N.A. Nekrasov—“Minstrel of the People’s Sorrow”

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N.A. NEKRASOV - "illNSTREL OF THE PEOPLE'S SORK3W" Nataly Baurns

A THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of Arts (East and Sou-tii European I n s t i t u t e ) of the University of Ottawa in P a r t i a l Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of A" •or

\u Ottawa/ | MtiOTMtoutS

Ottawa, Canada, 1950

UMI Number EC55144

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xaxopxHH-

Bcxanx Teaa xepTBeqoB a noBecTBynT o

cede: Mx HaapHBaJiHCb noa 3HoeM, noa xojioaoM, C BeaHO copayTofi cnaHofi, EHJIB B seMJiflBKax, dopojiaca c pojioaox, MepsJia a MOKJIB, dojiejia qHarofi. 28 HeRpacoB 3aa©iy qxo " x p y a a o CBofi xjied aodHBaJi q©JioB©K". CxpamHH nopxpexH p a d o q a x ! Box deJiopycc "a3MOxa©H Jiaxopaaaoro" TydH desRpoBHHe, B©KB ynaBmae, 3aBH a a xomax p y a a x , Beaao B Boae no ROJICHO cxoaBmae Hora onyxJia; KOjuya B BOJiocax; Axon r p y a b , qTO a a aacxyn cxapaxejibao H30-aHfl-B-aeHb H a J i e r a J i a . . . 29 Hxo x e axo 3a d a q , padoxy?

sacxaBJianmafi Jiwaefi Becxa xaxyn aenocaJibByio

OxasHBaexcfl,

27 Tlejio no coBeTy KHHroneqaTaHHfl" 3a 1864 r o a , N? 3 2 1 , BHTapoBaao EBPeabeBHX-MaKCBMOBHX, op. c i t . , CTp. 237 28

HeapacoB, op. c i t . ,

29

HeRpacoB, l o o . c i t .

"acejiesaaa a o p o r a " ,

T.II,cTp.I78

46

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA B xape ecxb qapb: axox qapb decnomaaeH, rojioa Ha3Baabe eMy. 3 0

OB BcecaJieB, OB "B apxejia croaaiei Jinaefi", "xoaax aa nJiyroM", oa-xo a "coraaji cnaa Maccx HapoaHHe", xoxopxe nocTpoaJia HOpory.

HaTepecea annrpacp CTaxoTBopeaaa.

paxaJi xaeaae

KaK poBopaxca

XBOPBX.

"aa aepeBbaxa Jieca ae yBaaaJia".

B

K coxsuieHaio, OH B X -

aapoaaofi nocjiOBaqe -

SCeJi©3ayK> aopory nocTpoaji

rpacp KJiefiaxaxeJib, a a© xacaqa B3xyq©HHKX padoqnx, HS Koxopxx XHOPBB CJIOXBJIB CBOB KOCTH OKOJIO "cTOJldBKOB, p©JIbC B MOCTOB" . HeapacoB noaaepRBBaex, qTO xyxHK, CTaBma padoqaM, nepeHec CBOB

xyxHqRyio npHBHaxy

TO padoTx.

K

aodpocoBecTHOxy Tpyay Ha aoBoe xec-

O H odpamaexca K BaH©: 9xy npHBHaxy K Tpyay dJiaropoaayn Hax da a© xyao c Todofi nepeaflTb.

H coBSTyex: EJiarocJioBa x e padoxy Bapoaayn H aayaacb xyxaRa yBaxaxb. 3 * Tyx x e HexpacoB noxasHBaex npeapaxejibaoe oxHomeBae peHepaJia, xapaRxepHoe AJia AOBOjibHO odmapaopo Bpexeaa K x y x a x a x .

CJIOA

Baxejuiapeaqaa

XOPO

neqajiax HexpacoBa H apyraa, xoxe oqeHb

xaxejiaa noBBHaocTb xyxaqxafl - cojiaaxqaaa. H3 KpenocTBofi nonaaaji

B

BOBOJIB

y dapaaa, yxoaa

25-JieiHKio, Haqyxb Be odjiepqeHHyn,

30

HexpacoB, op. c i t . ,

31

Ibid.,

T.II,

B

cojiaaiH,

H6BOJIIO.

"acejieaaaa aopora",

CTp.179

xyxax

T.II,cTp.I77

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

47

Hxo aa HaqajibHHK, xo a s e p b i Aymy BKOJiaaaBaxb B naxaa npasaJiox dxjio x o r a a . 3 2 Hyxb axo ae x a a , qyxb ae yroaaji aaqaJibcxBy, aoBoaaBmepo MymxpoBKofi AO aaBexoxeaaa, xoxaac PyraHb nojibeTCfl pexofi, 3ydH nocnnJiioxcfl rpaaoM, n o p e x , roaaex CKB03b cxpofi! B "Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo" "cqacibe cojiaaxcKoe". dxji y d a x " .

Oa Aaxe

COJIABX

33

paccKa3HBaex,

B

aex

Oa noiSxBaji B AsaABaxa cpaxeaaax, B

xapaoe Bpexa

"a cxepxa ae aajica", & Kpoxe

XOPO,

XOABJI "BB CHX,

"a H©

BB POJIOAQH?

3a npoBBHBOCTB "BeJiaxae a

xajuze" dxji oa "aemaaao daT naJixaxa", a ecjia nomynaab epo IKHB1.

HeKpacoB npaxoaaT

paTb aeaepo -

"TH

K

cqacxJiHB,

3aKJi»qeaBK), qxo c cojiaaTox a c n o CJIOBB

nex?

B "CojiaaTCKoB necHe" B noaMe "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb x o p o mo" HeRpacoB noex o dojibaox, B3paHeHH0M cojiaaxe, Koxopoxy a a x e B "neaqaoae" oxxasaJia, X . R . "cepaqe aacKBOsb ae npocxpejieBO" .

flpaoe,

xapaKxepaoe npoa3BeaeBBB "Opaaa - xaxb cojiaax-

CRaa" paccKa3HBaex o cxepxa CHHa OpaaymKa.

yxoaa B cojiaaxx,

dxji o a

dorainpcKoro cjioxeaaa, aaopoBeaaxfi dxji AexaayniRa. 3 4

T.I,

32

HeRpacoB,

0p.

cit.,

33

HeRpacoB, l o o . c i t .

34 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , CTp. 160

,: n

£eay«Ra", T . I I ,

c x p . 252

^OpHHa - MaTb cojiaaTCKaa",

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

48

A BepayJica qepes Bocexb Jiex - "doJibHexoaeR", c KanuieM, "deJiHfi nJtax

B KPOBH MORPBXOHQK".

RoJiro

H©

paccRasHBaji BaHa, axo

cpydajio epo aaopoBbe, a nepea cxepxbn, dpeaa, aeBOJibHO BnaaJi CBOB

neqajibHHfi cexpeT.

BoPHaJia epo

B

rpod xaxejiaa cjiyxda,

Bepaee ae cjiyxda, a deccxxcjieaaaa xynrrpoBxa, RoxopoB cJiaBHJiacb pyccaaa apxaa xopo Bpexeaa.

B decnaxaxcxBe "apTasyji

pyxbex BxxflAXBaJi, x a x , qTO Becb aoMamxa B3ApapaBaJi", Kax xypaBJib CTOAJI aa aoxeabxe Ha OAHOB - HOCOK BHTaraBaJi. Bapyr MexayJIGA . . .exoxpajr x a j i o d a o . . . noBaJiBJica - nJiaaex, Kaexca, KpaRsyJi "Bame djiapopoaael B a m e ! " . . . Baxy a a a n x a e x c a . 3 5 Ha axopo oTpxBRa aodHxx dHJia He cJiaaxa.

ACHO

Baaao, qxo xaaab Baaa a exy n o -

"OpHHa - xaxb cojiaaTCKaa" H© nJioa n o -

aTaqecRofi cbaaxaaaa Hexpacosa.

CTaxoTBopeHae Banacaao co

CJIOB

aeficTBBTeJibao cymecTBOBaBmefi Opaax, aoxopyro HexpacoB BCTpexHJi BO

spexa

CBOBX

oxoTaaqbax CRBTaaafi, a KOTOpaa paccaasaJia o

nocxarmex ee p o p e . paa aejiaji

RPBR",

Cecxpa noaxa nacajia: HexpacoB "HecKOJibKO

qxodH erne paa nopoBopaxb c Opaaofi, "a

TO

dOflJICA CCpaJIbmBBBTb" , 3 ^ CXOBI

qxo cpoR ee

xojibRO BAyxaibca, qxo xanoe dHJia cojiAaxqaHa,

AJIHJICA

25 Jiex - yxoAHJia x-aoma, nojiaae

CHJI B

3AopoBba

a BOBBpamaJiBcb cxapaxa, aaqacxyn c BxdwxHxa sydaxa, H xoraa

T.II,

35 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , cxp.161

36

"Opaaa - Maxb cojiaaxcKaa",

EBreabBB-MaKCHMOB, op. c i t . ,

cxp. 300

49

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA OXB ax XB aex

yxac a coxajieaae o aapydJieaanx

XRSBAX.

B "Mopoae-KpacHOx aoce" paccKaaxBaexca, qxo

ROJIB

ro-

jiOBa B a e p e s a e ae qecxeH, xo a eAaacxBeBaoro CHaa xoryx "aadpaxb".

fla

axo a cjiyqajiocb q a c x o . CKaxex "Bop-rojiOBa",

qxo "xapcRofi npapoBop" - a ae noMOxex xpecxbaaaa Baaex. B cxaxoxBOpeaaa "Esuiex" HexpacoB pacyex xapxaay B03Bpamaiomerocfl xpeexbaacRoro od03a, xojibRO qxo cAaBmero penpyXOB.

Hacxpoeaae Rpecxbaa,' paccxaBiiiaxca c AeTbxa, nepeKJiBKa-

exea c npapoaoB.

"B dejiox caBaae cxepxa aeMJia, aedo x x y p o e ,

nojiaoe xrJiox>".

Ha cpoae axopo nefisaxa aaeT o d o 3 ,

xojiqaT xyxBKa",

CIOHSX

"KBK BSXHC

dejioe eHexHoe xope - Taxejio

TH,

xpec-

TbHHCKoe pope". 3 . HeoppaflaqeBHaa BJiacxb noxemaxoB aaa RpecxbaaaxB. HexpacoB qacTO nacaji aa Texy o TOX, qTO Kpenociaofi KpecTbaaaa - Bemb CBoero dapaaa. JiaBT.

HTO

c

HHM XOTAT,

TO H

ae-

npOaaiOT Bp03b OX 3©MJIH, MSHfllOT Ha codax, npoBrpHBaioT

B xapTH, xeHAT Ha HejiiodHMHx, dbKT ao nojiycMepTH. dape coBepmeHHO sajia Kyaa-Eadyab

H© B

BcecajibBHM X03ABBOM

decnoKOHJiacb o

CBOBX

KpenocTBHX, 3arJiaaH-

oxaajieBHyio aepeBeHbKy paa 6WJI

3aqacTyK>

B KOH B6KH,

a

"aeMeq-ynpaBHxeJib" .

Box B ciaxoxBopeHHH "3adHxaa aepeBHa" cxapynnca HeHHJia xoqex noqHHaxb aadeHKy, aa dapHaa a e x , a doaxcfl a a i b de3 paapemeHBfl.

Jiecy dypMHexp

Kpenocxaaa aeByiima xoqex BHfixa

BPECTWfflE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA aaxyx,"aa nepeaax aa dapaaa. OTnejia, xep".

A©BK©

aoxeq cepAodojibanfi"... Bee a a a e x a x

A d a p a a . . . npaexaji, aa xoJibKO B r p o d y . "Cxaporo

HOBHB CJI©3H OABB

50

Bxxep, ceji

B CBOK>

B3 dap, npoxaBaBmafi

B

xapexy

H

yexaji

B

na-

n e x e p d y p r e , npocjixmaB, qxo

AJia dojibaoro xyxaaa nocajiajia s a jieKapcxBOM, namex cxapocx©: "Aeabpa c xapy Bsxcxaxb, a JiexapcTBo aJia RpecxbaaaBa jiyqmeenjiexb".

("raaexaaa"). CxaxoxBopeaae "7 napaaaoro noAT>e3Aa" xoxe aa aaadojiee caJibaxx.

R OABHX

Tax

XOAOKH

OXHOCBXCA

H3 aepeBHH npnmjia

K

BBJibxoxe, HO nreefiqap opjiaaeB a x , 3aropejiH© pyxa a njieaa, ApxaqamRO xyaoB aa njieaax, no KoxoMKe aa cnaHax copflyxHX, KpecT Ha mee a KpoBb na Horax. B caxoaejibBHe JianTa odyTxx", ^ Bejieji "paaxb", X . R . BeJibxoxa "ae jnodax odopBaaHofi qepaa". 5 a Beab ae deaa, "qxo noxepnax xyxaa", BeAb "oa x e npaBHK"! HaxepecHa acxopaa aanacaBaa axopo cTaxoxBopeaaa. (Oaa

JIHBIHHB

paa AoaaanBaex, qxo noaodane cxaxoxBopeBaa - ae nJioa cpaHxa3aa noaxa, a

BOAJIBBHHB

x x a a e x , qxo oxaa.

cpaaix B3

RBR-XO B

xxypxfi,

Exjia xojioAaafl o c e a b .

najiax" npanuia Rpecxbaae.

XB3BB).

naaaeBa-roJioBaqeBa Bcno-

AOBAJIHBXB

Aeab HeapacoB

CXOAJI

y

HanpoxHB K "BJiaaejibqy pocRomHHx

KBapxajibaafi a

ABOPHBK OXPOHAJIB H X .

Cqeaa npoaasoABJia oqeab Taxejioe Bneqaxjienae. pe.a BSBOJiBOBaHao, aaxex oxomeji a

COJI

HeapacoB

aa nacbxeaaxfi

CMOX-

CXOJI.

TaK

H

37 HexpacoB, Op. c i t . , e3aa", T . I , c x p . 1 0 7

"Pa3XHmjreHaa y napaAHoro n o A i -

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA noaBBJacb "PaaxxmjieBBa y napaAHoro n o a b e s n a " .

51 (Bocnpoa3Beae-

BO BO naxaxfl). HecxoxpA aa x o , qxo dape dHBaJia B dojibmaacxB© CBoex oaeab aJioxaxa, saxemaBmae ax ynpaBaxeJia-aexqa dHJia eme x y x e . 3TO dHJia jnoaa, coBepmeHHO qyxaxe no ayxy pyccaoxy a a p o a y . HeJibB ax npedHBaaaa

B POCCBB

aanaxajibqex aa p o a a a y .

dxjio pasdopaxexb a BepayTbca c

Ha xyxaxa OHH dOJibmeio qacTbio cMOTpejin

c pj^eoKax npe3peaaex a ocodeaao c HHM HB qepexoaajiacb. cxopOHa xpecxbAHexofi xax HexpacoBa.

XHSBB

Toxe aaauia

CBO©

OTpaxeBae

3Ta

B CTH-

B"Koxy aa Pyca x a i b xopomo" B rjiaBe "CaBeJiafi-

dopaxxpb CBATopyccxaB" paccKa3KBaexca o aepeBHe, cxopoBBBmeficfl B "apexyqax Jiecax", oxpyxeaaoB "dOJioxaxH MaJiamBBROB

BBKBR

c aax odpoa.

ae

XOP

aodpaxbcs ao

TOHKBXB".

CBOBX

noxemax

Rpecxbaa a nojiyqaxb

3axo, Koraa xyxaxa aBHJiacb K aexy aa noRJioa B

ropoA, odbacBflflb qxo"xJied ae ypoABJica", "caexoaxa ae OH

BeJieJi cojiaaxax nojixa,

aoffijio ao

TOPO,

axo

B KOTOPOK

"KOSPB

JIOBBJIBCA",

cjiyxaji, BxnopoTb a x . Koraa

yx noxpacaJiacA", Rpecxbaa© Bxxamajia

3anpAxaaBHe "jiodaaqBRa" a noanecJia dapaHy. Ha p a a o c x a x , no mapoRoB pyccRofi aaxype, dapaa noaaec xyxaxaM "ropqafimyio", aa a cax BHnaJi, qoRayBmacb,

Xyxe

CXBJIO,

Koraa Bxecxo caxoaypa-

dapaaa, myxBoro, ao ae ajioro, AeficxBOBaBmero no npaaqany "xoqy KasBK), xoqy xajiy»", Roxopxfi Rpaqaji a aaKBAHBajica x a n , qxo Kasajiocb - y d b e x , BO Koxopnfi, noJiyqaB AeHbra, "oxsaJiaxca, HH Aaxb,

HB

CBOKOBBXB

B3ATb paaayBmaficA

B

codaqbex yxe KJieia", npaexaji

a aRRypaTBHfi aexeq-ynpaBJiaiofflBfi,

THXBB,

Koxopxfi d e s Kaxax-Jiado

KPECTbtfHE B TBOPHECTBE HRKPACOBA yKJioaeaafi m©Ji K C B O © B q e J i a .

Taxo,

*2

KaK dyaTO Mexay ae^iOM, rtHJm

OKonaHBT KaHBBaMH doJiOTa, BHpydJieHH a^peBbfl B apeMyqeM Jiecy T B K , qTO nOKa3BJiacb n p o c e K a . c oaHofi TOjTbKO yaoqKofi,

npHmeJi H6M©q neuiKOM, " o a n a ,

a B a p y r noaBHJiHCb H x e H a a jeTHiuKH,

"noBeji x J i e d - e o j i b c HcnpaBHHKOM", c o Bcero TBID"

.

T y T - x o H npamJiocb x y p o MyxnqKaM.

KH pa3opHJi" HX H©Meq. "A a p a j i . . . TOT

dHJi n p o c T ,

KBK n e p c T ?

n

3eMCKofi n p o q e f i BJiac-

Co BpeMeHeM " a o

HHT-

KaK caM HTajiauiHHKOB" 1 TOJibKO

a y S T O P O " X B S T K B MepTBaa" - " n o x a H© nycTHT n o

Mnpy - H© OTofiaeT,

c o c e T " l HeKpacoBy o d p a 3 T H X o r o , HO x e c T O -

R o r o ynpaBJifliomero y a a j r c a n p e K p a c H O .

CaMoe y x a c H o e BO B 3 8 H M O O T -

HomeHHAx dapHHa H MyxHKa dHJio T O , H T O dapHH cqaTajr BnojiHe

ec-

TeCTBeHHHM H HOpMaJIbHBIM, qTOd MyXHK BCK) XH3Hb padOTaJI Ha H6P0 . T . K . HeKpaCOB He yCTaeT BHOBb H BHOBb B03MymaTbCfl 3THM, TO OH B rjiase

" n o c J i e a n m " ( "KoMy H B P y c a xHTb x o p o m o " )

HM6HHO T a K o r o dapHHa,

H3odpa3HJi

K c q a c T b i o , y x e "nocjieaBima".

CKOjibKO

apoHHH B 3 T H X HecKOJibKHx CTpaHHqax. BapHH qyTb He comeji c yMa, y3HaB,

qTO "BBmuia BOJibHaa".

Rem

ero,

qTOdH TOJibKO ycnoKOHTb,

odMaHHBajDT e r o H odbABJiABT^ qTO KpecTbAHe BHOBb saKpenomeHBT. OT p a a o c T H noMenniK 3anjraKaJi! n e p e a HKOHaMH Co Bcefi ceMbeio MOJIHTCA, BSJIHT CJiyXHTb MOJiedCTBHe, 3BOHHTb B KOJIOKOJIB. 38 OnflTb "aBopoBHX a y e T najiKOK)" H , HSKOHeq, ycJinuiaB OT dypMHCTpa,

T.III,

38 H e x p a c o B , o p . c i t . , "KoMy Ha P y c n KKTb CTp.121

xopomo",

53

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA qxo ceaoKOc dyAex oKOHqeH "KBK npaxaxexe", X . K . y Hac no noJioxeHHio Tpa Aaa B aeAejiio dapcaae, C xapjia: padoTHHK c Jiomaabio, noApocTOR HJIH xeHmaaa, fla nojicTapyxa B A e a b . . . 3 9

H x y x - x o odxaaxBaexxfi dapaa aapeaaex cJioBa, ABJiawmaeca Roaqeaxpaxox XHauieaBA Bcero noxemaqbepo flypaRj AypaR.1 rocnoACKafi cpoa -

COCJIOBHA XOPO

BCA XPISHD

BpeMeaa.

. pada*. * u

Kaaab c a a x a e x , qTO xyxaRy y dapaaa Ro cBeTonpecxaBJieaaa 3axaxy B ropcTB dxxb. 41 Apypofi noxemax Odojix-OdojiayeB caaxaex cxajio TOJibKO xyxBRy. BBB-JianoxaaK". "ox pxaaopo

TOXB,

qTO xpyaaxbca npa-

A ABopaaaay - Tax OB BeAb "ae Kpecxba-

OH npoxaji B aepeBae noaxa desBxesABO 40 Jiex H

KOJIOCB

He oxjiaqy aqxeaaopo, a XHe no»x "xpyancb".

Oa coBepmeaao acxpeaae c a x x a e x , qTo aejio noxemBxa-ABopABBaa flOCTOHHCXBO ABOpaBCKOe noaaepXBBaXb OXOTOK), napaxB, Bcaxofi pocxombx H XBTb qyxax xpyaox. 42 Kax axo ae

ABKO

a ae expaHao, ao noaxa Bee noxemaKa aa Pyca

nopdjia

CBOWX

Rpecxbaa.

Bxpaxeaae

T.III,

39 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , c x p . 126

n

Ha KoaiomBK)" cAeJiaJiocb

"Koxy a a Pyca xaxb xopomo",

40

HexpacoB, l o c c i t .

41

HexpacoB, op. c i t . , T . I I I ,

42

Ibid.,

T.III,

cxp .89

cxp.127

54

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA xpxjtaxxx. HBKXO

ayxaJi o qyBCTBe qejiOBeqecxopo aocTOHHCXBa,

HHKTO HB

ae ayxaji od acxaJieqeBBofi qejiOBeqecxofi ayme. B "Koxy Ha

Pyca x a x b xopomo" x y x a x a , codpaBmacb, cxajia " c a a s H q y a a n e " CRaaxBaxb. CTBQHHOB

r o s o p a x b dbuio He Tpyaao - "BC© n p o n a c a a o a a c o d -

c n a H e " , T . q . paccKa3HB«ro codcxseHHOfi x a 3 B a ,

dHJio opaeaxapoBaxbCA no pydqaM.

MOXHO

^eaymxa CaBeJiafi a s "Koxy a a

Pyca XBTb xopomo" paccKa3HBaji, KaK dHJi n p a c y x a e a x K a i o p r e a R BJieTax.

Ho exy noxa3aJiocb, qTO e r o "ae Bxapaaa -

nocjie n o d e p a c xaxoppa e r o nofixajia " s a B o a c x a e

noxa3ajia";

Baqajibaaxa",

H3BecTBxe a a BCD Cadapb x e x , qxo " c o d a n y cb©Jia a p a x b " .

Ho BC©

aTB nopxa noKa3ajiHCb nycTAKaxa CaBejian, T . K . aoMa e r o noxemax " a a p a j i . . . dojibaefi"

-

TOT xacTep dHJi - yxeji nopoTbl Oa XBR xae mxypy Bxaejiaji, Hxo HOCBXCA C I O j i e x . ^ 3 Bee axo HeKpacoB aaaHBaex "oxoxofi Ha a B y H o r a x " .

Oa cnpamaBaex,

CJIHX8JI JIB KXO-JIBdO . . .Bonjia CTapaKOB y d o r a x H xeHmaa, 3aceKaexHx KHyxoM?

44

H B oxBex Ha " c i e H a a a a a a p o a a " "xxcjib pyccKaa cxoaajia B nojiyIOB".

4r

®

HyxHO dHJio odJiaaaib dojibmax xyxecxBOM, qTodn n n c a i b

od a x o x .

HeapacoB

nocTBHKOB

CBOBPO

H©

Moxex paBHoaymHO o i H e c x a c b

Kpe-

BpeMeaa, qxo Kpecxbaae co3AaaH acKJimqaxeJibHO

AJia p a d o i H , a qxo odpa30BaHaa HM H© Hyxno.

T.III,

K MH6HHIO

Aaajior

Ka.Boexox-

4 3 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy a a Pyca x a x b xopomo", cxp.103 44 I b i d . , "MeABexba o x o x a " , T . I I , c x p . 2 2 6 45 HexpacoB, l o c c i t .

55

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA CROPO

c dapoaox

XHenae.

B

"Measexbefi oxoxe" 3aM©qaxeJibHO oxpaxaex axo

Hexeq-dapoa, nodHBaB HB oxoxe a "a3yqaB" pyccKafi Ha-

poa, HaxoAHX, qxo"axoxy Hapoay nyxa K pa3BHXbio 3arpaaHJi cax Bop".

OH c a a x a e x , qxo"pa3BHxae" xyxHKa xojibKo "deAH yxHOxax"

a "AapoxcxpacxB pacnajiax". ao e BBX copjiacea.

PyccKafi K B . BoexoxcKafi coBepmea-

Oa a a x o a a x , axo aapoay, xasymexy B "Beno-

deABXHX yCJIOBbflx" nOJI63HH "HeBSXeCIBO" B "decqyBCXB6HHOCTb BOjioBba". A HpocTO "aejreno npocBemaxb BapoA".

BeAb Myxaxy -

KpoBBBHfi Tpya, KpoBasafl dopbda; 3a xpofflRy xJieda xanJiA noxa Box B AByx CJIOBBX e r o cyabdaj EPO caxa npapoaa ocyaajia Ha rpydafi x p y a . . . H ox oxqaAHba pasyxHO oppaaajia HeBexecTBa cnacaTeJibHofi dpoaefi. Ero yaeji - dearpaxoTCXBO, decnyxciBO, ydoxecxBo a qyBCTBOx, a yxoM, EPO yaAa - aajiora, xpyA, pexpyioiBO, 6 EPO yxexa - BOAXB c AypxaHOx. 3axo cyAbda dapHHa acHa. CKB©

BeAb "Poccaa - ae Hexexaaaa".

Pyc-

oape qBaHHO xBajiaxca: Hax BeAb qyBCTBa AejiBxaxaHe, Hax POpAocxb BBymeaal CocjiOBba djraropoaHHe y Hac xpyay, He y q a x c a , y aac qaHOBHBK nJioxoHbaafi H xox noJioB ae BHMoex, He ciaaeT neqb TonaTb. ^7

npocjixmas o BOJie, dxamafi noxentHK coKpymaexca o cyabde,

46

HeKpacoB, op. c i t . ,

47

Ibid.,

"MeaBexbA oxoxa", T . I I ,

"Koxy aa Pyca x a x e xopomo", T . I I I ,

ero

cxp.225 c x p . 89

56

KPECTbHHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA oxBABiomefi.

OB oco3Ha©x, KonTBJi a aedo Eoxae, JiHBpero qapCKyn, Copaji KaaHy aapoAayio H ayxaJi BeK s a x xjTb H Bapyr... 4 8

HOCBJI

noxemaK B y x a c e , oa ae npeacxaBJiaex c a d e , xax OB dyaex x a i b CBOBX

xpyaox, npaBXKByB

K

napa3BTaqecKofi x a d a a .

MaJio

TOPO,

qTO noxemBR xoqex xaxb Tpyaox KpecTbaaaaa - OB npaBHK, oa ae xoxex odofixacb d e s padoJiencxBa.

ZUfl Hero x y x a x , ae CHaxajo-

mafi manRH sa noji BepcTH - ae x y x a x , a dyaxapb.

B TOB xe rjia-

B© "nocjieaani" ("Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo") BOjibBHe KpecTbaH© no npocbd© aeiefi dojibaoro Kaa3A yTAxaaa npoaojixaiox pa3xrpHBaxb aa ceda RpenocxsHx, qTodH "He oropqHTb" CTapHKa.

Aoxain-

HHe KHCT3A yqax a x , qTO caeJiaTb axo qpeaBHqafiHO Jierxo. TH cxofi npea HHM d e s manoaxa, noxajiqaBafi, Aa KJiaaaficA, yfiAsmb - H aeJio KOHaeHo. 49 yBaaamb dapaaa, Kaxajomeroca

B KOJIACKO:

"BcxaBafi, Kapxy3 aojiofi".

ymacao x o , qxo aeorpaBaqeaaaA BJiacxb oaaoro qejioBeaa Haa x a o PBXB,

BoaxoxHoexb pacnopAxaxbCA ae xojibxo cyabdofi a x , ao a a a a c -

xy» a xB3BbK>, npaBHaxa xaTb nJioaaxa TpyaoB apyrax cymecTB, npaBejia R noaBJieaaio y xaorax noxemaROB caxoro paaay3aaaaoro caxoaypcTBa.

Bca cqeaa pa3roBopa R B , yxaxaaa c Kpecxbaaaxa

xaxexcA coBpexeaHoxy qaTBTejiio mapxex.

T.III,

noqaxaB xe a c x o p a q e c -

48 HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo", cxp.89 49

Ibid.,

T.III,

cxp.122

57

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA RBB onacaaaa

BJIB

Aaxe pyccxax

KJIBCCHKOB

( a a n p . jlecxoBa,

c x o p o ) , yAeJiABmax Baaxaaae codxTaax a s xpenocTaofi

TOJI-

XBSHH,

MH

ydexaaeMca, qTO axo ae xojibxo He yxpapoBaao, a o , xoxex dxxb, aeaooxaToqao p©3KO.

To, qxo cqaxajiocb dx aacHJiaex, Bonaromefi

H©cnpaB©AJiHBOcxbK), cjiyqacb axo c ABOpaaaaox, aaxe xynqox, dHJio HopxajibBKX no oxBomeaaio K KpecTbAHaay.

OdmeaaBecTHH

cbaxxH, Koraa caxoayp-noxemax ocxaaaBJiaBaji CBaAbdy, Koraa "non yxe xojibqa JIBJI

OTaaBaJi Becqacxaoro x e a a x a

KBHAJI",

aeeecxy

aeBaqbio

B

BJIB

aa

coJiaaxH,

CCH-

ABop.

CROXHXS

H He nepeqaji BBKXOI Kxo xe axewmafi Aymy Mop axo BHBBCXB? Kxo?

B

50

c aaApxBox eBpaoxBaex HexpacoB. HaoPAa, Haodopox, no npaxoxa dapaaa Beaaajia Hejuodaxxx, aaoraa coBepmeaao aenoaxoaamax Jnoaefi.

Cyabda KpecibABRa-da-

pxmBH HO BOcnHTaaBK), BHaaHHofi no npHKa3y dapaaa 3a TexHoro, ppydopo xyxHRa ("B a o p o r e " ) . AeeaxBJiexBefi

BAOBH"

oaa "nodapaeTCfl cqacTbv,

"nooHJieaxni" y3HaB, qTo "y c e x a -

TepeHTbeBBx "H3d©BKa pa3BajiaJiacb" a qTO

XPBCTOBHX

noaaAHaeM" Myapo pacnopaaajiCA (

K

yxe Kpenocxaopo npaBa He dHJio) BHAaxb ee 3a

TOPAB

raspajiy EoxoBa, Hady nonpaBBTb, 3a-HOBO, Hxod XHJIB B aefi, njioaajtaca H npasaJiB iflpjio. 5 I Cxapax ae odpaxaji BBaxaaaA aa x o , qxo "xeHaxy - mecib jiex".

50

HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "aeaymxa", T . I I ,

cxp.251

51

Ibid.,

T.III,cxp.123

"Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo",

58

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA Onaxb xaxa odmeaaBecxax cpaxTx, x a x , o x o x a c b , xpaBBJix xpecxbABCRBB BOJtfl, aaqyxb od

rocnoaa

ae a a d o x a c b .

3TOM

y He-

KpacoBa aaajtopaaaxfi cpaxx - oxoxaaqba ncx "xaayjiacb B cxaao" a "paexepsajta BBM

xaayxy dapamxa" ("ncoBaa

aaexyx "peBxa p e s e x " , a "dapaa

nepenyraa-

OXOTB").

03JIBJICA"

a asdaji

©PO

apan-

He peaxa cayqaa oxaaqa caxHX deccMHCJieHBHX pacnopaxe-

BBKOX.

a x a , Bpoae JIB,

B

X.R.

qxod nacxyx yaaxaji KOpoB, qxodx

TOPO,

xxqaBBex

CBOBX

OHB

AypeTBox, oaa

He x x a a -

paadyAHJia dapaaa. ("OocjieaHm").

Bcnoxaaaex HexpacoB a o x o x , xax xopoBysex caxaJi";

OHH

B

flxyxcxe peaepaji "Ha

ROJI XOX

nopxa a aydoxxaaaH Aaxe He caaxajiacb c a x o -

BOKJIB B

noBceAaesaxfi o d a x o a .

C ynoeaaex noxe-

BBR- OdoJix-OdojiAyeB BcnoMaaaex o BpexeHB, Koraa noxemaa, qxo xoxejc, xo a aejiajt co

CBOHXB

padaxa.

Axmajia ppyAb noxeataqba CBodoaao a j i e r x o . Ha B ROX npoxBBopeqaa, KOPO. xoqy - noxaJiyK), Koro xoqy - Ka3BK>. 3aROB - xoe xejiaaaei KyjiaK - xoa nojiaqaai Taap acRpoexnaxeJibBxfi, yAap aydoApodaxeJibBHfi. S2 yAap cxyjiOBopppox J H Apajia no nycxAKBM - "ae noRJioaacb - Aepex", paccKa3HBaji AAAA

BJiac aa "Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo".

Taxae cjiyqaa,

KOPAB

Roe ceaqo" dHJia

noxesaK aaexaBJiaji nepecymaBaxb "cyxoxoab-

CJIBHTKOM

odxaeaaxxa no cpaBBeaaio c xaKaxa aa-

daBaxa dapcKBxa, KBK "Kynaaae" KpecTbaH B npopyda - "B oaHy

T.III,

52 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , CTp.87

"Koxy aa Pyca x a i b

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA onycxBX

aeBoae,

B

B

apyryio

XBPOX

59

Bxxaaex".

Hapoa, no cJioBax noaxa, "appymaofi CJiyxaji noaopaxx expacxax r o c n o a a a a " . aa

BXBOABJI

Eapaa, 3aqacxyn n noxoMox xaxap? "KBK RO-

aa pxaox pada-cjiaBAHaaa", a B©3ae, Besae "cBHpen-

cxBOBaJi daq d e s dOA3aa". . HexpacoB nopydaJia

KBOPBX

ACHO

oxaaex cede oxaex

Jnoaefi, ocodeaao x e x ,

K*O

B XOX,

qxo "icpenb"

yxeji qyBcxBOBaxb a,

KXO, ae Aaa Eoxe, odjxaaaj! qyBCXBOx codcxBeaaopo aocToaacTBa. Cxoxpamb, noBecajica noBap, xoxopxfi "aBaxbio aenpBJiBqaoe"npacTpacxbe Bxeji - JOBdaji "qaxaxb a p a c c y x a a x b " .

"Oxeqecxaxa" nopxaMa

dapaa aoseji aecqacxaopo ao caxoydaficxBa;

Tax noBecajica B3B03-

qax, noxepaBmafi Haaexay Baxynaxbca na

BOJIKJ

a xeaaTbca aa jnoda-

xotf aeBymxe ("H3B03qax"); Tax aa pjiasax dapaaa BemaeTca Jion npaxepaxfi", ae Bxaeca dapcxopo npoadBOJia. BKAepxaBBJiB a . . . ydaBajia c a x x .

AKOB

Haopaa jnoaa H©

Tax B "Koxy Ha Pyca xaTb x o -

pomo" xpecTbABB xBBbex aarconajia B sexjiio ynpaBtfaromero-aexqa, ROTopxfi

B

xeaeana xaopax Jiex asaeBBJica aaa

HHXH.

Kpenb x e cosaajia pjiydORO oxpaqaTejibaxe Oaa BCTpeqajoxca,

XOTA

a peaxo,

noax xapanxepaayex cjieayroamxH

B

THHH

RpecTbaa.

npoasBeaeaaax HeRpaeoBa.

CJIOBBMH:

jlnaa xojionCKOPo sBaHaa Cymae ncx a n o r a a : Hex xaxeJiefi Haxa3aHHA. Tex ax XHJiefi r o c n o a a . * 3

53

HexpacoB, op. c i t . ,

T . I I I , cxp.135

"Koxy Ha Pyca xaxb xopomo",

Hx

"xo-

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA "Bepaxfi xojion"

AROB

Baaeji

BCK>

paaocxb

60

XH3HH B XOM,

qxod "xo-

jiaxb, depeab, ydjiaxaxb" dapaaa, aecMOTpa aa TO, qTO nocjieaaafi ae TOJibxo npBBBMaji

STO

aaa aojixaoe,

HO OTHOCBJICA K

flKOBy,

dyxaajibBO, KaK K codaK©, "B aydbf'Tioxoaa ayJi KadJiyxox". ABopoBHfi qeJiOBex KH. nepexeTbeBa yBepaeT, qxo oa "cqacxjiBB, BaaaT Eor".

Beab oa dxji "jnodaMHfi pad", x e n a e r o - "pada

JIIO-

daxaa", a aoqb BKCJiyxaJiacb ao Taxofi aedHBajiofi

XHJIOCXB

aaxbca noaBOjiajiocb efi

Hnax, "XajiyB

B

npacyxcxBaa

KBAXBH"

.

- "ca-

qyBcxBBxejibBHfi" xoxe c a a x a e x , qxo dapaHy "HB poay HanacaHo" BJiaaexb RpecTbAHaxB a pacnopaxaTbCfl a x a , a xyxaxaM "padoxaxb. cjiymaxbca, xojiBTbca aa r o c n o a " . AOCTH

"RBA3K)mRa"

TO

aanparaji e r o

HecxoTpa Ha B

TO,

axo

B XOJIO-

Tejiexxy paan maJiocTH,

TO B

npopyda KynaJi, TO B KATejib caxaji aa Jiomaab, 3acTaBJifla B TO xe Bpexa appaTb aa cxp an KG - "ae xoxeT dapcxax MHJiocxefi 3adHTb HnaT".

Oa KaxeropaqecKa 3aaBJiflex nocjie odT>ABJi©HHA

"Eajiyfixecb

A n

BH]

KHASOB

BOJIH:

yxAXBHBix xojion - a Becb xyx CKas!"

B rJiaBe "KpecibABCKafi rpex" ( "KoMy aa Pyca xnxb x o p o mo") paccKa3HBaexca o apenocxHOX TJiede, Koxopxfi,

nojibcxaBmacb

aa a e a b r a , c x e r 3aBemaaae, rae aaBajiacb Bojibaaa Q-xa XHCAqax xpecxbAB. Ha aecATKH JieT, ao HeaasHax aaefi Bocexb xxcaq aym 3axpenaji 3Jioaefi, C p o a o x , c njiexeaeM, qxo a a p o a y - x o l Hxo a a p o a y - x o i C xaxHex B Boay-xo 1 . ^

54

T.III,

HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pyca xaTb xopomo",

cxp.143

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

61

noax caaxaex, axo Bee npomaex Bor, ao "HyaaH rpex ae npomaexca? Hecxoxpa aa xo, axo HeapacoB cyaax TJieda decnomaaao, X . K . ero ppex - "cxpameaBHfi rpex", O H cqaxaex, qxo OTaacTB B ero nocxynRe, KaK a

noBeaeaaa apyrax "cymax

B

HCOB"

BaaoBaxo, npexae

Bcepo, xpenocxaoe npaBO. 3xea poaaT sxeeHHmefi, A xpenb - ppexa noxemaxa, rpex flROBa aecqacTBoro, Tpex rjieda poaajiai Hex apena - aex noxemaKa, Ho neuiH AOBOAamepo ycepAHOPo pad a, Hex Rpena - aex A B O P O B O P O , CaxoydaficxBOx xcxamepo 3Jtoaei) c B o e x y . Hei Rpena - TJieda BOBoro He dyaex aa P y c a . 5 § HeKpaCOB dHJi dH OAROCXOpOBHHM XyaOXHBKOX, 6CJIB dH asodpaxaa xaxecxb xaaaa a xpyaa xpecxbAaaaa, Bosxymaacb x e cxoxocxbK) dapaaa

K

a e x y , Bosxymaacb pasBHBmaMCA noa

ex xpena xojioncTBOx a KopxciojiBdaex, npomeji dH

MBMO

BJIBAHH-

apyrax

OTpaqaxeJibBHx qepx x y x a x a . Oaaa aa

OCBOBBHX

- nbaaexBO - odpacoBaao

oxpaqaxeJibaxx cxopoa pyccKOro aapoAa BO BC©M

epo oxxajiKBBaioiuex deaodpasaa

c noxpacawaefi peaJibHoexbB B rjiaBe "nbAHaa Hoqb" ("KoMy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo").

Ho, asodpaxaa c o^oxorpadpaqecKofi acaocxbio "nba-

ayio Boab", HeRpacoB Aejiaex axo Bce-xaKa c dJiapoAyiuaex. JIKKSBJI

Oa

nbABHx "HCXHHBO-aapoaaofi JirodoBbro, atfKoraa ae odaxaji ax

55

HexpacoB,

T . I I I , cxp.146

op. c i t . ,

"Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo",

62

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA B cxHxax, jnodoBBJica a x a , dpaxcaa coqyBCTBOBaJi a x " .

56

B B30dpaX6BHB nbAHOfi BOaB nOCJIO ApxapRB CTOJIbRO npOKa3*BBOfi BeoeJiocxa: He Bexpx B©»T dyfiaHe, He MBTb-3eMJIA KOJIHfflBXCA, IHyxBi, n o e x , p y r a e x c a , Kaaaexca, BaJiaexcfl, flepexefl a qejiyexca y npaaaaaaa a a p o a . Kpecxbaaax nOKaaajioca, KaK BHUIJIB Ha npHPopoqex, Hxo Bee ceJio maxaexca, H¥o aaxe qepKOBb cxapyM C BHCOKOfi KOJIOKOJIbBeK) IHaxayJio p a s - a p y r o f i ! Tyx xp©3B0xy, axo rojioxy HeJiOBKol 57 Koaeqao, odaaao 3a pyccKOro xpecxbABaaa, qxo npa3AHHK a oxaxx AJia a e r o - axo nbAHcxBO, qxo "nbwx AO oAypeaaa, BO P B H , B KaaaBx BajiHTca - odaABO nopjiaAexb". Ho noaexy nbeT xyxax?

Tope 3acxaBJiaex e r o 3adHXbca.

Aa. a xo "aa cexbjo nb»myK) aenbjomaA cexba" npaxoaaxca, "HB

n b e x , a xaK x e xaexcA".

"yx Jiyqme d

HBJIH,

xoxopaa

pjiynxe" -

diBJiocodpcKa saxeqaex oaaa B3 MyxHKOB ( "Koxy Ha Pyca xnxb x o pomo").

ECJIB

"aex xepn xxejiio p y c c a o x y " , xo Hex xepH

A "padoxe xepa e c i b " ? - cnpamHBa»x apecxbAH©. xaxejiofi padoxx "noBHxaxaJia xocxoaKa", Bofi

XBSBB

"noBKXOxajia Aymeabxy",

ajiacb RpecTbABCRaa Ayma".

TO,

©CJIH

ECJIH

H

ropro.

nocjie

xaroxn noaaeBOJib-

BHnaB qapoqxy,

"pa3cxe-

PyccKafi xyxaa noTOxy a nbeT "AO

56

HyxOBCRafi, op. cit., CTp.60

57

HexpacoB, op. cit., "KoMy Ha Pyca xaTb xopomo",

T.III, cxp.71

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA nojiycxepTa", qxo"ao cxepxa padoxaex" nepea He npoxoaax HeapacoB a KpecTbAH paBBoaymaofi

XBMO

X6CTOKOCTB.

ay.

3na3oa c KJiaqefi, oqeab

B COCTOABHB

MyxaK dyKBajibao a c -

TamHTb aenocajibHyK)

B CTHxoTBopeaaa "Tax, CJiyxda" roBopaTca o

x a c c x , ydaBmefi qejryx> cppaaqyoBKyB BBB

SXBM.

qacxo Bcxpeqajomefica y

pefluaea a ocxaBJiaex Taxejioe BneqaTJieHB©. Tfl3a©T Jiomaab, KOTOpaa a©

1812

63

HO-

X©CTOKOCTB

cexbio BO Bpexa oxcxynJie-

ydaBmefi cnoRofiao a aaxe xajieBmefi njiaqymax

POAB,

"meHKOBn-aeTefi. 4 . OTJiaaaxejibBHe qepxn xapaaxepa pyccRoro xpecxbAHKHa. H Bce-xaRH, aecxoxpa Ha Bee BxmenepeqacjieaHH© ymexJI©HHA,

yHaxeHBA, H3aeBaxejibCTBa, aecxoxpa Ba nojiaefimee d e c -

npaBae, dapcKafi npoaaBOji, pyccKafi KpecTbABaa nopaxaexcBoefi (pB3Bq©CKOfi B BpaBCTB©HHOfi xombB.

MyxaK, B30dpaxeHHHfi BC6-

CTopoHae HexpacoBHX, STO HacToamafi pyccxafi doraTHpb, BHTepneBmafi Bee BHnaBmae aa e r o aojiro x y q e a a a .

ycTaMa CaBejiaa -

Boraixpa CBATopyccxoro CKasaao S T O : A noTOxy xepneJia X H , Hxo Kx - doraxxpa. MyxaK - He doraxHpb? H xa3Bb «txy ae paxaaa, H cxepxb exy ae nacaaa B doio - a doraTHpb! 58

58 HexpacoB, op. cit., "Koxy aa Pyca xaTb xopomo", T.III, CTp. 102

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

64

a© nopasaxdJibBa x p y a o c n o c o d a o c x b KpecxbflHHHa B p a d o x e ,

PBSBB

roaHofi aJia d o r a x x p c K a x

nJieaefi?

. ..norjiaaa noaa, KaK a a dojioxa BOJIOKOX K p e c x b a a e c e a o xoicpoe CROCBBma BOJioKyx: Tae a e n p o d p a i b c a Jiomaaa, Tae a d e 3 aoma nemexy Onacao n e p e f i x a , Tax p a T b - o p a a RpecTbaacKafl n o KOaax, no 3axopHHBM nOJI3KOX nOJI36T C nJieTBXBMH,Tpemax RpecxbaacKafi n y n i n o a cojiBHmKOM d e s manoqeR, B n o x y , B rpa3H n o MaxymRy, OCOKOB B3pe3aBH, EOJIOXBHX raaox-MomKOB H3"b©aeaBM© B KpOBb,H e d o c b , XH x y x RpacaBee? Kajiexb - xaJiefi yMewq^, Ha wepoqay rocnoacKyio K p e c x b a a a a a a© x e p b i He deJiopyqKB BexHHe, A jnoan XH BeJiHxae B padoxe a ryjibde. 5^ P a d o x a e x K p e c x b a a a a "ox cojiBHmKa a o cojiHHmKa", ropomaay".

He y c n e e x o r j i a a y x b c a ,

y x e " c x o a x x p a aojibmaxa - E o r ,

a ciecx

"c

a o r a a padoxa Koaqeaa -

qapb a r o c n o a a H " .

n o p a 3 a x e J i b a a BHaocjiaBOcib x y x a q x a A B H e n p a x o x j i H B o c i b . EXJIO

dH xojibKO BBOJiB "xjiedymKa",

a xax

noBBJiH x x B Jiexo x a p x o e Mae n a x a x b n e c R a o x n y q a e , noBejia XH B 3HXy JIBXyB Bxpydaxb jieca a p e x y a a e TojibRo xpecK CXOAJI dH a o Heda"60

T.III,

59 HeKpacoB, cxp.74 60

Ibid.,

op. c i t . ,

"flyxa", T . I ,

"Koxy n a P y c a x n x b x o p o m o " , CTp.I32

65

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA xeaxaex

POJIOABXH

RpecxbflHHH, y Roxoporo aaaacxyB

C Jianxfl ao Bopoxa mxypa BCfl acnopoxa, nyxaex c MHKHHH XBBOX. Bepqeaxfi, xpyqeaafi, Ceqeaxft, xyqeHxfi, Ejie cepaeqHHfi dpeaeT. °* CTpaaafl c a x , pyccxafi xyxax ox3HBqaB x cxpaaaaaax Apypax.

Ero ayme AocxynaH dJiaropoABHe nopHBH.

KorAa EpMBJia

rapaa ("Koxy aa Pyca xaxb xopomo") nonaji B deay, OB odpaxajica R "xapy" 3a noxombB a "meApoxa aapoAaaa" xapox BxpyaaJia e r o , codpaB "mjiany nojiHyB qejiROBBROB, JiodaaqaKOB.. .RpecibAHCRofi accHraaqaa" a "rpaBBH Meaaofi".

HJIB B

rjiaBe "Kpecxbaa-

cxafi rpex" aapoa, pacxporaBaxfi neaaJibHofi cyabdofi ccaaaiBKa"cJiyxBBOPo" oodpaji eMy "no Koneeqxe, no ppomy" a e a b r a , doxaaaHe

B HOJIHOX

CMHCJie cJioBa "noxoM

H

KpoBbio".

3apa-

Kaaraafl

Tpydeqaaa ("PyccKae xeamaax") pacxporaaHO BcnoMaaaex o JIBaax a s Hapoaa, xoxopHe

"CBOB

Tpya

HH BO

qTO He caHTajia",

KO-

Topxe BBKoraa ae noaJiaJia "ropean B qamy" ee CTpaaaHafi: . . . X o q y a CKa3aTb Cnacado BBX, pyccxae Jnoaa! B a o p o r e , B H3rHaabe, rae a HH dHJia, Bcexpyaaoe xaxoppB Bpexa, Hapoa, a doapee c TOdo» HecJia Moe HenocaJibHoe d p e x a . nycTb MHoro CKOpdefi Tede najio Ha qacTb, Tx aeJiamb qyxae neqaJia, H, rae Moa CJie3H TOTOBH ynacTb, TBOB yx aaBBO TaM ynaJiai TH JiBdamb aecqacTHoro, pyccKxfi Hapoa! ^

T.III,

61 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , CTp. 133 62

310

HeRpacoB, op. o i t . ,

"Koxy Ha Pyca x a i b xopomo". "PyccKae xeHiaHHH", T . I I ,

CTp.

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA Haopaa ayme rpydoro Heodpa30BaaHoro Myxana BX

ceaxaxeaxaJibBHe nopHBH.

AKHX

66 CBOBCXB©H-

Harofi ( "KoMy Ha Pyca xaxb x o -

pomo") cnacaex a3 ropamefi aadH ae "sa qejinfi B©K aaKonJieHHH© qeJiKOBHX TpaaqaTb-naTb", a pa3BemaaaHe no CTeaaM "KapTHHoqKH? KOTopae dyaanx

OH

RynaJi aJia

CHOX,

CHHHIHKH.

Ero ayma yxe ae cnaT decnpo-

efi nocTeneaHO CTaHOBHTca aocTynHHM noHflTa© n p e -

RpacHoro H HeKpacoB HaaeeTca, qTo HacTaH©T TaKoe speMA, Koraa MyxaK "EeJiaacKoro a ToroJia c da3apa noHec©T n . Haoraa Myxaa dHsaeT ceaxaMeHxaJieH - xo OH cnacaex ox HaBoaaeaafl safiqeB ("Aeaymaa Ma3afi a 3afiqa"), x o , Baaa r a d a y max npa pa3JiaBe pena naeji, H« Mopymax nepejiexexb peny,

cxasHX

ax 3adoxJiaBO seJieaxe sexBH-Bexa. noxajiyfi, xojibxo pyccRafi xyxaK cnocoden KaxopxHO padoxaTb, ae xepaa doapocxa, "de3 aacjiaxaeHba" x a i b a "d©3 c o x a Ji©HbAn y x a p a x b .

Oa aaxe yxaxpaexca a a o r a a noBecoJinxbca.

Xoxfl HexpacoB cnpamaBaex "ao cxexy JIB" exy - B©ab "a© cxojibKO B EeJiORaxeaaofi no xocxoBofi npoexaHO, KBK no ayme KpecTbflHHHa npoajio o d a a " .

B nepBxx cipaaaqax "KopodefiaaKOB", B "CejibCKoB

apxoBRe" paaoeTb a BeceJibe dpxaxyx KJiBqoM.

B pjiaBe "nbaaaa

aoab" aeodHXHOBeaBO peaJibao onacaa eaaacxBeBBHfi acxoqaaK 3 a dBeaaa -

BBHO B

nbaaaa.

Ho Rpecxbaae npocaT ae pasaocaTb

"majibaxx Becxefi, d©scoB©cTBHx" npo nbaacTBO ( a o r a a "BecejiHTca deaaaa xpecTbAacRaa ayma"). ropa, qTodx 3adHTbCA.

BeAb nb©T xyxax dojibmeB qacTbB c

Ayma e r o

HTO xyqa qepHaa -

67

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA raoBaa, pposHa - a aaAO da Tpoxax rpeMexb oxxyaoBa, A BCB BHBOX Koaaaexca. npoimia no XWJIBM qapoqKa H paocxeajiacb Aodpag KpecTbABCKaa ayma. 6 3 Beab"pyccRafi aapoa nJiaxaxb ne JiBdHTn( n B3ayxaji dH nJiaaaxb aanJiaKaji dH x o p e " , - roBopaT n o a T ) , oa "dojibme n o e x " . necaa peaRO 3ByqaT paaocTbB, CROB

apxoBRe" .

ECJIB

RBK B

"KopodefiHHKax"

"neceaaa rae-To noeTca" -

Ho

HJIB B

TO B H©B

"CejibrpycTb,

TocRa, Taxecxb n e p e x a x o r o , d©3Haa©xHocTb dyaymero. . . .mHpoKaa CTopoHxa Pycb xpemeBaa, Hapoay B aefi xbxa TOM, a aa B oaaofi-TO aymenbK© C noKOH B9KOB ao Hamepo He saropejiacb n e c e a x a BeceJiaa a a c a a a , KaR BBApeaxfi Aeaea. 64 Eojibme© qacxbB 3TO xo necaa "xojioaofi", ra© onJiaRBBaexca c y a b da aeBymRB B qyxofi c e x b e ; TO "Becejiaa", rae paccKa3HBaexcA o popbRofi aojie xpenocTaxx; TO "rojioaBaa" o x y x a x e , Bcnyxmex c rojioaa; TO "CojiaaTCxaa", rae r o s o p a i c a o d©3paaocxaofi aojie cojiaaxa;

xo "Cojieaaa", rae paccxasHBaexca, KaK 3a aeaxeaaeM

co JIB, xaxb cxaaaBaeT cjiea&MB xycox XJieda pojioaanx pedATHmxax. Aa 3 T O , codcTBeaao, a ae nocHB. BeTca"

CTOB

ayma qejioBeqecxofi.

TojibKO B Poccaa "necaefi 3 0 TojibKO necqacTHxfi pycCRafi x y -

x a x x o r cosaaTb necaB,"noaodayB cxoay!!

T.III,

H sce-xaRH, HeRpacoB

63 HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "5oxy Ha Pyca xnxb xopomo", cxp.74 64

Ibid.,

T.III,

cxp.133

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

68

s a a e x , axo He ydaxo "cepAqe CBOdoAaoe" a xyxaa "Bnaecei B e e " . A x e x dojiee, pa3 exy aaaa cBodoay, xo oa Bepax, "qxo dyaex a B

necae oxpaaa

BXBCXO

yaxaba a xya"'.

Koaeqao, ecjia cyanib xojibRO no npoB3BeaeaaAM HeKpacoBa, TO C03ABCTCA JioxBoe BneaaTJieaae, qTo aeficTBHTejibHO y pyccRoro xyxaaa ae dHJio apyrofi necHB, xpoxe CToaa.

3TO B © B © P -

a o . Bo-nepBHx, cpeaa noMemaKOB dHJio oaeab Maoro xopomax a a o dpHX, npexpacaoe OTaomeaae dOB noBeaeaae nJioxax a OBBB

ROTOPHX K

X©CTOKBX.

nopTBT c x a a o " . Toaao

KBK

XBK X© B

RpecTbaaax 3acjioHflJio c o roBopaTca "oaaa nJioxaa

aeRpacoBCROM B30dpaxeHHH

pocyaapciB©HHOPO ycxpoficxBa qyBcxByexca xeaaeaqaosBoexb B noaqepRBBBHHB TojibKO OTpaqaTejibBHx cxopoH.

y HeKpacoBa,

3a

RCRjnoqeaaex "KopodeaaaKOB" coBepmeHHO ne ynoxaaaexca o B©ceJIHX,

3aaopHHX "pa3yxadacxHx" KpecTbAHCKax n e c a a x .

xex dinb,

OqeBb x o -

qxo xaxoe oaaocTopoHH©© ocBemeaay dbaKTOB ayxao npa-

nacaTb yrpnxoxy a xeJiaaoxy xapaxTepy HeKpacoBa.

HBKTO,

Roseq-

BO, ae cxe©T OTpaqaTb y x a c o s RpenocTBOPO Bpexeaa a caxopo BoaxyTHTejibaoro cpaaxa cymecTBOBaaafl padcTBa.

Ho n o a i Baaeji

a ocBemaji TOJibKO njioxae CTopoax, npoxoaa xaxo xopomax. KOBCKBB,

aanpaxep, cqaxaex, axo xsopqecTBO HeapacoBa - aTO

nepeaaRBoe ax BByqamaa

Hy-

B

JIBAHX

codcTBeaaoe yHxaae, "aaynoRofiaaa xy3HRa"

epo Ayme. Oa

BBXOABT,

qTo HeRpacoBy

xaBApH aeodxoaaMO dHJio paccTasjiflxb

CBOB

qecRax HCiaaaHafi a x y x " . 65

65

lyxpmcxBfi, op. c i t . ,

CTp. 26

"B

MaayTH

dojib BHaeaaaxa

BCA-

69

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

5 . nojioxeaae KpecTbflBCTBa ao a nocjie MaHacpecxa. B npeapediopMeHHHe

TOAH

(1858 - 60) MexAy CTopoHHBKaMa

a npoTBBBBKaxB pedbopxx BeJiacb oxecxoaeHHaa noJiexaKa a dopbda. HeRpacoB aa CTpaaaqax "CoBp©M©BHHKa" BHCKa3HBaji

CBOB MHQHHA

no apecTbAHCROxy Bonpocy a B TO x e Bpexa xaaao npacJiymaBajica a npacxaTpBBajicfl K xoay codHTafi. EcTecxBeHHO, qxo a c x o a a cnopaoro Bonpoca npeayraaaxb dHJio H6Jib3a. Aaxe,

©CJIH

a a , aeasBBCxao, e

RBRHKB

mJiB dH a a

aejio nosepHyJiocb dH npaBaxa a c

KBKBX

B

cxopoay Rpecxb-

axymecTBOx oaa

BH-

B CTaxoTBopeaaa "SaaxapKa" 3aTpoHyTO aadojieB-

BOJIB.

mee - CTapHR-RpecTbflBBB npocaT raaaJiay npeacKaaaxb "noraa ox pocnoa OTofiaex

XH

aa

BOJIB"

.

y x a c a o dxjio x o , qxo noaa B cxojiaqe poBopaJia, odcyxABJiB Ha

BCBBOSXOXHHX

aaceaajia,

KOKaTeTax, daaKexax, codpaHHAX, n o -

Ka HeROTopxe 3JiodcTBOBaJia, a Apyrae caxoyaaqaxaJiacb - "aapoa BepasBBTxfi ©JI xopy a xojiqaji, KBK ydaxafi".

npaBaa, B nocjieaaae

roaH nepea ped>opxofi xaaab aJia Rpenociaxx caejiajiacb j i e r a e , T . K . CTBX, npaxaajica B xeaa EapHH, npocjinmaB CBOdoay...66

HeROXopne

B

pacxepaHHOcxn

CXBJIB

3aacKHBaTb nepea codcTBeHHBTMH

RpecTbAHaxa, apyrae CTajia odpamaTbca Jiyqme, doACb MmeHHA co CTOPOHX

Hapoaa

66

B

cjiyqae ocBodoxaeHaa.

HeRpacoB, op. c i t . , "AeaymKa", T . I T , CTp. 251

70

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

HexpacoB B axo Bpexa c aexepneHaeM oxHaaJi pemeHHfl xpecxbAHCKOPO B o n p o c a .

HecMoxpa Ha Bee, xyqaBniae e r o H a p y r a x ,

coxHexaa,

OH He nepecxaBaji HaaeaibCA, qxo pedbopxa CBepmaxca a qxo npaBa Rpecxbaa ymexjieax ae d y a y x . Koraa BHmeJi B cBex aojiroxaaHBHfi xaaacbecx, HeKpacoB dHJi oqeHb

B3BOJIHOBBH.

OH

nacaji:

fl Baaeji RpacHHfi a©Hb: B P o c c a a B©T pad a.' H CJIQSH cjiaaaa© a npojiaji B yMHJieaba. 67 Ho My s a noaTa xojiqeuia.

noxajiyfi,

KpoM© o a a o r o

cTaxoTBopeHHfl

"CBodoaa" a aecKOJibKax CTpoq©K, BKpanJieHHEDc B apyra© npoa3B©aeaafl, MH H© aafiaeM a a q e r o d o j i e e . MOJiqaHHe

MOXHO

odbflCBBTb npocTo - HexpacoB a e 3B£ui,

Fecex aojiroxaaHBaa CBodoaa Hapoay? OH doflJicfl,

3 T O , xa3aJiocb dH, CTpaHHoe

Bo

MTO

npa-

HTO OEB BHJT*©TCA?

qTo xoTb H "nopBaJiacb qenb B©JiHKaA", xoTb OHB a

"paccKoqHJiaca", yaapaB oaaaM KOHqoM no dapaHy, "apyrHM no MyxHKy".

B "CBOdoae" HeKpacoB roBopnT o CBoeB 3aBeTHofi "jiMdaMofi

ayxe".

Oa c p a a o c i b B CMOxpax B dyaymee, npopoaecTByeT KpecTb-

a a c x o x y xjiaaeaqy CBodoaaoe aeTCTBO, c s o d o a y xejiaHHfi - "xoqenibOCTaHSmbCA B©K XyXHKOX, CMOxemb - noa H©dO B30Bb©mbCA OpJIOM" . Ho B KOHq© KOHqoB HeKpacoB HaqaHaeT coMHeBaTbca, BeaoBepqaBocTb a aeyBepeaaocTb CHOBa OBJiaaesaBT H M . O H yBepeH, qxo Ha MecTO ceTefi KpenocTHHx jlBaa npnayxajia MHoro B H H X < 6 8

67

HeKpacoB,

68

Ibid.,

op. c i t . ,

"3jieraa", T . I I I ,

"CBodoaa", T . T ,

cip.149

cTp.IO

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

71

H B c e - T a x a , aecMOTpa a a a a qTo, "pacnyTaTb HX Jierq© H a p o a y " . Odpamaacb

K CBOQB

My3©, nosT npocaT e© "c HaaexaoB"

npaB©TCTBOBaTb cBOdoay, HO Bce-TaKw, dyayqa HeyBepeHHHM B aojie RpecTbAHHHa, npoaojixaeT ocTaBaTbca "neqeuibHHKOM ropfl H a p o i a o PO" . coBa

Bonpoc o cyabd© KpecTbflHHHa H© nepecTaeT BOJiHOBaTb HeKpaB

T©q©HHH dJiaxafimHx

JI©T.

BO

MHornx cTHxoTBopeHHflx

OH

npo-

aojixaeT acKBTb OTB©Ta "na TafiHHe Bonpocn" - BnaHT JIH OH nrpaiomax a©T©B, padOTaromafi B rrojie Hapoa, OH cnpamHBaeT caM c e d a : CHOCHefi JIB CTaJia T H , KpecTbaHCKaa cTpaaa? H padcTBy aojiroMy npHmeamaa Ha cxeHy CBodoaa, HaKOHeq, BHecJia JIH nepeMeHy B HapoaHHe cyabdH? 69 HeoTBASHafl MHCJib MyqHT HeKpacoBa: Hapoa ocBOdoxaeH, HO cqacxjiHB JIB Hapoa? 70 H n o a x , ocMaxpHBaa KpaxaqecKHM

OKOM CBOO

JirodHMO© KpecTbHHCXBO,

saMeqaex npexHroro deaHOcxb, HHmexy, yHHJiHe Jinqa - p©3yjibxax oxcyxcxBHA a o c x a x o q n o r o KOJiHqecTBa naxoTHofi 3eMJiH, T . e .

noc-

jieacTBHfl ocHOBHoro cnopHoro nyHKTa B aKT© I 9 - r o dbeBpaJia.

XoTb MyxBK, padOTaa H B codcTBeHHOM KycoqK©, ycepaHO, "KaK HHKoraa Ha dapHHa H© padOTaJi", "paHbm© j i B a e f i . . . noaHHMaeTCfl" H "no3xe JiBaefi c nojiocx BOSBpamaeTca", a Bce-xaKH

"3©MJIHITH

©My

H e a o e x a x o q a o " ( "npaTqa o EpMOjiae xpyaaiqeMCfl"). KpyroM no cejiaM

CJIHUIBBT

Te see necHH "Tocay HaBoaamH©",

69

HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "Sjierafl", T . I I T ,

70

HeKpacoB, l o c . c i t .

CTp.IO

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA B

XB3BB xpecxbABaaa x© x© " d e a a o c x b ,

72

B©B©X©CXBO,

MPBK".

Ha noMemaKOB HeKpacoB Boodme cxoxpax KaK a a KJiacc o x xBBmafi, nepecxaBmafi a r p a x b pojib B noJiaxaqecKofi a aKOHOMaqecKOM XB3BB c x p a a x .

Hejiafl raJiJiepea nopxpexoB - K H . y x a x a n ,

Odojix-OdojiayeB, ffiaJiamBHKOB, B aenpBA3BB n o a x a K BBM. xappaKaxypaHx xoHax.

K B . HBBB

a paA Apyrax - ydexAaax

n o p x p e i H B3odpaxeHH B yxpapoBaHao-

KaA3b HBaH -

...KOJioce no dpBxy, PyRB - poa nyxoBHKa, nbeaecTajiOM cJiyxaT yxy OxapeBmaa mexa. 7 1 OdojiT-OdojcayeB - "yeaTeabKafi, nyaaxeabKafi", aofi,

KBK

safiqa 3BMaae",

p j i a 3 a " . CBxnaTaa

XBJIO 1

p o , no XHeHHB HeRpaeoBa, He

XOTAX

noBepaTb

aa " c n e c a " .

B

"HOC KJIBBOM,

KBK

KBflsb yxaxHB-"xy-

y a c T p e d a " a "pasBxe

HexoTopxe npeACTaBBTejia COCJIOBHA

cjiyqHBmeeca.

a a x e nocjie Maaadbecxa Haxax npaqex

H©

B 3 - 3 a KopHCia, a

Tax, KBfl3b y x A x a a ? c q a x a e x , qxo n p a a a a x b

s a a a a x "npaBa

CBOB

-

"BOJIB"

aBopaacKae, B©KaMH ocBameHHH©" n p o a a x b .

HeaoxopHe, y c x y n a a HensdexHocxa, npasaaBX Aaiox axo c ropeqbB a nJioxo

CRPHIOB

3Jiodofi

H

BOJIB,

npeapeHHeM

Odojix-OdojiayeB, roBopa c xyxHKaMH, x B a c x a e x c a

CBOHM

npoHcxoxaeHHeM. E r o n p a - n p a a e a "xjemHJi rocyaapHHB". o a e x y n o x a a a e x c a B "cxapaHHHx pyccKHx rpaMOxax". dHJi myxoM, n o x o x a a ae decnoKoax.

71

oxxBBme-

STOPO

Ae-

BO R

napoay.

apeBHHM BBXBO,

qxo

T o , qxo OH

C xaxepHHCKofi e x o p o a n e r o

HexpacoB, op. cit.,"CoBpexeHHHKH", T . I I I ,

cxp.14

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

73

poA ae x e a e e apeB©H:"npanpaa©A xofi no x a x e p a . . . nxxaji noAxeab MoexBy, KB3ay norpadHTb" . . . RO

apoBaocTb

BX©BB,

Baxao, no

MBSBBB

OdojiAy©Ba, x c s b -

T.R. "qex AepeBO aBopAHCKoe apeBHefi,

Hxeaaxee, noq©TH©fi asopaBaa".

xex

C BacJiaxaeaaeM BcnoMBHaeT n o -

xemax Bpexeaa, Koraa epo xanpas dHJi

SBKOBOM,

a Kyjiax - cyab©B.

MBOPB© HOM©mHKH HHKaK H© MOryT npHMBpHTbCA C djaRTOX, qTO nocjie pecbopxa, yBBxaxbca.

CTBJB

Bojibaxxa jnoabxa, RpecxbAHe nepecxajia

"flepeBaefi ©xaTb coBecTHo" -xajiyexca oaHH HS n o -

KOIKBBKOB MyxaK caaax - ae aBBHeTca, He ropaocTb djiaropoaayB JKeJiab qyBCTByemb B r p y a a . ^^ HeKOTopxe,

BBAA»

axo xyxBKax xenepb CTajio aocTynao odpasoBa-

a a e , B03xymaBTCA - Beab ppaxoTa ae ayxaa Myxaxy, "aejieno npoCBomaTb Hapoa".

£pyrae nonpexnexy Be odpamaBT BBaxaHaa aa

Hapoa, He xejiaa aaxe paapoBapHBaxb c "odopBaHHOfi qepHbB". HexoxopHe cxajia 3aarpHBaib c aapoaox, KBK, aanpaMep, dapaa, HaHHMaroumfi cjiypoB BOjibHoro KpecxbABnaa ("Hoqjiera"), yaapaJi e r o no Jiaqy - "3asaajica, xaxoB c x a " .

3adHBmacb,

OcRopdJiBBBHfi B

Jiyqmax qyBcxBax cjiyra, aoxopopo peqa dapaBa sacxaBHJia noBepaxb, qxo axo"ae dapaa, a dpax", cxpaAaex.

OnoxaHBmacb, dapaa xoqex

paaopaaxb HenpBAxaoe BneqaTJieHH© a npaxasHBaeT cjiyre: yaapb Meaa cxopee.' Mae Jierqe dyaeT J yAapb, fl n03BOJIflBi "J'3

T.III,

72 HeKpaeos, op. c i t . , "KoMy na Pyca xaTb xopomo", CTp. 88 73

ibid.,

"Hoqjiera", T . I I ,

cxp.329

74

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

H xopoxox, JiBKOHHaeB oiBex Myxaxa, HO MHoro B Hex nepexHxoro H

do JIH: fl cjiyxaxb TOXOB . . . a daxb He dyay . . . c no3BOjieaba. 74 6 . Oxaomeaae HeKpacoBa K ped)opxe a Bepa B dyaymaocxb H a p o a a . Bce-xaKH, " o s a p a a npofiaeasHfi n y x b " , HexpacoB B a a a x ,

qxo

BOJIB

- deaycJiOBHO mar B n e p e a .

ECJIH

nojioxeaae

Kpecxbaaa-

a a a© yjiyqmaexca c p a 3 y , T O , no Kpafiaefi x e p e , yxe caMa no c e de,

BOJM

JIOBBO

cxBe.

- cTBMyJi Jiyqmero d y a y m e r o .

K p e c i b a a a a y erne d e 3 y c -

xaxeJio cxoAXb Ha codcxBeHHHX Horax Ho s a x o , ecjia a ae coBceM

CHXHO,

B

HeoapenmeM xo3Afi-

xo noRofiHO - ycnejia

"3axBBaxb noflCHaqn" a TOJibxo no-BpeMBHax Myqa»T Komxapx xapTBBH HeaaBHero npomJiopo, BcnoxaBaeTca " q e r o dx a a Hoqb BcnoMHHBTb coBceM He cJiea", T . e . dapHH, nodoH, HeaoHMKH ( " H o qjiera") .

Ho nocjie

paccKa3axa

BOJIB

"KBK TOMHJIH,

TOJibKO aeTefi a Hanyraemb dapaHOM a a KaK n o p o j i a " .

Ho xoTb noaT

B

noaMe

"Koxy a a Pyca xaTb xopomo" a npameji K BHBoay, aTO HOT c p e a a RD«cTbfla cqacTJiaBHx JiBaefi, xoTb e r o repoB-xyxaKH H ydeaaJiHCb qTO " c q a c i b e xyxnqKoe" - "aHpaBoe, c 3anji8TaMa, r o p d a T o e , c XO30JIAXH",

a Bee-Tana oa

CXOTPHT B

dyaymee, nojioH paayxHxx

a a a e x a . Exy BaaHTca JiBdHMaA Bojira c "ocBOdoxaeHHHM HeyTOMBMHM a a p o a o x , dJiapocociOAHHe, "doapxfi T p y a " .

OT OKOB"

OH "Bepy-

e i B Hapoa" a e r o dyaymee.

74

HeKpacoB, op. c i t . ,

"HoqjierH", T . I I ,

CTp.329

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA

75

KBK npaMep, HexpacoB paccRa3HBaeT o cocJiaHHHx B Cadapb MywwKax ( "ZleAymKa"), KOTopne CBepmBJia " q y a o " , KBK TOJibKO HM aajia "BOJIB

aofi

a a 3eMJno".

36XJUI",

saficTBax,

Oaa

CTBJIB

"xJied codapaTb c n p e x a e decnJioa-

cTaJiH "doapx B c e r a a " ,

CTBJIH

xaTb

BOJIA

n

3aBeJiaBb KoneBaa

B HX X O -

Tpe3BO a q e c T a o " a Bee noToxy, qTO

a Tpya qeJioBeKa

^BBBXe ABBK TBOpAT.

75

ZUa HexpacoBa xyxaK-ojiaqeTBopeaae "H ydorofi, a odaJibHOfi, a x o r y q e f i , a deccaJtbaofi" - MaTymKB-Pycn. y Hero ocxaJiocb

"B

padcxBe cnaceHHoe"

CBodoABoe c e p a q e a cnoKofiaaa c o B e c x b .

CaMoe rJiaBHOe, axo "3OJIOXO

HapoaHoe"

-

HexpacoB npeaayBCXBy-

eT, qxo ocBOdoxaeHHxfi Hapoa - "paxb HeacqacJiaxaa" c "HecoKpymaxofi

CBJIOB"

.

OB

Bepax, qxo MHorae eme nofiayT no CTonax

xaHreJU>CKoro x y x a K a " .

paTHTb Ha Hero BHHMaHHe CHJIbHHX MHpa C6PO.

Bepa.

ap-

n o s x q a c i o npeacKa3HBaeT Hapoay n p e -

xpacBoe dyaymee, decnoKoaTca o HeM a Bcaqec^a c r ^ q e T c s

cjixmao yHHHafl

a

B CJIOBBX

noaTa,

OH

od-

B 3TB MOM6HTH H6

Becb - 3HTysHa3M, nopxB,

HacTO, q a c i o HeKpacoB noBTOpaei saBeTHoe, CTaBmee e r o

aeBH30M: "fl BepyB B H a p o a " . 7 6 "Jlnmb d a Eor noMor", a Pycb a o a a x e T , HTO "ecTb B Hefi JIBAH,

qTO ecTb rpflAymee y a e f i " .

JKaJib TOJibKO, qTO

HOT

em©

"ceaTeJia", KOToporo oxaaaeT "noqBa aodpaa - ayma Bapoaa p y c -

75

HeRpacoB,

76

ibid.,

0p.

cit.,

"fleayuiKa", T . I I ,

" r o p e c i a p o r o Hayxa", T . I I I ,

cip.250 CTp.5

76

KPECTbflHE B TBOP^ECTBE HEKPACOBA C K o r o " . H, o d p a m a a c b R "c©flT©JiflM" d y a y m e r o ,

n o a T B3HBaeT:

CefiTe p a 3 y M B o e , a o d p o e , B e q H o e , CefiTeJ C n a c n d o BaM c a a x e T c e p a e q H o e PyccKHfi H a p o a . • ' f n.q.,

xoTb H a p o a eme 3 a d a T H TeMeH, HO y x e B e r o

"rpyaa

EexHT noTOK X H B O B H qncTHfi Eme HeMHX HapoaHHX C H J I : TaK n o a Kopofi CHdapa J i b a a c T o B 30JIOTOHOCBHX MHOrO XHJI. " ^ H HeKpacoB B e p n T ,

qTO "KaK HH TeuHa BaxJiaqHHa,

dapmaHofi a padcTBOM",

KaK HH s a d H T a

a Bce-TaKH o a a a a e T a a p o a y TBKHX KaK

TpamaiDdpocicjiOBOB, npoTOTan d y a y m e r o a a p o a a o p o a e a T e j i a , p o a H o r o 3acTynHHKa";

KaK a a a a B J i a c , odJiaaaBiaaB aymoB,

Ha noABHr B O HM« B o r a ;

KBK

Epxajia THPHH,

KOTOPHB

KaK CaBejinfi

-

apyrax.

aeJiaBmHM n o Mepe CHJI H BOSMOXHOCTH a o d p o

HeKpacoB x e J i a e T "H© npa3aHO x a T b " , r y - caMoe

ro-

x e p T B y e T CBOdoaoB B O HMfl H a p o a a o r c

cqacTbfl a cajiofi C B o e r o a y x a yBJieaaeT BC©M,

cnocodHoB

OTaaromafi Jiyqurae

a n CBoeB X H 3 H B a a d e c a o p H C T a o e c j i y x e a a e H a p o a y ; d o r a T H p b CBflTopyccKHfi,

"Ha-

a ecjia yMepeTb,

Hapoay.

TO B s a c J i y -

apapoqeHHoe B TanyB MOPHJiy C O B T H , HTodn mapoKae JianTa HapoaHHe K Hefi npoTopHJia n y T H . 7 9

Odpamaacb K Bc©BHmH©My, n o a T M O J I H T :

77

HeRpacoB, op. c i t . ,

"CoflTejiaM",

78

Ibid.,

"HecaacTHH©",

79

Ibid.,

"flpy3bHM n ,

T.I,

T.III,

T.III,

CTp.97 cTp.I64

CTp.I63

KPECTbflHE B TBOPHECTBE HEKPACOBA Tocnoab! TBopa aodpo aapoay. EjiapocJioBH aapoaanfi Tpya, ynpoqb HapoaHyB cBodoayi ynpoqb Hapoay npaBHfi cya! ®° H, KBK dH nOaBOafl BTOr COdCTB©HHHM COMHSHHAM, HeKpaCOB peHBO nameT: Ha a© podefi 3a OTqa3ay J i B d e s H y B . . . BHHQC aocTBToaHO pyccKafi Hapoa, - H mapoKyB, ACHyB TpyabB a o p o r y npojioxax c e d e . °*

BHH©C©T BC©

80 81

HexpacoB, Op. o i t . , H r a M a " , T . I I ,

CTp.2I4

Ibid.,

CTp.I79

"aCeji©3HaA a o p o r a " , T . I I ,

r-KABA I I I £ETH H XEHlilHHbl B n033HH HEKPACOBA 0 a e x a x y HeRpaeoBa aanncaHo H©MHoro. Aaa aexefi cqHTaHHO© qacjio cxaxoxBopeawfi, ao

OHH

npeJiecTHH.

B

OCHOBHOM,

OHB nocBamean xaBOiaoxy xapy - nqeJiaM, xeaBeaw, safiqaM, jiOBbflx.

co-

Kaxaoe aa a a x - oqapoBaxejibHaa Kapxaaaa n p a p o a x .

"HeaymKa Masafi a 3afiqHn - cTaxoTBopeaae o 3 a e , enacawmox a x ox aaBoaaeHafl, n p o a a o

w

3afiqamKax" a o Ma-

BOIHJIO B

dadJiaoxeaRy.

RaxaoB c e x b a , Bxewmefi a e x e f i . 0 Aexax - eaaacxBeHHoe dojibmo© n p o a s B e a e a a e - "KpecxbAHCKa© a e x a " . HecxoTpa a a aeMaopoqacJieHHOCTb CTHXOTBopeaafi o a e x a x , B xex p e a x a x o^pasax, oxBOcamaxca R HHX, paccnnaHBHX no

CTBXOTBopeaaAM, qyBCTByeTCA dojibmaa jiadOBb

MBOPBX

HexHOCTb

K

aeiBope.

H

ToBopa o a a x , HeRpacoB 3adHBa©x o

x a a a p e , yBJieaaexca, cMeexca xa3HepaaocTHO,

aaxe CBOBB

ae

POBOPHT O HBX

c a p o a a e f i , npacymefi exy o d n q a o , a c aodpoaymHOfi XBTpeqofi. E r o odnaao odjinqaBmafi TOB n c q e s a e x , oxecToq©HHOcTb y c i y n a e T xecTO aodpoAymas, popbaafi

CMSX

saMeaaoTCA HCKpeaHe-BeceJiHM

aexamxa noaBJiaBxca n e p e a qaxax©Ji©M,

KBK XBBH©

.

Ho

BC©

H

axo,

Koraa H©RpacoB namex o aepeBeacKHX pedaxamKax, pacxymax a a npaBOJibB, c p e a a n p o c x o p o s nojiefi a JiecoB, noa OKOJIO

APKHM

cojiHqeM,

B©c©Jiofi peaKH. Kan xoJibKO peqb

xaJibBO MeBflexcfl.

3BXOAHX O

aexax popoaa,

XOH

©ro

MOMCH-

My3a e r o aaaHHaex odJiaqaxb, apacKH xeMHercx,

79

flETH H }KEHmHHbI B n033HH HEKPACOBA

a r y c T e a x , cMex a c q e a a e x coBceM, cjramaH xojibRO r o p e q b a B03xymeaae. I. flexa ropoaa. n e x e p d y p r dHJi popoaoM, x a s a a HexpacoB.

npaBeTJiBBOCTa

B ROTOPOM B

npoBeji dojibmyB qacTb

ceBepHofi cTOJiaq©

MBJIO.

Xo-

JIOABHfi XJiaXBT, TyXBBX, p©AXO nOABJIABme©CA COJIBqe dHJIO nJIOXHX cnyTBBKOx a e x c i B B doaaaKOB. ABCRBM

K xoMy x e , B npoxaBOBec a p e c x b -

pedaxamRBX, a e x a nexepdyprcKofi deaaoxH dHJia o d p e q e a n

a a paaaafi peryjiapanfi x p y a .

flexcRB©

r o a n , Koxopne KpecxbAHCKafi

pedeaoR npoBoaaJi a a nojie, a r p a a , nocxeneBHO o d y a a a c b 3©MJi©aepopoacKoe a a x a a s deaHefimnx CJioeB

JIHB, HHX

d)adpHRax

OKOJIO

MamHHH

HJIB B

npoBoanJio

B

noJiy-TeM-

3 a a a a x KOMHaTaX mBefiHOfi BJIB

canoxBofi MacTepcxofi. BOJI©©

B c e r o a Bnojiae cnpaBeaJiaBO HeRpaeoBa B03xyma©T

T O , qTO aeTB r o p o a a odpeqeBH Ha HenocajibHHfi aJia B03pacTa, H S aypaBmafi Tpya a c a x dbaaT, qTO oaa Boodm© aojixan TpyaaTbca c p a a s a x JieT.

STOxy nocBameao o a e a b caJibHoe a CTpacTaoe B r a e -

Be CTBxoTBopeaae "njiaq a©T©fi". HeKpacoBa B03MymaeT, qTO ecjia JiBaa xopyT cnoKofiao BHCJiymaBBTb "npoKJiATba B daTB© c x a s a b B padaymax" B3pocJiHx,

TO KBK MOX©T

q©JiOB©q©cKO© c e p a q e ocTaTbCfl

paBBoaymBHX K "Taxoxy nJiaqy" a "xajiodax"

aeiefi.

Ilejixfi a e a b a a 4>adpaKax KOJieca MH B©pTBH, B©pTBX, BQpTHX. *

I xeaae

H.A. HeKpacoB, nojiaoe e o d p a a n e coqaHeHafij npajioxe3a 1933 r o a , "njiaq aeTefi", T . I , c T p . I 3 2

K "HJUIBBTP.POCCHH"

flETH H JKEHIOHHM B n033HH HEKPACOBA xaJiyBTCA a e T a .

"TojiOBa nHJiaeT a K p y x a T c a " ,

"Bee Kpyrox a a e T " - a o ,

80

"cepaqe

dbeTCfl",

"decnojie3HO nJiaKaTb H MOJiHTbca", H H -

He x o q e T cjiHmaTb nJiaqa a©Tefi a KOJieco - CBMBOJI paHHero

KTO

Tpyaa - "xoTb y x p a - r y a a T ,

ryaai,ryaHi".

Padoxaromae a e x a r o p o a a JiameaH a o p x a J i b a o r o app,

aexcxBa,

Becejibfl. Tae y x B B M , B3xyqeaaHM B aeBOJie. jlBKOBaib, pe3BHXbCfl B CKaKaXb t *

Aaxe

nojie c MAPKOB xpasofi BJieaex a x c oaaofi qeJibro -

By nonaaajia d x HeapacoB,

"MH B

xpa-

cnaxb". rjiaaa n a ropoacKHx a e x e f i ,

Be Moxex n p e a c x a -

Baxb a x c e d e caacTJiBBHMB. H OH HM6JI nojiHoe npaBO K T o x y . CJiamKOX AOJiro npoxaji OB B n e T e p d y p r e K a x "ypjiax", CA

a a e aacjiymaTbca Ha B O B xH3Bb.

flpa3AapaBmafi

nJiaq" aeTefi,

qTodH He a a r j w i A e i b -

B e r o ymax HOCXOAHHO 3ByqaT

a n o a x a MyqaeT Hepa3pemaMHfi B o n p o c :

3 a q e x nonaJia HMQHHO a©Ta B o x y T - r o p o a ,

KOTopHfi xopom TOJibKO

aJia "paccTaBJiABmax djiaxHexy C © T H " ?

cqHTaeT,

OH

a o noaxoaame© KBCTO aJia p e d e a x a - 3 T O a e p e B a a ,

aio rae

©AHHCTBQH-

"co3peBaro-

mafi XOJIOC" yeHiiBT "npexaeBpeMeaHHfi TOJIOC" CTpacTefi H 3adOT. noaTOxy HexpacoB n p a x o a a x R aaKJiBqeHHB, qxo aexAx

ropoaa

" R p a c a o r o a e x c x B a a© 3 a a x b " . B©ab a a x e p o x a e H a e pedeHKa He B H 3HBaex B c e x b e p a a o c x a , aex paaocxa,

2

a x o noaBHJicA "jinrnaafi p o x B .

aex a aexcxBa.

HeRpacoB, l o c . c i t .

A xaM,

ra©

81

flETH H aCEHUIHHH B n 0 3 3 H H HEKPACOBA

2 . KpeCTbflHCKH© aeTH. COBCBM

apyro© a a c T p o e a a e BcxpeqaeT qHTaTeJia,

noaT namex o xpecxbflHCKax a e x a x .

Koraa

Kaxexca, axo Btnneji H3 x o -

jioaaopo a c n p o r o noaBajia B CBexJiyB KOMaaxy, 3aJiaxyB cojiaqeM. Zlaxe BO BpeMeHa apenocxHoro npaBa, Koraa c y a b d a B3pocRpenocxBHx RpecTbAH dbuia n o a q a c oqeHb ae3aBaaHofi, aeTCKHe

JIKX

POaH

npOXOAHJIH, 3B peaXHMB BCKJIBqeRBAXB, de3sadoTHO a Becejio. B "KpecTbAHCRHx aeTAx", aaadojiee apynaox

CTBXOTBOP6HHH

nocBameHBOx KpecTbflHCKax pedATHmRBM, HeKpacoB OdpHCOBHBaeX KBpXBBy BX XB3BB. TOBOpHT JIH OH O "cepHX, KBpHX, CHHBX PJIB3RBX",

cxemaBmaxcA,

"KBK B

nojie

BBBTH",

BcnoMaaaeT

JIB OH O

" r p a d a x x B a d e r a x " , OT Kaxaofi ©MJI9MH

n o a p a » a e x oqeHb q a c x o .

TomHO,

ox HapoaHofi p e q n .

CKOPO,

dojibHO -

14

HexpacoB, op. c i t . , "Bajiex", T . I I ,

15

Ibid.,

cxp.210

A ©B noax

CJIHUIKOM

cxp.202

oxpH-

128

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOHHHK CJIOBA

BBCXO

- xomaexoBbKO,

CRopexoabKO, dojibHexoabKO - a x o y x e B

a e x p a c o B c x o M a y x e . PyccKafi a a p o a x o x e He JiBdax x o p o x x a x CJIOB a y a - a a a a e x ax aacaojibKo BO3MOXHO; "BCKoqHJi HB dpeBHHmKo", "rocnoaHH-cjiyxBBeabKHfi", RH B e x x a e " ,

"KOMopoqKa", "CaBpacymKa",

"xaBOxamKa x B o p n e " ,

"cxopoaymaa",

"ayMymaa r o p b K a e " ,

"aoMHmii "xpaBynncay

"noKofiHaqeK".

HeKpacoB, ynoxpedJiflfl aaKXHJiaqecKH© OKOHqaHHfl, HSBOJibHO npaaaBaJi CBOHM cxaxaM 3ayHBTBHHfi X O H .

OaeBHaHo, SXH x© MOXH-

BH 3acxaBJiflJiB e r o q a c x o noBXopflXb KaKyB-HHdyab rJiaCHyB, dH ycHJiaxb B n e q a x J i e a a e . MOBX

(npaeM, B KOxopoM BnocJieacxana Bajib-

a o c x a r coBepineHCXBa).

3ayHHBaoe

qxo-

OcodeHHO q a c x o XAHBX HeapacoB

"y". yMep, KacbflHOBHa, yMep, yMep H B 36MJIB 3apHX.

cepaeqHaa, I6

HJIH:

K a x e x c a , menayx KOJiocba a p y r - a p y r y i CKyqHO HBM cjiymaxb oceHHBB B b B r y . I 7 HexpaCOB He JIBdHX KOpOXKBX, OXPBTBHCXHX CJIOB. OB B CBOefi CXBxaa,

ynoxpedJiAA aJiBHHHe, x a r y q a e CJIOBB, q x o d n qnxaxb HX MOXHO

dHJio H a p a c n e B ,

noaBHBBA. 3 x o eaaHCXBeHHHfi n o a x ,

B CJiOBape K O -

x o p o r o X S K B A x a c c a MHOPOCJIOXHHX CJIOB: "aymerydHHe" - HeBOJibBo npoa3aocHmb " a y m e r y - y - y d H H e 2 , "qajiMOHOCHHfi MycyjibMaHHH", qH-nycxHHHOxaxejiB",

"npasaHO-seBBBmafi",

"ox-

"nnBOBapeHHaa jiaBKa",

16

HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "B a e p e B H e " , T . I ,

17

Ibid.,

" H e c x a x a a noJioca", T . I ,

cxp.

cxp.55

50

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJRHHK CJIOBA "qjieHonoBpexaeBB©", "rojiydooKBfl",

"MHOPOCTpaaajibHaa",

"jiBdBeodHJibBHfi",

n

*29

3ydoapodHT©JibHBifi",

"MocKBa-nepBonpocTOJibHaa",

"nojia CTaposanamHH©" H x . a . C dojibinBM MacxepcxBOM aaHH y H e a p a c o B a 3ByKOBBT© o d t>a3H. Box xejie3HBA

aopora:

B a x H a a dapHHA.' T o p a a a dapBTHflJ X o a a x , SMeeB m a n n x , " n y c x o BaMi nycTO BaMJ nycTO BaMl PyccKofi a e p e B H e KpnqHT. *& HyBCTByeTCA,

KaK H H X T H T J I O K O M O T H B , BHnycKafl n a p . H JiyraMa n a y ,

B e x e p CBHm©T B J i y r a x . ™

B aTOM qyaecHOM "cBHrnei" aeficTBHTejibHO q y e T c a C B H C T B e T p a . KPHTHKH,

He xejiaBmne BHaeTb B HeKpacoBe

HO C B o e o d p a 3 H o r o n o a T a ,

qacTO ynpeKaJia e r o B deaHOCTH pad)M

H daaaJibHocTH JieKCHKOHa.

OcodeHHO B03Mymajia MHornx KaK d y a -

TO d n d e a H a a c BHay pncbwoBKa noapaxaeT,

TajiaHTJiaBoro,

rjiarojia

ToponHJicfl - yqHJicfl,

c rjiarojioM

(BOsdyxaaeT-

qHTaji - HHcaJi) HJIH npHqacTHHX

pacpM Ha amnfi; aiimfi (dojiTaBmnx - norndaBrnHX, npoxoaamriB CTOflmaB), ydororo

KaK npaMep de3aapHOCTH n o a T a npHBoaHJia

Ha-

"necHB

cTpaHHHKa": H jiypawH a a y - BeTep cBHmeT B J i y r a x : XojioaHO, CTpaHHHqeK, XOJIOaHO, TOJIOaHO, poaHMeHbKHfi, r o j i o a H o ; 20

T.III,

18 H e K p a c o B , o p . c i t . , " K o M y Ha Pycw XHTb x o p o m o " , CTp.149 19

Ibid.,

"necHfl y d o r o r o CTpaHHHKa", T . I ,

20

HeKpacoB, l o c

cit.

CTp.I47

HEKPACOB KAK XytfOKHHK CJIOBA

130 OT

H3yXHT6JIbHO OTBSTHJI HB BC© 3TH HanaaKH HvKOBCKHfi. OH

HB3Baji 3Ty necHB BCTHHHHM "aaqHOHajibHBTM P H M H O M " .

HMSHHO

coqeTBHHe aByx CJTOB " x o j i o a H o " H " r o j i o a H o " c o 3 a a B T wHByB Kar>Taay,

noMoraBT aMoqHOHajibHO BocnpBHATb CMHCJI C T H X B . ynoMHHaa

O H©KDaCOBCKOM

q©TB©pOCTHmHH:

B e e Ta x e x a T a . d e a H a a CTaHOBHTCA d©aH©fi, H MaTb c T a p y x a d j i e a a a a Em© dJieaHefi, dJieaHefi. ^yKOBCKHfi coB©r>m©HHO npaBHJibHO aoKa^HBaeT,

qTO dojiee

c o i H a s pno^Ma TOJibKO pasoyuiHJia d x " C J I O B © C H H B y s o p " , Jia dH CTHJib. HOBKH

HVXHB

rjiarojibHHe

Kpa-

HcnopTH-

3a©eb HMeHHO aJia noaqepKHBaHbs y d o r o f i

odcTa-

y d o r a a p a d ^ i a . H neceFHOMy Jtaay ayxHH HecJioxHBie PHQ)MH.

B d©3*BCKyccTB©HHofi npocTOT© -

noapaxaHH©

HapoaHHM necHAM, HapoaHOMy T B o p q e c T B y . MeJioaHKa H©KpacoBCKOro cTHxa, HecMOTpa Ha e r o K aHanecTy,

TATV

aaKTHjiM H , ocodeHHO, aaKTHJinqecKHM OKOHqaHHAM,

caMaa p a 3 F O O d p a 3 H a a .

H a n d o j i e e KpacHBHe HeKpacoBCKHe

CTHXO-

TBOpeHHfl HanHcaHBi Ha neceHHBffi J i a a , HO a a o r a a nor»T noBecTByeT n p o c T o H cnoKofiHO,

H H o r a a e r o p e q b - nHJiKoe o p a T o p c T e o ,

HHor-

a a 3T0 JiHxofi BoaeBBJibHBTfi KynJieT. (HeKpacoB HHKoraa H© Mor o c BodoaaTbCA OT n p a o d p e T e H F o r o B B B O C T H HaBHKa nacaHHA KynJieTOB. OHB

npocKaJib3B!BaJia a a x e B c©pb©3HW© C T H X O T B O P © H H A -

HOCTb" - cTBXOTBOpeHae n o c o a e p x a H H B T p a r n q H o e ,

21

HyKOBCKHfi,

22

HeKpacoB,

op. c i t . , CTp.35 op. c i t . , CTp.7.

"HbAFHua"

"OcTopox-

HO c BecejiHM

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBft

131

onepeToqHHM pedbp©HOM.) H©KpaCOBCKHfi CTHX - HCTHHHO pyCCKHfi, KOjiaqecTBOM umfi, mefi,

ry3H,

y3H, TBK,

qTO ©CJIH, n o p e q e n T y

BaTBmKOBB, TpedoBaTb OT CTaxa "HTajibAHCKopo" TO

e r o H© cji©ay©T HCKaTb y H e a p a c o B a .

apacoB - pyccKafi.

C KOJIOCCaJIbHBTM

dJiaro3ByqHA,

Ho B©ab a C S M - T O H e -

3aqeM x e eMy n o a p a x a i b

KOMy-TO,

3aqex

n a c a T b poaaHM P V C C K H M A3HKOM a C T a p a T b c a BHdwpaTb TaKB© C J I O H a , qTOd doraTHfi H coqHHfi pyccKafi A 3 H K 3ByqaJi n o - q y x o M y ? B©ab 3 T O qacTO p y c c R o e : A a s a dpaTBBa TydHHH yTBs:aT n p o B a a » x a r o .

2 3

HJIB

TedA B3dyTeT©HHM aydb©M BMecTe c ropjiacTHX TBOBM x o j i y e M . 2 4

MH-CT8

MOXaO JIB BHpB3BTb 3TO TBK X© KpBCOqHO, HO H3A1HHO H yTOBqeHHO, 3ByRaMH BaTBmKOBa HJIH JKyKOBCKoro? -KoneqHO, H e T . aaaTb,

H Haao n p a -

qTO B Hedjiaro3ByqBOCTH H a a x e r p y d o c T H C T H X B H e x p a c o B a

e c T b CBOA o n p e a e J i e H H a a K p a c o T a .

CaM HeKpacoB 3HaJi S T O :

HOT B T e d e noa3HH CBodoaHofi, Mofi CypOBHfi, HeyKJIBXHfi CTHX.1

HeT B T©d© TBOpamero HCKyccTBa... HO KHnWT B Ted© XHBBfl KpOBb, TOpxeCTByQT MCTBTSJIbHO© qyBCTBO, ZtoporaA TenjiHTCA J i B d o B b . . . OH nameT T o r a a ,

T.III,

25

K o r a a " a o j i r o caepxaHHHe MyKH, a a K a n e B ,

2 3 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , CTp.59

noa

"KoMy Ba P y c a XHTb xop_amo"^

24

Ibid.,

"ncoBaa oxoTa",

T.I,

25

Ibid.,

"npa3aHHK XH3HH", T . I ,

CTp.23 CTp.75

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOOKHHK CJIOBA

cepaqe noaofiayx". ax",

H oa 3 a a e x ,

q x o o a a XBK xe

T32

qxo "OHB a© x y x e nJiocaofi n p o -

d y a y x BOJiaoBaxb

cepaqa.

2 . fl3HK HeKpacoBa. HeKpacoB,

RaK y x e oxMftqeao,

oxjiaqaJica CBO©odpB3BHM

cxBJieM a MeJioaaxofi c x a x a .

He MeHee oparaBajieB a c B o e o d p a -

s e a A3xx e r o n p o a s B e a x a f i .

BJiaroaapa BB©aeaHOxy HeKpacoBHX

"cHaxeHBoxy C I B J I B B p y c c K a a Jiaxepaxypa odoraxHJiacb XBOxecxBOX BOBHX aJIA H©e CJIOB, BHpBXdHBfi, OdpB30B . TO, MXO paHbm© Ra3BJIOCb dH BeXXCJIHXHX, dHJIO JIBPRO H npOCXO HCnOJIb30BBHO H e KpacoBHM.

COXHB

CJIOB

exeaHeBHoro o d a x o a a npoaHO BOIUJIH B e r o

n o a x a a e c K a f i cJiOBapb: qaHHaecKaft, p©Kxypa, HBA,

aaxH-qejioBeqHHfi,

papaBTBA a c y d c a a a f l ,

qHBHJiHsaqHA, 3K3©Ryxop,

aaMHHBCTpaqaA, aaBaaeBa,

aop-

aKqaoBepaaA Koana-

ROHqeccna,

cneKyjiflqHfl,

dMRDHBBHfi a a a x e "ROMBTBT noompeBba seMJieaeJibqecKHx T p y a o B " . BHJIB

BBeaeBH n p o a a a a x H Bpoa©: "cynpoTHB",

"3a3Boda",

"Haayxb?

"pa3ryjibHoro c o p x a a e x a a a " ,

" x p e c a y x b " ( B CMHCJI© " y a a p a i b " ) ,

"BaeBmacb a o - n o x y " ,

"damKa","no npasaaaKaM a o r a X 0 3 0 -

JIBJI",

"Bpex",

padfexx : aymn - BIUB. 3 a n e c x p e j i n Hacxoflmae

Bxpaxeaaa a odopoxx p e q a : aedejixB, peaxfi,

BaJibflxaHfi,

daymaa ( B X S C T O "dadymRa"), y x a a j i c s ,

Tomao, ae 3axafi,

KpeexbflBCRae xoqeHbxa,

cyjiHJia,

aa-

cxeRHyji,

dojibmaa, pod©Tb, OTKyaoBa, JiBdo, B o a a ,

cep-

aemBHfi H XHoro a p y P a x . HeapacoB qacTO, n o a p a x a a HapoaHHM odopoTaM p e q n ,

ya-

JIBBfleT CJIOBB, BCTBBJIflfl B HBX yM©HmBT©JIbHHe HJIH JI BCKaTeJIbHBTe

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBA cydxbaRCH, odoramaa aofi, KpacoqHoB a

SXHM CBOB

BCXHHHO

133

noasnw, aeJiaA ee dojiee Kapxaa-

HapoaHofi: p a a o - p a a e x o H b a o ,

aaxymRa, RpyqaHymaa, aexHKymKa,

3BMa-

cnHHyuiKa", nmflneaKa,

"HO©X

xomnexoBbKO, xooodymKa, ayma-sasHOdymKa, nyxb-aopox©BbKa, cxBOjiHKH-rojiydqHKH.

aeBymKB-JiedeaymKa,

^lacxo HeKpacoB y n o x p e d -

JiAex qacxo a a p o a a n e odopoxx peqH: BHaHBaji, aeJiHBBJi, aoeaa»qH, HaKonjiABqa, n RaR c xodOB A noxaxHBBJi", " x a n dHJia pasyxemeBH", "B

x o j m e . . .noxaxBBajiB cxpaaHHKa",

"OXXH MH©",

"HyxKO-ce",

"a npo EpMBJiy CJtHXBBaJi", "noMajiqaBajia cxpaHHHKH", "HO pyrafiCA,

CBM A

"BJIB B©

cJiHXHBaji",

Jiaaao

XBB©XCA",

aaBBJi", " x a a - n o x a a " ,

3adHJi", "yxep xpoxbeBoaHB

"HH I H

"qafi, a o p o r o

CXOHX",

"qaBO myxaxb", n He

XHoro, XHoro xaKHx npaMepoB.

H

B SXOM

COJIOHO

"a-a©

BJIBC",

CBXUH

xjiedaBunie"

pjiydoxaa,

npoH

aeodHqaaa

Koacoxa. H a o r a a HeapacoB 38HMCXByex a a x e 4>opMy a a p o a a o r o

IBOP-

q a c x B a . "KoecxbflacKHfi r p e x " ("KoMy Ha Pyca XHXb xopomo") H B nHcaa B dHJiHHBOM cxHJie, c noBXopeHHflMH B cepeaHHe d)pa3H ( "AMMapaji-BaoBeq no xopflM xoaaji, no

MOPAM

xoanji, aopadjia

BO-

a a j i ) ; c dHJiHHHHMH odopoxaMH- "Tofi XH, c x a p o c x a " ; c BayxpeHHHMB padjMaxB - qenefi-Kpenefi, axx aaneBOM. HHB

cxopoaaji-3adHJi; Hacxoamax dBtJiaa-

H a o r a a HeapacoB HaaHHaex aBe

- xanaqHO neceHHHfi

MJIH

dHJiHFHHfi,

HDKO

CXOOKH C

oxpaqa-

nosTHiHHH npneM:

He Bexep r y a n x no KOBHJIH. He CBaaedHH^ noe3a rpeMHT. PoaHBie no TTnoKJie 3B.BHJIH, no TTpoKJie ceMbA TOJIOCHX. 8 6

26

HexDacoB-. op. c i t . , "MoTyo^-KDflriHMfiL Hoc", T . I I ,

cxp.165

134

HEKPACOB KAK XyflQJKHHK CJIOBA HJIB He BexpBi B©BX dyfiHBT©, H© MBXb-3©MJIH KOJIHmeXCfl. 27

H H o r a a B©RpacoBCKH© xeamaBH, XOPOHH Myxa HJIH n j i a q a o c o d c x B e H BOH c y a b d © , n p a q a x a B X , MHM C e d e ,

o d p a m a a c b K OKpyxaBmefi n p n p o a e ,

K ca-

K XHBOXHHM. 3X0 THHHHHO aJIA npOH3BeaeHHfi CXapHHHO-

po pyccKOro

snoca. K p e n q e B H , HOxenbKH, c x o f i x e j BejiHe pyqKH, a e a o f i x e ! 28

n p a q n x a e i Z l a p b s . O a a o d p a m a e x c a a a x e R " 3 a H H b K e " . JiBdax HeKp a c o B a q a c x o dwraHHHfi noneM noBxop©HBA p j i a r o j i a a T e j i b a o r o ox o a B o r o KOPHA "MOCXH MOCXAX" JIOM

-

cymeciBa-

" o a y x a j i XH ayxymKy" ( cpaBHnxe c

a 3 "CJIOBB O nojiay HropeB©"),

"nomjio r y j i a x b - n o r y j i H B a x b " , jlBdHMHfi npneM H e K p a c o B a ,

"nonuio

rjiarojia

c

rjiaro-

Kpaqaxb-noRpaKHBaxb'. 1

K KoxopoMy OH B 0 3 B p a m a e x c a

n p a KaxaoM yaodBOM CJiyqae - neceaHHfi n p n e M . HeKpacoB Jirodnx aHadx>pH: ycHyji, ycHyji,

noxpyaaBiuHficfl B n o x e , n o p a d o x a B ^ yio cocHy H, noBaJiBBma, njiflcaJiH Ha H©B, ^Ixodx K 3©MJI© npnjierjia nonJioxHefi, TBK, nodeaaB nocjie a o j i r o r o d o a , Bpar vxe MepxBoro xonq«x r e p o A . 37 B03JODdJI9HHaA CpaBHHBaeXCA C JISXHHM H OC9HHHM COJIHq©M. JlHCXbA scaJiodao "myxejia x p y r o x " , TBK nocjie daxBH, BO MPBK© BoqHOM, PBHQBHB CXOH©X, 3 0 B © X , npoKJiHHaex.

38

yRpameHH tpojibXJiopHH© npoH3B©aeHHA npacyxcxBaeM a a poaaHx 3 a r a a o K , noroBopoK ("Koxy a a Pyca xnxb x o p o m o " ) .

36

HeKpacoB,op. c i t . ,

37

Ibid.,

"Cama", T . I ,

38

Ibid.,

cxp.67

"Mopo3-KpacHHfi Hoc", T . I I , c x p . 168 cxp.66

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOSCHHK CJlOBA Caer

137

J i e x a x MOJiqnx, j i e x a x MOJiqnx, K o r a a y n p e x , x o r a a p e B e x . 39

3xo e r o a e BaaHBaJi, A cjiHmaxb - B c a a a f i C J I H X H B B J I . B e 3 x e j i a - a XBB©X o a o , B©3 A3HKa - K p a q a x . 4 0

HBKXO

3BJCOK

3BMOK - c o d a q x a B © P H B A : He J i a e x , H© K y c a e x c A , H H© n y c K a e x B a o M . 4 1

T a n a a a o KpecxbaacKHe

noroBopKa:

CneJiOMy KOJiocy - c e p n yaajiofil £©Baqe B3pocJiofi - XQBHX MOJioaofil42 HexpacoBCKH© onwcaHHA n p a p o a n q y a e c H H . B yrpBMOM JIH OH

HH.

pacnojioxeHHH a y x a , OC©HHAA XOCKJIHBBA

B B©C©JIOM JIH

- BC© paBHO OHH n p e K p a c -

Kapxaaa:

3ayBHBBHfi BQXep TOBBX CXBJO xyq HB Kpafi Hedec, Ejib BaaJtoMJieaaaA cxoHex, TJiyxo menaex XQMHHS J i e c . A BOX y HeKpacoBa xopome© HacxpoeHae.

T.III,

4 3

Toxe oceHHafi n e f i s a x :

39 HeKpacoB, op. c i t . , "KoMy Ha Pyca x a x b xopomo", cxp.62 40

Ibid.,

cxp.60

41

Ibid.,

c x p . 67

42

Ibid.,

"Cama",

43

Ibid.,

"nepea aoxaeM", T . I ,

CTp.65 cxp.18

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBA

138

B a x y XHxyB jiyHayB a o q b CoaepqaaBB aojixao n p e a a x b c a . Aemb rjiydOKO n p o a p a q n a , q a c x a , Mocaq nojiHHfi njiHBex Haa a y d p o B o f i , H P O c n o a c x s y B X B H©d© q B e x a Tojiydofi, d©JIOBaXHfi, JIHJIOBHfi. B o a n a p a o dJiecxAx c p e a b nojiefi, A 3©MJIA npaxoxjiBBO o a e x a B BOJIBH d e j i o r o jiyHHoro cB©Ta H yaopqaTHX CTpaHHHX T©H©fi. npoTAHyjiHCA nojiocH r p e q n , Kpacaofi JIOHTOB n o c a a T y npomJin; 3aMHKaBmafi COHHN© H H B H , JI©C CKB03HT, B©Cb yCBHiaB JIHCTBOfi. 44 Bee paayeT noaTa: 3©Ji©H©romefi OSBMB p j i a a b , n o a o JibBOM - BOJioTaa a o j i a a a , n o c p e a a ocBemeHHBix j i y r o B B©JiHqaBO© BOBCKO C T o r o B . 4 5 KapTHBB a e p e B e H C K o r o o3©pa n e p e a a H a ,

KaK Ha flBy:

npoiiuiH c e J t o , yBHaeJia B 3eJieHofi paMe 3 e p K a J i o : C KpaflMH nojiHHfi n p y a . Haa npyaoM peBT JiacToqKH; KaKHe-TO KOMapHKB, npoBopHHe H Tomae B npanpHxay, CJIOBHO no c y x y , TyJiflBT no B o a e . 46 BoJira, jiBdHMafl peKa HeKpacoBa,

qacTO BCTpeqaeTca B epo CTHXO-

TBOp©HHflX: H p o c , KaK MHOrne, B rjiyma, y d e p e r o B dojibmofi P © K H , Tae Jinmb Kpnqajia KyjiaKH, IllyM©JIH rjiyxo KaMHura,

44

HexpacoB.op. c i t . ,

45

HeRpacoB,loc.

46

ibid.,

"Pxnapb H« q a c " , T . I ,

CTp.I26

cit.

"KoMy ae Pvca xaTb xooomo", T . I I I ,

CTp.57

139

HEKPACOB KAK XyflOJKHHK CJIOBA

PaaaMH C T B H dejiHX n T a q , KBK H S B B A H H A r p o d H H q , Cna©JiH BawHO Ha necK©; BaaHejiHCb r o p n B a a j i e x e H C H H B B decKOHeqHxB Jiec CKpBreaJi Ty CTopoay H e d e c , K y a a , aHSBaofi oKOHqaB n y T b , yxoaHT cojiHqe OTaoxHyTb. 47 HacTO onacaHHA n p n p o a H CJiyxaT dx>HOM HacTpo©HHB H e KpacoBa. 3BX©M,

TaK POpOaCKHe C B X © T H OTTSH9HH H©npHB©TJIHBHM n e f i -

aojKaJiHBofi n o r o a o f i ,

a B npOH3B©a©HBflx,

HanacaaHHx B

doapoM TOHe, n p n p o a a jiacKOBaa a H P H A T H B A , n o r o a a

qyaecHaa.

nOHCTBBe MO^KHO CqHTaTb H©KpBCOBa B6JIHKHM 3HaTOKOM n p n p o a H H

peaKHM xynoxHHKOM pyccKOro nefisaxa.

47

HexpacoB, op. cit., "Ha BOJIPQ", T.I, CTp.I23

3AKJIKHEHHE DejibB npeamecTByBmax rjiaB dHJio aoKasaTb, qTO HeKpaCOB - "neBeq r o p a HapoaHoro". 3TO aoKa3HBaeT e r o n o a a a a ,

no-

CBAmeBBaa, npexa© B c e r o , a a p o a y - KpecTbaacTBy, BCRpHBaBmaa A3BH RpecTbABCKofi

XB3HH

- CKBepHoe aKOHOMHqecKoe nojioxeBHe,

nocTOAHByB HameTy, yBB3BTeJibaoe a decnpaBHoe cymecTBOBBHHe B ycJiOBHAx KpenocTHoro n p a B a . OTpaxeHa Bepa HexpacoBa meaae BayTpeBHefi

CHJIOS

B

JiBdHMHfi

HM

Hapoa,

BOCXB-

a aymeBHofi doapocTbB pyccKoro Myxaaa,

Bepa B e r o jiyqmee dyaymee. T o , qTo noaT aeficTBHTejibHO "neBeq cTpaaaHHfi" aona3HBaeT e r o XBooaecxBO, nocBAmeHHoe "MHorocTpaaajibHHM" pyccRHM xeHHiBBaM

BO BC©X CJIOAX

pyccKoro od^ecTBa, n03B0jiArome© qBXa-

TeJIB 03BaK0MHTbCa C OqeHb TAXeJIOfi XH3HbB KpeCTbAHKH-xeHH, MaTepn a ppdoxHHUH,

B OCHOBHOM,

KpenocTHofi, a noaTOMy Toxe

CTpaaaBmefi OT npoH3BOjia dapHHa. To, qTO HeKDacoB "neqaJibHHK r o p a HapoaHoro", aaBX ©ro qya©CHxe

CXHXOXBOP^HHA

BCKPH-

nocBAmeHHHe aexAM - r o p o a -

CKHM H KpecXbAHCKHM. O de3paaOCXHOfi Cyabde KOXOpHX CKOpdHX

noax. To. qxo HeKpscoB - no^T, BOcneBaroiuafi HMeHHO c x p a a a HHA p v c c K o r o Hapoaa, aoKanBiBaeT e r o xsopqecTBO,

oxHocameecA

K WHXeJIAM r o p o a a - deaHHM, rOJIOaHHM. dOJIbHWM H yoxajiHM.

3AKJDDHEHHE

141

n p a M H p a x e c b x© c My3ofi Moefi,B3HBaji

noax: H B© 3 H B B a p y r o r o H a n e B a . Kxo xHBex d e s n e q a J i n H THeBa, TOX H6 JIBdHX OXqH3HH CBoefi! 4 8 Ho 3HaqeHHe HeKpacoBa aajieKO He H c q e p n H B a e i c a I © M ,

q x o OH dHJi "neqajibHHKOM r o p a H a p o a H o r o " B C BQJIHKOB cnjiofi Bocneji HapoaHHe

cxpaaaHHA.

3BaqeHHe HeKpacoBa oq©Hb BeJiHKo xeM, qTO O B , r o B o p a nocxoAHHO o XAroxax XH3HH n p o c x H x JiBaefi, SByqaxb decnpepxBHO,

3acxaBJiAJi CBOIO My3y

o d p a m a a H©BojibHO BHHMaHae MHornx,

deHHO CHJibHHX Mapa c e r o Ha x p a r n q e c K o e nojioxeHHe Kxm 3Ha©x,

KpenociHHx.

dHTb Moxex B ocBodoxaeHHH KpecibflH CBjrpajia

MaJieabKyB, HO BaxHyw pojib My3a " c neqajibHHM JIHKOM" . Moxex cxHxoxBopeHHA H e x p a c o B a dBiJia oanofi H3 Kanejib, max KaxeHb

a oco-

CBOB

Bbixb aojidHB-

KpenocxHHqecTBa.

HeMaJiaA 3 a c J i y r a HeKpacoBa B T O M ,

qTO OH BB©JI B p y c -

CKyB jiHTepaTypy HOBBie *OPMBT vi FOBwe TeMH, odoraTHJi n o s T a q e c KHH cjiOBaob HapoaHoB p e q b B , He aonycKfiBuiefica

p a F e e B JiHTepa-

Typy HenacaHHHMH aaKOHHMH n o s a w . BSJIHK

HeKpacoB T S M ,

q x o s a n e q a T J i e B c HeodHKHOBQHHHM

MBCTenCTBOM KIDecTbAHCKyB XH3Hb BO BCex 66 HpOABJieHHAX, OdOraTHJi DvccKyB JiHTepaTypy MFOPMVH H63adHBaeMHMH o d p a 3 a w a OTqacTH,

HapHCOBBJi aJia H s m e r o noKOJiPFaa roqHyB KapxHHy

48

HexpacoB,

op. c i t . , "raseTwnfl".

T.II,

CTp.I9I

H,

oaaoro

3AKJIKWEHHE HS

Kopnefi P © B O J I B B H H - KpecxbAHCKoro

142 Bonpoca.

HeMajiw s a c j i y r a H e x p a r o B a - H3aaxejiA H p e a a K T o p a . Ho a x o x B o n p o c HacxojibKO HHxepeceH H o d m n p e a ,

VTO wor d n n o c j i y -

nrwTb TeMoB aJia MHorax cneqwaJibHHx p a d o T . ynoMAHVB o Hex K O POTKO,

HyxHO C K a s a T b ,

qTO HeKpacoB C03aaji a e a nepeaoBBix x y p -

a a j i a CBoefi anoxvr H H3aaBaJi HX B TeqeHHH noqTH 3 0 - T B J i e T . ( "CoBpexeHHHK" c I8axypH B CBASH C n c x o p a qeCKHMB COdHXHAMH.

HeH3aaHHHe nacbMa JI.H. Tojicxoro, H.A. PoHqapoBB, H.A. HeKpacoBa, 5>.M. /tocxoeBCKoro, A,A_nacej«tcj!^.ro__g_,Jai)_., noa . p e a . npBiryHOBa, Moo.KBa-JIeHHHrpaa, H3a. "Aoademia" 1 9 3 2 , cxp . 7 4 1 . nepenncKa HeKpacoBa c OCXPOBCKHM, HHxepecHaa aJia p a s padoxKH X©MH "HeKpacoB KaK peaaKXop H xypHajincx". K

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nymRBB, A . C . , nojiaoe codpaHae cogBaeHajfj. n o a . p e a . UflBJiOBCKoro a nexpoBa, MOCKBB, 0 r H 3 , 1949," cxp . 9 5 2 . PyccKaa JIBPHKB. MaJieHbKaa aHXOJiorHA ox JIOMOa o n a c x e p H a a a , cocxaBHJi K H . CBcrTonojiK-MnpcKafi, H s a . "*paHKo-PyccKaa n e a a x b " , n a p a x , 1 9 2 4 , c x p . 9 5 . HHiepecHH MHCJIH KH.CBAxonojiK-MHpcKoro o HeKpacoB©, noMem©BHH© B npHMeqaHHAx K "AHTOJiorna". BOCOBB

n«_ n HyROBCKBfi, K . H . , HeKpacoB KaK xyaoxHHK. CnB,Hsa. "3noxa", 1922, c x p . 7 7 . £exajtbHHfi p a a d o p cxHxooftoxeHBA HeKpacoBa. AfixeHBaJiba, K)., Cajiyaxn pyccKHx nacaxeJiefi, KaaroH3a. BenJiHH, I 9 ° 3 , T . T I , c x p . ° 7 8 KpaxKH© oaeoKH o XBopqecxBe nncaxejiefi KOHqa XIX a Ha qajia XX cxojiexHA, B XOM qncJie H HeKpacoBa. "CJIOBO".

APPENDIX 1 AN ABSTRACT OF H_.^.__He Kt> a COB - " n e B© U_Jf£pa_H a g o a H o r o " TThe i n s p i r a t i o n f o r Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e power, p e a s a n t s , women, c h i l d r e n , and urban d w e l l e r s , sung by him i n h i s p o e t i c works, and h i s a r t i s t i c i n t u i t i o n and p o e t i c t a l e n t - t h e s e a r e t h e main t o p i c s of this thesis. Chapter I d e a l s w i t h the causes which influenced and formed Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e power a s a p o e t :

t h e i n f l u e n c e of h i s a n c e s t o r s ,

d i s s o l u t e f e u d a l i s t s , i n h e r i t e d by him from h i s f a t h e r , t h e e f f e c t of which was n e g a t i v e and demoralizing t o Nekrasov - t h e c h i l d j t h e benef i c i a l i n f l u e n c e of h i s mother, who induced h e r son t o become i n t e r e s ted i n r e a d i n g , l e a r n i n g , and e v e r y t h i n g good;

t h e e f f e c t on him of t h e

Northern Russian l a n d s c a p e and t h e " g r e a t waterway" - t h e Volga, and f i n a l l y , t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e epoch r i c h i n eventff such as t h e l i b e r a t i o n of t h e p e a s a n t r y from s l a v e r y , and t h e appearance of a new c l a s s , the so-called "unprivileged" class ( i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , in the 6 0 ' s ) . Chapter I I d i s c u s s e s t h e main body of Nekrasov's c r e a t i v e works h i s poems on t h e p e a s a n t r y and on t h e grave economic and moral s i t u a t i o n during t h e epoch of f e u d a l i s m .

OxxaBa,

This c h a p t e r gives a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s

T H . EayMni, H^A_. .HeKpacoB - "TTeBen, 1950, cxt). vi"H-I"-«.

^pV^nj!von^nvo,\

AN ABSTRACT OF N. BAUMS' N.A. NEKRASOV "MINSTREL OF THE PEOPLE'S SORROW"

lk6

of Nekrasov's p o e t r y , which d e p i o t s t h e mode of l i v i n g of t h e p e a s a n t s , t h e main t r a i t s of t h e i r c h a r a c t e r , t h e i r a t t i t u d e towards reform, which l i b e r a t e d t h e p e a s a n t r y from f e u d a l i s t i c dependency, and t h e p o e t ' s views on t h e f u t u r e of t h e p e o p l e . Chapter I I I i s devoted to c h i l d r e n and women; Nekrasov's r e a c t i o n to t h e manner of l i f e of c i t y o h i l d r e n - p a u p e r s , and t o t h e i r more f o r t u nate "cousins" - peasant children.

D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s i s made of Nekra-

s o v ' s works d e d i c a t e d t o h i s h i g h l y i d e a l i z e d t y p e of p e a s a n t •woman - h e r industry, t h r i f t ,

admirable c h a r a c t e r , w i l l i n g n e s s t o s a o r i f i c e , and h e r

love of c h i l d r e n - t h e type of "handsome and strong S l a v i c woman" c r e a t e d by Nekrasov.

This c h a p t e r dea^ls as w e l l w i t h the i n d i v i d u a l poems of

Nekrasov on "Russian Women", and w i t h the type of women - wif es of deoemb r i s t s who s a c r i f i c e d everything for t h e sake of t h e i r h u s b a n d s . Chapter IV p o r t r a y s t h e "big c i t y " w i t h i t s s t r i k i n g c o n t r a s t s t h e m i s e r y of t h e poor and t h e l u x u r i o u s b u t often immoral l i f e of t h e r i c h . Chapter V i s d e d i c a t e d t o t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e a r t i s t i c m e r i t s and q u a l i t i e s of t h e p o e t ; t o t h e melodies and rhythmics of h i s v e r s e ; t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t y l e of Nekrasov, who was t h e f i r s t t o i n t r o d u c e i n t o

litera-

t u r e "popular s t y l e " and popular l a n g u a g e . The b a s i s of t h i s r e s e a r c h i s t h e a n a l y s i s of Nekrasov's works, the w r i t e r b e i n g of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e h e r o e s i n h i s works, where t h e poet i s n o t h i m s e l f a c h a r a c t e r , n e v e r t h e l e s s express Nekrasov's p e r s o n a l views. F I N I S