Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism [Paperback ed.] 0300074700, 9780300074703

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2

NOT

WITHOUT

author

of

SECRECY AND POWER: THE LIFE OF

J.

EDGAR HC

FR

— U.S. $30.00

CAN. $40.00

more than seventy

Foranticommunists

led the fight against the

Union and

Soviet

Communist system;

denounced the persecution, it

those

employed to stay

who made

demanded

They exposed

its satellites.

the poverty and hunger of the

der

America's

years,

in

slavery,

and mur-

power; condemned

excuses for

its

crimes; and

that their country resist

and repeal

advances on every front, at home and

its

around the world. In 1989, the Berlin

communism Communist

Wall came down, and

collapsed.

orbit

The nations of the

began to reckon the costs of

their captivity: over sixty million people executed, starved, or

systems for food

worked

in ruins;

and

to death; social

and economic

hordes of refugees fleeing West

safety. Clearly, if

ever a political

ment had been vindicated by

history,

moveit

was

American anticommunism.

And in

yet the

end of communism found few

America willing to concede that the anticomright.

Few acknowledged

that the anticommunists

had told the truth

munists had been

about communism when no one wanted to hear to

it,

or admitted that there had been

anticommunism than McCarthyism,

baiting,

and

of the Soviet

more red-

black-listing.

Indeed, the collapse

Union seemed

if

anything to prove

communism had never been a serious threat, and that the Cold War had been mainly fueled

that

by uncontrolled right-wing hysteria. Prophets the anticommunists

may have

been, but they

were prophets without honor

in their

own

country.

Now,

in the first full-scale history of

Ameri-

can anticommunism, Richard Gid Powers

author of J.

was as

a

widely praised biography of

Edgar Hoover

—reminds us what

really about.

Bringing to

life

this struggle

such figures

Whitakker Chambers, Sidney Hook, Hamilton

Fish,

Roy Cohn, and

Clare Booth Luce, Powers

documents the complex history of

this volatile

Donated by Harvard University's Office of

Community Affairs in

Neil

L.

honor

of

Rudenstine,

Harvard's 26th President June 16,2001

BOSTON public library

NOT WITHOUT HONOR

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2012

http://archive.org/details/notwithouthonorhOOpowe

NOT WITHOUT HONOR The History of American Anticommunism

RICHARD GID POWERS

ALLSTON BRANCH LIBRARY

*P THE FREE PRESS New York London

Toronto

Sydney

Tokyo

Singapore

ALBR E743.5

P65 1995

Copyright

©

1995 by Richard Gid Powers

All rights reserved.

No part of this

book may be reproduced or transmitted

in

any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information

stor-

age and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.

The

Free Press

A Division of Simon 866 Third Avenue,

Story

(New

life

in the Party,

and

his break

York: McGraw-Hill, 1947).

An-

other of the government's witnesses, Angela Calomiris, told her story in Red

Masquerade: Undercover for 89.

the

Michael R. Belknap, Cold War

FBI (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1950). Political Justice:

Party and American Civil Liberties (Westport, 90.

Hoover

also

The Smith Act,

CT: Greenwood,

the

Communist

1977), p. 156.

found the well-publicized and highly popular Smith Act cases an

470

Notes

way of extracting

effective

91.

Donald

Crosby,

F.

S.J.,

"The

Anti-Communist Impulse," 92.

James

Kearney, S.

F.

increases in appropriations

War

Congress. Belknap, Cold

Politics of Religion:

in Griffith

American Catholics and the

and Theoharis, The

"The American

J.,

and manpower from

174, 175.

Political Justice, pp.

Specter, p. 27.

Failure in China," Columbia (the

Knights of Columbus magazine), December 1948. Anticommunists particularly faulted best-selling

New York:

reprint,

coby's Thunder

books

like

Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China (1938;

Bantam, 1978) and Theodore H. White and Annalee

Out

of China (1946; reprint,

1961) for romanticizing Chinese

sociates,

New York:

Ja-

William Sloane As-

communism and demonizing

Chiang. 93.

Other anticommunists

in the

ACPA

were Edna Lonigan, Clare Booth Luce,

and Irene Corbally Kuhn. Joseph Keeley, The China Lobby Man: The fred Kohlberg (New Rochelle,

ADL file, February 24,

NY: Arlington House,

May

Orange,

Amer-

1950, has the story of Kohlberg's founding of the

ican China Policy Association file,

Story of Al-

The Kohlberg

1969), p. 235.

25, 1950, also has

to fight the Institute of Pacific Relations.

That

Kohlberg addressing a Pro-America group in East

New Jersey, claiming American China policy was

influenced by

Com-

munist agents. For defenses of the IPR, see Frederick Vanderbilt Field, From Right to Left:

An

Autobiography (Westport,

CT: Lawrence

Hill, 1983),

and Ross Y.

Koen, The China Lobby in American Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1960), which

makes many of the most extreme charges against the Lobby. 94.

See Frederick Woltman, Exposing ual Liberty

(New

York:

95.

New York Times,

96.

Matthews Collection, Duke, Box February (ed.),

5,

3/15/48, p.

Red Threat

to

Free Enterprise and Individ-

1947).

7.

New York Times,

1949;

39, Folder 2,

November

January 27, 1950,

p. 14.

17, 1947;

on communism. Ben Gitlow's The Whole

Communism in America,

Box

2,

See Victor Lasky

The American Legion Reader (New York: Hawthorn, 1953),

of Legion articles

(New

the

World Telegram,

for

examples

of Their Lives:

A Personal History and Intimate Portrayal of Its Leaders

York: Charles Scribners's, 1948) was one of the more useful works pro-

duced by these anticommunists. 97.

For a sympathetic view of the former isolationists as perceptive dangers of American globalism, see Ronald Radosh, Prophets on files

critics of

of Conservative Critics of American Globalism, Charles A. Beard, John

Flynn, Oswald Garrison Villard, Senator Robert A. Taft, Lawrence Dennis

York: 98.

Simon and

TV

(New

Schuster, 1975).

John T. Flynn, The

Secret

thor, 1944). Flynn's

About Pearl Harbor (New York: Published by the au-

The Smear Terror (New York: Published by the author,

1947) attacked Friends of Democracy for smearing pro-fascist

the

the Right: Pro-

and anti-Semitic

libels.

its

See John T. Flynn

political

enemies with

ADL file, September 7,

471

Notes

1946-December

25, 1947.

As early as 1945 Flynn was attending meetings with

anti-Semites and Roosevelt haters like Elizabeth Dilling. Flynn

ADL file, Jan-

uary 14, 1945. Joining with Flynn were William Regnery, Maurice Frank,

Norman Vincent Peale, Samuel Pettingill, Mer-

Harry Jung, Charles Vincent,

win K. Hart, A. Dwight Nims, and Howard Emmet Rogers. Flynn August

the rest of his

have

War 99.

his

life

on the same

FDR: The Other

(New

11

Plotters

ward Lodge Curran speaking in

November in

conspiratorial delusion, eventually paying to

Side of the Coin:

How We Were

Tricked into World

York: Vantage, 1976) printed.

John Roy Carlson, The

was

ADL File,

1945; September 4, 1945; September 29, 1945. Hamilton Fish spent

6,

1945.

PM,

Queens, trying to

(New York:

at a

April

start a

Dutton, 1946),

E. P.

Save America Rally 1946, p.

1,

9, reports

Nicholas M. Pette, and Judge Frank

Harriss,

F.

Adel.

Hamilton

that

new anticommunist party.

Gen. Emmett O'Donnell, Robert M.

has Ed-

Fish,

Jr.

Supporters included

Vincent C. Rottkamp, Judge

The ADL's

Facts for

American Defense Society with the

reported a revival of the

p. 82,

in defense of Tyler Kent,

May 1946

participation of

January 1947 has a story about a riot at a Chicago Gerald

Laura

Ingalls. Facts,

L. K.

Smith meeting August

4,

1946; Albert K. Dilling, Elizabeth, and son

Kirkpatrick were in attendance. 100. See the

Matthews

Duke

at

files

University.

RGP

interview with

Ruth

Matthews, July 30, 1988. 101.

George Sokolsky

ADL file, July 24,

1946; September 21, 1946;

December

27,

1948. 102. Sokolsky, syndicated

column, December

103. Sokolsky, syndicated column, April 17, 104. Keeley,

9,

1949.

1950 and September

Un- Americans (Philadelphia: Temple University important

from

the

(New

articles

Rochelle,

NY: Arlington House,

Levine

ADL File, May 24, Chapter 9 1.

.

ADL

File,

May

the 40s, Isaac

the

The most

An Anthology

Don

Levine (ed.)

1976).

16, 1950; April 21, 1950;

J.

B.

Matthews

1950.

McCarthyism

Thomas C.

Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy:

York: Stein and Day, 1982), 2.

Press, 1983), p. 90.

from Levine's magazine appear in Plain Talk:

Leading Anti-Communist Magazine of

Don

105. Isaac

19, 1950.

The China Lobby Man, 196, 197; Kenneth O'Reilly, Hoover and

p.

A

Biography

(New

224.

For the Rosenberg case, see Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File:

A

Search for the Truth

(New

York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983)

and Robert Chadwell Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy (Cambridge, vard University Press, 1987).

MA: Har-

472

Notes

The

of Fear (1970; reprint, Amherst: University of

3.

See Robert

4.

The speech was to the Young Republicans in Eau Claire

Griffith,

Politics

Massachusetts Press, 1987).

5. 6.

in April

1

946. Reeves,

and Times of Joe McCarthy, pp. 72, 84, 102.

Life

Ibid., pp. 127, 128, 129.

He may have been mous

encouraged to become an anticommunist

—though perhaps apocryphal—meeting

rant with Father Walsh, Kraus, and

Roberts,

Drew

at

activist at a fa-

Washington's Colony restau-

Pearson's lawyer, William A.

when Walsh supposedly urged McCarthy to ride the Communists- in-

government

issue in his

1952 reelection campaign. Reeves,

Life

and Times of

Joe McCarthy, pp. 203-4. 7.

Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, pp. 198-9.

8.

Hurley to Truman, November 1 945 in Reeves, Life and Times ofJoe McCarthy ,

p. 218. 9.

Ibid., p.

221.

10.

Ibid., p.

224.

11.

Ibid., p.

229.

12.

Ibid., p.

288.

13.

David M. Oshinsky,

(New

York:

The

A

Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy

Free Press, 1983), p.

1

14.

Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy,

15.

Ibid., p.

Little,

16.

18. p.

253.

263. For Lattimore's account of the case, see Ordeal by Slander (Boston:

Brown, 1950).

Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy, pp. 266-7. 268; Oshinsky,

A Conspiracy So Immense,

p. 122.

17.

Ibid., p.

18.

Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy,

19.

Freda Kirchwey, "The McCarthy Blight," Nation, June 24, 1950.

20.

Joseph R. McCarthy, America lett

p.

273.

Retreat from Victory:

The Story of George Cat-

Marshall (1951; reprint, Milwaukee: Joseph R.

McCarthy Educational

s

Foundation, 1979), pp. 169, 171, 172. 21.

New York Times,

22.

Ellen Schrecker, The Age of McCarthy ism:

February 12, 1954,

York: Bedford, 1994), p. 84. For a

Carthyism and also ties

the Universities

p. 8.

full

A Brief History with Documents (New

account, see her

Ivory Towers:

(New York: Oxford University Press,

Sigmund Diamond, Compromised Campus: The

with the Intelligence

No

Community,

1

Mc-

1986). See

Collaboration of Universi-

945-1 955 (New York: Oxford University

Press, 1992).

23.

See Stefan Kanfer,

A Journal of the Plague Years (New York: Atheneum,

1973).

24-

John Cogley, Report on Blacklisting, Vol I: The Movies (New York: Fund

for the

Republic, 1956), pp. 155, 157. 25.

Cogley, Report on Blacklisting, Vol S.

1:

The Movies, pp.

Navasky, NamingNames (1980; reprint,

22, 110.

New York:

See also Victor

Penguin, 1981).

473

Notes

26.

Cogley, Report on

27.

Ibid., pp.

Blacklisting,

Vol

I:

The Movies, pp. 119, 125.

134-35.

28.

Ibid., pp. 1-3.

29.

Ibid., pp. 26; 94.

30.

Cogley, Report on Blacklisting, Vol

31

During the

versity of

Texas

John Henry Faulk, Fear on Press, 1983), p. 81.

forties Firing Line

ments Exposing

The Movies,

the

I:

The Movies,

was known

p. 107.

Summary

as

of Trends and Develop-

Communist Conspiracy. Cogley, Report on

Blacklisting,

Program in Sokolsky Papers, Columbia.

33.

New York Times,

I:

January 27, 1950,

p. 14;

January 28, 1950; January 29, 1950,

See, for example, President Eisenhower's message to the 1953 Confer-

p. 19.

ence, chaired by Daniel A. Poling, editor of the Christian Herald.

May

Times,

New

York

20, 1953, p. 39.

New York Times, ies

Vol

p. 10.

32.

34.

Uni-

Trial (1964; reprint, Austin:

April

9,

The National Council for

1952, p. 25.

Social Stud-

communism was essential to preserve democracy November 25, 1951, p. 64); the National Education Associ-

held that the study of

(New York Times,

including the record of the

communism and all forms of totalitarianism, Communist Party in the United States (New York

Times, July

J.

ation called for teaching about

5,

1952, p. 17.).

Edgar Hoover, "The Communists Are After Our

Minds," The American Magazine, October

umn, May 35.

Alvin

Illig,

CSP, "The Church Has Turned

of Columbus magazine), 70;

June

1954. Sokolsky, syndicated col-

1,

28, 1952.

March

1,

1953.

to America," Columbia (Knights

New York Times, March

18, 1951, p.

13, 1953, p. 102.

36.

New York Times, May

37.

Houston Chronicle, March

21, 1951, p. 9. 6,

1953.

Our Sunday

Messenger,

March

29, 1953.

Walsh promptly denied that he had said any such thing: New York Times, June June

15, 1953, p. 26;

Columbia, June 38.

1,

17, 1953, p. 26.

"The Strange Case of O'Clavichord,"

1953.

Speeches by Senators Taft and Lehman. p. 30.

New

Terry Miller, Southern Jewish Outlook,

York Times, March

November

1,

1953,

19, 1954.

39.

The show had

40.

Sokolsky, syndicated column, April 29, 1952.

41.

Hoover's Reader's Digest article was actually written by Special Agent Fern

the same producer as TV's

"I

Led Three Lives."

Stukenbroeker of the Crime Records Division. For an overview of anticommunist 1979;

films, see

March 3,

Nora

Sayre, "Cold

War Cinema," The

Dial Press, 1982). Other anticommunist films include

(1948), which held that "a communist ace (1949), Pick 42.

J.

Nation (February 24,

1979), and her RunningTime: Films of the Cold

Up

on South

Street,

Fred MacDonald, Television and

is

a Benedict Arnold,"

and The Atomic

the

War (New York:

Walk a Crooked Mile The Red Men-

City.

Red Menace (New York: Praeger, 1985),

474

Notes

pp. 103-5. For Philbrick's story, see

I

Led Three Lives (New York: McGraw-

Hill, 1952).

43.

New York

Times,

44-

Compare

this to Ignazio's Silone's

1,

1950, p.

May

1;

1950, p.

2,

6.

famous prediction that "the

final conflict

be between the Communists and the ex-Communists" in Allen Wein-

will

stein, Perjury: J.

May

The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Knopf, 1978),

p.

520.

Edgar Hoover, "Secularism, Breeder of Crime," Conference of Methodist

Ministers, Evanston, Illinois,

November 26,

1947, Office of Congressional and

Public Affairs, FBI. 45.

See Sidney Hook, Heresy Yes, Conspiracy No! (New York: American mittee for Cultural Freedom, n.d.), originally published in the

Magazine, July

1950 and September 30, 1951, the

9,

"The Dangers of Cultural Vigilantism." See

title

"Academic Freedom and

Its

latter section

also Ernest

New York Times,

September

Van Den

19, 1954, p. VI-4;

May

2,

1950,

47.

New York Times, December Harry

II

(New

York: Putnam's, 1982),

p.

each of these periods, "the

began to

tire

185-88.

Truman was

reassured to learn that

sense of the

American people soon

Truman, Memoirs, Vol.

II,

pp. 272-73.

Richard Hofstadter, "The Pseudo-Conservative Revolt," in Daniel Bell

this

Daniel Bell,

Bell, "Preface," in Bell,

MA: MIT

New York:

Steven M. Gillon,

Politics

the Air,

and Mc-

Press, 1967).

57. See also Daniel

Ideas in the Fifties (1960;

Collier Books, 1961). Politics

and Vision: The

1947-1985 (New York: Oxford University Gillon,

(ed.),

For a critique of

Intellectuals

The Radical Right, pp. 47-48,

The End of Ideology: The Exhaustion of Political

reprint,

54-

p. 84.

approach to McCarthyism, see Michael Rogin, The

Carthy: The Radical Specter (Cambridge,

53.

MO.

common

The Radical Right (Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1964),

52.

Ill,

of the alarms of the extremists" as they had "more serious things

to think about."

1

File Vol.

Ken Hechler, Working with Truman: A Personal Memoir of the White House Years after

5

York

(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), pp.

Spingarn Papers, Harry S Truman Library, Independence,

50.

New

26, 1954, p. VI-25.

Truman, Memoirs, Vol.

272-73. See "Witch Hunting and Hysteria," Internal Security

49.

The

21, 1950, p. 36.

p. 4.

48.

S.

Haag,

1953.

November

group was the Christophers, founded by the Rev. James Keller: Times,

under the

Defense," in Strengthening Education at All Levels:

A Report of the Eighteenth Educational Conference, 46.

Com-

New York Times

ADA

and American Liberalism,

Press, 1987), pp.

77-78.

and Vision, pp. 79, 106. The debate was on American Forum of

November

1953.

Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the

Mind

of Postwar Europe

(New

York:

The

Free Press, 1989),

475

Notes

p. 53.

Burnham

Web of Subversion:

The

tigations in

McCarthy's inves-

tried to substantiate the general thrust of

Underground Networks

in the

U.S. Govern-

ment (New York: John Day, 1954). 55.

Coleman, The

56.

Ibid., p. 65.

Liberal Conspiracy, p. 54.

57.

Ibid., pp. 62, 63.

58.

Ibid., p. 67;

the Fiedler essay was reprinted in Leslie Fiedler,

cence: Essays

on Culture and

Politics

Age

1955), along with "Hiss, Chambers, and the

Carthy and the

Coleman, The

60.

Ibid., p. 71.

61.

January 15, 1952, Westbrook Pegler file,

ADL.

Schultz,

of Innocence" and

"Mc-

1,

file, ADL; April 21, 1950, Isaac Don "A Letter to the Members from the National Chair-

1951, Schultz

April 13, 1952, Levine file, I.

Inno-

Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 54-55.

man." February

ald

to

Intellectuals."

59.

Levine

An End

(1952; reprint, Boston: Beacon Press,

file,

AJC. April

24, 1952,

Lyons

file,

ADL;

ADL. Arnold Forster, Square One (New York: Don-

Fine, 1988), p. 120.

62.

Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy,

63.

For a dramatic narrative of the Eisenhower administration's behind-the-

474.

p.

scenes strategy to destroy McCarthy, see William Bragg Ewald, Joe

Who Killed

McCarthy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984).

64.

Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy,

65.

Ibid., p.

66.

The

484.

p.

480.

trip

was urged on McCarthy by Freda Utley and by Karl Baarslag of the

American Legion. 67.

Jr.,

Ibid., p.

489.

Herbert S. Parmet, Eisenhower and

the

American Crusades (New York: Mac-

millan, 1972), p. 197. 68.

Ibid., p.

69.

A

201.

"former senior FBI

Hoover.

.

.

.

official"

Why, Hoover was

said that

Kaufman "was

like Jesus Christ to

him." (Maybe some irony

there!)

Kaufman had had personal contact with Hoover when Kaufman

worked

in the Justice

Department

as special assistant to the attorney general.

Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg

(New

v. Julius

A. Yakovlev, David Greenglass and Morton ern District of New York, C. 134-245,

quoted in

Don Whitehead, The

A

File:

York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983),

Record, United States of America

p.

Search for the Truth

288. See Transcript of

Rosenberg, Ethel Rosenberg, Anatoli Sobell,

U.S. District Court, South-

March 6-April

F.B.I. Story

1956), p. 317, and Radosh, The Rosenberg 70.

historically pro-

File,

(New

6,

1951, pp. 1613-14,

York:

Random

House,

pp. 283-84.

"The primary consideration was that going through with the executions would

-7

send a message to the Communists that from cruited into Soviet espionage networks ity."

Radosh, The Rosenberg

slightly different

fife, p.

now on American nationals

would be

re-

treated with utmost sever:

380. Pannet, Eisenhou-:

I

:

Atom Bomb

account see H. Montgomery Hyde, The

For a Spies

(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1980), p. 210. 71.

~:

Reeves. l:y ;

rr

ib-.i

srj.

r

7:~-s

z

- ::

—

;

:.

73. IbicL,pp.506,519.

A Conspiracy So Immense, pp. 363, 388.

74.

Qshinsky,

75.

Ibid., p.

397.

76.

Ibid., p.

399.

Reeves

1

"'.

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S

:

.

p. 5

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Nem Yak

Har

Tvnes. July 26, 1954, p.

7.

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April 6, 195-

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...::;:;.'.;'.£—.-.:

Seeatate-

ibid., p.

144.

and Steven Enghmd, The Inquisition

in Hollywood: Potties in the

FihnCommunity, 1930-1960 (BenVeley: University of California 7

419.

Texas -.

John Henry Faulk, Fear on

Press,

SeeElle7.A

.

Fr

Trial (1963; reprint, Austin: Univers

to

1983), p. 272. ri'Jruvers-.r Press

5;

:-::;-. 7

Cul rural I^zr.y

SmrmmgHforaltse^l^ 3.

ievas:a:-

railure :: i:sc7ve: ar.v 57 es :: :; secure ir.v

:v ar.i Vl7S7.e ITeehie: 6'.:-C :.—

A7-.es

~=ie

Aurui:

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647.

7-ur.v 1.

—

1:7-. ...

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IcCartr.v

.

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NV.v Y::k

V.ae77.:llar..

.

:

^

:

7

111

77.

in Public

Law

86—90: Christopher

History of the Kroghc of Columbus.

1982), p. 386.

J.

Kaufhnan, Faith and Fraternahsm: The

1882-1982 (New York: Harpe:

477

Notes

7.

Cooney, American Pope, pp. 239, 240.

8.

Ibid, p. 243. to

The books were Deliver Us From Evil: The Story of Viet Nam's Flight

Freedom (1956), The Edge of Tomorrow (1958), The Night They Burned

Tom

Mountain (1960), and Doctor 9.

the

Story (1960).

Dame Religious Bulletin, October 6,

,

Thomas

War in the United

The Catholic

195 1 quoted in

Review 72 (July 1986): 412-13.

Historical

Kselman and Avella, "Marian Piety and the Cold War," Faith

1 1

M>

A. Kselman and Steven Avella, "Marian Piety and the Cold

University of Notre

States," 10.

Dooley,

and Fraternalism,

p.

419. Kauffman,

p.

385.

Others included Bouscaren's America Faces World Communism, Nolan's Com-

munism Versus

the

Negro, Spolansky's Communist Trail

Containment or Liberation, Budenz's The Cry emy, Flynn's The Lattimore Story, Budenz's

Is

in

America, Burnham's

Know Your En-

Peace, Mares's

Men

Without Faces, Bentley's Out

Red Masquerade, Fineberg's The Rosenberg Case, Fact

of Bondage, Calomiris's

and Fiction, Evans's The Secret War for the A-Bomb, DeToledano's Spies Dupes ,

and Diplomats, Flynn's While You

There were even novels on the

Slept,

Comrade Tulayev, Pearce's The Darby The

well's Idea,

Are

Devil's Advocate,

Five

Darkness at Noon, Cald-

Trial, Koestler's

Gouzenko's The

Helen Maclnnes's Neither

Silent.

and Gitlow's The Whole of Their Lives.

Orwell's Animal Farm, Serge's The Case of

list:

Fall of a Titan, Hazlitt's

Nor Three, and

Soloviev's

Communism and How

Combat Communism,

Combat

to

University Library, Durham,

Suggested Reading List on

NC.

American Legion

13.

Freedom's Facts,

14-

Lowell (Massachusetts) High School's Lectures on scribed in the

Matthews Papers.

File,

March 1956,

New

two-week course

January 1957,

May

4,

p. 2

Communism

The ABA endorsed

New

were de-

1958, IV-9. Pennsylvania started a

high school seniors and juniors:

for

high schools:

19, 1957, p. 14.

p. 2;

York Times,

10, 1956, p. 19.

for

Gods

September 1954, Matthews Papers, Duke

It,

12.

gram

the

See the Order of the Knights of Pythias in Cooperation with the

All- American Conference to

cember

The Great

When

New

York Times, De-

the Florida Bar Association pro-

York Times, February 11, 1957,

p. 10;

February

Cardinal Cushing urged that high schools have courses in

communism: New York Times, June canism Committee endorsed a

call

22, 1959, p. 16.

The

Legion's Ameri-

by Allen Dulles for high school courses:

New York Times, August 24, 1960, p. 7. Dulles's call was endorsed again the next year by the ABA: New York Times, February 17, 1961, p. 25. Massachusetts had a TV course on communism for the high schools in 1961: New York Times, October

communism be at

New

p. 15.

1963,

8,

1961,

p. 13.

Ambassador Boland urged

York City's

St.

64) and Illinois

New York Times, June 11, 1962, New York (New York Times, May 5,

John's University:

In 1963, educational panels in p.

a course in

required for graduation from Catholic schools, in a speech

{New York Times, September

22, 1963, p. 68) called

478

Notes

on high schools Harvard:

New

October 24, 1961, 15.

Eugene Lyons

Box

p. 9.

issue, as

Columbia:

Conant of

did

New

York Times,

p. 30.

testified

on "The Crimes of Stalin," on September 4,

Martin Dies Collection,

7,

Communist

to teach about the

York Times, July 16, 1957,

Sam Houston

1959. See

Regional Library and Research

Center, Liberty, TX. 16.

Wallace to Hoover, November Hoover, November

Human

Revolution,"

1959, Lyons

3,

ADL file.

Lyons

14, 1956,

file.

Hearst Magazines to

Eugene Lyons, "The Coming

Events, June 15, 1957, cited in Lyons

ADL file.

Eugene

Lyons, "Negotiating with the Kremlin," Reader's Digest, April 1958, pp. 1-11.

Eugene Lyons, "Seeing Through the Reds," speech

May

Club,

8,

to the

A

Program of Evaluation and Assessment of Freedom (Wash-

17.

Militant Liberty:

18.

Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Epstein, Danger on

DC: U.S. Government

ington,

Chicago Executives

1959.

Printing Office, 1955). the Right:

The

Attitudes,

(New

Personnel and Influence of the Radical Right and Extreme Conservatives

Random

York: 19.

J.

Com-

Edgar Hoover provided the book's "summary." Walter Goodman, The

The Extraordinary Career of

mittee:

(New

tivities

20.

House, 1964), pp. 68-86.

See

York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968),

Lowman

Papers, Duke.

to Walter,

man, April

November

Lowman emphasizes

Oxnam was J.

Bishop

House Committee on Un-American Ac-

the

29, 1955,

B.

to

offers a

letter

complete

file

Matthews

for his report

on

from Matthews to Low-

on the Methodist

clergy

Papers, Duke.

One

more notable witnesses was a black FBI informant,

Julia

for $2,000. For Kohlberg, see the file in

of the Committee's

397.

Walter that the source

Matthews. In another

Matthews

p.

22, 1954, Circuit Riders File,

Brown, who told her story in

1

Testify:

Box 308, Matthews

My

Years as an

FBI Undercover Agent

(Boston: Western Islands, 1966). 21.

Hoover

to Jackson,

September

"Communist

18, 1956, enclosing

Press,

USA,

Statements Directed Against American Society," September-December 1919, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, KS. 22.

J.

Edgar Hoover, Masters of Deceit

(New

York: Henry Holt, 1958), pp.

v, 50,

(New

253,255,312,337.

May

23.

In The Freeman,

24.

John

B. Judis, William F. Buckley, ]r.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives

York:

Simon and Schuster), pp.

Bozell,

25.

1951.

105, 106.

William

F.

Buckley, Jr., and L. Brent

McCarthy and His Enemies (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1954).

Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., pp. 18,

Buckley,

Jr.,

May

93-94.

13, 1991.

26.

Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., pp. 119, 120.

27.

Ibid., p. 130.

RGP

interview with William

F.

479

Notes

was dated November

28.

The

29.

Ibid., pp. 150, 153.

30.

Ibid., pp. 136; 176.

31.

Ibid., p. 178.

32.

Chambers's piece was

issue

WilliamF. Buckley, 33.

19. Ibid., p. 135.

in National

Jr., pp.

Review 4 (December 28, 1957),

Right-wing anticommunist

circles firmly believed that the drive against ex-

tremism was launched by Moscow, supposedly on December call for action against

34.

George azine

35.

7,

G. Edward

York Times,

"Close-Up of the Birchers 'Founder,'

"

New York Times Mag-

14, 1961), p. 89.

The

Griffin,

Birch Society 36.

New

1960, pp. 16-17.

Barrett,

(May

1960, with a

5,

"anti-Communism, that poisoned weapon which the

bourgeois uses to fence off the masses from Socialism." See

December

p. 35. Judis,

161, 173.

and Words of Robert Welch, Founder of

Life

(Thousand Oaks, CA: American Media, 1975),

Robert Welch, The

the

John

p. 190.

(1954; reprint, Boston: Western Islands,

Life of John Birch

1960), p. 77. 37.

Robert Welch, The ing

38. 39.

Company,

(1963; reprint, Belmont,

Politician

MA: Belmont Publish-

1964), p. 5.

Ibid., p. 15.

Ibid., p. 25;

Politician.

the famous phrase appeared only in the unpublished edition of The

In the published editions,

Welch omitted

that statement and ex-

plained in a note "At this point in the original manuscript there was one para-

graph in which

my own

expressed

I

personal belief as to the most likely

explanation of the events and actions which this document had tried to bring into focus," p. 278 n. 40.

Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.

41.

Robert Welch, The Blue Book of ern Islands, 1959).

,

p. 88.

the

The book was

John Birch Society (Belmont,

also filled

with

America

First

who had

West-

blasts against anti-anticom-

munists Leon Birkhead, John Roy Carlson, and Gordon Hall (the of the fight against

MA:

last a

veteran

transferred his attentions to the

Birch Society).

Hope (New York: Macmillan, 1966),

950.

42.

Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and

43.

Quoted

in Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.

44.

Barrett,

"Close-Up of the Birchers' Founder," p. 89; Stanley Mosk and Howard

,

p.

p. 198.

H. Jewel, "The Birch Phenomenon Analyzed," New York Times Magazine (August 20, 1961);

Thomas M.

Storke,

"How Some

York Times Magazine, (December 10, 1961), 45.

Hofstadter's essay

"The Paranoid

Harper's magazine in studies

November

on the American

Style in

American

1964, and

right in

Birchers

Were

Birched,"

New

p. 102.

is

Politics"

first

appeared in

reprinted together with other

Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid

Style in

480

Notes

American

Chicago

Politics

and Other Essays (1964;

Press, 1979). For differing

reprint,

Chicago: University of

views on this issue see David Brion Davis,

The Fear of Conspiracy Images of Un-American Subversion from :

to the

Present (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971);

and Earl Raab, The

the Revolution

Seymour Martin Lipset

of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America,

Politics

1790-1970 (New York: Harper and Row, 1970). 46.

Harry Allen Overstreet, The Strange Tactics of Extremism (New York:

Norton, 1964). Murray Clark Havens, The Challenges

to

W. W.

Democracy: Con-

sensus and Extremism in American Politics (Austin: University of Texas Press,

1965). Irwin Suall, The American Ultras: The Extreme Right and the Military Industrial

Complex (New York:

New America,

1962). Brooks R. Walker, The

(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964). Mark Sher-

Christian Fright Peddlers

(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1963). Donald Janson, The (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963). Richard Dudman, Men of the Far (New York: Pyramid Books, 1962). Mike Newberry, The Yahoos (New

win, The Extremists

Far Right Right

York: Marzani and Musell, 1964). See also John H. Bunzel, Anti-Politics

America (1967;

New

York: Vintage, 1970).

Welch and

in

the Birch Society

were particularly stung by the Overstreets' success in portraying the radical right as a psychological pathology,

We

Must Know About

and

the Overstreets

retaliated with

(Belmont,

Edward Janisch, What

MA: American

Opinion,

The

Attitudes,

1959). 47.

Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Epstein, Danger on

the Right:

(New

Personnel and Influence of the Radical Right and Extreme Conservatives

York:

Random House,

the John Birch Society

missioned by the

1964), p. xvi. See also their The Radical Right: Report on

and Its Allies (New York: Vintage, 1967), which was com-

ADL.

For Forster's background, see his Square One: The

Memoirs of a True Freedom Domestic and Foreign

Fighter's Life-Long Struggle Against Anti-Semitism,

(New York: Donald I. Fine,

Arnold Forster and Irwin

1988).

RGP's interviews with

Suall.

and Epstein, Danger on

48.

Forster

49.

Ibid., p.

50.

William L. O'Neill, Coming Apart:

the Right, pp.

181-82.

252.

An Informal History of America in the

(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971),

ADL file; March

1

960' s

p. 48.

Sokolsky FBI

51.

1962, Lyons

52.

Robert Welch, "The Neutralizes," tape in the Laird Wilcox Collection, University of

14, 1962,

file.

Kansas Library, Lawrence, KS.

53.

Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.

54.

Steven M. Gillon,

Politics

,

p. 199.

and Vision: The

1947-1985 (New York: Oxford University 55.

Ibid., p. 127.

56.

Ibid., p. 146.

ADA

and American Liberalism,

Press, 1987), p. 110.

481

Notes

57.

O'Neill,

Coming Apart,

Public Philosopher 58.

Tristram Coffin, Senator Fulbright: Portrait of a

p. 47;

(New

York: E. P. Dutton, 1966),

59.

Ibid., p. 157;

60.

The

title

O'Neill,

Coming Apart,

61.

Ibid., p. 155.

62.

Ibid., p. 156.

63.

Ibid., p. 157.

64.

Human It

66.

p. 47.

of the conference was "Fourth-Dimensional [psychological]

Events,

August

Treason (Florissant,

1961, p. 510, in John A. Stormer,

1 1,

MO:

War-

153-54.

fare." Coffin, Senator Fulbright, pp.

65.

p. 159.

Coffin, Senator Fulbright, p. 152.

None Dare

Call

Liberty Bell Press, 1964), p. 77.

Coffin, Senator Fulbright, pp. 157-58. Ibid., p. 158.

Lee Riley Powell, J. William Fulbright and Americas Lost Crusade:

Fulbright' s Opposition to the

Vietnam

War

(Little

Rock: Rose Publishing, 1984),

p. 75.

67.

Coffin, Senator Fulbright, p. 158.

68.

Ibid., p. 160, 162.

69.

George Benson, quoted

70.

Victor Reuther, "The Radical Right," December 19, 1961, in William Mal-

71.

David O'Brien,

72

Westbrook Pegler "Calls Cronin Book Attack on Anti-Reds," syndicated col-

lett.

.

Reuther

Public Catholicism

D.C.: Liberty Lobby, 1963).

(New York: Macmillan,

1989), p. 222.

23, 1962.

John Cross, What Are

Behind

the Facts

Smearing of Anti-Communist Ameri-

the

(Kenosha, WI: Cross Publications,

cans'!

74.

Memorandum (Washington,

,

umn, April 73.

in ibid., p. 165.

ca. 1964).

Commonweal

Frank Brophy, Catholics, Communism and

the

Brophy was one of the founders of the

Catholic magazine.

75.

Cooney, The American Pope,

76.

Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.

77.

In a

column on the Fund

p. ,

liberal

(n.p.:

n.d.).

blacklisting by

Marie

267.

p. 186.

for the Republic's report

on

Williams in The Tablet, November 24, 1962.

What Are

78.

Cross,

79.

All-American Conference

the Facts, p. 16.

to Combat Communism, "Know Your America Week" pamphlet, November 24-30, 1963, Matthews Papers, Box 7, Duke

University. 80.

See a debate between James Rorty and his son Richard Rorty in the Columbia p. 49. New York New York State's Department report opposing propaganda in the schools: New York 1962. Fred Hechinger, New York Times, December 19,

Teachers College Record,

Times, July 3, 1962,

p. 2

of Education issued a

Times, 1962,

November

p. 6.

15,

New

York Times, April 22, 1962,

and July

4,

1962,

p. 5.

482

Notes

81.

O'Neill,

82.

For

Coming Apart,

HUAC's

276.

p.

usefulness as a reductio ad absurdum of

Charlotte Pomerantz (ed.),

Comical Memorabilia

anticommunism, see

A Quarter Century of Un-Americana, A Tragico-

ofHUAC (New York: Marzani and Munsell,

1963), and

Eric Bentley (ed.), Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpt from Hearings Before the

House Committee on Un-American

1938-1968 (New York: Viking,

Activities,

1971). 83.

Klehr and Haynes, The American Communist Movement,

84.

Ibid., p. 152.

85.

Fred]. Cook,

"The Virus of Our Time," The Nation, May 24, 1958, pp. 478-80.

The same author wrote one body 86.

p. 150.

of the

first

exposes of Hoover's FBI, The FBI No-

Knows (New York: Macmillan, 1965). Deborah Shapley, Promise and Power: The

Catholic World, quoted in

Times of Robert Taft,

McNamara

(Boston: Little, Brown, 1993),

p. 88.

Life

and

See John

American Power: The Rise and Decline of U.S. Globalism (New York: Har-

Row, 1989), and William Taubman

per and

(ed.),

Globalism and

The American Foreign Policy Debate of the 1 960s (Lexington,

Its Critics:

MA: D. C. Heath,

1973). 87.

Arthur M. Schlesinger,

Jr.,

House (Boston: Houghton 88.

Ibid., p.

89.

Hence

A

Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy

Mifflin, 1965), pp.

in the

White

298-99.

303.

his efforts to rehabilitate the purged

China hands. Kennedy believed

that they had been banished for being objective about Chinese

communism:

Mao as a revolutionary hero as the China Lobby had been enthralled by Generalissimo and Madame Chiang's an-

They

actually

had been

as infatuated

with

ticommunism. David Halberstam, The Best and

New York:

the Brightest

(1972; reprint,

Penguin, 1983), 120-21, 125.

90.

Shapley, Promise and Power,

91.

Halberstam, The Best and

Coming Apart,

p. 187;

O'Neill,

92.

O'Neill,

93.

Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., p. 199.

94.

Ibid., p.

95.

Schuyler to Buckley, February

200.

Coming Apart,

p. 71.

the Brightest, p. 88.

p. 79.

"Anti-Communism and the

'Radical Right',"

New

Guard, n.d.

(ca. 1963). 7,

1962; Archibald Roosevelt to Schuyler, Feb-

ruary 9, 1962; Archibald Roosevelt to William Loeb, collection,

96.

March 5,

1962, Schuyler

New York Public Library.

Herman Kahn,

Thinking About

the

Unthinkable

(New

York: Horizon, 1962).

See Charles Maland, "Dr. Strangelove (1964): Nightmare Comedy and the Ideology of Liberal Consensus," American Quarterly (Winter 1979): 697-717. 97.

Gold

is

quoted in Facts, March 1964,

Gid Powers,

Secrecy and Power

(New

p.

285 (published by the ADL). Richard

York:

The

Free Press, 1987), p. 384.

483

Notes

98.

George H. Nash, The Conservative

(New 99.

York: Basic Books, 1976),

Herbert

S.

Intellectual

p.

Parmet, Eisenhower and

Movement

in

America Since

1

945

291.

the

American Crusades (New York: Macmil-

lan, 1972), p. 566.

M. Goldwater with Jack

100. Barry

Casserly, Goldwater

(New

York: Doubleday,

1988), pp. 143,144,171. 101. Ibid., p. 205.

102. Ibid., p. 176.

Movement

103.

Nash, The Conservative

104.

Goldwater and Casserly, Goldwater, pp. 176, 181.

Intellectual

York firm

velopment

will long

and want

be remembered for helping to launch this ugly de-

in our political history." Every time

lecturing the public to

on

throw up"

America, pp. 291-92.

memoirs Goldwater wrote, "Moyers and the

105. Ibid., pp. 198, 199, 204. In his

New

in

Goldwater

morality,

he

sees

Moyers on television

said, "I get sick to

my stomach

(p. 199).

106. Called to his attention by conservative intellectual Henry- Jaffa of

Claremont

College.

Chapter 1.

1 1

Shame and Blame

.

Norman Podhoretz, Breaking Ranks: Row, 1979),

2.

A Political Memoir (New York: Harper and

254.

Tristram Coffin, Senator Fulbright: Portrait of a Public Philosopher E. P.

3.

p.

Dutton, 1966),

Ibid., p.

p.

Ibid., pp.

5.

Walter

251,252.

L.

Hixson, George F. Kennan: Cold

lumbia University

Hixson, George F. Kennan, pp. 239-40.

7.

Coffin, Senator Fulbright, p. 301.

8.

Ibid., p.

9.

William L. O'Neill, Coming Apart:

293.

The Best and

the Brightest

(New

York: Co-

New York: Penguin, 1983), p. 462. An Informal History of America in the 960's

(1972; reprint,

10.

Coffin, Senator Fulbright, p. 317.

11.

Ibid., pp. 28, 29.

12.

Arthur M. Schlesinger,

Jr.,

The

Jr.,

1

p.

324-

Bitter Heritage:

941-1966 (Boston: Houghton

Vietnam and American Democ-

Mifflin, 1967), p. 51.

See also Arthur M.

"Origins of the Cold War," Foreign Affairs 46 (October

1967):22-52. Steven M. Gillon, Liberalism,

Iconoclast

A version of this theory can also be found in David Halberstam,

(Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971),

Schlesinger,

War

Press, 1989), p. 231.

6.

1

York:

251.

4.

racy,

(New

321.

Politics

and

Visiori:

The

1947-1985 (New York: Oxford University

ADA

and American

Press, 1987), p. 194-

484

13.

Notes

Gillon,

and Vision, pp. 193, 221.

Politics

214.

14.

Ibid., p.

15.

Timothy A. Byrnes,

Catholic Bishops in American Politics (Princeton: Prince-

ton University Press, 1991), pp. 42, 43. 16.

Ibid., p. 95.

17.

Ibid., p. 96.

18.

Ibid.

19.

William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland:

World, 1959); David Horowitz, The Free World Colossus (1965;

New

York: Hill and

gins

(New

Wang,

1971); D.

Fleming, The Cold

F.

War and

rev. ed., Its

Ori*

York: Doubleday, 1961); Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hi-

Bomb and

roshima and Potsdam, the Use of the Atomic

American Con-

the

frontation with Soviet

Power (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965); Gabriel

Kolko, The

of

Politics

War: The World and United

States Foreign Policy,

1943-1945 (New York: Random House, 1968); Lloyd C. Gardner,

Men

of Illusion:

and Ideas

in

American Foreign

Policy,

Architects

1941-1949 (Chicago:

Quadrangle Books, 1970). 20.

Gardner, Architects of Illusion,

p.

317.

21.

Horowitz, Free World Cobssus, pp. 4-6.

22.

Robert

J.

Maddox, The

New

Left

and

the Origins of the

Cold

War

(Princeton:

the

Truman Ad-

Princeton University Press, 1972). 7

23

Melvyn P.

Leffler,

ministration earlier,

and

John

A Preponderance of Power: National Security

the

Cold

War (Stanford:

Gaddis, The United States and

L.

1941-1947 (New York: Columbia University 24-

,

Stanford University Press, 1992), and, the Origins of the

Cold War,

Press, 1972).

Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy The Congress for Cultural Freedom and :

the Struggle for the

Mind

of Postwar Europe

(New

York:

The

Free Press, 1989),

Raymond Aron's reflections on the CIA connection, see his Years of Political Reflections (New York: Holmes and Meier,

pp. 222, 223. For

Memoirs:

Fifty

1990), p. 174. 25.

Coleman, The

Liberal Conspiracy, p. 226.

26.

May

Braden had been the

20, 1967.

first

head of the CIA's International Or-

ganization Division. 27.

Coleman, The

Liberal Conspiracy, p. 230;

A Political Memoir (New York:

Norman

Podhoretz, Breaking Ranks:

Harper and Row, 1979), pp. 254-55.

28.

Coleman, The

29.

Hugh Trevor-Roper, quoted in Christopher Lasch, The Agony Left (New York: Vintage, 1969), p. 63.

30.

Coleman, The

31.

Michael Parenti, The Anticommunist Impulse (New York: 1969), p. 4-

Liberal Conspiracy, p. 231.

of the American

Liberal Conspiracy, p. 240.

The

jacket subtitle of the

book

is

noteworthy:

Random House, "An examination

485

Notes

of

how

our obsession with anticommunism has warped our national commit-

freedom and prosperity, immobilized us in our

ments

to

tional

ills,

efforts to

and caused the pursuit of a foreign policy that has

remedy na-

led to the death

and maiming of hundreds of thousands of young Americans." 32.

Ibid., pp. 32,

33.

Ibid., p. 48.

34.

Sanford

301.

Ungar, The Papers and The Papers:

J.

Battle over

litical

versity

The Pentagon Papers (1972;

American, 1989),

Ellsberg

and

p. 55.

See also Peter Schrag, Test of Loyalty: Daniel

the Rituals of Secret

Government (New York: Touchstone, 1974).

35.

Ungar, The Papers and The Papers,

36.

Ibid., pp. 65, 66.

37.

Ibid., p. 82.

38.

Ibid., p. 83.

39.

Preparing for his right in

my

An Account of the Legal and PoNew York: Columbia Uni-

reprint,

trial,

p.

61

Ellsberg said that a jury

would have to decide, "Was

thinking that the papers deal with high crimes by

government?"

Ibid., p.

officials

274.

40.

Ibid., p. 193.

41.

Ibid., p. 84.

42.

Neil Sheehan, "Introduction," Neil Sheehan, Hedrick Smith, E. thy,

and Fox Butterfield

(New 43.

[of the

York: Bantam, 1971),

New

York Times]

(eds.),

Ibid., p.

241.

W. Kenwor-

The Pentagon Papers

p. xii.

Sheehan, "Introduction," The Pentagon Papers, pp.

44. Ungar, The Papers and The Papers, 45.

xiii,

xv.

p. 37.

The Plumbers of the June

17, 1972,

Watergate burglary were

ated to investigate the Ellsberg leak of the Pentagon Papers after

Hoover declined

don Liddy

I

of our

to press a full-scale investigation.

J.

cre-

Edgar

Howard Hunt and G. Gor-

burglarized the offices of Ellsberg's psychiatrist

on September

3,

1971. This was revealed April 26, 1972, and led to dismissal of charges against Ellsberg

on May

Ibid., p.

258.

47.

Ibid., p.

278.

48.

Archie Robinson, George Meany and His Times:

46.

mon

11, 1973.

& Schuster,

49.

Ibid., p.

399.

50.

Ibid., p.

399.

51.

John York:

A Biography

(New

York: Si-

1981), pp. 396-97.

B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives

Simon

& Schuster,

52.

Podhoretz, Breaking Ranks

53.

Ibid., pp.

54.

Ibid., p.

251,252.

338.

1988), p. 388. ,

p.

250.

(New

486

Notes

55.

Ibid., p. 173.

56.

Ibid., p.

Chapter 1.

308.

1

2 National Scapegoat

"The

President's Address at

.

Notre Dame,

May

13. no. 22:774. 2.

See also

See some of the J.

New York Times, May

bitter exposes of

System

(ed.),

art

Frank

s Political

1980); Pat Watters and Stephen Gillers

The FBI's

Later, but in the

Secret

same

Temple University

War on

vein,

Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and

phia:

as

FBI (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1973);. Cathy Perkus

COJNTELPRO:

Monad, 1975).

vol.

23, 1977, p. 12.

FBI domestic intelligence, such

(New York: Knopf,

(eds.), Investigating the

3.

Exercises at the University of

Documents: Jimmy Carter, 1977,

Donner, The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America

Intelligence

].

Commencement

22, 1977," Presidential

the

Press, 1988);

Political

Freedom (New York:

Athan G. Theoharis and John Stu-

Great American Inquisition (Philadel-

W.

William

Keller,

The

Liberals

and

Edgar Hoover (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).

Their success may be judged from the appearance of such works

as

Robert Lud-

lum, The Chancellor Manuscript (New York: Dial, 1977) and Irving Wallace, The R Document (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), novels which make use of J.

Edgar Hoover as a demonic

figure at the center of a

against the country. See also Richard Gid Powers, ican Popular Culture (Carbondale: 4.

Illinois

Senate Resolution 21, 94th Congress, 1975. U. to Study

Cong., 2nd

U.

University Press, 1983).

S. Senate, Select

Committee

Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activites,

nal Report, Intelligence Activities

5.

Southern

government conspiracy

G-men: Hoover's FBI in Amer-

sess.,

and the Rights of Americans, Book

Report No. 94-755,

S. Senate, Select

Committee

II.

Fi-

94th

p. 1.

to Study

Governmental Operations with Re-

spect to Intelligence Activites, Final Report, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports

on

Intelligence Activities

Cong., 2nd 6.

Ibid., pp.

sess.,

7.

Ibid., p.

375.

Ibid., p.

376.

9.

Ibid., p.

391.

Ibid., pp.

11.

Ibid., p.

p.

III.

94th

377.

483, 489.

8.

10.

and the Rights of Americans, Book

Report 94-755, Serial 13133-5,

405, 413.

394.

398, 399.

12.

Ibid., pp.

13.

Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th III, p. 3.

Cong. 2nd

sess.,

Final Report (94-755),

Book

487

Notes

14.

Testimony of Retired Special Agent Arthur Murtagh, U.S. House, Select

Committee on

15.

Intelligence, Hearings,

U S.

Domestic Intelligence Programs, Part

ities:

Intelligence Agencies

94th Cong.,

3,

and Activ-

1st sess., p. 1048.

Book

Senate, Select Committee, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports,

III,

p. 77.

16.

New York Times,

May 17, 1978, p. 19. Renegade CIA agent CIA exposes. See Philip Agee and Louis

February 18, 1977;

Agee made

Philip

a career out of

CIA in Western Europe (New York: Dorset Press, 1978); Search of Enemies: A CIA Story (New York: W. W. Nor-

Wolf, Dirty Work: The

John Stockwell, In ton, 1978). 17.

See Richard Appignanesi, Marxfor Beginners and Lenin for Beginners Times,

May

New York Times,

13, 1978, p. VII-14.

June

1,

1979,

James K. Lyon of the University of California condemned the FBI kept

files

on

Bertolt Brecht:

New York Times, lect 18.

April

3,

New York Times, March 31,

1979, p. 18;

November

1979,

New

York Times, March

Times, April 24, 1979,

p. 111-19.

p. 12.

III, p.

Dr.

having

Also see

York Times,

May

447.

New

York

12, 1979, p. 11.

"Re-

1979, p. IV-31. McCarthy:

4,

New

for

11, 1980, p. 23. Senate, Se-

Committee, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports, Book

Murrow:

New York

,

p. 111-24.

view" of Robert Oppenheimer, Letters and Recollections, by Alice Kimball Smith

and Charles Weiner,

New York Times, May

Times, June 22, 1979, 19.

New

York Times,

Prophet:

March

The Times and

1984), p. 104. 20.

p. 111-26;

March

9,

26, 1980, p.

Life

11, 1980, p. VII-9. Hiss:

II- 1.

Eugene

P. Link, Labor-Religion

of Harry F. Ward (Boulder,

New York Times,

New York

1980, p. 46.

CO: Westview

Press,

January 21, 1977.

Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, The Inquisition in Hollywood:

Politics in the

Film Community, 1930-1960 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), p.

421. See

New

York Times, August 14, 1977,

Howard Lawson; Lardner

Jr.,

see related editorial

August

26. Blacklisting of

uary 19, 1980, p. 23. Obituary for

p.

46, for an obituary of John

on August 16 and

Vonne

Gene

a letter from Ring

New York Times, JanNew York Times, August 5,

Dogfrey,

Weltfish,

1980, p. 11-10. 21.

New York Times, May 24, 1978, p. 111-22. Muriel Rukeyser on the executions, New York Times, June 19, 1978, p. 19. New York Times, July 16, 1979, p. 16; January 27, 1980,

22.

p.

IV-18; January 27, 1980.

New York Times, March 20, azine ran

1977,

p.

IV-16; February

2,

1978,

p. 16.

Time Mag-

an abridgement of Weinstein's book, which Hiss called "another

accurate harassment."

New York Times,

April 25, 1978,

p. 36.

in-

Times columnist

Goodman commented that only a conspiracy mentality could explain who still held to a belief in Hiss's innocence, despite the fact that Wein-

Walter those

stein's

book presents seemingly

Times, January 26, 1979,

irrefutable evidence of his guilt.

p. 111-20.

New

York

488

Notes

23.

Podhoretz, Breaking Ranks

24.

New York 8; May 2,

,

p.

253.

March

Times, February 24, 1977, p. 34; 1977,

26, 1977; April 4, 1977, p.

For anguish over this by an old anticommunist, see Robert

p. 1.

(New

Morris, Self-Destruct: Dismantling America's Internal Security

NY: Arlington House, 25

Paul Johnson, Modern Times The World from :

New York:

reprint 26.

27.

John

May

29.

30.

Box:

Arms

Twenties

to the Eighties

( 1

983

p. 674.,

Races,

Arms

Control, and the His-

York: Basic Books, 1992), pp. 277, 278.

Documents: Jimmy Carter, 1977, vol. 13, no. 22:774.

New

York

23, 1977, p. 12.

Simon and

Schuster, 1988), pp. 395-96.

Danger (New York: Simon

May

s

the

B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives

York: ent

War (New

Cold

Presidential

Times, 28.

Harper and Row, 1985),

Patrick Glynn, Closing Pandora tory of the

Rochelle,

1979).

Norman

(New

Podhoretz, The Pres-

& Schuster, 1980), pp. 46-47. New York Times,

14, 1978, p. IV-19; July 14, 1978; July 24, 1978.

Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.

Schuyler:

New York Times,

,

p.

402.

September

Robert Morris, Dismantling America

s

1977; Schultz:

7,

Internal Security

ibid.,

April 25, 1978.

(New Rochelle, NY: Ar-

lington House, 1979). 31.

Timothy A. Byrnes,

32.

Committee of Ten

ton University

Catholic Bishops in American Politics (Princeton: Prince-

Press, 1991), pp. 97, 98.

Million, Newsletter, October 20, 1979; August 15, 1980,

Laird Wilcox Collection, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence,

look at the lunatic right in der on the Right:

theon, 1980);

Aho, The sity of

Look 33.

ADL,

Politics

Extremism on

Politics

the Right

of Resentment

(New

KA. For

a

Alan Crawford, Thun-

York:

(New York: Pan-

ADL,

1988); James

of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism (Seattle: Univer-

Washington

P.

later manifestations, see

The "New Right" and the

Press, 1990); Phillip Finch,

at the Radical Right

Revilo

its

(New

God, Guts, and Guns:

A Close

York: Putnam, 1983).

Oliver to Curtis Dall, n.d. (ca. July 1970), Wilcox Collection, Uni-

versity of Kansas.

34.

David Macko

to Clifford Barker,

November

28, 1985;

December

1,

1985.

Wilcox Collection, University of Kansas. 35.

Frank

P.

Mintz, The Liberty Lobby and

Greenwood, 1985), 36.

the

American Right (Westport, CT:

p. 85.

Memorandum on the Spotlight, April 2, 1980; John Birch Society Bulletin, June 1977; Russell W. Viering, "What's Wrong with the John Birch Society?" The Liberty Bell (July 1976), p. 11, Birch

file,

Wilcox Collection, University of

Kansas. 37.

Arthur Schlesinger,

Jr.,

letter to the

David Halberstam, The Best and

American

the Brightest

Historical

Review (1973): 190;

(1972; reprint,

New

York: Pen-

489

Notes

guin, 1983), p. 799.

The ADA criticized the Soviets for invading Afghanistan,

for

example, but called Carter's response provocative. Steven

tics

and Vision: The

ADA and American Liberalism,

P. Gillon, Poli-

(New York: Ox-

1947-1 985

ford University Press, 1987), p. 234. 38.

Johnson, Modern Times,

39.

Walter

p.

673.

Hixson, George F. Kennan: Cold

L.

lumbia University

War

Iconoclast

(New

York: Co-

Press, 1989), p. 253.

254, 256.

40.

Ibid., pp.

41.

Kennan, interviewed nan and His

Critics

in

Martin

F.

Herz

(ed.), Decline of the

West? George Ken-

(Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1978),

pp. 14, 19, 20. 42.

Ibid., p. 33.

43.

See Michael Scammell, "The Prophet and the Wilderness:

Human Rights Crippled Communism," The New Republic, 44.

Martin Malia,

"A

the Idea of

Fatal Logic," in National Interest (Spring 1993), p. 83.

works mentioned were Darkness At Noon, Totalitarian Dictatorship

45.

How

February 25, 1991.

Andrei D. Sakharov,

1

The

984, Origins of Totalitarianism, and

and Autocracy.

M^

Country and

the

World (New York: Vintage, 1975),

p. 6.

46.

Ibid., p. 89.

47.

Ibid., pp. 94, 95.

48.

Ibid., p. 104.

49.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn, 1975, quoted by Stephen Sestanovich, "Did the West

50.

Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.

5

Aleksandr

Undo 1

the East?" National Interest (Spring 1993), p. 26.

I.

Solzhenitsyn,

(ed.), Solzhenitsyn at ter,

52.

,

p.

388

"A World

Split Apart,"

quoted in Ronald Berman

Harvard (Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Cen-

1980), pp. 13-14.

James Reston, in Berman, Solzhenitsyn

at

Harvard,

Even some anticom-

p. 37.

munists had a hard time digesting the violence of Solzhenitsyn's attack on

American

society. Buckley's National

Review applauded the Russian's

insis-

tence that only religious values would defeat communism, but thought that the writer was wildly off the tual

than Americans. The

rialistic.

And

Schlesinger, lief

that the

Jr.

mark

in claiming that Russians were

Russians, to Buckley's eye, seemed far

two doughty

those

liberal

anticommunists,

and Sidney Hook, both took exception

Western

failure of

nerve against

the Western idea of freedom, and not religion, that had

up the courage to

fight

predicted that if the

communism,

it

spiri-

Arthur M.

to Solzhenitsyn's be-

communism was caused by

West's idolization of individual freedom. They insisted that in fact

and defy communism. Hook

more

more mate-

made

the

it

the

had been

West

reject

West once again summoned

would be on the

basis of

its

commit-

490

Notes

ment

to freedom,

and not by rejecting

modem society for the religiously based

nationalism championed by Solzhenitsyn.

Chapter 1.

1

3

Common

.

Gromyko, quoted

Sense About the Present Danger

in Patrick

Glynn, Closing Pandora

Control, and the History of the Cold 2.

Ibid., p.

265.

3.

Ibid., p.

266.

4.

Ibid., p.

264.

5.

Paul H. Nitze, From Hiroshima oir

(New

to

War (New York:

Glasnost:

At

the

Box:

s

Arms

Races,

Arms

Basic Books, 1992), p. 272.

Center of Decision

—A Mem-

York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), pp. 20, 56-57.

294.

6.

Ibid., p.

7.

Ibid., pp.

294-95.

346.

8.

Ibid., p.

9.

Other members were General Daniel O. Graham, former director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, Professor William

Van Cleave, an armament expert

from the University of Southern California, Paul Wolfowitz of the Arms Control

at

and Disarmament Agency, Thomas Wolfe, an Air Force Soviet expert then

Rand, Seymour Weiss, former director of the State Department's Bureau oi

Politico-Military Affairs,

and General John M. Vogt, Jr.,

the Air Force in Europe. Nitze, From Hiroshima

to

retired

commander of

Glasnost, pp. 351, 352.

352-53.

10.

Ibid., pp.

11.

A name also used by an organization of the early fifties also formed to lobby for increased defense appropriations.

12.

Charles Tyroler

II

America: The Papers of

(ed.), Alerting

the

Committee on

the

Present Danger (Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's, 1984), p. xv. 13.

Ibid., p. xvi.

14.

Ibid., p. iv-xvi.

15.

Archie Robinson, George Meany and His Times (New York: Simon ter,

16.

Ibid., p. 123.

17.

Jerry

1 8.

For an insightful discussion of the

W.

Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger and

the Politics of

Containment (Boston: South End

Press, 1983), p. 221.

movement by one of its more

significant

fig-

ures, see Irving Kristol, Reflections of a Neoconservative:

Looking Back, Looking

Ahead (New York: Basic Books, 1983). The following

largely based

interview with 19.

& Schus-

1981), pp. 393; 401.

Norman

Sidney Blumenthal, The Rise of Ideology to Political

is

on

RGP

Podhoretz, February 27, 1991.

Power (1986;

the

Counter-Establishment:

reprint,

New York:

From Conservative

Harper and Row, 1988),

p. 130.

20.

Ibid., p. 131;

Dennis Wrong, Commentary, February 1962, quoted

in

Norman

491

Notes

A

Podhoretz, Breaking Ranks:

21.

Ibid., pp. 196;

219.

The new

Memoir (New York: Harper and Row,

conservatives could also count

their former friends in radical

ing

Political

p. 195.

1979),

Howe, The New

and

liberal circles, as in

Conservatives:

A Critique from

on the scorn of

Lewis A. Coser and

the Left

(New

York:

Irv-

New

American Library, 1977). Bob Woodward writes that "Casey and Buckley were

members of the anti-Communist,

anti-liberal fraternity in

New

York City.

It

was a very small club, maybe fifty members. There was practically a secret handshake, Buckley used to joke."

Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA,

1981-1987 (New York: Simon 22.

& Schuster,

23.

Ibid., p. 13.

24.

Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, pp. 247-48.

25.

Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, p. 194.

26.

1987), p. 37.

Tyroler, Alerting America, p. xvi.

Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, p. 195. Podhoretz, Breaking Ranks, p. 324; Moyni-

han quoted on

346; Blumenthal, The Rise of the Counter -Establishment,

p.

p. 124.

27.

Tyroler, Alerting America, p. xxi.

28.

Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis,

29.

Glynn, Closing Pandora

s

191.

p.

Box, pp. 279-80.

30.

Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, p. 210.

31.

Glynn, Closing Pandora's Box,

304; Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, pp. 259-60;

p.

264. 32.

From Hiroshima

Nitze,

to

Glasnost, p. 355; Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, pp. 207;

209. 33.

Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis, pp. 223, 227.

34.

Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and visor,

1977-1981 (1983;

Principle:

reprint,

Memoirs of the National

New York:

Farrar, Straus

Security

Ad-

and Giroux, 1985),

p. 146.

35.

Ibid., p. 148.

36.

Kennan, quoted and His

Critics

in

Martin

F.

Herz

West? George Kennan

(ed.), Decline of the

(Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1978), pp.

8-9. 37.

Kennan, quoted

38.

Walter

L.

in Herz, Decline of the West, pp. 36-37.

Hixson, George F. Kennan: Cold

lumbia University 39.

West,

p. 54.

These

facts

Affairs,

November

were afterwards

Times, September 26, 1993, 41.

Iconoclast

(New

York: Co-

George Kennan, "Soviet Doves and American Hawks," speech before the Council on Foreign

40.

War

Press, 1989), p. 276.

22, 1977, quoted in Herz, Decline of the

verified using the Soviets' p. 1.

Richard Pipes, in Herz, Decline of

the

West,

p. 69.

own

figures:

New

York

492

Notes

42.

Eugene Rostow,

43

Paul Johnson, Modern Times The World from :

reprint,

New York:

Ibid., pp.

45.

Ibid., p.

46.

Brzezinski,

47.

Johnson,

Twenties

to the Eighties

1

(

983

Harper Colophon, 1985), pp. 689, 691.

685.

Power and

Principle, p. 183.

Modem Times, New York Times, May 6, 6;

the

683-84.

44.

48.

in ibid., p. 121.

October 30, 1980,

680

p.

1977, p. 14; June

p. 1;

September

49.

Johnson, Modern Times, pp. 687-88.

50.

Glynn, Closing Pandoras Box,

p.

See also Jimmy Carter, Keeping

7,

1977, p. 27; January 22, 1980, p.

28, 1980, VI, 34;

October

New York Times, January

305.

Faith:

7,

1

,

1980, p. 19.

1980, p. A4.

Memoirs of a President (New York: Ban-

tam, 1982), pp. 471-81.

Power and

Principle, p. 460.

51.

Brzezinski,

52.

Sanders, Peddlers of Crisis,

53.

See

New

p.

236.

York Times, October

York Civil

Liberties

New

1980, p. 19. See also a warning by the

7,

Union denouncing

for investigating internal security.

efforts to revive a

House Committee

New York Times, November 23,

p. 21.

1980,

54-

Hixson, George F. Kennan, pp. 275-76.

55.

Norman Podhoretz, The Present Danger (New York: Simon & Schuster,

1980),

p. 12.

56.

Podhoretz, Present Danger, pp. 90-101.

57.

Johnson,

Chapter 14. 1.

To

the Berlin

p.

674.

Wall

Ronald Reagan, Speaking p.

2.

Modem Times,

M}

Mind (New York: Simon

&

Schuster, 1989),

179.

Ronald Reagan,

An

American

(New

Life

York: Pocket Books, 1990),

p.

265.

237-38.

3.

Ibid., pp.

4-

Robert Sheer, With Enough Shovels Reagan Bush and Nuclear War (New York: :

,

Random House, 1982), pp. 41, 48. Cited in Garry Wills, Reagan s America: Innocents at Home (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1987), p. 442 n. The broadcasts

were called Rostow I-VI

(Ibid., p.

337).

5.

This was precisely the criticism Lippmann had made of the Truman Doctrine

6.

For definitions and analysis of the Reagan Doctrine, see Christopher Layne,

in 1947.

"Requiem for the Reagan Doctrine," Years (Washington,

DC: Cato,

in

David Boaz

(ed.), Assessing the

Reagan

1988), p. 98. Layne points out that the term

"Reagan Doctrine" did not become current until columnist Charles Krautham-

mer applied

it

to

some sentences

in Reagan's 1985 State of the

Union

address.

493

Notes

These included:

Kenneth Adelman,

Director,

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

Richard V. Allen, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

Martin Anderson, Assistant to the President ber, President's Foreign Intelligence

James

L.

Buckley,

Under Secretary

Development;

for Policy

Mem-

Advisory Board

of State for Security Assistance, Science

and Technology; Counselor, Department of State; President Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

W. Glenn

Campbell, Chairman, President's Intelligence Oversight Board;

Member, William

J.

William

P.

President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory

Board

Casey, Director of Central Intelligence

Clements,

Jr.,

Member,

President's

Commission on

Strategic

Forces

John

B. Connally,

Member,

President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

Midge Decter, Member, Task Force on Food Assistance John

S. Foster, Jr.,

Member,

President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

William R. Graham, Chairman, General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament

Colin

S.

Gray, Member, General Advisory Committee on

Arms Control

and Disarmament

Amoretta M. Hoeber, Member, General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament

Under

Secretary of Defense for Policy

Fred Charles

Ikle,

Eli S. Jacobs,

Member, General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and

Disarmament David C. Jordan, Ambassador to Peru

Max M. Kampelman, Chairman, and Cooperation

in

U.S. Delegation to Conference on Security

Europe

Geoffrey Kemp, Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs, cial Assistant to the President,

NSC;

Spe-

NSC

Lane Kirkland, Member, National Bipartisan Commission on Central

America Jeane

John

J.

F.

Kirkpatrick, U.S. Representative to the United Nations

Lehman, Secretary of the Navy

Clare Boothe Luce, Member, President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

John H. Lyons, Member, President's Commission on Strategic Forces Charles Burton Marshall, Member, General Advisory Committee on

Arms

Control and Disarmament Paul

W. McCracken, Member,

President's

Economic Policy Advisory Board

Paul H. Nitze, Chief Negotiator to Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Talk; Special Representative for

Arms Control and Disarmament

Negotiations

494

Notes

Michael Novak, U.S. Representative to the United Nations Commission on

Human

Rights

Jaime Oaxaca, Member, General Advisory Committee on

Arms Control

and Disarmament Peter O'Donnell,

Jr.,

Member,

President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory

Board

David Packard, Member, White House Science Council Richard N. Perle, Assistant Secretary of Defense

for International Security

Policy

Richard Pipes, Director of Soviet

John

Affairs,

National Security Council

Roche, Member, General Advisory Committee on Arms Control

P.

and Disarmament Eugene V. Rostow, Director, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

Donald H. Rumsfeld, Member, General Advisory Committee on Arms Control

and Disarmament

Richard M. Scaife, Member, U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy

Richard Schifter, U.S. Representative to the United Nations Paul Seabury, Member, President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

Frank Shakespeare, Chairman, Board

George

P. Shultz, Secretary of State

John R.

Silber,

Member, National

for International Broadcasting

Bipartisan

Commission on Central

America Laurence H. Silberman, Member, General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament Herbert Stein, Member, President's Economic Policy Advisory Board R. G. Stilwell, Deputy

Under Secretary

of Defense for Policy

Richard B. Stone, Member, President's Commission on Broadcasting to

Cuba Robert Strausz-Hupe, Ambassador to Turkey

W.

Scott Thompson, Associate Director, Bureau of Programs, tion

rity

Informa-

Agency

Charles Tyroler Joe. D.

US

II,

Member,

President's Intelligence Oversight Board

Waggonner, Commissioner, National Commission on Social Secu-

Reform

Charls E. Walker, Member, President's Economic Policy Advisory Board

W.

Allen Wallis, Under Secretary of State

Seymour Weiss, member,

for

Economic

Affairs

President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

Edward Bennett Williams, Member,

President's Foreign Intelligence Advi-

sory Board

See Charles Tyroler

II

(ed.), Alerting

Present Danger (Washington,

America: The Papers of

DC:

the

Committee on

Pergamon-Brassey's, 1984), pp. 5-9.

the

495

Notes

8.

Garry Wills thinks the distinction between authoritarian and totalitarian

orig-

inated with Ernest Lefever a year earlier. In a speech Alexander Haig deliv-

ered to the Trilateral

same 9.

Commission

after the

1981 inauguration he made the

distinction. Wills, Reagan's America, pp. 348-49.

Joseph Persico, Casey: From

the

OSS

to the

CIA (New York:

Viking, 1990),

p.

79. 10.

Bob Woodward,

mon 11.

Veil:

& Schuster,

The

Secret

Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York:

Si-

1987), p. 37.

Persico, Casey, pp. 93, 114-

Woodward,

12.

Ibid., 123;

13.

Woodward,

14.

William

].

Veil, p. 53.

Veil, p. 137.

Casey, Scouting

the Future:

The

(Herbert E. Meyer, ed.) (Washington,

Casey

Public Speeches of William].

DC: Regnery Gateway,

1989), pp.

141-43. 15.

Woodward,

16.

Ibid., pp. 79, 113.

1

7.

Ibid., p.

Veil, p.

135-36.

373, Christopher Layne, "Requiem for the Reagan Doctrine," in David

Boaz, (ed), Assessing the Reagan Years (Washington,

"The Reagan Doctrine has never been

DC: Cato,

1988), p. 98:

authoritatively defined, but

its

content

can be inferred from various statements made by President Reagan and Secretary of State

George Shultz and the writings of such neoconservative foreign

policy theorists as Charles horetz.

Krauthammer, Irving

As commonly understood,

States to resisting Soviet

Kristol

and Norman Pod-

the Reagan Doctrine committed the United

and Soviet-supported aggression wherever

to building U.S. -style democracies in

it

arose,

Third World countries, and to rolling

back communism by aiding anticommunist insurgencies. The Reagan Doctrine sought to create

an ideologically congenial world and assumed that U.S.

security required nothing less. In jectives

some

quarters, moreover, the doctrine's ob-

were framed more expansively to include bringing about the Soviet

empire's breakup and, ultimately, the collapse of the Soviet state flicting a series of

what

Kristol called "small defeats"

on Moscow

itself

in the

by

in-

Third

World (presumably undermining the Soviet regime's domestic legitimacy), engaging the Kremlin in a high-tech arms race, and pressuring the Soviet

Union

economically." 18.

Layne, "Reagan Doctrine," eign policy

is

a

penchant

Third World. This

p. 98:

for

"Another novel aspect of the Reagan

rolling back Soviet power, particularly

for-

in the

a tendency that has not reached the surface of U.S. for-

is

eign policy since the early Eisenhower-Dulles era, although rollback was then

soon submerged particularly in

after

our failure to intervene in uprisings in Eastern Europe,

Hungary

gary's brief rebellion

in

1956 to prevent the Soviets from snuffing out Hun-

and independence from the Warsaw

Pact.

The

policy of

496

Notes

rollback was implicit in the orientation of the inception, though the

title

Reagan administration from

its

'Reagan Doctrine' awaited the columnist Charles

Krauthammer's exegesis of a few sentences tucked away in Reagan's January 1985 state-of-the-union address." 19.

This had been prohibited in 1976 by the Clark amendment, which Casey and

Reagan got repealed The Cold War

Is

in 1985.

20.

Woodward,

21.

Glynn, Closing Pandoras Box,

22.

Life

p. 100. the

23.

Mark

William G. Hyland, p. 185.

George

F.

p.

313.

Lagon, review of Deborah Shapley's Promise and Power:

P.

and Times of Robert

S.

McNamara,

in National Interest,

Kennan, The Nuclear Delusion:

Atomic Age (1982;

The

Veil, p. 216.

Veil, p. 117.

Ibid., p. 3 19;

The

Woodward,

Over (New York: Random House, 1990),

rev. ed.

New York:

Summer

1993,

Soviet- American Relations in

Pantheon, 1983).

survey was done by Daniel Yankelovich,

"New

Rules in American

Life:

Searching for Self-fulfillment in a World Turned Upside Down," Psychology Today, April 1981, pp. 35-91, cited in Layne, "Reagan Doctrine," 24.

Storming Heaven 25.

p. 103.

Harvey Klehr and John Earl Haynes, The American Communist Movement:

The monolithic

Itself

(New

opposition

Twayne

York:

among

Publishers, 1992), p. 174.

intellectuals to

any revival of anticommu-

nism can be seen in the abuse heaped on Susan Sontag for her notorious speech

on behalf of Solidarity geles

in February

1982 which was published in the Los An-

Times for February 14, 1982, and then in The Nation. In that speech Son-

tag pointed out that subscribers to the Reader's Digest got a clearer picture of

the reality of communism and tion,

and she stated her

life

belief that

Soho News, February 24-March 26.

2,

in the Soviet bloc

"Communism

is

than readers of the Na-

Fascism." See reactions in

1982, pp. 10-13, 42-43.

Strobe Talbott, The Russians and Reagan

(New York:

Vintage, 1984), pp.

Attacking Reagan from a different direction was Sanford trangement: America and the World

J.

Ungar

3, 7.

(ed.), Es-

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985)

that claimed Reagan's policies had isolated the United States from the rest of

the world. Richard

Dangerous Decade

J.

Barnet, Real Security: Restoring American Power in a

(New

York:

Simon and

America-Europe-Japan, Makers of

the

Schuster, 1981) and The Alliance:

Postwar World

Schuster, 1983) also

made the argument

stituted a dangerous

new

that the

(New

York:

Simon and

Reagan foreign policy con-

variety of isolationism in that

it

conferred

on the

United States the right to act against the Soviets without the approval or consent of the world community. 27.

Strobe Talbott, Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and in

Nuclear Arms Control

(New York: Knopf,

the Stalemate

1984).

28.

The

29.

For a perhaps overly uncritical analysis of the Reagan administration's foreign

phrase has been attributed to George Will.

497

Notes

policy's

anticommunist

The Reagan Ad-

goals, see Peter Schweizer, Victory:

ministration's Secret Strategy that

Hastened

the Collapse of the Soviet

Union (New

York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994). 30.

Reagan,

31.

Patrick Glynn, Closing Pandora

Life, p.

Cold

tory of the

301.

War (New

Box: Arms Races, Arms Controls and

s

York: Basic Books, 1992),

303; Glynn, p. 311.

32.

Reagan,

33.

George Weigel, The Final Revolution: The

Life, p.

Communism (New 34.

Ibid., p. 97.

35.

Ibid., pp. 76, 87.

36.

Ibid., p. 121.

37.

Ibid., pp.

38.

Ibid., p. 136.

the His-

p. 310.

Resistance

Church and

York: Oxford University Press, 1992),

the Collapse of

p. 97.

71-72.

39.

Ibid., p. 146.

40.

Carl Bernstein, "The Holy Alliance," Time, February 24, 1992, pp. 29, 30.

41.

Ibid., p. 31.

42.

Ibid., p. 33.

43.

NSDD-32 cussed the

is

discussed in Schweizer, Victory, pp. 76-77. Schweizer also dis-

NSDD-56 and NSDD-75

that escalated "neutralization" to "bank-

rupting" and "rolling back" Soviet power. 44.

Bernstein,

"The Holy Alliance,"

pp. 33-34. For a hostile, but well-informed

survey of labor's cooperation with Reagan, see Beth Sims, Workers of the World

Undermined: American Labor's Role

in

U.S. Foreign Policy (Boston: South End,

1992). For background, Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy

45.

The

(New York: Random House,

phrase

the Reagan Doctrine's militant lic

opinion. Indeed, in 1982

edly was at

its

1969).

Victor Navasky's, editor of the Nation. "Unsurprisingly, then,

is

peak

—

a

anticommunism had little resonance with pub-

—when the mood of

assertive

as a national slogan or

marching theme

is

increasingly

the Reagan Administration's attempts to emphasize trine," p. 103.

America suppos-

Potomac Associates survey found that 'anticommunism

it.'

"

on the wane,

Layne, "Reagan Doc-

See Barbara Caress and Stephen Leberstein on the history of

the City College of New York's efforts to identify and dismiss ulty

members,

and Vanzetti,

despite

Communist

fac-

New York Times, June 2, 1981, p. 15; William Styron on Sacco New York Times, June 7, 1981, p. IV-21. See Anthony Lewis,

New York Times, November 28,

1983,

p. 1-23,

on Penn Kimball's book on

his

Senator Weicker argued that the government owed Kimball an apol-

FBI

file.

ogy,

New York Times, December

ican

Communist Movement,

Exposing the Secret

War

15, 1985, p. 47.

p. 174.

Klehr and Haynes, The Amer-

See Herbert Mitgang, Dangerous

Against America's Greatest Authors

(New

Dossiers:

York: Don-

498

Notes

aid

(New

(1983; reprint 46.

The FBI's War on Freedom of Ex-

Fine, 1988), Natalie Robins, Alien Ink:

I.

pression

New

New York: Avon,

p. 35.

Supreme Court, October

The

June 23, 1983,

47. Glynn, Pandoras Box,

p. 111-24.

appeal was rejected the next

12, 1983, p. 1-21;

1986, p. 24; August 5, 1986, p. 0-5. Rosenbergs: quisition:

File

1985).

York Times, Hiss, July 18, 1982,

year by the

Penn Kimball, The

York: William Morrow, 1992), and

Morning

After:

p. 330; New York Times,

Chambers:

November 6, November

May

25,

1982, p. 48. In20, 1983.

February 19, 1981,

p. 31;

April

May 5, 1981, p. 23. Melvin Beck, Secret Contenders: The Myth War Counterintelligence (New York: Sheridan Square, 1984) ridiculed

25, 1981, p. 10;

of Cold

counterintelligence as a hoax. 48.

For example,

Norman

Why We Were in Vietnam. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991).

Podhoretz produced

Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher 49.

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, June

50.

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents March ,

Speaking 51.

My Mind,

14, 1982, pp.

See

764-69.

14, 1983, p. 369.

Reagan,

pp. 179-80.

Mockery of Reagan

for speeches like this, treating

him

as

an unsophisticated

buffoon inhabiting a mental universe indistinguishable from a B-movie, be-

came habitual

in

academic

circles.

For an example, see Michael Rogin, Ronald

Reagan, The Movie and Other Episodes in

tional p.

Political

William

versity of California Press, 1987).

Demonology (Berkeley: Uni-

Buckley,

Jr.,

"Remarks

at the

Review 35th Anniversary Dinner," National Review, November

5,

Na-

1990,

117.

52.

Reagan, SpeakingMy Mind, pp. 179-180.

53.

Ibid.

54. Glynn, Closing Pandora's Box, gins

55.

F.

329. See also Donald R. Baucom, The Ori-

p.

ofSDl, 1944-1983 (Lawrence: University of Kansas

Woodward,

Press, 1992).

Veil, p. 293.

385.

56.

Ibid., p.

57.

Glynn, Closing Pandora's Box,

58.

The

p.

authoritative study of the

The Iran Contra

Affairs

Donald T. Regan, For

(New

338.

affair

is

Theodore Draper,

York: Touchstone, 1991).

the Record:

From Wall

Street to

A Very

An

Thin Line:

insider's

Washington

view

(New

is

York:

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988). 59.

Persico, Casey, pp. 410-11.

60.

Summarized

61.

New York Times, November

62.

Seymour M. Hersh, "The Iran-Contra Committees: Did They Protect Rea-

in

Woodward,

Veil, pp.

nals of Justice: Iran-Contra,"

gan?" 63.

The

508-9. See also Frances Fitzgerald, "An-

New

New York Times Magazine, May

Ibid., p. 67.

Yorker,

October

16, 1989, pp.

51-84.

26, 1987.

6,

1990, pp. 47, 61-78.

499

Notes

64.

Glynn, Closing Pandora's Box,

65.

Henry

66.

Martin Anderson, Revolution, cited in Wall Street]oumal,

p.

332.

(New

Kissinger, Diplomacy

Simon and

York:

Schuster, 1994), p. 775.

"Who Won Eastern

Europe?" February 22, 1990. 67.

Glynn, Closing Pandora

s

Box,

p.

340.

p.

358.

68.

Kissinger, Diplomacy, p. 786.

69.

Glynn, Closing Pandora

70.

Layne, "Requiem for the Reagan Doctrine,"

s

Box,

p. 108.

David

Ignatius, "Reagan's

Foreign Policy and the Rejection of Diplomacy" in Sidney Blumenthal and

Thomas Byrne

Edsall (eds.),

The Reagan Legacy (New York: Pantheon, 1988),

Goldwater with Jack Casserly, Goldwater (New York: Dou-

pp. 209, 211. Barry

The

bleday, 1988), pp. 399-400.

progressive

events to hold a conference at Harvard in

post-mortem on anticommunism and

its

left felt

encouraged enough by

November 1988

to

pronounce a

doleful impact

on America and the

"Among

the Intellectualoids/

world: see David Evanier and Harvey Klehr,

Anticommunism and Mental Health," The American Spectator, February pp. 28-30. For the composition of the Left of Center:

The American Radical

new radical

Left

left,

1989,

see Harvery Klehr, Far

Today (New Brunswick, NJ: Trans-

action Publishers, 1991). Moreover, there seemed to be a revival of the old

brown-smearing technique of trying to link Reagan's (and Bush's) anticom-

munism with domestic Nazis, cist

The

or foreign neo-Nazi

movements. See Russ

New Right and the Reagan Administration:

Networks

(Cambridge,

in the

Republican Party and Their Effect on

MA:

Political

Jon Lee Anderson,

VS.

Cold

Inside the League:

The Shocking Expose of

The

War

Have

How

the

Infiltrated

Communist League (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986); and John Politics:

Old

Politics

Research Associates, 1988); Scott Anderson and

Nazis, and Latin American Death Squads

Ominous

Bellant,

The Role of Domestic Fas-

New Conservative Labyrinth (New York:

1984). But there was a counterattack against these ideas by a

who had had

of young anticommunists

—

in their

thoughts" about the "adversary culture" of the

own

Terrorists,

World Anti-

S.

Saloma

III,

Hill

and Wang,

new

generation

words

new academic

—"second

left.

See Peter

Collier and David Horowitz, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the '60s

(New

York: Summit, 1990), and John H. Bunzel (ed.),

Journeys of Change Through Press, 1988).

See

(New Brunswick, 7

1

Reagan, in

Two

Decades, 1968-1988

also Paul Hollander,

The

Political Passages:

(New

York:

The

Free

Survival of the Adversary Culture

NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1988).

An American Life,

good conscience today

p.

682.

call the

A few years later he could say, "I could not

Soviet

Union an evil empire. As

I

write this,

the Soviets have just conducted the most democratic elections since their revolution.

Remarkable things

gan, Speaking

My

are

happening under Mikhail Gorbachev." Rea-

Mind, pp. 168-69.

500

Notes

An American Life,

72.

Reagan,

73.

Lou Cannon, "Ron's Dread of Reds Gives

p.

683.

Way

to Trust,"

Newsday, Decem-

ber 13, 1988.

Epilogue 1

R. J.

Rummel, Lethal Politics

Soviet Genocide

,

and Mass Murder Since 1917 (New

Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1990). 2.

Ralph

3.

William

Z.

Hallow, Washington Post, Buckley,

F.

Jr.,

Review, April 16, 1990, 4.

"On

November

6,

1990.

A History of the Cold War?" National

the Right,

p. 62.

"How We Demonized the Red Devil," Newsday, October 3, J. Dionne, Jr., "Who Won the Cold War? New Left Histori-

Jonathan Schell, 1991, p. 100. E.

ans Debate the Demise of Socialism," Washington Post, June 12, 1990. 5.

David Warsh, "External Economics and the End of the Cold War," Washing-

6.

Jim Garrison,

7.

Edward Pessen, Losing Our

ton Post, February 26, 1992.

On

the Trail of the Assassins

Souls:

(Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993),

Happen Here:

(New

York: Warner, 1988),

The American Experience

p. 11.

in the

Bud Schultz and Ruth

p.

324.

Cold

War

Schultz,

It

Did

America (Berkeley: Uni-

Recollections of Political Repression in

versity of California Press, 1989). 8.

This can be seen in otherwise valuable works such mare

in

Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective

Press, 1990),

as

(New

Richard M. Fried, NightYork: Oxford University

A

and Ellen Schrecker, The Age of McCarthy ism:

with Documents

(New York:

St.

Brief History

Martin's Press, 1994), as well as the wholly

ir-

responsible Joel Koval, Red Hunting in the Promised Land: Anticommunism and the

Making of America (New York: Basic Books, 1994). See

War

dington, "The Anti-Cold

30-38.

also

Arch Pud-

Brigade," Commentary, August 1990, pp.

"Why Johnny's Not Anti-Communist,"

National Review, February

5,

1990, p. 44. 9.

Michael Barson, Better Dead Than Red! of Russiaphobia, Red-Baiting, and Other

:

A Nostalgic Look at the Golden Years

Commie Madness (New

York: Hyper-

ion, 1992). 10.

Lou Cannon, "Ron's Dread of Reds Gives

Way

to Trust," Newsday,

Decem-

ber 13, 1988. 1 1

For the early period, see Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission ican History tury, see

1963; reprint,

Tony Smith,

Struggle for sity Press,

12.

(

Democracy

New York: Vintage,

in

Amer-

1966). For the twentieth cen-

America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide in the

Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton Univer-

1994).

Norman J. Ornstein and Mark Schmitt, "Dateline Campaign War Politics," Foreign Policy 79 (Summer 1990).

'92:

Post Cold

501

Notes

13.

William G. Hyland writes that the end of communism brought to Russia a

"new openness time

it

in discussing the history of Soviet foreign policy. For the

was admitted,

albeit grudgingly, that the Soviet

considerable responsibility for the cold war. to assert that the

West was

Another Soviet

first

to bear a

One historian even went so far as

justified in regarding the

gerous adversary that wanted to eliminate

Union had

its

Soviet

Union

as a

dan-

opponents by military means.

writer claimed that 'unquestionably' the 'severe exacerbation

of tensions' in Soviet- Western relations in the late 1970s and early 1980s could

have been avoided because the tensions were caused by the miscalculations

and incompetence of the Brezhnev regime." William G. Hyland, The Cold War Is

14.

Over

New

York

(New

York:

Random

House, 1990), pp. 185-86.

Vaclav Havel, February 21, 1990, quoted in the

New York Times,

1990. See also Vaclav Havel, Living in Truth (Jan Vladislav, ed.)

February 22,

(New

York:

Faber and Faber, 1990). 15.

David Remnick, "The Exile Returns," The p. 77.

New

Yorker, February 14, 1994,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Writing I

this

book

radically altered

my view of American anticommunism.

began with the idea that anticommunism displayed America

but

came

I

to see in

anticommunism America

changed the focus of my research.

I

at

its

best.

at its worst,

That

shift also

started by searching the archives for the

sensational activities of countersubversive anticommunists obsessed with

uncovering plots that were, for the most tions.

I

part, figments o{ their

imagina-

learned that extremists, far from being representative of the

Amer-

movement, were for the most part digressions and American anticommunism was out in the open, and could be read in the words of responsible Americans with an anticommunism rooted in a realistic and principled view o{ the world. ican anticommunist

distractions.

The

real story of

For the most part, the archives at universities, religious and ethnic organizations,

and government agencies concern the

activities of

anticom-

who posed a danger to other anticommunists or even to the entire society. The record o{ responsible anticommunists based on a realistic assessment of communism was writ large in the popular press and in their own writings. Archival research should start with John Earl Haynes's Communism and munist conspiracy

theorists,

Anti-Communism in the United States: An Annotated Guide to Historical Writings (New York: Garland, 1987). Other important guides are the quarterly Newsletter of the Historians of American Communism, and Ellen Schrecker's "Archival Sources for the Study of McCarthyism" (Journal of American History 75 [June 1988]: 197-208).

The files of the FBI contain important information on both extremist and mainstream anticommunists, among them Isaac Don Levine, Eugene Lyons, George S. Schuyler, J. B. Matthews, and Ralph Easley. Since the 1930s the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith has maintained clipping files

and an informant network reporting on

503

political activity involving

504

Bibliography

communism or anticommunism. These the ADL's

files

can be viewed on microfilm

New York headquarters, and those on Isaac Don Levine, Eugene

Lyons, Robert Welch, George S. Schuyler,

B.

J.

George Sokolsky, and Westbrook Pegler were ican Jewish ities

at

Committee has

files

Matthews, John

especially useful.

T. Flynn,

The Amer-

on Communist and anticommunist

activ-

involving Jews, and contains important holdings on Jewish groups

especially

formed to combat communism such as Benjamin Schultz's Amer-

ican Jewish League Against

Federation to

Communism and

Combat Communism and

the earlier American Jewish

Fascism.

Libraries with special strengths in the area of anticommunist

extremism

include the Laird Wilcox Collection at the University of Kansas (with special strengths in the area of post- World

War

II

right-wing extremists, with

John Birch Society, the Liberty Lobby and its and Elizabeth Dilling and Gerald L. K. Smith) and Brown Uni-

large holdings relating to the Spotlight

,

Gordon Hall Collection

on right-wing extremism from Duke University has J. B. Matthews 's extensive files, as well as those of Ben Mandel. Martin Dies's papers are at the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Cenversity's

(excellent

the forties through the seventies.)

ter,

The

Perkins Library at

Liberty, Texas.

The archives of Georgetown University hold the papers of Father Edmund Walsh. The archives of the U.S. Catholic Conference have the papers of Father

John Ryan,

some relating to John F. Cronin. The Columbus headquarters in New Haven are es-

as well as

archives at the Knights of

sential for understanding Catholic

The Hoover

anticommunism.

on War, Revolution and Peace has the George Sokolsky Papers, the Jay Lovestone Papers, and the Sidney Hook Papers, not yet open to scholars during research for this book, but the open files were exceedingly rich on Bertram D. Wolfe, Benjamin Gitlow, Theodore Institution

Draper, Paul Crouch, the National Republic, Karl Baarslag, Walter B. Steele,

and Myers G. Lowman. is

A far larger collection of Theodore Draper papers

held by Emory University.

Columbia University has George Sokolsky 's scrapbooks, which

are very

valuable because of his role in the movement, and because he so often discussed anticommunist activities in his columns.

the papers of Lewis Corey, Carleton

Benjamin Stolberg, and in the

J.

Spruille Braden.

Schomberg Collection of the

Columbia

also has

H. Hayes, Hubert Knickerbocker,

George

New

S. Schuyler's papers are

York Public Library and

at

The manuscript division of the New York Public Library has the papers of Ralph M. Easley in its National Civic Federation Collection. The University of Oregon Library has extensive collections on conservative intellectuals, among them Eugene Lyons and John T Syracuse University.

Flynn.

505

Bibliography

I

conducted interviews with John Edgar Ruch, Louis B. Nichols, Ruth

Don) Levine (who also maintains custody of her husband's paRuth (Mrs. J. B.) Matthews, William F. Buckley, Jr., Arnold Forster

(Mrs. Isaac pers),

and Irwin Suall of the ADL, Norman Podhoretz and Midge Decter, Hamil-

Don

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book would not have been begun, nor finished, without the inspiration, confidence,

ident of left

The

and encouragement of the

my

Free Press, and

the Press,

I

their successors,

late

Erwin Glickes, Pres-

editor there, Joyce Seltzer. After they

was also given the

finest assistance

Adam Bellow and Peter Dougherty.

scholarly criticism at a time

when

I

needed

it

and treatment by I

was given superb

most by Leo

P.

Ribuffo,

and editorial assistance by Fred Binder. David Garrow, Steve Rosswurm,

Kenneth O'Reilly, Ellen Schrecker, Ronald Radosh, Harvey Klehr, Herbert Parmet,

Kevin Smant, Sue Rosenfeld, Dennis McDaniel, and David

me

Evanier shared with

the results of their pioneering research into

America's struggle with communism. J. Fred MacDonald at J. Fred Mac-

Donald Associates' archives provided me with open access

to his amaz-

ing media collection, the benefit of his encyclopedic knowledge of radio, television,

and

film, and,

not

least, a

place to stay in Chicago. Laird

Wilcox, founder of the Wilcox Collection of Contemporary Political

Movements

at the University of Kansas,

imaginatively helpful.

I

was untiringly,

unselfishly,

working in Washington by Roy and Cora Hoopes, Jan and

and Steve and Judy Hopkins. tributions,

Bart St.

I

am

helpful, of Louis Phillips,

my Goldwater

communism

all

Girl, Eileen,

the attention

Bill

grateful for the friendship

Armand. Appropriate sentiments

Powers, to

gave

some even

and

was provided with homes away from home while

it

527

also to

and

Gerry O'Connor, and

my father, Richard M. and Evelyn, who

to Sarah

deserved.

Cohn,

and con-

INDEX

Abel,

I.

America First Party, 185 American Action Inc., 230 American Alliance for Labor and

W., 324

Abraham Lincoln Abrams,

Elliott,

Brigade, 160

342

Academia, 231,245,264, 274 Acheson, Dean, 235, 242, 288, 310, 367, 426

Democracy, 11

American Artists Congress, 144 American Association of University Pro-

Acheson, Mrs. Dean, 242

fessors,

274

Actor Equity Association, 248

American China Policy Association,

Adams, John, 268 Adams, Sherman, 268 Addams, Jane, 34, 95,

American Civil

229, 239

(ACLU),

130, 131

Adelson, Joseph, 342

Adorno, Theodore, 256, 257

eties,

395,396,410,415-417 African Blood Brotherhood, 58, 59

261, 296

Mehmet AH, 404

American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, 144 American Committee for Russian Famine Relief, 76 American Committee for Struggle Against War, 120 American Committee for the Liberation

Agriculture Department, 171, 221

Albania, 193, 197

302

Allen, Richard V., 369, 373, 392, 405

Almond, Gabriel, 276 Alperovitz, Gar, 327

of the Peoples of Russia, 262

Alsop, Stewart, 310

American Conservative Union, 378 American Defense Society, 11, 75 American Enterprise Institute, 371 American Federation of Catholic Soci-

342 Alter, Victor, 180-181 Alter, Robert,

Altmoa, Georges, 211

Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union, 62, 370

eties,

12

American Federation of Labor (AFL),

Amerasia case, 195, 239

America

79-80, 126

American Committee for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 144-146, 158, 207,

Afghanistan, 346, 378, 385-387, 389,

Algeria,

Union

159,185,351 American Coalition of Patriotic Soci-

Adler, Cyrus, 48

Agca,

Liberties

32, 34-36, 71,77, 131,

Committee, 162, 164, 167, 168, 170, 185, 230 First

529

11,19,26,54,82, 108,121,122,

176-180,207,218,219

6,

530

Index

American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations ( AFLCIO), 370, 405-406 American Information Center

libraries,

Freedom, 208,

for Intellectual

209

American Soviet Friendship Committee, 158

American Student Union, 127

264

"American

Inquisition,

The"

(television

American Jewish Committee (AJC), 46-47,262,277,341 American Jewish Federation to Combat Communism and Fascism, 137-139

American Jewish League Against Communism, 229, 262 American Jewish Relief Committee, 46 American Jewish Veterans of the World War, 137, 138 American Labor Party, 62, 188 American League Against War and FasAmerican League

for

Peace and Democ-

American Legion, 26-28,

42, 88, 165,

229-230, 246, 248, 250, 254, 262,

306 Americanism Commission, 80-81, 248, 276 American Legion

as Educator (Geller-

man), 165

American Medical Association, 277

Amencan Mercury,

266, 282-283, 286

American Militia, 355 American National Endowment for Democracy, 406 American Nazis, 286, 287 American Opinion, 356 American Patriots, Inc., 166 American People Want Peace The ,

(Smith), 277 Pistol

(Suall),

American American American American

293

Union Against

Vigilant Association, 80

Youth Congress,

Americas Retreat from

and

Rifle Association,

American Protective League, 10, 27 American Security Council, 379 Americans for Constitutional Action,

The Story

(Mc-

Carthy), 244

Amtorg

papers, 83, 84

Anarchists,

6, 22,

29

Anderson, George, 30, 31, 215 Anderson, Maxwell, 95 Angell,

Norman, 397

Anti-ballistic missile

(ABM)

program,

367-368, 416 Anti-Catholicism, 51, 53-55, 267,

274-276 Anti-Communist Impulse (Parenti),

332-333 Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 47, 184, 230, 232, 247, 287, 293-295, 297, 299, 356

Antifascism, 117, 120, 154, 156, 164 Anti-Fascist Alliance of North America,

74

Anti-Masonic movement, 255, 257 Anti-Semitism, 45, 47-49, 55, 66, 107, 124, 129, 130, 132, 135-137,

161-165, 167, 168, 184, 185, 230,

295

Democratic Action

201, 202, 207, 258-259,

7, 9,

347, 349, 350,

362

"Apes on a Treadmill" (Warnke), 354 Apocalypse

Apobgy

294

291,324-325

120, 127

Victory:

of George Catlett Marshall

Antiwar movements,

for

Militarism, 34

Veterans Committee, 211

233, 252, 256, 262, 283, 286, 293,

355

(ADA),

Right

Complex

Angola, 362, 385, 395, 396, 410

144

racy, 120,

The Extreme

Ultras, The:

the Military Industrial

Anderson, Sherwood, 120

cism, 120, 161

Americans

American and

407

film),

American

Americans

Now

(film),

388

(Plato), 95

Appeals of Communism (Almond), 276

"Appendix Nine of the 1944

HUAC Re-

port" (Matthews), 241, 242, 246

531

Index

Aptheker, Herbert, 277 Architects of Illusion:

American Foreign

Berlin Wall, 419, 421, 422

Men

and Ideas

in

1943-1945

Policy,

(Gardner), 327

Bernstein, Carl, 404 Bernstein, Leonard, 208

Better

Armenia, 36 "Arrogance of Power" speech (FulAsia

322-323

A Nostalgic Look

322

Utopia (Lyons), 146-149

in

Association of Catholic Trade Unionists

(ACTU),

Bickel,

Alexander M., 342

Biddle, Francis, 183

Big Money, The (Dos Passos), 93 Birch, John, 288, 289

123

Atlantic Charter, 175, 176, 182, 187 Atlantic Monthly,

Madness (Barson), 424 Biberman, Herbert, 246

First strategy, 173, 181,

Assignment

:

Golden Years of Russiaphobia, Red-Baiting, and Other Commie

at the

Aron, Raymond, 210, 211, 261 bright),

Alvah, 246 Dead Than Red!

Bessie,

Arendt, Hannah, 209, 259, 330, 360

Birkhead, Leon, 165, 166, 170 Bishop, Joseph W.,

94

Jr.,

342

Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 285

Bittleman, Alexander, 46

Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Pots-

Black and White (film), 102-103,

Use of the Atomic Bomb and American Confrontation with So-

dam, the viet

156-157

the

Black anticommunism, 57-60, 66, 93,

Power (Alperovitz), 327

Austria, 17, 21, 197

Austria-Hungary,

100-103, 426 Blacklisting, 218, 220, 245-249, 274,

2, 3, 10, 17,

351

18

Authoritarian Personality (Adorno), 256

Black Panthers, 347, 349

AWARE,

Bloor, "Mother," 222

247, 274

Blue Baarslag, Karl, 80, 230,

232

Baldwin, Roger, 30, 34, 97, 110, 120

Army

of Fatima, 276

Blue Book of the John Birch Society, The,

291 210, 211, 263, 367

Barbusse, Henri, 94, 120

Bohlen, Charles

Barnett, David H.,

Boland amendment, 411, 412

Barrett, William,

386

342

E.,

Bolshevik Revolution, 1-6, 8-15, 18-21,

Barson, Michael, 424

35, 37, 45-47, 50, 52, 56-57,

Bay of Pigs invasion, 307 Bay of Tonkin Resolution, 320

Borkenau, Franz, 209

Beard, Charles, 57

Boston (Sinclair), 95

Bedell Smith, Walter, 250, 267

Boston Herald, 94

Beichman, Arnold, 208

Bowles, Chester, 164,311

Bell, Daniel,

256-257, 261, 262, 342

Boyle, Kay, 351

282

Bellow, Saul, 371

Bozell, L. Brent,

Benson, Ezra Taft, 279

Braden,

Benson, George, 294

Brandeis, Louis, 48

Thomas W.,

211, 329, 330

Bentham, Jeremy, 289

Brandes, George, 112

Bentley, Elizabeth, 195, 196, 205, 221,

Breaking Ranks (Podhoretz), 319

230, 232

425

Borah, William, 71,82,83,84

Brest-Litovsk treaty,

5,

13

Brewer, Roy, 219, 220, 247, 249

Berger, Victor, 22, 54

Berkeley Free Speech movement, 308

Brezhnev, Leonid, 339, 391, 401

Berkman, Alexander,

Brezhnev Doctrine, 346, 384-385, 393

7,

26, 41

Berle,

Adolph, 171,221,232

Berlin

airlift,

202

Bridges, Harry, 127

Bridges, Styles, 182

532

Index

Bridgman documents, Brierly,

Briggs, Cyril V.,

British

76,

Bush, George, 368

224

Byrnes, James, 239

Kenneth, 232

58

Labour party, 79

British Trades

Cagney, James, 128

Union Council, 178

Cahan, Abraham, 43, 45, 49-50, 66, 148, 427

Broadcast industry, 247-249 Broger,

John C, 278-279

Caldwell, John, 277

Brookhart, Smith W., 72, 73

Call

Brooklyn Tablet, 55, 114, 137, 138, 174,

Calomaris, Angela, 226

It

Sleep (Roth), 143

Brophy, Frank, 304

Cambodia, 326, 346, 396, 410 Cameron, William J., 49

Broun, Heywood, 95, 97, 125, 158

Canfield, Cass, 367

Browder, Earl, 126, 127, 172, 177, 188,

Cannon, James, 105 Cannon, Joseph, 35 Capehart, Homer, 258

275, 305

193, 203, 243

Brown,

Irving, 179, 180, 210, 211, 262,

329 Brown, Pat, 316 Brown, William

Captive Nations organizations, 275 Carbonari, 79

54

T.,

Carey, James

Brownell, Herbert, 265, 268

Brown

B.,

250

Carlson, John Roy. See Derounian,

Scare, 163-167, 185, 187, 189,

221, 230, 232

Avedis Carter, Jimmy, 345, 350, 351, 353, 354,

Broyles Committee, 248

357, 358, 369, 375-379, 383, 385,

Bryant, Louise, 9

387-389, 391-393, 395, 397, 398,

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 379, 385, 395,

405

402 Carter Doctrine, 388-389

Buchanan, Eleanor, 248 Buckley, James, 304, 360

Carto, Willis, 356

Buckley, William

"Case of Sacco and Vanzetti" (Frank-

J., Jr.,

51, 282-286,

290, 294-296, 305, 312, 313, 315,

340, 354, 371, 376, 394, 408, 409,

422^23, 427 Buckley, William

J.,

St.,

51-52, 283

242,243,251,267,276,280

William, 230

251-252,255,274,303-306, 325-326,355,371,405,426

Bundy, McGeorge, 347, 397

335

Catholic Legion of Decency, 175 10,

25-27, 70,

71,85

Catholic Review, 196 Catholics,

Bureau of Investigation General Bulletin, 28,

410

Catholic anticommunism, 11, 12, 51-57,

194, 196-197, 227-228, 238,

Bundy, Edgar, 294

Bureau of Investigation,

411,421 Castro, Fidel, 307,

132-138, 173-176, 181, 182, 192,

Bulgaria, 18, 193, 197

P.,

283, 367-368, 371,

F.,

66,93,108-114,123-124,

Bukharin, Nikolai, 105, 106

Bundy, William

94

393-396, 401, 402, 405, 406, 410,

Budenz, Louis Francis, 226, 232, 241,

Bullitt,

furter),

Casey, William

Intelligence

30

Burke, Arleigh, 298

Communism and

the

Common-

weal (Brophy), 304

Catholic

War Veterans,

133, 138, 194,

246, 276-277

Burlson, Albert, 22

Catholic World, 175

Burnham, James, 145, 206, 209, 210,

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 203,

259, 284, 285

267, 273, 328-331, 334, 347, 350,

Burns, William, 70, 85

359, 368, 386, 405, 406, 411, 413

533

Index

International Organizations Division,

211,212,329 Central Trade and Labor Council,

Committee for Peace and Secu368 Citizens Concerned About the ABM, Citizens

rity,

367

121

Chad, 396

Citizens

Chafee, Zechariah,

Jr.,

32

in

Lobby

for

Peace with Freedom

Vietnam, 368

34-36 movement, 97, 100-103, 281,283 Civil Service Commission, 80

Chaiken, Sol, 370

Civil libertarians, 30,

Challenges to Democracy, The: Consensus

Civil rights

and Extremism

in

American

Politics

(Havens), 293

Chamberlain, William Henry, 147, 232

Clarence Mannion Forum, 294

Chamber

Clark,

of

Commerce,

12, 197, 217,

230

Tom, 215

Clark, William, 405

Chambers, Whittaker, 170-173, 195, 221-224, 232, 257, 283-285, 336, 352, 409

"Clearing House, The," 267 Clifford, Clark,

367

Cline, Ray, 371

292

Chandler, Albert "Happy," 181

Clinton,

Chaplin, Charlie, 207, 208

Close, Upton, 231

Cheka, 44 Chernenko, Konstantin, 415 Chessman, Caryl, 307

Coalition for a Democratic Majority,

Chiang Kai-shek, 173, 228, 229, 232, 238, 239, 288, 350 Chiaromonte, Nicola, 211 Chile,

410

325, 356

Coalition for Peace Through Strength,

379 Coan,

Blair, 69,

72-74, 78, 91, 130,

240 Cohen, Eliott, 104

Cohn, Roy M., 259, 263, 264, 267-271,

China, 197, 238, 422

China Lobby, 228-229, 238, 239, 242,

352

COINTELPROs, 349

280 Chinese Communists, 173, 182, 228, 229, 236, 288

Christian

Bill,

Anti-Communism Crusade,

294, 295, 392

Cold

Christian Crusade, 279, 294 Christian Fright Peddlers,

The (Walker),

293

War and Its

Origins,

The (Heming),

327 Cole, Lester, 246

W., 54-55 Columbia University Research Institute on Communist Affairs, 277 Cominform, 202, 207 Comintern (Third Communist InternaCollins, Peter

Christian Front, 137, 166, 167 Christians,

Cold War, 191-233, 309-311, 315, 319-321, 323, 326-333, 406-408, 423, 424, 428-429

George W., 166

Christian Socialists, 12, 53, 54

Church, Frank, 340

Church Committee, 347-350 Churchill, Winston, 13, 168, 176, 193,

366, 395

Church League of America, 294 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency "CIA: The Great Corrupter" (Kopkind),

329 Cicero, 317 Citizens Bar Association, 355

tional), 20-21, 24, 188, 202,

207

Fourth Congress, 58

Second Congress, 29, 37, 61 Seventh Congress, 121 Third Congress, 37

Commentary, 260, 330, 341-342, 355, 372, 393

Committee Against Summit Entanglements, 285

534

Index

Committee

for Constitutional

Govern-

labor unions and, 96-97, 106-108,

ment, 239

Committee

121-124, 176, 177, 179, 188,

for Industrial

201-203

Organization

Matthews and, 104-106 membership of, 39, 62, 187, 272

(CIO), 121-126, 128, 162,

176-177,179,187,201-203,207 Political Action Committee (CIO'

1925 presidential election and,

PAC), 188, 200, 223 Committee for the First Amendment,

63-66 1948 presidential election and,

202-203

246

Committee for the Free World, 422 Committee of Four Hundred, 158 Committee of Struggle Against War and

"Operation Abolition," 306-307

power

187-188

Fascism, 120

Committee of Ten Million, 355 Committee on Public Information, 1 Committee on the Present Danger (CPD), 369-380, 383, 388, 392 Committee on the Study of Socialism

in

99-100 as school for

in

to

Combat Communism, 90

to

Defend America by AidMaintain a Prudent De-

to

367-368

fense Policy,

"Common Sense

and the

373-374

ger" (Rostow), 369,

collapse of, to

419-424

Freedom

in Baltimore" (Cronin),

196

Communism

in

"Communist

Germany

(Ehrte), 91

Infiltration in the

United

Communist Labor

Party, 24, 26-29, 31,

Party of America, 44. See

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) black civil rights and, 97, 100-103 also

espionage networks, 170-173, 192,

Communists Within

the

Government

(Cronin), 217 the the

Labor Move-

ment (Cronin), 217

Communist Youth B.,

International, 75

263

for Progressive Political Ac(CPPA), 62-65 Conference of Studio Unions (CSU), 218-219 Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 209-212,259-261,328-331

Conference

Congressional Record, 239, 301

ter),315

foundation

of,

24

Hitler-Stalin Pact and, 155, 156

Hoover's raids against, 26-28 intellectuals and, 103-104,

46

254-255, 283-286, 292, 294,

296-298,312 Conservative Caucus, 378

Conspiracy theories, 32-34, 40, 42, 43, 69, 72-83, 184, 192, 214, 221, 225,

230-233, 235, 241, 244, 258, 262, 288, 291, 292, 294, 299, 337-339,

205

in,

Communist Propaganda League, 20

Conservative anticommunism, 181, 182,

39,62

Jews

306

Party, 62, 63, 65

Conscience of a Conservative (Goldwa-

States," 197

Communist

and, 225-227

tion

(Cronin), 303

"Communism

Workers

Conant, James

Communism: Threat

anticommunists, 93-108

trial

Communists Within

Common Dan-

Commonweal, 175

Communism,

Smith Act

Stalin and, 105-106, 273, 274,

ing the Allies, 162, 164, 166

Committee

"Rainbow Coalition," 398

Sacco-Vanzetti case and, 93, 95-96,

the Churches, 82

Committee Committee

struggles within, 115

publishing and educational network,

120-121

356-357, 400

Consumers' Research, 125

Containment doctrine, 191, 199, 200, 206,213,229,254,285,289,296,

Index

320-322,341,355,358,374,

Curran, John, 127

380-382, 387, 394, 397

Currie, Lauchlin, 288

535

Contras, 396, 410-415

Cvetic, Matt, 252

Conyers, John, 398

Czechoslovakia, 17-18, 119, 197, 202,

Coolidge, Calvin, 64, 66

343,384,415,421,429

Costigan, Howard, 247

Coughlin, Charles

124, 130, 132,

E.,

133, 135-138, 154, 161, 166-168,

173,231,236,255,258 Council for Democracy, 164

Daily Worker, 181,231

Dalin, David, 232, 276

Danger on

and Epstein),

the Right (Forster

294

Council of Foreign Ministers, 193

Dan Smoot

Report, 294

Council on Foreign Relations, 198, 356

Darkness at

Noon

Counterattack, 230, 233, 247

Daugherty, Harry, 70-73

Countersubversives, 10-12, 15, 20-25,

Daughters of the American Revolution,

67, 355-357. See also Conspiracy

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC); McCarthyism American Civil Liberties Union and, theories;

36,71,77

(Koestler),

81,131 Davey, Martin, 24 Davidson,

Jo,

207

Davies, John Paton, 238

Davies, Joseph, 169, 172, 175 Davis, Angela, 352

disinfection theory

of,

84,

Davis, Benjamin

89

Davis, Elmer, 172-173

postwar spy scandals and, 195-196

Davis,

Red Scare raids (1919-1920), 25-33, 40-42 Smith Act trial and, 225-227

Davis, Nancy, 220

Dome

in twenties

scandal and, 70-72

and

early thirties,

69-91

Cowley, Malcolm, 120, 150

"Day

101

J., Jr.,

Fish Committee, 88-90

Teapot

210

John W., 66

After,

The"

(television film),

Dean, John, 347 Deatherage, George Debs, Eugene V.,

E.,

7, 8,

166, 185

24, 45, 60, 61, 65

Cox, James M., 39

De Caux,

Cranston, Alan, 339

Declaration on Religious Liberty, 403

Creel, George, 11

Decline of the West? George

Crimea, 13

Len, 122

his Critics,

"Crime of the Century" (Hoover), 253

Kennan and

382

Decree on Peace (Lenin), 3,5,8

Cripps, Sir Stafford, 119

Decter, Midge, 342, 371, 422

Crockett, George, 398

Deerhunter, The (film), 388

Cronin, John

E.,

196-197, 212, 213,

Defense Department, 203, 322

217,221,223,230,232,303-304 Cross, John, 304

de Gaulle, Charles, 302

Crossman, Richard, 212

DeMille, Cecil

Crossthwaite, Frank, 103, 157

Denikin, Anton, 25, 36, 37

Dellums, Ron, 398 B.,

219

Crowther, Bosley, 252

Dennis, Lawrence, 184-187

Cuba, 307-308, 312, 362, 385, 389, 395,

Deportations, 23, 26, 27, 29-31, 41

Derounian, Avedis (John Roy Carlson),

411,422,424

Cuban

missile crisis,

407

Deadly Gambits (Talbott), 400

310-31

"Cultural Conference for Peace" (1948),

207 Curran, Edward Lodge, 134, 230

184, 185, 293

Desert One, 389

Detente, 340, 366, 368-370, 375,

379-382, 387, 388, 396, 424

536

Index

Dewey, John, 95, 139, 142-144, 154, 158, 264 Dickstein, Samuel, 124-125

Dumbarton Oaks conference, 222 Dupee,

F.

W., 145

Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 422

Dickstein Committee, 124 "Dictatorships and Double Standards" (Kirkpatrick), 393

Earle, Valerie,

Diem, Ngo Dinh, 275, 350 Dies, Martin, 124-129, 154, 161, 162,

170-172,177,183,187,258,287,

371

Ralph M.,

Easley,

11, 53, 54,

81-91, 96,

114,115,222 East Germany, 389, 415, 421 Eastman, Crystal, 35 Eastman, Max, 232, 284

291 Dies Committee. See House Un-Ameri-

can Activities Committee Dilling, Elizabeth,

(HUAC)

129-132, 136, 154,

Eddy, Sherwood, 81, 95

Edmondson, Robert

166,167,170-172,183-185,231, 240, 291

E.,

185

Educational programs, 251, 277-279,

297-298, 300, 306 Edwards, Willard, 239, 241

Dimitrov, Georgi, 121

Ehrlich, Henryk, 180-181

Disabled American Veterans, 277

Ehrlich- Alter murders, 181

Disinfection theory, 84, 89, 162

Ehrte, Adolph, 91

Disney, Walt, 219

Einstein, Albert, 112, 118, 120, 180,

Disraeli,

207, 208

Benjamin, 284

Divini Redemptoris

{On

Atheistic

Commu-

Eisenhower, Arthur, 267 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 263-268, 272,

nism), 134

Dixon, Thomas, 85

273, 275, 285, 286, 289-291, 292,

298,309,311-312

Dmytryk, Edward, 246 Dr. Stxangehve (film), 313-314, 315

Eisler,

Dodd, Bella V., 243, 279

Elks,

Dole, Robert, 379

Ellsberg, Daniel,

Donovan, Hedley, 324 Donovan, William, 28, 394

El Salvador, 395, 411

Dooley,

Gerhard, 209, 223

277

333-337

Emergency Civil 306-307

Tom, 275

Liberties

Committee,

DosPassos,John,93,95, 120

Encounter, 259-261, 329, 355, 381

Douglas, Kirk, 274

Draft evaders, 351

End of Ideology, The (Bell), 261 "End of Ideology, The?" (Shils), 261 End of ideology theory, 261, 262

Draper, Theodore, 342

Engels, Friedrich, 55, 281,

Douglas, Paul, 129

Dreiser,

289

Entertainment industry, 76, 128,

Theodore, 97, 120

218-221, 245-249, 274

Dual-track strategy, 397

293-294

Dubinsky, David, 44, 107, 122, 155, 178,

Epstein, Benjamin,

179,188,201,324 DuBrow, Evelyn, 370 DuChessi, William, 370

Epstein,

Duclos, Jacques, 193

Ernst, Morris, 185

Dudman, Richard, 293

Estonia, 17, 156

Duffy, John, 175

Ethiopia, 118, 157, 346, 385, 395,

Duggan, Laurence, 367

Eurocommunism, 384

Dulles, Allen,

Dulles,

John

Epstein, Jason,

Jay, 342,

386

330

Epstein, Joseph, 342

410

Euromissile plan, 396-399, 408

329

Dulles, Foster Rhea,

Edward

European Anti-Fascist Congress, 120

264

Foster, 264, 309,

310

Europe

First

war

strategy,

1

73

537

Index

"Evil Empire" speech (Reagan), 391,

408-410

Fischer, Ruth, 209, Fish,

Executive Order 9835 ("Truman Loyalty Program"), 197

Extremism controversy, 292-298,

300-301,303,306,308, 312-318 Extremists,

The (Sherwin), 293

223

Hamilton, 87-91, 114, 115, 164, 168, 170, 182-184, 187,222,224,

231,248,287 Fisher, Fred, 270 Flanders, Ralph, 268, 271

Fleming, Donald, 327 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 35, 159, 351 Flynn, JohnT., 184, 189, 230, 231, 232, 238, 239, 258, 263

Fabians, 79 Fact,

293

Fair Play for

Flynn, William

Cuba movement, 308

Fall of the Russian

Empire (Walsh), 109

Farber, Leslie H.,

342

Farmer-Labor Party, 62-66, 127

James

T., 145,

26

164,368,370

Ford, Henry, 48-49, 66, 129, 164

Ford Foundation, 329

Farm Equipment Workers Union, 203 Farrell,

J.,

Ford, Gerald R.,

209,371

Foreign Affairs, 198, 371, 397 Foreign Policy, 354, 371

Foreign Policy Association, 292

Far Right, The (Janson), 293

Formosa, 228

Fascism, 117-120, 133, 134, 143, 154,

Forsberg, Randall, 397

163,174,200,204 Howard, 95, 207

Forster,

Fate of the Earth (Schell), 397

Foster,

Fast,

Fort

Faulk, Henry, 274

Arnold, 247, 262, 293-295

Monmouth William

Hearings, 267-271 Z.,

35, 59, 62, 65, 76, 89,

98, 103-104, 106, 108, 140, 193

FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation

(FBI)

Fourteen Points address (Wilson),

5,

14

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

Fowler,

Henry K, 369, 373

10,80,126,127,160, 195,215,

Fraina, Louis, 24

216,220,221,225-227,239,241,

France, 2-4, 13, 21, 119, 156, 197, 209,

247, 252, 253, 265, 272, 279, 280,

307,308,345-351,406,413

223, 275, 384

France, Anatole, 94

Federal Theater Project, 126

Franco, Francisco, 134, 354

Federated Farmer Labor Party, 63

Frank, Jerome D., 323

Fellers,

Frankel, Charles, 342

Bonner, 279

Fellowship of Reconciliation,

9,104 Fiedler, Leslie,

260-261

Field, Frederick Vanderbilt,

Column

Frankenheimer, John, 313 Frankfurter, Felix, 31, 32, 35, 48, 67, 94,

172

243

Fraternal Order of Eagles, 28

Fight for Freedom Committee, 165

Freedom Fighters Family Funds, 355 Freedom House, 165 Freedom of Information Act, 346

Filene, Edward, 165

Freedom's Facts Against

Fifth

in

America, The (Lavine),

166

Finland, 17, 18, 156, 197 Firing Line, 248, First

262

Freeman, The, 282

Union Committee (FTUC),

and Second Brown Books of the Hitler Terror and the Burning of the

Free Trade

Reichstag Fire (Muenzenberg),

Free World Colossus:

119 Fischer, Louis, 158

Communism

(American Legion), 277

179-180

A Critique of Ameri-

can Foreign Policy (Horowitz), 327

in the

Cold

War

538

Index

God and Man at

Freikorps, 24, 28

French Revolution,

14,

Yale (Buckley), 282,

283, 290

78

French Revolution, The (Webster), 78

God

Freund, Ernst, 32

Goebbels, Joseph, 137, 177

FreyJohnP., 126 Frick, Henry Clay, 26 Friedrich, Carl, 360 Friends of Democracy, 165-167, 170, 184, 230

Goering, Hermann, 170

that Failed,

The, 212

Gold, Ben, 107 Gold, Michael, 120,314 Goldberg, Arthur J., 367

Friends of Soviet Russia, 74, 76, 99

Goldman, Emma, 148-149

Friends of the Soviet Union, 50

Goldthwaite, Robert, 299

Fulbright,

J.

William, 270, 298-302, 310,

320-323, 336, 340, 413

7, 8, 23, 26,

41,

Goldwater, Barry, 294, 314-317, 392,

419

Fur Workers Union, 121, 122

Golos, Jacob, 195

Fyvel,T.R.,211

Gompers, Samuel,

Gable, Clark, 128

Goodman, Paul, 330, 342 Goodman, Walter, 342

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 324, 328

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 400, 410, 414-419,

Galliani, Luigi, 22

421,422,429 Gordon, Frank, 250

Gambling with History (Talbott),

11, 19, 57, 70,

Gorki, Maxim, 75

398

Gang, Martin, 247 Gardner, Lloyd

Gouzenko,

C, 327

Igor, 195,

221

Grace, Peter, 371 Grassroots anticommunism, 249-252,

Garrison, Jim, 424

Garvey, Marcus, 58

272, 274

Gelb, Leslie, 333, 377

Gravel, Mike, 338, 339

Gellerman, William, 165

Gray, L. Patrick, 347

General Motors, 127

Great Britain,

Georgetown University, Center for Strategic and International Studies,

198, 384,

21, 156, 162, 163,

2, 4, 13,

399

Great Depression, 146 Great

371

Illusion (Angell),

397

Georgia, 36

Great Pretense, The, 280

Geremek, Bronislaw, 403 German- American Bund, 125, 126, 185,

Greece, 198

German Communists,

18, 24, 118, 119,

139-140, 152 Carl,

342

Thomas W.,

19

Gromyko, Andrei, 365, 390 Gropper, William, 207 Gross, Aaron, 107

James, 175

Gilpatric, Roswell,

Greenspun, Hank, 270 Gregory,

Gideonse, Harry, 145 Gillis,

Green, Gil, 226 Green, William, 179,180-181

186

Gershman,

82

367

Ginzburg, Aleksandr, 386

Grossman, Edward, 342 Gulag Archipelago The (Solzhenitsyn), ,

Gitlow, Benjamin, 24, 40, 65, 74,

409

105-106, 229, 230, 232, 250,

Gullion,

Edmund

A., 369, 373

254, 279

Haig, Alexander, 395, 405

Glasnost, 415 Glass, Carter,

167-168

Glazer, Nathan, 342, 371

Hale, Swinburne, 32 Hall, Gus,

384

Index

Hammett, Dashiell, 352 Hamsun, Knut, 112

Hanson, Ole,

117-120,

Hitler, Adolf, 91, 115,

132-133, 139, 141, 143, 151, 154,

155,156,163,164,362

Handlin, Oscar, 371

Hanna, Mark,

Hitler-Stalin Pact, 151, 154-156,

1

Harding administration, 70-7

158-159, 171, 174 Hoffman, Clare, 183-185

Harding College, 298

Hofstadter, Richard, 256, 257, 262

19,

22

Hardwick, Thomas, 22 Hargis, Billy James, 279,

294

Harper, Samuel N., 82

Hart,

268

Merwin

166

K.,

Hollywood Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (HICCASP), 219-220

Hollywood Ten, 218, 246 Holmes, John Haynes, 30,

Harriman, Averell, 310 Harris, Reed,

539

35, 95,

147-148, 156

Hartmann, George, 145

Holmes, Oliver Wendell,

Hartnett, Vincent, 247-248,

Hook, Frank

E.,

Jr.,

22

161, 162

Harvard University, 282

Hook, Sidney, 104, 139-140, 142-145, 150,153, 158-159, 181,207-211,

Harvey, George Hatch Act, 217

Hoover, Herbert, 21, 39, 70, 91, 136

250

Hatfield,

254-255,261,277,427

U., 166

Mark, 398

Hoover,

Hauser, Rita, 373

Havel, Vaclav, 421, 428, 429

Havens, Murray, 293 Havilland, Olivia de, 220

Hayes, Arthur Garfield,

1

Hopkins, Harry, 169, 288 22

Hearst, William Randolph, 182,

Horowitz, David, 327 Horowitz, Rachel, 370

Horthy, Nicholas, 24-25

241 Hearst documents, 83, 87

Hellman,

269, 274, 280-283, 308, 328, 346,

347, 349, 352, 406

Hayes, Helen, 252 Bill, 7, 8,

Edgar, 10, 17, 23-33, 38,

241,242,251,253,254,258,265, 19

Hayes, Charles, 398

Haywood, Big

J.

40-43,54,56,60,70,71,76,77, 82,85,160,172,194-196, 214-217,215,221,225-227,238,

Lillian,

330

Helsinki accords, 385, 386

Hourwich, Nicholas, 24

House Rules Committee, 30-31, 38 House Un-American Activities Com-

(HUAC),

Helsinki Final Act, 360

mittee

Herndon, Angelo, 97, 142, 157 Hersh, Seymour, 414

145,151-152,160-162,205,

Herzl, Theodor,

48

124, 125-129,

216-217,218,220,222-225,241, 246-247, 251, 264, 279-280, 289,

306-307, 367

Hess, Rudolf, 141

Hicks, Granville, 101, 158

Howe, Howe,

Hillman, Sidney, 44, 107, 122, 188

Hughes, Charles Evans, 39, 70

Hillquit, Morris, 7, 24, 30, 45, 62, 65

Hughes, Emmett John, 263, 267

Heston, Charlton, 283

Hindus, Maurice, 158 Hiss, Alger, 171,

221-225, 232, 239,

Frederick, 22 Irving,

209

Hughes, Langston, 101, 102 Huie, William Bradford, 283

258,288,336,348,351,352,367,

Huiswoud, Otto, 58, 59

406,413

Human

Hiss, Donald,

171,221

Hiss, Priscilla, 171

Events, 294,

Humanite,

Human

L',

Life in

394

210

Our Day, 326

540

Index

Human

rights, 43,

358-360, 364, 366,

Hungary,

International Labor Organization (ILO),

370

375,385-386,394,416,417 Humphrey, Hubert, 201

Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), 106-107, 178,

International Ladies

17, 18, 21, 24, 197, 227, 274,

284,312,415,421

179,324,325,371

Hunger, Edgar, 279

International Truth Society, 137

Hunter, Edgar, 313

International Workers'

Hurley, Patrick, 238

Aid Committee,

75

Hussein, King of Jordan, 350

Interventionists, 162-168, 170

Huston

Iran, 197,

347 Hutchins, Robert M., 129, 264 plan,

386-387

Iran-contra

affair,

410-415

Isolationism, 119-120, 162-170, 183, Ickes, Harold, 127, 170, I

172

Led Three Lives (television

Illuminati,

253

78,79,291,356

Immigrants,

8, 10, 43,

J

Speak for

Italy, 2,

44-45, 426

Independent Citizens Committee of

(ICCASP), 200, 208, 219 Workers of the World (IWW), 6,10,11,18-19,26,29,30,79

Industrial

Inside Story of the

Harding Tragedy

(Daugherty), 71-72

Was a Communist for

336

165-166

Jaffe, Philip,

Amendment, 366

195

Japan, 173, 181, 182

Wojciech, 388, 404

Jaskievicz, Walter,

253-255

277

333

Jenner, William, 264, 271 Jessen, Edward,

229, 243

424

Jessup, Philip, 242,

103-104, 120-121,

Jesuits, 78,

139-140, 144-145, 207-212, 257,

243

123,251

Jewish anticommunism, 11, 12,44-51,

259, 325, 341-342, 360, 362-363,

66, 93, 137-139, 146-149, 229,

371-372

252, 371-372, 426

Intercollegiate Socialist Society,

288

Jewish Bund (General Jewish Workers

Union), 44, 180

Intercollegiate Society of Individualists,

Jewish Forward, The (ed. Cahan), 45,

294

49-50

Intercontinental ballistic missiles

(ICBMs), 416 Interest politics,

256

Interior

Department, 70

Internal

Revenue Service (IRS), 347

International Alliance of Theatrical

Stage Employees (IATSE), •

(film),

398

Javits, Jacob,

Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), 228,

Intellectuals,

FBI

Jackson, Henry, 359, 366, 368, 377-378,

Jaruzelski,

Propaganda Analysis,

Intellectual freedom,

the

252

Janson, Donald, 293

In Stalin's Secret Service (Krivitsky), 150

Institute for

(Tchernavin), 171

118, 157, 174, 197, 223, 304,

Jackson- Varnik

231

Institute for Policy Studies,

the Silent

384 J

the Arts, Sciences and Professions

Ingalls, Laura, 167,

230

184, 189, 192, series),

218-219

International Labor Defense (Red Aid), 94, 100

Jewish labor unions, 106-107 Jewish Socialist Farband, 46 Jewish Socialist Federation, 45—46 Jewish Workmen's Circle, 107

JFK

(film), 424 John XXIII, Pope, 304-305 John Birch Society, 79, 273, 286-298, 303,312,315,316,356,357 John Paul II, Pope, 401-405

Index

Johnson, Hiram, 82

King, Martin Luther,

Johnson, Laurence A., 248

Kirchwey, Freda, 145, 148, 159

Johnson, Lyndon

314, 316, 317, 321,

B.,

322,334,348,367,413 Johnson, Paul, 357 Joint Pastoral Letter to the Whole World, 134

Jr.,

541

316, 347, 350

292

Kirk, Russell,

Kirkland, Lane, 369, 370, 373, 406 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 342, 371, 393 Kirkpatrick, Ted, 230, 232

Kirov, Sergei, 140

Jones, William N., 101

Kissinger, Henry, 335, 337, 340, 357,

Jordan, 350

366, 370, 418, 428

Josselson, Michael, 211

Kiwanis, 248

Jung, Harry, 80

Knickerbocker, H. R., 84

Junior Order of American Mechanics,

Knights of Columbus, 28, 53, 54, 109,

134-135, 194, 275

277 Department,

Justice

10, 11, 23,

25-33,

Knights of Pythias, 277

38,40,67,70,71,183,195,226,

Know-Nothings, 255

307, 337, 348

Koestler, Arthur,

209-21

1,

360, 427

Kogon, Eugen, 211

Kahn, Herman, 314

Kohlberg, Alfred, 228, 229, 232,

Kahn, Tom, 406

238-239, 241-243, 247, 280, 286

Kallen, Horace, 48

Kolchak, Aleksandr, 36

Kamenev, Lev, 141 Kampelman, Max, 369-370, 373

Kolko, Gabriel, 327

Kane, Francis Fisher, 32

Kopkind, Andrew, 329

Katyn

Korean War, 192, 236, 265, 273, 300 Kramer, Hilton, 342 Kraus, Charles H., 238 Kravchenko, Igor, 276

forest massacre, 175, 181

Keenan, John, 232 Keller, Helen,

35

Kellogg, Paul, 34

Konig, Franz, 325

Kemble, Penn, 342

Krebs, Richard, 152

Kemp,

Kristol, Irving, 260,

Ira,

157

342

Kendall, Willmore, 284

Krivitsky, Walter, 145, 149-153, 171

Kennan, George, 198-199, 213, 299, 310, 321-322, 328, 358-359, 362,

Krogh, Peter, 371

380-383, 388, 397

Krock, Arthur, 169

Krol,

John Cardinal, 355, 405

Kennedy, Edward M., 367, 398 Kennedy, John F., 164, 298, 308-311,

Kronstadt experience, 180

314,322,334,367,424 Kennedy, Joseph P., 238

Ku Klux

Kennedy, Robert

Kuron, Jacek, 403

F.,

301

Kubrick, Stanley, 313, 314, 349 Klan, 59, 255, 286, 287

Kun, Bela,

21,

24

Kent, Tyler, 230-231 Kerensky, Alexander,

2,

3

Kermode, Frank, 329 Kerr, Jean, Kesser,

Key

19, 27,

29-30, 127

Labor League of Hollywood, 220

238

Hermann,

Labor Defense Council, 74 Labor Department,

Labor unions, 43, 53, 76

1

Men of America,

80

KGB, 386 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 386 Khrushchev, Nikita, 273, 274, 281, 284,

285,297,310,311,419

anticommunism and, 62-66,

93,

96-97, 106-108, 123-124, 176-180, 182,339-340,370-371 blacks

in, 59,

Catholics

in,

157

54

542

Index

League of Professional Groups, 103-104

Labor unions {com.)

Communist

Party of

America and,

96-97, 106-108, 121-124, 176,

177,179,188,201-203 Harding administration and, 70-71 Jewish, 106-107 La

Follette, Robert, 7,

63-66, 70, 73-74,

77,83,95,126,130,172

Lebanon, 414 Lee,

Follette, Robert,

La

Follette,

La

Follette Civil Liberties

Left

Infantile Dis-

order (Lenin), 37

Suzanne, 230

Leibowitz, Samuel, 100, 101

Committee,

Lemke, William, 136

89

Fiorello,

Lenin, Vladimir, 1-4,

Lake, Anthony, 377 Corliss, 143,

8, 12, 14, 15, 18,

21,37,43-45,61,141,281,421, 422

158

Leo

Lancaster, Burt, 313

Kenesaw Mountain, 22

XIII, Pope, 51

"Letters of Sacco

and Vanzetti, The"

(ed.

Frankfurter), 95

Lane, Layle, 157 Lansdale, Edward, 335

"Letter to

346

Laos,

Book Club, 75 Wing Communism, An

Lend-Lease program, 128, 163, 169, 173

La Guardia,

Landis,

Bracken, 279

Lefever, Ernest, 371

Left

126

Lamont,

J.

Lee, Robert E., 239

237

La

Jr.,

League of Women Voters, 75

American Workers" (Lenin),

18

Laqueur, Walter, 342 Lardner, Ring,

Levine, Eugene, 24 Levine, Isaac Don, 47, 99, 149, 150, 152,

246

Jr.,

Lasch, Christopher, 330-331, 423

153,171,229,230,232-233,247,

Lash, Joseph, 98, 127

262, 427

Lasky, Melvin

J.,

209-211, 329-330

Lasswell, Harold, 186,

Last Stand

—An

viet Five

256

Lewis, John

Interpretation of the So-

Year Plan (Walsh), 109

Lateran Treaty, 133 Lattimore,

Owen,

Lewis, Fulton, 232 L.,

121-123, 164, 177

Lewis, Sinclair, 112 Libby, Mrs. Frederick Liberal

229, 238, 242-243,

254-255, 258-262, 272, 296, 297,

314,324-325,328-331,407

Latvia, 17, 18, 156

Lavine, Harold, 166

Liberal internationalism,

Lawson, John Howard, 218, 246 Lawyers' Report (Report

Upon

ment of Justice), 32-33, 38, 67, 346 379

Liberty

Amendment Committee USA, 294

Lazalt, Paul,

Fascism, 104

Freedom and

Social-

ism, 145

League

for Industrial

9,

of the

Liberty Lobby, 230,356-357

League Against Imperialism, 75 for Cultural

5-6,

164, 192, 193, 198, 199

the Illegal

Liberal Party, 188

War and

1,

12-15,17,21,23,25,39,114,119,

Practices of the United States Depart-

League

75

203-207, 212-214, 225, 253,

258, 263, 288, 322

League Against

J.,

anticommunism, 199-200,

Lie,

Life

and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti (Lyons), 99, 146

Life

magazine, 324

Democracy,

288-289, 308

Haakon, 211

Liebknecht, Karl, 18, 24

League of American Writers, 144

Lilienthal, David,

League of Lady Voters, 355

Lindbergh, Charles, 164, 166, 170

League of Nations,

Lions, 277

118,119

13, 20, 21, 25, 39,

237

Lippman, Walter, 30, 95, 321

Index

Seymour Martin, 293, 342, 371

Lipset,

Lithuania, 17, 18, 156, 173, 175, 423 Litvinov,

Maxim, 113

Lloyd, William Bross,

Marian

cults, 275,

543

276

Maritime Workers Union, 127 Marshall, Charles Burton, 369

7,

Marshall, George

24

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 268

C,

243-244, 250, 258,

262, 265, 288, 290, 367

Loeb, James, 200

Marshall, Louis, 46-50, 66, 427

Loeb, William, 239,313

Marshall Plan, 203, 207, 223

Long, Huey, 136, 167, 255

Martens, Ludwig C. A. K., 26, 41, 74

Longshoremen's Union, 122

Martin, Edward, 255

"Long Telegram" (Kennan), 198, 358

Martin, Homer, 123

Lord, Phillips H., 247

Marvin, Fred, 80

Losing

Our

Souls:

The American Experi-

ence in the Cold

War

(Pessen),

424

Lovestone, Jay, 104-106, 123, 178-180,

210,232,370

Marx, Karl, 55, 281, 289, 364, 408 Masons, 28, 78, 255 Mater

et

Magistra (John XXIII), 305

Matthews, Francis

"Lovestone Empire," 210

Matthews,

J.

P.,

197

104-106, 125-126,

B., 97,

Lovett, Robert, 35

128,161,172,184,230-233,241,

Lowman, Myers

245, 246, 266-267, 283, 291

G., 279, 280

Luce, Clare Booth, 239, 371

May God Forgive Us

Lunatic fringe, 129-132, 167, 231,

McAdoo, William

355-357

McCarthy, Eugene, 325

Lundberg, Ferdinand, 144 Lusk, Clayton, 25

18,

McCarthy, Joseph

R., 233,

235-245,

281,282,287,289,290,322,328, 351, 394, 424, 426-427. See also

Luttwak, Edward, 342

Luxemburg, Rosa,

(Welch), 288

G., 63, 64

24

Lyons, Eugene, 37, 99, 117, 144,

146-149, 153, 158, 159, 169, 229, 232, 262, 277-278, 284, 285, 295,

312-313,427 Lyons, John H., 370

McCarthyism McCarthy, Mary, 208, 259 McCarthy and His Enemies (Buckley and Bozell),

282

McCarthyism, 324, 406, 407, 426 attack on Marshall, 244-245 blacklisting,

MacArthur, Douglas, 236, 291, 299, 300 MacDonald, Duncan, 65 Macdonald, Dwight, 208, 330 Madison, James, 348 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 112

245-246

Eisenhower and, 264-266

endurance Fort

of,

274

Monmouth hearings, 267-271

liberal

anticommunists and, 254,

258-262 256-258

Magnes, Judah, 35, 47

liberal

Maguire, Russell, 283, 286

Senate Investigations Subcommittee

S., 424 Norman, 330

explanation

of,

Committee on Government

Maier, Charles

of the

Mailer,

Operations, 262-264, 266-271

Maloney, William Power, 183

Truman

Malraux, Andre, 427

Tydings Committee, 241-243

Maltz, Albert, 246

Wheeling speech 239-241

Manchuria, 197, 288

study on, 255-256

charges, 233, 235,

Mandel, Benjamin, 106, 217, 230, 232

McCarthyism, The Fight for America (Mc-

Mannion, Clarence, 280 Mao Tse-tung, 228, 229

McClure's Magazine, 47

Marcantonio, Vito, 125

McCormick, John, 124

Carthy), 243

544

Index

McCormick, Robert, 299 McCracken, Samuel, 342 McDonald, Duncan, 34-35 McGovern, George, 336 McGrath, J. Howard, 242

Morgan, J. P., 22 Morgen Freiheit, 50

Mclntire, Carl, 294

Morgenthau, Henry, 135, 166,

Moore, Fred, 99 Moore, Richard, 58 Morell, Ben, 294

McLean, Evalyn, 90 McLeod, Scott, 263 McNamara, Robert, 298-302, 311, 322, 333, 367, 397, 399 McWilliams, Joseph, 185 Means, Gaston, 85-87, 89-90

Meany, George, 178, 179, 277, 339-340, 354,370-371 Medem, Vladimir, 50 Mem Kampf (Hitler), 186, 357 Members of Congress for Peace Through Law, 379 Men of the Far Right (Dudman), 293

195

Morgenthau

Plan, 263

Morris, Robert, 241,298

Moscow Carousel (Lyons), 146 Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals (MPA), 219

Motion Picture Industrial Council (MPIC), 220 Moyers, Bill, 316 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 342, 376 Mozambique, 346, 410 Muenzenberg, Willi, 75, 94, 98, 103,

Messenger, 59

119,120,153,210,329

Methodist Circuit Riders, 279, 280

Muggeridge, Malcolm, 211

Mexican Revolution (1911),

Mullah

riots,

107

Mundt,

Karl,

250

18,

51-52,

56, 130

Meyer, Cord, 211-212

Murphy, Frank, 127

Meyer, Frank, 284

Murphy,

Michael, King of Rumania, 202

Murphy, Thomas

Michnik, Adam, 403

Murrow, Edward

Militant Liberty (Broger), Mill,

John

Stuart,

278-279

289

Milosz, Czeslaw, 259

F.,

251

R., 268,

351

Muste, A.

J., 9, 97, 101,104 Mutual Assured Destruction

terrent strategy,

(MAD)

de-

399

M)» Country and the World (Sakharov),

275

360

Minor, Richard, 135

Minute Men, 302, 316, 355 to

201

Mussolini, Benito, 132, 133, 157, 174

Mindszenty, Joseph Cardinal, 227-228,

Mission

Philip,

Moscow

M)i Disillusionment in Russia (Goldman),

148

(Davies), 169, 172,

175

My

Son John

(film),

252-253

"Mr. X" (Kennan), 198, 358

Mit brennender Sorge (With Burning Sorrow), 133, 134

Mobuto, Sese Seko, 350 Modell family, 137 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 154, 156

Monroe, James, 6 Monroney, Mike, 267 Montgomery, Robert, 210

Mooney, Archbishop, 124 Mooney, Tom, 142 Moore, Edwin G., 386

Nabokov, Nicolas, 208, 211 Napoleon Bonaparte, 14 Nation, 94, 145, 149, 159, 161, 162, 174,

176,308,350 National Association for the Advance-

ment

of Colored People

(NAACP),

59, 60, 97

National Association of Evangelicals,

277 National Association of Manufacturers, 11

Index

National Citizens Political Action mittee

Com-

(NC-PAC), 200

National Union

135

National Urban League, 59

National Civic Federation, 11, 42, 50,

81-82,91,113

Nazism. See Hitler, Adolf Nazi-Soviet Pact. See Hitler-Stalin Pact

National Civil Liberties Union, 26, 32,

Nellor, Ed, 239

Neoconservative movement, 371, 372

34 National Committee

Defense of

for the

Political Prisoners,

97

National Conservative Political Action

Committee, 378

Neoisolationism, 383 Neo-revisionists,

"Neutralizes,

328

The" (Welch), 295

Newberry, Mike, 293

National Council for the Prevention of

New

War, 75

Deal, 124, 125, 130, 134, 135, 168,

195,216,231

National Council for the Protection of

National Council of Churches, 81 National Defense Committee, 74 National Drive Against

Communism,

Home

New

Drive Against the Anti-Communist

Programs, The, 313

the Foreign Born, 74

Atheism, and

for Social Justice,

545

Destruction,

134 National Education Association, 277,

306 National Education Program, 294 National Labor Relations Act (Wagner

Act) of 1935, 121,201 National Labor Relations Board, 171

National Lawyers Guild, 270

New Leader, 197, 283,371 New Republic, 143, 176, 182-183,

197,

200

New York City

Mayor's Committee on

Aliens, 11,20

New York Daily Mirror, 182 New York Daily News, 182, 183 New Yorker, The, 397 New York State Economic Council, 166 New York Times, 128, 251, 287, 292, 306,315,317,328,334,336,337, 363, 374

National League of Mothers, 167

New York Times

National Miners Union, 96

Nicaragua, 385, 389, 395, 396, 410, 411,

National Negro Congress, 157

National Popular Government League,

32

Magazine, 361

416,421 Nicholas

II,

Tsar, 4

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 180, 200, 201

National Republic, 80

Nihilists,

National Republic Organization, 80

Niles, David,

National Review, 283-286, 294, 305, 315,

Nimitz, Chester, 262

355,394

79

288

1984 (Orwell), 276

National Security Act, 203

Nisbet, Robert, 342

National Security Agency (NSA), 347

Nitze, Paul, 191,212-213,310,

National Security Council (NSC), 267,

378,401,406,411,413 National Security Council Document 68

(NSC-68), 191,212-213,367,

374 National Security Decision Directive 32,

405 National Security League, 11

366-369, 373, 375-378, 393, 427

Nixon, Richard M., 222-225, 239, 241,

267,284,285,319,326,328, 335-337, 339-340, 351, 352, 394,

413

No first strike policy, Non-Communist

397, 399

Left

(NCL)

207,210-211

National Student League, 98

Non-Partisan League, 162

National Students' Association, 329

Norris, George, 83

National Textile Workers Union, 96

North, Oliver, 411-412, 414

strategy,

546

Index

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Pacific

(NATO), 203

Northwest Patriots Leadership

rally,

355

North Korea, 422 North Vietnam, 422 Novak, Michael, 342 Nuclear Delusion, The (Kennan), 397 Nuclear freeze movement, 397, 398 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 317

Packard, David, 368, 369, 373

Nuclear weapons, 206, 228, 236, 316,

Parenti, Michael,

317,325-327,355,366,368, 382-383, 396-399

Nuremberg

186

trials,

Paine,

Thomas, 428

Palestinians,

Pallen,

414

Conde

81

B.,

Palmer, A. Mitchell, 22-23, 25, 28, 32,

255 332-333

38, 40, 56, 73,

Park,

Maud Wood,

Parks, Larry,

75

246

Parlor Bolsheviks, 27, 29, 54

Nye, Gerald, 119, 184 O'Brien, William V., 371

O'Conneil, William, 12 Odyssey of a Fellow Traveler (Matthews),

Modem

on

the

Church

World {Gaudium

in the

et Spes),

325, 402-403 Pattern for American Fascism (Spivack),

200

125-126, 291 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 28, 195,

330

Partisan Review, 209, Pastoral Constitution

394

Patterson, Cissy, 182 Patterson, Joe, 182

Office of War Information, 263

Paul VI, Pope, 402

O'Hare, Kate Richards, 7

Peaceful coexistence, 278, 285, 372

"Old Myths and (Fulbright),

New Realities" speech 320-321

Oliver, Revilo P., 291,

356

Peace movement, 397, 399 Pearl Harbor, 165

Pearson, Drew, 270

Westbrook, 172, 183, 231, 232,

O'Neil, James Francis, 248

Pegler,

On

241,258,262,304 Pelley, William Dudley,

the Trail of the Assassins (Garrison),

424

"Open

American Catholics, An" (James Buckley), 304 "Open Letter to American Liberals," 143 "Operation Abolition," 306-307 Opium des Intellectuels, L' (Aron), Letter to

261

Oppenheimer,

Pennington, Lee, 248

Pentagon papers, 333-339 People's Legislative Service, 73 People's World, 187

Perestroika, J.

Robert, 328

Ornitz, Samuel, 246

161, 166, 167,

185

415

Perjury (Weinstein),

352

Perkins, Frances, 127, 129, 131

368

Orwell, George, 209, 276, 360

Perle, Richard,

O'Shea, Daniel T., 248

Pershing,

Oswald, Lee Harvey, 314

Personal Insecurity and World Politics

Our Lady of Fatima, 275, 276 Our Secret Allies (Lyons), 278

Philbrick, Herbert A., 226, 253

John J., 14

(Lasswell),

256

Andre, 211

Outer Mongolia, 197

Philip,

Out of the Night (Valtin), 152 Overman, Lee Slater, 20, 22, 88

Phillips, Lyle G.,

Overstreet, Harry Allen, 293

Photographic History of the Bolshevik

Overstreet Committee, 47

Owen, Robert, 289 Oxnam, G. Bromley, 280

Phillips,

277

William, 145

Atrocities,

Picasso, Pablo,

Piecework, 177

38 207

Index

1968, 324-325

Pike Committee, 347

1980, 356, 388

Pilsudsky, Joseph, 37 Pipes, Richard, 368, 371, 373, 376,

383

59

Pittsburgh Courier,

1984,411 Pressman, Lee, 122, 171, 202

Pius IX, Pope, 51

Preuves, 259, 261

Pius XI, Pope, 132-134, 174

Progressive Citizens of

Pius XII, Pope, 133,304

262

Plato, 95

Progressive

158, 161, 188, 192,

left, 9,

200, 203, 209, 243, 254, 297, 304,

The (Derounian), 293

306,330,331-333,351

PM, 188

Protestant denominations, 11, 12, 56,

Podhoretz,

Norman, 319, 325, 330,

341-342,352,354,356,371,372, 388, 389, 393, 427 Poindexter, John, 411

Poland, 17, 18, 36-37, 156, 173-176, 181, 182, 192-193, 196, 273, 288,

312,327,343,370,388,394, 400-406,415,421,429

251-252,267,426 and Other Americans United for Separation of Church and State (POAU), 251

Protestants

Protocols of the Elders of lion,

48-49, 137,

286, 357

Provance, Terry, 397 Puerto Rico, 384

Pumpkin

Poling, Daniel A., 250, 251

Polish

America (PCA),

200, 201

Plain Talk (journal), 233, 247,

Plotters,

547

Papers, 224,

336

American Congress, 193 Quadragesimo Anno (Pius XI), 51

Polish Secret Society, 79 Politician,

The (Welch), 289-290

Politics

of Unreason, The (Lipset), 293

Politics

of War:

Quigley, Carroll, 292 Quill, Mike,

202

The World and United

States Foreign Policy,

1943-1945

Popular anticommunism, 252-254, 257, 258, 262, 272

Radicalism, 6-13, 15, 17, 20, 22-23, 425

Rahv,

Popular Front. See Progressive Porter, Katherine

Rabinowitz, Dorothy, 342 Radford, Arthur W., 298-299

(Kolko), 327

left

Anne, 95

Philip, 145

Railroad unions, 61, 62, 64 Ralston, Jackson, 32

Post, Louis, 30-32, 38,

Ramey,

"Postscript to

Ramparts, 329

77,215 the Rosenberg Case"

(Fiedler), 260 Potsdam conference, 265 Pound, Roscoe, 32

Powell,

Adam Clayton,

97

Preminger, Otto, 274 Present Danger,

The (Podhoretz), 388

Presidential elections

Estelle R.,

371

Rand, Ayn, 285-286

Rand Corporation,

334, 335, 339

Randolph, A. Philip, 58, 59, 157 Rankin, Jeanette, 35, 131

Rankin, John, 131

Rauh, Joseph, 259 Ravitch, Diane, 342

1924, 63-66, 74, 83, 130

Rayburn, Sam, 256

1932, 98, 103-104

Reader's Digest, 277

1936, 136

Reagan, Neil, 220

1944, 185, 188

Reagan, Ronald, 218-221, 249, 356,

1948, 201-203

1952, 299 1960, 285

1964,314-317

388, 391-402, 404-420, 421, 422,

425,429 Reagan Doctrine, 395-396, 400, 406, 411-415

548

Index

Red Army,

36-37

13, 25,

Rogers, William, 267, 268

RedChannels (ABC), 247-249

Rogge, O. John, 186, 187

Red Decade, The: The

Rolland, Romain, 94, 120

Stalinist Penetration

of America (Lyons), 117, 145, 159,

Romulo, Carlos, 277

169

Roosevelt, Archibald, 313

Red Guards, 2 Red International of Labor Unions 58-59

(Profintern),

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 127, 128, 130, 135, 180, 200, 201

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 113-114, 119,

RedNetvuork, The (Dilling), 129, 132,

120, 126-128, 134, 136, 155,

159-160, 163, 164, 166-173, 175,

240, 291

Red Radical Movement, The, 28, 34

176, 181-183, 185, 187, 188, 193,

"Reds and Our Churches" (Matthews),

222, 228, 230, 232, 288, 327, 348,

349

266

Red Scare

raids

(1919-1920), 25-33,

Roosevelt, Theodore,

40-42, 77, 159, 348 Reds in America (Whitney), 75-78, 240,

Web

Red web

Roosevelt

The

291

Red

Roosevelt, James, 220

(Coan), 69, 72, 240 theories. See

28

Its

Background,

(Dilling), 130, 172,

291

Rorty, James, 104

Conspiracy theo-

Rosenberg, Ethel, 236, 260, 261, 263, 266, 273, 307, 348, 352, 406

ries

Reed, John,

Jr.,

Red Record and

9, 24,

88

Rosenberg,

Reiss, Ignaz,

Julius, 236, 260, 261, 263,

266, 273, 307, 348, 352, 406

Reid, Arthur, 157

Rosenwald,

149

Report on the Russians (White), 188

Rerum Novarum (Leo

46

376, 382, 383, 392, 393

XIII), 51

Resolution on Southeast Asia,

Julius,

Rostow, Eugene V., 368, 369, 373, 375,

326

Rotary Clubs, 47, 248

Reston, James, 363

Roth, Henry, 143

Reuther, Victor, 301-303

Rougemont, Denis

Reuther, Walter, 176, 177, 201, 202,

Rousselot,

301-303

de, 211

John H., 279, 392

Rousset, David, 211

Reuther Memorandum, 301-303, 413 Revisionist historians, 327-328, 331,

360

Rumania, 192, 193, 197,421 Rusher, William A., 283-284 Rushmore, Howard, 230, 241

Revolution in America, The (Hoover), 29

Rusk, Dean, 322, 371, 373

Rhee, Syngman, 350

Russell, Bertrand, 112, 139,

Rhodes Foundation, 292

Russian Information Bureau, 46

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 154

Russian Jewish immigrants, 44—45

Richardson, Jack, 342

Russians and Reagan,

The (Talbott),

399-400

Rickenbacker, Eddie, 279

Ridgway, Matthew, 371, 376

Rustin, Bayard, 342

Road Back, The: Self-Clearance

Ruthenberg, Charles, 24

(AWARE),

RYAN,

247

Robins, Raymond, 82

Rockefeller,

P.,

136

297, 324, 373, 376

John

407

Ryan, John A., 30, 109-110, 130, 131,

Robeson, Paul, 208

Roche, John

209

Ryskind, Morrie, 219, 283, 284, 286

D., 22

Rockefeller, Nelson, 285, 315,

394

Rockwell, George Lincoln, 286

Sabath, Adolph, 239 Sacco, Nicola, 22, 93-96, 99-100, 142

Index

Sack, Arkady, 46

Securities

Sack, Joe, 232

and Exchange Commission,

171

Safeguards for America (radio series), 194

Seeger, Peter, 248

Sakharov, Andrei, 359-361, 366, 386,

Seignious, George M., 378

389 Salem witch

Seldes, George, 166, 182 trials,

255

Salisbury, Harrison, Salt,

Selleck,

321,340,378

Waldo, 246

Senate Internal Security Subcommittee

San Francisco Examiner, 182 Sartre, Jean-Paul,

(SISS), 247, 264, 288, 307, 313,

209

353

Saturday Evening Post, The, 329

Senate Investigations Subcommittee of the Committee

Savimbi, Jonas, 396, 410

W.

Scanlan, Patrick, 55-57, 66, 134, 137,

Senate Judiciary Committee, 20 Senate Subcommittee on Privileges and

305

Scharansky, Anatoly, 386

259 John Stewart, 195, 229, 238, 239, 322

Elections,

Senary, Dore, 220

Service,

423

Schell, Jonathan, 397, Schiff, Jacob,

on Government

Operations, 262-264, 266-271

C. "Tom," 250

138, 275,

Tom, 283

Senate Foreign Relations Committee,

324

Sandinistas, 385, 396, 410, 421

Sawyer,

549

Seven Days

46

in

May

(film), 313, 315,

Schine, G. David, 263, 264, 267-270

Shahn, Ben, 95

Schlamm,

Shanker, Albert, 370, 371, 376

Willi, 145,

283

Schlesinger, Arthur M.,

Jr.,

191, 201,

413

Shapley, Harlow, 207

203-207, 210, 212, 213, 251, 264,

Shaw, George Bernard, 111-112, 120

278,281,293,297,309,311,324, 328, 330, 339, 360

Sheean, Vincent, 158

Schlesinger, James, 368,

369

Sheehan, Neil, 336-338 Sheen,

J.

Fulton, 175, 194,250

Schmid, Carlo, 211

Sheer, Robert, 397

Schmidt, Godfrey, 247

Sheil, Bernard

Schorr, Daniel, 316

Sherwin, Mark, 293

Schultz, Benjamin, 229, 230, 250-252,

Shils,

262,313,355 Schuyler, George S., 59-60, 66,

Shipley, Harlow, 263

J.,

269

Edward, 261

Shivers, Allen, 245

412

100-103, 156, 157, 209, 230, 259,

Shultz, George,

277, 355, 427

Siberia, 13, 14, 25,

Schwarz, Fred, 294, 295, 302, 392 Scott, Adrian,

246

36

Sigman, Morris, 106 Signal Corps Center, Fort

Scran ton, William, 316

Silone, Ignazio, 210, 211,

Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 219, 220

Silver Shirts, 161 Sinclair,

Second Vatican Council, 305, 325, 371, 402-403 Secret Societies and Subversive Movements

Sirgiovanni, George, 187

Secrets of Pearl

Harbor (Flynn),

230 Secularism, 56, 254, 282

427

Upton, 95, 99, 120, 288

Seabury, Paul, 342

(Webster), 78

Monmouth,

259, 267-271

Scottsboro case, 97, 100-101, 142, 157

Sisson documents, 14 Six

Months

in Russia

(Bryant), 9

Smear Terror, The (Flynn), 230 Smith, Al, 303 Smith, Gerald 231

L. K., 136, 167, 185, 230,

550

Index

342

Smith, Gerard, 397

Starr, Roger,

Smith,

State Department, 171, 221, 224, 228,

Jessica,

277

Smith Act of 1940,

161, 225-227, 263,

Smoot, Dan, 279

Status politics, 256, 262

Social Democrats of America, 371 Socialist International, Socialist Socialist

235, 238-240, 242, 264, 322, 326,

327, 357-369, 409

306, 353

Steele, Walter, 126, 129, 197

Steelworkers Union, 122, 324, 325, 371

405

Labor Party, 7

Stein, Gertrude, 95

America,

Stennis, John, 301

Socialist Party of

422

Steffens, Lincoln, 82,

Network, The (Webster), 78 7, 8, 10, 11,

19-20, 24, 30, 38-39, 45, 58,

Stepinac, Archibishop, 194

60-63, 65, 69, 104

Stereotypes of anticommunism, 17,

Socialist

Workers

Party,

Social Justice, 137,

349

138

Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Rus-

Stevenson, Adlai, 268, 299, 310 Stevenson, Archibald

74

sia,

31-33,36,41,67,281 Stevens, Roger T., 267, 269

Sokolsky, George, 125, 182, 229,

230-232, 241, 246, 248, 250,

Stewart, Potter, 164

252-253, 295

Stilwell,

movement, 370, 388, 401,404-406,421

Stimson, Henry

Solidarity labor

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 343, 361-364,

370,409,428-429

L.,

Stone, Harlan, 71 Stone, Oliver, 424 Stone, Willis, 294 Stout, Rex, 167

Spanish Civil War, 134, 260 Spartacists, 18, 24,

28

Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 133, 194,

227,275,325 Spengler, Oswald, 291-292 Sperber, Manes, 211

Web chart,

75

Spivak, John, 89, 200

Spolansky, Jacob, 75-76 The, 356-357

Springsteen, Bruce, 397 Sri Lanka,

Strange Tactics of Extremism, street),

Strategic I

Spender, Stephen, 211, 260, 329

Spotlight,

Strange Death of President Harding, The

(Thacker and Means), 85

Spain, 197

Spider

169

Stokes, Rose Pastor, 148

Somoza, Anastasio, 385 Herb, 218, 219

20

Joseph W., 228

Somalia, 395

Sorrell,

E., 11,

Stewart, Donald Ogden, 207

384

Stalin, Joseph, 44, 103-106, 108,

110-112,118,127,133,140-143, 148-155, 163, 168, 169, 172-176, 178-183, 185, 187-189, 191, 193, 194, 199, 200, 202, 207, 265, 273,

284,297,323,327,331,332,358, 362 Starlight Survival School, 355

Arms

and

The (Over-

293

II),

Limitations Talks

(SALT

339-340, 355, 366, 367,

375,377-379,387,392,416

Arms Reduction Talks (START), 399

Strategic

Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star

Wars"), 399, 410, 415, 416, 417,

429 Strikes, 10, 18-19, 29, Struggle for the World,

96-97

The (Burnham),

206 Students for a Democratic Society

(SDS), 308 Students Non-Violent Coordinating

Committee, 308 Suall, Irwin,

293

Subversive Activities Control Board,

307 Sullivan, William

C, 349

Index

Trade Union Educational League

Sulzberger, C. L., 317

(TUEL),

Sunday Messenger, 251

Donald A., 241 Surrender of an Empire, The (Webster), Surine,

59, 62, 76, 106, 108, 121

Tragedy and Hope (Quigley), 292 Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Williams), 327

78 Swing,

551

Raymond Graham, 165

Trager, Frank, 144, 145

Syllabus of Errors (Pius IX), 51

Sylvester, Arthur,

Transition,

298

329

Transport Workers' Union, 122, 157,

202

Symington, Stuart, 271

Treasury Department, 171 Taft, Robert, 184,

Taft,

290-291

Tresca, Carlo, 99

William Howard, 48

Trevor, John

Act of 1947, 201, 237 Strobe, 398-400

B.,

79-80

Taft-Hartley

Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 210

Talbott,

Trilateral

Commission, 356

Taylor, Robert, 128

Trimble, James W., 298

Tchernavin, Vladimir, 171

Trohan, Walter, 241

Teapot

Dome

scandal, 70-72, 83, 159

Trojan Horse in America (Dies), 172, 291

Techniques of Communism (Budenz), 276

Trotsky, Leon, 3, 13, 18, 21, 25, 37-38,

Teheran conference, 182, 188 Teheran hostages, 387, 389 Temple, Shirley, 128

True, James, 162, 185

Ten Days That Shook Tenney, Jack

B.,

the

46,47,105,141,142,169,180 Truman, Harry

World (Reed), 9

250

Tenney Commission,

May

193-201, 206,

225, 232, 240, 242, 250, 255-256, 263, 265, 309, 327, 358

248, 249

Truman

Terrorism, 386

Thacker,

S, 191,

207,212,213,216,217,221,222,

Thailand, 385

Thatcher, Margaret, 407, 416, 422

Thomas, J. Parnall, 126, 216 Thomas, Lowell, 230 Thomas, Norman, 35, 88, 95, 104, 164,167,180,200 Thompson, Dorothy, 131 Thompson, William B., 82 Thurmond, Strom, 301

Doctrine, 198, 207

Trumbo, Dalton, 246, 274 Tucker, Robert W., 342 Tugwell, Rexford Guy, 129

Dixon, 85

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 37 Turkey, 110,

Turner,

2, J.

198

C, 370

20th Century Reformation Hour, 294

Twentieth Party Congress, 273, 281 Tydings Committee, 241-243 Tyroler, Charles,

II,

368, 369

Tito, Josip, 202, 275

Ukraine, 18, 36-37

Tobin, Dan, 179

Toledano, Ralph de, 230, 284

"To Live

in Jesus Christ,"

355

Tolstoy, Leo, 423 Total Empire (Walsh), 276 Totalitarianism, 203-207, 212, 259, 261,

284, 296, 328, 360, 389, 427, 428

Toward a

Soviet

America (Foster), 139

Towers, John, 279

Townsend, Francis E., 136 Toynbee, Arnold J., 209, 255, 291-292

Ukrainian Congress, 277 Undercover (Derounian), 184, 185, 293

Union

for

Democratic Action (UDA),

200-201

Union Union

of Russian Workers, 25 Party, 136

United Auto Workers Union, 122, 123,

176-178,202 United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, 178

United

Electrical

Workers Union, 203

552

Index

United Mine Workers Union, 121, 177

Waldrop, Frank, 250

United Nations, 222, 264, 265, 384 U.S. Air Force, 203

Walesa, Lech, 403-404, 406, 421

United States Congress Against War,

Walker, Brooks, 293

Walk East

On Beacon

Walker, Chads

104

United World

Federalists, 2

253

369, 373

Walker, Edwin, 298, 299

1

Universal Negro Improvement Association,

E.,

(film),

Walker, Jimmy, 89 Walker, Robert, 252

58

Urban, George, 381

Wallace, DeWitt, 277

USA trilogy

Wallace, Henry, 200-203, 208, 228

(Dos Passos), 95

Walling, William English, 7

Utley, Freda, 233, 239, 241, 284

Walsh, Edmund A., 52-53, 66, 89, 90, Valdinoci, Carlo, 22

109,

111-113,232,238,251,276

Vakinjan, 152-153, 171

Walsh, Frank

Vance, Cyrus, 353-354, 372, 379, 383,

Walsh, Thomas, 39-40, 71, 215 Walters, Vernon, 405

99-100, 142 II,

Wanderer, The, 275

305, 325, 371, 402-403

Warburg,

Velde, Harold, 264

Veterans Action Committee of Syracuse Supermarkets, 248 Veteran's Bonus March, 91

Veterans Bureau, 70

Warsaw Warsaw

(VOSS), 394 Viereck, George Sylvester, 185 vices

Vietnam, 145, 275, 296, 311, 312,

317-328,330-339,341,342, 346-348, 359, 362, 366 Viguerie, Richard, 378 Villa,

Pancho, 14

Oswald Garrison, 35, 164 Vincent, John Carter, 238 VitalCenter, The (Schlesinger), 191, Villard,

203-207, 278

Voice of America, 242, 256, 263-264, 268

von Braun, Wernher, 314

Felix, 46, 48 Ward, Harry F., 35, 159, 161 Ward, Martin, 370 Ware, Harold, 222 Warner, John, 398 Warnke, Paul, 335, 354, 377-378,

383

Veterans of the Office of Strategic Ser-

Viering, Russell, 357

32

Walter, Francis, 280

385,397 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 22, 93-94,

Vatican

P.,

l

Pact, 421 uprising, 175

War Socialists, Washington

7

Post,

364

Washington Quarterly, 371 Watergate, 346, 351, 359, 368, 412 Waters, George, 239

Watkins, Arthur V., 271

Watkins Committee, 271 Wayne, John, 219 Weaver, Paul, 342 Weaver, Suzanne, 342 Weavers, the, 248 Webster, Nesta, 78-79, 91, 141, 240, 291

Voorhis, Jerry, 223

Wechsler, James, 264

Vyshinsky, Andrei, 141,187

Wedemeyer, Albert C, 279 Weinberger, Caspar, 412

Wage

Earners Committee, 246

Wagner, Robert, 129 Wald, Lilian, 34

Waldman,

Louis, 91, 151

Waldorf Conference, 208

Weinstein, Allen, 352

Weishaupt, Adam, 79, 356 Welch, Joseph N., 269-271 Welch, Robert, 286-296, 312, 313, 318,

356,357

553

Index

Wells, H. G., 94, 112, 119, 120

Welsh, Francis Ralston, 91, 129

Witch Hunt: The Technique and

Profits of

Red-Baiting (Seldes), 166

West Germany, 384, 399, 421 Weygand, Maxime, 37 Whalen, Grover, 87, 89, 222

With Enough Shovels (Sheer), 397

Whalen,RichardJ.,371,373 Whalen papers, 88, 89

Wohlstetter, Albert, 367

Wolfe, Bertram, 99, 105,371

What

Wolfowitz, Paul, 368

are the Facts Behind the Smearing of

Anti-Communist Americans?

"What

is

Union Up To?"

the Soviet

(Committee on the Present Danger),

374

Wheeler, Burton

K., 65, 66, 71, 72, 74,

83, 163, 164, 170, 181, 183, 184,

189,231

C, 86-87 War Was

Wheeler, Lucien

Where and

How

World (IWW)

Woll, Matthew, 81, 90, 113, 178, 179,

250

304

(Cross),

Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of the

the

Fought

Woltman,

Women's Women's

Frederick, 229, 241

Bureau, 74 Patriotic

Conference on Na-

tional Defense,

250

Women's Strike for Peace, 307 Wood, Robert E., 164 Wood, Sam, 219 Worker's Party, 62, 63, 65, 76

Workers Unemployment Councils, 74

(Casey), 395

White, Harry Dexter, 195, 224, 265, 288, 367

White, Theodore, 228

Workmen's Circle, 45 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 125-127, 130

White, William L, 188

World Court, 135 World Federation of Labor, 1 79 World Monetary Fund, 265

White

World Revolution, The (Webster),

White, Walter, 157 White, William Allen, 164, 166 Citizens' Councils, 286, 287

Whitehead, Don, 269

Whitney, Richard, 75-78, 91, 129, 130, 141, 166,

Wick, James

184,240,291

L.,

"World Split Apart, 361-364

Wren,

Wiggins, Ella Mae, 96

Wright, Richard, 98

George

Williams, William Appleman, 327

Wilson, Charles

E.,

(Solzhenitsyn),

Jack,

248

Wrong, Dennis, 342

422

F.,

A"

Wrangel, Pyotr, 25, 37

294

Wiesner, Jerome, 397

Will,

78,

240

Wyszynski, Stefan Cardinal, 402

278

Wilson, Dagmar, 307

Yagoda, Genrikh, 141

Wilson, James Q., 342

Yahoos, The (Newberry), 293

Wilson, Peter, 368

Yale Skull and Bones Society, 356

Yale University, 282, 283

Wilson, William, 405

Wilson, William

B., 22,

Wilson, Woodrow,

1,

27

4-8, 10, 12-15,

21,25,48,422 Winchell, Walter, 167

Winrod, Gerald

B., 166, 167,

185

Yalta agreements, 175-176, 182, 191,

193,222,265,310,367,394,400, 401,404-406 Yard, Molly, 98

Yarmolinsky, Yeltsin, Boris,

Adam, 301 422

Wisconsin school, 327

Yemen, 385, 396 Yergan, Max, 210

Wisner, Frank, 211

Young, Milton, 286, 290

"Winterset" (Anderson), 95

554

Index

Young Americans for Freedom, 285, 294, 315,378 Young Communist League, 127, 264, 301 Federation,

378 Socialist

Yugoslavia, 18, 194, 197, 202, 323

Zabrodsky, Oleg, 277

Young Republicans National Young

Yudenitch, Nikolai, 36

Zangwill, Israel, 112

Zinoviev, Gregory, 17, 105, 141

League

for Industrial

Democracy, 98

Young Worker's League, 76 Youth for Goldwater, 285

Zinoviev note, 83, 84 Zoll, Allen,

166

Zumwalt, Elmo

R., 369, 373,

Zwicker, Ralph, 271

376

BOSTON PUBLIC

L

3*9999 03934

BRARY

766, 9

ALLSTON

GAYLORD

S

(CONTINUED FROM FRONT movement

— with

its

ethnic

FLAP)

and religious anta-

gonisms, political warfare, and ideological crusades

— and

reveals

to be not a marginal

it

and xeno-

alliance of eccentrics, superpatriots,

phobes but a mainstream that

was

as varied as

movement

political

America

itself.

There were

Jewish anticommunists, Protestants, blacks, and Catholics; there were Socialists, union leaders,

businessmen, and conservatives; there were

ex-Communists and former fellow

travelers.

They quarreled among themselves about

philos-

ophy, tactics, and everything else except the of

communism

itself.

For above

all,

evil

Powers

shows, theirs was a movement whose ideas and political initiatives

and

fear,

of the

were rooted not

in

ignorance

but in real knowledge and experience

Communist

system.

RICHARD GID POWERS

is

Professor of

History at the College of Staten Island and

Graduate Center, Secrecy

CUNY, and

and Power: The

(The Free Press, 1987).

New

Life

the author of

of J. Edgar

He

lives in

York.

THE FREE PRESS Printed 3 .

in

the U.S.A.

95 Simon & Schls^er

Inc.

Distributed by Simon & Schuster Inc.

Jacket design

iuck

Hoover

Brooklyn,

Current Affairs

PRAISE FOR

NOT WITHOUT HONOR 'Not Without ful, it is

Honor

is

superbly written and richly detailed. Perceptive and thought-

an impressively thorough and valuable book."

— DAVID

J.

G ARROW,

Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Bearing the Cross

and Liberty and Sexuality

'In

America, anticommunism had

World War The

I

years,

and

its

its

beginnings in Greenwich Village in the post-

ironic culmination in the presidency of

history of this explosively controversial

erary salon to the Oval Office,

is

movement, one that

told with rare objectivity

and

Ronald Reagan.

travels

from the

lit-

insight in Powers's

comprehensively researched book."

—John Patrick Diggins, Distinguished Professor of History, Graduate Center, City University of

New

York

*-684-82427-2

9

,!

780684"8242;

>ERN

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