Nanobiotechnology in Bioformulations [1st ed.] 978-3-030-17060-8;978-3-030-17061-5

Table of contents :
Front Matter ....Pages i-xix
Biobased Nanoemulsions: Concept, Formulation, and Applications (Anilú Rubio-Ríos, Lucero Rosales-Marines, José Fernando Solanilla-Duque, Yadira Karina Reyes-Acosta, Margarita del Rosario Salazar-Sánchez, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera et al.)....Pages 1-31
Bio-Based Nanoemulsion Formulations Applicable in Agriculture, Medicine, and Food Industry (Josef Jampílek, Katarína Kráľová, Estefânia V. R. Campos, Leonardo F. Fraceto)....Pages 33-84
Application of Gum Arabic in Nanoemulsion for Safe Conveyance of Bioactive Components (Sanju Bala Dhull, M. Anju, Sneh Punia, Ravinder Kaushik, Prince Chawla)....Pages 85-98
Nanoemulsions: A Promising Tool for Dairy Sector (Anil Panghal, Navnidhi Chhikara, V. Anshid, Manga Veera Sai Charan, Vinod Surendran, Anju Malik et al.)....Pages 99-117
Nanotechnology: A Successful Approach to Improve Nutraceutical Bioavailability (Sneh Punia, Kawaljit Singh Sandhu, Maninder Kaur, Anil Kumar Siroha)....Pages 119-133
Microencapsulation for Delivery of Probiotic Bacteria (Anil Panghal, Sundeep Jaglan, Neelesh Sindhu, V. Anshid, Manga Veera Sai Charan, Vinod Surendran et al.)....Pages 135-160
Herbonanoceuticals: A Novel Beginning in Drug Discovery and Therapeutics (Nidhi Saini, Abhilasha Thakur, Pawan Kaur, Suresh Kumar Gahlawat)....Pages 161-186
Nanotechnology Advances for the Development of Various Drug Carriers (U. T. Uthappa, Mahaveer D. Kurkuri, Madhuprasad Kigga)....Pages 187-224
Nanotechnology: A Boon for Food Safety and Food Defense (Poorva Sharma, Anil Panghal, Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Shubham Jadhav, Akshay Bagal, Akshay Jadhav et al.)....Pages 225-242
Microbial Bioformulations: Present and Future Aspects (Usha Rani, Vivek Kumar)....Pages 243-258
Interaction of Microorganisms with Nanomaterials as a Basis for Creation of High-Efficiency Biotechnological Preparations (I. K. Kurdish)....Pages 259-287
Use of Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanoformulations as Nanofungicides for Sustainable Disease Management in Plants (Imran Ul Haq, Siddra Ijaz)....Pages 289-316
Nanotechnology Application in Agricultural Sector (Mahmoud Nasr)....Pages 317-329
Advances in Bio-coaters for Nanoparticles and Biodegradable Delivery Systems in Agriculture and Food Industry: Toward a Safer and Eco-friendly Nanotechnology (Melissa Marlene Rodríguez-Delgado, Cesar Martinez-Ledezma, Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu)....Pages 331-352
Green Synthesis Approaches of Nanoagroparticles (Lilian Rodrigues Rosa Souza, Argus Cezar da Rocha Neto, César Rodrigues da Silva, Leonardo Pereira Franchi, Tiago Alves Jorge de Souza)....Pages 353-380
Development of Nano-Bioformulations of Nutrients for Sustainable Agriculture (Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah, Bisma Malik, Tariq Maqbool, Reiaz Ul Rehman)....Pages 381-394
Applications of Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment (Simranjeet Singh, Vijay Kumar, Romina Romero, Kankan Sharma, Joginder Singh)....Pages 395-418
Emerging Trends in Nanobiosensor (Vinita Kumari, Sarushi Rastogi, Vasudha Sharma)....Pages 419-447
Application of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis, Drug Dissolution, Drug Discovery, and Drug Carrier (Abhishek Kumar Mishra)....Pages 449-475
Back Matter ....Pages 477-491

Citation preview

Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences

Ram Prasad · Vivek Kumar Manoj Kumar Devendra Choudhary Editors

Nanobiotechnology in Bioformulations

Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences Series Editor Ram Prasad School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Nano and biotechnology are two of the 21st century’s most promising technologies. Nanotechnology is demarcated as the design, development, and application of materials and devices whose least functional make up is on a nanometer scale (1 to 100 nm). Meanwhile, biotechnology deals with metabolic and other physiological developments of biological subjects including microorganisms. These microbial processes have opened up new opportunities to explore novel applications, for example, the biosynthesis of metal nanomaterials, with the implication that these two technologies (i.e., thus nanobiotechnology) can play a vital role in developing and executing many valuable tools in the study of life. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, to investigating whether we can directly control matters on/in the atomic scale level. This idea entails its application to diverse fields of science such as plant biology, organic chemistry, agriculture, the food industry, and more. Nanobiotechnology offers a wide range of uses in medicine, agriculture, and the environment. Many diseases that do not have cures today may be cured by nanotechnology in the future. Use of nanotechnology in medical therapeutics needs adequate evaluation of its risk and safety factors. Scientists who are against the use of nanotechnology also agree that advancement in nanotechnology should continue because this field promises great benefits, but testing should be carried out to ensure its safety in people. It is possible that nanomedicine in the future will play a crucial role in the treatment of human and plant diseases, and also in the enhancement of normal human physiology and plant systems, respectively. If everything proceeds as expected, nanobiotechnology will, one day, become an inevitable part of our everyday life and will help save many lives. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15921

Ram Prasad  •  Vivek Kumar  •  Manoj Kumar Devendra Choudhary Editors

Nanobiotechnology in Bioformulations

Editors Ram Prasad School of Environmental Science and Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China Amity Institute of Microbial Technology Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Vivek Kumar Himalayan School of Biosciences Swami Rama Himalayan University Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Devendra Choudhary Amity Institute of Microbial Technology Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Manoj Kumar Department of Life Science Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

ISSN 2523-8027     ISSN 2523-8035 (electronic) Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-17060-8    ISBN 978-3-030-17061-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17061-5 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

The concept of ”Nanobiotechnology” represents a new-fangled leading edge in the modern agriculture and is projected to become a foremost thrust in immediate forthcoming time by propounding its prospective uses and practical applications under field conditions. This amalgamating tactic, i.e., nanobiotechnology in agriculture sector, has great prospective to cope up with universal confronts of sustainable food security and healthy food production, overall sustainability, and climate transformation. Nevertheless, in spite of the possible and prospective benefits of nanobiotechnology in agriculture sector so far, their significance and applicability has not touched the field situations. The raising worries and apprehensions about outcome, carriage, bioavailability, the toxicity of nanoparticles, and incompatibility of regulatory framework limit the widespread preference and acceptance to adopt wholeheartedly the nanobiotechnologies in agriculture field. Furthermore, the existing research inclinations lack authentic and pragmatic attitude that fail to achieve inclusive acquaintance of factors related to risk assessment and further nanoparticles toxicity toward whole cropping system components such as plants, water, soil, micro and macro microbiome into the ecosystem. Henceforth, in the present book we put our sincere efforts to propose some imperative opinions which need to be addressed. These points are in reference to the existing and forthcoming research on nanobiotechnology in the field of cropping system. Recent transferal in agricultural traditions from widespread use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to organic agriculture has brought into spotlight the employment of potential microbes which performs several significant functions for the benefit of plant. Microbial formulations accessible all over the globe range from powdered or charcoal based and solution and secondary metabolites based bioformulations. The perfect specifications needed for sophisticated efficient bioformulations development of biofertilizers and biopesticides comprise of effective strain development, higher shelf life, long storage at various climatic conditions, wide and easy application technology, quality control, and above all

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Preface

the biosafety of the product. The prospective advantages and uses of nanobiotechnology in agricultural area have generated huge interest, since it could augment production of agriculture produce while being cost-effective on energy and pocket. Notably, nanobiotechnology by virtue of use of nanoparticles has proposed gigantic potential applications in agricultural sector which includes nanobiosensor, nanobiofertilizer, nanobiopesticide, nanoherbicide, and smart transport systems for meticulous and regulated release of agrobiochemicals. Moreover, formulation of consortium of secondary metabolites against individual phytopathogens could be used irrespective of geographical position having higher disease incidence. This bioformulation approach would be incomparable by existing technology, as the bioformulation would explicitly target a particular pathogen without harming the natural microbiome of ecosystem. The present book Nanobiotechnology in Bioformulations comprises constraints associated with large-scale development and commercialization of formulation of bioinoculants. Furthermore, exclusive emphasis will be on next generation efficient bioinoculants of having secondary metabolite formulations with longer shelf-life but along with advanced competence against several phytopathogens. Here valuable chapters deal with bioformulation strategies using divergent groups of microbiome along with detailed diagrammatic and pictorial representation. This book will be of great help both for experts and novices in the field of microbial bioformulation, nanotechnology, or nano/micro-biotechnology. We hope to infuse and introduce the prevailing status, realistically, and inferences of microbial researchers and scientists, agronomists, students, environmentalists, agriculturists, and agribusiness professionals, as well as other passionate people who are whole heartedly devoted to sustaining the ecosystem. We wholeheartedly thank all the contributors who have proficiency in this field of research for their cutting edge, timely chapters and their help in making this book a successful attempt. This book should be immensely useful to bioscience and nanoscience specially microbiologists, nanotechnologists, researchers, technocrats, and scientists of microbial nanobiotechnology. I have honored that the leading researchers who have extensive, in-depth experience and expertise in microbial system and nanobiotechnology took the time and effort to develop these outstanding chapters. Each chapter is written by internationally recognized researchers/professors so the reader is given an up-to-date and detailed account of our knowledge of the nanobiotechnology and innumerable applications of microbes. I wish to thank Eric Stannard, Senior Editor, Springer; Antony Dunlap, Springer Nature, USA; Rahul Sharma, Project Coordinator, Springer Nature; and Santhamurthy Ramamoorthy, Project Manager, SPi Global, for generous assistance, constant support, and patience in initializing the volume. Ram Prasad gives special thanks to exquisite wife Dr. Avita for her constant support and motivations in putting everything together. Dr. Prasad in particular is very thankful to Professor

Preface

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Ajit Varma, Amity University, for constant encouragement. And, also gives special thanks to his esteemed friends and well wishers and all faculty colleagues of School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, China, and AIMT, Amity University, India. Guangzhou, China; Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India  Ram Prasad Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India  Vivek Kumar Ranchi, Jharkhand, India  Manoj Kumar Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India  Devendra Choudhary

Contents

  1 Biobased Nanoemulsions: Concept, Formulation, and Applications��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    1 Anilú Rubio-Ríos, Lucero Rosales-Marines, José Fernando Solanilla-Duque, Yadira Karina Reyes-Acosta, Margarita del Rosario Salazar-Sánchez, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, and Lorena Farías-Cepeda   2 Bio-Based Nanoemulsion Formulations Applicable in Agriculture, Medicine, and Food Industry����������������������������������������   33 Josef Jampílek, Katarína Kráľová, Estefânia V. R. Campos, and Leonardo F. Fraceto   3 Application of Gum Arabic in Nanoemulsion for Safe Conveyance of Bioactive Components ��������������������������������������������������   85 Sanju Bala Dhull, M. Anju, Sneh Punia, Ravinder Kaushik, and Prince Chawla   4 Nanoemulsions: A Promising Tool for Dairy Sector ����������������������������   99 Anil Panghal, Navnidhi Chhikara, V. Anshid, Manga Veera Sai Charan, Vinod Surendran, Anju Malik, and Sanju Bala Dhull   5 Nanotechnology: A Successful Approach to Improve Nutraceutical Bioavailability������������������������������������������������������������������  119 Sneh Punia, Kawaljit Singh Sandhu, Maninder Kaur, and Anil Kumar Siroha   6 Microencapsulation for Delivery of Probiotic Bacteria������������������������  135 Anil Panghal, Sundeep Jaglan, Neelesh Sindhu, V. Anshid, Manga Veera Sai Charan, Vinod Surendran, and Navnidhi Chhikara   7 Herbonanoceuticals: A Novel Beginning in Drug Discovery and Therapeutics��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  161 Nidhi Saini, Abhilasha Thakur, Pawan Kaur, and Suresh Kumar Gahlawat ix

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Contents

  8 Nanotechnology Advances for the Development of Various Drug Carriers������������������������������������������������������������������������  187 U. T. Uthappa, Mahaveer D. Kurkuri, and Madhuprasad Kigga   9 Nanotechnology: A Boon for Food Safety and Food Defense��������������  225 Poorva Sharma, Anil Panghal, Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Shubham Jadhav, Akshay Bagal, Akshay Jadhav, and Navnidhi Chhikara 10 Microbial Bioformulations: Present and Future Aspects��������������������  243 Usha Rani and Vivek Kumar 11 Interaction of Microorganisms with Nanomaterials as a Basis for Creation of High-Efficiency Biotechnological Preparations����������������  259 I. K. Kurdish 12 Use of Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanoformulations as Nanofungicides for Sustainable Disease Management in Plants ��������  289 Imran Ul Haq and Siddra Ijaz 13 Nanotechnology Application in Agricultural Sector ����������������������������  317 Mahmoud Nasr 14 Advances in Bio-coaters for Nanoparticles and Biodegradable Delivery Systems in Agriculture and Food Industry: Toward a Safer and Eco-friendly Nanotechnology ������������������������������  331 Melissa Marlene Rodríguez-Delgado, Cesar Martinez-Ledezma, and Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu 15 Green Synthesis Approaches of Nanoagroparticles������������������������������  353 Lilian Rodrigues Rosa Souza, Argus Cezar da Rocha Neto, César Rodrigues da Silva, Leonardo Pereira Franchi, and Tiago Alves Jorge de Souza 16 Development of Nano-Bioformulations of Nutrients for Sustainable Agriculture ��������������������������������������������������������������������������  381 Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah, Bisma Malik, Tariq Maqbool, and Reiaz Ul Rehman 17 Applications of Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment��������������������  395 Simranjeet Singh, Vijay Kumar, Romina Romero, Kankan Sharma, and Joginder Singh 18 Emerging Trends in Nanobiosensor ������������������������������������������������������  419 Vinita Kumari, Sarushi Rastogi, and Vasudha Sharma 19 Application of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis, Drug Dissolution, Drug Discovery, and Drug Carrier��������������������������������������������������������  449 Abhishek Kumar Mishra Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  477

Contributors

M. Anju  Department of Energy and Environment Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India V.  Anshid  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Akshay Bagal  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Estefânia  V.  R.  Campos  São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Prince  Chawla  School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India Navnidhi  Chhikara  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Argus Cezar da Rocha Neto  Department of Agronomic Engineering, Adventist University of São Paulo-UNASP, Engenheiro Coelho, SP, Brazil César  Rodrigues  da Silva  Department of Agronomic Engineering, Adventist University of São Paulo-UNASP, Engenheiro Coelho, SP, Brazil Tiago  Alves  Jorge  de Souza  Department of Agronomic Engineering, Adventist University of São Paulo-UNASP, Engenheiro Coelho, SP, Brazil Department of Genetics, FMRP-USP, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Margarita  del Rosario  Salazar-Sánchez  Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia Sanju Bala Dhull  Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India xi

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Contributors

Lorena  Farías-Cepeda  Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico Leonardo  F.  Fraceto  São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Leonardo  Pereira  Franchi  Department of Genetics, FMRP-USP, São Paulo University-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Suresh  Kumar  Gahlawat  Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India Vishwajeet  Gaikwad  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Siddra  Ijaz  Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Imran Ul Haq  Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Akshay  Jadhav  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Shubham  Jadhav  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Sundeep  Jaglan  Division of Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India Josef  Jampílek  Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia Maninder Kaur  Department of Food Science and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India Pawan Kaur  Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India Ravinder  Kaushik  School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India Madhuprasad  Kigga  Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemedto-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Katarína Kráľová  Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

Contributors

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Vinita Kumari  School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India Vijay  Kumar  Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Vivek  Kumar  Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India I.  K.  Kurdish  Department of Microbiological Processes on Solid Surface, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine Mahaveer D. Kurkuri  Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemedto-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Anju Malik  Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India Bisma Malik  Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India Tariq Maqbool  Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India Cesar  Martinez-Ledezma  Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México Abhishek  Kumar  Mishra  Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jollygrant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Mahmoud  Nasr  Sanitary Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt Anil Panghal  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India AICRP-PHET, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Haryana, India Tanveer  Bilal  Pirzadah  Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India Sneh  Punia  Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India Usha Rani  Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Sarushi  Rastogi  Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India Reiaz Ul Rehman  Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India

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Contributors

Yadira  Karina  Reyes-Acosta  Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico Melissa  Marlene  Rodríguez-Delgado  Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera  Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico Romina  Romero  Technological Development Unit (UDT), Universidad de Concepcion, Coronel, Chile Lucero Rosales-Marines  Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico Anilú  Rubio-Ríos  Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico Manga Veera Sai Charan  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Nidhi Saini  Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India Kawaljit Singh Sandhu  Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India Department of Food Science and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, India Kankan Sharma  Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Poorva  Sharma  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Vasudha  Sharma  Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India Neelesh  Sindhu  Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, India Joginder  Singh  Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Simranjeet Singh  Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Punjab Biotechnology Incubators, Mohali, Punjab, India Regional Advanced Water Testing Laboratory, Mohali, Punjab, India Anil  Kumar  Siroha  Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India

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José Fernando Solanilla-Duque  Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia Lilian  Rodrigues  Rosa  Souza  Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP-USP, University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Vinod  Surendran  Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Abhilasha Thakur  Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India U.  T.  Uthappa  Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University) Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu  Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México

About the Authors

Ram  Prasad  is associated with Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India, since 2005. His research interest includes applied microbiology, plant–microbe interactions, sustainable agriculture, and nanobiotechnology. Dr. Prasad has more than 150 publications to his credit, including research papers, review articles, and book chapters and five patents issued or pending, and edited or authored several books. Dr. Prasad has 12 years of teaching experience and has been awarded the Young Scientist Award (2007) and Prof. J.S.  Datta Munshi Gold Medal (2009) by the International Society for Ecological Communications; FSAB fellowship (2010) by the Society for Applied Biotechnology; the American Cancer Society UICC International Fellowship for Beginning Investigators, USA (2014); Outstanding Scientist Award (2015) in the field of Microbiology by Venus International Foundation; BRICPL Science Investigator Award (ICAABT-2017) and Research Excellence Award (2018). He has been serving as editorial board member of Frontiers in Microbiology, Frontiers in Nutrition, and Academia Journal of Biotechnology and is series editor of Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, Springer Nature, USA.  Previously, Dr. Prasad served as a Visiting Assistant Professor at Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA, and presently working as a Research Associate Professor at School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.

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About the Authors

Vivek  Kumar  is an Associate Professor working at the Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, India. He currently serves on the editorial boards of various respected international journals, including EnvironmentAsia, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Environmental Sustainability, Journal of Advanced Botany and Zoology, and Journal of Ecobiotechnology. He is also a reviewer for prestigious international journals such as the Journal of Hazardous Materials, Environmental Sustainability, Science International, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, Environment Science and Pollution Research, and Rhizosphere. He has authored more than 100 publications, including research papers, review articles, and book chapters, and also edited several Springer books. Dr. Kumar has served as a microbiologist in the Department of Soil and Water Research, Public Authority of Agricultural Affairs and Fish Resources, Kuwait, for 8 years. He has been credited with first reporting and identification of Pink Rot inflorescence disease of date palms in Kuwait caused by Serratia marcescens. He was awarded the 2002 “Young Scientist Award” in agricultural microbiology by the Association of Microbiologists of India. His research areas include plant–microbe interactions, environmental microbiology, and bioremediation. He has also organized various outreach activities. Manoj  Kumar  is currently working as Associate Professor in Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, and is also the Head of the department since 2018. Dr. Kumar is having 15 years of research experience in Plant Developmental Biology with doctorate and postdoctoral research experiences from prestigious organizations (India and abroad). He has opted academic career with a passion in fundamental sciences (plant developmental biology) where he excelled in numerous collaborative research activities at national and international levels. He has published valuable research inputs in accredited journals and edited books, and has also guided several students at master, M.Phil., doctorate, and postdoctorate levels. He has been principle investigator of several projects of national funding agencies such as DBT and DRDO. He is associated as editor and reviewer with several research journals and is a consultant to several biotechnology firms at international level. At present he is principal investigator of DBT-BUILDER program and leading an elite research group at multidisciplinary level. Dr. Kumar is exploring academic world with a vision of empowering young generation with fact-finding approach destined for rural India.

About the Authors

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Devendra  Choudhary  has more than 16 years of research experience in Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology and is currently working as an Associate Professor in Amity University, Noida. Before joining Amity University, he spent several years in Mody University, Lakshmangarh, Rajasthan, as an Assistant Professor preceded by People’s University and Barkatullah University, Bhopal, as an Assistant Professor cum Scientist. Dr. Choudhary received his PhD in Microbiology in 2005 from GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, after having received his MSc in Microbiology from MDS University, Ajmer, and qualifying CSIR-UGC-NET in 2002. Dr. Choudhary has worked on GOI-sponsored major projects as Principal Investigator. Recently, he worked on two major projects for the DBT and SERB at Amity University preceded by the DST FAST-TRACK project at the Department of Biotechnology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal. As an active researcher, Dr. Choudhary has published 80 research and review articles along with several book chapters for reputed journals and edited books. He is a recipient of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) visiting and summer research fellowship 2014. He has been selected for prestigious Membership of the National Academy of Sciences, India.

Chapter 1

Biobased Nanoemulsions: Concept, Formulation, and Applications Anilú Rubio-Ríos, Lucero Rosales-Marines, José Fernando Solanilla-Duque, Yadira Karina Reyes-Acosta, Margarita del Rosario Salazar-Sánchez, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, and Lorena Farías-Cepeda

Contents 1.1  I ntroduction 1.1.1  High-Energy Methods 1.1.2  Low-Energy Methods 1.2  Stability of Nanoemulsions 1.3  Formulation of Biobased Nanoemulsions 1.3.1  Nanoemulsion Droplet Size 1.4  Applications of Biobased Nanoemulsions 1.4.1  Industrial Applications of β-Lactoglobulin and Dextran in Food 1.4.2  β-Lactoglobulin and Dextran Conjugates 1.4.3  Effects of Glycation on Solubility and Thermal Stability of β-Lactoglobulin 1.4.4  Interfacial and Dilatation Properties 1.4.5  Effects of the Glycation Process at pH 7 and pH 5 1.4.6  Nanoemulsion of Essential Oils 1.5  Conclusions References

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1.1  Introduction An emulsion is a dispersion of liquid droplets in a second and different immiscible liquid. There are different types of emulsions, and they are defined in terms of their droplet size and other physical and thermodynamic properties. In general terms, A. Rubio-Ríos · L. Rosales-Marines · Y. K. Reyes-Acosta · R. Rodríguez-Herrera L. Farías-Cepeda (*) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] J. F. Solanilla-Duque · M. del Rosario Salazar-Sánchez Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 R. Prasad et al. (eds.), Nanobiotechnology in Bioformulations, Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17061-5_1

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Table 1.1  Different types of emulsions and their primary characteristics Characteristics Droplet shape Droplet size Appearance Droplet surface-to-­ mass ratio (m2/g) Stability

Preparation method Polydispersity

Macroemulsions Spherical 1–100 μm Turbid 0.07–70

Nanoemulsions Spherical 20–500 nm Transparent 70–330

Microemulsions Spherical, lamellar 10–100 nm Transparent 330–1300

Thermodynamically unstable Weakly kinetically stable High- and low-energy methods Often high (>40%)

Thermodynamically unstable Kinetically stable

Thermodynamically stable

High- and low-energy methods Typically low ( SDS > lecithin > Quillaja saponin, whereby Quillaja saponin consistently produced the most oxidatively stable emulsions, which could be due to its high free radical scavenging capacity. NEs encapsulating fish oil prepared using MCT, lemon oil, and thyme oil as carrier oils containing 75% fish oil and 25% carrier oil were physically stable for 42 days at 20 °C, whereby the rate of lipid oxidation in NEs decreased in the following order: MCT >> lemon oil > thyme oil, which could be connected with the presence of high levels of natural antioxidants (phenolics) within both essential oils (Walker et al. 2017). The oxidative stability of fish oil encapsulated in multiple NE with particle sizes 190–210  nm prepared using whey protein concentrate was enhanced, whereby key factors affecting the droplet size of NE and oxidative stability of fish oil were found to be whey protein concentrate concentration level and used antioxidant type (vitamin C and E) (Hwang et al. 2017). Esquerdo et  al. (2018) designed food-grade NEs containing unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) concentrates from carp oil, using CS and gelatin as wall materials, in which these biopolymers provided high stability to the formulations and also behaved as good wall materials, whereby at 90:10 of CS:gelatin ratio the NE was in the acceptable range of the legislation after 7 days of storage, suggesting the increase of the physical and oxidative stability of UFA and such NEs could facilitate the addition of these lipophilic active ingredients in aqueous-based foods or beverages. Application of NE in combination with vacuum packing was found to maintain the polyunsaturated fatty acids content of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets stored at 22 °C, since NEs with hazelnut, canola, and soybean oils can be used as a preservative for fish and such NEs together with vacuum packing could prevent the lipid oxidation (Ozogul et al. 2017).

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2.5.5  Nanoemulsions Encapsulating Bioactive Compounds Gelatin-based films incorporated with rutin-loaded O/W NE displayed higher tensile strength and higher elongation at break than the gelatin control film, showed high antioxidant activities, rutin release being mainly governed by Fickian diffusion with simultaneous interfering swelling and disintegration phenomena, and they could be considered as potential active packaging systems to enhance shelf life of food products (Dammak et al. 2017). Quercetin-loaded NEs fabricated using high-pressure homogenization method with mean droplet size of 152 ± 6 nm, zeta potential of −50 ± 2 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 93.50  ±  0.35% exhibited comparable antioxidant activity to free ­quercetin, and also the bioaccessibility of quercetin in simulated small intestinal conditions was found to be improved by nanoencapsulation (Ni et  al. 2017). Optimized green tea catechins NEs prepared by high-pressure homogenization with droplet diameter of 280 ± 1 nm and 83.16 ± 1.12% EE subjected to different environmental stress (pH, temperature, and salt concentration) were stable for 8 weeks and showed slow and sustained release of polyphenols from lipid matrix in mimicked gastric conditions (Gadkari et al. 2017). Milk fortified with CUR NEs prepared using high-pressure homogenization exhibited pronouncedly lower lipid oxidation than unfortified (control) milk and milk containing CUR-free NEs suggesting that such CUR NE could be utilized in beverage industry (Joung et  al. 2016). Active films based on gelatin-SCas blend containing active compounds (α-tocopherol, garlic essential oil, and cinnamaldehyde) nanoemulsified in water showed good antioxidant activity suggesting their potential to be used as active packaging for shelf life extension of foodstuffs (Cordoba and Sobral 2017). Physically stable NEs enriched with the carotenoid astaxanthin (droplet diameter of 230 nm; zeta potential of −40 mV) prepared using caseinate as emulsifier were stable in the temperature range 5–70 °C, and a wide range of pH (except at pH  4 and 5) and ionic strength could be used in functional foods and beverages (Liu et al. 2016). Lecithin-containing emulsions of capsaicin (mean particle size 582.63  nm) showed high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with 4.60 log reduction, while with the capsaicin-encapsulated NE prepared using Tween® 80 as surfactant (mean particle size 68.30 nm), a 3.86 log reduction against E. coli was estimated (Akbas et al. 2017). Quercetin trapped saponin stabilized NEs with mean particle size of 52 ± 10 nm exhibited higher stability on exposure to UV light as compared to water/ethanol system showing the degradation rate 9 ± 1% (at pH 7) and 11 ± 1% (at pH 8.0), respectively as compared to 42 ± 2% in water/ethanol system (Kaur et al. 2016). The thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes was reduced from 2- to 5-fold, when 0.5 mM d-limonene was added directly to the heating medium. However, the presence of the same d-limonene concentration in the heating medium in the form of NE reduced heat resistance of L. monocytogenes by one hundred times compared to 2–5 reduction at application of free d-limonene suggesting that the

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addition of nanoemulsified antimicrobials can pronouncedly reduce the intensity of the thermal treatments currently applied in the food processing industry (Mate et al. 2016). Evaluation of CUR NEs prepared using MCT, canola oil, or linseed oil as oil phases and stabilized by different emulsifiers (Tween® 80, lecithin, whey protein isolate, and acacia) with high-pressure homogenization showed that the increase in oil phase concentration resulted in increased CUR content, particle size, and viscosity of NE but decreased the stability that was pronouncedly affected if the stabilizing agent was lecithin; the maximum CUR content in NE was obtained using MCT as oil phase (Ma et al. 2017). Citral NE with mean particle size 467.83 nm produced using a mixture of gelatin and Tween® 20 as emulsifiers in a ratio 3:1 (total emulsifier concentration of the emulsion system was 10 g/kg) remained stable during storage for 14 days at 30 °C, and under acidic conditions, it was able to protect citral from degradation and decreased the formation of off-flavor compounds (e.g., p-cymene, p-cresol, and p-methylacetophenone) relative to a single emulsifier (Tian et al. 2017). NEs containing trans-cinnamaldehyde as an active agent and 1,8-cineol as the Ostwald ripening inhibitor containing Tween® 80 as emulsifier with surfactant to oil ratio of 2:1 (w/w) that were prepared using ultrasonic technology exhibited notable stability for 6 months with considerably small particle size of 27.76 ± 0.37 nm and superb antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and treatment with optimized NE caused dramatic increase of E. coli’s membrane fluidity (Moghimi et al. 2017). Physical stabilities of droplets (344, 173, and 98 nm in diameter) of fucoxanthin NEs prepared using high-pressure microfluidizer and containing as the oil phase the structured lipid that enriched pinolenic acid at sn-2 position decreased with increases in the initial size and storage temperature, while fucoxanthin chemical stability was improved. The reduction of the digestion stability of fucoxanthin NE with decreasing initial particle diameter could be probably attributed to the increased surface area interacting with pancreatic lipase with decreasing droplet size (Huang et al. 2017).

2.5.6  Nanoemulsions Used in Edible Coatings Fresh apples (Golab Kohanz) coated with 0.5% CS NE (