Neufert Architects' Data, Fourth Edition 9781405192538, 1405192534

Table of contents :
Contents
Foreword
BASICS
Abbreviations and symbols
Units
Drawings
Accessible Building
Dimensional Basics and Relationships
Building Biology
Visual Perception
DESIGN PROCESS
Design
Sustainable Building
Facility Management
Refurbishment
Design and Construction Management
BUILDING COMPONENTS
Foundations
Walls
Floor Slabs
Roofs
Windows
Glass
Doors
Stairs
Escalators
Moving Walkways
Lifts
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Basics
Housing Density
Orientation
Access
Floor Plans
Rooms
ACCOMMODATION
Student Residences
Elderly People's Accommodation
Hotels
Catering
Youth Hostels
Holiday/Weekend Cabins
Motels
Camping
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Children's Daycare
Playgrounds
Schools
Universities and Colleges
CULTURAL VENUES
Museums and Art Galleries
Theatres
Concert Halls
Cinemas
Circus
Zoos
ADMINISTRATION AND OFFICES
Office Buildings
High-Rise Buildings
Libraries
Banks
RETAIL
Retail Outlets
INDUSTRY AND TRADE
Industry
Workshops
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
Christian Churches
Synagogues
Mosques
HEALTH
Doctors' Practices
Hospitals
SPORT AND LEISURE
Stadiums
Sports Facilities
Sports Halls
Swimming Pools
Spa
Amusement Arcades
TRANSPORT
Roads
Parking Facilities
Public Transport
Railways
Aviation
EXTERNAL WORKS
Cemeteries
Landscape Architecture
Earthworks
Garden Enclosures
Pergola and Trellis
Paths, Paving, Steps
Drainage
Vegetation
Biological Engineering
Greenhouses
Ponds and Pools
External Works – Example
AGRICULTURE
Farmyards
Animal Husbandry
SUPPLY AND DISPOSAL
Loading Yards
Loading Ramps, Bridges, Lifting Platforms
Rubbish Chute Systems
Rubbish Collection Rooms
Emergency Power Rooms
BUILDING SERVICES
Renewable Energy
Building Physics
Daylight
Lighting
Fire Protection
Domestic Installation
Chimneys and Ventilation Shafts
REFERENCES
STANDARDS
CONVERSION OF UNITS
INDEX

Citation preview

Ernst and Peter Neufert

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I Fourth Edition Updated by Professor Johannes Kister on behalf of the Neufert Foundation with support from the University of Anhalt Dessau Bauhaus (Dipl. lng. Mathias Brockhaus, Dipl. lng. Matthias Lohmann and Dipl. lng. Patricia Merkel)

TRANSLATED BY DAVID STURGE

(5BWILEY-BLACKWELL A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

English language first published 2012

© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell's publishing program has been merged with Wiley's global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 8SQ, UK 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. First English language edition published by Crosby Lockwood Staples 1970 Reprinted 5 times Second (International) English language edition published by Granada Publishing 1980 Reprinted 3 times Reissued in paperback by Collins Professional and Technical Books 1985 Reprinted by Blackwell Science Ltd 12 times Third English language edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2000 Fourth Edition language edition published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 Originally Published in the German Language by Vieweg + Teubner, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany, as "Ernst Neufert: Neufert Bauentwurfslehre. 39. Auflage (39th Edition)" © Vieweg + TeubneriGWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2009 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Data available on application

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-1-4051-9253-8

Set in 8/10 Arial by Aptara Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd

2012

Using this book This book provides architects and designers with a concise source of the core information needed to form a framework for the detailed planning of any building project. The objective is to save the designers of buildings time during their basic investigations. The information includes: principles of the design process, basic information on siting, constructing and servicing buildings, as well as illustrations and descriptions of a wide range of building types. Architects need to be well informed about the requirements for all the constituent parts of new projects, to ensure that their designs satisfy their clients and the buildings conform to accepted standards and regulations. The contents list shows how the book is organised and the order of the subjects discussed. To avoid repetition and keep the book to a manageable length, the different subjects are covered only once in full. Readers should therefore refer to several sections to glean all the information they require. For instance, an architect wanting to prepare a scheme for a college will need to refer to sections other than that on universities and colleges, such as: drafting guidelines; multi-storey buildings; various sections on services and environmental control; catering; residential buildings, hotels and flats (for student accommodation); office buildings (for working environments); libraries; car parks; accessible building; indoor and outdoor sports facilities; gardens; details on doors, windows, stairs and other building components; the section on construction, and more. Readers should note that most of the material is from European (substantially German) contributors. This means, for example, that information on climate and daylight is from the perspective of a temperate climate in the northern hemisphere. The actual conditions at the site of a proposed building will always have to be ascertained. Similarly, in the section on roads, illustrations show traffic driving on the right-hand side. References to standards, regulations and guidelines reflect the book's origins. For this translation, the publishers took the decision to leave the specific text references to German standards, regulations and guidelines in place, to indicate where similar standards, regulations and guidelines might exist in other jurisdictions. Users

elsewhere must familiarise themselves separately with such national and local legislation and guidance. Again, local conditions must be taken into consideration for each individual case. The terminology and style of the text is UK English, which will need to be taken into account by readers accustomed to American English. These readers will need to be aware that, for example, 'lift' has been used instead of 'elevator' and 'ground floor/first floor' instead of 'first floor/second floor'. The data and examples included in the text are drawn from a wide range of sources; as a result a variety of conventions for dimensions is used throughout. The measurements shown are all metric but a mixture of metres, centimetres and millimetres is used (and sometimes not identified). Readers will also find some superscript numbers associated with measurements. When these appear by dimensions in metres with centimetres, for instance, they represent the additional millimetre component of the measure (e.g. 1.265 denotes 1 m, 26 em, 5 mm). Anyone familiar with the metric system will not find this troublesome. Those people less comfortable with metric units can use the conversion tables (to imperial measures) at the end of the book. The plans and diagrams of buildings do not have scales as the purpose here is to show the general layout and express relationships between different spaces, making exact scaling unnecessary. However, all relevant dimensions are given on the detailed drawings and diagrams of installations, to assist in the design of specific spaces and constructions. To help readers identify relevant background information, details of British Standards Institute (BSI) and German Institute of Standardisation (DIN) building-related standards are provided in two types of location. At the end of the book is a selected list of BS and DIN standards, arranged broadly by topic. Additionally, the margin of many pages of the main text contains relevant BS and DIN codes. Please note that, if a British or Gerrnan code includes EN or ISO (signifying European or international), there is automatically a German dr British counterpart with the same code and title.

Acknowledgements The publishers wish to thank the translator, Mr David Sturge. The publishers also wish to acknowledge and thank the copyeditor

and proofreader, Ms Kay Hyman, for the very significant contribution she has made to this publication.

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Contents Foreword ................................................................................... xii

BASICS Abbreviations and symbols ..................................................... 1 Sl units ........................................................................................ 2 Drawings Paper formats .............................................................................. 4 Technical drawings ...................................................................... 5 Layout of drawings ...................................................................... 6 Construction drawings ................................................................. 7 Construction drawing symbols .................................................... 8 Water supply and drainage symbols, ........................................ 12 Electrical installation symbols ................................................... 14 Security installation symbols ..................................................... 17 Gas installation symbols ........................................................... 18 Drawing by hand ....................................................................... 19 Computer-aided drawing ........................................................... 20 Accessible Building Dimensions for wheelchair users .............................................. 21 Accessible public buildings ....................................................... 22 Accessible housing ................................................................... 23 Dimensional Basics and Relationships Man as measure and purpose .................................................. 26 The universal standard ............................................................. 27 Body measurements and space requirements ......................... 28 Geometrical relationships .......................................................... 30 Dimensions in building .............................................................. 34 Building Biology Basics ........................................................................................ 36 Room climate ............................................................................ 37 Electromagnetic fields ............................................................... 38 Visual Perception The eye ..................................................................................... 39 Perception of colour .................................................................. 41

DESIGN PROCESS Design What is design? ......................................................................... 42 Planes of reference ................................................................... 43 Questionnaire ............................................................................ 44 Sustainable Building General, design, construction ................................................... 46 Operation, demolition ................................................................ 47 Facility Management Background ............................................................................... 48 Methods ... : ................................................................................ 49 Refurbishment Conservation and alteration ...................................................... 50 Care of historic monuments ...................................................... 51 Listed building protection .......................................................... 52 Recording of old buildings ......................................................... 53 Conversion ................................................................................ 54 Design and Construction Management Public building and planning law ............................................... 56 Private building law, VOB, HOAI ............................................... 57 Work phases ............................................................................. 58 Measures of building use .......................................................... 63 Setback areas ........................................................................... 64 Construction costs .................................................................... 65

BUILDING COMPONENTS Foundations Building excavations .................................................................. 66 Foundations ............................................................................... 69 Tanking, basement drainage ..................................................... 71 Repair ........................................................................................ 73 Walls Natural stone masonry .............................................................. 74 Brick and block masonry ........................................................... 75 Composite construction ............................................................. 78 Repair ........................................................................................ 79 Floor Slabs Slab construction ....................................................................... 80 Refurbishment ........................................................................... 81 Concrete repair ......................................................................... 82 Floors ........................................................................................ 83 Roofs Roof shapes .............................................................................. 85 Pitched roofs ............................................................................. 86 Flat roofs ................................................................................... 91 Windows Arrangement ............................................................................. 96 Requirements ............................................................................ 97 Design types ............................................................................. 98 Thermal insulation ..................................................................... 99 Sound insulation ...................................................................... 100 Cleaning buildings .................................................................. 101 Loft windows ........................................................................... 102 Skylights and dome rooflights ................................................. 103 Glass Basics ...................................................................................... 104 Insulated glazing ..................................................................... 105 Security and noise control glass ............................................. 107 Optically variable glass ........................................................... 108 Cast glass ............................................................................... 108 Glass doors ............................................................................. 108 Profiled glass .......................................................................... 109 Glass blocks ............................................................................ 110 Fire protection glazing .............................................................. 111 Curtain walling ......................................................................... 112 Doors Arrangement ........................................................................... 113 Constructional details .............................................................. 114 Special doors .......................................................................... 115 Garage/industrial doors ........................................................... 116 Lock suites .............................................................................. 117 Security of buildings and grounds ........................................... 118 Stairs Principles ................................................................................ 120 Regulations ............................................................................. 121 Construction ............................................................................ 122 Ramps, spiral stairs ................................................................ 123 Access and escape ladders .................................................... 125 Escalators For shops and offices .............................................................. 126 Moving Walkways For shops and offices .............................................................. 127 Lifts Principles ................................................................................ 128 Control equipment ................................................................... 129 Passenger lifts for residential buildings ................................... 130

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Passenger lifts for offices, hotels, banks ................................. 131 Small goods lifts ...................................................................... 132 Hydraulic lifts ........................................................................... 133 Special lifts .............................................................................. 134

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Basics Design basics .......................................................................... 135 House-building policy .............................................................. 136 Housing Density Parameters .............................................................................. 137 Orientation Layout of buildings .................................................................. 138 Access Detached and terraced development ...................................... 139 Deck access ............................................................................ 140 Stepped houses ...................................................................... 141 Vertical access ........................................................................ 142 Floor Plans Houses .................................................................................... 143 Flats ........................................................................................ 145 Rooms Access ..................................................................................... 146 Kitchens .................................................................................. 149 Living areas ............................................................................. 154 Bathrooms ............................................................................... 160 Subsidiary rooms .................................................................... 162 Garages and carports ............................................................. 166

ACCOMMODATION Student Residences General design notes .............................................................. 167 Elderly People's Accommodation Retirement flats ....................................................................... 168 Nursing and care homes ......................................................... 169 Examples ................................................................................ 170 Hotels Basics ...................................................................................... 171 Rooms ..................................................................................... 172 Examples ................................................................................ 173 Catering Restaurants ............................................................................. 174 Dining rooms, serving ............................................................. 176 Fast food outlets ..................................................................... 177 Restaurant kitchens ................................................................ 178 Large kitchens ......................................................................... 181 Examples of large kitchens ..................................................... 183 Youth Hostels General design notes .............................................................. 184 Holiday/Weekend Cabins General design notes .............................................................. 185 Motels General design notes .............................................................. 186 Camping General design notes .............................................................. 187

EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Children's Daycare Access and building layouts .................................................... 188 Rooms, outdoor areas ............................................................ 189

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Playgrounds Playground equipment ............................................................ 190 Schools General classrooms ................................................................ 191 Specialist classrooms .............................................................. 192 Information and communal area ............................................. 193 Sanitary facilities, break and circulation area .......................... 194 Arrangement of classrooms, clusters ...................................... 195 Model room programmes for primary schools ........................ 196 Examples ................................................................................ 197 Universities and Colleges Lecture theatres ...................................................................... 198 Examples of lecture theatres ................................................... 200 Seating and projection ............................................................ 201 Seminar and service rooms .................................................... 202 Laboratories ............................................................................ 203

CULTURAL VENUES Museums and Art Galleries General ................................................................................... 207 Display rooms ......................................................................... 208 Theatres Historical review ...................................................................... 209 Typology .................................................................................. 210 Auditorium ............................................................................... 211 Seating .................................................................................... 212 Stage ....................................................................................... 213 Subsidiary rooms .................................................................... 215 Workshops and staff rooms .................................................... 216 Rehearsal and public rooms ................................................... 217 Modernisation and extension .................................................. 218 Concert Halls Origins, variants ...................................................................... 219 Technical requirements, organ, orchestra ............................... 220 Acoustics ................................................................................. 221 Cinemas Projection ................................................................................ 222 Auditorium ............................................................................... 223 Multiplex cinemas ................................................................... 224 Multiplex cinemas, examples .................................................. 225 Drive-in cinemas ..................................................................... 226 Circus Stationary ................................................................................ 227 Zoos Basics ..................................................................................... 228 Keeping animals ..................................................................... 229 Enclosures .............................................................................. 230

ADMINISTRATION AND OFFICES Office Buildings Structures ................................................................................ 231 Tendencies/criteria .................................................................. 232 Typology until 1980 ................................................................. 233 Typology since 1980 ............................................................... 234 Space requirement ................................................................. 235 Computer workstations ........................................................... 236 Archives .................................................................................. 237 Additional areas ...................................................................... 238 Room typology ........................................................................ 239 Grid .......................................................................................... 240 Access .................................................................................... 241 Building services ..................................................................... 242 Construction ............................................................................ 243

High-Rise Buildings Basics ...................................................................................... 244 Construction ............................................................................ 245 Requirements .......................................................................... 246 Libraries Basics ..................................................................................... 247 Fittings .................................................................................... 249 Space requirement ................................................................. 250 Scientific libraries .................................................................... 251 Archives .................................................................................. 252

Operational areas .................................................................... 296 Outpatient area ....................................................................... 297 Outpatient medical centre- example ...................................... 298 Examination and treatment ..................................................... 299 Care ........................................................................................ 305 Administration, social services ................................................ 312 Supply and waste disposal ...................................................... 313 Technical supply ...................................................................... 316

SPORT AND LEISURE

Banks Banks ...................................................................................... 253

Stadiums Overview ................................................................................. 318 Spectator stands ..................................................................... 319

RETAIL

Sports Facilities Playing areas .......................................................................... 320 Athletics ................................................................................... 323 Tennis ...................................................................................... 327 Miniature golf .......................................................................... 329 Golf courses ............................................................................ 331 Water sport, marinas ............................................................... 333 Water sport, rowing and canoeing .......................................... 339 Equestrian sport ..................................................................... 341 Ski jumping ............................................................................. 343 Ice rinks ................................................................................... 344 Roller skating rinks .................................................................. 345 Speed roller skating, skateboarding ........................................ 346 Cycle-cross, BMX ................................................................... 347 Shooting ranges ...................................................................... 348

Retail Outlets Guidelines and typologies ....................................................... 254 Retail regulations .................................................................... 255 Entrances and shop windows ................................................. 256 Checkout and waiting zones ................................................... 257 Waiting zones - examples ...................................................... 258 Routeing, escalators ............................................................... 259 Fittings -dimensions .............................................................. 260 Food shops ............................................................................. 261 Self-service shops .................................................................. 262

INDUSTRY AND TRADE Industry Basics ..................................................................................... 263 Shed construction ................................................................... 265 Multi-storey industrial buildings ............................................... 266 Transport ................................................................................. 267 Warehousing ........................................................................... 268 Subsidiary rooms .................................................................... 270 Examples ................................................................................ 273 Workshops Joinery .................................................................................... 274 Carpenter's shop ..................................................................... 275 Metalwork ............................................................................... 276 Vehicle repairs ......................................................................... 277 Bakery ..................................................................................... 278 Meat processing plant ............................................................. 279 Other trades ............................................................................ 280 Laundry ................................................................................... 281 Fire station .............................................................................. 283

RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS Christian Churches Liturgical elements .................................................................. 285 Furnishing, vestry .................................................................... 286 Bell towers .............................................................................. 287 Synagogues General design notes .............................................................. 288 Mosques General design notes .............................................................. 289

HEALTH Doctors' Practices Single and group practices ..................................................... 290 Hospitals General, modular grid ............................................................. 291 Building design ........................................................................ 293 Examples ................................................................................ 294 Corridors, doors, stairs, lifts .................................................... 295

Sports Halls Dimensions ............................................................................. 350 Layout, construction ................................................................ 352 Equipment ............................................................................... 353 Stands ..................................................................................... 354 Examples ................................................................................ 355 Judo ........................................................................................ 356 Wrestling ................................................................................. 356 Weight-lifting ........................................................................... 356 Boxing ..................................................................................... 356 Badminton ............................................................................... 356 Squash .................................................................................... 357 Table tennis ............................................................................. 357 Billiards ................................................................................... 357 Condition, fitness .................................................................... 358 Climbing halls .......................................................................... 360 Bowling alleys ......................................................................... 361 Swimming Pools Indoor swimming pools ........................................................... 362 Outdoor pools ......................................................................... 367 Indoor/outdoor pools ............................................................... 368 Private pools ........................................................................... 371 Spa Sauna/small sauna/wellness .................................................. 372 Amusement Arcades Amusement arcades ............................................................... 375

TRANSPORT Roads Street spaces .......................................................................... 376 Types of road .......................................................................... 377 Motorways .............................................................................. 378 Traffic space ........................................................................... 379 Inter-urban roads .................................................................... 380 Intersections ............................................................................ 381 Footpaths and cycle ways ...................................................... 382 Bicycle traffic/storage ............................................................. 383

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Traffic calming ......................................................................... 385 Noise protection ...................................................................... 386

Greenhouses Greenhouses .......................................................................... 441

Parking Facilities Vehicles ................................................................................... 387 Vehicles turning ....................................................................... 389 Parking spaces ....................................................................... 390 Multi-storey car parks .............................................................. 392 Ramps ..................................................................................... 393 Multi-storey car park regulations ............................................. 394 Parking systems ...................................................................... 395 Vehicles- trucks ..................................................................... 397 Trucks - parking and turning ................................................... 398 Service areas .......................................................................... 399 Petrol stations ......................................................................... 400 Car wash ................................................................................. 402

Ponds and Pools Garden pond ........................................................................... 442 Natural swimming pool ........................................................... 443 Water plants for natural swimming pool .................................. 444

Public Transport Conditions, means of transport ............................................... 403 Stops and stations .................................................................. 404 Traffic spaces ......................................................................... 405 Bus stations ............................................................................ 406 Railways Tracks ...................................................................................... 408 Typical Continental European structure gauges and clearances ........................................................... 410 UK structure- gauges and clearances ................................... 411 Freight Transport .................................................................... 413 Freight transport ..................................................................... 413 Stations ................................................................................... 414 Station buildings ...................................................................... 415 Platforms ................................................................................. 416 Platform furniture .................................................................... 417 Aviation Basics ..................................................................................... 418 Airports ................................................................................... 419 Runways ................................................................................. 420 Terminals ................................................................................ 421 Terminal and apron ................................................................. 422 Aeroplanes .............................................................................. 423

EXTERNAL WORKS Cemeteries Morgue and crematorium ....................................................... .424 Graves, cemetery chapel ........................................................ 425 Cemeteries .............................................................................. 426 Landscape Architecture Design aspects and concepts ................................................ .426 Earthworks Soi1 .......................................................................................... 428 Garden Enclosures Walls and fences ..................................................................... 430 Pergola and Trellis Pergolas .................................................................................. 432 Trellises ................................................................................... 433 Examples of plants ................................................................. 434 Paths, Paving, Steps Design aspects ....................................................................... 435 Drainage Rainwater management .......................................................... 436 Vegetation Plants ...................................................................................... 437 Plants and lawns ..................................................................... 438 Biological Engineering Supporting slopes and riverbanks ......................................... .439

X

External Works - Example Federal Environment Agency .................................................. 445

AGRICULTURE FARMYARDS Basics ..................................................................................... 446 Space requirements ................................................................ 447 Machinery ................................................................................ 448 Fodder storage ........................................................................ 449 Dung and drainage ................................................................. 450 Climate in animal housing ...................................................... .451 Animal Husbandry Housing poultry ....................................................................... 452 Keeping small animals ............................................................ 453 Sheep housing ........................................................................ 454 Laying hens ............................................................................ 455 Pig keeping ............................................................................. 456 Dairy farming ........................................................................... 457 Finishing beef cattle ................................................................ 458 Keeping horses ....................................................................... 459 Supply and Disposal Loading yards ......................................................................... 461 Loading ramps, bridges, lifting platforms ................................ 462 Rubbish chute systems ........................................................... 463 Rubbish collection rooms ........................................................ 464 Emergency power rooms ....................................................... .465

BUILDING SERVICES Renewable Energy Overview ................................................................................. 466 Solar energy ............................................................................ 467 Bioenergy ................................................................................ 468 Geothermal energy, heat pumps ............................................. 469 CHP, block heating and power, fuel cells .................................................................................. 470 Building Physics Thermal insulation ................................................................... 471 Sound insulation ...................................................................... 477 Room acoustics ...................................................................... 482 Lightning protection ................................................................. 485 Daylight Physical basics ....................................................................... 488 Position of the sun .................................................................. 489 Insolation ................................................................................. 490 Shadow ................................................................................... 493 Radiation energy ..................................................................... 494 Window lighting ....................................................................... 495 Rooflighting ............................................................................. 497 Quality criteria ......................................................................... 498 Directing sunlight .................................................................... 499 Sun shading ............................................................................ 500 Lighting Artificial lighting ....................................................................... 501 Lamps ..................................................................................... 502 Types of lighting ...................................................................... 505 Lighting layout ......................................................................... 506 Quality criteria ......................................................................... 507 Illuminance ............................................................................. 508

Fluorescent tubes ................................................................... 509 Workplace Guideline 'Artificial lighting' (excerpt) .................... 510

Heating .................................................................................... 532 Small sewage treatment plants ............................................... 536

Fire Protection Basics ....................................................................................: 511 Classification ........................................................................... 512 Fire compartment walls ........................................................... 513 Building components ............................................................... 514 Fire-resistant glazing ............................................................... 516 Fire-resistant door sets ........................................................... 517 Fire fighting installations ......................................................... 518 Smoke and heat extractor systems ........................................ 519 Sprinkler systems .................................................................... 520 Other extinguishing systems ................................................... 521

Chimneys and Ventilation Shafts Chimneys ................................................................................ 537 Open fireplaces ....................................................................... 538 Ventilation shafts ..................................................................... 539

Domestic Installation Drainage ................................................................................. 522 Ventilation ............................................................................... 528

References ............................................................................. 540 BS and DIN Standards ........................................................ 548 Conversion of Units Weights and measures ........................................................... 555 Conversion tables ................................................................... 560 INDEX ..................................................................................... 575

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Foreword The 'Neufert' continues to be the most comprehensive, yet compact, first source of information on the design of buildings. Just as the daily office grind of the architect proceeds in many small steps and a few long strides, the sustained progress of the 'Neufert' is characterised not only by meticulous attention to standards and regulations, whose omnipresence in construction is undeniable, but also by reflection of the great issues of our time as they affect building project design. These important matters undoubtedly include concern for our environment and the absolute demand for sustainability in architecture. Sustainable building has many aspects, to be weighted differently according to the design brief. The team working with Professor Johannes Kister has set out, right through the book, to emphasise new sustainability standards and perspectives using the criteria 'objective information' and 'topicality', which is presumably how Ernst Neufert would have approached the task. We hope that this new edition, which continues the redesign commenced in the previous one, will further consolidate the Foundation's reliable and exhaustive reference volume on building design. Neufert Foundation, March 2009

The new German edition has once again been produced at the same location that was formative for Neufert's development as the office manager for Walter Gropius- the Bauhaus in Dessau. The decision to return to the roots here seems to have been the right one, because the previous edition was greeted positively by architects, students, lecturers and other interested parties. The concepts in this edition have been developed further by Nicole Delmes, nee Neufert, and lngo Neufert. My thanks are due to them both, for the trust and understanding they have shown, which made our collaboration straightforward and enjoyable. Also, I would especially like to thank Mathias Brockhaus, Matthias Lohmann and Patricia Merkel, a team that works in an exceptionally professional manner, the students of the Hochschule Anhalt- Fanjuan Kong, Tobias Schwarzwald and Mandy Wagenknecht- and the external consultants, whose valuable advice and reliable collaboration made an essential contribution to the success of the project. Dessau, March 2009 External consultants: Prof. Dr. Dirk Bohne Karl-Heinz Breuer Paul Coral! Thomas Ehrenberg Olaf Gersmeier Lydia Haack, John Hiipfner Karl-Josef Heinrichs Prof. Alfred Jacoby Stefan Jackel, Tobias Micke and Andreas Kotlan Dr. Jiirg Junhold LOr Meyer-Bassin Hans-Peter MOhlethaler Prof. Dr. Gunther Nogge Marcellus Puhlemann Hermann Schnell Finn Stoll Wolfgang Thiede Carsten Thiemann Heiko Uelze Prof. Susanne Weber Carola Wunderlich

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Johannes Kister

Building services Basics Fire protection Filling stations and service areas Design and construction management Filling stations and car wash Building physics Synagogues External works Zoos Theatre Restaurants Zoos Design and construction management Facility management Administration Health Railways Catering Lighting Air transport

Preface This handbook developed from the notes made for my lectures at the Bauhochschule in Weimar. They derive from measurements, experience and understanding gained from practice and research in the human sphere, necessary for the design of buildings, but also keeping an eye open for new opportunities and demands. On the one hand we stand on the shoulders of our forebears but, on the other, everything is fluid and we are children of our time with our gaze towards the future, though the outlook of each individual is often different. This results from differences in education and training, the influence of the environment, personal predisposition and the relevant degree of internally driven self-development. Whether the 'fixed opinion' of today is absolutely correct remains to be seen, however, because it is only valid at the time of formation. Experience shows that fairer judgement develops with time than is possible immediately, since we do not have the necessary detachment for breadth of vision. This makes clear what reservations need to be imposed on teaching to prevent heresy. All teaching remains subjective and determined by its time and environment, despite all efforts to achieve truth and objectivity and all intentions to critically examine our favourite opinions. The danger of heresy can be avoided if the teaching also makes clear that it is not an end product but rather serves, and is subject to, all that is vital, upcoming and unfolding This will then provide for our students the attitude meant by Nietzsche when he said, 'Only those who change themselves remain associated with me.' The essential feature of such teaching of continuous progress, the servant of development, is that there are no ready recipes, no 'canned wisdom', but rather only building blocks, components or corners requiring the addition of combination, construction, composition and harmony. Confucius put it like this more than 2500 years ago: 'I give my students a corner and they will have to find the other three themselves!' Born architects, or those who yearn to build, will keep their ears and eyes closed when a solution to a task is prescribed, because born architects are full of their ideas and ideals, and only need the elements in order to set to work and make something of them! Those who have found faith in themselves, an insight into connectivity, the play of forces, materials, colours, dimensions, who can absorb the reality and the appearance of a building, study its effect, investigate it critically and rebuild it in the mind, are on the only true path to the great satisfaction offered by active creation. This view of life should help them on their way. It

should liberate them from all teachings, when it comes down to it even from this one, and lead them to their own creative work. It should provide initial assistance: run- everyone must build for themselves. The architectural forms of our time are the result of the same process, which our predecessors underwent in order to produce their splendid temples, cathedrals and palaces. They had no models other than their own imaginations and intentions, ideas and ideals, with which they neared their aspirations. The commission formulated along these lines was enough to enliven concepts, which took solid form in line with the technological possibilities of the time and local conditions, and only bore a remote similarity to what had gone before. These new buildings could be technically much better and deliver more because of improvement in the state of technology. They could, however, also be compared artistically to similar structures from the past. If we compare an industrial building of today- light, roomy, with good dimensions and slimmer, lightweight construction -with a factory from the 18th century or a workshop of the 15th century, then the advantages of our modern buildings will be apparent even to the most blinkered conservationist. This means that, whenever construction projects serve a genuine requirement of our time, work can be expected from energetic contemporary architects that will bear comparison to, or even overshadow, the best of old buildings. A lively-minded university should offer primarily a view of our time and a look to the future, glancing back only to the extent that this is advisable or unavoidable. This was the advice of one of the greatest of our profession, Fritz Schumacher, when he warned a young student in his architecture lectures against getting too lost in art history issues while researching the past. Being led astray by a doctorate into learned byways could be at the cost of the energy required to meet the more varied requirements of the profession. In contrast to this, it is better just to hand students the elements of architecture, as is done in this Architects' Data, where I have attempted to reduce the building blocks of design to the essentials, to schematise and even to abstract in order to make imitation difficult and force students to produce form and content from within themselves. Their various design ideas will be coordinated anyway to a certain extent by current fashion, that idiosyncratic feeling of community which characterises mankind's joint efforts at a particular time and finds a durable and visible expression in contemporary style. Ernst Neufert

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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Abbreviation AEG AFP ArbStattR ArbStattV BauGB BGB BGR

Meaning

General Railway Law Agricultural Investment Support Programme Workplace Guidelines Workplace Regulations Building Law German Civil Code Association of Commercial Accident Insurance Companies BlmSchG Federal Prevention of Emissions Law BOStrab Construction and Operation of Trams Regulation BS(I) British Standards (Institute) CEN Committee for European Normalisation combined heat and power CHP CIE International Lighting Commission CPM Critical Path Method DB Deutsche Bahn - German Railways German Hotel and Inn Association DEHOGA DFS German Air Traffic Control DiBt German Institute for Building Technology German Institute for Standardisation DIN normal diameter ON Construction and Operation of Railways Regulation EBO Renewable Energy Law EEG Environmental Impact Assessment EIA European (standard) EN Energy Saving Regulation EnEV Federal Environment Agency FEA 40-foot equivalent unit (container) FEU finished floor level FFL International Ski Federation FIS Research Company for Roads and Traffic FGSV German Facility Management Association GEFMA Company for Property Industry Research GIF Guidelines of the German Association of GUV Accident Insurers (health and safety) Heating Plant Regulation HeizAniV heavy goods vehicle HGV Fee Regulations for Architects and Engineers HOAI auxiliary inverter HWR International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO Inter-City Express ICE Industrial Building Guidelines lndBauR International Standards Organisation ISO 'Reconstruction' Subsidy Bank KfW vehicle KFZ state building regulation LBO liquid crystal LC llight emitting diode LED luminous intensity distribution curve LIDC German Technical Light Association LiTG lightning protection zone LPZ large animal unit (500 kg live weight) LU model building regulation (basis for LBO) MBO Metra Potential Method MPM medical/technical assistant MTA outpatient medical centre MVZ operating department practitioner ODP public transport OPNV passenger car PKW German quality assurance mark RAL RAS-L (-EW I -Q) Road Construction Guidelines - Road Layout (Drainage I Cross-section) School Building Guidelines SchBauR Standard Book of Bill Items StLB Street Traffic Regulations StVo sports utility vehicle suv 20-foot equivalent unit (container) TEU

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Abbreviation

Meaning

UIC VDE VOl VdS VkVO VOB VStattVO Wh WSG ZH

International Union of Railways Association of German Electrical Engineers Association of German Engineers Loss Prevention (fire and security testing institute) Retail Regulations Contract Regulations for Building Works Places of Assembly Regulations withers height (horse) Water Protection Law Indicates Guidelines of BGR (Association of Commercial Accident Insurance Companies) Central Association of Electrical and Electronics Industries

ZVEI

Unit, Abbreviation

Greek Alphabet

1012

A a (a) B p (b) r y (g) 11. 0 (d) E E (e) (z) H l1 (e) e 1'} (th) I l (i) K K (k) A 'A (I) M ~ (m) N v (n) 3 X (x) 0 0 (o) n TT (p) p p (r) L ()' (s) T 't: (t) y u (y) (ph) X 'I' (ch) '¥ v (ps) 0

0:

A piece of card of size A5 = 14.8 x 21 em can be glued to the back of the punched side to reinforce the edge. Any sheet size can be folded by following the instructions above. If the drawing length remaining after the folding of the first 21 em cannot be divided by 18.5 em into an even number 2, 4, 6, etc., then the remaining width should be folded in the centre .

ISOsizeA3

0

The title block should be the following distance from the edge of the drawing: 10 mm for formats AO-A3 for formats A4-A6 5 mm For small drawings, a filing margin of up to 25 mm can be used, which reduces the usable area of the finished format. As an exception, narrow formats can be made by adding together a row of identical or adjacent shapes from the format range.

ISOsizeA4

cut-out ISO A4

ISOsizeA5

No. identical fields by sheet size

Division for AO a b

0

16 12

I

I

A1

I

1~ I

Field divisions (grid squares)

A2

I

A3

I

~ I ~ I

ISOAO

A4 4 4

ISOA1

ISOA2

Folding schemes and dimensions

5

DRAWINGS Paper formats Technical drawings Layout of drawings Construction drawings Construction drawing symbols Water supply and drainage symbols Electrical installation symbols Security installalion symbols Gas installation symbols Drawing by hand Computer-aided drawing BS EN ISO 128 BS 1192 BS EN ISO 4157 DIN 824

DRAWINGS Layout of Drawings

DRAWINGS Paper formats Technical

south elevation

north elevation

A strip 5 em wide should be left blank at the lefthand edge for binding or filing. The title block on the right 0 should include:

west elevation

section

drawings Layout of drawings Construction drawings Construction drawing symbols Water supply and drainage symbols Electrical installation symbols Security installation symbols Gas installation symbols Drawing by hand Computer-aided drawing BS EN ISO 9431 BS EN ISO 10209 BS EN ISO 14617 DIN 406 DIN 825 DIN 1356

east elevation

1. Description of the type of drawing (sketch, preliminary design, for construction etc.) 2. Category of building shown or type of drawing (layout plan, ground plan, section, elevation, diagram etc.) 3. Scale 4. If appropriate, details of dimensions.

N

$ basement

ground floor

garden layout

upper floor'

writing

I

I

I

I

box

m

Drawings for building permit applications (to the building regulations authorities) should also include:

~,.,Jee\ ~5

foundations

0

layout of joists

roof truss layout

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

site plan

Suitable layout for a construction drawing

10

10

20

30

40

~~+H+H------~----+-----4------1

f)

Suitable layout for scale details

Name (signature) of the client Name (signature) of the architect If required, (signature) of the site manager If required, (signature) of the contractor Comments by the building regulations authorities: a) About inspection b) About approval If necessary, on back of sheet

Layout plans, floor plans etc. should show the compass direction with a north pointer.

\-

Scales --1 f) The main scale of the drawing should be shown in large letters in the title block and in smaller letters for other scales; the latter should be repeated next to their respective diagrams. All objects should be drawn to scale; dimensions of parts which are not drawn to scale should be underlined. Scales should be restricted to the following if at all possible: for construction drawings 1:1, 1:5, 1 :10, 1 :20, 1 :25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200 for site layouts 1 :500, 1 :1000, 1:2000, 1:2500, 1 :5000, 1 :10000, 1:25000. Dimensioning Dimensioning is indicating dimensions on a drawing. Levels should be given on sections and plans or elevations. The signs+ or- before the number refer to the difference from level ± 0.00 (generally the planned finished floor level, on the ground floor in the entrance area, related to sea level). For parapets, the structural height above the structural slab level may also be given. If the height of wall openings, particularly for doors and windows, is to be given on drawings in addition to their width, then the width measurement is given above the dimension line and the height measurement is given below it. Rectangular crosssections can, as a simplification, be dimensioned by stating their side lengths as a fraction, e.g. 12/16 (in section: width/height). Round cross-sections have the diameter sign 0 before the measure: e.g. 0 12. Radii have the capital letter R before the measure.

e

C)

Example of a standard dimensioned drawing of an angled floor plan. The dimensions given are structural dimensions without finishings

,.,.,.;.;.;.;.;.,.&:.;§;:,.,.,. . . +2.75

sz y

+2.69

in ground plans

Dimensions and other markings --1 All dimensions are given in the unfinished structural condition (wall thicknesses). In continental Europe, dimensions of less than 1 m on building drawings are generally given in em, dimensions over 1 mare given in m or mm. (However, recently the trend has been to give all dimensions in mm, which is standard practice in the UK.) Sections on plans On plans, vertical planes of one or more sections are shown as lines with short and long dashes --1 p. 9 0, and the direction of viewing is also given. The entire line of the section does not have to be shown, but if the plane of a section breaks, this does --1 e. If there is more than one section, then each should be clearly labelled. Room numbers are given in a circle. Room areas, in m2 , are shown in a square or rectangle --1

e.

+ 3.12

G 6

Marking of heights on sections and elevations

9

-

Lo.J

optical signal generator

D :.J

breakthrough sensor

:::w:.

r::\ 1!;1

L--=.../

r·

operating panel view selection device

::-,

GJ L• • •..J

monitor with video signaldependent picture switching

Access control systems

[]-

pass reader

~-

stand-alone reader with additional code entry

~ ~-

[Illi-

bl ~

0

/!_-

•_j

-:J'

online reader

pass reader with additional code entry stand-alone reader with additional code entry

data terminal with

•="

cross-bolt lock, double bolt lock

....-.-

cellar grating security

v II

cylinder lock vertically sliding door lock

-·-~-·

fence

·X-X-X-X•

barbed wire fence

+++

solid fence, mesh

® @ @ [QJ

roller shutter with closing security

steel roller shutters roller or concertina shutter

safe

operating panel

Y5IT.

laminated safety glass

17

Layout of drawings Construction drawings Construction drawing symbols Water supply and drainage symbols Electrical installation symbols Security installation symbols Gas installation symbols Drawing by hand Computer-aided drawing

Gas installations

DRAWINGS Gas Installation Symbols

exposed horizontal pipe (stating nominal diameter)

25

gas storage water heater

concealed horizontal pipe (stating nominal diameter)

DRAWINGS

Paper formats Technical drawings Layout of drawings Construction

~

change of cross-section (stating nominal diameter)

)(

rn'ln

gas pipe house entry

gas room heater for external wall

connection (stating connection

gas heating boiler

flexible hose

isolating piece

Heating capacity (kW)

Gas volume flow (m 3/h)

gas water heater

8.8-28.1

1.14-3.62

circulating water heater

9.5-28.4

1.23-3.67

storage water heater

5.1-13.9

0.70-1.91

heating stove/boiler

2.6-B0.3

0.34-7.79

capacity)

drawings Construction drawing symbols Water supply symbols Electrical installation symbols Security

Gas appliance

riser pipe

0

continuously rising pipe

installation downpipe

symbols Gas installation symbols Drawing by hand Computer-aided drawing

Connection specifications for gas appliances

~

crossing of two pipes

without connection

Introduction and inclined feed tube

crossing connection branch location

---j RT

f)

cleaning T-piece

-+ RK

House supply connection at right angles to front of building

long-threaded connection

1 house introduction combination 2 pressure regulator B 3 shut-off 4gas meter 5 riser 6 gas supply line 7 branch line 8 devices connecting fitting thennally activated device 9 gas equipment: stove, water heater

screwed connection

IJ

flanged connection

~

welded connection

-txKJ--

shut-off tap

---{;::(K)--

shut-off gate valve

~

shut-offvalve thermally activated shut-off device

elbow valve

~

pressure regulator

~

gasmeter

[>

.,.... ~1·:. I :.

All

t ::

.L

:::: ;;; 1.50

(9

Passage through one door

:~:~

1-._........

;;; 1.50

4D

Through two doors

:~:

....

1 :·: ....

~~

~It ~l

...

Kl--78--+-i;; 90-H

:::

..

Minimum turning space

r-t~;~ ~

T ~~{ ~t. , ,.,.,.,.,~~:

+ :·:_ +

Atawindow

,___ _ _