 71 ) . ( K FH ) .

A l tera t ions i nS t age V I I I F rom Y a rd 1 6 : 2 77 . A mo r ta r ium w i th n ea r ly v e r t ica l c o l la r i nh a rd p i nk -b rown f a b r ic f i red t o d r ab c r eam a t t h e s u r f a ce a nd t empe red w i th t i ny q ua r t z g r i t . T he t r i tu ra t ion g r i t ,a l so q ua r tz ,i sc on t inued u pt ot h e b ead a nd s ome i se mbedded i nt h eo u t s ide o ft h e c o l la r . A n i mpo r t f r om t h e R h ine land . S uch m o r ta r ia w e r e m ade i n ak nown w o rk shop a t S o l le r , K r D u ren i n L owe r G e rmany a nd n o d oub t i nm any o t he r s f r om cAD 1 50 p robab ly u n t i lt h em id t h i rd c en tu ry . Mo r ta r ia o ft h i st y pe h ave b een f ound a t Mumr i l l s , w he re t h ey a r e t o b e d a ted w i th in t h e p e r iod AD 1 40 -65 a nd i na l a te s e cond c en tu ry d epo s i t a tC lau sen tum . ( 1 / 9 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 78 . F langed b ow l i nB lack -burn i shed w a re ; o ne o f t h e H ad r ian ic -An ton ine s e r ie s . ( 1 / 10 ) . 2 79 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Mo r ta r ium i n w h i te f a b r ic , b ody s he rd . Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l p o t te r ie s . AD 1 40 -400 . ( 1 / 10 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 80 . Mo r ta r ium i no r ange -buf ff a b r ic . T he f o rm a nd f a b r ic o ft h is b ead le s s mo r ta r ium a r e t y p ica l o f m any m ade i n t h e k i ln s a t S to ck ton H ea th , W i lde r spoo l . T h is e xamp le h a s n o t r a ce o fa ny s u r f ace s l ip b u t t h i s f o rm u sua l ly h ad a r e d b rown R ae t ian type s l ip o n t o po ft h ef l ange a nd b ead ,w h ich i sr em in iscen to fs am ian w a re . T he re i s ac l ea r s im i la r i ty t o mo r ta r ia m ade a t H o l t

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P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

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( Gr ime s1 930 ,f i g6 1 ,n o s2 ,3 ,5 )a nd ad a te i nt h e t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry i sv i r tua l ly c e r ta in . ( 1 / 15 ) . ( K FH ) . T he n or thern p ar to ft h e s i t e 2 81 . Mo r ta r ium i n o range -buf f , W i lde r spoo l f a b r ic ( no s l ip s u rv iv ing ) . T he v e s se l a pp rox ima t e s t o H a r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 , f i g 1 , 8 9 . I tw a s p robab ly m ade i nt h eH ad r ian ic -An ton ine p e r iod . ( 1 3 /23 ) . ( K FH ) . 2 82 . V e ry a b raded j a ri no range C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . T he s u r fa ce h a sb een c omp le te ly l o s t ,r emov ing m uch o ft h ed e co ra t ion w h ich w a sr ou le t ted . F o r

2 83 .

2 84 .

2 85 .

2 86 .

t h er im f o rm ,c fH a r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 , n o s 2 4 -5 a nd f o r t h e d e co ra t ion , ( i b id ) n o s 3 5 -7 . E a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 13 /22 ) . F langed b ow li nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o 3 8 . M id t ol a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 3 / 2 2 ) . Mo r ta r ium i no r ange -buf fw i th g rey c o re ( no s l ip s u rv iv ing ) . A b ead le s s mo r ta r ium i n t y p ica l W i lde r spoo l f a b r ic , p robab ly m ade i n t h e m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 3 / 17 ) . ( K FH ) . F langed d i sh i nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re b ur n tl i gh t g rey ; c f G i l lam ( 1 976 ) n o 5 6 . E a r ly t o m id s e cond c en tu ry . ( 1 3 /9 ) . ' Honey p o t 'i no range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic

f r om t o p so i l a bove t h e c omp lex ) : 2 99 . F lagon i nl i gh tr e d f a b r ic , p robab ly o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in , s l igh t ly r educed o n t h e s u r f ace ; N o r thw ich ( J one se ta l 1 971 ) f i g 1 , n o 1 5 ; f i g 1 6 ,n o 1 0 ,h a sc e r ta in s im i la r i t ie s . ?L a te f i r s tt o e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . 3 00 . F lagon i nl i gh t r ed C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . T he r i ng s o n t h e n eck a r e e ven ly p l a ced , af e a tu re g ene ra l ly a s soc ia ted w i th a ne a r ly d a te ( c fG i l lam 1 970 , n o s 2 ,4 ) . S ee a l so Wi lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley a nd Web s te r 1 973 ) n o s 2( p robab ly n o t e a r l ie r t h an cAD 9 0 ) . Al a te f i r s t c en tu ry d a te s e ems p robab le . 3 0 1 . F lagon i nl i gh t r ed f ab r ic w i th t r ace s o f w h i te s l ip ;G i l lam ( 1970 )n o 7( AD 1 30 -220 )i ss im i la r . 3 02 . ( No t i lu s t r a ted ) . R im o fb eake r i nl i gh t b rown f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey -b rown c o lou rc oa t . O n ly a f r agmen to fr im s u rv ive s b u tt h eo r ig ina lb eake r p robab ly r e semb led G i l lam 1 970 , n o 4 6 . AD 2 20 -60 . 3 03 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . B a se o f ab eake r i nv e ry l i gh t o range -buf f f a b r ic w i th o range c o lou r c oa t . P o s s ib ly a L ezoux p roduc t . T he b a se i sv e ry a b raded b u t w ou ld s u i t av e s se l s u ch a sG i l lam 1 970 ,n o4 8( e a r ly m id t h i rd c en tu ry ) ; c fB rew s te r 1 972 ,n o4 ,a nd G reene 1 978a , 1 8 -19 f o rf u r the r d i scu s s ion .

w i th t r ace so f aw h i te s l ip e x ter na l ly ;H o l t( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o 7 0 , h a s s im i la r i t ie s . ( 1 3 /9 ) . 2 87 . L id i no range -buf fC he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 13 /8 ) . 2 88 . J a ri no r ange -buf fC he sh i r eP la in f ab r ic ;p o s s ib ly p a r to f a' h oney p o t ' . ( 1 3 /2 ) . 2 89 . J a ri ng r ey C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 1 3 /2 ) . 2 90 . J a ri nf awn -g rey f ab r ic . ( 1 3 /2 ) . 2 91 . L id i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re . ( 1 3 /2 ) . 2 92 -3 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . Two e xamp le s o f f l anged b ow l s i n C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic ( one g r ey , t h e o t he r o range -buf f ) . B o th a r e p robab ly H o l t p roduc t s ( c fG r ime s 1 930 ,n o8 4 )a nd b e long t o t h e F lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . ( 1 3 /2 ) .

3 04 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . B ody s he rd o fb eake r i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th ag rey c o re a nd d a rk g rey -b rown

P os t -comp lex l e ve l s 2 94 . J a r i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re ; p o s s ib ly G i l lam 1 976 , n o4 . L a te s e cond c en tu ry . ( 6 /21 ) . 2 95 . R im o fj a ri nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re . O n ly as ho r t l e ng th o fr im s u rv ive sa nd n one o ft h ew a l lo ft h is v e sse lb u ti ta ppa ren t ly b e long st o av e s se l s uch

3 07 . J a ri nB lack -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 ,n o 8 . M id t h i rd c en tu ry . 3 08 . J a r i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re ; p o s s ib ly G i l lam 1 976 , n o 1 0 . L a te t h i rd c en tu ry . 3 09 . J a ri nB lack -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 970 ,n o 1 34 ( AD 1 60 -230 ) . 3 10 . O ne o fa tl e a s tt wo j a r si nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ;

a sG i l lam 1 970 , n o 1 46 . AD 2 80 -350 . ( 6 /21 ) . 2 96 . B ow l i nl i gh t o range red C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . ( 6 /2 1) . 2 97 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . Two f l anged b ow ls i nB lack b u rn ished w a re . H ad r ian ic -An ton ine . ( 6 /2 1) . 2 98 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) . P a r t o f t h e b a se o f aw idem ou thed j a r i nS ever n V a l ley w a re . ( 6 /21) .

c o lou r c oa t . P robab ly p a r t o ft h e s hou lde r o fa b eake rs uch a sG i l lam 1 970 ,n o4 4 . AD 1 90 -220 a nd aT r ie r p roduc t . S ee B rew s te r 1 972 , f o r a d i scu s s ion ;G reene 1 978a , 1 8 -19 ;G r eene 1 978b , 5 . 3 05 . J a r i nc oa r se l i gh tr e d C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . 3 06 . F ragmen t o f b ow l i n t h in g r ey f a b r ic w i th a p a t chy o l ive g r een g l aze b o th i n s ide a nd o u t . P robab ly p a r t o f t h e b a se o f ab ow l s uch a s G r ime s 1 930 , f i g 7 6 ,a . F o r ad i scu s s ion o ft h i s c l a s so fH o l tf i ne w a re ,c fG reene 1 977 , 1 22 ,f i g 8 . 1

c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o 1 2 . E a r ly f ou r th c en tu ry . 3 11 . W ide -mou thed j a ri no range -bu f fS ever nV a l ley w a r e ; c f Web s te r 1 976 , n o 2 6 ( ?l a te s e cond t o l a te t h i rd c en tu ry ) . 3 12 . F langed b ow l i n o r ange -bu f f t o g r ey -b rown C he sh i re P l a in f a b r ic . O ne o ft h eF l av ian -T r a jan ic s e r ie s . 3 13 . Mo r ta r ium i n o range -buf f s a ndy f a b r ic w i th a

P lough so i l ( uns t ra t i f ied ) Among t h eq uan t i ty o fR oman p o t te ry f r om t h e p o s t R oman s o i l a ccumu la t ion w e re t h e f o l low ing ( a l l a r e

g r ey c o re . AR ae t ian type mo r ta r ium w i th t r ace s o f t h e r e d -b rown s l ip n o rma l o n t h e f l ange o f s u ch m o r ta r ia . P robab ly m ade i nt h eW i lde r spoo l

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p o t te r ie s i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e s e cond c en tu ry . ( K FH ) .

v au l t ing ( c fL ug l i 1 957 , i ;6 71 , f i g 1 38 ) b u ti ti s p robab ly t o os ma l lt of u lf i lt h i st a sk s ucce s s fu l ly ;

3 14 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) . F lange o f amo r ta r ium i no f f w h i te f a b r ic . Made i n t h e Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l p o t te r ie s cAD 1 60 -240 . ( K FH ) .

s e rv ice a s as t oppe r s eems mo re l i ke ly . 3 29 . A v e s se l i n l i gh t r ed f a b r ic w i th w h i t e s l ip e x te rna l ly . P robab ly p a r t o f ac h imney p o t , c f L ow the r 1 976 , f i g 3 ,n o4 .

3 15 . H amme rhead mo r ta r ium i n w h i te f a b r ic . A w ea the red f r agmen t f r om a v e sse l m ade i nt h e Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l p o t te r ie s c AD 1 60 -240 . ( K FH ) . 3 16 . F langed b ow lw i th r e eda lr im i nm id -g rey f a b r ic . O ne o ft h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s . 3 17 . Hanged b ow l i no range -b rown f ab r ic .

Med ieva l R obb ing T he m a jo r i ty o ft h ep o t te ry f r om t h is p ha se a dd sl i t t le t ot h eo ve ra l lp a t te rn o fc e ram ics a tP en t re F a rm . T he f o l low ing p i ece s a r e , h oweve r , o fi n te re s t :

3 18 . ( No ti lus t ra ted ) . P o r t ion o f aw ide -mou thed j a r i no f f -wh i te f ab r ic w i th t r a ce so fr ed c o lou rc oa t i n s ide a nd o u t . T he v e s se l i sb roken a t t h e s hou lde rb u tt h e r im a ppea r s o r ig ina l ly t oh ave

3 30 . J a ri nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 970 ,n o

b een s l igh t ly e ve r ted . A n i nwa rd ly p ro je c t ing p o r t ion h a sb een b roken f r om t h ei n te r io ro ft h e s hou lde r . c f H o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o 2 16 ; Manche s te r ( J one s a nd G rea ley 1 974 ) n o 2 61 . T he v e sse lw a sp robab ly aw ine s t ra ine ra nd m ay b e aH o l tp roduc t . 3 19 . B ow l i n l i gh t o range C hesh i re P la in f ab r ic ; c f H o l t( G r ime s 1 930 )n o9 5 . L a t ef i r s tt oe a r ly t o m id s e cond c en tu ry . 3 20 . B ow l i nl i gh to range red C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . A n o x id ized v e r s ion o fb ow l s i nr educed f a b r ic i lu s t ra ted e l sewhe re i nt h i sr epo r t( e gn o5 7 ) . ( 0 /

r e la ted t oS eve rn V a l ley w a re j a r ss uch a s Web s te r 1 976 , n o 1 . T h i rd c en tu ry . ( 0 /25 ) . 3 32 . W ide -mou thed j a r i nS eve rn V a l ley w a r e ( l igh t r e df a b r ic w i th o range -buf fs u r f ace ) ;c f Web s te r 1 976 ,n o2 2 ,2 9 . S econd t ot h i rd c en tu ry . ( 0 /6 1) . 3 33 . B ow lo rd i sh i nB lack -bur n i shed w a re ;c fG i l lam 1 976 , n o s 7 0 -1 , 7 3 . M id s e cond t oe a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry . ( 2 / 13 ) . 3 34 . Mo r ta r l ike b ow l i ns moo th o range -bu f ff a b r ic . ( 0 /22 ) .

8 0 ) . 3 21 . C a r ina ted b ow l i n o range -buf f C he sh i re P la in f a b r ic . Af o rm r e la t ed t ot h a to ft h ef l anged a nd c a r ina ted b ow l s o f t h e F lav ian -T ra jan ic p e r iod s eems mo s tl i ke ly . ( 10 /43 ) . 3 22 . D ish i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re ; c fG i l lam 1 970 , n o3 29 . AD 1 90 -340 . Ah o le h a sb een p i e rced

POTTERY FRO M EARLY EXCAVATIONS AT PENTRE F F WRNDAN

t h rough t h e s i de w a l l , p e rhap s t os e cu r e al e ad r i ve tb u tp o s s ib ly t oc onve r tt h ed i sh f o ru se a sa c hee se p re s s . 3 23 . L owe rp o r t ion o fa n a mpho ra i nf ab r ic t y pe H . S ee p9 6a bove . T he r ims o f f ou r a mpho rae o f D re s se l f o rm 2 0 a r e i lu s t ra ted . N o3 24 i sf r om S tage V I I Io rl a te rw h i le t h e r ema inde r a r e f r om p o s t -comp lex l e ve l s .

F o r t h e

Ma r t in -K i lche r t ype s q uo ted b e low s e e P eacock a nd W il iams 1 986 , 1 37 -8 . 3 24 . Ma r t in -K i lche rt y pe 1 3 . M id f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . 3 25 . Ma r t in -K i lche rt ype 1 7 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . 3 26 . Ma r t in -K i lche rt ype 2 1 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . 3 27 . Ma r t in -K i lche rt y pe 2 3 . L a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . 3 28 . T he v e sse l i si n as im i la r f a b r ic t o t h a t o f t h e 1 36 l iche t4 7 a mpho rae . I t s s i ze s ugge s t s t h a t i t m ay w e l lh ave s e rved a s as t oppe rf o rt h i st ype o f a mpho ra . T he f o rm o ft h i sp ie ce d oe s ,h oweve r , c l o se ly r e semb le t h a t o fv e s se ls u sed t ol i gh ten

1 40 . AD 1 60 -230 . ( 2 /9 ) . 3 31 . J a r i ns moo th l i gh t r ed f a b r ic w i th o range -bu f f s u r f ace ;p o s s ib ly S ever nV a l ley w a r ea nd c e r ta in ly

B y P V Web s ter ( 1976 -7 ) T he f i nd s f r om t h e v a r ious e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s a t P en t re F fw rndan i lu s t ra te t h ed ange r so fi n te rp re t ing t h e c h rono logy o f aw ho le s e t t lemen t f r om e xcava t i on so no n ly o ne o rt wo b u i ld ing si ni t .T he p ub l i shed s am ian e v idence f r om e ach o f t h e t h ree c ampa ign s ( A tk in son & T ay lo r1 924 ;P e tch & T ay lo r1 925 ;P e t ch 1 936 ) s how s ad i f f e ren t p a t ter n . T rea tmen t o f t h i s m a t e r ia l i n d e ta i l w ou ld r equ i re r e -exam ina t ion a nd r e i l lu s t r a t ion b u ti n mo s tc a se si ti sp o ss ib le t os o r tt h e m a te r ia l b y f o rm a nd a r ea o f o r ig in , a l though o cca s i ona l ly i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t ob ec e r ta in o ft h el a t te r( e g f o rms 2 7a nd 3 3 ) . D e sp i te t h ese d oub t fu lc a se sT ab le 5b e low s hows t h eg ene ra l o u t l ine . T he 1 923 e xcava t ion s p roduced m a in ly l a te f i r s t c en tu ry s am ian . B y c on t ra s t t h e 1 924 e xcava t ion s i n t h es ame g ene ra la r ea p roduced m a in ly s e cond c en tu ry m a ter ia l , al a rge p a r t o f w h ich s hou ld b e long t ot h e l a te r h a l f o f t h e c en tu ry . T he 1 932 -4 m a t e r ia l i s d i v ided b e tween al a te r f i r s t c en tu ry c o l lec t ion a nd a l a te r s e cond c en tu ry o ne ; i ta l so i n c lude s as i ng le e xamp le o ff o rm 2 9 . G roup ing t o ge the ro fa l lt h ee a r ly m a te r ia l d oe s n o t p roduce ap a t t er n i d en t ica l t ot h a t p re sen ted b y t h e 1 976 /77 e xcava t ion s ( f o rm 1 8 / 31 i s a b sen t , f o r i n s tance , a nd t h e re i s ad ea r th o f e a r l ie r C en t ra lG au l ish v e s se ls ) . I nt h i sw ay ,h oweve r , amo re g ene ra l s p read i sa ch ieved w h ich ( l ike t h a t f r om t h e

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1 976 /77 e xcava t ion s )g oe sf r om t h el a t ef i r s tt ot h e l a te s e cond c en tu ry . A sw i th t h e 1 976f 77 m a te r ia l , f o rm 2 9i ss ca r ce ( on ly o ne e xamp le f r om 1 976 /77 a nd o ne f r om 1 932 -4 ) . C lea r ly n one o ft h ea r ea so f P en t re F fwmdan e xam ined s o f a r h a s p roduced e v idence o fo ccupa t ion b e fo re cAD 8 5 /90 . Among t h es ma l lq uan t i ty o fc oa r se p o t te ry p ub l i shed f r om e a r l ie re xcava t ions i ti sn o th a rd t of i nd p a ra l le l s w i th 1 976 /77 m a te r ia l ( c f f o r i n s tance , A tk inson & T ay lo r 1 924 , f i g 3 ,n o 7 ,o r P e tch & T ay lo r1 925 ,f i g s 1 ,n o s8 ,a nd 1 0 ) . I ts eems l i ke ly t h a ta l ls i te sw e re d ependen tu pon s im i la rp o t te r ie s , a s wou ld b e e xpec ted . T he l a te s t c oa r se p o t te ry p ub l ished a ppea r st ob et h eH ad r ian ic -An ton ine j a r s

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( A tk inson & T ay lo r 1 924 , f i g s 1 , n o s6 ,a nd 9 ) . D e sp i te t h e l a ck , f r om e a r l ie r e xcava t ions , o f a ny p ub l i shed p o t te ry o f al a te r d a te t h an t h e l a te s e cond c en tu ry , i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e r e w a s s ome p os t -s econd c en tu ry o ccupa t ion . C o in sm en t ioned a sc om ing f r om t h e s i te ( Dav ie s 1 949 , A tk inson & T ay lo r 1 924 ) i n c l ude n i ne o ft h ep e r iod cAD 6 9 -212 b u ta l so f i ve o f t h e p e r iod c AD 2 65 -353 . I ft h i s c o in e v idence i s c ompa red w i th t h e p o t te ry f r om t h e 1 976 -7 e xcava t i ons , w he re mo s to ft h e m a te r ia l w a s o ft h e p e r iod c AD 9 0 -240 b u tw i th af ew l a te t h i rd t of ou r th c en tu ry s he rd s ,i tw ou ld s e em l i ke ly t h a te xcava t ions h ave y e t t or evea lt h el o ca t ion o fl a te ro ccupa t ion a tt h eP en t re F a rm s e t t lemen t .

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THE AN I MAL BONES B y AK ing a nd t h el a t e B Wes t l ey ( 1976 -7 ) O ft h eb oxe so fa n ima lb one s e xam ined a bou t at h ou s and f r agmen t s w e re i d en t i f ied , r ep re sen t ing 8 5% o f t h e t o ta l . I nt h i s r epo r tt h e u n iden t i f ied b one h a s n o t b een t a ken i n to a ccoun t , a nd a bou t2 00 r i b f r agmen t s h ave a l so b een e xc luded b ecau se o f t h e d i f f icu l ty i n

l e ve l o f r e s idua l i ty , a nd s im i la r d i f f icu l t ie s m ay b e a s sumed o ft h eb one , m ak ing a na lys i sb y s t age v i r tu a l ly m ean ing le s s f o r s uch as ma l l s amp le . F o r t h ese r e a son s i th a s b een t h ough t b e s t t o t r ea t t h e b one f r agmen t s a s as i ng le g roup , r ep r es en t ing a nd d eb r i s t h a t a ccumu la ted d u r ing t h e w ho le o f t h e p e r iod b e t ween AD 9 0 / 120 a nd cAD 2 40 . B one f r om t h el owe r l e ve ls o f t h e t op so i l h a s b een i n c luded b ecau se n o i d en t if iab le d ome s t ic a c t iv i ty t o ok p l a ce a f te r c AD 2 40 . A n ima l s p r esen ta nd n umbe r s a r ea sf o l low s :

a l lo t t ing t h em t ot h e i rs pe c ie s i n am ixed g roup . T he a na ly s is i st h e re fo re b a sed o n as amp le o fo n ly 7 49 i d en t if ied b one s a nd f r agmen t s , a bou t 5 6% o fw h ich c ame f r om i n secu re ly s t ra t if ied l a ye r s a nd much o f w h ich w a s p oo r ly p re se rved , p robab ly d ue t oa c id ic s o i lc ond i t ion so rt op oo rr e cove ry . I tw a sn o tp o s s ib le t os i eve t h ed epo s i t s ,s ot h e re m ay h ave b een al o ss o f b one s f r om t h e s ma l le r s pec ie s s uch a s b i rd s a nd r oden t s ( none o ft h e l a t te r o ccu r i nt h e s amp le ) . F i n a l ly , t h e p o t te ry f r om P en t re F a rm i n d ica t ed ah i gh

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BN :n umbe ro ff r agmen t s ; MN :m in imum n umbe ro fi n d iv idua l s ; p e r cen tage sa nd MN a r ef o rt h et h ree m a in s pe c ie s o n ly e xcep tf o rt h et o ta l w he re b o th a r eg i ven f o ra l l s pe c ie s

T ab le 6 : Number o fb one f r agmen t sa nd i nd iv idua l s

P en t re F arm , F l in t1 976 -81 T he n umbe ro ff r agmen t s , e s t ima ted n umbe r o fi n d i v i dua l s , e t c f o r t h e m amma l ia a r e s hown i nT ab le 6 c omp i led b y AK ing . I ti se v iden tt h a tb e e fp rov ided t h eb u lk o fm ea tc on sumed ,e ven t h ough t h en umbe ro f p i g a nd s heep c a rca sse s p a s s ing t h ough t h e k i tchen s m ay h ave b een n ea r ly a sh i gh . Me thods o fB u tchery A l l p a r t s o f t h e s ke le ton s e emed t ob e r ep re sen ted , e xcep tt h ec r an ium a nd e x t rem i t ie s ,t h el a t te ra b sence b e ing mo s tl i ke ly d ue t ol o ca l s o i l c ond i t ion s . T he re w e r eo n ly t h es ma l le s tf r agmen t sf r om s ku l ls ,i fw ho le j aw s a r e e xc luded ; j aw s o ccu r ed q u i te c ommon ly , e spe c ia l ly a mong t h e p ig s ( t he i r m and ib le s r ep re s en t ed a l a rge p o r t ion o f t h e p ig b one s ) , s i nce t h e m and ib le i so fd en se rb one ,s u rv ive sw e l l ,i sc onsp icu o u s , a nd h ence e a s i ly r e cove red ( G ran t 1 971 ) . T he re w a sn oi n s tance o fv e r teb ra ls aw ing o rc u t t ing t oh a lve t h ec a rca s s , b u tv e ry m any o ft h eb one sb ea r s aw o rc hoppe r ma rk s ,a nd many w e re a l so g nawed b y d og so rr oden t s . T he l a ck o fd og b one si nt h ea s sem b l age i s s u rp r is ing i n l i gh t o f t h i s . T he u n i fo rm c hopp ing o f b one s , many s p l i t l o ng i tud ina l ly , m ay m ean t h a t t h ey w e re u sed f o r mak ing b ro th , g l ue o r g rea se ,o rt oe x t ra c tb one m a r row f r om l o ng b one s . A c e r ta in a moun t o fb r eakage c an a l so o ccu r a f te r d i s c a rd ing ,e spec ia l ly i ft h er ubb i sh i sr edepo s i ted l a te ro r d i s tu rbed b y f o rag ing a n ima ls . T he c hopp ing h ad b een d one m e thod ica l ly , w i th h a rd ly a ny b one s s u r v i v ing w ho le a mong t h e o x , s heep a nd p i g s , e xcep t s uch b one sa st h et a r sa ls a nd c a rpa l s . A ge , d i sea se a nd i n jury L i t t le i nd ica t ion o fa ge r a nge c an b e g a ined f r om t h e P en t re F a rm c o l lec t ion . T he re w e re i n s tance s o f d ec iduou s ( m i lk ) t e e th a nd o f b one s w i th u nfu sed e p iphy se s ,b u tw i th s uch m a te r ia l i tw a si d le t os pecu l a te u pon r e la t ive n umbe r so fj uven i le sa nd a du l t s . T o t h ee ye , i ts eemed t h a t n ea r ly a l l o ft h ea n ima ls w e re m a tu re a du l t s ,b u tn o to l d ,p robab ly i nt h e i rt h i rd y ea r . T he j uven i le sw e re w e l ld eve loped ,p a s tt h e i rf i r s ty ea r b u tn o ty e tf u l ly m a tu red . T he re w a sn oe v idence f o r t h e s l augh te r o f v e ry y oung a n ima ls , a nd e xcep t f o r t wo o r t h ree l amb b one s , n o f i r s t y ea r b one s a ta l l , a ga in p o s s ib ly d ue t os o i l c ond i t ion s . T he re w a s n o

S pec ia l is t r epor ts 1 25

C onf irma t ion f r om s ku l l e v idence ( l ong f r on ta l s a nd m ed ia l p rom inence b e tween t h e h o rns ) w a s l a ck ing , h oweve r ,s i nce t h e re w e re n os ku l lp a r t sp re sen te xcep t f o rs ma l lf r agmen t so fh o rn c o re a nd mand ib le s . T h ree c omp le te l o ng b one s w e re m ea su red : m e taca rpa l 1 82 mm o ve ra l ll e ng th ; m e ta ta r sa l 1 98 mm o ve ra l ll e ng th ; m e ta ta r sa l 1 68 mm o ve ra l l l e ng th . T he se m ea su re m en t s r e semb le t h o se o fb one s f r om o t he r R omano B r i t i sh s i te s ( J ewe l l 1 962 ) . T hey s ugge s t a n a n ima l n o t m uch b igge r t h an ad onkey . S heep /g oa t A ga in t h e re w a s n o s ku l l e v idence e xcep t af ew f r ag m en t s o f h o rn c o re , a l l o f s heep , p rov id ing s ome e v idence o f ar e a sonab le r a nge o fs i ze ,t h ough n one o f t h ea n ima l s w a s l a rge . T he h or ned s heep s ugge s ted a t y pe s im i la r t ot h e S oay s heep o f t h e We s te rn H igh l a nd s , a s d oe s t h e m ea su remen t o f am e ta ta r sa l , t h e o n ly c omp le te ma in l imb b one , w h ich i s 12 mm o ve ra l ll e ng th . A na s t raga lus m ea su re so n ly 1 2 mm b y 9 mm ( o ve ra l l l e ng th a nd w id th ) , a ga in s ugge s t ing a s ma l l a nd d e l ica te -boned b ea s t . P ig B one s f u se a t i regu la r a ge s , a nd t h e P en t re F a rm m a t e r ia l g ave u s l i t t le i n fo rma t ion o t he r t h an t h a t i t w a s as ma l l d ome s t ic p ig t ype . A ga in t h e re w a s n o s ku l l e v idence , b u t t h e re w e re m any m and ib le s , a nd h e re a nd t h e re p i ece s o fl a rge t u sk s f r om b oa r . W i ld b oa r , a l though r a the r d i f f icu l t t o d i s t ingu ish , m igh t w el s ugge s t h un t ing , a n o ccupa t ion w h ich m ay h ave h ad d ef in i te e conom ic v a lue . I na dd i t ion , w i ld b oa r m ay w e l l h ave f e r t i l i sed d ome s t ica ted s ow s . D eer R ed d e e r a nd r oe d ee r a r e r ep re sen ted b y s i x f r ag m en t s , a nd w e re c l ea r ly n o t am a ins tay o f t h e d i e t . T hey w e r ep o s s ib ly t h eq ua r ry o fh un t smen ,a l though s i nce f r agmen t sa r eo fa n t le ro n ly ,p e rhap s t h ea n t le r s w e r ec o l lec ted a f te rb e ing s hed n a tu ra l ly . T he r e dd ee r f r agmen t s w e re f r om al a rge a n ima l . T he b row t i ne i s 3 00 mm l o ng . H or se F ragmen t s r ep re sen t 5% o f t h e t o ta l , s l igh t ly h i ghe r

O x Who le s ke le ton s o fR omano -Br i t ish o xen s e em t ob e u nknown , b u t p ub l ished b one c o l lec t ion s f r om R o -

t h an a ve rage f o r R omano -Br i t i sh s i te s . O xen w ou ld h ave b e en t h eu sua ld r augh ta n ima ls . T he h o r se b one s b o re n o i n d ica t ion o f c u t o r s aw ma rk s , u n l ike t h e s heep a nd c a t t le ,b u tb u t che ry m e thod sm ay h ave b een d i f f e ren tf o r ah o r se . I tm ay b et h a th o r se w a se a ten ,i f o n ly b yo t he ra n ima l s ,a si ss ugge s ted b y t h ed i smem b e red s ke le ton s . A s o f ten a sn o t , t h e f r agmen t s c on s i s ted o n ly o f t h e o dd t o o th , b u t o ne c omp le te a s t ra g a lus i n d ica ted aq u i te s ma l la n ima l ,t h es i ze o f ap ony . T he re a r e t wo c omp le te l imb b one s : t i b ia 3 00 mm

m ano -Br i t i sh s i te s s ugge s t t h a t t h e o xen w e re v e ry s ma l la n ima l s ,a nd t h eb one sf r om t h ep re sen te xcava t i on c onf i rmed t h is . L a te rR oman r ema in s i n d ica ted t h ep re sence o ft h e t y p ica l C e l t ic o x , as ma l l a n ima l .

o ve ra l l l e ng th ; m e ta ta r sa l 2 31 mm o ve ra l l l e ng th . T h is a n ima l m ay h ave b een am u le . T hese m ea su re m en t s a cco rd w e l l w i th s im i la r o ne s r e co rded f r om V e ru lam ium a nd M i l ton K eyne s , a nd t h e R omano -

t r ace o f v e ry a ged a n ima ls e xcep t f o r o ne o r t wo r ema ins o fl a rge p ig , p robab ly b oa r . T he f l ock s a nd h e rd s a ppea red h ea l thy , a nd t h e o n ly i n d ica t ion o f d i sea se w a si n ah o r se p ha lanx t h a ta ppea red d i s to r ted a nd e roded . D i scus s ion o fS pec ies

1 26 P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81 S pec ia l is tr epor ts B r i t i sh h o r se a ppea r st oh ave b een s ma l l ,r e semb l ing a p ony o fa bou t 1 3 h and s . Hare B one s o ccu red , u sua l ly a s as i ng le f r agmen t , i nm o s t p a r t so ft h ee xcava t ion ,t h ep ropo r t ion s e em ing ly h i gh w hen c ompa red w i th i t s o ccu rance a to t he r s i te s . I t mu s t h ave b een a u sefu l a dd i t ion t o t h e d i e t . T he R oman sr e l i shed h a re m ea ta nd V a r ro m en t ions t h e i r d omes t ica t ion i nh a re c o lon ie s ( l epo ra r ia ) w he re t h ey w e r ek ep tf o ru se i nt h ek i t chen ( Zeune r1 963 ) . Whe the r o r n o t t h i s w a s a t temp ted i nB r i ta in i si mpo ss ib le t o t e l l . T he h un t ing o f h a re s i n t h e o pen f i e ld w a s a p opu la r R oman s po r t . C a t C a t w a s r e p re sen ted b y p a r t o f aj aw a nd a s i ng le c an ine t o o th w h ich s eemed q u i te l a rge a nd m igh th ave b e longed t o aw i ld c a t , t h ough i th a s a lway s b een a n a n ima lo fw ood sa nd moun ta ins r a the rt h an t h ep l a in s . T he d ome s t ic c a tw a sr a re a nd v a luab le a cqu i s i t ion i n R oman B r i ta in . I tb red w i th F e l ix s y lve s t r is ,a nd t h e re m ay h ave b een m ixed b reed sa nd v a r ie t ie sq u i te e a r ly ; l i t t le i sk nown o ft h eh i s to ry o fc a t si nB r i ta in . F ox B one s o ccu r red o n ly t w ice . F rogs B ones w e re n o t n ume rou s o rr ema rkab le . F ish T he i d en t if i ca t ion o f af ew s ma l la nd v e ry f r agmen ted f i sh b one s w a s t h e w o rk o f Mr A C Whee le r , o ft h e B r i t i sh Museum o fN a tu ra l H i s to ry , t ow hom w ea r e i n deb ted . T hey r e vea led m acke re l ,p l a ice a nd af i sh o f t h e c od t ype ( aG ad id ) , a nd w ou ld s ugge s t l o ca l s e a f i sh ing . B i rd s T he f o l low ing l i s to ft h eb i rd f auna i st h ew o rk o fM r GC ow le so ft h e B r i t i sh Mu seum o fN a tu ra l H i s to ry : G rey lag o rd ome s t ic g oo se A nser a ns er T ea l A nas c r ecca D ome s t ic c h icken G a l lus g a l lus ( dome s t ic ) C rane O ys te rca t che r L apw ing G rey p l ove r Woodco ck C a r r ion c r ow

G rus g rus Haema topu s o s tra legu s V ane l lu s v ane l lu s P luva i l is s qua toro la S co lopax r u s t ico la C or vus c orone

s ho re . T he c r ane c ea sed b reed ing i nE ng land ( Ea s t A ng l ia )a bou t AD 1 600 b u tt u rn su pi na r chaeo log ica l s i te s ( f o r e xamp le V a lkenbu rg , D av ie s 1 971 , 1 30 , t a b le 1 ) a nd s o p re sumab ly w a s f a i r ly c ommon i n R oman t ime s . T he l a pw ing i s ma in ly af a rm b i rd a nd l i ke s a r ab le l a nd , b u tv e ry l a rge f l ock sa r eo f ten t ob e f ound i n h a rd w ea the r o n m ud f l a t s a nd e s tua r ie s . C a r r ion c r ow i so f ten t ob e s e en f e ed ing o n t h e s ea s ho re a nd e dge s o fe s tua r ie s ' . T he c r ane a ppea r s t o b e t h e f i r s t r e co rded o n a n a r chaeo log ica l s i te i n Wa le s a l though i th a s a ppea red a t N ew s tead ( Dav ie s 1 971 , 1 30 ) . D ome s t ic f ow l r ema ins w e re n ume rou s . T he re w e re n o h ead s o r n e ck s ; t h e p i ece s w e re mo s t ly o f l i mb b one s a nd n umbe r a bou te i gh ty , w i th s eve ra l c o ck spu r s . I no ne i n s tance ,t wo s pu r st o ge the rw i th at i b ia t h a th ad b een b roken a nd h ad s ub sequen t ly h ea led a r e p robab ly e v idence o f c ockf igh t ing . A dd i t iona l n o te ( A K ) B one a s semb lage s f r om R oman s i te s i nN o r th Wa le s a r e f ew a nd f a r b e tween , s o t h e i n fo rma t ion f r om P en t re F a rm , d e sp i te as amp le s i ze w h ich p re c lude s f u l la na ly s is , i su sefu l i np rov id ing much -needed d a ta o nt h em ea td i e to ft h ea r ea i nt h ee a r ly R oman p e r iod . I tc an b e s een f r om T ab le 6 t h a t o x a nd s heep /goa t p rov ide t h eb u lk o fm ea t s upp ly t h roughou tt h eo ccu p a t ion o f t h e P en t re F a rm c omp lex , w i th p ig b one s i n c rea s ing i nt h el a te rs t age s . T h is i st ob ee xp ec ted i n g ene ra l t e rms , a l though t h e l ow p e r cen tage o fp ig i s u nu sua l , w h ich m ay b e d ue e i the r t o al a ck o fw ood l a nd i n t h e v i c in i ty , o r t o s o i l induced d i f f e ren t ia l p re se rva t ion o n t h e s i te . I ft h e f o rme r e xp lana t ion a ccoun t s f o r l ow p i g n umbe r s , t h en t h e i r i n c re a se i n l a te r s t age s m ay i n d ica te a n i n c rea se i nw ood land i n t h ea r ea t owa rd s t h ee nd o ft h eo ccupa t ion o ft h es i t e . T he l a ck o f w i ld a n ima ls a nd wood land b i rd s pec ie s w ou ld a ppea r t o s uppo r t t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t l i t t le w ood land e x is ted ,o rw a sn o te xp lo i ted ,a tt h et i me o f o ccupa t ion . H oweve r , u n t i l f u r the r i n fo rma t ion i s a va i lab le f r om t h e r eg ion , i tc anno t b e s a id w i th a ny c e r ta in ty t h a tP en t re F a rm i sr e p resen ta t ive ,a nd i tm ay b et h a tt h eu se o ft h es i te h a sc ond i t ioned ,t o ag r ea te r o r l e s se r e x ten t , t h e w ay i nw h ich t h e b one s r ef lec t a va i lab le a n ima l r e sou rce s . T he o ccupan t so f' r i ch ' s i te s l i ke P en t re F a rm ,f r om w h ich p o l i t ica l o re conom ic c on t ro l m igh t h ave b een e xe r t ed o ve rt h es u r round ing r eg ion ,w ou ld h ave b een i n ap o s i t ion t oc hoo se t h ed i e tt h a ts u i ted t h em ,r a the r

' A l l t h e

t h an h av ing t os ub s i s t o n w ha t t h e l o ca l a g r icu l tu ra l m e thods c ou ld p roduce a s w ou ld h ave mo s t o ft h e p oo re rs i te ss uch a s r e -occup ied h i l l fo r t s( j eD ino rben ) a nd n a t ive s e t t lemen t si nt h ea r ea . I nf a c t , ah ypo the s is c ou ld b e s ugge s ted f r om s i te s l i ke P en t re F a rm , t h a t

b i rd s ,w i th t h ee xcep t ion o ft h ec h icken a nd w oodcock a r e b i rd s o f t h e s ho r e l ine , mud f l a t s , m a r she s a nd e s tua r ie sa nd a r et ob ee xpec ted o n ar i ve re s tua ry . T he woodcock u sua l ly f r equen t s w ood land , b u t c ou ld b e f ound c l o se t ot h es ea w he re t h et r ee sa r ec l o se t ot h e

t h e h i ghe r t h e s t a tu s o f as i te f r om w h ich a g i ven a s semb lage c ome s , t h el e s s l i ke ly i ti st h a t t h ea s sem b l age w i l lb er e p re sen ta t ive o ft h ea g r icu l tu ra lb a se o f i t sa r ea ,d ue t oa ni n c rea s ing a b i l i ty t om ake s e lec t ions f r om o u t s ide t h e l o ca l f ood s upp ly .

M r C ow le s a dded t h e f o l low ing c ommen t :

P en t re F a rm ,F l in t1 976 -81 ANALYS IS OF S EDI MENTS B y M LS hack l ey ( 1976 -7 ) D u r ing t h e m a in p a r t o f t h e e xcava t ion a l l R oman l a ye r s w e r e s amp led , a pa r t f r om r obbe r t r ench f i l ls , u s ing m e thod sa g reed u pon w i th t h ea na ly s t( Shack ley 1 975 ,2 3 -31 ) ,w ho s aw m any o ft h es amp le si ns i tu . I n t h eh u r r ied l a te rs t age so ft h ee xcava t ion S amp le s 1 4 w e r e t h e o n ly o ne s t a ken . S pe c if ic q ue s t ions w e re p osed f o re ach s amp le . D r S hack ley 's a nswe r s h ave b een c on s ide red i nt h e m a in p a r t o f t h e t e x t a nd t h e d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion s o f t h e s ed imen t s h ave b een r e t a ined i nt h ea r ch ive . ( T JO 'L ) . Me thod o fS tudy T he e xam ina t ion o ft h e se s ed imen t sr equ i red aq ua l i t a t ive r a the rt h an aq uan ta t ive a pp roa ch ,c ons is t ing o f t h e f o l low ing s t anda rd p ro cedu re s : ( a ) V isua l e xam ina t ion u s ing ah and l e n s . ( b ) D i spe r s ing as ub -samp le i nd i s t i l led w a t e r . D isagg rega t ion u s ing u l t ra son ic s . R emova l o f t h es i l ta nd c l ay f r a c t ion b yw e ts i ev ing . D ry ing t h e c oa r se m a te r ia l u nde r i n f ra r ed l i gh t a nd e xam in ing i tu nde r t h e b i nocu la r m ic ro scope a t m agn i f ica t ion s o fx 6 t ox 50 . ( c ) N o t ing t h ec o lou r , u s ing t h e Munse l l s y s tem . ( d ) T e s t ing s ub -samp le s ( qua l i ta t ive ly ) f o r a l ka l i s o lub le h umu sc on t en ta nd p re sence o fp ho spha te s . Mea sur ing p H . G enera l c onc lus ions T he p ho spha te a nd h umu sc on ten to fa l l ( 1 5 ) s amp le s ( w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f S amp le s 1 4 a nd 1 3 ) w e re u n ifo rm ly h i gh a nd s howed l i t t le v a r ie ty . I n te re s t ing f e a tu re s o ft h e se s ed imen t s w e re : he a lmo s tu n ive r sa lp re sence o fm e ta ls l ag a nd ( i ) T f u sed f r agmen t so fg l a s ss l ag ( e xcep ti nS amp le s 1 , 2a nd 4 ) . T he a lmo s tu n ive r sa lp re sence o fb u i ld ing d eb r is ( e xcep t i nS amp le s 1 4 ) . ( i i ) T he v i r tua la b sence o fb u rn ing i nt h es ed imen t s

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 . 6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

T he S amp les 1 . 4/ 17 ,p r e -comp lex d i t ch f i l l . Ac l ean s i l ty l o am , f r ee f r om i n c lu s ion so re v idence o fh uman a c t iv i ty . A pp rox ima te ly 1 0% c l ay : 3 0% s i l t : 6 0% s and . C o lou r7 . 5YR 3 / 2 d a rk b rown . C oa r se f r a c t ion v e ry s ma l l , l i t t le c ha rcoa l a nd n o o ccupa t ion

1 / 54 ,S t age I Vp i tf i l l . R a the rs im i la rt oS amp le 1b u tw i th 1 0% mo re c l ay . C lean t e x tu red r a the r s andy c l ay l o am . C o lou r 7 . 5YR 4 / 4 b rown . C on ta ined b r ick f r agmen t sa nd s ome q u i t e l a rge l ump s o f c ha rcoa l b u t n o m e ta l s l ag . A f ew f r agmen t s s e emed t ob e t i l e a nd l o ca l ly -de r ived g r ave l ly m a te r ia l . 6 / 18 ,S t age I Vg u l ly f i l l . 7 . 5YR 2 /0 b l a ck o pen t e x tu red c l ay l o am . S im i la r t oS amp le 7 . 7 / 14 , S t age V I I g u l ly f i l l . 1 0YR 3 /2 v e ry d a rk g r ey ish b rown g rave l ly c l ay . S im i la r i nm any b one f r agmen t s , t i ny mo l t en d rop s o f m e ta l , g l a s s s l ag , c ha rcoa l a nd p l a s te r .

t h em se lve s ( one m igh th ave e xpe c ted f r ac tu red q ua r tz g ra in s ) , d e sp i te t h e i n c lu s ion s o f much b u rn tm a te r ia l ( l e s s i nS amp le s 1 , 2a nd 4 ) . T he a b sence o f c omm inu ted b one f r agmen t s f r om m any o f t h e s amp le s : e ven i n s amp le s w h ich t h e e xcava to r s u spec t ed w e re d ome s t ic r ubb i sh t h e re w a s v e ry l i t t le b one . T h is w ou ld s ugge s t i n du s t r ia l r a the r t h an d ome s t ic a c t iv i ty o rt h a ts o i lc ond i t ion sw e re n o tf a vou rab le t ot h e p re se rva t ion o fa n ima l b one s .

d ebr i s . F ine s and g ra ins s oc l ean a nd f r e sh t h a t ap r ima ry s ou rce o f b lown b ea ch o r d une s a nd w ou ld n o t b e o u t o f t h e q ue s t ion . T he f i ne s t m a te r ia l ( c lay f r ac t ion ) s ma l l , b u t s u ff i c ien t t o i mpa r t ac e r ta in c ohe s ivene ss t o w ha t w ou ld o t he rw i se h ave b een a l o o se , c rumb ly , o pen t e x tu red , p o rou s l o am . 1 /61 , S tage Ip i t f i l l . L oo se s and m ixed w i th l e s st h an 1 0% o fs i l ta nd c l ay . C o lou r7 . 5YR 4 / 4b rown ,b u t mo t t led t oy e l low ish b rown . S ome l a rge rl ump so fd ecayed o rgan ic m a t te r . Av e ry s andy t e x tu re w i th af ew a gg lome ra te sc au sed b y t h e s ma l l c l ay f r ac t ion ( a dded f r om t o p so i l a ta l a te rd a te ? ) . L i t t le h umu s , much l e s st h an S amp le 1 ,b u th i ghe rp ho spha te c on ten t ,o cca s iona le r ra t ic a nd i r ons tone p ebb le sa nd s ome g r een g l a s ss l ag t o ge the rw i th o ne f r agmen tt h a tm igh th ave b een mo r ta r . L i t t le c ha rcoa l . 1 /66 , S t age I d eb r is f r om p o s s ib le f u rna ce . T he b a se c ons is ted o f ab u rn t l o o se s andy l o am w i th f r ac tu red q ua r tz s a nd g ra ins a nd f i r e b l ackened g rave l s . S ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ie s o f b u rn tb one ,c ha r coa la nd s l ag ; at e s tf o rm e ta l l ic i r on c a r r ied o u t o n t h e l ump s o f s l ag p roved s t rong ly p o s i t ive .T he q ua r tz g r a in sh ad t h em se lve s b een b urn t , w h ich s ugge s ted ah i gh tempe ra tu r e f i re .

w ay s t oS amp le 9 . U nbu rn t w i th q u i te al o t o f

( i )

( i v )

S p ec ia l i s t r epor t s 1 27

1 0 .

1 .

3 / 8 , S t age V I I I o ccupa t ion d eb r i s . 1 0YR 3 / 2 v e ry d a rk g rey ish b rown g rave l ly c l ay . Mo t t led a nd a gg lome ra ted i n to t h ick c l ay b a l l s . T he c l ay h ad b een c on tam ina ted w i th d eb r i sb u tt h en a tu ra l c oa r se f r ac t ion ( s and a nd g rave l )w a sv e ry s ma l l . F ragmen t so fs l a te ,b r ick , m o r ta ra nd g l a s s s l ag . 0 / 1 , p o s t -comp lex d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l . V e ry l i t t le s ed imen t , mo s t ly p o t te ry a nd b u rn tb u i ld ing d eb r i s . L a rge f r agmen t s o fc ha rcoa l a nd b u rn t p l a s t e r . 4 / 1 , d eb r is f r om d emo l i t ion b e twe en S t age s V I I a nd V I I I , a l so t h e w es te rn d i t che s . 1 0YR 2 / 1 b l ack , l o o se c rumb ly l o am w i th much b r ick , n o t r i ch i nc l ay . N o tw e l la gg lome ra ted . G la s ss l ag , b urn t mo r ta r , c l ay , p la s te ra nd b one . 4 / 2 , S t age V I I p o s s ib le d eb r is f r om b a th -hou se f l ue s l y ing i nd i t ch t ot h e w e s t o f t h e c omp lex . 7 . 5YR 2 / 0 b l ack . S im i la r t oS amp le 9 . 1 2 /8 , S t age V I I p i tf i l l ; f r om t h e s t ra t if ica t ion t o

1 28 P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1 S pec ia l i s tr epor t s

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

t h e n o r th o f t h e c omp lex . R iche r i n c l ay . C on tam ina ted t op so i l w i th many modern r oo t s . 1 0YR 1 / 2 b l ack . Much b r ick i n t h e s amp le . C ha rcoa l ,s ome f i ne s and ,l o ca l ly d e r ived p ebb le s a nd s ome mor ta r . S ed imen t i t se lf u nbu rn t b u t b u rn t d eb r i s i n c luded . M inu te f r agmen t s o f m e ta ls l ag a nd g l a s sb u tn ob one . Q ua r tz g ra in s t h em se lve ss how n o s i gn o fh av ing b een b u rn t . 12/13 ,S tage V I Ip i tf i l l ;f r om t h es t ra t i f ica t ion t o t h en o r th o ft h ec omp lex . V e ry s im i la ri nc o lou r ( 10YR 2 / 2 v ery d a rk b rown ) t oS amp le 1 3 b u t w i th a l oo se r mo re c r umb ly t e x tu re s i nce i t c on ta in sl e s sc l ay . L e s sr oo td eb r i s . S i l ta nd c l ay c on ten tl e ss t h an at h i rd o ft h a to fS amp le 1 3 ,b u t t h e h umu s a nd p ho spha te r e ac t ion s s t ronge r ( r edepo s i ted t o p so i l? ) . O ne l ump o f mo r ta r ,b u t o the rw i se v e ry l i t t le b u i ld ing d eb r i s . G reen g l a s sy f r agmen t s . Q ua r tz s and g ra in s v e ry w e l l r ounded a nd f r o s ted , M any t ime s r e depo s i ted . 1 2 /24 ,S t age V t a nk f i l l ;f r om t h es t ra t if ica t ion t o t h e n o r th o ft h e c omp lex . 1 0YR 2 / 2 v e ry d a rk b rown c l ay r ich s ed imen t . A gg lome ra ted a nd w i th l e s ss and a nd c l ay a nd mo re s i l tt h an S amp le 1 4 . I n c lude s much b r ick a nd l a rge l ump s o f c ha rcoa l . H umus r e ad ing v ery s t rong ,p ho spha te s n o t s o s t rong a s S amp le 1 4 . L a rge l ump s o f c ha rcoa lf r om l a rge p i ece so fw ood ,w he rea st h e c ha rcoa lf r om S amp le 1 4 i sf r om s ma l le rt w ig s . G la s s s l ag , mo r ta ra nd b r ickwo rk . 1 2 / 17 ,S t age V t a nk f i l l ;f r om s t ra t if ica t ion t ot h e n o r th o f t h e c omp lex . 7 . 5YR 4 /4 d a rk b rown c ha rcoa l , mode rn r oo t sa nd a ngu la rf l in tp ebb le s . Mo t t led a ppea rance w i th p a t che s o f l i gh te r m a te r ia l . S im i la r t os amp le 1 3 b u t w i thou t t h e f i ne ( s i l t a nd c l ay ) f r ac t ion t h e s a ndy d ecayed b r ick ,b u rn t ma te r ia la nd c ha rcoa l . F ragmen t so f g l a s s s l ag , me ta l lu rg ica l s l ag b u t n o b one o r s he l l . Q ua r tz g ra in sv e ry r ounded a nd f r o s ted b u t c l ean a nd u nbu rn t . R edepo s i ted m any t i me s . H igh h umu s a nd p ho spha te c on ten t . 12/ 15 ,S t age u nce r ta in . D e s t ruc t ion d eb r is t ot h e n o r th o ft h ec omp lex . 7 . 5YR 2 /0 b l ack . R a the r s andy i n t e x tu re w i th v a s t q uan t i t ie s o f b ur n t b r ickwo rk , g l a s s f r agmen t s , m e ta l s l ag , b urn t mo r ta r a nd p l a s te r .

o f t h e b i va lve s w e re b roken a nd h ence d i ff i cu l t t o c o l lec t ) w i l l n ece s sa r i ly c au se t h e r e co rded d a ta t o d ev ia te f r om t h ea c tua ln umbe r so fm o l lu sc s ,t h ough i t i se v iden t t h a t s he l l f i sh w e re ac omponen to ft h e d i e t d u r ing v a r iou s p e r iod s o fs e t t lemen t . T he s pec ie so fm a r ine mo l lu scs r e co rded d oo ccu ri n e s tua r ine h ab i ta t s ; i n moder n t i me s , h oweve r , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f 0e du l is i np a r t icu la rh a ss u f f e r ed f r om t h e r a vage s o f p o l lu t ion a nd p reda t ion , t ot h e e x ten t t h a to y s te rb ed sa r en o tc ommon a r ound t h ec oa s t so f B r i ta in . D ur ing t h eR oman p e r iod t h ey m ay h ave b e en m uch mo re w ide sp read . T he o y s te r s m ay a l so h ave b een o b ta ined f r om l o ca l i t ie so the rt h an t h a to ft h eD ee e s tua ry , o r m ay e ven h ave b een i mpo r ted ( Thoma s 1 974 ) . I ti si n te r e s t ing t on o t et h ep re sence ,a l be i tm ino r ,o f Ha sper sa ( a l ll a rge s pe c imens ) . T h i si sa ne d ib le s na i l w hose c u l ina ry a tt r ibu te s h ave b een p r a ised b yP l iny . E van s ( 1 972 ) r e co rd s t h e p re sence o ft h i s s pec ie s i n R oman c on t ex t s . S p ec ie s

My t i lu s e du l is mus se l C ard ium ( C eras tod erma ) e du le c ock le O s t rea e du l is o y s te r H e l ix a sper sa Mu l ler g a rden s na i l

T o ta l %o ccu r rence a bundance

1 7

6

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T ab le 7 : Mo l luscan r ema ins

A na ly s i s f o r S eed R ema in s T h i r ty s o i l s amp le s v a ry ing b e tween 0 . 5 a nd 1 . 0 k g w e re t r ea ted w i th d i spe r san t( Ca lgon )a nd e i the ra i ro r o ven d r ied a tl ow t empe r a tu re . T he s amp le sw e re t h en s i eved a nd v i ewed u nde r ab i nocu la r m ic ro scop e a nd f l o ra l a nd f a una l r ema ins w e re i d en t if ied a nd c o l l e c ted . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h es amp le sw e re c ompo sed o fs o i ls h av ing ah i gh c ha r coa lc on ten t . I tw a sh oped t h a ts uch d epo s i t sw ou ld p r e se rve b u rn ta nd c ha r red s e ed s .R e su l t s f r om s ma l l s amp le s ( i n i n d iv idua l v o lume a nd t o ta l

F LORAL AND FAUNAL RE MA INS

n umbe r s ) i n d ica te t h a ts eed r ema in s w e re o f ten e i the r n o t p r e sen t i n i t ia l ly o r n o t p re se rved s ub sequen t ly .

B yK enne th B ra ss i l( 1976 -7 )

O ne s amp le c on ta ined a s i ng le s p ec imen o f A gros t emma g i thago ( L innaeus ) -t h e c or nc ock le -aw eed u sua l ly a s soc ia ted w i th c e rea l s . E xamp le s h ave b een d i scove red a tI s ca ( He lbaek 1 964 ) . Two o t he rs amp le s c on ta ined s i x f r agmen ta ry s pe c imen s o f b urn t s e ed s . I d en t if ica t ion t og ene r ic l e ve l w a s n o t p o s s ib le .

T he Mo l lusca T he mo l lu scan r ema in s h ave b een i d en t if ied a s b e l o ng ing t ot h e spe c ies s hown i nT ab le 7 . T he se d a ta d on o tn e ce s sa r i ly r ef le c tt h er o le o fs he l l f i sh i nt h ee conomy o ft h e s i te d u r ing i t s o ccupa t ion . T he v i c is s i tude so fp re se rva t ion a nd e xcava t ion ( mo s t

I ti ss ugge s ted t h a tt h ea e rob ic c ond i t ion sp reva len t i n t h e d epo s i t s p re c luded t h e p re se rva t ion o f f l o ra l r ema in s i nq uan t i ty .

P en t re F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

1 29

1 30 P en t re F arm ,F l in t 1 976 -81

B ib l iography

B ib l iography

Abbrev ia t ion s T he a bb rev ia t ion s u sed f o l low t h e r e commenda t ion m ade i nt h e CBA 's s t anda rd l i s to fa bb rev ia ted t i t le s , w i th t h e a dd i t ion o ft h e f o l low ing : AA ( 4 ) A rchaeo log ia A e l iana , s e r4 BAR B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s C ounc i l f o r B r i t i sh A rchaeo logy CBA D . 0 . R oge r s S& S WAT

D iche le t te , J ,1 904 O swa ld ,F , 1 936 -7 R oge r s , GB , 1 974 S tanf ie ld , JA , &S imp son , G , 1 958 We s te rn A rchaeo log ica lT ru s t

A l len ,D , 1 986 T he g l a s sv e s se l s ,i nZ ienk iew icz , JD , 1 986 , 9 6 -116 . A l len , JC , 1 970 C on s ide ra t ion s o n t h e a n t iqu i ty o f m in ing i nt h e I b er n ian P enn in su la , RA n thropo l I ns t O cc P aper s , 2 7 . A nde r son , AC , 1 981 S ome c on t inen ta lb eake r so ft h e

G a l l ia S upp lemen t , 2 7 . B ende r , H , 1 975 A rchäo log i sche U n te r suchungen z u r A u sg rabung A ug s t -Ku rzenbe t t l i ,e i nB e i t rag z u r E r fö r schung d e rr öm i s chen R a s thäu se s ,A n t igua , 4 . B ende r , H , 1 978 R öm ische R e ise r ve rkeh r , S tu t tga r t . B e rge r , L , 1 960 R öm ische G lä ser a us V indon is sa , B a se l . B e suve r ,M , 1 92 1 L ec omme rce d up lomb äl 'eoque R oma ine , d 'ap it s l e s l i ngo t s e s tamp i l le s ,R evue A rch , 1 3 . B idd le , M , 1 967 Two F lav ian b u r ia ls f r om G range R oad , W inche s te r ,A n t iq J ,4 7 , 2 24 -50 . B i rd , J ,e ta l( e d s )S ou thwark e x cava t ions 1 972 -4 , I . B i rd , J ,e ta l( e d s ) 1 978 C o l lec tanea L ond in iens ia : S tud ie s p re sen ted t oR a lph Me r ryf ie ld , L ondon M idd le sex A rchaeo l S oc , S pec P ap , 2 . B i r ley , E , 1 935 F ou r th r epo r t o n e xcava t ions a t H ouse s tead s , AA ( 4 ) , 1 2 . B i r ley ,E , 1 953 R oman B r i ta in a nd t h eR oman A rmy . B i r ley , E , D ob son , B , & J a r re t t , M , 1 974 R oman F ron t ier S t ud ies .

f i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s AD ,i nA nde r son , AC , &A nde r son , AS ,1 981 , 3 21-47 . A nde r son , AC , &A nde r son , AS ,1 981 R oman p o t t e ry r e search i nB r i ta in a nd b eyond , BAR , S 123 . A tk inson ,D ,1 942 R epor to nE x cava t ions a tW rox e ter

B i shop , ME ,( e d )1 985 T he P roduc t ion a ndD is t r ibu t ion o fR oman M i l i tary E qu ipmen t , BAR , S 275 . B lake , ME , 1 947 A nc ien tR oman C ons truc t ion i nI t a ly

( t he R oman C i ty o fV i rocon ium )i nt h eC oun ty o f S a lop 1 923 -7 , B irm ingham A r chaeo l S oc . A tk inson , D&T ay lo r , M V , 1 924 F l in t e xcava t ion s

B lake , M E , 1 973 R om an C ons t ruc t ion i nI t a ly f rom N er va t h rough theAn ton ine s ,e d i ted a nd c omp le ted b y D T B i shop , Mem Ame r P h i l S oc , 9 6 , P h i l ide lph ia .

r epo r t , JF l in t sh ir el i s t S oc , 1 0 , p t 1 ,5 -23 . A r thu r ,P , & Ma r sh , G( e d s ) , 1 978 E ar ly f i ne w ar e si n R oman B r i ta in , BAR , 5 7 . A ven t ,R , &H ow le t t ,T , 1 980 E xcava t ion si nR oman L ong Me lfo rd 1 970 -1972 , P roc S uf f o lk I n s t A rchaeo l , 3 4 , p ti v , 2 29 -49 . B a i l l ie R eyno ld s , PK , 1 938 E xcava t ions o nt h es i te o f t h e R oman F or t o f K anov ium , a t C aerhun , C ae rnarvon sh ire . C a rd i f f .

f rom t h eP reh i s tor ic P er iod t oA ugu s tu s ,C a rneg ie I n s t , Wa sh ing ton .

B lay , W , 1 925 L e toce tum . B lock ley , K , f o r thcom ing P re s ta tyn ; Me lyd A venue E xcava t ions 1 984 -5 , BAR . d en B oe s te rd , M HP , 1 956 T he b ron ze v e s se l s i nt h e R i jk smu seum G M K am a tN i jmegen ,N i jmegen . B ogae r s , JE , 1 964 P rae to r ium A g r ipp inae , B u l l K on ink lyke N ed er land sche B ond , 6s e r , 1 7 .

O udhe id -Kund ige

B a rbe t , A , 1 973 R emon tage d e s p e in tu re s m u ra le s r oma ine s , R eche rche s d 'A rch & log ie C e l t ique e tG a l lo -Roma ine ,i nD uva l ,P -M ,( c d ) 1 973 ,6 7 8 1 . B a rbe t ,A , 1 974 R ecue i lg 6n&a ld e sp e in tu re sm u ra le s

B oon , GC , 1 966 R oman w indow g l a s s f r om Wa le s , J ourna l o fG las s S t ud ies , 8 ,4 1 -5 . B oon , GC , 1 967 R oman g l a s s f r om Wa le s ,A nna le s

d e l a G au le , i ,P rov ince d e N a rbonna i se , 1 ,

B oon ,G C , 1 972 -3 R oman G la s swa re f r om C aerwen t

d u 4me C ongres d es " Journees I n te rna t iona les d u V er re" , 9 3 -102 .

P en t re F a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -81 1 855 -1925 , Monmou th sh i re A n t iq , I I , p a r t i , 11 -123 . B oon , G C , 1 974 S i lches ter : T h e R oman T own o f C a l leva . B oon , GC , &S avo ry , HN , 1 975 A S i lve rT r umpe t B rooch w i th R e l ie fD eco ra t ion ,P a rce l -G i l t ,F rom C a rma r then , a nd an o te o n t h e D eve lopmen t o f t h eT ype ,A n t iq J ,5 5 , p t1 ,4 1-6 1 . B ra i l sf o rd ,J ,1 962 H od H i l l 1 . A n t iqu i t ies f rom H od H i l li nt h e Durd en C o l lec t ion , B r i t i sh Mu seum . B ran igan , K , & F ow le r , P , 1 975 T he R oman W e s t C oun ty . B rewe r , RJ ,1 986 T he b ead s a nd g l a s s c oun t e r s , i n

B ib l iog raphy

1 31

C ha r le swo r th , D , 1 980 G la s s . i nS t ead , IM , 1 980 , 1 24 -5 . C ha r le swo r th , D , 1 981 G la s s f r om t h e b u r ia l s , i n P a r t r idge , C , 1 981 , 2 68 -71 . C heva l ie r , R , 1 976 R oman R oad s . C lee re , H , 1 978 R oman Harbour si nB r i ta in S ou th o f H ad r ian 's Wa l l . C o l l ingwood , R , & R ichmond , IA , 1 969 T he A rchaeo logy o fR oman B r i ta in . C o i l s , D , e ta l , 1 977 ` L '6pave P o r t -Vend re s Ie tl e c omme rce d e l aB 6 t ique ä1é poque d e C laude , A rchaeonau t ica , I ,P a r i s . C om s tock , MB , &V e rmeu le ,C , 1 971 G r eek E t ru scan

Z ienk iew icz , JD , 1 986 , 1 46 -56 . B rews te r , NH ,1 972 C o rb r idge :i t ss i gn if icance f o rt h e s t udy o fR hen i sh w a re , AA ( 4 ) , 5 0 , 2 05 -16 B r i l l ,R , &W imp le r ,J ,1 967 I s o tope s t ud ie so fa nc ien t l e ad , Ame r ican JA rchaeo l , 7 1 . B r i t ish Mu seum , 1 920 A G u id e t o t h e E xh ib i t ion i lu s t ra t ing G reek a nd R oman l i f e , 2 nd e dn . B r i t ish Mu seum , 1 922 A G u ide t ot h e A n t iqu i t ie s o f R oman B r i ta in . B r i t ish Mu seum , 1 964 G u ide t o t h e A n t iqu i t ie s o f R oman B r i ta in . B rod r ibb , ACC , H and s AR , & Wa lke r DR , 1 971 E xcava t ions a tS hakenoak ,I ,p r iva te ly p r in t ed . B rodr ibb ,G , 1 987 R oman B r ick a nd T i le . B ro thwe l l , DR , 1 967 D igg ing u p b ones . B run t ,P . 1 966 P rocura tor ia lJ ur i sd i c t ion , B rus se l s . B u she -Fox , JP , 1 913 E xcava t ions o n t h e s i te o ft h e R oman t own a tW roxe ter , S hrop sh i re , i n1 9 12 , R e sR ep tS oc A n t iq o fL ondon ,I . B u she -Fox , JP ,1 949 F our th r epor to nt h ee xcava t ions o f t h e R oman f or t a tR ichborough , K en t , R e s R ep tS oc A n t iq o fL ondon , XV I . B u t che r , SA , 1 967 T he F inge r R ing s i nD ud ley , D , 1 967 , 2 1f . B u t che r , SA ,1 974 T he b rooche s ,i nN ea l , DS ,1 974 , 1 23 -8 . C a r r ing ton , P , 1 977a T he p l ann ing a nd d a te o f t h e R oman L eg iona ry f o r t re s s a tC he s te r , JC he s ter A rchaeo l S oc , 6 0 , 3 5 -42 . C a r r ing ton ,P .1 977b S eve rn V a l ley w a re a nd i t sp l ace

a nd R oman B ron ze si nt h e Mus eum o fF ine A r t s , B o s ton . C oo l H , E , M , & P r ice , J ,f o r thcom ing T he R oman G la s s , i nC hap l in , J ,f o r thcom ing . C o rde r , P , 1 935 E xcava t ion a t t h e R oman f or t a t B rough , E Y ork sh i r e , 1 934 . H u l l U n iv C o l l , L oca l H is t C omm . C o rde r ,P . 1 961 T he R oman T own a nd V i l la a tG rea t C as ter ton ,R u t land . 3 rd R ep tf or t h ey ear s1 954 8 . C un l if f e , BW , 1 968 F if th r epor to n t h e e xcava t ion o f t h eR oman f or ta tR ichborough ,K en t ,R e sR ep t S o c A n t iq o fL ondon , XXI I I . C un l if f e , BW , 1 971 E xcava t ions a tF ishbou rne ,1 96 1 9, I ,T he F ind s ,R e sR ep tS o c A n t iq o fL ondon , XXV I I .

i n t h e R oman p o t te ry s upp ly a t C he s te r : a p re l im ina ry a s se s smen t ,i nD o re ,J ,& G re ene ,K , ( e d s ) 1 977 , 1 47 -62 . C e r skov , E , 1 970 Mun ic ip ium D D k od S ocvan ica , B e lg rade . C hap l in , J ,f o r thcom ing E xcava t ion s i nD orche s ter , • D o r se tN a tH i s ta nd A r chaeo l S o c Monog raph . C ha r le swo r th , D , 1 959 R oman g l a s s i n n o r the rn B r i ta in ,A A ( 4 ) , 3 7 , 3 3 -58 . C ha r le swo r th ,D , 1 966 R oman s qua re b o t t le s ,J ou rna l o fG las sS tud ies ,8 ,2 6 -40 . C ha r le swo r th , D , 1 971 A g roup o f v e s se ls f r om t h e C ommandan t 's h ou se , H ou se s tead s , J ourna l o f G la s sS t ud ies , 1 3 , 3 4 -7 . C ha r le swo r th , D , 1 975 T he C ommandan t 's H ou se , H ou se s t ead s ,A A ( 5 ) , 3 ,1 7 -42 .

D av ie s ,E , 1 949 T he P reh i s tor ic a nd R oman R ema in s o fF l in t sh ire . D av ie s , JL , 1 977 R oman a r rowhead s f r om D ino rben

C un l if f e , BW , 1 974 I r on A ge C ommun i t ies i nB r i ta in . C un l if f e , BW ,1 975 E xcava t ion sa tP or tches ter C a s t le , V o lI ,R oman . R e s R ep t S oc A n t iq o fL ondon , XXX I I . C u r ie ,J ,1 911 A R oman F ron t ier P os ta nd i t sP eop le , T he F or t o fN ew s tead i nt h eP ar i sh o f Me lrose . D an ie ls , C , 1 959 R oman B a th -house a tR ed H ouse , C o rbr idge ,A A ( 4 ) , 3 7 , 8 5 -176 . D an ie l s , CM , J one s , GDB , &P u tnam , W G , 1 971 E xcava t ion s a t C ae r sw s , 1 968 , Mon tgomery C o l lec t , 6 1 , 3 7 -42 ( 1969 -70 ) . D an ie ls ,C ,J one s , G DB , &P u tnam ,W , 1 970 A n o te o n t h e R oman B a th -hou se s a t P re s ta tyn a nd T remadoc ,B u l lB oard C e l t ic S tud , 2 3 , p t2 .

a nd t h eS ag i t ta r i io ft h eR oman a rmy ,B r i tann ia , v i i i , 2 57 -70 . D av ie s ,0 , 1 935 R oman M ines i nE u rope . D av ie s , RW , 1 974 T he d a i ly l i f eo f aR oman S o ld ie r u nde r t h e p r inc ipa te , A uf s te ig u nd N ied ergang d er R öm i sche W e l t , I , B e r l in . Mche le t te , J ,1 904 L es v ases c g ram iques o rni •d e l a G au l e R oma ine , 2 ,P a r i s . D embe ck , H , 1 966 A n ima l s a nd Man . D ome rgue , C , 1 970 L e s e xp lo i ta t ions a ur if&e s d u n o rd -oues t d e l a p en in su le IM r ique s ou s l ' occupa t ion R oma ine , L a M inera H i spanae l be roamer icana , I .

1 32 P en tre F arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

B ib l iography

D o re , J , & G r eene , K , ( e d s ) 1 977 R oman p o t tery s t ud ies i nB r i ta in a nd b eyond , BAR , S 30 . D roop , JP ,&N ews tead , R , 1 928 E xcava t ion s i nt h e D eane ry F ie ld , C he s te r , 1 928 , p tI ,T he F ind s , A nna l so fA rchaeo la nd A n throp ,1 8 ,p t s3 4 , 13 f . D ud ley ,D , 1 967 E xcava t ion so nN o r 'nou ri nt h eI s le s o fS c i l ly , 1 962 -6 ,A rchaeo lJ ,1 24 , 1 64 D usav ic , S , 1 977 A spe c t s o f m in ing i n N o r icum , P annon ia ,D a lma t r iu a nd Moe s ia Su pe r ia ,A uf s t e ig

a nd b eyond , G la sgow A rchaeo lJ ,4 ,5 7 -80 . G ow land ,W ,1 900 R ema in so f aR oman s i lve rr e f ine ry , A rchaeo log ia , 5 7 , p t 1 . G ran t ,A , 1 971 T he b i rd b one s ,i nC un l if f e , BW , 1 971 , 3 77 -88 . G reen , H JM , 1 976 G odmanche s te r , S ma l l T own so f R oman B r i ta in . G re ene ,K ,1 977 L eg iona ry p o t te ry a nd t h es i gn if icance o fH o l t ,i nD o re ,J ,& G reene ,K ,( e d s ) 1 977 , 13 -

u nd N ied ergang d er r öm i sche W e l t , B e r l in . D uva l ,P -M ,( e d )1 973 R eche r che sd ' a r ch6o log iece l t ique e tg a l lo roma ine ,H au tes e t ude sd um ond eg rg co -

3 2 . G re ene ,K , 1 978a I mpo r ted f i ne w a re si nB r i ta in t o AD 2 50 : ag u ide t oi d en t if i ca t ion , i nA r thu r , P , & Ma r sh , G , ( e d s ) 1 978 , 1 5 -30 .

r oma in , 5 . E gge r s , R , 1 966 Das P rae tor ium a l s Am t s s i t z u nd Quar t ier r öm ischer S p i tzenf unk t ionare , O s te r re ich i sche A kadem ie d e s W i s senscha f t , P h i lo soph ie -H i s to r ie K la s se . E lk ing ton ,H ,1 975 T he Mend ip l e ad m ine s ,i nB ran igan , K , &F ow le r , P , 1 975 . E van s , JG , 1 972 L and s na i l si nA rchaeo logy . F e l lmann , R , 1 958 D ie P r inc ip ia d e s L eg ion s lage r s V indon is sa u nd d a s Z en t ra lgebäude d e r r öm ischen l a ge r u nd K a s te l le , J ah re sb er G e s p ro V indon is sa , 1 957 / 8 . F en t re ss , EB W , 1 979 T he R oman A rmy i nN um id ia ,

G reene , K , 1 978b R oman t r ade b e tween B r i ta in a nd t h eR h ine P rov ince s : t h ee v idence o fp o t te ry t oc AD 2 50 , i nd uP la tT ay lo r ,J ,& C le e re ,H ,( e d s ) 1 978 , 5 2 -8 . G re ene , K , 1 979 R epor t o n t h e e xcava t ions a t U sk , 1 965 -76 . T he p re -F lav ian f i ne w ares . G ren ie r ,A ,1 934 Manue ld 'a rchgo log ie g a l lo -roma ine , I , P a r i s . G r ime s ,W F ,1 930 T he w o rk sd epo to ft h e Twen t ie th L eg ion a tC a s t le L yons , H o l t , D enb ighsh i re , Y C ymm rodor , 4 1 . G u ido ,M ,1 978 T he g l a ss b ead so ft h eP reh i s tor ic a nd R oman p er iod si nB r i ta in a nd I r e land ,R e sR ep t

BAR , S 53 . F fou lke s , W , 1 856 R oman r ema ins a nd a nc ien t l e ad w o rk s ,A rchaeo l C ambr ens i s , ( 3 ) , 1 . F i sche r ,U ,1 973 G rabungen i mr öm i schen S t e inka s te l l v on H edde rnhe im , 1 957 -9 , S chr if ten d es F ran If u r ter Museum sfü rV or -und F rühge sch i ch te 2 . F o r s te r , RH , & K now le s , W H , 1 912 C o r s top i tum : r epo r to nt h ee xcava t ion si n1 911 ,A A( 3 ) ,8 ,1 37 2 63 . F o s te r , I ,& D an ie l , G , ( e d s ) 1 965 P reh is tor ic a nd

S oc A n t iq o fL ondon , 3 5 H agen ,J ,1 931Römer s t ras sen d er R he inprov inz ,B onn . H an son , W S , 1 971 T he k i ln g roup , N or thw ich , i n

E ar ly Wa le s . F ox , A , & R avenh i l l , W , 1 972 T he R oman f o r t a t N an s ta l lon , C or nwa l l ,B r i tann ia , i i , 5 6 -111 . d eF ranc i sc is , A , 1 974 E rco lano eS t ab ia , N ova ra . F re re , SS , 1 967 B r i tann ia . F re r e , SS ,1 972 V eru lam ium e x cava t ions ,I ,R e sR ep t S oc A n t iq L ondon , XXV I II .

J one s , GDB , 1 971 , 5 0 -3 . H a rden D B , 1 936 T he G la s s ,i nR adfo rd , C AR ,1 936 , 2 6 -69 . T he R oman v i l la a tD i t ch ley ,O xfo rd sh i r e . O xon iens ia , I ,2 6 -69 . H a rden D B , 1 947 R oman g l a s s . I n H awke s C FC & H u l lMR ,C amu lodunum .R e sR ep tS oc A n t iq o f L ondon , 1 5 , 2 87 -306 . H a rden , DB , 1 962 R oman g l a s s i nY o rk , E buracum -R oman Y ork , HMSO , 1 36 -141 . H a rden D B , 1 967 T he g l a s sj ug , i nB idd le , M 1 967 , 2 38 -40 . H a rden , DB , 1 971 G la s s i nB rod r ibb , A CC , e ta l , 1 971 , 9 8 -108 . H a rden D B , 1 974 W indow g l a s s f r om t h eR omano -

F re r e , SS ,&S t .J o seph , JK ,1 974 T he R oman F o r t re s s a tL ong tho rpe ,B r i tann ia , v ,1 129 . F u lf o rd , M , 1 975 T he P o t te ry i nC un l if f e , BW , 1 975 , 2 70 -367 . G age ,J ,1 834 . B a r rows c a l led t h e B a r t low H i l ls ,i n t h ep a r i sh o fA shdon , i nE s sex , w i th a na ccoun t o fR oman s epu lch ra l r e l ic s r e cen t ly d i scove red

B r i t i sh b a th -hou se a t G a rden H i l l , H a r t f ie ld , S u s sex ,A n t iq J ,5 4 , 2 80 -1 . H a rden , D , B , 1 977 R epo r t o n t h e g l a s s b ow l , i n P a r t r idge , C , 1 977 , 2 2 -108 . H a rden D B , 1 983 T he g l a s s h oa rd , i nJ ohn son , S , 1 983 , 8 1-89 . H a rden D B , &G reen C M , 1 978 A l a te R oman g rave g roup f r om t h eM ino r ie s ,A ldga t e ,i nB i rd J ,e ta l ,

i nt h el e s se rB a r rows ,A rchaeo log ia , 2 5 , 1 23 . G ib son , JP ,&S imp son , FG , 1 911 T he m i leca s t le o n

( e d s ) 1 978 , 1 63 -175 . H a rden D B , &P r ice ,J ,1 971 T he g l a s s ,i nC un l if f eB ,

t h e Wa l l o fH ad r ian a tt h e P o l t ro s s B um , T rans C umber land W e s tmor land A n t iq A rchaeo l S oc , 1 , 3 90 -461 . G i l lam , JP , 1 970 T ype s o fR oman C oar se P o t tery V es se l si nN or thern B r i ta in , 3 rd e dn . G i l lam , JP ,1 976 C oa r se f umed w a re i nN o r th B r i ta in

W , 1 971 , 3 17 -68 . H a rden D B , e t a l , 1 968

Ma s terp ieces o f g l as s .

L ondon . H a rden , DB ,e ta l1 987 G la ss o ft h e C aesa rs , M i lan . H a r t ley , B R , & K a ine , K F , 1 954 H e ronb r idge e xcava t ions :R oman d ock a nd b u i ld ing s , JC h es ter

P en t re F a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -81 A rchaeo lS oc , 4 1 , 1 5 -37 . H a r t ley , KF , & Web s te r , PV , 1 973 R omano -Br i t ish p o t te ry k i lns n ea rW i lde r spoo l ,A rchaeo lJ ,1 30 , 7 7 -103 . H a r t ley , KF , 1 977 Two m a jo r p o t t e r ie s p roduc ing mo r ta r ia i nt h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD , i nD o re , J ,& G reene , K , ( e d s ) 1 977 , 5 17 H a r t ley , KF , 1 981 P a in ted f i ne w a re s m ade i n t h e R ae t ian w o rk shop sn ea rW i lde r spoo l , C he sh i re , i nA nde r son , AC , &A nde r son , AS .1 981 ,4 71 9 . H a ssa l l ,M , &R hode s ,J ,1 974 E xcava t ion sa tt h eN ew Ma rke t H a l l , G louce s te r 1 966 -7 , T rans B r i s to l G loucs A rchaeo l S oc , 9 3 , 1 5 -100 . H ave r f ie ld , F , 1 906 R omano -Br i t i sh R ema ins . H aye s ,P .1 961 F l in t : T he d i scove r ie sn ea rt h eR oman s i te a tP en t re , JF l in tsh i re H i s t S oc , 1 9 , 9 3 -5 . H e ighway , C , 1 983 T he e as t a nd N or th G a te s o f G louces ter , WAT Monog r aph , 4 . H e lbeck , H , 1 964 T he I s ca G ra in , A R oman p l an t i n t roduc t ion i n B r i ta in , N ew P hy to log i s t , 6 3 , 1 58 -64 . H e rme t , F , 1 934 L a G rauf e senque , P lanches , p t 1 , P ar i s . H ob ley ,B , 1 969 A N e ron ian -Ve spa s ian ic m i l i ta ry s i t e a t T he L un t , B ag in ton , Wa rw ick sh i re , T rans B irm ingham Warw ick sh ire A rchaeo l S oc , 8 3 , 6 5 -129 . H ob ley , B , 1 974 E xcava t ion s a t T he L un t R oman m i l i ta ry s i te , B ag in ton , Wa rkw ick sh i re 1 968 7 1 , 2 nd I n te r im r epo r t , T rans B i rm ingham Warw i ck sh ire A rcha eo lS oc , 8 5 , 7 -92 . H ogg , AHA , 1 966 N a t ive s e t t lemen t i n Wa le s , i n T homa s , C , ( e d ) 1 966 , 2 8 -38 . H ogg , AHA , 1 968 P en L lys tyn , aR oman f o r t a nd o t he rr ema in s ,A rchaeo lJ ,1 25 , 1 01 -92 . H u l l , M R , 1 967 T he N o r 'nou r B rooche s , i nD ud ley , D , 1 967 , 2 8 -64 . H u r s t , I , 1 972 E xcava t ions a tG louce s te r 1 968 -71 , A n t iq J ,5 2 , 2 4 -69 .

B ib l iography

1 33

n o r th -we s tS pa in ,p t2 , JR oman S tud ,6 2 ,5 9 -74 . J one s , GDB , &G rea ley ,S ,1 974 R oman Manche s te r . J one s , GDB , &L ew is , PV , 1 960 R oman g o ld m ine s i nn o r th -we s tS pa in ,p t1 ,J R oman S tud ,6 0 , 1 59 8 5 . J one s , G DB , &L ew i s , PV , 1 971 T he D o locau th ig o ld m ine s ,B onner J ahrbuch er , 7 . J one s , GDB , & Web s te r , PV , 1 968 E xcava t ions a t Wh i t chu rch , S h rop sh i re , 1 965 -6 , A rchaeo l J , 1 25 , 1 93 -254 . J one s , GDB , ( e t a l ) 1 971 E xcava t ions a tN o r thw ich ( Conda te ) ,A rchaeo lJ ,1 28 , 3 1 -77 . J ope , W , 1 96 1 S tud ies i nB u i ld ing H i s to ry . K a l inka , E , 1 906 A n t ika D enkmä le r i n B u lga r ien , S chr if t en d er B a lkenkomm i s s ion , 4 . K e l ly ,R , 1 976 Me ta l -wo rk ing i n No r th Wa le s d u r ing t h eR oman P e r iod ,B u l lB oard C e l t ic S tud ,2 7 ,p t 1 K lebu rg ,T , 1 957 H ö te l s ,r e s tau ran t se tc abare t sd ans a n t iqu i tg r oma ine , U ppsa la . K no r r ,R , 1 919 T öpf er u nd F ab r iken v e r z ier ter T er ra S i g i l la ta d es e r s ten J ahrhund er ts , S tu t tga r t . K no r r , R , 1 952 T er ra -S ig i l la ta -Gef ä s se d es e r s ten J ahrhund er ts m i t T öpf ernamen , S tu t tga r t . K no t t , RJ ,1 913 L e to ce tum e xcava t ions 1 912 , T rans N or th S t af f s F ie ld C lub , 4 7 . K oe the ,H ,1 936 S t ra s sendo r fu nd K a s t e l lb e iJunke ra th , T r ierer Z e i t schr if t , 1 . L amb r ick , G , 1 980 E xcava t ions a t P a rk S t ree t , T owce s t e r ,N or thamp tonsh ir eA rchaeo l , 1 5 ,3 5 18 . L aw son ,A , 1 976 S ha le a nd j e ta rm le t sf r om S i lche s t e r , A rchaeo log ia , 1 05 , ( 1975 ) , 2 41 -75 . L ive r s idge ,J ,1 955 F urn i ture i nR oman B r i ta in . L ive r s idge , J ,1 968 B r i ta in i nt h eR oman Emp ire . L ive r s idge , J ,1 969 F u rn i tu re a nd i n t e r io r d eco ra t ion , i nR ive t , A LF , 1 969 , 1 27 -72 . L loyd -Mo rgan , G , 1 978 S ome s ma l l R oman b ronze s f r om t h eG ro sveno r Museum ,J C hes ter A rchaeo l S oc , 6 1 , 2 5 -32 .

I s ing s ,C ,1957 R oman g l a s sf romda tedf ind s ,G ron ingen . I s ing s ,C , 1 961 R oman g l as si nL imbu rg , G ron ingen . J acob i ,L ,1 897 Das R öme rkas te l lS aa lburg ,H ambu rg . J acob s , J , 1 912 S ig i l la ta funde a u s e i nen r öm i sche K e l le rz uB regenz ,J ah rbuchf ür A l ter tum skund e , 6 ,1 72 -84 & T a fI IV .

L o renz ,H ,1 936 U n t er suchung z um P rä tor ium ,B e r l in . L ow the r , AW G , 1 976 R omano -Br i t i sh c h imney -po t s

J a r re t t , M G , 1 967 T he R oman F ron t ie r i n Wa le s , S t ud ien z u d en M i l i tärgren zen R om s , B onn .

6 3 , 3 96 -575 . MacKend r ick ,P ,1 970 T he R omans o nt h eR h ine ,N ew Y o rk . Mack re th ,D ,f o r thcom ing T he b rooche s ,i nB lock ley , K , f o r thcom ing .

( Be ihe f te d e rB onne rJ ah rbuch 1 9 ) 1 967 ,2 1-31 . J a r re t t ,M ,G , 1 976 Ma rypo r t ,C umb r ia : aR oman f o r t a nd i t sg a r r i son ,T ran sC umbe r land &W e s tmor land A n t iq A rchaeo l S oc , E x t ra S e r , 2 2 . J a r re t t , MG , & Mann , JC ,1 968 T he m i l i ta ry o ccupa t ion o f R oman Wa le s , B u l l B oard C e l t ic S t ud , 2 0 , 2 06 -20 . J ohnson , S , 1 983 B u rgh C a s t le : e xcava t ion s b y C G re en , 1 958 -6 1 , EA ng l ian A rchaeo l , 2 0 . J one s , AHM , 1 974 T he R oman E conomy . J one s , G DB ,( F a c ,B i rd , DG , 1 972 R oman g o ld m ine si n

a nd f i n ia ls ,A n t iq J ,5 6 , 3 5 -48 . L ug l i , G , 1 957 L a T ecn ica E d i l i z ia R omana , R oma . MacDona ld , G , &C u r le , A0 , 1 929 T he R oman F o r t a t Mumr i l ls , n ea r F a lk i rk , P roc S oc A n t iq S co t ,

Mac Mu l len , R , 1 959 R oman I mpe r ia l B u i ld ing i nt h e P rov ince s ,H ar va rd S t ud ie si nC la s s i ca lP h i lo lo g y, B o s ton . Ma iu r i , A , 1 958 E rco lano : IN uovo S cav i1 927 -58 , 1 , R oma . Mann ing , W H , 1 972 T he i r on o b jec t s , i nF r e re , SS , 1 972 , 1 63 -95 . Mann ing , W H , 1 974 O b jec t s o f i r on , i nN ea l , DS ,

1 34 P en tr eF arm , F l in t 1 976 -81

B ib l iography

1 974 , 1 57 -87 . Mann ing , W H , 1 976 , C a ta logue o fR omano -Br i t i sh I r onwork i nt h e Museum o fA n t iqu i t i es , N ewca s t le u pon T yne . Mann ing , W H , ( ed ) f o r thcom ing E xcava t ion sa tU sk

5 -29 . v on P e t r ikov i t s , H , 1 975 D ie I nnenbau ten r öm is cher L eg ions lager w ähr end d e r P r in z ipä t s ze i t , O p laden . P f laum ,H -G ,1 975 L af or t if ica t ion d el av a l ed 'A d raha

1 965 -76 . Ma r sha l l , FH , 1 907 C a ta logue o ft h eF inger R ings i n t h eB r i t i sh Mu seum . G reek ,R oman a nd E t ru scan . Me igg s ,R , 1 973 R oman O s t ia , 2 nd e dn . Möc sy , A , 1 974 P annon ia a nd U ppe r Moes ia . N a sh -W i l l iams , V E , 1 969 T he R oman F ron t ie r i n Wa l es , 2 nd e dn ,b yJ a r re t t , M G . N ea l , DS ,1 974 T he e xcava t ion o ft h eR oman v i l la i n G ad ebr idge P ark , H em e l H emps tead , 1 963 -8 , R e sR ep tS oc A n t iq o fL ondon , XXXI . N eu s t ep ing , EJ ,1 961 C zechos lovak ia . N ew s tead , R , &D roop , JP , 1 936 E xcava t ions i nt h e D eane ry F ie ld a nd A bbey G re en ,1 935 ,L iverpoo l A nna ls A rchaeo lA n th ropo l , 2 3 , 3 50 . N oe ske , H -C , 1 977 S tud ien z u r V e rwa l tung u nd B evo lke rung d e r d ak ischen G o ld sbe rqwe rke , B onne rJ ahrbuche r , 1 77 . O g i lv ie , R , &R ichmond , I ,1 967 C orne l i i T ac i t i d e

d 'A rab ie , S ap ien , 2 9 . P h i l l ip s , B , & Wa l te r s , B , 1 977 A Man s io a tL owe r Wanbo rough , Wi l t sh i re ,B r i tann ia , v i i i ,2 23 -28 .

V i ta A gr ico lae . O 'Lea ry , T , &D avey , P . 1 977 E xcava t ion s a tH in t , 1 976 -7 ( t he p o s t -med ieva lp e r iod w i th as umma ry o ft h eR oman S equence ) , JF l in t sh i re H i s t S oc , 2 7 , 1 38 -51 . O l ive r ,A ,1 984 E a r ly R oman f a ce ted g l a s s ,J ourna lo f G la ss S tud ies , 2 6 , 3 5 -58 . O r ton , CR , 1 975 I t 's l a te rt h an y ou t h ink : as t a t i s t ica l a n swe r t o a n a r chaeo log ica l p rob lem , L ondon A rchaeo l , 2 ,2 85 -7 . O r ton , CR , 1 979 S ta t i s t ica l d a t ing f o r t h e s equence f r om t r ench 2 ,S ou thwa rk E xcava t ion s 1 972 -4 , i nB i rd ,J ,e ta l , ( e d s )4 60 -1 . O swa ld , F , 1 936 -7 I nd ex o fF igur e T ype s o n T er ra S i g i l la ta . O swa ld ,F , &P ryce , TD , 1 920 A nI n t roduc t ion t ot h e S t udy o fT erra S i g i l la ta . P a r t r idge , C , 1 977 E xcava t ion s a nd F ie ldwo rk a t B raugh ing , 1 968 -73 ,H er ord sh i re A rchaeo l , 5 . P a r t r idge ,C ,1 981 S ke le ton G reen ,B r i tann ia Monog raph S e r ie s , 2 . P eacock , D PS , 1 977 B r ick s a nd t i l e s o f C la ss i s

l 'A s soc ia t ion I n terna t iona le p our l 'H is to ire d u V er r e , 1 85 -206 . P r ice , J ,f o r thcom ing , T he R oman g l a s s , i nQ u inne l l , H , f o r thcom ing . Q u inne l l , H , f o r thcom ing E xcava t ion s a tC o sg rove R oman V i l la . R ad fo rd , CAR , 1 936 T he R oman V i l la a tD i tch ley , O xfo rd sh i re , O xon iens ia , I ,2 6 -69 . R amsay , AM , 1 925 T he s peed o ft h eR oman I mpe r ia l P o s t , JR oman S tud , 1 5 , 6 0 -74 . R eece ,R ,( e d ) 1 977a B ur ia li nt h eR oman Wor ld , CBA R e s R ep t , 2 2 . R eece ,R ,1 977b B u r ia li nL a t in L i te ra tu re :t wo e xamp le s , i nR eece , R , 1 977a ,4 4 -5 . R ichmond , IA , 1 939 F endoch , P roc S oc A n t iq S co t ,

B r i tann ica ,B r i tann ia , v i i i , 2 35 -48 . P ea cock , DP S , &W i l l iams , DF ,1 986 Amphorae a nd t h eR oman e conomy . P ennan t , T , 1 778 T our si n Wa les , V o l 1 . P e rc ivä l ,J ,1 976 T he R oman V i l la . P e t ch , DF ,1 970 E xcava t ions a tt h eO ld Ma rke tH a l l , C he s te r : S e cond S umma ry R epo r t , 1 968 -70 , J C he s te rA rchaeo l S oc , 5 7 , 3 -26 . P e t ch , JA , 1 928 E xcava t ion a tB enwe l l ,A A ( 4 ) , 5 . P e t ch , JA , 1 936 E xcava t ions a tP en t re F fw rndan n ea r F l in t 1 932 -4 ,A rchaeo l C ambr ens i s , 9 1 , 7 4 -92 . P e t ch , JA , & T ay lo r , M V , 1 925 R epo r t o n t h e e xcava t ion s c a r r ied o u t a tP en t re , F l in t d u r ing S ep tembe r 1 924 , JF l in t sh ire H is tS oc , 1 0 , p t2 ,

P i t t s , L , F , & S t J o seph , J , K , 1 985 I nch tu th i l , B r i tann ia Monog raph , 6 . d u P la t T ay lo r , J ,& C lee re , H , ( e d s ) 1 978 R oman s h ipp ing a nd t r ade : B r i ta in a nd t h e R h ine P rov inces , CBA R e s R ep t2 4 . P r ice ,J ,1 976 G la s s , i nJ a r re t t M ,G , 1 976 ,4 9 -54 . P r ice ,J ,1 980 T he R oman g l a s s ,i nL amb r ick ,G , 1 980 , 3 5 -118 . P r ice ,J ,1 983 T he R oman v es se lg l a ss , i nH e ighway C , 1 983 , 1 68 -70 . P r ice ,J ,1 985 C hap t e r3 0 . T he R oman g l a s s ,i nP i t t s , L ,F ,&S tJ o seph ,J ,K , 1 985 , 3 03 -12 . P r ice ,J ,1 987 T he g l a s sf r om F e lmonge r s ,H a r low ,i n E ssex : ad a ted d epo s i to fv e s se lg l a ss f ound i na n A n ton ine p i t , A nna le s d u l Ome C ongris d e

7 3 , 10 -54 . R ichmond , IA , 1 968 H od H i l l , V o l 2 ,E xcava t ions , 1 951-8 . R ichmond , IA ,R omans , RT , & Wr igh t , RP , 1 944 A c i v i l ian B a th -hou se o ft h eR oman p e r iod a tO ld D u rham ,A A ( 4 ) , 2 2 , 1 2 1 . R ichmond , IA , &G i l lam , JP , 1 950 E xcava t ions o n t h e R oman s i te a tC o rb r idge , A A ( 4 ) , 2 8 , 1 52 2 0 1 . R ichmond , IA , &G i l lam , JP , 1 951 T he t emp le o f M i th ra s a tC a r rowbu rgh ,A A ( 4 ) , 3 1 , 1 92 . R ichmond , IA , &G i l lam , JP . 1 953 B u i ld ings o ft h e i s t a nd 2 nd c en tu r ie s n o r th o f t h e g rana r ie s a t C o rb r idge ,A A ( 4 ) , 3 1 , 2 05 -53 , ( 1953 ) . R ichmond , IA , &G i l lam , JP .1 955 S ome e xcava t ion s a tC o rb r idge 1 952 -4 ,A A ( 4 ) , 3 3 , 2 18 -52 . R ich t e r , GM A ,1 966 F urn i ture o ft h eG reek s ,E t ru scans a nd R oman s . R i t t e r l ing ,E ,19 12 D a sF rüh rom i sche L age rb e iH o f he im i nT aunu s ,A nna len d e sV er e ins f ür N as sau is che A l ter tumskunde u nd G e sch ich t sf or schung , 4 0 ,

P en t re F a rm ,F l in t 1 976 -8 1 1 416 . R ive t , A LF , 1 969 T he R oman V i l la i nB r i ta in . R obe r t son A ,S ,1 975 B ir r ens ( B la tobu lg ium ) ,E d inbu rgh R oge r s , G B , 1 974 P o t e r ie s s i g i l leee s d e l a G au le c en t ra le , I :l e s mo t if s n on f i gu re s , G a l l ia S upp l , 2 8 , P a r i s . R ook , A , 1 976 A sp ec t s o fB a th -house s i nR omano B r i t i sh V i l las , M P h i l T he s i s , U n iv o f L ondon I n s to fA r chaeo l . R ue sch ,A ,1 976 D ie M i l i tä r lage ru nd d i eZ iv i ls ied lung i nR o t twe i la mR ekam ,A uf s te ig u nd N ied ergang d e rR öm ische W e l t , 1 , 5 . S a lway ,P ,1 958 C iv i l ian si nt h eR oman f r on t ie rr e g ion , A A ( 4 ) , 3 6 , 2 27 -44 . S a lway ,P ,1 965 T he F ron t ier P eop l eo fRoman B r i ta in . v on S chau rbe in ,S ,1 974 D ie r öm ischen M i l i tä ran lagen b e iH a lbem: B er ich t ü ber d i e F orchungen S e i t 1 899 , Muns te r . S chm id ,W , 1 932 D ie r öm ische P o s ta tab ian N o re ia i n E inöd , J ahreshef te d es O s terre ich ische A rchaö log i sche I ns t i tu ts , 2 7 . S e l lye , I ,1 939 L e s b ronze s e ma i l le 's d e l aP annon ie r oma ine ,D is ser ta t iones P annon icae , S e r2 ,f a sc 8 . S ha ck ley , M L , 1 975 A rchaeo log ica l S ed imen t s : A S t udy o fA na ly t ica l Me thod s . S haw , RC , 1 926 E xcava t ions a tW i l lowfo rd , T rans C umbe r land W e s tmor land A n t iq A rchaeo l S oc , 2 6 ,4 29 -50 . S he ldon ,H ,E xcava t ion sa tT opp ing sa nd S un Wha rve s , S ou thwa rk 1 970 -71 , T rans L ondon M idd lesex A rchaeo l S oc , 2 5 S imp son ,G , 1 962 C ae r leon a nd R oman f o r t si n Wa le s i nt h e S econd C en tu ry AD : p t 1-C ae r leon a nd N o r the rn Wa le s ,Archaeo lC amb ren s i s , 11 ,103 E 6 . S imp son ,G , 1 963 C ae r leon a nd R oman f o r t si n Wa le s i n t h e S e cond C en tu ry AD : p t 2 -S ou the rn Wa le s ,A rchaeo l C amb rens i s , 12 , 1 3 -76 . S imp son ,G ,8 E .R oge r s ,G , 1 969 C innamu sd eL ezoux e tq ue lque sp o t ie r sc on t empo ra ins ,G a l l ia ,2 7 ,3 1 4 . Smy the ,J ,1 940 T he R oman p igs o fl e ad f r om B rough , T rans N ewcom en S oc , 2 0 . S tanf ie ld , JA , 1 929 U nu sua l f o rms o ft e r ra s i g i l la ta , A rchaeo lJ ,8 6 , 13 -51 . S tanf ie ld , JA , &S imp son , G , 1 958 C en tra l G au l ish P o t ter s . S tee r , KA , 1 960 -1 E xcava t ion s a t Mumr i l l s R oman • f o r t , 1 958 -60 ,P roc S oc A n t iq S co t , 9 4 , 8 6 -132 . S tead , I ,M , 1 980 R ud s ton R oman V i l la , Y ork sh i re A rchaeo lJ . S u the r land , CHV , 1 939 T he R omans i nS pa in . T as s ina r i ,S ,1 975 L av a is se l le d eb ronze ,R oma ine e t P rov inc ia le a u Musee d e sA n t iqu i te sN a t iona le s , G a l l ia S upp l , 2 9 , P a r i s . T ay lo r , H , 1 883 H is tor ic N o t ices o fF l in t . T ay lo r ,MV , 1 922 R oman F l in t sh i re , JF l in tsh i re H is t S oc , 9 ,5 8 -96 .

B ib l iography

1 35

T homa s , C , ( e d ) 1 966 R ura l S e t t lemen t i n R oman B r i ta in , CBA R e s R ep t , 7 . T homa s , KD , 1 974 i nS he ldon , H , 1 974 T homa s , TM , 1 96 1 T he M inera lW ea l th o f Wa les a nd i t s E xp lo i ta t ion . T homp son , FH , 1 965 R oman C he sh ire . T homp son Wa tk in , W , 1 884 R oman C hesh ir e . T o l le r ,H , 1 977 R om an L ead C of f i ns a nd O s suar ia i n B r i ta in , BAR , 3 8 . T oynbe e , JM C , 1 971 D ea th a nd B ur ia li nt h eR oman Wor ld . T oynbee , JM C , 1 972 R oman D ove r : T he p a in ted R ooms , K en tA rchaeo lR ev iew , 2 9 , 2 62 -4 . T oynbee , JM C , 1 973 A n im a l si nR oman L if ea nd A r t . T ro t te r , M , &G le se r , GC , 1 958 A r e -eva lua t ion o f s t a tu re b a sed o n m ea su remen t s o fs t a tu re t a ken d u r ing l i f ea nd o fl o ng b one sa f te rd ea th , Amer i can JP hys A n throp , 1 6 , 7 9 123 . T y le co t e , RF , 1 962 Me ta l lurgy i nA rchaeo logy . T y le co t e , RF ,1 970 T he c ompo s i t ion o fm e ta la r te f a c t s : ag u ide t op rovenance? A n t iqu i ty , 4 4 , 1 9 -25 . Wache r ,J ,1 960 C a t te r ick B r idge , JR oman S t ud , 5 0 . Wache r ,J ,1 974 T owns o fR oman B r i ta in . Wa l la ce , C , & Web s te r , PV , 1 987 B lack -bur n i shed j ug s a nd l i d s , JR oman P o t te ry S tud ie s , 2 . Wa l thew , CV , 1 974 T he t own h ou se a nd t h e v i l la h ou se i nR oman B r i ta in ,B r i tann ia , v i , 1 89 -205 . Weave r ,P ,1 965 F reedmen p ro cu ra to r si nt h eI mpe r ia l a dm in is t r a t ion , H i s tor ia , 1 4 . Web s t e r , G , 1 953 T he l e ad m in ing i n du s t ry i nN o r th Wa le si nR oman t ime s , JF l in t sh ire H i s tS oc , 1 3 , 5 33 . Web s te r , G A , 1 958 T he R oman m i l i ta ry a dvance u nde rO s to r iu s S capu la ,A rchaeo lJ , 15 ,4 9 -98 . Web s t e r , G , 1 969 T he R oman I mper ia lA rmy . Web s t e r , G , 1 976 R omano -Br i t i sh C oarse P o t tery :A S t ud en t 's G u id e , CBA R e s R ep t , 6 . Web s t e r ,G , &C ha r le swo r th ,D , 1 958 T he R oman S i te a t Wa l l , S t af f s . HMSO . Web s te r , J ,1 975 O b jec t s o f i r on , i nC un l i f f e , BW , 1 975 , 2 33 -47 . Web s t e r ,J ,f o r thcom ing a ,T he s ma l lf i nd s ,i nW i l l iam s , J ,a nd H inch l if f e , J ,f o r thcom ing . Web s t e r ,J ,f o r thcom ing b ,T he b ronze s ma l l f i nd s , i n Mann ing , W H , f o r thcom ing . Web s t e r , P ,V , 1 971 Me land ra C a s t le R oman F o r t : E xcava t ion s i n t h e c i v i l s e t t lemen t , 1 966 -9 , D erby sh ire A r chaeo lJ ,9 1 , 5 9 -118 . Web s te r , PV ,1 976 S eve rn V a l ley Wa re : ap re l im ina r y s t udy , T rans B r i s to l G louc s A rchaeo l S oc , 9 4 , 1 8 -46 . Web s te r , PV , 1 982 R omano -Br i t ish c oa r se p o t te ry i n N o r th -we s t E ng land -a n i n t roduc t ion , L anc s A rchaeo lJ ,2 ,1 3 -31 . Wee tman ,M , 1 986 T r ia lE xcava t ions a tt h eC roe sA t t i L ane R oman S i te , F l in t , 1 986 , A rchaeo logy i n Wa l es , 2 6 , 1 5 -16 . We lke r , E , 1 974 D ie R öm i schen G lä ser a u s N ida H eddernhe im , F rankfu r t .

1 36 P en tre F arm , F l in t 1 976 -8 1

B ib l iography

Wenham , LP , 1 968 T he R omano -Br i t i sh C eme t ery a t T ren tho lme D r ive , Y ork . H M S0 . Whee le r , R EM , 1 923 S egon t ium a nd t h e R oman o ccupa t ion o f Wa le s , YC ymm rodor , 3 3 . Whee le r , REM , 1 925 P r eh is to r ic a nd R oman Wa l es . Whee le r , R EM , 1 926 T he R oman F or tn ear B recon . Whee le r , R E M , 1 930 L ondon i n R oman T ime s , L ondon Mu seum C a ta logue N o 3 . Whee le r , R EM , & Whee le r , TV , 1 928 T he R oman Amph i thea t re a t C ae r leon , A r chaeo log ia , 7 8 , 11 -218 Wh i t ing ,W ,e ta l ,1 931 R epor to nt h ee x cava t ion o ft h e R oman c eme t ery a tO sp r inge , K en t . R e s R ep t S oc A n t iq o fL ondon , 8 . Wh i t t ick , GC , 1 931 N o t e s o n s ome R omano -Br i t i sh p i gs o fl e ad , JR oman S t ud , 2 1 , 2 56 -64 . Wh i t t ick , GC , 1 932 R oman m in ing i nB r i ta in , T rans N ewcomen S oc , 1 2 .

W igh tman , EM , 1 970 R om an T r ier a nd t h e T rever i . W i l lh i te , LC , 1 976 T he p rae tor ium : as t udy o f3 4 s e l ec ted p rae tor ia i nB r i ta in a nd o nt h eG erman f ron t ie r , MA t h e s is , U n iv o f L ondon I n s t o f A rchaeo l . W i l l iams , D F , 1 977 B la ck -bu rn i shed w a re f r om Mumr i l ls : ar e -app ra isa l o f s ou rce s b y h eavy m ine ra l a na lys is , i nD o r e ,J ,& G re ene , K , ( e d s ) 1 977 , 1 77 -88 . W i l l iam s ,J H , &H inchc l i f f e ,J ,f o r thcom ing E x cava t ion s a tW i ld er spoo l 1 966 -69 a nd 1 976 . W i l son , DR , 1 974 R oman B r i ta in i n1 973 ,B r i tann ia , v ,4 13 -4 . Y oung , CJ ,1 977 O xf ord sh ire R oman P o t tery , BAR , 4 3 . Z ienk iew icz , JD , 1 986 T he l e g ionary F or tres sB a th s a tC aer l eon :I T he F ind s . Z eune r , FE , 1 963 A H is to ry o fDo m e s t i ca t ed A n ima l s .