Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny: Letters and Panegyric [Reprint 2012 ed.] 9783110958287, 9783598730016

Table of contents :
Preface
Abbreviations
Editions
1. Pliny’s Family
2. Pliny’s Career
3. Pliny’s Correspondents
4. Pliny’s Practice in Naming Romans
Indices
Persons and Deities
Geographical Names
Miscellaneous

Citation preview

A.R. Birley Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny Letters and Panegyric

Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny Letters and Panegyric

By Anthony R. Birley

K· G -Saur München · Leipzig 2000

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Birley, Anthony Richard: Onomasticon to the Younger Pliny : letters and panegyric / by Anthony R. Birley. - München ; Leipzig : Saur, 2000 (Bibliotheca Teubneriana) ISBN 3-598-73001-2 © 2000 by K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & C o KG. München und Leipzig Part of Reed Elsevier Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten. All Rights Strictly Reserved. Jede Art der Vervielfältigung ohne Erlaubnis des Verlages ist unzulässig. Satz: Textservice Zink, Schwarzach Druck und Bindung: Druckhaus „Thomas Münzer" GmbH, Bad Langensalza

List of contents Preface Abbreviations Editions 1. Pliny's 2. Pliny's 3. Pliny's 4. Pliny's

Family Career Correspondents Practice in Naming Romans

VII IX XI 1 5 17 21

Indices

Persons and Deities Geographical Names Miscellaneous

35 102 Ill

Preface This Onomasticon was commissioned by Dr. h.c. Heinrich Krämer of the Teubner Verlag, in the hope that it might supply for the younger Pliny something comparable to those for Cicero by D.R. Shackleton-Bailey. The latter is the doyen of Ciceronian studies. I have no particular expertise as a Plinian specialist or as a classical philologist, only close familiarity with the writings of Ronald Syme and experience in indexing his Roman Papers. In the Introduction, Pliny's family and career are reviewed and his correspondents briefly categorised; and an attempt is made to analyse his practice in naming Romans. In the Index of Persons and Deities, more detail is offered than is the case with Shackleton-Bailey's Onomastica. Unlike persons named by Cicero, the majority of those in Pliny are known mainly from epigraphy; and for many recent information is available. The copious citations of PIR2, Syme's Roman Papers (1979-1991) (RP), the Colloquium Epigrafia e ordine senatorio (1982) [1984] (EOS), M.-Th. Raepsaet-Charlier, Prosopograpbie des femmes de l'ordre sénatorial (Ier-IIe siècles) (1987) (PFOS) and O. Salomies, Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature (1992) (APN) indicate where my principal debts lie. The Commentary by A.N. Sherwin-White (1966) (S-W) is also much cited (often in disagreement).1 No Index of Quotations is supplied. Many possible quotations may be no more than reminiscences, and these are fully noted in the Teubner edition by M. Schuster (as revised by R. Hanslik, 1958). Definite or very probable quotations are listed in the Index of Persons under their authors (including those not actually named by Pliny). The Index is an attempt, not least, to provide a substitute for Sherwin-White's 'General List of contemporary persons' (S-W 738-62). B. Radice's Loeb edition, with English translation (1969) ' N o t e the severe review by C.P. Jones, Ά new commentary on the Letters of Pliny', Phoenix 22 (1968) 111-142.

Vili

Preface

(Radice), although seldom cited, has been of great assistance: her excellent 'Biographical Index' alone (Radice II, 557-86) might almost be said to make this Onomasticon superfluous, except that thirty years have elapsed since her edition appeared. 2 Mention must be made of the unpublished 'Magisterarbeit' by my pupil Andreas Krieckhaus, 'Untersuchungen zu den Adressaten des jüngeren Plinius' (1995), from which, and from discussions with its author, I have greatly benefited. Werner Eck (Cologne) has continued to supply me with information on recent prosopographical and other epigraphic novelties, many of them relevant to the age of Pliny. Géza Alföldy (Heidelberg) kindly made available to me his new volume of collected papers, Städte, Eliten und Gesellschaft in der Gallia Cisalpina (1999) (here GCis), just in time for me to incorporate some references to several highly relevant contributions, one previously unpublished. That less mistakes remain than would otherwise have been the case is due principally to the painstaking labours of Frau Karin Ritter (Bern). At the suggestion of Dr. Elizabeth Schuhmann, who succeeded Dr. Krämer in the Redaktion Altertumswissenschaft at Β.G. Teubner, Frau Ritter went through the manuscript with a fine-tooth comb, correcting false citations and drawing attention to ambiguities of expression. I am most grateful for this help. Pliny's Letters are cited as i 1.1, vi 1.1, etc.; his Panegyric as Pan. 1.1, 17.3, etc.; unless otherwise stated the text used is that of Schuster's Teubner edition; and the numbering of the Letters (very variable in editions of Book x) is also that of the Teubner edition. Heinrich-Heine-Universität

2

Düsseldorf

A.R. Birley

C.J. Reagan, 'Laterculum prosopographicum Plinianum', RIL 104 (1970) 414-436, is unfortunately riddled with misprints and errors, some serious, and is not used here.

Abbreviations Journals are abbreviated as in L'Année Philologique, standard epigraphic collections (with slight variations) as in the Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed., 1996). Other abbreviations are as follows: ANRW

APN

Cab.

CP

Eck I, II

EOS I, II FO GCis

Kaj. LE

H. Temporini and W. Haase, edd., Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (Berlin - New York 1972ff.) O. Salomies, Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire (Helsinki 1992) A. Caballos Rufino, Los senadores hispanorromanos y la romanización de Hispania (siglos IIII). I. Prosopografia, 2 vols. (Ecija 1990) H.-G. Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain (Paris 1961); Supplément (1982) W. Eck, 'Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/9', Chiron 12 (1982) 281-362; 13 (1983) 147-237. S. Panciera, ed., Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, 2 vols. (Tituli 4-5, Rome 1982) L. Vidman, ed., Fasti Ostienses (Prag 21980) G. Alföldy, Städte, Eliten und Gesellschaft in der Gallia Cisalpina. Epigraphisch-historische Untersuchungen (HABES Band 30, Stuttgart 1999) I. Kajanto, The Latin Cognomina (Helsinki 1965) W. Schulze, Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen (Berlin 21933)

χ

Abbreviations

PFOS

M.-Th. Raepsaet-Charlier, Prosopograpbie des femmes de Vordre sénatorial Ier-IIe siècles (Louvain 1987)

PIR1

E. Klebs, P. v. Rohden and H. Dessau, edd., Prosopographia Imperii Romani (Berlin 1897-8) E. Groag, Α. Stein, L. Petersen and K. Wachtel, edd., Prosopographia Imperii Romani (Berlin 1933ff.) H. Devijver, Prosopographia Militiarum Equestrium (5 vols., Leuven 1976-1987) W. Eck, ed., Prosopograpbie und Sozialgeschichte. Studien zur Methodik und Erkenntnismöglichkeit der kaiserzeitlichen Prosopographie. Kolloquium Köln 24-26. November 1991 (Köln - Wien - Weimar 1993)

PIR2

PME PS

Radice I, II

B. Radice, Pliny, Letters and Panegyricus, 2 vols. (Loeb Classical Library, London - Cambridge, Mass. 1969)

RE

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart 1893-1978) M.M. Roxan, Roman Military Diplomas 19541977 (London 1978); 1978-1984 (London 1985); 1985-1993 (London 1994) R. Syme, Roman Papers I-II, ed. E. Badian (Oxford 1979); III, ed. A.R. Birley (Oxford 1984); IV-V, ed. A.R. Birley (Oxford 1988); VI-VII, ed. A.R. Birley (Oxford 1991) H. Halfmann, Senatoren aus dem östlichen Teil des Imperium Romanum (Göttingen 1979) A.N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny. A Historical and Social Commentary (Oxford 1966) R. Syme, Tacitus, 2 vols. (Oxford 1958) A.-M. Andermahr, Totus in Praediis. Senatorischer Grundbesitz in Italien in der frühen Kaiserzeit (Diss. Bonn 1998)

RMD

RP I-VII

SöTIR S-W

STac TiP

Editions

XI

Editions M. Durry (IV) and A.-M. Guillemin (I-III) Pline le Jeune. Lettres. Panégyrique de Trajan (Budé ed., 4 vols., revised ed., Paris 1964-7) R.A.B. Mynors C. Plini Caecili Secundi epistularum libri decern (Oxford 1963) Β. Radice Pliny. Letters and Panegyricus (Loeb ed., 2 vols., London - Cambridge, Mass. 1969) M. Schuster Plinius Minor (Teubner, 3rd ed. by R. Hanslik, Leipzig 1958 and reprints)

1. Pliny's Family There is general agreement on Pliny's family, now enshrined in the PIR2 entry, Ρ 490 (by L. Vidman, published in 1997), with residual doubt only on the number of his marriages, to be discussed presently. His date of birth, between 24 August AD 61 and 23 August in AD 62, is given by his own reference to himself at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius. On 24 August AD 79 (the day of the eruption is given by vi 16.4) he was in his eighteenth year, vi 20.5. He mentions his father only indirectly, when referring to Verginius Rufus having been his guardian, ii 1.8, and to his adoption by his maternal uncle, the Elder Pliny, ν 8.5. The father was called L. Cae[ciliu]s C. f. Ouf. Secundus, as shown by an inscription from his home-town Comum. Pliny, after his father's death, but before the adoption by his uncle, and still called Caecilius Secundus f(ilius), dedicated a temple of the imperial cult, which his late father had paid for in the name of his daughter Caecilia, Pliny's sister, presumably also already deceased.3 His original praenomen before the adoption is not certain: no doubt either Gaius or Lucius.4 His mother, presumably called Plinia, is mentioned without her name in i 19.1, iv 19.7, vi 16.21 and 20.4ff., vii 11.3. His uncle, C. Plinius Secundus,5 is referred to, unnamed in every case, in i 19.1, iii 5.Iff. (a full account of his writings and way of life), ν 8.5, vi 16 (with full detail on his last hours and death) and vi 20 (on how Pliny and his mother were occupied during the eruption). After the adoption, evidently testamentary,6 Pliny was called by his full names C. Plinius L. f. Ouf. Caecilius Secundus (retaining his original filiation) on inscriptions, although in the FO he is called as consul just C. Plinius Secundus.7 Pais, Additamenta to CIL V, 745 + 746, as revised by G. Alföldy, Athenaeum 61 (1983) 362-373 (reprinted with slight changes in his GCis 211-219), whence A E 1983,443. 4 S-W 70; GCis 212 n. 5. 5 PIR2 Ρ 493. 6 v 8.5, S-W 70; RP V 644. 7 APN 6, 27f., 44, 59, 60; L. Vidman, PIR2 Ρ 490. 3

2

1. Pliny's Family

Pliny was married more than once, as is explicit in his letter to Trajan, χ 2, thanking the emperor for granting him the ius trium liberorum in spite of his being childless 'duobus matrimoniis'. Two wives can be identified from the letters. The first, whose name is unknown (PFOS no. 869), is mentioned directly only in ix 13, as having recently died: 'quamquam tum maxime tristis amissa nuper uxore ... quia me recens adbuc luctus limine contineret', 13.4; 'Bittius Proculus ... uxoris etiam meae, quam amiseram, vitricus', 13.13. The letter, although no doubt written relatively late (S-W 39ff.), recounts the debate in the senate on Publicius Certus, which was initiated by Pliny in the second half of A D 97. It was before the consulship of Domitius Apollinaris, which began on 1 September of that year (FO), Apollinaris being still 'consul designatus'. This wife's identity is clear from the letter to her mother Pompeia Celerina, i 4, addressed to her as 'mother-in-law', 'Pompeiae Celerinae socrui s(uae)'. Celerina (PFOS no. 626, but cf. ΡIR2 Ρ 670) continued to be referred to as his mother-in-law, unnamed, in i 18.3 (although S-W 128 takes this to be the mother of a previous wife), iii 19.8, vi 10.1 and χ 51.1. Celerina had evidently remarried, after the death of her unknown first husband, to (Q. Fulvius Gillo) Bittius Proculus, called 'stepfather of my wife whom I had lost', ix 13.13, cf. above. The unnamed 'mother-in-law' in the letters cannot be the mother of his next wife Calpurnia (PFOS no. 177): Calpurnia's mother must be assumed to have died before or soon after her marriage, as had her father, iv 19.1, ν 11.1, 3, vi 12.3, cf. viii 11, judging from the role of her aunt, her late father's brother, Calpurnia Hispulla, as substitute mother. This is most clearly expressed in viii 11.1, to Hispulla, who loves Calpurnia 'more tenderly than a mother'; cf. also χ 120.2. Calpurnia Hispulla and Calpurnia's father were the children of L. Calpurnius Fabatus of Comum, whose career as an equestrian officer is epigraphically attested 8 and whose banishment for alleged complicity in the incest of Junia Lepida (PFOS no. 472) with her brother is registered by Tacitus, Ann. xvi 8.3.

s

ILS 2721, Comum; PIR2 C 208; PME C 53.

1. Pliny's Family

3

Pliny tells Trajan in χ 2.2, 'eoque magis liberos concupisco, quos habere etiam ilio tristissimo saeculo volui, sicut potes duobus matrimoniis meis credere', 'still more do I long for children, which I wanted to have even in that very sad period [sc. the reign of Domitian], as you can believe from my two marriages.' (Cf. also iv 13. 5 on Pliny's childlessness). Sherwin-White dismisses the arguments of Otto and Monti that 'quos habere etiam ilio tristissimo saeculo volui' can be understood as a parenthesis meaning only that Pliny was married twice altogether.9 For Sherwin-White, as for most others, Pliny had two wives before the marriage with Calpurnia, who was therefore his third wife. The daughter of Pompeia Celerina, who evidently died not long before the Publicius Certus debate, sc. in AD 97 or perhaps 96, ix 13.4, would then be his second wife. His first wife, about whom nothing whatsoever would be known except that she too was childless, may, on this view, have died much earlier. Sherwin-White (S-W 128) identifies the motherin-law mentioned in i 18.3, referring to a time when Pliny was very young (cf. below), as the mother of this postulated first wife. But his arguments about Pliny's 'technique of parenthesis', illustrated by a few random examples, is certainly not sufficient proof for the 'three wives' theory. M.-Th. Raepsaet-Charlier, the leading specialist on women of the senatorial order, prefers to take Calpurnia as Pliny's second - and last - wife.10 This seems at the very least plausible, and the question must therefore remain open, only soluble if new epigraphic evidence appears. Pliny's first known marriage may have been contracted many years before his wife died, cf. i 18.3: he already had a mother-in-law when he was 'adulescentulus adhuc'. The marriage to Calpurnia, if referred to in χ 2, was probably contracted not long after the previous wife's death, since the letter to Trajan mentioning 'duobus matrimoniis' should belong to AD 98, 'inter initia felicissimi principals tui', χ 2.2. As for the background of the two known wives, the daughter of Celerina was perhaps of senatorial status, although

9 S - W 559f., cf. 71, on W. Otto, 'Zur Lebensgeschichte des jüngeren Plinius', SSA W 10 (1919) 36f., 40 and S. Monti, 'Pliniana', RAN 27 (1952) 161ff.

PFOS nos. 177, 626, 869.

t0

4

1. Pliny's Family

the identity and rank of her father are, in fact, uncertain.11 For Celerina's second husband, called 'vitricus' of his late wife in ix 13.13, a senator, colleague of Publicius Certus as treasury prefect and consul probably in AD 98, see the Index of Persons under Bittius Proculus. Calpurnia was from Pliny's home-town Comum, from an equestrian family. Three letters to her are included in the collection, she is mentioned in six other letters in i-ix, and she accompanied him to his province - the last letter to Trajan, χ 120, requests the emperor's indulgence for Pliny having let her travel, without advance authorisation, by the cursus publicus to comfort her aunt after receiving the news of her grandfather's death. Apart from the family members already mentioned, one must register two female relatives of Pliny: Calvina, ii 4.2 ('adfinitatis officio') and Antonia Maximilla, 'ornatissima femina , χ 5.2, who is specified as 'necessariae mihi feminae' in χ 6.1. (L.) Plinius Paternus of Comum, who received four letters, was presumably some kind of kinsman of Pliny's mother's family. His freedmen Hermes (vii 11) and Zosimus (v 19) and his lector Encolpius (viii 1) are also mentioned. A kinsman of Pompeia Celerina, Caelius Clemens, was transferred to Pliny's province in an unspecified post, χ 51.1. Syme, RP VII 509, conjectures that another sister of Corellius Rufus, apart from the Corellia in the letters (cf. i 12.3 for Corellius having more than one sister), was the wife of L. Calpurnius Fabatus, grandfather of Pliny's wife; further, ib., cf. 542, that Vestricius Spurinna was also related to Pliny.

" T h e suggestion in PFOS, nos. 626f. and 869, that he might have been L. Venuleius Montanus Apronianus (cos. stiff. 92), is not referred to in ΡIR2 Ρ 670 and APN 118f. There the view that Celerina's father was L. Pompeius Vopiscus C. Arruntius Catellius Celer (cos. suff. 77) is also treated sceptically, cf. PIR2 Ρ 662. Salomies also notes, APN 119, a Pompeia Celerina in CIL V 4085, between Mantua and Verona.

2. Pliny's Career

5

2. Pliny's Career Although the dating of Pliny's career up to the praetorship and his prefecture of the aerarium militare seems to be universally agreed, with different views still being expressed only about the date of his provincial governorship, there is still room for doubt over several important questions. At all events, it ought to be helpful to set out the relevant data and the arguments here. For his date of birth, between 24 August 61 and 23 August 62, see above, 1. His career is known in detail principally from an inscription at Comum, CIL V 5262 = ILS 2927, and from some other, even more fragmentary c«rs«s-inscriptions (listed in PIR2 Ρ 490), notably one from Hispellum, CIL VI 1552 = XI 5272.12 The main Comum inscription, parts of it, now lost, only known from manuscript readings, the one from Hispellum, and the other less complete ones (set up before the appointment to Pontus-Bithynia) gave his cursus honorum, in descending order, modified (as often in such inscriptions) by the consulship and priesthood (augurship in his case), being placed straight after the name, out of chronological order. G. Alföldy has published a new and convincing restoration of CIL V 5262 and XI 5272, in particular affecting the part referring to the governorship of Pontus-Bithynia. 13 He shows that14 Pliny was legate of Trajan not 'with consular power' but 'with proconsular power': not consulari but proconsulari potestate, and restores lines 2-4 of CIL V 5262, Comum, as: augur·legat*pro*pr*provinciae·Pon[ti efBithyniae'pro] consulari potestaftej in earn provinciam e[x senatus consulto ab] Imp Caesar Nerva Traiano Aug Germanico Dacicopp missus] In the equivalent part of CIL XI 5272, Hispellum, he reads the following (the last part of line 4 and lines 5-6 are here cited):

12

They are (mostly) reproduced in the Teubner edition, pp. 456ff., the Budé edition, I pp. XLIXff., S-W 732f. and Radice II 550ff. 13 'Die Inschriften des jüngeren Plinius und seine Mission in Pontus et Bithynia', GCis 221-244. 14 As originally proposed by E. Bormann, AEM 15 (1892) 42.

6

2. Pliny's Career

*ex*s*c* pro [consulari*potestate*legatus*pr*pr*provinciae* Ponti·]ft* Bithyniae*et*legatus [in»eam*ab*Imp*Caes*Nerva*Traiano*Aug*missus (vacat) testamejnto fieri iussit Pliny's cursus as registered by CIL V 5262 may be set out here, with each office separated for clarity, taking account of the revision by Alföldy:15 (line 1) C*Plinius*L*f*Ouf*Caecilias[*Secundus* cos.*J/ (line 2) augur* legat*pro*pr*provinciae*Pon[ti*et*Bithyniae*pro]/ (line 3) consularipotestate in earn provinciam e[x senatus consulto ab]/ (line 4) imp Caesar Nerv a Traiano Aug Germanico Dacicopp missus]/ (line 5) curator alvei Tiberis et riparum eft cloacarum urbis/ (line 6) praef aerari Saturni praef aerari milfitaris pr trib plebis]/ (line 7) quaestor imp sevir equitum [ Romanor turmae ..]/ (line 8) trib milit leg III Gallicae in pro[vincia Syria X vir stli]/ (line 9) tib iudicand The remainder of line 9 and lines 10-15 refer to Pliny's testamentary bequests to Comum. The tribunate of the plebs, praetorship and consulship can be restored from the other inscriptions and from references in the Letters-16 The inscriptions also register three posts nowhere registered in the Letters, decemvir stlitibus iudicandis, sevir equitum Romanorum and praefectus aerari militaris, and allow the number and name of the legion in which Pliny was military tribune to be specified as III Gallica. 15

See also his reconstruction drawings of the inscription and of that from Hispellum, GCis 243 and the photographs, Taf. VI1-2. 16 Cf. now ΡIR2 Ρ 490 (noting also a further inscription not known to the editors of Pliny, AE 1972,212, Comum) and of course Alföldy in GCis 221-244.

2. Pliny's Career

7

Pliny had already been taking lessons in public speaking, from Quintilian and Nicetes Sacerdos, when he was 'vixdum adulescentulus', vi 6.3 (cf. ii 14.9 on Quintilian, 'praeceptore meo'), and began to speak 'in the Forum', i.e. in the Centumviral Court, in his 'nineteenth year', AD 80 or 81, ν 8.8. As the adopted son of a higher knight, he had no doubt easily gained the latus clavus from the emperor Titus. He probably served in the pre-senatorial magistracy as Xvir stlitibus iudicandis in AD 80 or 81. The decemvirate was one of the pre-senatorial posts in the vigintivirate, which future senators held, for a year, at the earliest aged seventeen or eighteen. Dio liv 26.5ff. suggests that the vigintivirate was obligatory for future senators, cf. Tacitus, Ann iii 29.1. There are, however, a fair number of career inscriptions where the post appears to have been omitted - not only by men who had begun a career as knights and first gained senatorial rank as quaestor.17 He then entered on a military tribunate - which was certainly no longer obligatory - in the Syrian legion III Gallica, probably in AD 82. The governor of Syria to whom he owed this commission was presumably T. Atilius Rufus (cos. suff. ca. 76), attested in Pannonia in AD 80 and in Syria in 83.18 Rufus, who probably derived from Italia Transpadana,19 died in Syria, sc. in AD 83, Tacitus, Agr. 40.1.20 Pliny may well have served for over a year - and might not have been replaced until Rufus' unknown successor arrived. Pliny refers to this military service no fewer than seven times: i 10.2, he met the philosopher Euphrates 'in Syria, cum adulescentulus militarem'. iii 11.5, he met the philosopher Artemidorus 'cum in Syria tribunus militarem'. vii 4.3, his return, 'cum e militia rediens in Icaria insula ventis detinerer'. See the list in A.R. Birley, 'Senators as generals', in G. Alföldy, Β. Dobson and W. Eck, edd., Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Gedenkschrift für Eric Birley (Stuttgart 2000) 97-119, at 106ff. WPIR2 A 1304; Eck I 302, 306. 19 STac. 75; RP VII 51 In., 553, 640. 2 0 For the date, A.R. Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford 1981) 77ff.; M.-Th. Raepsaet-Charlier, ANRW II 33.3 (1991) 1844ff. 17

8

2. Pliny's Career

vii 16.1, he and Calestrius Tiro 'simul militavimus'. vii 31.2, the prefect of cavalry Claudius Pollio was his 'commilito'·, Pliny was 'iussus a legato consulari radones alarum et cohortium excutere'. viii 14.7, his service was manifestly under Domitian, 'at nos iuvenes fuimus quidem in castris; sed cum suspecta virtus, inertia in preño, cum ducibus auctoritas nulla, nulla militibus verecundia, nusquam imperium, nusquam obsequium, omnia soluta turbata atque etiam in contrarium versa, postremo obliviscenda magis quam tenenda'. χ 87.1, the primipilaris Nymphidius Lupus the elder was his 'commilito', 'cum ipse tribunus essem illepraefectus'. After his return from Syria Pliny was sevir equitum Romanorum, perhaps in AD 84. It was a purely ceremonial function, at the transvectio equitum, the annual ride-past of the équités Romani equo publico on 15 July.21 Most of the known senators who were seviri eq.R. (over one hundred) were at the same stage as Pliny in their career, i.e. not yet formally members of the senate, and many of them, although not all, had distinguished ancestry or connections. On the other hand, several thousand others who must have held this post are unknown or presumably did not trouble to register their tenure, so one can make no inferences about Pliny's standing from it. Special favour from Domitian may, however, be inferred from the next post, quaestor imp(eratoris) as he referred to it in at least two inscriptions, with Domitian's name suppressed, 'quaestor Caesaris' as he calls it in vii 16.2. Membership of the senate was gained by holding the office of quaestor, normally at the age of twenty-four (Dio Iii 20.If.). 22 Pliny, as one of the quaestors attached to the emperor (generally thought to be two out of the total of twenty each year),23 was thus particularly favoured.24 Pliny refers to his quaestorship in vii 16.2: he and Calestrius Tiro, after mil-

21 See

RE 6A.2 (1937) 2178ff.; 2A.2 (1923) 2018; W. Eck, ANRW II 1 (1977) 177; A.R. Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (1981) 14f. 22 See J. Morris, Listy filologické 87 (1964) 317, stressing that the ruling 'annus coeptus pro pleno habetur', Digest 1 4.8, should have applied.

2. Pliny's Career

9

itary service together (cf. above) were 'quaestors of Caesar together', 'simul quaestores Caesaris fuimus'; cf. ii 9.1, where he notes that he did not have to canvass for election to the quaestorship, as did his protégé Sex. Erucius (Clarus). He was evidently already married by then: he was, 'still a youth', 'adulescentulus adhuc', acting as advocate for Junius Pastor, when his mother-in-law, alarmed by a dream, had tried to dissuade him from speaking, i 18.3 (cf. above, 1). Early marriage was desirable for those who wished to speed up their career by producing offspring (cf. Tacitus, Agricola 6.1, 'idque matrimonium ad maiora nitenti decus atque roburfuit', 6.2, 'auctus est ibi filia, in subsidium simul ac solarium'; also Digest iv 4.2 and Pliny vii 16.2, Calestrius Tiro's accelerated tribunate of the plebs, below). The year of the quaestorship is customarily calculated as AD 89.25 Syme hesitated between 87, 88 and 89, subsequently favouring AD 87, noting that if, as he assumed, 'Pliny was born in AD 62' (rather than 61, also possible), he would then have 'entered the Senate before completing his twenty-fifth year'.26 Any later estimates would mean that Pliny, born in AD 61 or 62, did not become quaestor until he was at least twenty-six or twenty-seven, perhaps even twenty-eight or twenty-nine, i.e. between two and five years later than the normal minimum age. Given the high standing of his adoptive father and Domitian's selection of him as imperial quaestor, this is hard to credit. It is, of course, a necessary corollary of the standard dating of his praetorship; Syme's final version might just solve the problem. One may leave this on one side, for the moment, and note that the quaestorship was followed, no doubt after the customary interval of one or two years (Dio Iii 20.If.; Digest 1 i.18 and 14.5), by the tribunate of the plebs. Pliny mentions his year in the latter office in three places: W, Eck, Tra epigrafia, prosopografia e archeologia. Scritti scelti, rielaborati ed aggiornati (Rome 1996) 88, postulates that there may have been four annual quaestores Augusti. 24 See M. Cébeillac, Les 'quaestores principis et candidati' aux 1er et Ile siècles de l'Empire (Milan 1972) passim. 2iPIR2 Ρ 490, or A D 90, S-W 73ff. 26 STac. 75: for his latest view, RP VII 511, 563. 23

10

2. Pliny's Career

i 23, advising Pompeius Falco, he records that he gave up all his court work while tribune. vii 16.2, Calestrius Tiro, who had been military tribune and quaestor at the same time as Pliny, cf. above, held his tribunate of the plebs a year before Pliny because he had issue, 'iure liberorum'. Pan. 95.1 refers briefly to his 'quies' in the office. Sherwin-White put the tribunate of the plebs in 92; Syme opted for 91 ;27 but see further below. Then came the praetorship, referred to four times: iii 11.2, the key passage, to be discussed in detail below: he visited the philosopher Artemidorus, who had been expelled from the city of Rome, 'in suburbano', at some risk, as he was then praetor. vii 11.3-4, the son of Minicius Justus and Corellia presided over the games which Pliny held as praetor. vii 16.2, after falling behind Calestrius Tiro in the tribunate of the plebs, cf. above, Pliny caught up with him in the praetorship when the emperor gave him a year's remission, 'ilium inpraetura sum consecutus, cum mihi Caesar annum remisisset'. This ought to mean that he was excused the obligatory interval between offices, and that he became praetor on 1 January following the end of his tribunate of the plebs on the previous 9 December. Pan. 95.1, a brief mention of his 'modestia' in the praetorship. iii 11.2-3 must be quoted in full: 'equidem, cum essent philosophi ab urbe summoti, fui apud ilium (sc. Artemidorum) in suburbano et, quo notabilius, hoc est periculosius, esset, fui praetor, pecuniam etiam, qua tunc illi ampliore opus erat, ut aes alienum exsolveret contractum expulcherrimis causis, mussantibus magnis quibusdam et locupletibus amicis mutuatus ipse gratuitam dedi. (3) atque haec feci, cum Septem amids meis aut occisis aut relegatis, occisis Senecione, Rustico, Helvidio, relegatis Maurico, Gratilla, Arria, Fannia, tot àrea me iactis fulminibus quasi ambustus mihi quoque impendere idem exitium quibusdam notis augurarer. ' 27

S-W 75, followed by PIR2 Ρ 490; Syme, RP VII 563.

2. Pliny's Career

11

'Indeed, after the philosophers had been expelled from the city, I was with him in his suburban place, and - which attracted the more attention, that is, was more dangerous - 1 was praetor. The money, too, of which he then ('tunc') needed a considerable amount to pay off debts (contracted for most honourable reasons), when certain influential and wealthy friends were hesistant, I myself borrowed and gave to him free of interest. (3) And I did these things, when, after seven of my friends had either been killed or exiled (Herennius) Senecio, (Junius Arulenus) Rusticus and Helvidius killed, (Junius) Mauricus, (Verulana) Gratilla, Arria and Fannia exiled - , while I was almost consumed by flames amidst so many thunderbolts striking around me, the same fate was portended for me as well by certain sure signs.' The death and exile of the seven friends was a sequel to the trial of Baebius Massa and its aftermath, the trials for treason, datable by Tacitus, Agricola 44.1 and 45.1 to the period immediately following 23 August AD 93. This was the day of the death of Agricola, who was thereby spared the sight of all this. It is generally assumed that what Pliny describes in the passage from iii 11 above quoted must all have taken place in the latter part of AD 93, hence that he was praetor in that year. If this were right, he would have entered his praetorship aged at least thirty-one, if not thirty-two. In other words, it has again been generally accepted that he was two or three years older than the minimum age for one of the republican magistracies. In the case of the praetorship this was twenty-nine.28 This interpretation has been questioned only by Harte.29 As he points out, Pliny does not say, when referring, particularly in vii 33.4 (cf. the brief mentions in iii 4.4 and vi 29.8), to his prosecution of Baebius Massa, that he was praetor at the time. It was in the aftermath of this prosecution that the accusation and subsequent fate of his seven friends arose; and sentence on these friends was followed, according to Suetonius, Dom. 10.3 by the expulsion of philosophers, 'cuius occasione [sc. the execution of Junius Rusticus] philosophos omnis urbe Italiaque summovit', 'on which occasion

28 29

Dio Iii 20.If. with Digest 1 4.8 and J. Morris, Listy filologické 87 (1964) 317. R . H . Harte, 'The praetorship of the younger Pliny', JRS 25 (1935) 51-4.

12

2. Pliny's Career

he banished all philosophers from the city and from Italy'. Cassius Dio, after referring to the execution of Senecio and Rusticus, lxvii 12.2f., writes that 'many others perished as a result of this charge of practising philosophy, and all [the philosophers] that were left were banished from Rome again'. Further, Aulus Gellius, Ν A XV 11.4, writes that 'verum etiarn Domitiano imperante senatusconsulto eiecti [sc. philosophi] atque urbe et Italia interdicti sunt', 'but in the reign of Domitian as well [the philosophers] were ejected by a decree of the senate and banned from the city and from Italy.' Harte takes the evidence to mean that the philosophers were banned first from Rome, sc. in A D 89, and then, after the treason trial of 93, from Italy as well: 'It seems likely therefore that in 89 the philosophers were merely expelled from Rome but allowed to remain in Italy till, some years later, even that concession was taken from them. If so, then Pliny's words "cum essent philosophi ab urbe moti, fui apud ilium in suburbano" are much more appropriate to the first than to the second banishment.' 30 For a more precise dating of the first of these two measures one can only turn to Eusebius-Jerome. It was in Domitian's eighth year, i.e. A D 88-89, according to Jerome, that he 'mathematicos et philosophes Romana urbe pepulit'. A second expulsion was placed by Jerome under Domitian's fifteenth year, i.e. A D 95-96: 'rursum philosophos et mathematicos Roma per edictum extrudit'. This looks too late for the second measure. But the Armenian version of Eusebius gives Domitian's ninth and thirteenth years, i.e. A D 8990 and 93-94, for the two expulsions, which would nicely fit the chronology here proposed. Harte stresses that for Pliny to have been praetor as late as 93 would have meant that his early career was slow. Yet in Pan. 95.3 Pliny indicates that it was rapid at first: he was 'promoted by that most treacherous emperor before he admitted his hatred for good men'; but then he 'halted, preferring a longer route when I saw 30

Harte, op. cit. 53; he refers to St. Gsell, Essai sur le règne de l'empereur Domitien (Paris 1894) 285 n. 8, whose conclusion was that '[i]l faut peut-être distinguer deux mesures prises successivement contre les philosophes par le pouvoir impérial'. (Gsell, however, like everyone else, took Pliny to have been praetor when he visited Artemidorus.)

2. Pliny's Career

13

what the short cuts were which opened the path to office; in bad times I was numbered among those who grieved and were afraid', 'si cursu quodarn provectus ab ilio insidiosissimo principe, ante quam profiteretur odium bonorum, postquam professus est, substiti, cum viderem, quae ad honores compendia paterent, longius iter malui; si malis temporibus inter maestos et paventes ... numeror'. To summarise: Hartes solution is to interpret iii 11.2-3 as meaning that 'Pliny helped Artemidorus on two separate occasions'. When praetor, Pliny visited Artemidorus in his residence outside Rome 'after the philosophers had been expelled from the city'. This, Harte argues, was Domitian's first expulsion of philosophers, and Artemidorus remained for some years in his suburban retreat. Then, late in 93, Pliny lent him money, at the time of the second expulsion. The second expulsion ought to be that registered by Dio lxvii 13.3, in language that surely means a second expulsion ('again'), as following the sentencing of Senecio and Rusticus. Sherwin-White (S-W 769f.) disputes Hartes interpretation on two grounds. First, 'it presses the evidence of the late chronographers beyond what they say to establish the distinction between an expulsion from Rome and an expulsion from Italy'. To answer this point: it has to be stressed that Pliny's account in iii 11.2 makes clear that, after the philosophers had been expelled from the city, Artemidorus was still in the vicinity, 'in suburbano '. O u r historical sources for the Flavian period are so scanty that certainty is impossible, to be sure. But prima facie there were two separate expulsions. Sherwin-White's second argument amounts to the assertion that '[Harte's] theory depends upon an improbable translation of Pliny, and a misuse of a particle of time.' However, it is difficult to see how one can seriously disprove Hartes contention that 'tunc' can refer 'to the whole time that Artemidorus was in suburbano, that is, the whole period between the first and second banishments.' 31 Sherwin-White discusses the age at which Pliny held these offices elsewhere (S-W 73ff.), but he fails to address Harte's case that Pliny's career up to his praetorship ought to have been much more rapid than the standard dating of his praetorship to A D 93, with 31

Harte, op. cit. 54.

14

2. Pliny's Career

the tribunate of the plebs in 92, and the quaestorship a few years before that. Syme's latest view (RP VII 563) has Pliny, after being quaestor in A D 87 and tribune of the plebs in 91, becoming praetor in 93, when, assuming that he was born in 62 rather than 61, he was thirty years old. This reconstruction would still make him a year older than the minimum age, and does not take account of the year's remission between tribunate of the plebs and praetorship granted by Domitian, vii 16.2. Further, it postulates a gap of four years between quaestorship and tribunate, surely excessive. It is surely perfectly plausible that Pliny became quaestor in his twenty-fifth year, either in 86 or 87, depending on his year of birth, tribune of the plebs in 88 or 89, and praetor in 89 or 90. The remaining question concerns the office which follows the praetorship in his cursus inscriptions, the prefecture of the aerarium militare, nowhere mentioned in his writings. Sherwin-White notes that the post was originally triennial (Dio lv 25.2) and places Pliny's tenure 'from the beginning of A D 94 [sc. straight after the praetorship, on his dating] to some time in 96, if not to the end of the year' (S-W 75). But there are problems with this dating. First, if Pliny in fact held the office during Domitian's last two and a half years, it casts doubt on his picture of the danger he was in after the execution and exile of his seven friends, iii 11.3, and with his statement about his career in Pan. 95.4 (see above). Pliny elsewhere, in a letter to (Licinius) Sura, registers his belief that he himself would have been put on trial if Domitian had lived any longer: a libellus about him from the informer Mettius Carus was found in Domitian's scrinium after the emperor's murder, vii 27.14. If he was in fact uninterruptedly in office during Domitian's last, worst phase, the 'terror', he must be held guilty of deliberately propagating a false version of his position in his writings. Apart from the passages already mentioned, one may also note two further letters. In vii 33, to Tacitus, intended to supply data for the Histories, he emphasises the danger (especially 33.3, ' f a c t u m meum, cuius gratia periculo crevit') he was in after the trial of Baebius Massa. That to the jurist Titius Aristo, viii 14, includes a general lament about how the senators' spirits were over many years blunted, broken and destroyed with lingering effect under Domi-

2. Pliny's Career

15

tian. This is doubtless not a problem for Sherwin-White, who is capable of calling the Stoic widows whom Pliny so much admired 'this tedious pair' (S-W 243), nor indeed for Syme, despite his general disagreement with Sherwin-White about Pliny. Compare, out of many such comments: 'Pliny survived unscathed [sc. the 'thunderbolts' of iii 11.3]. Indeed he prospered, for all his declaration that he now called a halt in his career (Pan. 95.3f.). The inscription contradicts. Pliny was one of the prefects put in charge of the Aerarium Militare (presumably from 94 to 96, inclusive). That fact discredits another allegation: the incriminating document from the hand of Mettius Carus ... found ... after the assassination of Domitian' (RP VII 564f.).32 It is perfectly plausible that Pliny was first appointed to the prefecture of the aerarium militare by Nerva soon after his accession in September 96, and that he held the post until, say, late 97. Sherwin-White (S-W 767f.) seeks to invalidate this possibility on other grounds. First, he stresses that these 'appointments were usually held for three years or longer'. Yet in fact we have almost no evidence whether the arrangement, reported by Dio lv 25.2, that the prefecture of the military treasury, when first established in A D 6, was triennial, remained in force up to the end of the first century AD. For one thing, the prefects (whether or not still three of them, as in A D 6) did not continue indefinitely to be chosen by lot, as Dio specifically states. Evidence from the known prefects' cursusinscriptions 33 allows no clear conclusion about the actual length of their term of office. Sherwin-White, further, as evidence that Pliny could not have held the military treasury in 96-97, cites 'numerous

32

In an interesting study, M. Griffin, 'Pliny and Tacitus', SCI 18 (1999) 139158, discusses the careers of Tacitus and Pliny, and the respective attitudes of the two to each other (while Pliny's admiration for Tacitus is manifest, the latter's view of Pliny is a matter for speculation) - and of Ronald Syme and A . N . Sherwin-White to these two authors and to one another. As will be clear, I take a different view from Syme, Sherwin-White and Griffin about the career of Pliny (and h o w he presented this career) - and, to some extent, about the career of Tacitus: cf. A.R. Birley, 'The life and death of Cornelius Tacitus', Historia 49 (2000) 230-247. 33 Analysed at length by M. Corbier, L'aerarium Saturni et l'aerarium militare (Rome 1974).

16

2. Pliny's Career

letters of Book I [in which] Pliny appears as a man of unfettered leisure who has to account to no one for his absences from Rome', sc. under Nerva, as in e.g. i 4, i 7.4, i 8, i 9, i 13, i 22. He contrasts with this 'the tone of i 10, where he groans over his duties as treasurer [sc. of the aerarium Saturni], and his lack of leisure.' But apart from the difficulty of dating these letters precisely - it is not known whether the prefects of the military treasury were as restricted in their leisure as were (no doubt) those of the treasury of Saturn. As for Pliny's later career, there is less room for disagreement: he was prefect of the treasury of Saturn from early in A D 98 (cf. especially χ 3a.l) until he entered his consulship on 1 September 100 {Pan. 91.1, cf. ν 14.5; S-W 76ff.; FO). He became an augur probably in A D 103;34 and was curator of the Tiber probably from AD 104 to 106 (mentioned in ν 14.2).35 The only final uncertainty concerns the exact dates of his governorship of Pontus-Bithynia (covered by χ 15-121) and of his death in the province after less than two full years in office. H e reached Bithynia on 17 September, χ 17a.2 and 17b.l; in his second calendar year in the province he registered the sollemnia vota for the emperor, of 3 January, χ 35, the celebration of Trajan's dies imperii, 28 January, χ 52, and Trajan's birthday, 18 September, χ 88, by now just into his second year of office; the vota, i.e. on 3 January, in Pliny's second year of office and in the third calendar year in which he was in the province, were renewed, χ 100; and later that month Pliny celebrated Trajan's dies imperii for the second time, χ 102. Another nine letters, and Trajan's replies to each one, followed, χ 104-121. There is no means of telling over how many weeks or months they were written. Sherwin-White (S-W 728) may be right in inferring that Pliny's second last letter, χ 118, dealing with prizes for athletes in the iselastica certamina, was 'probably [written] in summer, after the "games'".

34

L. Schumacher, Prosopographische Untersuchungen zur Besetzung der vier hohen römischen Priesterkollegien im Zeitalter der Antonine und der Severer (96-235 n.Chr.) (Diss. Mainz 1973) 297 n. 37, after detailed comparison of the relevant letters, concludes that Pliny was nominated in March AD 103 and then duly co-opted. }5 STac 659; RPV 49bii.

3. Pliny's Correspondents

17

There has been support for AD 109-111, 110-112 and 111-113. Sherwin-White (S-W 80f.) argues that the absence of reference (e.g. in χ 35 and 100) to Trajan's sixth consulship, of AD 112, 'supports an early date for the mission', viz. AD 109-111. Syme argued for an appointment not beginning until AD 110, on the grounds that ix 28,36 and 40, all of course written before Pliny left for Bithynia, belong to the winter of 109-110, which would mean that Pliny went on into AD 112.36

3. Pliny's Correspondents Syme commented that '[m]ore than a hundred persons receive epistles from Pliny ... A full catalogue would be instructive, and tedious' (STac. 87). In spite of this disclaimer, Syme did later devote a good many pages to 'People in Pliny' (RP II 694ff.) and 'Correspondents of Pliny' (V 440ff.), while - not to mention other contributions in RP - the whole of his posthumously published RP VII (1991) is devoted to Plinian questions. The present contribution cannot attempt to replicate what Syme has done so well. A particular feature of his Plinian studies was the emphasis on what he calls 'Pliny country'. It was, as he has shown, persons from the area that 'extends from Vercellae as far as Brixia and Verona, but not further, not to Vicetia and Patavium',37 that formed 'Pliny's circle', the largest single group of his friends and correspondents.38 Rather than repeat Syme's findings, referred to repeatedly in the Index of Per}b

RP V 478ff., followed by L. Vidman in PIR2 Ρ 490; A D 110 was also favoured by Eck I 349 n. 275. i7 STac 85; RP II 694ff., 704, 726, 764, 768, 770f.; IV 75,165, 391; V 431ff., 460; VI 143, 219n.; VII 506 (here quoted), 509, 513, 543, 558, 611, 620f., 641. Cf. also the entries in the Indices to RP, under 'PLINY, the Younger', 'ilia nostra Italia', 'regio Transpadana' and 'regio mea'. 38 See n o w also on Pliny's home country the valuable discussion by Fr. Gasser, Germana patria. Die Geburtsheimat in den Werken römischer Autoren der späten Republik und der frühen Kaiserzeit (Stuttgart-Leipzig 1999), especially ch. XII, 'Plinius der Jüngere und Comum', pp. 186-216, and XIII, 'Lokalpatriotismus von Cicero bis Plinius', pp. 217-228. This came into my hands too late for me to refer to it elsewhere in the present work.

18

3. Pliny's Correspondents

sons, some lists are offered here of Pliny's correspondents by category. First, by number of letters received: at the head comes the orator and historian (P.) Cornelius Tacitus (cos. suff. 97), with eleven letters. He is followed by: Pliny's 'prosocer', his wife's grandfather, (L.) Calpurnius Fabatus, Roman knight and fellow-townsman from Comum, with nine. Next come, each with eight: another man from Comum, Caninius Rufus (but two out of eight are of uncertain attribution) and Novius Maximus (in his case only two out of eight are certainly to his address), almost certainly from Transpadana. Neither were senators. Seven letters each went to: Arrianus Maturus, the leading citizen of Altinum, a former imperial procurator, and (C.) Voconius Romanus, of Saguntum in Hispania Tarraconensis, of equestrian rank. Six each evidently went to: Caecilius Macrinus (albeit the address gives only the cognomen in five cases), from Mediolanum or Brixia, certainly not a senator, and Rosianus Geminus, probably from Trebula Mutuesca, Pliny's quaestor in AD 100, who eventually became consul under Hadrian. Five each may be assigned to: C. Calvisius Rufus of Comum, a local dignitary; Cornelius Ursus, possibly provincial; Pompeius Saturninus (1), origin unknown, and (C.) Valerius Paulinus (cos. suff. 107), from Forum Julii in Gallia Narbonensis. Four each went to: T. Calestrius Tiro, a senator, probably from Picenum and an exact contemporary of Pliny; (P.) Metilius ('Maecilius') (Sabinus) Nepos (cos. suff 103, des. II ord. 128), from Novaría (with some uncertainty about attribution and identity); C. Minicius Fundanus (cos. suff. 107), from Ticinum; (L.) Plinius Paternus, from Comum, perhaps a distant kinsman; (Q.) Pompeius Falco (cos. suff. 108), evidently from Sicily; C. Septicius Clarus, an eques-

3. Pliny's Correspondents

19

trian, later Guard Prefect under Hadrian, origin uncertain, but perhaps from Transpadana; C. Suetonius Tranquillus, scholar, of equestrian rank, later ab epistulis of Hadrian, evidently from Hippo Regius in Africa. Three each went to: Annius Severus, of Comum, certainly a non-senator; (Cn.) Arrius Antoninus (cos. suff. 69, II suff. 97); Calpurnia, Pliny's wife; Clusinius Gallus (but two attributions uncertain); (C.) Cornelius Minicianus, of equestrian rank, from Bergomum; Julius Genitor, teacher of Latin oratory; Junius Mauricus, Stoic senator; (Cn. Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator (cos. ord. 118), young member of a long-established senatorial family from Barcino in Spain; Pontius Allifanus, a senator, from Campania. 137 letters, well over half the total of 247 in Books i-ix, thus went to the address of these twenty-eight correspondents. The distribution of the remaining 110 letters and the identity or status of their recipients, and hence the exact total number of Pliny's correspondents, remains uncertain or obscure in some cases. But they include the following seventeen or eighteen senators with two letters each: (L.) Catilius Severus (cos. s u f f . 110,11 ord. 120), from Apamea in Bithynia (two letters); Claudius Restitutus, rank unknown, perhaps from Africa; (L. Cornelius) Priscus (cos. suff 104?), from Patavium (attribution slightly uncertain); (L.) Domitius Apollinaris (cos. s u f f . 98), from Vercellae; (L.) Fabius Justus (cos. suff 102), perhaps from Spain; L. Fadius Rufinus (cos. suff 113); (C. Julius) Cornutus Tertullus (cos. s u f f . 100), from Perge in Pamphylia; (Julius) Sabinus, origin unknown; (L.) Julius (Ursus) Servianus (cos. suff. 90, II ord. 107, III ord. 134), perhaps from Gaul; (Sex. ?) Julius Sparsus (?cos. s u f f . 88, or his son), perhaps from Spain; (L.) Licinius Sura (cos. suff. 90?, II ord. 102, III ord. 107), from Tarraconensis; (T. Pomponius) Mamilianus (cos. s u f f . 100), from Tarraconensis; T. Sempronius Rufus (cos. s u f f . 113), origin unknown; (Q.) Sosius Senecio (cos. ord. 99, II ord. 107), origin unknown; (?M. Trebatius) Priscus (? the cos. suff 108), origin unknown - certainly a senator, whether Trebatius or not; (C.) Ummidius Quadratus (cos. s u f f . 118), from Casinum; (T.) Vestricius Spurinna (cos. s u f f . II 98: one letter jointly with his

20

3. Pliny's Correspondents

wife Cottia), from N. Italy or Etruria. (P. Calpurnius) Macer (cos. suff. 103) received ν 18 and perhaps also vi 24 (but this may have been to Baebius Macer), in which case he was from 'Pliny country' if not from Comum itself. Fifteen or sixteen senators and two senatorial ladies received one letter each: (C. Bruttius) Praesens (cos. suff. ca. 118, II ord. 139), from Lucania; Caecilius Celer, exact rank and origin unknown; (C.) Calpurnius Flaccus (cos. suff. ca. 124), from Tarraconensis; (P. Calvisius?) Ruso (Julius Frontinus?) (cos. suff. 84?), origin unknown; Corellia Hispulla, daughter of Corellius Rufus, from Laus Pompeii; Gallus, exact rank and origin unknown; Herennius Severus, probably from Spain; (Ti.) Julius Ferox (cos. suff. 99), origin unknown; Julius Naso, from Gaul; Junius Avitus, origin unknown; Cn. Lucceius Albinus (cos. suff. ca. 102), perhaps from Cumae; (L. Neratius) Priscus (cos. suff. 97), from Saepinum; Pompeia Celerina, P.'s mother-in-law; (T.) Pomponius Bassus (cos. suff. 94), origin unknown; (Q. Gellius) Sentius Augurinus, probably from Verona; (Sex. Quintilius Valerius) Maximus, from Alexandria Troas. The Macer who received vi 24 and was from 'Pliny country' (see the previous paragraph) was either (Q.) Baebius Macer (cos. suff 103) or (P. Calpurnius) Macer (cos. suff. 103), qq.vv., each of whom received one other letter. There are a few more of the higher knights who received letters: (Cn. Octavius) Titinius Capito (one), Terentius Junior (two), and (C.) Vibius Maximus (one); also the equestrian jurist, Titius Aristo (two). A further seven correspondents, all but one of lower than senatorial status, from Comum or from the broader Transpadane region were: Acilius (one); Annius Severus (of Comum, two); Corellia (one); Maesius Maximus (two); Romatius Firmus (of Comum, two); Sardus (one); Vibius Severus (two). Two other relatives, apart from Calpurnius Fabatus, Calpurnia and Pompeia Celerina, received letters: Calpurnia Hispulla, P.'s wife's aunt (two); Calvina (one).

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

21

Further, Erucius Clarus, recipient of one letter, is, as the father of a known character and thus linked to C. Septicius Clarus, hardly an unknown. The total of those listed above is 77, of whom 48 were of senatorial rank (including Cottia, wife of Vestricius Spurinna, joint addressee of one letter). This leaves a further 28 correspondents not easily placed in any of the above categories: Aefulanus Marcellinus; Atrius (name uncertain); Attius Clemens; Baebius Hispanus; Catius Lepidus; Clusinius Gallus; Colonus; Cornelianus; Cornelius Titianus; Fabius Valens (1); Genialis; Julius Valerianus; Lupercus; Maximus (3); Montanus; Mustius; Octavius Rufus; Quintilianus; Rufinus; Rusticus; Sabinianus; Silius Proculus; Statius Sabinus; Terentius Scaurus; Triarius; Velius Cerialis; Venator; Verus.

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans At the start of every letter Pliny himself appears in the MSS as 'C. Plinius' without cognomen. The nomenclature of the recipient was, it seems, probably given by gentilicium and cognomen, or, in a few cases, by two cognomina, but most MSS for the majority of letters preserve just one name. Only the codex Beluacensis or Ashburnhamensis or Riccardianus has an index of correspondents, for books i-v.39 There are some variants, with a relationship or rank as well as a name or names being given: Pliny's deceased wife's mother is addressed as 'Pompeiae Celerinae socrui', his last (second or third) wife's grandfather Calpurnius Fabatus as 'Calpurnio Fabato prosocero'. In book χ Trajan is addressed as 'Traiano imperatori'. Not much is said by the editors or by Sherwin-White in his Commentary about this invaluable aid to identifying many of the people in Pliny. It is still worth referring to some early studies: a brief account in L. Havet, 'Un manuscrit de Pline le jeune', Revue critique d'Histoire et de Littérature 16 (1883) 251-254; full detail in Th. Stangl, 'Zur kritik der briefe Plinius des jüngeren. I. Alter und umfang der Riccardianischen handschrift, sowie ihre Verzeichnisse der briefempfänger und briefanfänge', Pbilologus 45 (1886) 642-656, and E.T. Merrill, 'The codex Riccardianus of Pliny's Letters', AJPb 16 (1895) 468-490. 39

22

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

Of the 247 letters in i-ix, less than half name historical or living persons: 133 letters either include no names at all, except that of the addressee, or only those of Greek and Latin authors. Of the 124 letters in χ (the numbering runs from 1-121, but 3, 17 and 86 each represent two letters, labelled a and b), 52 have no personal names (and many of those from Trajan only have P.'s name, 'Secunde'). In Pan., apart from P.'s colleague (Julius) Cornutus Tertullus (90.3), only deities, emperors, Trajan's father and Republican heroes are named. The vast majority of Roman men are named with gentilicium followed by cognomen.40 In five cases this order is inverted, an archaism found often in Tacitus and Fronto: Rusticus Arulenus i 5.2 - but he is Arulenus Rusticus in the same letter, i 5.5, and in i 14.2, elsewhere Rusticus only. His full names were Q. Junius Arulenus Rusticus. Fronto Catius ii 11.3,18; vi 13.2. In iv 9.15 he is just Fronto. His full names were Ti. Catius Caesius Fronto. Massa Baebius iii 4.4; elsewhere Baebius Massa. Rufus Varenus ν 20. 1; elsewhere just Varenus. Rufus Verginius vi 10. 1; elsewhere Verginius or Rufus or Verginius Rufus. Another archaism - for by the Flavian period the cognomen seems to have become universal41 - is that in certain cases contemporaries are named by praenomen and gentilicium only, even when they had a cognomen, a practice also followed for republican or early imperial persons, also listed here. But, given that the emperor A. Vitellius still had no cognomen, some of Pliny's contemporaries so named, if not many apart from a few older men, may also have lacked one. This form applies to the following: C. Geminius i 12.9. It is not known whether he had a cognomen. P. Acilius i 14.6. It is not known whether he had a cognomen. 40

Two helpful studies of Pliny's practice may be mentioned here: L. Vidman, 'Die Namengebung bei Plinius dem Jüngeren', Klio 63 (1981) 585-595, and F. Jones, 'Naming in Pliny's Letters', SO 66 (1991) 147-170. It does not seem appropriate to cite these for agreement or otherwise in what follows. 41 0 . Salomies, Die römischen Vornamen. Studien zur römischen Namengebung (Helsinki 1987) 350ff.

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

23

M. Tullius: Cicero is so called in i 20.4; iii 15.1; iv 8.4; ν 3.5; ix 2.2; ix 26.8; he is c Marcus noster' in i 2.4, 'Cicero' in i 5.1 If. and vii 4.3ff. and 'M. Cicero' in vii 17.13 Titus Livius (with praenomen in full, not abbreviated to T.) ii 3.8; vi 20.5. Sextus Erucius ii 9.1 ('Sextus' in 9.2). This is Sex. Erucius Clarus. C. Erucius ii 9.4. This man is no doubt the addressee of i 16, (C.) Erucius Clarus. C. Musonius iii 11.5,7. This is C. Musonius Rufus. C. Calvisius 'contubernalis meus' iv 4.1. This is C. Calvisius Rufus. C. Caecilius 'consul designatus' iv 17.1; this is C. Caecilius Strabo, given his cognomen in iv 12.4. Titus Catius iv28.1. The praenomen, evidently written out in full in the MSS, may, however, have been Tiberius, RPIV 381. Q. Hortensius ν 3.5. This is the cos. 69 BC, who had the cognomen Hortalus. Servius Sulpicius ν 3.5. This is the cos. 51 BC, who had the cognomen Rufus. C. Memmius ν 3.5. This is presumably t h t p r . 58 BC, who, like other Memmii of the late Republic, had no cognomen. P. Vergilius ν 3.6. This is the poet Virgil, whose cognomen was Maro. C. Fannius ν 5.1, 5. It is not known whether he had a cognomen. M. Antonius ν 20.5. This is the cos. 99 BC, who had no cognomen. C. Cassius vii 24.8. This is the cos. s u f f . 30, whose cognomen was Longinus. Apart from gentilicium only in the addresses (probably the result of abbreviation by scribes), in a limited number of cases Pliny refers to men in the body of his letters by gentilicium only (writers, Accius, Horatius, Vergilius, etc., are not here listed): Pliny himself (Aquillius) Regulus evidently referred to him as 'Plinium' when asking Vestricius Spurinna to call on him, i 5.8; but in i 5.5 Regulus is quoted as addressing P. as 'Secunde'; iv 27.4; called 'Plinius' in the poem about P. by Sentius Auguri nus, here quoted; ix 23.3, coupled with Cornelius Tacitus in the

24

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

quoted question 'Tacitus es an Pliniusf' and so called by Fadius Rufinus when pointing P. out to his fellow-townsman, ix 23.4. Atilius 'noster' i 9.8; ii 14.2. This is clearly Atilius Crescens. Corellius iv 17.2, 4; ν 1.5; vii 31.4; vii 31.4 Corellius 'noster'; ix 13.6; he is Corellius Rufus in i 12.1 but just Corellius in the remainder of this letter and in vii 11.3. Varenus vi 5.1; vi 13.2; vi 29.11; vii 6.1; vii 10.1; 'Varenus meus' means P.'s speech 'pro Vareno' in vi 13.1; Rufus Varenus ν 20.1. Tutilius vi 32.1. N o t identified. Cluvius ix 19.5. This is the historian Cluvius Rufus; he is named in a quoted conversation between himself and Verginius Rufus, who calls him 'Cluvi' and whom Cluvius addressed as 'Vergini'. Helvidius the elder vii 19.3, 5. His full names were C. Helvidius Priscus. Helvidius the younger iii 11.3; vii 30.4; ix 13. 1, 3, 4, 16; not named in iv 21.3, simply 'patrem illarum defunctarum', sc. 'Helvidiarum sororum', iv 21.1. It is not known whether the younger Helvidius was also called Priscus, but he presumably had a cognomen. Clarius ix 28.5. The name may be corruptly transmitted, and could possibly be a cognomen, e.g. 'Clams', perhaps Sex. Erucius Clarus, q.v. Nonius 'tuus' ix 30.1. N o t identified. What may be called the 'aristocratic' form, praenomen and cognomen, is used for only one contemporary (Regulus) and for various historical figures (most of them in one place, ν 3.5): L. (Junius) Silanus i 17.1,3. M. (Aquillius) Regulus i 5.1; vi 2.1. Elsewhere he is Regulus only. Drusus (Claudius) Nero iii 5.4 - with inversion of the names: Nero was his praenomen, Drusus his cognomen. L. (Calpurnius) Piso iii 7.12. C. (Julius) Caesar iii 12.2; he is 'Caesar' i 20.4 and 'divus lulius' ν 3.5; viii 6.13. C. (Licinius) Calvus ν 3.5. M. (Valerius) Messal(l)a ν 3.5.

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

25

M. (Junius) Brutus ν 3.5. L. (Cornelius) Sulla ν 3.5. Q. (Lutatius) Catulus ν 3.5. Q. (Mucius) Scaevola ν 3.5. M. (Tullius) Cicero vii 17.13, elsewhere mostly M. Tullius, cf. above. Apart from the use of a single name, cognomen, or, in some cases gentilicium only, in the addresses (probably the result of abbreviation by scribes) a good many men are referred to by cognomen only in the body of the letters (writers, Catullus, Calvus, Cicero, etc., and historical figures of the Republic, Scipiones etc., are not here listed): (Sulpicius) Camerinus i 5.3. Spurinna i 5.8; iii 1.1; iv 27.5; but Vestricius Spurinna ii 7.1. Mauricus i 5.10; iii 11.3; but Junius Mauricus iv 22.3. Gallus i 7.4. (Servilius) Nonianus i 13.3. (Aquillius) Regulus i 20.14; ii 11.22; ii 20.2; iv 2.1; iv 7.1; M. Regulus i 5.1; vi 2.1. Tranquillus 'contubernalis meus'i 24.1,3; and Tranquillus 'meus' ν 10.3 to Suetonius himself. (Vestricius) Cottius ii 7.3. Acilianus ii 16.1. Perhaps Minicius Acilianus of i 14.3ff Piso 'huius dico Pisonis, quern Galba adoptavit' ii 20.2. Senecio iii 11.3; vii 19.5; Herennius Senecio in i 5.3; iv 7.5; iv 11.12; vii 33.4. (Junius Arulenus) Rusticus iii 11.3; ν 1.8; Rusticus Arulenus i 5.2; Arulenus Rusticus i 5.5; i 14.1 (Arruntius Camillus) Scribonianus iii 16.7, 9. (Clodius) Thrasea (Paetus) iii 16.10; vi 29.1, 7; vii 19.3; viii 22.3. Homullus ν 20.6; vi 19.3 ('noster'). Titius Homullus in iv 9.15 (if this is the same person; cf. the entry in the Index of Persons). Celer 'eques Romanus'vv 11.10. (Plinius) Secundus, i.e. P. himself i 5.5 (but 'Plinius' in i 5.8); iv 17.8, 9; ix 13.8. (Arrius) Antoninus iv 27.5. Frontinus ν 1.5; ix 19.1. Julius Frontinus in iv 8.3.

26

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

(Bellicius) Sollers 'virpraetorius' ν 4.1. (Pompeius) Saturninus (2) ν 7.1, cf. i 16.1, where he is alluded to in the reference to his homonym, Pompeius Saturninus (1), 'hunc dico nostrum'. Nepos 'praetor' ν 9.3; Nepos ν 13.1; Licinius Nepos 'praetor' in iv 29.2; Licinius Nepos vi 5.1. (Minicius) Fundanus ν 16. 1 ('noster'), 16.7. (Avidius) Nigrinus 'tribunus plebis' ν 13.6; Nigrinus ν 20.6; vii 6.2, 4. Maximus 'noster' vi 8.4. See Maximus (2) in the Index of Persons. (Julius) Vindex (in Verginius Rufus' verse epitaph) vi 10.4; ix 19.1. Cascus vi 16.8. Pomponianus vi 16.12,14. Robustus 'splendidus eques Romanus' vi 25.1. Rufus vi 30.5. Suburanus vi 33.6, a different person from (Attius) Suburanus vii 6.10. 'ille' Magnus ('ille' probably sarcastic) vii 6.2; Magnus vii 10.1. But Fonteius Magnus in ν 20.4, a letter on a subject treated in further instalments in vii 6 and 10. Polyaenus vii 6.6; vii 10.1. (Trebatius?) Priscus 'noster'vii 7.1; vii 15.3. (Calestrius) Tiro vii 23.1; Tiro 'meus' vii 32.1. Quadratus vii 24.4, 6, 9. Ummidius Quadratus in vi 11; and his gentilicium is implied by that of his grandmother in vii 24. Carus vii 27.14. Mettius Carus in i 5.3, vii 19.5. Macrinus 'noster'νiii 5.1. Unclear whether Caecilius or Minicius Macrinus. Servianus viii 23.5. Elsewhere Julius Servianus. Planta ix 1.1. Pompeius Planta in χ 7(T.) and 10.2. Murena 'tribunus' ix 13.19. Apparently Pompeius Falco, who also had this name. Rufus 'noster' ix 38. Certain persons of low status, such as the baker Maximus (5), do not require discussion. Incidentally, it should be pointed out, im-

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

27

perial freedmen, e.g. Eurythmus, were not necessarily called M. Ulpius: Trajan could have taken them over from the Flavians or Nerva. The plural for singular occurs in the following cases: Bruti, Cassii, Catones i 17.3. Catones iii 21.5 in a quotation from Martial χ 20.21; iv 27.4 in a quotation from the poem of Sentius Augurinus. Achaici, Numantini ... Marii, Sullae, Pompei viii 6.2. Fabricii... CamilliPtf«. 13.4. Laelii Pan. 88.6. A few men are named by two cognomina·. (Julius) Cornutus Tertullus i 11.19; ii 12.2; ν 14.1; ix 13.15; just Cornutus iv 17.9. Libo Frugi iii 9.33. (Valerius) Catullus Messal(l)inus iv 22.5. (Cornelius) Lentulus Gaetulicus ν 3.5. Arrianus Maturus, (Marius) iii 2.2; in addresses of letters to him he is Maturus Arrianus iv 8, iv 12; he is Arrianus in the address of i 2, ii 11, ii 12, vi 2, viii 21. (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator vi 11.1; vi 26.1. (Caepio Hispo iv 9.16, at first sight another case, should be excluded, since Caepio, as well as being a cognomen, was also used as a gentilicium, LE 309.) In book χ Pliny addresses Trajan almost always as 'domine' in the course of the letter, sometimes more than once. Exceptions are χ 1, where he is 'imperator sanctissime' and 'imperator optime', and χ 14, 'optime imperator' (in χ 4, first as 'imperator optime' and later as 'domine'); and in χ 41, 59, 64, 102 and 116 'domine' is omitted. But in χ 41.1 Pliny refers to 'fortunae tuae et animi magnitudinem ... non minus aeternitate tua quam gloria'; in 59.1 he has 'per salutem tuam aeternitatemque'; 64 is a brief postscript to 63; 102 is a single laudatory sentence on Trajan's dies imperii. Hence only in 116 is the absence of the courtesy noticeable. Trajan addresses Pliny as 'mi Secunde carissime' in twelve letters, χ 16,20, 50, 53, 55, 60, 62, 80, 82, 89, 95, 99, as 'Secunde carissime' in χ 18, 44, 91, 115, 121, and as 'mi Secunde' in χ 97. For comparison, Domitian ad-

28

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

dresses Lappius Maximus as 'mi Maxime' in his letter quoted by Pliny, χ 58.6. In book χ Romans are referred to by gentilicium and cognomen, with a few exceptions. It is only in book χ that the tria nomina appear. In three letters this was clearly because the names had to be officially registered in connection with the grant of citizenship: 'L. Satrio Abascanto et P. Caesio Pbosphoro et P. Anchariae Soteridi' (cf. for this reading under Ancharía in the Index of Persons) in χ 11.2; 'C. Valerius Astraeus, C. Valerius Dionysius, C. Valerius Aper' in χ 104; 'P. Accio Aquila'in χ 106, repeated in χ 107. The full style, 'P. Servilio Calvoproconsule', in Trajan's letter, χ 57.1, is presumably due to the form in which he had appeared in the 'decretum Calvi et e dictum' (not reproduced in the MSS) which Pliny had sent Trajan, χ 56.5. Second, Roman men are referred to by a single name in the following cases (freedmen not listed): Gemellinus, 'optimus vir' χ 27, but in Trajan's reply the latter is named with his gentilicium as well, Virdius Gemellinus, χ 28; and 'Paulus proconsul' in Trajan's reply, χ 60.2, had been named as Velius Paulus in Pliny's letter χ 58.3. Third, two cognomina, without gentilicium, are used for two men, Rosianus Geminus, χ 26.1, and Fuscus Salinator (the elder?), χ 87.3, cf. above. Pliny's practice varies in the naming of emperors. Trajan himself is 'Caesar' ii 11.11, 15; iii 7.7; iv 12.3; vi 22.2, 5; vi 31.1 ('Caesar noster'), 4, 5,6, 8, 11, 14; vii 6.1, 6; vii 10.2; ix 13.22; and 'Traiano imperatori' in the opening address of letters in book x. In the Panegyric he is 'Caesar Auguste' 4.3; 5.2; 'Caesar' 9.3; 14.1; 26.4; 28.6; 30.5; 34.1; 36.4; 38.2; 38.7; 41.1; 43.3; 45.6; 46.5; 50.2, 5,6; 51.4; 52.6; 53.5; 55.5,6; 58.3; 60.6; 62.2, 5,9; 64.3; 67.5,7; 68.1,5; 69.3,5,6; 70.4, 6; 71.6; 72.5; 73.3; 74.5; 78.5; 83.1; 86.3, 4; 87.2; 'Germanicus' 9.2; 'imperator Auguste' 16.2; 'imperator... et Caesar' 21.2, 3; 'Augustus et Caesar' 57.5; 'imperator et Caesar etAugustus' 64.2; 88.7; 'optimus' 88.4, 5, 6, 8, 10; 'Traianus' 88.6. Trajan's predecessors are referred to as follows: Augustus 'divus Augustus' ν 3.5; χ 65.3; χ 80; χ 84; 'Augustus' χ 79.4 (twice); χ 84; Pan. 11.1, 88.10. Tiberius 'Tiberius Caesar' ν 3.5; 'Tiberius'Pan. 11.1. Claudius 'Claudius Caesar' i 13.3; χ 70.2; 'Claudius' iii 16.7, 9;x71;Pan. 11.1; 'Caesar'ν iii 6. 5, 9, 12,15.

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

Nero Galba Vitellius:

Vespasian Titus Domitian

Nerva

29

'Nero' ii 5.5; iii 7.9, 10 (and also 'Neroniani cónsules' there); ν 3.6; vi 31.9; Pan. 11.1; 53.4. 'Galba'η 20.2. 'Vitellius' iii 7.3; cf. i 5.2, (Junius) Arulenus Rusticus labelled by (Aquillius) Regulus 'Vitelliana cicatrice stigmosum'. 'divus Vespasianus' i 14.5; χ 65.3; 'Vespasianas Imperator'm 5.9; 'Vespasianus' Pan. 11.1. 'Caesar' i 18.3(?); 'divus Titus' χ 65.3; Pan. 35.4; 'Titus' iv 9.2; Pan. 11.1; 35.4. 'Domitianus' i 5.1, 5, 14; i 12,7; iii 9.31, 33; iv 9.2; iv 11.5, 11, 13; iv22.5; ix 13.2; χ 58.3, 4, 10; χ 60.1; χ 65.3; χ 66.2; Pan. 11.1; 20.4; 'Caesar' i 18.3(?);ivl 1.7; vii 16.2. 'Caesar noster' ii 9.2; 'divus Nerva' iv 11.14; ν 3.5; vii 33.9; heading of χ 58.6; Pan. 7.4; 38.6; 89.1; 'Nerva imperator' iv 17.8; 'imperator Nerva' iv 22.4; vii 31.4; Pan. 8.3; 35.4; 'Nerva'Pan. 1.7·, 8.2; 8.5; 10.2. 'Caesares et Augusti'Pan. 88.7.

Various descriptive terms are, of course, also used to denote emperors, derogatory in the case of Domitian, e.g. 'iste latro', i 12.8, and a great variety of terms in Pan., or otherwise, e.g. 'divuspater tuus' for Nerva, χ 8.1, and similarly elsewhere. Pliny's practice when referring again in the course of a letter to persons already named with two names varies from case to case. A few examples from the early books may be given: i 5.1 'M. Regulo', thereafter just Regulus (nine times). (Similarly in vi 2.) In the same letter, 'Metti Modesti', 5.5, then Modestus three times in 5.6-7, 'Metti Modesti' and then 'Modesto' m 5.13. i 12.1 Corellius Rufus is referred to by two names at the start of the letter, thereafter twice as Corellius. i 14.6 Serrana Procula is referred to the second time by gentilicium, Serrana, only. i 17 Titinius Capito is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, at the end just as Capito. ii 1.1 Verginius Rufus is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, as Verginius only in 1.12. In vi 10.1 he is intro-

30

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

duced as Rufus Verginius, is Rufus only in the self-composed epitaph quoted 10.5 and just Verginius in 10.6. In ix 19.1 he is Verginius Rufus, Rufus in the epitaph here quoted again, just Verginius in the rest of the letter. ii 7 Vestricius Spurinna is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, as Spurinna only in 7.2. ii 9 Sextus Erucius (Clarus) is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, as Sextus only in 9.2. ii 11 Marius Priscus is referred to by these two names at the start of the letter, as Priscus only in ii 11. 2, 9 (twice), 23, but as Marius in 11.5, 18, 19 (twice), 20, and as Marius Priscus again in 11.23. There is similar variation between Priscus and Marius in iii 9 (but by contrast Caecilius Classicus is only called Classicus for short, never Caecilius, here and elsewhere). ii 11.8 Flavius Marcianus is thereafter just Marcianus in 11.8, 9, 16, 19, 20, 23 (twice). ii 11.8 Vitellius Honoratus is thereafter just Honoratus in 11.8, 9. ii 11.19 Cornutus Tertullus is referred to by these two names on the first occasion, as Cornutus only in 11.21, 22, 24. Similarly in ν 14, ix 23. ii 11.20 Pompeius Collega is referred to by these two names on the first occasion, as Collega only in 11.22. ii 12.2 Hostilius Firminus, who had been referred to by these two names in the previous letter, ii 11.23, of which this is a continuation, is just Firminus when mentioned here, but Marius Priscus and Cornutus Tertullus, also named in ii 11, are both given two names again here. ii 14.9-10 Larcius Licinus and Domitius Afer are so called, with two names, then respectively Licinus and Afer in 14.11-12. Since the cognomen is in most cases the short form used after the first mention with two names, further examples will be confined to cases where the gentilicium only is used as the short form: iii 9.29ff. Norbanus Licinianus, the Baetican delegate, is called Norbanus for short. The gentilicium was generally uncommon, which no doubt explains why P. used it in preference to the fairly widespread Licinianus (but Norbanus was not uncommon in

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

31

southern Spain, no doubt on account of the Triumviral proconsul C. Norbanus Flaccus, PIR2 Ν 166). Contrast iv 11, where Valerius Licinianus is called Licinianus for short. Valerius was far commoner than Licinianus. iv 9.16ff. Caepio Hispo is called Caepio for short, no doubt because this was an unusual gentilicium. ν 20.Iff. Varenus Rufus, called Rufus Varenus on the first occasion, thereafter (and in other letters) is just Varenus. The rare gentilicium had the added attraction of being that of a client of Cicero's as well. A good many persons in the letters were polyonymous, i.e. had more than the standard three, or better, more than the accepted maximum (for official purposes) of four names.42 But, however many names polyonymi had, Pliny never gives more than two names to such people, cf. e.g. (Cornelius) Priscus, Fabricius Veiento, (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, Pompeius Falco, Rosianus Geminus, Ummidius Quadratus. A subject several times discussed by Syme was that of persons not in Pliny's correspondence.43 To look at these in detail and suggest reasons for their exclusion would exceed the limits of this study. Finally, it must be noted that several of those who are mentioned in Pliny are not named at all. Those who are clearly identifiable have been given entries with their names in brackets in the Index of Persons and Deities: his mother (Plinia), his father (L. Caecilius Secundus), and his adoptive uncle the Elder Pliny (C. Plinius Secundus), the father of his wife Calpurnia (Calpurnius); three of the authors quoted, (Aristophanes), (Euripides) and (Hesiod); the daughters of Caecilius Classicus (Caecilia), of Domitius Lucanus (Domitia Lucilla the elder), of Julius Servianus (Julia Paulina), of (Junius) Arulenus Rusticus (Junia) and of Minicius Fundanus (Minicia Marcella), the daughters (Helvidiae) and son of the younger Hel42

0 . Salomies, Die römischen Vornamen (1987) 345, notes 'dass der offizielle N a m e eines Römers aus höchstens vier Namenteilen bestehen könnte'. *}RP II 694, 770ff., and elsewhere.

32

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

vidius (Helvidius), the sister of Trajan (Ulpia Marciana Augusta); a god (Hercules) and a hero (Nestor). By way of epilogue, reference may be made briefly to some letters in which the naming practice may be compared with that of Pliny. Pretty well exactly contemporary with his correspondence, letters and other documents were being written by and to officers and men stationed at the fort of Vindolanda in northern England, more or less on the then frontier of the province of Britain. The first, written in ink for the most part on thin specially prepared wooden tablets, were discovered in 1973, and most (but not all) have been published.44 Unlike Pliny's letters, those from Vindolanda had an address on the back, in many cases, of course, not preserved; and not many of the letters are complete. It is notable that the Roman citizens (most of whom were equestrian officers) refer to themselves and to their correspondents with gentilicium and cognomen only. The opening is mostly standard, the writer with two names, the addressee with one, e.g. 'Flavius Cerialis Broccbo suo salutem' (no. 233), with some variants, such as Vittius [or Vettius] Adiutor aquilifer leg. II Aug Cassio Saeculari fraterc(u)lo suo [salutem] (no. 214). There is only a single case of the tria nomina in an address: 'Marco Cocceio Veloci', perhaps a new citizen, whose status was thus emphasised. Even the names of one pair of consuls, cited for dating purposes in an account, of AD 111 (C.Calpurnius Piso and M. Vettius Bolanus) are given by gentilicium and cognomen, with the praenomen omitted. But Sex. Attius Suburanus, consul Ordinarius in 104, was given the tria nomina. (His colleague's name is not preserved.)45 The consuls Piso and Suburanus, By A.K. Bowman and J.D. Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing Tablets. Tabulae Vindolandenses II (London 1994). Over two hundred further texts, found between 1991 and 1994, have yet to be published. A good many incised stylus-tablets have also been found at Vindolanda, including some letters, mostly still undeciphered. As a member of the Vindolanda Trust and as the brother of the tablets' discoverer, Robin Birley, I have had the privilege of early access to all these finds. 45 Velox: Bowman and Thomas, op.cit. no. 352. The consuls of A D 111: ib. no. 186. Suburanus: Bowman and Thomas, Britannia Ύ1 (1996) 312. There may be at least one further consular date, perhaps with a praenomen, among the still unpublished tablets. 44

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

33

it may be noted, appear in Pliny as well, as does the governor of Britain Neratius Marcellus, referred to in a draft letter (no. 225): unfortunately it is not completely clear whether his gentilicium (if so, fragmentary) appears before the cognomen and title: '[]um Marceilum clarissi[mum virum] consularem meum'. A further point to note is that the Vindolanda letter-writers regularly address one another as 'frater'- or 'frater karissime' or 'domine frater' and c collega', and the officers' wives write to one another as 'soror'. This usage is not found in Pliny, although he has a variety of other terms such as 'commilito' and 'contubemails'; the latter, and 'noster', often abbreviated 'n. ' for mutual friends (or for 'our governor', 'consularis n. ') is shared by the Vindolanda writers. Fronto's Letters, unfortunately very badly preserved and lacunose in many cases, the earliest datable ones being less than thirty years after Pliny's death and going on into the later 160s,46 also offer a parallel to Pliny and show some development. For one thing, Fronto's letters to his imperial pupils, M. Aurelius Caesar, later, as emperor, M. Aurelius Antoninus, and to Marcus' adoptive brother and co-emperor, L. Verus, are understandably more personal than those of Pliny to Trajan. And the replies are very variously addressed, e.g. 'M. Caesar M. Frontoni magistro meo' or 'M. Aurelius Caesar sal(utem) d(at) Frontoni mag suo' or 'Mi amplissime'. A novelty is the appearance in the letters to Fronto's friends of the signum, for Claudius Iulianus, 'mi Naucelli carissime' (Ad amicos i 5 = p. 174 van den Hout; and 'mi Naucelli' (ib. i 20 = p. 183) or for Cornelius Repentinus, 'frater Contucci' (ib. ii4 = p. 188). The use of 'domine frater' is also worth noting (e.g. ib. i 27 = p. 185) and, for a younger correspondent, 'fili' (ib. ii 3 = p. 187) or 'mi domine fili carissime' (ib. ii 7 = p. 189). The 'archaising' inversion of gentilicium and cognomen, is, not surprisingly, frequent in an author so wedded to older Latin literature: e.g. Turbo Marcius, Niger Censorius, Cornelianus Sulpicius, Montanus Licinius, 46

For the chronology and many other aspects: E. Champlin, Fronto and Antonine Rome (Cambridge, Mass. - London 1980). The now standard edition, by M.P.J, van den Hout, M. Cornelii Frontonis Epistulae (Leipzig 1988), finally appeared some years after the book by Champlin, who had to rely on a previous edition by the same scholar.

34

4. Pliny's Practice in Naming Romans

Proculus Iulius, Cato Porcius, Seneca Annaeus. The use of gentilicium only, e.g. Castricius 'noster', Volumnius, or ofpraenomen and gentilicium but not cognomen, e.g. C. Aufidius, Sextus Didius, is also found.

Persons and Deities -··- = recipient of a letter from Pliny; (T.) = letter from Trajan to Pliny. Pliny is abbreviated P. within entries. Elements in the nomenclature given by Pliny are in bold type, names not in Pliny are in brackets.

Abascantus see Satrius Abascantus. Accius, the poet ν 3.6 (his light verse). Accius Aquila, P., centurion of cohors VI equestris χ 106 and 107(T) (his daughter gains citizenship through P.). Accius Sura χ 12 (P. asks Trajan to make him praetor). The name is transmitted as 'Attius', but cf. PIR2 A 28; RPII 701. A descendant was presumably Q. Mutilius Sura Accianus Nepos, CIL V 876, Aquileia (PIR2 M 762). Achaici, i.e. L. Mummius Achaicus (cos. 146 BC) viii 6.2 (fame of Pallas, q.v., mockingly compared to). Achilles, the hero ν 6.43 (his arms described by Homer, q.v.); vi 8.3 (unnamed: his saying in Homer). Acilianus ii 16 (deceased; P. was one of his heirs); see also Minicius Acilianus, perhaps the same man.

Acilius iii 14* (told of murder of Larcius Macedo, q.v.) Perhaps the same man as the following. Acilius, P., of Patavium i 14.6 (uncle of Minicius Acilianus, q.v.). Syme, RP II 712 cites AE 1954, 75, Brixia, the magistrate P. Acilius P. f. Fab. Floras, who erected a statue to Aequitas. Acilius (L.f. Quir.) Rufus, (L.) (cos. suff. March 107?) (FO: 7L. Acilius] Rufu[s]') ν 20.6 (cos. des. during trial of Varenus, q.v., sc. in 106); vi 13.5 (opposed concession to Varenus); PIR2 A 78. H e was L. f. Qui., CIL X 7344, Thermae Himerae, with career from q. to praef frum. dandi; Thermae was presumably his home-town, cf. CIL Χ 7210, a homonymous Ilvir, G. Manganare, EOS II 374, 380. Identity with the cos. suff of March 107 is doubted by Syme (withdrawing remarks

36

Indices

in RP I 240), RP V 482f., 494ff., suggesting that he was suff. from 1 September 106, cf. VII 615. Acutius Nerva, (Q.) (cos. suff. 100) (FO) ii 12.2 (spoke in senate as cos. des. in trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.); PIR2 A 101; he was later legate of Germania inferior, CIL XIII 7715-6, 7967; Eck I 336. Aefulanus Marcellinus ν 16* (describing death of daughter of Minicius Fundanus, q.v.); viii23:;" (?) (cognomen only; describing death of Junius Avitus, q.v.). The gentilicium is extremely rare, LE 117f. Aeneas, the hero ν 6.43 (his arms described by Virgil). Aeschines, the Athenian orator i 20.4 (cited); ii 3.10 and iv 5.1 (read Demosthenes' speech at Rhodes); ix 26.9-11 (criticised Demosthenes). Afer see Domitius Afer. Afranius Dexter, (Cn.) (cos. suff. 105) (FO) ν 13.4ff. (cos. des., proposed acquittal of Tuscilius Nominatus, q.v.); viii 14.12 (his murder when consul, cf. FO for A D 105: 'Afranius Dexter cos in domó suá exanimis inventus'). Africani see Scipiones. Africanus see Julius Africanus. Albinus see Lucceius Albinus. Allifanus see Pontius Allifanus.

Ammius Flaccus ix 13.13 (detended Publicius Certus in senate A D 97, of praetorian rank). N o t otherwise known. Ancharía Soteris, P. χ 11.2 (P. requests Trajan to grant her Roman citizenship at the desire of her patron). The name is transmitted as 'Pancharia'; cf. PIR2 A 579. S-W 578 comments that 'the text may conceal the name Ancharía, but not P. Ancharía, as women do not have the praenomen.' The latter statement is mistaken, see M. Kajava, Roman Female Praenomina (Rome 1994) 187, whose assumption that the woman was from Bithynia, is, however, incorrect the letter belongs to the period before P. entered his province. The praenomen was given not least for registration purposes. A Publius Ancharius was presumably a friend or client of P. Note the Julio-Claudian equestrian officer P. Ancharius C.f. Rom., from Ateste in Venetia, PME A 114. Anicius Maximus χ 112.2 (his ruling as proconsul of Bithynia under Trajan cited). Probably from Pisidian Antioch, H . Halfmann, EOS II 607, 645ff.

Persons and Deities

Annaeus Seneca, (L.), the Younger (cos. suff. 55) (see PIR2 Ρ 67 for his consulship: his colleague P. Palfurius) ν 3. 5 (his light verse). Annianus see Annius Severus. Annìus Bassus, (L.) (cos. s u f f . ca. 71) vii 31.5 (his biography by Claudius Pollio, q.v.). PIR2 A 637, updated by RP II 712 on his career. Annius Severus, of Comum ii 16;:' (some MSS have 'Anniano': P. discusses testament of Minicius Acilianus, q.v.); iii 6:;' (P. discusses Corinthian statue); ν 1 * (P. discusses case of Asudius Curianus, q.v.); possibly recipient of ix 22* (cognomen only: on illness of Passennus Paulus, q.v.), but cf. also Catilius, Herennius, Vettennius, Vibius Severus. Anteia, widow of the younger Helvidius, q.v. ix 13.4f. (P. asked her to visit him), 13.16 (unnamed: she had remarried). Probably daughter of P. Anteius Rufus (cos. suff under Claudius), forced to suicide in A D 66 (PIR2 A 731): PFOS no. 68; RP VII 571, 579, 584f. Antonia Harmeris, freedwoman of Antonia Maximilla. χ 5.2 (P. requests Trajan to grant her citizenship).

37

Antonia Maximilla, 'ornatissima femina' χ 5.2 (her freed woman), χ 6.1 (unnamed: she was kinswoman of P.). S-W 567 suggests that 'her rare nomen might connect her interestingly with the Domitianic rebel Antonius Saturninus'. Quite implausible: the gentilicium was very widespread (e.g. sixty examples in N . Italy according to B. Lörincz and F. Redö, Onomasticon provinciarum Europae Latinarum I: Aba-Bysanus (Budapest 1994) 132ff.). Antoninus see Arrius Antoninus. Antonius, M. (cos. 99 BC), the orator ν 20.5 (cited). Aper see Flavius, Valerius Aper. Apollinaris see Domitius Apollinaris. Appius (?) see Atrius. Appuleius χ 74.1 (soldier stationed at Nicomedia). Aquila see Accius Aquila. (Aquillius) Regulus, M. (cos. s u f f . a.inc.) delator under Nero and Domitian i 5.Iff. (his conduct after Domitian's death); i 5.15ff. (P. considers prosecuting him in AD 97); i 20.14, iv 7, vi 2 (his style of oratory); ii 11.22 (his unstable character); ii 20.2ff. (his legacy-hunting); iv 2, iv 7 (his wealth and extravagant

38

Indices

mourning for his son); vi 2 (his death). H e was halfbrother of Vipstanus Messalla, Tacitus, Hist, iv 42.1-2; his wife (PFOS no. 167, Caepia Procula, 'M. Regul(i uxor)', CIL XV 7421), was related to Caepio Hispo, q.v.; PIR2 A 1005, with the spelling 'Aquilius', which is found in the MSS of Tacitus, Hist, iv 42.1 (the only attestation of the gentilicium); RP VII 577f. and TiP no. 48 have 'Aquillius', the spelling with double L being more frequently attested in the principate for this name, cf. CIL VI 2122, a fragmentary epitaph of [L.] Aquillius Florus and two kinsmen, both called Regulus (PIR 2 A 992,1001-2). Aratus, Alexandrian poet ν 6.43 (tabulates smallest stars). Archippus see Flavius Archippus. Aristion see Claudius Aristion. Aristo see Titius Aristo. Aristogeiton, notorious prosecutor at Athens ix 26.9 (in quotation from Demosthenes, q.v., his opponent). (Aristophanes), the comic poet i 20.19 (unnamed: on Pericles). Armenius Brocchus χ 65.3 and 66.2(T.) (P. and Trajan refer to

letters of Domitian to him as proconsul). His province cannot have been Achaia (as PIR2 A 1057), as pointed out by S-W 652 and Eck II 186 η. 473. The gentilicium is not found again in the senatorial order until the 3rd century, PIR2 A 634, 1059-60. Arria, the Elder, wife of Caecina Paetus, q.v. iii 16 and vi 24.5 (her heroism in A D 42). PFOS no. 96. Arria, the Younger, wife of Thrasea, q.v. iii 11.3 (in exile); iii 16.10 (her mother); vii 19.5, 9 (her daughter); ix 13.3 (P. her friend), 5 (return from exile). PFOS no. 159. Arrianus Maturus, (Marius) i 2;;' (is sent a speech by P.); íi 11-12-- (account of trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.); iii 2.2ff. (P. requests Vibius Maximus, q.v., to give him a post); iv 8* (P. thanks him for congratulations on becoming augur); iv 12* (P. reports conduct of Egnatius Marcellinus, q.v.); vi 2* (P. tells him about death of (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.); viii 21 * (P. tells him about his verses). Equestrian, leading citizen of Altinum, declined senatorial rank (iii 2.2ff.). Presumably identical with Marius Maturus, procurator

Persons and Deities

of the Alpes Maritimae in AD 69, and of Hispania Tarraconensis soon afterwards, RP V 437, 442, 61 1; PIR2 M 306, 378. Arrionilla, wife of Timon i 5.5 (she is defended by P.). A unique cognomen, RP II 712; Kaj. 141, both comparing Arria Arrianilla, CIL VI 12404. Arrius Antoninus, (Cn.) (cos. suff. 69, II suff. 97) iv 3*, iv 18* and ν 15* (his verses praised by P); iv 27.5 (cognomen only - misprinted as 'Antonio' in Teubner ed.: his friend or relative Sentius Augurinus, q.v.). Father-inlaw of future emperor Antoninus Pius, PIR2 A 1086. See APN 75 and n. 33 for his praenomen. (Arruntius Camillus) Scribonianus, (L.) (cos. ord. 32) iii 16.7, 9 (his failed coup against Claudius in AD 42), PIR2 A 1140. Artemidorus, philosopher iii 11 (P. met him in Syria, helped him when philosophers were expelled from Rome and from Italy, cf. Introduction, 2). Son-in-law of the philosopher Musonius Rufus, q.v., iii 11.5,7. Not otherwise attested. Artemisius see Popilius Artemisius.

39

Arulenus Rusticus see (Junius) Arulenus Rusticus. Asclepiades χ 81.1 (magistrate at Prusa). Asinius Bassus, son of Asinius Rufus, q.v. iv 15.6ff. (his quaestorship imminent, recommended to Minicius Fundanus, q.v.). Asinius Gallus, (C.) (cos. ord. 8 BC), son of Asinius Pollio, q.v. vii 4.3, 6 (P. had been reading his works). Asinius Pollio, (C.) (cos. ord. 40 BC) i 20.4 (his speeches); ν 3.5 (his light verse); vi 29.5 (a saying of his quoted); vii 4.3, 6 (compared favourably with Cicero by his son Asinius Gallus). Asinius Rufus, (L.?) iv 15.1ff. (of praetorian rank, mutual friend of P. and Tacitus). RP II 486, V 476 (perhaps from Acholla in Africa). Asper see Valerius Asper. Astraeus see Valerius Astraeus. Asudius Curianus ν 1 (bequeaths money to P.). His mother was Pomponia Galla, q.v. Athenodorus, philosopher vii 27.7ff. (investigated haunted house at Athens). PIR2 A 1288. Atilius Crescens, friend of P. since boyhood i 9.8 and ii 14.2 ('Atilius noster': his wit

40

Indices

quoted); vi 8 (his character, need to recover a debt). His home town was a day's journey from Comum (vi 8.2), i.e. Bergomum or Mediolanum, RP V 449f., probably the former, ib. 453. Atilius Scaurus, friend of P. vi 25.If., 5 (to be asked to help find the missing Robustas). Atrius (Appius in some MSS) ix 35* (thanked for sending book to P.). Not identified. SW 516 favours emending to 'Attio', i.e. Attius Clemens, q.v., C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 114, to 'Satrio', i.e. Satrius Rufus, q.v. Attia Viriola vi 33.2 (sued her father in Centumviral court, with P. as her counsel). Ρ IR2 A 1370 + add.; PFOS no. 126: Atticinus see Montanius Atticinus. Atticus see Julius Atticus. Attius Clemens i IO* (on philosopher Euphrates); iv 2* (letter on death of son of (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.). Perhaps the 'Atrius', q.v., who received ix 35. Origin uncertain, perhaps Narbonensian, STac 802, RP III 771, but cf. RP V 460 and H. Halfmann, EOS II 628 for a homonym of senatorial rank from Ephesus (end of 2nd

century), perhaps a descendant. (Attius L. f. Volt.) Suburanus (Aemilianus, Sex.) (cos. suff. 101, II ord. 104) (FO) vii 6.10f. (cognomen only: appointed iudex by Trajan); cf. Pan. 67.8 (taken to be Trajan's - here unnamed - first Guard Prefect, cf. Aurelius Victor, Caes. 13.9). On his origin (Narbonensis) and earlier (equestrian) career, given in detail by AE 1939,60 = IGLS VI 2785, Heliopolis, see RP V 491f., 616, VII 553, 632f.; PME A 189. Perhaps became City Prefect, STac 645; RP VII 632f. Not the Suburanus, q.v., in vi 33.6: PIR2 A 1366; S-W 400, 41 Of.; RP II 700f., 722. Aufidius Bassus, the historian iii 5.6 (his work continued by Elder Pliny). PIR2 A 1381. Augurinus see Sentius Augurinus. Augusti, i.e. previous emperors Pan. 88.7 (Trajan compared to). Augustus, the emperor ν 3.5 (his light verses); viii 8.6 (his donation to Hispellum); χ 65.3 (his edict on Andania); χ 79.2, 4, 5 and χ 80(T.) (his edict on minor magistracies in Bithynia); χ 84(T.) (his ruling on property at Nicaea);

Persons and Deities

Pan. 88.10 (his name). Called 'divus Augustus' except in χ 79.4, 5; Pan. 11.1; 88. 10, 'Augustus'. Aurelia ii 20.1 Off. (victim of legacy-hunter (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.). Avidius Nigrinus, (C.), the elder P. and Trajan cite letters of Domitian to him as proconsul (sc. of Achaia) χ 65.3 and 66.2(T.). From Faventia, ΡIR2 A 1407; TiP no. 81. (Avidius) Nigrinus, (C.), the younger (cos. suff. 110) ν 13.6 (as tr. pi. attacks advocates); ν 20.6 (speaks against Varenus, q.v., at his trial); vii 6 (requests Varenus to produce accounts). From Faventia, PIR2 A 1408. Avidius Quietus, (T.) (cos. suff. 93) vi 29.1 (friend of Thrasea, q.v.); ix 13.15 (supports P.'s attack on Publicius Certus, q.v.). From Faventia, PIR2 A 1410. Avitus see Julius, Junius, Octavius Avitus Baebius Hispanus i 24::' (about hopes by Suetonius, q.v., to buy small estate); vi 25 * (cognomen only, about disappearances). PIR2 Β 15. Perhaps from Saguntum, RP II 712f., cf. AE 1955, 161, for

41

polyonymous senator with these names attested there, cf. G. Alföldy, Los Baebii de Saguntum (Valencia 1977) 17ff.; Cab. no. 37, p. 86. Baebius Macer, (Q.) (cos. suff. 103) iii 5* (told about Elder Pliny's writings); iv 9.16f., 19 (in senate at trial of Julius Bassus, q.v.); iv 12.4 (in senate for case of Egnatius Marcellinus, q.v.); vi 24*"' (?) (cognomen only: a story about 'Larius noster', i.e. Lake Como; but this might be Calpurnius Macer, q.v.). PIR2 Β 20. praef. urbi AD 117. Perhaps from Transpadana, STac 666f.; RP V 462, 618f., VII 486, 496, 641 (Comum); cf. G. Alföldy, EOS II 351; GCis 261, 264, 316 (also favouring Comum). Baebius Massa iii 4.4, vi 29.8 and vii 33.4 (former proconsul of Baetica, prosecuted by P. and Herennius Senecio, q.v.); vii 33.7f. (M.'s accusation of Senecio). A procurator of equestrian rank in Africa in AD 70, later made a senator, PIR2 Β 26; from a Celtic region, the only areas where the rare cognomen is found, Kaj. 341, G. Alföldy, Fasti Hispanienses (Wiesbaden 1969)161.

42

Indices

Baebius Probus iii 9.12,14 (prosecuted as associate of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.). PIR2 Β 27. Bassus see Annius, Asinius, Aufidius, Gavius, Julius, Pomponius Bassus. (Bellicius) Sollers, (Ti. Claudius Alpinus L.) ν 4.1 (his request to senate to hold a market on his estate near Vicetia). For his earlier career and nomenclature, APN 45ff., correcting previous interpretations of CIL V 3337 = ILS 1031 and V 3356 = ILS 2710 (which record his father and wife, Claudia Ti. f. Marcellina, PFOS no. 243); cf. TiP no. 86; GCis 304. Bittius Priscus vi 12.2 (P. to speak for him in court). PIR2 Β 130. Perhaps 'Vettius', RP II 698f. Not identifiable. Bittius Proculus, (Q. Fulvius Gillo) (cos. suff. 98?) ix 13.13 (colleague of Publicius Certus, q.v., spoke in senate in AD 97). PIR2 F 544. Second husband of P.'s former mother-in-law Pompeia Celerina, q.v., PFOS no. 626. From Forum Novum, M. Torelli, EOS II 195f. On his names, see APN 120f. Blaesus see Vellerns Blaesus. Brocchus see Armenius Brocchus.

Bruttianus see Lustricius Bruttianus. (Bruttius) Praesens (L. Fulvius Rus[ticus], C.) (cos. suff. ca. 118, II ord. 139) vii 3* (first cognomen only: urged to return to Rome). PIR2 Β 162, outdated by AE 1950, 122; IRT 545; see esp. RP V 563ff. for his long career; PFOS no. 478 for his polyonymous wife Laberia, daughter of M'. Laberius Maximus (cos. II ord. 103), q.v.; APN 140; TiP no. 89. He came from Volcei in Lucania, G. Camodeca, EOS II 152ff., with Transpadane connections, his mother perhaps being a Fulvia Rustica, perhaps from Comum, cf. GCis 317. Bruti, i.e. L. Junius Brutus (cos. 509 BC), founder of the Republic Pan. 55.6 (his statues compared to those of Trajan). Brutus see Junius Brutus. (Caecilia), daughter of Caecilius Classicus, q.v. iii 9.20f. (unnamed: prosecuted after father's death but exonerated). PFOS no. 154. Caecilius Celer i 5.8 (appealed to by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., to reconcile him to P.), cf. vii 17* (cognomen only, on public reading of own

Persons and Deities

work). A senator, PIR2 C 28, 622, S-W 743; RP II 772. Caecilius Classicus, proconsul of Baetica, evidently A D 978, S-W 56ff., whose associates were prosecuted by P. after C.'s death (iii 4.7, iii 9.5f.). Their trial is described in iii 4.2, 7; iii 9.2ff.; vi 29.8. PIR2 C 32. Cf. under Baebius Probus, (Caecilia) (C.'s daughter), Casta (C.'s wife), Claudius Fuscus (C.'s sonin-law), Fabius Hispanus, Gallus, Norbanus Licinianus, Stilonius Priscus. He was of African origin (iii 9.3). Caecilius Macrinus iii 4::" (on aftermath of affair of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.); probably also the Macrinus (cognomen only) who received ii 7;:" (on Vestricius Spurinna); vii 6* and 10* (on trial of Varenus, q.v.); viii 17;;" (on storms); ix 4* (P. sends him a speech); and is perhaps the Macrinus whose wife's death is recounted viii 5; but this might be Minicius Macrinus, q.v. SW 153, 452, 741; RP II 713, citing T. Caecilius Macrinus, CIL V 5842, Mediolanum and Caecilia L. f. Macrina, ib. 4470, cf. 4469, 4471, Brixia; RP V 452f., 462, 485n.; PIR2 M 31; see also Minicius Macrinus.

43

(Ca[eciliu]s L. f. Ouf. Secundus, L.), P.'s father unnamed: death implied by ii 1.4 (Verginius Rufus, q.v., P.'s guardian after father's death); ν 8.5 (P. adopted by Elder Pliny). His names are known from AE 1983, 443, Comum (revising Pais, add. to CIL V, nos. 745 + 746), which also shows that he was a local magistrate, IHIvir iure dicundo and pontifex: PIR2 C 80; G. Alföldy, Athenaeum 61 (1983) 362ff., reprinted in GCis 21 Iff.; S. Demougin, Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens (43 av. J.-C - 70 ap. J.-C.) (Rome 1992) no. 626. Caecilius Strabo, C. (cos. suff. 105) iv 12.4 (spoke in senate on case of Egnatius Marcellinus, q.v.); iv 17.1 (praenomen and gentilicium only: described as 'consul designatus', and about to speak against Corellia, q.v.; P. adds that 'cum isto [sc. Cae cilio]... non plane familiaris, sed tarnen amicitia', ib. 2). PIR2 C 85; SW 741. Caecina Paetus, (A.) (cos. suff. 37) iii 16.3ff. (his death after involvement in revolt of (Arruntius Camillus) Scribonianus, q.v.). PIR2 C 103.

44

Indices

Caelianus see Sempronius Caelianus. Caelius Clemens, kinsman of Pompeia Celerina, q.v. χ 51.1 (on P.'s staff). PIR2 C 127. Caelius (Rufus, M.), the orator (pr. 48 BC) i 20.4 (his long speeches). Caepio Hispo (?Galeo Tettienus Severus M. Eppuleius Proculus L. f. Claud.?, Ti.?) (coi. suff. 102 or 104?; or a. inc.) iv 9.16-20 (spoke in senate at trial of Julius Bassus). RP II 708f.; RP III 1140f.; RP VII 482f., 490f., 567. Salomies, APN 135ff., supported by Andermahr in TiP no. 102, questions the identification with the polyonymous Galeo ... Hispo (cos. suff. 102 or 104), ILS 1027; PIR2 E 83. That he was consul, even if not the cos. suff. 102 or 104, seems guaranteed by Digest xl 5.26.7, 'senatus consulto, quod factum est temporibus divi Traiani Rubrio Gallo et Cae lio [sic] Hispone consulibus. ' Caepio was used as a gentilicium as well as a cognomen, LE 309. Cf. PFOS no. 167 (Caepia Procula, wife of (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.). Caesar see Augustus, Claudius, Domitianus, Julius, Tiberius, Traianus.

Caesares, i.e. previous emperors Pan. 88.7 (Trajan compared to). Caesennius Silvanus iii 8.1.4 (kinsman of Suetonius, q.v., recommended by P. to take over the military tribunate in the army of Neratius Marcellus, q.v., turned down by Suetonius). Possibly the same as the homonym registered by an inscription of A D 133 at Lanuvium, ILS 7212 (doubted in PIR2 C 176). Caesius Phosphorus, P. χ 11.2 (P. requests citizenship for him at the desire of his patron). A Publius Caesius was presumably a protégé of P., SW 742. Cf. P. Caesius Mantuanus of Verona, CIL V 3529. Calestrius Tiro, (T.?) (cognomen only in v i l * ; vi 22; vii 23; vii 32; ix 5*) i 12* (on death of Corellius Rufus, q.v.); vi 1 * (on T.s absence in Picenum); vi 22* (on trial of Montanius Atticinus, q.v.); vii 16 (to pass through Ticinum on his way to govern Baetica; T.'s early career); vii 23.1 (to meet Calpurnius Fabatus, q.v., at Mediolanum); vii 32.1 (on his visit to Fabatus); ix 5* (P. advises him on conduct as governor). RP II 779ff., Ill 1114, VII 565f. (also discussing two

Persons and Deities

later Calestrii Tirones); TiP no. 109. Callidromus χ 74 (slave of Laberius Maximus, q.v., captured in Moesia). Callimachus, the poet iv 3.4 (verses of Arrius Antoninus, q.v., compared to). (Calpurnia), Pliny's second or third wife iv l.lff. (unnamed: she and P. look forward to visit by her grandfather); iv 19 (unnamed: praised by P. in letter to her aunt); ν 14.8 (unnamed: her grandfather and aunt); vi 4* and 7*, vii 5* (P. misses her); viii 10 and viii 11 (unnamed: her miscarriage); viii 19.1 (unnamed: her ill-health); χ 120.2 and 121(T) (unnamed: P.'s authorisation for her to travel from the province with diplomata confirmed by T.). S-W 71, 264, 559f. (third wife); PFOS no. 177 (second wife); cf. Introduction 1, above. Calpurnia Hispulla, aunt of P.'s wife Calpurnia, q.v. iv 19* (P. praises his wife); ν 14.8 (unnamed: P. stayed with her); viii 11* (on her niece's miscarriage); χ 120.2 and χ 121 (T.) (to be visited by P.'s wife after death of C.H.'s father Fabatus). Probably related to Hispulla, wife of Corellius Rufus, qq.w.

45

(Calpurnius), father of P.'s wife Calpurnia, son of the following, whom he predeceased iv 19.1 (his sister and daughter); ν 11.1, 2 (his father dedicates colonnade at Comum in his memory); vi 12.3 (his father); viii 11.1 (his daughter). PIR2 C 242. Calpurnius Fabatus, ([L.], L. f. Ouf.), of Comum, grandfather of Calpurnia, q.v. iv 1 * (visited by P.); iv 19.2 (unnamed: his granddaughter); ν 11 * (presented colonnade to Comum); ν 14.8 (unnamed: P.'s visit to); vi 12* (P. promises support for Bittius Priscus, q.v.); vi 30"' (manages P.'s estates); vii 11 * (on land sale to Corellia, q.v.); vii 16*, vii 23*, vii 32* (visited by Calestrius Tiro, q.v.); viii 10* (on Calpurnia's miscarriage); viii 20.3 (unnamed: his estate at Ameria); χ 120 (unnamed: his death). His career as equestrian officer is given by ILS 2721. PIR2 C 263; PME C 53; in RP VII 508 Syme conjectures that his wife was a sister of Corellius Rufus, q.v., cf. i 12.3. Calpurnius (Quir.) Flaccus, (C.) ν 2* (thanked for gift of 'pulcherrimos turdos'). Probably son of C. Calpurnius P.f. Quir. Flaccus, flamen of His-

46

Indices

pania citerior, CIL II 4202 = ILS 6946, see Cab. C 43: his career, leading to a suffect consulship in the early 120s, is known from several inscriptions. Calpurnius Macer (Caulius Rufus, P.) (cos. suff. 103) (FO: Ψ. Calpurnfius Macer]') ν 18* (on his and P.'s country retreats); vi 24::' (?) (cognomen only: story about 'Larius noster'; but this might be Baebius Macer, q.v.); as legate of Moesia Inferior (attested A D 112, Eck I 349; II 210): χ 42(T.) (P. to apply to C.M. for engineer); χ 61.5 (P. has followed this advice); χ 62(T.); χ 77.1 (C.M. had been directed to send legionary centurion to Byzantium). Syme, RP IV 438f., VII 489, takes him to be the addressee of vi 24 and thus from the same region as P., 'but not from Comum'; approved by Alföldy, GCis 334, who, however, ibid. 316, regards the Macer of this letter as '[wahrscheinlich' Baebius Macer. S-W 384 thinks that C.M. is 'more probable'. Calpurnius Piso, (C.) (cos. ord. I l l ) ν 17 (to Vestricius Spurinna, q.v., on C.P.'s public reading of a poem). PIR2 C 285, cf. 281 (his brother).

(Calpurnius) Piso, L. (cos. ord. 27) iii 7.12 (his longevity). PIR2 C 293. (Calpurnius) Piso, (L.) (co5. ord. 57) iii 7.12 (his murder by Valerius Festus, q.v.). PIR2 C 294. (Calpurnius) Piso (Licinianus, L.), Galba's adopted son ii 20.2 (on his widow Verania (Gemina), q.v.). PIR2 C 300, cf. L 190 and stemma opposite p. 40. Calvina ii 4* (P. offers to pay off her late father's debts). A kinswoman of P. (4.2). Syme, RP V 468 and n. 155, compares L. Junius Calvinus, praefectus montis Berenicidis in A D 72, CIL III 32, Thebes, husband of Minicia Sancta. Calvisius Rufus, C., from Comum i 12.12 Çcontubernalis meus Calvisius')·, ii 20;:" (on (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., as legacy-hunter); iii 19;:' (P. asks his advice on property purchase); iv 4.1-2 (to Sosius Senecio, q.v., requesting sixmonth-tribunate for Varisidius Nepos, q.v., nephew of 'C. Calvisius, contubernalis meus, amicus tuus' and 'Calvisius noster')·, ν 7* (on bequest from (Pompeius) Saturninus (2), q.v., mentioning 'rei publicae nostrae', i.e. Co-

Persons and Deities

mum); viii 2:;' (gentilicium only: on P.'s sale of grape harvest); ix 6* (gentilicium only: on the tediousness of the circus races). Not the Rufus, q.v., in vi 30.5. (S-W 202 by mishap identifies him with the third-century legate of Britannia Inferior, Calvisius Ru[fus], citing CIL VII 324 = RIB 929, Old Penrith; perhaps a descendant of P.'s friend, see A.R. Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain (1981) 193f.) (Calvisius) Ruso (Julius Frontinus, P.) (cos. suff. ca. 84?) ix 19*":' (?) (comparing Julius Frontinus with Verginius Rufus, qq.w.). Identified as Calvisius by Syme, S Tac. 80If. Syme repeats his view, II 715 (against S-W 502, favouring Cremutius Ruso, q.v.), IV 408f., V 474f., stressing the significance of this Ruso's claims, discussed in ix 19*, for Julius Frontinus, presumed to be R.'s uncle, with a modification, developed IV 397ff., that P. Calvisius Ruso Julius Frontinus was cos. suff. ca. 84, and a different person from P. Calvisius Ruso cos. suff. 79. See also APN 135. Calvus see Servilius Calvus. Camerinus see Sulpicius Camerinus.

47

Camilli, i.e. M. Furius Camillus (dictator 396, 390, 389, 368, 367 BC) Pan. 13.4 (Trajan compared to): 55.6 (his statues compared to those of Trajan). Candidus see Julius Candidus. Caninius Rufus, of Comum i 3* (on his house at Comum; P. urges him to write); ii 8* (P. enquires about his occupations at Comum); iii 7* (on the death of Silius Italicus, q.v.); vi 21* (gentilicium only: on poetry-reading by Vergilius Romanus, q.v.); vii 18* (gentilicium only: on his planned legacy to Comum); vii 25(?)* (cognomen only: on Terentius Junior, q.v.); viii 4:;" (gentilicium only: on his planned poem on Dacian war); ix 33* (gentilicium only: on dolphin at Hippo); ix 38 (cognomen only, 'Rufum nostrum', to Pompeius Saturninus (1), q.v., on R.'s book). RPII 707, VI 142ff. Capito see Claudius, Titinius Capito. Carus see Mettius Carus. Cascus see Tasc(i)us. Cassii, i.e. C. Cassius Longinus, pr. 44 BC, the Liberator i 17.3 (his bust in house of Titinius Capito, q.v.). Cassius (Longinus), C. (cos. suff. 30) vii 24.8 (founder of

48

Indices

'Cassiana schola' of jurists; his house). Casta, wife of Caecilius Classicus, q.v. iii 9. 19 (not named), 29, 34 (charged but acquitted). PFOS no. 198. Catilius (Cn. f. [Cl]u.) Severus (Julianus Claudius Reginus, L.) (cos. suff. 110, II ord. 120) i 22* (on Titius Aristo); iii 12* (P. replies to his dinner invitation); perhaps also recipient of ix 22* (cognomen only: on illness of Passennus Paulus), but see also Annius, Herennius, Vettennius, Vibius Severus. From the east, probably Bithynian Apamea, Halfmann, SöTIR 134f.; EOS II 639; APN 138. PIR2 C 558 (outdated on epigraphic matters) cites other literary evidence; cf. RP V 535f., 555f., 567f.; APN 80f., for his connections by marriage with the future Antonine dynasty. Catius, Titus, Epicurean philosopher iv28.1 (Herennius Severus wishes to have portraits of his municipes 'Cornelii Nepotis et Titi Cati'). From Ticinum (Pavia) or Mediolanum: his praenomen perhaps Tiberius, Syme, RP IV 381, V 459, comparing the next person in this Index, a Ti. Catius (and perhaps 'Titi

Cati' was dittography for 'Ti. Cati'; but cf. Livius, whose praenomen Titus is also written out in full in the MSS, ii 3.8 and vi 20.5). Catius (Caesius) Fronto, (Ti.) (cos. suff. 96) ii 11.3, 18 (defended Marius Priscus); iv 9.15 (defended Julius Bassus); vi 13.3 (defended Varenus Rufus). PIR2 C 194; on his names, APN 95. P. calls him 'Fronto Catius' or 'Fronto'. Cf. PFOS no. 170 (his daughters Caesia Frontina and Caesia Nepotilla). Catius Lepidus iv 7::" (on Regulus' mourning for his son). Otherwise unknown; evidently from Transpadana, iv 7.6 ('num aliquis in municipio vestro ex sodalibus meis'). Cato, Catones see Porcius Cato. Catullus, (C. Valerius), the poet i 16.5 (Pompeius Saturninus (1), q.v., writes in style of C.); iv 14.5 (C.'s poem, xvi 5ff., quoted); iv 27.4 (C.'s poetry compared to his own by Sentius Augurinus, q.v.). Catulus see Lutatius Catulus. Celer, Roman knight iv 11.10 8 (scourged as accomplice of Vestal Cornelia, q.v.); see also Caecilius, Nonius Celer. Celerina see Pompeia Celerina. Celsus see Juventius Celsus.

Persons and Deities

Cerialis ii 19* (P. had been urged by C. to give reading of speech); either Tuccius or Velius Cerialis, qq.w. Ceres, the goddess ix 39.1 (temple of C. on P.'s property at Tifernum Tiberinum to be rebuilt). Certus see Publicius Certus. Christus χ 96.5, 6 (those accused as Christians or exChristians ordered to revile him), 7 (Christians chant antiphons in honour of). Chrysippus χ 11.2 (P. requests citizenship for father and son of this name). Cicero, M. Tullius (cos. 63 BC) i 2.4 ('Marcus noster' imitated by P.); i 3.2 (unnamed: quoted on average quality); i.5.11-12 ('Cicero': emulated by P.); i 20.4 (his long speeches), 7 (his Pro Murena and Pro Vareno), 8 (his Pro Cluentio and Pro C. Cornelio), 10 (his In Verr em); iii 15.1 ('M. Tullius'·. encouraged poets); iv 8.4 ('M. Tullius'·. was also augur, like P.); ν 3.5 ('M. Tullius'·. his light verses); ν 8.8 (unnamed: quoted on seeing dimly); vii 4.3, 6 'Cicero': his epigram on Tiro); vii 17.13 ('M. Cicero': on style); ix 2.2 ('M. Tullius': as letter-writer); ix 26.8 ÇM. Tullius': a daring orator);

49

iii 21.5 ('Arpinis chartis', i.e. Cicero's writings, in poem on P. by Martial, χ 20); Pan. 2.4 and 24.4 (unnamed: on preeminence of monarch); 26.6 (unnamed: quoted on head cut off from body). Clarius (?) ix28.5 (P.'s speech for). The MSS 'proclamo' was early emended to 'pro Clario'. In ΡIR2 C 747, 'Ciartio' was proposed, citing the pontifex of A D 101-2, L. Ciartius, CIL VI 32445, 31034; cf. LE 89, 280 on this gentilicium. S-W 511 prefers 'Claro', i.e. either Erucius or Septicius Clarus, qq.w. Cf. RPII 699, 714. Clarus see Erucius, Septicius Clarus. Classicus see Caecilius Classicus. Claudius, the emperor i 13.3 ('Claudius Caesar' attended reading by (Servilius) Nonianus, q.v.); iii 16.7, 9 (revolt of (Arruntius Camillus) Scribonianus, q.v., against); vili 6.4,9,12,15 ('Caesar': his freedman Pallas, q.v.), 8 ('publicus parens'), 10 ('princeps optimusparensquepublicus', 'princeps suus'), 13 ('optimus princeps'); χ 70.2 ('Claudius Caesar') and χ 71(Τ) ('Claudius': a house at Prusa bequeathed to);

50

Indices

Pan. 11.1 ('Claudius'·, deified by Nero). Claudius Aristion, (Ti.), of Ephesus vi 3 1.3 (accused before Trajan's consilium at Centum Cellae). Attested by inscriptions at Ephesus, which shows that of the MSS readings 'Aristion' is to be preferred to 'Aristón ', PIR2 C 788; RPII 701. Claudius Capito vi 13.2 (spoke for Bithynians against Varenus Rufus, q.v.). N o t identifiable, perhaps a Bithynian representative. Claudius Eumolpus, of Prusa χ 81 (represented Flavius Archippus, q.v., against Dion Cocceianus, q.v.). Claudius Fuscus, son-in-law of Caecilius Classicus, q.v. iii 9.18 (Fuscus was acquitted). Some MSS variants give the gentilicium as 'Clavius' or 'Cluvius'. Claudius Marcellinus, (Ti.) ii 11.15 (defended Flavius Marcianus, q.v., at trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.). Senator, father or brother of Claudia Ti.f. Marcellina (PFOS no. 246), wife of (Bellicius) Sollers, q.v., presumably from N . Italy, RP VII 477. Perhaps identical with the procurator patrimonii of ILS

1487, near Rome, M. Corbier, ZPE 43 (1981) 7587. Claudius Pollio, (Ti.) vii 31 ipraefectus alae [sc. II Fl.] milliariae) in Syria at time of P.'s military service; P. recommends him to (Julius) Cornutus Tertullus, q.v.). His career including procuratorships known also from ILS 1418, Rome; PIR2 C 966; PMEC 170. Claudius Polyaenus χ 70.2, 3 (bequeathed house at Prusa to Claudius). Claudius Restitutus iii 9.16 (defended Baebius Probus and Fabius Hispanus, qq.w., at trial of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.); vi.l7 :: ' (cognomen only: on a recent public reading). His eloquence was praised by Martial χ 87. 'Mysterious', perhaps from Africa, S-W 233; RP III 994f. Clemens see Attius, Caelius Clemens. Clitumnus, personified rivergod viii 8.5. Cluentius (Habitus, Α.), of Larinum i 20.8 (Cicero's speech in his defence). Clusinius Gallus ii 17* (?) (cognomen only: P. describes his Laurentine villa); iv 17* (C. had requested P. to defend Corellia, q.v., against C. Caecilius (Strabo), q.v.); viii 20*

Persons and Deities

(?) (cognomen only: on L. Vadimon). RP II 714, noting that the gentilicium might have been 'Cusinius'. For other Galli who might be the correspondent in ii 17 and viii 20, RP II 717. Hardly Pomponius Gallus Didius Gallus, as S-W 186 suggests. Status unknown. Probably from Transpadana in view of his connection with the Coreliii, iv 17. Cluvius (Rufus) (cos. suff. a.inc.), the historian ix 19.5 (gentilicium only: his exchange of views with Verginius Rufus, q.v.). Cocceianus Dion see Dion Cocceianus. Collega see Pompeius Collega. Colonus ix 9* (on death of his friend Pompeius Quintianus, q.v.); his name may be either a gentilicium or a cognomen, LE 295; Kaj. 321. Syme cites Colona P.f. Maxima, CIL V 3361, Verona, RP 714. S-W 487 notes also L. Peducaeus Colonus, prefect of Egypt A D 70-72, PIR2 Ρ 222. Concordia, the goddess, personification of concord ν 1.9 (her temple in the Forum Romanum). Corellia, sister of Corellius Rufus, q.v. i 12.3 (unnamed, with sister(s)); vii 11 and

51

vii 14* (on her purchase of land from P.). She was married to Minicius Justus, q.v., vii 11.4. Corellia Hispulla, daughter of Corellius Rufus, q.v. i 12.3, 9 (unnamed); iii 3::" (on a teacher for her son); iv 17 (P. promises Clusinius Gallus, q.v., to defend her in lawsuit by C. Caecilius (Strabo), cos. des., q.v.). Her husband may have been L. Neratius Marcellus (cos. s u f f . 95), q.v., her son (L. Neratius?) Corellius Pansa (cos. ord. 122); cf. PIR2 Ν 55; RP VII 487, 595; PFOS no. 268; A P N 64 η. 11. Corellius Rufus, (Q.) (cos. suff: 78) i 12 (his suicide after long illness); iii 3.1 (unnamed: praised to his daughter); iv 17 (P. s admiration for him, gentilicium only); ν 1.5 (his advice to P. about a legacy, gentilicium only); vii 11.3 (his sister); vii 31.4 (land-commissioner under Nerva, gentilicium only); ix 13.6 (gentilicium only, his advice to P. 'de Helvidi ultione', 13.1). PIR2 C 1294; probably from Laus Pompeia (Lodi), S Tac. 86; RP II 714; VII 640, citing a decurio there, Q. Corellius Paulinus, CIL V 6366; G. Alföldy, EOS II 355f., adds Annia Corelli f. Quintula, CIL V

52

Indices

6391, ibid.; GCis 322f.; cf. TiP no. 163. Cf. RP VII 508, for the conjecture that another sister of Corellius (cf. i 12.3) was the wife of Calpurnius Fabatus, q.v., hence grandmother of P.'s wife Calpurnia, q.v. Cornelia, Vestal Virgin iv 11.6ff. (sentenced to death by Domitian). PFOS nos. 274-5. Cornelianus vi 31* (on P.'s membership of Trajan's consilium at Centum Cellae). Unidentifed. S-W 391 suggests that he is really Cornelius Minicianus, q.v. Cornelius, C. (tr.pl. 66 BC) i 20.8 (Cicero's speech in his defence). (Cornelius) Lentulus Gaetulicus, (Cn.) (cos. ord. 26) ν 3.5 (his light verse). Cornelius (C. f. Vot.) Minicianus, (C.) iii 9* (on trial of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.); iv 11 * (on the ex-senator Valerius Licinianus, q.v.); vii 22 (recommended for military tribunate to Pompeius Falco, q.v.); viii 12* (cognomen only: on Titinius Capito, q.v.). 'Ornamentum regionis meae' (vii 22.2), from Bergomum, ILS 2722, ibid., which reveals that Falco only made him praef. coh. prim.

Damasc. in Judaea, but that he later became tribune in leg. Ill Augusta in Numidia. For the identity, S-W 429f.; RP V 434 (contrast 453 n. 68); PIR2 C 1406; PME C 240. S-W 124, 391, 416f. suggests he may also have received i 17* (a letter also about Titinius Capito, q.v., cf. under Cornelius Titianus), vi 31* (MSS: Corneliano) and vii 12* (MSS: M inicio, generally taken to be Minicius Fundanus, q.v.), cf. S-W 391, 416f. Rejected by Syme, RP V 452, VII 605. Cornelius Nepos, the biographer iv28.1 (to Vibius Severus, q.v.: Herennius Severus, q.v., wanted a bust of Nepos and of Titus Catius, qq.w., 'municipes' of Vibius); ν 3.6 (his light verse). Cornelius Priscus (Sex. Subrius Dexter L.) (cos. s u f f . 104?) iii 21 * (on death of Martial); ν 20.7 (in trial of Varenus); vii 19:;' (?: cognomen only; on death of Fannia): RP V 457. As proconsul of Asia (27 September A D 120) Sex. Subrius Dexter Cornelius Priscus, Eck II 154; from Patavium, by his full names perhaps [C. Asconius?] C.f. Fab. Sa[rdus Po]mponianus Secundus P. Cesti[us ... Sex.

Persons and Deities

53

viii 7* (P. has received a book Sujbrius Dexter [L. Corfor comment); ix 10* (Tacitus nel] ius Priscus Ducenius had recommended P. to Proc[ulus], attested there by hunt); ix 14* (on his and TacCIL V 2824, and perhaps by itus' chance of fame); ix 23.27447, Forum Fulvii (Valen2 3 (on the man who asked tia); cf. PIR C 1420; RP IV 'Tacitus es an PliniusV). G. 386ff.; G. Alföldy, EOS II Alföldy, MDAI(R) 102 338f.; GCis 309. (1995) 252-268 (whence AE (Cornelius) Sulla, L., the Dicta1995, 92 and CIL VI 41106), tor ν 3.5 (his light verse); identifies CIL VI 1574 as viii 6.2 ('Sullae': fame of Palpart of his funerary inscriplas, q.v., sarcastically comtion. If correct, this means pared to his); Pan. 88.5 ('Fethat Tacitus had further lix': his name compared to c names, beginning Ca[], see Trajan's Optimus'). now also A.R. Birley, 'The Cornelius Tacitus (Ca[], P.?) life and death of Cornelius (cos. s u f f . 97), the historian :: Tacitus', Historia 49 (2000), i 6* (P. on his hunting); i 20 ' 230-247, suggesting that he (on oratory); ii 1.6 (his fumay have been called C a l c i neral speech, as consul, for na Paetus], and offering some Verginius Rufus); ii 11.2, 17, conjectures on his career. 19 (as prosecutor with P. of Tacitus may also be the unMarius Priscus, q.v.); iv 13* named historian of ix 27, (his safe return to Rome; P. whose reading of part of his tells of founding a school at work, on the recent past, imComum); iv 15.1 (Asinius pressed P. ('quanta potestas, Rufus, q.v., a mutual friend of quanta dignitas, quanta P. and Tacitus); vi 9* (T. had maiestas'), but caused other supported Julius Naso, q.v., members of the audience, for office); vi 16* (P.'s acshamed at hearing about their count of his uncle's death); own conduct, to request that vi 20* (P.'s account of his the writer not read any more. own experiences in August A D 79); vii 20* (P.and Tacitus Cornelius Titianus i 17* (on have exchanged books for statues of L. (Junius) Silanus, comment); vii 33* (P.'s acq.v. and others erected by count of his conduct in A D Titinius Capito, q.v.); 93 for Tacitus' Histories)·, ix 32(?)* (cognomen only: P.

54

Indices

on his idleness). S-W 124 suggests i 17 might have been addressed to Cornelius Minicianus, q.v., who received viii 12, also on Titinius Capito. N o t identifiable. Cornelius Ursus iv 9* (P.'s account of the trial of Julius Bassus, q.v.); ν 20* (P.'s account of the trial of Varenus, q.v.); vi 5* and vi 13* (cognomen only: more on the trial of Varenus); viii 9* (cognomen only: P.'s pressure of work). Unidentified, probably equestrian, S-W 274. Possibly provincial. Cornutus Tertullus see (Julius) Cornutus Tertullus. Cottia, wife of Vestricius Spurinna, q.v. iii 10* (jointly to her and her husband, on P.'s tribute to their dead son (Vestricius) Cottius, q.v.); cf. iii 1.5 (not named, in letter about Spurinna). PFOS no. 298, not discussing the proposal (which goes back to Mommsen) by C. Letta, Athenaeum 64 (1976) 37ff., that she was a daughter of M. Julius Cottius, last king of the Alpes Cottiae (PIR 2 1 275). Cottius see (Vestricius) Cottius. Crassus see (Licinius) Crassus. Cremutius Ruso, (M. Petronius) vi 23.2-4 (a 'clarus adulescentulus' whom P. wishes

to secure as fellow-advocate in a lawsuit); ix 19* (?) (cognomen only: on Verginius Rufus). Cremutius Ruso was son of M. Petronius Umbrinus (cos. s u f f . 81), cf. CIL VI 2065, col. ii 52, 'Umbrini M. Petronius Cremutius'), boy ministrant to the Arval Brethren in A D 87 (PIR 2 Ρ 278, cf. 320, and stemma, p. 126). The family probably derived from Etruria or Umbria (PIR2 Ρ 320). S Tac 801f. suggested P. Calvisius Ruso Julius Frontinus (cos. s u f f . 79) or his son P. Calvisius Tullus Ruso (cos. ord. 109) as the Ruso of ix 19; against, S-W 502, for Cremutius Ruso. Syme repeats his view in RP II 715, IV 409, V 474f., with modifications, see under (P. Calvisius) Ruso (Julius Frontinus), identified as cos. s u f f . ca. 84. Crescens see Atilius Crescens. Crispus see Metilius, Passienus Crispus. Ctesiphon, Demosthenes' speech against vi 33.11 (P.'s speech for Attia Viriola, q.v., compared to). Curianus see Asudius Curianus. Curius Severus see Vibius Severus. Curtilius Mancia, (T.) (cos. suff 55) viii 18.4 (father-in-

Persons and Deities

law of Domitius Lucanus, q.v.). PIR2 C 1605. Perhaps Narbonensian, RP V 501f., cf. 532f., VI 220, 229. Curtius Rufus, (Q.?) (cos. s u f f . 43) vii 27.2-3 (saw apparition twice in Africa). Senator of humble origin (Tacitus, Ann. xi 21). PIR2 C 1618, 1619. Perhaps Narbonensian, STac 621, RP VI 215, cf. 229 (doubtful). N o w generally identified with the author of the Historiae Alexandri Magni, e.g. by Syme, RP VI 215, 316f., VII 497. Decibalus, Dacian king χ 74.1 (sent captured slave of Laberius Maximus, q.v., to Parthian king Pacorus, q.v.); cf. viii 4.2 (not named: his courageous death, sc. in A D 106). His name is spelled 'Decebalus' on Latin inscriptions and in Greek writers, PIR2 D 19. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator i 2.2 (imitated by P. and Arrianus Maturus, q.v.); i 20.4 (his long speeches); ii 3.10 and iv 5.1 (a speech of his read by Aeschines, q.v.); ii 20.12 (unnamed: quoted on becoming indignant); iv 7.6 (quoted on bawling); vi 33.11 (P.'s speech for Attia Viriola, q.v., compared to D.'s De co-

55

rona); vii 30.4 (P.'s speech 'de ultione Helvidi' compared to D.'s In Meidiam); ix 23.5 (recognised by old woman); ix 26.8-12 (extensive quotations of his daring turns of phrase). Dexter see Afranius Dexter. Diana, the goddess i 6.3; ix 10.1 (as patron deity of hunters; both letters to Cornelius Tacitus, q.v.). Diomedes, Greek hero ν 2.2 (his ingenuity in exchanging gifts). Dion Cocceianus of Prusa, 'Chrysostom', the rhetor and philosopher χ 81 (controversy over D.'s application to transfer work on public building from himself to city of Prusa); χ 82 (T.) (T. rules that D. must produce accounts). PIR2 D 93. Dionysius, baker of Nicomedia χ 74.1 (had employed Callidromus, q.v., escaped slave). (Domitia Lucilla) the elder viii 18.4, 7 (unnamed: adopted by her uncle, Domitius Tullus, q.v.). PFOS no. 328. Domitianus, the emperor i 5.1 (reaction to his death), 5, 14 (Mettius Modestus, q.v., banished by); i 12.6ff. (Corellius Rufus, q.v., was determined to outlive him); i 18.3 (un-

56

Indices

named: 'Caesar', his amici)·, iii 9.31 (Norbanus Licinianus, q.v., profited under), 33 (Salvius Liberalis, q.v., prosecuted under); iv 9.2 (Julius Bassus, q.v., friend of, but banished by D.); i v l l . 5 f f . (convicted Cornelia, q.v.); iv 22.5 (used (Valerius) Catullus Messallinus, q.v.); vii 16.2 (unnamed: 'Caesar', P. his quaestor); ix 13.2 (his death); χ 58.3ff., 8, 10 and χ 60.1(T.) (his involvement in case of Flavius Archippus, q.v.); χ 65.3, χ 66.2(T.) and χ 72 (his letters cited); Pan. 11.1 (deified Titus); and, in each case unnamed: 14.5 (summoned Trajan from Spain); 20.4 (his progress through provinces); 33.4 (his misuse of arena); 40.5 (his exaction of debts); 41.2-3 (his ill-gotten gains); 42 (treason charges under); 46.1 (suppressed mimes); 47 (banished philosophers); 48.3-5 (his palace frightening); 49 (his palace a citadel); 50 (his confiscations); 52.3, 7 (his statues); 53.3ff. (avenged Nero); 54, 55 (adulation of); 56.8 (hailed as imperator in effigy); 58 (his successive consulships); 62.3 (his relations with senate); 63.4-8 (did not attend comitia); 67.3, 68.2-7

(vows for); 70.5-8 (his treatment of governors); 72.2-7 (not loved); 74.3 (one of the 'malos [sc.principes]' whom senators could not convince by praise); 76.3-5 (senators terrified to speak freely under); 82 (his indolence and debauchery); 90.5f. (a robber and assassin); 94.2, 3 (a bad princeps); 95.3 (P.'s career halted under); cf. 11.4f.; 12.2; 16.3ff.; 17.1;18; 21.2; 22; 23; 24; 26; 27; 28; 29; 34; 38; 39; 43; 44; 45; 51.5; 69.5-7; 73.6; 75.2-3; 79.6; 85.1-2; 93.1. Domitius Afer, (Cn.) (cos. suff: 39), the orator ii 14.10-12 (P. repeats story about D. by Quintilian, q.v.); viii 18.5-7 (adopted Domitius Lucanus and Domitius Tullus, qq.w.). From Nemausus, Jerome, Chron. 205. Ol. p. 179f. H . PIR2 D 126. Cf. TiPno. 183. Domitius Apollinaris, (L.) (cos. s u f f . 97) (FO) ii 9;:' (cognomen only: P. asks D. to support his friend Sex. Erucius (Clarus), q.v., for office); ν 6::" (on P.'s Tuscan villa); ix 13.13. (spoke in senate as cos. des. in A D 97) From Vercellae, patron of Martial (see his epigrams, iv 86, vii 26 and 89, χ 12), father-in-law of Neratius Marcellus, q.v.: see PFOS no. 333 and RP VII

Persons and Deities

588ff., with further details on his career and family (stemma, p. 599). TiP no. 186. Domitius (Sex. f. Volt. Afer Titius Marcellus Curvius) Lucanus, (Cn.) (cos. suff. ca. 79) viii 18.4-7 (on death of his brother, whom he predeceased). His full names are known from ILS 990, Fulginiae. PIR2 D 152. Son of Sex. Curvius Sex. f. Volt. Tullus (CIL VI 16671, cf. PIR2 C 1623), adoptive son of Domitius Afer, q.v., son-in-law of Curtilius Mancia, q.v. His daughter, (Domitia Lucilla the elder), q.v., was adopted by D.'s brother Tullus. See also AfW37f.; TiP no. 182.

57

be a Dasumius. The implications are explored at length by Syme, RP V 52Iff. His adopted daughter (i.e. Domitia Lucilla the elder, q.v.), was his principal heir, his name was taken by P. Calvisius Tullus Ruso (cos. ord. 109). Cf. also TiP no. 182. Drusus, Nero (Claudius), younger stepson of Augustus iii 5.4 (names inverted by P.: his light verse).

Egnatius Marcellinus, (M.) (cos. s u f f . 116) iv 12 (on his quaestorship). Presumably identical with M. Egnatiu[s Marcellinus], cos. s u f f . 116 (FO), as conjectured in PIR2 E 24, cf. 14; assumed by S-W 285. Domitius Tullus, (Cn.) (cos. suff. ca. 79, II s u f f . 98) (FO) Encolpius viii 1.2 (P.'s lector, a slave or freedman, who had viii 18 (on his death and tesbeen ill). tament). He probably had the same filiation and nomencla- Ennius, (Q.), the poet ii 10.2 ture, from Afer to Curvius, (unnamed: quoted on Latin as his brother Domitius Lulanguage); ν 3.6 (his light canus, q.v., but his inscripverse); ν 8.3 (unnamed: Virtion, ILS 991, is acephalous. gil's allusion to E.'s epitaph PIR2 D 167. Identified by C. quoted). Castillo Garcia, Actas del I Epigonus x l l . 2 (P. requests Congreso Andaluz de Estucitizenship for his daughter dios Clasicos (Jaén 1982) Stratonice, q.v., and her son 159ff., on the basis of a newly of this name). found fragment, AE 1976, 77, Epimachus, imperial freedman as the testator of CIL VI and procurator χ 84(T.) (P. to 10229, formerly assumed to call on his assistance).

58

Indices

Erucius Clarus i 16* (on Pompeius Saturninus (1), q.v.); ii 9.4 (his son Sex. Erucius (Clarus), q.v.). PIR2 E 94; RP VII 477. Perhaps Clarius, q.v., of ix 28.5. Erucius (Clarus), Sex. (cos. suff. 117, II ord. 146), son of the foregoing, nephew of Septicius Clarus, q.v. ii 9 (his candidacy for office recommended by P. to Domitius Apollinaris, q.v.). PIR2 E 96; RP V 461, 559, 575, VII 476, 600. Perhaps the Clarius, q.v., of ix 28.5. Eumolpus see Claudius Eumolpus. Euphrates, philosopher i 10 (praised by P.). A Stoic, from Tyre, PIR2 E 121. Eupolis, the comic poet i 20.17 (quoted, on Pericles). (Euripides), the tragic poet iv 11.9 (unnamed: quoted on death of Vestal Cornelia, q.v.); iv 27.6 (unnamed: quotation from applied to Sentius Augurinus, q.v.). Eurythmus, imperial freedman procurator vi 31.8-11 (accused of forging a will). Fabatus see Calpurnius Fabatus. Fabius Hispanus iii 9.12-14 (prosecuted as associate of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.).

Fabius Justus, (L.) (cos. suff. 102) i 5.8 (asked by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., to reconcile him with P.); i 11 * (P. begs him to write); ?vii 2* (cognomen only: P. promises to send him his speeches). Friend of Cornelius Tacitus, q.v., Tacitus, Dial. 1.1. PIR2 F 41, updated by Cab. F 71: he was legate of Moesia inferior in AD 106, Eck I 341, and of Syria in AD 109, id. 346f.; perhaps from Spain. Fabius Postuminus, (C.) (cos. suff 96: FO) ix 13.13 (spoke in senate AD 97). Legate of Moesia inferior in AD 103, Eck I 338, proconsul of Asia ca. AD 111-112, id. 351. Cf. PFOS no. 347 (his possible daughter). Fabius Valens (1) iv 24::" (on P.'s experiences at the Centumviral Court). Perhaps identical with the following. Fabius Valens (2) χ 86b (approved by P. as a man 'instructum commilitio tuo'; the name is restored here). Equestrian officer recommended by P. to Trajan, evidently in his province, PME F 16; perhaps identical with the foregoing. Fabricii, i.e. C. Fabricius Luscinus (cos. 288, II 282 BC) Pan. 13.4 (Trajan compared to).

Persons and Deities

Fabricius Veiento, (A. Didius Gallus) (cos. suff Ill 83?) iv 22.4 (at dinner with Nerva); ix 13.13, 19-20 (in senate debate in AD 97); cf. Pan. 58.1 (unnamed: perhaps the cos. Ill there mentioned). PIR2 F 91; RP VII 532, 533f., 556, 578. Cf. PFOS no. 127 (his wife Attica); on his names, APN U9. Fadius Rufinus, (L.) (cos. suff. 113: FO) ix23.4 ('vir egregias', pointed out P. to a ' « « niceps'). PIR2 F 99; RP II 716, cf. 520 η. 3, 594. Falco see Pompeius Falco. Fannia, (Clodia?), daughter of Thrasea, husband of elder Helvidius, qq.w. i i i l l . 3 (her exile); iii 16.2 (P.'s conversation with her); vii 19 (her illness and P.'s tribute to); ix 13.3 (her stepson and mother), 5 (her return from exile), 15 (right to protest against Publicius Certus, q.v.), 17 (her friends). PFOS no. 259. Fannius, C. ν 5 (his death and history of Nero's victims). RP II 716, VII 477, on possible links with Verona. Felix see Cornelius Sulla. Ferox see Julius Ferox. Festus see Valerius Festus. Firminus see Hostilius Firminus. Firmus see Romatius, Saturius Firmus.

59

Flaccus see Ammius, Calpurnius Flaccus. Flavius (Fabius?) Aper, (M.?) (cos. suff 103?: FO, '[?M. Flavius Apjer') ν 13.5 (spoke in senate on Tuscilius Nominatus, q.v.). Perhaps son of the M. Aper of Tacitus, Dial., a Gaul (Dial. 10.2, cf. 7.1), RP II 70If., VI 226f. (also supporting the reading 'Flavius' against the alternative 'Fabius'). Cf. PFOS nos. 377, 455 (his presumed daughter and wife); TiP no. 204. Flavius Archippus, of Prusa χ 58 (claimed exemption as a philosopher from being iudex); χ 59 and 60 (T.) (P. forwarded his petition to T.); χ 81.1, 6 (F.A.'s dispute with Dion Cocceianus, q.v.). Flavius Marcianus ii 11.8-9, 16, 19-20, 23 (African, accused and convicted as associate of Marius Priscus, q.v.). Fonteius Magnus ν 20.4 (Bithynian prosecutor of Varenus Rufus, q.v.); and, cognomen only, vii 6.2 ('ille Magnus'·, his persistence), 6.6 and vii 10.1 (spoke against Polyaenus, q.v.). Fortuna, the goddess iv 11.3 (addressed by Valerius Licinianus, q.v.); vi 16.11 ('F. favours the brave', said by Elder Pliny).

60

Indices

Frontinus see Julius Frontinus. Fronto see Catius Fronto. Frugi see Libo Frugi. Fundanus see Minicus Fundanus. Furia Prima χ 59 (unnamed 'accusatrix') and x60.2(T.) (accused Flavius Archippus, q.v.). Fuscus see Claudius, Pedanius Fuscus. Gaetulicus see Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus. Galba, the emperor ii 20.2 (adopted (Calpurnius) Piso Licinianus, q.v.). Galla see Pomponia Galla. Gallitta vi 31.4f. (wife of senatorial military tribune, convicted of adultery before Trajan's consilium at Centum Cellae). PFOS no. 400. Gallus (1) i 7.4 (evidently of fice-holder, probably proconsul, in Baetica, sc. in AD 96-7, Eck I 326f. and n. 183 threatened with prosecution by the Baetici; P. was asked by Octavius Rufus, q.v., to defend him). S-W lOlf.; RP II 716f. (with various possible Galli); W. Eck, RE, Suppl. 15 (1978) 108 (rejecting SW's suggestion, Pomponius Gallus Didius Rufus). Gallus (2) ii 17*; viii 20* probably Clusinius Gallus, q.v. See also Asinius Gallus.

Gavius (P. f. Pal.) Bassus, (M.), 'praefectus orae Ponticae' χ 21 and 22 (paid his respects to P.; requested more benéficiarii, etc.); χ 86a (P.'s testimonial for him). His career, in the tres militiae (with decorations bello Dacico) and as a iudex selectus, followed by his Pontic prefecture, is known from IKEph 680, which gives his origo as 'Romae\ although the family was resident at Ephesus. The career of his brother P. Gavius Balbus, who also went through the tres militiae and became a procurator, is known from IKEph 48. His son, M. Gavius M. f. Pal. Maximus, Guard Prefect under Antoninus Pius for nearly twenty years, evidently acquired close connections to Firmum Picenum: see W. Eck, PS 368-377; cf. A.R. Birley, PS 49 and n. 89. Gemellinus see Virdius Gemellinus. Geminius, C. i 12.9 (mutual friend of P. and Corellius, q.v.). RP II 717: perhaps identical with C. Geminius Priscus, equestrian officer, CIL V 6478, Laumellum; PME G 16. Geminus see Rosianus Geminus.

Persons and Deities

Genialis viii 13* (read P.'s speeches with his father). Unidentified. Genitor see Julius Genitor. Gracchi, i.e. C. and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tr.pl. 123-2 and 133 BC i 20.4 (their short speeches). Gratilla see Verulana Gratilla. Harmeris see Antonia Harmeris. Harpocras, P.'s therapist χ 5.2 (P. requests citizenship for him); χ 6.1 (P. requests Alexandrian citizenship for him); χ 7 (T. instructs P. to supply H.'s nome for transmission to prefect of Egypt); χ 10.1 (P. complies). Hedia, (? Antonia?), freed woman of Antonia Maximilla, q.v. χ 5.2 (P. requests Trajan to give her citizenship). (Helvidia) ix 13.16 (unnamed: a daughter of Helvidius the younger and Anteia, qq.w.). Helvidiae iv 21.1 (the daughters of Helvidius the younger, q.v.: their death in childbirth reported to Velius Cerialis, q.v.). PFOS nos. 415f.: one of them was perhaps married to (M. Annius) Herennius Pollio, q.v. Helvidius (Priscus, C.) (pr. 70) vii 19.3f. (his wife Fannia,

61

q.v.), 5 (his biography by Herennius Senecio, q.v.) Stoic, son-in-law of Thrasea, q.v., executed by Vespasian ca. A D 74. PIR2 H 59; RP VII 571 ff.; TiP no. 246. Helvidius, the Younger (cos. 5 u f f . ca. 87) iii 11.3 (his death); iv 21.1 ff. (his daughters, son and death): vii 30.4 (P.'s 'libelles ... de ultione Helvidi'); ix 13.1 (P.'s 'libros de ultione Helvidi'), ix 13.13 (P. his friend), 4 (his widow Anteia, q.v.), 16 (his daughter). PIR2 H 60; RP VII 571 ff. (Helvidius), son of foregoing iv 21.4f. (not named: last survivor of family). Perhaps identical with L. Valerius L.[f.] Messala Thrase[a] Poplicola Helvid[ius] Priscus, former legate of IV Scythica, who died as praetor designate, AE 1984, 38, Rome, as proposed by S. Priuli, EOS I 620ff. Raepsaet-Charlier, PFOS nos. 68, 617, suggests identity with P. Helvidius Priscus, husband of Plautia Quinctilia ( C I L XIV 2845). (Hercules), the god Pan. 14.5 (unnamed, 'son of Jupiter': Trajan compared to). Herennius Pollio, (M. Annius) (cos. suff. 85) (FO) iv 9.14 (spoke at trial of Julius Bas-

62

Indices

sus). O n his names, APN 27. Probably Spanish, Cab. no. 82. Herennius Senecio, Stoic senator i 5.3 (abused by Regulus); ili 11-3 (cognomen only; his death); iv 7.5 (his joke about (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.); iv 11.12 (his defence of Valerius Licinianus); vii 19.5 (his trial for writing life of Helvidius); vii 33.4ff. (colleague of P. in trial of Baebius Massa). From Baetica, vii 33.5; PIR2 H 128; Cab. no. 83. Herennius Severus (cos. s u f f . under Hadrian?) iv28 ('vir doctissimus', wished to acquire portraits of Cornelius Nepos and Titus Catius, qq.w.); ix 22:;" (?) (cognomen only: on illness of Passennus Paulus, q.v.); S-W 505 favours identification with Herennius, but see also Annius, Catilius, Vettennius, Vibius Severus. PIR2 H 130: perhaps the patron of Philo of Byblus and suffect consul under Hadrian; RP V 602 (perhaps Spanish); Cab. no. 84 (favouring Valentia). Hermes, (C. Plinius), P.'s freedman vii 11.1, 6 (sold part of P.'s estate to Corellia, q.v.). Herodes (i.e. Herondas), the poet iv 3.4 (poetry of Arrius

Antoninus, q.v., compared to). (Hesiod), the poet iii 7.15 (unnamed: quoted on strife). Hispanus vi 25 *, presumably Baebius Hispanus, q.v.; see also Fabius Hispanus. Hispo see Caepio Hispo. Hispulla, wife of Corellius Rufus i 12.3, 7 (unnamed), 9, 10 (cognomen only); PFOS no. 418; see also Calpurnia, Corellia Hispulla. Homerus, the epic poet i 7.1 (on 'Jupiter'), 4, 5 (P. will address his correspondent 'Homericis versibus')·, i 18.1 (unnamed: on dreams), 4 (unnamed: on fighting for one's country); i 20.22 (on Thersites and Odysseus); ii 14.2 (is studied at school); iii 9.28 (a stylistic device of H.'s); iv 3.2-3 (Arrius Antoninus, q.v., compared to H.'s Nestor); iv 11.12 (unnamed: on death of Patroclus); ν 6.43 (on comparing small with great); ν 19.2 (Valerius Paulinus, q.v., compared to gentle father in Η.); ν 20.8 (on praise of novelties); vi 8.3 (unnamed: saying of Achilles in H.); viii 2.8 (unnamed: on honouring evil and good equally); viii 4.4 (modified long and short syllables); ix 1.4 (unnamed: on impiety

Persons and Deities

of boasting over dead); ix 13.20 (quoted in senate by Fabricius Veiento, q.v., on young attacking old); ix 26.6 (some striking phrases of H.). Homullus see Titius Homullus. Honoratus see Vitellius Honoratus. Horatius (Flaccus, Q.), the poet iii 12.1 (unnamed: quoted on Socratic conversation); ix 22.2 (Passennus Paulus, q.v., compared to). Hortensius (Hortalus), Q. (cos. 69 BC) ν 3.5 (his light verse). Hostilius Firminus ii 11.23f. (legate of Marius Priscus, q.v., implicated in charge); ii 12.Iff. (found guilty). Hyperides, the orator i 20.4 (his long speeches). Isaeus, contemporary orator ii 3 (praised at length by P.).

PIR21 52.

Isocrates, the Athenian orator vi 29.6 (his shyness and weak voice). Italicus see Silius Italicus. Javolenus Priscus (C. Octavius Tidius Tossianus L.) (cos. suff. 86) vi 15.2ff. (his odd reaction to reading of poem by his friend Passenus Paulus, q.v.).The jurist: full names, ILS 1015, Nedinum (Dalmatia); from Iguvium, cf. CIL

63

X I 5805ff., etc.; PIR2 I 14; APN 120. Julia, Juliae 'lex' vi 31.6; 'leges' Pan. 42.1, laws proposed by Julius Caesar or Augustus. (Julia Paulina), daughter of Julius Servianus, q.v. vi 26.1 (not named: P. congratulates Servianus on his son-in-law, the younger (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, q.v.). PFOS no. 452; her names are known from AE 1976, 77. Julius Africanus vii 6.11, 14 (grandson of famous orator, represented a woman against Suburanus, q.v.). PIR2 I 121, cf. 120 (his grandfather). Julius Atticus i 12.10 (friend of Corellius Rufus, q.v.). PIR21 185. Probably from Narbonensis, RPII 717f. Julius Avitus v21.3ff. (his death on ship returning from quaestorship), cf. vi 6.6 (unnamed); (the addressee of ii 6* (cognomen only, was probably Junius Avitus, q.v.); PIR2 I 189, brother of Julius Naso, q.v.; they were sons of the Gallic orator Julius Secundus (PIR2 I 559), as shown by C.P. Jones, HSCP 72(1969) 279ff. Julius Bassus, (C.), proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia ca. AD 100-101 his trial for corruption, and defence by P. de-

64

Indices

scribed at length in iv 9; mentioned in: ν 20.1; vi 29.10; χ 56.4ff.; χ 57.2(T.). PIR2 I 205; SöTIR no. 19. Probably from Pergamum and father of C. Julius Quadratus Bassus (cos. s u f f . 105), PIR2 I 508; SöTIR no. 26. Julius Caesar, C., the Dictator i 20.4 (his long speeches); iii 12.2f. ('C. Caesar': on Cato's drunkenness); ν 3.5 ('divus Julius': his light verse); viii 6.13 (statue of 'divus Iulius' in Forum Julium); cf. also 'Julia lex' vi 31.6; Pan. 42.1. Julius Candidus (Marius Celsus, Ti.) (cos. suff : 86, II ord. 105) ν 20.5 (quoted on eloquence and loquacity). PIR21 241; from western Asia, Syme, e.g. RP IV 165, 176, 315, V 552f., 597; VI 179; VII 539; SöTIR no. 11; APN 133. (Julius P.f. Hor.) Cornutus Tertullus, (C.) (cos. s u f f . 100) ii 11.19ff., ii 12.2 (spoke as cos. des. at trial of Marius Prisais, q.v.); iv 17.9 (he and P. friends for Corellius' daughter); ν 14 (appointed curator viae Aemiliae; praised by P.); vii 21* ('Cornutus': P. on own trouble with eyesight); vii 31* (P. recommends Claudius Pollio, q.v.); ix 13.15ff. (spoke in debate in A D 97 on

Publicius Certus, q.v.); Pan. 90.3 (named as P.'s 'collega'·, cf. 91.1-93.3, unnamed). From Perge in Pamphylia, PIR2 I 408; SöTM no. 22; APN 51, 65f.; he was married to Plancia M.f. Magna of Perge, PIR2 Ρ 444, and their son was C. Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus, cf. stemma, ib. p. 174. H e is referred to by P. as 'Cornutus' or 'Cornutus Tertullus'; he was colleague of P. as treasury prefect and consul ν 14.3, 5, cf. Pan. 90.3 and (unnamed) 91.1-93.3; and was his successor in PontusBithynia, ILS 1024, etc.; see Eck I 353. Julius Ferox, (Ti.) (cos. suff 99) ii 11.5 (spoke as cos. des. at trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.); vii 13 (cognomen only: on 'non studere ... et studere'); χ 87.3 (F., presumably as provincial governor, cf. Eck 1346 η. 264 and II 210, praised the younger Nymphidius Lupus, q.v.); PIR21 306. Julius Frontinus, (Sex.) (cos. suff 73?, II suff 98, III ord. 100) iv 8.3 (P. filled his place in college of augurs); ν 1.5 (cognomen only: P. supported by him and Corellius, q.v., in legal dispute); ix 19 (cognomen only: rated higher

Persons and Deities

than Verginius Rufus, q.v., by (Calvisius) Ruso, q.v., probably his nephew). PIR2 1 322. His daughter Julia Frontina was married to Sosius Senecio, q.v., see PFOS no. 440, cf. 439 (J.F.'s presumed sister). From Narbonensis (Vienna), as argued by Syme, RP VI 216, 226. Julius Genitor iii 3.5ff. (recommended as teacher for son of Corellia Hispulla, q.v.); iii 11 * (on the philosopher Artemidorus, q.v.); vii 30* (consoled on death of a pupil); ix 17* (on vulgar parties). Julius Largus, of Pontus χ 75, χ 76(T.) (P. consults T. about J.L.'s testament). Julius Naso iv 6* (on P.'s properties); vi 6 (P. recommends J.N. s candidacy for office to Minicius Fundanus, q.v.; Naso also supported by Cornelius Tacitus, q.v.). PIR2 I 437; brother of Julius Avitus, q.v.; they were sons of the Gallic orator Julius Secundus (PIR2 I 559), as shown by C.P. Jones, HSCP 72 (1969) 279ff. Julius Piso χ 110 (prosecuted at Amisus: not named in Trajan's reply, 111). (Julius) Sabinus ix 2* (cognomen only: P. had been asked to write him long let-

65

ters, which he thinks unsuitable for S.'s life under arms); ix 18* (icognomen only: a postscript to the previous letter). Evidently first commander of the garrison of the newly conquered province of Dacia, RMD no. 148; K. Wachtel, Klio 72 (1990) 473f.; I. Piso, Fasti provinciae Daciae I (1993) 10-13. This fits the reference to his 'life under arms, camps, bugles, trumpets, sweat and dust', ix 2.4. See also Statius Sabinus, more likely to be the recipient of vi 18* (cognomen only). Julius Servianus, (Ser.), later (L.) Julius (Ursus) Servianus (cos. suff. 90, cos. II ord. 102, III ord. 134) iii 17* (P.'s anxiety at having no letter from J.S.); vi 26* (P. congratulates him on his new son-in-law, the younger (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, q.v.); vii 6.8 (assigned as iudex by the emperor); viii 23.5 (cognomen only: Junius Avitus, q.v., served under J.S. in Germania (superior) and Pannonia);; χ 2.1 (P. thanks Trajan for granting him ius trium liberorum at request of J.S.). PIR2 I 631; STac. 231, 477, 600f., etc.; RP II 672, 770, III 1158f., 1166ff., IV 288, 292,

66

Indices

301, V 467, 486, 492, 541f., 572, VI 144, 221, 401, VII 507, 632, and elsewhere, favouring origin in Narbonensis; cf. Cab. Incertus no. 30. See also (Julia Paulina), his daughter; his wife Domitia

Paulina, PFOS no. 12, was

sister of Hadrian. Julius Sparsus, (?Sex.) (?the cos. suff. 88) iv 5* (on Aeschines' Rhodian speechreading); viii 3* {cognomen only: on S.'s reaction to read-

ing P.'s speech). PIR2 I 586.

Syme, RP II 718, 769, V 465, 472, regards P.'s correspondent as a son of the cos. suff. 88, and suggests origin in Tarraconensis, cf. VI 218. The cos. suff. 88 was a patron of Martial (xii 57). Cab. no. 93. Julius (C.f. Gal.) Tiro (Gaetulicus, C.) vi 31.7 (his will allegedly forged by Sempronius Senecio, q.v.). CIL II 3661, Ebusus, presumably his home, gives his full names and status, senator of praetorian rank, honoured by L.Sempronius L.f. Quir. Senecio, clearly the man accused of forging his will: PIR2 I 603; RP II 718; Cab. no. 94. Julius Valens ν 21.2 (his grave illness). Unidentified: both names are very common.

Julius Valerianus ii 15:;" (cognomen only: P. enquires about J.V.'s Marsian estate); ν 4:;', ν 13* (on debate over petition by (Bellicius) Sollers, q.v.). PIR2 I 612 cites CIL X V 7476, lead-pipe with the name T. Julius Valerianus, and X I I 2608, a homonym at Vienna; but P.'s correspondent remains unidentified: both names are very common. (Julius) Vindex, (C.) rebel against Nero vi 10.4 and ix 19.1 (in self-composed epitaph of Verginius Rufus, q.v.). From Aquitania, PIR21 628.

Junia, Vestal Virgin vii 19.1 (kinswoman of Fannia, q.v.).

PFOS no. 466.

(Junia), daughter of Junius Arulenus Rusticus, q.v. i 14 (unnamed: P. recommends Minicius Acilianus, q.v., as bride-

groom

for

her).

PFOS

no. 467. Junior see Terentius Junior. (Junius) Arulenus Rusticus, (Q.) (cos. suff. 92), Stoic senator i 5.2 (his prosecution and death), 5 (asked P. to support Arrionilla, q.v.); i 14.lff. (P. recommends bridegroom for his daughter); ii 18 (unnamed: P. to recommend teachers for his children);

Persons and Deities

iii 11.3 (cognomen only: his death); ν 1.8 (cognomen only: P. endangered by friendship with); PIR2 I 730; RP VII 571 ff.; APN 150f. Brother of Junius Mauricus, husband of (Verulana) Gratilla, qq.w. Junius Avitus ii 6* (cognomen only: on a stingy host); viii 23 (his death as aedile designate and P.'s tribute). PIR2 I 731, cf. 189 (Julius Avitus, q.v.). Still alive in summer 108, when named as an heir of the so-called 'Testator Dasumius' (CIL VI 10299), who is now identified as Domitius Tullus, q.v., RPY 479, 484f., 539. (Junius) Brutus, M. (Q. Servilius Caepio Brutus) (pr. 44 BC), the Liberator ν 3.5 (his light verse). Junius Mauricus, Stoic senator i 5.10, 15f. (not yet returned from exile); i 14* (P. recommends bridegroom for his late brother's daughter); ii 18* (P. to recommend teachers for his late brother's children); iii 11.3 (his exile); iv 22.3ff. (at dinner with Nerva); vi 14:;' (P. accepts his invitation to stay at Formiae).

PIR2 I 771; RP VII 571 f., 581 ff. Brother of (Junius) Arulenus Rusticus, q.v., probably from N. Italy, G. Alföldy, EOS II 361.

67

Junius Pastor i 18.3 (P. acted for in court-case). PIR21 794. Salomies, APN 145ff., corrects Syme, RP II 718, and elsewhere, on the supposed connection of this man's probable descendant A. Junius P. f. Fab. Pastor L. Caesennius Sospes (cos. ord. 163; PIR2 I 796) with Brixia; Salomies favours Patavium as the origin of these Junii. (Junius) Silanus (Torquatus), L. i 17. 1 (victim of Nero). PIR2 1 838. Juppiter, the god i 7.1 (i.e. Zeus: Homer on his power and majesty); iii 6.4 (temple of at Comum); Pan. 1.5, 6 (chose Trajan as emperor); 8.3 (Nerva placed laurelwreath from Pannonia in lap of his statue); 14.5 (Trajan compared to his son, sc. Hercules); 16.1 ('Capitolinus Iuppiter': laurel-wreath deposited in his temple); 94.Iff. (P. prays that he will protect Trajan). Justus see Fabius, Minicius, Tullius Justus. Juventius (P. f. [V]el.) Celsus, (T. Aufidius Hoenius Severianus, P.) (cos. suff. ca. 114, II ord. 129) vi 5.4-7 (as praetor spoke in case of Varenus, q.v.). The jurist, PIR2 I 882. Legate of Thrace well before

68

Indices

AD 114, Eck I 348 η. 272. For his nomenclature and possible origin in Picenum, see APN 69,139f. Laberius Maximus, (M.') (cos. suff. 87, II ord. 103) χ 74.1 (his slave Callidromus, q.v.). PIR2 L 9; from Lanuvium, cf. PFOS no. 478 (his daughter, wife of Bruttius Praesens, q.v.). Laelii, i.e. C. Laelius 'Sapiens' (cos. 140 BC) Pan. 88.6 (his name 'Sapiens' alluded to and compared to Trajan's Optimus'). Lappius Maximus, (A. Bucius), (cos. suff. 86, II suff. 95) χ 58.6 (Domitian's letter to him as proconsul of PontusBithynia quoted). Full names in RMD 4; PIR2 L 84; cf. PFOS no. 483 (his daughter); APN 95. (Not also called 'Norbanus', as still S-W 643; cf. PIR2 Ν 162.) Larcius Licinus ii 14.9, 11 (first to pay people to applaud his speeches); iii5.17 (in Spain offered to buy Elder Pliny's notebooks). Iuridicus in Spain, RP II 719, 755f., 764, VII 503f.; PIR2 L 95. Larcius Macedo, (A.?) iii 14 (son of freedman, senator of praetorian rank, his murder by own slaves described).

PIR2 L 97, cf. 96, his father, A. Larcius Lydus, on whom see also W. Eck, ZPE 42 (1981) 245f.; id., EOS 1202. Largus see Julius Largus. Lentulus see Cornelius Lentulus. Lepidus see Catius Lepidus. Liberalis see Salvius Liberalis. Libo (Rupilius) Frugi, (?L. Scribonius?) (cos. suff. 88?) iii 9.33 (consular, spoke in trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.). PIR2 L 166, cf. PFOS no. 674 (his daughter Rupilia Faustina). Licinianus see Norbanus, Valerius Licinianus. (Licinius) Crassus (Frugi), (M.) (cos. ord. 64) i 5.3 (executed after being accused by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., under Nero). PIR2 L 191. (Licinius Macer) Calvus, C., the late Republican orator and poet i 2.2 (P. modelled speech on his style); i 16.5, iv 27.4, ν 3.5 (his verses). RE, Licinius no. 113. Licinius Nepos, (M.?) (?the cos. suff 127) (FO) iv 29.2f. (stern praetor, sc. in AD 105); ν 4.2f. (cognomen only: as praetor questioned representatives of Vicetia in senate); ν 9.3ff. (cognomen only: his edict as praetor); ν 13.1 (cognomen only: his sum-

Persons and Deities

mons to Tuscilius Nominates, q.v., in Vicetia case); vi 5 (spoke in case of Varenus, q.v.). S Tac. 661f.; PIR2 L 220, cf. 221-223; RP III 1051f., identifying him with the cos. suff. 127 (cf. PIR2 L 222), V 458, 478, 481f., 558, 591. Licinius Sura, (L.) (cos. suff. 93?, II ord. 102, III ord. 107) iv 30* (on a spring at the 'Larius lacus'); vii 27* (cognomen only, on apparitions experienced by Curtius Rufus and Athenodorus, qq.w.). From Tarraconensis, STac. 791; cf. PIR2 L 253; RP II 770, III 981, IV 8If., V 493, 506ff., VI40iff., etc.; Cab. no. 103. Livius, Titus, the historian ii 3.8 (man from Gades travelled to Rome to see him); vi 20.5 (P. read him during Vesuvius eruption). PIR2 L 292. Lucanus see Domitius Lucanus. Lucceius Albinus, (Cn.) (cos. suff. ca. 102) ili 9.7 (acts with P. against associates of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.); iv 9.13 (acts with P. in defence of Julius Bassus, q.v.); vi 10* (cognomen only; letter on P.'s visit to Alsium). Presumably son of procurator of Judaea in AD 62-4 and of Mauretania Caesariensis AD 68-9 (PIR2 L 354), doubtless the pontifex whose calator was

69

Cn. Lucceius Plutianus, CIL VI 2184 = 32445 (AD 101 or 102). Perhaps from Lusitania, or from Cumae, cf. S-W 232, 277, 365; PIR2 L 355; G. Camodeca, EOS II 121; RP II 772, V 470f.; Cab. no. 104. Lucretius (Carus, T.), the poet iv 18.1 (quoted on poverty of Latin language). Lupercus ii 5* (received speech of P.); ix 26* (P. defends grand style in oratory). Not identified. Perhaps Narbonensian, RP II 771. Lupus see Nymphidius Lupus. Lustricius Bruttianus vi 22.2-6 (a provincial governor, reported criminal offences of his comes Montanius Atticinus, q.v.). His gentilicium is not otherwise known: PIR2 L 446; RP II 719, cf. LE 254 η. 6, 334. The cognomen is epigraphically attested only three times, Kaj. 142,193. (Lutatius) Catulus, Q. (cos. 102 BC) ν 3.5 (his light verse). For the identification, not the cos. 78 BC, as S-W 317, but his father, see C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 139. Lyaeus (i.e. Bacchus) iii21.5 (quoted from Martial's poem, χ 19, on P.). Lycormas, freedman of Trajan χ 63 and 67 (P. reports letters from L.).

70

Indices

Lysias, the orator i 20.4 (his short speeches). Macedo see Larcius Macedo. Macer vi 24*, presumably either Baebius or Calpurnius Macer, qq.w. Macrinus ii 7*; vii 6*; vii IO*; viii 5; vili 17*; ix 4*: probably Caecilius Macrinus, q.v.; see also Minicius Macrinus. Maecilius Nepos see Metilius Nepos. Maesius (M.f. Vot.) Maximus, (M.) iii 20*; iv 25* (both on elections in the senate); perhaps 'Maximus noster' in vi 8.4: RP V 453; from Bergomum, identifiable as M. Maesius M.f. Vot. Maximus, patron of that city, CIL V 5138, RP V 434, 440f., 453. PIR2 M 77. Magnus see Fonteius, Pompeius Magnus. Mamilianus see (Pomponius) Mamilianus. Mancia see Curtilius Mancia. Marcellinus viii 23* (on death of Junius Avitus, q.v.); probably Aefulanus Marcellinus, q.v., otherwise known as recipient of a letter; see also Claudius, Egnatius Marcellinus. Marcellus see Neratius Marcellus. Marcianus see Flavius Marciarne.

Marii (i.e. C. Marius cos. VII 87 BC) viii 6.2 (Pallas, q.v., sarcastically compared to). Marinus see Postumius Marinus. Marius Priscus, former proconsul of Africa ii 11 and 12 (his trial, prosecuted by P. and Cornelius Tacitus, q.v.); iii 9.2, 4 (P. compares M. to Caecilius Classicus, q.v.); vi 29.9 (prosecution mentioned); χ 3a.2 (P. on his selection as prosecuting counsel against M.). He came from Baetica (iii 9.3). S Tac. 658; SW 56ff.; Eck I 328; PIR2 M 315 (proconsul probably A D 97-8); Cab. no. 113. Mars, the god vii 9.11 (in P.'s poem here quoted); cf. Pan. 13.1 (rhetorical expression for warfare). Martialis see Valerius Martialis. Massa see Baebius Massa. Mater Magna (i.e. Cybele) χ 49 and 50(T.) (P. enquires if her temple at Nicomedia may be moved and T. approves). Maturus see Arrianus Maturus. Mauricus see Junius Mauricus. Maximilla see Antonia Maximilla. Maximinus see Fabius Maximinus. Maximus (1) ii 14* (cognomen only: probably Novius Maximus, q.v.); vi 11 * (cognomen

Persons and Deities

only: probably Novius Maximus, q.v.); viii 24* (cognomen only: probably (Quintilius Valerius) Maximus, q.v.); vii 26* (cognomen only: probably Novius Maximus, q.v.); viii 19* (cognomen only: probably Novius Maximus, q.v.); ix 1* (cognomen only: probably Novius Maximus, q.v.); ix 23* (cognomen only: probably Novius Maximus, q.v.). Maximus (2) vi 8.4 (to Priscus: cognomen only; 'Maximus noster' is heir of Valerius Varus, q.v., who owed money to Atilius Crescens, q.v.); perhaps Maesius Maximus, q.v.: RPV 453ff. Maximus (3) vi 34* (encouraged to give munus to the Veronenses in memory of his wife): RP V 449 ('one of the higher knights - if not rather a senator'); PIR2 M 423. Maximus (4), freedman procurator of Trajan χ 27 and 28 (T.) (P. reports his request for more soldiers, and T. gives decision); χ 85 (P. attests his good qualities). Maximus (5), baker of Nicomedia χ 74 (had employed the runaway slave Callidromus, q.v.): see also Anicius, Laberius, Lappius, Maesius,

71

Novius, (Quintilius Valerius), Vibius Maximus. Memmius, C. (pr. 58 BC) ν 3.5 (his light verse). Meidias, opponent of Demosthenes, q.v. vii 30.5 (D.'s speech against compared with P.'s 'de ultione Helvidii'). Menander, the comic poet vi 21.4 (imitated by Vergilius Romanus, q.v.). Messa(l)la (Corvinus), M. (Valerius) (cos. ord. 31 BC) ν 3.5 (his light verse). Messal(l)inus see Valerius Catullus Messal(l)inus Metelli (i.e. Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, cos. 80 BC and his adoptive son) Pan. 88.6 (their name, from the quality 'pietas', compared with Trajan's Optimus') Metilius Crispus vi 25.2ff. (a fellow-townsman of P., disappeared after setting out for centurionate). Metilius (MSS: 'Maecilius') (Sabinus) Nepos, (P.) (cos. suff. 103, des. II ord. 128) ii 3* (cognomen only: on the orator Isaeus, q.v.); iii 1 6* (cognomen only: on Caecina Paetus and the elder Arria, qq.vv.); iv 26* ('Maecilio Nepoti': about to govern 'maximae provinciae', probably Pannonia, cf. Eck I 341;

72

Indices

wishes to re-read P.'s speeches); vi 19* (cognomen only: on price of Italian land). The Metilii came from Novaría. The identity of this correspondent is problematic. Most favour emending the gentilicium to 'Metilio', but it is not clear if our man was P. Metilius Nepos (cos. suff. 91) or P. Metilius Sabinus Nepos (cos. suff. 103), favoured here; cf. STac. 647; SW 146f. (retaining the MSS 'Maecilio', as do the editors of the text); PIR2 M 42, 544, 545 (probably died before entering on his second consulship, AE 1967, 529); C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 124f.; W. Eck, RE, Suppl. xiv 282; RP II 699f., VI 147f.; but cf. also above, under (Julius) Sabinus, now identifiable as the Sabinus, recipient of ix 2::" and ix 18*. Mettius Carus i 5.3 (the delator: his exchange of words with (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.); vii 19.5 (interrogated Fannia, q.v., at trial of Herennius Senecio, q.v.); vii 27.14 (cognomen only: information in his handwriting against P. found in Domitian's 'scrinium'). PIR2 M 562. Mettius Modestus (cos. suff. 82?) i 5.5-7, 13-14 (banished

by Domitian; P. asked by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., for opinion on M.M.'s loyalty in Centumviral Court). Evidently from Arelate in Narbonensis, PIR2 M 565, cf. 566. Minerva, the goddess i 6.3; iii 21.5 (in poem by Martial, χ 19, on P., here quoted); vii 9.11 (in poem by P. quoted); ix 10.1,2. In i 6.3 and ix 10.1,2, both to Cornelius Tacitus, she is contrasted with Diana, q.v. (Minicia Marcella), daughter of Minicius Fundanus, q.v. ν 15 (unnamed: her death). Her names are known from her funerary inscription, ILS 1030; PFOS no. 552. Minicianus see Cornelius Minicianus. Minicius Acilianus, son of Minicius Macrinus, q.v., of Brixia i 14.3-10 (recommended by P. as husband for daughter of (Junius) Arulenus Rusticus, q.v.). Perhaps the Acilianus (cognomen only) of ii 16.Iff., who made a bequest to P. in a codicil to his will. Minicius (L.f. Pap.) Fundanus, (C.) (cos. s u f f . 107) i 9* (on contrast between Rome and Laurentum); iv 15* (on Asinius Bassus, q.v.); ν 15 (on death of his younger daugh-

Persons and Deities

ter, unnamed: she was called Minicia Marcella, q.v., ILS 1030); vi 6* (on Julius Naso, q.v.); vii 12* (P. sends him a speech for a friend). From Ticinum (Pavia), also friend of Plutarch, S Tac. 801; PIR2 M 612; G. Alföldy, EOS II 356f. and GCis 324, more sceptical than Syme, RP VII 603ff. (a full discussion of the career), on the origin from Ticinum. Minicius Justus vii2(?)*; vii 11.4 (husband of Corellia, sister of Corellius Rufus, qq.w.). Probably from Laus Pompeia (Lodi), like the Corellii, G. Alföldy, EOS II 355 and GCis 322f. Formerly praef. castr. of leg. VII Galbiana in AD 69, Tacitus, Hist. iii 7.1. PIR2 M 615. Minicius Macrinus i 14.5 (from Brixia, declined adlection to senate by Vespasian; father of Minicius Acilianus, q-v.); viii 5 (cognomen only: on the death of his wife). Minicius Rufus, (L.) (cos. ord. 88) χ 72 (Domitians letter to M.R., sc. as proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia, referred to). PIR2 M 627. Mithridates χ 11.2 (two persons of this name, respectively father and son of Chrysippus, q.v.).

73

Modestus iv 10 (slave of Sabina, q-v·)· _ Montanius Atticinus vi 22.2-5 (comes of Lustricius Bruttianus, q.v.). RP II 720, stressing that his nomenclature 'exemplifies a strong feature of the Celtic lands'. Cf. also LE 170,192 η. 7; Kaj. 203. Montanus vii 29* and viii 6:;" (on monument for Pallas, q.v.). Not T. Junius Montanus (cos. suff. 81) (SöTIR no. 6), favoured by S-W 438, perhaps L. Venuleius Montanus Apronianus (cos. suff. 92), or a connection of Curtius Montanus, prosecuted in AD 62 (Tacitus, Ann. xvi 28f., PIR2 C 1616): RP II 720, V 465, 473, cf. Syme, Some Arval Brethren (Oxford 1980) 57, rejecting the first two. PIR2 M 681. (Mucius) Scaevola, Q. ν 3.5 (his light verse). Cicero's friend, RE Mucius no. 23, tr. pi. 54 BC, rather than the cos. 95 BC, as S-W 317, see C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 139. Murena, (L. Licinius) (cos. 62 BC) i 20.7 (Cicero's speech in defence of). RE, Licinius no. 123. Murena, 'tribunas [sc. plebis]' ix 13.19, see under Pompeius Falco. Musonius (Rufus), C., the Stoic philosopher iii 11.5, 7 (his

74

Indices

son-in-law the philosopher Artemidorus, q.v.). PIR2 M 753. Mustius ix 39:;' (evidently an architect, asked to buy marble columns for rebuilding of temple). Perhaps from Patavium,RP IV 380, V 461.

plissimum'). PIR2 Ν 60; APN 151 ff.; cf. A.R. Birley, 'Die Nachfolgefrage unter Trajan', in: E. Schallmayer (ed.), Traían in Germanien, Traian im Reich (Bad Homburg v.d.H. 1999) 37-43, suggesting that he may also be the Priscus of vi 8*, vii 8* and vii 15.3, see under Priscus (2). Neratius Priscus was governor of Germania (?) inferior ca. 98-99(?) and Pannonia ca. A D 103-6; brother of the foregoing, from Saepinum. See also Priscus (1-3).

Naso see Julius Naso. Nepos see Cornelius, Licinius, Maecilius, Varisidius Nepos. Neratius Marcellus, (L.) (cos. s u f f . 95, II ord. 129) iii 8.1 (P. promises Suetonius, q.v., that the military tribunate he had obtained for him from N.M. Nero, the emperor i 5.1, 3 (bad can be transferred to S.'s times for senators under); kinsman Caesennius Silvaiii 5.5 (works by Elder Pliny nus, q.v.). PIR2 Ν 55; APN 64 written under); iii 7.3 (Silius η. 11, 151ff.; probably husItalicus, q.v., damaged repuband of Corellia Hispulla, tation under); ν 3.6 (his light q.v.; for his second wife, verse); ν 5.3 (C. Fannius, q.v., Domitia Vettilla, daughter of wrote history of N.'s vic(L.) Domitius Apollinaris, tims), 5 (appeared in Fannius' q.v., see PFOS no. 333. He dream); vi 31.9 (Trajan dewas from Saepinum in Samclined comparison with); nium; governor of Britain, Pan. 11.1 (deified Claudius); dated there January A D 103, 46.4 (unnamed: acted on and presumably offered stage); 53.4 (avenged by Suetonius a tribunate in the Domitian); 57.2 (unnamed: army there; brother of the snatched consulship, sc. in following. A D 68); see also Drusus Nero. (Neratius) Priscus, (L.) (cos. :; s u f f . 97) ii 13(?) ' (cognomen Nerva, (M. Cocceius), the emonly; P. recommends Voconperor ii 1.3 (unnamed: ius, q.v., to Priscus, who Verginius Rufus, q.v., lived to commands 'exercitum amsee N . as emperor); ii 7.1 (un-

Persons and Deities

named: 'princeps' proposed triumphal statue for Vestricius Spurinna, q.v.); iv 9.2 {'Nerva': recalled Julius Bassus, q.v., from exile); iv 11.14 ('divus Nerva': allowed Valerius Licinianus, q.v., to go to Sicily); iv 17.8 ('Nerva': discussion on promising young men before N.); iv 22.4-5 {'Nerva': (Valerius) Catullus Messallinus discussed with Ν.); ν 3.5 ('divus Nerva': his light verse); vii 31.4 ('imperator Nerva': appointed Claudius Pollio, q.v., to assist Corellius Rufus, q.v., in land-distribution); vii 33.9 ('divus Nerva': before accession wrote to P.); ix 13.22 ('Caesar' brought no motion on Publicius Certus, q.v.), 23 ('optimus princeps' removed Publicius Certus, q.v., from treasury); χ 3a. 1 (P. appointed treasury prefect 'indulgentia vestra', i.e. by N. and Trajan); χ 8.1 (unnamed, 'pater tuus': encouraged munificence); χ 58.7-10 ('divus Nerva': his edict and a letter quoted); unnamed in Pan. 611 ('imperator et parens generis humani', 'princeps', etc., besieged, adopted Trajan); 23.5; 37.6; 38.1-2; 43.4; 45.1; 46.2-3; 47.4; 51.2; 56.3; 57.3; 61.7; 88.3; 89.2-3;

75

92.3; 94.4; cf. 21.2; 'divus Nerva' in 7.4; 38.6; 89.1; 90.6; 'Nerva': 7.7; 8.2, 3, 5; 10.2; 35.4; see also Acutius Nerva. (Nestor) iv 3.3 (unnamed, 'Homerici senis': poetry of Arrius Antoninus, q.v., compared to N . in Homer). Nicetes Sacerdos vi 6.3 (his lectures attended by P. and Julius Naso, q.v.). PIR2 Ν 83. Nigrinus see Avidius Nigrinus. Nominatus see Tuscilius Nominatus. Nonianus see Servilius Nonianus. Nonius ix 30.1 (praised by P.'s friend Geminus). (Rosianus) Geminus, q.v., had praised 'Nonium tuum, quod sit liberalis in quosdam'. This might suggest a connection with C. Salvius Liberalis (Nonius Bassus), q.v., but R. Syme, Some Arval Brethren (1980) 31 n. 4, 'will not be tempted to find a pun on his nomenclature' in this sentence; PIR2 N i l i compares the names, including 'Nonius', of Geminus' polyonymous son, AE 1972, 153, Trebula Mutuesca, cf. PIR2 Ρ 939. Nonius Celer vi 32.1 Çhonestissimus vir', prospective husband of daughter of Quintilianus, q.v.). N o t identifiable.

76

Indices

Norbanus Licinianus iii 9.29, 31-35 (a Baetican, banished by Caecilius Classicus, q.v., witness in Classicus' trial, condemned for 'praevaricatio'). PIR2 Ν 168a. Novius Maximus iv20* (P. on N.'s book); ν 5* (on death of C. Fannius, q.v.); probably also the Maximus (cognomen only) who received ii 14* (P. on his cases at Centumviral Court; 14.2 mentions 'Atilius noster', i.e. Atilius Crescens, q.v., probably from Bergomum); vi 11* (P. on (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator and Ummidius Quadratus, qq.w.); vii 26* (P. on a friend s illness); viii 19* (P. asks M. to comment on book); ix 1* (M.'s book, cf. iv 20.2, v5.7f., attacking Pompeius Planta, q.v.); ix 23* (P. on his reputation; including the story of the man who asked Tacitus 'Tacitus es an Plinius?'). RP V 44lf., 449ff., 464 (not connected to Novius Priscus cos. stiff. 78, as S-W 66, 297, 363, 753); cf. SW 481; almost certainly from Transpadana, especially in view of 'Atilius noster' in ii 14.2, RP V 449f., 453; cf. PIR2 M 424,425,430; Ν 182. Numantini see Scipiones. Nymphidius Lupus, the elder χ 87.If. (had been praefectus

(sc. castrorum), probably of P.'s legion (III Gallica), when P. was military tribune and had joined him in his province as assessor). B. Dobson, Die Primipilares (Bonn 1978) no. 93; PIR2 Ν 248. Nymphidius Lupus, the younger, son of the foregoing χ 87.3 (as prefect of a cohort under Julius Ferox and (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, the elder, qq.w., had won their praise; recommended by P. to Trajan; presumably not in P.'s province, since this is not mentioned). PIR2 Ν 249; PME Ν 25. Octavius Avitus ix 33.9 (legate to a proconsul of Africa, sc. Tampius Flavianus, under Claudius or Nero, poured ointment on dolphin). S-W 515f.; PIR2 O 26. Octavius Rufus i 7* (had asked P. not to act for Baetici against Gallus, q.v.); ii 10* (gentilidum only: urged to publish verses by P.); vii 25* (?) (cognomen only: on Terentius Junior, q.v.); ix38(?) (cognomen only: his book published). But the addressee of vii 25 and the Rufus in ix38 are probably Caninius Rufus, q.v. Identified by S-W 101, cf. 754, with C. Marius Marcellus Octavius P.

Persons and Deities

Cluvius Rufus (cos. suff. 80), but see C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 125; RP II 706, V 464; PIR2 O 53. Origin unknown, but A. Krieckhaus, 'Vermutungen zu zwei Korrespondenten des jüngeren Plinius', RhM (forthcoming), argues for Africa. Optimus see Traianus. Pacorus, Parthian king χ 74 (presented with captured slave by Decibalus, q.v.); PIR2 Ρ 32. Paetus see Caecina, Thrasea Paetus. Pallas, (M. Antonius), freedman of Claudius vii 29 and viii 6 (P. sarcastically describes monument honouring Pallas). PIR2 A 858. Pancharia Soteris see Ancharía Soteris. Papirii, i.e. L. Papirius Cursor (cos. V 313 BC) Pan. 57.5 (Trajan's number of consulships compared to his). Passennus Paulus (Propertius Blaesus, C.) vi 15 (Roman knight, descendant of Propertius, gave public reading of verses); ix22.1 (his illness); from Asisium vi 15.1, dedicated poem, 15.2, to Javolenus Priscus, q.v., from nearby Iguvium; full names, CIL XI 5405 = ILS 2925; PIR2 Ρ 141.

77

Passienus (Equi[], C. Sallustius) Crispus, (cos. suff. 27, II ord. 44) vii 6.11 ('Passienus Crispus': his remark about the orator Julius Africanus, q.v.); APN 24f.; PIR2 Ρ 146. Mostly called 'Passienus Crispus', sometimes cCrispus Passienus' in literary texts. Pastor see Junius Pastor. Paternus see Plinius Paternus. Patroclus, the hero iv 11.12 (his death, described concisely by Homer). Paulinus see Valerius Paulinus. Paulus see Passennus, Velius Paulus. (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, (Cn.?), the elder (cos. suff. ca. 84) vi 26.1 (unnamed: his son); χ 87.3 (cognomina only: former superior officer of the equestrian Nymphidius Lupus, q.v.; F.S. was not necessarily a provincial governor, see Eck I 346f. n. 264, cf. II 210, but perhaps tribunus laticlavius or legionary legate, hence the man in χ 87.3 might conceivably the younger F.S., q.v.); from Barcino, PIR2 Ρ 199, cf. 202; Cab. Incertus no. 45. Father of the following. (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, (Cn.), the younger (cos. ord. 118) vi 11 (he and Ummidius Quadratus, q.v., praised by

78

Indices

P., whom they regarded as their teacher); vi 26 (P. congratulates Julius Servianus, q.v., on acquiring F.S. as his son-in-law; see PFOS no. 452, (Julia Paulina), q.v.); vii 9* (P. advises him on course of study); ix 36* (P. describes at length his summer days in Tuscany); ix 40* (the last of the private letters: P. describes his winter days at Laurentum, briefly); referred to in vi 11 and 26 by two cognomina; 'Fusco suo ' in the the address of the three letters to him; from Barcino, ΡIR2 Ρ 200, cf. 202. As son-in-law of Julius Servianus, q.v., F.S. was married to Hadrian's niece (Julia Paulina), q.v., and hence was 'heir presumptive'. RP II 672, 678, 770, III 1158, 1166,1328, etc., IV 53,55, 90, 301, 411, etc., V 525f., 572, 604, 670ff., etc., VI 222, 245, 399, etc., VII 603, 634, 644, etc.; Cab. Incertus no. 46. Son of the foregoing, cf. there on the passage χ 87.3, which might refer to the younger Fuscus, perhaps as perhaps tribunus laticlavius or legionary legate. Pericles, Athenian statesman i 20.17-20 (Eupolis and (Aristophanes), qq-w., quoted on him).

Phosphorus see Caesius Phosphorus. Piso see Calpurnius, Julius Piso. Pisones, (Calpurnii) Pan. 88.6 (their name 'Frugi' alluded to in comparison with Trajan's 'Optimus'). Planta see Pompeius Planta. Plato i 10.5 (Euphrates, q.v., had Plato's 'sublimity and richness'); iv 25.5 (unnamed: quoted on problems which only the gods can solve). Plautus, (T. Maccius), the poet i 16.6 (letters by wife of Pompeius Saturninus (1), q.v., compared to); vi 21.4 (comedies by Vergilius Romanus, q.v., compared to). (Plinia), P.'s mother unnamed in i 19.1 (father of Romatius Firmus, q.v., her friend); iv 19.7 (respected by Calpurnia Hispulla, q.v.); vi 16.21 (P. and his mother at Misenum during Vesuvius eruption); vi 20.4ff. (she and P. escape from Vesuvius); vii 11.3 (Corellia, q.v., her dearest friend). Plinius (L. f. Ouf.) Paternus (Pusillienus, P.), of Comum i 21* (P. P. had advised P. on buying slaves); cognomen only in iv 14* (had expected a speech from P., was to receive verses); viii 16* (P. on illness and death among his slaves);

Persons and Deities

ix 27* (on a reading by an unnamed historian, perhaps Cornelius Tacitus, q.v.); cf. AE 1916, 116, Comum (full names); PIR2 Ρ 492. Presumably a kinsman of P.'s mother's family.

79

Vidman, Klio 63 (1981) 592ff.; and see Introduction. (Plinius Secundus, C.), the Elder Pliny, P.'s maternal uncle and adoptive father. Never named; referred to in i 19.1 (father of Romatius Firmus, q.v., was friend of P.'s mother and unPlinius (L. f. Ouf. Caecilius) cle); iii 5 (full account of his Secundus, C. (cos. s u f f . 100) literary production and hab(FO) Universally 'C. Plinius' its); ν 8.5 (P.'s uncle, also in addresses of letters. P. adoptive father, wrote hisnames himself in the followtory); vi 16 (his conduct during: i 5.5 (called 'Secunde' by ing eruption of Vesuvius and (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.,), 8 death); vi 20.1,2,5,10,20 (re(R. asks Vestricius Spurinna, ferred to in P.'s account of his q.v., 'rogo mane videas Plinown and his mother's conduct ium domi'); iv 17.8, 9 (named during eruption). RPII 742ff., as 'Secundus' by Corellius VII 496ff.; PIR2 Ρ 493. Rufus, q.v.); iv27.4 ('Plinius' in poem by Sentius Auguri- Plinius see also Hermes, (C. nus, q.v., here quoted); ix 13.8 Plinius) and Zosimus, (C. (addressed as 'Secunde' by Plinius). the consul in the Publicius Plotina (Augusta, Pompeia), Certus, q.v., debate); ix 23.3, Trajan's wife ix 28.1 (P. 4 (coupled with Cornelius promises to forward letter Tacitus, q.v., in the question from Voconius, q.v., to 'Ploti'Tacitus es an Plinius?' and nam, sanctissimam feminam'; called 'Plinius' by Fadius RuPan. 83.5-84.8 (unnamed: her finus, q.v., when pointing P. qualities praised). She eviout to his fellow-townsman). dently came from Nemausus Further, Trajan addresses in Gallia Narbonensis; PFOS Pliny as 'mi Secunde carisno. 631; PIR2 Ρ 679. sime' in twelve letters, χ 16, Poena, goddess Pan. 49.1 (per20, 50, 53, 55, 60, 62, 80, 82, sonification of vengeance or 89, 95, 99, as 'Secunde carispunishment, burst open sime' in χ 18, 44,91,115,121, Domitian's palace). and as 'mi Secunde' in χ 97. Pollio see Asinius, Claudius, PIR2 Ρ 490; TiP no. 408; L. Herennius Pollio.

80

Indices

Polyaenus vii 6.6, 14, vii 10.1 (Bithynian delegate for defence of Varenus, q.v.); perhaps descendant of Claudius Polyaenus, q.v., PIR2 Ρ 554. Polyclitus, the sculptor i 20.10 (as referred to by Cicero). Polyclitus, freedman of Nero vi 31.9 (mentioned by Trajan at his consilium). Pompeia Celerina, P.'s motherin-law i4;:" ('socrui s. on her Umbrian estates); i 18.3 (unnamed, 'socrus mea' - unnecessarily taken by S-W 128 to be the mother of a previous wife of P., i.e. the first of three wives: begged P. to abandon a case); iii 19.8 (unnamed: P. able to borrow money 'a socruy, vi 10.1 (unnamed: P. had visited 'socrus meae villam Alsiensem'); χ 51.1 (unnamed 'socrui meae': T. agreed to transfer her kinsman Caelius Clemens, q.v., to P.'s province). PIR2 Ρ 670; PFOS no. 626. She was mother of a wife previous to Calpurnia, q.v., either P.'s first or second wife, cf. PFOS no. 869. Her parentage is also discussed in APN 118f.; her second husband was (Q. Fulvius Gillo) Bittius Proculus, q.v., ix 13.13 (married to him at latest in AD 97). Pompeia lex the lex data of (Cn.) Pompeius Magnus, q.v.,

regulating the affairs of the reconstituted province of Pontus-Bithynia: χ 79.1, 4 and 80(T.) (on age of local officeholding); χ 112.1 (on entrance-fees for local councils); χ 114.1 and 115(T.) (on grants of local citizenship). Pompei see Pompeius Magnus. Pompeius Collega, (Sex.) (cos. ord. 93) ii 11.20-22 (spoke in Marius Priscus trial).PIR 2 Ρ 601. Pompeius Falco, (Q. Roscius Sex. f. Quir.) Murena (Coelius), (cos. s u f f . 108?) (FO: '[ ]ius F I ]') i 23 * (on practising in courts while tribune of the plebs); iv 27::" (on poetryreading by Sentius Augurinus); vii 22::" (cognomen only: P. requests military tribunate for Cornelius Minicianus, q.v.); ix 15* (cognomen only: P. describes stay on Tuscan estate). RP V 483; PIR2 Ρ 602. His origin was probably in Sicily, W. Eck, ZPE 113 (1996) 12Iff.; APN 124ff., rendering previous speculation obsolete. H e is presumably the Murena 'tribunus [sc. pie bis'J) of ix 13.19 (his exchange with Fabricius Veiento, q.v., in Publicius Certus debate), S Tac. 76 η. 1; PIR2 M 746, Ρ 602; TiP no. 414. He later acquired the

Persons and Deities

further names Silius Decianus Vibullus Pius Julius Eurycles Herclanus. He was married to Sosia Polla, daughter of Sosius Senecio, granddaughter of Julius Frontinus, qq.w., see PFOS no. 723. Pompeius Julianus, father-inlaw of Euphrates, q.v. i 10.8 (leading citizen of his province, sc. Syria). Pompeius Magnus, (Cn.) (cos. 70, II 55, III 52 BC) viii 6.2 ('Pompei': fame of Pallas, q.v., sarcastically compared to); Pan. 29.If. ('Pompeius': his control of the 'annona' compared with Trajan's); 88.5 ('Magnus': his name compared to Trajan's Optimus')·, see also Pompeia lex. Pompeius Planta, (C.) ix 1 (cognomen only: object of hostile work by Maximus, probably Novius Maximus, q.v.); χ 7 (T.): T. tells P. to supply nome of Harpocras, q.v., for him to transmit to Planta, prefect of Egypt); χ 10.2 (P. complies). ΡIR2 Ρ 637 (in Egypt 98-99/100; he wrote account of battle of Bedriacum, Schol. Juv. ii 99). Pompeius Quintianus ix 9 (to Colonus on Q.'s death - he died young); not otherwise identifiable, PIR2 Ρ 647.

81

Pompeius Saturninus (1) i 8* (on Pliny's speeches); i 16 (praised as poet and orator); ν 21* (on illness of Julius Valens, death of Julius Avitus); vii 7::" (cognomen only: P. had thanked 'Priscus noster' with whom S. was working); vii 8 ('Saturninus noster' praised in letter to Priscus (2), q.v.); vii 15* (cognomen only: refers to 'Prisci nostri contubernium'); ix 38::' (cognomen only: on book by 'Rufus noster', presumably Caninius Rufus, q.v.): RP V 454f.; cf. PIR2 Ρ 650; to be distinguished from the following. Pompeius Saturninus (2) ν 7 (cognomen only: his death and legacy to P. and to 'rei publicae nostrae', 7.1, their 'communem patriam', 7.2); from Comum, ν 7.Iff.; he is alluded to in distinction from the foregoing i 16.1, 'hunc dico nostrum'. RP V 454f. Pomponia Galla ν 1.1 (disinherited her son Asudius Curianus, q.v., made P. and Sertorius Severus, q.v., her heirs). PFOS no. 638; PIR2 Ρ 773 (doubting her senatorial status). Perhaps sister of C. Pomponius Gallus Didius Rufus (proconsul of CreteCyrene AD 89, Eck 1315): RP

82

Indices

IV 157; PFOS no. 638; PIR2 Ρ 716 (not daughter of this proconsul, as S-W 312). Pomponianus vi 16.12, 14 (Elder Pliny stayed night with him at Stabiae during Vesuvius eruption). PIR2 Ρ 683. N o t son of P. Pomponius Secundus, q.v., adopted by a Tascius, q.v., as S-W 373: C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 127; RPIV 142. Pomponius Bassus, (T.) (cos. suff 94) iv 23* (P. congratulates on plans for retirement). PIR2 Ρ 705. (Pomponius T. f. Gal.) Mamilianus (Rufus Antistianus Funisulanus Vettonianus, T.) (cos. suff. 100) (FO) ix 16* ('Mamiliano suo': P. not surprised he enjoyed hunting so much); ix 25* ('Mamiliano suo': P. compares M.'s military affairs with his civilian duties). M. had been legionary legate in Britain, was evidently governor of consular military province when he received ix25: PIR2 Ρ 734. From Spain, RP IV 150f.; A P N 88, 133f. Pomponius Rufus (Acilius [?Tu]scus Coelius Sparsus, C.) (cos. suff 98) (FO) iii 9.33 (spoke as consular at trial of associates of Caecilius Classicus, q.v.); iv 9.3 (prosecuted

Julius Bassus, q.v.). From Spain, RP IV 147ff.; APN 133; PIR2 Ρ 749. Pomponius Secundus, [?P. Calvjisius Sabinus) (cos. s u f f . 44) iii 5.3 (the Elder Pliny wrote his life); vii 17.1 if. (writer of tragedies; his practice at public readings). A P N 114; PIR2 Ρ 754. Pontius Allifanus, (L.) ν 14* (P. praises (Julius) Cornutus Tertullus, q.v.); vi 28* (gentilicium only: P. knew why Pontius could not greet him on his arrival in Campania); vii 4:;' (gentilicium only: P. on his own verse). Praenomen known from AE 1956, 187, Paphos, where he was comes of his father, proconsul ca. A D 76. PIR2 Ρ 794. The cognomen, not in Kaj., presumably denotes origin from Allifae, a pagus of Nola, which fits 'Campania tua' in ν 14.9, cf. vi 28.1 ('in Campaniam'). Popilius Artemisius ix 28.2 (cognomen only except in edit. Aldina: commended by Voconius, q.v., in letter to Plotina, q.v., forwarded by P.). PIR2 Ρ 836: perhaps relative or freedman of Popillia Rectina, wife of Voconius. (Porcius) Cato, (M.), the Elder i 20.4 (his short speeches); iv 7.5 (his definition of an or-

83

Persons and Deities

ator adapted by Herennius Senecio, q.v.). (Porcius) Cato, M., the Younger i 17.3 ( c Catonum': his bust in house of Titinius Capito, q.v.) iii 12 (his prestige even when drunk); iii 21.5 {'Catones'·, his puritanism in Martial's poem, χ 19, about P.); iv27.4 ('Catones': P. compared to in poem by Sentius Augurinus, q.v.). Postuminus see Fabius Postuminus. Postumius Marinus χ 11 (doctor who had treated P., who requests citizenship for P.M.'s relatives). Praesens see Bruttius Praesens. Prima see Furia Prima. Priscus (1) ii 13* (P. recommends Voconius Romanus, q.v., to Priscus, who commands 'exercitum amplissimum'·, probably Neratius Priscus, q.v.). Priscus (2) vi 8* (P. requests his help for 'Maximus noster' over testament of Valerius Verus); vii 7 ('Priscus noster' with whom (Pompeius) Saturninus (1), q.v., was working); vii 8* (P. thanks Priscus for helping 'Saturninus noster'); vii 15.3 (P.'s pleasure at Saturninus' 'contubernium' with Priscus, who evidently had some official post in

Transpadana, e.g. with the alimenta)·, Syme suggested M. Trebatius Priscus (cos. suff. 108), unknown except for his consulship as colleague of future emperor Hadrian, CIL VI 2016, cf. 10229, line 124, RP V 453ff. (cf. for other suggestions SW 363, 412). Trebatius Priscus was perhaps from U m bria: ten M. Trebatii are known at Aeclanum, four at Mevania, cf. also Dig. xxxii 35.2 (under M. Aurelius), the 'fundus Trebatianus qui est in regione Atellata' (sic: = Atellana or Stellatina?). For possible identity of Priscus (2) with the foregoing and with Neratius Priscus, q.v., cf. A. R. Birley, in: E. Schallmayer (ed.), Traían in Germanien, Traian im Reich (1999) 42 η. 20. This Priscus is not registered in PIR2 P. Priscus (3) vii 19* (on illness of Fannia: probably Cornelius Priscus, q.v.). Priscus see also Bittius, Cornelius, Helvidius, Javolenus, Marius, Neratius, Stilonius Priscus. Probus see Baebius Probus. Procula see Serrana Procula. Proculus see Proculus.

Bittius,

Silius

84

Indices

Propertius, (Sex.), the poet vi 15.1 (his fellow-townsman and descendant Passennus Paulus, q.v.); ix22.1, 2 (imitated by his descendant); Pan. 81.4 (unnamed: his phrase 'floating sails'). Publicius Certus ix 13.13, 1617, 22-25 (treasury-prefect, attacked by P. in senate debate in AD 97, presumably for his role in death of younger Helvidius, q.v.). PIR2 Ρ 1040, suggesting that he was father of C. Quinctius Certus Publicius Marcellus (cos. suff. 120), ib. 1042. APN 125f. prefers the suggestion that Marcellus was adopted. The latter was from Aquileia, G. Alföldy, EOS II 332. Pudens see Servilius Pudens. Python, Greek orator ix 26.9 (in quotation from Demosthenes, q.v., his opponent). Quadratilla see Ummidia Quadratilla. Quadratus see Ummidius Quadratus. Quietus see Avidius Quietus. Quin(c)tii, i.e. T. Quinctius Capitolinus (cos. VI 439 BC) Pan. 57.5 (Trajan's number of consulships compared to his). Quintianus see Pompeius Quintianus.

Quintilianus, husband of Tutilia vi 32::' (his daughter to marry Nonius Celer, q.v.). Quintilianus, (M. Fabius) the teacher of oratory ii 14.9-11 (was P.'s teacher, his story about Domitius Afer, q.v.); vi 6.3 (P. attended his lectures with Julius Naso, q.v.). PIR2 F 59 (Quin(c)tilius (Sex. f. Ani.) Valerius) Maximus, (Sex.) viii 24* (cognomen only: P.'s advice on eve of M.'s departure to be corrector of free cities in Achaia); probably also Pan. 70.1-2 (unnamed: his conduct as quaestor of a province praised by Trajan): identity with man in ILS 1018 and Arrian, Diss. Epicteti iii 7, cf. Philostratus, V. soph, ii 1.11, is clear, RP V 446ff.; SöTIR no. 40 (unnecessarily doubted by S-W 479f.). He was from Alexandria Troas and was given latus clavus by Nerva. Rectina, wife of Tascius (?), q.v. vi 16.8-9 (Elder Pliny tried to rescue her from Vesuvius eruption). RP II 702, IV 142, V 603 n. 124; PFOS no. 665. She shared the name with the wife of Voconius Romanus, q.v. It is epigraphically attested only four times in CIL

Persons and Deities

II and once each in III and IX, according to Kaj. 252. Regulus see (Aquillius) Regulus. Restitutus vi 17*; presumably Claudius Restitutus, q.v. Robustus, Roman knight vi 25 (to (Baebius) Hispanus, q.v., on R.'s disappearance). Romanus see Vergilius, Voconius Romanus. Romatius Firmus, of Comum i 19* (P.'s 'municeps ... et condiscipulus et... contubernalis', offered money to give him equestrian census); iv29* (on conduct of Licinius Nepos, q.v., as praetor). Rosianus Geminus (Laecan[ius Bassus?], T. Prifernius Sex. f. [QJuir. Paetus) (cos. suff: ca. 125) 'Geminus' only, except in x26. vii 1* (on G.'s illhealth); vii 24* (on death of Ummidia Quadratilla, q.v.); viii S* (on death of wife of Macrinus, either Caecilius or Minicius Macrinus, qq.w.); viii 22* (on people's faults); i x l l * (on P.'s works being sold at Lugdunum); ix 30* (on G.'s friend Nonius, q.v.); χ 26 (P. recommends him to Trajan). Was P.'s quaestor in A D 100, eventually became consul and legate of Cappadocia in A D 129, AE 1976, 675, Archelais; probably

85

from Trebula Mutuesca, PIR2 Ρ 938, cf. 939 and stemma p. 393; APN 51ff.; RP II 483ff, III 131 l f f , V S 9 1 ; 7ÏP no. 435. Rufinus viii 18* (cognomen only: on the testament of Domitius Tullus, q.v.); identified with Fadius Rufinus, q.v., by S-W 468. Given the commonness of the cognomen, Kaj. 229 (41 senators and nearly 500 epigraphically attested men), certainty is impossible. See also Trebonius Rufinus. Rufus vi 30.5 (a possible person to administer Campanian villa of Calpurnius Fabatus, q.v.). Clearly an 'agrestis', cf. 30.4, hence hardly Calvisius or Caninius Rufus, although both were from Comum, SW 390, and this Rufus was son of a friend of Fabatus, 30.5. Hardly Sempronius Rufus, q.v., as Radice I 579; for the Rufus of vii 25* and ix 38, see Caninius Rufus. Rufus see Acilius, Asinius, Calvisius, Caninius, Corellius, Curtius, Minicius, Octavius, Pomponius, Satrius, Sempronius, Varenus, Verginius Rufus Ruso ix 19* (cognomen only): see Calvisius, Cremutius Ruso.

86

Indices

sociates of Caecilius ClassiRusticus ix 29* (cognomen cus, q.v.). From Urbs Salvia, only: on P.'s attempts at 'varcousin of L. Flavius Silva us ... studiorum generibus'); Nonius Bassus (cos. ord. 81), not identifiable, cf. S-W 512, APN 80,132f.; TiP no. 468. discussing possibilities, including L. Messius Rusticus Sardus ix 31 * (P. had been en(cos. s u f f . 114); this man was joying S.'s book, partly about evidently from Siarum in BaP. himself). Perhaps an Ascoetica (PIR2 M 521; Cab. nius Sardus from Patavium, no. 121). See also (Junius) thus Syme, comparing ILS Arulenus Rusticus. 6692 from that town, C. Asconius C.f. Sardus, RP IV 379f., 391, V 470f., 487. The Sabina iv 10 (had made P. and name is otherwise exceedStatius Sabinus, q.v., her ingly rare: only seven bearers heirs). known to Kaj. 193. Sabinianus ix 21 * (P. urges him to restrain anger with freed- Satrius Abascantus, L. χ 11.2 man); ix 24* (P. pleased that (P. requests citizenship for at S. had taken the freedman the desire of his patron). His back). Perhaps identical with patron was presumably a L. the Sabinianus cos. suff 112, Satrius, a protégé of P., S-W C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 757, probably not the follow128, but doubted by Syme, ing, who as a senator could RP II 721, denied VII 510 have approached T. himself. η. 104 (P.'s correspondent Satrius Rufus i 5.11 (he and P. 'clearly not a senator'). insulted by (Aquillius) ReguSabinus vi 18*, see Statius Sabilus, q.v.); ix 13.17 (spoke in nus; for ix 2* and ix 18*, see favour of Publicius Certus, (Julius) Sabinus. q.v., in senate). S-W 99 suggests link with [SJatrius Q.f. Sacerdos see Nicetes Sacerdos. Hör. Sep[ ]tus, CIL X 135 = Salinator see Pedanius Fuscus ILS 2719, Potentia, decorated Salinator. as senatorial military tribune Salvius (C.f. Vel.) Liberalis in A D 92, whose last name is (Nonius Bassus, C.) (cos. suff restored as [Ru]fus by G. 85?) ii 11.17 (defended MarCamodeca, EOS II 147. Oriius Priscus, q.v., at his trial); gin not discoverable accordiii 9.33 (banished by Domiing to Syme, RP VII 556. Cf. tian), 36 (spoke at trial of as-

Persons and Deities

also the Augustan military tribune [—] Satrius N.f. Ter. Rufus, ILS 9389, Teanum Sidicinum, perhaps an ancestor, PME S 10. Perhaps also the recipient of ix 35*':", as suggested by C.P. Jones, Phoenix 22 (1968) 114, emending 'Atrio' to '[S]atrio\ cf. under Atrius, above. Saturius Firmus iv 15.3 (sonin-law of Asinius Rufus, q.v.). According to STac. 801 and RPII 483 perhaps C. Saturius [ ], procurator of Raetia in AD 80, and perhaps from Asculum, citing CIL IX 5241, Asculum, XI 1437, Pisae, X 6260, Tarracina, for people called Saturius Picens. But by mishap Syme took Saturius Firmus to be the father-in-law of Asinius Rufus, not his son-in-law. A former procurator of AD 80 would surely be too old to have married a daughter of Asinius Rufus. Origin in Picenum also supported by L. Gasperini and G. Paci, EOS II225; cf. PFOS no. I l l (on (Asinia), wife of S.F.). Saturninus see Pompeius Saturninus (1 and 2). Sauromates, (Ti. Julius), King of the Bosporus χ 63, 64, 67.1 (P. reports arrival of respectively a tabellarius, a letter

87

and a legatus from S.). Ρ IR21 550 (reigned AD 93/4-123/4). Scaevola see Mucius Scaevola. Scaurus see Atilius, Terentius Scaurus. Scipiones, i.e. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus (cos. 205) and his grandson (cos. 147 BC) vili 6.2 (here just 'Africani', 'Numantini': fame of Pallas, q.v., sarcastically compared to); Pan. 13.4 (Trajan compared to). Scribonianus see Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus. Secundus see Plinius, Pomponius Secundus. Sempronius Caelianus χ 29.1 and 30.1(T.) (S.C., 'egregius iuvenis', had found two slaves among his recruits; clearly an equestrian officer). PME S 18, citing E. Birley's suggestion that he was prefect of coh. VI equestris (for which see under Accius Aquila, above.) Sempronius Rufus, (T.?) (?the cos. Stiff. 113) (FO) iv 22* (on

P.'s membership of Trajan's consilium, with story about (Valerius) Catullus Messallinus, q.v.); ν 9 (on the edict of the praetor Licinius Nepos, q.v.). For identity with the cos. suff. 113, S - W 298, Vid-

man, FO 108. Syme, RP V 458, is sceptical, although

88

Indices

conceding that 'this man looks like a senator'. The names are too common to suppose descent from the homonym recalled from exile by M. Antonius (Cicero, Att. xiv 14.2). Hardly the Rufus, q.v., of vi 30.5; for the Rufus of vii 25* and ix 38, see Caninius Rufus. Sempronius (L.f. Quir.) Senecio, (L.) vi 31.8, 11 (Roman knight, accused of forging the will of his friend Julius Tiro, q.v.; evidently acquitted). Honoured Tiro as his 'amicus optimus' at Ebusus, CIL II 3661 and named his own son Tiro, as shown by AE 1975, 849, Sidon, giving his procuratorial career up to the procuratorship of Judaea: CP, Suppl. no. 103A (presumably from Spain, probably from Ebusus). Seneca see Annaeus Seneca. Senecio see Herennius, Sempronius, Sosius Senecio. Sentius Augurinus, (Q. Gellius) iv 27.1ff. (his poetryreading, including poem quoted praising P., described to Pompeius Falco, q.v.); ix 8:;~ (cognomen only: P. pleased by S.A.'s praise). Presumably from Verona, as a fellow-townsman of Catullus, iv27.4: although denied

by S-W 306, this is accepted by Syme, RPI 358, IV 380, V 463, VII 482 η. 80, 484, 543; and, with hesitation, by G. Alföldy, EOS II 343. Kinsman of Vestricius Spurinna, q.v., iv 27.5. Proconsul of Macedonia under Hadrian, ILS 5947a. PIR2 G 135. Septicius (Clarus), C. i 1 * (gentilicium only: S. had urged P. to collect and publish letters); i 15* (P. jokingly reproaches S. for failing to come to dinner); ii 9.4 ('C. Septicius': his nephew Erucius Clarus, q.v., praised); vii 28::" (gentilicium only: P. admits he praises his friends too much); viii 1* (gentilicium only: on illness of P.'s lector Encolpius, q.v.). PIR1 S 302. Perhaps from Transpadana, cf. the highranking knight whose names included the rare Septicius, ILS 1348, near Verona (JulioClaudian); Guard Prefect of Hadrian from AD 119, HA Hadr. 9.5, dismissed in Britain in AD 122, ib. 11.3: S Tac 779f.; RP III 1300f., V 461, VI 101, 171, VII 476f., 481, 600, etc.; Syme, Historia Augusta Papers (Oxford 1983) 168ff. Serrana Procula i 14.6 (from Patavium, noted for her 'severitas', grandmother of

Persons and Deities

Minicius Acilianus, q.v.). For her first name, LE 370f. Sertorius, (Q.) (pr. 83 BC), Marian leader in Spain iii 9.11 ('Sertorianum exempluiri: the story of the horse's tail, cf. Plutarch, Sert. 16, etc.). Sertorius Severus ν 1.1 (expraetor; he and P. joint heirs of Pomponia Galla, q.v.). Perhaps father or uncle of Ummidius Quadratus, q.v., RP III 1163, IV 170, V 646. Servianus see Julius Servianus. Servilius Calvus, P. χ 56.2, 5 and x57.1(T.) (proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia, banished men from province). In office ca. 108-9, Eck I 346. (Servilius) Nonianus, (M.) (cos. ord. 35), the historian i 13.3 (ιcognomen only: Claudius, q.v., attended a reading by him). PIR' S 420; R. Syme, Ten Studies in Tacitus (Oxford 1970) 9Iff. Servilius Pudens, (Q.) χ 25 (P.'s legate in his province: his arrival announced). Presumed to be the owner of brickworks near Rome, H. Bloch, HSCP 58-59 (1948) 46, whose homonymous father was legate of a proconsul of Africa, AD 77-8, AE 1949, 76, cf. 1955, 147: RP II 722. His son married Ceionia

89

Plautia, daughter of L. Aelius Caesar, PFOS no. 205. These Servilii evidently came from Africa, M. Corbier, EOS II 721. Severus vi 27::" (cognomen only: perhaps Vettennius Severus, q.v.); ix 22::" (perhaps Annius Severus, q.v.); see also Catilius, Herennius, Vibius Severus. Silanus see (Junius) Silanus. Silius Italicus, (Ti. Catius Asconius) (cos. suff. 68), the poet iii 7 (to Caninius Rufus, q.v., on S.'s death). His full names are supplied by MAMA VIII 411, Aphrodisias. From Transpadana, RP IV 132,135, 380f., V 470, 508, VII 483, 488, 527, 533, 557, 638, etc.; APN 92f., 96; TiP no. 495. Silius Proculus iii 15* (P. to read some of his poems). Unidentified; but A. Krieckhaus, 'Vermutungen zu zwei Korrespondenten des jüngeren Plinius', Rh M (forthcoming), suggests that he was really (C.) Julius Proculus (cos. suff. 109), for whom see PIR2 I 497, cf. Ρ 991, and A.R. Birley, ZPE 116(1997) 23iff. Silvanus see Caesennius Silvanus.

90

Indices

Socrates iii 12.1 ('Socratici sermones': promised at P.'s dinner party). Sollers see Bellicius Sollers. Sophocles, tragic poet ii 14.5 (pun on his name). Sosius Senecio, (Q.) (cos. ord. 99, II ord. 107) i 13* (on the latest poets); iv 4* (recommending Varisidius Nepos, q.v.). S Tac. 87, 228, 232, 476, 505, 599, 602, etc.; RP III 1165, 1258, 1338, IV 98, V 473f., 554, 640, 646, VI 403f., VII 549, 558, 615, etc. H e was son-in-law of Julius Frontinus, father-in-law of Pompeius Falco, qq.w., cf. PFOS nos. 440, 723 on his wife and daughter. Cab. no. 164, claims him as Spanish, but his origin remains uncertain. Sotades, salacious Alexandrian poet ν 3.2 (P. writes 'Sotadicos [an editor's correction of the MSS Socráticos] intellego\ i.e. he could appreciate verses in the style of S.) Soteris see Ancharía Soteris. Sparsus see Julius Sparsus. Spurinna see Vestricius Spurinna. Statius Sabinus iv 10* (S. and P. are heirs of Sabina, q.v., whose instructions on freeing her slave are clear but not legally binding); perhaps also the recipient of vi 18* (?)

(cognomen only: P. accedes to S.'s request to be advocate for people of Firmum, S.'s hometown), although the cognomen was exceedingly common, Kaj. 186 (38 senators and over 700 male bearers of the name epigraphically recorded). vi 18* cannot be to P. Metilius Sabinus Nepos, q.v., who came from Novaría, whereas this Sabinus was from Firmum. Presumably to be distinguished also from the Sabinus (cognomen only) of ix 2* and ix 18*, for whom see (Julius) Sabinus. Stilonius Priscus iii 9.18 (tribunas cohortis under Caecilius Classicus, q.v.; banished from Italy for two years). PME S 80. The gentilicium is not treated in LE. Strabo see Caecilius (Strabo). Stratonice, wife of Chrysippus, q.v. χ 11.2 (P. requests citizenship for her). Suburanus vi 33.6 (name emended from 'Suberinus': involved in law-suit of Attia Viriola, q.v.); not the same man as Attius Suburanus, q.v., but perhaps his son or nephew: PIR2 A 1366, 1370; S-W 400; PFOS no. 126; cf. RP II 700f, 722. Suetonius Tranquillus, (C.), the biographer i 18* (reas-

Persons and Deities

sured about his dream); i 24.1, 3 (cognomen only: P. asks Baebius Hispanus, q.v., to help S. buy a small farm); iii 8* (P. promises to arrange transfer of military tribunate under Neratius Marcellus, q.v., to S.'s kinsman Caesennius Silvanus, q.v.); ν 10* (urged to publish); ix 34* {cognomen only: asked for advice on P.'s poetry-reading); χ 94 and χ 95(T.) (P. requests ius triam liberorum for S., probably on P.'s staff in his province, cf. 94.1). Probably from Hippo Regius; ab epistulis of Hadrian, dismissed in Britain in AD 122, dedicated his Caesars to Septicius Clarus, q.v.: CP no. 96; RP II 479, 482, 492f., Ill 1133, 1262, 1269, 1337ff., V 548, 696, etc. Sulla, Sullae see Cornelius Sulla. (Sulpicius) Camerinus, (Q.) (cos. suff. 46) i 5.3 (victim of Nero, accused by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.). Sulpicius (Rufus), Ser. (cos. 51 BC) the jurist ν 3.5 (his light verse). Sura see Accius, Licinius Sura. Susagus χ 74.1 (Dacian, captured a slave of Laberius Maximus, q.v., in Moesia). Tacitus see Cornelius Tacitus.

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Tasc(i)us, husband of Rectina, q.v. vi 16.8 (her peril when Vesuvius erupted). The name could be 'Tascius', 'Tascus' or 'Cascus', RP II 702; for 'Cascus', cf. Cn. Pedius Cascus (cos. suff. 71), RP IV 142, PIR2 Ρ 213 (in favour). Not the same person as Pomponianus, q.v., as S-W 373. Terentius (Afer, P.), the comic poet i 16.6 (letters by wife of Pompeius Saturninus (1), q.v., compared to); ν 3.2 (unnamed: his 'homo sum' quoted); vi 21.4 (comedies by Vergilius Romanus, q.v., compared to). Terentius Junior, (C.) vii 25.25 (to Caninius Rufus, q.v., on T.'s procurato rial career and scholarship); viii 15* (cognomen only: P. has sent him books); ix 12* (cognomen only: on a spoiled young man). Cf. ILS 6120, Perusia; CP no. 69. Terentius Maximus, probably procurator rather than proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia χ 58.5 (Domitian's letter to him quoted). Terentius Scaurus, (Q.?) ν 12* (P. asks his advice on a speech). Either the grammarian or his father, RE 5A.1 (1934) 671-6 (E. Groag, P. Wessner).

92

Indices

Tertullus see (Julius) Cornutus Tertullus. Theon, husband of Thermuthis, q.v. χ 5.2. Theophanes, Bithynian prosecutor of Julius Bassus, q.v. iv 9.3 (spoke second), 5 ('factiosissimus'), 20 (had committed offences himself). Thermuthis, wife of Theon χ 5. 2 (P. requests citizenship for her freedman Harpocras, q.v.). Thrasea (Paetus, P. Clodius) {cos. suff. 56), Stoic senator iii 16.10 (son-in-law of Caecina Paetus and Arria, qq.w.); vi 29.1,7 (quoted by his friend Avidius Quietus, q.v.); vii 19.3 (his daughter Fannia, q.v.); viii 22.3 (a saying of his quoted to (Rosianus) Geminus, q.v.). Thucydides, the historian iv 7.3 (unnamed: on ignorance and reflection); ν 8.11 (on his own history). Tiberius, the emperor ν 3.5 ('Tiberius Caesarhis light verses). Timo, husband of Arrionilla, q.v. i 5.5. Tiro see Calestrius, Julius, (Tullius) Tiro. Titianus see Cornelius Titianus. Titinius Capito, (Cn. Octavius) i 17 (erected statues of L. (Junius) Silanus, q.v., and others

and wrote poems about them); ν 8* (his suggestion that P. should write history); viii 12 (on his public reading and promotion of 'studiosi'; wrote on deaths of famous men). Full names given by I U 1448 and AE 1934, 154; APN 104; PIR2 O 62: he was an equestrian officer, then ab epistulis of Domitian, Nerva and Trajan, and praefectus vigilum. Perhaps from northern Italy, RP VII 476, citing C. Octavius M.f. Capito, ILS 6705, near Verona; from Rome, according to PME O 12. Titius Aristo i 22 (his illness and praise for his legal learning and character); ν 3* (on writing of light verse); viii 14::" (cognomen only: on senatorial procedure and murder of Afranius Dexter, q.v.). A jurist, probably equestrian, cited in the Digest: see W. Kunkel, Herkunft und soziale Stellung der römischen Juristen (Weimar 1952) 141ff., 318ff. Not necessarily of eastern origin, as Kunkel 142ff. because of his cognomen, see RP V 469f. Titius (?) Homullus iv9.15 (both names) and ν 20.6 (cognomen only: defended Julius

Persons and Deities

Bassus, q.v.); vi 19.3 (cognomen only, 'Homullus noster': proposed that the consuls should ask Trajan to remedy bribery at senatorial elections). In spite of 'Titius [only in Mediceus and Vaticanus MSS, cf. Budé ed., vol. I 18, III 164] Homullus' in iv 9.15, S-W 277f., PIR21 760 and Radice I 569 prefer to identify this Homullus as M. Junius Homullus (cos. suff. 102). Cf. PIR' Τ 198. For senatorial Titii of the period, cf. 'Titius Marcellus' in the nomenclature of Domitius Lucanus, q.v., perhaps the brick-producer of CIL XV 1476, and L. Epidius Titius Aquilinus (cos. ord. 125) (so far omitted by PIR). Titus, the emperor iv 9.2 (cTitus': feared by Julius Bassus, q.v.); χ 65.3 ('divus Titus': his letters to Lacedaemonians and Achaeans mentioned); Pan. 11.1 ('Titus': deified by Domitian); 35.4 ('divus Titus', 'Titus': his measure to protect senators). Torquati, Torquatus, (Manlii) ν 3.5 (their light verse). Which members of this patrician family are meant is not clear. Traianus, (M. Ulpius), the emperor ii 9.2 (P. gained latus

93

clavus and quaestorship 'a Caesare nostro' for Sex. Erucius (Clarus), q.v.); ii 11.10 ('princeps', also consul, presided at trial of Marius Priscus, q.v.), 15 ('Caesar', concerned for P. s physique at trial); ii 13.8 ('optimus princeps': granted ius trium liberorum to Voconius, q.v.); iii 7.6 (arrival of 'novus princeps'), 7 ('Caesar' praised);; iii 13 and 18 (P.'s Pan. for 'optimus princeps'); iv 8.1 (P. made augur by 'gravissimus princeps')·, ν 13.7 ('optimus princeps' should be asked to remedy problem of advocates' fees), 8 (decree on subject by 'princeps'); vi 5.5 (senators from both sides of debate seek favour of 'Caesar'); vi 19.3f. ('princeps' takes steps to remedy bribery in senate elections); vi 22.2, 5 (Lustricius Atticinus, q.v., denounced his comes to 'Caesar', who acted promptly); vi 27.1 (suitable tributes by consul designate to 'princeps'), 2 ('princeps noster'), 3 ('hic optimus'), 5 ('maximus princeps'); vi 31 ('Caesar noster' summons P. to join his consilium at Centum Cellae); vii 10.2 ('Caesar' listened to speeches for and against Varenus, q.v.); viii 17.2 (Tiber ca-

94

Indices

nal cut by 'providentissimus imperator'); viii 24.8 (testimony of 'princeps' to career of (Quintilius Valerius) Maximus, q.v.); P.'s letters to Trajan ('Traiano imperatori')·. χ l-3a, 4-8, 10-15, 17a-b, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26-27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75 (note 75.2, games named 'Traiani' to be founded in Pontus), 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86a-88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98,100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120; Trajan's replies to P.: χ 3b, 7, 9, 16,18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 53, 55, 57, 60, 62, 66, 69, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121; Pan., e.g. 1.2 ('óptimas princeps'), 1.3 ('castus et sanctus et dis simillimus princeps'); 2.7 ('Optimi cognomen') and passim. Tranquillus see Suetonius Tranquillus. (Trebatius) Priscus, (M.) see Priscus (2). Trebonius Rufinus iv 22.1-2 (local magistrate at Vienna, suppressed gymnastic games).

Triarius vi 23* (P. agrees to act in case affecting T.). Unidentfied. It is not clear whether the name was a gentilicium, as attested at Puteoli, CIL X 5021, and Clusium, XI 20934, for the Augustan rhetor, Seneca, Contr. ii 3.19 and passim, the wife of L. Vitellius, Tacitus, Hist, ii 63f., iii 77, and the cónsules ordinarli of 185 and 210, or a cognomen, see Kaj. 320, as used by republican senatorial Valerli (RE, Valerius nos. 363-6), and by the senatorial ladies Pomponia Triaria, PFOS no. 642, slightly modified by PIR2 Ρ 780, daughter of A. Junius Rufinus (cos. ord. 153), PIR2 I 806, and Sulpicia Triaría, W. Eck, EOS I 422; PFOS no. 746. The latter, dated end of 1st or beginning of 2nd century, could well be connected to P.'s correspondent. Tuccius Cerialis, (?M.) (cos. suff. 90?) ii 11.9 (consular, spoke at trial of Marius Priscus). Perhaps M. Tullius Cerialis (cos. suff. 90), as registered by the Fasti Potentini, which 'are notoriously weak on orthography', RP II 698, i.e. the consul of 90 may be the same man, with his name incorrectly spelled in the

Persons and Deities

Fasti. He might be the Cerialis (cognomen only), recipient of ii 19*; see also Velius Cerialis. Tullius Justus heading of χ 58.10 (addressee of rescript by Nerva). Probably proconsul rather than procurator of Pontus-Bithynia, S-W 644; Eck I 327 n. 184 (in office AD 96-97 or 97-98). Not otherwise known: Tullii Justi are attested at Herculaneum (CIL X 1403d 1, 3) and Faesulae (CIL XI 1566), but both names are common. Tustum' might conceivably be a corruption of 'Tuscum': cf. L. Dasumius Tullius Tuscus (cos. suff. 152) (PIR2 D 16), who was known for short as L. Tullius Tuscus, see APN 98f.

95

in LE 247; his cognomen is very rare, Kaj. 279 (nine epigraphic cases known). Clearly not himself a senator, cf. ν 13.2, as noted by S-W 319. Tutilius vi 32.1 (father-in-law of Quintilianus, q.v., not the famous Quintilian; his granddaughter given dowry by P.). Probably the writer on oratory referred to by Quintilian, Inst, iii 1.21, and Martial ν 56.6; PIR1 Τ 316; perhaps ancestor of the senatorial Tutilii, L. Tutilius Lupercus Pontianus (cos. ord. 135) and L. Tutilius Pontianus Gentianus (cos. suff. 183), ib. 318, 321. S-W 398 notes the Stoic philosopher C. Tutilius Hostilianus of Cortona, ILS 7779. (Tullius) Tiro, (M.), Cicero's (Ulpia Marciana Augusta), Trafreedman secretary vii 4.3, 6 jan's sister Pan. 84.1-8 (un(Cicero's epigram on him). named: her harmonious relations with Plotina, q.v., and Tullus see Domitius Tullus. modesty). Tuscilius Nominatus ν 4.1-2 and ν 13.1, 4 (represented (Ulpius) Traianus, (M.) (cos. people of Vicetia against suff. 70), Trajan's father (Bellicius) Sollers, q.v.). His Pan. 9.2 (patrician, consular gentilicium appears as 'Tusand triumphalis); 14.1 culius' and 'Tuscilius' in some (Parthian successes helped by MSS, but he must be the Tusyoung Trajan); 16.1 (triumcilius Nominatus of CIL IX phalis), all unnamed; 89.2-3 5746 = ILS 5675, Ricina, who ('pater Traianus'·. observes left property to Trajan; cf. with delight, from place near other examples of the name the stars, rise to throne of son

96

Indices

who was tribune under him and helped gain him triumph alia). Ummidia (C.f.) Quadratilla (Asconia Secunda) vii 24.1-7 (grandmother of Ummidius Quadratus, q.v.; her death and fondness for pantomimes, etc.). Daughter of C. Ummidius Durmius Quadratus (cos. ca. 40), of Casinum, PIR1 V 600, 606; APN 105; perhaps married to a Sertorius, cf. under Sertorius Severus, above; her full names in NS 1929, p. 29, Casinum (not in AE); RP II 538, 659, 664f., 692f.,722, III 1159, 1374, IV 52, 166, 169, 303 V 646, VII 583, etc.; PFOS nos. 829-830 (treating the woman in Pliny and in the inscription from Casinum as probably sisters rather than the same person). Ummidius Quadratus (Sertorius Severus, C.) (cos. suff. 118) vi 11 (he and (Pedanius) Fuscus Salinator, q.v., praised by P., whom they regard as their teacher); vi 29* (cognomen only: advised on what court cases to undertake); vii 24.2-6, 8-9 (cognomen only: inherited from his grandmother, unaffected by her sybaritic tastes); ix 13::"

(cognomen only: on the Publicius Certus, q.v., debate in senate). Polyonymous, perhaps adopted, his full names (C. Ummidius Quadratus S[everus Sejrtorius) known from CIL III 7539 + 12493 = IGR I 606 = AE 1977, 745, discussed by Syme, RP III 1162f., 1176, 1302, 1309, 1334, IV 55f., 163, 166, 169f., 416, V 463f., 646, etc.; APN 105: married, vii 24.3, perhaps to a daughter of M. Annius Verus (grandfather of M. Aurelius, PIR2 A 696, cf. PFOS no. 52); friend of Hadrian, later persecuted by him, HA Hadr. 15.7. See also Sertorius Severus. Ursus see Cornelius Ursus. Valens see Fabius, Julius Valens. Valerianus see Julius Valerianus. Valerius Aper, C. χ 104 ('Aper' in ed. Aid.; otherwise 'Axer'; 'Asper' also possible; freedman of Valerius Paulinus, q.v.; P. asks Trajan for full citizenship for him). Valerius Astraeus, C. χ 104 (freedman of Valerius Paulinus, q.v.; P. asks Trajan for full citizenship for him). (Valerius) Catullus Messal(l)inus, (L.) (cos. ord. 73, II suff:: 85) iv 22.5-6 (was talked about after his death at

Persons and Deities

dinner-party with Nerva). Notorious informer under Domitian, PIR1 V 41; from Verona, descendant of the poet's brother, son of a Statilia Messal(l)ina, RP V 643, VII 480, 494f., 578, etc.; cf. PFOS nos. 731-2 (his possible sister and wife). Valerius Dionysius, C. χ 104 (freedman of Valerius Paulinus, q.v.; P. asks Trajan for full citizenship for him). Valerius (P. f. Pomp.) Festus, (C. Calpetanus Rantius Quirinalis,) (cos. suff. 71) iii 7.12 (sc. as legate of III Augusta, murdered L. (Calpurnius) Piso, q.v.). Full names and career in ILS 989, Tergeste; G. Alföldy, Fasti Hispanienses (Wiesbaden 1969) 2If.; from Arretium, RP IV 120f., 173,281,404, VI 427, etc.; M. Torelli, EOS II 289; APN 40; TiP no. 544. Valerius Licinianus iv 11.1-5, 11-15 (expelled from senate by Domitian for incest with Vestal Cornelia, q.v., because teacher of rhetoric in Sicily). Probably from Spain, STac. 668, cf. Cab. Incerti no. 62. Valerius Martialis, (M.), the poet iii 21 (his death and poem, χ 19, on P.). From Bilbilis in Spain, PIR1 V 77.

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Valerius Paulinus, (C.) ii 2* (cos. suff. 107) (FO) (cognomen only: reproached for not writing to P.); iv 9.20-22 (spoke at trial of Julius Bassus, q.v.); iv 16* (on P.'s oratorical success at Centumviral Court); ν 19* (P. asks VP. to allow his freedman Zosimus, q.v., to recuperate at his Forum Julii place); ix 3* (cognomen only: on fame); ix 37:;' (cognomen only: on V.P.'s imminent consulship and problems of letting farms); χ 104 and χ 105(T.) (P. asks Trajan to grant full citizenship to freedmen of V.P., evidently deceased). From Forum Julii, ν 19.7, presumably son of homonymous procurator of Narbonensis in AD 69, also from there and a friend of Vespasian, Tacitus, Hist. iii 43.Iff. PIR1 V 105, 107, 108; S Tac. 63 η. 5, 806; RP II 752, V 467, 482, VI 224, VII 503. (Valerius) Paulinus, (C.) son of foregoing χ 104 ('passed over' by his father - sc. in his testament - from succession in the question of the three Junian Latin freedmen, Valerius Aper, Astraeus and Dionysius, qq.w., see S-W 714f.)

98

Indices

Valerius Varus vi 8.4 (died owing money to Atilius Crescens, q.v.). Unidentified: both names are very common. Varenus, (L.) i 20.7 (Cicero's speech in his defence). From Fulginium, RE, Varenus no. 3, improved by RP I 318, stressing that the gentilicium points to Umbria, or Mevania, III 888. Varenus Rufus his trial and defence (sc. A D 106) by P. reported in v20; vi 5.1; vi 13; vi 29.11; vii 6; vii 10. 'Rufus Varenus' in 20.1, then just 'Varenusproconsul of Pontus-Bithynia, probably AD 105-6, Eck I 341f. RE, Varenus no. 7, cf. 6, M. Varenus Liberalis, CIL XV 7562, a lead-pipe on Esquiline, cf. RP I 318. Varisidius Nepos iv 4 (recommended sc. in A D 102 or 103 to Sosius Senecio, q.v., for six-months' tribunate). Nephew of C. Calvisius Rufus, q.v., hence perhaps from Comum, PME V 51 ; RP 1319 notes the Roman knight M. Varisidius, friend of L. Munatius Plancus (Cicero, Fam. χ 7.1 and 12.2) and a Varisidius near Emona, CIL III 10740. Varrò, (M. Terentius) ν 3.5 (his light verse).

Varus see Valerius Varus. Veiento see Fabricius Veiento. Velius Cerialis iv21 * (on the death of the Helvidiae, qq.w.). Unidentified. He might be the Cerialis (cognomen only), recipient of ii 19*':'; see also Tuccius Cerialis. Velius (PVettius) Paulus, (?L.) (Jicos, suff: 81) χ 58.3 and 60.1(T.) (his decision as proconsul in case of Flavius Archippus, q.v., cited). In office ca. AD 79/80, Eck 1302, as he was a predecessor of Lappius Maximus, q.v., proconsul before 86. Eck suggests he may be L. Vetlius Paulus (cos. s u f f . 81). Vellerns Blaesus (cos. suff. a. inc.) ii 20.7-8 (rich consular, preyed on by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.). Perhaps polyonymous, RP I 258 n., Ill 1167; Syme, Some Arval Brethren (Oxford 1980) 43, 45, 47. E. Champlin, ZPE 21 (1976) 86, suggests that he was P. Vellerns P.f. Tro. Lucullus Sallustius Blaesus, cos. suff 89. Venator ix 20* (on P.'s poor grape harvest). Unidentified. The cognomen was rare, Kaj. 324 (ten epigraphic specimens). Verania (Gemina) ii 20.2-6 (widow of (Calpurnius) Piso

Persons and Deities

(Licinianus), q.v.; object of legacy-hunting by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.). Daughter of Q. Veranius (cos. ord. 49); PFOS no. 788. Vergilius (Maro), P., the poet i 2.2 (unnamed: quoted on the favoured few); iii 7.8 (revered by Silius Italicus, q.v.); ν 3.6 (his light verse); ν 6.43 (on arms of Aeneas); ν 8.3 (unnamed: his allusion to epitaph of Ennius, q.v., and 'quamquam o!' quoted); vi 20.1 (unnamed: Aeneas' reluctance to recount fall of Troy quoted); vi 33.1 (unnamed: Vulcan's call to Cyclopes to abandon present tasks quoted); vii 20.4 (unnamed: quoted on Salius pursuing Nisus); viii 2.3 (unnamed: quoted on none departing without a gift). Vergilius Romanus vi21.2ff. (his comedy praised by P. who had attended reading). Unidentified. Verginius Rufus, (L.), (cos. ord. 63, II suff. 69, III ord. 97) ii 1 (his public funeral, sc. in AD 97, described); ν 3.5 (his light verse); vi 10 (his house at Alsium and tomb); ix 19 (compared with (Julius) Frontinus, q.v.). RE, Verginius no. 27; P.'s guardian after father's death, from Mediola-

99

num, cf. ii 1.8; STac. 86, 179, 615f., etc.; RP II 696f., IV 132, 382, V 434, VII 512ff. Verres, (C.), (pr. 74 BC), corrupt governor of Sicily i 20.10 (Cicero's speech against him). (Verulana) Gratilla, wife of (Junius) Arulenus Rusticus, q.v. iii 11.3 (cognomen only: her exile); ν 1.8 (cognomen only: friendship with her could be dangerous). Cf. Tacitus, Hist. iii 69.3 (on Capitol during siege by Vitellians in December AD 69; identity doubted by W. Eck, RE, Suppl. 14, 841). PFOS no. 790, probably daughter of L. Verulanus Severus (cos. suff. a. inc.), legionary legate under Corbulo, Tacitus, Ann. xiv26.1; X V 3.1; RP VII 576, 584, cf. 624. Verus vi 3* (thanked for looking after farm of P.'s nurse). Unidentified. Vespasianus, the emperor i 14.5 ('divus': offered Minicius Macrinus, q.v., adlection to senate); iii 5.9 ('imperator': Elder Pliny visited him before daybreak); iv9.1 (Julius Bassus, q.v., accused under); χ 65.3 (his letter to the Lacedaemonians referred to); Pan. 11.1 (deified by Titus).

100

Indices

Vesta, the goddess iv 11.7 (invoked by the Vestal Cornelia, q.v.); vii 19.2 (atrium of). (Vestricius) Cottius, son of Vestricius Spurinna and Cottia, qq.w. P. on his early death: ii 7.3-7 and iii 10 (not named). Vestricius Spurinna, (T.) (cos. suff. a. inc., suff. II 98) (FO) i 5.8-10 (cognomen only: (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., appealed to S. to reconcile him to P.); ii 7 (on S.'s triumphal statue and death of his son); iii 1 (cognomen only: S.'s vigorous daily routine described; he was then aged 77, iii 1.10); iii 10* (jointly to S. and his wife Cottia, q.v., on death of their son); iv 27.5 (cognomen only: Sentius Augurinus, q.v., 'vivit cum Spurinna, vivit cum [sc. Arrio] Antonino', q.v.); ν 17* (on poetry reading by (C.) Calpurnius Piso, q.v.). RP VII 54Iff. (correcting Syme's own earlier discussions of his career): his names were Etruscan, but he might come from Transpadana. Syme, RP VII 508, cf. 542, conjectures that Vestricius was related to P. (Vettennius) Severus, (C.) (cos. s u f f . 107: FO, '[C. Vettejnnius Sevé[rus]') vi 27* (?) (cognomen only: P. s advice to S.

as cos. des.). Perhaps recipient of ix 22* (cognomen only: on illness of Passennus Paulus), but see also Annius, Catilius, Herennius, Vibius Severus. Vibius Maximus, (C.) iii 2* (P. requests favour from him for Arrianus Maturus, q.v.). Prefect of Egypt A D 103-7, P.A. Brunt, JRS 65 (1975) 144; not necessarily approached by P. when holding that office, friend of Statius and of Martial, perhaps linked to Verona, RP ν 442ff., 448f. Vibius Severus iii 18* (on P.'s Pan.); iv28* (on Herennius Severus' wish to have portraits of V.S.'s 'municipes', Cornelius Nepos and Titus Catius, qq.w.); perhaps also recipient of ix 22 * (cognomen only: on illness of Passennus Paulus), but see also Annius, Catilius, Herennius, Vettennius Severus. From Mediolanum or Ticinum because of iv28.1, fellow-townsman of Cornelius Nepos and Titus Catius, RP II 706, V 459 (favouring Ticinum). Vindex see Julius Vindex. Virdius Gemellinus, procurator in P.'s province χ 27 (cognomen only: P. had assigned him ten benefidarii)·, χ 28(T.) (V.G. to allocate two soldiers to the freedman Maximus,

Persons and Deities

q.v.); χ 84(T.) (P. to ask for his assistance at Nicaea). The gentilicium is not in LE but is found three times in N. Italy. Presumably son of the centurion Virdius Geminus, sent by Vespasian to suppress the revolt of Anicetus in Pontus, Tacitus, Hist, iii 48, S-W 597, who plausibly suggests that the family was local. Viriola see Attia Viriola. Vitellius, Α., the emperor iii 7.3 (Silius Italicus, q.v., his friend); cf. i 5.2 (the label 'Vitelliana cicatrice stigmosum' applied to (Junius) Arulenus Rusticus, q.v., by (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v.). Vitellius Honoratus ii 11.8-9 (African, accused as associate of Marius Priscus, q.v., but died before sentence). Voconia lex (of 169 BC, restricting inheritance by daughters) Pan. 42.1 (treasury enriched under Domitian more by treason charges than by this law and the lex Iulia). Voconius Romanus, (C. Licinius Marinus) i 5* (on (Aquillius) Regulus, q.v., after

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Domitians death); ii 1* (onpublic funeral of Verginius Rufus, q.v.); ii 13.3ff. (recommended for post in army to (Neratius?) Priscus, q.v.); iii 13* (P. sends him text of Pan.); vi 15* (on poetry reading by Passennus Paulus, q.v.); viii 8* (on source of the Clitumnus); ix 7* (on building); ix 28::' (P. had received three letters from V.R.); χ 4 (P. requests Trajan to make V.R. a senator, probably unsuccessfully). He was from Saguntum, married to Popillia Rectina: PIR2 L 210; RPII 480ff., V 488; APN 33f. Xenophon, the historian vii 32.2 (on praise, quoted by P.). Xerses (i.e. Xerxes), Persian king iii 7.13 (X. said to have wept after reviewing vast army). Zosimus (C. Plinius), P.'s freedman ν 19 (P. asks Valerius Paulinus, q.v., if he can send Z. to V.P.'s estate at Forum Julii to recuperate).

Geographical Names Achaei (probably the council of the Achaeans, i.e. of the people of the Peloponnese) χ 65.3. Achaia viii 20.2 (Greece); viii 24.2 (the Roman province of Achaia, covering much of modern Greece). Aedes Concordiae see under Roma. Aegyptius (inhabitant of Egypt, not eligible to be citizen of Alexandria) χ 6.If. Aegyptus (the Roman province of Egypt) ν 19.6; viii 20.2; x7(T.); χ 10.2; Pan. 30.1, 3; 31.1-6; cf. (unnamed) 30.2,5; 32.1,3. Aemilia, Via (Roman road in northern Italy) ν 14.1. Afri (the members of council of the province of Africa) ii 11.2. Africa (the Roman province, covering modern Tunisia and parts of Algeria and Libya) ii 11.19; ill 7.12; iii 9.2; vii 27.2; ix 33.2. Africanae (sc. 'bestiae', wild beasts, e.g. panthers, from Africa) vi 34.3. Albana, 'villa' (Domitian's summer palace near modern

Castel Gandolfo, south of Rome) iv 11.6 Albanum, the lake at (the modern Lago Albano or Lago di Castello, south of Rome) Pan. 82.1 {'Albani lacus'). Alexandrina 'civitas' (the citizenship of Alexandria in Egypt) χ 6.1, 3; 7(T.); 10.1. Alpes (the Alps) Pan. 14.2. Alsiensis 'villa' (the villa at Alsium on the coast of Etruria, formerly owned by Verginius Rufus, q.v., then by P.'s mother-in-law Pompeia Celerina, q.v.) vi 10. Altinates (the people of Altinum, modern Aitino in Veneria, northeastern Italy) iii 2.2. Amastriani (the people of Amastris in Pontus, on south coast of Black Sea.) χ 98.1, and 99(T.). Amerina 'praedia' (estates at Ameria, modern Amelia, in Umbria) viii 20.3. Amiseni (the people of Amisus in Pontus, q.v., on south coast of Black Sea) χ 92 and 93(T.);x 110.1. Andania (in Messenia, southern Greece) χ 65.3.

Geographical Names

Anio, R. (in Italy, tributary of the Tiber) viii 17.3. Apamea (Roman colony in Bithynia, q.v.) χ 47.1. Apameni (the people of Apamea, q.v.) χ 48.1 (T.). Appenninus, 'Möns' (the Apennine mountains in central Italy) ν 6.2,14. Appenninae 'valles' (the Apennine valleys) ν 6.29. Arpinae 'chartae' iii 21.5 (literally 'papers of Arpinum', modern Arpiño south of Rome, i.e. writings by Cicero, q.v.). Asia (the Roman province, approximately equivalent to the western part of modern Turkey) iii 7.3; iv 3.1; viii 20.2 Athenae (Athens) iv3.5; vii 25.4; vii 27.5, 7; viii 24.4. Athenaei (men of Athens) ix 26.8,11 (in Greek). Atrium Vestae see under Roma. Attica ix 26.8 (in Greek: Attica, the territory of Athens, q.v.); as adjective, 'anus' (an old woman of Attica) ix 23.5. Atticus 'sermo' (Attic speech, i.e. good Greek) ii 3.1; iv 3.5. Baetica (the Roman province, roughly equivalent to modern Andalusia) iii 4.2; iii 9.1, 3, 6; vii 16.3; vii 33.4. Baetici (the members of the council of the province of

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Baetica) i 7.2, 6; iii 4.6; iii 9.3, 6, 7; vi 29.8. Baianus 'more Baiano' ('in the fashion of Baiae', the Roman seaside resort) ix 7.3; 'Baianique [sc. lacusj', i.e. Lake LucrinusPdw. 82.1. Basilica Julia see under Roma. Bithynae 'civitates' (the cities of Bithynia, q.v.) χ 108.1 and 109(T.). Bithyni (the members of the council of the province of Bithynia) ν 20.1, 2, 4, 6; vi 13.2; vii 6.1; vii 10.1; (the people of Bithynia) χ 65.2; χ 79.1; χ 112.1. Bithynia (the western half of the Roman province of Pontus-Bithynia, the northwestern part of modern Turkey in Asia) iv 9.2; viii 24.8; χ 17a.2; χ 18.1(T.); χ 66.2(T.); χ 77.3; χ 87.2; χ 113(T.); χ 114.1; cf. Pan. 70.1 (unnamed 'provincia', cf. (Quin(c)tilius Valerius) Maximus in Index of Persons). Bithynicae 'civitates' (the cities of Bithynia, q.v.) χ 114.1. Bosporus (client-kingdom of Rome, centred in the Crimea) χ 63; χ 67.2. Brixia (modern Brescia in northern Italy) i 14.4. Bructeri (free German people on right bank of the Rhine, opposite Cologne) ii 7.2.

104

Indices

Byzantii (the people of Byzantium) χ 43.1 and 44(T.); χ 78.1 (T.). Byzantium (modern Istanbul) χ 77.1. Camilliana, 'villa ' (name of a villa in Campania) vi 30.2. Campania (region of Italy) iii 7.6; ν 14.9; vi 4.1; vi 20.3; vi 28.1; vi 30.2; vii 3.1. Capitolinum 'iter', Capitolium see under Roma. Capreae (modem Capri) vi 20.11. Carsulanum (villa at Carsulae, modem Consigliano, in Umbria) i 4.1. Carthago (Carthage, refounded as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar and Augustus and the chief town of the Roman province of Africa) vii 27.3. Carystiae 'columellae' (small columns of marble from the island of Carystos in the Aegean) ν 6.36. Centum Cellae (on coast of Etruria, modern Cività Vecchia) vi 31.1. Claudiopolitani (the people of Claudiopolis in Bithynia, q.v.) χ 39.5 and 40.3(T.). Clitumnus, Jons' (source of the R. Clitumnus, modern Clitunno, in Umbria) viii 8.1, 5.

Comum, R's home-town (modern Como in northwestern Italy) named i 3.1; cf., unnamed, i 19.1 ('municeps meus', 'my fellowtownsman'); ii 1.8 ('eadem regio, municipia finitima', 'the same region, neighbouring towns'); ii 5.3 {'patria', 'home town'); iii 6.4 ('patria nostra', 'our home town'); iv 13.3 ('patria mea', 'municipis mei'), 4 ('patria'), 5 ('re publica nostra', 'our town'), 9 ('patriae'); iv30.1 ('patria mea'); ν 7.1 ('reipublicae nostrae1), 3 ('eandem rem publicam'); ν 11.2 ('patria nostra'); ν 14.1 ('municipium'); vi 24.5 ('ne mihi quidem, qui municeps'); vii 18.1 ('municipibus nostris', 'reipublicae'), 3 ('rei publicae'); vii 32.1 ('patriam nostram'); cf. vii 22.2 ('regionis meae'); ix 39.2 ('e regione tota'); see also Larius.

Dacia (roughly equivalent to modem Transylvania, conquered and made a province by Trajan after two wars, AD 101-2 and 105-6) vi 31.8. Dacicum 'bellum' (either the first or second Dacian war) viii 4.1. Danubius, R. (the Danube) Pan. 12.3; 16.2; 63.4; 82.4.

Geographical Names

Ephesii (the people of Ephesus, q.v.) vi 31.3. Ephesus (important city close to Aegean coast, in the Roman province of Asia, roughly equivalent to western Turkey) χ 15; χ 17a. 1 and 18.1(T.). Esquiliae see under Roma. Euboea (in Greek: island off coast of Attica, q.v.) ix 26.8. Euphrates, R. Pan. 14.1. Firmani (the people of Firmum, modern Firmo, in northeastern Italy) vi 18.1, 3. Formiana, 'villa' (villa at Formiae, modern Mola in Gaeta in Italy) iii 14.2. Formianum (another villa at Formiae, see foregoing) vi 14.1. Forum Juli(i) (Roman colony in southern Gaul, modern Fréjus) ν 19.7. Gaditanae (dancing-girls from Gades, modern Cádiz) i 15.3. Gaditanus (a man from Gades, modern Cádiz) ii 3.8. Germani (the Germans outside the empire) iii 5.4. Germania 'Bellorum Germaniae viginti [sc. libri1)' (the Elder Pliny's twenty-book history of Rome's wars in Germany, sc. east of the Rhine, or against the Ger-

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mans, began by the campaigns of Drusus) iii 5.4; 'ipsa Germaniae bella', of Domitian Pan. 14.5; the military districts of Germania superior and inferior, i.e. the northern and southern Rhineland, later provinces) iii 5.4 (Elder Pliny's military service there); viii 23.5; Pan. 9.2 (sc. the province of Germania superior); Pan. 14.2, 5 (probably also the province of Germania superior). Germanicus (title conferred on conquerors of the Germans) Pan. 9.2, 3; 14.1. Gerusia, see under Nicomedia. Graeca (expressions in Greek) vii 25.4; 'epigrammata' (epigrams in Greek) iv 3.3; iv 18.1; 'oratio' ix 36.3 (a speech or other prose work in Greek); 'tragoedia' (a tragedy in Greek) vii 4.2; 'vocabula' (Greek syllables) viii 4.4. Graece (speaking or writing in Greek) iv 3.5; iv 18.2. Graecia viii 24.2 (Achaia, q.v., the true Greece); χ 40.3 (the Greek-speaking world). Graeci (native-speakers of Greek) i 20.4; iv 3.5; ν 20.4; vii 4.9; vii 17.4; ix26.4; 'versus' (Greek verses) viii 4.3. Graeculi χ 40.2(T.) ('little Greeks', patronising term for native-speakers of Greek).

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Indices

Graecum (the Greek language) vii 9.2; 'pallium' (the Greek cloak) iv 11.3 Graecus 'sermo' (the speaking of Greek) ii 3.1.

Italica 'praedia' (estates in Italy) vi 19.6. Italicus (a man born in Italy, contrasted with 'provincialis' ix 23.2.

Heracleotae (the people of Heraclea in Bithynia) χ 75.2. Hipponensis 'colonia' (the Roman colony of Hippo Diarrhytus on the north coast of the province of Africa, modern Bizerta in Tunisia) ix 33.2. Hispania (Spain) iii5.17; vi 20.5, 10; Pan. 14.2, 5. Hispania citerior (the Roman province of 'Hither', i.e. northern and eastern, Spain) ii 13.4. Hispellates (the people of Hispellum in Umbria, modern Spello) viii 8.6.

Juliopolitani (the people of Juliopolis in Bithynia, q.v.) χ 77 and 78(T.).

Icaria (island in the Aegean, between Delos and Samos) vii 4.3. Illyricum (the earlier Roman name for the military district and provinces on the east side of the Adriatic, later Pannonia and Dalmatia) iii 16.7. Iseon, see under Nicomedia. Italia i 14.4 ('illa nostra Italia', 'that Italy of ours', i.e. beyond the R. Po, P.'s home district); ii 11.19; iv7,.2; vi 19.4.

Lacedaemon (Sparta, in southern Greece) viii 24.4. Lacedaemonii (the people of Sparta) χ 65.3. Larius 'lacus' (Lake Larius, modern L. Como) ii 8.1 ('noster'); iv30.2; vi 24.2 ('noster'); vii 11.5 ('noster'); ix 7.1. Latina (expressions in Latin) vii 25.4; 'epigrammata' (epigrams in Latin) iv 18.2; 'oratio' (a speech or other prose work in Latin). Latine (speaking or writing in Latin) ii 13.7; iv 11.3; iv 18.1; vii 4.9. Latini 'elegi' (elegiac poetry in Latin) vii 4.3; 'libri' (books written in - sc. high qualityLatin) ν 5.3. Latinorum, 'ius' (a limited form of citizenship, particularly for freedmen, also called 'Latini Iuniani'·, cf. Latium, below) χ 104. Latinum (the Latin language) vii 9.2; 'nomen' ii 14.5 (a

Geographical Names

Latin name for); 'os' vi 11.2 (lit. 'a Latin mouth', i.e. a good Latin accent). Latinus c rhetor' (a teacher of Latin rhetoric) iii 3.3. Latium (a limited form of citizenship, cf. Latinorum 'ius', above) Pan. 37.3; 39.2. Laurentinum (P.'s villa at Laurentum, near Ostia) i 9.4; i 2 2 . i l ; ii 17.1 (also called 'Laurens'); iv 6; ν 2; vii 4.3; ix 40. Laurentina 'via'(the road from Rome to Laurentum) ii 17.2. Leptitani (the town council of Lepcis Magna, often spelled 'Leptis', as by P., in the province of Africa, modern Tripolitania in western Libya) ii 11.23. Lucania (district in southeastern Italy) vii 3.1. Lucanus (a man from Lucania) vii 3.1. Lugdunum (Roman colony in Gaul, modern Lyon) ix 11.2. Malea, (Cape) (in Greek: the southeastern tip of Greece) χ 15. Marsi (people of central Italy; here refers to an estate in the region) ii 15.1. Mediolanum (modern Milan) ivl3.3;vii 23.1. Misenum (modern Capo Miseno, Roman naval base in

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Bay of Naples) vi 16.4, 21; vi 20.1, 11, 15,19. Moesia (Roman province on south side of middle and lower Danube, in P.'s time divided into superior, western, and inferior, eastern) χ 43.3; χ 44; χ 74.1. All these refer to Moesia inferior. Narbonensis, (Gallia) (the southernmost and oldest Roman province in Gaul, modern Provence) vii 25.2. Narniense (estate at Narnia, modern Narni in Umbria) i 4.1. Neapolis (modern Naples) iii 7.1. Nicaea (important city in Bithynia, modern Iznik in northern Turkey) χ 31.2; χ 39.1; χ 67; χ 81.4. Nicaeenses (the people of Mcaea, q.v.) χ 39.4 and 40.1, 2(T.); χ 83 and 84.1, 2(T.). Nicomedenses (the people of Nicomedia, q.v.) χ 34(T.); χ 37.1 and 38(T.); χ 41; χ 49. Nicomedensis 'civitas' (the city of Nicomedia, q.v.) χ 38.1, 2(T.); 'lacus' (the lake, now L. Sophon, near Nicomedia) χ 41.2, cf. 42.1 (T.) (unnamed); 61.1, cf. 62(T.) (unnamed); 'statio' (the military post at Nicomedia) χ 74.1. Nicomedia (important city in Bithynia, modern Izmit in

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Indices

northern Turkey) χ 25; x31.2; x33.1; χ 74.1; 'aedes ... Matris Magnae' (temple of the Great Mother goddess, i.e. Cybele) at Nicomedia χ 49 and 50(T.); 'Gerusia' (building for Elders of the town) and 'Iseon' (Temple of Isis) at Nicomedia χ 33.1. Nilus, R. (the Nile) Pan. 30.2; 31.3ff. Ocriculanum (estate at Ocriculum) i 4.1. Ocriculum (modern Otricoli in Umbria) vi 25.1. Olympus, (Möns) (Mount Olympus, modern Ulu Dag close to Prusa, q.v.) χ 81.1. Ostiensis 'colonia' (the Roman colony of Ostia, the port of Rome) ii 17.26; 'via' (the road from Rome to Ostia) ii 17.2. Padus, R. (the R. Po) vi 1.1. Pannonia (Roman province on south side of middle Danube) vili 23.5; Pan. 8.2. Paphlagonia (district in P.'s province between Bithynia and Pontus, qq.w.) χ 27. Parthia (kingdom bordering Rome's eastern frontier, including modern Iran) χ 74.1. Parthica 'laurus' (laurel-wreath marking success against Parthia) Pan. 14.1.

Parthicum 'metallum' (a (gold-) mine in Parthia) χ 74.3. Parthi (the people of Parthia, q.v.) Pan. 14.1. Patavinum 'municipium' (the town of Patavium, modern Padua) i 14.6. Pergamum (important city in the Roman province of Asia, modern Bergama in Turkey) χ 17a.l. Perusinum (estate at Perusia, modern Perugia in Etruria) i 4.1. Picenum (district in northeastern Italy) vi 1.1. Pontica 'ora' (the coast of Pontus, q.v.) χ 21.1; χ 86a. Ponticae 'civitates' (the cities of Pontus, q.v.) χ 108.1 and 109(T.). Pontici (the people of Pontus, q.v.) χ 112.1. Pontus (the eastern part of P.'s province, on south coast of Black Sea) χ 75.1. Porticus Liviae see under Roma. Praenestina 'praedia' (estates at Praeneste, mod. Palestrina near Rome) ν 6.45. Prusa (in Bithynia, mod. Bursa in Turkey) χ 58.5 (?: see under Prusias); χ 70.1; χ 81.1, 6 (MSS Prusiade emended by S-W 678 to Prusae). Prusenses (the people of Prusa, q.v.) χ 17a.3; χ 17b.2; χ 23 and

Geographical Names

24(T.); χ 71.1 (T.); (the council of Prusa) χ 58.3. Prusias (adjective from Prusa, q.v.) χ 58.5 (but MSS 'Prusiadam' is emended by S-W 643 to Prusam). Pyrenaeus (the Pyrenees) Pan. 14.2. Regia see under Roma. Rhenus, R. (the Rhine) Pan. 14.1; 63.4; 82.4. Rhodii (the people of Rhodes) ii 3.10; iv 5.1, 3. Roma ii 2.3; iii 5.15; iii 14.6; iii 18.4; iv 22.3; ν 4.4; vi 1.2; vi 6.1; vi 9.1; vii 27.2; unnamed, 'civitas' ('city') i 14.9; i 18.3; ii 20.12; iv 15.11; ν 9.6; viii 6.3; viii 18.3; 'urbs' ('city') i 9.1; i 10.1 ('nostra'); i 13.6; i 22.1; i 24.3; ii 11.19; iii 5.14; iii 11.2; iv 13.1; vi 1.1; vi 19.4; vii 3.2; viii 12.2; viii 18.11; ix6.1; 'praefectus urbis' vi 11.1; 'urbanus' ii 17.29; 'res urbanas' ii 11.25; 'urbana negotia' vii 30.2; 'urbana opera' ix 36.6; cf. 'Aedes Concordiae' (the temple of Concordia at the northwest corner of the Forum Romanum) ν 1.9; 'Atrium Vestae' (the precinct of the temple of Vesta, next to the 'Regia') vii 19.2; 'basilica' (i.e. Basilica Julia) ii 14.4; 'Basilica Julia' (the hall at the side of

109

the Forum Romanum) ν 9.1; 'Capitolium' (the Capitol, on which the temple of Jupiter stood) Pan. 5.3; 16.3; 23.4; 47.5; 94.5; 'Capitolinum iter' (the Capitoline way, leading to the Capitol) Pan. 52.7; 'circenses' (the races in the Circus Maximus) ix 6.1; ix 23.2; 'domus C. Cassi', the house of C. Cassius, q.v., vii 24.8; 'domum meam Esquiliis' (P.'s house on the Esquilme hill) iii 21.5; 'forum' (the Forum Romanum) i 17.1, 'forum populi Romani' i 17.4; ii 14.2; ν 8.8; 'palatium' (the imperial residence on the Palatine) i 13.3; 'Porticus Liviae' (the Colonnade of Livia on the Oppian hill) i 5,9; 'Regia' (the original 'royal' house, official seat of thepontifex maximus) iv 11.6; 'suburbanum' (a house in the suburbs of Rome) iii 11.2; 'agri suburbani' (estates close to Rome) vi 19.1. Romana, 'civitas' (Roman citizenship) x5.2; x6.1, 3; χ 107(T.); Pan. 37.5; 39.2; 'lingua' (the Latin language); ii 10.2 'plebs' (common people of Rome) Pan. 25.5; 32.1; 'soboles' (freeborn Roman children) Pan. 26.3. Romani, 'cives' (Roman citizens) χ 96.4.

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Indices

R o m a n u m , 'nomen' (the name of Rome) Pan. 26.4. Romanus, 'dux' (a Roman general, i.e. Trajan) Pan. 12.1; 'eques' (a Roman 'knight') i 19.2; ii 11.8 (twice); iii 14.7; ν 1.1; vi 15.1; vi 25.1; vi 31.8; 'homo'·. iv3.5 (here meaning a native-speaker of Latin); iv 22.2 (meaning a Roman citizen); 'populus' (the Roman People) i 17.4; ii 1.1; Pan. 2.6; 28.2; 31.3; 32.1; 46.1; 63.2; 'senatus populusque Romanus' (the Senate and People of Rome) viii 6.7; Pan. 88.4; Sicilia (Sicily) iv 11.1,14. Sinopenses (the people of Sinope, a Roman colony on easternmost Black Sea coast of P.'s province) x90.1. Sinopensis 'colonia'(the colony of Sinope) χ 91 (T.). Stabiae (town on Bay of Naples, modern Castellammare di Stabia) vi 16.12. Syria (the Roman province, partly coinciding with the modern country of that name) i 10.2; iii 11.5. Tiani (the people of Tium in P.'s province, on the Black Sea coast) χ 75.2. Tiberis, R. (the R. Tiber) iv 2.5; ν 6.11; viii 17.1.

Tiburtina 'praedia' (estates at Tibur, modern Tivoli, east of Rome) ν 6.45; 'via' (the road from Rome to Tibur) vii 29.3. Ticinum (town in northern Italy on the R. Po, modern Pavia) vii 16.2. Tifernum Tiberinum (town in central Italy, now Città di Castello) iv 1.4; cf., unnamed, χ 8.1,6 ('municipium'). Transpadana 'regio ' (the Italian region beyond the R. Po) iv 6.1. Tusci (P.'s estate and villa in Tuscany) iii 4.2; iv 1.3; iv 6.1; ν 6.1, 2; ν 18.2; ix 15.1; ix 36.1; ix 40.1. Tusculana 'praedia' (estates at Tusculum, south of Rome, modern Frascati) ν 6.45. Tusculanum (an estate at Tusculum, cf. foregoing) iv 13.1. Vadimonis 'lacus' (Lake Vadimon, now Lago di Bassano, north of Rome) viii 20.3. Veronenses (the people of Verona) vi 34.1. Vesuvius, 'mons' (Mount Vesuvius) vi 16.5, 13; vi 20 (unnamed). Vicetini (the people of Vicetia, modern Vicenza in northern Italy) ν 4.1, 2; ν 13.1, 4. Viennenses (the people of Vienna, modern Vienne, in Narbonensis, q.v.) iv 22.1, 3.

Miscellaneous aerarium Saturni (treasury housed in the temple of Saturn) χ 3a. 1. Africus 'ventus' (the African, i.e. south-west, wind) ii 17.17. Camenae (the Muses) ix 25.3. Christiani (followers of Christus, q.v.) χ 96.1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 97.1 (T.). dates: 'Januarius mensis' (the month of January) ii 11.10; 'X Kal. Februarias' (23 January) viii 6.13; 'Julio mense' (the month of July) viii 21.2: 'nonum Kal. Septembres' (24 August) vi 16.4; 'kalendis Septembribus' (1 September) χ 8.3; 'idibus Septembribus' (13 September) ix 39.1; 'XV kal. Octobres' (17 September) χ 17a.2; 17b.l; 'Idus Octobres' (15 October) i 7.4; 'VIII kal. Décembres' (24 November) χ 25.

Corinthia, Corinthium ('signum') (bronze statues in Corinthian technique) iii 1.9; iii 6.1,4 Laudiceni (punning name for hired applauders, lit. 'people w h o praise at dinner'; can also mean 'people of Laodicea', the name of several eastern cities) ii 14.5. Musa, Musae (the ii 13.7; iii 21.5.

Muses)

Quirites (old-fashioned term for Roman citizens) χ 58.7 (in Edict of Nerva); 'ius Quiritiurh' (i.e. full Roman citizenship) χ 5.2; χ 6.1; χ 104 and 105(T.). Saturnalia (the end of year festival, associated with the god Saturn) viii 7.1. Vulcanalia (the festival of the god Vulcan, 23 August) iii 5.8.