Oriental Languages and Cultures [1 ed.] 9781443811958, 9781847189196

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Oriental Languages and Cultures

Oriental Languages and Cultures

Edited by

Indira Gazieva

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Oriental Languages and Cultures, Edited by Indira Gazieva This book first published 2008 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2008 by Indira Gazieva and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-84718-919-9, ISBN (13): 9781847189196

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................... x Preface ........................................................................................................ xi Editors Note.............................................................................................. xiii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Section I: “Oriental Languages” 1. To the Issue of Origins of Personal Markers in Eurasian Languages Kirill Babaev .............................................................................................. 7 2. Operational particularities of the names-precedents in the Chinese discourse...................................................................................................... 8 Nikolay Voropaev 3. The concept of “Heavens” in the Chinese language Alexandr Chervony ..................................................................................... 9 4. Substantivation of pronouns in Turkic languages (on material of the Tatar language) Albina Gainutdinova ................................................................................. 10 5. Turkish suffix {LA} in connotation-based word formation Marina Kazanovitch .................................................................................. 11 6. Evolution of Case Marking and Verbal Agreement Systems in Course of Ergative-to-Accusative Changes in Western New Indo-Aryan languages Ludmila Khokhlova................................................................................... 11 7. Mixing as a phenomenon of norm and variability Fanuza Nurieva.......................................................................................... 14 8. Some terms of the Tatar mythology Ilshat Nasipov............................................................................................ 15 9. The Sufi Language in “Kitab al-Mawaqif” of an-Niffari Ruzana Pskhu ............................................................................................ 16 10. Transformed idioms as a manner of expression writer’s individual style and their translation Liliya Safina .............................................................................................. 16

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11. Meaning of the word “Muslim” in the Koran Apollon Silagadze ..................................................................................... 17 12. The languages of the Golden Horde civilization in the Eurasian context: Cognitive and ideographical aspects of the lexical systems reconstruction of Altay community languages (to the statement of a problem) Almas Shaykhulov..................................................................................... 18 13. The reflection of idiomatic zooconceptosphere in world mapping of the Kazakhs Marina Shingareva..................................................................................... 19 14. Formation of mixed languages in the history of the Hindi languages: Urdu and Hinglish Alexander Sigorskiy .................................................................................. 20 15. Paninian Paradigm as a Model for the Analysis Old Indian Languages Korada Subrahmanyam ............................................................................. 21 16. Language like alive organism (based on modern Persian language) Elvin Talishkhanov.................................................................................... 21 17. Formation of the languages picture of the world by means of influence on languages consciousness Marina Zheltukhina ................................................................................... 22 Section II: “Oriental Literature” 1. Japanese literature: Traditions and Modernity Maksim Bakastov ...................................................................................... 25 2. The theme of love in Kutby’s poem “Khosrov and Shirin” Aygul Bakirova ......................................................................................... 26 3. Exile and Poet of Medieval Japan Tatiana Breslavets ..................................................................................... 27 4. Spiritual poetry by ALI-GADJI from INKHO Marjanat Gadjiakhmedova ........................................................................ 28 5. The illustration of a nature in poetry Gabdulla Tukay Kadriya Galiahkmetova............................................................................. 28 6. Literature and the dialogue of cultures: Egyptian Giaconda – a Short Story Written by Yusuf Idris – Point of Intersection of Islam and Christianit Darejan Gardavadze .................................................................................. 29 7. Literary-critical perception of Byron’s creativity in Azerbaijan literature Ellada Gerayzade....................................................................................... 30

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8. The originality of language of Chingiz Abdullaev’s novels Leyla Gerayzade........................................................................................ 31 9. The MaqƗma Form in the Arabic Drama Writing Nino Dolidze ............................................................................................. 31 10. Major aspects of the religious and philosophical theory of al-Junayd al-Baghdadi Irina Ivanova.............................................................................................. 32 11. Unusual development of the themes of Italian Neo-Platonism – Tristan Dagron in the “Dialogues of love” by French researcher of Leon Ebreo’s work Anastasia Ivanova...................................................................................... 32 12. Women in Nigerian Literature Nadezhda Ilina........................................................................................... 33 13. The peculiarities of reflecting political reality in Jordanian Literature Natalia Kovyrshina.................................................................................... 34 14. Turkish socio-political fairy tale Evgenia Larionova..................................................................................... 34 15. Life and poetry of modern Korean poet Chon Sang Byong Yulia Moskalenko ..................................................................................... 35 16. Jazz features in H. Murakami’s novel “Wild sheep chase” Ainash Mustoyapova ................................................................................. 36 17. Motifs that travel through the works of Haruki Murakami Ainash Mustoyapova ................................................................................. 36 18. The Importance of al-Qushayri’s Treatise “Principles of Sufizm” (ar-risalya qushayriya fi ilm at-tasavvuf) in the Sufy History Olga Nekhorosheva ................................................................................... 37 19. The End of the beginning? (Amin Maalouf “Le premier siecle après Beatrice”) Mariya Nikolaeva ...................................................................................... 38 20. The peculiarities of “Pygmalion and Galatea” myth interpretation in creative works of Tanizaki Junichiro” Kseniya Sanina .......................................................................................... 39 21. “Turkish theme” in political satire (on materials of the Russian newspapers 1914-1916) Alfina Sibgatullina..................................................................................... 40

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22. The reminiscence of oriental poetical tradition in the Chuvash lyrics Irina Sofronova.......................................................................................... 40 23. “Two Dvivedi and Hindi Literature” Guzel Strelkova ......................................................................................... 41 24. The general and the particular in the development of the modern poetry in Japan and Russia Aida Suleymenova..................................................................................... 42 Section III : “Oriental Culture” 1. Vassily Eroshenko’s Ideas: Problems of Research Sergey Anikeev ......................................................................................... 43 2. The problem of the justification for pharaoh in ecstatic Sufism Pavel Basharin ........................................................................................... 44 3. Education for culture reformation: Mahatma Gandhi philosophy observation Alexey Erokhin.......................................................................................... 44 4. Referring to Oriental-Islamic Culture Fargana Tofig Kalantarli ........................................................................... 45 5. Cultural Heritage and “World Picture” of White Thai Ethnic Group Weaving and Folklore Natalia Kraevskaia, Irina Samarina ........................................................... 47 6. Moscow and the problems of the shaping of an inter-confessional culture Tatyana Panina .......................................................................................... 48 7. The Philosophy of Illumination of Shihab ad-Din as-Suhrawardi Valentine Putyagina................................................................................... 49 8. About change of the paradigm of perception of love in modern China (based on TV serial film “Feeding and passion”) Ma Tianyu ................................................................................................. 50 9. Gender self-identification in cyberspace Pavel Shkapenko ....................................................................................... 50 10. Vietnamese culture: national identity and globalization Anatoly Sokolov........................................................................................ 51 11. Confucian Ritual (Li) in American System of Social Relations Natalia Terekhova ..................................................................................... 51 12. The concept of Andrei Beliy about self-consciousness in the context of Eastern and Western culture Nadezda Tsareva ....................................................................................... 52

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13. Art of Lee Sang Won: Combination of eastern and oriental technique of painting Victoriya Yurchik...................................................................................... 53 14. Central Asiatic Turkic Culture and Byzantine’s Legacy as Parts of Ottoman Culture Alexander Vasilev ..................................................................................... 54 15. On an important pictorial component of the Scythian animal style Sofia Zinchenko......................................................................................... 54 Section IV: “Tolerance and Gender Problems in Languages and Cultures” 1. Gender aspects of national culture in mass media interpretation Ranokhon Bobojanova .............................................................................. 57 2. Gender equality in the KUR’ƖN Nani Gelovani............................................................................................ 58 3. Development of tolerance Natalya Shchipakina.................................................................................. 58 4. Speech education and the problem of tolerance in Korea, Japan and Vietnam Yu Kon-Syu............................................................................................... 59 5. Tolerance towards Language and Culture. Training of Tolerance in Contacts of Students, Studying Russian Tatiana Ivanova ......................................................................................... 60 Section V: “Theory and Methods of Teaching of Foreign Languages and Cultures” 1. Some Aspects in Japanese Translation Theory and Methodological Recommendations on Teaching at Middle Level of Studies Elena Bogoyavlenskaya............................................................................. 63 2. The problems in teaching Hindi in Moscow’s school and universities Indira Gazieva ........................................................................................... 64 3. Teaching Chinese for the Beginners Maria Rukodelnikova ................................................................................ 66 4. How Media Reality is Created Ludmila Salieva......................................................................................... 67 Contributors............................................................................................... 69 Index.......................................................................................................... 83

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NP ChD PPh TP SP PhP NIA OIA MSUN CIS RSUH MFUW MGU of M.V. Lomonosov MGIMO RSFSR

names-precedents Chinese discourse precedent phenomena text-precedents situations-precedents phrases-precedents New Indo-Aryan languages Old Indo-Aryan languages Maritime State University Commonwealth of Independent States Russian State University for the Humanities Moscow Federation of Women with University Education Moscow State University Moscow State Institute of international relations Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

PREFACE DR. INDIRA GAZIEVA

Dear colleagues! This volume contains most of the papers presented at the First International Scientific Conference named as “The Orient Languages and Cultures”, held November 22-23, 2007 at Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow. This conference is intended to provide a forum for presenting research in all areas of Orient languages, literatures, cultures. The conference was a reflection of an increasing interest in the Orient languages and culture and in the Orient as a cultural phenomenon. Additionally, the demand for the graduates who know orient languages and culture is always high in Russia. Thus, the organizers aimed to invite orientalists from all sides of Russia, the CIS and foreign countries to exchange experience, meet each other and report their accomplishments in the various fields. The organizers also aimed to draw attention of young scientists to current issues of the Modern East. Over 80 scientists from Moscow, the Russian Federation’s regions and republics, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine, the Islamic Republic of Iran, India who are experts in different fields, took part in the conference. The composition has ensured a comprehensive cover of the problems related to the orient languages, literature and culture, issues of gender and tolerance in a language and culture, methods for teaching orient languages and cultures. To open the scientific conference, the organizers invited representatives of the foreign embassies in the Russian Federation to make their welcoming speeches to the participants. They were representatives of the Arab Republic of Syria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Turkey, the CIS Republics (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan). Such composition was nonrandom. The orientalists of above countries were participants of the conference. It was hard to arrange the conference under the conditions. The work was advancing with difficulty. The university rector board had been discussing expediency of the conference and its tasks for about two

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Preface

months. It turned out that many e-mail addresses of many countries’ oriental departments on which we have sent our invitations were outdated and our messages had returned back. We have gone to embassies of the countries of the Near East, South- and South-East and Central Asia countries and asked their counselors for humanitarian issues to help us to send out the invitations. We also asked five banks that usually finance various social programs to give us a financial support. Representatives of two banks were so polite to answer that their management did not plan to sponsor conferences this year. Then we have sent our requests to other international funds. There were no answers. The only offer of the Cambridge Scientific Publishing House to publish the conference theses was received by us in November, just before the conference. We were happy as over 80 scientists took part in the conference including many young orientalists from the Russian Federation regions. We could see that oriental studies as a science were still developing and there are a lot of scientists who study interesting issues.

EDITORS NOTE

This book embodies a vivid overview of actual problems of oriental languages, literature of the East, Middle East countries and oriental culture. The problems of theory and methods of teaching of oriental languages and cultures, tolerance and gender problem in languages and cultures is also present. It is a collection of original and insightful essays by academics who were participants of the First International scientific conference “Oriental languages and cultures” that was held at Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH, Moscow) on November, 22— 23, 2007. The uniqueness of this book lies in attempts to present a steadily growing interest in orient countries’ languages and culture. Nowadays in Russian Federation the demand for graduates of universities and other educational centers with the knowledge of orient languages and culture is being constantly increased. Thus, the organizers aimed to invite orientalists from all sides of Russia, the CIS and foreign countries to exchange experience, meet each other and report their accomplishments in the various fields. The organizers also aimed to draw attention of young scientists to current issues of the Modern East. To open the scientific conference, the organizers invited representatives of the foreign embassies in the Russian Federation to make their welcoming speeches to the participants. They were representatives of the Arab Republic of Syria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Turkey, the CIS Republics (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan). Such composition was nonrandom. Despite the numerical dominance of contributions from Russian Federation, this book brings together views from specialists in the different domains from Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine and the Islamic Republic of Iran. These contributions exhibit not only theoretical issues that underpin current academic debates in linguistic, literary and culture research, issues of gender and tolerance in a language and culture but also overviews pedagogical reflections on learning oriental and other languages. The book has fifth chapters that are grouped around five sections. The first section includes the chapter, which outline new approaches in the understanding of theoretical concepts of oriental languages. The second section explores new directions in the field on oriental literature. The third

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Editors Note

section represents the review of researches on oriental countries’ culture. The fourth section provides insights into understanding the nature of the tolerance and gender problem in languages and cultures. The fifth section’s contributions address the issue of assessment with teaching of oriental languages and its pedagogical dimension. Contributions in this book are very original. It is therefore hoped that the papers in this volume will help to advance future research in the emerging field of Orient languages, literatures and cultures and the papers in subsequent conferences will bear the fruit of our collective endeavor.

INTRODUCTION

The idea of the arrangement of the First International scientific conference “Oriental languages and cultures” has been done by Oriental Department of the Institute of Linguistics of Russian State University for the Humanities. We are teachers of oriental languages such as Chinese, Hindi, Arabian, Korean, Japan and Iranian. So we have planned this conference for the exchange of experience and the acquaintance in various areas of oriental studies. We decided to invite famous scientists, literary critics and experts on gender problems, journalists from Moscow, St.Petersburg and other cities of Russian Federation, the CIS countries and others. So we sent more than three thousand e-mails to the Departments of oriental studies of many institutes and universities in Russian Federation, CIS countries and all over the world. For sponsorship of our conference we sent a request for many banks and investing companies who used to give a help for the conferences, but there was a silence from everywhere. Nevertheless we weren’t upset. We went to Embassies of foreign countries and asked Press-Counselors to send the information about our conference to many institutes and universities. The expected number of participants of the conference was about hundred people and eighty five people took part in our conference. It was pleasant to know that there are small departments of oriental studies in the small cities of Russian Federation and many scholars from state universities of Vladivostok, Kazan (Tatar Stan), Ufa (Bashkortostan), Baku (Azerbaijan), Georgia, Ukraine, Sakhalin, Chita, Cheboksari, Chelyabisk, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Visakhapatnam (India) Taiwan, the Islamic Republic of Iran arrived to Moscow. A wide range of issues were discussed in this conference: Orient literature, “Oriental languages and cultures”, “Gender problems in language and culture”, “Tolerance in language and culture”, “The methods of theaching of foreign languages and culture”. Moscow Federation of Women with University Education (MFUW) and “Support ST” Publishing house were joined as a sponsor. On November 22, 2008 that was the first day of our conference. The plenary session began exactly at 10 a.m in a beautiful Exhibition Hall of the Museum Center of our University. The Organizers thanked Dr. Irina Bakanova, Director of the Exhibition Hall, who provided this hall. The

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Introduction

exhibitions of various artists take place in the Hall weekly. Professors and students of the Art Faculty of our University exhibit their works there. Dmitry Bak, Scientific Pro-Rector made his welcoming speech to participants. He dwelled on studies and teaching of the orient languages and cultures at the major departments of our university such as – the Institute of Orient Cultures and Antiquity, the Institute of Philosophy, the Institute of Linguistics and the Institute of Politic Science and Law where orient studies are taught. He also emphasized increasing demand for oriental specialists and high professional skills of their teaching staff. Professor Dmitry Bak noted that some new scientific directions had appeared in the modern oriental studies and education. The first one is integrated in the studies of history, economy and culture of near foreign countries of the Central Asia and Transcaucasia under conditions of new sovereignty and vast post-Soviet Russian-speaking Diaspora. The second one is appeared in the studies of a genesis of orient cultures on a new soil (Europe) where demographic and ethnic blurring takes place due to immigration from Asia and Africa. And the third one is in the co-existence of nations in multi-confessional state, in particular, in developing of practices enabling to see differences between fundamentalist and extremist views. These new studies would respond to the challenges of our time and require more differentiated training of specialists and a definite updating of orientalist curriculum. Mr. Anis Al Matni, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Counselor for Humanitarian Issues of the Embassy of the Arab Republic of Syria made his welcoming speech. Mr. Anis Al Matni obtained his university degree and PhD in the Soviet Union and remembered his excellent teachers. He was happy that not only key scientists but also young orientalists from the Russian Federation and CIS regions took part in the conference. Mr. Anis Al Matni hoped to see fast revival of bilateral links and cultural exchange of professors and students from Russia and the Arab Republic of Syria. Mr. Ejaz Ahmed, Counselor for the Press, Culture and Education, made his speech on behalf of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Mr. Ejaz said that he was aware of teaching such orient languages as the Urdu and Hindi in Russia and the CIS as he gave his lectures at some Moscow universities. He also expressed the hope that this scientific conference would evoke a wide response throughout the orient world and attract many young and eminent scientists to discuss current problems of oriental studies. Mr. Mahdi Imanipoor, Head of the Culture Representative Office, and Mr. Masud Sheih Zeineddin, Deputy Head of the Culture Representative Office were representatives of the Culture Representatives

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of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mr. Mahdi Imanipoor emphasized that both East and West are aware of importance and actuality of the oriental studies. If oriental studies in the West chiefly conduced to colonialism in previous years and domestic studies of civilization values were few, while modern orient studies often help isolated cultures to adapt to changing values involving traditional national experience and practice. Ms. Nigar Veli gyzy Akhundova, Counselor for Humanitarian Issues, made her speech on behalf of the Embassy of Azerbaijan Republic. She told that orient studies were very popular in the Central Asia republics in the Soviet period. The scientific journal “The Soviet Studies in Turkic Languages” was being issued in Baku. Ms. Nigar Veli gyzy Akhundova as a famous orientalist emphasized the necessity in restoring old culture and scientific links between Russia and the Republic of Azerbaijan maintained by the oriental research institutes and universities. Ms. Jarkyn Uteshova, Deputy Chairman of the Moscow Society “Kazakh Tili” (The Kazakh Language) noted that this conference was an important event both from scientific and general viewpoint as a tolerance of the language and culture. She also made a good quotation of famous Kazakh poet Muhtar Shakhanov – “the respect by sense is the highest respect; the upbringing by word is the highest upbringing”. Ms. Jarkyn Uteshova also emphasized that we built dialogues bridging countries and entire continents by studying oriental «word» and she hoped that new means and communications forms would be developed at the conference that would turn into an annual oriental tradition. The conference program was very rich. Five sections worked. Three reports of eminent scientists were heard at the plenary session. Professor Alla Kirilina, Scientific Pro-Rector of the Moscow Institute of Linguistics made the report on the methodological issues related to distinguishing features of interpreting (qualitative) and quantitative (statistical) approach to studies of a gender in oral communication. The report made by Marina Zheltukhina, Pro-rector for Science and International Activities of the Volgograd Academy of Business and Management of Property was dedicated to forming linguistic picture of the world by impact on linguistic consciousness. Ms. Marina Zheltukhina noted that the problem of linguistic consciousness is still open to question in modern psycholinguistics. Terms «linguistic», «communicative», «cognitive» consciousness used in linguistic works present definite paradigms for studying consciousness. Interpretation of consciousness as an ability to reproduce reality made it one of the basic notions of philosophy, psychology, sociology, politic science, linguistics and other

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Introduction

sciences. Psycholinguistics tries to answer how a human being generates, apprehends and keeps a language in consciousness, i.e. how he/she considers a language not only as a system of units and rules and but also consciousness mechanism or, in other words, studies linguistic consciousness. Professor Dmitry Vasilyev, noted specialist in Turkic philology, Director of the Russian and Turkish Center reported to the participants about the Turkic studies in Russia and training of future specialists in Turkic languages. He also noted that Russian scientific school was always confessed an integrated approach to training of orientalists. The basis of the training was a learning of the orient language that enabled students to get acquainted with entire layer of history, culture, traditions and economic potential of the nations close for European people. Any orientalist should have fundamental knowledge in political, ethnic and culture history of the country he/she studies as a distinction of the Orient is in the continuity of traditions and modern life. The oriental studies not only expand social sciences but that are a valuable reference point for developing governmental policies. Expert orientalists are always in demand in government bodies, business, culture and spiritual fields. At the same time, many specialists are used insufficiently in production, trade and event in political relations. As is well known, the lifestyle and behavior in all countries of the Orient (even developed ones) is based on a tradition. Any success in relations and arrangements is chiefly based on the factor. The history of specific region, city and its ethnic and historical features are also important. Having taken such details into consideration, a businessman acquires support of local public and confessional opinion enabling him/her to recruit manpower and carry out his activities. The Moslems constitute a considerable part of the Russian students of the Russian and Turkish Center. They obtain scientific knowledge of their native spiritual culture and history along with the syllabus of orientalist disciplines for the first time. The curriculum has been developed so that to provide a comprehensive view of interaction, interference and coexistence of nations, traditions and cultures. It is also necessary to note that training of only experts oriented to the Western civilizations is not beneficial for Russia. It causes the brain drain to the same extent as material problems. Considering globalization, such approach diminishes advantages and traditions of national educational and scientific schools forcing Russian specialists to solve applied auxiliary problems to the prejudice of pure scientific knowledge. The Soviet curriculum did not provide for the experts who were qualified to work in national republics and who knew not only their field but also traditions, culture, history,

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economy and behavior of the Middle Asia, Caucasus and national regions of the RSFSR. We have the consequences now. We have no specialists who can ensure a constructive integration of economy, education and science with former Soviet republics. Cultural detachment of Russianspeaking center and national remote areas conduces to the separatist tendencies arising and developing in Russia and considerably aggravates position of Russian-speaking population in the Middle Asia and Caucasus states. As degradation of culture and education in post-Soviet states and absence of priority humanitarian educational concepts in educational establishments of national regions of the Russian Federation are obvious, the Russian system of orientalist education may play a leading role and determine the prospects for developing a new type of international economic, culture and social relations. The conference was being conducted for two days. On the second day, the participants made their reports in sections “Orient languages”, “Oriental literature”, “Oriental culture”, “Gender problems in language and culture”, “Tolerance in language and culture”, “The methods of teaching of foreign languages and culture”.

SECTION I: “ORIENTAL LANGUAGES”

1. Dr. Kirill Babaev, Ph.D. “To the Issue of Origins of Personal Markers in the Languages of Eurasia” – was the title of report of Dr. Kirill Babaev was. In his opinion, the question of origins of personal pronouns should be considered together with the analysis of the diachronic development of verbal personal markers, since it has been explicitly proved that these two morphological sets are actually two sub-systems of the common system of personal markers in the morphology of the language. They are usually united by common genetic origins and may be regarded as two consequent stages of the process of grammaticalization thoroughly described by Talmy Givón, Paul Hopper and other prominent linguists in the late XXth century. As such, personal markers are universal of the human language. Even if we see non classical personal pronouns or verb conjugation markers in the language such as Thai, certain lexical items do represent personal meanings in it. In the isolated type of languages this situation is quite common. Independent lexemes are one of the most common sources for personal pronouns in the languages of the world, including the Eurasian tongues. In Chinese, there are over a dozen lexical items with the ‘I’ meaning, playing the part of personal pronouns in the language and renovated quite frequently. The most widespread lexemes to give birth to the 1st person pronouns are ‘body’, ‘head’, ‘(my)self’, ‘person’, ‘servant’, ‘slave’ etc., for the 2nd person ‘master’, ‘lord’, ‘rest’ etc. Another common source for personal markers is the demonstrative pronouns. It was Karl Brugmann who noted long ago that in most languages the third person pronouns cannot be separated from demonstratives, and this is the case in most Eurasian languages. In Altaic languages, according to Nikolai Baskakov, deictic particles are the main source of origin for personal pronouns. Though his theory is still under discussion, it’s true that in many languages of Eurasia (like Japanese or Armenian), demonstratives are used in the personal meanings. Older personal verb forms may be called the third frequent origin of personal markers. In many Afrasian and Dravidian languages, today’s personal markers of the verb are in fact the former verbal constructions consisting of an older personal marker and an auxiliary verb. This is true for new Indic dialects as well. Understanding the typological mechanisms

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Section I

of generating personal markers in the language will definitely help to build more credible hypotheses in historical and comparative linguistics. 2. Nikolay Voropaev, post-graduate student of the Linguistics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His research paper named “Operational particularities of the names-precedents in the Chinese discourse” covered the names-precedents (NP) of the Chinese discourse (ChD) as a part of the precedent phenomena (PPh) of the ChD. PPh are the standards of the national culture which from the one hand reflects and from the other hand designate a specific axiological paradigm and those behavior patterns that should/should not be followed.1 PPh include text-precedents (TP), NP, situations-precedents (SP), phrases-precedents (PhP). NP of the ChD is familiar to every socialized member of the Chinese lingual-cultural society. In the research paper the term NP is used as an individual name which is connected with the widely known text or with situationprecedent.2 NP is the core basis of antonomasia mechanism. The primary purpose of antonomasia as a stylistic device is to attach importance and argumentativeness to any message by means of the most significant marks of the comprehensive human history. Normally people or social NP objects-bearers (cities, countries) are in the center of all remarkable events. The essence of extraordinary events is composed of uncommon qualities. It is that which attracts attention, interest and arouse imagination. It is the very thing that impresses the memory and is stamped in one’s mind. It is no coincidence that extraordinary events are usually implied by the use of NP and there arises the possibility to express more meaning volume using less number of signifiers. Such tendency serves as linguistic efforts saving law. Eventually, one NP serves as a point of departure for many association lines. NP automatically makes the recipient estimate several possible association lines and compares the choice with a concrete NP context. This is the importance of precedents as intellectual training. On the basis of great number of examples the author illustrates that NP are widely used in the ChD and are the carriers of a great volume of information of cultural and historic type. Many NP are united by one TP or by one SP. Thus, NP of the ChD is often represented as a system and actualization of one of NP often leads to actualization of another NP and other units of language. It follows that NP semantics in ChD has a complicated structure. This is the basis for the ability of NP of the ChD to hide system meanings especially for a foreign language speaker. Many of 1

Gudkov, D.B. 2003. Theory and practice of cross-cultural communication. Moscow. 2 Krasnych, V.V. 2003. “A Friend among Foreigners: a myth or reality?”. Moscow.

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the important communicatively significant connotations of the notions that are behind NP remain implicit and may be revealed to the foreigner only with special familiarization with PT or detailed PS exposition. PNs operate as units which take more cognitive space than units of the other kind. Therefore the probability of communicative failures in the process of cross-cultural communication with Chinese native speakers increases. Now Mr. Voropayev is working on compiling the dictionary of the basic collection of precedent names of Chinese cultural space. Among the examples of supreme notoriety index are: Sun Wukong, Zhu Bajie, Bao Gong, Hongniang, Hua Mulan, Hua Tuo, Ma Daha, Lei Feng, Zhuge Liang, Guan Gong. 3. Dr. Alexander Chervony, PhD. The report of Dr. A. Chervony was named “The concept of “Heavens” in the Chinese language”. One of the fundamental elements of the Chinese linguistic picture of the world is the concept of “heavens”. The domination of this concept in the world outlook of the ancient Chinese is related to their religious consciousness; and as a result, this lexeme is frequently used in the meaning of “the Supreme Being” and the “Spirit of Heaven”. The Chinese treat the concept of “Heavens” as the highest spiritual and physical source of the universe the ethic law and the source of energy that is beyond human will and intellect. The meaning of the words “heaven”, “heavenly” is correlated with the phenomena, living beings and things which are respected, loved and admired by the Chinese. There is no negative connotation in the lexeme “tian”; that is why it introduces the positive connotation into the wordcombinations with it. It is not without reason that the Chinese call their country “Under the Heavens” and their emperors, prominent philosophers and scientists – the sons of Heavens. The semantics of the word “tian” conveys the highest degree of quality. The substantive “heavens” in Chinese, the language of a non-christian cultural tradition, remains the leading means of expressing the idea of the “Supreme Being”, alongside with the lexical units used to denote metaphysical beings, such as spirits in particular. Faith in the Spirit of Heavens is the major notion and the basic lexical unit of the Chinese religious vocabulary. The Spirit of Heavens “tian” correlates with chief gods, such as Zeus, Jupiter, Jehovah in other languages and cultures. The substantive “tian” designates both the forefather of every thing in the world, the creator of living beings and the will of Heaven, predetermination, destiny, truth, law and justice of Heaven. Thus the genesis and the development of the notion “Heavens” is the result of the linguistic cognitive activity of the Chinese and their

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Section I

outstanding representatives. “Heavens” refers to the fundamental concepts of the Chinese apprehension of the world and mentality. 4. Dr. Albina Gainutdinova, PhD. The report of Dr. Albina Gainutdinova was devoted to substantivation of pronouns in Turkic languages (on material of the Tatar language). In her opinion, pronouns in Tatar Grammars are classified according to their grammatical and functionalsemantic characteristics. Pronouns in the Tatar Language do not have any general conformity of their development towards gaining noun meaning. That is why it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of pronouns used as substantives not according to lexical grammatical categories but rather in connection with parts of speech that pronouns indicate and according to lexical grammatical categories of this connection. With their meaning generalised-subject pronouns are correlative with nouns. There are the consequences of the use of generalised-subject pronouns as substantives: a) Their ability to be the bearers of sign and serve as qualified words. b) Losing of declension and keeping the original form. Structurally generalised-qualitative pronouns are nearest to adjectives and adverbs. The following pronouns are often used with substantive meaning: - Demonstrative pronouns (“bou” this, ‘tege’ that); - Defining pronouns (“hemme” every, all, “herber’- everybody, everyone, everything); -Generalised-quantitative pronouns which coincide in meaning and functions with quantitative numerals are not substantivised in Tatar Language. There is a linguistic and speech substantivization of pronouns. Substantivised pronouns are basically speech pronouns in the Tatar language. From the point of view of semantics it is possible to determine among substantivised pronouns of Tatar Language the following groups: 1) words, which denote person: “mineke” my (husband, master, host), “herber” every; 2) objects: “nerse” what; 3) linguistic term: an obsolete word ‘zhemgiyse’ – plural; 4) pecuinary unit: an obsolete word “beten” one rouble coin; 5) abstract meaning: “bernerse” nothing, “hemmese” everything; 6) metalanguage substantives. Thus, it is generalisedqualitative pronouns that tend more towards being substantivised. It is linguistic substantivization. As for generalised-subject pronouns, they are subject to occasional substantivization but not linguistic. Generalisedqualitative pronouns are not substantivised in Tatar Language.

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5. Marina Kazanovitch, postgraduate of the Institute of Linguistics of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow. The report of Marina was devoted to Turkish suffix {LA} in connotation-based word formation. In her opinion, the connotations are not part of lexical meaning and cannot be deduced from it – they materialize in lexeme figurative meanings, metaphors, derivatives etc. Suffix {LA} productivity results in a number of Turkish verbs to embody the connotations of initial stems. The study of the linguistic picture of the world presupposes the investigation of the specific connotations of non-specific concepts. Therefore the analysis of the connotation-based word formation seems to be effective. Suffix {LA} is extremely productive joined to noun, adjective, numeral, interjection, onomatopoeia etc. Even Turkish onomatopoeias reveal interesting connotations. Thus, the meanings of the verbs fÕslamak and carlamak [where fÕs – ǥwhisper’ (onomatopoeia), car –ǥtalking loudly’ (onomatopoeia)] are based on iterative Turkish metaphor which can be formulated as: “What is pronounced loudly addresses everybody, what is pronounced in a low voice addresses but a few”. FÕslamak – “to say sth. to smb. in secret”, carlamak – “to blab out, to let out; to announce publicly”. One of the most important connotative classes is the names of animals and plants. These have both common Turkic connotations and Turkish specific ones. The verbs with suffix {LA} derived from such nouns also provide very interesting data for the study of the linguistic picture of the world, for example: (1) domuz – “pig”, connotation – “obstinacy”, domuzlanmak – “to be maliciously obstinate”; this connotation is also seen in comparative construction domuz gibi – “obstinate” (“like a pig”); cf. Azerbaijan donuz with no similar connotation or the Russian noun swinja (“pig”) whose connotation is “grubbiness”; (2) böbür “leopard”, connotation – “pomposity”, böbürlenmek – “to boast, to plume oneself on”; cf. the Azerbaijan noun bäbir of the same origin with different connotation – “pugnacity”: bäbirlänmäk – “to assume a threatening manner, to square up to smb.”; (3) the verb kokorozlanmak “to act defiantly” is derived from the noun kokoroz “maize” through the connotation “defiance” etc. The study of the verbs formed with {LA} suffix from the other connotative classes (e.g. colour, parts of the body names, kinship terms etc.) also provides very interesting data to understand the linguistic picture of the world. 6. Professor Ludmila Khokhlova, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Indian philology, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University. The report of Ludmila Khokhlova was devoted to the evolution of Case Marking and Verbal Agreement Systems in Course of

Section I

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Ergative-to-Accusative Changes in Western New Indo-Aryan languages (NIA). The majority of modern typologists believe that a language may move from one type to another and then back to the first.3 There are several kinds of diachronic mechanisms involved in the cycling typological changes. One of them is passive-to-ergative change typical for Indo-Aryan languages. The evolution of Indo-Aryan languages is usually described as the one-way development of Old Indo-Aryan languages accusative system towards modern NIA ergative or semi-ergative4. In fact, Western NIA languages (like some of their close relatives in the Iranian branch of Indo-European) have undergone cyclic changes: first into and then out of ergativity. The development from accusative to ergative pattern in Indian languages has been described by many linguists5, that is why here the main focus will be on the mechanisms of development out of .

3

Dixon, R.M.W. Ergativity. 1994. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Anderson, Steven R. 1977. On Mechanisms by Which Languages Become Ergative, In: Charles N. Li (ed.) Mechanisms of Syntactic Change. Austin: University of Texas Press. 317-363. Anderson, Steven R. 1988. Morphological Theory. Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey. Vo1: Linguistic Theory: Foundations, ed. by Frederick Newmeyer, Cambridge: University Press. Comrie, B. Ergativity, 1978. In: W. P. Lehmann (ed.) Syntactic Typology. Austin: University of Texas Press. 329-95. Comrie B. 1981. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 98-116. 5 Bubenik, Vit. 1998. A Historical Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan (Apabhramsha), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Hock, H. H. 1986. P-Oriented Constructions in Sanskrit. In: B. H. Krishnamurty (ed.), South Asian Languages. Structure, Convergence and Diglossia, vol. 3, Delhi etc.: Motilal Banarsidass. 15-26. Hook, Peter Edwin. 1992. On Identifying the conceptual Restructuring of Passive as Ergative in Indo-Aryan, In: Madhav M. Deshpande, Saroja Bhate (ed): PƗńinian Studies. Professor S.D. Joshi Felicitation Volume. Michigan: Center for South and South East Asian Studies, University of Michigan. No 37. 177-199. Klaiman, M.H. 1978. Arguments Against a Passive Origin of the IA Ergative. Papers from the 14-th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. 204216. Klaiman, M.H. 1987. Mechanisms of Ergativity in South Asia. Lingua, vol. 71, 61102. Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stump, G.T. 1983. The Elimination of Ergative patterns of Case Marking and Verbal Agreement in Modern Indic Languages. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 27. 140-164. 4

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ergativity.6 Written records starting from the 14-th century belong to different dialects and styles. They do not represent one evolutionary line in NIA history, but allow observing some general tendencies in the syntactic development.7 Following general laws, ergative-to-accusative changes produced split case marking and verbal agreement systems. In addition to splits conditioned by verbal tense and aspect and by place of a particular nominal class in the Nominal Hierarchy (personal pronouns, animate and inanimate nouns), there are splits related with the semantics of the verb. While most splits have a firm semantic basis, there are some hardly explainable exceptions like ergative case marking and verbal agreement in case of the verb “laugh” in Old Rajasthani or modal passives generated from basically non-volitional verbs (like ‘to be’ etc.) in some Western NIA languages. In history of Rajasthani we find the greatest number of deviations from the general trends of the syntactic development: Rajasthani pronouns were lagging behind nouns in the process of attrition of A/S opposition; this language has moved further than the other languages towards the attrition of ergativity in nominal system and it still preserves the ergative type of verbal concord; Rajasthani is also characterized by a rare split in verbal agreement system as the main verb in it agrees with O and the auxiliary verb with A8. Western Panjabi provides unique data for analyzing the historical changes in the system of bound pronominal affixes that cross-reference A, S and O. Following the changes in case marking of personal pronouns, the ergative-like system of pronominal suffixes (well preserved in texts of “Adi Granth”) has also transformed into the typically accusative pattern found in modern Siraiki and Pothohari. 6

Several trends in this development are described in Khokhlova, L.V. Ergativity Attrition in the History of Western New Indo-Aryan Languages (Panjabi, Gujarati, Rajasthani), The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2001, Tokyo Symposium on South Asian Languages: Contact, Convergence and Typology, New Delhi-London, Sage Publication, pp. 159-184. 7 Dave, Trimbaklal. 1935. A Study of the Gujarati Language in the 16-th Century (V.S.). London: The Royal Asiatic Society. Shrivastavѽҏ, D. 1970. Historical Syntax of Early Hindi Prose, Calcutta: Atima Prakashan. Tessitory, L.P. 1914-1916. Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani with Special Reference to Apabhramsha and Gujarati and Marwari, Indian Antiquary. 8 Magier, David S. 1983. Topics in the Grammar of Marwari, UCLA dissertation.

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Section I

7. Professor Fanuza Nurieva, PhD, Professor of Kazan State University (Kazan city, Tatarstan, Russia). Professor Fanuza Nurieva investigates “mixing” as a phenomenon of norm and variability. In the investigations of the Golden Horde monument’s language a term “mixed language” is used though this concept remains formulated not fully. In Turkic traditions “mixing” means not the change of language system but the use of one of monument’s dialects in language, which is the norm in language of another monument. In addition simultaneous correspondence as well as archaic phenomena, that characteristic of other epoch language, is related to it. In our research with the attribution of investigated text, we prefer to talk not about the text’s mixed character but about the correlation between normative and variability that is recorded in the language of given monument. When classifying the monument’s language we come to the stratification of the text and distinguish base and peripheral elements in it. Chosen phonetic and morphological indexes are classifiable for classification of Turkic languages. The influence and interaction between old traditions and new linguistic processes that based on Kipchack linguistic element, in different ways reflected in the monument’s language. It depends on genre element of monument (religious and didactic literature remains more established but secular literature adopt innovations rapidly), on the level of erudition and the author’s belonging to certain literary school, on customer of literary work (e.g. “Khosrov and Shirin” by Kotba, “Mukhabbatnami” by Khorezmy), on specific conditions of creation place, on copyist, his tribe features and his command of mother tongue. Our investigations that based on the samples of distinguished phonetic, graphic and morphological markers and their statistic processing, show that every written monument is specific, real reflection of stage of language in which it was created but the same time the language itself is used as a source for its characteristics. It could be established that the early monuments of the Golden Horde steady follow Karakhanid and Uigur traditions in parallel with it precisely near the Volga new variant of regional literary language was formed. Among phonetic and graphic features the following as it turned out to be constant: labial harmony, intervocalic -q- and parataxis like -aȖu-. Among phonetic markers [ä] is most dynamic, which successively concedes the position to narrow non-labialised front vowel [i] that is determined in script as well as a change of -į by -j feature since monument’s language reflects the time when grapheme j penetrates into the text’s language. Systematical study of declension in the language of monuments permits to confirm that precisely on XIV century the transfer from declension type of Uigur-Kipchack to the type of Kipchack started. Declension in language of “Kysas al-anbia”

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by Rabguzi, “Nakhdzh al-Faradis” by Makhmuda al-Bulgary, “Khosrov and Shirin” by Kotba is related to the Uigur-Kipchack type. Kipchack type prevails in the language of “Gulistan bit-turki” by Sarai, “Mukhabbatnami” by Khorezmy, “Dzhumdzhuma Sultan” by Kyatiba, “Kisekbash kitabi”, “Codex cumanicus” and “Irshad al-muluck”. 8. Dr. Ilshat Nasipov, PhD, Head of the Chair of Tatar and Chuvash filoligy of Sterlitamak State Pedagogical Academy (Sterlitamak city, Bashkortostan Republic). Dr. Ilshat Nasipov had devoted his report to explain some terms of the Tatar mythology and would like to draw our attention to the Tatar terminology in which the Finn–Udmurt impact is significant. From his point of view, the following lexemes present the phenomenon. For instance, the Tatar dialect butïsch means “god, the master of natural objects”, “merman”