Ovid, Heroides 7: Dido's Letter to Aeneas 1934971081

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Ovid, Heroides 7 Dido's Letter to Aeneas

Edited by Steven D. Prince and Gilbert W. Lawall

INTRODUCTION

Introduction I. Life Publius Ovidius Naso was born on March 20, 43 B.C., at Sulmo, about eighty miles east of Rome. The people of Sulmo must have taken great pride in the abbreviation S.M.P.E.: Sulmo .Mihi Patria Est, Sulmo is my fatherland, which Ovid wrote about his hometown (Tristia 4.10.3). His father, who wanted him to become a lawyer, sent him to Rome and then to Athens when he was sixteen to learn all the skills necessary for leading a life on the rostrum. Ovid's training was no doubt successful, but his heart always lay elsewhere: et quod temptabam scribere, versus erat (Tristia 4.10.26). The literati of Rome soon became his acquaintances, if not his friends: Vergil, Horace, Propertius, and Tibullus, truly a who's who of Latin poetry. Eventually he found the favor of Augustus. However that favor was not to last, and Ovid was sent into exile in the year A.D. 8 for an offense that today remains a mystery. All we know is what Ovid himself says about it, that he committed a carmen et error, a poem and a mistake. Perhaps this is actually a hendiadys, and he means that his poem \\'as a mistake. He remained in exile at the town of Tomis on the Black Sea until the end of his life, but never gave up the hope of returning. His appeals to the Emperor Augustus fell on deaf ears, and he certainly regained hope of a return to his beloved Rome \\'hen Augustus died in A.D. 14. Augustus' successor, Tiberius, hmvever, was no more relenting, and Ovid died three years later, still in Tomis.

II. \Vorks The following are brief descriptions of Ovid's works in the approximate order of publication: V

INTRODUCTION

Amores: love poems in three books involving characters real and imagined. Hero ides: letters from heroines to their lovers; they number twentyone, the first fourteen are from women of Greek (and Roman) legend, the fifteenth is from the sixth century B.C. poetess, Sappho and the final six are letters and replies from three couples in Greek myth. De medicamine faciei fiminae: a didactic poem on how to apply makeup and augment one's appearance. Ars amatoria: in three books, 1advice on finding love; the first and second books written for men, the third for women. Medea: a tragedy: Ovid's only known attempt at drama; now lost. Remedia amoris: a "sequel" to the Ars: a single book of advice on recovering from love's ill-effects. Metamorphoses: in fifteen books, Ovid's narrative masterpiece, offering cleverly interwoven tales of history, myth, and transformation. Fasti: six books containing a half-finished history and explanation of the Roman religious calendar. Tristia: in five books, poems written in exile at Tomis lamenting the poet's fate and providing valuable autobiographical information. Ibis: invective against an unknown enemy. Epistulae ex Ponto: in four books, letters from exile at Tomis.

III. TheHeroides Modern editions of the Hero ides include twenty-one epistulae. The first fifteen are letters from Penelope to Ulysses, Phyllis to Demophoon, Briseis to Achilles, Phaedra to Hippolytus, Oenone to Paris, Hypsipyle to Jason, Dido to Aeneas, Hermione to Orestes, Deianira to Hercules, Ariadne to Theseus, Canace to Macareus, Medea to Jason, Laodamia to Protesilaus, Hypermnestra to Lynceus, and Sappho to Phaon. The second series includes letters Vl

INTRODUCTION

and their replies from Helen and Paris, Hero and Leander, and Cydippe and Acontius. The Hero ides, letters written by women in love to their absent husbands or lovers, can be considered Ovid's attempt to create a ne,v genre of literature. Indeed, Ovid says this very thing about himself in Ars amatoria 3.345: ignotum hoe aliis ille novavit opus, that man [i.e., Ovid] created this genre unknown to others. In the Heroides Ovid combines elements of elegy, mythology, and rhetoric and puts his new concoction into a format that had rarely been used in Latin literature. Certainly Ovid had in mind Ariadne's lament from the island of Naxos (Catullus 64) and Propertius's attempt at the epistula (4.3, in which Arethusa writes to her husband Lycotas who is off with the army in the east), but OYid is the first to employ this concept for an entire collection. The Heroides are different from typical elegy in that the actors are famous (and not so famous) characters from Greco-Roman mythology as opposed to the usual cast of elegiac characters, who are the everyday men and women of Ovid's world. The Heroides are different from previous portrayals of mythological characters in that the characters loose much of their heroic or dramatic standing. For instance, Phaedra looses the dramatic pathos that Eurpides had given her, and in Ovid she becomes not much more than a lascivious woman driven by a furtivus amor to seduce her step-son at all costs. The rhetorical elements are obvious. There are certain rules that govern the writing of the letters. For instance, the letters are "static." Nothing affecting the outcome is allowed to happen during the course of the letter. The letters (with the final set discounted) expect no reply. One of the common practices of ancient schools of rhetoric was to have students devise new and ingenious interpretations of given situations. These letters, and certainly Dido's letter to Aeneas, fit this description.

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INTRODUCTION

IV. Heroides 7 The model for Ovid's heroine was obviously Vergil's Dido and specifically his portrayal of her in Book 4 of the Aeneid. References and allusions to Vergil are noted beneath the Latin text of Ovid on the right-hand pages of this edition. Ovid's Dido, however, is no mere imitation of Vergq's. When Ovid wants his Dido to be persuasive, he draws on the Vergilian Dido (e.g., lines 13 ff. and 75 ff.), but his Dido is less regal; she has no concept of Aeneas' divine mission (see lines 139 ff.), nor does she really care for the fate of Rome or Carthage. ~All she wishes is that she be allowed to love Aeneas, even if he does not love her in return (lines 133-4). This is the stuff that elegy is made 0£ but it has been feminized, i.e., in elegy it is usually the male who is suffering from servitium amoris, but here it is Dido. The roles have truly been reversed. What does this say, if anything, about Ovid's opinion ofVergil's Aeneas? Does this epistle challenge Vergil's justification of Aeneas' behavior toward Dido? Had Ovid been chosen by Augustus to write the epic of Rome, what \vould his Aeneas have done? These are questions to be pondered while reading this poem. V. How to Use This Text

This text was developed with several different applications in mind. It is intended for classroom use, and individuals -will find that reading Heroides 7 will be made easier using this book. It could also be used as a general introduction to the Heroides by students studying the works of Ovid. However, it is students of Vergil's Aeneid who will benefit most from this book, as it is replete with references and learned allusions to Vergil's magnum opus. Students who have recently completed their study of Book 4 of the Aeneid will find this an excellent review of the conflicts between Aeneas and Dido as well as a complementary view Vlll

INTRODUCTION

(from the female perspective, no less) of those conBicts. Teachers teaching the Advanced Placement syllabus could use this text after the exam has been given not only to augment their students' reading and discussion of the Aeneid, but also as an educationally appropriate way to use the time between the Advanced Placement examination and the end of the school year.

VI. Vocabulary The running vocabularies facing the Latin passages contain most of the words that students might not know, depending on their prior texts. All words not given on the facing pages will be found in the vocabulary at the end of the book, thus allowing this book to be used after completion of any standard Latin program. Some words are given on the facing pages only at their first occurrence and are marked with asterisks; if they appear again they are not repeated in the facing vocabulary, but they are included in the vocabulary at the end of the book.

VU.Meter The Heroides are written in elegiac couplets-alternating lines of dactylic hexameter and pentameter, the latter consisting of two "half-hexameter' groups of feet. The standard meter of amatory poems, its use here, as in the Amores, Ars, and Remedia is unsurprising. As it is, all of Ovid's surviving works, save the Jfetamorphoses and the fragmentary Halieutica, are in elegiacs. An extension of the more narrative dactylic hexameter, the elegiac couplet is generally self-contained, with each pentameter making a comment on or an answer to the notion introduced in the hexameter. The metrical pattern, illustrated below, is quite simple. In Ovid ('Y,f'ntinm tn thf' rnlf', of nrmprlv ::irf' few. • -=1-vv1-=1-=1-vv,-::; odd lmes: even lines lX

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INTRODUCTION

VIII. Syllepsis Knox notes that syllepsis is one of the most common figures of speech in the Heroides. He defines it as follows (p. 30): By this figure two words are joined with a third that must be construed in a slightly different, but appropriate sense, with each. Here is an example (line 8): idem venti vela fidemque ferent? will the same winds carry off [your] sails and [your] promise? The winds will literally carry off Aeneas' sails, but only figuratively will they carry off his promise. Knox differentiates syllepsis from zeugma in that in the latter "a different and inappropriate sense must be supplied for the third term" (p. 30, n. 77). Examples of syllepsis will be noted frequently in Heroides 7.

IX. Bibliography Anderson, W. S. "The Hero ides." In J.W. Bins, ed., Ovid. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973, pp. 49-83. Conte, Gian Biaggio. Latin Literature: A History. "The Heroides," pp. 346-50, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1994. Frankel, Hermann. Ovid: A Poet Between Two Worlds. "The 'Heroides;" pp. 3646. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1956. Jacobson, Howard. Ovid's Heroides. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974. Kenney, E. J."The 'Heroides."' In W. V. Clausen and E. J.Kenney, eds., The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: 11: Latin Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 422-8. X

INTRODUCTION

Knox, Peter. Ovid Heroides: SelectEpistles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Palmer, Arthur. P. Ovidi Nasonis Heroides with the Greek Translation of Planudes. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1967. \vilkinson, L. P. Ovid Recalled. "The 'Hero ides': Dolor Ira Mixrus;' pp. 83-117. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955. The editors of the present edition wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to the commentary of Professor Peter Knox cited above in preparing the notes for this edition. Without his scholarly ·work this edition would not have been possible. The editors also 'Nish to thank Professor Knox and Cambridge University Press for allowing them to reproduce extracts from Professor Knox's commentary in this libellus. These extracts are acknowledged with Professor Knox's name and are reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press.

Picture Credits

p. 6: Classical Association of New England p. 15: Courtesy of Matthew Gnolfo p. 41; Wikipediahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Image: Ruines _de_ Carthage.jpg ?uselang=ja p. 47: CourtesyofBarbaraMcManus p. 53: Courtesy ofhttp://www.the-athenaeum.org p. 59: Courtesy of Architect of the Capitol xi

NOTES

Lines 1-6 Ovid states his rhetorical bias in the opening salutation. This letter begins with a declaration that it is not meant to persuade its putative recipient. When Ovid's Dido says that her words are wasted, this is not merely a trope: we know, and she knows, from the setting of this moment in the text of the Aeneid, that Aeneas is at this instant at the harbor making preparations to leave Carthage. As Ovid himself makes clear in his characterization of this poem at Amores 2.18.25, Dido is already intent on suicide as she writes this poem, sword in hand (tenens strictum Dido miserablis ensem). The epistolary fiction is again only lightly sustained, prompting a medieval reader to prefix to his MSS a more "suitable" epistolary opening. (Knox, pp. 202-3)

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ubi: delayed conjunction. Sic ubi fata vocant: supply olorem as direct object from olor (2); Thus, when the fates call [the swan}. udus, -a, -um, wet; dewy. abicio [ab- + iacio ], abicere, abieci, abiectus, to throw, hurl cast away/ down. abiectus: having cast [itself} down; the perfect passive participle is used here in a middle voice (i.e., reflexive) sense; this is a Greek usage. As an adjective abiectus, -a, -um may be used in a figurative sense, dejected, downcast, and that meaning may be felt here as well. herba, -ae, £,grass. vadum, -i, n., ford; shoal; waters (of the sea or of a river). Maeander, Maeandri, m., the Maeander (a river in Phrygia). olor, oloris, m., swan. quia, conj. + indicative or subjunctive, because. te: i.e., Aeneas. nostra: = mea; the "poetic" plural, a device common in poetry; although she says "our." Dido means "mY:' prex, precis, f.,prayer. moveo, movere, movi, motus, here, to move; in line 4, to begin. alloquor, [ad-+ loquor], alloqui, allocutus sum, to speak to, address. alloquor: supply te. adversus, -a, -um, opposite; opposing iste, ista, istud, that, this. ista: these things, this. deo: the god oflove, Cupid, is to be understood. merita ... : supply the possessive adjective my with this and the following nouns. pudicus, -a, -um, pure, chaste. corpusque animumque pudicum: take pudicum with both corpus and animum. cum: delayed conjunction again, here introducing a causal clause. 2

Heroides 7 1. An Abandoned Lover's Plea

Sic ubi fata vocant, udis abiectus in herbis ad vada Maeandri concinit albus olor. Nee quia te nostra sperem prece posse moveri, alloquor (adverso movimus ista deo); sed merita et famam corpusque animumque pudicum cum male perdiderim, perdere verba leve est.

S

Commentary:

1 Sic ubi fata vocant: for the expression fata vocant, cf Aeneid 10.470-1: etiam sua Turnum fata vacant metasque dati pervenit ad aevi. Sic ... olor (2): Dido implicitly compares her words addressed to Aeneas to the song of a swan, which, according to ancient legend, would burst into song just before its death. 3 sperem prece posse: alliteration. moveri/ ... movimus (4): note the poetic device of polyptoton, in which a verb is repeated but with a different inflection-and here with a different meaning as well. S famam ... pudicum: these are extremely important words for Dido, who considered her reputation (fama) to be her guarantee of immortality; cf Aeneid 4.321-3: te propter eundem exstmctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibam, fama prior. 6 perdiderim, perdere: another example of polyptoton; note the different meanings, first lose and then waste, and the effective juxtaposition of the two words in the middle of the line. 6

male, adv., badly; here, utterly. perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditus, to destroy; to lose; to waste. perdere verba: this infinitive phrase is the subject of est. levis, -is, -e, light; of little consequence.

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NOTES

Lines 7-22 Dido cannot believe that, in spite of her appeals (7 tamen), Aeneas really intends to leave Carthage, a city already under construction, for Italy, the whereabouts of which are still unknown. The section opens with a series of incredulous questions (7-12), as punctuated by Bentley, in which Dido draws the contrast between the Rome to come and her own Carthage. This is paralleled by the more important contrast drawn between herself and his future bride, a 'prediction' that plays on the reader's familiarity with the later books of the Aeneid. Vergil's Dido says nothing about another woman, and Aeneas has no specific knowledge that he is to wed Lavinia. (Knox, p. 204) 7

certus, -a, -um, certain; determined. Certus es ... Certus es (9): note the anaphora. miseram: this is an example of the proleptic use of an adjective in which the meaning of the adjective is not to be taken immediately with the noun it modifies but needs to be postponed to a predicate position, c£,Aeneid 1.69:summersas obrue puppes, not overwhelm the sunken ships, but overwhelm the ships and make them sink. So here not to leave miserable Dido behind but to leave Dido behind [and thus make her} miserable. Dido: acc. sing. 8 velum, -i, n., sail. fides, fidei, f., trust; promise. vela fidemque: i.e., "your." 9 Aenea: voc. sing. cum: preposition here. foedus, foederis, n.,Jormal agreement, compact (often used of marriage). solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus, to loosen; of relationships that bind people together, to cancel dissolve, annul break; of ships, to untie, cast off (the ropes that hold the ship at dock). 10 quae ... : the antecedent is ltala regna later in the line. -que: connecting ltala regna sequi with the infinitive phrase in line 9. ubi sint: indirect question dependent on nescis. ltalus, -a, -um, Italian. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, tofollow; to pursue; to seek. 12 sceptrum, -i, n., scepter; sovereignty; kingship. summa: highest [things}; i.e., government, affairs ojstate; this is the third subject of tangunt.

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Heroides 7 2. Is Aeneas determined to leave? Certus es ire tamen miseramque relinquere Dido, atque idem venti vela fidemque ferent? Certus es, Aenea, cum foedere solvere naves, quaeque ubi sine nescis, Itala regna sequi? ::\"ecnova Carthago, nee te surgentia tangunt moenia nee sceptro tradita summa tuo?

=ommentary: '"' Certus (7) ... I ...I Certus (9): anaphora. Certus es ire: cf. Aeneid 4.S 54, Aeneas celsa in puppi, iam certus eundi. miseram: this is a favorite word of the elegiac poets to denote an abandoned or jilted lover, and it is frequently used of Dido by Vergil (e.g., 4.315, 420,429). 8 fidem: Vergil's Aeneas never made a "promise" to Dido, but in addressing Aeneas, Dido does use the word fides (4.3 73, nusquam tuta fides). As Knox (p. 206) points out, Ovid has interpolated a "promise" in his version of the story. idem venti vela fidemque ferent: this is an example of syllepsis, in which a word, usually a verb, governs two or more words and has a different sense with each; here the winds will literally carry away Aeneas' sails, but only figuratively will they carry his promise away. 5

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Heroides 7

9 cum foedere solvere naves: it is her "marriage" to Aeneas that Dido has in mind with the word foedere; in Vergil (4.338-9) Aeneas flatly denies such a "marriage": nee coniugis umquam praetendi taedas aut haec in foedera veni. This is another example of syllepsis; solvere governs naves and means to cast off, the same infinitive is implied with the prepositional phrase cum foedere, with which it means to dissolve, annul. 10 Itala regna sequi: Dido echoes Aeneas' famous words: Italiam non sponte sequor (Aeneid 4.361). 11 Nee. .. nee ... / ... nee ( 12) ... : note the three rhetorical questions with the final one climactic. Cf. Aeneid

4.307-8: Nee te noster amor nee te data dextera quondam nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido? nova Carthago: cf. Aeneid 1.366, novae Carthaginis; there is a pun on the name since "Carthage" is said to have meant "new city" in Phoenician. surgentia tangunt / moenia: cf. Aeneid 1.437, 0 fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt! sceptro tradita . .. tuo: metonymy; we would say, "placed at your disposal."

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NOTES

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19 21

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Faeta ... facienda: acc. n. pl., things that have been accomplished ... things [yet} to be accomplished. quaero, quaerere, quaesii or quaesivi, quaesitus, to seek, searchfar; to obtain, acquire,find (as a result of searching). quaerenda: supply est from line 14 to make a passive periphrastic; supply terra from line 14 as the subject, modified by altera 14, and supply tibi from line 14 as dative of agent with the passive periphrastic: one land must be sought by you =you must seek one land quaesita est: has [alreadyJbeenfound. tibi: here dative of agent with the perfect passive indicative verb instead of the usual ah + abl. ut, conj., although, even though. ut ... invenias: concessive clause. habendam: predicate gerundive of purpose; translate as an active infinitive, to hold/possess [it}. non notis: litotes, to not known (men), i.e., to strangers. arvum, -i, n.,field; pl., territory, lands. tenenda: predicate gerundive of purpose; translate as an active infinitive, to hold/possess {them}. seilieet, adv., evidently, obviously. Scilicet: used here to denote sarcasm. resto, restare, restiti, to remain;+ dat., to remain to be experienced (by), lie in store (for), await. quam: the antecedent is fides at the end of the line. quam ... fallas: relative clause of characteristic, expressing purpose. -que: take with altera danda [est] fides, connecting this clause with line 17. fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus, to mislead; to break (a promise). danda: gerundive; supply est for the passive periphrastic construction, must be given, or here perhaps simply will be given; supply tibi as dative of agent. fides, fidei, f, trust; promise. ut eondas ... / ... videas (20): noun clauses of result. ins tar + gen., equ,d to, like. Omnia ... eveniant, nee ... morentur: concessive clauses. ut: delayed conjunction, although. evenio, evenire, eveni, eventurus, to come about, happen, turn out. nee: introducing a second concessive clause, and although ... not. votum, -i, n., prayer; desire, hope (i.e., that which one prays for). tibi: dative of the possessor. quae ... amet: relative clause of characteristic. sic: thus (i.e., as I do).

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Heroides 7

3. A Rational Argument Facta fugis, facienda petis; quaerenda per orbem altera, quaesita est altera terra tibi. Ct terram invenias, quis earn tibi trader habendam? ~is sua non notis arva tenenda dab it? Scilicet alter amor tibi restat et altera Dido, quamque iterum fallas, altera danda fides. ~ando erit ut condas instar Carthaginis urbem et videas populos alcus ab arce tuos? Omnia ut eveniant, nee di tua vota morentur, uncle tibi, quae te sic amet, uxor erit?

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Commentary:

13 Facta fugis, facienda petis: this is an example of parallel word order that follows an ABAB pattern. Facta ... facienda ... quaerenda ... / ... quaesita (14): this is an example of chiasmus with an ABBA pattern. quaerenda ... /altera, quaesita (14) ... altera: parallel word order again. 22 quae te sic amet: Knox (p. 207): "the reader is, of course, aware that Dido's suspicions will prove true: Aeneas' marriage to Lavinia will be one of convenience."

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NOTES

Lines 23-36 Dido diverges from her address to Aeneas to a monologue outlining the intensity of her passion. Throughout this section Ovid's heroine writes as if Aeneas were a third party to the "conversation" (Aeneas ... ille ... ille ). This is a more extensive diversion from the epistolary fiction than we find elsewhere in the single Heroides, but the poems so often verge upon the form of a monologue that the reader hardly notices the breach of decorum. (Knox, p. 207)

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26 27

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uro, urere, ussi, ustus, to burn. Uror: the transitive verb is put in the passive voice to express an intransitive sense, not I am burned but I burn. induco, inducere, induxi, inductus, to lead in; to spread on, apply. inducto ... sulpure: ablative absolute; the addition of sulphur to the flame already produced by wax-covered torches would make the flame unusually hot. ceratus, -a, -um, wax-covered. sulpur, sulpuris, n., sulphur. taeda, -ae, f., torch (made of pine-wood; the word is often used by metonymy to mean wedding, and torches are also associated with funerals). pius, -a, -um, dutiful; worshipful; sacred. fumosus, -a, -um, smoky. addo, addere, addidi, additus + dat., to add, put onto. tus, turis, n., incense. focus, -i, m.,fireplace; hearth; altar. oculis: supply meis; dative with the compound verb inhaeret. vigilantis: genitive with oculis and modifying an unexpressed word meaning of me. inhaereo, inhaerere, inhaesi, inhaesurus + dat., to stick to, cling to. animo: supply meo. male gratus: male= non; supply est. surdus, -a, -um, deaf surdus: usually meaningdeafin the sense of unresponsive to what is said, here used without any reference to hearing, unresponsive to [my} gifts. quo: ablative with carere, to be rid of. The antecedent is not expressed; translate [a man} whom. si non ... sim ... velim: poetic use of present subjunctives in a present contrary-to-fact condition instead of the usual imperfect subjunctive. careo, -ere, -ui, -iturus + abl., to need, lack, be without; to be rid of

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Heroides 7 -±.Confessions of a Wounded Lover

Cror ut inducto ceratae sulpure taedae, ut pia fumosis addita tura focis. Aeneas oculis semper vigilantis inhaeret, Aenean animo noxque quiesque refert. Ille quidem male grams et ad mea munera surdus, et quo, si non sim stulta, carere velim;

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Commentary:

23 uror: the word is frequently employed by the elegiac poets to denote a lover on fire with passion. Cf. Cacullus 72.5 and 83.6. Vergil also uses this same word to describe Dido: Aeneid 4.68, uritur infelixDido. taedae: the word Dido uses in this simile that describes the intensity of her passion resonates with both her preopccupation with her supposed "marriage" to Aeneas and with her premonition of her imminent death and funeral. 24 fumosis ... focis: incense thrown onto an altar-fire that is smoky and nearly burning out will make it flare up. 25 Aeneas ... / Aenean (26): anaphora. Aeneas ... / ... refert (26): cf. Aeneid 4.83, [Dido] illum [Aenean] absens absentem auditque videtque. 26 noxque quiesque: the quiet of the night. Note the polysyndeton, the use of a superfluous conjunction, and hendiadys, two nouns joined by a conjunction, one of which is logically dependent upon the other in a possessive sense.

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NOTES

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quamvis, conj., here+ indicative, however much, no matter how, although. male, adv., badly; here, wickedly, dishonestly, wrongfully. odi, odisse, osus sum, to hate (this is a defective verb, having no form in the present system; the perfect system forms have meanings equivalent to those of present system forms). queror, queri, questus sum, to complain, complain 0£ queror: I complain [that}, introducing indirect statement, [eum] infidum [esse], or I complain of,introducing an accusative and a predicate, [eum] infidum. infidus, -a, -um,faithless; untrustworthy; treacherous. questa: perfect participle, having complained. peius: worse; here, more madly, more desperately. nurus, -us,£, daughter-in-law. nurui: dative with parce; as wife of Aeneas, Dido would be the daughter-in-law ofVenus, Aeneas' mother, but Aeneas never really "married" Dido, so she is misappropriating the term here. durus, -a, -um, hard; harsh; insensitive. amplectere: the present imperative of a deponent verb; the command is addressed to Cupid (frater amor, 32). fratrem: i.e., Aeneas, brother of Cupid ( addressed in the next line). frater Amor: vocative, referring to Cupid, brother of Aeneas. milito, -are, -avi, -aturus, to be a soldier. militet: jussive subjunctive, may he serve as a soldier, i.e., may he become an active lover in pursuit of me. ille: i.e., Aeneas. quae coepi: who have [already] begun: the verb needs a complementary infinitive such as "to be a soldier in the camp of love;' picking up the idea from the previous line. neque enim:far ... not. dedignor, -ari, -atus sum, to disdain, scorn, regard as unworthy. neque enim dedignor: far I do not regard [myself} as unworthy [for having done so}; Dido is not ashamed of having been forward in her amorous advances to Aeneas. amorem: supply the verb praebeam (hortatory subjunctive, may I provide) from praebeat (jussive subjunctive, let him provide) in the following line. materia, -ae, £, matter, material substance; here,fuel. cura, -ae, f., care, concern; affection, love. fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus, to trick, mislead, deceive. mihi falsae: the perfect passive participle is proleptic, to me [and I am} deceived [by it]. iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, to throw; passive in reflexive sense, to display itself, parade itself, show itself, imago, imaginis, £, image; mental picture;fantasy. ista ... imago: i.e., the fantasy she has just been entertaining.

12

Heroides 7 non tamen Aenean, quamvis male cogitat, odi, sed queror infidum questaque peius amo. Paree, Venus, nurui, durumque amplectere fratrem, frater Amor, castris militet ille tuis ! Aut ego, quae coepi (neque enim dedignor), amorem, materiam curae praebeat ille meae ! Fallor, et ista mihi falsae iactatur imago: matris ab ingenio dissidet ille suae.

30

35

Commentary:

29 non ... odi: Knox (p. 208): "Ovid pointedly rejects the tradition recorded in the Aeneid (4.607-29) that Dido laid a curse against Aeneas and his entire race." odi, / ... amo (30): while Dido specifically states that she does not hate Aeneas, the words at the ends oflines 29 and 30 inevitably recall the most famous poem of Catullus

(85): Odi et amo. ~are id faciam, fortasse requiris? Nescio, sed fieri sentio et excrucior. The recall suggests that Dido's emotions are more conflicted than she admits. [ Commentary continued on next pageJ

36

matris: i.e., Venus. ingenium, -i, n., intelligence; ingenuity; nature, character, dissideo [dis- + sedeo], dissidere, dissedi, to be distant; to differ. ille:i.e., Aeneas.

13

NOTES

[ Commentary continued from previous pageJ

30

queror infidum questaque peius amo: here again Dido's words recall Cacullus (poem 72), who, upon discovering that his beloved Lesbia has been unfaithful, declares (lines

5-6): Nunc te cognovi; quare, etsi impensius uror, multo mi tamen es vilior et levior. Dido's queror infidum corresponds to Cacullus's Nunc te cognovi, and Dido's peius amo corresponds to Cacullus's impensius uror. Again, the recall highlights Dido's conflicted emotional state. queror ... questa: polyptoton. 32 castris ... tuis: military imagery is commonly found in Ovid's elegiac poetry, in which lovers are often represented as soldiering under the banner of love. Cf. Ovid, Amores 1.9.1, Militat omnis amans, et habet sua castra Cupido. 34 materiam curae ... meae: Knox points out that Dido, like an elegiac lover, is content to do all the loving, provided Aeneas, unloving himself, remains as the inspiration of her love. Knox compares Amores 1.3.1-3: Iusta precor: quae me nuper praedata puella est, aut amet aut faciat, cur ego semper amem ! A, nimium volui - tantum patiatur amari. Dido is thus "cast in the role of the elegiac lover" (Knox, p. 209). The two preceding couplets (29-30 and 31-32) already situated Vergil's Dido within the elegiac tradition. 35 Pallor ... falsae: polyptoton.

14

NOTES

Lines 37-74

Dido breaks off her reverie and once again directs her speech to Aeneas, pleading with him to postpone his departure. Ovid expands upon the astonished reaction of Dido in the Aeneid (4.309-11) to Aeneas' determination to leave even in the teeth of contrary winds. Dido imagines him shipwrecked and his final guilty thoughts. Through the prism of Ovid's rhetoric the reader is obliged to focus squarely on one question: what is the hurry? (Knox, pp. 209-10) 37

38

39

40

41

42

Te: i.e., Aeneas.

innascor, innasci, innatus sum+ dat., to be born on, to grow on. rupes, rupis, f., cliff robur, roboris, n., oak tree. progigno, progignere, progenui, progenitus, to produce, give birth to. progenuere: = progenuerunt. fera, -ae, f., wild beast. qualis, -is, -e, interrog. pronoun, adv., what sort of,-relative adv., such tlS. agito [ago+ -ito ], -are, -avi, -atus, to set in motion; to shake; to disturb. agitari: infinitive in an indirect statement. nunc quoque: even now, i.e., just "as it was when you first came to these shores" (Knox, p. 210). qua: by which (way). adversus, -a, -um, opposite; hostile; contrary. fluctus, -us, m., wave. adversis fluctibus: ablative absolute with a concessive force, although ... . The adverb tamen, nevertheless, in the main clause logically follows the concession expressed in the ablative absolute: although ... , nevertheless .... obsto, obstare, obstiti, obstatus, to stand in one's way. hiems, hiemis, f., winter; storm; winter weather. gratia, -ae, f.,gratitude, thanks; favor; goodwill; kindness. prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus + dat., to be helpful advantageous, beneficial. prosit: optative subjunctive, may .... aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus, to consider; to behold. ut + subjunctive, how. everto, evertere, everti, eversus, to overturn, upset; of the sea, to churn up, agitate violently. concito, -are, -avi, -atus, to arouse, agitate, stir up. concitet: subjunctive in an indirect question. eversas concitet aquas: the perfect passive participle is proleptic: not stirs up the violently agitated Wtlters but stirs up the waters t2nd agitates them violently. Eurus, -i, m., Eurus (the southeast wind).

16

,

Heroides 7 5. Ranting of a Scorned Lover Te lapis et montes innataque rupibus alcis robora, te saevae progenuere ferae, aut mare quale vides agitari nunc quoque ventis, qua tamen adversis fluctibus ire paras. ~o fugis? Obstat hiems. Hiemis mihi gratia prosit. Aspice, ut eversas concitet Eurus aquas. ~od tibi malueram, sine me debere procellis; iustior est animo vencus et unda tuo.

40

Commentary:

37 Te ... te (38): apostrophe and anaphora. Note the emphasis chat the anaphora creates. Te ... ventis (39): Cf.Aeneid 4. 365-7, where Dido addresses Aeneas in a similarly harsh way: Nee tibi diva parens, generis nee Dardanus auctor, per.tide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres. 41 ~o fugis?: Cf.Aeneid 4.314: Mene fugis? hiems. Hiemis: this is an example of anastrophe, in which the word ending a clause is repeated at the beginning of the successive clause, and of polyptoton. Hiemis ... gratia: Dido speaks as if the winter weather were a god-sencfavor or kindness for her and wishes chat it would keep Aeneas from sailing away. '-±3

44

~od:

(That) which,i.e., the possibility that Aeneas might have

stayed at Carthage. malueram: pluperfect indicative instead of pluperfect subjunctive in a past contrary-to-fact statement, lit., [That} whichI hadpreferred= [That} whichI would havepreferred;supplydebere from the second clause in the line. sine: allow. procella, -ae, f, violent,wind, squall,storm. iustus, -a, -um,fair,just. est ... ventus et unda: two subjects regarded as a single whole take a singular verb. animo ... tuo: ablative of comparison.

17

NOTES

45

46 47

48

49

50

51

52

tanti: genitive of value, of such great worth, worth so much. nurnquid: an interrogative particle that implies a negative response, surely ... not ..., are you? censeo, censere, censui, census, to think; to decree; to value, assess, judge. censeris: supply a me. iniquus [in-+ aequus, -a, -urn, equal,jair], -a, -urn, uneven; unjust,; unfair. nurnquid censeris inique ?: Surely you're not being valued unfiiir{1 [by me}, are you?= I'm not valuing you unfairly, am 1? ut pereas: result clause dependent upon tanti in line 45. freturn, -i, n., strait; channel; sea. exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to exercise, train; to harass, trouble; of emotions, to indulge. pretiosus, -a, -urn, costly, expensive. odium, -i, n., hatred. consto, constare, constiti, to stand together; to cost. rnagno: ablative of price, much. durn, conj., + subjunctive, introducing a clause of proviso, provided, if only. careo, -ere, -ui, -iturus + abl., to need, lack, be without; to be rid ofi vilis, -is, -e, cheap; worthless; ofno value; oflittle account; ofno importance. rnori: infinitive as subject of est. pono, ponere, posui, positus, to put, place; of winds, to drop, subside. sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus, to spread, lay flat; of waves, to nuzke calm. aequalis, -is, -e, equal even, level, unda: poetic singular for plural. caeruleus, -a, -urn, blue, sea-blue. caeruleis ... equis: ablative of means, or supply in. Triton, Tritonis, rn., Triton (son of Neptune and one of the patron gods of Carthage). utinarn, conj., introducing an optative subjunctive expressing a wish (imperfect subjunctive for a wish unaccomplished in present time), I wish that ... were! mutabilis, -is, -e,fickle, changeable. duritia, -ae, £, hardness. duritia: ablative of respect. robur, roboris, n., oak tree; oak wood. robura: poetic plural for singular. vinco, vincere, vici, victus, to conquer; to win; to surpass.

18

Heroides 7 6. \Varnings about the Sea ~ on ego sum tanti (numquid censeris inique?)

ut pereas, dum me per freta longa fugis. Exerces pretiosa odia et constantia magno, si, dum me careas, est tibi vile mori. lam venti ponent, strataque aequaliter unda caeruleis Triton per mare curret equis. Tu quoque cum ventis utinam mutabilis esses! Et, nisi duritia robora vincis, eris.

45

so

Commentary:

45 This and the next line are difficult. Dido seems to imply that she values Aeneas more than she values herself: "I am not worth so much that you, who are of greater worth than I, should perish." The parenthesis would mean 'Tm not valuing you unfairly, am I?" 'Tm not overestimating you, am I?" 47 Exerces ... odia: cf. Aeneid 4.622-23, where Vergil's Dido uses these same words in a very different way as she implores her descendants to hate Aeneas' people forever: Tum vos, o Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne futurum / exercete odiis .... pretiosa odia et: note the remarkable elisions, "probably expressive of Dido's own anger" (Knox, p. 211). 50 caeruleis ... equis: line-framing. 51 mutabilis: cf. Aeneid 4.569, where Mercury uses this word to describe women, as he warns Aeneas to leave for the second time: varium et mutabile semper / femina.

19

NOTES

~id: Why ... ? Take with credis (54). insanus, -a, -um, crazy, insane. quid: what, delayed intrerrogative pronoun introducing an indirect question. possint: are capable [of doing}. 54 expertae: supply ate, experienced [by you}. totiens, adv., so often. male, adv., badly;foolishly. tarn male: may be taken with either expertae or credis; a different translation of male will be required depending on which word you make it modify. SS ut, conj., although. pelagus, -i, n., sea. suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasus, to recommend, urge, suggest, invite. via, -ae, £, road, street; journey. retinacula, -orum, n. pl., cables, ropes. 56 latus, -a, -um, wide. tristia: unhappy/grim/dreadful things; woes. pontus, -i, m., sea. 57 violo, -are, -avi, -atus, to harm; to outrage; to violate. violasse:=violavisse. violasse £idem: to have broken faith; the infinitive phrase is subject of prodest. temptantibus:for those testing/attempting. prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus + dat., to be helpful, advantageous, beneficial. Nee ... prodest: And X is not advantageous, litotes = And X is disadvantageous/ disastrous. 58 perfidia, -ae, £,faithlessness. perfidiae: genitive of the offense; take with poenas. exigo [ex- + ago], exigere, exegi exactus, to drive out; to exact. 59 praeeipue, adv., especially. laesus: supply fuerit. amor: or read Amor. quia, conj., because. 60 nudus, -a, -um, unclothed, naked. nuda: predicative; translate after mater Amorum (59). Cytheriacus, -a, -um, of Cythera (an island south of Greece and sacred to Venus). edo, edere, edidi, editus, to give out, bring.forth. edita: supply esse, to have been brought forth = to have been born. fertur: is said.

53

20

Heroides 7 -. Continued Warnings

~id, quasi nescires, insana quid aequora possint, expertae totiens tarn male credis aquae? Lt, pelago suadente viam, retinacula solvas, multa tamen lams tristia pontus habet. );ec violasse £idem temptantibus aequora prodest; perfidiae poenas exigit ille locus, praecipue cum laesus amor, quia mater Amorum nuda Cytheriacis edita fertur aquis.

SS

60

Commentary:

54 expertae ... aquae: line-framing. 55 pelago suadente viam: i.e., at a time of year that invites seafaring and makes it seem safe. 57 Nee ... prodest: "It is an old Greek commonplace that it was dangerous even for an innocent man to risk the perils of the sea in the company of a perjurer" (Knox, p. 212). 59 mater Amorum: i.e., Venus. Ovid has in mind here a famous picture of Venus rising from the sea painted by the Greek artist Apelles and placed by Augustus in the temple of the deified Julius Caesar. See Pliny, Natural History 35.91 and epigrams 178-182 in Book 16 of the

Greek Anthology.

21

NOTES

61

62

63 64

65

66

67

68

ne: introducing two positive clauses of fearing (ne perdam ... noceamve) dependent on timeo, which also governs a third clause offearing, neu bibat ... (62). perdam: supply eum (i.e., Aeneas). noceam: supply ei (i.e., Aeneas), modified by nocenti. nocenti: supply mihi as object. neu, conj., and that (introducing a clause of fearing). naufragus, -a, -um, shipwrecked. precor, -ari, -atus sum, to beg, pray. ftmere: with death. potius, adv., rather. letum, -i, n., death. ferere: = fereris, you will be said; supply esse. fingo, fingere, finxi, fictus, to think, suppose, imagine. rapidus, -a, -um,fierce, swift, rapid. pondus, ponderis, n., importance, weight. nullum . .. pondus: i.e., may my imagining it not make it come true. turbo, turbinis, m., whirlpool. deprendo, deprendere, deprendi, deprensus, to catch, seize. tibi: dative of the possessor. mens, mentis, f., mind. mentis: partitive genitive with quid; quid ... mentis, what ofmind = what thoughts. occurro [oh- + curro], occurrere, occurri, occursurus + dat., to meet; to present itself, occur to (a person). occurrent: supply tibi. falsus, -a, -um, untrue, false. falsae ... linguae: i.e., of [your}false tongue. periurium, -i, n.,false promise, prrjury. Phrygius, -a, -um, Phrygian (i.e., Trojan). fraus, fraudis, f.,ftaud, trickery, deceit. fraude: i.e., Aeneas' unfaithfulness.

22

Heroides 7 8. A Wish for a Fate Worse Than Death

Perdita ne perdam, timeo, noceamve nocenti, neu bibat aequoreas naufragus hostis aquas. Vive, precor! Sic te melius quam funere perdam: tu potius leti causa ferere mei. Finge, age, te rapido - nullum sit in omine pondus! turbine deprendi; quid tibi mentis erit? Protinus occurrent falsae periuria linguae, et Phrygia Dido fraude coacta mori.

65

Commentary:

61 Perdita ... perdam ... noceam ... nocenti: two examples of polyptoton. 62 aequoreas naufragus hostis aquas: embedded word order. Notice how the words for waters of the sea surround the words shipwrecked enemy, as if the words themselves were drowning the victim. 63 sic ... mori (68): Cf Aeneid 4.382-7, where Dido wishes for Aeneas' death at sea.: Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possum, supplicia hausurum scopulis et nomine Dido saepe vocaturum. Sequar atris ignibus absens et, cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus, omnibus umbra locis adero. Dabis, improbe, poenas. audiam et haec Manes veniet mihi fama sub imos. 64 leti causa ferere mei: Knox (p. 213) remarks: "At Aen. 4.382-7 Dido prays for Aeneas' death at sea, a prayer that Ovid here reverses. 'Ovid's Dido is no less eager for Aeneas' punishment than Vergil's, but Ovid represents her, with perhaps more of refinement though less of nature, desiring that his punishment should not be death but the pangs that come from remorse and the evil reputation of being the cause of her death' (Shuckburgh)." 23

--

------------

NOTES

69

70 71

72

73

74

oculos: i.e., of Aeneas. decipio, decipere, decepi, deceptus, to trick, cheat, deceive. sanguinolentus, -a, -um, bloody. coma, -ae, f., hair. ~id tanti: What is of such great value ... ? ut: introducing result clauses with dicas (71) and putes (72). mereo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to deserve. merui: supply a direct object such as hoe, this, i.e., being caught in a whirlpool (turbine deprendi, 66). concedo, concedere, concessi, concessurus + acc., to condone/ overlook (an offense); + dat., to grant indulgence (to). concedite: supply haec or mihi. quae: the antecedent is fulmina later in the line. -que: connecting putes with dicas (71) as the verb of a second result clause. fulmen, fulminis, n., thunderbolt. missa: supply esse; in te fulmina missa [esse] = indirect statement dependent on putes. saevitia, -ae, €.,fierceness, cruelty, brutality. saevitiae: dative, indirect object; modified by the genitive, pelagi, and the dative, tuae, but having a slightly different meaning with each, the savagery of the sea and your hard-heartedness; syllepsis (Knox, p. 215). spatium, -i, n., space; stretch of time (for something to subside). grandis, -is, -e, lofty, large, great. mora, -ae, f., delay. morae pretium: reward for [your} delay. tutus, -a, -um, safe. futura ... est: will be.

24

Heroides 7 Coniugis ante oculos deceptae stabit imago tristis et effusis sanguinolenta comis. ~id tanti est ut tum "Merui! Concedite!" dicas, quaeque cadent, in te fulmina missa puces? Da breve saevitiae spatium pelagique tuaeque; grande morae pretium tuta futura via est.

70

Commentary:

69 Coniugis ... imago: cf. Aeneid 1.353-(J;where Sychaeus appears to Dido in a dream: Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago coniugis; ora modis attollens pallida miris crudelis aras traiectaque pectora ferro nudavit .... Dido here echoes that passage in threatening Aeneas. In the Aeneid, the passage was a warning from a spouse, who still felt affection, although deceased, trying to spare the other pain, whereas here Dido threatens to bring pain to Aeneas. Coniugis ... comis (70): cf.Aeneid 4.384-6: Sequar atris ignibus absens et, cum frigida mors anima deduxerit artus, omnibus umbra locis adero. 70 effusis ... comis: disheveled hair was a sign of mourning in antiquity; here Dido ironically applies the description to herself, not the mourner but the deceased. 73 spatium: i.e., a stretch of time for something to subside, cf. Aeneid 4.4334: tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori, dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere.

25

NOTES

Lines 75-110

Dido introduces the boy Ascanius, to whom Aeneas professes an obligation: Aeneid 4.353-5 admonet ... / me puer Ascanius capitisque iniuria cari, / quern regno Hesperiae fraudo. She reverses the arguments made by Aeneas. asserting that the prudent move on his son's behalf is to wait. This serves only as prelude to her accusation that he has never cared for anyone but himself The tradition that Aeneas lefi:behind a wife at Troy was a problem for Vergil. who treats her loss as emblematic of the sacrifices imposed upon Aeneas by his mission. Ovid's negative assessment is a devastating interpretation of the actions of Aeneas in Vergil's epic. (Knox, p. 215) 75

76

77

78 79

Haec: i.e., the things Dido mentioned in lines 73-4, specifically, a safe voyage. ut: concessive, although. minus:= non. curo, -are, -avi, -atus, to look after, take care of to care about. parcatur: jussive subjunctive with impersonal passive use of the intransitive verb; instead of "Let Iulus be spared;' Latin must say "Let it be spared to Iulus." Iulus, -i, m., Iulus (i.e., Ascanius, son of Aeneas). Iulo: three syllables. titulus, -i, m., label; title;+ gen., honor, distinction (arising from X, consisting in X). titulum mortis ... meae: the distinction consisting in my death = the distinction of [causing} my death (Knox, p.215). Te ... titulum ... habere: the infinitive phrase is subject of satis est. ~id: = What [ill]. Ascanius, -i, m.,Ascanius (Zulus, son of Aeneas). puer Ascanius: supply meruit from meruere in the second half of the line. mereo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to merit, deserve; meruere: = meruerunt. Penates, Penatium, m. pl., Penates (household gods). Penates: take with di, [your} household gods. Ignibus: i.e., from the fires that destroyed Troy. obruo, obruere, obrui, obrutus, to cover, hide: to overwhelm. fers: supply eos, i.e., the gods referred to in line 78. nee: = neque. quae: the antecedent of this relative pronoun is the idea expressed in the words nee ... / pressenmt umeros sacrapaterque tuos (80 ). perfidus, -a, -um, treacherous. iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, to toss, throw; to boast.

26

Heroides 7 9. Let lulus and the gods be spared! Haec minus ut cures, puero parcatur Iulo! Te saris est titulum morris habere meae. ~id puer Ascanius, quid di meruere Penates? Ignibus ereptos obruet unda deos? Sed neque fers tecum, nee, quae mihi, perfide, iactas, presserunt umeros sacra paterque mos.

75

80

Commentary:

75 parcatur Iulo: notice the spondaic fifth foot, a rare occurrence. 78 Ignibus ereptos: cf. Aeneid 3. I 48-50: Penates, quos mecum a Troia mediisque ex ignibus urbis extuleram .... 79 quae mihi ... iactas: cf. Aeneid 4.597-9: en dextra fidesque, quern secum patrios aiunt portare Penatis, quern subiisse umeris confectum aerate parentem! Knox (p. 216) comments: "Ovid makes explicit the note of scepticism implied in Vergil's aiunt." 80 umeros sacra paterque tuos: note the embedded phrasing.

80

premo, premere, pressi, pressus, to press; to weigh upon. umerus, -i, m., shoulder: sacra, -orum, n. pl., sacred objects;sacra: i.e., the Penates.

27

NOTES

81 82

mentior, -iri, -itus sum, to lie, statefalsely; to lie about. neque enim ... / ... -que (82):Jor ... not ... / ... nor. a nobis: from us, with us. plecto, plectere, to beat, strike. primaque plector: nor am I thefirst to be beaten/struck [by your

falsehoods}. 83

84

85

85

86

Si quaeras: future less vivid protasis, Ifyou were to seek. formosus, -a, -um, beautiful, handsome. mater Iuli: i.e., Creusa, wife of Aeneas; she got lost as she follmved Aeneas out of Troy. occido [oh- + cado], occidere, occidi, occasus, tofall down; to die. durus, -a, -um, hard, harsh. a duro ... viro: i.e., by Aeneas; the phrase could be taken with occidit (sheperished/was killed) but will usually be taken with sola relicta; Knox (p. 217) suggests "syntactical ambiguity" here. Haec: Thesethings, i.e., the loss of Creusa, neuter pl. acc. object of narraras and neuter pl. nom. subject of monuere (= monuerunt). narraras: = narraveras. Merentem: supply me. futura ... est: will be.

28

Heroides 7 10. The Reward of an Honorable Hostess Omnia mentiris; neque enim tua fallere lingua incipit a nobis, primaque plector ego. Si quaeras ubi sit formosi mater Iuli, occidit a duro sola relicta viro. Haec mihi narraras et me monuere. Merentem ure: minor culpa poena futura mea est.

85

Commentary:

83 formosi ... Iuli: Vergil uses the more elevated phrase pulcher Iulus four times (Aeneid 5.570, 7.107, 9.293, and 9.310)-Knox, p. 216. 84 occidit: Aeneas described the loss of Creusa in Aeneid 2.735-43: Hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum confusam eripuit mentem. Namque avia cursu dum sequor et nota excedo regione viarum, heu ! misero eoniunx fatone erepta Creusa substitit? Erravitne via seu lassa resedit? Ineertum: nee post oeulis est reddita nostris, nee prius amissam respexi animumve reflex! quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque saeratam ven1mus. 8 5 Merentem: Dido imagines herself as deserving of being burned alive as punishment for her folly in not heeding the warning contained in Aeneas' tale of how Creusa was left behind in Troy.

29

NOTES

87

88 89

90 91

92

dubius, -a, -um, wavering, doubtful in doubt. Nee mihi mens dubia est: = Et non dubito. quin, conj., introducing a clause of doubt, that .... numen, numinis, n., divine spirit, god. damno, -are, -avi, -atus, to convict, condemn. iactat: supply te, tosses [you}. eiectum ... recepi: supply te. statio, stationis, f., anchorage; halting-place. tuta statione: ablative of place where without a preposition. bene: clearly, modifying audito. tamen, conj., however, nevertheless; yet. utinam: introducing a wish; the pluperfect subjunctive is used to express a wish that was not fulfilled in past time, would th,it I had been! contenta fuissem: = contenta essem; the pluperfect subjunctive of sum instead of the imperfect subjunctive is here used as the helping verb. contentus, -a, -um+ abl., satisfied (with), content (with). concubitus, -us, ·m., a reclining together; sexual relationship. sepulta foret: = sepulta esset, a second pluperfect subjunctive expressing a wish that was not fulfilled in past time. foret: = an alternate 3rd person singular imperfect subjunctive of

sum.

30

Heroides 7 ;\ec mihi mens dubia est, quin te tua numina damnent. Per mare, per terras septima iactat hiems. Fluctibus eiectum tuta statione recepi Yixque bene audito nomine regna dedi. His tamen o.fficiisutinam contenta fuissem, nee mea concubitu fama sepulta foret!

90

Commentary:

88 septima ... hiems: it has been seven years since Aeneas and his followers left the conflagration of Troy; cf. Aeneid 1.755-6: nam te iam septima portat omnibus errantem terris et Buctibus aestas. 89 eiectum ... recepi: cf. Aeneid 4.373-4, where these same or similar words are used to castigate Aeneas: eiectum litore, egentem · excepi et regru demens in parte locavi. 90 regna dedi: cf. Aeneid 1.572-3, where Dido offers to let some of Aeneas' shipwrecked men settle in her city on equal terms with her own citizens. This occurs before Aeneas and Achates appear out of the mist that has veiled them: Vultis et his mecum pariter considere regnis? Urbem quam statuo vestra est; subducite navis; Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. Cf. also Aeneid 4.37 3-4 (quoted above): eiectum litore, egentem excepi et regnum demens in parte locavi .... 91 His ... ofliciis: i.e., the duties imposed upon a host or hostess when suppliants arrived. This was a most important custom in ancient times. 92 fama: cf.Aeneid 4.321-3: te propter eundem exstinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibam fama prior. 31

NOTES

93

94

95

96

97

97a

976

98

Illa dies: note that dies is feminine here. nocuit: supply mihi. declivis, -is, -e, steep, sloping. sub, prep. + acc., under; under the shelter of antrum, -i, n., cave. caeruleus, -a, -um, blue, sea-blue; here, dark-colored, dusky. compello [con- + pello], compellere, compuli, compulsus, to drive together. Audieram: = Audiveram. vox, vocis, f., voice; sound. nympha, -ae, f., nymph. ululasse:= ululavisse. Eumenides, Eumenidum, f. pl., the Eumenides, Furies (these were the avenging spirits of the underworld who would punish evil-doers; the three sisters, Alecto, Megara, and Tisiphone were said to be the daughters of Saturn.) fatiifate, but also death, doom. pudor, pudoris, m., honor; shame; sense of shame; here, chastity. laese pudor: my lost chastity (Knox, p. 219), is the first in a series of vocatives in lines 97-976. ius, iuris, n., law; obligations, bonds (of a social relationship). lecti (97) / iura: bonds of the (marriage) bed= marital bonds. iura ... Sychaei ( 976): most manuscripts omit these lines, but most modern editors believe that they do in fact belong, and so they are included here. See Knox, pp. 218-9, for a good discussion of the textual problems and reasons for including the lines. nee: = et ... non; take the negative with retenta. ad cineres ... meos: until my ashes = until my death. anima, -ae, f., soul; ghost. animae: plural for singular. Sychaeus, -i, m., Sychaeus (Dido's husband, who was murdered by her brother Pygmalion; see Aeneid 1.343-59 for the details of the story). me miseram: accusative of exclamation. pudoris: shame; notice the difference in meaning of pudor as it is used here compared to how it is used in line 97.

32

Heroides 7

11. The Loss of a ~een's

Honor

Illa dies nocuit, qua nos declive sub antrum caeruleus subitis compulit imber aquis. Audieram vocem: nymphas ululasse putavi; Eumenides fati signa dedere mei. Exige, laese pudor, poenas, violataque lecti iura nee ad cineres fama retenta meos, vosque, mei manes, animaeque cinisque Sychaei ad quern, me miseram, plena pudoris eo.

95

97a 976

Commentary:

93 Illa dies: here is Vergil's account of the "marriage" of Dido and Aeneas (Aeneid 4.165-8): Speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem deveniunt. Pruna et Tellus et pronuba Iuno dant signum; fulsere ignes et conscius Aether conubiis, summoque ulularunt vertice Nymphae. Illa dies nocuit: cf. Aeneid 4.169-70: Ille dies primus leti primusque malorum causa fuit. 94 caeruleus ... imber: a Vergilian phrase; see Aeneid 3.194 and 5.10. 95 putavi: Dido thought the howling she heard came from the nymphs who were the witnesses to her wedding. Now she realizes that the howling she heard came not from the friendly nymphs, but rather the vengeful Furies, a truly bad omen. 96 Eumenides fati signa dedere mei: cf Aeneid 4.166-7 quoted above. 97 pudor ... violata ... / iura (97a): cf.Aeneid 4.24-7, where Dido swears not to violate her honor: Sed mihi vel tellus optem prius una dehiscat vel pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, pallentis umbras Erebi noctemque profundam, ante, Pudor, quam te violo aut ma iura resolvo. And4.552: non servata tides cineri promissa Sychaeo. 33

NOTES

99

100

101

102

mihi: dative of the possessor. marmoreus, -a, -um, made of marble, marble. sacro, -are, -avi, -atus, to consecrate, dedicate. sacratus ... Sychaeus: i.e., a statue of Sychaeus. aedes, aedis, f., room; temple, shrine. appono [ad- + pono], apponere, apposui, appositus, to set near, place before. appositae: take with both frondes and vellera ... alba (Knox, p. 220). frons, frondis, f., leafy bough (of a tree). vellus, velleris, n.,fleece, skin; wool; by metonymy,fillets (made from wool). hinc, adv.,ftom here. quater, adv.,faur times. ore:= voce. cito, -are, -avi, -atus, to call summon. sonus, -i, m., noise, sound; voice. tenuis, -is, -e, thin, fine, delicate, tender. Elissa, -ae, f., Elissa (i.e., Dido).

34

Heroides 7 Est mihi marmorea sacratus in aede Sychaeus; appositae frondes velleraque alba tegunt. Hine ego me sensi noto quater ore citari; ipse sono tenui dixit, "Elissa, veni!"

Commentary:

99 sacratus ... Sychaeus: Cf.Aeneid 4.457-61 for Vergil's description of this shrine: Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum coniugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat, velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum; hinc exaudiri voces et verba vocantis visa viri, nox cum terras obscura teneret.

35

100

NOTES

tibi: i.e., Sychaeus; tibi goes with debita. debita: Dido is "owed" to Sychaeus because of her original wedding vow. 104 admissum, -i, n., crime. pudore: abl. of cause, because of shame. 105 decipio [de- + capio], decipere, deeepi, deceptus, to cheat, deceiue. decepit: supply me; cf deceptae, 69. idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, appropriate, adequate; in a legal sense, hauing the money to meet obligations, solvent, substantial. auctor, auctoris, m., author; authority; agent (i.e., Aeneas). 106 invidia, -ae, f., envy; jealousy; ill will odium. noxa, -ae, f., harm, injury; ojfense; sin. noxae ... meae: dat. of separation. detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detraetus, to drag down or away; to remove. 107 divus, -a, -um, diuine. parens: i.e., Venus. senex, senis, old. seniorque pater: i.e., Anchises, whom Aeneas carried on his back like a bundle out of the burning city of Troy. pia; transferred adjective, the word grammatically agrees with sarcina, but logically modifies nati. sarcina, -ae, f.,pack; bundle; burden. 108 spes, spei, f., hope. mansuri ... viri: a husband who would remain. rite, adv., as would be proper/right/expected. rite; take with mansuri. dedere: = dederunt; the subjects are parens and pater in the previous line. 109 Si ... errandum: supply mihi, If a mistake had to be made [by me} =If I had to make a mistake. error, erroris, m., error, mistake. honestus, -a, -um, genuine, honest. 110 addo, addere, addidi, additus, to add; to take into account as well to consider in addition. £idem: here, Aeneas' credibility/trustworthiness/reliability. nulla parte: in no way, not at all. piget, pigere, piguit, impersonal, it causes reuulsion/regret. pigendus erit: supply mihi; the subject is error in the previous line; will my mistake haue to be regretted [by me}= will I haue to regret my mistake. 103

36

Heroides 7 12. The Deceit of a Worthy Man Nulla mora est, venio, venio tibi debita coniunx; sum tamen admissi tarda pudore mei. Da veniam culpae: decepit idoneus auctor; invidiam noxae detrahit ille meae. Diva parens seniorque pater, pia sarcina nati, spem mihi mansuri rite dedere viri. Si fuit errandum, causas habet error honestas; adde fidem, nulla parte pigendus erit.

105

110

Commentary:

103 Nulla mora est ... : the following lines are an apostrophe, a device in which a character addresses a person or thing either absent or not directly part of the poem. 104 admissi: a legalism (Knox, p. 220). 105 Da veniam culpae: Dido seeks pardon for her infidelity and in this and the following lines defends herself before the ghost of her husband as if she were justifying herself before a judge in a court of law. culpae: cf. Aeneid 4.19: si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset, huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae. decepit ... ( 110) nulla parte pigendus erit: Dido continues her "defense": her argument runs like this: I was deceived (105) and by an adequate, substantial agent (105-8); ifI made a mistake, it's understandable ( 109); add in Aeneas' "trustworthiness" (fidem, 110); therefore, you can't blame me, I'm not guilty, I have no regrets ( 110) = my conscience is clean.

37

NOTES

Lines 111-138 Dido breaks off her address to her dead husband and, addressing nm\no one in particular, recounts her life's disappointments, culminating in her preference for Aeneas over other potential suitors. She then addresses him directly again, in tones of increasing vehemence, charging him with impiety against the gods. (Knox, p. 221)

111

112 113

114 11 S

116

117

duro, -are, -avi, -atus, to harden; to remain, endure. Durat: the subject of this verb and of prosequitur (112) is fati ... tenor in line 112. extremum, -i, n., end. in extremum: to the very end. -que: joining the two verbs Durat ( 111) and prosequitur ( 112). novissimus, -a, -um, newest; very last. novissima: the very last [things}, the final stages. prosequor, prosequi, prosecutus sum, tofallow, chase, pursue. tenor, tenoris, m., continuity; course. Occidit: historical present, as are also a number of the verbs that follow. internus, -a, -um, inner. macto, -are, -avi, -atus, to sacrij-z'ce;to slaughter. praemium, -i, n., prize, reward. exul, exulis, m./ f., refugee, exile. dubius, -a, -um, wavering, doubtful, uncertain. hoste: i.e., Pygmalion (but there is no mention of his pursuing Dido in the Aeneid). applico, -are, -avi, -atus, to bring into contact with, place near; of ships, to bring (to a destination); passive of persons + dat., to land (on). -que: joining the two verbs Applicor ( 117) and emo ( 118). elabor, elabi, elapsus sum, to slip away, escape. fratri ... freto: dative of separation with elapsa.

38

Heroides 7

13. The Rise of~een

Dido

Durat in extremum vitaeque novissima nostrae prosequitur fati, qui fuit ante, tenor. Occidit internas coniunx mactatus ad aras, et sceleris tanti praemia frater habet. Exul agor, cineresque viri patriamque relinquo, et feror in dubias hoste sequente vias. Applicor his oris, fratrique elapsa fretoque quod tibi donavi, perfide, litus emo.

Commentary:

113 Occidit ... ad aras: this refers to the murder of Dido's husband, Sychaeus, by her brother, Pygmalion. Cf. Aeneid 1.348-50: Ille Sychaeum impius ante aras atque auri caecus amore clam ferro incautum superat .... 114 praemia frater habet: the praemia would resumably be the gold, "blinded for love of which" Pygmalion is said to have slain Sychaeus, auri caecus amore (Aeneid 1.349). 115 Exul ... vias ( 116): ironically, Dido uses some of the same words to describe her flight as Aeneas had used when describing his flight out of Troy (Knox, p. 222). Cf Aeneid3.10-l2: litora cum patriae lacrimans portusque relinquo et campos, ubi Troia fuit. Feror exsul in altum cum sociis natoque, Penatibus et magnis dis.

[ Commentary continued on next page}

39

115

NOTES

[ Commentary continued from previous pageJ

115 cineres ... viri: "at first glance this contradicts Aeneid 1.353, where it is said that Sychaeus was unburied (inhumati); but Ovid has read Vergil carefully and knows that Dido is accompanied by Sychaeus in the underworld (6.473-4) and thus that he must have received burial at some time" (Knox, p. 222). 117 Applicor his oris: "an echo of Dido's first words to Aeneas" (Knox, p. 222) in Aeneid 1.616: "~is te, nate dea, per tanta pericula casus insequitur? ~ae vis immanibus applicat oris ?" fratri ... elapsa fretoque: syllepsis, having slippedfrom [the

grasp of my] brotherand [having escapedfrom the dangers of] the sea; note also the alliteration. 118 litus emo: cf. Aeneid 1.365-8 for the story of Dido purchasing the area that would become Carthage: Devenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem, mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam, taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo.

40

NOTES

119

constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus, to decide; to build, establish:faund. late, adv., widely. figo, figere, fixi, fictus, tofix,fasten; to attach; to build. 120 finitimus, -a, -um, neighboring. finitimis ... locis: the cities oflarbas and other African kings. invidiosus, -a, -um, envious; causing envy. 121 tumeo, tumere, tumui, to swell. peregrinus, -a, -um,fareign. tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, to try, test; to attack. 122 rudis, -is, -e, raw; not yet finished, roughlyfashioned; untaught; not yet trained (e.g., for war). rudis: nominative, describing Dido, the subject of paro, and reinforcing the implications offemina ( 121 ), i.e., of Dido as an inexperienced woman not yet trained for war (see Knox, pp.

222-3).

42

Heroides 7 Urbem constitui lateque patentia fixi moenia finitimis invidiosa locis. Bella tument; bellis peregrina et femina temptor, vixque rudis portas urbis et arma paro.

Commentary:

119 Urbem constitui: cf.Aeneid 4.655, urbem praeclaram statui. fixi / moenia (120): cf.Aeneid 4.655, mea moenia vidi. 121 tument: "the metaphor is taken from the swelling of the sea at the coming of a storm" (Knox, p. 222). peregrina et femina: these are two characteristics that make Dido unique but also vulnerable.

43

120

NOTES

123

124

125

126

127 128

129

130

procus, -i, m., suitor. me: the subject of praeposuisse ( 124) in an indirect statement introduced by querentes. coeo, coire, coii, coitus, to come together. coiere: = coierunt. nescioquis, nescioquis, nescioquid, someone; something; here, someone else. thalamus, -i, m., bedroom; wedding couch. thalamis: by metonymy= marriage. thalamis ... suis: = marriage with {one of} them. praepono, praeponere, praeposui, praepositus, to prefer X (acc.) to Y(dat.). quid, adv., why. dubito, -are, -avi, -atus, to doubt; to hesitate. vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctus, to tie, bind. vinctam: supply me. Gaetulus, -a, -um, Gaetulian (referring to a tribe in northwest Africa). Iarbas, -ae, m., Iarbas (king of the Gaetulians and Dido's chief suitor). praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to display, show; to provide, offer; to sun·ender: praebuerim: potential subjunctive, l should offer. Dido provides a sarcastic answer to her rhetorical question. sceleri ... tuo: i.e., to Aeneas' imagined criminal act of handing Dido over in chains to Iarbas. bracchium, -i, n., arm. frater: i.e., Pygmalion. impius, -a, -um, impious; wicked. respergo, respergere, respersi, respersus, to sprinkle, splatter. nostro: supply cruore from the second half of the line. spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus, to scatter; to sprinkle. cruor, cruoris, m., gore, blood. viri: i.e., of Sychaeus. Pone: Put down. quae: the antecedent is sacra. profano, -are, -avi, -atus, to profane, defile. caelestis, -is, -e, divine, heavenly. caelestes, caelestium, m. pl., the gods.

44

Heroides 7

14. Dido berates an unworthy guest. Mille procis placui, qui me coiere querentes nescioquem thalamis praeposuisse suis. ~id dubitas vinctam Gaetulo tradere Iarbae? Praebuerim sceleri bracchia nostra tuo. Est etiam frater, cuius manus impia poscit respergi nostro, sparsa cruore viri. Pone deos et quae tangendo sacra profanas: non bene caelestes impia dextra colit. Si tu cultor eras elapsis igne futurus, paenitet elapsos ignibus esse deos.

125

130

[Commentary on next page}

131

cultor, cultoris, m., cultivator; worshiper. eras ... futurus: you were going to be. elabor, elabi, elapsus sum, to slip/slide ojflout; to make one's escape. elapsis: supply eis,farlojthose [gods} who had escaped. igne: ablative of separation. 132 paeniteo, -ere, -ui, -urus, to cause/give reasonfar regret. paenitet: impersonal, with the infinitive phrase elapsos ignibus esse deos as subject; X causes [them} regret= they regret.

45

NOTES

Commentary:

123 Mille: hyperbole. qui me coiere querentes / nescioquem thalamis praeposuisse suis (124): Knox (p. 223) points out that Dido had already rejected these suitors before Aeneas arrived, cf. Aeneid 4.36-38: despectus Iarbas ductoresque alii, quos Africa terra triumphis dives alit .... But Knox quotes Iarbas's angry words (4.213-214): conubia nostra reppulit ac dominum Aenean in regna recepit. "in which he reacts like a jilted lover." Knox also cites the following lines of Dido (Aeneid 4.320-1): te propter Libycae genres Nomadumque tyranni odere ... 124 nescioquem: "contemptuous, often used in elegy of a successful rival in love;' Knox, p. 223, who cites Heroides 19 .102, Ovid,Amores 2.5.62, Tibullus 1.6.6, and Propertius 1.11.7. 125 ~d ... Iarbae?: rhetorical question. With the thought in this and the next couplet Knox (p. 223) compares Dido's desperate rhetorical questions in Aeneid 4.325-6: ~id moror? An mea Pyigmalion dum moenia frater destruat aut captam ducat Gaetulus Iarbas? Knox remarks: "Ovid devotes a couplet to each eventuality, but his Dido transfers the responsibility directly to Aeneas." 127 impia: Pygmalion is called impius in Aeneid 1.349. 129 deos: i.e., the Penates that Aeneas rescued from Troy; cf. Aeneid 2.193, sacra mosque tibi commendat Troia Penates. impia dextra: i.e., Aeneas' right hand; Dido assails Aeneas' reputation of being pius; the phrase equates him with 46

,

Heroides 7 the wicked Pygmalion, whose manus impia is referred to just above ( 127); note the chiastic arrangement of man us impia (127) andimpiadextra (130).

"'

"'

Aeneas sacrificing to the Penates AraPacis

47

NOTES

133

134 135

136

137 138

forsitan, adv. + indicative or subjunctive, perhaps. gravidus, -a, -um, loaded, full; pregnant. Dido: acc. sceleratus, -a, -um, criminal wicked. scelerate: i.e., Aeneas. tui: partitive genitive (from tu). corpore ... meo: ablative of place where without a prepopsition. accedo [ad-+ cedo], accedere, accessi, accessus, to come to, approach; to be added. fatis: plural for singular. miserabilis: better with infans than with matris, since Dido is trying to build pity for her unborn ( and perhaps unconceived) child. nondum: take with nato, not yet born. nato: modifying an understood ei. auctor: cf line 1OS,where this word is also used of Aeneas. parente sua: i.e., Dido. conexus, -a, -um, related, linked, joined together.

48

Heroides 7 15. The Ramifications of Aeneas' Actions

Forsitan et gravidam Dido, scelerate, relinquas, parsque tui lateat corpore clausa meo. Accedet fatis matris miserabilis infans, et nondum nato funeris auctor eris, cumque parente sua frater morietur Iuli, poenaque conexos auferet una duos.

135

Commentary:

133 gravidam: cf.Aeneid, 4.327-30, where Dido expresses her wish that she had borne a son by Aeneas: Saltern si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset ante fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referrer, non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer. Knox (p. 224) remarks: "By reminding Aeneas of this possibility, Ovid's Dido heightens the reader's sense of his guilt. This point is forcefully driven home by conjuring up the thought of an unborn child, whose death would also be Aeneas' responsibility since he had abandoned her to her . " enemies. 136 nato funeris: "the juxtaposition is pointed" (Knox, p. 224). 137 frater ... Iuli: Knox (p. 224): "Ovid's Dido intensifies her addressee's emotional identification with the unborn (and perhaps unconceived) child through escalation of the language: pars tui ... infans ... nato ...ftater." In the phrase frater ... Iuli, Knox (p. 225) sees "a particularly forceful indictment of the ancestor of the Juliangens by Dido;' and he remarks, "Augustus would probably not have been amused." 138 una duos: effective juxtaposition and antithesis. 49

NOTES

Lines 139-180 In this portion of the epistle Dido approaches the same question of Aeneas' divine mission from a cooler perspective: she argues logically the practical advantages of settling instead in Carthage. This point is not pressed, however, and her position shifts again gradually to a request for delay only. (Knox, p. 225)

139

140

141 142

143

144

145

146

ire: supply me as the subject of the infinitive. Vellem: potential subjunctive, l would have wished, vetuisset: supply ut to introduce this substantive clause and te as its direct object. Punicus, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginian. nee: delayed conjunction, continuing the substantive clause from line 139, and that ... not. Teucri, -orum, m. pl., Teucrians, Trojans pressa fuisset = pressa esset. humus, -i, f., earth, ground, soil. nempe, adv., of course, to be sure. iniquis: here, of winds, unfavorable, adverse, stormy. tero, terere, trivi, tritus, to rub; to spend; to waste. rabidus, -a, -um, mad,furious, raging. tempora longa: perhaps long lengths of time. Pergama, -orum, n. pl., Pergama, Troy. repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitus, to seek again. erant repetenda: passive periphrastic, would have had to have been.... Hector, Hectoris, m., Hector (son of Priam and Hecuba; best warrior on the side of the Trojans). Hectore ... vivo: when Hector was alive. quanta: as great as. fuere: = fuerunt. forent: = essent. si ... forent: if it were; the subject is the plural noun Pergama ( 143). patrius, -a, -um,fatherly; of one'sfather or ancestors. Simois, Simoentis, acc., Simoenta, m., Simois (a river at Troy). Thybris, Thybridis, m., the Tiber. ut: concessive, although. quo, adv., there, to that place; at the place which, where. hospes, hospitis, m./ f.,guest; host; stranger.

so

Heroides 7 l 6. Good Reasons for Staying, but ... "Sed iubet ire deus." Vellem vetuisset adire, Punica nee Teucris pressa fuisset humus! Hoe duce nempe deo ventis agitaris iniquis et teris in rabido tempora longa freto? Pergama vix tan to tibi erant repetenda labore, Hectore si vivo quanta fuere forent. Non patrium Simoenta petis, sed Thybridis undas: nempe ut pervenias quo cupis, hospes eris.

Commentary:

139 deus: this could refer to Apollo,Jupiter, or Mercury; see Aeneid 4.345-7: Sed nunc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo, Italiam Lyciae iussere capessere sortes; hie amor, haec patria est. and 4.356-8: Nunc etiam interpres divum, love missus ab ipso (testor utrumque caput), celeris mandata per auras detulit .... and 4.376-8: Heu! Furiis incensa feror: nunc augur Apollo, nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et lovt missus ab ipso interpres divum fert horrida iussa per auras.

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51

140

145

NOTES

141 Hoe ... freto ( 142): the question is posed with a great amount of sarcasm Hoe duce ... deo: apparently Dido has Apollo in mind, whose prophecy to the Trojans on Delos sets them off toward the land that first bore Trojan stock, cf Aeneid 3.94-8: 'Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum prima tulit tellus, eadem vos ubere laeto accipiet reduces. Antiquam exquirite matrem. Hie domus Aeneae cunctis dominabitur oris, et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis.' Also, Aeneid 3.154-68. 142 teris ... tempora longa: cf.Aeneid 4.2 71, where Mercury chastises Aeneas for wasting time with Dido in Carthage: qua spe Libycis teris otia terris? Dido reverses Mercury's complaint; from her "point of view it is rather a waste to wander the oceans" (Knox, p. 226). 143. Cf.Aeneid 4.311-3: ~id? Si non arva aliena domosque ignotas peteres, et Troia antiqua maneret, Troia per undosum peteretur classibus aequor? 144 fuere forent: polyptoton and alliteration. 145 patrium Simoenta: for Dido the Simois is Aeneas' ancestral river; Aeneas, aware from Apollo's prophecy (3.94-6) and that of the Penates (3.163-171) that the true ancestral home of the Trojans is in Italy, comes to view the Tiber as his true ancestral river: Thybri pater (8.540). Dido implies that Aeneas is going in the wrong direction.

52

NOTES

147

Utque: -que, and; ut, as, considering how. latet vitatque: supply terra from line 148 as the subject of these verbs. abstrusus, -a, -um, concealed. carina, -ae, f., keel,·ship. 148 tibi ... seni: dative with continget. contingo, contingere, contigi, contactus, to touch; + dat., tofall to ones lot, to be granted to one. 149 Hos ... populos: i.e., the Carthaginians. dos, dotis, f., dowry. in dotem: as a dowry. ambages, ambagum, f. pl.; abl. sing., ambage, wandering to and fto; of speech, beating around the bush. remitto, remittere, remisi, remissus, to send back; to loosen; to reject. 1SO adveho, advehere, advexi, advectus, to convey, bring. Pygmalion, Pygmalionis, m., Pygmalion (Dido's brother). ops, opis, f.,power; help; pl., resources; wealth. 1S1 Ilion, Ilii, n., Ilium, Troy. Tyrius, -a, -um, Tyrian (ofor belonging to the city of Tyre); Carthaginian. transfero, transferre, transtuli, translatus, to carry across, transfer. felicius: with better luck/fortune. 152 res: i.e., affairs ofstate.

54

Heroides 7 Crque later vitatque tuas abstrusa carinas, vix tibi continget terra petita seni. Hos potius populos in dotem, ambage remissa, accipe et advectas Pygmalionis opes. llion in Tyriam transfer felicius urbem resque loco regis sceptraque sacra tene!

Commentary:

147 latet: is concealed)lies hidden; Ovid here plays on the popular etymology of the word Latium. vitat: avoids)keepsclear of; Aeneas repeatedly speaks of his goal ofltaly as withdrawing or fleeing before him: see Aeneid 3.496, arva ... Ausoniae semper cedentia retro; Aeneid 5.629, ltaliam ... fugientem; and Aeneid 6.6 l, Italiae fugientis ... oras. 1SO Pygmalionis opes: cf.Aeneid 1.358-64. 151 Ilion ... urbem: the plea Dido makes here Bies in the face of the divinely sanctioned mission of Aeneas in Vergil's epic. 152 resque loco regi§.sceptraque sacra tene!: syllepsis; also note the rich repetition of consonants and vowels.

SS

150

NOTES

153 154

1 SS

156

157

avidus, -a, -um+ gen., eagerfar. quaerit: supply helium. pario, parere, peperi, partus, to bear, bringfarth; to produce; to get. Mars, Martis, m., Mars (the Roman god of war). Marte: by metonymy, skill in war. triumphus, -i, m., triumph; victory; triumphal procession. quern: introducing a relative clause of purpose; the antecedent is hostem at the end of the line. quid: = aliquid. desum, deesse, defui, defuturus, tofail be lacking, be missing. desit: supply ei, to/for him. praebebimus: poetic plural. Hie: supply locus from later in the line and capit from the end of the line. lex, legis, [, law. pacis leges: terms ojpeace. capio, capere, cepi, captus, to take, catch, capture, seize; to have room far; to give scopefar. Tu: with parce, line 163. per, prep. + acc., through; in entreaties, by,far the sake of,in the name

of

158

159

160

161 162

matrem: i.e., Venus. telum, -i, n., spear, weapon. sagitta, -ae, f., arrow. fuga, -ae, £,flight, escape, exile. Dardanus, -a, -um, Trojan, of Troy. superent: optative subjunctive, may they overcome/survive. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whatever. reporto, -are, -avi, -atus, to brin,Kback; to escort home. ferus, -a, -um, wild; savage. Mars ferus: "Mars may properly be said to escort 'home' the Trojan survivors" (Knox, p. 228). damnum, -i, n., harm, damage; loss. modus, -i, m., way; method; manner; limit. ille: attracted to the gender of modus, so may zhat be the limit ... Ille refers to the fall of Troy, which forced Aeneas to carry off the gods of his people. impleo, implere, implevi, impletus, tofill up, complete; tofuifiil. Anchises, -ae, m.,Anchises (father of Aeneas). cubo, cubare, cubui, cubiturus, to lie down; to rest. 56

Heroides 7

17. An Offering for a ~iet

Conquest

Si tibi mens avida est belli, si quaerit Iulus, unde sub partus Marte triumphus eat, quern superet, ne quid desit, praebebimus hostem. Hie pacis leges, hie locus arma capit. Tu modo, per matrem fraternaque tela, sagittas, perque fugae comites, Dardana sacra, deos (sic superent, quoscumque tua de genre reportat Mars ferus, et damni sit modus ille tui, Ascaniusque suos feliciter impleat annos et senis Anchisae molliter ossa cubent!) parce, precor, domui, quae se tibi tradit habendam. ~od crimen dicis praeter amasse meum?

155

160

[See Commentary on next page}

163 164

precor, -ari, -atus sum, to entreat, pray. habendam: to have/hold/possess. ~od: interrogative adjective here. crimen, criminis, n., crime. ~od crimen ... meum: supply esse; meum is predicative. amasse: = amavisse. praeter amasse: except to have loved; a rare use in Latin of the infinitive as object of a preposition, a common construction in

Greek.

57

NOTES

Commentary:

154 Marte triumphus: both Mars and the triumphal procession are Roman, and it would be Roman warfare and triumph that Ascanius would be looking forward to.

156 pads leges: terms ofpeace; cf. Aeneid 4.618-19: nee, cum se sub leges pacis iniquae tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur, sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus harena. In the Aeneid Dido prays that Aeneas will have to submit to terms of an unjust peace in Italy, while if he were to stay at Carthage there would be room for terms of peace with neighboring tribes that would presumably be just, i.e., favorable to Aeneas. 158 comites, Dardana sacra, deos: the two nouns comites ... deos, the latter in apposition to the former, surround the phrase, Dardana sacra, which is in apposition to the surrounding comites ... deos. 162 molliter ossa cubent: the language is reminiscent of funerary inscriptions and also of a phrase in Vergil's tenth eclogue, where the elegiac poet Gallus is speaking: tristis at ille, "Tamen cantabitis, Arcades;' inquit, "montibus haec vestris, soli cantare periti Arcades. 0 mihi tum quam molliter ossa quiescant, vestra meos olim si fistula dicat amores ....

58

NOTES

165

166 167

168

169 170

171 172

173

174

Pthia, -ae, f., Pthia (a city in Thessaly and home of Achilles). oriundus, -a, -um+ abl., descended (from, e.g., some specified ancestor); originating (from some place). Mycenae, -arum, £ pl., Mycenae ( a city in the Peloponnesus and home of Agamemnon). steterunt: note that the second e is short here for metrical reasons. pudet, pudere, puduit, it causes one (acc.) to be ashamed of something or someone (gen.). pudet, supply te. uxoris: supply mei, of [me} as your wife. hospita, -ae, f., hostess. dum, conj. + subjunctive, introducing a clause of proviso, provided, only tua: predicate; supply Dido from the second half of the line as subject. quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet, anything you wish, whatever you ll'ish feret: will bear/endure. Afer, Afra, Afrum, African tempus, temporis. n. time, season suppply anni: of the year dantque negantque: the subject is freta, the straits, the sea, in the previous line. aura, -ae, £, breeze. carbasa, -orum, n. pl., linen cloth; sails. eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectus, to throw out; to drive ashore. alga, -ae, £, seaweed. ratis, ratis, £, raft; ship. Tempus: the time/opportunity [far sailing}. mando, -are, -avi, -atus, to hand over, entrust. certus, -a, -um, certain; steadfast. si = etsi, although. cupies: supply manere from later in the line.

60

Heroides 7

18. A ~een's

Promise for Help

Non ego sum Pthia magnisve oriunda Mycenis nee steterunt in te virque paterque meus. Si pudet uxoris, non nupta, sed hospita dicar; dum tua sit, Dido quidlibet esse feret. Nora mihi freta sunt Afrum plangentia litus; cemporibus certis dantque negantque viam. Cum dabit aura viam, praebebis carbasa ventis; nunc levis eiectam continet alga ratem. Tempus ut observem, manda mihi: certior ibis, nee te, si cupies, ipsa manere sinam.

165

170

Commentary:

165 magnis ... Mycenis: a Vergilian phrase (Aeneid 1.331) - Knox, p. 229. 166 steterunt in te: stood up against you, i.e., in battle; cf Aeneid 4.425-6: Non ego cum Danais Troianam exscindere gentem Aulide iuravi classemve ad Pergama misi .... "Vergil's Dido speaks as a proud queen who commands armies, Ovid's as an ordinary woman" (Knox, p. 229). 167 hospita: the word "cleverly rephrases Vergil'sAen. 4.3234, where Dido gives this name to Aeneas" (Knox, p. 229): cui me moribundam deseris, hospes, hoe sol um nomen quoniam de coniuge reseat? 172 alga: the seaweed "Lolds" the ships because the storms that blow the seaweed to shore also prevent the ships from sailing. 172 levis ... ratem: note the careful arrangement of nouns and adjectives around the verb: levis eiectam continet alga ratem. 173 certior: translate as an adverb, more steadjast(ly ); cf Aeneid 5.1-2: Interea medium Aeneas iam classe tenebat certus iter fluctusque atros Aquilone secabat.. ..

61

NOTES

175

socius, -i, m., ally; friend; companion. requies, requietis, acc., requiem, f., relief, rest. lanio, -are, -avi, -atus, to tear to pieces, mangle. classis, classis, £,fleet. 176 postulo, -are, -avi, -atus, to demand; to require. exiguus, -a, -um, slight, small short. semirefectus, -a, -um, half-repaired. moras: plural for singular. 177 pro, prep. + abl.,for; on behalf of,as a reward for, in return for. siqua: = si aliqua, if...anything. praebebimus: poetic plural. ultra, adv., beyond, farther, besides. 178 coniugium, -i, n., marriage. tempora parva: a brief amount of time 179 mitesco, mitescere, to become mild or kind usus, -us, m., use, enjoyment, experience usu: i.e., the experience of no longer having Aeneas' company.

180

fortiter: take with both edisco and pati. edisco, ediscere, edidici, to learn completely.

62

Heroides 7

19. A Final Plea Et socii requiem poscunt, laniataque classis postulat exiguas semirefecta moras. Pro meritis et siqua tibi praebebimus ultra, non spe coniugii tempora parva peto, dum freta mitescunt et amor, dum tempore et usu fortiter edisco tristia posse pati.

Commentary:

177 siqua ... ultra: "a thinly veiled allusion to her possible pregnancy" (Knox, p. 230). 178 tempora parva peto: cf Aeneid 4.433: tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori, dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere. 179 freta mitescunt et amor: syllepsis.

63

175

180

NOTES

Lines 181-196

Dido announces her intention to commit suicide forthwith: she has suggested as much from the opening of the epistle. (Knox, p. 231) si minus: if not, otherwise. est animus nobis: it is my intention. nobis: poetic plural. 183 utinam, particle, reinforcing an optative subjunctive expressing a wish, how I wish that . ... , if only. ... , would that .... Aspicias utinam: the particle utinam usually precedes the verb. scribentis: e.g., of {me} writing; supply haec verba, these words. imago: here, visibleform, appearance, picture 184 scribimus: poetic plural. gremium, -i, n., bosom; lap. Troicus, -a, -um, Trojan. ensis, ensis, m., sword. 18 S gena, -ae, f, cheek. 186 pro: here, instead of tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctus, to dip; to soak, to dye; to stain.

181

64

Heroides 7 20. Otherwise, it's suicide. Si minus, est animus nobis effundere vitam; in me crudelis non potes esse diu. Aspicias utinam quae sit scribentis imago! scribimus, et gremio Troicus ensis adest, perque genas lacrimae strictum labuntur in ensem, qui iam pro lacrimis sanguine tinctus erit.

Commentary:

182 crudelis: Vergil's Dido twice used this word as an epithet to describe Aeneas: Aeneid 4.311 and 4.661. 184 ensis: in the Aeneid, Dido uses Aeneas' sword to commit suicide, 4.645-7: et altos conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit Dardanium, non hos quaesitum minus in usus.

65

185

NOTES

187

188

191

192

193

194

196

convenio, convenire, conveni, conventurus, to come together; + dat., to be consistent (with), harmonize (with), fit (with); to be suited {to), be suitable (far). tua munera: i.e., Aeneas' sword. instruo instruere, instrux:i, instructus, to build; tofurnish, provide. impensa, -ae, f., cost, expense. nostra sepulchra: poetic plural. Anna, -ae, f., Anna (sister and confidante of Dido). male, adv., badly; unsuccessfully, to no purpose. conscius, -a, -um + gen., sharing knowledge of, privy to; as a substantive, an accomplice. in cineres: the gifts would be poured onto the ashes and so the prepositional phrase is used instead of the usual dative case. ultimus, -a, -um,farthest; last,final. Nee:= Et ... non; the negative goes with inscribar, not with consumpta. consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptus, to use up, consume. inscribo, inscribere, inscripsi, inscriptus, to write on, inscribe. Elissa Sychaei: supply ux:or,wife. tumulus, -i, m., mound; burial mound; tomb. marmor, marmoris, n., marble. earmen, carminis, n., song; poem; epitaph. concido [con-+ cado ], concidere, concidi, tofall down; to die. utor, uti, usus sum, + abl., to use.

66

Heroides 7 21. Dido's Final Words and Her Epitaph ~am bene conveniunt fato tua munera nostro ! Instruis impensa nostra sepulchra brevi. ?\"ecmea nunc primum feriuntur pectora telo; ille locus saevi vulnus Amoris habet. Anna soror, soror Anna, meae male conscia culpae, iam dabis in cineres ultima dona meos. ?\"ecconsumpta rogis inscribar Elissa Sychaei. Hoe tantum in tumuli marmore carmen erit: PRAEBUIT AENEAS ET CAUSAM MORTIS ET ENSEM; IPSA SUA DIDO CONCIDIT USA MANU. Commentary:

187 tua munera: i.e., Aeneas' sword. Cf. Aeneid, 4.64 5-7, where the word munus is used in a similar context: et altos conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus in usus. Vergil's Dido, however, may be misrepresenting the sword as a "gift" from Aeneas; it may simply have been one of a number of weapons left behind by Aeneas. When Vergil's Dido gives directions for building her funeral pyre, she says (Aeneid 4.494498): "Tu secreta pyram recto interiore sub auras erige et arma viri, thalamo quae fixa reliquit impius, exuviasque omnis lectumque iugalem, quo perii, superimponas; abolere nefandi cuncta viri monumenta iuvat, monstratque sacerdos." f Commentary continued on next page}

67

190

195

NOTES

188 Instruis ... nostra sepulchra: "the phrase is figurative, 'you provide my funeral service: but retains something of its literal force 'you build my tomb'" (Knox, p. 232). impensa ... brevi: Shuckburgh, quoted by Knox, p. 232) "truly this is a cheap way of providing for a wife's obsequies - you leave her a sword." 190 vulnus: cf. Aeneid 4.1-2: At regina gravi iamdudum saucia cura vulnus alit venis et caeco carpitur igni. Amoris: i.e., Cupid's. Cf.Aeneid 1.657-60, 676-88) and 709-22; Cupid, disguised as Ascanius, inflames Dido's heart with love for Aeneas. Cf. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.275-87) where Eros adopts the more usual way of enflaming a woman with love by shooting Medea with an arrow. 191 Anna soror, soror Anna: "chiastic anaphora'' (Knox, p. 232). meae male conscia culpae: note the effective repetition of the letters m) e, and c and the embedded word order. culpae: cf. Aeneid 4.18-9: si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset, huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae. and Aeneid 4.170-3: neque enim specie famave movetur nee iam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem; coniugium vocat; hoe praetexit nomine culpam. 192 dona: after a body was cremated, wine and oil were poured on the ashes to cool them before they were placed in an urn. 195 praebuit ... causam ... ensem: syllepsis. causam: cf. Aeneid 6.456-8: "Infelix Dido, verus mihi nuntius ergo venerat exstinctam, ferrnque extrema secutam? Funeris heu! tibi causa fui ?" 68

Heroides 7

196 IPSA SUA DIDO CONCIDIT USA MANU: note the careful arrangement of words, with two disyllabic words at the beginning of the line and two at the end, surrounding the main statement

DIDO CONCIDIT.

69

VOCABULARY

Vocabulary A a or ah, prep. + abl.,.from, by accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus, to accept ad, prep. + acc., to, toward, at, near adeo, adire, adii, aditus, irreg., to come to, approach Aeneas, Aeneae, m., Aeneas (son of Venus and Anchises and legendary ancestor of the Romans) aequor, aequoris, n., sea aequoreus, -a, -um, ojlbelonging to the sea agito, -are, -avi, -atus, to set in motion; to shake; to disturb ago, agere, egi, actus, to do, drive age/ agite, come on! albus, -a, -um, white aliquis, aliquid, someone/anyone, something/anything alter, altera, alterum, a/the second, one (of two), the other (if two), another alter ... alter, (the) one ... (the) other alms, -a, -um, tall, high amo, -are, -avi, -atus, love amor, amoris, m., love Amor, Amoris, m., Amor, Cupid (son of Venus and god of love) amplector, amplecti, amplexus sum, to embrace anima, -ae, f., soul animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversus, to notice animus, -i, m., mind; intention annus, -i, m., year

ante, prep. + acc., before, in .front of ante, adv.,previously, before aqua, -ae, f., water ara, -ae, f., altar arma, -orum, n. pl., arms, weapons arx, arcis, f., citadel, fortress Ascanius, =i, m., Ascanius (Julus, son of Aeneas) aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectus, to consider; to behold atque, conj., and, also audio, -ire, -ivi, or -ii, -itus, to hear, listen to aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus, irreg., to carry away, take away aut, conj., or

B bellum, -i, n., war bene, well bibo, bibere, bibi, to drink brevis, -is, -e, short

C cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus, to fall Carthago, Carthaginis, f., Carthage (city on the north coast of Africa) castra, -orum, n. pl., military camp causa, -ae, f., reason, cause certus, -a, -um, certain, steadfast cinis, cineris, m., ashes, dust (of the cremated body) claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus, to shut coepi, I began cogito, -are, -avi, -atus, to think cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus, to compel,force

71

VOCABULARY

colo, colere, colui, cultus, to cultivate, worship comes, comitis, m./f., companion concino, concinere, concinui, to sing together condo, condere, condidi, conditus, tofound, establish coniunx, coniugis, m./f., husband,wife, spouse contineo, continere, continui, contentus, to confine, hold corpus, corporis, n., body credo, credere, credidi, creditus + dat., to trust crudelis, -is, -e, cruel culpa, -ae, £.,fault, blame, sin cum, prep. + abl., with cum, conj., when, since cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus, to desire, want curro, currere, cucurri, cursurus, to run

D

duo, duae, duo, two dux, dueis, m., leader

E effundo, effundere, effudi, effusus, to pour out; of hair, to dishevel ego, I eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectus, to throw out, wash overboard emo, emere, emi, emptus, to biq enim, conj.,for ensis, ensis, m., sword eo, ire, ii or ivi, iturus, irreg., to go equus, -i, m., horse eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus, to snatch from, rescue erro, -are, -avi, -aturus, to wander~ be mistaken, make a mist,ike et, conj., and, also etiam, adv., also, even exigo, exigere, exegi, exactus, to drive out; to exact experior, experiri, expertus sum, to test, try

de, prep. + abl., down from, from debeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to owe deus, -i, nom. pl., di, m., god dextra, -ae, f., right hand di: nom. pl. of deus dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, to say Dido, Didonis, f., Dido (queen of Carthage) dies, diei, m. /f, day diu, adv.,for a long time do, dare, dedi, datus, to give domus, -us, f., house dono, -are, -avi, -atus, to give don um, -i, n., gift dum, conj., while, as long as

F facio, facere, feci, factus, to make, do fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus, to trick, mislead, deceite fama, -ae, £,.fame, reputation fatum, -i, n.,fate; doom; death felix, felicis, lucky, happy, fortunate feliciter, adv., well, happily, luckily femina, -ae, f., woman ferio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, to hit, strike fero, ferre, tuli, latus, irreg., to bring, carry, bear, say

72

VOCABULARY

fides, fidei, £,faith, reliability, trust fortiter, adv., bravely fluctus, -us, m., wave frater, fratris, m., brother fraternus, -a, -um, brotherly Ji'etum, -i, n., strait; channel; sea fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitus, toflee funus, funeris, n.,funeral

G gens, gentis, gen. pl., gentium, f., family; race gratus, -a, -um+ dat.,grateful, thankful

H habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to have, hold hie, haec, hoe, this, the latter hiems, hiemis, f., winter hospes, hospitis, m.,guest hostis, hostis, gen. pl., hostium, m.,enemy

I iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, to toss t1bout, drive to t1ndfro iam, adv., now, t1lready idem, eadem, idem, the sLZme ignis, ignis, gen. pl., ignium, m., fire ille, illa, illud, tht1t; he, she, it; thefarmer;tht1tfamous imago, imaginis, f., likeness imber, imbris, gen. pl., imbrium, m., rain, rt1in storm in, prep. + abl., in in, prep.+ acc., into; onto;far; t1gainst; toward

incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus, to begin infans, infantis m./f., infant, young child iniquus, -a, -um, uneven; unjust; unfair invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus, to come upon, find ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, themselves, very is, ea, id, he, she, it; this, that iste, ista, istud, that, this iterum, adv., t1gain, a second time iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, to order, bid Iulus, -i, m., Iulus (i.e., Ascanius, son of Aeneas)

L labor, labi, lapsus sum, to slip, fall labor, laboris, m., work, toil lacrima, -ae, f., tetZr laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus, to harm lapis, lapidis, m., stone lateo, -ere, -ui, to lie in hiding, hide; to be hidden lectus, -i, m., bed, couch levis, -is, -e, light lingua, -ae, f., tongue litus, litoris, n., shore locus, -i, m.; n. in pl., place longus, -a, -um, long

M magnus, -a, -um, big, great, large malo, malle, malui, irreg., to prefer male, adv., bt1dly

73

VOCABULARY

maneo, manere, mansi, mansurus, to remain, stay, wait manes, manium, m. pl., spirits of the dead manus, -us, f., hand mare, maris, n., sea mater, matris, f., mother melius, adv., better mens, mentis, f., mind mereo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to merit, deserve meritum, -i, n.,good deed; pl., services meus, -a, -um, my, mine minor, minor, minus, gen., minoris, smaller minus, adv., less miser, misera, miserum, unhappy, miserable, wretched miserabilis, -is, -e, miserable, wretched mitto, mittere, misi, missus, to send modo, adv., only moenia, moenium, n. pl., walls mollis, -is, -e, sofi: moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to advise, warn mons, montis, gen. pl., montium, m., mountain, hill mora, -ae, f., delay morior, mori, mortuus sum, to die moror, -ari, -atus sum, to delay mors, mortis, gen. pl., mortium, f., death moveo, movere, movi, motus, to move; to begin multi, -ae, -a, many munus, muneris, n., gift, service

N narro, -are, -avi, -atus, to tell nascor, nasci, natus sum, to be born natura, -ae, f., nature natus, -i, m., son navis, navis, gen. pl, navium, f., ship ne, conj. + subjunctive, not to, so that ... not nee, conj., and ... not nee ... nee .... neither . .. nor nego, -are, -avi, -atus, to deny nempe, adv., of course, to be sure neque, conj., and ... not nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, to be ignorant,not to know nisi, conj., unless noceo, -ere, -ui, -iturus + dat., to do harm (to), harm nomen, nominis, n., name non, adv., not nondum, adv., not yet nonus, -a, -um, nos, we, us noster, nostra, nostrum, our notus, -a, -um, known novus, -a, -um, new nox, noctis, f., night nullus, -a, -um, no, none nunc, adv., now nupta, nova, -ae, f., bride

0 observo, -are, -avi, -atus, to watch, pay attention to occido, occidere, occidi, occasus, tofall down; to die oeulus, -i, m., eye

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VOCABULARY

offieium, -i, n., official ceremony; duty; kind service,favor omen, ominis, n., omen omnis, -is, -e, all, the whole, every, each ora, -ae, f, shore orbis, orbis, gen. pl., orbium, m., circle orbis (terrarum), the circle of the lands, the whole earth os, oris, n., mouth os, ossis, n., bone

p parco, parcere, peperci + dat., to spare parens, parcntis, m./ f, parent paro, -are, -avi, -atus, to prepare, get ready pars, partis, gen. pl., partium, f., part parvus, -a, -um, small pateo, patere, patui, to extend pater, patris, m.,father patior, pati, passus sum, to suffer; to endure patria, -ae, f, nation, native land pax, pads, f, peace pectus, pectoris, n., chest; breast; heart pelagus, -i, n., sea per, prep. + acc., through; over; down perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditus, to destroy pereo, perire, perii, periturus, to die, perish perfidus, -a, -um, treacherous

pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventurus + ad + acc., to arrive (at), reach peto, petere, petivi, petitus, to lookfar, seek pius, -a, -um, dutiful placeo, -ere, -ui + dat., to please plango, plangere, planxi, planctus, to beat plenus, -a, -um + gen.,full (of) poena, -ae, f.,punishment, penalty populus, -i, m., people porta, -ae, f, gate posco, poscere, poposci, to demand, ask far possum, posse, potui, irreg., to be able; I can potius, adv., rather praebeo, -ere, -ui, to display, show, provide praeter, prep. + aec., except premo, premere, pressi, pressus, to press; to weigh upon pretium, -i, n., price; reward primus, -a, -um,first prim um, adv.,first, far the first time protinus, adv., immediately puer, pueri, m., boy puto, -are, -avi, -atus, to think, consider

Q quadratus, -a, -um, squared quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitus, to seek, lookfar; tofind quam, adv., how ... quam, adv., than quando, interrog. adv., when quasi, adv., as if

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VOCABULARY

-que, enclitic conj., and queror, queri, questus sum, to complain, complain of qui, quae, quod, who, which, that quidem, adv., indeed quies, quietis, f., rest quis, quid, interrog. pronoun, who, what quo, interrog. adv., where ... to quoque, adv., also

R recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus, to receive refero, referre, rettuli, relatus, irreg., to bring back regnum, -i, n., kingdom relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictus, to leave behind res, rei, f., thing, matter, situation, affair retineo, retinere, retinui, retentus, to hold back, keep rex, regis, m., king rogus, -i, m.,funeral pyre

s scelus, sceleris, n., crime sceptrum, sceptri, n., scepter; sovereignty, kingship scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus, to write sed, conj., but semper, adv., always senex, senis, m., old man; as an adjective, old sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus, to feel notice, realize sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultus, to bury

septimus, -a, -um, seventh sepulc(h)rum, -i, n., tomb;fimeml sequor, sequi, secutus sum, to fallow si, conj., if sic, adv., thus, in this way signum, -i, n., signal sino, sinere, sivi, situs, to allow solus, -a, -um, alone solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus, to loosen, untie soror, sororis, f., sister spero, -are, -avi, -atus, to hope spes, spei, £, hope sto, stare, steti, staturus, to stand stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictus, to draw stultus, -a, -um, stupid, foolish subitus, -a, -um, sudden sum, esse, fui, futurus, irreg., to be summus, -a, -um,greatest, highest supero, -are, -avi, -atus, to overcome, defeat surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrecturus, to rise suus, -a, -um, his, her, one's, its, their (own) sacra, -orum, n. pl., sacred objects saevus, -a, -um,fierce, savage sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood satis, adv., enough

T tarn, adv., so tamen, adv., however, nevertheless tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus, to touch tantus, -a, -um, so great, such a big tantum, adv., only

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VOCABULARY

tardus, -a, -um, slow tego, tegere, texi, tectus, to cover telum, -i, n., spear, weapon tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, to try, test; to attack tempus, temporis, n., time, season teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus, to hold terra, -ae, f., land timeo, -ere, -ui, tofear, be afraid trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus, to hand over tristis, -is, -e, sad tu, you (sing.) tum, adv., at that moment, then tutus, -a, -um, safe tuus, -a, -um,your (sing.)

u ubi, adv., conj., where, when ululo, -are, -avi, -atus, to howl unda, -ae, f., wave uncle, interrog. and relative adv.,. from where unus, -a, -um, one urbs, urbis, gen. pl., urbium, f., ci~y uro, urere, ussi, ustus, to burn ut, conj. + indicative, as ut, conj. + subjunctive, so that, that, to utor, uti, usus sum + abl., to use uxor, uxoris, f., wife

Venus, Veneris, f., Venus (the goddess oflove) verbum, -i, n., word veto, vetare, vetui, vetitus, to forbid, tell not to via, -ae, f., road, street; journey video, videre, vidi, visus, to see vigilo, -are, -avi, -aturus, to be/ stay awake viola, -are, -avi, -atus, to do harm vir, viri, m., man, husband vita, -ae, f., life vito, -are, -avi, -atus, to avoid; to keep clear of vivo, vivere, vixi, victurus, to live vivus, -a, -um, living vix, adv., scarcely, with difficulty, onlyjust voco, -are, -avi, -atus, to call volo, velle, volui, irreg., to wish, want,be willing si vis, ifyou wish, please vox, vocis, f., voice vulnus, vulneris, n., wound

V -ve, enclitic conj., or venia, -ae, f.,pardon, forgiveness venio, venire, veni, venturus, to come ventus, -i, m., wind

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