Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics [21 ed.] 9780323529501, 9780323568906, 2018952009

Table of contents :
Volume 1 - Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 21th ed 2020 Original PDF.pdf (p.1-1908)
Cover
Contents
Front Matter
Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 2-Volume Set
Copyright
Copyright Page
Dedication
Dedication
Contributors
Contributors
Preface
Preface
Videos
Videos
1- I The Field of Pediatrics
Chapter 1 - Overview of Pediatrics
I The Field of Pediatrics
1 Overview of Pediatrics
Keywords
Vital Statistics About Children’s Health Globally
The Changing Pediatric World
The New Morbidities
The “New” New Morbidities
Adverse Childhood Experiences
Toxic Stress and Allostatic Load
Ecobiodevelopmental Framework
Chronic Illness and Children With Special Health Care Needs
Systems of Care
Population Health Approach
Medical Home
Medical and Health Neighborhood
Bibliography
Chapter 2 - Child Health Disparities
2 Child Health Disparities
Keywords
Determinants of Health and Health Disparities
Psychosocial Stress and Allostatic Load
The Hispanic Paradox
Disparities in Child Health and Healthcare:
Child Health Disparities
Asthma
Obesity
Infant Mortality
Prematurity and Low Birthweight
Oral Health
Hearing Care
Vision Problems
Immunization
Adolescent Suicide
Child Maltreatment
Behavioral Health Disparities
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Behavioral or Conduct Problems
Developmental Delay
Disparities in Healthcare
Approaches to Eradicating Disparities: Interventions
2.1 Racism and Child Health
Keywords
Racism as Social Determinant
Explaining Racial Disparities: A Taxonomy of Racism
Defining Racism
Internalized Racism
Interpersonal Racism
Institutional Racism
Structural Racism
Opportunities to Address Racism
Clinical Settings
Institutional Settings
Pediatricians as Advocates for Antiracist Practices and Systems
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 3 - Global Child Health
3 Global Child Health
Keywords
Global Burden and Trends in Child Health
Social Determinants of Child Health
Socioeconomic and Political Roots of Disparities in Global Health
Sustainable Development Goals
Evidence-Based Interventions and Innovations to Address Child Health Inequities
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Reaching Every Child, Everywhere
Effective Delivery Strategies: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
Social Protection Programs: Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers
Challenges in Global Health
Adolescent Health
Global Climate Change
Conflict, Emergency Situations, and Migration
Information and Communications Technology
Bibliography
Chapter 4 - Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children
4 Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children
Keywords
The Need for Improvement in Quality and Value
What Is Quality?
Framework for Quality
Developing Guidelines to Establish the Standard for Quality
Improving Quality
Model for Improvement
Six Sigma
Lean Methodology
Management Sciences
Tools for Organizing Quality Improvement Theory and Execution
Measuring Quality
Analyzing Quality Data
Comparing and Reporting Quality
Implications of the U.S. Healthcare Reform for Quality
Information Technology and Quality Improvement
Expanding Individual Quality Improvement Initiatives to Scale
Bibliography
Chapter 5 - Safety in Healthcare for Children
5 Safety in Healthcare for Children
Keywords
Error vs Harm
Safety Frameworks
Identifying and Analyzing Harm, Errors, and Latent Threats
Incident Reporting Systems
Simulation
Event Analysis
Safety Culture
Reliability Science and High-Reliability Organizations
Serious Harm Events and Healthcare-Associated Conditions
Safety Opportunities and Gaps
Clinical Deterioration
Handoffs/I-PASS
Surgical Safety
Ambulatory Safety
Occupational Safety
Emerging Areas of Safety Research and Improvement
Bibliography
Chapter 6 - Ethics in Pediatric Care
6 Ethics in Pediatric Care
Keywords
Assent and Parental Permission
Treatment of Critically Ill Children
Transitioning the Goals of Care
Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment
Advance Directives
Artificial Hydration and Nutrition
The Doctrine of Double Effect
Neonatal Ethics
Declaring Death and Organ Donation
Death by Neurologic Criteria
Circulatory Death
Religious or Cultural Objections to Treatment
Pediatric Ethics Committees and Ethics Consultation
Newborn Screening
Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine
Adolescent Healthcare
Adolescent Assent and Consent
Chronic Illness
Decisions in Terminally Ill Adolescents
Research
Balancing Maternal and Fetal Interests
Justice and Pediatric Ethics
Emerging Issues
Bibliography
Chapter 7 - Pediatric Palliative Care
7 Pediatric Palliative Care
Keywords
Care Settings
Communication, Advance Care Planning, and Anticipatory Guidance
The Parents
The Child
The Siblings
The Staff
Goals of Care and Decision-Making
Resuscitation Status
Symptom Management
Intensive Symptom Management
Approaching End of Life
The Pediatrician
Bibliography
Chapter 8 - Domestic and International Adoption
8 Domestic and International Adoption
Keywords
Domestic Adoption
Intercountry Adoption
Role of Pediatricians
Preadoption Medical Record Reviews
Postadoption Medical Care
Arrival Visit–International Adoption
Growth Delays
Developmental Delays
Language Development
Eating Concerns
Sleep Concerns
Social and Emotional Development
Racial Identity Development
Toxic Stress
Family Support
Adoption Narrative
Bibliography
Chapter 9 - Foster and Kinship Care
9 Foster and Kinship Care
Keywords
Epidemiology
Legislation in the United States
Early Childhood Trauma Leads to Poor Health Outcomes
Health Issues
Healthcare for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care
Bibliography
Chapter 10 - Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child
10 Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child
Keywords
Commonly Encountered Infections
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis C
Intestinal Pathogens
Tuberculosis
Congenital Syphilis
HIV Infection
Immunizations
Bibliography
Chapter 11 - Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
11 Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
Keywords
What Is Culture?
Culture and Identity
Intracultural Variability
Culturally Informed Care
Understanding Culture in the Context of Healthcare
Awareness-Assessment-Negotiation Model
11.1 Culture-Specific Beliefs
Bibliography
Chapter 12 - Maximizing Children’s Health, Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling
12 Maximizing Children’s Health
Keywords
Periodicity Schedule and Guidelines
Tasks of Well-Child Care
Infancy and Early Childhood
Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Office Intervention for Behavioral and Mental Health Issues
Strength-Based Approaches and Framework
Office System Change for Quality Improvement
Evidence
Caring for the Child and Youth in the Context of the Family and Community
Bibliography
Chapter 13 - Injury Control
13 Injury Control
Keywords
Scope of the Problem
Mortality
Nonfatal Injuries
Global Child Injuries
Principles of Injury Control
Risk Factors for Childhood Injuries
Age
Gender
Race and Ethnicity
Socioeconomic Status
Rural-Urban Location
Environment
Mechanisms of Injury
Motor Vehicle Injuries
Occupants
Teenage Drivers
All-Terrain Vehicles
Bicycle Injuries
Pedestrian Injuries
Ski- and Snowboard-Related Head Injuries
Fire- and Burn-Related Injuries
Poisoning
Drowning
Traumatic Brain Injury
Firearm Injuries
Falls
Violent Behavior and Aggression
Psychosocial Consequences of Injuries
Bibliography
Chapter 14 - Impact of Violence on Children
14 Impact of Violence on Children
Keywords
Impacts of Violence
Diagnosis and Follow-Up
14.1 Bullying, Cyberbullying, and School Violence
Keywords
Bullying and Cyberbullying
Bullying Roles and Nomenclature
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Consequences of Bullying
School Violence
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Treatment and Prevention of Bullying and School Violence
Signs and Symptoms
Screening for Bullying
Prevention
Bibliography
Resources
14.2 Media Violence
Keywords
Screening
Recommendations (see Table 14.1)
Bibliography
Resources
14.3 Effects of War on Children
Keywords
Susceptibility of Children in Times of War
Psychological Impact of War
Efforts to Protect Children From the Effects of War
International Conventions
Humanitarian Efforts
Role of Pediatricians and Allied Health Professionals
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 15 - Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor
15 Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor
Keywords
Clinical Presentation
Approach to the Potentially Trafficked Child
Examination and Diagnostic Testing
Referrals and Resources
Bibliography
Chapter 16 - Abused and Neglected Children
16 Abused and Neglected Children
Keywords
Definitions
Incidence and Prevalence
Global
United States
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Neglect
General Principles for Assessing Possible Abuse and Neglect
General Principles for Addressing Child Maltreatment
Outcomes of Child Maltreatment
Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
Advocacy
16.1 Sexual Abuse
Keywords
Definition
Presentation of Sexual Abuse
Role of General Pediatrician in Assessment and Management of Possible Sexual Abuse
Physical Examination of the Child With Suspected Sexual Abuse
Additional Management
Sexual Abuse Prevention
Bibliography
16.2 Medical Child Abuse (Factitious Disorder by Proxy, Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)
Keywords
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
General References
Physical Abuse
Neglect
Prevention
Professional Issues
Outcomes
American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statements
Chapter 17 - Strategies for Health Behavior Change
17 Strategies for Health Behavior Change
Keywords
Unified Theory of Behavior Change
Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
Common Factors Approach
Interpersonal Skills: HEL2P3
Elicit Concerns: Set the Agenda and Agree on the Problem
Establish a Plan
Respond to Anger and Demoralization and Emphasize Hope
Motivational Interviewing
Shared Decision-Making
Bibliography
2- II Growth, Development, and Behavior
Chapter 18 - Developmental and Behavioral Theories
II Growth, Development, and Behavior
18 Developmental and Behavioral Theories
Keywords
Biopsychosocial Model and Ecobiodevelopmental Framework: Models of Development
Biologic Influences
Psychologic Influences: Attachment and Contingency
Social Factors: Family Systems and the Ecologic Model
Unifying Concepts: The Transactional Model, Risk, and Resilience
Developmental Domains and Theories of Emotion and Cognition
Psychoanalytic Theories
Cognitive Theories
Behavioral Theory
Theories Used in Behavioral Interventions
Statistics Used in Describing Growth and Development
Bibliography
Chapter 19 - Positive Parenting and Support
19 Positive Parenting and Support
Keywords
The Importance of Parenting
The Role of the Family
Parenting Styles
Child Temperament
Child Behavioral Problems
Defining Positive Parenting
Parenting as an Intervention
The Role of the Pediatrician
Bibliography
Chapter 20 - Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
20 Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
Keywords
Somatic Development
Embryonic Period
Fetal Period
Neurologic Development
Behavioral Development
Psychologic Changes in Parents
Threats to Fetal Development
Bibliography
Chapter 21 - The Newborn
21 The Newborn
Keywords
Parental Role in Mother–Infant Attachment
Prenatal Factors
Peripartum and Postpartum Influences
The Infant’s Role in Mother–Infant Attachment
Physical Examination
Interactional Abilities
Modulation of Arousal
Behavioral States
Mutual Regulation
Implications for the Pediatrician
Optimal Practices
Assessing Parent–Infant Interactions
Teaching About Individual Competencies
Bibliography
Chapter 22 - The First Year
22 The First Year
Keywords
Keywords
Age 0-2 Months
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Emotional Development
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Age 2-6 Months
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Emotional Development and Communication
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Age 6-12 Months
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Emotional Development
Communication
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
22.1 Infant Crying and Colic
Bibliography
Infant Crying and Colic
Chapter 23 - The Second Year
23 The Second Year
Keywords
Age 12-18 Months
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Emotional Development
Linguistic Development
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Age 18-24 Months
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Emotional Development
Linguistic Development
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Bibliography
Chapter 24 - The Preschool Years
24 The Preschool Years
Keywords
Structural Development of the Brain
Physical Development
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Language, Cognition, and Play
Language
Cognition
Play
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Emotional and Moral Development
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Bibliography
Chapter 25 - Middle Childhood
25 Middle Childhood
Keywords
Physical Development
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Cognitive Development
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Social, Emotional, and Moral Development
Social and Emotional Development
Moral Development
Implications for Parents and Pediatricians
Bibliography
Chapter 26 - Adolescence
26 Adolescence
Chapter 27 - Assessment of Growth
27 Assessment of Growth
Keywords
Techniques to Measure Growth
Growth Curves
Normal Growth
Abnormal Growth
Evaluation of Abnormal Growth
Other Growth Considerations
Obesity
Dental Development
Bibliography
Chapter 28 - Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening
28 Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening
Keywords
Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance
The Developmental and Behavioral Histories
Observation
Developmental and Behavioral Screening
Evidence-Based Tools
Screening Test Properties
Beyond Surveillance and Screening
Comprehensive Evaluation
Referral and Intervention
Ongoing Management
Implementation
Bibliography
Resources
Chapter 29 - Childcare
29 Childcare
Keywords
Provision, Regulation, and Use of Childcare in America
Childcare Settings
Childcare Licensing, Regulation, and Accreditation
Childcare’s Role in Child Health and Development
Characteristics of Childcare and Associations With Child Developmental Outcomes
Sick Children
Childcare and Child Health
Childcare and Children With Special Needs
Role of Pediatric Providers in Childcare
Advising Parents on Childcare Selection
Advising Parents on Childcare Health Issues
Helping Children With Special Needs
Consulting and Partnering With Childcare Providers
Bibliography
Chapter 30 - Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
30 Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
Keywords
Separation and Loss
Divorce
Move/Family Relocation
Separation Because of Hospitalization
Military Families
Parental/Sibling Death
Grief and Bereavement
Developmental Perspective
Role of the Pediatrician in Grief
Treatment
Spiritual Issues
Bibliography
Chapter 31 - Sleep Medicine
31 Sleep Medicine
Keywords
Basics of Sleep and Chronobiology
Developmental Changes in Sleep
Common Sleep Disorders
Insomnia of Childhood
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Parasomnias
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders: Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder and Rhythmic Movements
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Narcolepsy
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Treatment
Delayed Sleep–Wake Phase Disorder
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Health Supervision
Evaluation of Pediatric Sleep Problems
Bibliography
3- III Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
Chapter 32 - Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing
III Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
32 Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing
Keywords
Aims of Assessment
Presenting Problems
General Principles of the Psychosocial Interview
Indications for Referral
Psychiatric Diagnostic Evaluation
Special Considerations in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Infants and Young Children
Bibliography
Chapter 33 - Psychopharmacology
33 Psychopharmacology
Keywords
Stimulants and Other ADHD Medications
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Mood Stabilizers
Medication Use in Physical Illness
Hepatic Disease
Gastrointestinal Disease
Renal Disease
Cardiac Disease
Respiratory Disease
Neurologic Disease
Principles for Psychotropic Prescribing in Primary Care
Bibliography
Chapter 34 - Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization
34 Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization
Keywords
Psychotherapy
Behavior Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Supportive Psychotherapy
Family Therapy
Parenting Interventions
Common Elements of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies
Modular Therapy Packages
Common Elements of Treatment Engagement Interventions
Psychotherapy in the Medical Home
Psychiatric Hospitalization
Bibliography
Chapter 35 - Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
35 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Keywords
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Individual
Temperament/Coping Styles
Learned Behavior
Psychiatric Comorbidity
Childhood Physical Illness
Family and Environmental
Symptom Modeling
Parental Responses
School and Family Stressors
Trauma
Genetic and Biologic Vulnerabilities
Assessment
Medical
Psychosocial
Differential Diagnoses
Management
Treatment
Treatment Setting
Bibliography
Chapter 36 - Rumination and Pica
36 Rumination and Pica
Keywords
36.1 Rumination Disorder
Epidemiology
Etiology and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
36.2 Pica
Epidemiology
Etiology and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 37 - Motor Disorders and Habits
37 Motor Disorders and Habits
Keywords
37.1 Tic Disorders
Description
Clinical Course
Epidemiology
Differential Diagnosis
Comorbidities
Etiology
Sequelae
Screening
Assessment
Treatment
37.2 Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Description
Clinical Course
Epidemiology
Comorbidity
Differential Diagnosis
Etiology
Treatment
Habits
Thumb Sucking
Bruxism
Bibliography
Chapter 38 - Anxiety Disorders
38 Anxiety Disorders
Keywords
Anxiety Associated With Medical Conditions
Safety and Efficacy Concerns About SSRIs
Bibliography
Chapter 39 - Mood Disorders
39 Mood Disorders
Keywords
39.1 Major and Other Depressive Disorders
Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Differential Diagnosis
Comorbidity
Sequelae
Etiology and Risk Factors
Prevention
Screening/Case Finding
Early Intervention
Treatment
Level of Care
Bibliography
39.2 Bipolar and Related Disorders
Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Differential Diagnosis
Comorbidity
Sequelae
Etiology and Risk Factors
Prevention
Case Finding
Treatment
Level of Care
Bibliography
Chapter 40 - Suicide and Attempted Suicide
40 Suicide and Attempted Suicide
Keywords
Epidemiology
Suicidal Ideation and Attempts
Suicide Completions
Risk Factors
Preexisting Mental Disorder
Cognitive Distortions
Biologic Factors
Social, Environmental, and Cultural Factors
Protective Factors
Assessment and Intervention
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 41 - Eating Disorders
41 Eating Disorders
Keywords
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Complications
Treatment
Principles Guiding Primary Care Treatment
Nutrition and Physical Activity
Primary Care Treatment
Referral to Mental Health Services
Referral to an Interdisciplinary Eating Disorder Team
Supportive Care
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 42 - Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
42 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Keywords
Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Differential Diagnosis
Comorbidity
Sequelae
Etiology and Risk Factors
Prevention
Screening/Case Finding
Early Intervention
Treatment
Level of Care
Bibliography
Chapter 43 - Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
43 Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 44 - Lying, Stealing, and Truancy
44 Lying, Stealing, and Truancy
Keywords
Lying
Stealing
Truancy
Bibliography
Chapter 45 - Aggression
45 Aggression
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 46 - Self-Injurious Behavior
46 Self-Injurious Behavior
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 47 - Childhood Psychoses
47 Childhood Psychoses
Keywords
47.1 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Course
Differential Diagnosis
Comorbidity
Sequelae
Etiology and Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Neuroanatomic Abnormalities
Prevention
Screening/Case Finding
Assessment
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Bibliography
47.2 Psychosis Associated With Epilepsy
Bibliography
47.3 Catatonia in Children and Adolescents
Diagnosis and Treatment
Bibliography
47.4 Acute Phobic Hallucinations of Childhood
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
4- IV Learning and Developmental Disorders
Chapter 48 - Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction
IV Learning and Developmental Disorders
48 Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction
Keywords
Terminology and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Core Neurodevelopmental Functions
Sensory and Motor Function
Language
Visual-Spatial/Visual-Perceptual Function
Intellectual Function
Memory
Social Cognition
Executive Function
Clinical Manifestations
Academic Problems
Nonacademic Problems
Assessment and Diagnosis
Treatment
Demystification
Bypass Strategies (Accommodations)
Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Dysfunctions
Treatment of Executive Dysfunction
Developmental Therapy
Curriculum Modifications
Strengthening of Strengths
Individual and Family Counseling
Nonstandard Therapies
Medication
Bibliography
Chapter 49 - Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
49 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Interview and History
Behavior Rating Scales
Physical Examination and Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Psychosocial Treatments
Behaviorally Oriented Treatments
Medications
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 50 - Dyslexia
50 Dyslexia
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 51 - Math and Writing Disabilities
51 Math and Writing Disabilities
51.1 Math Disabilities
Keywords
Math Learning Disability Defined
Terminology
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Genetics
Medical/Genetic Conditions
Comorbidities
Causes of Math Learning Disability
Broad Cognitive Processes
Intelligence
Working Memory
Processing Speed
Math-Specific Processes
Procedural Errors
Memory for Math Facts
Treatment and Interventions
Bibliography
51.2 Writing Disabilities
Keywords
Epidemiology
Skill Deficits Associated With Impaired Writing
Transcription
Oral Language
Executive Functions
Working Memory
Treatment
Educational Resources
Bibliography
Chapter 52 - Language Development and Communication Disorders
52 Language Development and Communication Disorders
Keywords
Normal Language Development
Receptive Language Development
Expressive Language Development
Variations of Normal
Language and Communication Disorders
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Classification
Language Disorder or Specific Language Impairment
Higher-Level Language Disorder
Intellectual Disability
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Asperger Syndrome
Selective Mutism
Isolated Expressive Language Disorder
Motor Speech Disorders
Dysarthria
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Speech Sound Disorder
Hearing Impairment
Hydrocephalus
Rare Causes of Language Impairment
Hyperlexia
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (Verbal Auditory Agnosia)
Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Screening
Noncauses of Language Delay
Diagnostic Evaluation
Psychologic Evaluation
Cognitive Assessment
Evaluation of Social Behaviors
Relationship of Language and Social Behaviors to Mental Age
Speech and Language Evaluation
Medical Evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
Academic Disorders
Comorbid Disorders
Emotional and Behavioral Difficulty
Motor and Coordination Delays
52.1 Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
Keywords
Epidemiology
Genetics
Etiology
Comorbidities
Developmental Progression
Treatment
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 53 - Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
53 Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
Keywords
Definition
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Psychologic Testing
Complications
Prevention
Treatment
Supportive Care and Management
Primary Care
Interdisciplinary Management
Periodic Reevaluation
Federal and Education Services
Leisure and Recreational Activities
Family Counseling
Transition to Adulthood
Prognosis
53.1 Intellectual Disability With Regression
Bibliography
Chapter 54 - Autism Spectrum Disorder
54 Autism Spectrum Disorder
Keywords
Definition
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
Social Communication and Social Interaction
Social-Emotional Reciprocity
Nonverbal Communicative Behavior
Developing, Maintaining, and Understanding Relationships
Restrictive and Repetitive Behavior
Stereotyped Motor Movements or Speech
Insistence on Sameness
Restricted Interests
Hypo- or Hyperreactivity to Sensory Input
Severity Levels Defined in DSM-5
Specifiers Defined in DSM-5
Epidemiology
Etiology
Differential Diagnosis
Comorbid Conditions
Screening
Assessment
First Tier
Second Tier
Treatment and Management
Educational
Co-occurring Conditions
Pharmacology
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Transition
Outcome
Bibliography
5- V Nutrition
Chapter 55 - Nutritional Requirements
V Nutrition
55 Nutritional Requirements
Keywords
Dietary Reference Intakes
Energy
Fat
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fiber
Micronutrients
Iron
Vitamin D
Calcium
Vitamin K
Electrolytes
Water
Measuring Nutritional Adequacy
Bibliography
Chapter 56 - Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
56 Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Keywords
Feeding During the First Year of Life
Breastfeeding
Nipple Pain
Engorgement
Mastitis
Inadequate Milk Intake
Jaundice
Breast Milk Collection
Growth of the Breastfed Infant
Formula Feeding (Fig. 56.1)
Cow’s Milk Protein–Based Formulas
Soy Formulas
Protein Hydrolysate Formulas
Amino Acid Formulas
Milk and Other Fluids in Infants and Toddlers
Complementary Feeding
Feeding Toddlers and Preschool-Age Children
Feeding Practices
Eating in the Daycare Setting
Feeding School-Age Children and Adolescents
MyPlate
Eating at Home
Eating at School
Eating Out
Nutrition Issues of Importance Across Pediatric Ages
Food Environment
Using Food as Reward
Cultural Considerations in Nutrition and Feeding
Vegetarianism
Organic Foods
Nutrition as Part of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Functional Foods, Dietary Supplements, Vitamin Supplements, and Botanical and Herbal Products
Food Safety
Preventive Nutrition Counseling in Pediatric Primary Care
U.S. Food Assistance Programs
Bibliography
Chapter 57 - Nutrition, Food Security, and Health
57 Nutrition, Food Security, and Health
Keywords
Malnutrition as the Intersection of Food Insecurity and Health Insecurity
Food Security
Measuring Food Insecurity
Nutrition, Food Security, and Poverty
Food Security and Nutrition Targets
Future Food Security
Undernutrition
Measurement of Undernutrition
Prevalence of Undernutrition
Consequences of Undernutrition
Key Interventions
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Undernutrition
Severe Acute Malnutrition
Clinical Manifestations of Severe Acute Malnutrition (Table 57.6)
Pathophysiology
Principles of Treatment
Emergency Treatment
Stabilization
Rehabilitation
Community-Based Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 58 - Refeeding Syndrome
58 Refeeding Syndrome
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 59 - Malnutrition
59 Malnutrition
Keywords
Clinical Manifestations
Etiology and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 60 - Overweight and Obesity
60 Overweight and Obesity
Keywords
Epidemiology
Body Mass Index
Etiology
Environmental Changes
Genetics
Microbiome
Endocrine and Neural Physiology
Comorbidities
Identification
Evaluation
Intervention
Prevention
60.1 Rapid-Onset Obesity With Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD)
Keywords
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Etiology: Studies and Hypotheses
Genetic Studies
Paraneoplastic/Autoimmune Hypothesis
Neurocristopathy
Differential Diagnosis
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 61 - Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
61 Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
Keywords
Overview of Vitamin A
Metabolism of Vitamin A
Vitamin A Status in Neonates
Inflammation Causing Low Plasma Retinol
Functions of Vitamin A and Mechanisms of Action
Vitamin A Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin A Deficiency
Diagnosis
Epidemiology and Public Health Issues
Dietary Reference Intakes for the Healthy Population
Vitamin A for Treatment of Deficiency
Hypervitaminosis A
Bibliography
Chapter 62 - Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess
62 Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess
62.1 Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Keywords
Thiamine Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Thiamine Toxicity
Bibliography
62.2 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Keywords
Riboflavin Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Riboflavin Toxicity
Bibliography
62.3 Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Keywords
Niacin Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Niacin Toxicity
Bibliography
62.4 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Keywords
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Vitamin B6 Toxicity
Bibliography
62.5 Biotin
Keywords
Bibliography
62.6 Folate
Keywords
Folate Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Folate Toxicity
Bibliography
62.7 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Keywords
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 63 - Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess
63 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess
Keywords
Dietary Needs and Sources of Vitamin C
Vitamin C Deficiency
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Vitamin C Toxicity
Bibliography
Chapter 64 - Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess
64 Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess
Keywords
Rickets
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Radiology
Diagnosis
Clinical Evaluation
Vitamin D Disorders
Vitamin D Physiology
Nutritional Vitamin D Deficiency
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Congenital Vitamin D Deficiency
Secondary Vitamin D Deficiency
Etiology
Treatment
Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 1
Treatment
Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets, Type 2
Treatment
Chronic Kidney Disease
Treatment
Calcium Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Phosphorus Deficiency
Inadequate Intake
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Prognosis
Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Autosomal Recessive Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Hereditary Hypophosphatemic Rickets With Hypercalciuria
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Overproduction of FGF-23
Fanconi Syndrome
Dent Disease
Rickets of Prematurity
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Hypervitaminosis D
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 65 - Vitamin E Deficiency
65 Vitamin E Deficiency
Keywords
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 66 - Vitamin K Deficiency
66 Vitamin K Deficiency
Keywords
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 67 - Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies
67 Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies
Keywords
Bibliography
6- VI Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Chapter 68 - Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
VI Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
68 Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
68.1 Composition of Body Fluids
Keywords
Total Body Water
Fluid Compartments
Electrolyte Composition
Osmolality
Point-of-Care Testing
Bibliography
Composition of Body Fluids
68.2 Regulation of Osmolality and Volume
Keywords
Regulation of Osmolality
Regulation of Volume
Bibliography
Regulation of Osmolality and Volume
68.3 Sodium
Keywords
Sodium Metabolism
Body Content and Physiologic Function
Sodium Intake
Sodium Excretion
Hypernatremia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyponatremia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Sodium
68.4 Potassium
Keywords
Potassium Metabolism
Body Content and Physiologic Function
Potassium Intake
Potassium Excretion
Hyperkalemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypokalemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Potassium
68.5 Magnesium
Keywords
Magnesium Metabolism
Body Content and Physiologic Function
Magnesium Intake
Magnesium Excretion
Hypomagnesemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypermagnesemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Magnesium
68.6 Phosphorus
Keywords
Phosphorus Metabolism
Body Content and Physiologic Function
Phosphorus Intake
Phosphorus Excretion
Hypophosphatemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hyperphosphatemia
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Phosphorus
68.7 Acid-Base Balance
Keywords
Acid-Base Physiology
Terminology
Physiologic Buffers
Normal Acid-Base Balance
Renal Mechanisms
Clinical Assessment of Acid-Base Disorders
Terminology
Diagnosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Metabolic Alkalosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Respiratory Acidosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Respiratory Alkalosis
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bibliography
Acid-Base Balance
Chapter 69 - Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
69 Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
Keywords
Maintenance Therapy
Maintenance Water
Intravenous Solutions
Glucose
Selection of Maintenance Fluids
Variations in Maintenance Water and Electrolytes
Replacement Fluids
Bibliography
Chapter 70 - Deficit Therapy
70 Deficit Therapy
Keywords
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Calculation of the Fluid Deficit
Approach to Severe Dehydration
Monitoring and Adjusting Therapy
Hyponatremic Dehydration
Hypernatremic Dehydration
Bibliography
Chapter 71 - Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders
71 Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders
Acute Diarrhea
Pyloric Stenosis
Perioperative Fluids
7- VII Pediatric Drug Therapy
Chapter 72 - Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoproteomics
VII Pediatric Drug Therapy
72 Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoproteomics
Keywords
Definition of Terms
Developmental or Pediatric Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacoproteomic and Metabolomic Tools
Drug Biotransformation: Applications to Pediatric Therapy
CYP2D6
CYP2C9
CYP2C19
CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7
Glucuronosyl Transferases (UGTs)
Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters
Adenosine Triphosphate–Binding Cassette Superfamily
Organic Anion–Transporting Polypeptides
Organic Cation Transporters
Polymorphisms in Drug Receptors
Current and Future Applications in Pediatrics
Bibliography
Chapter 73 - Principles of Drug Therapy
73 Principles of Drug Therapy
Keywords
General Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles
Impact of Ontogeny on Drug Disposition
Drug Absorption
Peroral Absorption
Extravascular Drug Absorption
Drug Distribution
Drug Metabolism
Renal Drug Elimination
Impact of Ontogeny on Pharmacodynamics
Surrogate Endpoints
Additional Considerations in Pediatric Therapeutics
Pediatric Dose and Regimen Selection
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Drug Formulation and Administration
Peroral Drug Administration
Parenteral Drug Administration
Other Routes for Drug Administration
Adherence and Compliance
Drug-Drug Interactions
Adverse Drug Reactions
Personalized Medicine
Bibliography
Chapter 74 - Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
74 Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Keywords
Preanesthetic Evaluation
Respiratory System
Airway Evaluation
Cardiovascular System
Hematologic System
Neurologic System
Psychological Assessment
Genetic Evaluation
Preoperative Preparation
Preoperative Fasting
The Full Stomach
Parental Presence During Induction of Anesthesia
General Anesthesia
Analgesia
Hypnosis and Amnesia
Akinesia (Immobility or Muscular Relaxation)
Monitoring
Specific Medications
Inhalational Anesthetics
Respiratory Effects.
Cardiovascular Effects.
Sevoflurane
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Nitrous Oxide
Intravenous Anesthetic Agents
Propofol
Etomidate
Ketamine
Opioids
Benzodiazepines
Dexmedetomidine
Barbiturates
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Induction of General Anesthesia
Complications During Induction
Maintenance of Anesthesia
Temperature Management
Fluid Management
Postanesthesia Care Unit
Postanesthetic Complications
Awareness During Anesthesia
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Thermoregulation and Malignant Hyperthermia
Mediastinal Masses
Postoperative Apnea
Postoperative Pain Management
Regional Anesthesia
74.1 Anesthetic Neurotoxicity
Keywords
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 75 - Procedural Sedation
75 Procedural Sedation
Keywords
Bibliography
Chapter 76 - Pediatric Pain Management
76 Pediatric Pain Management
Keywords
Definition and Categories of Pain
Assessment and Measurement of Pain in Children
Age-Specific and Developmentally Specific Measures
The Newborn and Infant
The Older Child
The Cognitively Impaired Child
Conceptual Framework for Treatment of Pediatric Pain
Pharmacologic Treatment of Pain
Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory, and Coxib Drugs
Opioids
Local Anesthetics
Unconventional Medications in Pediatric Pain
Antidepressant Medications
Antiepileptic Drugs
Benzodiazepines
Antipsychotics and Major Sedatives
Other Pain Control Medications
Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Pain
Invasive Interventions for Treating Pain
Head and Neck Blocks
Upper-Extremity Blocks
Trunk and Abdominal Visceral Blocks
Lower-Extremity Blocks
Sympathetic Blocks
Epidural Anesthesia (Thoracic, Lumbar, and Caudal)
Intrathecal Analgesia
Nerve Ablation and Destruction
Considerations for Special Pediatric Populations
Pain Perception and Effects of Pain on Newborns and Infants
Children With Cancer Pain
Children With Pain Associated With Advanced Disease
Chronic and Recurrent Pain Syndromes
Neuropathic Pain Syndromes
Myofascial Pain Disorders and Fibromyalgia
Erythromelalgia
Other Chronic Pain Conditions in Children
Managing Complex Chronic Pain Problems
Bibliography
Chapter 77 - Poisoning
77 Poisoning
Keywords
Prevention
Approach to the Poisoned Patient
History
Symptoms
Past Medical and Developmental History
Social History
Physical Examination
Laboratory Evaluation
Additional Diagnostic Testing
Principles of Management
Supportive Care
Decontamination
Syrup of Ipecac
Gastric Lavage
Single-Dose Activated Charcoal
Whole-Bowel Irrigation
Directed Therapy
Antidotal Therapy
Intralipid Emulsion Therapy
Enhanced Elimination
Urinary Alkalinization
Hemodialysis
Multidose Activated Charcoal
Select Compounds in Pediatric Poisoning
Pharmaceuticals
Analgesics
Acetaminophen.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
1. Prophylactic.
2. Hepatic Injury.
3. Acute Liver Failure.
4. Repeated Supratherapeutic Ingestion.
Salicylates.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Ibuprofen and Other Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Prescription Opioids.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Cardiovascular Medications
β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Calcium Channel Blockers.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Clonidine.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Digoxin.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Iron.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Oral Hypoglycemics
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Psychiatric Medications: Antidepressants
Tricyclic Antidepressants.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
1. Altered Mental State.
2. Widened QRS on ECG.
3. Hypotension.
4. Seizures.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Atypical Antidepressants.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.
Psychiatric Medications: Antipsychotics
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Management.
Household Products
Caustics
Pathophysiology.
Clinical Manifestations.
Treatment.
Pesticides
Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Insecticides.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids.
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Hydrocarbons
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Toxic Alcohols
Methanol
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Ethylene Glycol
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Plants
Toxic Gases
Carbon Monoxide
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Hydrogen Cyanide
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Miscellaneous Toxic Agents Found in the Home
Nicotine-Containing Products
Pathophysiology.
Clinical and Laboratory Manifestations.
Treatment.
Single-Use Detergent Sacs
Electric Dishwasher Detergent
Magnets
Batteries
Bibliography
Chapter 78 - Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine
78 Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine
Keywords
Dietary Supplements
Dietary Supplement Safety
Dietary Supplement Efficacy
Massage and Chiropractic
Mind-Body Therapies
Acupuncture
Cannabis
Internet Resources
Bibliography
8- VIII Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
Chapter 79 - Emergency Medical Services for Children
VIII Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
79 Emergency Medical Services for Children
Keywords
Primary Care Physician and Office Preparedness
Staff Training and Continuing Education
Protocols
Resuscitation Equipment
Transport
Pediatric Prehospital Care
Access to the EMS System
Provider Capability
Destination Determination
The Emergency Department
Disaster Preparedness
79.1 Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured Pediatric Patient
Keywords
Communications and Dispatch Center
Medical Control Physician
Transport Team
Ground vs Air Ambulance
Transport Physiology
Safety
Family-Centered Care
Referring Hospital Responsibilities
Educational Outreach
Bibliography
79.2 Outcomes and Risk Adjustment of Pediatric Emergency Medical Services
Keywords
Outcome Measures in Emergency Medical Services for Children
Risk Adjustment
Risk Adjustment Tools in the ED
Pediatric Risk of Admission II
Revised Pediatric Emergency Assessment Tool
Bibliography
79.3 Principles Applicable to the Developing World
Keywords
Continuum-of-Care Model
Prevention
Infectious Diseases
Injuries
Out-of-Hospital Care
Access to Care
Prehospital Care
Methods of Transport
Hospital-Based Care
Triage
Pediatric-Specific Emergency Centers
Practitioners
Clinical Guidelines
Trauma
Equipment
Inpatient Services
Humanitarian Disasters
Exchange and Dissemination of Information
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 80 - Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
80 Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
Keywords
Assessment of Vital Signs
History
Physical Examination
Management
Disposition
Bibliography
Chapter 81 - Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation
81 Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation
Keywords
Approach to the Emergency Evaluation of a Child
General Assessment
Primary Assessment
Airway and Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive Pediatric Response Scale.
Glasgow Coma Scale.
Exposure
Secondary Assessment
Tertiary Assessment
Recognition and Treatment of Respiratory Distress and Failure
Airway Obstruction
Airway Narrowing
Parenchymal Lung Disease
Advanced Airway Management Techniques
Bag-Valve-Mask Positive Pressure Ventilation
Endotracheal Intubation
Recognition and Management of Shock
Recognition of Bradyarrhythmias and Tachyarrhythmias
Bradyarrhythmias
Tachyarrhythmias
Recognition and Management of Cardiac Arrest
Vascular Access
Venous Access
Intraosseous Access
Arterial Access
Nonvascular Emergency Procedures
Thoracentesis and Chest Tube Placement
Pericardiocentesis
Postresuscitation Care
Bibliography
Chapter 82 - Acute Care of Multiple Trauma
82 Acute Care of Multiple Trauma
Keywords
Epidemiology
Regionalization and Trauma Teams
Primary Survey
Airway/Cervical Spine
Breathing
Circulation
Neurologic Deficit
Exposure and Environmental Control
Secondary Survey
Head Trauma
Cervical Spine Trauma
Thoracic Trauma
Abdominal Trauma
Pelvic Trauma
Lower Genitourinary Trauma
Extremity Trauma
Radiologic and Laboratory Evaluation
Psychological and Social Support
Bibliography
Chapter 83 - Spinal Cord Injuries in Children
83 Spinal Cord Injuries in Children
Keywords
Clinical Manifestations
Clearing the Cervical Spine in Children
Treatment
Prevention
Bibliography
Chapter 84 - Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations
84 Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations
Keywords
Lacerations and Cuts
Epidemiology
Evaluation
Treatment
Abrasions
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 85 - Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
85 Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
Keywords
Neurocritical Care Principles
Traumatic Brain Injury
Etiology and Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Supportive Care
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 86 - Brain Death
86 Brain Death
Keywords
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Coma
Brainstem Reflexes
Apnea
Observation Periods
Ancillary Studies
Documentation
Supportive Care
Objections to the Idea of Brain Death
Bibliography
Chapter 87 - Syncope
87 Syncope
Keywords
Mechanisms
Evaluation
Treatment
87.1 Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Keywords
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 88 - Shock
88 Shock
Keywords
Epidemiology
Types of Shock
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Treatment
Initial Management
Additional Early Considerations
Considerations for Continued Therapy
Prognosis
Bibliography
Chapter 89 - Respiratory Distress and Failure
89 Respiratory Distress and Failure
Keywords
Respiratory Distress
Respiratory Disease Manifesting as Respiratory Distress
Respiratory Distress Without Respiratory Disease
Cardiovascular Disease Manifesting as Respiratory Distress
Neurologic Disease Manifesting as Respiratory Distress
Toxic Metabolic States Manifesting as Respiratory Distress
Other Nonpulmonary Entities Manifesting as Respiratory Distress
Respiratory Failure
Pathophysiology
Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch
Diffusion
Monitoring a Child in Respiratory Distress and Respiratory Failure
Clinical Examination
Blood Gas Abnormalities
Acid-Base Abnormalities
Metabolic Acidosis With Respiratory Compensation
Respiratory Acidosis With Metabolic Compensation
Assessment of Oxygenation and Ventilation Deficits
Management
Oxygen Administration
Airway Adjuncts
Inhaled Gases
Positive Pressure Respiratory Support
Endotracheal Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
Transient Manual Ventilation in Immediate Preintubation and Postintubation Periods
89.1 Mechanical Ventilation
Keywords
Basic Concepts of Ventilator Management
Equation of Motion
Functional Residual Capacity
Time Constant
Critical Opening Pressure
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Initiation of Inspiration and the Control Variable (Mode)
Control Modes
Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Mode.
Assist-Control Mode.
Control Variable
Support Modes
Inspiratory Phase Characteristics
Termination of Inspiration (Cycle)
Expiratory Phase Maneuvers
Additional Ventilatory Modalities
Airway Pressure Release Ventilation
High-Frequency Ventilation
Conventional Ventilator Settings
Fraction of Inspired Oxygen
Mode
Tidal Volume and Rate
Inspiratory Time and Expiratory Time
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony
Triggering the Ventilator
Selection of Appropriate Inspiratory Time
Selection of Inspiratory Flow Pattern
Use of Support Modes
Use of Sedation and Pharmacologic Neuromuscular Blockade
Cardiopulmonary Interactions
Monitoring Respiratory Mechanics
Exhaled Tidal Volume
Peak Inspiratory Pressure
Respiratory System Dynamic Compliance and Static Compliance
Assessment of Auto-PEEP
Assessment of Dead Space Ventilation
Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Weaning
89.2 Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation
Bibliography
Bibliography
Chapter 90 - Altitude-Associated Illness in Children (Acute Mountain Sickness)
90 Altitude-Associated Illness in Children (Acute Mountain Sickness)
Keywords
Etiology
General Effects of Hypobaric Hypoxia
Acclimatization
Acute Mountain Sickness
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Prevention
Diagnosis
Periodic Breathing
Management
High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Management
Special Considerations
Reentry HAPE
Travel With Young Infants
Sickle Trait and Sickle Cell Disease
Bibliography
Chapter 91 - Drowning and Submersion Injury
91 Drowning and Submersion Injury
Keywords
Etiology
Epidemiology
Children

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