Nonlocal Uses of in with the Accusative In Apuleius

Citation preview

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

NON-LOCAL USES OF IN WITH THE ACCUSATIVE IN APULEIUS

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

BY WILLIAM TORREY McKIBBEN

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE, 1942

PREFACE Professor Henry W. Prescott, now emeritus, suggested the topic of this dissertation and gave invaluable advice and assist­ ance during the early stages of the work; to him first and fore­ most my thank3 are due.

However, by reason of his retirement and

circumstances which force me to complete the Ph. D. requirements with all possible speed, I have been unable to avail myself of his aid and advice in the writing of a large part of the thesis. The responsibility, then, which is usually assigned to the direc­ tor of a dissertation is in this case to be imposed on Professor Prescott with regard to the fifth and sixth chapters only.

I

hope to have the opportunity after the war to make extensive re­ visions under his guidance before publishing; but the regulations of the University of Chicago require me to arrange at the present time for publication. It is against the possible publication without revision that I make this explanation of the peculiar cir­ cumstances involved while proudly acknowledging my great indebtness to Professor Prescott. (Since Chapter VII, pages 86-94, is not an essential por­ tion of the dissertation, being rather in the nature of an appended list of examples of a usage superficially related to the subject, it will not be published in its present form.) Many members of the Latin and Greek faculties of the Uni­ versity of Chicago have given valuable assistance and I am par­ ticularly grateful to Professor B. L. Ullman and Dr. B. Einarson for suggestions as to the form and matter of the dissertation. I am indebted to Dr. John P. Cooke for access to the pertinent full and accurate word-index to Statlus which he has compiled for his own use.

The staff of the Classics library have efficiently

facilitated my research both at Chicago and at home.

Thanks are

due also to the libraries of the University of Washington and the University of California and to the classical faculty of the lat­ ter, particularly to Professors Linforth, Smith, and Gordon, whose interest and assistance I deeply appreciate. Finally, I must acknowledge that without the cheerfully given and unsparing ef­ forts of certain of my fellow-studonts in the difficult matters

11

of checking and. proof-reading, I should never have completed this dissertation in the limited time allotted. Citations of Apuleius are both by book and chapter and bypage and line of the Helm-Thomas text in the Teubner series.

With

the principal exceptions of Plautus and Terence, for which I used the Oxford texts of Lindsay and Llndsay-Cauer, and Petronius, where Bttcheler-Heraeus Is standard, I have consistently cited the latest Teubner texts of classical authors; due notice has been taken of variations In text and reference.

The subdivisions of

chapters in the major works of Tacitus appear only in the 1935 Halm-Andresen text. In accordance with the practice of TLL, the smaller sections only are cited for Cicero.

In is a small, fre­

quently recurring word: for this reason I have consistently re­ ferred in Apuleius and in verse to the line in which appears the in in question, regardless of where the sentence or quotation starts.

The titles of classical works are cited by standard ab­

breviations, usually those used in TLL, with concessions to Eng­ lish usage in the matter of capitalization and occasional expan­ sion for the sake of clarity.

Certain standard lexica and other

modern works and journals are cited by the usual abbreviated titles or the authors' names; a list of these abbreviations is appended.

ill

LIST OP ABBREVIATIONS Brugmann: Brugmann, K., and Delbrttck, B. Grundrlsa der verglelchenden Grammatlk der lndogermanlaohen Spraohe. Vols.I-III. 2d ed. by Brugmann. Strassburg, 1897-1916. Brugmann-Thumb: Brugmann, K. Grlechlache Grammatlk. 4th ed. by A. Thumb. Munich, 1913"! Vol. II.1 of Handbuch der Altertumawlssenschaft, founded by I. von M&ller. Christ-Schmidt von Christ, W. Geschlchte der grlechlachen Litteratur. 6th ed. by W. Schmid and oT St&hlin. Munich, 1912-24. Vol. VII of Miller's Handbuch. OIL;

Corpus Inacrlptionum Latlnarum.

Berlin, 1863--.

Delbrilck, I-III: Vols. III-V of Brugmann and Delbrttck, Grundrias. Strassburg, 1893-1900. Draegers

Draeger, A. Hlstorlache Syntax der latelnlschen Spraohe. 2d ed. Leipzig"^ 1878-81.

Ernout-Meillet: Ernout, A., and Melllet, A. Dlctlonnalre etymologlque de la langue latine. New ed. Paris, 1939. Georges: Georges, K. E. AusfUhrllches latelnlsches-deutsche3 HandwBrterbuch. 8th ed. by H. Georges. Hanover, 1913-18. IF:

Indogermanlsche Forschungen.

Kiihner-Gerth: Kiihner, R. Ausftthrllche Grammatlk der grlechlschen Sprache. 2d part. 3d eel. by B. Gerth. Hanover, 1904. RJlhner-Stegmann: Kilhner, R. Ausftihrllche Grammatlk der latelnlschen Sprache. 2d part. New ed. by C. Stegmann. Hanover, 1912-14. Lewis-Short: Harpers' Latin Dictionary. and C. Short. New York, 1879.

Revised by C. T. Lewis

Liddell-Scott®: Liddell, H. G., and Scott, R. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. by H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie. Oxford, 1S25-40. Meyer-Ldbke: Meyer-Ltlbke. Leipzig, 1890-99. PWRE:

Grammatlk der romanlschen Sprachen.

Pauly's Realencyclopftdie der classischen Altertumswlsaenschaft. New ea. by G. Wlssowa and others. Stuttgart, 1&94--.

Schanz-Hosius: Schanz, M. Geschlchte der rBmlschen Lltteratur. 4th ed. by C. Hosius" Munich, 1927--. Vol. VIII of Mfi.llerfs Handbuch.

iv

Schmalz-Hofmann: Stolz, P., and Schmalz, J. H. Latelnlsche Grammatlk. 5th ed. by M. Leumann and J. B. Hofmann. Munich, £928. Syntax und Stllistlk, pp. 347-856. Vol. XI.2 of Mtiller's HandbuctT! Stephanusj Stephanus [Estlenne], H. Thesaurus Gracae Linguae. 3d ed. by Hase and others. Paris, 1831-60. TLLs

Thesaurus Linguae Latlnae.

Wackernagel: Wackernagel, J. 1920-24. Walde^:

Leipzig, 1900--.

Vorleaungen iiber Syntax.

Basel,

Walde, A. Latelnlschea etymologlsches Wttrterbuch. 2d ed. Heidelberg, 1910.

Walde-Hofmann: 3d ed. of above by J. B. Hofmann. 1938--. Vol. I, A-L, only.

v

Heidelberg,

CONTENTS Page PREFACE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

11 lv

Chapter I.

INTRODUCTION

1

The Literal Meaning of In II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

"INTO" With With With

INDICATING RESULT Verbs of Motion Verbs of Metamorphosis Verbs of Specific Change

5

"TOWARDS" INDICATING PURPOSE Adverbial In Honorem, In Pernlclem, etc. Adnomlnal Uses Parallel to factitive dative

21

THE IN OF IDENTITY Apuleian Examples Background, Principally Factitive Final Earlier Uses In Petronius

42

"TOWARDS" OF VARIOUS RELATIONS TOWARD OBJECTS ... Parallel to Dative Constructions Connotation of Feeling; Hostility With Verbs of Saying With Consulere With Domlnarl With Attonltus and Obstupefactus With Parcere With Slmllls and Aemulus With Flden3 ~

52

"TOWARDS" INDICATING LIMITATION Apuleian Examples and Earlier Parallels Earlier Uses not Found in Apuleius Conclusions

78

THE STEREOTYPED PHRASES IN MODUM AND IN SPECIEM . . In Speciem, In Faclem. etc. Origin: consecutive? In Morem In Modum Earlier use with adjectives Pronominal adjectives; comparison with ad moduxn

86

vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The purpose of this dissertation is primarily to shed light on certain obscure and misunderstood uses of ill with the accusative in Apuleius and a few parallel passages in earlier authors and to reopen the question of the validity of some manu­ script readings rejected or doubt9d by editors of Apuleius.

The

fundamental point of view is that criticism has been too much based on translation or paraphrase and that results of value may be obtained by an investigation of these uses of in as (faded) metaphorical uses of a word literally denoting local relation. Collection of the instances of his usage and comparison with that of other authors shows that as in many other matters of language and style Apuleius has in this case certain peculiar types of ex­ pression which must be recognized in order to understand and criticize the crucial passages.

Secondly this dissertation as­

pires to be a small contribution to linguistics in the form of an exposition of the manner in which one language turns an originally local expression to the indication of a wide range of ideas out­ side that sphere. These aims are occasionally in conflict.

The comprehen­

sive view of figurative uses of in happily does not suffer by the exclusion of the few unimportant types not found in Apuleius• con­ versely no other single author would provide such an array of ex­ treme examples, which are at the same time, however, lucid and clearly betray their relationship to local expressions.

In pur­

suance of the second aim I have presented more illustrative mate­ rial than is strictly necessary for the elucidation of particular Apulelan examples and have illustrated, usually from Apuleius, perfectly obvious types in order to demonstrate the historical and logical relations involved. A number of other limitations were imposed by considera­ tions of space and time.

The little material presented on paral­

lel and contrasting uses of ad and et c suggests that a more

1

2 thorough study along these lines would probably be of value. There is a bare possibility that a more thorough consideration of in with the ablative might have changed my conclusions at some points. I have treated all cases of possible confusion between accusative and ablative as critical rather than grammatical prob­ lems; it seemed unnecessary to dismiss any occurrences of the ac­ cusative as solecisms where good usage puts the ablative. Limitations of time and the character of Apuleius' style have also forced me to omit study of many stereotyped adverbial ln-phrases in favor of uses where in appears to have independent value and to be chosen with a thought to its appropriateness rather than as the first syllable of an accepted phrase.

Finally,

I have omitted any mention of temporal uses, since relations of time are normally expressed in Latin by words properly indicating closely analogous relations of space. A brief outline of the literal, that is local, meaning of in, of which I propose to study the application to non-local re­ lations, will perhaps not be out of order.

Like the other in- •-

herited prepositions in Latin, in was originally an adverb of 2 — local relation. IE *en seems to have indicated the relation of

The typically early colloquial phrases in mentem, in anlmum 8339, and the legal phrases in potestatem, in controuer8lam, etc. esse are clearly analogies to the same phrases with uenlre. Cf. Schmalz-Hofmann, p. 538, Zusatz C. The general con­ tusion between the accusative and ablative originating in the phonetic confusion in the singular (Schmalz-Hofmann, p. 494) might be invoked in Petronius and Apuleius, but it is not necessary. Wackernagel, II, 216, and Meyer-Ltibke, Rom. Gr., II, 26, are wrong, I think, in finding in Petronius and the Pompeian graffiti evidence for the tendency of the accusative towards becoming a general oblique case with prepositions at this early period. There are even more examples of errors in the opposite dlrection-nom., gen., dat., and loc., for acc. —In the graffiti and contem­ porary inscriptions; cf. A. Guericke, De linguae vulgaris rellqulls apud. Petronlum at In lnscrlptlonlbus parletanla Pompelanls (Diss.j Ktinigsberg, 1875J, p. 56, and the grammatical index to the Pompeii volume of OIL, IV, 259. Note that some examples of the most frequently quoted type, ". . . . cum sodales rog.," may be counted not accusative but nominative, cum being equivalent to et. Throughout this dissertation "in" will stand for "in with the accusative." 2

On the IE prepositions and their development from adverbs of local relation to words "governing" nouns and/or to verbal pre­ fixes, cf. Schmalz-Hofmann, p. 494, Brugmann, II.2, 758 ff., and (to the contrary) Delbrilck, III, 659. Wackernagel•s acute obser­ vations, II, 153 ff., are valuable.

3 being inside, enclosed or surrounded by something.

Hence it added

to a statement of motion "to" or "towards" an object the qualify­ ing idea that the motion is to or towards a position within the object. Evidence from other IE languages and certain survivals in Latin indicate that originally the accusative case form alone was enough to denote the object to which motion was directed.'1'

In in

literal statements of motion always has its basic meaning of local relation "within," "surrounded or enclosed by" and qualifies the motion as being to a position inside the object, "into" (rarely "onto," "up onto"). That is, the combination of the word in with the morphological unit called the accusative case is equivalent to the compound English preposition "into" and that may be called its meaning. This is always the case when the statement is one of mo­ tion.

But In, becoming a preposition, was felt to "govern" the

accusative case in certain situations; it was used with nouns in the accusative without the verb of motion, collocation with which had originally been necessary to give the case form a sense modi­ fiable by a word of local relation. It came to mean not only "into," which is nonsense without a statement of motion (literal or figurative), but "towards," modifying statements of a few physical actions directed towards something but not involving motion to it, such as looking, reaching, turning, leaning, throw­ ing something, and the like, and of many non-spatial actions so directed. For examples of the former, cf. TLL, VII.1, 745; figu­ rative direction toward objects is discussed in Chapter V of this dissertation. "Towards," denoting the object of motion (incomplete) or static direction, is a notion having nothing to do with the origl"^It need not concern us here whether "object of motion" is the original meaning of the accusative case, for which view cf. the stringent arguments of Whitney and others in C. E. Bennett, Syntax of Early Latin (Boston, 1914), II, 191 ff., or of the "il­ lative 1 " case which combined with the accusative, the compromise theory upheld by Schmalz-Hofmann, pp. 375 f., or on the other hand the particular connotation of the accusative case in motion situations, according to the grammatical theory of the case pre­ sented by Brugmann, II.2, 615; Delbrilck, III, 187 f., and 360 f.; and G. F. W. Mftller, Syntax des Nomlnatlvs und Akkusatlvs lm Latelnlschen (Supplement to Historlsche Grammatlk der latelnischen Sprache, ed. Blase, Landgraf, et al. [Leipzig, 1908 ]), pT 4"!

nal meaning of in, inclusion.

Nevertheless it is a full and real

meaning of in in Latin, parallel for the most part to the same secondary meaning of ad and quite divorced from the concept of inside-ness.

One possible line of its development may be seen in

the tendency, almost completed in classical Latin, to strengthen the original morphological expression of motion to an object with some limiting preposition. ' With certain well-known inherited ex­ ceptions, verbal expressions of simple motion to an object are never used without in or ad or some other local preposition.

(In

is naturally of importance as well as ad, which denotes contiguity, because of the frequent need for indicating motion to a fairly ex­ tensive place.) It is perhaps from this use that in and ad came to be regarded as necessary elements in order to translate, as it were, the accusative case into an expression of the end of motion or as having as a secondary meaning the relation which intervenes between motion and its object. That is, from being adverbs of local relation they became particles of direction, meaning "to­ wards

CHAPTER II "INTO" INDICATING RESULT The simplest figurative use of in is indication of figu­ rative progress to or into a state or situation, viewed figura­ tively as a place having hounds.

The commonest form of such an

expression is dependent on a verb of motion used figuratively. It is not necessary to quote all the Apuleian examples of the type in aerumnas, amorem, etc., lncldere (Met. i. 7. 7/3, v. 23. 12l/5), in audaclam prorumpere (Met. x. 3. 238/17), in tutelam recipere (Met. xi. 15. 277/19), etc. usual.

Some are rather more un­

Sepelire is used as a verb of figurative motion, of put­

ting a person into a state compared by implication with death, in the Thelyphron story: "postremum iniecta somni nebula eoque in profundam quietem sepulto .... utpote uiuus quidem, sed tantum sopore mortuus quod . . . . 1,1

Dlscurrere retains somewhat more

of its literal meaning than most verbs in expressions of this type, in an effective description of a disturbed pool: "si fontem, qui deae uestlgio discurrens in lenem uibratur undam, pronus aspexeris, credes illos ut rure pendentes racemos inter cetera ueritatis nec agitationis officio carere."

The sentence is made

still more striking by the use of the singular unda instead of the usual plural for the practically abstract idea "liquid motion." Cadere in its literal meaning "fall" is treated in one passage in a typical Apuleian manner, combined with an in-phrase of this figurative type--as if it were lncldere—instead of the understood and expected in saxa: "festinauit ad scopulum inque simile mortis exitium cecidit."

In exltlum is most commonly used in still a

third way, as an independent sentence-adverb expressing result or 2 Met.

•"•Met. ii. 30. 49/25.

ii. 4. 28/4.

Met. v. 27. 125/4. Cf. the compressed phrase in which Statius marks the myth of Aegeus' suicide as the of the name Aegean sea, in a two-verse statement of the whole story Theb. xii. 625: Sunion unde uagi casurum in nomina ponti Cressia decepit falso ratis Aegea uelo. 5

6 purpose.^"

It is the complement of a verb of motion in one other

passage, however, which la somewhat unusual in that the subject Is abstract.

Lucius describes the death of certain hopes: "at

ego tandem liber asinus laetus et tripudians graduque molli gestlens equas opportunlsslmas lam mihl concublnas futuras delege«2 bam, sed haec spes hilarior in capitale processit exitium. This use of in with verbs of motion figuratively indicat­ ing getting or putting into a state is common from the beginning of Latin literature, as may be seen In TLL, VII.1, 760, 11. 46 ff. Occasionally, perhaps more frequently In Apuleius than in other authors, verbs of simple motion are used metaphorically with concrete noun objects, Indicating change of form from one thing to another.

Cf. Met. iii. 25. 7l/l; "rosis tantum demorsicatis • 2 exibis asinum statimque in meum Luclum postliminio red^Is." Exlbis aalnum suggests that this Is not a peculiarity of style or language, but rather a literary conceit. Apuleius uses the de­ vice of a human feeling, taste, and understanding hidden under the disguise of an ass's form as a principal element of humor as well as a necessary assumption for the autobiographical narrative structure of the work.4 Note In this connection the use of lnduo (69/13 and 43/18) repeating the conceit of the ass's form as a 5 sort of costume. 1 Cf.

below, p. 26.

2 vii.

16. 166/10.

»»

Cf. also Met. ill. 23. 69/20: "quo dlcto factoue rursum exutis pinnulis Illis ad meum redlbo Lucium?" 4Sometimes the Incongruity is explicitly mentioned, as e.g. ill. 26. 7l/6 and x. 33. 264/22. Or the ass-narrator sud­ denly throws In subjective comments without needing to remind the reader that he Is breaking the dramatic Illusion, as Quae rea oppldo mihl displlcebat, vil. 11. 162/26. In the same scene, Tiepolemus and Charlte in the robbers' den, Lucius naively com­ plains that the lovers have no sense of shame in his presence, vii. 12. 163/9. The conceit must have been a feature of the Greek origi­ nal; in the epitome handed down with Lucian's works there are more frequent, more explicit, less humorous references to the con­ tinuity of Lucius' identity and his human problems In coping with a n a s i n i n e b o d y ; c f . 1 5 . 5 8 2 ; ey£> 5 e -cot fiev a X X a o v o C rjfxn v , x a c 6 e t in contrariam gratiam uariat aspectum et nunc aurum coruscans in lene mellis deprimitur umbram, nunc coruina nigredine caerulos columbarum