On My Country and the World [Hardcover ed.] 0231115148, 9780231115148

Citation preview

Sausalito

Public

Library

H

ere

is

the whole

sweep of the Soviet

experiment as told by

Drawing on

his

own

its last

steward.

experience, a

and

keen sense of history and

politics,

archival material, Mikhail

Gorbachev speaks

rich his

mind not only on a range of subjects concerning Russia’s past, present,

and future place

world but also on the emerging global

in the

realities

of the twenty-first century. In this book

Gorbachev discusses the October Revolution, the Gold War, key figures such as Lenin, Stalin,

and

Yeltsin, nuclear proliferation,

and NATO’s

bombing of Yugoslavia.

The volume begins with While noting backward

as

a look back at 1917.

that tsarist Russia

was not

often portrayed,

it is

as

Gorbachev

argues that the Bolshevik Revolution was inevitable Russia.

and

He

it

did

much

to

modernize

strongly argues that the Soviet

Union had a in the

that

positive influence

on

social policy

West, while maintaining that the devel-

opment of socialism was cut

short by Stalinist

totalitarianism. In the next section,

considers the

fall

of the

goals of perestroika?

Gorbachev

USSR. What were

How did

the

such a vast

superpower disintegrate so quickly? From the awakening of ethnic tensions, democrats

to unite, to his

own

to the inability of

attempts to

reform but preserve the union, he retraces those fateful days and explains the origins of Russia’s present crisis.

But Gorbachev does not just train his

eye on the

past.

He

where Russia needs

critical

lays out a blueprint for to

go in the next century,

suggesting ways to strengthen the federation

and achieve meaningful economic and

political

reforms. In the final section of the book,

Gorbachev looks

at

the world as a whole and

CONTINUED ON BACK FLAP

Sausalito Public Library 420 Litho St. Sausalito, CA 94965 (415) 289-4121

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GORBACHEV

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2016

https://archive.org/details/onmycountryworld00gorb_0

GORBACHEV ON MY COUNTRY AND THE WORLD

Translated jrom Russian by George Shriver

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

NEW YORK

Sausalito Public Library Sausalito. California 94965

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS Publishers Since i8c)3

New Chichester,

Copyright

York

^

West Sussex

© 2000 Columbia University Press All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1931— [Razmyshleniia o proshlom

On my country

i

budushchem.

English]

and the world / Gorbachev, p.

cm.

Includes index.

ISBN Soviet

1.

—

Union

History

—

—

0-231-11514-8 (cloth)

History

—

Philosophy.

Philosophy.

1991

World

3.

—

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 1931—

4.

views.

I.

Title.

II.

Title:

Gorbachev

DK49.G6713 947.085*01

—

Russia (Federation)

2.

politics

Political

— 1989-

and

—on my country and

social

the world.

1999

“ 99 3*^73

dc2i

CIP

Casebound

editions of

Columbia University Press books

are printed

on

permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America

987654321 10 987654321

c 10

p

Two

quotations on

p.

40, one from

Woodrow Wilson

document reportedly approved by him on October Russian.

We were unable to find

can determine,

in the

in early 1919

and one from

30, 1918, are retranslated

the original English wording.

It is

a

from

not, as best

we

69-volume Papers of Woodrow Wilson, published by Princeton University Press.

The

quotation from Victor sion.

(In almost tions,

all

Gordon Kieman on

p.

43

is

We were unable to locate the original

cases

we have been

retranslated

from the Rus-

English wording.

able to verify the accuracy of the author s quota-

and have used original English wording wherever available.)

—

Trans.

CONTENTS

PART ONE The October Revolution:

Its

Sense and Significance

i

I

.

A

Blunder of History, Accident, or Necessity?

2.

Was

3

Let’s

.

Socialism Built in the Soviet Union?

Not Oversimplify!

A

j zj

Balance Sheet of the Soviet Years

25

Balance Sheet; Something Worth Thinking About

^7

A.

October and the World

5.

One More

6.

October and Perestroika

55

7.

Does Socialism Have

67

8.

Summing Up

a

Future?

jy

PART TWO The Union Could Have Been Preserved 81

I

I

I

I

I

9.

A

o.

Tbilisi

I

.

Tragic Turn of Events .

Toward

.

.

a

Baku

Referendum on

3

The Coup: A

A.

15

.

.

.

Vilnius

New Union

2.

.

.

the

Lies

Treaty

Stab in the Back

Ahead?

zo5

Union

The Belovezh Accord:

What

9^

us

—and

the Intrigues of Yeltsin

Dissolution of the

USSR

1^4

/^9

i

PART THREE The

New

Thinking: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow *

1

1

1

1

6

New Thinking

the

7.

The Very

8

The Conception

(

Overcoming

Cold War

.

9.

20 2

The Sources of

.

1

.

.

The

169 lyi

IJ9

First Steps

the

Transitional

1985 - 1991 )

i8j 194

208

World Order

The New Thinking

in the

Post-Confrontational World

2i5

The Challenge of

Globalization

223

23.

The Challenge of

Diversity

231

24.

The Challenge of Global Problems

240

25.

The Challenge of Power

248

26.

The Challenge of Democracy

27.

The Challenge of

Universal

28.

The Beginning of

History?

22

.

Index

Politics

Human

261

Values

268 2J5

279

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'9

225; expansion of information revo-

Germany; conception of new world

lution, 224; fragility

order, 210; effects of foreign policy in early

twentieth century,

5;

rate ol

support of aid programs, 246; reunification, 202, 203, 206; role

of new

rity,

of global secu-

224; inversion of relationship

between domestic and international processes, 225-226; meeting, 226, 230; need for

managing worldwide

Soviet foreign policy in unification,

processes, 226-227; need for

201

quality of

(State

Committee

of Emergency), 134

activity, 224;

need

for refining functions of United

Girenko, A., 96

GKChP

human

new

for the State

Nations, 227—229; need for world

government, 226-227; problem of

285

«

INDEX

Globalization (continued) global interests vs. nation states’,

human

225; universal

GOELRO

interests, 225

(State Plan for the Electrifi-

democracy, 78; belief

of choice, 42; belief

in

freedom

in socialist idea,

67, 69; cessation of activity as presi-

dent of

USSR,

157;

comments on

Unionwide referendum, 119— 121;

new

conception of

Soviet Union,

106, 111; conversation with Yeltsin

on new Union

new

political thinking, 177—178;

views on peaceful coexistence, views on possibility

treaty, 142;

defense of

of force, 97;

visit to

177; See also

August coup attempt

Gorky, Maxim, 9 Gorsky, Yu. M., 244 Gosodarstvo (state entity), 142

Governments: basis for authority, 191— 192;

code of rights and responsibili-

property owner,

Lenin’s influence on,

18;

meeting

with Mitterand, 183—184; meeting with Reagan, 184; participation in

on Crimean

Tatars,

87—

51;

See also Feder-

tarianism

Great October Socialist Revolution. See

October revolution Great Patriotic War,

new Union

Green Cross

126—128, 130— 132,

50-51; as sole

alism; Socialism; Stalinism; Totali-

90; participation in discussions of treaty,

217, 221,

254

end Afghan

conflict in 1985, 198;

Great Britain,

Gorbachev Foundation, 74-75,

ties for, 265; roles,

10,

24

International, 258

142-143, 145—146; regard for Khru-

Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich,

shchev’s historical role, 34; response

Gross national product, pre- World

of force

to use after

in Tbilisi, 95;

attempted coup,

135;

speech

speech on

War

Group of Seven (G-7), 226 Gulag, 23, 28

132— 133;

new Union treaty, support for new Union

Gurenko,

support for Union of

Gysi, G., 202

Sovereign States, Madrid, accord,

down

141; 1

1

90, 92

I, 3

conclusion of

treaty, 107;

1;

return to

165-166; views on Union of

reform policy, 123— 125; failure to

discussion

of.

18

Sovereign States, 144; views on use

141

Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich: belief in

for

USSR,

cation of Russian), 14

Gonzalez, Felipe,

on need

question, 98—99, 102; views

S.

I.,

125

50; trip to

views on Belovezh

51— 152; views on break-

Health problems, resulting from Persian

Gulf war, 258

Hegemony of

of state system, 149— 150;

the West, 189

views on campaign against new

Historical development, pace of, 276

Union

History: beginning of, 275-278; end of,

treaty,

viability,

1

15— 1

17;

views on CIS

153— 157; views on concept

277-278; as history of fanaticism,

of freedom of choice, 190; views on

272; as history of ideological poli-

foreign policy, 180— 18 1; views on

tics,

future of humanity, 193; views

importance of

new

on

Soviet Union,

273; multiple alternatives, 9;

need for change 276;

new

in the

course of,

thinking as beginning of,

141— 142; views on international

275—278; since 1917, effects of East-

cooperation, 183—184; views on

West division on, 38—46; unidirec-

Kosovo tragedy, 258—260; views on

tional course, 46

Lithuanian situation, loi; views on morality,

286

1

92-1 93; views on national

Hobsbawm,

Eric,

Holland, 246

1

INDEX

Homo sapiens,

Ingush, 88

247

Honecker, Erich, 201

Human

activity,

Institute

need for new quality

of,

224

Human Human Human

of Government and

Academy of

(Soviet

Law

Science),

III— 112 beings, goal of progress, 71

Institute

race, relation with nature, 72 rights, 108,

266— 267; See

human

Universal

Institute ^

Humanism, 70

Humanity:

solidarity,

as

Inter-

on

the

Socialist

Economics of

the

World

System, 173

Integration, manifestations of global

Humanist progress, 74 Humanistic

Economy and

national Relations, 173

also

values

of World

trend toward, 223

272

Intellectual history, 273

community of

progress,

275; history of, as history of values,

Interdependence, 187—188, 232 International

Atomic Energy Agency,

268

Hunger

International community, disappearance

protests, 6

Huntington, Samuel

P.,

of bipolar structure, 209

237

Hussein, Saddam, 258

International conference: of political

Hyper-ethnicism, 233, 234, 235

parties

and movements (Moscow,

1987), 189; See also Conferences

Ideological blinders, 26

International cooperation, 183

Ideological

International Foundation for Socioeco-

crisis, 221

Ideological intolerance, 10

nomic and

Ideological-political division of the

254

world, 249 Illegal

Political Science Studies,

International legal system, 228—229

arms exports,

International organizations, 264

253

“The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government” (Lenin), 17

International politics, 271

Immigrants, 237

International progress, 46

“In Search of a Global Order” (Council

International relations: advanced coun-

for Coordination), 49

Income

tries’ role,

states,

213-214; basis in ideol-

ogy, 189; concept of equal security,

distribution, 49

Independent

International processes, 225—226

185-186; confrontational approach

232

current divisiveness, 169;

India, 250

to, 41;

Individual rights, 235

democratization of, 264-267; global

Individualism, 70

interdependence, 188; limitations,

Individuals, moral degradation, 221

192;

Industrial production, during Soviet era,

73; perestroika’s influence on, 206;

system, 208; old models,

unacceptability of revolutionary

26

change, 221; unhealthy

Industrial society, 276 Industrialization,

new

under

Industry, pre- World

Stalin,

War

I,

27

95—96; sources of, 273

International security, 192, 196-197 Internationalization, acceleration,

3-4

Information: lack of, on internal

state, 73

affairs,

219 Interregional Deputies’ Group, 112

Information age, 56

Intolerance, 270—271

Information economy, 276

Invisible

Information society, 218

Iran, 250

hand theorem, 49, 50

287

«

INDEX

Komsomol (Young Communist

Iraq, 204, 259

League), loi

Isolationism, 26—27, 44—45, 140

Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich, 7

Kosovo, 256, 258; See also Yugoslavia,

Japan, 45, 198, 246

NATO

“Joint Declaration on Urgent Measures

war against

to Stabilize the Situation in the

Kosygin reforms,

Country and Overcome the

Kravchuk, Leonid: election as Ukraine

(Novo-Ogarevo meeting),

Crisis”

55

Days of

president, 148; The Last

123

the

Empire,-\^yi\ meeting with Yeltsin

Kahn, Jean Francois, 44

and Shushkevich, 150— 151; participa-

Kairnen, V. G., 43

tion in discuesion of

Kaiser Wilhelm. See Wilhelm

Kalmyk autonomous

treaty, 126, 127;

II

Union

region, 87

Kalmyks, 88

treaty,

new Union views on new

144— 145; views on

Ukraine independence, 144

Kaminka, A., 25—26

Kronstadt revolt, 14

Kapitsa, Pyotr, 176

Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 103

Karabakh region,

Kunaev, D., 86

91

Kuwait, 258

Karachai, 88

Karimov

(participant in talks

Union

on new

treaty), 127—128, 130— 13

Kyrgyzstan, 136, 143, 153

1,

La

145

Pira, Georgio, 176, 268

Karpinsky, Len, 139— 141

Laptev,

Kautsky, Karl,

The Last Days of

35,

42

new Union treaty, participation in Novo-Ogarevo

Kazakhstan: draft of iii;

process,

1

22-1 23; possibility of

Union,

143; willingness to join

new CIS,

the

Empire

(Kravchuk), 147 Laszlo, Erwin, 241, 247

Latouche, Serge, 242

Lavshuk, V.

V.,

244

Le Socialisme (Belgian

socialist

maga-

zine), 43

153

Kennan, George, 43 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich: contradictory record, 33; denunciation of Stalinism, 33, 173; fear of racy, 33; laying 55;

130

Latin America countries, 246

union with Slavic republics, 166— 167; protests in, 86; support for

P. P.,

democ-

of basis for reform,

peaceful coexistence policy, 177;

relationship with 22; relaxing

Communist

Party,

of totalitarianism un-

der, 32; report

on personality

cult,

Leadership, democratic methods of, 34

Legal continuity within CIS, 156—157 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (born Ulyanov);

“The Immediate Tasks of Government,”

the Soviet

17; last writings, 18;

predictions of revolution, 6; State

and Revolution,— 16— \i\ views on October revolution,

views on

13;

peaceful coexistence, 39; views

on

possibilities

Kirghizia, iii, 122—123

on

proletariat

Kissinger, Henry, 188

views on self-determination, 84; views on socialism, 14, 16—18

32;

slogan on world peace, 248

Kohl, Helmut, 182, 202

Kokovtsev (head of Ministers), 25

Kolbin, G. V., 86

288

tsarist

Cabinet of

of

civil

war,

8;

and democracy,

views 18;

“Letter to the Congress” (Lenin), 17 Levi, Arrigo, 44

Liberalism, 70, 236—237, 262—263

INDEX Life, value of,

Middle peasants, 27

269

Ligachev, Igor Kuzmich, 106

Mideast, 199—200, 214, 254

Lippmann, Walter, 43—44

Military conflicts, 259

Literacy, 28

Military industry, conversion to civilian

Lithuania: food shortages, 98; Gor-

production, 253

Moscow

bachev’s views on, 101;

fac-

tion’s support for secession, 103;

of membership

possibility

new

in

Military spending, 172, 250 ^

Soviet Union, 102; Russian population in, 97; secessionist

97—103; use of force

movement,

in Vilnius,

104

Local conflicts, 198—199, 224; See also Conflicts;

Military policy, within CIS, 155

Wars

Military systems, within CIS, 155 Military technology, 31, 212; See also

Arms

race;

Nuclear weapons

Military-political division of the world,

249 Milosevic, Slobodan, 199, 256—257

Local self-government, 264

Minsk agreements,

Lukashenko, Alexander Grigoryevich,

Mitterand, Franaois, 141, 180, 183—184

•59

Lukyanov, Anatoly Ivanovich:

partici-

Tatars, 87, 89, 90; participation in

new Union

treaty,

126—128, 130; statement against

Union

Mlynar, Zdenek, 33 Mobility of capital, 224 Models: Bolsheviks’, of socialism, 18-

pation in discussion of Crimean

discussions of

151

new

19;

of development, technocentric,

72;

imposed economic,

Lying, Solzhenitsyn’s views on, 24

of

inter-

national relations, 73; of social

development, 39; for

treaty, 134

45;

69; Soviet

Union

socialist idea,

as socialist, 13—24;

See also Socioeconomic models

Madrid conference, 199-200 Major powers, role

in regulation

of

race

international affairs, 265

Modrow,

Malenkov, Georgy, 176-177 Malthus,

Man

Thomas

as the king

Moldavia, 119

of creation, 242

Moldova, 136 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 177 Mondialization, 223

tion

Market economy: advantages, 48; balance with government’s role,

51;

within CIS, 155; efficiency, 48;

48-49, 242; globalization, 50

Market system. See

capitalist

market sys-

Moral ensavagement, 268 Moral principles. See Universal human values

Moscow conference of

political parties

and movements, 189 Most-favored-nation status, 123

tem Marx, Karl, 11,16

Mayor,

H., 202, 203

Robert, 273

March revolution. See February revolu-

faults,

Modern warfare, 249; See also Wars Modern weaponry, 191; See also Arms

F.,

Movement

for a Great

and Unitary Rus-

sia, 121

245

Medicine, 243—244

Multinational states, 234

Mediterranean region, 254

Multipolar structures, 218

Medium-range

Mutual understanding, 271-272

Arms

missiles, 186; See also

race

Megamachine (Latouche), 242 Middle East. See Mideast

National cultures, 85, 99 National identity, 232

289

INDEX

t

National interests, 238—239, 239

ple’s Deputies’ support for, 113;

National languages, 99 National minorities, 263

popular support

National question: framework for con--

treaty; Preservation of^Soviet

nature of, 142; See also

sideration of, 92-93; need for analysis of,

86—87;

for, 121; possible

new view of

solving,

91; political platform on, too;

prob-

New

Union

Union, possibility of

New

thinking: areas of application,

276—277; basic postulates, 187—190,

lems with solving, 85-86; regarding

217; basis for political analysis, 175—

Baltic republics, 90—91; threat to

176; basis for theory of, 192; as

New

perestroika, 62—63;

Soviet Union;

New Union

treaty

beginning of history, 275—278; challenge of democracy, 261— 267; chal-

National rights, 235

lenge of global problems, 240—247;

National security, 239

challenge of globalization, 223-230;

National sovereignty, 228

challenge of power politics, 248—

Nationalism, 233, 249

256; challenge of universal

Nationalities, 84—85, 263

values, 268—274; concept of free-

“The

dom of choice,

Nationalities Policy of the Party

in

Present-Day Conditions” (Com-

human

190; conception of,

187—193; considerations of the prob-

munist Party of the Soviet Union),

lem of development, 246; criticisms

too

of, 275; difficulty

NATO

(North Atlantic Treaty Organi-

European

zation); basis for

bombing of

Serbia, 257;

on supremacy

in military

212; sis

security,

of assimilation

188; effects of, 194; evolution of, 66,

179; expressions of, to

world lead-

empha-

ers,

180—182; facts underlying, 249;

power,

first

steps in, 179—186;

first

stimulus,

256; expansion to east, 255; function-

172; ideological barriers, 173;

ing as European Security Council,

tance of returning

255-256; members’ desire to pre-

tance to overcoming Cold War,

new strategic reunited Germany

to, 217;

impor-

impor-

serve supremacy, 230;

194—207, 216; influence on Soviet

conception, 256;

foreign policy, 194; influence on

as

member,

203; Schmidt’s views

on, 258; viability, 257;

war

of,

against

Yugoslavia, 256—259

Nazarbaev, Nursultan Abishevich, 127—128, 131, 143, 162

Soviet view of Persian Gulf 204;

initial

views

tion, 169—170;

179;

crisis,

of, 194; introduc-

need for continuity,

need for enrichment

need for evolution

of, 278;

in, 275; origins,

Near abroad, 163

59,

Neolithic revolution, 276

217; policies

New arms race, 212 New civilization, 73—74, 75—76, 221 New Delhi declaration (1986), 248 New Economic Policy, 17—18 New millennium, challenges of, 222 New politics, 269 New Soviet Union: discussion of name,

confrontational world, 215—222; pre-

129; effects

formation 106, 126;

290

of attempted coup on

of, 135, 136; as federation,

Fourth Congress of Peo-

172-173, 175; outdatedness, 216,

based on, 198; in post-

cursors, 176; results in late 1980s

and early 1990s, 275; search for balance of interests, 238; sources, 171— 178; tasks of, 277; transitional

world

order, 208—214

New

Union (post-CIS),

possibility of,

166—167

New

Union

treaty: alternative to disso-

lution of Soviet Union, 158; Central

INDEX Committee’s support

com-

pletion of draft, 130; continued

North-South problem, 48, Norway, 246

attacks on, 125; date of signing, 132;

Novo-Ogarevo

discussions of contents, 126—129,

Nuclear arms race,

for, 125;

142-143, 145—146; distribution of

Nuclear

powers between Union and sover1

29; drafts,

of, 135;

m—

1 1

of agreed

working group on, of draft for

its

new

signing, 125—126; procedure

Novo-Ogarevo process 123; work toward, 105—

from participants,

1

17;

civilization,

Nuclear proliferation,

testing, 174, 185, 195, 251

Nuclear war,

171, 191,

220

nation, 191; influence

on arms

174; spread, 212, 250;

views

race,

of, as

conventional, 259

order, 208-209, 210, 21

1,

world

characterizations of, role, 29; differing

NGOs (nongovernmental organiza-

of

Tsar (emperor of Russia),

5

of,

I,

effects

i;

43; evaluation

results, 25—37; failures, 14;

tance,

tions), 213

13; civilizing

views

on colonial empires,

Zealand, 252-253

II,

171, 174

October revolution (1917), 1—79; background, 3-12; basic causes, 3, 7, 13;

277

order

Nicholas

in, 195

Objective processes, 220

212; See also Transitional

New

imple-

treaty,

working

groups on, 108-109

New world New world

251—252

Nuclear weapons: importance of elimi-

preparations

for signing, 132; support

Nuclear nonproliferation

Nuclear

137; preparation

in 1991, 114;

conflict,

Nuclear power, 252

129; lack

146—147;

initialing,

Cold

need for reduction

mentation of pledge

committee, in; inclusion of word

Union name,

capabilities,

Nuclear military

24

formation of preparatory

“socialist” in

41; See also

of, 251

of attempted coup on signing

effects

process, 123

War

130— 132; discussions of drafts,

eign republics,

245, 250

77—78; inevitability,

impor3, 7;

influence on world order, 38-46;

1917 revolution. See October revolution

necessary tasks,

1984 (Orwell), 261

55—66; resulting economic system,

Nineteenth Party Conference (of

Com-

47-54; slogans,

13;

7,

and perestroika,

lo-i

I,

64; as so-

munist Party of the Soviet Union),

cialist

92, 205

tem, 13-24; summary, 77—79; unre-

revolution,

13;

and Soviet sys-

Nishanov, R., in, 130

alized ideals, 56; See also Civil war;

Niyazov, Saparmurad, 145

February revolution; Perestroika;

Nobel Prize winners, 230

Socialism

Nomenklatura (hierarchical apparatus), 18, 57,

60—61

Non-Communist

Offensive operations, use by parties, 18

Nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs),

213

Non-intervention, 265

Nonrenewable resources, 242 Non-Russian

nationalities, 29

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See

NATO

Odichanie (moral ensavagement), 268

NATO,

“On Cooperation” (Lenin), 17 “On the Draft Treaty for a Union

256

of

Sovereign States” (Supreme Soviet of USSR), 130

“On

the General Conception of a

Union Treaty and

New

the Procedure for

Concluding Such a Treaty” (Congress of People’s Deputies), 113

29

I

1

t

INDEX

“On

the Imposition of the State of

Emergency”

(State

Committee

related to for

the State of Emergency), 134

O’Neill,

Thomas

new

Soviet Union, 106—

107; foreign policy changes, 66; for-

eign policy of, 204-205; glasnost

during era

(“Tip”), 181

of, 2; goals,*30, 59, 84;

new

One-party system, 18—19

importance to

Open Open

borders, within CIS, 154

policy, 204—205; interruption to, 157;

skies conference (1990), 203

Khrushchev

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. See

OSCE

Soviet foreign

as precursor, 33; les-

sons from, 75—76; meaning, 200; nationalities policy, 99;

and October revo-

Orwell, George, 261

continuance,

OSCE

lution, 55— 66; political

(Organization for Security and

Cooperation

Europe), 230, 255,

in

1

need for

17;

reform

vs.

economic change, 61— 62; precursory conditions, 34, 56; reasons for downfall, 8; reasons for successes,

256

Ottawa, 203

58—59; reestablishment of world-

wide

Pakistan, 250 Palestinian-Israeli conflict,

199—200

Pan-American integration processes,

links, 176; religious faith

under,

21; results of,

tional level, 205—206; revival

democracy under,

214

Parade of sovereignties, Paris Charter for a

no

New Europe,

tionship

197

on interna-

to, 33;

52; Stalin’s rela-

struggles in transi-

tion to social market

economy,

threats to, 62—63;

Parliament, paralysis, 36

248; See also Glasnost

power

of,

during Soviet era,

Perestroika era: importance of foreign

policy during, 206—207; negotia-

30 Past,

57;

and world peace,

Paris peace principles, 254—255

Party-state,

of

problem of legacy

Patiashvili,

tions

of, 54

Dzhumber, 94

bacferiological,

and biological weapons, 196 Persian Gulf

Patriotism, double-headed, 10 Patriots, radical

on chemical,

wing, loi— 102

crisis,

203—204, 258

Personality cult (Stalin’s), 31, 32; See

Pavlov, Valentin, 125, 130, 134

also Stalin,

Joseph

Peace, 191

Peru, 250

Peace Program, 177

Picard, Patrice, 44

Peaceful coexistence, 39, 177, 181

Plenums of Communist Party of the

Peaceful revolution, in Central and

Communist Party of Union

Peasants, 14, 27

People’s Chamber, 203 Perestroika: accomplishments, 57—58;

277;

Union Central Committee;

See under Central Committee of

Eastern Europe, 200

application of principles of,

Soviet

276—

Communist Party under,

22;

the Soviet

Pluralism, 237

Plyushch, Leonid,

13

Politburo: adoption of law

on secession,

condemnation of use of force

considerations of international

loi;

affairs during, 172-173; continua-

in Tbilisi, 95; discussion

tion of

October revolution,

56; dis-

jan-Armenia

of Azerbai-

conflict, 92; discussion

avowal of Brezhnev doctrine, 42;

of Baltic republics, 98—99; discus-

end, 57; evolutionary nature, 60;

sion of problem of

failures to recognize, 200; fate

87—90; meeting of March

292

Crimean i,

Tatars,

1990,

5

1

INDEX 105—106; position on national question, 92; resolution

on Kazakhstan,

ments

in, 214;

tion, 163

Post- World

86 Political Consultative Political

Council, 137

nities,

Power

fragmentation, 8

problem of integra-

War

era,

II

missed opportu-

208

politics:

importance of chal-

Political interests, universal, 188

lenges, 251; reversion to, 254;

Political intolerance, 10

revival, 212; strength of tradition of,

262

Political parties,

*

Political partisanship, Political pluralism,

Power

8—9

68—69

Political

in,

of democ-

arms race of the South,

250;

antidemocratic nature

War

I,

during Soviet era, 30-31; See also

Democracy; Socialism;

Totalitarian-

security, 254—256; nuclear

Political unity, 8 Politics: aggressiveness, 217; criminal-

gap with develop-

ment of objective processes,

220;

sum-

military conflicts, 251-252;

mary, 260; universal security,

251;

war against Yugoslavia, 256—259; wars, 248-249

Prague Spring (1968), 55, 264 Preservation of Soviet Union,

ism

ization of, 221;

border

conventional weapons, 252—253;

European

of existing, 262; pre- World 4;

New

treaty

Political systems:

248-260;

regions between civilizations, 254;

189—190

reform, 61—62; See also

Union

politics, challenges of,

aggressive nationalism, 249-250;

Political practices, reflection

racy

249

ity of,

possibil-

83-167; actions of April 1991

Central Committee plenum, 125;

August coup attempt, 134-148;

lack of solidarity reflected in, 272;

Belovezh Accord, 149—161;

lag in attention to global issues, 241;

Russian declaration of sovereignty

methodology based on new think-

on, 103; ended by Belovezh accord,

ing, 194;

need for new quality

224; relationship to universal values, 270; See also

Power Politics

human

politics;

challenges of

politics,

of force,

Power

of,

1

of

58-1 59; Fourth Congress of Peo-

ple 1

effect

’s

Deputies’ resolution on,

13-1 14; future possibilities, 162—

168;

and new Union

treaty, 105—117;

opposing schemes for renewal of

191, 192

Polozkov, Ivan, 110

Soviet Union, 112—113; referendum

Popov, Gavriil,

on the Union,

1

16

Population growth, 243, 244, 245

Post-Cold

War

18—133; and

responses to national problems,

83—93; and use of force as problem-

changes, 210

Post-confrontational world: characteristics,

1

218; crisis in, 220—221; double-

layered quality, 218-219; factors

solving method, 94-104; See also

New

Soviet Union;

President’s Council,

internal conflicts, 225; multipolar

Primordial

lenges, 222; 21

new

thinking

5-222; summary,

in,

armed

1

1

human values, 269; Universal human values

See also

Producing economy, 276 Production: conversion from military to

21

Postindustrial society, 218, 276

Post-Soviet space:

Union

treaty

needed, 216; internationalization of

structure, 218; need to address chal-

New

conflicts, 160;

decline, 159; importance of develop-

civilian, 253; efficiency of,

Profit,

69

242

Profound processes. See Deep processes

293

INDEX Progress: advances in idea of, 276; conditions necessary for, 74; harmful

nature, 242-243;

human beings

goal, 71; vSee a/^o

Development

Prokhanov

as

revolution; October revolution

Reykjavik summit meeting, 195

246

Promakov, Yevgeny, 96 (after

Febru-

ary revolution), 7

Rodionov, General, 95 Rolozkov (head of Communist Party of the Russian Federation), 121

Public health system, 29

Romano,

Pugachovism, 124

Rostow, Walter

Pugo

RSFSR.

(minister of the interior), 103

Sergio,'239

W, 277—278

See Russian Soviet Federated

Socialist Republic

(Stalinist), 19

Rukh (Ukrainian Radical democrats,

1

February

Rio de Janeiro Conference, 241, 243,

Proletariat, dictatorship of, 18

Purges

34; See also

1,

national, 235

Proletarian internationalism, 42

Government

1

Rights, balance between individual and

(writer), 121

Provisional

Revolutions,

ment),

14

1

nationalist

move-

17

Railroads, 4

Russel, Bertrand, 176

Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, 254

Russia: anti-democratic actions, 52; ben-

Razumovsky, Georgi, 90, 94

efits

Reactionary military dictatorship, 7 Reagan, Ronald, 184, 195

164; bilateral negotiations with

Byelorussia, 150— 15 1; central eco-

Red Army

nomic

Reds

fighters, 10

group),

(political

9;

See also Bol-

sheviks; Whites

Reed, John,

i,

1

18;

1

institutions’ attitude

6

toward,

220; crisis status in early twentieth

century,

5;

current bureaucratic-

oligarchic regime, 36—37; current

Referendum (on question of new Soviet Union),

of current status of CIS, 163—

18—123; campaign against,

conservatives’ actions after, 122;

form of question, radio address on,

118; 1

Gorbachev’s

19— 121; meeting

of government bodies

in

Novo-

Ogarevo, 122—123; participation

problems, 78; current status, 30; debates over socialism

in, 25;

decla-

ration of sovereignty, 102-103;

democratic future, 63; effects of dissolution of Soviet

Union on,

160;

importance of democratization in,

efforts, 261; impossibility

ism

121

in,

of social-

13—14; leadership’s under-

Regional civilizations, 237

mining of union,

Regional

tion of nuclear capabilities, 251;

conflicts, 198, 224; See also

needs

Conflicts

at

63;

need for reduc-

time of October revolution,

Regionalization of the world, 229

human rights, 266; participation in Novo-Ogarevo process, 22-1 23; pre- World War I,

Regormy glaiami amerikanskikh

3—4; reasons for independence from

Regional organizations, 229—230 Regional security systems, 196—197

i

25;

observance of

1

russkikh uchenykh (The Reforms Seen

Soviet Union, no; relations with

Through the eyes of American and

independent republics, 166; role of

Russian Scholars), 45

government

Repression, after victories of W.W.II,

294

meeting social needs,

262—263; separation from Soviet

Union, 140; slow progress toward

31-32

Revenko, G.

in

I.,

131

democracy,

36; Yeltsin’s

under-

INDEX Standing of

its

sovereignty, 109—1 10;

Shapiro, Leonard, 10

See also Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic; Soviet

Shakhnazarov, G. Kh., 132

Union

Shcherbakov (participant

new Union

Russian army, 114 Russian experiment, importance, 53 Russian Federation. See Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic

Russian foreign policy, 275

/

in talks

on

treaty), 130

Shcherbitsky, Vladimir Vasilyevich, 90

Shevardnadze, Eduard A., 89, 94, 95 Shock therapy, as form of change, 63, 158

Russian Orthodox Church, 20-21

Shock therapy reform

Russian Republic. See Russia

Shushkevich, Stanislau Stanislavavich,

Russian revolution. See October revolution

era, 30

143, 146, 150-151

Siberia, 4

The Russian Revolutions of igiy (Shapiro), 10

“Silver

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Re-

(RSFSR, Russian Federa-

public

Ivan Stepanovich,

Silaev,

tion); declaration

of sovereignty, 63;

return of Crimea

to,

89—90; state

sovereignty, 102; takeover of

USSR

banks, 136

Age” of

131

culture, 4

SIPRI, 250

Six-member group (on German

reunifi-

cation), 203

Slavic republics, 166— 167

Slogans of the October revolution,

7,

10—11, 64

Russians: reactions to creation of CIS,

Slovenia, 209

Russification of Baltic republics, 90—91

Smena (parliamentary group), Smith, Adam, 50

Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 95—96, 106

Social conflicts, 250

164; support for freedom, 37

151

Social consciousness, 243 Social Democrats, 13—14, 34

Sabet, Hafez, 245

toward, during

Sacrifice, willingness

Soviet era, 27

1

1— 12, 60

Social differentiation, 72

Sajudis (Lithuanian political organization),

Social development,

Social injustice, 68

Social

97

life, crisis of,

220

262—263

Sakhalin, 272

Social problems,

Sakharov, Andrei, 176

Social structures, 69

Saudi Arabia, 250

Social tensions,

Savings bank deposits, 4

Socialism: anathematization, 67; as

5

Schmidt, Helmut, 47, 258

antipodes to capitalist society, 69;

Schultz, George, 180

collection of values, 69; conditions

Schuman, Frederick

necessary

L., 29

for, 13—14;

Union,

Scientific progress, 219

in Soviet

Scientific research, 242

67-76; negation of

Second Persian Gulf

crisis,

70; Soviet

212

Socialism

Security, 191, 192, 251

Security agencies, 253; See also

NATO

Union

and the

(Adler),

15;

as

exemplification future of,

liberal values,

model

Stalinist

35

Socialist

camp

Serbia, 257

Socialist

command economy,

Sevastyanov (Communist delegate), 159

Socialist Federated Republic

131

13—24

Experiment

Self-determination, 182, 233-234, 235

Shaimiyev, Mintimer, 127, 128,

of,

(of countries), 42, 55 47,

51

of

Yugoslavia, 209; See also Yugoslavia

295

INDEX

Socialist idea, 68,

44—45; lagging development,

69—70, 236

23—24

Socialist ideals,

nature of system built

in, 15;

empire, 84; observance of

Society: moral degradation, 221; pre-

rights, 267; participation in

1

,

5;

of globaliza-

results

tion of, 269

not an

human

Societal progress, 242

World War

56;

Madrid

conference, 199; Politburo proposals

on

for strengthening, 92; position

German

Socioeconomic models, 45 Soldiers of October, 10 Solidarity, as universal

reunification, 201, 202—203;

possible preservation as

human

value,

272

renewed

Cen-

federation, 235; relations with tral

and Eastern Europe, 200;

rela-

Solomentsev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 88, 90

tions with China, 197—198; relations

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 24

with East Germany, 202; relations

South (global region), 245—247, 250 South Korea, 198

with European Union, 197; relations

Southeast Asia, 45

republics, 99; relations with South

South-North problem, 48, Soviet

245, 250

Army, authorization

force,

for use of

with Japan, 198; relations with

Korea, 198; relations with West Ger-

many, 203; suppression of democracy, 52; systemic problems, 84; tota-

95—96

Soviet era: cultural achievements,

system,

litarian

views on Persian

15;

28—29; employment guarantees, 28;

Gulf

evaluation of, 25—37; modernization

See also

Commonwealth of

Inde-

of Russia as catching up, 26;

pendent

States; Dissolution

of So-

ossifi-

cation of society, 34; potentialities, 31;

repression of democracy, 30;

Russia’s

economic accomplishments

viet

crisis,

Union;

Union

204; world impact, 41;

New Soviet

treaty; Preservation

Union, possibility

of;

New

of Soviet

Russia;

during, 26; See also Socialism;

Supreme Soviet of Union of Soviet

Socialist idea

Socialist Republics

Soviet foreign policy: after October revolution, 64—66; attempts at

modern-

ization, 177; balance sheet, 186; basic

Soviet-American

treaties, 195

Soyuz (conservative block), Stalin, Joseph: actions

121

toward nationali-

concepts, 172; changes, 183; changes

ties, 85;

during perestroika era,

evaluation of, 64; ideological princi-

tion,

58; realiza-

194— 195

of capitalism, 39 See also

New

Union

treaty

Soviet society, Soviet

19,

with Germany, 65; reactions to his death, 32—33; theory of autonomiza-

of Communist Party,

Socialist

alliance with

ship, 9; See also Personality cult

Stalinism, 14—16, 33, 270

anti-Hitler coalition, 65; basis for

Stalinist era, cost

monopoly of power,

Stalin’s terror, 31

21;

end of exis-

of successes, 28

tence, 157; foreign policy, 65—66,

Standard of living, 29

179—186, 200; formation, 84; impact

Starodubstev (leader of

on

capitalist

personal quali-

21—22; West’s effects on his dictator-

23

USSR);

17;

purges, 19; rapprochement

tion, 29; use

Union (Union of Soviet

Republics,

war communism, ties, 16;

Soviet republics, rebirth as sovereign states, 129;

disregard of history, 19—20;

ples of socialism, 18; imposition of

Soviet leadership, support for overthrow

296

Union;

world, 43; isolationism.

Movement

Great and Unitary Russia),

121

for a

1

INDEX State

and Revolution (Lenin), 16—17

Tax formulas,

State

Committee

Tbilisi,

for the State of

Emer-

gency (GKChP), 134

94—95 Tcurkmenbashy, Saparmyrat. See Niya-

State Council, 136, 137, 142-143, 144-146 State entity {gosodarstvd)^ 142

Technocentric models of development, 72

State Plan for the Electrification of

(GOELRO),

Technology-based /

14

Stavropol region, 20, 32

Stereotyped ideas, in I

Russia,

tsarist

the

World (Reed),

Arms

185, 195; See

“The Strategy of Russia During

the

Thermidor, symbolism,

11

Third Congress of People’s Deputies,

race

Strategic defense system, of CIS, 155

Subjective factors in upper layer of structure of post-confrontational

world, 219

106

The Third Millennium- Challenge and Prognosis (Laszlo), 241

Third World, 272

Sub-Sahara Africa, 214

Sukhanov (Menshevik author),

14

Sumgait, 91

Thoughts Out oj Season (Gorky), 9 Tobin, James, 49 Toffler,

Supreme Soviet

of Belarus, 152, 159

Supreme Soviet of

Russia, 102, 159, 160

Supreme Soviet of Ukraine,

Socialist Republics: action

on eco-

rights for Baltic republics,

100; approval

of draft

Alvin and Heidi, 241

Tolerance, 270, 271 Totalitarian systems, 263—264, 267

Totalitarianism: in 1920s, 19; in 1930s,

152

Supreme Soviet of Union of Soviet

treaty, 149;

20; abuse of socialist ideals, 24; characteristics, 22, 35;

democratic

decorations, 21; effects, 31, 78; fear

of democracy,

33; foreign policy

approval of referendum on future of

legacy, 172; inadequacies, 84; iner-

Soviet Union,

tia, 57;

Union

i

Russia), 137

arms reductions,

nomic

Days That Shook

220

Transitional Period” (Democratic

Stern (magazine), 250

also

Ten

civilization,

Thatcher, Margaret, 182

s— 16

Strategic

Saparmurad

zov,

State ownership, 21

Russian

13

treaty,

1

1

1

18; 1;

discussion of

emergency

ses-

sion after August coup attempt, 136;

proposal for resolution

final

meeting, 156-157;

on new Union

treaty, 130

Supreme Soviet of Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics,

Supreme Soviets of

reasons for acceptance of, 23;

reasons for weakening, 24; in Soviet

Union,

“Toward

a

15;

See also Stalinism

Humane and Democratic

Socialism” (Central Committee of the

Communist Party of

the Soviet

Union), 105

131

republics, reasons

for support of Belovezh accord,

Trade wars, 219 Transitional period, to

Union,

158-159 Surface processes of post-confrontational world, 219

new

136; See also

Soviet

New Union

treaty

Transitional world order, 208-214;

Sverdlovsk Province, 100

also

Sweden, 246

New

world order

Transnational corporations, 224

Treaty of economic union, 137 Tadzhikistan, iii, 122-123,

Tarazevich, G.,

1

12-1

13

‘

43

^

G3

Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States. See

New Union

treaty

297

I

INDEX

Trust

Union; Preservation of Soviet

(Fukuyama), 236

Tsar Nicholas

Union, possibility of

II, 5

Tsarist Russia, backwardness, 13—16

Union

republics, 29-30; declarations of

Tudjman, Franjo, 199 Turkmenia, 111, 122—123

sovereignty,

Turkmenistan,

107; status

potential,

early, crisis-filled

intolerant nature,

3;

270—271; wars

in,

under new Union

treaty,

103, 106; See also specific republics

Unionwide

institutions, 140—141

Unionwide referendum. See Referen-

248

Twentieth Party Congress (of nist

Polithuro plan for,

10;

92; responsibility for civil rights,

143, 133

Twentieth century:

1

Commu-

Party of the Soviet Union),

dum United Nations: ronditions necessary for efficient functioning, 227; con-

32

Twenty-second Party Congress (of

Communist Party of

the Soviet

Union), 39 Twenty-fourth Party Congress (of

Communist Party of

the Soviet

Union), 177

sideration of international security

proposals, 196; need for creation of security agencies, 233; need for im-

proving international legal system, 228; need for monitoring adherence to international law, 228-229;

Twenty-seventh Party Congress (of

Communist Party of

the Soviet

Union), 39, 186 Twenty-eighth Party Congress (of

Communist Party of

the Soviet

for refining functions of, 227—229;

need for timely financing, 229; oversight of

human

rights, 267;

recom-

mendations on aid programs, 246;

on

role as peacemaker, 213; treaty

economic,

Union), 83

need

social,

and cultural rights

(1966), 233; U.S. disregard for,

Ukraine: aim to dissolve Union, 147; declaration of independence,

Novo-

133—136; participation in

Ogarevo

process, 122—123; role in

treaty process, 130—131; (nationalist

Rukh

movement),

117; vote

Vladimir

Ilich.

United Nations Agenda for Development, 228

United Nations Agenda for Peace, 227— 228

United Nations Charter, 270 United Nations Fund for Population

for independence, 148

Ulyanov, Vladimir

264—263

See Lenin,

Activities

(UNFPA), 244

United Nations General Assembly, 228

Ilich

Unanimity of opinion,

United States: approach to dispute reso-

18

manage

Unemployment, 48—49

lution, 204; attempt to

UNFPA

worldwide processes, 226,

(United Nations Fund for Pop-

attempts to impose

ulation Activities), 244

Unification of

Germany,

Union of Sovereign also

New Soviet

States, 108, 147; See

New Union

Socialist Republics

(USSR). See Soviet Union

Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics, 129, 137; See also

298

New

Soviet

inter-

national law, 236; disregard for the

U.N., 264—263; importance of devel-

opments

treaty

Union of Soviet

own forms of

democracy, 264; disregard for

201

Union:

238;

in, 214;

inadequacy of

re-

sponse to world challenges, 237;

need for reduction of nuclear capabilities, 231;

new

foreign strategy,

236; participation in

Madrid confer-

1

INDEX ence, 199; reactions to processes of

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet), 272

integration within CIS, 164-165;

Vorotnikov (Politburo member), 89, 90

response to Soviet foreign policy

ini-

Afghan mujaheddin,—

views on

end of Cold War, 210; willingness find

War and Anti- War (Toffler and

supplying of arms to

tiatives, 186;

new world

to

order, 210

United States and Canada

Institute, 17^

Unity of the world, 190

241

War communism, 17 War of laws, 115—116,

13

Warfare, justifications, 191

Wars; commonness, 248; Gorky’s views

Universal civilizing processes, 274,

on, 9; as inevitable evils, 248; lack of desire for, pre- World

275

Universal goals, 277

Universal

human

Romano’s views on,

values: crisis of,

268— 269; infusion 212— 213;

into

world

affairs,

priority, 188, 216—217; sig-

War

eth century, 219; valid political tool,

world without, 248; See

174;

pression of, 270; survival

Weapons: depleted uranium,

Universal

269;

270

as,

human

values, challenges of,

268—274; consumerism, 269; imper-

also

Conflicts

Warsaw

as,

4-5;

I,

239; in twenti-

nificance, 273; solidarity, 272; sup-

tolerance

Toffler),

Pact countries, 182—183, 200

lethal, 252;

logical

See also

Arms

259;

non-

race; Bio-

weapons; Chemical weapons;

Nuclear weapons

understanding, 271-272; protection

Weapons of mass destruction, Weapons reductions, 252-253

of natural environment, 269

West (division of world community);

ative

need for values, 270; mutual

212

Universal secrecy, 61

attempts to suppress Russian revolu-

Universe, oneness, 193

tion, 40; crisis

Upper

cutbacks in social programs, 44; gap

layer of post-confrontational

world’s structure, 219

between governments and

Uppsala University (Sweden), 215

52;

Urban housing, 28

9;

U.S. and

Canada

Institute, 173

Usmankhodzhaev (member of commission studying Crimean Tatars), 90 USSR. See Soviet Union USSR Supreme Soviet. See Supreme Soviet of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Uzbekistan, 89,

1

1,

122—123,

hegemony,

human

Union on,

Soviet

dence

in peaceful coexistence, 39;

nature of cies

civil

society in, 262; poli-

regarding former Soviet

209; political

crisis,

processes of integration within CIS,

from East

as basic feature

of twentieth century,

to find

new world

Vlasovites, 87

Volga Germans, 88

Wilhelm

II

also

group),

also Bolsheviks;

use of old

order, 210

Whites

(political

38;

211; willingness

Vernadsky, Vladimir, 176

Violence, 24

states,

262; reactions to

Varennikov, Valentin, 101, 104

Vilnius, 97, 104; See also Lithuania

of

43; lack of confi-

West Germany, 203; See Western hegemony, 189

values

society,

189; influences

images of enemies, Values, 268, 269; See also Universal

52;

goals regarding Soviet republic,

164; split 1

of democracy,

7,

Germany

9-10; See

Reds

(Friedrich

Wilhelm Viktor

Albert, Kaiser Wilhelm),

5

Wilson, Woodrow, 40, 65

299

t

INDEX World: dangers of regionalization, 229;

Federated Socialist Republic,

unity within diversity, 189

World

civilization,

133;

disavowal of signatures on draft

274

World community, 278 World currency markets, 229 World development, 50, 213, 218, 220—

Union

treaty, 119;

actions, 139;

sentation of

World economy, 224 existence, contradiction

between

meeting with Kravchuk 1

Union

30-131; misrepretreaty, 119; par-

ticipation in discussions

Union

layers, 219

Gorjpachev’s sus-

picions about, 147—148; inconsistent

and Shushkevich,

221

World

of Russian Soviet

on sovereignty

of draft

treaty, 127, 142-143, 143-146;

Con-

World government, 226—227

presentation'of proposals to

World Health Organization, 243 World market, 224

gress of People’s Deputies, 139;

World

nations, interdependence, 187

142, 143; reasons for election, 37;

World

order, 160, 208—214; See also

New

treaty,

reasons for not signing draft treaty, 146—147; receipt of Democratic

world order

World

new Union

public support for

Russia document, 137—138; recogni-

politics, 189, 213, 243

World public opinion,

World

relations,

World

religions, 268

tion of Ukraine’s independence,

213

220—221

148; relations 1 1

9,

1

3

1

;

with Gorbachev,

113,

shock therapy method of

World revolution, 39 World Trade Organization, 229 World War I, 5-6

change, 63; supplementary com-

World War

four-sided agreement, 113; views on

31;

II,

ments

to Latvia

people’s qualities during,

See also Great Patriotic

Worldwide brain

trust,

Worldwide problems,

War

S.,

Union

treaty, 137; trip

and Estonia,

1

14;

views on

Russian sovereignty, 109-1 10 Yeltsin group, 63

230

Young Communist League (Komso-

214

Worldwide processes, 226—227 Wren, Melvin

to draft

mol), lOI Yugoslavia, 199, 212, 236

28

Yugoslavia (former), 234

Yakovlev (Politburo member), 90

Yugoslavia,

war

against: effects

of bombing, 236-237, 238-239; en-

Yakutia, 86

Yanaev, G.

NATO

I.,

vironmental consequences, 238; as

134

Yazov, Dmitri Timofeevich, 95, 103, 130

exemplar of new American strategy,

Year of Tolerance, 270

236; importance, 237;

Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich:

ment of

criticisms, 163;

acknowledg-

comments

need for

re-

sponsible analysis of, 238; use of

depleted uranium weapons, 238

against central government, 119;

comments on

bilateral Russian-

Zero-sum diplomacy, 182

weapons reductions, 232—233

Byelorussian negotiations, 150;

Zones

covert actions against reform of

Zyuganov, Gennady,

Union government, 10— 1

300

1 1

1;

decree

for

1

10

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