Nyangumata grammar

Citation preview

6 4 -5 4 7 5 O'GRADY, G e offre y N o e l, 1 9 2 8 NYATJUMATA GRAMMAR. Indiana U n iv e r s ity , P h .D ., 1963 Language and L ite r a t u r e , lin g u is t ic s

U n iv ersity M icrofilm s, Inc., A n n Arbor, M ich igan

NYAIJUMATA

GUMMAS.

toy G eoffrey hi

O'Grady

Subm itted to t h e f a c u l t y o f t h e G r a d u a te S c h o o l in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ir em en ts fo r the d e g r e e , D octor o f P h ilo so p h y , in th e D epartm ent o f L i n g u i s t i c s , Indiana U n iv e r s it y 1963

\ fs

A c c e p te d by th e f a c u l t y o f th e Graduate S c h o o l , In diana U n i v e r s i t y , in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f the r e q u ir e ­ m ents f o r t h e d eg re e o f D o cto r o f P h ilo s o p h y .

^ Date*.

JSiay 2 2 , 19&3

• S’ v D ir e c to f o f T h esis

D o c t o r a l C o m m it te e :

l l 1/ V f/d u .

ACia; OY/LEDGMENTS

I w i s h t o thank: Dr.

C .F .

d o c t o r a l c o m m i t t e e , and Dr. stim u la tin g

V oegelin ,

ch a ir m a n o f my

F. V/. H o u s e h o l d e r ,

for

i n s t r u c t i o n and v a l u a b l e a d v i c e w h i c h

a d v a n c e d me t o t h e w r i t i n g o f my t h e s i s .

My th a n ic s

a l s o due t o t h e members o f my c o m m i t t e e f o r t h e i r t i n u e d h e l p and i n t e r e s t years

th eir

a t Indiana

e x t e n d e d t o me t h r o u g h o u t

are co n ­ my

U n iv ersity .

I e x p r e s s my a p p r e c i a t i o n

to t h is U n iv ersity

for

f i n a n c i a l a i d w h i c h e n a b l e d me t o f u r t h e r ray r e s e a r c h e x p e r i e n c e , and t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s E d u c a t i o n a l Founda­ tio n

in A u s t r a lia fo r

country.

th eir

a ssistin g

me t o come t o t h i s

MYJUQUKATA m

GilflMMAR .

C hapter I P age 1.

P hon ology

......................................................................

1

1 .1 .

Phoneme i n v e n t o r y

....................................

1 .2 .

A ttesta tio n

of in v e n to r y

................................

1

1 .3 .

A llop h on y

....................................................................

4

1 .4 .

P a ra lin g u istic

1 .5 .

E n g l i s h i n f l u e n c e on Kyaqumata Phenology

27

1 .6 .

In terp honem ic S p e c i f i c a t i o n

........................

29

1 .7 .

Phoneme f r e q u e n c y

..................................................

36

1 .8 .

S p ectro g ra p h ic evidence

phenom ena

...............................

....................

1

'

22

38

C hapter I I ............................

2 . M o r p h o p h o n e m ic s

40

2 .1 .

S p orad ic a lt e r n a t i o n

2 .2 .

P h o n o lo g ic a lly con d ition ed a lt e r n a t io n .

44

2 .3 .

M o r p h o lo g ica lly co n d itio n ed a lte r n a tio n

52

..................

40

C hapter I I I 3. M orphology

...................................................................... ....................................................

68

3 .1 .

Stem c o m p o s i t i o n

3 .2 .

S eq u e n c e s o f V + non-SF s u f f i x e s

...........

89

3 .3 .

S eq u e n c es o f N + non-SF s u f f i x e s

...........

107

3 .4 .

P a rticles

3 .5 .

In ven tory o f

......................... jg

....................................................

80

112 113

iv PREFACE The N y agum ata l a n g u a g e 1 ,

o f w hich a s t r u c t u r a l i z a t i o n

i s p resen ted in the f o llo w in g c h a p te r s,

is

spoken

a p p r o x im a te ly 700 a b o r i g i n e s in t h e n o r th w e s t o f A u s t r a l i a 2.

by W estern

At t h e t i m e o f t h e a r r i v a l o f A n g l o - A u s t r a l i a n

s e t t l e r s a t t h e m outh o f t h e de G rey R i v e r i n 1 8 6 4 , N yaqumata t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y e x t e n d e d a l o n g t h e

the

coast for

m i l e s , and r e a c h e d f r o m 6 0 t o 8 0 m i l e s i n t o t h e G r e a t D esert

( s e e Map I ) .

150 Sandy

By 1 9 0 0 , t h e more v a l u a b l e a r e a s

in

t h e N o r t h w e s t w er e b e i n g d e v o t e d t o t h e s h e e p and c a t t l e in d u strie s,

i n w h i c h i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e rs o f a b o r i g i n e s

i n c l u d i n g Nyaqum ata

—

w ere e m p l o y e d .

In 1 9 4 6 m ost o f t h e i n l a n d N yagum ata

(r}u lip a tu ),

w o r k i n g on s h e e p s t a t i o n s i n t h e W arr aw agin e a r e a , w i t h members o f t r i b e s t o t h e i r a g a in st th e ir

em p loyers,

m ining c o o p e r a tiv e

3

.

—

s o u t h and w e s t i n

jo in ed a

strik e

and i n due c o u r s e e s t a b l i s h e d

Nowadays, th e q u e s t f o r m i n e r a l s

( n o t a b ly m anganese, t a n t a l i t e , g o ld ,

tin ,

copper,

colu m b ite,

b ery l,

and s c h e e l i t e ) and p e a r l s h e l l t a k e s t h e Q u l i p a t u

a field

throughout th e N orth w est,

o f P o r t H edlan d .

c o a s t a l Nyarjuraata ( W a n y a l i )

m eanw hile te n d e d t o c o n t in u e in t h e i r r S l e s P a r d o o , W a l l a l , and Mandora s h e e p s t a t i o n s . 1957 w ork ed on Anna P l a i n s c a t t l e

sta tio n

have

o f em p loyees

of

T h o s e who u n t i l

h a v e moved . e i t h e r

t o t h e Roman C a t h o l i c M i s s i o n , a t La G r a n g e , o f Broome and P o r t H e d l a n d .

far

t h o u g h f o r much o f t h e t i m e

m o st o f them a r e t o b e f o u n d i n t h e v i c i n i t y The more c o n s e r v a t i v e

a

or t o t h e tow n s

V

As o f 1 9 6 0 ,

d esp ite

some i n t e r m i n g l i n g o f N yagu m ata

from v a r i o u s g e o g r a p h i c a l p o i n t s ,

it

was p o s s i b l e

to

*

d i s t i n g u i s h I J u l i p a t u and W a n y a l i a s d i a l e c t s i n t e r m s d i f f e r e n c e s on t h e l e x i c a l , sy n ta ctic

levels^ ".

b ein g s u f f i c i e n t b ility .

m orp h op h on em ic, and m o rp h o -

These d i f f e r e n c e s f a l l f a r s h o r t

M o r e o v e r , t h e N yagum ata s h a r e i n an A u s t r a l i a —w id e

co n co m ita n tly ,

for

o th er-la n g u a g e-lea rn in g

o th er-d ia lect-lea rn in g ).

t h a t a t O old ea, in w ester n South A u s t r a l i a ,

the d i s t r i c t ,

and i t

(and,

D ouglas r e p o r t s

f r o m ot,her d i a l e c t a r e a s w e r e f r e q u e n t l y p a s s i n g

th eir

"visitors through

was n o t e d t h a t i n f o r m a n t s m o d i f i e d

speech a cco rd in g to th e ir

tem porary a s s o c i a t i o n s

w i t h members o f o t h e r d i a l e c t a r e a s " . p o l i t e W anyali v i s i t o r

C o n versely a l s o ,

t o th e I]ul*patu w i l l ,

w ith in

d i a l e c t w ith the

own

c o r r e s p o n d in g form s used by h i s h o s t s

by u s i n g Q u l i p a t u m itawa i n p l a c e o f W anyali

woman) .

a

a

m a t t e r o f d a y s , r e p l a c e s p e e c h -f o r m s unique t o h i s

(e .g .

of

f o r th e im pairm ent o f m utual i n t e l l i g i ­

a b o rig in a l p re d ile c tio n

(1955)

of

g a l y un

W i t h i n W a n y a l i , Anna P l a i n s s p e e c h ( W a n y a l i £ )

d i f f e r s i n minor d e t a i l s from t h a t

o f M an d ora, W a l l a l

and

P a r d o o ( W a n y a l i - ^ ) , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n i t s m o r p h o p h o n e m ic s ^ . A l l N yagum ata can a t l e a s t in E n g lis h .

ex p ress everyday

In g e n e r a l , Q u l i p a t u have g r e a t e r f l u e n c y

t h e la n g u a g e than W anyali.

P robably a t l e a s t

90#

N yagu m ata s p e a k E n g l i s h w i t h a r e a d i l y d i s c e r n i b l e a b o rig in a l

needs

' a c c e n t ' ^ . '•

of

in

vi Nyagum ata and i t s n o r t h e a s t e r n n e i g h b o r , G a r a d j e r i

7

,

s h a r i n g a s c o g n a t e 5 7 $ t>f t h e X00 i t e m s o f a b a s i c Q

vocab u lary t e s t

list,

fo rm t h e Margu s u b g r o u p

of

the

W e s t e r n D e s e r t —Mudbura g r o u p o f t h e Pama—Nyugan p h y l i c Q fa m ily , one o f w e l l o v e r a s c o r e o f p h y l i c f a m i l i e s e x i s t i n g w ith in A u s t r a lia , accord in g t o l e x i c o s t a t i s t i c c r i t e r i a 1 ^.

In Map I I ,

W anyali d i a l e c t

o f Nyagumata and o t h e r l a n g u a g e s s p o k e n i n

the w estern th ir d

of A u stra lia

p ercen tages of p u ta tiv e list.

th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between th e

is

in d ica ted

in term s

of

cogn ates ap p earin g in th e t e s t

I f p r o je c te d in to E astern A u s t r a l i a ,

the p er c e n ta g e

i s o g l o s s e s w ould, w ith few e x c e p t i o n s , r e f l e c t

d e c r e a se in

cognate d e n s i t i e s w ith in c r e a s in g g e o g r a p h ic a l d is t a n c e . A c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n N yagum ata and U m p ila ( s p o k e n n o r t h e r n Cape York P e n i n s u l a ) y i e l d s ,

in

f o r exam ple, a

c o g n a t e d e n s i t y o f o n l y 8 $ , t h o u g h t h e tw o l a n g u a g e s

are

w i t h i n t h e same p h y l i c f a m i l y , b e i n g l i n k e d b y c h a i n s f a r more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d

p a ir s o f lan gu ages

of

stretch in g

rig h t across A u stra lia . N eith er

o f t h e N yagum ata d i a l e c t s

e x t e n s iv e ly d escrib ed .

h a s been

The c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p

G a r a d j e r i and N yagu m ata was n o t e d i n

C ap ell 1940,

G a r a d j e r i Grammar a p p e a r s i n C a p e l l 1 9 6 2 . P e t r i carried

between

H.

and

a

and G.

o u t a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l and l i n g u i s t i c r e s e a r c h

d u r i n g 1 9 5 4 and 1 9 6 0 , p r i n c i p a l l y w i t h Anna P l a i n s

in ­

form ants.

con­

B e t w e e n 1 9 5 9 and 1 9 6 1 , J .

and K.

W ilson

d u c t e d a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h among N y a g u m a ta l i v i n g

v ii

MAP

I

Lo-G-ran^e

/c

/

c v p a rVJ Anna. \ >PWnS \ ✓ \ /

M a,«dova. W aila! . rsA

^ARxr-rs ""

-

S u f f i x 6 1 2 - 6 3 2 - 6 6 2 h a s t e n a l t e r n a n t s ( ,6 1 2 .2 -1 3 )

which a re l i s t - s e l e c t e d ,

liste d

62

(N g y

t h e wind i s

:

wapal

b l o w i n g from n e a r t o

Nc + 65 2 + 6 8 2 )

;

f ' un*71 *' umaramarapa

amongst t h e Y e l l e i a p a n d u r if o r m is

(b r o a d -lea v e d p o iso n

s h r u b s ) (N„ + 6 8 2 + 6 4 2 ) .

2 .3 .2 .2 0 .

S u f f i x 2711 o cc u r s in

a l t e r n a n t 2 7 1 1 . 2 when

s e q u e n c e w i t h Va o r w i t h members o f a l i s t a b l e 27 1 1 .1

occurs elsew h ere.

E xam ples a re

:

in

g r o u p o f N.

t ^ u ml a

-

w a rk it^ ip ili

lea d the

63

b lin d p e rso n ]

crav/ 1 , c r e e p ) + 2 V l l ) + 211 ) n agalu

-

;

yaw ata

d o n 't f r ig h t e n your h o r s e l

+ 211 + 3 3 1 + 1 3 6 7 + 3 7 1 + 4 1 l ) s h o u l d make him e a t e r m it it yin in i

2 . 3. 2 . 2 1 .

CNS

;

Va t (Va i ^warkLw in tityip ilin p a -

(N s

^a t ^ s

+ 2711)

q a lp a tyilim in

C"7a t C ^ i + 2 7 1 1 ) + 24 1 + 3 3 l )

S u f f i x 721 occurs in

a l t e r n a n t 7 2 1 . 1 when

7 2 1 .2 w ith v e r t s .

m a g u n ^ p i t i open l a w '*'

(NgCmaijun^ D r e a m t im e ) + 7 2 l )

w u r a lp iti

in form ation

2 .3 .2 .2 2 .

S u f f i x 722 o cc u r s in

v e r b , th e other th ree

p ilu r t^ a itil

doughy n a rt clean

four a l t e r n a n t s ,

:

;

o f bed

E xam ples :

CN^Ct^ina f o o t ) + 7 2 2 ) (jJQCkanka a b o v e )

o f bread

( o f v/ater) ,

a l l of

7 2 2 .2 o c c u r s i n s e q u e n c e w i t h a

a l t e r n a n t s w it h nouns.

f o o t , a s o f b ed head, as

E x a m p le s a r e

in

(NgCVatCwura- t e l l ) + 7 2 l ) ) .

w hich are l i s t - s e l e c t e d .

kankaru

;

C^a -j_(Ns + 2.71.1) + 2 2 1 + 3 1 1 ) .

I ran

seq u en ce w ith n o u n s,

t yin u l

.you

722)

; ;

C ^ C p i l u v i s c e r a ) ■+• 7 2 2 )

clear

(of eye)

;

( V - ^ C t ^ a B i — f i 0 Y/j)

+ 722). 2 .3 .2 .2 3 .

S u f f i x 7 3 3 o c c u r s i n two a l t e r n a n t s .

s e l e c t e d b y n o u n s , 7 3 3 .2 b y v e r b s ( . s e e e x a m p l e s 1 . 4 . 2 . 2. ) .

7 3 3 .1 in

is

-

2 .3 .3 .

64

-

R ed u p lica tio n

2 . 3 . 3 . 0.

7/e p o s i t a n o n d i y i s i v e r e d u p l i c a t i v e

operator —

111, v a rio u sly g lo ssa b le as d im in u fa ctiv e, r e p e t i t i v e , c o n t i p u a t i v e , d e s c r i p t i v e , and c o l l e c t i v e . 2 .3 .3 .1 .

A ltern an ts

o f 111 o c c u r r in g in

b e lo w in

s u c c e s s iv e paragraphs.

are l i s t e d

(7h ) n• ( V CL „). ci

w i l• a n• w• i l a• n •a n a

1 1 1 ) + 22 1 -t- 3 1 1 ) p in in i

I kept

(w ilan an a

on t r y i n g t o

5 2 1 ) + 111) + 221 + 31 1 ) k a n ^ t^ in k a n ^ t ^ i»n i l p± a •

he searched f o r i t

( a mat