Organs for America: The Life and Work of David Tannenberg [Reprint 2016 ed.] 9781512800081

Table of contents :
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Illustrations
Part I. David Tannenberg
1. From Berthelsdorf to Bethlehem
2. Father Klemm
3. Lititz
4. The Roll of Fame
5. The War of the Revolution
6. Tragedy and Triumph
7. Brother Bachmann
8. York
Part II. The Organ Builder's Craft
9. The Conception of an Organ
10. That Ingenious Business
11. To the Glory of God
Part III. The Organs
12. The Measure of the Work
13. The Klemm-Tannenberg Organs
14. The Tannenberg Organs
15. Other Tannenberg Instruments
Appendix. Bachmann Organs
Notes
Bibliography
Index

Citation preview

ORGANS for AMERICA

ORGANS f o r AMERICA THE LIFE AND WORK OF

D A V I D TANNENBERG by William H. Armstrong

I9^>7 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press

1

©

1967

by the T r u s t e e s of the U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS C A T A L O C C A R D N U M B E R :

67-26221

7554

Printed

in the United

States

of

America

Records, including pictures, f r o m t h e A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n Church, Bethlehem, Pa., a r e quoted or reproduced by permission of the P r o v i n c i a l A r c h i v e s Committee of the M o r a v i a n Church. F u r t h e r r e p r o d u c t i o n is not permitted except by t h e w r i t t e n permission of the A r c h i v e s Committee.

To my wife, and her father,

Gloria,

Lester

Cassler,

direct descendants of David

Tannenberg

through his Anna

daughter

Rosina Tannenberg

Cassler

FOREWORD

avid Tannenberg w a s one of many immigrants from Central

D

Europe who came to the New W o r l d in the mid-1700s in search of opportunity and religious freedom. H i s trade w a s that of a cabinetmaker and housebuilder, but the stuff of genius was in him. T h e manner in which his life developed in the early M o ravian communities, how the artisan evolved into the artist, and how Tannenberg came to build instruments that still exemplify for us today the best of the organ m a k e r ' s art, is the theme of this book. W i l l i a m A r m s t r o n g has transformed a mountain of painstaking research into a human and entertaining document. Tannenberg had no training as organ builder in Europe. H i s only instruction appears to have come from an older Pennsylvania organ builder, Johann Gottlob Klemm. Klemm, however, could have given him only the rudiments of the art. T h e rest Tannenberg taught himself, guided by a sensitive ear and the skill of a fine craftsman. It seems a l w a y s the lot of an artist to experience opposition. In those pre-Revolutionary days, elders of the M o r a v i a n Church held a tight rein over every detail of community life. A s M r . Armstrong tells the story, it must h a r d l y have been possible to drive a nail in a board without permission. T h e M o r a v i a n fathers sought at first to restrain Tannenberg in his organ-building aspirations, on the basis that it "would take him out into the world too much." Reprimands for what seem to us the slightest of offenses, such as allowing his son to buy a pocket watch, were often Tannenberg's lot. But despite all problems, Tannenberg's relations with the "City F a t h e r s " remained a l w a y s cordial, and it was the M o r a v i a n Church which gave him his lifelong opportunity. VII

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In T a n n e n b e r g ' s development, one notes the tenacity o f the true artist, an attitude strengthened by deep religious conviction. H e never lacked work. H e built progressively l a r g e r organs for cities as f a r away as Philadelphia, Albany, and Frederick, Maryland. G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n , J o h n H a n c o c k , J o h n Adams, Benjamin Franklin were among the notables who listened to his instruments. T a n n e n b e r g never revisited E u r o p e nor did he travel within the Colonies to learn f r o m other organ builders. H e neither had nor did he need the spur o f competitors. H i s art seemed preformed in his mind, and his natural ear governed his craftsmanship. W h a t would T a n n e n b e r g ' s life have been, had he remained in E u r o p e ? H i s innate skill could well have put him alongside A r p Schnitger and the two Silbermanns, G o t t f r i e d and Andreas. But one may hazard a guess that already-established builders would have presented insurmountable competition, and that T a n n e n b e r g might have had to stick to his carpentry trade. T a n n e n b e r g came to A m e r i c a f o r opportunity, and he found it. H i s life is thus a part o f early Americana, and while in adventure it hardly compares with the experiences o f G e n e r a l J o h n Sutter, o f California Gold Rush fame ( S u t t e r also eventually settled in T a n n e n b e r g ' s adopted town o f L i t i t z ) , the organs are a tangible and continuing legacy. W h y write a book about an organ builder and a few old church o r g a n s ? " W h a t is the true measure o f T a n n e n b e r g ' s w o r k ? " — t o use M r . A r m s t r o n g ' s words. T h e answer involves music history, organ design, B e n j a m i n Franklin and his kite, and — o n the part o f the r e a d e r — a willingness to listen and discern between fine and merely indifferent musical tone. In T a n n e n b e r g ' s day organs were built the way they had been f o r a thousand years. T h e pumper pumped, the player played, and the organist's fingers were extended, almost literally, by means o f " t r a c k e r s , " mechanical linkage to open the pipe valves beneath the pipes. I t was a simple method, and extremely efficient. A l o n g came B e n j a m i n Franklin and many inventive, but not

Foreword

ix

always musical, minds. Electricity was harnessed and put to work in the organ. T h e perfection of simplicity was lost. It's fine, of course, to have a non-tireable electric blower f o r a pumper, but it's not fine at all to have one's finger effort intercepted by an electric magnet or a pneumatic. Tannenberg's method afforded the player a degree of "touch," to the extent that it is possible to inflect pipe speech. But a magnet is a r o b o t — r e d or green, stop or go, on or off, in short, with no intermediate control. Once magnets and pneumatics are added to organ playing action, subtleties of accent and phrasing go by the b o a r d . Perhaps you will say, "But isn't it just the pipes that give the t o n e ? " T h e answer is yes and no. T o n e does originate in pipes, but this tone is greatly affected and often ruined by the playing action, as well as by other factors in organ design. T h e r e is, in fact, a great gulf fixed between the buoyant and elegant tones obtainable f r o m pipes in a well-designed organ, encased (but not enclosed), on low wind pressure, with a well-adjusted and controllable tracker playing action, and the harsh, inflexible accents that usually come f r o m an organ under the arbitrary command of electricity. Centuries of organ building appear to prove that fine tone is obtainable only through such methods as Tannenberg knew. In thought, and in decisions about a new organ or the rebuilding of an old organ, many an individual will find himself on the great divide, having to weigh the merits of the old and the n e w — that is, " t r a c k e r " versus electric playing action. F o r the community, and f o r a good many years, a lot depends on the wisdom of this choice. T a n n e n b e r g has the answer, an answer as valid today as it was in his time. It would be w o n d e r f u l if T a n n e n b e r g ' s larger instruments, such as the one in Philadelphia, could have survived. W e would undoubtedly find them the equal of anything built in E u r o p e . T h e smaller instruments that we have are fully comparable in tonal quality, if not in size, to the best E u r o p e a n organs. M r . A r m s t r o n g gives well-deserved credit to Albert Schweitzer, whose perceptive writings of some sixty years ago

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served so much to provoke today's interest in and question about organs. Schweitzer came up with the idea that "off with the old, on with the new" was not necessarily the best principle. In the case of organ building, Schweitzer said, the old was rather better. H e insisted that older organs be preserved and treasured, and emulated in our building today. Naturally, Schweitzer was thinking of Europe, but he would have been equally delighted with Tannenberg's instruments. One wishes that the Doctor, on his one visit to the United States in 1949, could have seen and played the magnificent Tannenberg organ now in the Museum of the Historical Society of York County, York, Pennsylvania. T h i s instrument, Tannenberg's last "opus," which I have had the privilege to play both in concert and f o r recordings, has lived throughout most of two centuries and bids fair to sound forth forever.

Έ.

POWER BIGGS

*

PREFACE

: eleven o'clock on J a n u a r y 8, 1791, the President of the United States, accompanied by "his l a d y " and members of the Congress and the Pennsylvania Assembly, attended an organ concert at Zion L u t h e r a n Church in Philadelphia. 1 Several months before when the President had attended a preview of the church's new organ, he had been welcomed by the anxious German pastor with several original English verses : Hail, W e l c o m e Chief, him welcome here W e love thee as our Father T h e very heart exults in thee A n d beats thy Name w i t h Gladness O Washington, O u r Washington T h o u art Columbia's Honor L i v e long and still live happy.

One can be f a i r l y certain that W a s h i n g t o n did not return to Zion Church to hear more of Pastor Helmuth's p o e t r y ; it was the magnificent new pipe organ, the pride of the young capital city, which brought him back. W i t h thirty-four stops and nearly two thousand speaking pipes, its 27-foot height adorned with glistening metal pipes and visions of sun and clouds, eagles and angels, there w a s no musical instrument in the new world to compare with it. In fact, as an overawed newspaper reporter boasted, many of the largest cities in Europe could not claim such an organ. But what w a s most a m a t t e r of pride w a s that the organ had been built by an American. T h i s great and beautiful creation is the w o r k of M r . David Tanneberg, of L i t i t z in Lancaster County, who began to build organs here in America by his own instincts, but through reading, reflection and unwearied industry has raised XI

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{or

America

himself to such a height that if the most skilled European builder should come here and examine this work, in the judgment of experts, he could only bestow praise and be w o n to him. 2

T h i s book is the story of D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g , the organ builder of Lititz, and of his organs. O n e of America's first fulltime organ builders, T a n n e n b e r g built or helped to build almost fifty pipe o r g a n s f o r churches and individuals in six states, prep a r i n g them f o r such distant cities as Albany, N e w York, and Salem, N o r t h Carolina. T h e y were built not only f o r the use of the M o r a v i a n Brethren, of which he was a member, but f o r G e r m a n R e f o r m e d and L u t h e r a n churches as well and, in at least one case, f o r a R o m a n Catholic church. T h e quality of T a n n e n b e r g ' s work was such t h a t he is recognized today as one of the master organ builders, to be r a n k e d alongside the Silbermanns and A r p Schnitger in E u r o p e . In recent years a renewed interest in the old, mechanical, " t r a c k e r action" o r g a n s has led to the rediscovery and restoration of most of T a n n e n b e r g ' s surviving works. But the story of his life has never adequately been told, nor the measure of his work been taken. T h e life and w o r k of the master builder have lain buried in the G e r m a n manuscripts of the M o r a v i a n B r e t h r e n . Contained in their pages is the fascinating story of a people rich in music and religious devotion. I t is f r o m these pages t h a t the story of the one whom they proudly called B r o t h e r D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g is taken. M a n y people have helped in the p r e p a r a t i o n of this book. I am most g r a t e f u l to them f o r their patience with me when I repeatedly sought their help in finding the sources f o r T a n n e n berg's life, f o r many efforts to open rusted church safes, and to locate f a d e d documents long untouched. I am especially g r a t e f u l to D r . T h e o d o r e G. T a p p e r t , w h o first encouraged me in this study, to the M o r a v i a n Archives in Winston-Salem f o r m a k i n g available their T a n n e n b e r g m a t e r i a l s (now in the archives of the M o r a v i a n Mlisic F o u n d a t i o n ) , and to the Rev. Vernon Nelson f o r his willingness to open the Archives of the M o r a v i a n Church

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Xlll

in Bethlehem, P e n n s y l v a n i a , to me and to help me locate and interpret the rich sources there. I also a p p r e c i a t e the help of those persons who r e a d the manuscript of the book and offered suggestions concerning i t : Vernon Nelson, B a r b a r a Owen, E. P o w e r Biggs, and M a r i o n M . M e y e r . M i s s M e y e r has also p r o v i d e d invaluable assistance to me in the p r e p a r a t i o n of the manuscript for publication. One d a y last y e a r , a f t e r long d a y s a w a y f r o m my f a m i l y , studying the o r g a n s and their builder, m y d a u g h t e r asked, " W h a t ' s so i m p o r t a n t about T a n n e n b e r g a n y w a y ? " I hope that when she is old enough to read this she will find the answer here. WILLIAM H.

A N O T E ON T H E N A M E

ARMSTRONG

TANNENBERG

T h e r e has been some confusion over the n a m e of the o r g a n builder, some r e f e r r i n g to him as T a n n e n b e r g , others as T a n n e berger. A c t u a l l y , as anyone w h o h a s l e a f e d through old documents can testify, consistent spelling of names has-only recently been counted a virtue and the v a r i a t i o n s of a name can be legion. Thus the o r g a n builder a p p e a r s as T a n n e b e r g , Danneberg, Donnaberger, D o n e b a r g e r , T a n n e l b e r g e r , F a n n e b e r g , and still others. But the two f o r m s which a p p e a r with r e g u l a r i t y a r e Tanneberger and T a n n e n b e r g . T h e f a m i l y w a s known a m o n g M o r a v i a n s as T a n n e b e r g e r , and almost a l w a y s , throughout his life, the o r g a n builder w a s referred to by others as T a n n e b e r g e r . T h e builder himself, however, adopted the f o r m T a n n e n b e r g and used it r a t h e r consistently, especially in his l a t e r y e a r s . In spite of his inability to convince his c o n t e m p o r a r i e s to use that f o r m , it seems only just that we should r e f e r to him by the name he p r e f e r r e d .

CONTENTS FOREWORD

by

E.

Power Biggs

vii

PREFACE

xi

L I S T OF ILLUSTRATIONS PART

I

DAVID TANNENBERG

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PART

PART

II

xvi

From Berthelsdorf to Bethlehem Father Klemm Lititz The Roll of Fame The W a r of the Revolution Tragedy and Triumph Brother Bachmann York

T H E ORGAN BUILDER'S C R A F T

57

9 The Conception of an Organ 10 That Ingenious Business 11 To the Glory of God

59 68 73

I I I T H E ORGANS

12 13 14 15 APPENDIX

1

3 12 18 26 33 41 48 54

81

The Measure of the Work The Klemm-Tannenberg Organs The Tannenberg Organs Other Tannenberg Instruments

: Bachmann Organs

83 86 89 113 115

NOTES

117

BIBLIOGRAPHY

135

INDEX

147 XV

ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Four-stop Tannenberg organ built for the Moravian congregation in Graceham, M a r y l a n d , in 1793. 2. Organ built by Tannenberg in 1798 for the chapel of the Salem M o ravian congregation. 3. Harpsichord made by Johann Gottlob Klemm in 1739. 4. T h e chapel of the Moravian Single Brethren's House as it has been restored in Old Salem. 5. T h e Moravian Church in Lititz, Pennsylvania. 6. Drawing of a clavichord sent by Tannenberg to the Moravian officials at Salem, North Carolina. 7. Early view of the Pilgerhaus,

Tannenberg's home in Lititz.

8. Oldest of the existing Tannenberg organs, built in 1770 for Zion ( M o s e l e m ) Lutheran Church. 9. Close-up of the 1793 Tannenberg organ built for the Moravian congregation in Graceham, M a r y l a n d . 10. T i t l e page of the program for the service of consecration for the T a n nenberg organ in Zion Lutheran Church, Philadelphia. 11. Six-stop Tannenberg organ in Zion Lutheran Church, Spring City, Pennsylvania. 12. Silhouette of Tannenberg's daughter Liesel. 13. Case of the organ built by Tannenberg in 1770 for the German Reformed Church in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 14. Letter from David Tannenberg to John and Liesel Schropp. 15. Tannenberg organ built for T r i n i t y Lutheran Church, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 16. Watercolor of David Tannenberg installing his last organ. 17. Organ built in 1773 by Joseph Bulitschek. 18. Four-stop organ now in the Whitefield House, Nazareth, Pennsylvania. 19. Organ made by Tannenberg and Bachmann for Home Moravian Church, Salem, North Carolina. 20. Tannenberg's last organ, made for Christ Lutheran Church, York, Pennsylvania, in 1804. 21. "View of Lititz Looking Northwest from the Church Steeple," by Samuel Reinke. xvi

PART I DAVID TANNENBERG

1 From Berthelsdorf to Bethlehem he story of David Tannenberg must also be the story of the M o r a v i a n Church. Tannenberg thought of himself first, not as a German or an American, or even as an organ builder. H e was first of all a member of the religious community properly called the Unit as Fratrum (Unity of the Brethren) but more commonly, M o r a v i a n s . T o say that Tannenberg was a M o r a v i a n is to say much more than that William McKinley was a Methodist, or even that H e n r y W a r d Beecher was a Congregationalist. Tannenberg's membership in the Utiitas Fratrum committed him to life in a closed Christian community, played a m a j o r p a r t in his choice of a vocation and even of a wife, involved him in a rich tradition of worship, music, and education, and brought him into intimate contact with a Christian tradition reaching back to the year 1415. On July 6, 1415, John H u s was burned at the stake at Constance, Baden, Germany, f o r his supposed heresies in opposing the teaching of the Catholic Church. H u s was a Czech, the rector of the University of Prague, and a f t e r his death his followers in Bohemia carried on his cause. In 1457, at the village of Kunwald, near the castle of Lititz in Bohemia, the group organized themselves as the Utiitas Fratrum. Severely persecuted at first, the society grew strong in Bohemia, Moravia, and Poland a f t e r the Protestant Reformation, only to be all but obliterated in the wars of the Counter-Reformation. For a century the group was alive only as a "hidden seed," a tradition and an episcopacy passed

3

4

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on secretly from one generation to another, under the constant threat of the Catholic Church. Then in 1722 the society experienced a rebirth when some of the strongest families fled M o r a v i a , going for refuge to nearby Saxony and finding it on the estates of a young Lutheran count, Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf. It was under the leadership and protection of this man, "the Count and Lord of Zinzendorf, Lord of the Baronies of Freydeck, Schoeneck, Thuernstein and the Vale of W a c h o v i a , L o r d of the M a n o r , upper, middle and lower Berthelsdorf, H e r e d i t a r y W a r den of the Chase to his Imperial M a j e s t y in the Duchy of Austria below Ems, late Aulic and Justicial Counsellor to H i s M a j e s t y , Augustus of Poland, for the Electorate of S a x o n y , " 1 that the M o r a v i a n Brethren began to flourish. And it w a s at Berthelsdorf, on the estates of Count Zinzendorf, that David Tannenberg was born on M a r c h 21, 1728, of parents who only the year before had fled from Zauchtenthal, M o r a v i a , to the safety of Saxony. "In the eastern part of M o r a v i a [now C z e c h o s l o v a k i a ] , where the Oder takes its rise, and the pastures are so luxuriant that the peasantry term the country Knhländl, or kine-land, there lies, in a beautiful valley enclosed by the spurs of the Middle Carpathians, a small village named Zauchtenthal." 2 H e r e both of Tannenberg's parents were born as were, indeed, not a few of the earliest leaders of the renewed society of the Brethren. H i s father, Johann Tanneberger, son of David T a n n e b e r g e r and his wife Dorothea ( G r o s s ) , was born on September 21, 1693. :i T h e family was among those who participated in secret gatherings of the " a w a k e n e d " for services of song and p r a y e r . In his earliest days Johann enjoyed these gatherings and longed to know the Savior whom they worshiped, but as he later expressed it, "I began to be fond of the world, looked for and found bad company, and passed seven or eight years in corruption." In his twenty-seventh year his father died. ( H e had become sick and upon awaking one morning had said to his wife, " D o you know that I must bid farewell to you t o d a y ? " and shortly thereafter sat down and died.) W i t h that Johann returned home and took up his father's affairs. In 1721 he married Judith Nitschmann,

From

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S

w h o had been born in Zauchtenthal in 1698, the daughter of Heinrich Nitschmann. A new interest in religion was aroused in Johann Tanneberger during the next years, especially by the visit of Christian D a v i d , w h o m John W e s l e y called "the Godly Carpenter," 4 one of the zealous founders of the renewed church. Shortly thereafter, in 1724, five prominent churchmen fled to Saxony and T a n n e b e r g e r came under suspicion in connection with their flight. A l t h o u g h he had known nothing of the flight, he was imprisoned for eight days, forced to sit "up under the r o o f , " questioned daily, suffering f r o m the cold, and receiving nothing to eat except what his friends secretly brought to him. W h e n it became apparent that he had no information, he was released, but when others fled the land he was again arrested and placed in a filthy prison under cruel conditions. A t times he was made to push wheelbarrows while chained to another prisoner; at other times he was forced to work with a block fastened to his leg. A f t e r some months he was released; then one evening it was announced that the next day the Brethren must renounce their teaching. T h a t evening in July, 1726, Johann T a n n e b e r g e r made the decision to flee with his w i f e and his year-and-a-half-old son. A l t h o u g h his w i f e was not in sympathy with her husband's religious convictions and would have preferred to stay in M o r a v i a , the family l e f t quietly the same night in a company of twelve persons. T r a v e l i n g mostly by night, and with the assistance of various friends w h o guided them to other friendly homes, they finally arrived in September at Herrnhut, the M o r a v i a n village on Count Zinzendorf's estates. T h e i r joy at reaching Herrnhut was short-lived, however, for the village was still in the process of being built and was overcrowded f r o m the g r o w i n g number of refugees. Finding no work, the family removed early in 1727 to Berthelsdorf, about a mile away, rented a home for t w o years in the hope of returning to H e r r n h u t when there would be work available, but finally built a small house in Berthelsdorf and settled there permanently. T a n n e b e r g e r ' s wife, w h o previously had not participated in the religious activities, now became interested in the Bible studies

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of P a s t o r J o h a n n A n d r e a s Rothe, 5 or p e r h a p s in the good pastor himself, for she became so a t t a c h e d to him t h a t , when he l e f t B e r t h e l s d o r f in 1737, she thought that H e r r n h u t a n d e v e r y t h i n g good would pass a w a y , and seriously considered l e a v i n g with him. F o r t u n a t e l y , a d r e a m convinced her that the community would survive his l e a v i n g a n d she w a s d r a w n closer to the S a v i o r , finally being received into the c o n g r e g a t i o n in 1743. D e s i r i n g to be r e a d m i t t e d to the community in H e r r n h u t , the couple returned there in 1746 and became a p a r t of that cong r e g a t i o n . H e r e they lived until their d e a t h s . J u d i t h T a n n e b e r g e r died on December 9, 1756, while J o h a n n l i v e d on in the W i d o w e r H o u s e , w o r k i n g at his t r a d e of boot- a n d shoe-making until his d e a t h on October 21, 1770. It w a s at B e r t h e l s d o r f , just a y e a r a f t e r his p a r e n t s ' a r r i v a l , that D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g w a s born, the second son a m o n g eight children.® H i s p a r e n t s ' account of their flight f r o m M o r a v i a r e a d s like an oft-told tale, and young D a v i d w a s undoubtedly w e l l - i n f o r m e d about the p r o v i d e n t i a l n a t u r e of the f a m i l y ' s deliverance. H e could also t e s t i f y that f r o m childhood he h a d personally been directed to the S a v i o r and had f e l t his a t t r a c t i o n . T h e s e religious inclinations w e r e heightened by the influence of B r o t h e r Biegel, the schoolmaster in B e r t h e l s d o r f , but the compelling influence w a s that of Count Zinzendorf h i m s e l f . A chance encounter with the Count on the H u t b e r g ( M o u n t of P r o t e c t i o n ) m a r k e d a turning point both in T a n n e n b e r g ' s r e l i g i o u s l i f e and in his education. H e l a t e r r e l a t e d the incident in his m e m o i r or autobiography. Once I found myself all alone on the Hutberg, w h e r e I was watching cattle and before I knew it the blessed C o u n t Zinzendorf came right up to me and asked me w h o I belonged to and w r o t e it down, which disturbed me greatly. H e arranged it so that on J u l y 1 2 , 1 7 3 8 , I was brought by my father's brother, M a r t i n Tannenberg, into the children's school at the W e t t e r a u in which the Savior manifested himself especially in my heart.

T h e meeting of the shepherd boy and the C o u n t w a s too similar to the Old T e s t a m e n t stories of G o d ' s v i s i t a t i o n s to be

From

Berthelsdorf

to

Bethlehem

7

taken lightly and it resulted in a deep attachment to the Count and to his people. T h e encounter also m a d e it possible for T a n nenberg to study f o r four years in the W e t t e r a u , the region north of F r a n k f u r t am M a i n where Zinzendorf had taken refuge during an exile f r o m Saxony. T h e r e T a n n e n b e r g attended schools in various M o r a v i a n communities, first at the Ronneburg, then later at M a r i e n b o r n and H e r r n h a a g . D u r i n g this period Count Zinzendorf planned a trip to Geneva with his son Christian Renatus to see whether the son might profitably study there. Zinzendorf also wanted to visit Calvin's Church in Geneva to present the M o r a v i a n message there. H e took with him f o r t y or fifty M o r a v i a n Brethren as his " P i l g r i m C o n g r e g a t i o n . " A m o n g them was young David T a n n e n b e r g and, as he put it, some of his " p l a y m a t e s . " T h e C o u n t l e f t f o r Geneva on J a n u a r y 24, 1741, with the youngsters following later with B r o t h e r Jacob Till, the whole group gathering at Geneva in early M a r c h . T h e y remained in Geneva until M a y while Z i n z e n d o r f held discussions with the professors and p a s t o r s and translated M o r a v i a n works into French, as well as holding various services f o r his little " H o u s e C o n g r e g a t i o n . " O n M a y 16 they l e f t Geneva f o r Basel, and then returned by w a t e r to M a r i e n b o r n . As they l e f t Geneva, they were stoned by a hostile g r o u p of people, which was T a n n e n b e r g ' s personal introduction to the persecution with which the M o r a v i a n s had long been familiar. 7 A l t h o u g h he resumed his studies at M a r i e n b o r n and later at H e r r n h u t , T a n n e n b e r g finally decided to leave the M o r a v i a n schools and r e t u r n to his parents, a decision he later attributed to " a n inclination to the world and sin." H i s return in 1742 did n o t please his parents but he felt that he was " a s f r e e as a bird in the a i r " and old enough to do as he pleased. But, as he expressed it, the true Shepherd had not lost sight of his straying sheep and gave him no rest until a f t e r four years, on June 19, 1746, permission was g r a n t e d f o r T a n n e n b e r g to return to H e r r n h u t . A p p a r e n t l y this was a family decision f o r it was about this time t h a t his p a r e n t s and brothers and sisters also moved to H e r r n h u t . In the days t h a t followed, T a n n e n b e r g received

8

Organs

for

America

what for the M o r a v i a n s was the greatest pleasure in life, reception into the congregation and admittance to the Lord's Supper. T h e next year was spent joyfully in Herrnhut, but then an unexpected call came to Tannenberg to join the Moravian community at Zeist, Holland (near U t r e c h t ) . Dutifully, Tannenberg set out for Zeist with Brother Jorde on September 23, 1748, arriving there on October 10. H e discovered, however, that it was not the will of the "Little L a m b " ( J e s u s ) that he remain there, but rather that he join a group of Brethren who were making preparations to leave for the new settlement of Bethlehem in Pennsylvania. By December 13 they were ready to leave Zeist, and they arrived in London on J a n u a r y 11, 1749. It happened that Zinzendorf was also in London at that time and made it his special concern to make the group's stay in England enjoyable and edifying. H e also spoke to the group and to each individual personally concerning his future life in America, and held a final communion service with them before their departure from London. 8 By this time Tannenberg had developed a deep attachment to the Count, his "precious teacher." L a t e r he was to write to Zinzendorf from America informing him of his religious condition and family life. 9 T h e highly sentimental language of the early M o r a v i a n s was perhaps a convention—he addresses Zinzendorf as "tenderly beloved dear one," and "kisses him right heartily in the Spirit"—but it is clear that there is beneath the language a genuine respect and affection for the one who had formed his faith. On February 20, the Sea Congregation began their twelveweek journey to America. T h e efficient M o r a v i a n s left nothing to chance and, having planned for American settlements, had purchased a ship to provide passage. T h i s group, called the John Nitschmar.n Colony after its leading member, sailed on the Irene, a ship of eighty tons, with a crew of sixteen and mounted with two guns. On board, in addition to the colonists, were Christian David, the "godly carpenter" who had aroused Johann Tanneberger in M o r a v i a , M a t t h e w and Rosina Stach, pioneer missionaries to Greenland, and several of their Eskimo converts who had

From

Berthelsdorf

to

Bethlehem

9

been on a visit to E u r o p e . A n d flying above them all was the M o r a v i a n ensign, a lamb carrying a flag, set on a blood-colored field.10 T h e ship arrived in N e w Y o r k on M a y 12 and the colony then traveled overland to Bethlehem, arriving there on M a y 21. It h a d been planned t h a t the many single people a m o n g the colonists should be m a r r i e d and on July 15, 1749, twenty-eight couples were m a r r i e d in w h a t came to be r e m e m b e r e d as " t h e G r e a t W e d d i n g . " A m o n g those m a r r i e d were D a v i d T a n n e n berg and A n n a Rosina Kern. Rosina Kern 1 1 had been born on M a r c h 2, 1723, in Ebersdorf near L ö b a u in U p p e r L u s a t i a (in which Berthelsdorf was also l o c a t e d ) . H e r parents, A n d r e a s Kern, a linen weaver, and Anna H e l e n a ( P f e i f f e r ) , h a d also been a p a r t of the religious awakening stemming f r o m H e r r n h u t and her f a t h e r had been imprisoned as a result. T h i s in turn h a d aroused a religious concern in Rosina. Some time later, she visited H e r r n h u t and was convinced t h a t "if there were G o d ' s children in the world, one would find them h e r e . " A s a result she moved to H e r r n h u t during the same m o n t h t h a t D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g came there. In 1748 she joined the g r o u p destined f o r Pennsylvania which was later joined by T a n n e n b e r g in Zeist. O n e could imagine a romantic association between these t w o young people leading f r o m H e r r n h u t to a m a r r i a g e in Bethlehem, but the f a c t s were probably less romantic, if no less interesting. M o r a v i a n m a r r i a g e s were a r r a n g e d by the elders of the congregation. T h e town regulations of L i t i t z , Pennsylvania, f o r example, specified t h a t " n o m a r r i a g e s shall be contracted or m a d e w i t h o u t the privity and a p p r o b a t i o n of the elders . . . nor shall anyone a t t e m p t to p r o m o t e or m a k e secret m a t c h e s . " 1 2 But even the a p p r o v a l of the elders was n o t final, f o r a p r o p o s e d marriage, agreeable to the families involved and to the elders, was then submitted to the Savior f o r his a p p r o v a l . T h i s was done by means of the lot. Slips of p a p e r were m a d e with the inscriptions " T h e Savior approves . . ." and " T h e Savior does not a p p r o v e . . ." and the one d r a w n was taken to be the will of the Savior in the m a t t e r . W h i l e the m e t h o d m a y no longer be appeal-

10

Organs

for

America

ing even t o M o r a v i a n s , it p r o v i d e d f o r a good number of successful m a r r i a g e s . T h e elders of the closed M o r a v i a n communities, a f t e r all, knew their families, the families a p p a r e n t l y h a d some choice in the selections, and the persons to be m a r r i e d , feeling t h a t the m a r r i a g e had been a r r a n g e d with the express a p p r o v a l of their Savior, usually did their best to m a k e a success of the m a t c h . T h e sagacious B e n j a m i n Franklin, on h e a r i n g of the M o r a v i a n m a r r i a g e customs, objected, " I f the M a t c h e s are not m a d e by the m u t u a l Choice of the P a r t i e s , some of t h e m may chance to be very unhappy. A n d so they may, answer'd my Inf o r m e r , if you let the P a r t i e s chuse f o r themselves. — W h i c h indeed I could not d e n y . " 1 3 B e t h l e h e m was at this time the center of M o r a v i a n life in A m e r i c a . An earlier a t t e m p t h a d been m a d e to settle in G e o r g i a — J o h n W e s l e y h a d sailed to G e o r g i a on the same ship as the first M o r a v i a n colonists and been deeply impressed by their f a i t h and d e v o t i o n — b u t it had been a b a n d o n e d because of the w a r between E n g l a n d and Spain. T h i s g r o u p then accepted the offer of the E n g l i s h evangelist G e o r g e W h i t e f i e l d to establish a settlem e n t at N a z a r e t h , Pennsylvania. Soon a f t e r t h a t village was begun, a l a r g e r settlement was planned eight miles south which w a s n a m e d Bethlehem by C o u n t Z i n z e n d o r f on C h r i s t m a s Eve, 1741. A c o m m u n a l economic system (called the E c o n o m y ) was o r g a n i z e d in Bethlehem, mainly under the capable direction of Bishop A u g u s t Gottlieb Spangenberg. U n d e r this plan the l a b o r of all was placed at the disposal of the community. V a r i o u s industries were established and persons assigned to t h e m by the officials of the E c o n o m y . T h e purpose was not only to p r o v i d e f o r the needs of this f r o n t i e r community, but equally i m p o r t a n t , to s u p p o r t mission w o r k a m o n g the Indians. T h e M o r a v i a n s w e r e not visionaries, but practical men applying their business k n o w l e d g e to the end of giving G o d ' s message to the heathen, and B e t h l e h e m p r o v e d to be an economic as well as a religious success o v e r m a n y years. D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g came to Bethlehem as a joiner and presumably it was in this capacity t h a t he e n t e r e d the service of the community, helping to erect the necessary buildings f o r this grow-

From Berthelsdorf

to

Bethlehem

11

ing town. H e must have shown, too, an aptitude for business, for on August 8, 1752, the family moved to N a z a r e t h where he assumed the position of warden or business manager of the community. 14 H i s duties among the 143 inhabitants of N a z a r e t h included such varied tasks as leading morning prayer, conducting business matters in Bethlehem, and assisting in the washing of the sheep. (On one occasion T a n n e n b e r g and several other Brethren tried taking the sheep through the creek as an alternative to washing them and found it a very satisfactory substitute.) N a z a r e t h was, however, a relatively remote and unprotected village and, the Indians having allied themselves with the French, the area was subject to Indian attack. F o r this reason Tannenberg moved his family back to the security of Bethlehem on December 11, 1754. H e r e they passed the next three years peacefully, again in the service of the community. I t was during these years that their daughters were born : Anna Rosina on November 8, 1750, at Bethlehem; M a r i a Elisabeth at N a z a r e t h on July 15, 1753; and Anna M a r i a at N a z a r e t h on N o v e m b e r 18, 1756. 15 T h e y were, as Tannenberg expressed it, the gifts of the "Little Lamb."

2 Father Klemm

T

annenberg's career as an o r g a n builder a p p e a r s to h a v e

begun t h r o u g h an apprenticeship with an o l d e r M o r a v i a n o r g a n builder, J o h a n n G o t t l o b Klemm. A f t e r m a n y years of e s t r a n g e m e n t f r o m the M o r a v i a n B r e t h r e n , " F a t h e r " Klemm, as he was o f t e n called, joined the community at Bethlehem in N o v e m b e r , 1757, and shortly t h e r e a f t e r took T a n n e n b e r g as his assistant in the repair of the Bethlehem o r g a n and in the manufacture of two new o r g a n s at N a z a r e t h . D u r i n g the next f o u r and-a-half years the older c r a f t s m a n passed on to T a n n e n b e r g the c r a f t of o r g a n building as he had learned it in E u r o p e . Klemm 1 0 had been b o r n M a y 12, 1690, in a village near Dresden, w h e r e his f a t h e r was employed as schoolmaster and organist. T h e f a t h e r had hopes of his becoming a minister, and to this end Klemm studied in F r e i b e r g and f o r two years at the University of L e i p z i g . H o w e v e r , he was disappointed in the university, where he had hoped to profit spiritually, and consequently lost all desire to study theology, although he did experience a kind of religious awakening there. H i s disappointed f a t h e r died soon t h e r e a f t e r and Klemm turned to the profession of o r g a n building which he learned in D r e s d e n . T h e r e is a t r a d i t i o n t h a t Klemm learned the a r t f r o m A n d r e a s S i l b e r m a n n — b u t m o r e likely it was f r o m his b r o t h e r G o t t f r i e d , who lived in D r e s d e n — a n d m o d e r n builders have noted parallel f e a t u r e s in the Silbermann and T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s which would suggest Klemm as the link between t h e m . 12

Father

Klemm

13

In D r e s d e n Klemm also became acquainted with Count Zinz e n d o r f . T h e Count had rented the lower floor of Klemm's residence d u r i n g a stay in the city and was holding services there. K l e m m ' s w i f e began to a t t e n d the services and spoke to her husb a n d of the b e a u t i f u l addresses which the Count delivered. K l e m m eventually became interested, too, and the two men were i n t r o d u c e d . T h e i r meeting took place in 1724. L a t e r the C o u n t invited K l e m m and his wife to accompany him to Berthelsdorf so t h a t K l e m m could r e p a i r the o r g a n there. In this way they became b e t t e r acquainted and Z i n z e n d o r f suggested t h a t the K l e m m s m o v e t o H e r r n h u t . T h e y did not immediately decide to go, but in 1726 they did leave D r e s d e n f o r H e r r n h u t . T h u s it was t h a t they were present on A u g u s t 13, 1727, f o r the communion service in the B e r t h e l s d o r f church at which a g r e a t outp o u r i n g of G o d ' s Spirit was felt by all. T h e occasion was remembered as the b i r t h d a y of the Renewed Unitas Fratrum, and is still c e l e b r a t e d as one of the most i m p o r t a n t festivals of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . I n d e e d , Klemm became one of the spiritual l e a d e r s at H e r r n h u t , conducting public services there, and serving as a t e a c h e r of boys. 1 7 In the years t h a t followed, as H e r r n h u t a t t r a c t e d m o r e people of v a r i o u s religious persuasions, Klemm again became disillusioned with religion, fell out with Z i n z e n d o r f , and finally decided to leave f o r A m e r i c a . A g r o u p of Schwenkfelders, followers of C a s p a r Schwenkfeld von Ossig, the spiritualist ref o r m e r of Silesia, had taken r e f u g e at H e r r n h u t and when a small c o m p a n y of t h e m l e f t f o r Pennsylvania, Klemm traveled with them. T h e t r i p lasted twenty-three weeks and one day, taking them t h r o u g h P i r n a , D r e s d e n , W i t t e n b e r g , M a g d e b u r g , H a m burg, A l t o n a , A m s t e r d a m , H a a r l e m ( w h e r e Klemm and his wife and children joined the main g r o u p ) , and R o t t e r d a m . F r o m t h e r e they t o o k the ship Pennsylvania Merchant and arrived in P h i l a d e l p h i a on September 18, 1733. 1 8 K l e m m settled near Philadelphia, living as a Separatist, t h a t is, h a v i n g no religious fellowship, and w o r k e d there at his profession until 1745 or 1746. T h e most i m p o r t a n t o r g a n he m a d e d u r i n g this period, f o r T r i n i t y Episcopal Church in N e w Y o r k

14

Organs

for

America

City, was completed in 1741. T w e n t y - t w o years later, when the church offered the o r g a n f o r sale, an advertisement in the Ν civ York. Gazette described it as f o l l o w s : T o be sold bv the Church Wardens, the organ in Trinity Church. T h e instrument is large, consisting of 26 stops, 10 in the great organ, 10 in the choir organ, and 6 in the swell, 3 sets of keys, with a frontispiece of gilt pipes, and otherwise neatly adorned. 111

T h e o r g a n cost £ 5 2 0 , N e w Y o r k currency, to which a £ 4 0 g r a t u i t y was added. 2 0 K l e m m ' s son, J o h a n n , J r . was appointed the o r g a n ist f o r T r i n i t y ' s new organ.-' 1 I t is also known t h a t Klemm built an o r g a n f o r C h r i s t L u t h eran Church, near Stouchsburg, Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 1752, at a cost of £ 1 2 7 3 i . 4 d . which was in use f o r eighty-five years-- and in t h a t year or the next added a half register to the o r g a n in T r a p p e L u t h e r a n Church, M o n t g o m e r y County, Pennsylvania. 2 3 H e also m a d e at least one h a r p s i c h o r d , because the M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t in N e w Y o r k City now owns a h a r p s i c h o r d with the inscription: Johannes Clemm fecit Philadelphia 1739. But p e r h a p s most interesting is the o r g a n t h a t K l e m m installed in the M o r a v i a n Chapel at Bethlehem in 1746. T h e small o r g a n {Orgel Positiv) and " t h e o r g a n m a k e r K l e m m " a r r i v e d in Bethlehem on J u n e 10 of t h a t year and the o r g a n was first played by B r o t h e r J o h n P y r l a e u s at a love feast on J u n e 18. K l e m m t o o k the occasion to renew old acquaintances and to inspect the children's school at N a z a r e t h b e f o r e his r e t u r n to Philadelphia. 2 4 T h i s was the o r g a n t h a t was in the Bethlehem C h a p e l d u r i n g T a n n e n b e r g ' s first years there. I t was also the o r g a n B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n r e f e r r e d to in his a u t o b i o g r a p h y when he w r o t e of his visit to Bethlehem d u r i n g the Indian unrest, " I was at their church, where I was e n t e r t a i n ' d with g o o d musick, the o r g a n being accompanied with violins, hautboys, flutes, clarinets, e t c . " 2 5 T h e Bethlehem o r g a n invites mention of yet a n o t h e r M o r a v i a n o r g a n builder known to T a n n e n b e r g . In 1751 R o b e r t H a r t a f f e l , 2 8 an o r g a n builder of L a n c a s t e r County, Pennsylvania,

Father

Klemm

15

visited Bethlehem to repair the o r g a n . Born F e b r u a r y 25, 1717, ;it Leidek in Bingenheim ( H e s s e n - D a r m s t a d t ) , he lived n e a r M a r i e n b o r n and m a d e several clavichords f o r the M o r a v i a n "School of the P r o p h e t s " t h e r e and then came to America on the ship Ann Galley in 1746. H e lived in or n e a r Lititz f o r a time, w h e r e he and his wife were m e m b e r s of the M o r a v i a n Church, and then in L a n c a s t e r , where he died on N o v e m b e r 7, 1782. Alt h o u g h he did some o r g a n w o r k in L a n c a s t e r , H a r t a f f e l a p p a r ently gave up his o r g a n building f o r the tobacco business and, with his son-in-law, C h r i s t o p h e r D e m u t h , began a tobacco business in L a n c a s t e r in 1770 which is still p r o s p e r i n g t h e r e as D e m u t h s T o b a c c o Shop. P e r h a p s the visit of H a r t a f f e l t o Bethlehem, o r merely t h e presence of K l e m m ' s o r g a n there, had already aroused T a n n e n b e r g ' s interest in o r g a n building by the time t h a t Klemm r e t u r n e d to B e t h l e h e m to spend his last days there. In 1745 or 1746 K l e m m ' s w i f e h a d died and he h a d m o v e d to N e w Y o r k City w h e r e he h a d renewed his associations with the M o r a v i a n s . A visitor f r o m Bethlehem told him of the need f o r a new o r g a n in N a z a r e t h and Klemm w r o t e to Bishop Spangenberg, asking permission to spend his last days in Bethlehem and offering his services as an o r g a n builder. Permission was g r a n t e d and K l e m m a r r i v e d in Bethlehem on N o v e m b e r 25, 1757. H e was soon p u t to w o r k r e p a i r i n g the Bethlehem o r g a n . T h e first reference to T a n n e n b e r g ' s association with K l e m m a p p e a r s in the Bethlehem diary f o r J a n u a r y 15 of the f o l l o w i n g year when T a n n e n b e r g traveled to P h i l a d e l p h i a to buy b o a r d s f o r an o r g a n . T h e n on M a r c h 1, 1758, Klemm, T a n n e n b e r g , and T a n n e n b e r g ' s family l e f t Bethlehem f o r N a z a r e t h to take up residence in N a z a r e t h H a l l and begin the construction of two o r g a n s , which w e r e completed by the end of the year. 2 7 O n J a n u a r y 29, 1759, K l e m m and T a n n e n b e r g also installed a new o r g a n in the B e t h l e h e m C h a p e l , replacing the 1746 o r g a n , which was m o v e d t e m p o r a r i l y to N a z a r e t h . L a t e r t h a t year, Klemm and the T a n nenbergs m o v e d f r o m N a z a r e t h H a l l to the " N u r s e r y , " the residence of the E c o n o m y of N a z a r e t h and Bethlehem f o r children whose p a r e n t s were missionaries or otherwise engaged in the

Or ff ans for

16 w o r k o f the E c o n o m y .

America

T h e N u r s e r y was l o c a t e d in w h a t is now

known as W h i t e f i e l d H o u s e .

B o t h N a z a r e t h H a l l and W h i t e -

field H o u s e , i m p r e s s i v e stone buildings, a r e still s t a n d i n g in N a z a r e t h and suggest a p r o s p e r i t y and e l e g a n c e which o n e would not o r d i n a r i l y expect o f a f r o n t i e r village in t h e 1 7 5 0 s . D u r i n g this p e r i o d the t w o builders also m a d e an o r g a n f o r the M o r a v i a n s e t t l e m e n t at C h r i s t i a n ' s S p r i n g , n e a r

Nazareth,

and t h e c o n s e c r a t i o n services f o r the new o r g a n in 1 7 6 0 give a g l i m p s e into M o r a v i a n life in t h a t early, s e m i r u r a l s e t t i n g . B i s h o p S p a n g e n b e r g and o t h e r p r o m i n e n t citizens o f B e t h l e h e m a r r i v e d at n o o n on J u l y 10 t o c o n s e c r a t e the new c h a p e l and o r g a n .

Fol-

l o w i n g this service, they p r o c e e d e d to t h e fields w h e r e a l o v e f e a s t ( a f e l l o w s h i p m e a l , usually o f buns and c o f f e e ) w a s held f o r the reapers.

T h e musicians a c c o m p a n i e d the g r o u p and during the

l o v e f e a s t an ode, w r i t t e n f o r the occasion by B r o t h e r T a n n e n b e r g , w a s sung solo.

B r o t h e r Graff recited a poem dedicated to

the w o r k e r s o f the fields, and t h e boys, led by B r o t h e r A l b r e c h t , p e r f o r m e d on their musical i n s t r u m e n t s .

In the evening, the first

s o n g service w a s held in the new chapel with its new o r g a n . 2 8 S e v e r a l weeks a f t e r this o c c a s i o n , on A u g u s t 8, 1 7 6 0 , K l e m m and the T a n n e n b e r g s l e f t N a z a r e t h to t a k e up residence in the house o f a deceased M o r a v i a n , J a m e s B u r n s i d e , up the M o n o c a c y Creek from Bethlehem.

H e r e , somewhat isolated from the M o -

r a v i a n c o m m u n i t y , they set up t h e i r o r g a n shop and c o m p l e t e d at l e a s t one m o r e o r g a n , f o r B e t h a b a r a , N o r t h C a r o l i n a .

H e r e , old

F a t h e r K l e m m passed his last days, r e g r e t t i n g — a c c o r d i n g to the church o f f i c i a i s — h i s d i s a g r e e m e n t s with Z i n z e n d o r f , and w e e p i n g a t p a s t e r r o r s and p r e s e n t j o y s .

A n d h e r e he died on M a y

5,

1762. Klemm's

death l e f t T a n n e n b e r g ' s

profession

in

question.

T h e elders at one p o i n t e x p r e s s e d the opinion t h a t he should give up o r g a n building, which " i s tied up with a g o o d deal o f d i s o r d e r , " m o v e b a c k t o B e t h l e h e m , and d e v o t e h i m s e l f t o c a b i n e t m a k i n g . - " P e r h a p s t h e i r real o b j e c t i o n w a s a f e a r t h a t o r g a n building m i g h t l e a d to t o o much c o n t a c t with t h e outside w o r l d , especially in view o f K l e m m ' s history o f S e p a r a t i s m .

But although

Tannenberg

w a s a loyal m e m b e r o f t h e c o m m u n i t y — h e and his w i f e served

Father

Klemm

17

during this time as Jünger, disciples or leaders of the married couples in Bethlehem 3 0 —he was always a somewhat independent spirit. H e chose to continue as an organ builder, and apparently convinced the reluctant elders. Another obstacle appeared in the f o r m of John Antes, a young man who was later to establish himself as an outstanding musician, composer, and missionary to Egypt. T a n n e n b e r g complained to the elders that Antes was beginning to make harpsichords and similar instruments, and that this was damaging his business. T a n n e n b e r g now had a wife and four children to support (a son, Johann David, had been born on September 13, 1760) and there was only a limited demand for keyboard instruments. H e had, however, no objection to Antes' continuing to make stringed instruments and the elders agreed that Antes should confine himself to these in the future. 3 1 T h e r e was also an encouraging development. In 1764, Georg Andreas Sorge, Court and City Organist at Lobenstein, Germany, sent to his " f r i e n d s in Pennsylvania" a manuscript entitled " T h e Secret A r t of the M e a s u r e m e n t of O r g a n Pipes." I t was a theoretical work, setting f o r t h the mathematical basis for the construction of organ pipes, an essential tool f o r the skilled organ builder. T w o copies of the manuscript are now in M o ravian repositories and it is almost certain t h a t the work was used by Tannenberg. 3 2 W h e n the 1798 T a n n e n b e r g organ in WinstonSalem was being restored, the old pipes were checked against the drawings in Sorge's treatise and it was clear that T a n n e n b e r g had used the same measurements in making his pipes. 33 W i t h this new theoretical understanding of his c r a f t to add to the experience gained by working with Klemm, T a n n e n b e r g was now ready to launch his new career in a new home, the M o r a v i a n community of Lititz in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

3 Lititz It's a kindly, s o f t l y , country there, back of Philadelphia among the German towns, Lancaster way. Little houses and bursting big barns, fat cattle, fat women, and all as peaceful as Heaven might be if they farmed there. —Rudyard Kipling34

he land that appealed to Kipling has appealed to many others as well. General J o h n Sutter, on whose C a l i f o r n i a land gold was discovered in 1848, passed through the village of L i t i t z in Lancaster County in 1871 and decided to make it his home. W h e n he died, although he w a s not a M o r a v i a n , he w a s permitted burial in the cemetery of the Brethren, where he lies now, one of Count Z i n z e n d o r f ' s more unlikely heirs. 3 5 It may have been the same f e a t u r e s which impressed Kipling and Sutter that drew D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g to L i t i t z in L a n c a s t e r County, or it may only have been the desire to find a location better suited to his profession. In either case the a r e a w a s not entirely new to him. In November, 1761, he h a d gone to L i t i t z , taking with him the old Klemm o r g a n that had been in the Bethlehem Chapel and had now been sold to the L i t i t z congregation for £40. H e stayed there nine days, installing the o r g a n in the Single Sisters' House, which w a s then serving also as the congregational meeting place, and p a y i n g a brief visit to Lancaster. 3 0 A g a i n in April, 1765, T a n n e n b e r g went by w a y of L i t i t z to L a n c a s t e r to install a new organ, o r d e r e d two-and-a-half y e a r s before, in the M o r a v i a n Chapel. H e stayed in L a n c a s t e r f r o m April 20 to M a y 18

Lititz

19

6 setting up the organ and also repairing a house organ belonging to G e o r g e Ross, who was later to become one of the signers of the Declaration o f Independence. M r s . Ross took the occasion to examine and play T a n n e n b e r g ' s new organ in the M o r a v i a n Chapel. 3 7 P r e p a r a t i o n s were made that same year to move to L i t i t z and on August 16, 1 7 6 5 , T a n n e n b e r g , his wife and two o f their children, Rosina and D a v i d , arrived in L i t i t z rejoicing that, after the isolation o f the Burnside H o u s e , they were again to be living within a M o r a v i a n community. T h e y purchased what was called the Pilgerhaus, a two-story stone house, thirty by forty feet, located at the center o f the town. T h e house had been built by G e o r g e Klein, the founder o f L i t i t z , in 1 7 5 4 . I t was, in fact, the first house in L i t i t z and had been used at first as the meeting place o f the congregation and then as a tavern and store. T h e house has since been torn down but one wall was retained and can be seen at the r e a r o f the present structure. Some time later a small, stone shop was built at the rear o f the house; here the organs were built. An old log stable completed the buildings on the property. 3 8 " L i e s e l " ( M a r i a E l i s a b e t h ) and Anna M a r i a had been left temporarily in Bethlehem when the family moved. A f t e r the birth of their fifth and last child, Samuel, on April 23, 1 7 6 6 , T a n n e n b e r g wrote to the church officials in Bethlehem asking that Liesel be sent to help with the increased housework. 3 9 She arrived in L i t i t z in July, 1 7 6 6 . H e r sister, Anna M a r i a , came the following O c t o b e r . T h e town o f L i t i t z , in which the entire family was now settled, had been founded in W a r w i c k Township, about seven miles f r o m L a n c a s t e r , on a f a r m donated to the M o r a v i a n s by G e o r g e Klein. A t Z i n z e n d o r f ' s suggestion it was called Lititz a f t e r the place in B o h e m i a where the IJnitas Fratrum was first organized. T h i s was to be exclusively a M o r a v i a n community and permanent residence was granted only to members o f the church. In spiritual affairs the town was governed by the E l d e r s ' Conference and the minister, in temporal affairs by the warden and the Aufseher Collegium ( C o m m i t t e e o f O v e r s i g h t ) , which

20

Organs

for

America

was elected by the Church Council. P r i v a t e residences were permitted, but there were also communal residences known as the Single Sisters' H o u s e and the Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e , w h e r e these little congregations or " c h o i r s " lived and w o r k e d u n d e r the direction of a chaplain and a w a r d e n . T h e o t h e r choirs which were similarly o r g a n i z e d but without common residences were the m a r r i e d couples, the widows, the widowers, the little boys, little girls, and infants. Each choir had its own hymns and liturgies, rules, meetings, and anniversaries, and s h a r e d in love feasts and worship services. T h e choirs to which the females belonged could be recognized by the color of the ribbon with which their white linen caps were t i e d : red f o r the children; light red f o r the o l d e r girls ; pink f o r the single sisters ; blue f o r the m a r r i e d w o m e n ; and white f o r widows. W h e n T a n n e n b e r g settled in Lititz, he was required to sign the forty-five " T o w n R e g u l a t i o n s " 4 0 which would g o v e r n his and his f a m i l y ' s life in both spiritual and t e m p o r a l affairs as l o n g as they lived there. T h e regulations vividly depict life in L i t i t z . T h a t no Inhabitant follow any other T r a d e or Business, save that only which he followed at his Admission into the Village, unless he obtain the Consent and Approbation of the Committee for so doing. T h a t no one give even a Night's Lodging, in his House, to any Person whatsoever, without having first acquainted the Committee thereof and obtained their or the Warden's Approbation. In like manner, that no Inhabitant nor any belonging to him, by his Direction, undertake a Journey, either far or near without consulting the W a r d e n thereupon. N o t h i n g shall be taught or preached in Lititz, but what is conformable to the Gospel of Christ. H a s an one an Opinion, peculiar to himself, such a Person may be indulged provided he seek not to propogate it. N o meetings without Light, shall be suffered on any Account whatsoever. N o Dancing Matches, Taverning (except for the necessary Entertainment of Strangers and T r a v e l l e r s ) , BeerTappings, Feastings at Weddings, Christenings or Burials, C o m m o n Sports and Pastimes, nor the playing of the Chil-

21

Lititz dren in the Streets, shall be so m u c h as heard of a m o n g s t the Inhabitants.

They

that

have

Inclinations

that W a y

bent

cannot live at L i t i t z . S h o u l d any person by the a l l - w i s e P r o v i d e n c e of G o d be deprived of his Senses, he shall for G o d ' s Sake be m e r c i f u l l y treated and patiently borne w i t h . . . .

A n d if so be he is re-

stored a g a i n no M e n t i o n shall be m a d e of his f o r m e r Situation in any w i s e . It is quite necessary that every O n e m a k e his Last W i l l in due Season.

T h e town regulations were strictly e n f o r c e d and the minutes of the E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e and the C o m m i t t e e of O v e r s i g h t include f r e q u e n t discussions of i n f r a c t i o n s of each of t h e m . T a n nenberg, too, was o f t e n the subject of discussion. Shortly a f t e r he h a d m o v e d to L i t i t z , he a p p a r e n t l y began to raise f r u i t , a common v e n t u r e a m o n g the Pennsylvania G e r m a n s . I m m e d i ately the m a t t e r was b r o u g h t up : " T a n n e n b e r g is beginning to devote himself to fruit-raising. W e do not like this. W e f e a r t h a t it will be a d a n g e r to his p r o f e s s i o n and his c h i l d r e n . " 4 1 O n a n o t h e r occasion, he had asked the tailor to m a k e him a p a i r of red t r o u s e r s and the project was immediately denounced by the elders as an act t h a t would lead the young people into " c l o t h i n g foolishness." B r o t h e r G r u b e was to ask him to change the o r d e r and, if he would not, the m a s t e r tailor was to be asked n o t t o fill it. 42 A g a i n , the single sisters were f o r b i d d e n to a t t e n d f u n e r a l s in the country and when T a n n e n b e r g took his d a u g h t e r Rosina to such a f u n e r a l he was sharply r e p r i m a n d e d and Rosina was punished. 4 3 T h e s e restrictions must have caused some dissatisfaction, yet it must also be said t h a t , at least a m o n g the older g e n e r a t i o n , the regulations h a d been freely accepted and were in g e n e r a l gladly obeyed. T h e r e was a tone of joy and contentment in the community, b o r n of the knowledge t h a t it was being led by the s e r v a n t s of him "in whose service is p e r f e c t f r e e d o m . " O n e visitor to B e t h l e h e m — n o t a M o r a v i a n h i m s e l f — w r o t e with a certain wistfulness of the life he h a d tasted there.

22

Organs

for

America

Setting aside their ridiculous mode of entering into the marriage state, and which to them is of little moment, I could not but reflect, if content was in this life they enjoy it. F a r from the bustle of a troublesome w o r l d , living in perfect liberty, each one pursuing his o w n ideas and inclinations, and residing in the most healthful situation imaginable, which is so healthy, that they are subject to f e w , if any diseases. A s w a n t is a stranger, so is vice. T h e i r total ignorance of the refined elegancies of life, precludes any anxiety or regret that they possess not w e a l t h to enjoy them. Nevertheless, they possess w h a t many are entire strangers to, who are surrounded w i t h w h a t are termed blessings, those true and essential ones—health and tranquillity of mind. 4 4

H o w e v e r , it is also t r u e t h a t a m o n g the y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n , especially a f t e r the R e v o l u t i o n , w h i c h b r o u g h t the o u t s i d e w o r l d into the h e a r t of L i t i t z , t h e r e a p p e a r e d a g r o w i n g d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h the old w a y s , a d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n which w a s to r a i s e m a n y difficulties in the T a n n e n b e r g h o m e . L i f e in a M o r a v i a n c o m m u n i t y a l s o offered c e r t a i n benefits a n d one of the most i m p o r t a n t f o r T a n n e n b e r g must h a v e been the musical l i f e of the c o m m u n i t y . W h e n T a n n e n b e r g a r r i v e d in L i t i t z , the c o m m u n i t y b o a s t e d , in a d d i t i o n to an o r g a n , a t l e a s t t w o violins, one bass, and t w o F r e n c h horns. 4 0 F r o m an e a r l y d a t e t h e r e w a s also a t r o m b o n e q u a r t e t in L i t i t z as in m o s t of the M o r a v i a n communities. D e s c e n d a n t s of the G e r m a n Stadtp f e i f e r , w h o s e r e n a d e d G e r m a n y f r o m the church t o w e r s and castle r a m p a r t s , the M o r a v i a n t r o m b o n i s t s w e r e used to announce public events such as w e d d i n g s , f u n e r a l s , and church f e s t i v a l s . T h e y w e r e especially noted f o r t h e i r p r e d a w n a n n o u n c e m e n t of the a r r i v a l of E a s t e r , announcing w i t h their c h o r a l e s t h a t the people w e r e to arise and g a t h e r in the church, and l a t e r l e a d i n g them f r o m t h e r e to the c e m e t e r y — G o d ' s A c r e — w h e r e the concluding services w e r e held. 4 ( i L i t i t z , like B e t h l e h e m , a l s o h a d c h e s t r a called the collegium musicum, o r g a n i z e d a m o n g the men of L i t i t z in B e r n h a r d A d a m Grube. 4 7 T a n n e n b e r g

a kind of c o m m u n i t y orsuch a g r o u p h a v i n g been the y e a r 1765 by the R e v . w a s not only an o r g a n i s t ,

Lititz

23

but also a violinist ( o r p e r h a p s a violist) and as such took p a r t in the activities of the orchestra. A n o t h e r m e m b e r of the orchestra was the violinist T o b i a s H i r t e . H i r t e was the town c h a r a c t e r — a schoolteacher, a u t h o r , and itinerant p e d d l e r of "Seneca Oil," p e t r o l e u m which he g a t h e r e d f r o m pools n o r t h of F o r t Pitt and sold f o r medicinal purposes. R u d y a r d Kipling somehow learned of H i r t e and used him in two of his stories, describing him as " t h e f a m o u s Seneca Oil man, t h a t lived half of every year a m o n g the I n d i a n s , " selling medicine out of saddlebags and sleeping in f r i e n d s ' farmhouses. 4 8 T h e o r c h e s t r a was called on to p e r f o r m f o r visitors, as when the A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l of the U n i t e d States, E d m u n d R a n d o l p h , stopped in L i t i t z in 1791. R a n d o l p h , a f o r m e r G o v e r n o r of Virginia, expressed a desire to h e a r the o r c h e s t r a and B r o t h e r M ü l ler, the leader, was hurriedly recalled f r o m a visit to L a n c a s t e r to assemble the orchestra and p r e s e n t a concert. 4 9 L e s t it be t h o u g h t t h a t the cultured A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l m i g h t have been amused at an a m a t e u r p e r f o r m a n c e , it should be noted t h a t the library of the o r c h e s t r a contained chamber w o r k s of some fifty E u r o p e a n composers, including Boccherini, H a n d e l , H a y d n , and M o z a r t . ' 0 ( S o m e of these works, like H a y d n ' s Creation, received their first A m e r i c a n p e r f o r m a n c e s by M o r a v i a n g r o u p s . ) J o h a n n e s H e r b s t , the p a s t o r of the L i t i t z Church f r o m 1791 to 1811 and a prolific composer and copyist, a d d e d his own collection of nearly one thousand h a n d w r i t t e n scores to the L i t i t z library. T h e s e scores indicate t h a t the collegium musicum at t h a t time was composed of at least a string q u a r t e t , if not a double q u a r t e t , plus two horns, and t w o flutes. I t is the j u d g m e n t of one student of these scores t h a t , " t h e difficulty of some of the p a r t s , and the rapidity with which new works were studied, indicates t h a t H e r b s t ' s p e r f o r m e r s w e r e fairly c a p a b l e . " 5 1 H e r b s t was a m o n g a g r o u p of M o r a v i a n composers who have only recently been recognized as the first real composers to w o r k in A m e r i c a . D u r i n g this "unknown century of American music" a wealth of compositions was produced, equal in quality to those produced in E u r o p e at the same time. In addition to H e r b s t several o t h e r M o r a v i a n composers either w o r k e d or

24

Organs

for

America

visited in Lititz, notably J o h a n n Friedrich Peter, J e r e m i a h Dencke, George G o d f r e y M ü l l e r , and Christian G r e g o r . T a n n e n b e r g contributed to the musical l i f e of L i t i t z also as a vocalist. H e and Brother A n d r e a s Albrecht, the village gunsmith, were the church's cantores and, as such, sang at least for the church's festive occasions. One of several of these occasions recorded w a s in 1771. Brother G r e g o r had p r e p a r e d a psalm for the annual festival of the Single B r e t h r e n ' s Choir. It w a s distributed to those present, and then Albrecht and T a n n e n b e r g sang it while Brother Grube accompanied them at the organ. 5 2 But T a n n e n b e r g ' s participation in the l i f e of the community w a s not limited to its music. H e w a s also a participant and l e a d e r in both the religious and secular life of the village. In 1768 he w a s admitted as an a c o l y t e — p r e s u m a b l y an assistant in the worship services. H e w a s frequently chosen as one of the foot washers during H o l y W e e k services, and also participated in the " H o u r l y Intercession," the round-the-clock p r a y e r groups which were o r g a n i z e d on behalf of M o r a v i a n missions. M o r e important w a s his contribution to the secular affairs of L i t i t z . T a n n e n b e r g held many offices in the v i l l a g e over the y e a r s , most of them having to do with business and financial affairs. H e is mentioned as collector or t r e a s u r e r for various funds, and also served a term as township assessor. H e served for many y e a r s on the Church Council, the C o m m i t t e e of Oversight, and at times on the H e l p e r s ' Conference and the G r e a t e r H e l p e r s ' Conference, the latter two being a d v i s o r y groups to the central management of the M o r a v i a n communities. A s a member of the Committee of Oversight he often served the community as executor or g u a r d i a n in the affairs of deceased villagers. In the same w a y he w a s often delegated to speak to people on behalf of the committee, for example to two p a r t i e s who were fighting over an apple tree which was on their p r o p e r t y line, 5 3 or to one of the Brethren who should be discouraged f r o m helping his son to sell his house. 54 T h e s e are responsibilities that would be given to a man of good judgment and some tact, who had not only the necessary business experience, but also the respect of his neighbors. T h e s e qualities would be necessary, too, in the Fremden-

Lititz

25

diener, or s e r v a n t of the visitors, an office which T a n n e n b e r g was called on to fill. T h e c h a r a c t e r of the m a n becomes clearer as he is seen speaking with his neighbors about their apple tree, a r r a n g ing the affairs of a young w a r d , or taking time out f r o m his o r g a n w o r k in P h i l a d e l p h i a to write to the B r e t h r e n a b o u t a m a n w h o has a claim on some p r o p e r t y in L i t i t z which T a n n e n b e r g h o p e s to s e t t l e . " In these various ways T a n n e n b e r g served the L i t i t z B r e t h r e n while he established his reputation as a m a s t e r o r g a n builder in Pennsylvania and the s u r r o u n d i n g states.

4 The Roll of Fame ter his move to Lititz, T a n n e n b e r g d e v o t e d himself fully to o r g a n building and, during his thirty-nine years there, produced an a v e r a g e of an o r g a n each year. A l t h o u g h the o r g a n s were built in his shop at L i t i t z , their installation and tuning and the tuning and repair of o t h e r o r g a n s m e a n t t h a t T a n n e n b e r g traveled extensively, o f t e n spending weeks or m o n t h s outside the community of the B r e t h r e n . T h e s e travels w e r e mainly in Pennsylvania, b u t they took him also into N e w Y o r k , N e w Jersey, and M a r y l a n d . M o s t of this travel and o r g a n w o r k was d o n e a m o n g Germ a n - s p e a k i n g people. T h e G e r m a n s h a d settled widely, not only in Pennsylvania, but also in M a r y l a n d and d o w n the S h e n a n d o a h Valley into Virginia and N o r t h C a r o l i n a . In 1766, B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n r e p o r t e d to a committee of the H o u s e of C o m m o n s t h a t the G e r m a n s were estimated to compose a t h i r d of Pennsylvania's population. 5 0 In l a r g e areas of eastern Pennsylvania, G e r m a n was a l m o s t exclusively the language t h a t was spoken and in both P e n n s y l v a n i a and M a r y l a n d provision h a d been m a d e f o r printing state laws in G e r m a n as well as E n g l i s h . In 1795 the Congress of the U n i t e d States failed by only one vote to take the same action."' 7 A l m o s t all of the M o r a v i a n r e c o r d s of this period are in G e r m a n as are the records of the churches f o r which T a n n e n b e r g built o r g a n s . T h e r e is, indeed, no evidence t h a t T a n n e n b e r g spoke English, although one would assume t h a t , like the widely t r a v e l e d M o r a v i a n ministers, he could use the l a n g u a g e 26

The Roll of

Fame

27

if it were necessary. But it was primarily for the Germans that T a n n e n b e r g built his organs. T h e M o r a v i a n officials were greatly concerned, especially in the earlier years, with the travels of their members. T h e y recorded their departures, arrivals, and destinations meticulously in the diaries, both as a matter o f interest to the other M o r a v i a n communities who would read them and, one suspects, as a form of social control over the members. As a result, T a n n e n b e r g ' s travels can be closely followed in the diaries of the various M o r a v i a n communities. In O c t o b e r , 1 7 6 6 , T a n n e n b e r g spent a week in Philadelphia setting up an organ for an unnamed citizen o f that city. 5 8 T h e next fall he took an organ to Albany, New Y o r k , traveling by way o f Brunswick and New Y o r k City. On his return trip he repaired the organ in the M o r a v i a n Church in New Y o r k City and delivered letters and reports of that church to the officials in Philadelphia. In all, he was gone from L i t i t z seven-and-a-half weeks."'" In 1 7 6 8 he spent a few days in Philadelphia on business and later installed a new organ at M a x a t a w n y , Berks County, Pennsylvania. 6 0 In J u n e , 1 7 6 9 , he repaired two organs in Reading, Pennsylvania, and in September and October was away for six weeks, installing an organ at the New Goshenhoppen Church in M o n t g o m e r y County, Pennsylvania, and repairing the two organs in the M o r a v i a n Church in Philadelphia. 0 1 In 1 7 7 0 he repaired an organ in Frederick, M a r y l a n d , and set up new organs in M o s e l e m and L a n c a s t e r in Pennsylvania. T a n n e n b e r g ' s organs were o f great interest to his neighbors, and with each new work his fame grew. W h e n the organ f o r Albany was finished, T a n n e n b e r g set it up in L i t i t z and a crowd o f people, mostly from Philadelphia, but also from L a n c a s t e r and other places, and including a party o f Quakers, came to see and hear it. 0 2 Again the following year, when the M a x a t a w n y organ was completed " m a n y music l o v e r s " from L a n c a s t e r — a L u t h e r a n and a R e f o r m e d preacher among t h e m — c a m e to L i t i t z to hear it. 6 3 I t was, however, the consecration o f T a n n e n b e r g ' s fifteenstop organ in the G e r m a n R e f o r m e d Church in L a n c a s t e r that

28

Organs

for

America

securely established his reputation. T h e P h i l a d e l p h i a n e w s p a p e r s carried glowing r e p o r t s of the o r g a n and its m a k e r . T h e correspondent of the Pennsylvania Gazette w r o t e this account : Lancaster, Pennsylvania, December 24, 1770. Yesterday w e had the pleasure of hearing for the first time the new organ of the H i g h D u t c h Reformed Church, of this place, accompanied with a variety of vocal music composed for the occasion, which I may venture to say, not only proved by my o w n experience, but the approbation of all present, w a s never equalled in any place of worship in the province or perhaps on the continent. T h e organ was made by David T a n n e berger of L i t i t z — a Moravian town nearby—and I dare venture to assert, is much superior in workmanship and sweetness of sound to any made by the late celebrated M r . Feyering, w h o was so generally taken notice of for his ingenuity. It does great honor to the maker and is w o r t h the attention and notice of the curious w h o may happen to pass this way. It will doubtless recommend him to all w h o are desirous of having work of that nature. 8 4

T h e comparison with F e y r i n g was significant. Previously the accolades f o r o r g a n building in P h i l a d e l p h i a — w h i c h was the center of c u l t u r e — h a d been given not to any of the M o r a v i a n builders but to Philip Feyring ( o r F e u e r i n g ) , a G e r m a n L u t h e r a n w h o had died of consumption in 1767 at the age of thirty-seven. Feyring had been born September 5, 1730, at A r f e l d , Germany, 0 ·' and had come to America in his youth where he soon gained a r e p u t a t i o n as a m a k e r of musical instruments, especially of spinets and harpsichords. 6 0 H i s work was known to such men as " B a r o n " H e n r y W i l l i a m Stiegel, the iron- and glass-maker, and H e n r y M e l c h i o r M u h l e n b e r g , the p a t r i a r c h of the L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in America. 6 7 F e y r i n g also gained f a m e as an o r g a n builder. A s early as 1755, when he was only twenty-four years old, he c o n t r a c t e d with the G e r m a n R e f o r m e d Church in Philadelphia to reconstruct an o r g a n which the officers had bought elsewhere, and again in 1767 he w o r k e d on this o r g a n . In 1763 he was paid f o r w o r k on the o r g a n in the M a r k e t Square Church in G e r m a n t o w n . u s

The Roll of

29

Favie

H i s m a j o r a c c o m p l i s h m e n t w a s the construction of new o r g a n s f o r the t h r e e Episcopal churches in P h i l a d e l p h i a — o n e f o r St. P a u l ' s in 1 7 6 2 , one f o r St. P e t e r ' s in 1764, and one for C h r i s t C h u r c h in 1766.'"' T h e cases of F e y r i n g ' s w o r k s can still be seen in St. P e t e r ' s and C h r i s t C h u r c h e s . W h e n the o r g a n f o r St. Paul's had been completed, a long p o e m a p p e a r e d in t h e Gazette

entitled "On H e a r i n g the O r g a n

at St. P a u l ' s C h u r c h , on C h r i s t m a s D a y , 1 7 6 2 , " which concluded with this lavish

praise:

W h i l s t Organ's dulcet Notes the Breast inspire W i t h true devotion, and a sacred Fire ; T h y name, O Fyring thy deserving Name Shall shine conspicuous in the Roll of Fame ; Ages to come, and M e n in future Days Shall greateful pay their Tribute to thy Praise. 7 0 Y e t only eight years later Tannenberg's name had replaced Feyr i n g ' s o n t h e " r o l l o f f a m e " a n d t o d a y t h e n a m e o f F e y r i n g is all b u t f o r g o t t e n . As work.

Tannenberg's

reputation

grew,

so did

the v o l u m e

of

B y the fall of 1 7 7 0 the elders h a d discussed the situation,

c o n c l u d i n g t h a t since p e o p l e h a d t o w a i t s o l o n g f o r t h e i r o r g a n s , T a n n e n b e r g should have m o r e help.71

T h e next f e w years were

i n d e e d b u s y o n e s . O r g a n s w e r e b u i l t f o r a n d i n s t a l l e d in c h u r c h e s in R e a d i n g ,

Lebanon,

a n d in F r e d e r i c k ,

Lancaster,

Maryland.

t w o m o n t h s in P h i l a d e l p h i a

In

and Easton 1771

in

Pennsylvania,

T a n n e n b e r g spent

tuning and repairing

organs.72

over In

1 7 7 5 h e w e n t t o B e t h l e h e m t o r e p a i r t h e o r g a n t h e r e , 7 3 a n d in 1 7 7 7 t o R e a d i n g t o t u n e a n d r e p a i r his o r g a n in t h e

Lutheran

Church.74 O n e of the o r g a n s f r o m this period, the one built f o r T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in L a n c a s t e r in 1 7 7 4 , w a s a n e s p e c i a l l y instrument.

A

unique c o n t e m p o r a r y

description of

it

fine

indicates

the kind of impression that T a n n e n b e r g ' s w o r k w a s making.

The

d e s c r i p t i o n w a s w r i t t e n b y T h o m a s A n b u r e y , a l i e u t e n a n t in t h e British A r m y

of

General

Battle of S a r a t o g a

Burgoyne.

H e was captured

and taken as a p r i s o n e r to

at

the

Charlottesville,

Organs

30 Virginia, by way of Pennsylvania.

for

America

In D e c e m b e r of 1 7 7 8 he was

in Lancaster where he visited the Lutheran Church with its fouryear-old T a n n e n b e r g organ.

H e g a v e this description of

church and its organ in a letter d a t e d D e c e m b e r 17, 1 7 7 8 . T h e t o w n of L a n c a s t e r has no building of any consequence, except the L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , w h i c h is only built of brick, the inside has a most magnificent a p p e a r a n c e ; the large galleries on each side, t h e spacious o r g a n l o f t , s u p p o r t e d by C o r i n t h i a n pillars, are exceedingly b e a u t i f u l , and t h e r e a r e pillars of the Ionic o r d e r , f r o m t h e galleries to t h e roof.

The

altar-piece is very elegantly o r n a m e n t e d ; t h e w h o l e of t h e church, as well as t h e o r g a n , painted w h i t e w i t h gilt decorations, which has a very neat a p p e a r a n c e ; it greatly r e m i n d e d me of the chapel at G r e e n w i c h H o s p i t a l ; the o r g a n is reckoned the largest and best in A m e r i c a , it w a s built by a G e r m a n , w h o resides a b o u t 17 miles f r o m L a n c a s t e r , he m a d e every individual p a r t of it w i t h his o w n h a n d s ; it w a s n e a r 7 years in c o m p l e a t i n g ; the o r g a n has not only every pipe a n d stop that is in most others, but it has m a n y o t h e r pipes to swell the bass, w h i c h a r e of an a m a z i n g c i r c u m f e r e n c e , and these a r e played upon by the feet, t h e r e being a r o w of w o o d e n keys t h a t the p e r f o r m e r t r e a d s on.

I do not recollect ever

seeing an o r g a n of this construction, except those of the Savoy C h a p e l and St. P a u l ' s ; in t h e l a t t e r they are shut up as t h e vibration of sound w a s f o u n d too p o w e r f u l f o r the d o m e ; b u t then they had only 4 or 5 of these w o o d e n keys, w h e r e a s this o r g a n has a dozen : the m a n w h o shewed t h e i n s t r u m e n t played on it, and the effect of these keys w a s astonishing, it absolutely m a d e the very building shake.

It is the largest,

and I think t h e finest I ever saw, w i t h o u t exception ; a n d w h e n you examine it, you w o n d e r it did not take u p t h e m a n ' s w h o l e life in c o n s t r u c t i n g ; to estimate its goodness a n d value, I shall only tell you it cost t w o thousand five h u n d r e d p o u n d s s t e r l i n g ; to you w h o a r e so musical, w h a t a t r e a t w o u l d it be to be here a f e w h o u r s only, unless indeed, you w o u l d think a f e w m o r e not t h r o w n a w a y entirely,

when

allotted to Yours,

etc. 7 5

the

The Roll of

Fame

31

T h e r e is considerable e x a g g e r a t i o n in A n b u r e y ' s l e t t e r ; L i t i t z is only seven miles f r o m L a n c a s t e r ; T a n n e n b e r g certainly m a d e m o s t of the o r g a n h i m s e l f , but o t h e r s are k n o w n to h a v e helped, f o r e x a m p l e in the c a r p e n t r y w o r k on the case; it could n o t h a v e t a k e n seven y e a r s to m a k e the o r g a n , since the decision to p u r c h a s e an o r g a n w a s n o t m a d e until 1 7 7 1 ; and the price is highly i n f l a t e d — t h e actual price is n o t k n o w n , b u t it m u s t h a v e been n e a r e r f o u r - t o five-hundred p o u n d s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e exa g g e r a t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s convey s o m e t h i n g of t h e awe which t h e o r g a n c r e a t e d in its listeners. A n d this m u c h w a s t r u e ; t h e r e w e r e no o t h e r o r g a n s t o c o m p a r e w i t h T a n n e n b e r g ' s in the w h o l e of A m e r i c a . But f a m e and r e p u t a t i o n w e r e soon f o l l o w e d by d i s h o n o r in t h e T a n n e n b e r g f a m i l y . T a n n e n b e r g himself m a y h a v e cons i d e r e d it as G o d ' s w a y of h u m b l i n g him, f o r he h a d w r i t t e n in his m e m o i r t h a t G o d h a d t a u g h t him in a blessed w a y in life, seeking a l w a y s t o b r i n g him closer t o t h e m i n d of G o d . O n e of t h e t h i n g s h e m a y h a v e l e a r n e d is t h a t humility comes s o m e t i m e s only t h r o u g h h u m i l i a t i o n . O n A u g u s t 5, 1776, t h e r e w e r e n o e v e n i n g p r a y e r s in t h e Single Sisters' H o u s e . I n s t e a d t h e Sisters w e r e g a t h e r e d tog e t h e r and a d d r e s s e d by Sister M a r i a M a g d a l e n a w h o i n f o r m e d t h e m with a s a d h e a r t t h a t R o s i n a T a n n e n b e r g a n d G e r t r a u t B a u m g a r t n e r h a d been seduced i n t o u n c h a s t i t y by S a m u e l Fockel, o n e of the m a r r i e d men, thus b r i n g i n g s h a m e o n the e n t i r e choir a n d p a i n to t h e d e a r S a v i o r . T h e event w a s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e m as a w a r n i n g a n d t h e m a r r i e d B r e t h r e n w e r e also i n f o r m e d t h a t they m u s t be on t h e i r g u a r d , f a i t h f u l l y w a t c h i n g o v e r t h e i r children day and night. R o s i n a , h o w e v e r , w a s n o c h i l d — s h e w a s then twenty-five y e a r s o l d — a n d the exact circumstances of t h e s i t u a t i o n a r e n o t c l e a r . I t is clear t h a t Samuel F o c k e l w a s j u d g e d t o be guilty of a d u l t e r y a n d w a s given notice t h a t he m u s t leave the village w i t h i n f o u r weeks. G e r t r a u t B a u m g a r t n e r is r e f e r r e d t o as b e i n g a deceiver as well as b e i n g herself deceived a n d w a s also expelled f r o m the c o m m u n i t y . R o s i n a T a n n e n b e r g w a s t h o u g h t t o h a v e p l a y e d a less guilty p a r t in t h e affair and w a s a l l o w e d t o r e m a i n

32

Organs

for

America

in L i t i t z , but no l o n g e r as a m e m b e r of t h e c h o i r o r as a particip a n t in the L o r d ' s S u p p e r . G e r t r a u t Baumgartner's oft-repeated entreaties to reenter the c o m m u n i t y w e r e denied, b u t t h e r e w a s m e r c y f o r R o s i n a . A f t e r fifteen m o n t h s she w a s r e a d m i t t e d to t h e Single Sisters' C h o i r and to the c o m m u n i o n . A f t e r d i n n e r on N o v e m b e r 15, 1777, t h e Sisters w e r e i n f o r m e d by Sister M a r i a M a g d a l e n a of the e l d e r s ' decision of r e a d m i t t a n c e . A t seven o'clock t h e Sisters g a t h e r e d and t o o k R o s i n a into t h e i r m i d s t while B i s h o p H e h l a d d r e s s e d t h e m . T h e n R o s i n a knelt a n d received a b s o l u t i o n f r o m Sister M a r i a M a g d a l e n a with the l a y i n g on of h a n d s . 7 " T h u s t h e r i f t b e t w e e n R o s i n a a n d the c o m m u n i t y w a s o v e r c o m e just at the time t h a t the c o m m u n i t y itself w a s t o be t o r n a p a r t by the American Revolution.

5 The War of the Revolution he revolution against England was a matter of concern to the M o r a v i a n Brethren f r o m its beginning. In 1775 the diarist at Lititz recorded a brief footnote to history: "Congress having adopted a measure regarding the use of tea, which is now strictly obeyed everywhere, it was resolved to sell none of it in our store," and followed it with the news of "the bloody action" at Bunker Hill and C h a r l e s t o w n . " Bethlehem, because of its large buildings and its crucial position on one of the main roads between N e w England and the Middle Colonies, soon saw national events at first hand as high officers and government officials began to pass through the town. M o s t of the important names of the Revolution appear in the Bethlehem diary and the Brethren noted with some pride the satisfaction which visitors expressed on seeing the town. N o small part of their satisfaction was in seeing and hearing the musical riches of the community, and especially the organs, as these extracts f r o m the Bethlehem diary demonstrate : December 17, 1776. Generals Gates, Sullivan, Arnold, Stirling, Glover, and about thirty officers, at dusk came to attend our meeting, but owing to confusion in the town it was dropped. T h e y were taken into the chapel to hear the organ, and were pleased with the music. September 22, 1777. Sixteen Congressmen at Bethlehem (John Hancock, John Adams, Richard Henry Lee, Henry Laurens, William Duer and others) were escorted through

33

34

Organs

for

America

the Sisters' H o u s e w h e r e they w e r e e n t e r t a i n e d w i t h s i n g i n g and playing o n the organ. June

15,

1779.

arrived f r o m E a s t o n ,

E a r l y this m o r n i n g L a d y in c o m p a n y w i t h

Washington

Generals

Sullivan,

P o o r , and M a x w e l l , and some t w e n t y o f f i c e r s — i n the e v e n i n g w i t h her escort a t t e n d e d the service and listened to t h e o r g a n played. July

25,

escort arrived.

1782.

General Washington,

two

aides

and

T h e y visited the chapel, w h e r e they w e r e en-

tertained w i t h cake and w i n e , w h i l e R e v . J a c o b V a n V l e c k played o n the o r g a n .

T h e y also a t t e n d e d the service, a f t e r

w h i c h the church choir entertained their g u e s t s w i t h sacred music, both vocal and i n s t r u m e n t a l . 7 8

W a r , of course, m e a n t m o r e t h a n c a k e s a n d w i n e w i t h o r g a n music; it m e a n t soldiers and b l o o d s h e d as well. T h e M o r a v i a n s t r i e d v a l i a n t l y to avoid any a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h this aspect of t h e w a r , a n d the church m e m b e r s w e r e c o u n s e l e d to b e loyal to the o a t h they h a d t a k e n to the k i n g a n d t o r e f r a i n f r o m b e a r i n g a r m s . T h e i r position w a s p r i m a r i l y n o t political b u t r e l i g i o u s ; they w e r e h o n o r i n g t h o s e w h o r u l e d a n d w e r e r e f r a i n i n g f r o m m u r d e r . O n the o t h e r h a n d , they w e r e willing t o p a y w a r taxes and w h e n " n o n - a s s o c i a t o r s , " t h a t is, t h o s e w h o could n o t conscientiously b e a r a r m s , w e r e assessed in L a n c a s t e r C o u n t y , D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g w a s a p p o i n t e d collector by t h e B r e t h r e n in L i t i t z , the d i a r i s t n o t i n g t h a t " t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n in m o n e y we r e g a r d as purely a township affair."79 A m o r e difficult s i t u a t i o n w a s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e B r e t h r e n w h e n they received notice t o a p p e a r f o r m i l i t a r y drill. A t first conscientious o b j e c t o r s w e r e excused on t h e p a y m e n t of a fine, b u t even t h e n m a n y of the y o u n g e r B r e t h r e n h a d t o be p e r s u a d e d t h a t the a v e r s i o n of the e l d e r s to d r i l l i n g w a s m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e t h r e e - p o u n d , ten-shilling fine. 8 0 By 1 7 7 7 t h e s i t u a t i o n h a d g r o w n w o r s e a n d all m e n b e t w e e n t h e a g e s of e i g h t e e n and fifty-three w e r e to be e n r o l l e d in t h e m i l i t i a . T h e B r e t h r e n in L i t i t z r e s p o n d e d by b o y c o t t i n g t h e m u s t e r . T h e L i e u t e n a n t of M i l i t i a then c a m e t o L i t i t z t o a n n o u n c e t h a t each m a n m u s t e i t h e r a p p e a r o r p r o v i d e a substitute, b u t t h e B r e t h r e n w o u l d d o

The

War

of the

35

Revolution

neither, and w h e n s o l d i e r s a p p e a r e d t o take t h e m a w a y the y o u n g m e n ran and hid t h e m s e l v e s in the w o o d s .

M a t t e r s continued in

this uncertain w a y f o r several w e e k s until O c t o b e r 21,

1777,

w h e n six a r m e d m i l i t i a m e n e n t e r e d the chapel of the Single Brethren's H o u s e in L i t i t z , r e a d o u t the n a m e s o f nine single m e n w h o h a d been c a l l e d t o t h e militia and, w h e n t h e y r e s p o n d e d , put t h e m under guard.

F i v e m a r r i e d m e n w e r e a l s o taken, a m o n g t h e m

the f o r t y - n i n e - y e a r - o l d D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g . to M a n h e i m

(five miles away)

T h e y were marched

and k e p t u n d e r g u a r d f o r the

night. T h e next day they were taken to Lancaster and, to the accompaniment of drum and fife, through a dense mass of people, with cries of "Tories" from every side, were marched to the Quaker meeting house, where they were locked up with many others who, like themselves, had been thus forcibly dragged together. Here their room was so limited that they could neither sit nor lie down ; and besides, they had very little to eat. T h e brethren and sisters of Lancaster, however, did all they could for their comfort, particularly Brother Hobson, through whose influence they were released from their prison and quartered, for the night, among our church members. Neither must they return to confinement, but could go about the city freely, Brother Hobson having given his word for them. 8 1 The

Brethren

had

influential

f r i e n d s in L a n c a s t e r ,

including

Brother W i l l i a m H e n r y , wealthy gunsmith, steamboat pioneer, and R e v o l u t i o n a r y

p a t r i o t , a n d t h r o u g h their intercession t h e

a r r e s t s w e r e d e c l a r e d illegal and the m e n w e r e a l l o w e d t o return to L i t i t z the n e x t d a y .

It w a s the kind o f incident t h a t the

M o r a v i a n s h a d l e a r n e d t o expect in their h i s t o r y and the diarist's reflection o n it h a s a t o n e of c a l m r e s i g n a t i o n : It seems, then, that we, too, must suffer. For help we can depend only upon our dear Father in Heaven, who, in this dreadful time of war and confusion, must shield and guide us; for surely, H e knows that we are his Son's people, and have nothing to do with the world and its quarrels. 8 2

36

Organs

for

America

T h i s affair had hardly been settled when it was announced that General W a s h i n g t o n had chosen L i t i t z as the site for a military hospital and that 2 5 0 sick and wounded soldiers were to be quartered there. 8 3 W h i l e L i t i t z was not immediately accessible to the battlefields, it had the advantage of large, stone buildings, quite suitable for hospital use. T h e year b e f o r e , the Single Brethren's H o u s e in Bethlehem had been taken over for hospital use and it was the Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e in L i t i t z which was also chosen. T h e entire community was d i s m a y e d — they realized that the arrival o f hundreds o f soldiers would profoundly disturb the life o f the v i l l a g e — b u t T a n n e n b e r g must have been especially dismayed. On N o v e m b e r 3 0 , 1 7 7 6 , he had installed a new organ in the Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e in Bethlehem only to have that building occupied by the military one week later. And now the soldiers were invading the L i t i t z Single Brethren's H o u s e where he had also installed a new organ just four months b e f o r e . On December 19, 1 7 7 7 , eighty sick soldiers arrived. T h e next day fifteen wagons filled with soldiers came, and the following day one hundred more soldiers, who had to be sent elsewhere for lack of space. T h e religious community's attitude was one o f self-concern rather than o f compassion. T h e y wanted nothing to do with the world and its quarrels or its wounded; but the misery o f the scene began slowly to change their attitude. T h e doctors themselves became sick and the soldiers lay unattended. A snowstorm kept the nearly recovered inside among those sick with " c a m p f e v e r . " On D e c e m b e r 3 1 another wagonload o f sick soldiers arrived and by J a n u a r y 1, there were seven dead. Still, as the Brethren's sympathy grew, so did their annoyances. Some o f the little boys began to trade with the soldiers, receiving cartridges and powder which they set off in the barns, and T o b i a s H i r t e acquired a gun which he was promptly ordered to dispose of. A " b a d , independent W o r l d S p i r i t " had been let loose in the village and the elders feared for the souls o f the young people. E a r l y in the new year, D r . W i l l i a m B r o w n , Physician General o f the Middle Department o f the Continental A r m y , was

The

War

of the

Revolution

37

t r a n s f e r r e d to L i t i t z and placed in charge of all the surrounding military hospitals. By this time space in the village was at a premium and the a r m y officers were lodged in private homes. D r . Brown w a s q u a r t e r e d with the Tannenbergs. 8 4 T h i s circumstance meant that T a n n e n b e r g would have the opportunity of being well i n f o r m e d about national affairs. D r . Brown w a s a man of culture, had his degree from the University of Edinburgh, and w a s well acquainted with the leaders of the Revolution, especially W a s h i n g t o n , Jefferson, and M a d i s o n . 8 5 Brown's relations with his host and the other Brethren during his seven-month stay must have been amicable, for in 1779 he returned with his f a m i l y for a visit. " H e w a s very friendly and declares himself delighted to meet the B r e t h r e n a g a i n . H e wished we had a settlement in Virginia."86 W h i l e living with the Tannenbergs, D r . Brown p r e p a r e d a thirty-two p a g e book in L a t i n which is r e g a r d e d as the first pharmacopoeia published in the U n i t e d States. T h e preface of this little book, d a t e d M a r c h 12, 1778, at L i t i t z , describes it as a repertory of simple and efficacious prescriptions for the use of the military hospital belonging to the army . . . adapted especially to our present state of need and poverty, which we owe to the ferocious cruelty of the enemy, and to a cruel war brought unexpectedly upon our fatherland. 87

In A p r i l it w a s r u m o r e d that L i t i t z w a s to be entirely vacated to m a k e room for the a r m y ' s general hospital. Bishop H e h l dispatched a plaintive letter to D r . W i l l i a m Shippen ( " D o not d r a w down upon you the tears and sighings of so many helpless ones . . . " ) whose reply revealed that this action was now thought not to be necessary. 8 8 Finally, in August, 1778, a f t e r nine months of occupation, the r e m a i n i n g soldiers were moved to other hospitals and the Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e w a s returned to the community. D u r i n g this time more than five hundred, probably nearer a thousand, soldiers h a d been quartered there. A hundred and twenty of the soldiers had died at the hospital, most of whom were buried shoulder-to-shoulder in trenches south of the town. Nine

38

Organs

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M o r a v i a n s also died d u r i n g this period, at least f o u r of them of "camp f e v e r . " Even b e f o r e the evacuation of the hospital, the town was afflicted in a new way. In 1777 a T e s t Act h a d been passed which required of all citizens an o a t h of allegiance to the new government and an a b j u r a t i o n of the king. T h e official position of the M o r a v i a n s was t h a t the test should not be taken and a petition was presented to the C o n g r e s s asking t h a t M o r a v i a n s be exempted f r o m its requirements. In the m e a n t i m e , the church ruled t h a t anyone w h o took the o a t h required by the T e s t Act would be excluded f r o m the communion. 8 9 On M a y 31, 1778, the m e m b e r s of the L i t i t z congregation learned t h a t twenty-two of their m e m b e r s — " w h o g r a d u a l l y had been revealing themselves" — had gone to L a n c a s t e r and taken the o a t h of allegiance, f o r s w e a r i n g the king. A t the h e a d of the list stood the name of D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , the motivation of the g r o u p is not k n o w n . T a n n e n b e r g , unless he had changed his opinions since his i m p r i s o n m e n t , was by no means an a r d e n t p a t r i o t . It seems m o r e likely t h a t he and the g r o u p felt some sympathy f o r the new g o v e r n m e n t and, in any case, were willing to recognize it as the de f a c t o a u t h o r i t y . T h e result was, however, t h a t the c o n g r e g a t i o n was divided on the most urgent issue of the day and the c o m m u n i o n services of the congregation had to be discontinued. I t was not until five m o n t h s later t h a t the wound in the c o n g r e g a t i o n was healed, it being agreed then to f o r g i v e the past on both sides and live as f o r m e r l y . On N o v e m b e r 13, 1778, the t r o m b o n e s p l a y e d f o r the first time in m o n t h s to announce the holy communion, at which festival " t h e gracious presence of the d e a r Savior was felt by e v e r y o n e . " A n o t h e r of the twenty-two who t o o k the o a t h of allegiance was D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g , J r . In his case the act was a m a t t e r of patriotism. In April, 1781, much to the c o n s t e r n a t i o n of the village elders, D a v i d , J r . allowed himself to be elected a lieutenant in C a p t a i n J o h n Smuller's E i g h t h C o m p a n y of the T h i r d Battalion of L a n c a s t e r County M i l i t i a , and in the same y e a r perf o r m e d a t o u r of duty in Bucks County. T h e elders suggested to his f a t h e r t h a t the son be dismissed f r o m the community and at-

The War of the

Revolution

39

t a c h e d to a n o t h e r m a s t e r outside the v i l l a g e , but T a n n e n b e r g a d m i t t e d t h a t he no l o n g e r h a d sufficient a u t h o r i t y over his son to do t h a t . A p p a r e n t l y the f a t h e r w a s also s o m e w h a t reluctant to lose the s e r v i c e s of his apprentice-son. F i n a l l y , a f t e r D a v i d , J r . h a d a t t e n d e d an u n a u t h o r i z e d p a r t y outside the v i l l a g e , the m a t t e r w a s p r e s s e d a n d he w a s p e r s u a d e d to l e a v e L i t i t z . T h e m i n u t e s of the E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e of D e c e m b e r 1, 1781, comm e m o r a t e his d e p a r t u r e : " W i t h t h a n k s g i v i n g to the d e a r S a v i o r it w a s r e m e m b e r e d t h a t D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g , J r . w h o h a s gone w i t h B r o t h e r s J o h a n n K r a u s e and G o t t f r i e d S c h u l t z e to W a c h o v i a [ t h e M o r a v i a n s e t t l e m e n t s in N o r t h C a r o l i n a ] is now g o n e f r o m our n e i g h b o r h o o d . " 9 0 T h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r he w a s m a r r i e d to E l i z a b e t h F u l l e r a n d s e t t l e d in P h i l a d e l p h i a , w h e r e he e s t a b l i s h e d himself as a m a k e r of m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s . T h e p r o b l e m w i t h D a v i d , J r . w a s a d e e p - s e a t e d one. W h e n he h a d first e n t e r e d school a t L i t i t z , his t e a c h e r h a d r e g a r d e d him as one of his best s t u d e n t s , 9 1 but a l m o s t e v e r y r e f e r e n c e to him a f t e r t h a t p i c t u r e s h i m in trouble. W h e n he w a s t w e l v e , the officials c r i t i c i z e d his b e i n g seen w i t h H e n r y F r e y ' s d a u g h t e r in t h e i r outlot. 9 2 In 1 7 8 0 he w a s not c o n s i d e r e d suitable f o r m e m b e r s h i p in h i s choir b e c a u s e " h e h a s a v e r y indecent w a y about him and he runs a f t e r the g i r l s . " 8 3 H e h a d been a p p r e n t i c e d to his f a t h e r a n d a s s i s t e d him in the o r g a n w o r k , but t h e r e w a s little w o r k d u r i n g the w a r y e a r s a n d t h e r e w e r e m a n y o t h e r a t t r a c t i o n s f o r a y o u n g m a n a s the a r m y e n t e r e d L i t i t z . T h e r e is the s u g g e s t i o n , too, t h a t the f a t h e r did not g i v e the kind of d i r e c t i o n t h a t he should h a v e , and c e r t a i n l y not the k i n d t h a t the church officials a p p r o v e d o f . M o r e t h a n once he w a s spoken to a b o u t his son's b e h a v i o r . Casslers and Tannebergers allow their sons to develop a W o r l d - D i s p o s i t i o n , in which they run on the farms and a f t e r the girls and are addicted to the clothing-foolishness of the w o r l d . A n d the parents do not punish them or let them be punished. It w i l l be good for some Brothers to speak w i t h the fathers. 9 4

On at l e a s t one occasion he w a s also r e b u k e d f o r g i v i n g opportunity f o r " a l l k i n d s of d o u b t f u l g a t h e r i n g s " of the n e i g h b o r i n g

40

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young people. 9 5 A n d he was criticized f o r allowing T o b i a s H i r t e into his home too o f t e n , f o r H i r t e was considered to be openly l e a d i n g the young people into t e m p t a t i o n . 9 8 W h e n T a n n e n b e r g d r e w up his will in 1796, he j u d g e d his son to be w o r t h y of an inheritance of only one English guinea, 9 7 but the f a u l t s of the son m a y well have been born of the laxity of the f a t h e r .

6 Tragedy and Triumph here had been little opportunity for organ building during the war. In the five-year period from 1777 to 1781, Tannenberg built only two small organs, one for the Single Brethren's House in Lititz ( 1 7 7 7 ) , and a house organ for a gentleman in York, Pennsylvania ( 1 7 8 0 ) . Only one other business trip is mentioned, a two-week visit to Bethlehem and Nazareth to repair their organs. Nevertheless, Tannenberg had no thought of abandoning his profession. H e resisted the suggestion that his shop be used for quartering army officers during the winter of 1777-78 (Brother Grube complained that Tannenberg had given him difficulty upon difficulty in the m a t t e r 9 8 ) and he was reluctant to part with the services of David, J r . even though there was little organ work and Samuel was now old enough to take his place. As the w a r drew to a close, organs were again in demand. In 1782 Tannenberg installed an organ in the Moravian Chapel at Hope, New Jersey, and the following year traveled to Hagerstown, M a r y l a n d , with an organ. In 1784 he spent three weeks in York, Pennsylvania, installing an organ in the German Reformed Church. W h i l e in York, he visited the Moravian congregation there and on several occasions delivered brief addresses to the Brethren. 9 9 In 1786 he placed an organ in the union church (Lutheran and R e f o r m e d ) at Egypt, Pennsylvania. During these years the Lititz congregation laid plans for a new church building and asked Tannenberg for an organ suited 41

42

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to it. Not only did he construct the organ, but he also played an important part in the planning of the graceful church building itself. A s a member of the building committee, T a n n e n b e r g prepared a model of a steeple for the church. A t first there were objections to it, p r i m a r i l y on the grounds that it would be too elegant for a M o r a v i a n church, but finally T a n n e n b e r g ' s model w a s accepted with the conviction that everyone in the vicinity would be pleased to have a church with such a beautiful steeple in the township. 1 0 0 Some y e a r s later, when the magnificent steeple of T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n Church in L a n c a s t e r , Pennsylvania, was being built, T a n n e n b e r g presented a plan for a f r a m e or scaffold to be used in the construction, and his plan was adopted by the vestry. 1 0 1 H e also designed the pulpit for the L i t i t z Church and w a s often consulted by the church officiais in building matters. 1 0 2 D u r i n g these years, also, changes were taking place in the T a n n e n b e r g household. On J u n e 30, 1782, Rosina T a n n e n b e r g w a s m a r r i e d to " B i l l y " Cassler, son of the village tanner and shoemaker, L u d w i g Cassler, who had built the first private house in L i t i t z , next door to the Pilgerhaus, T a n n e n b e r g ' s home. On September 24, 1784, Elisabeth T a n n e n b e r g m a r r i e d John Schropp, who was for many y e a r s the warden at N a z a r e t h and Bethlehem. A s the household diminished, and with D a v i d , J r . gone, T a n n e n b e r g came to rely upon his son Samuel for assistance in his work and for companionship in his travels. Samuel t r a v e l e d with him to H a g e r s t o w n , Y o r k , and Egypt, as well as to L a n c a s t e r in 1784, where they spent some time repairing o r g a n s in the M o r a v i a n , Catholic, and R e f o r m e d Churches, and to P h i l a d e l p h i a and Bethlehem in 1785. 1 0 3 But once again the elders were not satisfied with the way T a n n e n b e r g w a s raising his children. W h e n Samuel a p p e a r e d with a new pocket watch, they solemnly discussed the m a t t e r : " T h a t B r o t h e r T a n n e b e r g e r is allowing his son Samuel to buy himself a watch, and is even helping him to do it, is something that can be considered as clothing-foolishness and, as such, cannot be sanctioned." 1 0 4 D u r i n g the w a r , the elders were concerned that, with no demand for organs, the T a n n e n b e r g boys w e r e not learning a trade, and they felt p a r t i c u l a r l y sorry for S a m u e l

Tragedy

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Triumph

43

because there is ground to fear that, if something is not done about it soon, he may follow in the footsteps of his older brother. Therefore, Brother H o r n has been requested to speak with Brother Tanneberger, not to order him, but as a friend in the matter, and if possible to try to bring him to find his son, Samuel, a steady occupation.10·"' S a m u e l , h o w e v e r , r e m a i n e d an o r g a n builder, e v e n s t a y i n g w i t h his f a t h e r a y e a r past his m a j o r i t y w i t h o u t w a g e s in o r d e r to learn his t r a d e m o r e p e r f e c t l y . 1 0 6

H e g r e w into a g a y y o u n g

m a n , w e l l - l o v e d f o r his " c h a r m i n g m a n n e r a n d his g o o d g e n i u s , " 1 0 7 and p o p u l a r a m o n g the y o u n g p e o p l e o f t h e vicinity. T h e e l d e r s , h o w e v e r , discerned a w o r l d l y d i s p o s i t i o n in h i m a n d r e f u s e d t o c o n s i d e r him a m e m b e r o f the c o n g r e g a t i o n .

T h e n , s u d d e n l y , in

J u n e , 1 7 8 8 , w h e n he w a s in his t w e n t y - t h i r d y e a r , S a m u e l w a s stricken w i t h s e v e r e a b d o m i n a l p a i n s and, w i t h i n a f e w d a y s , w a s d e a d . It w a s a d e e p l y s a d d e n e d f a t h e r w h o w r o t e o f t h e p a s s i n g o f his s e c o n d son. T h r o u g h the years of his childhood he gave the best hope of success, and was the joy of his parents and almost everyone, in part because of his manner and skill in natural things. T h e first change and inclination to the world, that we noticed, was at the time that the hospital was here. W e often told him of the danger he would come into in this way, but he always answered that he did not know yet what he would choose ; there was still time. And so we had to watch his progress with embarrassment, a progress which ended with a painful and swift death . . . . As long as he was conscious [during his illness], he expressed himself sometimes so that one noticed his thoughtfulness. H e said to his f a t h e r : "If I get well again, I will make good use of my time." Question: " B u t not in a wicked way?" Answer: "Certainly not" . . . From then on he did not seem to be conscious. W h a t may have happened in that time between him and the Savior, only he knows, who sees the heart. 1 0 8 M a n y p e o p l e a t t e n d e d t h e f u n e r a l , including m a n y p e o p l e f r o m the n e i g h b o r h o o d a n d e v e n f r o m L a n c a s t e r .

young Pastor

K l i n g s o h r u s e d the o c c a s i o n t o p r e a c h o n t h e necessity o f r e p e n t -

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ance, warning the young people not to wait until their deathbeds to mend their ways. A n unnamed friend placed a long memorial poem in the L a n c a s t e r paper, mourning the loss of Samuel, who was identified as "a son of the f a m o u s organ builder." 1 0 9 And a father grieved, perhaps for the joy of a lost companion, perhaps at the loss of the one who w a s to c a r r y on his art, and perhaps, too, at the unhappy conclusion of his efforts to raise a son. A t the time of S a m u e l ' s death, T a n n e n b e r g w a s engaged in the construction of his g r e a t e s t work, the o r g a n for Zion Lutheran Church in P h i l a d e l p h i a . On J u l y 20, 1786, he had met with the vestry of the church and a contract for the o r g a n had been signed. 1 1 0 A f t e r the o r g a n f o r the M o r a v i a n Church in L i t i t z was completed in 1787, he began to work on the Philadelphia organ, apparently spending most of his time for the next three y e a r s in its construction. W h i l e much of the organ could be built in Lititz, there w a s considerable w o r k to be done in Philadelphia and T a n n e n b e r g spent at least three-and-a-half months there in the summer and fall of 1790. In August of that y e a r , he wrote a letter from Philadelphia to F e r d i n a n d Detmers in L i t i t z which gives a rare glimpse into his w o r k as well as his piety. Philadelphia,

August

25,

1790

Dearly beloved B r o t h e r Detmers, H e a r t y greetings to you and to your dear w i f e . T h a t I and my assistants are w e l l , I receive w i t h thanks f r o m the hand of the Savior, and through his blessing w e have also come so far that I hope to be finished w i t h the chest of the main manual in about t w o months. now.

Seven stops are ready

T h e pedal is also finished w i t h the exception of the

Posaun Bass, that is to say, five stops [are completed]. echo is completely assembled and ready.

The

T h e r e is only one

stop in the upper manual, namely the Principal. W h e n everything on the main chest is d r a w n , together w i t h the pedal, it already fills the church rather to everyone's astonishment. A week ago it w a s very hot here. However, I have been quite well and w i t h the assistance and blessing of my f a i t h f u l Savior I w i l l continue my w o r k until I have completed it.

Tragedy

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45

H e r r H e l m u t h is already w o r k i n g d i l i g e n t l y on the festival psalm for the consecration . . .

,

m

P a s t o r H e l m u t h had indeed been busy, p r e p a r i n g f o r the service of consecration, writing verses, translating them into English, and consulting with the o r g a n committee. H e was also making a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r the visits of President W a s h i n g t o n and T h o m a s Mifflin, the " P r e s i d e n t " of Pennsylvania. On September 3, W a s h i n g t o n visited the church as the organ was played and the children of the church sang f o r him. T h r e e weeks later, President Mifflin and the members of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania came to hear the o r g a n . In spite of the satisfaction t h a t these visitors h a d shown on hearing the organ, H e l m u t h worried and prayed f o r the success of the public service to be held on October 10. " T h e organ, the o r g a n — O dear God, it is consecrated to you. You know t h a t I am anxious about next Sunday and M o n d a y . L o r d , have m e r c y — . " T w o weeks a f t e r the service he was still d r e a m i n g about the organ. 1 1 2 In spite of H e l m u t h ' s concern and a rainy Sunday, the consecration services were well received. 1 1 3 Visitors were utterly a m a z e d at the o r g a n . Built on the same p a t t e r n as the organ f o r T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n Church in L a n c a s t e r , it was however l a r g e r — twenty-four feet wide and twenty-seven feet h i g h — a n d was deco r a t e d in a unique way. M o r e t h a n a hundred brightly polished pipes were visible in the f r o n t of the o r g a n . Above them on the middle tower was depicted the sun, rising out of a bank of clouds and dividing them with its golden rays. O n the next towers were gilded eagles flying t o w a r d the sun, with the inscription : " T h e y that wait upon the L o r d , shall m o u n t up like eagles." On the side towers were two angels, one with the Gospel and the o t h e r with the sealed book of the Revelation, both with trumpets in their hands and looking as though they intended to fly up into heaven. A l t h o u g h the basic design was T a n n e n b e r g ' s , the building of the o r g a n case was the work of a local builder, George Vorbach, who was also praised f o r his work. T h e spectators were impressed, too, by H e l m u t h ' s musical texts, based on the organ's heavenly

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decorations and sung to organ accompaniment, but T a n n e n b e r g himself considered the music to be foolish, and "not according to our [ M o r a v i a n ] taste." 1 1 4 T h e organ was such an attraction that the services had to be repeated twice that day and once more the following day when the English-speaking community and members of other churches were invited, and then again the next Sunday, not to mention the special service for the President the following J a n u a r y . But the master organ builder took little credit for his w o r k . W h e n he had heard that the pastors and some of the officials of L i t i t z were coming to Philadelphia for the services, he had written, " I encourage you again to come, not to see anything special, but to share my g r a t i t u d e that the faithful S a v i o r has so mercifully assisted me." 1 1 5 If there was any danger that the p r a i s e given his organ should cause T a n n e n b e r g to lose his humility, it must have been overcome by the public announcement, only two weeks a f t e r the organ's consecration, of his son's bankruptcy. T h e Philadelphia General Advertiser of October 28 declared that a commission of bankrupt is awarded and issued f o r t h against David Tanneberg, junior, late of Easton in the C o u n t y of Northampton, Musical - Instrument - M a k e r , Dealer and Chapman ; and he being declared a Bankrupt, is hereby required to surrender himself to the Commissioners . . . at the bankrupt office, in the City of Philadelphia.

T h e career of T a n n e n b e r g ' s g r a n d o r g a n w a s just as unfortunate as that of his son. On the evening of December 26, 1794, only four years a f t e r the organ's installation, fire broke out in the tower of Zion L u t h e r a n Church, someone having carelessly left hot ashes in a wooden container in the vestry room. T h e fire seemed to burn itself out and the building w a s thought to be safe, but later it broke out under the roof with flames seen as f a r a w a y as W o o d b u r y , New J e r s e y , and the building w a s burned to the ground. T h e r e w a s an unfortunate lack of w a t e r at that location and the crowd, instead of obtaining w a t e r , stood by idly watching the building burn. Nothing w a s saved but some w i n d o w s and

Tragedy

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Triumph

47

s o m e of t h e o r g a n p i p e s . T h e o r g a n ' s d e s t r u c t i o n by fire m u s t h a v e s e e m e d a m a l i c i o u s k i n d of irony t o t h e M o r a v i a n B r e t h r e n f o r , while T a n n e n b e r g w a s in P h i l a d e l p h i a to e r e c t t h e o r g a n , he h a d been d e l e g a t e d by t h e L i t i t z B r e t h r e n t o l o o k f o r a fire engine f o r t h e i r t o w n . H e h a d t a k e n t i m e f r o m his w o r k t o price s e v e r a l a n d h a d o b s e r v e d a l a r g e one, said t o be one of t h e best, s t a n d i n g beside t h e L u t h e r a n C h u r c h . 1 1 "

7 Brother

Bachmann

eath visited the T a n n e n b e r g household a g a i n in 1792 with the passing of T a n n e n b e r g ' s wife, Anna Rosina. She had lived with pleasure in L i t i t z since their a r r i v a l there in 1765 and, in fact, had remarked when she first entered their house that she would like to die there. Now, a f t e r some y e a r s of illness, she developed dropsy and died early in the m o r n i n g of F e b r u a r y 17, 1792. T h e members of the trombone q u a r t e t climbed to the church steeple and announced with a chorale that there had been a death in the congregation, the people recognizing, from the selection played, that the person who had died had been a member of the choir of m a r r i e d persons. T a n n e n b e r g l a t e r g a v e testimony to the congregation that his wife had been a " t r u e soul" and that her heart had belonged to the Savior. 1 1 7 M o r e conscious now of his own m o r t a l i t y , T a n n e n b e r g began to search for a partner and possible successor to his art. T h e training he had given to his sons w a s to no avail with Samuel dead and David, J r . exiled from Lititz, and now bankrupt. Indeed, young D a v i d ' s difficulties were not yet at an end. H i s wife and one of their four children died in the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 1 1 8 and he w a s forced to send the other children to relatives for their care. H i s son W i l l i a m w a s sent to L i t i t z to live with his g r a n d f a t h e r where he remained until the elder Tannenberg's death. P e r h a p s inevitably W i l l i a m , too, fell into d i s f a v o r with the town elders and was admonished on several occasions for

D

48

Brother

Bachmann

49

his conduct and his lack of interest in the Savior or the congregation. 119 David, J r . remained in Philadelphia, working as a joiner and cabinetmaker. In 1797 he was married to Eva Reimer by the German R e f o r m e d pastor. 1 2 0 T h e next year they moved to Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, where he was employed for sixteen months by John and Andrew Krauss, Schwenkfelder organ builders and grandsons of one of Father Klemm's companions on his trip to America. 121 H e assisted them with organs for the R e f o r m e d Church at Longswamp (later a union church) and the Catholic Church at Goshenhoppen, both in Berks County, Pennsylvania, 122 and then left their employ in the summer of 1799. A f t e r t h a t time his whereabouts are not known, but it is known that he died sometime before his father's death in 1804. T h e loss of Tannenberg's sons was in p a r t made up for by a local joiner, Johannes Schnell, who had worked as Tannenberg's apprentice since 1786, but it soon became clear that Schnell was not capable of becoming a master builder. 123 Tannenberg then requested permission to send to H e r r n h u t f o r someone who could learn his profession, suggesting to the officials that they should be even more concerned than he that his art not be lost to the community. 124 Receiving official permission f r o m Bethlehem, Tannenberg wrote to Brother Johann Philip Bachmann in H e r r n h u t who, a f t e r some delays, set out for Pennsylvania, arriving at Lititz on February 17, 1793. I t had been hoped that, when he arrived, Bachmann could m a r r y Tannenberg's youngest daughter, Anna M a r i a , and the two were married on April 16.123 Philip Bachmann had been born in Kreuzburg, Thuringia, in Germany, on April 22, 1762. A f t e r learning carpentry f r o m his father, Sebastian (who may also have been a piano builder), he left home in his sixteenth year and came to work for a master who was acquainted with the Moravians. Desiring to become better acquainted with these people, Bachmann visited a Moravian community and, a f t e r living in several such communities, arrived finally in H e r r n h u t . T h e r e he learned the manufacture of musical instruments and from there he left to work with Tannenberg. 1 2 6

Organs

50

for

America

B a c h m a n n ' s arrival made it possible f o r T a n n e n b e r g to engage in a large volume o f organ w o r k in the last decade o f the century.

I t was a period o f extensive church building a m o n g the

G e r m a n - A m e r i c a n s and there was an increased demand f o r new organs. 1 2 7

B e f o r e B a c h m a n n ' s a r r i v a l , T a n n e n b e r g had built or-

gans f o r Spring City, Pennsylvania, and G r a c e h a m ,

Maryland.

N o w , with B a c h m a n n ' s assistance, o r g a n s were made during the next eight years f o r N a z a r e t h , P h i l a d e l p h i a , L o w e r H e i d e l b e r g Township, "Guts'town," Macungie, Lititz, Tohickon, Lancaster, and " W i t e p a i n " T o w n s h i p in Pennsylvania, f o r B a l t i m o r e , M a r y land, and two organs f o r Salem, N o r t h C a r o l i n a .

In addition,

trips f o r tuning and repair work were m a d e to R e a d i n g , E m m a u s , L a n c a s t e r , Philadelphia, and B a l t i m o r e . T h e organs f o r distant Salem in N o r t h C a r o l i n a presented a unique challenge to T a n n e n b e r g .

A n o r g a n had been requested

by the M o r a v i a n s in Salem as early as 1 7 9 4 , but because o f o t h e r work it was not completed until 1 7 9 8 .

B y t h a t time T a n n e n b e r g

felt that his age ( h e was now s e v e n t y ) would not p e r m i t him to m a k e the arduous trip south, and B a c h m a n n was sent to install the organ, leaving L i t i t z on April 19 and returning on J u n e 16. 1 2 8 T h e next year, a second and l a r g e r o r g a n was begun f o r the new church then under construction in S a l e m .

T h i s time B a c h m a n n

was to spend a year in Salem working on the o r g a n , but by the time o f his return his relations with T a n n e n b e r g would be b r o k e n beyond repair. Several f a c t o r s led to the rift between the two o r g a n builders. O n F e b r u a r y 6, 1 7 9 9 , A n n a M a r i a B a c h m a n n had d r o w n e d herself in the L i t i t z stream known as the " L i t t l e S p r i n g . "

The

diarist mentions the event only briefly and leaves much t o conjecture. " T h i s evening we had a g r e a t shock. T h e m a r r i e d sister M a r i a B a c h m a n n threw herself into our C r e e k , where she was soon t h e r e a f t e r found without any sign o f l i f e . " 1 2 9

I t h a s been

suggested that she acted out o f depression at h a v i n g no children a f t e r six years o f m a r r i a g e . A p p a r e n t l y , t h e r e were also r u m o r s about B a c h m a n n ' s t r e a t m e n t o f her. 1 3 0 W h a t e v e r the r e a s o n s f o r her suicide, her death b r o k e one o f the links between her f a t h e r and her husband.

Brother

Bachmann

51

On December 19, 1800, shortly a f t e r returning f r o m his second trip to Salem, Bachmann was married again to Susanna Elizabeth Albrecht, d a u g h t e r of the Lititz gunsmith. E a r l i e r that year ( M a y 3 0 ) T a n n e n b e r g , too, had remarried. A f t e r five other women had been considered, the one chosen f o r his second wife was an old acquaintance, A n n a M a r i a Lang, who had already been twice m a r r i e d and twice widowed. 1 3 1 T a n n e n b e r g maintained a f t e r w a r d t h a t he h a d r e m a r r i e d mainly to have someone he could trust to care f o r his affairs if he were to go to Salem, but again he was unable to m a k e the trip. 1 3 2 Apparently, Bachmann resented the m a r r i a g e , p e r h a p s thinking that it would deprive him of his s h a r e of T a n n e n b e r g ' s estate when he died. ( W h e n T a n n e n b e r g did die b o t h Bachmann and T a n n e n b e r g ' s wife quickly entered caveats against the probation of any will until they could be h e a r d in the matter. 1 3 3 ) Be that as it may, the main cause of the b r e a k between the two men was, indeed, money. T a n n e n b e r g ' s inability to travel to Salem l e f t most of the details concerning their second o r g a n — w h i c h he considered one of his most b e a u t i f u l w o r k s — i n Bachmann's hands. 1 3 4 Even a firm price could not be fixed in Lititz, f o r much of the work had to be done in Salem with local materials and local labor. T h u s T a n n e n b e r g was not certain w h a t return he should have gotten f o r the o r g a n except that he was certain that he had not received enough, n o r was he ever able to get an accounting of monies f r o m B a c h m a n n . Bachmann had also displeased T a n n e n berg in the installation of a rank of pipes which T a n n e n b e r g had m a d e f o r the o r g a n in the M o r a v i a n Church in Bethania, N o r t h Carolina. T a n n e n b e r g complained later t h a t he had not received any money f o r these pipes. 185 In letter a f t e r letter to the Salem authorities, T a n n e n b e r g repeated his complaints against Bachmann and his justifications of his own actions, revealing the impatience and bitterness t h a t age and experience sometimes create. I t is h a r d to avoid the conclusion t h a t Bachmann's character, too, played a p a r t in the difficulties. Bachmann claimed t h a t he was w o r k i n g with diligence, according to his best knowledge and conscience, to complete t h e organ. A t which T a n n e n b e r g re-

52

Organs

for

America

marked, " I do not doubt it, f o r it honors him, which is o f g r e a t importance to h i m . " T a n n e n b e r g added t h a t the installation and tuning take a g o o d deal o f time, and require considerable industry and patience "which he often l a c k s . " 1 1 0

I t appears, too, that

B a c h m a n n had been the o b j e c t o f slanderous reports while in Salem, in p a r t because o f his wife's suicide. O n this point, however, T a n n e n b e r g could find no fault, saying only that Bachmann was by nature an outspoken person. 1 3 7 A f t e r B a c h m a n n ' s return f r o m Salem, the dispute came bef o r e the church officials. T a n n e n b e r g was determined not to give Bachmann any f u r t h e r work and B a c h m a n n had t h e r e f o r e requested permission to establish himself independently in L i t i t z as an instrument m a k e r .

A f t e r considering various factors, such as

T a n n e n b e r g ' s possible need o f help in his l a t e r years, but also Bachmann's

" u n c o n t r o l l e d manner o f thinking

and

speaking"

which had given them a p o o r impression o f him, they decided to consult T a n n e n b e r g and, if he had no o b j e c t i o n , to allow Bachmann to remain. 1 3 8

T h e r e was no o b j e c t i o n , B a c h m a n n stayed,

and the next year

was permitted

Lititz.

to build his own house

in

139

Although the breach between the two men was never fully repaired, there was some further c o l l a b o r a t i o n between

them.

W h e n T a n n e n b e r g ' s organ f o r the L u t h e r a n Church in M a d i s o n , Virginia, was ready, it was B a c h m a n n who made the trip to install it, and when B a c h m a n n built his first o r g a n a f t e r leaving Tannenberg

(for

the

Moravian

congregation

at

Schoeneck,

P e n n s y l v a n i a ) , T a n n e n b e r g made the metal pipes for it. A f t e r T a n n e n b e r g ' s death, B a c h m a n n continued to

build

o r g a n s at L i t i t z . H e is known to have made at least seven o r g a n s between 1 8 0 3 and 1 8 1 9 , in addition to completing the o r g a n o f another builder in Philadelphia in 1 8 2 1 .

(Bachmann's

organs

are listed in the A p p e n d i x . ) A f t e r that time, he is said t o have turned to fine cabinet work and the building o f pianos. 1 4 0

One

o f B a c h m a n n ' s sons by his second m a r r i a g e , E r n s t J u l i u s , also became an organ builder but, work becoming scarce, he l e f t home to teach school. 1 4 1 F o r m o r e than twenty years p r i o r to his death, Philip B a c h m a n n suffered severely f r o m rheumatism and, espe-

Brother

Bachmann

53

ci ally in the w i n t e r , w a s o f t e n confined to b e d . F r o m the beginning of the y e a r 1837, he w a s a c o m p l e t e invalid and he died at the age of seventy-five on N o v e m b e r 15, 1837. 1 4 2 W h e n Bachmann had arrived from Germany, Tannenberg's earlier assistant, Johannes Schnell, had been sent to N a z a r e t h to work with Brother W i l l i a m H e n r y , but by 1795 the organ work had increased to such an extent that he was recalled to assist the t w o builders at Lititz. 1 4 3 W h i l e this was helpful to Tannenberg, it was not entirely satisfactory to the community, Schnell's conduct being such that, at one point, the officials were prepared to send him to Salem. Schnell w a s accustomed to sleeping in T a n nenberg's shop, and holding late gatherings there which the elders feared would lead to mischief. T a n n e n b e r g was advised to give Schnell a room in his house so that he could see "whether he w a s in bed at the right time" (Schnell was then fifty-six years o l d ! ) . Schnell had also been l e f t alone with a single woman in Tannenberg's house while T a n n e n b e r g and Bachmann were installing the W h i t p a i n organ, which resulted in a further admonishment to Tannenberg. 1 4 4 Nevertheless, Schnell remained in Lititz, assisting T a n n e n b e r g , until the latter's death. W i t h Schnell's assistance, T a n n e n b e r g completed three organs in these last years of his l i f e : for N e w H o l l a n d , Pennsylvania, in 1 8 0 1 ; f o r M a d i s o n , Virginia, in 1 8 0 2 ; and for York, Pennsylvania, in 1 8 0 4 . H e had also planned a fine organ f o r the M o r a v i a n Church in Bethlehem, traveling to Bethlehem on horseback in July, 1803, to sign the contract. But he died before work on the organ was begun. W h e n Brother H e r b s t heard the news of T a n n e n b e r g ' s death, his first thought was, " N o w he will build no m o r e organs f o r Bethlehem." 1 4 5 A n earlier trip to Bethlehem had permitted Tannenberg to visit his daughter Elisabeth there shortly before her death on A u g u s t 23, 1801. H e r silhouette, made earlier at Peale's M u seum in Philadelphia, s h o w s her to have been an attractive, comfortable, Biirger's wife. 1 4 0 W i t h her passing, four of Tannenberg's five children were dead. Only Rosina Cassler survived her father.

8 York T a n n e n b e r g celebrated his seventy-sixth birthday in 1804, he could look back on a long and f r u i t f u l life. H e had built or helped to build almost fifty o r g a n s of such quality that he w a s widely recognized as an artist without equal in the nation. 1 4 7 W i t h the exception of slight attacks of gout, his health had not i n t e r f e r e d with his w o r k until the previous y e a r . T h e n , in September of 1803, he suffered a stroke. H e quickly recovered, but there remained a certain weakness which led him to believe that his e a r t h l y p i l g r i m a g e w a s nearing its end. 1 4 8 In spite of his weakness he carried on his work. H e had in p r e p a r a t i o n an o r g a n for the L u t h e r a n Church in Y o r k , Pennsylvania, and on A p r i l 16, 1804, he left for Y o r k to m a k e the installation. T h e o r g a n had not yet a r r i v e d and he used his time to w r i t e w h a t m a y h a v e been his last letter, to J o h n Schropp in Bethlehem. April 20,

1804

M y dearly beloved Brother, Since I have a good opportunity [to send a l e t t e r ] through J o h n H a l l , I w a n t to inform you of our well being w i t h these f e w lines, for when w e reflect on our age, w e can do nothing other than be heartily t h a n k f u l to the Savior f o r all the f a v o r and assistance that w e enjoy f r o m him each day. I f o r my part have recovered considerably. Still I feel that I am old and daily g r o w older. But for all that strength is at hand to proceed w i t h my w o r k . I am waiting now f o r

54

York

55 the organ to come to Y o r k t o w n ; it is all packed and I await the wagon daily. W h e n the organ has been set up, it will be a weight off my shoulders, until I must take on an even greater one [the organ for Bethlehem] for which I beg of the true G o d and Savior grace, blessing, and assistance. 1 4 9

T h e o r g a n finally arrived and T a n n e n b e r g began the w o r k of installing it in the gallery of the L u t h e r a n C h u r c h . On M a y 17, t o w a r d evening, while he was standing on a bench or scaffold to tune the o r g a n , he a p p a r e n t l y suffered a n o t h e r stroke and fell to the floor of the gallery, striking his head as he fell. H e came to and was carried to his q u a r t e r s and it was t h o u g h t t h a t the accident was not serious. H o w e v e r , when convulsions set in "it was suspected t h a t the Savior would use this occasion to call him home." 1 5 0 L a t e r he was able to rest and yielded himself calmly to the will of G o d . T h e next day he spoke o f t e n of his g o o d m o t h e r . In the evening s t r o n g convulsions r e t u r n e d and as the end a p p r o a c h e d , he received thé blessing f o r his h o m e w a r d journey f r o m B r o t h e r Beck. A messenger was sent to L i t i t z to bring his wife, but when she arrived at noon on M a y 19, she was i n f o r m e d t h a t he had died t h a t m o r n i n g . T h e f u n e r a l services were held at ten o'clock on M a y 21. One of the largest g a t h e r i n g s t h a t had ever been seen in Y o r k attended the f u n e r a l " f o r he was esteemed and loved by everyone because of his loving and affable conduct." T h e service itself was held in the L u t h e r a n Church with the body placed b e f o r e the altar and his o r g a n playing f o r the first time. H e was buried in the M o r a v i a n G o d ' s Acre as the children of the M o r a v i a n and L u t h e r a n Churches sang hymns beside his grave. 1 0 1 O n e of the texts was written f o r the occasion by L u d w i g M i l l e r , the L u t h e r a n schoolmaster : Ruh sanft!

[Rest g e n t l y !

Schlaf wohl in deiner Gruft. Bis dass dein Jesus dich Zu gleicher Zeit auch mich

Sleep w e l l in your grave. U n t i l your Jesus you, And me at that time too,

Zum Leben

wieder

T o live again shall save.

Ruh sanft/ Schlaf wohl

in deiner

ruft. Gruft.ir'2

Rest gently! Sleep w e l l in your grave.]

PART II THE ORGAN BUILDER'S CRAFT

9 The Conception of an Organ n an age of electronic organs and of pipe organs ruled by pneumatics and electricity, it may seem that the organ builder's c r a f t as Tannenberg practiced it is worthy of mention only as a historic curiosity. T h e r e are, however, a growing number of people who see in the older methods of organ construction classic principles which even today provide the most satisfying organ sounds. One of the first to express this "heretical belief in the beauty of the old organs" was Albert Schweitzer, who expressed his ideas first in 1906 in the book The Art of Organ Building and Organ Playing in Germany and France, a book which initiated a new appreciation of the classical organ. 1 T h e older organs achieved their beauty through purely mechanical means. T h e keys were connected by means of an elaborate system of wood strips (trackers) and rollers or squares to valves which admitted air into the windchest. W h e n the valves were opened, air supplied to the windchest at a low pressure entered into channels on which stood pipes of the same note, though belonging to different ranks or stops. W h e n a stop knob was drawn, it moved a slider and allowed the air to enter all the notes of that stop as they were played. T h e result of these mechanical actions is a precision and clarity of expression and a fullness of tone which is too often lacking in modern organs. Finally, the organs were enclosed in a case which not only added visual beauty to aural, but served as a means of focusing and projecting the

I

59

Key Action: Key ( A ) is depressed by player, the tail of the key rising as the front descends. T h i s draws the trackers ( B ) in the direction of the arrows, the squares ( C ) transferring the motion from vertical to horizontal to vertical again. T h e system of trackers and squares is spread from "key scale" (all trackers and squares the same distance apart as the keys) to "chest scale" (all trackers the same distance apart as the note channels in the chest, which is a wider scale) by a rollerboard ( D ) . Tracker ( B ) above the rollerboard pulls down the note channel valve, called a pallet ( Ε ) , admitting wind to the note channel and thence to the pipes. Stop Action: Stop knob is drawn at console, pulling stop-knob rods ( F ) in direction of arrows. T h e forward motion of the rod is transferred from the upper to the lower level by the trundle ( G ) . At the lower level it pulls f o r w a r d the bottom of the rocker ( H ) , causing the top of the rocker to pull in the opposite direction. This in turn places the slider ( J ) in "on" position. The slider is a perforated strip of wood running between the top of the note channels and the pipe toeboards ( K ) . When it is "on," the holes correspond to the pipe holes and wind may flow into a pipe when the valve below its note channel is opened by the key, causing it to sound. BARBARA

OWEN

A reproduction

of the internal mechanism

of a Tannenberg

organ

at Old Salem, N.C. Credit: Old Salem, Inc., fVinston-Salem,

N.C.

62

Organs

for

America

sound into the building, especially when m o u n t e d high ¡n the church gallery as was the custom. It was this classic conception of organ building which T a n nenberg learned f r o m Klemm and, t h r o u g h him, f r o m the European masters, and which he b r o u g h t to near perfection in an American setting. T h i s discussion of the o r g a n builder's c r a f t is not intended as a treatise on classical o r g a n b u i l d i n g — t h a t is readily available e l s e w h e r e 2 — b u t r a t h e r to d e m o n s t r a t e the way in which T a n n e n b e r g expressed some of these conceptions and to depict something of the o r g a n builder's c r a f t as it was practiced in the eighteenth century. A l t h o u g h there were o r g a n builders w h o advertised their works in T a n n e n b e r g ' s t i m e — o n e J o h a n n e s Scheible, " o r g a n m a k e r in N e w H o l l a n d " was placing newspaper advertisements as early as 1 7 8 8 3 — t h e r e is no record of T a n n e n b e r g ' s having done so. T h e r e was no need f o r advertisement a m o n g the M o ravian communities; the constant travel and exchange of documents a m o n g the communities gave each a full and detailed knowledge of activities in the whole b r o t h e r h o o d . A n d as T a n n e n b e r g expanded his work a m o n g M o r a v i a n s , it inevitably became known a m o n g o t h e r religious groups. W h e n T a n n e n b e r g installed an o r g a n in the M o r a v i a n Chapel in L a n c a s t e r in 1765, two members of the G e r m a n R e f o r m e d Church there inspected his work and mentioned t h a t they would like to have one m a d e f o r their church, which was indeed done in 1770. 4 Once several organs had been placed outside the M o r a v i a n communities, the exchange of p a s t o r s a m o n g the churches s p r e a d the knowledge of T a n n e n b e r g ' s w o r k and skill. T h e p a s t o r w h o was at T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n Church in Reading, when an o r g a n was b o u g h t in 1771, later m o v e d to Frederick, M a r y l a n d , and was influential in the purchasing of an o r g a n f r o m T a n n e n b e r g in 1775. Likewise, Justus H e n r y Christian H e l m u t h , the p a s t o r at Zion L u t h e r a n Church, Philadelphia, when it purchased its f a m o u s o r g a n , had previously been at T r i n i t y Church, L a n c a s t e r , when its o r g a n was obtained. T h e glowing newspaper accounts of the T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s in the R e f o r m e d Church in L a n c a s t e r and in Zion

The Conception

of an

Organ

63

L u t h e r a n Church, Philadelphia, must also have b r o u g h t f u r t h e r business to the builder. A f t e r a church had decided to purchase an o r g a n , the usual procedure was to take up a subscription t o w a r d the cost. Several of the old subscription lists have survived. T h e one at Zion L u t h e r a n Church, Baltimore, f o r example, lists fifty-seven subscribers with amounts ranging f r o m three shillings, nine pence to eighteen pounds, fifteen shillings. 5 O n the basis of the a m o u n t pledged, a committee or individual was then delegated to negotiate with T a n n e n b e r g as to the kind of o r g a n he could provide. T h e day a f t e r the subscription h a d been taken at G r a c e h a m , M a r y l a n d , J o h a n n e s W e l l e r was dispatched to L i t i t z to negotiate a contract with Tannenberg.® But f o r l a r g e r works, the builder usually traveled to the church to inspect the site and m a k e an agreement with the church officials. As T a n n e n b e r g a p p r o a c h e d the building of a new organ, he did it with both practical and artistic considerations. F o r e m o s t a m o n g the practical considerations was the space available in the church f o r the erection of the o r g a n . T h e smaller o r g a n s presented little difficulty, but the l a r g e r ones h a d to be built to fit the space available or, since the o r g a n s were o f t e n placed in new church buildings, space h a d to be created f o r the kind of o r g a n t h a t was desired. T h e L i t i t z o r g a n of 1787 was m a d e to fit in a fourteen-foot-high church gallery. T h e case could be a r b i t r a r i l y limited to t h a t height, but the l a r g e r pipes h a d to be m i t e r e d bef o r e they could be used. 7 O n the o t h e r hand, when a new o r g a n was being planned f o r Bethlehem in 1803, T a n n e n b e r g suggested that the walls of the church be run up f o u r feet higher than originally planned to allow r o o m f o r the o r g a n t h a t was desired. 8 H e was also concerned t h a t the o r g a n he built be a p p r o p r i ate f o r the size of the building and t h a t it be compatible with whatever o t h e r instruments m i g h t be used with it, which was especially i m p o r t a n t in the M o r a v i a n churches with their o r c h e s t r a s and t r o m b o n e q u a r t e t s . In o r g a n s built f o r distant places, there was the additional consideration of durability. W h e n the Salem congregation first o r d e r e d an o r g a n f r o m T a n n e n b e r g , this f a c t o r influenced the choice of the o r g a n stops.

64

Organs

for

America

W e had suggested a Gambe for one register, but he [Tannenberg] says that this is a very delicate register, that w e would have no one to keep it in order, and might not be able to use it, and he proposes that w e take another register, the Quinte Dene, which is also very beautiful. 0

W i t h i n these l i m i t a t i o n s t h e c r e a t i o n of an o r g a n w a s an artistic m a t t e r . In 1803, w i t h a l i f e t i m e of experience b e h i n d him, T a n n e n b e r g laid p l a n s f o r an o r g a n f o r t h e M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in B e t h l e h e m . H i s l e t t e r s to B e t h l e h e m r e v e a l t h e a r t i s t a n d c r a f t s m a n at t h e h e i g h t of his ability a n d m a y be c o n s i d e r e d as a t least a p a r t of his m a t u r e d opinion on t h e a r t of o r g a n building. 1 0 In reply t o a r e q u e s t f o r his i d e a s c o n c e r n i n g t h e o r g a n , he w r o t e t h a t t h a t w o u l d n o t be difficult since he h a d been occupied with the m a t t e r f o r o v e r ten y e a r s , a l r e a d y h a d a c o n c e p t i o n of it in his m i n d and h a d n o w b e g u n to m a k e s k e t c h e s of t h e w i n d c h e s t a n d the internal m e c h a n i s m . H i s p l a n w a s t o place t h e w i n d c h e s t f o r the second m a n u a l o v e r t o p of the first. T h i s w a s p a r t l y f o r practical r e a s o n s — i t w o u l d give m o r e r o o m in t h e g a l l e r y f o r the p e d a l w o r k and f o r t h e o r g a n p u m p e r — b u t t h e r e w e r e a l s o artistic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . H e f e l t t h a t the t o n e of t h e u p p e r w o r k w o u l d be much m o r e pleasing in t h a t p o s i t i o n , b e i n g f a r t h e r f r o m the listener, and could also be used as an E c h o . A n d t h e a d d e d h e i g h t of the o r g a n case w o u l d enhance its b e a u t y , even t h o u g h it w o u l d be m o r e difficult to c o n s t r u c t . W h e n it came t o the d i s p o s i t i o n of the o r g a n , he h a d att e m p t e d to select the best s t o p s f o r the size of t h e b u i l d i n g , t a k i n g into c o n s i d e r a t i o n the f a c t t h a t t r o m b o n e s w o u l d at times b e used with the o r g a n . T h e specifications T a n n e n b e r g p r o p o s e d f o r this c u l m i n a t i n g w o r k , with his own a n n o t a t i o n s , a r e as f o l l o w s 1 1 : On the main

manual: Since w e have no mix-

1. Principal

8 foot

tures,

such

2. Octav

4 foot

must

have

3. Quinta

3 foot

that the organ has an

4. Octav

2 foot

organ

tone

a

work

these

even

so

in

such a large building.

The

Conception

of

an

Organ

5. Viola de Gambe

8 foot

6. Gedackt

8 foot

7. Floeth

4 foot

The upper

65

These are lovely stops.

manual:

1. Principal dulcis

4 foot

2. Flauth Amabile

8 foot

These

are

lovely

3. Gedackt life]blich

8 foot

sounding

stops

and

4. Floeth

4 foot

pleasing

for

our

5. Salicional

8 foot

[Moravian] use.

6. Quinta Dehn

8 foot

Pedal: 1. Violon

16 foot —

This I would like to

2. Sub-Bass

16 foot

make of tin

3. Octav Bass

8 foot

It

is

[Zinn].

admittedly

a

little costly but is much better than the Posaun Bass since it always stays in tune. A f t e r t h e t w o p a r t i e s h a d c o m e t o an a g r e e m e n t on the specifications pared.

a n d c o s t o f a p r o p o s e d o r g a n , a f o r m a l c o n t r a c t w a s preS e v e r a l o f t h e s e h a v e survived and, inasmuch as the t e r m s

w e r e g e n e r a l l y t h e s a m e in all o f T a n n e n b e r g ' s c o n t r a c t s , the one m a d e with t h e G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in L a n c a s t e r , Pennsylv a n i a , is given h e r e in full. 1 2 Disposition of an organ for the Reformed Congregation in Lancaster, consisting of two manuals and pedal, such work to contain the following stops or registers, namely : Upper

keyboard:

Principal, of metal

4 foot tone

Flauto Traversa (metal through half the manual)

8 foot

Quinta T o n a

8 foot

Hautboy (divided)

8 foot

Floet duo [douce], of wood

4 foot

66

Organs Lower

keyboard

or

Principal

for

America

manual: of metal

8 foot

Octave

ditto

4 foot

Supper Octave

ditto

2 foot

Quinta

ditto

6 foot

Viol de Gambe

ditto

8 foot

Mixtur

ditto

I V ranks

G r o b Gedackt

ditto

8 foot

Klein Gedackt

ditto

4 foot

of wood

16 foot

ditto

8 foot

Pedal: Supbass Violon

T h i s is to certify that on this day a contract was made and agreed upon by Wilhelm Bausman, Lorens M a r q u e t a n t , Wilhelm Busch, and Georg Reits in the name of and for the aforementioned congregation in Lancaster on the one side, and David Tanneberg as the organ builder on the other side ; as follows: T h e aforementioned David Tanneberg, for and in consideration of the following remuneration, hereby agrees to make, build, and install, in the church of the above-mentioned congregation, an organ of such disposition as agreed above. H e is to furnish all necessary materials himself at his own cost, with the sole exception of the organ case, and to construct everything according to his best diligence, experience, and capacity, the stops faithfully according to their particular nature, and along with those stops and work to arrange in the best manner the requisite bellows, of which there must be at least three, their size to be four feet wide and nine feet long. In the same way he is to prepare the keyboards and everything necessary, doing it well and in a durable manner, between now and the first day of J u l y in the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy. In consideration of the above promises and obligations, the aforementioned Wilhelm Bausman, Lorens M a r q u e t a n t , W i l h e l m Busch, and Georg Reits, in the name of and for the aforementioned congregation, obligate themselves to pay the

The

Conception

of

an

Organ

67

aforementioned David Tanneberg the sum of two hundred and fifty pounds, Pennsylvania money, according to the following terms, namely: a third part of the above-mentioned sum at the time when the organ work is begun, another third when the work on the organ is about half completed, and the remaining third at the end, when the organ has been installed and completely constructed. Ν. B. the aforementioned Tanneberg obligates himself to do the installation as well as everything else at his own cost. T h e aforesaid parties herewith bind themselves firmly to a sure observance of the aforesaid agreement, etc., and have witnessed the same with their signatures this twenty-seventh day of February in the year of our Lord 1769. P.S. Notwithstanding the above, the aforesaid congregation shall board the aforesaid Tanneberg during the time he requires to install the organ. Done in the presence of David Tanneberger Casper Shaffner Eberhart Michael A t the end of the c o n t r a c t is a typical receipt given by T a n n e n b e r g f o r p a y m e n t received. Received December 5, 1769, the sum of 83 pounds, 6 shillings, and 8 pence, as the first third part payment for the organ, by the terms of the above agreement. £83 6s. 8 d . Received by me, David Tanneberger. T h e churches then, on t h e i r p a r t , s o m e t i m e s a p p o i n t e d a committee to superintend the building o f the o r g a n . T h e L i t i t z d i a r y r e c o r d s the visit of the " R e f o r m e d C h u r c h I n s p e c t o r (Vorsteher) f r o m Lancaster along with many other people who were here to inspect the construction o f the new o r g a n which B r o t h e r D a v i d T a n n e b e r g e r is building f o r t h e m . " 1 3 L i k e w i s e , T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in L a n c a s t e r a p p o i n t e d a c o m m i t t e e o f f o u r , including P a s t o r H e l m u t h , as "inspectors" o f the w o r k . 1 4 T a n nenberg, on his p a r t , r e t u r n e d to L i t i t z t o begin w h a t one cont e m p o r a r y called " t h a t ingenious business" o f o r g a n building. 1 ·'

10 That Ingenious Business he o r g a n s were constructed in a stone s h o p at the rear of T a n n e n b e r g ' s house. 1 0 D u r i n g his first years in Lititz, the w o r k h a d been done in a large room in the house itself, but about 1771 a shop was erected f o r this purpose. 1 7 T h e smaller o r g a n s w e r e completely built here and, when they w e r e finished, were set up a n d d e m o n s t r a t e d , a t t r a c t i n g visitors f r o m f a r and near, bef o r e they were t r a n s p o r t e d to their destinations. In the case of the l a r g e r works, most of the p a r t s w e r e m a d e in L i t i t z , but the final assembly and the construction of an o r g a n case were done at the site of the installation. O v e r the years T a n n e n b e r g employed various assistants or apprentices in his w o r k . Originally, his intention was to use members of his family in the w o r k — a n d , indeed, both of his sons became o r g a n b u i l d e r s — b u t the L i t i t z officials soon m a d e it clear t h a t only the sons could be employed in the business: " M a y 5, 1766. B r o t h e r D a n n e b e r g e r shall not use his girl, w h o m he is to receive f r o m Bethlehem, in o r g a n building as he h a d i n t e n d e d . " , s T h e r e was, however, no need to employ his d a u g h t e r s ; skilled c r a f t s m e n were readily available in L i t i t z or f r o m the o t h e r M o r a v i a n communities. As early as 1762, while T a n n e n b e r g w a s still in Bethlehem, one P e t e r Rice came to him f r o m G n a d e n t h a l , near Bethlehem, to learn the trade. 1 9 In L i t i t z , the elders o f t e n discussed the m a t t e r of assistance f o r T a n n e n b e r g and in a d d i t i o n 68

That Ingenious

Business

69

to J o h a n n e s Schnell and Philip Bachmann the n a m e s of F r a n z T h o m a s , N a t h a n i e l Schmidt, Augustus Milchsack, and J o s e p h F e r d i n a n d Bulitschek a p p e a r as persons assisting T a n n e n b e r g in his work.-" Bulitschek is most interesting f o r , a f t e r he l e f t L i t i t z in 1771, he lived a m o n g the M o r a v i a n s in N o r t h C a r o l i n a and built two o r g a n s f o r them, one f o r the Salem C h a p e l ( 1 7 7 2 ) , and an identical i n s t r u m e n t f o r the Bethania C h a p e l ( 1 7 7 3 ) . B o t h were built with two stops and provision f o r a d d i n g a t h i r d . T h e third stop f o r the B e t h a n i a o r g a n was p r o v i d e d l a t e r by T a n n e n b e r g and this o r g a n was used continuously until it was d e s t r o y e d in a fire, N o v e m b e r 3, 1942. Bulitschek's main pursuits, h o w e v e r , were as a c a b i n e t m a k e r and wheelwright. H e died in 1801, h a v i n g l e f t the M o r a v i a n s in 1792. 2 1 In his w o r k T a n n e n b e r g could also rely upon the services of the o t h e r M o r a v i a n artisans. L e a t h e r f o r the o r g a n valves and bellows would h a v e been readily available f r o m L u d w i g Cassler, his neighbor, o r one of the o t h e r village tanners. T h e r e w e r e several c a b i n e t m a k e r s and c a r p e n t e r s in L i t i t z , as well as a blacksmith and a t o o l m a k e r . 2 2 A wide variety of tools was also available; an inventory of tools used by Klemm and T a n n e n b e r g at B e t h l e h e m lists five types of saws, ten types of flat planes, twelve types of m o l d i n g o r cornice planes and a l a r g e variety of chisels, gouges, rasps, and files.23 A n d w h a t was n o t available in L i t i t z T a n n e n b e r g could easily acquire in his trips to L a n c a s t e r , Bethlehem, or P h i l a d e l p h i a . I t was in the actual construction of the o r g a n t h a t the m a s t e r builder's skill was needed and it was f o r this t h a t his c o n t e m p o raries r e f e r r e d to him as " t h a t excellent and ingenious a r t i s t " and " a g r e a t mechanical genius." 2 4 T h e construction of an o r g a n was a detailed p r o c e d u r e involving the m a k i n g of a windchest with its sliders and valves f o r each m a n u a l or pedal of the o r g a n , f r o m one to five bellows to p r o v i d e the air and ducts to lead it to the windchests, a r a n k ( s e t ) of pipes f o r each stop to be set on the windchests, the k e y b o a r d ( s ) and pedal (if t h e r e was o n e ) , the mechanical connections between sliders and stop knobs and between keys and windchests, and finally the o r g a n case. I t w a s a

Organs

70

for

America

time-consuming business and T a n n e n b e r g ' s contracts often allowed up to two y e a r s for the manufacture of the organs. T a n n e n b e r g ' s organs were usually constructed with fiftyfour notes on each keyboard and twenty-five notes in the pedal. T h i s required the manufacture of fifty-four pipes for each stop in the manual ( m o r e if it w a s a mixture, in which several pipes sound for each note p l a y e d ) , and twenty-five pipes for each stop in the pedal. T h u s , even a small, four-stop o r g a n might contain 216 pipes while the thirty-four-stop organ for Zion L u t h e r a n Church, Philadelphia, contained almost two thousand. Some of the organ pipes were m a d e of metal, others of wood. F o r example, in the 1798 Salem, N o r t h Carolina, organ 150 of the pipes were metal and 108 w e r e wood. T h e metal pipes consisted of an alloy of tin and lead r e f e r r e d to as Zinn. In the process of restoring the 1804 Y o r k o r g a n and the 1798 Salem organ, analyses of the metal pipes revealed that the metal in the Y o r k pipes consisted of 6 0 . 5 4 per cent lead and 38.7 per cent tin with traces of other metals, while the metal pipes at Salem were seventy-five per cent tin. 2r ' T h e pouring and f o r m i n g of the metal pipes w a s apparently something that T a n n e n b e r g alone felt capable of doing. H e wrote to Salem that their metal pipes w e r e entirely the work of his own hands, and even when Bachmann built his first organ independently of T a n n e n b e r g , the latter m a d e the metal pipes for it. 20 T h e wooden pipes were carefully constructed f r o m v a r i o u s kinds of wood in order to achieve the proper quality and tone. T h e craftsmanship w a s of the highest o r d e r . If one w i s h e d to display the superb c r a f t s m a n s h i p of this a r t i s t - m e c h a n i c by exhibiting a single specimen of his w o r k among

the a t t r a c t i o n s of some b r i l l i a n t

world's

fair,

any

w o o d e n pipe, taken at r a n d o m and w i t h o u t c o m p a r a t i v e selection f r o m any one of T a n n e b e r g e r ' s o r g a n s w o u l d s e r v e the purpose quite as w e l l as any o t h e r , — s o a p p a r e n t is the l o v i n g care w i t h w h i c h each i n d i v i d u a l "voice" w a s b r o u g h t existence. 2 7

into

That

Ingenious

Business

71

T h e necessity of o b t a i n i n g g o o d l u m b e r w a s a c o n s t a n t concern of T a n n e n b e r g ' s , a n d m e n t i o n is m a d e of his g e t t i n g w o o d f r o m b o t h B e t h l e h e m a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a . 2 8 B a c h m a n n w e n t so f a r as to p u r c h a s e a sawmill a n d e n g a g e in the l u m b e r business, a l t h o u g h he did it w i t h o u t t h e p r i o r k n o w l e d g e of t h e church officials. 29 A f t e r t h e w o r k t h a t could be d o n e in L i t i t z w a s c o m p l e t e d , t h e o r g a n w a s p a c k e d and h a u l e d t o its d e s t i n a t i o n . W a g o n s w e r e readily a v a i l a b l e f o r this p u r p o s e ; B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n h a d n o t e d t h a t in P e n n s y l v a n i a a l m o s t every f a r m e r h a d his w a g o n , and a F r e n c h t r a v e l e r o b s e r v e d t h a t f r e q u e n t l y f r o m seventy to eighty w a g o n s p a s s e d t h r o u g h L a n c a s t e r in a day. 3 0 T h e y w e r e t h e blue a n d r e d c a n v a s - c o v e r e d C o n e s t o g a w a g o n s , p r o t o t y p e s of t h e f a m i l i a r c o v e r e d w a g o n s of t h e O l d W e s t . H a u l i n g t h e o r g a n w a s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h o s e w h o w e r e p u r c h a s i n g it a n d t h e usual p r o c e d u r e w a s f o r o n e of t h e church m e m b e r s t o offer his w a g o n a n d t e a m f o r t h e h a u l i n g a n d t h e n be r e i m b u r s e d by the congregation.31 T a n n e n b e r g was greatly concerned t h a t the delicate o r g a n p a r t s be well p a c k e d , p r o t e c t e d by s t r a w , a n d a r r a n g e d in t h e w a g o n so t h a t they w o u l d n o t be d a m a g e d in transit.32 T h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e s m a l l e r o r g a n s w a s a relatively easy m a t t e r r e q u i r i n g little t i m e . T h e o r g a n f o r t h e Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e in B e t h l e h e m ( 1 7 7 6 ) a r r i v e d by w a g o n on N o v e m b e r 23. O n t h e m o r n i n g of N o v e m b e r 25, T a n n e n b e r g a r r i v e d a n d by a f t e r n o o n h a d b e g u n t h e w o r k of s e t t i n g u p t h e o r g a n . T w o d a y s l a t e r it w a s r e a d y a n d w a s p l a y e d f o r t h e first time. 3 3 T h e installation of t h e l a r g e r o r g a n s , h o w e v e r , m i g h t r e q u i r e w e e k s o r even m o n t h s . T a n n e n b e r g a n d his son S a m u e l r e q u i r e d t h r e e w e e k s to install t h e R e f o r m e d C h u r c h o r g a n in Y o r k , P e n n s y l v a n i a , in 1784, a n d T a n n e n b e r g a n d his assistants spent a t least t h r e e - a n d a-half m o n t h s in P h i l a d e l p h i a w o r k i n g on t h e o r g a n f o r Z i o n L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in 1 7 9 0 . D u r i n g t h e time t h a t t h e b u i l d e r a n d his a s s i s t a n t s w e r e a t t h e church w o r k i n g , b o a r d a n d r o o m w e r e p r o v i d e d by t h e c h u r c h , with t h e t r e a s u r e r also a l l o w i n g expendit u r e s f o r such i t e m s as c a r i n g f o r t h e " O r g a n M a k e r ' s H o r s e " a n d p r o v i d i n g t h e b u i l d e r with r u m and " m a d e r y " wine. 3 4

72

Organs

for

America

T w o m a j o r items in the installation of the larger organs were the placement of the bellows and the construction of the o r g a n case. In the smaller o r g a n s the bellows were contained within the o r g a n case, but in the larger o r g a n s a place f o r them was necessary outside the case and also out of the sight and hearing of the congregation. As the o r g a n s were most o f t e n erected in the church gallery, the usual place f o r the bellows was o v e r h e a d in the attic. H e r e f r o m one to five bellows, each four by nine feet, w e r e erected in sturdy f r a m e s . T h e size of the bellows and the w o r k of installation were so g r e a t t h a t — a t least at the L i t i t z and Salem churches—the bellows were l e f t in the attics long a f t e r the o r g a n s had been removed. 3 " A t N a z a r e t h the placement of the bellows was unusually troublesome. Consideration was even given to erecting an additional building f o r them. T h e y were finally placed in adjoining rooms, p a r t l y in the w a r d e n ' s residence and p a r t l y in the residence of the pastor. 3 6 T h e bellows were o p e r a t e d by an o r g a n p u m p e r f r o m the gallery by means of a r o p e or by t r e a d i n g or, if the bellows were in the gallery, by a handle. A s he was behind the organ, there was o f t e n a device on the o r g a n with which the organist could signal f o r m o r e air, but the church histories are full of incidents when the p u m p e r could not be aroused f r o m sleep to conclude a service. T h e o r g a n cases in the l a r g e r w o r k s were of T a n n e n b e r g ' s design, but the cost and labor necessary to construct them were the responsibility of the purchaser, as was the painting of the case. Local c r a f t s m e n were employed in this w o r k ; one P e t e r Frick, cabinetmaker, f o r example, received £ 1 6 0 f o r m a k i n g the case in T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n Church, Lancaster. 3 7 T h e added expenditures f o r hauling, b o a r d i n g the builder, and constructing the o r g a n case m e a n t t h a t the total cost of the o r g a n s was considerably m o r e than the a m o u n t T a n n e n b e r g received. T h e total expenditure f o r the 1793 N a z a r e t h o r g a n was £ 3 2 0 although T a n n e n b e r g ' s price was only £274. 3 S I t w a s also customary to m a k e a present to the builder and his assistant, which usually a m o u n t e d to three to five pounds. 3 9

11 To the Glory of God ot all the e a r l y churches had o r g a n s or even approved of their use. T h e y had been dismissed as "kists [ c h e s t s ] o' whistles" by some of the Scotch Presbyterians, and many churches went well into the nineteenth century with only a pitch pipe or a bass viol to lead the singing. W h e n an appropriation for an organ in the W i l l i a m s b u r g , V i r g i n i a , church w a s being considered by the Virginia H o u s e of Burgesses in 1752, some of the " m o u n t a i n e e r s " in the assembly " t h o u g h t an o r g a n w a s some strange instrument or R a t h e r M o n s t e r and so voted only to have an opportunity of seeing o n e . " 4 0 But the Germans, when they could afford them, sooner or l a t e r acquired o r g a n s and g l o r i e d in them. T o one outsider it seemed as though " t h e y place almost half their devotion" in their organs. 4 1 T a n n e n b e r g ' s o r g a n s were thus prominent features in the churches which had them, often commented on by visitors and t r e a s u r e d by the worshipers. J o s e p h H e n r y Dubbs g r e w up in the home of a c l e r g y m a n father who served several G e r m a n churches including the E g y p t Church. H i s recollections of these churches give us a picture of the setting in which T a n n e n b e r g ' s o r g a n s were placed. T h e c o u n t r y churches in which my father preached w e r e . . . of stone, nearly square, w i t h double doors and massive stone steps on three sides. T h e pulpit was of the "wine-glass" p a t t e r n ; and had a square wooden t a b l e — a l w a y s called an a l t a r — b e f o r e it ; surrounded by a chancel

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Opposite to the pulpit, on the high gallery which

occupied three sides of the church, was a good pipe-organ. T h e church was kept scrupulously clean, and at stated intervals, the floor was adorned with patterns and flowers made w i t h white sand. People w h o entered the church were careful not to efface these o r n a m e n t s . 4 2

As was the case in these churches, Tannenberg's organs were usually located in the church gallery, most often at the rear of the church, but on occasion on one of the side galleries. T h e picture was somewhat different in the Moravian chapels. T h e M o r a v i a n churches also had galleries on which the organs were placed, but the " c h a p e l s " were only rooms in a Gemeinhaus (congregation h o u s e ) . T h i s building included the pastor's living quarters, rooms for visitors, and a meeting room or chapel (Gemeinsaal). H e r e there was no gallery and the organ stood among the worshipers. A visitor to Nazareth described the chapel organ in this w a y : " I n front o f the President's or minister's chair and table is a large organ within a pew, which surrounds it, and is erected for musicians." 4 3 T a n n e n b e r g ' s organs also had to share attention in the M o r a v i a n meeting places with the paintings of John Valentine Haidt. 4 4 Visitors almost invariably were impressed by two things in their visits to M o r a v i a n meeting places, the organs o f T a n nenberg and the paintings of H a i d t . J o h n Adams described the Bethlehem meeting place to his wife in this way : T h e y shewed U s their C h u r c h which is hung round with Pictures of our Saviour from his B i r t h to his Death, Resurrection and Ascension.

It is done with very strong Colours,

and very violent Passions, but not in a very elegant T a s t e . T h e Painter who is still living in Bethlehem, but very o l d — he has formerly been in Italy, the school of Paints. T h e y have a very good organ in their C h u r c h of their own make. 4 "'

T h e organs themselves were fashioned so that they were pleasing not only to the ear but to the eye as well. Tannenberg's graceful organ cases were almost always painted white with gold pipe shades setting off the lustrous natural metal of the exposed

To the Glory

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God

IS

pipes, thus creating a modest beauty quite fitting in a place of worship. 40 T w o notable exceptions to this color scheme are recorded. During the time that T a n n e n b e r g was in Lancaster installing the 1765 Moravian organ, he made a trip to "Shikel's furnace" and, while he was away, Brother Philip T h o m a s painted the organ dark blue—whether with or without T a n n e n b e r g ' s knowledge is not recorded. 47 A n d the 1798 organ f o r Salem, N o r t h Carolina, not only was built with an unusual style of case (very similar to contemporary organs in G e r m a n y ) , but was painted to imitate grained mahogany. 4 8 T h e keyboards of T a n n e n b e r g ' s instruments are striking because their colors are the reverse of what is common today in America; the naturals were black and the sharps were white. A t the sides of the manual were the stop knobs, and the section with the manual and stop knobs could be closed with small doors, which on the Madison, Virginia, organ can still be locked with an ancient S-shaped key. T h e smaller organs (sometimes called chamber organs or house organs) had larger doors which enclosed the otherwise exposed pipes, thus giving the whole case something of the appearance of a cabinet or secretary. Another variation in style, found in several of T a n n e n b e r g ' s organs, was the reversed console organ where, in order to give the organist a view of the minister, the console with keyboard and stop knobs (and pedal if there was one) was detached f r o m the case and turned away f r o m it. In this type of organ the seat f o r the organist was between the case and the console and was raised above the floor with the trackers f r o m the console to the case passing under the organist's feet. During the nineteenth century, styles changed and many of the organs were painted over in a darker color. T h e position of the organs was also changed and many were brought down f r o m the gallery to the f r o n t of the church. As some of the organs have been restored in recent years, they have been returned to the original color scheme, although it has not been possible to return all of them to the gallery position f o r which they were originally intended.

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T h e culmination of the process of building and installation was the public consecration of the o r g a n , when it was first played publicly and dedicated to the praise and a d o r a t i o n of G o d . T h e s e were services a t t e n d e d by large crowds of church m e m b e r s and v i s i t o r s — a l m o s t two t h o u s a n d were counted at L i t i t z in 1 7 8 7 4 9 — a n d long r e m e m b e r e d by those who were there. " T h i s d a y , " r e a d s the record of Zion L u t h e r a n Church, Spring City, Pennsylvania, "next to the day when the church was consecrated, was the most eventful in the history of the c o n g r e g a t i o n , " and the H e b r o n M o r a v i a n diarist w r o t e in a similar v e i n : "Since the f o u n d i n g of the H e b r o n congregation, there has been no day like t h i s . " 5 0 T h e r e were, a f t e r all, few good o r g a n s in these country regions, and f e w festive occasions f o r amusement. But even in the l a r g e r cities the consecrations of T a n n e n b e r g ' s o r g a n s were m o m e n t o u s events. T h e consecration of the 1799 o r g a n in the L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n Church was duly noted in a newspaper with the unlikely n a m e of Der Deutsche Porcupein ( The German Porcupine) .δ1 Last Sunday, the twentieth of this month, was the consecration of the new organ in the church of the U n i t e d Brethren, made by the celebrated artificer D a v i d T a n n e b e r g in Lititz. T h e musicians and trombonists from Lititz came the day before and the trombonists entertained the inhabitants on Saturday evening by playing some tunes from the tower of the Lutheran Church, which produced universal pleasure. T h e day of consecration w i l l certainly remain in the memory of everyone w h o participated. T h e morning and afternoon services were each musically opened and closed w i t h a suitable Biblical text. D u r i n g the time in between, the trombonists again played some tunes from the t o w e r of the Reformed Church. T h e y concluded in the evening, in harmony w i t h the organ in the Lutheran Church [ T a n n e n b e r g ' s organ of 1 7 7 4 ] , in the presence of a large crowd of people. A n d thus w a s this day concluded w i t h praise and gratitude to the Lord.

In light of the present interest in ecumenicity, the involvement of various denominations in the consecration services deserves to be mentioned. Both the L u t h e r a n and R e f o r m e d

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Churches in L a n c a s t e r had T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s at that time and thus would have had a special interest in the services, but this was not a singular occurrence. T h e consecration of the 1787 L i t i t z church and organ was a t t e n d e d by "esteemed persons of all the religious o r g a n i z a t i o n s and denominations in Lancaster and Lancaster C o u n t y , " leading a r e p o r t e r to wish t h a t all the defenders and advocates of religious tolerance in G e r m a n y could have been there to see how all t h e Christian religions and sects had a t t e n d e d t o g e t h e r , with the g r e a t e s t h a r m o n y and affection. 3 2 A t other services of consecration, ministers of various denominations took p a r t in leading the public worship or shared in the preaching. 5 3 T h e M o r a v i a n musicians w e r e also f r e q u e n t participants in the services. T h e musicians o f t e n t r a v e l e d f r o m one of their communities to a n o t h e r f o r such services, and they were also invited outside the M o r a v i a n communities to participate in church or organ dedications of various denominations. T h e musicians contributed to the services in various ways. T h e consecration of the 1782 H o p e , N e w Jersey, chapel and o r g a n was announced early in the day by the sound of t r o m b o n e s and the procession f r o m the old chapel to the new one was m a d e to the accompaniment of the trombones. 5 4 A t N a z a r e t h in 1793, not only were the N a z a r e t h and Bethlehem musicians present to r e n d e r a concert, but the texts of the songs h a d been printed in E a s t o n and were distributed to the guests. 5 5 O n at least one occasion T a n n e n b e r g himself lent his musical ability to the consecration service. H e was present when the G r a c e h a m , M a r y l a n d , o r g a n was consecrated in a communion service and was m o v e d by the occasion to sing a few suitable verses f r o m the gallery, much to the Brethren's pleasure. 5 0 A m o n g the M o r a v i a n s , love feasts and communion services were o f t e n included in the consecration services. T h e love feasts were fellowship meals, usually of coffee and buns, distributed and eaten in the church in a service which consisted largely of song. A t the consecration of the Salem Church o r g a n in 1800, one thousand buns were baked to be served with beer at a love feast a f t e r the consecration, but the crowd was so l a r g e — a l m o s t two

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t h o u s a n d a t t e n d e d — t h a t the b u n s h a d t o e v e r y o n e . ' 7 O n the m o r e p r a c t i c a l side, M o r a v i a n and n o n - M o r a v i a n alike, used p r e s e n c e of visitors t o t a k e u p a collection organ.

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be cut in t w o to serve m o s t of t h e churches, t h e occasion and the t o w a r d t h e cost of t h e

T a n n e n b e r g ' s r e l a t i o n to t h e o r g a n s d i d n o t necessarily end w i t h t h e i r installation and c o n s e c r a t i o n . I n m a n y cases he ret u r n e d to tune o r r e p a i r t h e o r g a n s a t a l a t e r d a t e . T h e r e w e r e a l s o o r g a n s of o t h e r b u i l d e r s a n d i m p o r t e d o r g a n s w h i c h he w a s called u p o n to tune o r r e p a i r . M a n y of t h e e a r l i e r A m e r i c a n o r g a n s h a d been i m p o r t e d b u t a l w a y s w i t h t h e risk of h a v i n g n o o n e to r e p a i r t h e m . I n d e e d , o n e V i r g i n i a n h a d o b j e c t e d t o t h e i m p o r t a t i o n of an o r g a n because " e x p e r i e n c e h a d i n f o r m e d us t h a t these i n s t r u m e n t s could n o t s t a n d l o n g in this C o u n t r y . D u s t , Spiders, and d i r t d a u b e r s w o u l d S t o p u p all t h e Pipes, a n d w h e n it should be o u t of R e p a i r , w h a t a r t i f i c e r h a d we t o m e n d it."·-' 8 T h e tuning of an o r g a n w a s n o less i m p o r t a n t t h a n its b u i l d i n g o r its playing. It w a s A l b e r t S c h w e i t z e r ' s o p i n i o n t h a t good tuners should be paid like ministers, and should occupy such a place in the rank of artists that one artistic tuner should be considered equal to six average virtuosi, since a half dozen of the latter are easier to find than one artistic tuner. . . . The work of the tuners . . . edifies generation after generation/' 9

T a n n e n b e r g w a s of the opinion t h a t a n e w o r g a n s h o u l d n o t be t u n e d again f o r some time until t h e w o o d w o r k w a s t h o r o u g h l y s e a s o n e d . H e allowed the L i t i t z C h u r c h o r g a n t o r e m a i n f o r o v e r seven y e a r s w i t h o u t tuning, e x p l a i n i n g t h a t a n e w w o r k c h a n g e s a g o o d deal in the b e g i n n i n g as t h e w o o d d r i e s out. 0 0 I n 1 8 0 2 he sent t h e Salem C h u r c h d i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e t u n i n g of an o r g a n which h a v e s u r v i v e d and s h o w t h e d e t a i l s of his w o r k . H e w a s r e l u c t a n t to h a v e an inexperienced t u n e r w o r k on t h e o r g a n a n d e l a b o r a t e d t h e d a n g e r s of s h o r t e n i n g t h e p i p e s a n d r u i n i n g t h e i n t o n a t i o n , b u t t h e r e w a s n o l o n g e r any possibility of his t r a v e l i n g t h e r e t o d o the w o r k , a n d h e s h a r e d his m e t h o d with

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the Salem Church. 6 1 T a n n e n b e r g , however, built better than he knew and the Salem d r g a n like many of the " s t o u t old T a n n e b e r g e r s " survived the h a n d of m a n y tuners and may yet be played again.

PART III THE ORGANS

12 The Measure of the Work nfortunately, Tannenberg left no list of the organs which he had built. Nor have any account books been found from which such a list could be reconstructed. In his will, written in 1796, he declared his intention to leave "all my tools, together with all my papers and writings relative to the making of organs, etc." 1 to Philip Bachmann. However, even if they were available to his son-in-law after the broken relations between the two men, which seems unlikely, they have not been found. T h e only account which is available is a single sheet of paper listing the places for which Tannenberg built organs, with their prices, during the last nine years of his life. 2 It has been necessary, therefore, to reconstruct a list of Tannenberg's organs from many sources with the knowledge that a complete list may never be possible. Paul E. Beck, relying primarily on records in the archives of the Lititz Moravian congregation, compiled in 1926 a list of thirty-one Tannenberg organs, in addition to one built with Klemm. 3 Through the use of other sources, particularly materials in the Archives of the Moravian Church in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, a more complete list has been assembled and is presented here. 4 Tannenberg built a total of at least forty-one organs. Five additional organs were built by Klemm and Tannenberg between 1758 and 1762 and are included here to give a complete picture of Tannenberg's work. T w o other organs, which are thought by some to be by Tannenberg, are also discussed—an 83

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organ f o r the Reformed Church in Frederick, M a r y l a n d ( 1770), and the Whitefield House organ—as is the proposed Bethlehem organ which Tannenberg did not live to complete. It should be noted, too, that Tannenberg also supplied substantial parts of organs built by others, for example, a third rank for Bulitschek's organ in Bethania, N o r t h Carolina, in 1800, and all the metal pipes in Bachmann's 1803 organ sold to the M o r a v i a n congregation at Schoeneck, Pennsylvania. Tannenberg's organs are listed below in chronological order using, where they are available, the dates of their installation or consecration. W h e r e possible, the church or individual which purchased the organ is identified, specifications of the organ are given, and something of the later history of the organ is sketched. F o r some of the organs the cost is available and is also included, the amount being that paid to Tannenberg, rather than the total cost which was sometimes considerably larger. T h e prices were consistently given in Pennsylvania currency, using pounds rather than dollars. These prices provide helpful clues to the size of the organs where the organ specifications are not available. T h u s , f o r example, the 1786 organ for Egypt, Pennsylvania, which cost £145 must have had about six stops since the 1791 organ at Spring City, Pennsylvania, which has six stops, cost £150. H o w ever, in making such comparisons, fluctuations in the value of the pound must be taken into consideration. In 1771 T a n n e n b e r g sold an eleven-stop organ for £ 2 3 0 ; in 1804 a similar organ cost £ 3 5 5 . N o t a few of Tannenberg's organs were used into the twentieth century and parts of still others were incorporated into later organs and survived in that way into this century. But then, Albert Schweitzer said that the sturdy old tracker action organs "will not suffer even when the world comes to an end, but will remain standing there for the angels at the last judgment to play the Gloria o n . " 5 Eight Tannenberg organs are known to exist today (nine, if the Whitefield House organ is his), awaiting the hand of the angels. T h e r e are also three surviving Tannenberg cases. T h e extant organs and cases are marked below with asterisks.

The Measure

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85

F o l l o w i n g the list of o r g a n s is an account of s e v e r a l o t h e r m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s w h i c h T a n n e n b e r g is k n o w n to h a v e m a d e .

13 The Klemm-Tannenberg

Organs

1758. Nazareth, Pennsylvania. For the chapel of the Moravian congregation, located in Nazareth Hall. T h e organ was first played on August 26, 1758, for a church conference and was used in the H a l l until 1793.® In that year Tannenberg built another organ for the Nazareth congregation to replace the 1758 organ. T h e older work was then sold to the M o r a v i a n congregation at Emmaus, Pennsylvania, for £30 and moved there in January, 1794. T h r e e months later, Tannenberg arrived unexpectedly in Emmaus to tune the organ for them. 7 1758. Nazareth, Pennsylvania. For Nazareth H a l l . T h i s was a smaller organ ( p o s i t i v e ) for another room in N a z a r e t h H a l l . It was first played on December 24, 1758, to accompany the Christmas songs. s 1759. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. For the chapel of the M o r a v i a n congregation. Klemm and Tannenberg brought the organ to Bethlehem on J a n u a r y 29, 1759, and it was played for the first time that evening. 8 A visitor to Bethlehem in 1799 described the organ in this way : T h e organ in the gallery, is placed contiguous to the w a l l , and the organist is seated in the f r o n t , w i t h the keys before him, and his face t o w a r d the congregation. T h e wires and communications w i t h the pipes pass under his feet, secured by the platform, which elevates him a f e w inches. 10

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T h i s was the o r g a n t h a t was h e a r d and a d m i r e d by many o t h e r visitors to Bethlehem, especially d u r i n g the Revolution. It served the Bethlehem congregation until a new church was erected in 1806 and a new organ, built by J o h n Geib of N e w Y o r k City, installed in it. 11 1760. Christian's Spring, Pennsylvania. F o r the chapel of the M o r a v i a n congregation. C h r i s t i a n ' s Spring was a small M o ravian settlement west of N a z a r e t h and approximately nine miles n o r t h - n o r t h e a s t of Bethlehem. T h e o r g a n was set up in the new chapel early in J u l y a n d both were consecrated at a service on J u l y 10, 1760. 1 2 1762. Bethabara, Forsyth County, North Carolina. For the chapel of the M o r a v i a n c o n g r e g a t i o n . T h i s small, one-rank o r g a n was taken f r o m Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to N o r t h C a r o l i n a by a g r o u p of M o r a v i a n settlers led by P a s t o r J o h a n n M i c h a e l G r a f f . T h e g r o u p l e f t B e t h l e h e m on A p r i l 20, 1762, f o r a sea journey, the b a g g a g e including the o r g a n h a v i n g been shipped by way of E a s t o n at the same time. 1 3 B r o t h e r Graff set the o r g a n u p in the chapel at B e t h a b a r a on July 8, 1762, when it was first played f o r an evening song service. 1 4 T h i s little chamber o r g a n was the first o r g a n in use a m o n g the N o r t h C a r o l i n a M o r a v i a n s a n d one of the first in the w h o l e South. A s such it aroused the interest of various visitors. In 1767 G o v e r n o r W i l l i a m T r y o n and "his l a d y " visited the village and remained an h o u r in the chapel listening to the o r g a n . In 1774 several Indians on their way to W i l l i a m s b u r g a t t e n d e d the evening meeting. T h e d i a r i s t recorded t h a t " t h e I n d i a n s w o n d e r e d much at the o r g a n , thinking it must be alive if it could m a k e a sound like t h a t ; [ t h e o r g a n case h a d to be opened f o r them, f o r they had h e a r d children were inside, w h o s a n g ] . " 1,1 T h e records do not indicate where Graff obtained the o r g a n but, since he h a d previously been living in the B e t h l e h e m - N a z a r e t h a r e a and in view of the scarcity of o r g a n builders at t h a t time, it seems likely t h a t the o r g a n was the w o r k of Klemm a n d T a n nenberg.

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T h e organ was used in B e t h a b a r a until 1 7 9 8 when it was transferred to the Single Brethren's H o u s e in Salem. In 1 8 2 4 it was again moved to the M o r a v i a n Church in F r i e d b e r g , N o r t h Carolina, where it was used until about 1 9 0 0 . 1 0

14 The Tannenberg Organs 1765. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. For the chapel of the M o ravian congregation. Cost: £50. Tannenberg was in Lancaster from April 20 to M a y 6, 1765, during which time he installed the Moravian organ. On April 22, with one stop of the organ playing, it was used for the first time in the evening song service. 17 1765 or 1768. York, Pennsylvania. For the chapel of the Moravian congregation. Consecrated at the Christmas Festival in 1765 (the year is somewhat uncertain), this organ consisted of three stops: an open diapason, flute, and principal. It may also have had pedals. 18 1766. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For "a man in Philadelphia." T h e diary of the Philadelphia Moravian congregation for October 29, 1766, records that "Brother Tanneberger returned to Lititz, after he had set up an organ which he had made for a man here in the city." No further identification of the organ's purchaser is given. 19 1767. Albany, New York. Tannenberg left Lititz on September 14, 1767, for Albany with a newly completed organ and returned on November 6. 20 T h e M o r a v i a n diaries give no indication of the church for which the organ was intended. However, there was a German Re89

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f o r m e d Church in A l b a n y at least as early as 1772 which was provided with an o r g a n , " t h e first one k n o w n to h a v e been used in a church in A l b a n y . " It seems likely t h a t this was the church which purchased T a n n e n b e r g ' s o r g a n . T h e builders of the Ref o r m e d Church in A l b a n y w e r e never paid, the c o n g r e g a t i o n was dispersed, and the building was sold a b o u t 1794. 2 1 1768. Maxatawny, Pennsylvania. F o r the L u t h e r a n Church ( n o w St. J o h n ' s C h u r c h , K u t z t o w n , B e r k s County, Pennsylvania). T a n n e n b e r g t r a v e l e d to M a x a t a w n y with his new o r g a n on N o v e m b e r 22, 1768. 2 2 T h i s was a L u t h e r a n congregation near present-day K u t z t o w n which at a l a t e r d a t e s h a r e d a building with a G e r m a n R e f o r m e d c o n g r e g a t i o n in w h a t was called a "union church." T h e s e c o n g r e g a t i o n s erected a new building in K u t z t o w n in 1791 and the o r g a n is said to h a v e been in use t h e r e until a b o u t 1910. 2 3 I t was, h o w e v e r , extensively remodeled in the 1870s by Samuel B o h l e r . As several of T a n n e n b e r g ' s o r g a n s w e r e placed in union churches, it should be n o t e d t h a t this was a r a t h e r common arr a n g e m e n t a m o n g G e r m a n L u t h e r a n a n d R e f o r m e d congregations in colonial days which has not yet entirely d i s a p p e a r e d . T h e two congregations s h a r e d one building f o r r e a s o n s of economy. T h e building was then a l t e r n a t e l y occupied by the two congregations. O n e w h o g r e w up in this kind of church in the nineteenth century w r o t e of i t : Beyond a f e w matters of ritual, there w a s in those days no practical difference between the t w o denominations, and there was no disagreement. T h e Lutheran pastors were my father's [the Reformed pastor] intimate friends, and often came to see him. 2 4

1769. New Goshenhoppen, Pennsylvania. Near East Greenville, U p p e r H a n o v e r T o w n s h i p , M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y . F o r the G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h . On October 21, 1769, T a n n e n b e r g r e t u r n e d f r o m a six-week trip, during which he h a d installed an o r g a n in the N e w Gosh-

The Tannenberg

Organs

91

enhoppen Church and then r e p a i r e d the two o r g a n s in the M o r a vian Church in Philadelphia. 2 "' T h e r e are conflicting accounts of the later history of the o r g a n . O n e says t h a t it was sold in 1890 to a church in Ohio. 21 ' A n o t h e r says t h a t it was d i s m a n t l e d a b o u t 1869 and t h a t many of the p a r t s w e r e used in a l a t e r o r g a n which was in the N e w G o s h e n h o p p e n C h u r c h until O c t o b e r , 1917. 2 7 In any case, the rounded tops of the t o w e r s f r o m the old o r g a n case are still to be seen in the church, set into the wall above the gallery d o o r s on either side of the p r e s e n t o r g a n . *1770. Moselem, Pennsylvania. F o r Zion ( M o s e l e m ) L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , R i c h m o n d T o w n s h i p , B e r k s County. T h i s , the oldest of the existing T a n n e n b e r g organs, was used constantly f r o m the time of its dedication by the Rev. J o h a n n H e l f r e c h t Schaum 2 8 in 1770 to its replacement in 1957 by an electronic o r g a n . Originally it was s i t u a t e d in the r e a r gallery with its two l a r g e bellows on top, just below the r a f t e r s and out of the view of the congregation. 2 9 In 1 8 9 4 it was rebuilt by Samuel Bohler of Reading, 3 0 w h o a d d e d a new keydesk and one stop. T h e organ, however, has its original case, pipes, and windchest and now stands prominently, but u n f o r t u n a t e l y mutely, in the f r o n t of the church. T h e o r g a n has one m a n u a l with the following stops as they are now d e s i g n a t e d : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Sw. Principal 4 foot Flute Sw. Fifteenth 8 foot Violin [added by Bohler] Tremolo [probably also a Bohler addition] 3 foot T w e l f t h 8 foot Flute Sw. Open Diapason

1770. Frederick, Maryland. F o r the G e r m a n R e f o r m e d Church. T h e histories of the R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in F r e d e r i c k state t h a t an o r g a n was p u r c h a s e d f o r the church f r o m T a n n e n b e r g at * Asterisks indicate still-existing organs or organ cases.

92

Org ans for

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a cost of $193.37, which was used by the congregation until 1840. 3 1 T h e original church records, however, cast some doubt on this assertion. T h e records, while they do contain a list of contributions toward a parsonage and an organ in 1770, indicate that this was for old debts. T h u s it seems likely that an organ had been in the church prior to this time. M o r e o v e r , T a n n e n b e r g ' s name appears only in connection with repairing and setting up the organ in 1770, and not with its purchase. 3 2 W h i l e it is possible that the organ had previously been purchased from Tannenberg, there is no evidence that he was its builder. *1770. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. formed Church. C o s t : £250.

For the German

Re-

T h e officials of the R e f o r m e d Church in Lancaster signed a contract with Tannenberg on February 27, 1769, for an organ with fifteen stops. ( T h e original contract with specifications is included above in P a r t II, Chapter 9 . ) T h e organ was installed in 1770 and first played publicly on December 23, 1770, accompanied by a variety of vocal music composed for the occasion.' 3 T h e organ was replaced in 1885 by a Durner organ, but the original Tannenberg case was retained for the new organ. 3 4 T h e case, somewhat enlarged, is still in the church, housing now an electronic organ. As late as 1928, the pipes of the Tannenberg organ were stored in the church, but they have since disappeared. 1771. Reading, Church. Cost: £230.

Pennsylvania.

For

Trinity

Lutheran

T h e date of the organ's installation is not recorded, but the contract made in October, 1769, specified that it was to be set up for use by September 1, 1771. T h e r e were to be two bellows, a "handsome case," and the following stops 3 "': Manual: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Principal Viola de Gamba Gedact Flauto T r a v e r

(metal) (wood) ( wood )

8 8 8 8

foot foot foot foot

The Tannenberg 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Organs

Octave Super Octave Fifth Gemshorn Mixture Coupler with pedals

Pedal: 1. Sub-bass 2. Octave

93 (metal) (metal) (metal) (metal) (metal)

(wood) (wood)

4 2 3 4 3

foot foot foot foot foot

16 foot 8 foot

Tannenberg repaired the organ in 1777, 1789, and again in 1794, when it was t r a n s f e r r e d to the congregation's new church building. T h e r e it served until 1873 when it was sold to a congregation at Tinicum, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and dedicated there in a special service on N o v e m b e r 29, 1873. T h e r e are no records concerning the organ at either of the Tinicum churches ( U p p e r Tinicum and Lower Tinicum) but an aged member of the Lower Tinicum Church at Pipersville recalls having played such an organ in that church prior to a fire in May, 1907, which destroyed the church and its entire contents. 36 1772. In the diary of the Lititz M o r a v i a n congregation is found this entry for July 31, 1772 3 7 : Several eminent persons from Lancaster were here, among them Doctor Kuhn [Adam Simon Kuhn, elder and trustee of Trinity Lutheran Church, Lancaster] and the English clergyman Barton [Thomas Barton, rector of St. James' Episcopal Church, Lancaster], to see and hear Brother Tanneberger's newly made organ. They were very pleased with it and expressed their gratitude to the musicians [who had performed for them].

Unfortunately, the diary does not indicate the place for which the organ was made. 1773. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. For the chapel of the H e b r o n M o r a v i a n congregation, located in South Lebanon Township, near the city of Lebanon. C o s t : £45. On September 3, 1773, Brother Bader, the pastor at Hebron, visited Lititz and while there examined an organ that

Organs

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America

T a n n e n b e r g h a d built. 3 8 L a t e r t h a t m o n t h , t w o H e b r o n B r e t h r e n w e r e a p p o i n t e d to g o to L i t i t z and n e g o t i a t e f o r its p u r c h a s e . I t w a s o f f e r e d to t h e m f o r £ 4 5 and the p u r c h a s e w a s a p p r o v e d by t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n . T a n n e n b e r g and one of his sons b r o u g h t t h e o r g a n t o H e b r o n on T h u r s d a y , N o v e m b e r 11, 1 7 7 3 , a n d the next d a y b e g a n t o set it up in the second-floor c h a p e l of the s t o n e Gemeinhaus. T h e o r g a n w a s c o n s e c r a t e d on S u n d a y , N o v e m b e r 14, in the presence of a c r o w d of p e o p l e f r o m t h e t o w n a n d c o u n t r y s i d e so l a r g e t h a t , a l t h o u g h e x t r a b e n c h e s h a d been p r o v i d e d , the chapel could n o t contain e v e r y o n e . I n this service t h e o r g a n w a s a c c o m p a n i e d by violinists f r o m t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n . 3 0 A s the first o r g a n in the L e b a n o n V a l l e y , T a n n e n b e r g ' s w o r k c o n t i n u e d to a r o u s e g r e a t interest a m o n g t h e p e o p l e . D u r i n g t h e R e v o l u t i o n , a r m y officers o f t e n visited t h e c h a p e l in o r d e r to h e a r t h e o r g a n . T h e H e s s i a n p r i s o n e r s at L e b a n o n a n d H e b r o n , s o m e of w h o m w e r e confined in t h e M o r a v i a n c o n g r e g a t i o n ' s building, also s h o w e d c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t in this i n s t r u m e n t . 4 0 In 1847 the c o n g r e g a t i o n , with its o r g a n , m o v e d i n t o L e b a n o n . T h e r e , b e t w e e n t w o a n d t h r e e o'clock o n t h e m o r n i n g of J u l y 29, 1858, b o t h church and o r g a n w e r e d e s t r o y e d by fire.41 * 1774. Lancaster, of t h e H o l y T r i n i t y .

Pennsylvania.

F o r the Lutheran Church

I n 1771 T r i n i t y C h u r c h o p e n e d a s u b s c r i p t i o n f o r a new o r g a n and a p p o i n t e d a c o m m i t t e e t o s u p e r i n t e n d its building, s p e c i f y i n g t h a t t h e o r g a n w a s to h a v e n o m o r e t h a n t w e n t y stops. 4 2 T h e c o n t r a c t w a s m a d e w i t h T a n n e n b e r g , w h o installed t h e o r g a n in 1774. Services of c o n s e c r a t i o n w e r e held on D e c e m b e r 2 6 of t h a t y e a r . T h e L i t i t z d i a r i s t r e c o r d e d t h e e v e n t in this w a y : December 26, 1774. Today the new organ, which Brother Tanneberger has built in the Lutheran Church in Lancaster, was consecrated. It has twenty stops. Doctor Kuhn kindly invited our trombonists to play a few tunes in their worship service, which under such agreeable conditions could not be refused.

The Tannenberg

Organs

95

Five of the Brethren accordingly went that day with hautboys and trombones and played in two preaching services to the great satisfaction of the people. 4 ' In 1854 the Tannenberg organ was replaced by one made by H e n r y Knauff of Philadelphia. H e had examined the old organ the year before and declared that it was so completely worn out that any f u r t h e r repairs on it would be useless. T h e congregation agreed to purchase a new organ f r o m Knauff but would allow no more than fifteen hundred dollars for it. Knauff replied that that amount would be adequate only if he could use the old case and some of the pipes. 44 Thus, through the parsimony of the church officers, the magnificent Tannenberg case was preserved. W h e n the Knauff organ was replaced in 1887, the case was again retained, but was enlarged by an additional tower and flat at either end. In this condition it still graces Trinity Church, although the organ itself has since been replaced twice more. 1775. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. For St. M a r y ' s Roman Catholic Church. T h e Catholics in Lancaster erected a very graceful stone church in 1762. A Tannenberg organ dating f r o m 1775 was used in the building, 4 "' but no details of its construction or history are now available. 1775. Frederick, Maryland. F o r the Evangelical Lutheran Church. C o s t : £400. In 1779 the pastor of the Lutheran Church at Frederick wrote an account of the improvements in the church during the eight years of his ministry there. Among them was the purchase of "a beautiful new organ built at a cost of £400." 4 0 H e did not mention the date of its installation, but the Moravian diarist at Graceham, M a r y l a n d , noted that Tannenberg and his son had visited there N o v e m b e r 25-26, 1775, on their way home f r o m F rederick, where they had installed an organ. 4 7 T h e Frederick organ was used until 1855 when it was thought to be beyond repair and was sold. 48

96

Organs

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America

1776. Easton, Pennsylvania. F o r the L u t h e r a n and Ref o r m e d congregations. T a n n e n b e r g left Lititz on September 9, 1776, f o r E a s t o n w h e r e he was to install a new organ. 4 9 I t was soon placed on the west side gallery of the new union church building of the L u t h e r a n and R e f o r m e d congregations in E a s t o n and w a s presumably dedicated along with the building on N o v e m b e r 17, 1776. 5 0 In this place T a n n e n b e r g ' s o r g a n was a not a l t o g e t h e r silent witness of the events of the war which h a d already begun. E a r l y in 1777 a treaty was m a d e in E a s t o n between several representatives of the Continental Congress, the Pennsylvania Assembly, and the Council of Safety of Pennsylvania on the one side and a number of Indian chiefs, representing the Six N a t i o n s and their confederates, on the other, the colonists hoping to prevent an alliance of the Indians with the British. " T h e G e r m a n Church being most convenient to hold the treaty in, the same was readily g r a n t e d by the congregation. . . ." T h e secretary of the American Commissioners—none o t h e r than T h o m a s Paine, the a u t h o r of Common Sense—duly r e p o r t e d the daily ceremonies t h a t accompanied the treaty making. T h e ceremony of shaking hands being gone through, a glass of rum was served round to all the Indians present, and the health of the congress and the Six N a t i o n s w i t h the allies were drank. T h e organ being ordered to play in the mean time. [ T h e n , at the end of the d a y ] a glass of rum each was served round, pipes of tobacco lighted and smoaked—organ played—adjourned to next day at noon. 5 1

T h e organ had the following stops 152 : 1. Gedakt

8 foot

2. Principal

8 foot

3. Salicional

8 foot

4. Principal

4 foot

5. Flute

4 foot

6. Super Octave

2 foot

7. Quinte

3 foot

8. M i x t u r e

1. Four-stop Tannenberg organ built for the Moravian congregation in Graceham, Maryland, in 1793. It is now located in the church parlor of the Single Brethren's House at Lititz, Pa. Credit : Lititz Moravian Archives Committee, Lititz, Pa.

2. O r g a n built by T a n n e n b e r g in 1798 for the chapel of the Salem M o r a v i a n c o n g r e g a t i o n . I t is now in the M o r a v i a n Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e at O l d Salem, N o r t h C a r o l i n a . C r e d i t : O l d Salem, Inc., W i n s t o n - S a l e m , N . C .

3. H a r p s i c h o r d m a d e by J o h a n n G o t t l o b K l e m m in 1739, n o w in t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t , N e w Y o r k . T h e i n s c r i p t i o n o n t h i s o n l y s u r v i v i n g w o r k of K l e m m r e a d s : Johannes Clemm fecit Philadelphia 1739. T a n n e n b e r g l e a r n e d t h e c r a f t of o r g a n b u i l d i n g f r o m K l e m m . C r e d i t : T h e M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t . R o g e r s F u n d , 1 9 4 4 .

4. T h e c h a p e l of t h e M o r a v i a n S i n g l e B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e as it has b e e n r e s t o r e d in O l d S a l e m , N o r t h C a r o l i n a . T h e 1798 T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n w a s b u i l t o r i g i n a l l y f o r t h e c h a p e l of t h e S a l e m M o r a v i a n c o n g r e g a t i o n . A s in m a n y of t h e M o r a v i a n c h a p e l s , a p a i n t i n g by J o h n V a l e n t i n e H a i d t ( M a r y w i t h J e s u s a n d J o h n the B a p t i s t ) shares prominence w i t h T a n n e n b e r g ' s o r g a n . R e p r o d u c e d by c o u r t e s y of O l d S a l e m , I n c . , W i n s t o n - S a l e m , N . C .

5. T h e M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in L i t i t z , P e n n s y l v a n i a . T a n n e n b e r g not only built an o r g a n f o r the c h u r c h b u t also designed the pulpit and the c h u r c h steeple. T h e c h u r c h w a s destroyed by fire in 1957 but has been rebuilt a c c o r d i n g to the original design. R e p r o d u c e d by courtesy of J o h n A l o r m a n , assistant h e a d m a s t e r , L i n d e n H a l l School f o r G i r l s , L i t i t z , P a .

6. D r a w i n g of a clavichord sent by T a n n e n b e r g to t h e M o r a v i a n officials at Salem, N o r t h C a r o l i n a , w i t h i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r b u i l d i n g t h e i n s t r u m e n t . I n a d d i t i o n to the organs, T a n n e n b e r g built at least one clavicembalo a n d t w o pianos. C r e d i t : T h e M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n , W i n s t o n - S a l e m , N . C .

7. E a r l y view of the Pilgerhaus ( c e n t e r ) , T a n n e n b e r g ' s h o m e in L i t i t z . Built by G e o r g e Klein, the t o w n ' s f o u n d e r , in 1754, it w a s t h e first house in L i t i t z and served as the c o n g r e g a t i o n a l m e e t i n g place as w e l l as a t a v e r n and store before T a n n e n b e r g purchased it in 1765. C r e d i t : T h e A r c h i v e s of t h e M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , B e t h l e h e m , P a . F r o m a d r a w i n g by N i c h o l a s Garrison, J r . ( 1757).

8. O l d e s t of the existing T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s . It w a s built in 1770 for Z i o n ( M o s e l e m ) L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , R i c h m o n d T o w n s h i p , Berks C o u n t y , P e n n s y l v a n i a . In 1894 the o r g a n w a s rebuilt and a new keydesk w a s installed, but the original case, pipes, and windchest w e r e preserved. T h e o r g a n is the only one designed by T a n n e n b e r g w i t h t r i a n g u l a r towers. C r e d i t : Zion ( M o s e l e m ) Lutheran Church, R . D . # 3 , K u t z t o w n , Fa.

9. Close-up of the 1793 T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n b u i l t f o r t h e M o r a v i a n congregation in G r a c e h a m , M a r y l a n d . R e p r o d u c e d by courtesy of G r a n t Heilman, Lititz, Pa.

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14. L e t t e r in G e r m a n w r i t t e n at L i t i t z , P e n n s y l v a n i a , on S e p t e m b e r 23, 1794, by D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g to his s o n - i n - l a w a n d d a u g h t e r , J o h n and Liesel Schropp. T h e l e t t e r shows T a n n e n b e r g ' s e a r l y concern for a n e w B e t h l e hem o r g a n w h i c h he finally c o n t r a c t e d for in 1803 but did not l i v e to complete. C r e d i t : T h e A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , B e t h l e h e m , P a .

15. T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n built f o r T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , L a n c a s t e r Pennsylvania, in 1774. P r o b a b l y by the time the p i c t u r e w a s m a d e , the o r g a n w o r k s had already been replaced by H e n r y K n a u f f , b u t K n a u f f retained the T a n n e n b e r g case and some of the pipes. T h e o r i g i n a l o r g a n case is still in the c h u r c h a l t h o u g h it has been e n l a r g e d by the a d d i t i o n of an e x t r a t o w e r a n d a flat at either end. R e p r o d u c e d by courtesy of the E v a n g e l i c a l L u t h e r a n C h u r c h of the H o l y T r i n i t y , L a n c a s t e r , P a .

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17. O r g a n built in 1773 by Joseph Bulitschek f o r t h e M o r a v i a n Parish H o u s e chapel in Bethania, N o r t h C a r o l i n a . T a n n e n b e r g supplied one r a n k of pipes for the o r g a n . E a r l i e r , Bulitschek had w o r k e d as T a n n e n b e r g ' s assistant in L i t i t z . C r e d i t : O l d Salem, Inc., W i n s t o n - S a l e m , N . C .

18. F o u r - s t o p o r g a n n o w in t h e W h i t e f i e l d H o u s e , N a z a r e t h , P e n n s y l v a n i a . A l t h o u g h it is t h o u g h t by some to be the first organ ( 1 7 4 6 ) used by the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in B e t h l e h e m , P e n n s y l v a n i a , it is in the C h i p p e n d a l e style of the late e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y and closely resembles the 1793 T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n made f o r G r a c e h a m , M a r y l a n d ( i l l u s t r a t i o n N o . 1 ) . T h e o r g a n may well have been m a d e by T a n n e n b e r g f o r one of the C h o i r Houses at Bethlehem. C r e d i t : T h e M o r a v i a n H i s t o r i c a l Society, Inc., N a z a r e t h , P a .

19. O r g a n m a d e by T a n n e n b e r g and B a c h i n a n n f o r H o m e M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , Salem, N o r t h C a r o l i n a , in 1800. In 1913 the organ w a s d i s m a n t l e d and is now in storage at O l d Salem. C r e d i t : O l d Salem, Inc., W i n s t o n Salem, N . C .

20. T a n n e n b e r g ' s last o r g a n , m a d e f o r C h r i s t L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , Y o r k , Pennsylvania, in 1804. T a n n e n b e r g died while installing the organ and it w a s played publicly for the first time at his f u n e r a l . T h e organ is n o w in the M u s e u m of the H i s t o r i c a l Society of Y o r k C o u n t y , Y o r k , Pennsylvania. C r e d i t : T h e Historical Society of Y o r k C o u n t y , Y o r k , P a .

The Tannenberg

Organs

97

In 1831 the union arrangement was dissolved and the building and organ became the sole property of the Reformed congregation. T w o years later the organ was sold to the Plainfield Reformed Church (now St. Peter's, near Pen Argyl, Northampton County, Pennsylvania). In 1852 it was repaired by Charles Hanzelman of Allentown, Pennsylvania. T h e original keyboard was taken out and a reversed keyboard substituted. In 1900 the organ was rebuilt by Lewis B. Clewell of Bethlehem. A f t e r these alterations it could still be said that "the wind chest, six sets of pipes, and the handle which pumps the bellows" remained f r o m the original organ. T h e organ was finally replaced in 1925. Forty-three wooden pipes f r o m this instrument are now on display in the museum of the N o r t h a m p t o n County Historical and Genealogical Society in Easton. 1776. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. F o r the chapel of the Moravian Single Brethren's H o u s e . C o s t : £60. On the same day that the Easton church and organ were dedicated, Brothers Bonn and Benzien l e f t Bethlehem for Lititz to pick up a new organ for the chapel of the Single Brethren's House in Bethlehem. T h e y took with them their old chapel organ, for which T a n n e n b e r g allowed £10 toward the cost of the new organ. Tannenberg arrived in Bethlehem on November 25 to set the organ up, and it was played f o r the first time on November 27.r>3 T h e M o r a v i a n buildings which housed the Single Brethren (as also those for the Single Sisters) included not only living and working quarters, but in each case also a Saal or room set a p a r t for the worship services of that choir. It was in the Saal that Tannenberg's organ was placed. 1777. Lititz, Pennsylvania. F o r the chapel of the M o r a vian Single Brethren's House. Cost £50.' 4 A harpsichord had been used in the chapel of the Lititz Single Brethren's H o u s e as early as 1768, 33 but there is no mention of an organ prior to 1777. T a n n e n b e r g ' s organ was set up on August 29, 1777, and played f o r the first time the following

98

Organs

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day on the occasion of the close of the Single B r e t h r e n ' s "choir y e a r . " 56 1780. York, Pennsylvania. F o r M r . Fischer. In the fall of 1780, the M o r a v i a n Bishop J o h n F r e d e r i c k Reichel and his wife and Christian H e c k e w e l d e r journeyed f r o m Salem, N o r t h Carolina, to L i t i t z . O n O c t o b e r 25 they arrived at Y o r k , Pennsylvania, w h e r e they f o u n d D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g e n g a g e d in installing an o r g a n . T h e i r travel diary f o r t h a t date contains this entry : W e reached Y o r k t o w n about t w o o'clock and were most lovingly received by Brother and Sister Neisser . . . . T o w a r d evening Brother Neisser took Brother Heckewelder to call on Brother David Tanneberger, w h o has come here from Lititz to set up a beautiful new organ for M r . Fischer, and w e enjoyed seeing this truly handsome work. "

" M r . F i s c h e r " was presumably J o h n Fischer, a G e r m a n i m m i g r a n t w h o lived in Y o r k f r o m about 1756 until his death in 1808. H e was a clockmaker by t r a d e , as well as a wood-carver and p o r t r a i t painter, and was r e g a r d e d as one of Y o r k ' s "substantial citizens." 58 1782. Hope, fVarren County, New Jersey. F o r the chapel of the M o r a v i a n congregation. T a n n e n b e r g arrived in H o p e with their new o r g a n on O c t o b e r 9, 1782. T h e o r g a n , which is r e f e r r e d to as a small one, was installed in the congregation's new chapel and both were consecrated on N o v e m b e r 8.5 T h e church oficiáis in Bethlehem, however, insisted t h a t no more than £ 2 0 0 be spent f o r an organ, 0 6 and the o r g a n as built contained only one manual and pedal and these s t o p s :

100

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Manual: 1. Principal

4 foot

2. Principal Discant

8 foot

(through three octaves) 3. Viola da Gambe

8 foot

4. Quintadena

8 foot

5. Flaut Amabile

8 foot

6. Floet

4 foot

7. Octave

2 foot

Coupler

Pedal: 1. Subbass 2. Octave Bass

T h e console of the o r g a n w a s reversed. 0 7 T h e new church and o r g a n were consecrated on A u g u s t 13, 1787. o s T h e o r g a n w a s used until 1 8 7 9 and the next y e a r w a s t r a n s p o r t e d to the M o r a v i a n Church in South Bethlehem, Penns y l v a n i a , w h e r e it w a s used until 1910. A g a i n it w a s taken down and returned to L i t i t z . 0 0 T h e o r g a n w a s never set up a g a i n , but w a s stored in the attic of the Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e , w h e r e it still remains. T h e bellows, however, h a d been l e f t in the attic of the L i t i t z Church and were d e s t r o y e d with the church in a fire in the summer of 1957. Only recently, plans h a v e been m a d e f o r the r e s t o r a t i o n of the o r g a n . 1790. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. F o r Zion L u t h e r a n Church. C o s t : £ 1 5 0 0 . A f t e r the loss of the o r g a n the n e w s p a p e r accounts r e f e r r e d to its cost as £ 3 5 0 0 . T h i s , however, included the cost of the w o o d w o r k and the g a l l e r y on which the o r g a n stood. 7 0 T h e contract for this, T a n n e n b e r g ' s l a r g e s t o r g a n , w a s signed in P h i l a d e l p h i a on J u l y 20, 1786. T h e o r g a n w a s completed in the fall of 1790 and public services of consecration w e r e held on October 10 and 11 of t h a t y e a r . 7 1 T h e p r o g r a m printed for these services includes these specifications:

The Tannenberg Main

101

Organs

Manual:

1. Principal 2. Quintaden

8 foot

6.

16 foot

7.

3. 4.

Gambe

8 foot

8.

Gemshorn

8 foot

9.

5.

Gedackt 11.

Upper

Trumpete Octave Quinte Octave

8 foot 10. Flöte M i x t u r e I V to V I ranks

8 foot 4 foot 3 foot 2 foot 4 foot

Work:

1.

Princip. dulc.

8 foot

4 foot

Quinta dena

8 foot

6. 7.

Nachthorn

2.

Solicet

4 foot

3. 4.

Vox Humana Flöte amab.

8 foot

8.

8 foot

9.

Hohlflöte Cimbel

5.

Gedackt

8 foot

10.

Fistel quint

3 foot

Echo- —to Tenor

2 foot I V ranks

F:

1.

Dulcían

8 foot

5.

Fistula oct.

4 foot

2.

Flöt T r a v e r

8 foot

6.

Nachthorn

4 foot

3. 4.

Rohr Flöt

8 foot 8 foot

7.

Echo Bass

8 foot

16 foot 16 foot

4.

Subbass Octav Bass

16 foot 8 foot 4 foot

Hautbois

Pedal 1. 2.

Principal Bass Posaune

3.

Quinta

6 foot

5. 6.

Octave

In addition to the t h i r t y - f o u r stops, t h e r e were also a cymbal s t a r (Cimbel Stern), t r e m o l o , stop valve (Sperr Ventill), and two couplers. T h e o r g a n was supplied with five l a r g e bellows. 7 2 A set of bells was also to have been included in the organ, but it is n o t clear w h e t h e r t h a t was ever done. 7 3 T h i s splendid instrument was short-lived. It was destroyed with the church in a fire on D e c e m b e r 26, 1794. Some of the o r g a n pipes were saved and were used in the L o w e o r g a n which was installed in the rebuilt church. 7 4 In 1795 T a n n e n b e r g had visited Philadelphia to discuss the rebuilding of the o r g a n , but the contract was given to Lowe. 7 5 *1791. Spring City, Pennsylvania. E a s t Pikeland T o w n ship, Chester County. F o r Zion L u t h e r a n Church. C o s t : £ 1 5 0 .

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America

In 1790 Zion C h u r c h o r d e r e d a T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n which was installed the following year and consecrated on O c t o b e r 9, 1791. T h e church was o f t e n t h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d to as " t h e O r g a n Church. " 7« T h e o r g a n was in constant use until 1912, when it was replaced by a n o t h e r instrument, but it has been kept in the church and is played once each year in a special service on the Sunday on or nearest October 9, the anniversary of the o r g a n ' s first use. In 1953 the case and k e y b o a r d were r e t u r n e d to their original appearance, while an electric blower was substituted f o r the original bellows. T h e six stop knobs on this one-manual o r g a n presently bear these titles : 1. Dulciana

8 foot

2. H o h l Flote

4 foot

3. Principal

8 foot

4. Octav

4 foot

5. Gedakt

8 foot

6. Super Octav

2 foot

*1793. Graceham, Frederick County, M o r a v i a n Church. C o s t : £ 6 5 to £ 7 0 .

Maryland.

F o r the

T h e m e m b e r s of the G r a c e h a m congregation subscribed £ 6 5 t o w a r d a new o r g a n on Sunday, M a y 27, 1792, and one of their m e m b e r s l e f t the next day f o r Lititz to contract with T a n n e n b e r g f o r the o r g a n . T a n n e n b e r g arrived to install the o r g a n on April 25, 1793, and it was played f o r the first time on M a y 4 in a communion service. It was used again the following day in a preaching service with many neighbors in attendance.' 7 T h e o r g a n served the G r a c e h a m congregation well into this century. In recent years it was restored and moved to L i t i t z where it has been set up in the church p a r l o r in the Single Brethren's H o u s e . T h e o r g a n has a compass of fifty-four notes and contains f o u r stops. It can either be p u m p e d with a f o o t pedal to the right of the player or the bellows can be d r a w n by a second person with a s t r a p at the l e f t of the o r g a n .

The Tannenberg

Organs

103

* 1793. Λ 7 azareth, Pennsylvania. F o r the chapel of the M o r a v i a n congregation, located in N a z a r e t h H a l l . C o s t : £ 2 7 4 . By 1792 the organ which Klemm and T a n n e n b e r g had m a d e f o r the N a z a r e t h congregation in 17S8 was no longer adequate. ( I t had also been d a m a g e d by unsupervised children playing on i t ! ) T a n n e n b e r g agreed to make a new o r g a n similar to the one in the Lititz Church and he and Bachmann took the completed o r g a n to N a z a r e t h on N o v e m b e r 12, 1793. It was consecrated on December IS and played in a public concert the next d a y . " T h e o r g a n had one manual and pedal with these s t o p s : Manual: 1. Principal

(metal)

4 foot tone

2. Viol da Gamba 3. Quintatoen 4. Suboctav

(metal) (metal) (metal)

8 foot tone 8 foot tone 2 foot tone

5. Floet Amabile 6. Floet D o u c e

8 foot tone 4 foot tone

7. Grob Gedackt 8 foot tone Coupler (connecting the bass of the manual with the pedal ) Pedal: 1. Octav Bass 2. Subbass

16 foot tone 32 foot tone

T h e Q u i n t a t o e n , G r o b Gedackt, and Subbass ranks were stopped pipes. T h e console was reversed. 7 0 T h e o r g a n was later t r a n s f e r r e d to a new church building and then was rebuilt in 1898. In 1913 a new o r g a n was installed. H o w e v e r , the original T a n n e n b e r g case was retained and is still in use, as are t h r e e of the original T a n n e n b e r g stops. By 1795. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. F o r the G e r m a n Ref o r m e d Church. T h e M o r a v i a n historian A b r a h a m Ritter, writing in the nineteenth century, described the R e f o r m e d Church as it was in 1795 and mentioned the o r g a n t h a t was then in i t : T h e pedestal pulpit was at the centre of the south wall, the long side of the church; and the organ, a dignified affair,

Organs

104 and

monument

of T a n n e n b e r g ' s

skill, a n s w e r e d

e l e v a t i o n — a t the touch of a junior Rev.

for from

America its

Beebighaus—the

c o m m a n d s of the venerable pastor. T a n n e n b e r g belongs to history as the o r g a n builder of his day, and one of r e n o w n . . . . His diapasons w e r e particul a r l y dignified, whilst his upper work, 12th, 15th, and sesquiá l t e r a , gave brilliancy to the w h o l e . s 0

In 1 7 9 0 the church council acted to remove the " c r o w n " which a d o r n e d the o r g a n and replace it with a " f e d e r a l eagle." T h i s small, gilded, wooden eagle, still in the possession of the church, is all t h a t remains of the T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n . W h e n a new church building was being planned in 1836, a contract was m a d e with Knauff to build a new o r g a n f o r which he was to receive $ 2 , 1 0 0 in addition to the old organ. M 7795. "Guts'town." T a n n e n b e r g and Bachmann returned to Lititz on August 12. 1795, " f r o m G u t s ' t o w n , where they had set up an o r g a n . " S J W i t h only this i n f o r m a t i o n , it has not been possible to determine w h e r e the o r g a n was taken, or even with certainty that it was a new o r g a n r a t h e r than a previous o r g a n installed in a new location, since the records usually r e f e r to a new o r g a n as such. 1795. Lower Heidelberg Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. F o r St. J o h n ' s ( H a i n ' s ) G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h . H a i n ' s Church purchased a new o r g a n f r o m T a n n e n b e r g in 1 7 9 5 ; (it h a s also been d a t e d 1 7 8 9 ) . s t It h a d eight stops, one of which was a three-rank mixture, and a white case with unpainted metal pipes. T h e o r g a n was remodeled in 1878 by T h o m a s Dieffenbach and used until 1904 when a new o r g a n was m a d e by E . E . P a l m of M t . Penn, Pennsylvania. H o w e v e r , much of the old o r g a n was used in building the new. In this way p a r t s of the original T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n survived until 1930 when the P a l m o r g a n was disposed o f , p a r t s of it being sold to m e m b e r s of the c o n g r e g a t i o n as souvenirs. 1796. Baltimore, Cost: £375.

Maryland.

F o r Zion L u t h e r a n C h u r c h .

The Tannenberg

Organs

105

Zion Church began a subscription f o r a new organ early in 1795. T h e organ was ordered f r o m T a n n e n b e r g . T o w a r d the end of the year, he was in Baltimore with the organ, although the work may not have been completed until 1796. Philip Bachmann came to tune the organ in 1798. T h e n in 1808 it was t r a n s f e r r e d to a new church building and at the same time adorned with wood carvings. T h e church and organ were destroyed in a fire on M a r c h 30, 1840. 84 1797. "Macungie," Pennsylvania. Weisenburg T o w n s h i p , Lehigh County. F o r Ziegel Union Church, L u t h e r a n and Ref o r m e d , located about sixteen miles northwest of Allentown. Cost: £400. T h e Macungie or Ziegel Church dedicated a new building in the fall of 1796. In October of the following year, a new T a n nenberg organ was installed on the gallery to the right of the pulpit. 8 "' Local tradition has it that the organ was built by the L u t h e r a n pastor, J o h a n n Friederich Obenhausen. 8 0 H o w e v e r , the Lititz records indicate t h a t it was a T a n n e n b e r g organ. 8 7 I t is possible that Obenhausen negotiated the purchase of the organ, or even that he assisted in the carpentry work on the case as T a n n e n b e r g usually l e f t this to others on his l a r g e r organs. T h e organ was later replaced by one built by Charles H a n z e l m a n , probably in 1863-64 when a new church building was erected, and certainly by 1884. 88 1798. Tohickon, Pennsylvania. Bedminster T o w n s h i p , Bucks County. F o r the L u t h e r a n and R e f o r m e d congregations (now St. Peter's U n i t e d Church of Christ and Peace L u t h e r a n Churches). Cost: £200. T h e organ was installed by F e b r u a r y of 1798, f o r the Schwenkfelder organ builder J o h n Krauss recorded in his diary on F e b r u a r y 19, 1 7 9 8 : " I , A n d r e w [his b r o t h e r ] , and A n d r e w Yeakle went to the Church near Tohiccon where we took a view of that o r g a n . " 8 9 In 1839 this same A n d r e w Krauss, with another b r o t h e r , George, contracted to remodel the organ, adding, a m o n g o t h e r things, a pedal, a new windchest, and "suitable wings on b o t h

Organs

106

for

America

sides." T h e l a t t e r , d e c o r a t i v e , additions to the case are visible in an existing p h o t o g r a p h of the remodeled organ. 0 0 T h e o r g a n continued in use until 1918. *1798. Salem (now fVinston-Salem), Νorth Carolina. the chapel of the M o r a v i a n c o n g r e g a t i o n . C o s t : £ 1 5 0 .

For

A s early as 1 7 9 4 the Salem congregation had w r i t t e n to T a n n e n b e r g concerning a new o r g a n but, because of the p r e s s of o t h e r w o r k , it was not delivered until 1798. In t h a t year it was installed by Philip B a c h m a n n and played f o r the first time in a song service on the evening of M a y 22. T h e o r g a n was used in this chapel and in a l a t e r chapel until 1864 when it was placed in storage. In 1964 the o r g a n was r e s t o r e d by the M c M a n i s O r g a n C o m p a n y and is now located in the chapel of the Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e in O l d Salem, the r e s t o r e d M o r a v i a n community. T h e one manual, reversed console o r g a n has a compass of fifty-four notes and contains these s t o p s : 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Gedackt 8 foot 5 4 stopped w o o d pipes (pipes shorter than one foot of walnut) Principal 4 foot 5 4 open pipes of 7 5 % tin ( 2 3 of them in the case) Flauto 4 foot 5 4 open w o o d pipes, treble pipes walnut Quinte 2 - 2 / 3 foot 5 4 open metal pipes Terzian ( T C ) 4 2 open metal pipes

1 - 3 / 5 foot

A sixth stop k n o b r e a d s Luft ( a i r ) and was originally a signal f o r the o r g a n p u m p e r . T h e pitch of the restored o r g a n is a b o u t A-430. 0 1 1798. Lititz, Pennsylvania. F or the chapel of the M o r a v i a n Single Sisters' H o u s e . C o s t : £ 5 0 . T h i s small o r g a n was set up J u l y 10, 1798, and consecrated on July 26 by B r o t h e r J o h a n n e s H e r b s t with both T a n n e n b e r g and B a c h m a n n p r e s e n t . T h a t d a t e was also the t h i r t e e n t h anni-

The Tannenberg

Organs

107

versary of the consecration of the Sisters' House and the services included a love feast, the communion, and the presentation of a "Psalm" prepared by Brother Herbst for the occasion. 92 1799. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. For the Moravian Church. Cost: £260. When the Moravian congregation was planning for a new organ in January, 1798, Tannenberg offered to build one with six stops for £180. 93 Specifications for the completed organ are not available, but the higher price finally paid would indicate that it was larger than originally planned. T h e organ was dedicated on Sunday, January 20, 1799, with the assistance of musicians, singers, and trombonists from Lititz. 9 4

1799. "fVitepain"

Township,

Pennsylvania.

For St. John's

Lutheran Church, Center Square, Whitpain Township, Montgomery County. Cost: £200. T h e organ was consecrated in the Lutheran Church on September 8, 1799. 95 In 1834 a new stone church was built and the organ placed in the rear gallery. H e r e it served until "it became suddenly and hopelessly silent at a Sunday morning service in 1888." T h e following year it was dismantled and the various parts sold at auction to the members of the congregation. 9 ® T o d a y there reside in the safe of St. John's Church two small wooden pipes, the last mementos of Tannenberg's work.

*1800. Salem, (now Winston-Salem),

North Carolina.

For

the Moravian Church. Cost: something more than £400. Tannenberg received this amount but insisted that he had not received all that was due him. T h e total cost to the Salem congregation, including hauling, lodging for Bachmann, etc., was £794 9s.

io d:97 When what is now called " H o m e Church" was being planned in Salem, an organ of two manuals and pedal was ordered from Lititz. T h e main parts of the organ were made in Lititz by Tannenberg, but Bachmann also spent about a year in Salem working on the organ. There being a difference of opinion about where to place the organ in the church, lots were used, and the

108

Organs

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America

one d r a w n read, " T h e Savior a p p r o v e s t h a t plans be m a d e to place the o r g a n in the new church in the gallery on the steeple side." T h e church with its new o r g a n was consecrated on N o v e m b e r 9, 1800.9tt T h e stop list is as follows : Great

1. 2. 3. 4.

Organ

(54

notes):

Open Diapason Flauto Stopped Diapason Gamba

8 4 8 8

foot foot foot foot

5. 6. 7. 8.

Principal Fifteenth Twelfth Viola

4 2 3 8

foot foot foot foot

( T h e Viola was a later a d d i t i o n . ) Swell

Organ

(54

notes):

1. Salicet 2. Open Diapason 3. Flauto Douce Pedal

(25

4 foot 8 foot 4 foot

4. Flauto Amabili 8 foot 2 foot 5. Piccolo 6. Viol Di Gamba 8 foot

8 foot

2. Bourdon

notes):

1. Violonalto

16 foot

Couplers:

Great to Pedal; Swell to Pedal; Swell to Great

T h e o r g a n h a d a reversed console and also a n a g s h e a d swell f o r the enclosed upper manual division, a mechanism first introduced only ten years earlier in E n g l a n d . T h e o r g a n was renov a t e d in 1910 by S. E . P e t e r s o n , when k e y b o a r d s with m o d e r n colors were substituted f o r the originals. T h e o r g a n was used until 1913. I t was then dismantled and is now in s t o r a g e at Old Salem. 0 9 1801. New Holland, Pennsylvania. F o r St. Stephen German Reformed Church. Cost: £200. A new church building was erected f o r the G e r m a n Ref o r m e d Church of N e w H o l l a n d in 1801 and on September 19 of t h a t year a T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n was consecrated with the assistance of the M o r a v i a n musicians f r o m Lititz. 1 0 0 E a r l y in its history the o r g a n was d a m a g e d by vandals w h o removed and p a r t l y destroyed some of the o r g a n w o r k s 1 0 1 ; nevertheless, the o r g a n was

The Tannenberg

Organs

109

used by the congregation until 1920. In 1920 a new organ was obtained and the old one, still serviceable, was given to the recently organized German Reformed Church in Lititz, with a feeling of fitness that it was being returned to the place of its origin. T h e r e it was stored in the basement of the home of the Reformed pastor, George B. Raezer. Due to a disagreement with a builder who was to repair the organ, it was never used, but remained in the pastor's basement, f r o m which it finally disappeared. T h e organ had one manual and ten stops. It was also equipped with a foot lever which brought into play the Open Diapason stop, and another which withdrew it. 102 *1802. Madison, Virginia. theran Church. C o s t : £200.

For H e b r o n Evangelical Lu-

T h e legend of the old organ in H e b r o n Church was that it had been the gift of the King of Sweden, made at Lützen, shipped to Philadelphia, and then hauled by wagon to Virginia. T h e fact is that the organ was made at Lititz by David Tannenberg, taken by wagon f r o m there by members of the Lutheran congregation, and installed by Philip Bachmann. 1 0 3 T h e exact date of its installation is not known, but Bachmann returned f r o m Virginia about December 1, 1802. 104 T h e organ has been in constant use since that date and is practically unaltered f r o m its original condition. In recent years it has been cleaned and restored to its original appearance and has served as a valuable guide in the restoration of other Tannenberg organs, notably the 1798 Salem, N o r t h Carolina, organ. T h e one-manual organ has a pitch of A-430 and contains the following stops 105 : 1. Principal Dulc. 8 foot 54 metal pipes, 1-12 quintadena basses 2.

Gedackt 8 foot 54 stopped wood pipes

3. Octave 4 foot 54 open metal pipes 4. Flute 4 foot 54 open wood pipes

110

Organs 5.

Quinte

2-2/3

for

Am erica

foot

54 open metal pipes 6.

Octave

2 foot

54 open metal pipes 7.

Terzian

1-3/5

foot

54 open metal pipes (rank breaks back to 3-1 / 5 foot at Mid. C ) 8.

Mixture

III ( 1 - 1 / 3 foot)

162 open metal pipes

*1804. York, Pennsylvania. For Christ Lutheran Church. Cost: £355. T a n n e n b e r g installed this, his last o r g a n , in A p r i l and M a y , 1804. W h i l e w o r k i n g on the o r g a n , he suffered a stroke, fell f r o m a bench or scaffold, and died on M a y 19. H i s f u n e r a l service was held in the L u t h e r a n C h u r c h on M a y 21, 1804, with t h e o r g a n playing f o r the first time in his honor. 1 0 " T h e o r g a n was used in t w o successive church buildings until 1893 when a new o r g a n was o b t a i n e d . L a t e r the T a n n e n b e r g organ was moved into an a d j o i n i n g chapel. A b o u t 1910 the o r g a n was s o m e w h a t altered by Reuben M i d m e r of N e w Y o r k . T h e voicing was loudened, the wind p r e s s u r e raised, and the pedal stops converted to p n e u m a t i c action. In 1945 it was given to the H i s t o r i c a l Society of Y o r k County, located in Y o r k . T h e o r g a n was reconditioned in 1959 by F r e d F ü r s t of Y o r k and is now in the museum of the H i s t o r i c a l Society. E . P o w e r Biggs has said t h a t this o r g a n "quite leads the procession in tonal c h a r a c t e r and excellence" a m o n g the A m e r i c a n o r g a n s he has played. 1 0 7 T h e o r g a n was originally p u r c h a s e d with a legacy f r o m a church m e m b e r and an inscription on t h e o r g a n r e a d s (in Germ a n ) , " A Legacy f r o m W i d o w B a r b a r a S c h m i d t . " T h e onem a n u a l and pedal o r g a n has the f o l l o w i n g s t o p s 1 0 8 : Manual

(54

notes):

1. O p e n D i a p a s o n

(metal)

8 foot

2. Stopped D i a p a s o n

(metal )

8 foot

3. D u l c i a n a

(metal)

8 foot

4.

(metal)

4 foot

Octave

The

Tannenberg

5. Melodia ( listed as Oboe 8 foot) 6. Nazard 7. Fifteenth 8. Sesquiáltera 9. T r u m p e t Coupler Pedal (25 notes) : 1. Bourdon 2. Open Diapason Proposed

111

Organs

Organ

for

4 foot 2-2/3 foot 2 foot II ranks 8 foot

(metal) (metal) (metal)

( wood ) ( wood ) the Moravian

16 foot 8 foot Church

in

Bethlehem,

Pennsylvania. W h e n the M o r a v i a n c o n g r e g a t i o n in B e t h l e h e m w a s plann i n g a n e w church b u i l d i n g in 1 8 0 3 , t h e y t u r n e d t o T a n n e n b e r g for a new organ.

A l t h o u g h his d e a t h the f o l l o w i n g y e a r pre-

v e n t e d the c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e o r g a n , a c o n t r a c t h a d been s i g n e d and t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of w h a t w a s t o h a v e been a m a j o r w o r k are o f interest.

T h e o r g a n w a s t o h a v e h a d t w o m a n u a l s and p e d a l

w i t h the f o l l o w i n g n i n e t e e n s t o p s : Main Manual: 1. Principal (of good English tin 2. Viola di Gamba (metal 3. Gross Gedackt (wood in bass, metal in treble 4. Quintaden (metal 5. Oboe (metal 6. Gemshorn (metal 7. Flaute (wood 8. Principal octav (of English tin 9. Principal (metal Upper Manual: 1. Principal dulcis (of English tin 2. Salicional (metal 3. Bourdon or lieblich Gedackt (wood 4. Flauto amabile (wood 5. Rohr Floethe (metal 6. Salicet (metal

8 foot 8 foot 8 8 8 4 4 4 2

foot foot foot foot foot foot foot

8 foot 8 foot 8 8 4 4

foot foot foot foot

112

Organs

for

America

Pedal: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Octav Bass Subbass Violon Bass Posaunen Bass

( wood ) (wood) (metal) ( wood )

8 16 16 16

foot foot foot foot

T h e r e were to be two couplers and a reversed console. T h e w o r k was to cost between £ 7 0 0 and £800. IO!> *The

fVhiteficld

House

Organ.

In the Whitefield H o u s e in N a z a r e t h , P e n n s y l v a n i a — o n c e the " N u r s e r y " w h e r e T a n n e n b e r g and Klemm lived f o r a time, and now the L i b r a r y and M u s e u m of the M o r a v i a n H i s t o r i c a l Society—there is a small four-stop o r g a n which m a y be one of T a n n e n b e r g ' s works. T h e o r g a n was obtained f r o m the M o ravians in Bethlehem and has been r e p u t e d to be the first Bethlehem o r g a n , purchased f r o m Klemm and Hesselius in 1746. T h e claim, however, seems d o u b t f u l . T h e 1746 Bethlehem o r g a n was replaced by a KlemmT a n n e n b e r g o r g a n in 1759. A t t h a t time the o l d e r o r g a n was taken to N a z a r e t h , p e r h a p s f o r repairs or t e m p o r a r y use there. 1 1 0 T h e n , in 1761, the Bethlehem diary records t h a t their f o r m e r chapel o r g a n was taken to L i t i t z and installed in the M o r a v i a n chapel t h e r e by T a n n e n b e r g . 1 1 1 T h e t r a n s f e r of the 1746 o r g a n to Lititz h a s not been generally known and tends to discredit the claim of the Whitefield H o u s e instrument to be the original 1746 o r g a n . In addition to these facts, it has been pointed out t h a t the Whitefield H o u s e o r g a n is m a d e in the C h i p p e n d a l e style of the late eighteenth century and t h a t it bears a striking resemblance to the 1793 o r g a n which T a n n e n b e r g m a d e f o r the M o r a v i a n congregation at G r a c e h a m , M a r y l a n d (now at L i t i t z ) . 1 1 2 I t is quite possible t h a t the Whitefield H o u s e o r g a n was also m a d e by T a n n e n b e r g , p e r h a p s f o r one of the Choir H o u s e s at Bethlehem, and would thus be one m o r e w o r k to be credited t o the m a s t e r builder.

15 Other Tannenberg Instruments n addition to making and repairing organs, Tannenberg gave some time and thought to the manufacture of other musical instruments. On June 29, 1789, one Jeremy Elrod returned to Salem, North Carolina, from a trip to Pennsylvania, bringing with him a clavicembalo (a kind of harpsichord) which Tannenberg had made for the chapel of the Single Sisters' House in Salem. 113 There are also, in the archives of the Moravian Music Foundation, directions for making a clavichord, with an accompanying drawing, which Tannenberg had sent to Salem from Lititz. The authorities at Salem also asked Tannenberg to make them a piano (Clavier), which he was not able to do because of other work. 114 Tannenberg, however, is known to have made at least two pianos which he sold for twenty-two pounds, ten shillings each. One of these was made for "Brother Lembke" and the other for the "Kinder-Haus," the Lititz school now known as Linden Hall. 115

I

113

APPENDIX B A C H M A N N ORGANS

T h e following is a list of organs known to have been built by Johann Philip Bachmann from the time of his separation from David Tannenberg to his death in 1837. 1803. Schoeneck, Northampton County, Pennsylvania. For the Moravian congregation. Cost: £65. This organ, for which Tannenberg made the metal pipes, is said to have been made originally for the Indian Mission on the Muskingum River in Ohio. Since there would be no one there who could repair it, the organ was made as durable as possible. It had three stops, was enclosed in a yellow case, and had a black cloth curtain in front. The organ was never sent to the Ohio Moravians but was sold to the Schoeneck congregation and consecrated there in a service on January 23, 1803. Some years later it came into the possession of the Bethlehem Theological Seminary. 1 1805. Hanover, Pennsylvania. For Emmanuel German Reformed Church. T h e organ had eight stops, two of wood and six of metal, and two large bellows. It was used until 1887 and then was given to a mission church of the Reformed denomination in Marietta, Pennsylvania, where it was in use until at least 1909. 2 1808. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. For "Old Salem" Lutheran Church. T h i s was a two-manual organ. 3 1810. Jonestown, Lebanon County, Zion Lutheran Church. Cost: $ 8 1 1 . 0 4 ^ . 4

115

Pennsylvania.

For

116

Organs

for

America

1813. Hamburg, Berks County, Pennsylvania. F o r St. M i c h a e l ' s U n i o n C h u r c h , L u t h e r a n and R e f o r m e d . C o s t : nearly $1,100.5 1818. H arrisburg, Pennsylvania. F o r Zion L u t h e r a n Church. Cost: $1,400. In A u g u s t , 1814, a c o m m i t t e e of the church went to L i t i t z to n e g o t i a t e a c o n t r a c t f o r the o r g a n . T h e r e was some delay in its construction, the m a t t e r was renewed in 1816, and the o r g a n was finally installed in M a y , 1818. T h e church was d e s t r o y e d in a fire on O c t o b e r 21, 1838." 1819. Myerstown, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. For Friedens Lutheran Church. C o s t : $800.7 T h i s one-manual and p e d a l o r g a n was used until 1904 when it was m o v e d to L u t h e r M e m o r i a l C h u r c h in T a c o m a , W a s h i n g ton, and used t h e r e until E a s t e r , 1933. T h e n it was completely rebuilt but the o r g a n case and the e i g h t - f o o t D i a p a s o n pipes were retained in the new i n s t r u m e n t . T h e case was originally white but w a s l a t e r finished in a d a r k color. T h e specifications of the o r g a n b e f o r e it w a s r e b u i l t w e r e 8 : Manual 1. 2. 3. 4.

(.54

notes):

Diapason Stopped Diapason Quintadena Octave

8 8 8 4

foot foot foot foot

5. Harmonic Flute 6. T w e l f t h

4 foot 2 - 2 / 3 foot

7. Fifteenth

2 foot III ranks

8. M i x t u r e Pedal

(18

notes) :

1. Bourdon

16 foot

1821. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. F o r St. J o h n ' s Church. A l a r g e o r g a n was begun in St. J o h n ' s C h u r c h by Schneider in 1818 but was n o t c o m p l e t e d . O n M a y B a c h m a n n signed a c o n t r a c t to complete the o r g a n on A u g u s t 1 of t h a t year. 9

Lutheran Matthias 18, 1821, or b e f o r e

NOTES PREFACE 1. W a s h i n g t o n ' s visit is mentioned in J a c o b Cox P a r s o n s ( e d . ) , Extracts from the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimcr of Philadelphia, 1765-98 ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : W i l l i a m F. Fell and Co., 1893), p. 166. T h e poem and r e f e r e n c e to W a s h i n g t o n ' s first visit a r e f r o m the d i a r y of J u s t u s H e n r y C h r i s t i a n H e l m j i t h f o r A u g u s t 17 a n d September 3, 1790. T h e d i a r y is located in the A r c h i v e s of the M i n i s t e r i u m of P e n n s y l v a n i a at the L u t h e r a n T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y in P h i l a d e l p h i a . 2. Neue

Philadelphische

Correspondent,

No. 4, October 12, 1790.

PART I 1. G e o r g Neisser, A History of the Beginnings of Moravian Work in America (Bethlehem, P a . : A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , 195S), p. 61. 2. E d m u n d D e S c h w e i n i t z , The Life and Times of David Zeisberger (Philad e l p h i a : J. B. Lippincott a n d Co., 1870), p. 13. 3. T h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g ' s p a r e n t s is f r o m t h e i r memoirs, p r e s e r v e d in the A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h at Bethlehem, P e n n s y l v a n i a . Some d e t a i l s a r e also taken f r o m G e o r g Neisser, " A list of the B o h e m i a n and M o r a v i a n E m i g r a n t s to Saxony . . ." in Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. I X , Nos. 1-2 (1913), passim. 4. See G e o r g Neisser, A History of the Beginnings of Moravian Work in America ( B e t h l e h e m , P a . : A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , 1955), pp. 64-65; a n d Vernon H . Nelson ( e d . ) a n d C a r l J o h n Fliegel ( t r a n s . ) , Christian David: Servant of the Lord (Bethlehem, P a . : A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , 1962). 5. See A u g u s t Gottlieb S p a n g e n b e r g , Leben des Herrn Nicolaus Ludwig Grafen und Herrn von Zinzendorf, II B a n d (Zu finden in den B r ü d e r g e m e i n e n , 1773), pp. 1071-72. 6. Most of the details of T a n n e n b e r g ' s e a r l y life a r e f r o m his two m e m o i r s : one, a p p a r e n t l y w r i t t e n a b o u t 1750 ( n o w in the A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h at B e t h l e h e m ) , and a second, w r i t t e n a b o u t 1790 a n d circulated at the time of his d e a t h . S e v e r a l copies of the latter h a v e been located, one in the Bethlehem A r c h i v e s ( m a d e f r o m a copy in G e r m a n y ) and t w o in the a r c h i v e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Church. 7. S p a n g e n b e r g , op. cit., pp. 1309-32. 8. Ibid., I I I B a n d , pp. 1759-68.

117

118

Organs

for

America

9. Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Z i n z e n d o r f , N o v e m b e r 15, 1751. A copy of the letter is in the L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s ( A r c h i v d e r B r ü d e r u n i t ä t , H e r r n h u t , R e p . 14A, No. 30, Letter 89). 10. J o h n W . J o r d a n , " M o r a v i a n I m m i g r a t i o n to P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1734-67" in Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. V, No. 2, pp. 54, 66-69. See also J o s e p h M o r t i m e r L e v e r i n g , A History of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1741-1892 ( B e t h l e h e m : T i m e s P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1903), pp. 233-34. 11. T w o m e m o i r s of A n n a R o s i n a K e r n T a n n e n b e r g h a v e been l o c a t e d , one in the A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h at B e t h l e h e m , a n d a l o n g e r a n d p r e s u m a b l y l a t e r one in the a r c h i v e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 12. H e r b e r t H. Beck, " T o w n R e g u l a t i o n s of L i t i t z " in Historical Papers and Addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society, X X X I X ( 1935), 114. 13. B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New H a v e n : Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1964), p. 237. 14. D e t a i l s f o r the period of T a n n e n b e r g ' s r e s i d e n c e at N a z a r e t h a r e f r o m the d i a r y of the N a z a r e t h c o n g r e g a t i o n , n o w at the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . T h e r e f e r e n c e to the w a s h i n g of the sheep is in the e n t r y f o r M a y 14, 1753. 15. Vital statistics f o r the T a n n e n b e r g f a m i l y a r e r e c o r d e d in the C h u r c h R e g i s t e r of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in the a r c h i v e s of t h a t c h u r c h . T h e r e is, h o w e v e r , some question as to w h e t h e r A n n a M a r i a w a s b o r n at N a z a r e t h or at Bethlehem. 16. K l e m m ' s m e m o i r is in the A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h at B e t h l e h e m . D e t a i l s of his life a r e t a k e n f r o m the m e m o i r . 17. J. T a y l o r H a m i l t o n , " A H i s t o r y of the C h u r c h K n o w n as the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h " in Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, VI, 41. See also L e v e r i n g , op. cit., p. 171. 18. S a m u e l K r i e b e l Brecht, The Genealogical Record of the Schivenkfcider Families ( N e w Y o r k : R a n d M c N a l l y Co., 1923), pp. 34-3 5; " N a r r a t i v e of the J o u r n e y of the S c h w e n k f e l d e r s to P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1733" in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, X (1886), 167-79; R a l p h B. S t r a s s b u r g e r and W i l l i a m J . H i n k e , Pennsylvania German Pioneers, I (Norristown, P a . : Pennsylv a n i a G e r m a n Society, 1934), 121-26; A n d r e w S. B e r k y ( e d . ) , The Journals and Papers of David Schultze, I ( P e n n s b u r g , P a . : T h e S c h w e n k f e l d e r L i b r a r y , 1952), 28-29. 19. M o r g a n Dix ( e d . ) , A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of Neu; York, P a r t I ( N e w Y o r k : G . P. P u t n a m ' s Sons, 1898), p. 301. See also A. H . M e s s i t e r , A History of the Choir and Music of Trinity Church, Nevo York ( N e w Y o r k : E d w i n S. G o r h a m , 1906), pp. 290-92. 20. W i l l i a m B e r r i a n , An Historical Sketch of Trinity Church, Neiv York (NewY o r k : S t a n f o r d and S w o r d s , 1847), p. 56. 21. Dix, op. cit., p. 224. 22. Historical Discourse at the Sesqui-Centennial of Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church on the Tulpehocken near Stouchsburg, Berks County, Pennsylvania ( L e b a n o n , P a . : F. J. F. Schantz, 1894), pp. 13, 19. T h i s r e c o r d i n d i c a t e s t h a t K l e m m w a s w o r k i n g in P h i l a d e l p h i a at this time, w h i c h does not a g r e e w i t h his m e m o i r w h i c h says t h a t he w e n t to N e w Y o r k in 1745 or 1746. 23. E r n e s t T . K r e t s c h m a n n , The Old Trappe Church (Philadelphia: Published by the C o n g r e g a t i o n , 1893), p. 61; and T h e o d o r e E. S c h m a u k , The Church Organ

119

Noies

and Its History ( u n p u b l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t in the A r c h i v e s of the M i n i s t e r i u m of P e n n s y l v a n i a at the L u t h e r a n T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y in P h i l a d e l p h i a ) , p. 256. 24. T h e question h a s been r a i s e d as to w h e t h e r K l e m m w a s the b u i l d e r of this first B e t h l e h e m o r g a n , since the records indicate t h a t G u s t a v u s Hesselius a c t u a l l y c o n t r a c t e d f o r the w o r k . T h i s Swedish p o r t r a i t p a i n t e r a n d spinet m a k e r , a n d sometime M o r a v i a n , is also r e f e r r e d to as an o r g a n b u i l d e r . It seems likely t h a t K l e m m , w h o is r e f e r r e d to h e r e as " t h e o r g a n m a k e r , " w a s the one w h o built the i n s t r u m e n t , p e r h a p s w h i l e he w a s in the employ of Hesselius. See Church Music and Musical Life in Pennsylvania in the Eighteenth Century, II ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : P e n n s y l v a n i a Society of the Colonial D a m e s of A m e r i c a , 1927), 175, 271; and D o n a l d M . M c C o r k l e , " P r e l u d e to a H i s t o r y of A m e r i c a n M o r a v i a n O r g a n s " in American Guild of Organists Quarterly, Vol. I l l , No. 4 ( O c t o b e r , 1958), pp. 142-43. 25. F r a n k l i n , op. cit., p. 236. 26. D i a r y of the B e t h l e h e m M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A u g u s t 20 a n d September 3, 1751. O t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g H a r t a f f e l is in the B u r i a l Book of the L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C h u r c h (in the B e t h l e h e m A r c h i v e s ) , a n d the C h u r c h Council R e c o r d s of the L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , J u n e 6, 1762 ( a l s o in the Bethlehem A r c h i v e s ) . See also S t r a s s b u r g e r and H i n k e , op. cit., pp. 359-61; and F r a n k l i n Ellis a n d S a m u e l E v a n s , History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: E v e r t s and Peck, 1883), pp. 369-70. 27. I n f o r m a t i o n on t h e stay in N a z a r e t h is f r o m the d i a r y of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , n o w at the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 28. D i a r y of t h e C h r i s t i a n ' s S p r i n g M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n ( n o w at the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C h u r c h ) , J u l y , 1760, and m e m o r a b i l i a , 1760. See also J a m e s H e n r y , " C h r i s t i a n ' s S p r i n g " in Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. I, No. 2 ( 1857-58), p. 75. 29. B e t h l e h e m M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , D e c e m b e r 9, 1762. 30. D i a r y of the B e t h l e h e m M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A u g u s t 19, 1762. 31. B e t h l e h e m M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , J u l y 5, 1762. 32. T h e copy c o n s u l t e d is in the A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n , Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 33. C h a r l e s W . M c M a n i s a n d F r a n k P. A l b r i g h t , " T a n n e n b e r g R e s t o r a t i o n " in The Tracker, Vol. I X , No. 2 ( W i n t e r , 1965), p. 2. 34. R u d y a r d K i p l i n g , Rewards and Fairies ( L o n d o n : M a c m i l l a n a n d Co., Ltd., 1914), p. 138. 35. J o h n G . Zook, Historical and Pictorial Lititz (Lititz, P a . : E x p r e s s P r i n t i n g Co., 1905), pp. 202-3. 36. D i a r i e s of the B e t h l e h e m and Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n s f o r N o v e m ber, 1761. 37. D i a r y of the L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A p r i l 20 to M a y 6, 1765. Also L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C h u r c h Council Records, S e p t e m b e r 12, 1762. 38. T h e p r o p e r t y is d e s c r i b e d in the r e c o r d s of the U. S. D i r e c t T a x of 1798, in the N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 39. L e t t e r f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to N a t h a n i e l Seidel, J u n e 30, 1766. 40. H e r b e r t H . Beck, op. cit., pp. 105-20. 41. Ibid., p. 115. 42. B e t h l e h e m

Moravian

Elders' Conference, November

19, 1781.

120

Organs

for

America

43. P a u l E. Beck, " D a v i d T a n n e b e r g e r , O r g a n B u i l d e r " in Papers the Laneaster

County

44. T h o m a s

Historical

Anburey,

Society,

Travels

Read

Before

Vol. X X X , N'o. 1 ( 1 9 2 6 ) , p. 10.

Through

the

Interior

Parts

of

America,

11

(Boston a n d N e w Y o r k : H o u g h t o n Mifflin Co., 1923), 300. 45. I n v e n t o r y of Lititz C h u r c h 46. See

Donald

M u s i c " in Music

M.

Library

and Congregation

McCorkle,

"The

Association

House,

Moravian

Notes,

1765.

Contribution

to

American

Vol. X I I I , No. 4 ( S e p t e m b e r ,

pp. 597-99; a n d J o s e p h A. M a u r e r , " T h e M o r a v i a n T r o m b o n e C h o i r " in Revieni

of Berks

County,

47. H e r b e r t Before

Vol. X X , No. 1 ( O c t o b e r - D e c e m b e r , 1954), pp. 2-8.

H . Beck, " L i t i t z

the Lancaster

1956),

Historical

County

as a n

Historical

Early

Society,

Musical

Center"

in Papers

Read

Vol. X I X , No. 3 ( 1 9 1 5 ) , p. 73. See

also T h e o . M . F i n n e y , " T h e C o l l e g i u m M u s i c u m at Lititz, P e n n s y l v a n i a , D u r i n g the E i g h t e e n t h C e n t u r y " in Papers Society

Read

by Members

of the American

Musicologica/

(1937).

48. K i p l i n g , op. cit., " B r o t h e r S q u a r e T o e s " a n d " A P r i e s t in Spite of self." H i r t e himself w r o t e at least t w o b o o k s : Ein ziges der

Hand-Büchlein Noth,

Büchlein

oder

neues,

auserlesenes,

( C h e s t n u t Hill, P a . : S a m u e l S a u r , 1792) a n d Der

Ziveyter

Theil,

des

Neuen,

Auserlesenen

Him-

gemeinnütFreund

Gemeinnützigen

in

Hand-

( G e r m a n t a u n , P a . : P e t e r L e i b e r t , 1793).

49. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Single B r e t h r e n ' s C h o i r , M a y 28-30, 1791. 50. D o n a l d Heritage

M . M c C o r k l e , Moravian

Music

in Salem:

A

German-American

( A n n A r b o r , M i c h . : U n i v e r s i t y M i c r o f i l m s , Inc., 1958), pp. 55, 161.

also F i n n e y , op. cit.,

See

passim.

51. F i n n e y , op. cit., p. 49. 52. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n T h e t w o a r e listed as cantores

Single B r e t h r e n ' s C h o i r , A u g u s t 29, 1771.

a n d violisten

on a loose m e m o r a n d u m in t h e a r c h i v e s

of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , d a t e d J u l y , 1779. 53. Lititz M o r a v i a n A u f s e h e r C o l l e g i u m , S e p t e m b e r 27, 1793. 54. Lititz M o r a v i a n

Elders' Conference, J a n u a r y

55. L e t t e r f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to F e r d i n a n d

13, 1800.

D e t m e r s , A u g u s t 25, 1790, now in

t h e a r c h i v e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 56. German-American America:

The

Saga

Annals,

VI, 256, quoted in C a r l W i t t k e , tVe

of the Immigrant

Who

( C l e v e l a n d : T h e P r e s s of W e s t e r n

Built

Reserve

U n i v e r s i t y , 1939), p. 71. 57. H .

L.

Mencken,

The

American

Language,

Supplement

I

(New

York:

A l f r e d A. K n o p f , 1962), pp. 138-40. 58. D i a r y of the P h i l a d e l p h i a M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , O c t o b e r 22-29, 1766. 59. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , S e p t e m b e r 14 a n d

November

6, 1767. D i a r y of the N e w Y o r k M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , S e p t e m b e r - O c t o b e r , 1767. 60. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A u g u s t 15 a n d N o v e m b e r 22, 1768. 61. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , J u n e 15 a n d O c t o b e r 21, 1769. D i a r y of t h e P h i l a d e l p h i a M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , O c t o b e r 5 a n d 19, 1769. 62. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , S e p t e m b e r 5, 1767. t h e copy of the d i a r y n o w at the Lititz C h u r c h f o r t h i s d a t e . 63. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , N o v e m b e r

17, 1768.

See also

Notes

121

64. Pennsylvania Gazette, J a n u a r y 10, 1771, quoted in P a u l E. Beck, op. cit., p. 5. A s i m i l a r r e p o r t a p p e a r e d in Der W ochentliche Ρennsylvanische Staatsbote of H e i n r i c h M i l l e r , No. 482, A p r i l 16, 1771. 65. B u r i a l Book of St. M i c h a e l ' s and Zion L u t h e r a n C h u r c h e s , P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pennsylvania. 66. Pennsylvania Gazette, D e c e m b e r 30, 1762, quoted in R. R. D r u m m o n d , Early German Music in Philadelphia ( N e w Y o r k : D. A p p l e t o n a n d Co., 1910), p. 22. 67. T h e s e t w o m e n visited h i s s h o p in 1762 to inspect a c l a v i c h o r d w h i c h Stiegel w a s h a v i n g built. See G e o r g e L. H e i g e s , Henry William Stiegel and His Associates ( L a n c a s t e r , P a . : R u d i s i l l a n d Co., Inc., 1948) pp. 69-70. 68. C o n t r a c t w i t h Fey r i n g is in the a r c h i v e s of F i r s t R e f o r m e d C h u r c h ( U n i t e d C h u r c h of C h r i s t ) , P h i l a d e l p h i a . O t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m r e c o r d s copied by W i l l i a m J . H i n k e in the A r c h i v e s of the H i s t o r i c a l Society of the E v a n g e l i c a l a n d R e f o r m e d Church, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 69. B e n j a m i n D o r r , A Historical Account of Christ Church, Philadelphia ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : R. S. H . G e o r g e , 1841), pp. 145, 158-59, 325; D r u m m o n d , op. cit., pp. 21-22; E u g e n e M . M c C r a c k e n , " D u c k S o u p " in The Tracker, Vol. IV, No. 1 ( O c t o b e r , 1959), pp. 9-12. 70. Pennsylvania Gazette, D e c e m b e r 30, 1762, quoted in D r u m m o n d , op. cit., pp. 21-22. 71. Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , N o v e m b e r 12, 1770. 72. D i a r y of t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , N o v e m b e r 21 ( 2 3 ? ) , 1771. 73. D i a r y of t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , M a y 29 a n d J u n e 6, 1775 (copy at t h e Lititz C h u r c h ) . 74. J a c o b F r y , The History of Trinity Lutheran Church, Reading, Pennsylvania ( R e a d i n g : P u b l i s h e d by t h e C o n g r e g a t i o n , 1894), pp. 90-91. 75. T h o m a s A n b u r e y , op. cit., II, 176-77. 76. Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , A u g u s t 5, 1776; D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Single Sisters' C h o i r , A u g u s t 5, 1776, a n d N o v e m b e r 15, 1777. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A u g u s t 4-5, 1776. 77. A b r a h a m R. Beck, " E x t r a c t s f r o m the B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e a n d C o n g r e g a t i o n a l D i a r i e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h at Lititz, P e n n s y l v a n i a , R e l a t i n g to the R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r " in The Penn Germania, Vol. I, Nos. 11-12 ( N o v e m b e r - D e c e m b e r , 1912), p. 849. 78. Cited in S c h m a u k , op. cit., p. 277. T h e o r i g i n of the o r g a n in t h e Single Sisters' H o u s e is not k n o w n , but it m a y well h a v e been an a d d i t i o n a l w o r k of T a n n e n b e r g or K l e m m . 79. A b r a h a m R. Beck, op. cit., p. 849. 80. Loc. cit. 81. Ibid., p. 852. F o r t h i s i n c i d e n t , see also the D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , O c t o b e r 21, 1777, a n d D i a r y of t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n Single B r e t h r e n ' s C h o i r , O c t o b e r 21-23, 1777. 82. A b r a h a m R. Beck, op. cit., p. 853. 83. D e t a i l s of t h e Lititz h o s p i t a l a r e f r o m A b r a h a m R. Beck, op. cit., pp. 85458, a n d t w o a r t i c l e s by H e r b e r t H . Beck, " G r a v e y a r d of t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y S o l d i e r s at L i t i t z " a n d " T h e M i l i t a r y H o s p i t a l at Lititz, 1777-78" both in Historical Papers and Addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society, the f o r m e r in Vol. X X X V I I ( 1933), pp. 1-5, a n d t h e l a t t e r in Vol. X X I I I , No. 1, pp. 5-14.

122

Organs

for

America

84. Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , J a n u a r y 19, 1778. 85. G e o r g e B l u m e r , " D r . W i l l i a m B r o w n " in Dictionary of American Biography, I I I ( N e w Y o r k : C h a r l e s S c r i b n e r ' s Sons, 1929), 157. See also Bessie W . G a h n , " D r . W i l l i a m B r o w n , P h y s i c i a n - G e n e r a l to the A m e r i c a n A r m y " in Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Vol. X V I , No. 11 ( N o v e m b e r , 1927), pp. 1090-91. 86. A b r a h a m R. Beck, op. cit., p. 859. 87. W i l l i a m B r o w n , Pharmacopoeia Simpliciorum et Efficaciorum . . . (Philad e l p h i a : Styner a n d Cist, 1778). 88. L e t t e r f r o m M a t t h e w H e h l to W i l l i a m Shippen, A p r i l 9, 1778, a n d reply of the s a m e d a t e . 89. K e n n e t h G a r d i n e r H a m i l t o n , John Ettviein and the Moravian Church During the Revolutionary Period ( B e t h l e h e m , P a . : T i m e s P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1940), pp. 132-38, 211 ; and " A Petition by the M o r a v i a n s D u r i n g t h e A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n " in The Pennsylvania German, Vol. X I I , No. 1 ( 1 9 1 1 ) , pp. 43-45. F o r the effect of the T e s t Act on the Lititz c o n g r e g a t i o n , see A b r a h a m R. Beck, op. cit., pp. 857-59. 90. Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , A p r i l 2 8 - D e c e m b e r 1, 1781; a n d T h o m a s Lynch M o n t g o m e r y ( e d . ) , Pennsylvania Archives, F i f t h Series, V I I , 237, 274, 281, 283, 329. 91. L e t t e r f r o m B e r n h a r d A d a m G r u b e to N a t h a n i e l Seidel, O c t o b e r 3, 1765. 92. Lititz M o r a v i a n A u f s e h e r Collegium, N o v e m b e r 8, 1772. 93. L e t t e r f r o m J o h n G o t t f r i e d Z a h m to N a t h a n i e l Seidel, S e p t e m b e r 7, 1780. 94. Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , October 30, 1779. 95. Ibid., A u g u s t 27, 1770. 96. Lititz M o r a v i a n A u f s e h e r Collegium, J u n e 21, 1781. 97. T h e will is in L a n c a s t e r County, P e n n s y l v a n i a , W i l l Book H , Vol. I, p. 540. 98. L e t t e r f r o m B e r n h a r d A d a m G r u b e to N a t h a n i e l Seidel, J a n u a r y 16, 1778. 99. D i a r y of the Y o r k M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A u g u s t 17 to S e p t e m b e r 7, 1784. 100. Lititz M o r a v i a n A u f s e h e r Collegium, J a n u a r y 14, 1786. 101. J o h n W . Lippold, " O l d T r i n i t y Steeple" in Historical Papers and Addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol. X X X I , No. 9 ( 1 9 2 7 ) , p. 129. 102. P a u l E. Beck, op. cit., p. 11. 103. T h e L a n c a s t e r t r i p is r e c o r d e d in the D i a r y of t h e L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , N o v e m b e r 1-10, 1784. T h e P h i l a d e l p h i a - B e t h l e h e m t r i p is in the D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , October 11, 1785. 104. Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , M a y 18 a n d 25, 1782. 105. Lititz M o r a v i a n A u f s e h e r Collegium, D e c e m b e r 28, 1780. 106. T a n n e n b e r g ' s will in L a n c a s t e r County, P e n n s y l v a n i a , W i l l Book H , Vol. I, p. 540. 107. Neue

Unpartheyische

Lancäster

Zeitung,

J u n e 25, 1788.

108. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , r e p o r t (Bericht) for M a y a n d J u n e , 1788; see also the D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Single B r e t h r e n ' s C h o i r , J u n e 17, 1788. 119. Neue

Unpartheyische

Lancäster

Zeitung,

J u n e 25, 1788.

110. C. R. D e m m e , Zum Andenken an die Hundertjährige Jubelfeier in der deutschen evangel, luther. St. Michaelis-Kirche in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: C o n r a d Z e n t l e r , 1843), p. 79.

123

N o t e s

111. L e t t e r f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to F e r d i n a n d D e t m e r s , A u g u s t 25, 1790, now in the a r c h i v e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 112. See the d i a r y of J u s t u s H e n r y C h r i s t i a n H e l m u t h , July t h r o u g h October, 1790. 113. Λ 'cue Philadelphische Correspondez, N'o. 4, October 12, 1790. See also the p r i n t e d p r o g r a m of the service, Lob und Anbetung des Goltmenschen, am Tage der Einweihung der neuen Orgel in der Deutschen Evangelisch Lutherischen Zions Kirche in Philadelphia, den 10 October, 1790 ( G e r m a n t a u n , P a . : M i c h a e l Billmever, 1790). 114. L e t t e r f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to F e r d i n a n d D e t m e r s , S e p t e m b e r 21, 1790, now in the a r c h i v e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 115.

J bid.

116. Ibid. D e t a i l s of the fire a r e f r o m H e l m u t h ' s D i a r y f o r D e c e m b e r 26, 1794; W . J. M a n n a n d A. S p a e t h , Fest-Gruss zum Zions-Jubiläum, Mai 13, 1866 ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : C. W . W i d m a i e r , 1866), p. 30; a n d J a c o b Cox P a r s o n s ( e d . ) , Extracts from the Diary of Jacob HUizheimer of Philadelphia, 1765-9S ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : W i l liam F. Fell a n d Co., 1893), p. 210. See also The Philadelphia Gazette, J a n u a r y 1 and 7, 1795, a n d The Philadelphia General Advertiser (Aurora), D e c e m b e r 27, 1794. 117. M e m o i r of A n n a R o s i n a K e r n T a n n e n b e r g in the a r c h i v e s of the Lititz Moravian Church. 118. D e a t h R e g i s t e r of the P h i l a d e l p h i a M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , October 1820, 1793. 119. Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , M a r c h 3 and A u g u s t 25, 1803. 120. M a r r i a g e R e c o r d of F i r s t R e f o r m e d C h u r c h , P h i l a d e l p h i a , A u g u s t 30, 1797. 121. T h i s r a i s e s the question of h o w the K r a u s s b r o t h e r s c a m e to be o r g a n b u i l d e r s . It is possible t h a t some of K l e m m ' s k n o w l e d g e w a s a v a i l a b l e to the K r a u s s f a m i l y . In a n y case, it is k n o w n t h a t the K r a u s s e s h a d built at least t w o o r g a n s b e f o r e their a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g , J r . But the services of the y o u n g e r T a n n e n b e r g m u s t h a v e t a u g h t t h e m m u c h . J o h n K r a u s s also possessed a copy of a w o r k on o r g a n b u i l d i n g by G e o r g A n d r e a s Sorge, w h i c h he h a d copied N o v e m b e r 8, 1798. T h e y o u n g e r T a n n e n b e r g w a s then in his employ and the w o r k m a y well h a v e come f r o m the T a n n e n b e r g s . V a r i o u s K r a u s s m a n u s c r i p t s , i n c l u d i n g t h a t of Sorge, a r e n o w d e p o s i t e d in t h e S c h w e n k f e l d e r L i b r a r y , P e n n s b u r g , P e n n s y l v a n i a . F o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on the K r a u s s e s , see S a m u e l K. Brecht, op. cit., pp. 146-59; W i l l i a m U. K i s t l e r , " E a r l y O r g a n B u i l d e r s in N o r t h e r n M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y " in Historical Sketches of the Historical Society of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, IV ( 1 9 1 0 ) , 112-17; E. S. G e r h a r d ( e d . ) , Schwenkfelder Craftsmen, Inventors, and Surveyors, S c h w e n k f e l d i a n a , Vol. I, No. 5 ( N o r r i s t o w n , P a . : B o a r d of Publication of t h e S c h w e n k f e l d e r C h u r c h , 1945), pp. 12-18, 29-33; a n d " A n c i e n t H o m e of Old O r g a n B u i l d e r s " in The Pennsylvania German, Vol. X, No. 4 ( 1 9 0 9 ) , pp. 174-75. 122. D i a r y of J q h n K r a u s s , Vol. I, M a r c h 29, 1798, to A u g u s t 2, 1799. T h e d i a r y is in the S c h w e n k f e l d e r L i b r a r y . T h e G o s h e n h o p p e n o r g a n w a s used later in the C a t h o l i c C h u r c h in Bally, B e r k s County. T h e case of this o r g a n is v e r y s i m i l a r to those of T a n n e n b e r g . 123. Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , October 28, 1786. f r o m J o h a n n . A n d r e a s H ü b n e r to J o h n E t t w e i n , A p r i l 3, 1791.

See

also

letter

124. L e t t e r f r o m J o h a n n A n d r e a s H ü b n e r to J o h n E t t w e i n , A p r i l 3, 1791.

124

Organs

for

America

125. Letter f r o m J o h a n n A n d r e a s H ü b n e r to J o h n Ettwein, F e b r u a r y 15, 1793. For the m a r r i a g e , see the D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A p r i l 16, 1793. 126. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , November 1 5, 1837 (Bachm a n n ' s m e m o i r ) , in the A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n Church at Bethlehem. 127. J a m e s O w e n K n a u s s , J r . , Socia! Conditions Among the Pennsylvania Germans in the Eighteenth Century, as Revealed in the German Newspapers Published in America ( L a n c a s t e r , P a . : Vol. X X I X , Publications of the P e n n s y l v a n i a G e r m a n Society, 1922), p. 47. 128. A d e l a i d e L. F r i e s ( e d . ) , Records of the Moravians in North Carolina, V I ( R a l e i g h : N o r t h C a r o l i n a H i s t o r i c a l Commission, 1943), 2508-10, 2512, 2539-40, 2567, 2591-92, 2603, 2605. 129. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , F e b r u a r y 6, 1799; A b r a h a m R. Beck, The Moravian Graveyards of Lititz, Pennsylvania, 1744-1905 (n.d.), pp. 247-48. 130. Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Samuel Stotz, December 7, 1800, now in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n . 131. She w a s born A n n a M a r i a Fischer, F e b r u a r y 2, 1743, at H e i d e l b e r g , P e n n s y l v a n i a . She w a s m a r r i e d first in 1772 to J a m e s Hall, w h o died in 1783, a n d secondly in 1785 to Gottlieb L a n g e , w h o died in 1792. She died A p r i l 19, 1820. T h e process of her selection as T a n n e n b e r g ' s w i f e is recorded in Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , M a r c h t h r o u g h M a y , 1800. H e r memoir is in the a r c h i v e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . See also A b r a h a m R. Beck, The Moravian Graveyards of Lititz, Pennsylvania, 1744-1905 ( n . d . ) , p. 259, and Lititz M o r a v i a n D e a t h Register, A p r i l 19, 1820, at the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 132. Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Samuel Stotz, December 7, 1800, now in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n . 133. R e c o r d e d with the will at the L a n c a s t e r County courthouse, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 134. Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Samuel Stotz, J u n e 11, 1800, now in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n Music F o u n d a t i o n . Details of T a n n e n b e r g ' s complaints a g a i n s t B a c h m a n n a r e contained in a series of letters to Salem, all in these archives. 135. Letters f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to B a c h m a n n (October 20, 1800) and Samuel Stotz ( J u n e 18, 1801) in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n Music F o u n d a t i o n . T h i s w a s f o r the o r g a n built by Joseph F e r d i n a n d Bulitschek in 1773. T a n n e n b e r g ' s price f o r the pipes w a s £ 1 5 . See D o n a l d M . McCorkle, Moravian Music in Salem: A German-American Heritage ( A n n A r b o r , M i c h . : University Microfilms, Inc., 1958), pp. 74-76. 136. Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Friederick M a r s c h a l l , October 17, 1800, in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n . 137. Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Samuel Stotz, December 7, 1800, in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n . 138. Lititz M o r a v i a n A u f s e h e r Collegium, December 1, 1800. 139. Ibid., N o v e m b e r 10-11, 1801; Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , Novemb e r 14, 1801. 140. I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m the B a c h m a n n f a m i l y t h r o u g h M r s . H a r v e y of Lititz, P e n n s y l v a n i a .

Bachman

141. L e v e r i n g , op. cit., p. 364 n. E r n s t J u l i u s B a c h m a n n ' s m e m o i r is in the a r c h i v e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h .

125

Notes

142. J o h a n n P h i l i p B a c h m a n n ' s m e m o i r is c o n t a i n e d in t h e D i a r y of t h e Moravian

Congregation,

1+3. L i t i t z

November

Moravian

1793, a n d J u n e

Elders'

Lititz

1 5, 1837.

Conference,

February

14 a n d

18 a n d 22, 1 7 9 5 ; D i a r y of t h e L i t i t z M o r a v i a n

28 a n d

March

Congregation,

9,

July

1 1, 1795. 144. L i t i t z January

Moravian

145. L e v e r i n g , op. May

Elders'

Conference,

December

14, 1 7 9 7 ;

July

11,

1799;

12, 1803. cit.,

pp. 577-78; L e t t e r f r o m J o h a n n e s H e r b s t to

Bethlehem,

19, 1804. 146. M a r i a

Elisabeth T a n n e n b e r g Schropp's memoir

and

s i l h o u e t t e a r e in

the

A r c h i v e s of t h e M o r a v i a n C h u r c h a t B e t h l e h e m .

147. Der Americanische 148. D e t a i l s

Staatsbote,

from Tannenberg's

May 30, 1804. memoir.

149. L e t t e r f r o m T a n n e n b e r g t o J o h n S c h r o p p , A p r i l 20, 1804. J o h n H a l l ,

who

d e l i v e r e d t h e l e t t e r , w a s T a n n e n b e r g ' s s t e p s o n . L e w i s M i l l e r ' s s k e t c h of T a n n e n b e r g in

York

depicts

a

"Mr.

Hall"

who

"finishes

the

organ."

This

may

have

J o h n H a l l o r a n o t h e r s t e p s o n , o r it m a y h a v e b e e n o n e of t h e H a l l f a m i l y of b u i l d e r s w h o l a t e r a p p e a r in P h i l a d e l p h i a that

there

is

some

connection

between

a n d t h e n in N e w Y o r k .

Tannenberg's

stepsons

been organ

( I s it p o s s i b l e

and

the

Halls

of

Philadelphia?) 150. D i a r y

of

the

York

Moravian

Congregation,

May

17-21,

1804.

Details

a l s o f r o m t h e m e m o i r s of T a n n e n b e r g a n d h i s w i f e . 151. A b r a h a m

R. B e c k , " D a v i d

Tannenberg"

Vol. X , N o . 7 ( J u l y , 1 9 0 9 ) , p p . 339-40.

in

The

Pennsylvania

German,

T h e b o d i e s in t h e M o r a v i a n C e m e t e r y

later r e m o v e d to P r o s p e c t Hill C e m e t e r y on N o r t h G e o r g e Street in Y o r k . berg's g r a v e

is l o c a t e d

152. F r o m

the

Ludwig Miller of

files

in

Section

of

the

were

Tannen-

N.

Historical

S o c i e t y of

York

County,

Pennsylvania.

w a s t h e f a t h e r of L e w i s M i l l e r , w h o l e f t t h e o n l y k n o w n

picture

Tannenberg.

P A R T II 1.

Selections

building

are

from

given

in

this

and

Charles

Paperback,

Schweitzer's R. Joy,

1951).

other

Music

See

also

in

works the

Life

(Boston:

Beacon

Thought

( N e w Y o r k : M e n t o r , 1 9 5 5 ) , e s p e c i a l l y c h a p t e r 8.

Schweitzer's

2. A c o n c i s e w o r k is J o h n B r o a d h o u s e , The don: William Reeves, n.d.).

3. Neue Unpartheyische

See a l s o t h e

Lancaster

Organ

Viewed

on

organs

of

Albert

Out

of from

and

organ Schweitzer

My

Life

Within

and (Lon-

bibliography.

Zeitung,

November 19, 1788.

4. D i a r y of t h e L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A p r i l 30, 1765. 5. A r c h i v e s of Z i o n L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , B a l t i m o r e , M a r y l a n d .

The

subscription

list is d a t e d J a n u a r y 5, 1795. 6. D i a r y of t h e G r a c e h a m M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , M a y 27, 1792. 7. L e t t e r f r o m T a n n e n b e r g t o F r i e d e r i c k M a r s c h a l l , D e c e m b e r 11, 1797, n o w in t h e a r c h i v e s of t h e M o r a v i a n M u s i c

Foundation.

8. J o s e p h M o r t i m e r L e v e r i n g , A History (Bethlehem: Times

of Bethlehem,

P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1 9 0 3 ) , p p .

577-78.

Pennsylvania,

1741-1892

126

Organs

for

America

9. A d e l a i d e L. F r i e s ( e d . ) , Records of the Moravians in North Carolina, VI ( R a l e i g h : N o r t h C a r o l i n a H i s t o r i c a l C o m m i s s i o n , 1943), 2512. 10. L e t t e r s f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to B e t h l e h e m officials ( M a r c h 16, 1803 ) and J o h n S c h r o p p ( A p r i l 20, 1804). 11. T h e specifications w e r e a l t e r e d s o m e w h a t w h e n the contract w a s finally s i g n e d . T h e specifications f r o m the c o n t r a c t a r e g i v e n in f u l l in P a r t III. 12. T h e o r i g i n a l c o n t r a c t is in the a r c h i v e s of First R e f o r m e d C h u r c h ( U n i t e d C h u r c h of C h r i s t ) , L a n c a s t e r , P e n n s y l v a n i a . 13. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , J u l y 30, 1770. 14. Records and Notes of Interest in Church Affairs, 1758-1825 ( V - 1 0 2 ) , p. 184 ( S e p t e m b e r 2, 1771) in the a r c h i v e s of T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , L a n c a s t e r , Pennsylvania. 15. Pennsylvania Gazette, D e c e m b e r 23, 1762, quoted in R. R. D r u m m o n d , Early German Music in Philadelphia ( N e w Y o r k : D. A p p l e t o n a n d Co., 1910), p. 21. 16. T h e b u i l d i n g m e a s u r e d t w e n t y by fifteen feet ( R e c o r d s of the U. S. D i r e c t T a x of 1798 in t h e N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . ) . 17. L e t t e r f r o m B e r n h a r d A d a m G r u b e to N a t h a n i e l Seidel, J a n u a r y 16, 1778; Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , F e b r u a r y 11, 1771. 18. M i n u t e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n Council, M a y 5, 1766. 19. D i a r y of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , J u l y 19, 1762. 20. M i n u t e s of t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n Council, F e b r u a r y 14, 1771; Lititz M o r a v i a n E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , J a n u a r y 14, M a y 18 a n d 27, A u g u s t 16 and 19, 1771, A p r i l 5, M a y 12, a n d J u n e 21, 1773, a n d J u n e 13, 1789; Lititz M o r a v i a n A u f s e h e r C o l l e g i u m , J u n e 26, 1773. 21. D o n a l d M . M c C o r k l e , " P r e l u d e to a H i s t o r y of A m e r i c a n M o r a v i a n O r g a n s " in American Guild of Organists Quarterly, Vol. I l l , No. 4 (October, 1958), pp. 145-46. A n a t i v e of B o h e m i a , Bulitschek w a s b o r n in 1729, c a m e to Bethlehem in 1754 a n d to Lititz in 1759. See also D i a r y of the B e t h l e h e m M o r a v i a n Single B r e t h r e n ' s C h o i r , A p r i l 24, 1759; F r i e s , op. cit., Vols. I t h r o u g h VII, passim; and J o h n W . J o r d a n , " M o r a v i a n I m m i g r a t i o n to P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1734-67" in Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. V, No. 2, p. 79. 22. C a t a l o g u e of the C o n g r e g a t i o n in Lititz, J u n e 20, 1784. 23. " I n v e n t o r y of I n s t r u m e n t M a k e r " d a t e d J u l y 5, 1762. Copy consulted is in the files of H i s t o r i c B e t h l e h e m , Inc. 24. Philadelphia Gazette, J a n u a r y 7, 1795; W i l l i a m G u t h r i e , A New System of Modern Geography, I I ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : P r i n t e d f o r M a t t h e w C a r e y , 1795), 447. 25. " Q u a n t i t a t i v e s p e c t r o c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s of one s a m p l e of o r g a n pipe m e t a l " in File 430-5 at the H i s t o r i c a l Society of Y o r k C o u n t y ; C h a r l e s W . M c M a n i s and F r a n k P. A l b r i g h t , " T a n n e n b e r g R e s t o r a t i o n " in The Tracker, Vol. IX, No. 2 ( W i n t e r , 1 965), p. 8. A m o n g the K r a u s s p a p e r s in the S c h w e n k f e l d e r L i b r a r y t h e r e is a " r e c i p e " f o r m a k i n g solder to be used on o r g a n pipes. It consists of five p a r t s tin, t h r e e p a r t s b i s m u t h , a n d t h r e e p a r t s lead. 26. L e t t e r f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to S a m u e l Stotz, D e c e m b e r 7, 1800, n o w in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n . F o r the B a c h m a n n o r g a n , see the Appendix. 27. P a u l E. Beck, D a v i d T a n n e b e r g e r , O r g a n B u i l d e r " in Papers Read the Lancaster County Historital Society, Vol. X X X , No. 1 (1926), p. 4.

Before

Notes

127

28. Diary of the Bethlehem M o r a v i a n Congregation, J a n u a r y 15, 1758 ; Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to John Schropp, September 23, 1794. 29. Lititz M o r a v i a n Elders' Conference, M a r c h 10 and 17, 1803. 30. Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New H a v e n : Yale University Press, 1964), p. 217; William F r e d e r i c W o r n e r , Old Lancaster: Tales and Traditions (Lancaster, P a . : Published by the author, 1927), p. 101. 31. See, for example, the account in Charles R. Roberts and J. D. Schindel in History of Egypt Church (Allentown, P a . : P a p e r s R e a d Before the Lehigh County Historical Society, 1908), p. 62. 32. Letter from Friedrich Leinbach to John Schropp, October 1, 1782; Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Samuel Stotz, J u n e 11, 1800, in the archives of the M o r a v i a n Music Foundation; Letter from T a n n e n b e r g to Nils Tillofsen, September 22, 1793 (copy consulted is in the Library of the M o r a v i a n Historical Society, N a z a r e t h , Pennsylvania ). 33. D i a r y of the Bethlehem Single Brethren's Choir, November 17 through December 1, 1776. 34. Records of Zion Lutheran Church, Baltimore, M a r y l a n d , December 4, 1795, et passim; Records of First Reformed Church (United Church of C h r i s t ) , Lancaster, Pennsylvania, M a r c h 26, 1771. 35. Beck, o f . cit., p. 9. Beck gives an extended description of T a n n e n b e r g ' s bellows on page 10, including an alternate type used f o r the New Holland o r g a n and others. T h e Lititz bellows were destroyed in a fire in 1957 (see The Tracker, Vol. II, No. 1 [October, 1957], p. 6). 36. Letter from T a n n e n b e r g to Nils Tillofsen, September 22, 1793 (see note 32 above) ; Letter from John Youngberg to John Schropp, November 21, 1793. 37. Records of T r i n i t y Lutheran Church, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Others w e r e paid for additional woodwork and for the painting. 38. Letter from Nils Tillofsen to John Schropp, December 15, 1793. 39. Tvio Centuries of Nazareth, 1740-1940 ( N a z a r e t h , P a . : Bi-centennial, Inc., 1940), pp. 79-80; Roberts and Schindel, op. cit., p. 62; J o u r n a l of the Single Brethren at Bethlehem, 1772-1780, account dated November 29, 1776. 40. Donald M. McCorkle, Moravian Music in Salem: A German-American Heritage ( A n n Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, Inc., 1958), p. 69; H a r o l d Donaldson Eberlein and Cortland Van Dyke H u b b a r d , "Music in the Early Federal E r a " in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, L X I X (1945), 121; Jack Green (ed.), The Diary of Colonel Landon Carter, I (Charlottesville, V a . : T h e University Press of Virginia, 1965), 103. 41. H. M. J. Klein and William F. Diller, The History of St. James' Church (Protestant Episcopal) 1744-1944 (Lancaster, P a . : Published by the Vestry, 1944), p. 35. 42. Joseph Henry Dubbs, " F o r m a t i v e Influences" in The College Student, M a r c h , 1908, p. 154. 43. John C. Ogden, An Excursion into Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania in the Year 1799 ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : Charles Cist, 1805), p. 42. 44. T h e paintings of John Valentine H a i d t (1700-1782) are recognized today as among the most important early American religious paintings. A booklet prepared for a recent exhibition at the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk A r t Collection,

128

Organs

for

America

W i l l i a m s b u r g , V i r g i n i a (1966; text by V e r n o n H . N e l s o n ) is the most e x t e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t of his life and w o r k . 45. L. H. Butterfield ( e d . ) , Adams Family Correspondence, II (Cambridge, M a s s . : B e l k n a p P r e s s of H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1963), 155. T h e letter is d a t e d F e b r u a r y 7, 1777, and the o r g a n w a s t h e r e f o r e the K l e m m - T a n n e n b e r g i n s t r u m e n t of 1759. 46. A m o n g the p a p e r s of J o h n K r a u s s in the S c h w e n k f e l d e r L i b r a r y is a " r e c i p e " f o r m a k i n g " o r g a n b u i l d e r ' s w h i t e , " the p a i n t used on the o r g a n cases, w h i c h K r a u s s h a d copied in 1804 f r o m a G e r m a n text. 47. D i a r y of the L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A p r i l 24-29, 1765. 4S. M c M a n i s a n d A l b r i g h t , op. cit.. pp. 2, 8. 49. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Single B r e t h r e n ' s C h o i r , A u g u s t 13, 1787. 50. C h a r l e s F. D a p p , History of Zion's or Old Organ Church ( S p r i n g City, P a . : T h e I n t e r - B o r o u g h Press, 1919), pp. 46-47; D i a r y of the H e b r o n M o r a v i a n Cong r e g a t i o n , N o v e m b e r 14, 1773. 51. Der Deutsche Porcupein, No. 56, J a n u a r y 23, 1799. 52. Neue Unpartheyische Lancäiter Zeitung, A u g u s t 15, 1787. 53. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , S e p t e m b e r 21, 1801; D a p p , op. cit., p. 47. 54. D i a r y of the H o p e M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , O c t o b e r 5, 1782. 55. D i a r y of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , D e c e m b e r 15-16, 1793. 56. D i a r y of the G r a c e h a m M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , M a y 4, 1793. 57. F r i e s ( e d . ) , op. cit., VI, 2656, 2947-52. 58. G r e e n ( e d . ) , op. cit., p. 103. 59. Joy, op. cit., pp. 166-67. 60. L e t t e r s f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to S a m u e l Stotz, D e c e m b e r 7, 1800, a n d J u n e 18, 1801, in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n . 61. T h e directions a r e included w i t h a letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to S a m u e l Stotz, M a y 25, 1802, in the a r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n .

PART III 1. W i l l Book H , Vol. I, p. 540, at the L a n c a s t e r C o u n t y c o u r t h o u s e , L a n c a s t e r , Pennsylvania. 2. T h i s sheet is included with a copy of T a n n e n b e r g ' s m e m o i r in the a r c h i v e s of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 3. P a u l E. Beck, " D a v i d T a n n e b e r g e r , O r g a n B u i l d e r " in Papers Read Before the Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol. X X X , No. 1 ( 1 9 2 6 ) , pp. 3-11. 4. S e v e r a l c o r r e c t i o n s h a v e been m a d e in Beck's list. T h e 1761 o r g a n i n s t a l l e d by T a n n e n b e r g in the Lititz M o r a v i a n C h a p e l w a s not his w o r k , but the old 1746 B e t h l e h e m o r g a n . T h e o r g a n f o r the Single Sisters' H o u s e in Lititz w a s m a d e in 1798 r a t h e r t h a n in 1761. A n d the 1775 o r g a n f o r F r e d e r i c k , M a r y l a n d , w a s f o r the L u t h e r a n r a t h e r t h a n the R e f o r m e d C h u r c h . Some o t h e r m i n o r c o r r e c t i o n s of d a t e s h a v e also been m a d e . His

5. C h a r l e s R. Joy, Music in the Life of Albert Schweitzer Writings ( B o s t o n : Beacon P a p e r b a c k , 1959), p. 153.

: With

Selections

from

6. D i a r y of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , M a r c h 1, A u g u s t 26, a n d m e m o r a b i l i a , 1758. T h e d i a r y is in the a r c h i v e s of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C h u r c h .

Ν

otes

129

7. P r e s t o n Λ. B a r b a , They Came to Emmaus: lished by the B o r o u g h of E m m a u s , 1959), p. 143.

A Hutory

(Emmaus, Pa.: Pub-

8. D i a r y of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , M a r c h 1, D e c e m b e r 24, and m e m o r a b i l i a , 1758, in the a r c h i v e s of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 9. D i a r y of the B e t h l e h e m M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , J a n u a r y 29, 1759. 10. J o h n C. O g d e n , An Excursion into Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania in the Year 1799 ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : C h a r l e s Cist, 1805), p. 34. 11. J o s e p h M o r t i m e r L e v e r i n g , A History of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 17411892 ( B e t h l e h e m : T i m e s P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1903), p. 578. 12. D i a r y of the C h r i s t i a n ' s S p r i n g M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , J u l y 1, 10 and m e m o r a b i l i a , 1760. T h e d i a r y is in the a r c h i v e s of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 13. D i a r y of the B e t h l e h e m M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A p r i l 20, 1762. 14. A d e l a i d e L. F r i e s ( e d . ) , Records of the Moravians in North Carolina, I ( R a l e i g h : N o r t h C a r o l i n a H i s t o r i c a l Commission, 1922), 247. 15. Ibid., I, 2 5 4 ; II, 835-36. 16. D o n a l d M . M c C o r k l e , Moravian Music in Salem: A German-American Heritage ( A n n A r b o r , M i c h . : U n i v e r s i t y Microfilms, Inc., 1958), p. 73. 17. D i a r y of the L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , A p r i l 20 t h r o u g h M a y 6, 1765; L a n c a s t e r M o r a v i a n C h u r c h Council R e c o r d s , J u l y 7, 1765. 18. S. C. A l b r i g h t , The Story of the Moravian Congregation at York, Pennsylvania ( Y o r k : T h e M a p l e P r e s s Co., f o r e w o r d d a t e d 1927), pp. 65-66, 138. 19. D i a r y of the P h i l a d e l p h i a M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , O c t o b e r 29, 1766. 20. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , S e p t e m b e r 14 and N o v e m b e r 6, 1767. 21. Joel M u n s e l l , The Annals of Albany, second edition, I ( A l b a n y : Joel M u n s e l l , 1869), 166-67. 22. D i a r y of t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , N o v e m b e r 22, 1768. 23. Beck, op. cit., p. 4. 24. J o s e p h

Henry

Dubbs,

"Formative

Influences"

in

The

College

Student,

M a r c h , 1908, p. 155. 25. D i a r y of t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , October 21, 1769. 26. A b r a h a m

R. Beck, " D a v i d

Tannenberg"

in

The

Pennsylvania

German,

Vol. X , No. 7 ( J u l y , 1909), p. 340. 27. P a u l E. Beck, op. cit., p. 4. 28. J . D. W a n n e r , Kirchen-Recht Pennsylvania

29. S. H. Fegely, in Reading of the

der Zions

Kirche

tu Richmond,

Berks

County,

( K u t z t o w n , P a . : " G e i s t d e r Z e i t " D r u c k e r e i , 1863), p. 15.

Historical

Society

Daily

of the

Times

( a b o u t 1878). C l i p p i n g in the a r c h i v e s

Evangelical

and

Reformed

Church,

Lancaster,

Pennsylvania. 30. Tvio

Hundredth

Anniversary

of the

Congregation

[Zion-Moselem],

Sketch

of the Evangelical

1734-

1934, p a g e s not n u m b e r e d . 31. E d m u n d R. E s c h b a c h , Historic of Frederick, the Evangelical

p. 5.

Maryland

Reformed

Church

( 1 8 9 4 ) , pp. 20-21, 39; J a m e s B. Ranck, et al., A History

Reformed

Church,

Frederick,

Maryland

of

(1964), p. 51.

32. Kirchen-Buch

(#16698) n o w in the H a l l of R e c o r d s , A n n a p o l i s ,

3 3. Pennsylvania

Gazette,

Maryland.

J a n u a r y 10, 1771, quoted in P a u l E. Beck, op.

cit.,

130

Organs

for

34. W . S t u a r t C r a m e r , History of the First Reformed Church, Lancaster, sylvania, 1736-1904, I ( L a n c a s t e r : W i c k e r s h a m P r i n t i n g Co., 1904), 120.

America Penn-

35. J a c o b Fry, The History of Trinity Lutheran Church, Reading, Pennsylvania ( R e a d i n g : P u b l i s h e d by the C o n g r e g a t i o n , 1894), p. 45 et passim. 36. L e t t e r f r o m the S e c r e t a r y , T i n i c u m U n i t e d C h u r c h of C h r i s t , J a n u a r y , 1966. 37. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , J u l y 31, 1772. T h e copy of the d i a r y at t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h does not m e n t i o n t h e o r g a n but simply notes that the visitors examined the o r g a n shop "with satisfaction." 38. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , S e p t e m b e r 3, 1773. F r o m the copy at t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 39. D i a r y of t h e H e b r o n M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , S e p t e m b e r t h r o u g h N o v e m b e r , 1773. 40. T h e o d o r e E. S c h m a u k , The Church Organ and Its History (unpublished m a n u s c r i p t in the A r c h i v e s of t h e M i n i s t e r i u m of P e n n s y l v a n i a at t h e L u t h e r a n T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y in P h i l a d e l p h i a ) , pp. 267-68; W i l l i a m H e n r y Egle, History of the County of Lebanon ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : E v e r t s and Peck, 1883), pp. 158-59. 41. Bi-Centennial, The Moravian Church, Lebanon, Pennsylvania ( 1 9 4 7 ) , p. 28. 42. Records and Notes of Interest in Church Affairs, 1758-1825 ( V - 1 0 2 ) , p. 184 ( S e p t e m b e r 2, 1771) in the a r c h i v e s of T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , L a n c a s t e r , Pennsylvania. 43. D i a r y of t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , D e c e m b e r 26, 1774. See also t h e copy of the d i a r y at t h e Lititz M o r a v i a n C h u r c h . 44. C. F. S c h a e f f e r a n d F. A. M u h l e n b e r g , Memorial Volume of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity, Lancaster, Pennsylvania (Lancaster: John B a e r ' s Sons, 1861), p. 132. 45. P a u l E. Beck, op. cit., p. 5 ; S. M . S e n e r , The Catholic Church at Lancaster, Pennsylvania ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : A m e r i c a n C a t h o l i c H i s t o r i c a l Society, 1894), pp. 18, 21. 46. A b d e l Ross W e n t z , History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Frederick, Maryland, 1738-1938 ( H a r r i s b u r g , P a . : T h e E v a n g e l i c a l P r e s s , 1938), pp. 143-44. 47. D i a r y of the G r a c e h a m M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , N o v e m b e r 25-26, 1775. 48. W e n t z , op. cit., pp. 236-37. 49. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n , S e p t e m b e r 9, 1776. 50. H e n r y M a r t y n K i e f f e r , Some of the First Settlers of "The Forks of the Delaware" and Their Descendents ( E a s t o n , P a . , 1902), p. 45. 51. Journals of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, November 28, 1776-October 2, 1781, I ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : J o h n D u n l a p , 1782), 117-22. 52. T h e stop list a n d l a t e r h i s t o r y of the o r g a n a r e c o n t a i n e d in a m e m o r a n d u m w h i c h h a d been a t t a c h e d to the o r g a n at the P l a i n f i e l d C h u r c h ( a n d is still g l u e d to a b o a r d f r o m the o r g a n ) . T h e m e m o r a n d u m is now in the possession of the F i r s t R e f o r m e d C h u r c h ( U n i t e d C h u r c h of C h r i s t ) in E a s t o n . F o r the l a t e r history of the o r g a n , see also W . H . B r o n g , " H i s t o r y of t h e P l a i n f i e l d C h u r c h " in The Pennsylvania German, Vol. X, No. 7 ( J u l y , 1909), p. 371. 53. D i a r y of the B e t h l e h e m Single B r e t h r e n ' s C h o i r , N o v e m b e r 17 t h r o u g h D e c e m b e r 1, 1776; J o u r n a l of t h e Single B r e t h r e n at B e t h l e h e m (1772-1780), Nov e m b e r 25 t h r o u g h D e c e m b e r 17, 1776. T h e o r i g i n of t h e B r e t h r e n ' s old c h a p e l o r g a n is not k n o w n .

Notes

131

54. Paul E. Beck, op. cit., p. 5. 55. Diary of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Single Brethren's Choir, J a n u a r y 20, 176S. 56. Diary of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Single Brethren's Choir, August 29 and memorabilia, 1777; Diary of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Congregation, August 30, 1777. 57. Newton D. Mereness, Travels in the American Colonici (New York: Antiquarian Press, Ltd., 1961), p. 612. 58. George R. Prowell, History of York County, Pennsylvania, II (Chicago: J. H. Beers and Co., 1907), 111; George H. Eckhardt, Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers (New York: D e v i n - A d a i r Co., 1955), p. 211. 59. Diary of the Hope M o r a v i a n Congregation, October through December and memorabilia, 1782; Hope M o r a v i a n Church Council Minutes, October 5, 1782. 60. Diary of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Congregation, June 21, 1783. 61. Diary of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Congregation, August 17, 1784; D i a r y of the York M o r a v i a n Congregation, August 17 through September 7, 1784. 62. John C. Fitzpatrick (ed.), The Diaries of George Washington, IV (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1925), 203. 63. John Gibson (ed.), History of York County, Pennsylvania (Chicago: F. A. Battey Publishing Co., 1886), pp. 530-32. 64. Charles R. Roberts and J. D. Schindel, History of Egypt Church (Allentown, P a . : P a p e r s Read Before the Lehigh County Historical Society, 1908), pp. 18-24 et passim. 65. Lititz M o r a v i a n Aufseher Collegium, J a n u a r y through May, 1786. 66. Lititz M o r a v i a n Elders' Conference, M a y 22, 1786. 67. Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Friedrich Marschall, December 11, 1797, now in the archives of the M o r a v i a n Music Foundation. 68. Neue Unpartheyische Lancaster Zeitung, August 15, 1787. 69. Paul E. Beck, op. cit., pp. 5-6. 70. Philadelphia Gazette, J a n u a r y 7, 1795; Philadelphische Correspondent, No. 370, J a n u a r y 13, 1795. 71. E d w a r d C. W o l f , " T h e T a n n e n b e r g O r g a n at Old Zion Church, Philadelp h i a " in Journal of Church Music, Vol. I l l , No. 4 (April, 1961), pp. 2-5; W . J. M a n n and A. Spaeth, Fest-Gruss zum Zions-Jubiläum, Mai 13, 1866 ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : C. W . W i d m a i e r , 1866), p. 30. 72. Lob und Anbetung des Gottmenschen . . . ( G e r m a n t a u n , Pa. : Michael Billmeyer, 1790). 73. Eugene E. McCracken, "Pennsylvania, the Keystone State" in The Tracker, Vol. IV, No. 2 ( J a n u a r y , 1960), p. 3. 74. W o l f , op. cit., p. 5. 75. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Congregation, M a y 12, 1795. 76. Charles F. D a p p , History of Zion's or Old Organ Church ( S p r i n g City, P a . : T h e Inter-Borough Press, 1919), pp. 45-50. 77. Diary of the G r a c e h a m M o r a v i a n Congregation, May 27, 1792, April 25 through M a y 5, 1793 ; see also A. L. Oerter, " G r a c e h a m , Frederick County, M a r y land, An Historical Sketch" in Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. I X Nos. 3-4 (1913), pp. 161-62, 203. 78. Diary of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n Single Brethren's Choir, November 12, 1793; Diary of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n Congregation, November 14 through December 16, 1793; N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n Aufseher Collegium, July, 1792, through

132

Organs

for

America

December, 1793. Originals are at the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n Church. T r a n s l a t i o n s consulted are in the Library of the M o r a v i a n Historical Society at Nazareth. 79. Specifications a r e f r o m a m e m o r a n d u m sent f r o m N a z a r e t h to Salem, North Carolina, J a n u a r y 16, 1798, and now in the archives of the M o r a v i a n Music Foundation. 80. A b r a h a m Ritter, History of the Moravian Church in Philadelphia, From Its Foundation in 1742 to the Present Time ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : Hayes and Zell, 1857), pp. 59 n. and 261. 81. Minutée of the Board of Corporation, First R e f o r m e d Church, August 26, 1790, and August 19, 1836, in the archives of First Reformed Church (United Church of C h r i s t ) , Philadelphia. 82. Letter f r o m J. A. H ü b n e r to John Ettwein, August 12, 1795. It is possible that " G u t s ' t o w n " r e f e r s to K u t z t o w n , Pennsylvania, but no records of an organ from this period h a v e been found in that locality. 83. W . J. K e r s h n e r and A d a m G . Lerch, History of St. John's (Hain's) Reformed Church in Loiver Heidelberg Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania (Reading, P a . : I. M. Beaver, 1916), pp. 58, 477-78. 84. Records at Zion L u t h e r a n Church, Baltimore (in Record Books #2-4) ; see also K l a u s G. Wust, Zion in Baltimore, 1755-1955 ( B a l t i m o r e : Zion Church of the City of Baltimore, 1955), pp. 36, 41-44, 73. 85. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Congregation, October 17, 1797. 86. Ttuo Hundredth Anniversary, First Ziegel Church, 1750-1950, p. 4. 87. Account sheet with T a n n e n b e r g ' s memoir at the Lititz M o r a v i a n Church lists an o r g a n for "Maccungie." See also note 85 above. 88. A l f r e d M a t t h e w s and Austin N. H u n g e r f o r d , History of the Counties of Lehigh and Carbon ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : Everts and Richards, 1884), p. 466. 89. D i a r y of John K r a u s s at the Schwenkfelder Library, Pennsburg, Pennsylvania. 90. Original contract is at the Schwenkfelder Library. Photograph is at St. Peter's United Church of Christ. 91. Charles W . M c M a n i s and F r a n k P. Albright, " T a n n e n b e r g Restoration" in The Tracker, Vol. IX, No. 2 ( W i n t e r , 1965) ; Charles W . McManis, "Restoration of T a n n e n b e r g O r g a n at Old Salem" in The Diapason, Vol. 56, No. 4 ( M a r c h , 1965), pp. 36-37; Charles W . M c M a n i s , " D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g and the Old Salem Restoration" in The American Organist, Vol. 48, No. 5 ( M a y , 1965), pp. 15-20. 92. D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Single Sisters' Choir, July 10-11 and 26, 1798; D i a r y of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Congregation, July 26 (Bericht), 1798. 93. D i a r y of the Lancaster M o r a v i a n Congregation, J a n u a r y 14, 1798. 94. Ibid., J a n u a r y 17-21, 1799. 95. Kirchen-Buch at St. John's Church, pp. 282-83. 96. C l a r a A. Beck, "St. John's L u t h e r a n Church, Centre S q u a r e " in Historical Sketches of the Historical Society of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, V, 67-68; Record Book, 1865-1909, for J a n u a r y 7, 1889, at St. John's Church. 97. Letters f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Salem officiale, October 17, 1800; December 7, 1800; J u n e 18, 1801; and M a y 25, 1802; all in the archives of the M o r a v i a n Music Foundation. See also Fries (ed.), op. cit., VI, 2655. 98. Fries ( e d ) , op. cit., VI, 2610-11, 2627, 2639, 2947-52. 99. Paul E. Beck, op. cit., pp. 8-9; Charles W . M c M a n i s , " D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g

133

Notes

and the Old Salem Restoration" in The American Organist, Vol. 48, No. 5 ( M a y , 1965), pp. 16-17; Charles W . McManis, "Restoration of T a n n e n b e r g O r g a n at Old Salem" in The Diapason, Vol. 56, No. 4 ( M a r c h , 1965), p. 36. 100. [C. G. Bachman], St. Stephen Reformed Church, Nevi Holland, Pennsylvania (1951), p. 24. 101. D. W . G e r h a r d , A History of the Nevi Holland Charge of the Reformed Church in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania ( N e w Holland, 1877), p. 62. 102. Paul E. Beck, op. cit., p. 9. 103. W . P. Huddle, History of the Hebron Lutheran Church, Madison County, Virginia, from 1717 to 1907 ( N e w M a r k e t , V a . : Henkel and Co., 1908), pp. 49-51. 104. Schoeneck M o r a v i a n Church Council Records, October 10, 1802. 105. Charles W . M c M a n i s , " D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g and the Old Salem Restoration" in The American Organist, Vol. 48, No. 5 ( M a y , 1965), p. 17. 106. See above, P a r t I, Chapter 8. 107. Quoted in the October 6, 1960, concert p r o g r a m at the Historical Society of York County. See also Biggs' article "Welcome Back American T r a c k e r s " in The Diapason, Vol. 51, No. 10 (September 1, 1960), pp. 18-19. 108. " T a n n e n b e r g O r g a n Restored" in The American Organist, Vol. 43, No. 5 (May, I960), p. 28. T h e work of restoration is described in T h o m a s S. E a d e r , " D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g ' s Last O r g a n " in The Tracker, Vol. IV, No. 3 (April, 1960), pp. 3-4. See also " O r g a n of 1804 Restored" in The Diapason, Vol. 51, No. 4 ( M a r c h 1, 1960), p. 6. 109. Original contract between T a n n e n b e r g and the Bethlehem congregation, July 25, 1803, now in the Archives of the M o r a v i a n Church at Bethlehem. 110. D i a r y of the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n Congregation, J a n u a r y 29, 1759, at the N a z a r e t h M o r a v i a n Church. 111. D i a r y of the Bethlehem M o r a v i a n Congregation, November 17, 1761. 112. McCorkle, op. cit., p. 71. 113. Fries (ed.), op. cit., V, 2268. 114. Letter f r o m T a n n e n b e r g to Samuel Stotz, November 13, 1799, in the archives of the M o r a v i a n Music Foundation. 115. Account sheet with T a n n e n b e r g ' s memoir in the archives of the Lititz M o r a v i a n Church. T h e piano for Brother Lembke w a s m a d e between 1795 and 1799; the one for the Kinder-Haus between 1799 and the time of T a n n e n b e r g ' » death.

APPENDIX 1. T h e o d o r e E. Schmauk, The Church Organ and Its History (unpublished manuscript in the Archives of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania at the Lutheran Theological Seminary in P h i l a d e l p h i a ) , pp. 275-76; Schoeneck M o r a v i a n Church Council, July 4, 1802, through F e b r u a r y 20, 1803 ; Schoeneck M o r a v i a n Congregation Diary, J a n u a r y , 1803. 2. Ellis S. Hay, One Hundred and Forty-Four Years: A Sketch of Emmanuel Reformed Church, Hanover, Pennsylvania, 1765-1909, pages not numbered. A d d i tional information f r o m Donald P f a f i , the present organist of E m m a n u e l Church. 3. T h e o d o r e E. Schmauk, Old Salem in Lebanon (Lebanon, P a . : Congregation of Salem Evangelical L u t h e r a n Church, 1898), p. 161.

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4. W i l l i a m H e n r y Egle, History of the County of Lebanon (Philadelphia: E v e r t s a n d Peck, 1883), p. 187. 5. I n f o r m a t i o n f u r n i s h e d by A r t h u r G . S c h u m a n , R e a d i n g , P e n n s y l v a n i a . 6. D. M . G i l b e r t ( e d . ) , Centennial of Zion Lutheran Church, Harrisburg ( H a r r i s b u r g , P a . : H e r r P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1896), p p . 133, 136. 7. Egle, op. cit., p. 207. 8. " A n O r g a n of 1819: Built by P h i l i p B a c h m a n " in The American Organist, Vol. 16, No. 5 ( M a y , 1933), p. 262. 9. E u g e n e M . M c C r a c k e n , " T h e S p i r i t s Cost $0.75" in The Tracker, Vol. V, No. 2 ( J a n u a r y , 1961), pp. 6-7.

BIBLIOGRAPHY MANUSCRIPTS T h e Moravian Church has traditionally maintained a careful and rich record of its affairs, both spiritual and temporal. In addition to the usual ledgers, letters, and reports, there are several uniquely M o r a v i a n types of record. T h e Church asked each of its member^ to w r i t e a memoir (Lebenslauf) or autobiography which, a f t e r the individual's death, was amplified by the clergy or family, read at the subject's funeral service, and circulated among the other congregations. T h e s e often contain quite valuable biographical information and provide an insight into the religious experience of the Moravians. T h e r e was also in each M o r a v i a n community a diarist who recorded the daily events of the community and its members. Especially in the earlier years these provide many graphic details of M o r a v i a n life. T h e individual choirs, in some cases, also kept diaries which detail the life of the choir and add perspective and detail to the life of the community. T h e minutes of the Church Council, the Elders' Conference, the Helpers' Conference, and the Aufseher Collegium ( C o m m i t t e e on O v e r s i g h t ) are f u r t h e r valuable sources. Most of the Moravian records consulted are in the Archives of the Moravian Church in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. O t h e r valuable records are in the archives of the Moravian C h u r c h in Lititz, Pennsylvania, including a copy of the diary of the Lititz congregation which is similar to but not identical with the copy at Bethlehem. References to M o r a v i a n materials, including documents concerning Lititz, can be assumed to be in the Bethlehem Archives unless otherwise noted. Most of the M o r a v i a n manuscripts relating to music have been collected in the archives of the M o r a v i a n Music Foundation in Winston-Salem, N o r t h Carolina. Included among these are a number of letters and drawings sent by T a n n e n b e r g to the M o r a v i a n s in N o r t h Carolina. Materials relating to the Schwenkfelders are in the Schwenkfelder Library, Pennsburg, Pennsylvania. Records of the G e r m a n Reformed Churches are in the archives of the Historical Society of the Evangelical and

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Reformed Church, Fackenthal Library, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Records of the Lutheran Churches are in the Archives of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, located in the Library of the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Some Lutheran materials are also in the Library of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.) M a n y of the records of individual congregations of these denominations, however, are in the archives of the local churches and were consulted there. Valuable information on American organ history has been collected by the Organ Historical Society, an organization dedicated to the identification and preservation of the old "tracker action" organs. T h e Society publishes The Tracker, a periodical referred to frequently in these pages, and is now establishing permanent archives at Ohio Wesleyan University.

WORKS RELATING DIRECTLY TO TANNENBERG Beck, Abraham R., "David Tannenberg," The Pennsylvania German, Vol. X , No. 7 ( J u l y , 1909), pp. 339-41. Beck, Paul E., "David Tanneberger, Organ Builder," Papers Read Before the Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol. X X X , No. 1 ( 1 9 2 6 ) , pp. 3-11. Church Music and Musical Life in Pennsylvania in the Eighteenth Century, Vol. II. Philadelphia: Publications of the Pennsylvania Society of the Colonial Dames of America, 1927. Diffenderffer, F. R., "Some Historical Mistakes Corrected," Papers Read Before the Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol. X X I , Nos. 8-9 ( 1 9 1 7 ) , pp. 143-44. Genzmer, George Harvey, "David Tanneberger," Dictionary of American Biography, X V I I I . ( N e w Y o r k : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936), 294-95. Hensel, W . U., "A Famous Organ Builder," Papers Read Before the Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol. X I , No. 9 ( 1 9 0 7 ) , pp. 351-54. Jordan, John W . , "Early Colonial Organ-builders of Pennsylvania," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, X X I I (1898), 231-33. Knauss, James Owen, J r . , Social Conditions Among the Pennsylvania Germans in the 18th Century, as Revealed in the German Newspapers Published in America. Lancaster, P a . : Vol. X X I X , Publications of the Pennsylvania German Society, 1922. Lob und Anbetung des Gottmenschen, am Tage der Einweihung der neuen

Bibliography

137

Orgel in der Deutschen Evangelisch Lutherischen Zions Kirche in Philadelphia, den 10 October, 1790. G e r m a n t a u n , Pa. : M i c h a e l Billmeyer, 1790. McCorkle, Donald M . , " P r e l u d e to a History of American M o r a v i a n O r g a n s , " American Guild of Organists Quarterly, Vol. I l l , No. 4 (October, 1 9 5 8 ) , pp. 142-48. M c C r a c k e n , Eugene E., "Pennsylvania, T h e Keystone State," The Tracker, Vol. IV, No. 2 ( J a n u a r y , 1 9 6 0 ) , pp. 1, 3-4. Schmauk, Theodore E., The Church Organ and Its History. Lebanon, Pa., n.d. Unpublished manuscript in the Archives of the M i n i s t e r i u m of Pennsylvania at the L u t h e r a n Theological Seminary, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. Shields, T . Edgar, " T w o Eighteenth-Century O r g a n Builders," The American Oryanist, Vol. 27, No. 6 ( J u n e , 1 9 4 4 ) , pp. 129-30. W o l f , E d w a r d C., " T h e T a n n e n b e r g O r g a n at Old Zion Church, Philadelphia," Journal of Church Music, Vol. 3, No. 4 ( A p r i l , 1 9 6 1 ) , pp. 2-5.

TANNENBERG ORGAN

RESTORATIONS

Eader, T h o m a s S., " D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g ' s Last O r g a n , " The Tracker, Vol. IV, No. 3 ( A p r i l , 1 9 6 0 ) , pp. 3-4. M c M a n i s , C h a r l e s W . , " D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g and the Old Salem Restoration," The American Organist, Vol. 48, No. 5 ( M a y , 1 9 6 5 ) , pp. 1520. , "Restoration of T a n n e n b e r g O r g a n at O l d S a l e m , " The Diapason, Vol. 56, No. 4 ( M a r c h , 1 9 6 5 ) , pp. 36-37. , and A l b r i g h t , F r a n k P., " T a n n e n b e r g Restoration," The Tracker, Vol. I X , No. 2 ( W i n t e r , 1 9 6 5 ) , pp. 1-2, 7-8. " O r g a n of 1804 Restored," The Diapason, Vol. 5 1 , N o . 4 ( M a r c h 1, 1 9 6 0 ) , p. 6. " T a n n e n b e r g O r g a n Restored," The American Organist, Vol. 43, No. 5 ( M a y , 1 9 6 0 ) , pp. 28-29.

ORGAN BUILDING Audsley, George Ashdown, The Art of Organ Building. N e w Y o r k : Dodd, M e a d , 1905. T w o volumes. Biggs, E. Power, " W e l c o m e Back American T r a c k e r s , " The Diapason, V o l . 51, No. 10 (September 1, 1 9 6 0 ) , pp. 18-19.

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Broadhouse, J o h n , The Organ Viewed from Within. L o n d o n : William Reeves, n.d. DeBrisay, A. C. Delacour, The Organ and Its Music. L o n d o n : Kegan Paul, T r e n c h , T r u b n e r and Co., Ltd., 1934. Joy, Charles R., Music in the Life of Albert Schweitzer • With Selections from His Writings. Boston: Beacon Paperback, 1959. Schweitzer, Albert, Out of My Life and Thought: An Autobiography. N e w Y o r k : M e n t o r , 1955. Sumner, W i l l i a m L., The Organ: Its Evolution, Principles of Construction and Use, third edition, revised and enlarged. L o n d o n : M a c D o n a l d , 1962.

M O R A V I A N MUSIC Beck, H e r b e r t H . , " L i t i t z as an Early Musical C e n t e r , " Papers Read Before the Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol. X I X , No. 3 ( 1 9 1 5 ) , pp. 71-81. David, H a n s Theo., " M u s i c a l L i f e in the Pennsylvania Settlements of the Unitas F r a t r u m , " Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. X I I I , P a r t I ( 1 9 4 2 ) , pp. 19-58. Finney, T h e o . M . , " T h e Collegium Musicum at Lititz, Pennsylvania, D u r i n g the Eighteenth C e n t u r y , " Papers Read by Members of the American Musicological Society ( 1937). G r i d e r , R u f u s Α., Historical Notes on Music in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, from 1741-1871. Philadelphia, 1873. M c C o r k l e , Donald M . , " T h e Moravian Contribution to American Music," Music Library Association Notes, Vol. X I I I , No. 4 (September, 1956), pp. 597-606. , Moravian Music in Salem: A German-American Heritage. Ann Arbor, M i c h . : University Microfilms, Inc., 1958. , " M u s i c a l Instruments of the M o r a v i a n s in N o r t h Carolina," The American-German Review, Vol. X X I , N o . 3 ( F e b r u a r v - M a r c h , 1955), pp. 12-17. M a u r e r , Joseph Α., " C e n t r a l M o r a v i a n C h u r c h : Center of Moravian M u s i c , " The American Organist, Vol. 41, No. 11 (November, 1958), pp. 407-12. , " T h e M o r a v i a n T r o m b o n e Choir," Historical Review of Berks County, Vol. X X , No. 1 (October-December, 1954), pp. 2-8. " T h e O r g a n s in C e n t r a l M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , " The American Organist. Vol. 41, No. 11 (November, 1958). Rau, Albert G., and David, H a n s T . , A Catalogue of Music by American Moravians, 1742-1842, from the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Bethlehem : T h e Moravian Seminary and College for W o m e n , 1938.

Bibliography

139 MORAVIAN H I S T O R Y

Albright, S. C., The Story of the Alorarían Congregation at York, Pennsylvania. Y o r k : T h e M a p l e Press Co., Foreword dated 1927. Barba, Preston Α., They Came to Emmaus: A History. Emmaus, P a . : Published bv the Borough of Emmaus, 1959. Bi-Centennial, the Moravian Church, Lebanon, Pennsylvania. 1947. DeSchweinitz, Edmund, The Life and Times of David Zeisberger. Philadelphia: J . B. Lippincott and Co., 1870. Fries, Adelaide L., Customs and Practices of the Moravian Church, revised edition. Winston-Salem, N . C. : Board of Christian Education and Evangelism fof the Moravian C h u r c h ] , 1964. (ed.), Records of the Moravians in North Carolina, Vols. I - V I I . Raleigh: N o r t h Carolina Historical Commission, 1922-47. Hamilton, J . T a y l o r , " A History of the Church Known as the Moravian Church," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. V I . Hamilton, Kenneth Gardiner, John Ettwein and the Moravian Church During the Revolutionary Period. Bethlehem, Pa. : T i m e s Publishing Co., 1940. Henry, James, "Christian's Spring," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. I, No. 2 (1857-58), pp. 64-77. Jordan, John W . , " M o r a v i a n Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1734-67," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. V, No. 2, pp. 51-90. Levering, Joseph Mortimer, A History of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 17411892. Bethlehem: Times Publishing Co., 1903. The Moravian Atlas. Fulneck [ E n g l a n d ] : By the Teachers of Fulneck Academy, 1853. Myers, Elizabeth Lehman, A Century of Moravian Sisters. N e w York : Fleming H . Revell Co., 1918. Neisser, Georg, A History of the Beginnings of Moravian Work in America. Bethlehem, P a . : Publication No. 1 of the Archives of the Moravian Church, 1955. , "A List of the Bohemian and Moravian Emigrants to Saxony, Collected from Various Sources in Print and Manuscript ; Begun and Completed at N e w York from J u n e 2 to J u l y 20, 1772," translated and edited by Albert G . Rau, Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. I X , Nos. 1-2 ( 1 9 1 3 ) , pp. 37-93. Nelson, Vernon H., John Valentine Haidt. Williamsburg, V a . : Abby Aid rich Rockefeller Folk A r t Collection, 1966. (ed.), and Fliegel, Carl J o h n ( t r a n s . ) , Christian David: Servant of the Lord. Bethlehem, Pa. : Publications of the Archives of the

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M o r a v i a n Church, Vol. II, 1962. Oerter, A . L., "Graceham, Frederick County, M a r y l a n d , An Historical Sketch," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. IX, Nos. 3-4 ( 1 9 1 3 ) , pp. 119-305. " A Petition by the M o r a v i a n s D u r i n g the Revolutionary W a r , " The Pennsylvania German, Vol. X I I , No. 1 ( 1 9 1 1 ) , pp. 43-45. Reincke, Ahraham, " A Register of the M e m b e r s of the M o r a v i a n Church," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. I, Nos. 7-9 ( 1 8 7 3 ) , pp. 283-426. Ritter, Abraham, History of the Moravian Church in Philadelphia, From Its Foundation in 1742 to the Present Time. P h i l a d e l p h i a : Haves and Zell, 1857. Schultze, Augustus, Guide to the Old Moravian Cemetery of Bethlehem Pennsylvania, 1742-1910. Lancaster, P a . : Pennsylvania German Society, Vol. X X I , 1910. Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, Leben des Herrn Nicolaus Ludwig Grafen und Herrn von Zinzendorf, drei Bände. Zu finden in den Brüdergemeinen, 1772-74. Two Centuries of Nazareth, 1740-1940. Nazareth, P a . : Bi-Centennial, Inc., 1940. W e i n l i c k , John Rudolf, Count Zinzendorf. N a s h v i l l e : Abingdon Press, 1956. '

LITITZ Beck, A b r a h a m R., " E x t r a c t s from the Brethren's House and Congregational Diaries of the M o r a v i a n Church at L i t i t z , Pennsylvania, Relating to the Revolutionary W a r , " The Penn Germania, Vol. I, Nos. 1 112 (November-December, 1 9 1 2 ) , pp. 849-62. , "The Moravian Graveyards of Lititz, Pennsylvania, 1744-1905• n.d. Beck, Herbert H., " G r a v e y a r d of the Revolutionary Soldiers at L i t i t z , " Historical Papers and Addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society, X X X V I I ( 1 9 3 3 ) , 1-5. , " T h e M i l i t a r y Hospital at Lititz, 1777-78," Historical Papers and Addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol. X X I I I , No. 1, pp. 5-14. , " T o w n Regulations of L i t i t z , " Historical Papers and Addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society, X X X I X ( 1 9 3 5 ) , 105-20. Brickenstein, Η . Α., "Sketch of the Early History of Lititz, 1742-75," Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, Vol. II, No. 7, pp. 343-74. Zook, J o h n G., Historical and Pictorial Lititz. Lititz, P a . : Express Printing Co., 1905.

Bibliography

LOCAL HISTORIES [Bachman, C. Ci.], St. Stephen Reformed Church, Λ eu· Holland, Pennsylvania. 1951. Beck, Clara Α., " S t . John's Lutheran Church, Centre Square,'' Historical Sketches of the Historical Society of M ont (/ornery County, Pennsylvania, V, 52-72. Berrian, William, An Historical Sketch of Trinity Church. New York. New Y o r k : Stanford and Swords, 1847. Brong, W . H., "History of the Plainfield Church," The Pennsylvania German, Vol. X . No. 7 (July, 1 9 0 9 ) , pp. 305-17. Cramer, W . Stuart, History of the First Reformed Church, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1736-1904, Vol. I. Lancaster: Wickersham Printing Co., 1904. Dapp, Charles F., History of Zion's or Old Organ Church. Spring City, P a . : T h e Inter-Borough Press, 1919. DeLong, Calvin \L, Two Hundred Twenty-Five Years at New Goshenhoppen, 1727-1952. Allentown, P a . : Schlechter's, 1952. Demme, C. R., Zum Andenken an die hundertjährige Jubelfeier in der deutschen evangel, luther. St. Michaelis-Kirche in Philadelphia. Philadelphia : Conrad Zentler, 1843. Dix, Morgan (ed.), A History of the Parish of Trinity Church in the City of New York, Part 1. New Y o r k : G . P. Putnam's Sons, 1898. Dorr, Benjamin, A Historical Account of Christ Church, Philadelphia. Philadelphia: R . S. H . George, 1841. Egle, William Henry, History of the Counties of Dauphin and Lebanon. Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1883. Ellis, Franklin, and Evans, Samuel, History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1883. Eschbach, Edmund R., Historic Sketch of the Evangelical Reformed Church of Frederick, Maryland. 1894. Fry, Jacob, The History of Trinity Lutheran Church, Reading, Pennsylvania. Reading: Published by the Congregation, 1894. Gerhard, D . W . , A History of the New Holland Charge of the Reformed (Church in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. New Holland: 1877. Gibson, John (ed.), History of York County, Pennsylvania. Chicago: F. A. Battey Publishing Co., 1886. Gilbert, D . M . (ed.), Centennial of Zion Lutheran Church, Harrisburg. Harrisburg, P a . : Herr Publishing Co., 1896. Hay, Ellis S., One Hundred and Forty-Four Years: A Sketch of Emmanuel Reformed Church, Hanover, Pennsylvania, 1765-1909. Historical Discourse at the Sesqui-Centennial of Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church on the Tulpehocken near Stouchsburg, Berks County, Pennsylvania. Lebanon, P a . : F . J . F. Schantz, 1894.

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Huddle, W . P., History of the Hebron Lutheran Church, Madison County, Virginia, from 1717 to 1907. New Market, V a . : Henkel and Co., 1908. Kershner, W . J . , and Lerch, Adam G . , History of St. John's (Hain s) Reformed Church in Lower Heidelberg Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. Reading, P a . : I. M . Beaver, 1916. Kieffer, Henry Martyn, Some of the First Settlers of "The Forks of the Delaware" and Their Descendents. Easton, Pa., 1902. Klein, H . M . J . , and Diller, W i l l i a m F . , The History of St. James' Church (Protestant Episcopal) 1744-1944. Lancaster, P a . : Published by the Vestry, St. James' Church, 1944. Kretschmann, Ernest T . , The Old Trappe Church. Philadelphia: Published by the Congregation, 1893. Lippold, John W . , " O l d T r i n i t y Steeple," Historical Papers and Addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol X X X I , No. 9 ( 1 9 2 7 ) , PP. 127-33. M a n n , W . J . , and Spaeth, Α., Fest-Gruss zum Zions-Jubiläum, Mai 13, 1866. Philadelphia: C. W . Widmaier, 1866. Matthews, Alfred, and Hungerford, Austin N., History of the Counties of Lehigh and Carbon. Philadelphia: Everts and Richards, 1884. Messiter, A. H., A History of the Choir and Music of Trinity Church, New York. New Y o r k : Edwin S. Gorham, 1906. Munsell, J o e l , The Annals of Albany, second edition, Vol. I. Albany: Joel Munsell, 1869. Prowell, George R., History of York County, Pennsylvania, Vol. I I . Chicago: J . H . Beers and Co.. 1907. Ranck, James B., et al., A History Frederick, Maryland. 1964.

of the Evangelical

Reformed

Church,

Roberts, Charles R., and Schindel, J . D . , History of Egypt Church. Allentown, Pa. : Papers Read Before the Lehigh County Historical Society, 1908. Schaeffer, C . F . , and Muhlenberg, F . Α., Memorial Volume of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Lancaster: John Baer's Sons, 1861. Schmauk, Theodore E., Old Salem in Lebanon. Lebanon, P a . : Congregation of Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1898. Sener, S. M . , The Catholic Church at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. phia: American Catholic Historical Society, 1894. Two

Hundredth

Anniversary,

First

Two

Hundredth 1934.

Anniversary

of the Congregation

Ziegel

Church,

1750-1950.

Philadel1950.

[Zion-Moselem],

1734-

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Wanner, J . D., Kirchen-Recht der Ziorts Kirche Richmond, Berks County, Pennsylvania. Kutztown, P a . : "Geist der Zeit" Druckerei, 1863. " Wentz, Abdel Ross, History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Frederick, Maryland, 1738-1938. Harrisburg, P a . : T h e Evangelical Press, 1938. Worner, William Frederic, Old Lancaster : Tales and Traditions. Lancaster, Pa.: Published by the author, 1927. Wust, Klaus G., Zion in Baltimore, 1755-1955. Baltimore: Zion Church of the City of Baltimore, 1955.

GENERAL Anburev, Thomas, Travels Through the Interior Parts of America, Vol. I I . Boston and New Y o r k : Houghton Mifflin Co., 1923. "Ancient Home of Old Organ Builders," The Pennsylvania German, Vol. X , No. 4 ( 1 9 0 9 ) , pp. 174-75. Berkv, Andrew S. (ed.), The Journals and Papers of David Schultze, Vol. I. Pennsburg, P a . : T h e Schwenkfelder Library, 1952. Blumer, George, " D r . William B r o w n , " Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. I I I . New Y o r k : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1929. Brecht, Samuel Kriebel, The Genealogical Record of the Schwenkfelder Families. New Y o r k : Rand M c N a l l y Co., 1923. [Brown, William], Pharmacopoeia Simpliciorum et Efficaciorum, in usum nosocomii militaris, ad exercitum Foederatarum Americae Civitatum pertinentis; Hodiernae nostrae inopiae rerumque angustiti, Feroci hostium saevitiae, belloque crudeli ex inopinato patriae nostrae illato debitis, Maxime accommodata. Philadelphia: E x officina Styner and Cist, 1778. Butterfield, L . H. (ed.), Adams Family Correspondence, Vol. I I . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963. Drummond, R . R., Early German Music in Philadelphia. New Y o r k : D . Appleton and Co., 1910. Dubbs, Joseph Henry, "Formative Influences," The College Student, March, 1908. Publication of Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa. Eberlein, Harold Donaldson and Hubbard, Cortland Van Dyke, " M u s i c in the Early Federal E r a , " The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, L X I X ( 1 9 4 5 ) , 103-27. Eckhardt, George H., Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers. New Y o r k : Devin-Adair Co., 1955. Fitzpatrick, John C. (ed.), The Diaries of George Washington, Vol. I V . Boston and New Y o r k : Houghton Mifflin Co., 1925.

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F r a n k l i n , B e n j a m i n . The A utobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New H a v e n : Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1964. G a h n , Bessie W . . " D r . W i l l i a m B r o w n , Physician-General to the American A r m y , " Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Vol. X V I , No. 11 ( N o v e m b e r , 1 9 2 7 ) , pp. 1090-91. G e r h a r d , E. S. ( e d . ) , Schivenkfelder Craftsmen, Inventors and Surveyors, S c h w e n k f e l d i a n a , Vol. I, No. 5. Norristown, P a . : Board of Publication of the S c h w e n k f e l d e r Church, 1945. Green, J a c k ( e d . ) , The Diary of (Colonel Landon Carter, Vol 1. C h a r lottesville, V a . : T h e U n i v e r s i t y Press of V i r g i n i a , 1965. Guthrie, W i l l i a m , A New System of Modern Geography, Vol. 11. Philad e l p h i a : Printed for M a t t h e w C a r e y , 1795. Heises, George L., Henry William Stiegel and His Associates. Lancaster, P a . : Rudisill and Co., Inc., 1948. Journals of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, November 28, 1776-October 2, 1781, Vol. I. P h i l a d e l p h i a : J o h n D u n l a p , 1782. Kipling, R u d y a r d , Rewards and Fairies. L o n d o n : M a c m i l l a n and Co., L t d . , 1914. Kistler, W i l l i a m U., " E a r l y O r g a n Builders in Northern M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y , " Historical Sketches of the Historical Society of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, IV ( 1 9 1 0 ) , 112-17. M c C r a c k e n , Eugene M . , " D u c k Soup," The Tracker, Vol. IV, No. 1 (October, 1 9 5 9 ) , pp. 9-12, and No. 2 ( J a n u a r y , 1 9 6 0 ) , pp. 11-12. , " T h e Spirits Cost $ 0 . 7 5 , " The Tracker, Vol. V, No. 2 ( J a n u a r y , 1961 ), pp. 6-8. M e n c k e n , H . L., The American Language, Supplement I. N e w Y o r k : A l f r e d A . Knopf, 1962. Mereness, N e w t o n D., Travels in the American Colonies. New York: A n t i q u a r i a n Press, L t d . , 1961. M o n t g o m e r y , T h o m a s Lynch ( e d . ) , Pennsylvania Archives, F i f t h Series, Vol. V I I . H a r r i s b u r g , P a . : H a r r i s b u r g , Publishing Co., State Printer, 1906. " N a r r a t i v e of the J o u r n e y of the S c h w e n k f e l d e r s to Pennsylvania, 1733," The Pennsylvania Mac/azine of History and Biography, X (1886), 167-79. O g d e n , J o h n C., An Excursion into Bethlehem and Nazareth in Pennsylvania in the Year 1799. P h i l a d e l p h i a : Printed by C h a r l e s Cist, 1805. " A n O r g a n of 1 8 1 9 : Built by Philip B a c h m a n , " The American Organist, V o l . 16, No. 5 ( M a y , 1 9 3 3 ) , p. 262. Parsons, J a c o b Cox ( e d . ) , Extracts from the Diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer of Philadelphia, 1765-98. P h i l a d e l p h i a : W i l l i a m F. Fell and Co., 1893.

145

Bibliography Strassburger,

Ralph

Pioneers, Wittke,

Β.,

and

Hinke,

William

J.,

Pennsylvania

German

3 vols. N o r r i s t o w n , P a . : P e n n s y l v a n i a G e r m a n Society, 1 9 3 4 .

Carl,

ff'e

Who

Built

America:

The

of

Saga

the

C l e v e l a n d : T h e Press of W e s t e r n R e s e r v e U n i v e r s i t y ,

Immigrant.

1939.

DISCOGRAPHY Arias,

Anthems

and Chorales

of the American

V o l . I. T h e M o -

Moravians,

ravian F e s t i v a l C h o r u s and O r c h e s t r a u n d e r T h o r J o h n s o n .

Columbia

Records: M L 5+27, M S 6102. Arias,

Anthems

and

Chorales

of the American

Vol. II.

Moravians,

The

M o r a v i a n F e s t i v a l C h o r u s and O r c h e s t r a u n d e r T h o r J o h n s o n .

Co-

lumbia R e c o r d s : M L 5 6 8 8 , M S 6 2 8 8 . The

Chorale

G e o r g e W e c k m a n , O r g a n i s t , w i t h the C h o i r of the

Prelude,

L u t h e r a n T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y at Philadelphia.

I n p a r t recorded on

the 1 7 9 1 T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n at Z i o n L u t h e r a n C h u r c h , S p r i n g C i t y , Pennsylvania.

Monophonie M A 6, K e n - D e l Productions, Inc.,

mington, D e l a w a r e , J o h n Antes, Three

Trios:

The

Birth

of Chamber

Music

formed by m e m b e r s of the F i n e A r t s Q u a r t e t .

in America.

Organ, Power

An

Aural

Biggs,

With

and

the Sounds

Columbia Records : D L The

Organ

in America.

Visual

Guide of Many

Per-

M u s i c of the A m e r i c a n

Moravians, Vol. I l l , Columbia Records: M L 6 1 4 1 , M S The

Wil-

1963.

Complied Modern

and

6741.

Discussed

and Historic

by

E.

Organs.

5288.

P e r f o r m e d by E . P o w e r Biggs.

Substantial por-

tions of this record a r e played on the 1 8 0 4 T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n a t Y o r k , Pennsylvania.

Columbia Records: M L 5 4 9 6 , M S

6161.

INDEX A d a m s , J o h n , viii, 33, 74 Albrecht, A n d r e a s , 24 Albrecht, B r o t h e r , 16 Albrecht, S u s a n n a E l i z a b e t h ; see B a c h m a n n , S u s a n n a A m e r i c a , viii, xi-xii, 8, 10, 13, 15, 23, 28, 30-31, 37, 75 A m e r i c a n Revolution, 22, 33-40, 87, 94 A n b u r e y , T h o m a s , 29-31 Ann Galley, 15 Antes, John, 17 A r c h i v e s of the M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , xii, 83 A r n o l d , G e n e r a l , 33 Art of Organ Building and Organ Playing in Germany and France, The, 59 Auf jeher Collegium ; see C o m m i t t e e of Oversight

B a d e r , B r o t h e r , 93 B a r t o n , T h o m a s , 93 Basel, 7 B a u m g a r t n e r , G e r t r a u t , 31-32 B a u s m a n , W i l h e l m , 66 Beck, B r o t h e r , 55 Beck, P a u l E., 83 B e e b i g h a u s , Rev., 104 Beecher, H e n r y W a r d , 3 Bellows, o r g a n , 69, 72 Benzien, B r o t h e r , 97 B e r t h e l s d o r f , 3-6, 13 B e t h l e h e m ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) , 8-12, 14-17, 19, 21-22, 29, 33, 36, 41-42, 49, 53-55, 63-64, 68-69, 71, 74, 77, 84, 86-87, 97, 99, 111-12 A r c h i v e s of t h e M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, xii-xiii, 83 Economy of, the, 10, 15-16 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 14-15, 18, 33-34, 74, 86 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, S3, 63-64, 87, 111 Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e in, 36, 71, 97 Single Sisters' H o u s e in, 34 B e t h l e h e m T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y , 115 Biegel, B r o t h e r , 6 Biggs, E. P o w e r , x, xiii, 110 B o h e m i a , 3, 19 Bohler, Samuel, 90-91 Bonn, B r o t h e r , 97 B r e t h r e n , t h e ; see M o r a v i a n s B r o w n , W i l l i a m , 36-37 Bulitschek, J o s e p h F e r d i n a n d , 69, 84 B u r n s i d e , J a m e s , 16 B u r n s i d e H o u s e , 16, 19 Busch, W i l h e l m , 66

B a c h m a n n , A n n a M a r i a , 11, 19, 49-50 B a c h m a n n , E r n s t J u l i u s , 52 B a c h m a n n , J o h a n n Philip, 48-53, 69-71, 83-84, 103-7, 109, 115-16 o r g a n s o f ; see B a c h m a n n o r g a n s B a c h m a n n , S u s a n n a , 51 B a c h m a n n o r g a n s , 52, 115-16 1803—Moravian congregation (Schoeneck, P a . ) , 84, 115 1805—Emmanuel G e r m a n Reformed Church ( H a n o v e r , P a . ) , 115 1808—"Old S a l e m " L u t h e r a n C h u r c h ( L e b a n o n , P a . ) , 115 1810—Zion L u t h e r a n C h u r c h ( J o n e s t o w n , P a . ) , 115 1813—St. M i c h a e l ' s Union C h u r c h ( H a m b u r g , P a . ) , 116 1818—Zion L u t h e r a n C h u r c h ( H a r r i s b u r g , P a . ) , 116 1819—Friedens Lutheran Church ( M y e r s t o w n , P a . ) , 116 specifications of, 116 1821—St. J o h n ' s L u t h e r a n C h u r c h ( P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . ) , 52, 116

Cases, o r g a n , 59, 62, 64, 68-69, 72, 74-75 Cassler, A n n a R o s i n a , 11, 19, 21, 31-32, 42, 53 C a s s l e r , Billy, 42 C a s s l e r , L u d w i g , 42, 69 Catholic C h u r c h , 3-4

147

148 C h a m b e r o r g a n s , 68, 71, 75 C h a n n e l s , note, 59-61 C h o i r s ( M o r a v i a n ) , 20 C h u r c h Council, 20, 24 Clewell, L e w i s B., 97 Collegium musicum, 22-23 Colonies, viii Colony, J o h n N i t s c h m a n n , 8-9 C o m m i t t e e of O v e r s i g h t , 19-21, 24 C o m p o s e r s , M o r a v i a n , 23-24 C o n g r e s s , xi, 26, 33, 38, 96 C o n s e c r a t i o n of the o r g a n s , 16, 27, 45-46, 76-78, 87, 89, 93-96, 98, 100, 102-3, 106-8 C o n t r a c t f o r 1770 ( L a n c a s t e r ) T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n , 65-67 Council of S a f e t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a , 96 D a v i d , C h r i s t i a n , 5, 8 D e m u t h , C h r i s t o p h e r , 15 D e m u t h s T o b a c c o Shop, 15 Dencke, J e r e m i a h , 24 D e t m e r s , F e r d i n a n d , 44 Deutsche Porcupein, Der, 76 D i e f f e n b a c h , T h o m a s , 104 D r e s d e n , 12-13 D u b b s , J o s e p h H e n r y , 73 D u e r , W i l l i a m , 33 D u r n e r , 92 Ebersdorf, 9 Economy, the, 10, 15-16 E l d e r s ( M o r a v i a n ) , the, vii, 9-10, 16-17, 29, 34, 36, 38, 42, 48, 52-53, 68 E l d e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , 19, 21, 39 E l r o d , J e r e m y , 113 E u r o p e , vii-xii, 12, 23 F e y r i n g , P h i l i p , 28-29 F i s c h e r , J o h n , 98 Fockel, S a m u e l , 31 F r a n k l i n , B e n j a m i n , viii, 10, 14, 26, 71 Frick, P e t e r , 72 F u l l e r , E l i z a b e t h ; see T a n n e n b e r g , Elizabeth Fuller F ü r s t , F r e d , 110 G a t e s , G e n e r a l , 33 G e i b , J o h n , 87 General Advertiser, 46 Geneva, 7 G e o r g i a , 10 G e r m a n - A m e r i c a n s , 21, 26-27, 50, 73 G e r m a n y , 3, 17, 22, 28, 49, 53, 75, 77 G l o v e r , G e n e r a l , 33 G r a f f , J o h a n n M i c h a e l , 16, 87 G r e a t e r H e l p e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , 24 G r e g o r , C h r i s t i a n , 24

Organs

for

America

G r u b e , B e r n h a r d A d a m , 22 G r u b e , B r o t h e r , 21, 24, 41 H a i d t , J o h n V a l e n t i n e , 74 H a l l , J o h n , 54 H a n c o c k , J o h n , viii, 33 H a n z e l m a n , C h a r l e s , 97, 99, 105 H a r t a f f e l , R o b e r t , 14-15 H e c k e w e l d e r , C h r i s t i a n , 98 Hehl, B i s h o p , 32, 37 Helmuth, Justus Henry Christian, xi, 45, 62, 67 H e l p e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , 24 H e n r y , W i l l i a m , 35, 53 H e r b s t , J o h a n n e s , 23, 53, 106-7 Herrnhaag, 7 H e r r n h u t , 5-9, 13, 49 H e s s e l i u s , 112 H i r t e , T o b i a s , 23, 36, 40 H i s t o r i c a l Society of Y o r k County, χ, 110 H o b s o n , B r o t h e r , 35 H o r n , B r o t h e r , 43 H o u s e o r g a n s , 68, 71, 75 Hus, John, 3 H u t b e r g , the, 6 I m m i g r a n t s , vii I n d i a n s , 10-11, 14, 87, 96, 115 I n t e r n a l m e c h a n i s m of an o r g a n , 59-61 Irene, 8 J e f f e r s o n , T h o m a s , 37 J o h n N i t s c h m a n n Colony, 8-9 Jorde, Brother, 8 Kern, Andreas, 9 Kern, Anna Helena Pfeiffer, 9 K e r n , A n n a R o s i n a ; see T a n n e n b e r g , A n n a Rosina Kern K e y b o a r d s , o r g a n , 69-70, 75 Keys, o r g a n , 59-61, 69 K i p l i n g , R u d y a r d , 18, 23 K l e i n , G e o r g e , 19 K l e m m , J o h a n n G o t t l o b , vii, 12-16, 62, 69, 83, 103, 112 h a r p s i c h o r d of, 14 o r g a n s of, 86-88; see also Klemm-Tannenberg organs 1741—Trinity Episcopal Church ( N e w Y o r k , Ν. Y . ) , 13-14 1746—Moravian Chapel ( B e t h l e h e m , P a . ) , 14-15, 18 1752—Christ L u t h e r a n C h u r c h ( S t o u c h s b u r g , P a . ) , 14 K l e m m , J o h a n n , J r . , 14 K l e m m - T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s , 83, 86-88 1758—Moravian Chapel (Nazareth, P a . ) , 15, 86, 103

149

I nde χ 1 7 5 8 — N a z a r e t h H a l l , 15, 86 1759—Moravian Chapel ( B e t h l e h e m , P a . ) , 15, 33-34, 74, 86, 112

1760—Moravian Chapel ( C h r i s t i a n ' s S p r i n g , P a . ) , 16, 87 1762—Moravian Chapel ( B e t h a b a r a , N. C . ) , 16, 87-88 K l i n g s o h r , P a s t o r , 43 K n a u f f , H e n r y , 95, 104 K r a u s e , J o h a n n , 39 K r a u s s , A n d r e w , 49, 105 K r a u s s , G e o r g e , 105 K r a u s s , J o h n , 49, 105 K u h n , A d a m Simon, 93-94 Kunwald, 3 L a n c a s t e r ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) , 15, 18-19, 23, 27-30, 35, 38, 42-44, 50, 65-67, 69, 71, 75, 77, 89, 92-93, 95, 107 G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in, 27-28, 62, 65-67, 76-77 L u t h e r a n C h u r c h of t h e H o l y T r i n i t y in, 29-30, 42, 45, 62, 67, 72, 76-77, 93-95 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 18-19, 62, 89 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 76-78, 107 St. J a m e s ' E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h in, 93 St. M a r y ' s R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h at, xii, 95 L a n g , A n n a M a r i a ; see T a n n n e b e r g , Anna Maria Lang L a u r e n s , H e n r y , 33 Lee, R i c h a r d H e n r y , 33 L e m b k e , B r o t h e r , 113 L i e s e l ; see S c h r o p p , M a r i a E l i s a b e t h Lititz ( B o h e m i a ) , 3, 19 Lititz ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) , viii, xi-xii, 9, 15, 17-28, 31-39, 42, 44, 46, 48-53, 55, 63, 67-69, 71, 76, 89, 93-94, 96-100, 102, 104-9, 112-13, 116 G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in, 109 " K i n d e r - H a u s " in, 113 L i n d e n H a l l in, 113 m i l i t a r y h o s p i t a l in, 36-38 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 15, 23, 38, 41-42, 44, 72, 83, 93, 99-100, 103 m u s i c a l life of, 22-24 o r c h e s t r a o f ; see Collegium musicum Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e in, 20, 35-37, 41, 97, 100, 102 Single Sisters' H o u s e in, 18, 20, 31, 106-7

" T o w n R e g u l a t i o n s " of, 20-21 t r o m b o n i s t s o f ; see T r o m b o n e quartets London, 8 Love f e a s t s , 16, 20, 77-78, 107 Lowe, 101 L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in A m e r i c a , 28 McKinley, William, 3 M c M a n i s O r g a n C o m p a n y , 106 M a d i s o n , J a m e s , 37 M a n u a l s , o r g a n , 69-70, 75 M a r i a M a g d a l e n a , Sister, 31-32 M a r i e n b o r n , 7, 15 M a r q u e t a n t , L o r e n s , 66 M a r y l a n d , 26 B a l t i m o r e , 50, 104-5 Zion L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 63, 104-5 F r e d e r i c k , viii, 27, 29, 62, 91, 95 Evangelical Lutheran Church in, 95 G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in, 84, 91-92 F r e d e r i c k C o u n t y , 102 G r a c e h a m , 50, 63, 95, 102 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 77, 102, 112 H a g e r s t o w n , 41-42, 98 St. J o h n ' s L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 98 St. P e t e r ' s ( B e a r d s ) L u t h e r a n C h u r c h n e a r , 98 M a x w e l l , G e n e r a l , 34 M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t , 14 M e y e r , M a r i o n M . , xiii M i c h a e l , E b e r h a r t , 67 M i d m e r , R e u b e n , 110 Mifflin, T h o m a s , 45 M i l c h s a c k , A u g u s t u s , 69 M i l l e r , L u d w i g , 55 M o r a v i a , 3-6, 8 M o r a v i a n A r c h i v e s , xii M o r a v i a n B r e t h r e n ; see Moravians M o r a v i a n C h u r c h , vii, 3, 13 A r c h i v e s of, xii M o r a v i a n c o m p o s e r s , 23-24 M o r a v i a n H i s t o r i c a l Society, 112 M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n , xii, 113 M o r a v i a n s , xii-xiii, 3-5, 7-10, 12-13, 15-16, 19-27, 31-36, 38, 47, 49, 62, 69, 74, 77, 87, 97 m a r r i a g e customs of, 9-10 o r i g i n of, 3-4 p e r s e c u t i o n of, 3-5, 7, 35 M ü l l e r , B r o t h e r , 23 M ü l l e r , G e o r g e G o d f r e y , 24 M u h l e n b e r g , H e n r y M e l c h i o r , 28

150 N a z a r e t h ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) , 10-12, 14-16, 41-42, 50, 53, 72, 74, 77, 86-87, 103, 112 Economy of, the, 15-16 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 77, 86, 103 M o r a v i a n H i s t o r i c a l Society of, 112 N a z a r e t h H a l l , 15-16, 86, 103 Neisser, B r o t h e r , 98 Neisser, Sister, 98 Nelson, V e r n o n , xii-xiii N e w J e r s e y , 26 H o p e , 98 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 41, 77, 98 W a r r e n C o u n t y , 98 N e w Y o r k , 26 A l b a n y , viii, xii, 27, 89-90 G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in, 89-90 B r u n s w i c k , 27 N e w Y o r k , 9, 14-15, 27, 87, 110 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 27 T r i n i t y E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h in, 13-14 Nevi York Gazelle, 14 N i t s c h m a n n , J u d i t h ; see T a n n e b e r g e r , Judith N o r t h C a r o l i n a , 26, 69, 87 B e t h a b a r a , 16, 87-88 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 87 B e t h a n i a , 84 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 69 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 51 F o r s y t h C o u n t y , 87 F r i e d b e r g , M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 88 O l d Salem, 106, 108; see also North Carolina, Salem Salem, xii, 50-53, 63, 70, 75, 98, 106-7, 109, 113 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 69, 106 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 50, 72, 77-79, 107 Single B r e t h r e n ' s H o u s e in, 88, 106 Single Sisters' H o u s e in, 113 W a c h o v i a , 39 W i n s t o n - S a l e m , 17, 106-7; see also N o r t h C a r o l i n a , Salem M o r a v i a n A r c h i v e s in, xii M o r a v i a n M u s i c F o u n d a t i o n in, xii, 113 Northampton County Historical and G e n e a l o g i c a l Society, 97 N o t e c h a n n e l s , 59-61 N u r s e r y , the, 15-16, 112 O b e n h a u s e n , J o h a n n F r i e d e r i c h , 105 O h i o , 91, 115 O r g a n b u i l d i n g , ix, 17, 59-72, 74-75

Organs

for

America

O r g a n p a r t s , viii-ix, 17, 59-62, 64, 68-72, 74-75 O r g a n s of D a v i d T a n n e n b e r g ; see T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s and Klemm-Tannenberg organs O r g a n s of J o h a n n G o t t l o b K l e m m ; see K l e m m - T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s and K l e m m , J o h a n n G o t t l o b , o r g a n s of O r g a n s of J o h a n n P h i l i p B a c h m a n n ; see B a c h m a n n o r g a n e Ossig, C a s p a r S c h w e n k f e l d von, 13 O w e n , B a r b a r a , xiii, 60 Paine, Pallet, Palm, Parts,

T h o m a s , 96 o r g a n , 60-61 E. E., 104 o r g a n , viii-ix, 17, 59-62, 64, 68-72, 74-75 P e a l e ' s M u s e u m , 53 P e d a l s , o r g a n , 69-70, 75 P e n n s y l v a n i a , vii, 9, 13, 17, 25-26, 29, 45, 49, 71, 113 A l l e n t o w n , 97, 99 A s s e m b l y of, xi, 96 B e d m i n s t e r T o w n s h i p , 105 B e r k s C o u n t y , 14, 27, 49, 90-91, 104, 116 B e t h l e h e m ; see B e t h l e h e m (Pennsylvania) Bucks C o u n t y , 38, 93, 105 C e n t e r S q u a r e , 107 C h e s t e r C o u n t y , 101 C h r i s t i a n ' s S p r i n g , 16, 87 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 87 Council of S a f e t y of, 96 E a s t G r e e n v i l l e , 90 E a s t P i k e l a n d T o w n s h i p , 101 E a s t o n , 29, 34, 46, 77, 87, 96-97 union church (Lutheran and R e f o r m e d ) in, 96-97 E g y p t , 42, 84, 99 union c h u r c h ( L u t h e r a n a n d R e f o r m e d ) at, 41, 73, 99 E m m a u s , 50, 86 M o r a v a i n C h u r c h in, 86 Germantown, Market Square C h u r c h in, 28 G n a d e n t h a l , 68 Goshenhoppen, Catholic Church in, 49 H a m b u r g , 116 St. M i c h a e l ' s U n i o n C h u r c h ( L u t h e r a n a n d R e f o r m e d ) in, 116 H a n o v e r , 115 Emmanuel German Reformed C h u r c h in, 115

151

Index H a r r i s b u r g , 116 Zion L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 116 H e b r o n , 93-9+ J o n e s t o w n , 115 Zion L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 115 K u t z t o w n , 90 St. J o h n ' s C h u r c h in, 90 L a n c a s t e r ; see L a n c a s t e r (Pennsylvania) L a n c a s t e r C o u n t y , xi, 14, 17-18 34, 77 L a n c a s t e r C o u n t y M i l i t i a , 34-35, 38 L e b a n o n , 29, 93-94, 115 Hebron M o r a v i a n Chapel near, 76, 93-94 "Old Salem" Lutheran Church in, 115 L e b a n o n C o u n t y , 115-16 L e h i g h C o u n t y , 99, 105 L i t i t z ; see Lititz ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) Longswamp, Reformed Church in, 49 Lower Heidelberg Township, 50, 104 St. J o h n ' s ( H a i n ' s ) G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in, 104 M a c u n g i e , 50, 105 Ziegel U n i o n C h u r c h n e a r , 10, 105 M a n h e i m , 35 M a r i e t t a , 115 M a x a t a w n y , 27, 90 L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 90 M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y , 27, 49, 90, 107 T r a p p e L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 14 M o s e l e m , 27, 91 Zion ( M o s e l e m ) L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 91 M t . P e n n , 104 M y e r s t o w n , 116 F r i e d e n s L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 116

N a z a r e t h ; see N a z a r e t h (Pennsylvania) N e w G o s h e n h o p p e n , 90-91 G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in, 27, 90-91 N e w H o l l a n d , 53, 62, 108 St. Stephen G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h ( U n i t e d C h u r c h of C h r i s t ) in, 108-9 N o r t h a m p t o n C o u n t y , 46, 97, 115 Historical and Genealogical Society of, 97 P e n n Argyl, Plainfield R e f o r m e d C h u r c h (St. P e t e r ' s ) n e a r , 97 P t i i l a d e l p h i a ; see P h i l a d e l p h i a (Pennsylvania)

Pipersville, Lower Tinicum Church at, 93 R e a d i n g , 27, 29, 50, 91-92 T r i n i t y L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 29, 62, 92-93 R i c h m o n d T o w n s h i p , 91 Schoeneck, 115 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 52, 84, I I S South B e t h l e h e m , M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 100 South L e b a n o n T o w n s h i p , 93 S p r i n g City, 50, 84, 101 Z i o n L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 76, 101-2 Stouchsburg, Christ Lutheran C h u r c h n e a r , 14 S u p r e m e E x e c u t i v e Council of, 45 T i n i c u m , 93 T o l j i c k o n , 50, 105 P e a c e L u t h e r a n C h u r c h o f , 105 St. P e t e r ' s U n i t e d C h u r c h of C h r i s t of, 105 union church (Lutheran and R e f o r m e d ) of, 105 U p p e r H a n o v e r T o w n s h i p , 90 W a r w i c k T o w n s h i p , 19 W e i s e n b u r g T o w n s h i p , 10$ W h i t e h a l l T o w n s h i p , 99 Witepain (Whitpain) Township, 50, 107 St. J o h n ' s L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 107 Y o r k ; see Y o r k ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) Pennsylvania Gazelle, 28-29 Pennsylvania Merchant, 13 P e t e r , J o h a n n F r i e d r i c h , 24 P e t e r s o n , S. E., 108 P h i l a d e l p h i a ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) , viii-ix, 13-15, 18, 25, 27-29, 39, 42, 44, 46-47, 49-50, 52-53, 62-63, 69-71, 89, 95, 100-101, 103, 109, 116 C h r i s t C h u r c h ( E p i s c o p a l ) in, 29 G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in, 28, 103-4 M o r a v i a n C h u r c h in, 27, 89, 91 St. J o h n ' s L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 116 St. P a u l ' s E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h in, 29 St. P e t e r ' s E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h in, 29 Zion L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, xi, 44, 46-47, 71, 100-101 PUgerhaus, 19, 42, 68 P i p e v a l v e s , o r g a n , viii, 59-61, 69 Pipes, o r g a n , viii-ix, 17, 59-61, 69-70, 75 Poland, 3 Poor, G e n e r a l , 34 P r e s b y t e r i a n s , Scotch, 73 P r o p h e t s , School of the, 15

152 P r o t e c t i o n , M o u n t of, 6 P u m p e r , viii-ix, 64, 72 P y r l a e u s , J o h n , 14

Organs

for

America

S u l l i v a n , G e n e r a l , 33-34 S u p r e m e E x e c u t i v e Council of P e n n s y l v a n i a , 45 Sutter, J o h n , viii, 18

Q u a k e r s , 27, 35 R a e z e r , G e o r g e B., 109 R a n d o l p h , E d m u n d , 23 R a n k s , o r g a n , 59, 69 Reichel, J o h n F r e d e r i c k , 98 R e i m e r , E v a ; tee T a n n e n b e r g , E v a Reits, G e o r g , 66 R e v e r s e d console o r g a n s , 75, 100, 103, 106, 108, 112 R e v o l u t i o n , A m e r i c a n , 22, 33-40, 87, 94 Rice, P e t e r , 68 R i t t e r , A b r a h a m , 103 R o c k e r , o r g a n , 60-61 R o l l e r s , o r g a n , 59-61 R o n n e b u r g , the, 7 Ross, G e o r g e , 19 Rothe, J o h a n n A n d r e a s , 6 S a x o n y , 4-5, 7 S c h a u m , J o h a n n H e l f r e c h t , 91 Scheible, J o h a n n e s , 62 S c h m i d t , B a r b a r a , 110 S c h m i d t , N a t h a n i e l , 69 S c h n e i d e r , M a t t h i a s , 116 Schnell, J o h a n n e s , 49, 53, 69 S c h n i t g e r , A r p , viii, xii School of the P r o p h e t s , 15 S c h r o p p , J o h n , 42, 54 S c h r o p p , M a r i a E l i s a b e t h , 11, 19, 42, 53, 68 Schultze, G o t t f r i e d , 39 S c h w e i t z e r , A l b e r t , ix-x, 59, 78, 84 S c h w e n k f e l d e r s , 13, 49 Sea C o n g r e g a t i o n , 8 " S e c r e t A r t of the M e a s u r e m e n t of O r g a n P i p e s , T h e , " 17 S h a f f n e r , C a s p e r , 67 S h i p p e n , W i l l i a m , 37 S i l b e r m a n n , A n d r e a s , viii, xii, 12 S i l b e r m a n n , G o t t f r i e d , viii, xii, 12 S l i d e r s , o r g a n , 59-61, 69 Sorge, G e o r g A n d r e a s , 17 Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, 10, 15-16 Specifications, o r g a n , 64-66, 89, 91-93, 96, 100-103, 106, 108-12, 116 S q u a r e s , o r g a n , 59-61 Stach, M a t t h e w , 8 Stach, R o s i n a , 8 Stiegel, H e n r y W i l l i a m , 28 S t i r l i n g , G e n e r a l , 33 Stop knobs, 59-61, 69, 75 Stops, o r g a n , 59-61, 64, 69-70

Tanneberger, David, 4 T a n n e b e r g e r , Dorothea Gross, 4 T a n n e b e r g e r , J o h a n n , 4-8 T a n n e b e r g e r , J u d i t h , 4-7, 55 T a n n e n b e r g , A n n a M a r i a ; see Bachmann, Anna Maria T a n n e n b e r g , A n n a M a r i a L a n g , 51, 55 Tannenberg, Anna Rosina; see C a s s l e r , A n n a Rosina T a n n e n b e r g , A n n a R o s i n a K e r n , 9, 16-17, 19, 48 T a n n e n b e r g , D a v i d , acolyte, 24 a n c e s t r y of, 4-8 a p p r e n t i c e s h i p of, with F a t h e r K l e m m , vii, 12, 15-17 assessor, 24 b i r t h of, 4, 6 c a b i n e t m a k e r , vii collector, 24, 34 d e a t h of, 54-55, 110 d e s c e n d a n t s of, 11, 17, 19, 21, 31-32, 38-44, 46, 48-50, 53, 68, 71, 99 d e s i g n e r , 42 e a r l y life of, 6-7 e d u c a t i o n of, 6-7 executor, 24 f a m e of, 26-32 foot w a s h e r , 24 Fremdendiener, 24-25 f r u i t g r o w e r , 21 g u a r d i a n , 24 h o u s e b u i l d e r , vii j o i n e r , 10 j o u r n e y of, to P e n n s y l v a n i a , 8-9 life of, d u r i n g the R e v o l u t i o n , 33-39 life of, in B e t h l e h e m , 10-11 life of, in Lititz, 18-25 life of, in N a z a r e t h , 11, 15-16 m a k e r of m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s , 113 m a r r i a g e of, 9-10, 51 m e m b e r of C h u r c h Council, 24 m e m b e r of C o m m i t t e e of O v e r s i g h t , 24 m e m b e r of G r e a t e r H e l p e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , 24 m e m b e r of H e l p e r s ' C o n f e r e n c e , 2+ n a m e of, xiii o r g a n b u i l d e r , vii, xi-xii, 12, 15-19, 26-32, 41, 44-46, 50, 54, 59-72, 74-75, 83-112 o r g a n i s t , 22 o r g a n s o f ; see T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s p a r t n e r s h i p of, with J o h a n n P h i l i p B a c h m a n n , 48-53

I ttdex r e l i g i o u s l i f e o f , v i l i , 3, 6 - 8 , 11, 2 4 , 31, +4, 4 6 , 4 8 , 5 4 - 5 5 r e p a i r e r of o r g a n s , 12, 19, 2 6 - 2 7 , 2 9 , 4 1 - 4 2 , 50, 7 8 , 9 1 - 9 3 t r a v e l s o f , 7 - 9 , 1 5 - 1 6 , 18, 2 6 - 2 9 , 4 1 - 4 2 , 4 4 , 50, 5 3 - 5 4 , 6 2 , 7 1 , 86, 8 9 - 1 0 6 , 1 1 0 treasurer, 24

tuner of organs, 26, 29, 50, 78-79, 86, 99 violinist, 23 vocalist, 24-77 warden (business m a n a g e r ) , 11 Tannenberg, D a v i d , Jr., 17, 19, 38-42, 46, 48-49, 68 Tannenberg, Elizabeth Fuller, 39, 48 Tannenberg, E v a , 49 Tannenberg, Maria E l i s a b e t h ; see Schropp, M a r i a Elisabeth Tannenberg, Martin, 6 Tannenberg, Samuel, 19, 41-44, 48, 68, 71, 99 Tannenberg, W i l l i a m , 48 T a n n e n b e r g instruments, 113 clavicembalo, 113 clavichord, 113 o r g a n s ; see T a n n e n b e r g o r g a n s pianos, 113 T a n n e n b e r g organs, xii, 54, 73-79, 83-85, 89-112; see also K l e m m Tannenberg organs 1765—Moravian Chapel (Lancaster, P a . ) , 18-19, 62, 75, 89 1765—Moravian Chapel (York, P a . ) , 89 specifications of, 89 1766— Philadelphia resident, 27, 89 1767 (Albany, N. Y . ) , 27, 89-90 1768—Lutheran Church ( M a x a t a w n y , P a . ) , 27, 90 1769—German Reformed Church ( N e w Goshenhoppen, P a . ) , 27, 90-91 1770—German R e f o r m e d Church (Frederick, M d . ) , 27, 83-84, 91-92 1770—German R e f o r m e d Church (Lancaster, P a . ) , 27-28, 62, 77, 92 contract for, 65-67 specifications of, 65-66 1770—Zion ( M o s e l e m ) Lutheran Church ( M o s e l e m , P a . ) , 27, 91 specifications of, 91 1771—Trinity Lutheran Church ( R e a d i n g , P a . ) , 29, 84, 92-93 specifications of, 92-93

153 1772, 93 1773—Hebron M o r a v i a n Chapel (Lebanon, P a . ) , 29, 76, 93-94 1774—Lutheran Church of the Holy T r i n i t y (Lancaster, P a . ) , 29-31, 45, 62, 72, 76-77, 94-95 1775—Evangelical Lutheran Church (Frederick, M d . ) , 29, 62, 95 1775—St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church (Lancaster, P a . ) , 29, 95 1776—Lutheran and Reformed congregations (Easton, P a . ) , 29, 96 specifications of, 96 1 7 7 6 — M o r a v i a n Single Brethren's H o u s e Chapel (Bethlehem, P a . ) , 36, 71, 97 1 7 7 7 — M o r a v i a n Single Brethren's House Chapel (Lititz, P a . ) , 41, 97-98 1780—Mr. Fischer (York, P a . ) , 41, 98 1 7 8 2 — M o r a v i a n Chapel ( H o p e , N . J . ) , 41, 77, 98 1783— ( H a g e r s t o w n , M d . ) , 41, 98 1784—German R e f o r m e d Church (York, P a . ) , 41, 71, 99 1786—Lutheran and Reformed congregations (Egypt, P a . ) , 41, 84, 99 1 7 8 7 — M o r a v i a n Church (Lititz, P a . ) , 42, 44, 63, 72, 76-78, 99-100 specifications of, 100 1790—Zion Lutheran Church ( P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . ) , ix, xi-xii, 44-47, 62-63, 70-71, 100-101 specifications of, 101 1791—Zion Lutheran Church ( S p r i n g City, P a . ) , 50, 84, 101-2 specifications of, 102 1 7 9 3 — M o r a v i a n Chapel ( N a z a r e t h , P a . ) , 50, 72, 77, 86, 103 specifications of, 103 1 7 9 3 — M o r a v i a n Church ( G r a c e h a m , M d . ) , 50, 77, 102, 112 1795 ("Guts'town"), 50, 104 1795—German Reformed Church (Philadelphia, P a . ) , 50, 103-4 1795—St. John's ( H a i n ' s ) G e r m a n R e f o r m e d Church ( L o w e r Heidelberg Township, Pa.), 50, 104 1796—Zion Lutheran Church (Baltimore, M d . ) , 50, 104-5

154 1797—Ziegel Union C h u r c h ( M a c u n g i e , P a . ) , SO, 105 1798—Lutheran and Reformed congregations (Tohickon, P a . ) , 50, 105-6 1798—Moravian Chapel (Salem, N . C . ) , 17, 50, 63-64, 70, 75, 106, 109 s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f , 106 1 7 9 8 — M o r a v i a n Single Sisters' H o u s e C h a p e l ( L i t i t z , P a . ) , 50, 106-7 1799—Moravian Church ( L a n c a s t e r , P a . ) , 50, 76, 107 1799—St. J o h n ' s L u t h e r a n C h u r c h (Witepain Township, Pa.), 50, 53, 107 1800—Moravian Church (Salem, N . C . ) , 50-51, 72, 77-79, 107-8 s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f , 108 1801—St. S t e p h e n G e r m a n Reformed Church (New H o l l a n d , P a . ) , 53, 108-9 1802—Hebron Evangelical Lutheran C h u r c h ( M a d i s o n , V a . ) , 52-53, 75, 109 s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f , 109-10 1804—Christ L u t h e r a n C h u r c h ( Y o r k , P a . ) , χ, 53-55, 70, 84, 110-11 s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f , 110-11 Proposed o r g a n — M o r a v i a n Church ( B e t h l e h e m , P a . ) , 53, 55, 63-64, 84, 111-12 s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f , 64-65, 111-12 Whitefield House organ (Nazareth, P a . ) , 83-84, 112 T a p p e r t , T h e o d o r e G . , xii T e s t A c t of 1777, 38 T h o m a s , F r a n z , 69 T h o m a s , P h i l i p , 75 Till, Jacob, 7 T o e b o a r d s , o r g a n , 60-61 T o n e , o r g a n , ix, 59, 64, 70 " T o w n R e g u l a t i o n s " of L i t i t z , 20-21 T r a c k e r s , o r g a n , v i i i , 59-61, 75

Organs

for

America

T r o m b o n e q u a r t e t s , 22, 38, 48, 63, 76-77, 94-95, 107 T r u n d l e , o r g a n , 60-61 T r y o n , W i l l i a m , 87 T u n i n g , o r g a n , 78-79 U n i o n c h u r c h e s , 41, 73, 90, 96-97, 99, 105, 116 Unitas Fratrum; see M o r a v i a n s U n i t e d S t a t e s ; see A m e r i c a V a l v e s , o r g a n p i p e , viii, 59-61, 69 V a n Vleck, J a c o b , 34 V i r g i n i a , 23, 26, 30, 37, 73, 87, 109 M a d i s o n , 53, 75, 109 Hebron Evangelical Lutheran C h u r c h in, 52, 109 V o r b a c h , G e o r g e , 4S W a s h i n g t o n , T a c o m a , 116 L u t h e r M e m o r i a l C h u r c h in, 116 W a s h i n g t o n , G e o r g e , viii, xi, 34, 36-37, 45-46, 99 W a s h i n g t o n , M a r t h a , xi, 34 W e i l e r , J o h a n n e s , 63 W e s l e y , J o h n , 5, 10 W e t t e r a u , t h e , 6-7 W h i t e f i e l d , G e o r g e , 10 W h i t e f i e l d H o u s e , 16, 84, 112 W i n d c h e s t , 59-61, 64, 69 Y e a k l e , A n d r e w , 105 Y o r k ( P e n n s y l v a n i a ) , x, 41-42, 53-55, 70, 89, 98-99, 110 C h r i s t L u t h e r a n C h u r c h in, 54-55, 110 G e r m a n R e f o r m e d C h u r c h in, 41, 71, 99 G o d ' s A c r e ( c e m e t e r y ) in, 55 H i s t o r i c a l Society of Y o r k C o u n t y in, χ, 110 M o r a v i a n C h a p e l in, 89 Z a u c h t e n t h a l , 4-5 Z e i s t , 8-9 Z i n z e n d o r f , Nicolaus L u d w i g von, 4-8, 10, 13, 16, 18-19