My Very Important World

Table of contents :
Contents......Page 6
My world......Page 10
Our home......Page 12
Who am I?......Page 14
What makes me, me?......Page 16
My body......Page 18
My brain......Page 20
Healthy me......Page 22
What am I feeling?......Page 24
Facing your fears......Page 26
Family and friends......Page 28
Homes......Page 30
Perfect pets......Page 32
The world around me......Page 34
Telling time......Page 36
The calendar......Page 38
Going to school......Page 40
Schools of the world......Page 42
The world of work......Page 44
Emergency services......Page 46
Staying safe......Page 48
Bullying is…......Page 50
Food......Page 52
Food around the world......Page 54
On the farm......Page 56
Help the planet......Page 58
Technology......Page 60
Money......Page 62
Energy......Page 64
Getting around......Page 66
Incredible Internet......Page 68
Social media......Page 70
Going on vacation......Page 72
At the beach......Page 74
People and culture......Page 76
Language......Page 78
World religions......Page 80
Celebrations......Page 82
Let’s celebrate some more!......Page 84
My clothes......Page 86
Shopping......Page 88
Hobbies......Page 90
The world of art......Page 92
Playing games......Page 94
Sports......Page 96
Sports events......Page 98
Libraries......Page 100
Museums......Page 102
The big wide world......Page 104
Continents......Page 106
The equator......Page 108
North America......Page 110
South America......Page 112
Africa......Page 114
Europe......Page 116
Asia......Page 118
Oceania......Page 120
The Poles......Page 122
Islands......Page 124
Populations......Page 126
Country size......Page 128
Capitals......Page 130
Flags......Page 132
The natural world......Page 134
Oceans and seas......Page 136
Geysers and hot springs......Page 138
Forests......Page 140
Deserts......Page 142
Mountains and Volcanoes......Page 144
Caves......Page 146
Lakes......Page 148
Rivers......Page 150
Waterfalls......Page 152
Plains......Page 154
Perfect plants......Page 156
Wildlife......Page 158
Exploring the world......Page 160
Huacachina......Page 162
Tulip fields......Page 164
Neuschwanstein castle......Page 166
The Eden Project......Page 168
Victoria Falls......Page 170
Uluru......Page 172
The Taj Mahal......Page 174
Darvaza gas crater......Page 176
The lost city of Petra......Page 178
Socotra......Page 180
Hitachi Seaside Park......Page 182
Giant’s Causeway......Page 184
Mount Everest......Page 186
The Great Wall of China......Page 188
Pompeii......Page 190
The Great Barrier Reef......Page 192
Christmas Island......Page 194
Burj Khalifa......Page 196
Rainbow Mountains......Page 198
Auroras......Page 200
Cave of the Crystals......Page 202
Statue of Liberty......Page 204
The Grand Canyon......Page 206
Amundsen-Scott Station......Page 208
Easter Island......Page 210
The Uyuni Salt Flats......Page 212
St. Basil’s Cathedral......Page 214
Eiffel Tower......Page 216
Sea of Stars......Page 218
The world of the future......Page 220
Index......Page 222
Acknowledgments......Page 225

Citation preview

$ This book belongs to:

£

Senior Editor James Mitchem US Editor Jane Perlmutter US Senior Editor Shannon Beatty Senior Art Editor Rachael Parfitt Edited by Hélène Hilton, Clare Lloyd, Seeta Parmar, Becky Walsh Designed and illustrated by Karen Hood, Hannah Moore, Sadie Thomas Additional illustrations Kitty Glavin, Rachael Hare Design Assistance Eleanor Bates, Charlotte Milner, Rhys Thomas Fact Checker Sally Beets Producer, Pre-Production Heather Blagden Producer John Casey Jacket Designers Charlotte Bull, Charlotte Milner Jacket Co-ordinator Issy Walsh Creative Technical Support Sonia Charbonnier Managing Editor Penny Smith Managing Art Editor Mabel Chan Publishing Director Sarah Larter Creative Director Helen Senior DK DELHI Editor Shalini Agrawal Art Editor Seepiya Sahni Managing Editor Alka Thakur Hazarika Managing Art Editor Romi Chakraborty DTP Designer Syed Md Farhan Project Picture Researcher Sakshi Saluja Delhi Team Head Malavika Talukder First American Edition, 2019 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, New York 10018 Copyright © 2019 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 19 20 21 22 23 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–313910–Sept/2019 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4654-8537-3 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, New York 10018 [email protected] Printed and bound in China All images © Dorling Kindersley Limited For further information see: www.dkimages.com A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com

My Very IMPORTANT

WORLD

Contents My world

The world around me

10

Our home

34

12

Who am I?

36 The calendar

14

What makes me, me?

38 Going to school

16

My body

40 Schools of the world

18

My brain

42

The world of work

20 Healthy me

44

Emergency services

22

What am I feeling?

46 Staying safe

24

Facing your fears

48 Bullying is…

Telling time

26 Family and friends

50 Food

28 Homes

52

30 Perfect pets

Food around the world

People and culture 54

On the farm

76 Language

56 Help the planet

78 World religions

58 Technology

80 Celebrations

60 Money

82 Let’s celebrate some more!

62 Energy

84 My clothes

64 Getting around

86 Shopping

66 Incredible Internet

88 Hobbies

68 Social media

90 The world of art

70 Going on vacation

92 Playing games

72 At the beach

94 Sports 96 Sports events 98 Libraries 100 Museums

The big wide world 104 Continents 106 The equator 108 North America 110 South America 112 Africa 114 Europe 116 Asia 118 Oceania 120 The Poles 122 Islands 124 Populations 126 Country size 128 Capitals 130 Flags

The natural world 134 Oceans and seas 136 Geysers and hot springs 138 Forests 140 Deserts 142 Mountains and Volcanoes 144 Caves 146 Lakes 148 Rivers 150 Waterfalls 152 Plains 154 Perfect plants 156 Wildlife

Exploring the world 160 Huacachina

192 Christmas Island

162 Tulip fields

194 Burj Khalifa

164 Neuschwanstein castle

196 Rainbow Mountains

166 The Eden Project

198 Auroras

168 Victoria Falls

200 Cave of the Crystals

170 Uluru

202 Statue of Liberty

172 The Taj Mahal

204 The Grand Canyon

174 Darvaza gas crater

206 Amundsen-Scott Station

176 The lost city of Petra

208 Easter Island

178 Socotra

210 The Uyuni Salt Flats

180 Hitachi Seaside Park

212 St. Basil’s Cathedral

182 Giant’s Causeway

214 Eiffel Tower

184 Mount Everest

216 Sea of Stars

186 The Great Wall of China 188 Pompeii

218 The world of the future

190 The Great Barrier Reef

220 Index 224 Acknowledgments

My

8

world

Planet Earth is an amazing place. It’s also very big. And as a small part of the world, you are incredible too! Your family, friends, home, pets, community, and hobbies are just a few of the many things that make up the world and help to make you, you.

9

Our home

Earth is a big ball of rock floating in space, and it’s also the planet we call

home. You and everybody else who has ever lived, is from Earth. Day and night The Earth is always spinning. Because of this, different parts of it get light from the sun at different times. This is what causes daytime and nighttime. The Earth is 4.5 billion years old

Life on Earth More than 7.5 billion people live on Earth. We also share the planet with billions of plants and animals—far too many to count!

10

Earth’s land is divided into seven areas called continents. Each continent is split into smaller areas called countries. There are 195 different countries. Which one are you from?

For someone living on one side of the world it will be daytime at the same time it is nighttime for someone on the opposite side.

The blue planet Earth is sometimes called the “blue planet” because of the way it looks from space. Earth looks blue because most of it is covered by water.

ge s, di ff er en t la ng ua k ea sp y ma we Al th ou gh ff er en t od , an d ha ve di in ea t di ff er en t fo op le ha ve a lo t be li ef s, mo st pe ot he r. co mm on wi th ea ch

People live in huge bustling cities, tiny villages, rural towns, and everywhere in between.

11

Who am I? Each person on Earth is different—and that’s a great thing! It’s these differences that help make

us who we are.

But we all have plenty of things in common, too!

Personality Are you loud and adventurous, or more quiet and creative? The

way you act makes

Appearance Are you tall or short? Do you have short brown hair or curly blonde hair? Your looks are only a tiny part of who you are.

Beliefs Is there anything you feel strongly about? Are you religious? People believe in many different things.

you, you.

Home life

Hobbies

Experiences

Where you live and what you learn will have an affect on who you will be in the future.

Are you a soccer fan, a bookworm, or a mathematician? What interests do you have that are special to you?

The things that have happened and will happen to you—your experiences— might make you look at the world in a different way from your friends.

12

As you get older and your body grows, your

Family What’s your role in your family? Are you a big sister, a little brother? Or maybe you’re an only child.

Family history You haven’t met them, but your ancestors changed your life—in fact you wouldn’t be here without them!

THOUGHTS and FEELINGS will grow and change, too!

13

What makes me, me?

Part of who you are is due to nature (the things you are born with), and some of who you are is due to nurture (things you experience as you grow up).

Seeing double Even though they look the same, identical twins have their own personalities and can be totally different people like everybody else.

Identical twins share the same genes.

14

Nature Features like your eye color and height are already set before you are born. They are

natural and can’t be changed.

Nurture Most things about you aren’t decided before you are born. Everything you

learn and experience in life will shape you as you grow. Your family, teachers, and experiences will all have a big affect on your life.

One of a kind

Genes Everybody is born with genes that

carry important information about them, including how they’ll look. We get our genes from our parents.

Brothers and sisters often have the same parents, live in the same house, eat the same food, and follow the same rules, but they can have very different

personalities and might not be alike at all when they grow up.

15

the body and has a lot of jobs, including protecting us from harmful substances.

The skin is the biggest organ. It wraps around

make our bodies work.

do important jobs that

very special parts that

parts. Organs are

machines with incredible

Our bodies are incredible

My body

16

Lung

Brain

Stomach

Heart

Nerves aren’t organs, but the brain uses them to send messages around the body. They let us know if things feel hot, cold, painful, or even ticklish!

The brain is like the body’s computer. It tells other organs what to do, and is responsible for things such as memory, speech, and thought.

Bones give us shape and protect our vital organs. We have 300 when we are born, but an adult skeleton has 206 bones in it.

Bones

Everyone’s body is different. Some people are tall, others are short, and people’s skin, hair, and eyes can be a lot of different colors.

17

Muscles help us move. Without them, we wouldn’t be able to walk, blink, or even smile!

Muscle

The kidneys, liver, and intestines are all important organs, too.

help us breathe, and the stomach and other organs turn our food into energy our bodies can use.

The heart pumps blood around the body, the lungs

My brain Snug inside your head is your brain.

Logic

Your brain controls the rest of your body and helps you to think and do all kinds of amazing things.

Speech

Math Science Brain workout When you exercise, blood carries oxygen to your brain more quickly. Studies show that this makes your brain work better!

18

The brain helps you: Touch

Think

See

Remember Understand

Imagination

Music Art The left side of your brain controls the right side of your body, and the right side of your brain controls the left side of your body.

Smell

The two halves of your brain are called “hemispheres.”

Hear Move Taste …and much more.

19

Healthy me It’s important to keep your body healthy. Eating well, drinking water, keeping clean, and getting enough sleep are good ways to do this.

Keep moving Exercise is good for your body and your brain. Want to feel good? Go outside and play!

Yoga helps me relax and is good for my body.

Aaand relax… It’s normal to feel worried or stressed sometimes. Take a break and do something you love, like talking to friends or playing fun games.

20

Your body is your home for life, so take care of it!

Health helpers Doctors and dentists help you take care of yourself. Dentists help you take care of your teeth, while doctors take care of your mind and body.

Freshen up Wash away dirt and germs from your body and clothes for a

cleaner and healthier you.

Eat your greens

Drink water

Eating fruit and vegetables will help you fight off illness and give you more energy.

Petting cats and dogs can keep you calm. Purrrfect!

Your body is mostly made of water. Be sure to drink enough to replace what you lose during the day.

Laugh

ing is

d o o g

ou! y r fo When you laugh, your body releases feel-good chemicals that are sure to leave a smile on your face!

21

Hip hip

ho

! y a or

Which of these emotions do you recognize? What makes you feel that way?

Cal

m

What am I

feeling? Emotions are made in your brain and affect you in lots of ways. Some feel fantastic, others hurt, but all emotion is important. Try to listen to how you feel! 22

Confuse

d

Angr

Show your emotions Emotions can slowly build up inside you over time, and other people might not realize how you feel. Whatever your feelings are, it’s good to talk and share your thoughts with people you trust.

y

I write and draw my feelings in a diary.

Surprise

ig

Feelings d

xc

E

htene

It isn’t always easy to tell others how you feel. If you find it hard to put your emotions into words, you could draw or write about how you feel.

ited

ri

ed

Fr

d

W

Embarrasse

d

or

We often feel many different things at the same time. Your brain is amazing so emotions can be complicated!

Body language Often you can tell how a person feels by watching them move or by seeing the look on their face. This is because you recognize your own emotions in other people.

23

Facing your fears

We all get scared sometimes. It feels terrible, but fear can be useful. Fear is really just our body’s way of keeping us out of danger.

Why do we feel fear? When faced with something scary, our body reacts by making our heart beat faster and our lungs breathe harder. This prepares us to either fight off the threat, or run away. This is an instinct called “fight or flight.”

Some people are very scared of something Here are some common phobias: Arachnophobia (Fear of spiders)

24

Nyctophobia

(Fear of the dark)

Didaskaleinophobia (Fear of going to school)

Ophidiophobia (Fear of snakes)

Even the bravest people get scared sometimes. Being brave means overcoming your fears.

Ta l k i n you t g to a g row rus your t can he n-up lp m fears ake less scary .

in particular. This is called a And some more unusual phobias: Arachibutyrophobia

(Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth)

Koumpounophobia (Fear of buttons)

PHOBIA.

13

Sesquipedalophobia Triskaidekaphobia (Fear of long words)

(Fear of the number 13)

25

Family and friends There are many different

types of family. Some families are very large, while others only have two people.

ilies live to Many fam get he r

,

I live with my mom, dad, sister, and our dog.

bu

t

no

t a ll do.

My family is very big. I have one brother and four sisters. We were adopted and have two dads.

26

We are best friends!

I have a big extended family. My grandparents live with us.

What is yo ur f amil y like? Friendship Friends are the family you choose. You might have one close friend, many friends, or a lot of smaller groups of friends. You can turn to your friends if you ever need help. We’ve just become a family of three! I live with my mom during the week and my dad on weekends.

27

Homes Your home is the place where you live. We should all feel safe and happy at home. Apartments

Houses

Home, sweet home!

Big cities don’t always have room for a lot of houses, so people live in apartments. An apartment is a small part of a larger building.

Many people live in a house. Houses come in a lot of shapes, and can be big or small. Some people live alone, and others live with friends or their family.

Buckingham Palace One of the most famous homes in the world is Buckingham Palace in London, England. It’s the home of the British royal family.

28

Buckingham Palace has 775 rooms!

City life

Country life

Cities and towns are bustling, lively places. There are often more jobs in the city, as well as stores, museums, theaters, and restaurants for people to enjoy.

If you love nature and fresh air, then the countryside is a great place to live. There’s more space in the country, as well as more trees and animals.

Life on Mars Could humans ever live on a different planet? Astronauts are hoping to travel to Mars to study the red planet. Mars

The firs t homes on Mars inflatab might be le tents covered in ice.

29

p

Ch

ir

p

ch

ir

he c ep e h C

ep

Perfect pets From cuddly cats and playful puppies, to scaly snakes and brightly colored birds, all pets need plenty of love

Parakeets Blue, yellow, white, or green, these feathery friends are a colorful bunch who love to whistle and chirp.

and care.

Cats While these furry felines love to explore and play, they also enjoy curling up in a cosy spot and taking a nap.

Horses With shiny coats, thick manes, and long tails, it’s easy to see why people love horses and ponies. They need a lot of attention and plenty of space to gallop around.

30

Is your favorite pet

Rabbits Take care of these long-eared pets with plenty of hay, water, a lot of space, and a rabbit friend. They’ll reward you by hopping over to be petted.

Snakes Many snakes are dangerous but most pet snakes are harmless. You only need to feed them about once a week.

CUTE and CUDDLY,

Woof woof

Me

Dogs It’s no surprise dogs are one of the most popular pets in the world. These lovable canines are friendly, loyal, and great company.

Lizards These reptiles can be patterned or have beautiful colored scales. Many can fit in the palm of your hand!

ow

o Me

w

Peculiar pets What’s the most strange and unusual pet you can think of? From pet alpacas in Peru, to slow-moving tortoises in Taiwan, the world is full of weird and wonderful pets!

Goldfish These scaly fish are easy to take care of. Sprinkle a few flakes of food into the bowl and watch as they swim up for a snack.

Spiders While many people are scared of spiders, they make a good pet for others. They don’t make noise and don’t need much space.

or SCALY and SLITHERY ?

Hamsters With silky soft fur and a lot of energy, hamsters are popular little pets. They are often found scurrying around their cages in the middle of the night!

Tropical fish Big, small, spotted, or striped, tropical fish bring a splash of pattern and color to any home.

31

The world

32

around me

Even as you read this book, the world around you

is changing. That means there are always new things to learn, new people to meet, and new places to discover. As you explore your world, you will change too, and grow more amazing every day.

33

Telling time Everything we do, such as eating a meal or playing a game, takes a bit of time. That’s why it’s important to keep

track of

it. What are you going to do today?

Time is measured the same way everywhere, otherwise it would be confusing! We count time using seconds, minutes, hours, and days.

Daily routines Most people do similar things every day, and wake up, eat breakfast, go to school, play, and go to bed at the same time most days. This is called a daily routine. What’s yours?

Seconds: Slowly say “one” out loud. That’s about one second.

34

Minutes: There are 60 seconds in a minute. You should spend two minutes brushing your teeth.

Hours: There are 60 minutes in an hour. Lunchtime might take about an hour. Days: One day and one night take 24 hours.

d.

o use a clo t ck w o H

sse

s ve any pa o m ve m a w d n ho ur h a h ll us ho g bi to te f the d e d o oun r h a s n s T ou te ove m r y u a in and ow man h m ttle ell us h i l The ock to t ssed. a cl ve p the a h s

r

hou

When the big hand points straight up, it marks the hour. We call this o’clock.

If the little hand is pointing to 7, and the big hand is pointing up, it’s 7 o’clock. These lines around a clock each represent one minute.

Digital clocks Many clocks show the time using numbers instead of hands. Both clocks say it is 7 o’clock.

Time zones Earth is split into time zones, and it is not the same time everywhere at once. When you eat breakfast, people on the other side of the world will be eating their dinner at the same time!

35

The calendar Remembering important

dates like your

birthday is much easier with a calendar. Days and months have different names to help us keep track.

Calendars keep track of days,

January February weeks, months, and years. March April Days Calendars help May us plan what we’re going to do. Monday June Tuesday July Wednesday August Thursday September Friday October Saturday November Sunday December Days

36

Months

We use seconds, There are 24 hours in a day. A day is how minutes, and hours long it takes for the Earth to spin around once. to plan our days, Weeks but we need bigger A group of seven days is called a week. measurements of days, weeks, months, Months and years to plan Not all months are the same length. longer periods of time. They have either 30 or 31 days, except February, which has 28 or 29.

M on da y

October

Tu es da y Wednesday Th ur sd ay

1

2

Fr id ay

Sa tu rd ay

Su nd ay

3School 4

5

concert

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

12

14

15

16

17

18

19dma

25

Soccer practice

20

21

22

23

24

27

28

29

30

31

Piano lesson

My birthday!

Gran visiting

Years A year is how long it takes for the Earth to orbit (travel around) the sun. There are 365 days in a year. This is the same as 52 weeks or 12 months.

Calendars are useful for remembering important dates like your birthday!

37

Going to school Children all around the world go to school. Schools teach pupils important

skills

that will help them when they grow up.

School uniform Many children go to school in their own clothes, but others have to wear a special school uniform.

Lessons Math, English, and science are just a few subjects taught in schools. You’ll learn all kinds of useful topics during the school day!

I’m allowed to wear jeans to school. I have to wear a school uniform.

38

Teachers Teachers have a very important job! They help students learn and understand one or many different subjects.

Teachers help you when you get stuck!

Getting to school Some children travel by car, bus, train, bike, or on foot—there are many ways to get to school! Schools have special buses for schoolchildren.

School lunches

After school

Some children take lunch to school, while others eat the lunch served in the school cafeteria.

Many children are given work to do after school. This is called homework.

It isn’t just children that go to school! Many

Some children go to afterschool activities.

to improve their skills or to help them learn new ones.

School lunches vary depending on where you are in the world.

Some children play sports after school.

Back to school

adults go to classes

I’m going back to school!

Some ch il d r e n w r it e o n c h a lk b o a rds.

39

Schools

of the world

Some students have to walk for miles to get to school.

Schools in different places do things a little differently, but every

US School sports are an important part of American culture.

school wants its children to get a good education. Brazil Many schools finish the day at lunchtime so children can go home and have lunch with their parents. I go to school in Pakistan. Not all my friends get to go to school.

Chile In Chile, children have a long three-month break from school every year.

A helping hand Some charities raise money to build schools and train teachers in places where many children aren’t able to go to school. School in Argentina

40

In Finland we don’t start school until we are seven.

China Children in China stand at attention when their national anthem is played at school.

South Korea From 2019, computer coding is being taught in Korean primary schools.

Shodo School in China

India City Montessori School in Lucknow, India has more than 55,000 students. That’s the most of any school in the world!

Japan Almost all children in Japan go to school. In addition to subjects like maths and science, students learn traditional Japanese arts like shodo, a form of calligraphy.

South Africa Grown-ups are working hard to try to make sure all children get a primary education.

I work hard at school and like seeing my friends. School in Tanzania

41

The world of work

I’m an astronaut. My job is out of this world!

Working hard is important, so it’s lucky there are amazing

jobs!

What do you want to be when... Engineer

Astronaut

Designing, building, and fixing machines and structures are just a few things you might do as an engineer.

Ever wondered what it feels like to race into space in a rocket ship? Become an astronaut and your dream could become reality!

Mars rover

42

Vet

Writer

Do you love animals? Do you want to help sick pets get better? Study science, learn about animals, and you can.

Want to write the next best seller? Grab a pen and paper, and start scribbling.

Scientist As a scientist you can create life-saving medicines, amazing inventions, or figure out ways to help the planet.

Farmer If you like early mornings and long days working outside, being a farmer who raises animals and grows food might be ideal.

Farmers grow much of the food we eat.

...you grow up? Performer

Designer

Builder

Do you love acting, singing, dancing, and being the star of the show? Then you could be an entertainer.

Do you have a passion for fashion or an eye for style? If so, the life of a designer might be your true calling!

Want to build a house fit for a queen? Grab your hard hat and head over to the construction site!

Pilot

Athlete

Want a job with a great view? As a pilot you’ll spend lots of time in the clouds and traveling the world.

Are you a speedy sprinter, a talented tennis player, or a superb swimmer? Being a top sports person takes years of hard work but you might become the best of the best!

43

I rescue people from the air!

Emergency

services

Many doctors work in hospitals but I see patients at my own office.

Many people work to take care of others. Their job is to keep us

safe and healthy. I rush to help people having an emergency. Helicopter rescue

Coast guard If someone needs help at sea, coast guards jump on board a lifeboat and rush to help. Air ambulance crews are similar, but they help from a helicopter.

44

Doctor Paramedic Paramedics treat sick patients at the scene of an accident, before racing them to the hospital in an ambulance.

It takes years of training to become a doctor. They make sure sick or injured patients are given the right treatment to get better.

My favorite teammate is Snoop the sniffer dog. We work together to catch criminals!

I love taking care of patients.

You need to be in good shape to be a firefighter.

I use my nose to find clues and help the police!

Firefighter Nurse

Police officer

Helping doctors and

It’s important to make sure people feel safe. Police officers have the power to arrest lawbreakers.

taking care of patients can be tough but rewarding for nurses.

Firefighters keep people safe and out of danger by racing to emergencies in fire engines and putting fires out.

45

Staying safe The world can sometimes be a confusing place. It’s important to know how to stay safe and what to do in an emergency. Emergency! If there’s an accident you might need to call for help. Ask your parent or caregiver what number you need to call for the emergency services.

An ambulance

will help if you or someone else is badly hurt.

46

It’s OK to give your name to the emerg ency servic es. It’s their job to help you.

The police

will be able to help if you’ve seen a crime.

The fire department will help if there’s a fire or someone needs to be rescued.

IMPORTANT: Only call the emergency services if there is a real emergency.

Stop, and l look, isten ! Alway s loo

k both times b ways a efore y few ou cro ss a st reet.

Stranger danger Don’t accept a ride or food from anyone you don’t know, and don’t open the door to strangers if you’re at home by yourself.

Stay safe online The Internet is great, but there are also unhelpful things online, and it isn’t always easy to tell what is OK. If you’re unsure about anything you see, speak to a grown-up right away.

Stick together Never wander off by yourself. If you accidentally lose the person you’re with, don’t panic—they’re probably close! If you can’t see them, stay where you are and tell an adult what happened.

you s t l Adu ust r t n ca ers • Teach ors • Doct fficers o e c i l • Po ghters fi e r i F •

ver caregi r o t paren nk of more Ask a thi t. p you n trus a to hel c u o y adults

Talk abo ut it If you’re w o

rried, upse t, or confu about any sed thing that h a s happened you, tell so to meone! Th e adults yo won’t mind u trust , they wan t to help y ou and keep y ou safe!

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Bullying is... It can be hard to describe, but if you have ever been picked on, been left out, or frightened by someone, you know how

bullying feels. Bullying is all these things and more:

Pinching

Name calling

Laughing at someone Embarrassing someone

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Leaving someone out on purpose

Teasing Telling lies about someone

Kicking

…or any other way to pick on someone that makes them feel sad.

Why do people bully? Help! If you are being bullied, you are not alone. Lots and lots of people have been through it too. There are many people who want to help you. Tell grown-ups at home and at school until it stops. Bullying

is never normal or OK.

People who bully often feel sad, lonely, and powerless. They are often bullied themselves by someone else. They hurt others to be noticed. Children who bully often don’t know how to make friends. If you can, try to show them how to play nicely.

Be a superhero You can be a superhero by standing up to bullying! The best way to do that is to speak up and tell a grown-up right away. If you know someone is being bullied, try to take care of them.

Bullying online is called cyberbullying. It’s just as bad as other kinds of bullying.

Who you are doesn’t change when someone treats you badly. You are always amazing!

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Banana

Food

Broccoli Mushroom

We need food to make us go. Eating a balanced

diet will give you

energy, help you grow, and keep your body healthy.

Corn

rry

r er

y

Ras

Broccoli, kale, and other vegetables are packed with healthy goodness. Make sure to eat your greens!

pberry

St

ra

wb

Ch

e

Apple

e

Toma

Kal

Or an ge

W

e at

rm

e

s

Pota

n lo

ians Ve g e t a r ple who are peo t to no choose at. eat me

Pasta

Grape

Starchy foods such as potatoes, rice, and bread, are called carbohydrates. They are our bodies’ main source of energy.

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ns

toes

Rice

Apples, oranges, and other fruits help keep our skin healthy and help food pass through our bodies. They’re a great healthy snack.

e to

Onio

Bread

Cashews

Cheese, milk, and yogurt are dairy products. They contain calcium, which helps keep your teeth, nails, er muscles, and bones Butt strong and Yo gu healthy.

Walnuts

rt

Meat, beans, eggs, and nuts are high in protein, which helps your body grow and repair itself.

Cheese

Shrimp

Lentils Oliv

Egg

Avoca

e

do

Beans

Fish

Ch

icken

Healthy fats, like those in olives and avocados, help our bodies absorb vitamins. We shouldn’t eat too many unhealthy fats and sugars, like those found in candy and bacon.

Can

dy

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Food around the world Every country in the world has its own tasty food and

traditional dishes. It’s a lot of fun to try

Paella Paella is a famous rice dish from Spain. Almost every country in the world eats rice, but in some places it is eaten with every meal.

exciting new dishes and discover new favorites.

Scientists have invented meatfree burgers that taste almost like the real thing.

Grated cheese adds seasoning and flavor to pasta dishes.

Pasta There are hundreds of different types of pasta! Each pasta shape is designed to go perfectly with certain sauces.

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Sushi This delicate Japanese dish is made with sticky rice and often fresh, raw fish. It’s so pretty, it looks like a work of art!

Pies can have a sweet or savory filling.

Tacos This Mexican dish is made with corn or wheat flatbread. Tacos are served with beans, meat, seafood, vegetables, and toppings.

Pizza

Greek salad Olives are an essential part of this summery salad. They grow in sunny groves across Greece and can be squeezed to make olive oil.

Pizza was invented in Italy. Flat, round dough is topped with tomato sauce, cheese, and often other toppings, then baked in a very hot oven. Kimchi is a Korean dish of spicy pickled cabbage.

On the farm Do you ever wonder where the food

on

your plate comes from? Most of what

We fr ig h te n fr o m b ir d s a w a y ds. p la n te d s e e

you eat has been grown on a farm. Animals on a farm Pigs, cows, and chickens are raised for meat, but some animals are also kept to produce milk or wool.

Scarecrow

Sheep Cows and goats are kept for milk.

Tractor

Cow and calf Goat Hens are female chickens. They lay eggs that chicks can hatch from.

Chickens

FREE-RANGE chickens have 54

space to run around instead of being shut in a barn.

Farmers use machines, such as tractors and harvesters, to help on the farm.

Plants on a farm The plants we grow for food are called crops. There are a lot of types, but these are some of the main ones:

Combine harvester

Dogs can be trained to help the farmer take care of the other animals.

Wheat is a kind of grass that is used to make flour and turned into bread and cakes.

More rice is grown than any other crop. Almost half the world’s people eat it daily.

Corn is also known as maize. It can be eaten on the cob or used as an ingredient in a lot of other foods.

Carrots are grown in long rows underground. They’re orange now but they used to be purple!

Soybeans can be used to make soy milk and tofu. They are also grown to make food for animals to eat.

Sugarcane is grown in hot places. It’s converted into sugar and tastes very sweet.

Lambs Baa!

Sheep fur is used to make wool.

Piglet

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Help the planet There are a lot of ways to help take

care

of our planet so people in the future can

enjoy it, too. Planet Earth needs your help!

Use clean energy Humans burn fuel to make the energy that powers our cars, factories, and homes. However this releases harmful things into the air. Instead, we can use clean energy, such as wind power or sunlight.

Wind farm

Solar panels

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Be a forest friend Forests are very important. Trees clean the air we breathe and provide homes for a lot of animals. But many forests are being cut down to make room for cities or farms, or to be turned into wood and things like paper that can be sold. We should buy from companies that are environmentally friendly.

How can I help?

Eat more vegetables and less meat. Save energy by turning off lights and other switches. Always put your trash in the trash can and sort your recycling. Walk or bicycle instead of driving to school if you can. Tell other people how they can help the planet too!

Protect animals

The garbage problem

There are millions of different kinds of plants and animals in nature, but many are in danger of disappearing. Animals such as leopards, gorillas, pandas, and tigers are running out of places to live. Protected nature reserves give animals a safe home.

Humans make a lot of garbage, which can end up in the wrong place, like the ocean! A lot of it, such as paper, cardboard, some metals, and some plastics can be recycled. That means instead of going to waste, they are saved and turned into something new.

Leopard Gorilla

Reusable bags and cups help cut down on plastic waste.

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58 Technology isn’t just cool gadgets, it’s everywhere and we use it every day. Your bike is technology, and so are medicines, photos, the machines that power cities, and loads more.

Let’s talk tech

we could enjoy it.

All this technology had to be invented before

Imagine life without cars, computers, or phones…

Technology

getting smarter all the time. Some can even be controlled with your eyes!

Computers are

Earth. They take photos from space with huge telescopes.

Satellites orbit

an amazing invention that help people move around and play sports, such as wheelchair basketball and soccer.

Before phones were invented, people living far apart wrote letters and had to wait days for a reply. Now, we can text or talk to each other right away!

be played on phones, tablets, computers, or game consoles.

Video games can

Heart-rate monitors tell us how fast our hearts beat.

My wheelchair is specially designed so I can go really fast!

useful technology because it is a strong material. But it’s also hard to get rid of because it never completely breaks down or goes away.

Plastic is a

Technology is the use of science to make new and useful things.

Wheelchairs are

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Money People use money to pay

€

€

for

$

things that they need or want.

This might be food, clothes, travel

£

tickets, or toys. But before you can spend money, you have to earn it!

Making money To earn money, people go to work and exchange their time and effort for money. There are many ways of paying for things, such as coins, notes, credit cards, checks, and online payments.

Banks Most people keep their money in a bank account to keep it safe.

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Before coins were invented, people used small objects such as beans and shells to buy and trade. Cowry shell

£ $

$

¥ Money of the world

If you travel to another country, the people there might use different money from what you’re used to. In the US they use dollars, in the UK they use pounds, in India they use rupees, and in South Africa they use rand. Which currency is used where you live?

£

Ancient Chinese coin

Exchange rate The money used in one country is usually worth a different amount from that of another. For example, 1 US dollar is worth roughly 120 Japanese yen, although this is always changing.

The first coins were used almost 3000 years ago!

What are things worth? Different things are worth more or less than others. For example, a loaf of bread is worth a lot less than a car because it is easy to make, while a car uses expensive materials and takes a long time to make.

=

=

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Energy

Have you ever wondered why a light turns on when you flick a switch? It’s because of electricity—a form of energy. We use energy to make all kinds of things happen. Types of energy

Electricity is generated in power stations. Power station

Electric transmission towers

Energy comes in many different forms such as heat, sound, chemical, and mechanical. Just like a house needs electricity for power, your body needs the chemical energy you get from food.

Electricity is carried by power lines and towers to buildings.

We need to generate a lot of electrical energy to power a

Wind turbines have huge blades that spin in the wind. This energy spins a generator, which turns it into electrical energy.

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Solar panels collect light energy from the sun to generate electricity. Some people generate electricity for their own home by having solar panels on their roof.

Li

gh

t

Solar panels

Kinetic (movement) energy allows things to move. It lets you run, jump, and dance!

Sound energy

Electrical energy turns into heat energy when water boils.

The food we eat fuels our bodies.

en

erg

y

Types of energy Power sources such as coal and gas are known as fossil fuels. These sources are running out, and we can’t make any more. However, energy from sunlight, wind, and water power are great ways to generate electricity, because they are renewable.

Wind turbines

whole city. Electricity is generated in a number of ways…

Water dams are built on rivers. Water is allowed to flow quickly through pipes, where it turns the blade of a turbine to generate electricity.

Coal, oil, and gas are the processed remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago. Burning them releases energy, but it is very bad for the environment.

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64

Sky

Land

Truck

On foot or by car, we all travel on land. What’s your favorite way to get around?

Hot-air balloon

Airplane

Many helpful vehicles travel on our streets: from diggers on construction sites, to fire engines rushing to an emergency.

Tractor

Take to the skies and watch the busy world from above.

Fire engine

Train

Helicopter

transportation have you tried?

to place. How many of these types of

There are hundreds of ways to get from place

Getting around

Water

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Car

Half motorcycle, half car, a tuk tuk is a fun way to travel around Thailand and India.

Kayak

Bobbing up and down on the water can feel a bit strange, but it’s a fun way to travel.

Cruise ship

Motorcycle

Ride through a snowy forest on a sled pulled by huskies!

Lifeboat

Hop on board a gondola and explore the busy canals in Venice, Italy.

Bus

Sailboat

Some ships are enormous and can transport large items like cars.

Container ship

Bicycle

Incredible

Internet Throughout the world, billions of computers

link

together to make the Internet. People from all over use the Internet to share information.

We can access the Internet on computers, smartphones, tablets, and more.

The World Wide Web is a collection of websites that exists on the Internet.

What can you do online? Buy and sell things

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Send messages

Play games

Learn new things

Download and stream pictures, music, and movies

How does it work? With the Internet you can video chat with people on the other side of the world!

Computers are linked together through cables, or wirelessly through satellites in space. When they connect, computers can communicate to exchange information such as images, text, sound, and video.

We use programs called browsers to look at websites on the World Wide Web.

Being careful online Before you use the Internet by yourself, look at the websites you use with a ! ING grown-up. They’ll be able to tell WARN you which ones are safe. If you see anything that upsets you, tell a grown-up right away.

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Social media Social media is a great way to stay in touch with friends. But you need to check

with a parent or

trusted grown-up before using it. to You can talk ER people all OV h THE WORLD wit social media.

Getting online To use social media, you need a tablet, smartphone, or computer. If you don’t have one at home, you might be able to use one at school or a library.

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Don’t forg et to enjoy life off-line! Soc Staying safe Remember these tips to keep you safe and happy on social media:

ia l m e d ia c a n make you c a r e to o m u ch about wh at e ve r y o n e th in k s . Yo u d o n ’t n e e d to p le a s e o th e r s to b e h a p p y .

You have to be at least 13 years old to use most social media but there are special social-media sites for children.

Keep your personal information very secret. Even photos of you in your school uniform could tell mean people how to find you in the real world.

Never talk to strangers online, even if they seem nice. You can never be sure of who they really are.

Think careful ly about what you post and send. Once it’s onl ine, you can’t choose who will see it. 69

Going on vacation Traveling can be so much fun. People go on trips to relax, experience other cultures, and create new memories with their friends and family. Types of vacation People like to spend their time doing different things, so it’s no surprise they like to go on different trips, too. Luckily, there’s a vacation for everyone. to li ve So me pe op le li ke In st ea d . li fe on th e ed ge pr ef er of re la xi ng th ey ur es su ch go in g on ad ve nt bi ng , as mo un ta in cl im vi ng , di a sk yd iv in g, sc ub ft ra in g. or wh it e- wa te r

Some people love to get back to nature. Going camping means they can sleep under the stars in the wilderness and toast marshmallows over a fire!

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Wh et he r it ’s by th e be ac h or a ho te l po ol , a wa rm pl ac e wi th su ns hi ne , sa nd ca st le s, an d sw im mi ng is pe rf ec t fo r pe op le lo ok in g to ta ke in th e sc en er y an d re la x.

There’s nothing quite like the view from a mountain. That’s one of the reasons people go skiing. Not to mention the thrill of zipping down mountains at rapid speeds!

Cruise ships are like enormous floating hotels that sail from place to place. The huge ships have restaurants, pools, and activities to keep passengers happy.

A saf ar the w i spent o ut ild anima ls in observi in ng their habit a n t a t i ur s the t rip o consider al e f d a for m any p lifetime eople .

There are a lot of amazing cities all over the world. Exploring them and taking in the exciting sights, sounds, food, and attractions is a wonderful experience.

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At the beach Do you prefer to laze in the sun, swim in the water, or play in the sand? There’s plenty to do

see at the beach!

Some beaches have pebbles while others are covered in sand. Sand is made up of trillions of very tiny pieces of rock and minerals.

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and

Beach volleyball This beach game involves two teams hitting a ball over the net with their hands or arms. Don’t let the ball touch the ground or hit the net!

Beach activities Many people go to the beach to relax with a book, have a picnic, or lie in the sunshine. Others enjoy swimming, surfing, collecting shells, building sandcastles, and playing games. What do you like to do?

The beach is fun, but it’s important to stay safe. Don’t swim unsupervised, and be sure to wear sunscreen.

Sailing

Snorkeling

Sailors use the wind to move their boats around on the water. Take it slow or take part in a race!

Snorkelers wear a mask and breathe through a tube to see under the water without having to come up for air.

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People and

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culture

Have you ever wondered what life is like for other

people around the planet? Do they go to a school like yours, eat the food you eat, or have the same interests? You may be surprised at how much you have in common with people all over the world.

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Language

Hey!

What do sharing knowledge, telling stories, and expressing emotions all have in common? They’re How are you?

5 e Th

all much, much easier thanks to language.

languages t s e g big Spanish

Chinese Chinese is the most spoken language in the world with more than 1 billion speakers. There are different variations, but the most common is Mandarin. Nĭhăo! (nee-how)

People who speak more than one language are called “bilingual” or “multilingual.”

Spanish is the second most spoken language. It’s spoken in countries all over the world. Hola! (oh-lah)

English English is spoken as a first language in more than 100 countries. It’s also the world’s most spoken second language.

Hello! (hell-low)

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What is language?

Other languages

Language is how people communicate. It can be spoken and written. People in different countries around the world use many different languages.

Not all languages are spoken or written. People who are deaf can communicate using sign language, and blind people use a system called Braille to read.

There are around 7,000 languages in the world.

Arabic More than 200 million people across the Middle East and Africa speak varieties of Arabic. Marhaban! (mar-har-ban)

Bye!

Hindi India has hundreds of languages, but the most common is Hindi. It has around 200 million speakers.

Sign language Braille

Namaste! (nuh-muh-stay)

Even computer programs have their own languages!

p

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World religions Humans have always tried to figure out the big

questions

in life. Throughout the world, some people turn to religion to understand how to lead a good and meaningful life. Buddhism Followers: Buddhists Place of worship: Vihara (temple)

Holy book: Tipitaka Local leader: Lama Buddhists follow the teachings of the Buddha, who lived more than 2,000 years ago.

Christianity Followers: Christians Place of worship: Church Holy book: Bible Local leader: Priest or minister

Church

Buddha

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Christians believe that there is one God and that Jesus Christ is his son.

Sikhism Followers: Sikhs Place of worship: Gurdwara

Holy book: Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Dasam Granth Local leader: None Sikhs do not cut their hair because they believe keeping it naturally long helps to live in harmony with God.

I believe! There are hundreds of religions, each with different beliefs. Some, but not all, worship or pray to a god or gods.

The most important thing is to respect other people’s way of life and beliefs.

You don’t have to believe in any god or religion.

Judaism

Islam

Hinduism

Followers: Jews Place of worship:

Followers: Muslims Place of worship:

Followers: Hindus Place of worship:

Synagogue

Mosque

Holy book: Tanakh Local leader: Rabbi

Holy book: Koran Local leader: Imam

Mandir (temple) Holy book: Vedas, Bhagavad Gita

Local leader: Muslims follow the five pillars of Islam. One of the pillars is Salat, praying to God, Allah, five times a day.

Chanukiah

Pundit, guru Hindus believe in many gods, including Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and Ganesh.

Prayer rug

Shiva

Judaism is one of the oldest religions in the world. It has existed for more than 3,500 years.

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Celebrations All around the world, people love to celebrate! But some festivals are special to a place, culture, religion, or person.

Day of the Dead In Mexico, people remember their ancestors on Día de los Muertos with gifts, food, and candles.

Birthdays Throughout the world, we celebrate the day people are

Grown-ups get married when they want to share

born, often with cake!

their lives together. Each culture has its own special wedding traditions.

Thanksgiving

Hanukkah

During this harvest festival, family and friends share a special dinner and give thanks for what they have.

This Jewish Festival of Lights lasts for eight days and celebrates the importance of hope.

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Weddings

Kwanzaa This festival celebrates African cultures and communities with music, feasts, and special candles.

Why do we celebrate? Whatever our traditions are, celebrations are often a time for loved ones to come together, remember what is important to them, and have fun!

New Year In some countries, at midnight, on December 31st, fireworks fill the sky to mark the New Year.

Mardi Gras

On Mardi Gras, people have feasts and parade wearing costumes.

Chinese New Year

Christmas

The New Year celebrations in China focus around good

At Christmas, Christians remember the birth of

fortune for the coming year

Jesus Christ by going

with families and friends.

to church, decorating a tree, and sharing gifts.

Carnival

Passover

Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is a huge festival. It takes place every year before Lent.

Passover is a week-long Jewish festival to remember when Moses led the Jews to freedom.

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Let’s celebrate some more! Holi

For Diwali, the festival of lights, Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains light little candles called diyas.

Lantern Festival On the last day of Chinese New Year, red lights are released into the sky.

Diwali

Hindus celebrate love and the arrival of spring at this

festival of colors by throwing colorful powder.

Ghost Festival

Setsubun

Yam Festival

Hungry Ghost Festival is celebrated in many Asian countries in memory of those who have passed away.

Japan’s Setsubun festival is held near the start of spring. One ritual involves people throwing soybeans as a way to banish evil spirits.

Many West African cultures celebrate the

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harvest during the New Yam Festival.

Festival fun Chasing cheese Once a year, competitors in Gloucestershire, UK, chase a wheel of cheese as it rolls down a steep hill.

Ramadan For a whole month, Muslims across the world do not eat or drink from sunrise to sunset.

Easter Easter is a Christian celebration in spring based on the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Many countries celebrate by painting eggs.

Food fight! Buñol, in Spain, hosts an annual tomato-throwing festival, which is called La Tomatina. Tomato soup, anyone?

Glorious mud At Mudfest in Boryeong, South Korea, thousands of people roll around in mud in one of the world’s messiest festivals.

Eid-al-Fitr

Baisakhi

At the end of Ramadan, Muslims celebrate with a festival known as Eid-al-Fitr.

Dancing, singing, and parades are part of Baisakhi, a Sikh festival to celebrate the new year.

Eid feast

Songkran This Buddhist festival marks the start of the new year in Thailand with water fights!

Bodhi Day On Bodhi Day, Buddhists remember how Buddha achieved enlightenment beneath the bodhi tree.

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My clothes Their main job is to keep us warm, but clothes can also have religious or cultural meaning. Some are functional but some are just fun! Thobe

My story Our clothes can tell a story about us such as what we enjoy or maybe where we’re from. What do your clothes say about you?

Piupiu skirt

Hanbok The hanbok is a traditional item of Korean clothing. It is worn on special occasions such as celebrations and festivals.

Kilt Beaded necklace

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Beaded necklaces and clothing are worn by members of the Maasai tribe. Every bead means something.

In parts of Scotland, it is traditional for men to wear kneelength tartan skirts called kilts.

Clothes for when it’s hot…

Fashion

Sun hat

Designers reveal new ideas for clothing at fashion shows. Fashion is

Sunglasses

always changing— its difficult to keep up with the latest trends!

Shorts Bathing suit

Salwar kameez

Sundress

Skirt Flip-flops

Hat

Clothes for when it’s cold…

Coat Boots Sweater

Mittens A salwar kameez suit is traditionally worn in parts of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Socks

Pants

Scarf

Jeans

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Shopping Need some new clothes? Or

maybe you want a shiny new toy?

Time to go shopping!

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Which store? There are lots of different types of stores, from furniture stores, to florists. Many stores sells particular items, for example a butcher only sells meat.

Pharmacy

Clothes store

Supermarket

Not feeling well? Pharmacies sell medicines and other health items, as well as beauty products.

As you grow, you will need bigger clothes. Head over to the clothes store to find new comfy clothes, a stylish outfit, a coat, underwear, and pajamas.

You can find a huge range of items at a supermarket! They sell fresh and packaged food, cleaning products, household supplies, and more.

Online shopping Some people don’t have time to go to stores. They buy things online and get them delivered straight to their door. Online stores also offer a lot of choice.

Hamleys, England From teddy bears to go-carts, Hamleys sells just about every toy you can think of! It is one of the oldest toy stores in the world.

Marrakesh Souks, Morocco One of the most exciting places to shop is in the souks of Marrakesh. You’ll find rugs, clothing, spices, and lanterns.

Bookstore

Furniture store

Whether you like spooky stories, puzzles, or activity books, there will always be something exciting to buy and read at a bookstore.

To make a house a home, you need some furniture! Furniture stores sell chairs, tables, couches, beds, and dressers.

Bangkok Floating Markets, Thailand Ever seen a store on water? Bangkok is famous for its floating markets, where traders sell tasty food from their boats.

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Hobbies How do you spend your time? Do you see friends, get lost in a book, go on adventures, or play games? Hobbies are the things we do for fun.

Food

Arts

Nature Do you like getting out and about? There are a lot of things to do outdoors, such as fishing, camping, or bird-watching.

Movies and TV When you watch a movie or a TV show you can lose yourself in a story, learn something new, or just relax.

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Explore cafés and restaurants to discover new, delicious foods. Then you can try to cook them at home.

Do you like creating things? Drawing, photography, painting, and knitting are just a few fun and creative hobbies.

Computing

Pets

Time can pass in a flash when you’re having fun playing computer games or learning things online.

Many people spend their time taking care of their pets. Taking care of an animal can be timeconsuming, but it’s very rewarding!

Many people are members of clubs or take part in events in their community such as volunteering at a public garden. It’s a great way to make friends and learn new things.

Music If you love listening to music, you might also enjoy learning to play an instrument, or even singing.

Travel Many people go on mini adventures in their local town or city, while others go abroad to experience places around the world.

Socializing

Trips

What do you do when you spend time with your friends? Do you play games, talk, or do something else?

Museums and galleries are filled with intriguing things to look at and learn about. Have you been to see a play, exhibition, or a music concert?

Sports Do you play basketball, dance, bicycle, or do yoga? There are lots of active hobbies that will get you moving. It’s also fun to watch and cheer on your favorite team!

Reading Turning the pages of a good book and escaping into a gripping story or learning fun facts is a great way to spend your time.

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The world of art

Art comes in a lot of forms, and means different things to different people—it’s all a matter of taste!

Look at a piece of art up close, then look at it from farther away. Does it seem different? Seeing something in a different way can change how you feel about it.

You can look at art collections in a Painting There are many types of paint and even more styles of painting. Some people paint with a lot of detail, others make interesting shapes and patterns.

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MUSEUM.

Murals Art gives us clues about what life might have been like when it was made. The world’s oldest paintings can be found on the walls of caves.

How do you feel? Looking at art can make you feel different things. Bright colors can make you happy and cheer you up, while dull and dark colors might make you feel sad.

Why not take a seat and think about what you see?

Art can make us feel deep emotions or challenge the way we think.

Photography

Sculptures

Photographers

Pieces of 3-D art are called sculptures. They can be make from clay or stone, or carved from wood or other materials.

capture their view of the world with the click of a button!

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Playing games Everyone loves to play games, and there are so

many

to choose from. Playing games can be a great way to exercise the body or mind, and make new friends.

Let’s run! Playing outside is a lot of fun. From tag and hide-and-seek, to Simon says and duck, duck, goose, there is something for everyone.

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Corre, Corre la Guaraca is a game in Chile similar to duck, duck, goose, but it is played with a handkerchief.

Do you know Rock, Paper, Scissors? What about the Sumatran version, Semut, Orang, Gajah (Ant, Man, Elephant)? Or perhaps Bird, Paper, Water from Malaysia?

Ti nk o Ti nk o is a po pu la r ha nd cl ap pi ng ga me pl ay ed in Ni ge ri a.

The pieces on a chessboard move in different ways.

Go board

Board games There are thousands of board games, and some have been around for thousands of years! Chess was invented around 1,500 years ago in India. Go was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago!

There are 52 cards in a standard deck.

Card games A single pack of cards allows you to play hundreds of different games. From snap and go fish, to war and crazy eights, cards are a great way to have fun on rainy days.

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Sports Whether played alone, with a friend, or on a team, there are hundreds of sports that are enjoyed by people all over the world. Are any of these your favorite?

Racing Whee, we’re skydiving!

Archery Bull’s-eye! For years archers used a bow and arrow to fight or hunt, but now it is a sport. Archers need a sharp eye and steady hand.

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For thrill seekers who feel the need for speed, racing sports combine the power of a person and a machine. Drivers race around a track at dizzying speeds!

Soccer Soccer involves a team of players trying to kick a ball into the other team’s goal. But you probably knew that—it’s the most popular sport in the world!

Martial arts Martial arts involve ways to defend yourself and beat an opponent in combat. There are a lot of types, including karate, wrestling, and judo.

Cricket Cricket is another of the world’s most popular sports. Each team hits a hard ball with a bat and tries to score more runs than the other team.

Does anyone know where I can plug this in?

Unusual sports Some of the most interesting sports are the most unusual. Extreme ironing, toe wrestling, and cheese rolling are all great examples!

Skiing Skiing combines speed, skill, and snow—perfect for daredevils who want to zip down mountains at rapid speeds. Warm clothes and nerves of steel are a must!

Cycling From high-flying BMX stunts or mountain bikes speeding down tracks, to grueling races like the Tour de France, cycling is a sport with many forms.

Sailing Whether it’s for pleasure or as part of a race, sailing uses the power of the wind to move boats through the water. Watch out for waves!

Gymnastics Gymnasts move in ways that seem impossible. Balance beam, rings, pommel horse, and trampolining are all gymnastics events.

Athletics Run, jump, throw, and more. Athletics are all about being the fastest, strongest, or most skilled. It’s the biggest part of the Olympic games.

Tennis Tennis players use their power and skill to hit a ball over a net. That may sound simple, but it isn’t when an opponent is hitting it back!

Golf Golf is sometimes called the sport where you are your own opponent. The goal is to hit a ball with a club and get it into a small hole.

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Sports events Playing sports is a lot of fun, but it’s also fun to watch the strongest, fastest, and most skilful athletes compete against each other at the highest

level.

The World Cup Soccer’s biggest tournament is the World Cup. Countries from around the world face off every four years to see who is best. It’s watched by billions of people.

The Opens The biggest tennis tournaments in the world are Wimbledon, the US Open, French Open, and Australian Open.

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The first modern Olympic games took place in

The Superbowl The football championship game is called the Superbowl. It’s played every year on the first Sunday in February, and watched by more than 100 million Americans.

The Olympics Every four years, the best athletes from almost all the world’s countries compete against each other in athletics such as cycling, swimming, and more, to win medals and glory for their countries.

World Drivers’ Championship Formula One takes place over a season on racetracks all over the world. Drivers with the most points at the end of the season win.

Greece in 1896.

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Libraries When you think of a library, you probably think of books, but libraries provide other services to help and entertain people.

The largest library in the world is the Library of Congress in Washington DC, in the US. It holds over 39 million books and other printed materials— that’s a lot of reading!

In addition to public ones, libraries can be found in

A world of books From exciting stories, to tales of the past, books teach us about the world and provide us with hours of entertainment, too!

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Using a library Libraries are amazing places that let you borrow books for a little while. Visit your local library and find something fun or interesting. If you run out of time before finishing, you can always renew them.

I choose books for my library and ORGANIZE them so people can find what they need.

SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS, and PRISONS.

s e li b r a r ie M a n y la r g t h a n ju s t have more ey have books. Th s , m o v ie s , computer d io b o o k s , m u s ic , a u nd more. p u z z le s , a e reas of th a e m o s n I can even w o r ld y o u e take hom o t t r a w borro ll ! n your wa o g n a h d an

Librarian

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Museums Filled with interesting objects from

The Mona Lisa is a famous painting that hangs in the Louvre, in France.

around the world, museums teach us about history, science,

art, culture, and just about any topic you can think of!

For everyone Museums are open to everyone and many are free. The first public museum was built in 1683 in Oxford, England. There are now more than 55,000 museums around the world.

People who arrange museum collections are called curators.

There are some WEIRD and WACKY museums around the world. In Mexico, people can snorkel to an Underwater museum with nearly 500 sculptures on the floor of the sea.

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There is even a

museum of toilets in India, which has a golden toilet on display!

I take visitors on guided tours so they can learn from an expert. Ma e

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Which museum would you visit? The Kattenkabinet

(“Cat Cabinet”) Museum in the Netherlands is filled with all things cat related.

Thirsty for more? China’s

Museum of Tap Water is literally a fountain of knowledge!

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The

102

big wide world

Our planet is huge, which means there is a lot to learn about it, and there’s always somewhere to explore! Do you know your North Pole from your South Pole, or your countries from your continents? Well, read on and you soon will!

103

d t

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r a long time to travel a s e k

A long, long time ago all the continents were joined together into one big supercontinent called Pangaea.

o

North America

Continents Planet Earth is mostly water, but all the land is split into seven big chunks called continents. These continents are also split into smaller chunks called countries. South America Do you know which continent you live on? I bet it’s not Antarctica!

From round to flat Because the Earth is round, it’s impossible to make a perfect flat map of it—something will always get distorted. There are different versions of maps with different distortions. We call these different maps projections.

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Asia is the biggest continent.

Europe

Asia Many countries in the Pacific islands aren’t part of any continent.

Africa Australia

Gerardus Mercator

Antarctica is very cold. Scientists go there to work, but nobody lives there all the time.

Antarctica The most common map projection is the Mercator projection. Directions and distances look quite accurate, but places far away from the middle of the Earth look bigger than they really are.

Greenland

Africa

Distortion in the Mercator projection makes the country Greenland look bigger than Africa. In reality it’s 14 times smaller!

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The equator

North

what’s in the middle? It’s of the Earth called the equator.

Nort

an imaginary line around the center

He

mi

ph

s

106

n

The equator divides the Earth into two halves. Anything above the equator is part of the Northern Hemisphere, and anything below is part of the Southern Hemisphere.

her

Splitting the world

If it were possible to walk around the equator, it would take about 20 million steps!

Sout

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and the South Pole is at the bottom,

n H em is ph e

If the North Pole is at the top of the Earth

er

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Places near the equator are hotter because the sun’s rays hit them at a more direct angle.

Pole

Pola

Places on Earth are in different climate (weather) zones based on how close or far away they are from the equator.

r ra e p m Te

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Tropical zones

pic o r t b

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These places are hot and humid most of the year. They can be very stormy.

al

Subtropical zones

al c i p ro

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These places have long, hot, dry summers and wet, short winters.

cal

Temperate zones Subt

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South

Pole

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Places in temperate zones mostly have warm summers and cold winters.

Polar zones The polar regions are very cold and dry. Winters are long and dark and summers are sunny but still very cold.

People who live in the Northern Hemisphere will see different stars than people who live in the Southern Hemisphere.

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North America With its frozen mountains, vast grasslands, tropics, and vibrant cities filled with people, the continent of North America is incredibly diverse.

3

North America has 23 countries. Many of them are islands.

1

1 e s a hug i n o y n a nd Ca The Gra n the US. It’s . i spot canyon tourist r a l u p very po

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Chichén Itzá is a city of ruins in Mexico that was built thousa nds of years ago.

2

The bottom of North America is known as Central America.

3

Countries in North America Northern C the best anada is one of p laces t spectacu lar nort o see the hern lig hts.

4

th e bi gg es t Ne w Yo rk Ci ty is d ci ty an d mo st po pu la te in th e US .

4

The largest country in North America is Canada.

5

2

5 The beac hes of t he Carib Islands bea are some of the m n beautifu ost l on Ear th.

Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States of America

109

1

in Falls orld’s Angel the w . s i a l ll e Venezu est waterfa tall

Galápagos Islands

The Galápagos Islands are home to many unique animals, such as the marine iguana.

110 1

and much more.

An en Jesus ormous s t Rio d Christ l atue of oo e Jan eiro, ks over Brazi l.

cultures, lush rain forests, winding rivers,

This beautiful continent is home to vibrant

South America

2

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und ier is fo a c a l g n e z This fro th Americ u o S f o p ti . near the Argentina , a i n o g a in Pat

4

4

3

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador

3

Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela

Countries in South America

The Atac northern ama Desert in the drie Chile in one of st place s on Ear th.

2

112 Madagascar is an island off the coast of Africa with a lot of unique animals.

a of Giz s d i m a t r l The Py t were bui o! p ag y in Eg years f o s nd thousa

1

cultures, landscape, and wildlife across the continent.

54 countries. There is an enormous blend of

Africa is home to more than a billion people living in

Africa

1

Moun Tanza t Kilima njaro nia in point is the h ighes in Af t rica.

2

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Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros

Congo, Democratic Republic of The Congo, Republic of The Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini

Countries in Africa Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi

Cape Town is overlooked by a flat-to pped mountai n called Table Mountain.

3

3 Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal

2

Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Europe Although it is the second smallest continent in size, Europe is the third most populated continent. It has a rich history and diverse culture. 2

Europe attracts more than a billion tourists every year.

1

3 1

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y is e, Ital et c i n e V e g y of The cit islands. Peopl s. al n built o n boats in can o around

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2 Europe covers only 2 percent of the Earth’s surface.

The w o hotel rld’s firs the b is in Swed t ice eds a re ma en—even de of ice!

3

n museum i t r a t s e ouvre The larg is the L d l r o w . the , France in Paris

4 Vatican City is the smallest country in the world.

Countries in Europe Albania Latvia Andorra Liechtenstein Austria Lithuania Belarus Luxembourg Belgium Malta Bosnia and Moldova Herzegovina Monaco Bulgaria Montenegro Croatia Netherlands Cyprus North Macedonia Czech Republic Norway Denmark Poland Estonia Portugal Finland Romania France San Marino Germany Serbia Greece Slovakia Holy See Slovenia (Vatican City) Spain Hungary Sweden Iceland Switzerland Ireland Ukraine Italy United Kingdom Kosovo (disputed)

There are o island ver 6000 Gr e s and islets ek .

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1

Asia Asia is a huge mix of landscapes, people, and cultures. Not only

huge a is a m a y i h s ees Ara mboo tr a b f o n. forest o, Japa in Kyot

is it the biggest continent, it’s also the most populated. 2

2 ndia ple in I ed m e T n e d The Gol st visit o m e h t f d. is one o the whole worl n i places

Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth, is located in Nepal.

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Angkor Wat in Cambodia is the larg est religio us monument in the world.

4

3

Asia is one of the most diverse continents, and there’s a huge mix of the old and the new.

4

Countries in Asia Huge ri in co ce fields untri es su can be fou Thail ch a nd and, and B s Vietnam, angla desh.

1

Afghanistan

Maldives

Armenia

Mongolia

Azerbaijan*

Myanmar

Bahrain

Nepal

Bangladesh

North Korea

Bhutan

Oman

Brunei

Pakistan

Cambodia

Philippines

China

Qatar

East Timor

Russia*

Georgia*

Saudi Arabia

India

Singapore

Indonesia

South Korea

Iran

Sri Lanka

Iraq

Syria

Israel

Tajikistan

Japan

Thailand

Jordan

Turkey*

Kazakhstan* Turkmenistan

3

Kuwait

United Arab Emirates

Kyrgyzstan

Uzbekistan

Laos

Vietnam

Lebanon

Yemen

Malaysia

More than half of all the people in the world live in Asia!

* These countries have borders in both Europe and Asia, but are generally counted as part of Asia.

117

Oceania The continent of Australia and countries such as New Zealand and Fiji, which

aren’t part of any continent, make up the region of Oceania.

1

3 mous e most fa One of th stralia is the in Au e. buildings ydney Opera Hous S beautiful

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Austra li is ver a’s Lake Hil y salt lier y and pink.

3 Australia is both a continent AND a country!

2 There are more than 10,000 islands in Oceania!

Countries in Oceania Vanuatu is hom Yasur—o ne of t e to Mount volcano he most activ es on E e arth.

2 4

Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu

The country of Fiji is made up of more than 300 different islands.

1 Franz New Z Josef Glac ealan ier i d is n spot a popul for a a dvent urers r .

4 People from New Zealand are known as “Kiwis,” after New Zealand’s flightless kiwi bird.

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120

Pole

Native people have adapted to life in the Arctic.

The North Pole is in the Arctic. There is no land there but the ocean is frozen solid. The ice grows and shrinks with the seasons.

The North Pole

South Pole is at the bottom.

The North Pole is at the top, and the

are found at opposite sides of the Earth.

The North and South

The Poles

Greenlan

d

Can

ada

Polar bears live in the Arctic. Our fur and layers of fat keep us warm.

NORTH POLE

ARCTIC

Russia

an

So u t her n Oce

SOUTH POLE

ANTARCTICA

McMurdo Station

South Pole

The largest base in Antartica is McMurdo Station. More than 1,000 people can stay there at a time.

McMurdo Station

There are no towns in Antarctica, but scientists travel there to work at special research stations.

The South Pole is in Antarctica, which is land covered in ice and surrounded by freezing ocean. Antarctica is the coldest, driest, windiest place on Earth.

The South Pole

North Pole

It almost NEVER RAINS in Antarctica. It is a cold desert.

King penguins are among the only animals that can survive the Antarctic cold.

121

Islands An island is an area of land that is completely

surrounded by water. Islands can be tiny or absolutely huge!

of ade up . m s i nds sia Indone 17,000 isla about

There are Continental islands start off as part of a continent but either break away, or are cut off when the sea level rises.

122

It takes a very long time for islands to form.

MANY TYPES Soft rock gradually wears away, forming a trench.

Soft rock

of islands, but the The trench floods.

An island forms.

A group of islands close together is called an archipelago.

s island i e t s e g r a d’s l e thre The worl t’s so big, th inea, d. I w Gu Greenlan st islands (Ne ld all e g cou next lar nd Madagascar) a de. Borneo, fit insi

Archipelago

There are more than 100,000 islands on Earth!

Madag a islan scar is t d he plant in the wo fourth large s an rld. don’t exist d animals Most of st th f anywh ere e ound ther e e lse o n Ear th.

main types are continental and oceanic. Oceanic islands are

formed when underwater volcanoes erupt. The Hawaiian Islands are oceanic islands.

The rock builds up in layers.

An underwater volcano erupts.

An island forms.

Lava hardens into rock.

123

North America

Populations There are around 7.5 billion people on Earth, although we can never be sure of the exact number since it’s always

changing. Here’s where they all live. Africa

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COUNTRY Nigeria Ethiopia Egypt Congo, Democratic Republic of The Tanzania South Africa Kenya Sudan Algeria Uganda Morocco Angola Ghana Mozambique Côte d’Ivoire Madagascar Cameroon Niger Malawi Burkina Faso Mali Zambia Chad Senegal Zimbabwe Rwanda Guinea

POPULATION 203,452,505 108,386,391 99,413,317 85,281,024 55,451,343 55,380,210 48,397,527 43,120,843 41,657,488 40,853,749 34,314,130 30,355,880 28,102,471 27,233,789 26,260,582 25,683,610 25,640,965 19,866,231 19,842,560 19,742,715 18,429,893 16,445,079 15,833,116 15,020,945 14,030,368 12,187,400 11,855,411

COUNTRY Burundi Tunisia Benin Somalia South Sudan Togo Libya Sierra Leone Eritrea Central African Republic Congo, Republic of The Liberia Mauritania Namibia Botswana Gabon Gambia Lesotho Guinea-Bissau Mauritius Eswatini Djibouti Comoros Equatorial Guinea Cape Verde São Tomé and Príncipe Seychelles

POPULATION 11,844,520 11,516,189 11,340,504 11,259,029 10,204,581 8,176,449 6,754,507 6,312,212 5,970,646 5,745,062 5,062,021 4,809,768 3,840,429 2,533,224 2,249,104 2,119,036 2,092,731 1,962,461 1,833,247 1,364,283 1,087,200 884,017 821,164 797,457 568,373 204,454 94,633

COUNTRY United States Mexico Canada Guatemala Cuba Haiti Dominican Republic Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Belize Bahamas Barbados Saint Lucia Grenada Saint Vincent and Grenadines Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis

POPULATION 329,256,465 125,959,205 35,881,659 16,581,273 11,116,396 10,788,440 10,298,756 9,182,766 6,187,271 6,085,213 4,987,142 3,800,644 2,812,090 1,215,527 385,854 332,634 293,131 165,510 112,207 101,844 95,882 74,027 53,094

These numbers show how many people live in each country. Find yours!

Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey have borders in both Europe and Asia.

Europe COUNTRY Germany France United Kingdom Italy Spain Ukraine Poland Romania Netherlands Belgium Greece Czech Republic Portugal Sweden Hungary Belarus Austria Switzerland Serbia Bulgaria Denmark Finland Slovakia Norway Ireland Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Moldova Albania Lithuania North Macedonia Slovenia Latvia Kosovo (Disputed) Estonia Cyprus Montenegro Luxembourg Malta Iceland Andorra Liechtenstein San Marino Monaco Holy See (Vatican City)

POPULATION 80,457,737 67,364,357 65,105,246 62,246,674 49,331,076 43,952,299 38,420,687 21,457,116 17,151,228 11,570,762 10,761,523 10,686,269 10,355,493 10,040,995 9,825,704 9,527,543 8,793,370 8,292,809 7,078,110 7,057,504 5,809,502 5,537,364 5,445,040 5,372,191 5,068,050 4,270,480 3,849,891 3,437,720 3,057,220 2,793,284 2,118,945 2,102,126 1,923,559 1,907,592 1,244,288 1,237,088 614,249 605,764 449,043 343,518 85,708 38,547 33,779 30,727 1,000

Asia COUNTRY China India Indonesia Pakistan Bangladesh Russia Japan Philippines Vietnam Iran Turkey Thailand Myanmar South Korea Iraq Afghanistan Saudi Arabia Malaysia Uzbekistan Nepal Yemen North Korea Sri Lanka Syria

POPULATION 1,384,688,986 1,296,834,042 262,787,403 207,862,518 159,453,001 142,122,776 126,168,156 105,893,381 97,040,334 83,024,745 81,257,239 68,615,858 55,622,506 51,418,097 40,194,216 34,940,837 33,091,113 31,809,660 30,023,709 29,717,587 28,667,230 25,381,085 22,576,592 19,454,263

COUNTRY Kazakhstan Cambodia Jordan Azerbaijan United Arab Emirates Tajikistan Israel Laos Lebanon Singapore Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Georgia Oman Mongolia Armenia Kuwait Qatar Bahrain East Timor Bhutan Brunei Maldives

Oceania COUNTRY Australia Papua New Guinea New Zealand Fiji Solomon Islands Vanuatu Samoa Kiribati Tonga Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Tuvalu Nauru

POPULATION 23,470,145 7,027,332 4,545,627 926,276 660,121 288,037 201,316 109,367 106,398 103,643 75,684 21,516 11,147 9,692

POPULATION 18,744,548 16,449,519 10,458,413 10,046,516 9,701,315 8,604,882 8,424,904 7,234,171 6,100,075 5,995,991 5,849,296 5,411,012 4,926,087 3,494,116 3,103,428 3,038,217 2,916,467 2,363,569 1,442,659 1,321,929 766,397 450,565 392,473

South America COUNTRY Brazil Colombia Argentina Venezuela Peru Chile Ecuador Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Guyana Suriname

POPULATION 208,846,892 48,168,996 44,694,198 31,689,176 31,331,228 17,925,262 16,498,502 11,306,341 7,025,763 3,369,299 740,685 597,927

125

North America

Country size Some countries are very big and others are tiny. Is your country big, small, or something in-between? Africa COUNTRY Algeria Congo, Democratic Republic of The Sudan Libya Chad Niger Angola Mali South Africa Ethiopia Mauritania Egypt Tanzania Nigeria Namibia Mozambique Zambia South Sudan Somalia Central African Republic Madagascar Botswana Kenya Cameroon Morocco Zimbabwe Congo, Republic of The

126

SIZE 2,381,741 2,344,858 1,861,484 1,759,540 1,284,000 1,267,000 1,246,700 1,240,192 1,219,090 1,104,300 1,030,700 1,001,450 947,300 923,768 824,292 799,380 752,618 644,329 637,657 622,984 587,041 581,730 580,367 475,440 446,550 390,757 342,000

COUNTRY Côte d’Ivoire Burkina Faso Gabon Guinea Uganda Ghana Senegal Tunisia Malawi Eritrea Benin Liberia Sierra Leone Togo Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Equatorial Guinea Burundi Rwanda Djibouti Eswatini Gambia Cape Verde Comoros Mauritius São Tomé and Príncipe Seychelles

SIZE 322,463 274,200 267,667 245,857 241,038 238,533 196,722 163,610 118,484 117,600 112,622 111,369 71,740 56,785 36,125 30,355 28,051 27,830 26,338 23,200 17,364 11,300 4,033 2,235 2,040 964 455

COUNTRY Canada United States Mexico Nicaragua Honduras Cuba Guatemala Panama Costa Rica Dominican Republic Haiti Belize El Salvador Bahamas Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Dominica Saint Lucia Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Saint Vincent and Grenadines Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis

SIZE 9,984,670 9,833,517 1,964,375 130,370 112,090 110,860 108,889 75,420 51,100 48,670 27,750 22,966 21,041 13,880 10,991 5,128 751 616 443 430 389 344 261

South America COUNTRY Brazil Argentina Peru Colombia Bolivia Venezuela Chile Paraguay Ecuador Guyana Uruguay Suriname

SIZE 8,515,770 2,780,400 1,285,216 1,138,910 1,098,581 912,050 756,102 406,752 283,561 214,969 176,215 163,820

These measurements are all in “Square kilometers.”

Europe COUNTRY France Ukraine Spain Sweden Germany Finland Norway Poland Italy United Kingdom Romania Belarus Greece Bulgaria Iceland Hungary Portugal Austria Czech Republic Serbia Ireland Lithuania Latvia Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Slovakia Estonia Denmark Netherlands Switzerland Moldova Belgium Albania North Macedonia Slovenia Montenegro Kosovo (Disputed) Cyprus Luxembourg Andorra Malta Liechtenstein San Marino Monaco Holy See (Vatican City)

SIZE 643,801 603,550 505,370 450,295 357,022 338,145 323,802 312,685 301,340 243,610 238,391 207,600 131,957 110,879 103,000 93,028 92,090 83,871 78,867 77,474 70,273 65,300 64,589 56,594 51,197 49,035 45,228 43,094 41,543 41,277 33,851 30,528 28,748 25,713 20,273 13,812 10,887 9,251 2,586 468 316 160 61 2 0

Asia COUNTRY Russia China India Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia Indonesia Iran Mongolia Pakistan Turkey Myanmar Afghanistan Yemen Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Iraq Japan Vietnam Malaysia Oman Philippines Laos Kyrgyzstan

SIZE 17,098,242 9,596,960 3,287,263 2,724,900 2,149,690 1,904,569 1,648,195 1,564,116 796,095 783,562 676,578 652,230 527,968 513,120 488,100 447,400 438,317 377,915 331,210 329,847 309,500 300,000 236,800 199,951

COUNTRY Syria Cambodia Bangladesh Nepal Tajikistan North Korea South Korea Jordan Azerbaijan United Arab Emirates Georgia Sri Lanka Bhutan Armenia Israel Kuwait East Timor Qatar Lebanon Brunei Bahrain Singapore Maldives

SIZE 185,180 181,035 148,460 147,181 144,100 120,538 99,720 89,342 86,600 83,600 69,700 65,610 38,394 29,743 20,770 17,818 14,874 11,586 10,400 5,765 760 697 298

Oceania Russia is by far the biggest country in the world. It shares a border with 14 other countries, and is almost the size of Pluto!

COUNTRY Australia Papua New Guinea New Zealand Solomon Islands Fiji Vanuatu Samoa Kiribati Tonga Federated States of Micronesia Palau Marshall Islands Tuvalu Nauru

SIZE 7,741,220 462,840 268,838 28,896 18,274 12,189 2,831 811 747 702 459 181 26 21

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Capitals Nearly every country has a capital

city.

This is usually the city where the country’s

Nauru doesn’t have a capital, but its government is based in a city called Yaren.

government is based.

NORTH AMERICA

128

Antigua and Barbuda St. John’s Bahamas Nassau Barbados Bridgetown Belize Belmopan Canada Ottawa Costa Rica San José Cuba Havana Dominica Roseau Dominican Republic Santo Domingo El Salvador San Salvador Grenada St. George’s Guatemala Guatemala City Haiti Port-au-Prince Honduras Tegucigalpa Jamaica Kingston Mexico Mexico City Nicaragua Managua Panama Panama City Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre Saint Lucia Castries Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown

Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain United States Washington DC

SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Buenos Aires Bolivia Sucre Brazil Brasilia Chile Santiago Colombia Bogotá Ecuador Quito Guyana Georgetown Paraguay Asunción Peru Lima Suriname Paramaribo Uruguay Montevideo Venezuela Caracas

AFRICA Algeria Algiers Angola Luanda Benin Porto-Novo Botswana Gaborone Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Burundi Gitega Cameroon Yaoundé Cape Verde Praia Central African Republic Bangui Chad N’Djamena Comoros Moroni Congo, Democratic Republic of The Kinshasa Congo, Republic of The Brazzaville Côte d’Ivoire Yamoussoukro Djibouti Djibouti Egypt Cairo Equatorial Guinea Malabo Eritrea Asmara Eswatini Mbabane Ethiopia Addis Ababa Gabon Libreville Gambia Banjul Ghana Accra Guinea Conakry Guinea-Bissau Bissau Kenya Nairobi Lesotho Maseru Liberia Monrovia Libya Tripoli Madagascar Antananarivo Malawi Lilongwe Mali Bamako Mauritania Nouakchott Mauritius Port Louis Morocco Rabat Mozambique Maputo Namibia Windhoek Niger Niamey Nigeria Abuja

ASIA Rwanda Kigali São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Senegal Dakar Seychelles Victoria Sierra Leone Freetown Somalia Mogadishu South Africa Pretoria South Sudan Juba Sudan Khartoum Tanzania Dodoma Togo Lomé Tunisia Tunis Uganda Kampala Zambia Lusaka Zimbabwe Harare

Afghanistan Kabul Armenia Yerevan Azerbaijan Baku Bahrain Manama Bangladesh Dhaka Bhutan Thimphu Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Cambodia Phnom Penh China Beijing East Timor Dili Georgia Tbilisi India New Delhi Indonesia Jakarta Iran Tehran Iraq Baghdad

EUROPE Albania Tirana Andorra Andorra la Vella Austria Vienna Belarus Minsk Belgium Brussels Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bulgaria Sofia Croatia Zagreb Cyprus Nicosia Czech Republic Prague Denmark Copenhagen Estonia Tallinn Finland Helsinki France Paris Germany Berlin Greece Athens Holy See Vatican City Hungary Budapest Iceland Reykjavík Ireland Dublin Italy Rome Kosovo (Disputed) Pristina

Israel Jerusalem Japan Tokyo Jordan Amman Kazakhstan Astana Kuwait Kuwait City Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Laos Vientiane Lebanon Beirut Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Maldives Malé Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Myanmar Naypyidaw Nepal Kathmandu North Korea Pyongyang Oman Muscat Pakistan Islamabad Philippines Manila

Latvia Riga Liechtenstein Vaduz Lithuania Vilnius Luxembourg Luxembourg Malta Valletta Moldova Chisinau Monaco Monaco Montenegro Podgorica Netherlands Amsterdam North Macedonia Skopje Norway Oslo Poland Warsaw Portugal Lisbon Romania Bucharest San Marino San Marino Serbia Belgrade Slovakia Bratislava Slovenia Ljubljana Spain Madrid Sweden Stockholm Switzerland Bern Ukraine Kiev United Kingdom London

Qatar Doha Russia Moscow Saudi Arabia Riyadh Singapore Singapore South Korea Seoul Sri Lanka Colombo Syria Damascus Tajikistan Dushanbe Thailand Bangkok Turkey Ankara Turkmenistan Ashgabat United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Uzbekistan Tashkent Vietnam Hanoi Yemen Sana’a

OCEANIA Australia Canberra Federated States of Micronesia Palikir Fiji Suva Kiribati Tarawa Marshall Islands Majuro Nauru (No Capital) New Zealand Wellington Palau Ngerulmud Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Samoa Apia Solomon Islands Honiara Tonga Nuku’alofa Tuvalu Funafuti Vanuatu Port Vila

Flags

Each country has a flag that it uses as a symbol

of its nation. Do you see yours? North America Antigua and Barbuda

Bahamas

Barbados

El Salvador

Grenada

Guatemala

Belize

Canada

Haiti

Honduras

Costa Rica

Jamaica

South America Argentina

Bolivia

Guyana

Chile

Brazil

Peru

Paraguay

Colombia

Dominican Republic

Dominica

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Trinidad and Tobago

United States

Ecuador

Uruguay

Suriname

Cuba

Venezuela

Africa

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Algeria

Angola

Benin

Congo, Democratic Republic of

Congo, Republic of the

Côte d’Ivoire

Ghana

Guinea

Mauritius

Morocco

Somalia

South Africa

Botswana

Djibouti

Guinea-Bissau

Mozambique

South Sudan

Equatorial Guinea

Egypt

Lesotho

Kenya

Namibia

Burundi

Burkina Faso

Niger

Sudan

Cameroon

Eritrea

Liberia

Nigeria

Tanzania

Libya

Rwanda

Togo

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Ethiopia

Eswatini

Madagascar

São Tomé & Príncipe

Tunisia

Malawi

Senegal

Uganda

Chad

Comoros

Gabon

Gambia

Mali

Mauritania

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Europe Albania

Czech Republic

Andorra

Denmark

Ireland

Monaco

Austria

Estonia

Italy

Germany

Liechtenstein

North Macedonia

Slovenia

Slovakia

France

Latvia

Netherlands

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Belgium

Finland

Kosovo

Montenegro

Serbia

Belarus

Spain

Brunei

Indonesia

Armenia

Cambodia

Iran

Azerbaijan

China

Iraq

Bahrain

East Timor

Israel

Sweden

Bhutan

Georgia

India

Holy See (Vatican City)

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Lebanon

Laos

Maldives

Pakistan

Philippines

South Korea

Turkmenistan

Sri Lanka

United Arab Emirates

Myanmar

Nepal

North Korea

Qatar

Russia

Syria

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

Vietnam

Saudi Arabia

Thailand

Yemen

Malta

Moldova

San Marino

Romania

Ukraine

United Kingdom

VEXILLOLOGY. Oceania

Jordan Federated States of Micronesia

Fiji

Malaysia

Kiribati Mongolia

Iceland

The study of flags is called

Australia Kazakhstan

Hungary

Portugal

Switzerland

Cyprus

Croatia

Luxembourg

Poland

Bangladesh

Japan

Greece

Lithuania

Norway

Asia Afghanistan

Bulgaria

Oman

Singapore

Turkey

New Zealand

Samoa

Tuvalu

Marshall Islands

Palau

Solomon Islands

Vanuatu

Nauru

Papua New Guinea

Tonga

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The

132

natural

world

From lush forests and winding rivers, to hidden caves and massive mountains, our world is brimming with incredible natural

wonders. Are you ready to

hike through a rain forest, crawl through a spooky cave, and relax in a natural hot spring?

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Oceans

Arctic Ocean

and seas

The oceans are the five largest

areas of seawater on Earth. They are all connected to each other. Smaller areas of seawater are called seas.

The Pacific is the world’s largest and deepest ocean. It contains more than half of all the liquid water on Earth!

I’m a marine biologist. It’s my job to study life in our amazing oceans.

Pacific Ocean

Underwater gardens The oceans and seas are full of fascinating animals and plants. Plants provide homes for the animals and food for them to eat.

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The Arctic is the smallest ocean. It surrounds the North Pole, and most of it is covered in ice, especially in the winter.

Arctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean

The Atlantic is the second largest ocean. It separates the Americas from Europe and Africa.

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean. It is the area of water between Africa and Australia.

Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean is also known as the Antarctic Ocean. It’s the only ocean that goes all the way around the globe.

Ocean view From space, the Earth looks blue because the oceans and seas cover much more of its surface than land does. That’s why Earth is sometimes called “the blue planet.”

135

136

Some hot springs have water that boils and then shoots up like an erupting volcano! But instead of lava, it’s jets of water and steam that are being shot into the air. These places are called geysers.

Geysers

Hot spring

the earth finds a way out

Hot springs can be red, orange, or yellow colored, due to microbes (tiny living things) in the water.

Geyser

Hot springs are places where water that is warmed by heat from under the earth escapes through cracks in the ground and forms pools or rivers of hot water.

Hot springs

of the ground. Watch out, they’re hot!

Geysers and hot springs are places where hot water from beneath

Geysers and hot springs

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, is a wo rl dOl d Fa it hf ul , US at er up ts fa mo us ge ys er th o ho ur s. ev er y on e to tw wa sh cl ot he s Pe op le us ed to r. in th e ho t wa te

Volcanic gases can cause some hot springs to smell like rotten eggs!

The bea uti ful hot spr ing cal led Blu e Lag oon , Ice lan d, is act ual ly man -ma de. The wat er is kep t at the per fec t tem per atu re for bat hin g.

ey Pa rk in Ji go ku da ni Mo nk wi ld Ja pa ne se Ja pa n is ho me to nk ey s lo ve ma ca qu es . Th e mo er in th e to re la x to ge th ng s th er e. na tu ra l ho t sp ri

Look out, that’s HOT!

Forests

Grizzly bears

About a third of the Earth’s land is covered in forests. Trees provide a home for millions of animals, and they even clean the air we breathe.

Boreal forests are found in colder parts of the world. Boreal forests have short summers and long, cold winters.

Ba nf f Na ti on al Pa rk co nt ai ns pa rt of Ca na da ’s bo re al fo re st . It s la ke s an d gl ac ie rs ar e sp ec ta cu la r.

Temperate forests are found in more mild climates. They change a lot over the four seasons. The word temperate means “not extreme.” Par k, in the Gre at Smo ky Mou nta ins Nat ion al dre ds of US, is a tem per ate for est . Hun nd the re. fou be can dif fer ent typ es of tre es

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Raccoon

Toucan Tropical rain forests are warm and humid with a lot of rainfall. They only have two seasons: a rainy season and a dry season. Jaguars are one of the Amazon’s top predators.

The Ama zon Rai nfo res t is the lar ges t tro pic al for est in the wor ld. Mos t of it is in Bra zil , but par ts are in Per u, Col omb ia, and oth er cou ntr ies .

Rain forests have four layers, each with its own unique wildlife: Emergent layer

Canopy

Understorey Forest floor

Jaguar

More than half of the world’s species of plants and animals are found in rain forests.

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Deserts

Places that get very little rainfall are called deserts. Only plants and animals that don’t need much water can live in deserts.

Our feathers keep us warm in the icy desert!

It are hot. s t r e s e d ica, Not all n Antarct i s n i a r ver t! almost ne it one big deser making

The S is the ahara Deser t b It’s a iggest des in Africa er bout t he siz t on Earth . e of t he US!

Desert animals have

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Camel

Jerboa

Camels have one or two humps. Storing fat in their humps helps them go without food or water for weeks!

Tiny jerboas have long and powerful legs, which are useful for digging, jumping, and running away from enemies.

Clever cacti Cacti collect water when it rains and store it in their stems. This is what allows them to survive in deserts.

sils ur fos e a s o n i th of d und in . A lot o f n e e a have b sert in Asi e D Gobi

Stra rock ngely s h s dese are for aped of v rts afte med in ery stro r years ng w inds .

SPECIAL FEATURES

that help them survive.

Lizard

Fennec fox

Many lizards burrow in the sand to escape from enemies and the heat. Their scaly feet stop them from sinking when they scurry across the sand.

Many desert animals, including the fennec fox, sleep underground during the day and explore the desert at night when it is cooler.

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Mountains Mountains and volcanoes both look like spiky rocks reaching into the sky. Pl

ate

But what’s the difference? s

Mountains The Earth’s crust (the ground you stand on) is made up of different giant plates. These slowly move and sometimes crash together. Over millions of years, this forces the ground upward, forming mountains.

Mount Kilimanjaro Africa’s highest peak can be found in Tanzania. Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano, which means it hasn’t erupted in a long time.

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Most mountains are part of ranges such as the Alps or the Himalayas. Mountain ranges can spread for thousands of miles.

Mauna Kea Located on the “Big Island” of Hawaii, US, Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain in the world. However, most of it is underwater, so its peak isn’t as high as other mountains.

and Volcanoes Volcanoes Volcanoes are openings in the Earth that fiery rock can erupt from. When volcanoes erupt, lava, ash, and dust is shot into the air. Ma ny vo lc an oe s ar e lo ca te d un de r th e se a. Er up ti on s fr om th es e vo lc an oe s ca n cr ea te ne w is la nd s!

What is lava?

Lava

Magm

Lava is melted rock from deep within the Earth that has erupted from a volcano. It’s extremely hot and destructive. When this rock is still inside the volcano, it’s called magma.

Mount Vesuvius This active volcano in Naples, Italy has erupted many times. In the year 79 it erupted and buried the city of Pompeii in ash. a

Eyjafjallajökull In 2010, this volcano in Iceland erupted and shot an enormous cloud of ash into the sky. This caused chaos for air travel.

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Caves Caves are holes that go deep underground. People used to shelter in caves in prehistoric times, and many animals live in them today. Stalactite

How are caves created? In most cases, caves form naturally over millions of years. Rainwater seeps into cracks in certain types of rock and wears it away bit by bit. This happens because rainwater is slightly acidic.

Stalagmite

Speleothems

Spiky rocks Many caves have spiky mineral formations called speleothems. The main ones are stalagmites, which grow up from the cave floor, and stalactites, which hang from the cave ceiling.

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Cave dwellers Some animals have adapted to live in the darkness of caves. Blind albino cave crabs live in caves in the Canary Islands, and many bats like dark and quiet places.

Hang Soʼn Ðoòng, Vietnam This is the biggest cave in the world. It’s so big there is a forest, river, and even clouds inside.

Fingal’s Cave, Scotland Formed more than 50 million years ago by lava, this cave is famous for its shape and the way things sound inside it.

In a cave in Kantemó, Mexico, yellow-red rat snakes who usually live on the forest floor hang from the ceiling and try to catch bats! ino Alb crab e cav

People who explore caves are called “spelunkers.”

Amazing caves

Orda Cave, Russia This is one of the longest underwater caves in the world. Its crystal clear waters make it a dream for scuba divers. Dobšinská Ice Cave, Slovakia The ice in this famous cave is incredibly thick. Visitors can take a tour of the cave and see it for themselves.

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Lakes

Lakes are large pools of water surrounded

by land.

They can be absolutely huge and full of life, or mostly lifeless.

How are lakes made?

Lakes are formed when basins (pits) fill with water. The water comes from rain or melted ice from glaciers.

Swan

Animals need fresh water to survive, so lots of animals live in or near lakes.

Otter Heron

The world’s biggest lake In between Europe and Asia is the biggest lake in the world, the Caspian Sea. It’s so big that people used to think it was an ocean! It became separated from the Mediterranean Sea more than 5 million years ago when the Earth’s crust moved. Caspian sea

146

Life on Mars In 2018, scientists found evidence of an underground lake on Mars. The discovery might help us understand what happened to the water that once covered the planet. It may even mean life can exist there!

D

on rag

fly

Freshwater trout

Lak

e

Hi

The Dead Sea Don’t let the name confuse you! The Dead Sea is a giant lake with water so salty that almost nothing can live in it. The salt makes it very easy to float in the water.

ll

ie r

Lake Baikal This lake in Russia is around four times as deep as New York’s Empire State Building is tall—making it the deepest one on Earth. It’s also the world’s biggest source of fresh water.

Toad Newt

Salt lakes Lakes that contain a lot of salt are very unusual. Sometimes, tiny creatures called bacteria grow in very salty lakes. These creatures can turn lakes, such as Lake Hillier in Australia, pink!

Duck

Lake Vostok You wouldn’t want to go for a swim in this lake! It’s located underneath the Antarctic ice sheet, where the ice is up to 2.5 miles (4 km) thick!

147

Rivers When fresh water flows from a mountain or hill, a trickling stream is formed. Lots of streams connect to make a river, which twists

turns all the way to the sea or ocean.

There

are

more than

and

3,000

species

Wildlife Rivers are filled with wildlife, especially fish. Animals such as birds and bears are drawn to the fish-filled waters for food. Humans also like to go fishing in rivers.

148

The Amazon contains animals such as dolphins and piranhas! Piranha

Pink river dolphin

The mighty Amazon The Amazon River cuts through the Amazon Rainforest in South America. It carries more water than any other river on Earth. Its mouth is almost as wide as the distance between London and Paris!

Life of a river

Rainwater and melted snow flow into streams.

Stream

River

er

!

Small streams join together and form a river.

the n i h of fs

zo a m A

n

Ri

v

Some rivers have dams that slow the flow of water.

River mouth

The lo nge is the st river in the w Nile throug h 11 c River. It f orld lows ountri es in Africa .

The river slows down where it meets the sea or ocean.

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Waterfalls When a river reaches a steep drop, it falls over the edge to a pool below, creating a beautiful sheet of rushing

water, called a waterfall.

Yosemite Falls

Which type? There are many different types of waterfall. Some plunge straight down to the pool below, while others fall down a series of steps made out of rocks.

US: 2,425 ft (739 m)

Sutherland Falls

New Zealand: 1,904 ft (580 m) Sutherland Falls drops down three big steps before reaching the pool below.

150

A trick of the light makes it look like Yosemite Falls is burning at certain times!

Angel Falls

Venezuela: 3,212 ft (979 m)

How are they made? Waterfalls are created by the process of erosion. Over time, the river wears away the rock beneath it. This creates a sharp ledge that the water falls over.

In winte freeze a r, some waterf al nd form huge ici ls cles.

Angel Falls is the world’s tallest waterfall. It’s more than twice the height of New York’s Empire State Building!

Some daring people go over waterfalls for fun. In 1901, Annie Taylor became the first person to survive the drop over Niagara Falls in a barrel!

Niagara Falls US: 167 ft (51 m)

151

Plains Imagine being able to see for miles and miles in all directions. That’s what the view is like on plains: wide, open flatlands that stretch for as far

as the eye can see.

Wildebeest

Care to ex-plain? Plains are very flat areas of land. There are several types including grasslands, forests, savannas, and even underwater plains. Most plains have extreme weather such as strong winds, hot summers, and dry, cold winters.

The Serengeti plains in TANZANIA and KENYA are some of the most spectacular in the world. 152

The Serengeti

On the move The Serengeti is a grassland that experiences very dry summers. Every year, millions of wildebeests, zebras, and gazelles travel across the vast plains in search of fresh grass, water, and a safe place to have babies.

There are plains all over, and out of, the world! The Great Plains These wide grasslands in North America are mostly used for farming. Watch out for “Tornado Alley” and its frequent and dangerous tornadoes. Arctic plains Plains in the Arctic are called “tundra.” These largely treeless areas have long, cold winters that are spent in almost total darkness.

Plains can be formed by erosion, volcanic eruptions, and floods. The Serengeti is known to locals as “the land that goes on forever.”

Under the sea Believe it or not, there are underwater plains in the deepest oceans. The plains are filled with strange fish and other marine animals.

Out of this world Planets such as Mercury and Mars have plains, too. Several spacecraft and rovers have landed on Mars and explored the surface.

153

Leaves

Perfect

plants The world is filled with billions of

Plants need light, water, nutrients, and air to grow properly.

plants. From

tiny flowers to towering trees, plants come in all shapes, sizes, and colors. Fantastic flowers Flowers are beautiful, but they also help the plant make new seeds. Flowers also provide food and shelter for animals.

FLOWERS

Bees are attracted to bright flowers. They collect nectar from plants and turn it into honey.

HERBS AND SPICES Sunflower

Orchid

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Daffodils

Tulips

Chives

Chilies

Plants make the OXYGEN that we breathe.

Mint

TREES

I tap into tree trunks to find tasty insects to eat. I also make holes that are perfect for nesting in!

Deciduous trees such as oak trees lose their leaves in the fall.

Terrific trees Trees have a thick trunk connected to the roots underground. The trunk gets taller and thicker to hold the tree up as it grows bigger.

Woodpecker

Potatoes

Strawberries

Fruit trees, such as apple trees, grow fruit that we can eat.

Trunk

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Tomatoes

Evergreen trees, like pine trees, keep their leaves all year-round!

Many trees, such as the cherry blossom, produces flowers.

Cucumbers

There are more than 300,0000 types of plants.

155

I’m a mammal!

Wildlife

Our world is filled with amazing

animals!

From enormous elephants to slithering snakes, each animal is special in its own way.

Mammals

Birds

All mammals have warm blood, similar skeletons, and almost all have hair. Humans are mammals, too!

Fish

Although not all birds can fly, they all have feathers, a beak, and they all hatch from eggs.

I can’t fly, but I’m a fast runner!

Fish live underwater. They breathe using gills and swim with fins. Most fish have scales and cold blood.

Shark

Parrot

Bat

Emu Seahorse

Elephant

156

Dolphin

I’m an underwater mammal!

Angelfish

Duck

The animal groups

Did you know that most of the world’s animals have no bones? We are called invertebrates.

There are many different types of animals so scientists sort them into six big groups. This helps us understand the differences and similarities between animals.

Reptiles Reptiles are covered in scales and shed their skin. Most reptiles have cold blood and they almost all hatch from eggs.

Amphibians Most amphibians spend some of their lives in the

water, and some on land. They hatch from eggs in water, have cold blood, and slippery skin.

Arthropods The biggest animal group is the arthropods, which is made up of insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. They all have lots of legs!

Snake

Ladybug

Butterfly

Alligator Caecilian

Lobster

Lizard Salamander

157

Exploring

158

the

world

The big, wide world is just waiting to be explored! From tall towers to breathtakingly beautiful buildings, there are countless amazing attractions to experience. All you have to do is turn the page to set off on a

big adventure!

159

Huacachina In the Peruvian desert, where water is precious, this amazing town is built around an oasis. People travel to Huacachina in search of adventure.

A town in the desert The town of Huacachina (pronounced “whaka-cheena”) is a few hours away from Peru’s capital, Lima. It’s surrounded on all sides by enormous sand dunes. Only about 100 people live in Huacachina, but thousands of tourists travel there each year.

Thrill seekers People who travel to Huacachina often go there in search of fun. Visitors can drive dune buggies through the desert at blazing speed, or go sand boarding across the sand dunes!

160

Nazca Lines Found a short distance from Huacachina, the mysterious Nazca Lines are huge shapes and animal drawings that were scratched into the land by the ancient Nazca people thousands of years ago.

.” N A M WO G N I P E ed E W l “ l s n f Huacachina mea ke is e la h t t a h Legend has it t s. s e c n a pri f o s r a e t with the

161

Tulip fields Tulips are the national flower of the Netherlands. Beautiful

fields filled with rows of the colorful flowers can be found across the country.

Black tulips were a myth for hundreds of years, but in 1986 the first was grown.

162

T h e b e s t ti m e to s e e th e tu li p fi e ld s is b e tw e e n M a rc h and M a y, w h e n th e fl o w e rs a re in fu ll b lo om.

Tulip crazy!

Tulips were first introduced to the Turkey. Netherlands in the 1500s from e They were so popular that this tim ” became known as “Tulipomania. People bought tulip bulbs with gold and others stole them from gardens! The word tulip comes from the Turkish word “tulipan,” which means “turban.”

With over 7 million flowers and 800 types of tulip on display, the yearly Keukenhof flower festival in Lisse, is one of the biggest flower exhibits in the world.

The Dutch have a national tulip day every year. Flower parades take place and the main square in Amsterdam is filled with tulips for people to pick from a special garden.

163

Neuschwanstein

castle

On top of a hill in the mountains of Bavaria, Germany, sits this stunningly

beautiful castle. The castle at Walt Disney’s Magic Kingdom theme park is based on Neuschwanstein.

The castle has a huge inner garden and more than 100 rooms, most of which are filled with intricate paintings, carvings, and furniture.

164

A fairy-tale castle

Ludwig II

Most castles are built to protect against attackers, but Neuschwanstein was just built to look amazing. That’s why it looks like it belongs in a fairy tale.

The castle was built in 1886. The ruler of Bavaria at the time was Ludwig II. He had expensive taste and a love of myths, stories, and legends. Ludwig wanted to live in a castle that was like the ones from his stories—so he had one built!

Images of swans appear around the castle because swans appeared in Ludwig’s favorite legends.

Neuschwanstein is pronounced “NOY-shvan-stine”.

It took 18 years to build Ludwig’s dream castle, but he only got to live there for 172 days!

165

The Eden Project Step into the incredible

world of trees and

plants at the Eden Project in Cornwall, UK. Its gardens and greenhouse domes are home to nearly two million plants.

The Mediterranean seaside biome is very hot in summer but rainy and cool in winter.

What’s a biome? Places throughout the world that share similar climates, plants, and wildlife are known as biomes.

166

Rain forests are a hot and rainy biome.

The Eden Project houses the LARGEST

Walk through the rain forest In the tropical heat of the rain-forest greenhouse, you can see banana and cacao trees, fragrant orchids, and even a gushing waterfall.

The giant flower, Titan arum, smells like rotting meat! When it opens its petals, it attracts insects from far and wide.

Titan arum

Australian grass tree

Experience the Mediterranean Smell fresh herbs and plants in the warm Mediterranean greenhouse. You’ll also find Western Australian grass trees, gnarly cork sculptures, and a golden mosaic path.

The gardens Outside of the greenhouse domes are thousands of flowers growing in the fresh air, as well as plots of land growing food from around the world.

T h is h u g e s c u lp tu re w a s c re a te d b y R o b e rt B ra d fo rd to re m in d vi s it o rs o f th e im p o rt a n c e o f b e e s in n a tu re .

INDOOR RAIN FOREST in the world.

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Victoria Falls This stunning waterfall on the Zambezi

River separates the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The falls drop 355 ft (108 m) over the edge into a chasm below.

Swim with a view Are you brave enough to swim in “The Devil’s Pool”? During the dry season, daring swimmers can go in right at the edge of the falls!

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Victoria Falls is also called “Mosi-oa-Tunya,” which means “THE SMOKE

Th e Za mb ez i Ri ve r fl ow s th ro ug h si x co un tr ie s. Vi ct or ia Fa ll s is ju st on e of th e wa te rf al ls al on g th e ri ve r’ s ro ut e.

THAT THUNDERS.”

Most of Africa was a mystery to the rest of the world when the explorer David Livingstone first visited the continent. He was the first European to see the falls, and named them after Queen Victoria of the UK.

169

Uluru This giant, sacred

rock, found

In Anangu stories, the curves and marks in the rock are said to have been made by an ANGRY SNAKE.

deep in the Australian desert (bush), is named Uluru. It’s owned by the Anangu people, and is home to tens of thousands of years of living history.

Bush food Even in the emptiness of the bush, there is food if you know where to look. Anangu people know how to hunt and gather fruit, meat, and grubs.

Mulga seeds Bush tomatoes

Native plum

Figs Quandong nut

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The sacred rock Inside Uluru is a series of caves, filled with ancient rock art. These artworks pass down Anangu knowledge, stories, and responsibilities through generations.

So me ro ck ar t wa s dr aw n on to p of ot he r pi ct ur es be ca us e th e ca ve wa ll s we re us ed li ke a te ac he r’ s ch al kb oa rd to te ll An an gu st or ie s.

The giant rock extends a long way under ground!

Wildlife The Australian bush is filled with animals and plants that are specially adapted to living in the hot, dry desert.

Thorny devil

Hare wallaby

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The Taj Mahal One of the most beautiful buildings in the world can be found in northern India. It took more than 20 years of work and nearly 20,000 workers to build this spectacular mausoleum.

The palace was built for Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. 172

The large central dome is surrounded by four smaller ones.

Some walls are decorated with mother-of-pearl—a shiny substance found in oysters.

Taj Mahal means “Crown of Palaces.”

The perfect palace The Taj Mahal is famous for its symmetry—it looks the same from every side! It’s decorated with white marble and dozens of precious stones. The palace reflects l ight and a to change ppea color depe nding on t rs time of da he y or seaso n you visi t.

Smile for the camera The palace is visited by almost a

million tourists every year. Thousands of them recreate the same photograph with the magnificent palace behind them—say cheese!

What an amazing building!

173

Darvaza gas crater One of the most dramatic places on Earth, the Darvaza gas crater is an enormous fiery

pit in the middle of the desert.

It’s been burning nonstop for years!

How did it get there? In 1971, a group of scientists were drilling in the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. The ground collapsed, revealing a huge underground cave filled with methane gas. They set the crater on fire to get rid of the gas, thinking it would soon burn out. They were wrong! It’s been burning ever since!

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Although the crater is isolated in the desert, people have come from far and wide to see it. There’s nothing else there, not even a safety rail!

The crater is 226 feet (69 m) wide, and 98 ft (30 m) deep.

This giant crater is also known as “The Door to Hell.”

What is

METHANE GAS? M et ha ne is a na tu ra l ga s th at bu rn s ve ry ea si ly. It ’s co m pl et el y co lo rle ss an d od or le ss , bu t it is al so ve ry ba d fo r th e en vir on m en t.

Daredevil The temperature inside is more than ten times hotter than boiling water! In 2014, the explorer George Kourounis became the first person to climb down into the pit and walk across it.

Geor ge Kour ouni s’s jour ney into the pit was very dang erou s. He had to wear very spec ial equi pmen t to prot ect hims elf from the heat .

175

The lost city of Petra 2,000 years ago, the ancient city of Petra was carved right into a cliff. This hidden city was abandoned, forgotten, then found again hundreds

of years later.

I’m traveler

JOHANN LUDWIG BURCKHARDT. I rediscovered Petra in 1812.

Pe tr a is al so kn ow n as th e “R os e Ci ty ” be ca us e th e sa nd st on e cl if f it is ca rv ed in to lo ok s pi nk .

Petra was once a WEALTHY CITY where spices were traded.

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The city was set up by the Nabataean people. Although they were nomads who traveled around the desert, Petra became their capital.

Petra is located in Jordan. At the time of the Nabataeans, merchants crossed the Arabian Desert on

camels to reach it.

Petra

end the ow t a rr en hidd long, na s. s i ff a Petr e Siq, a the cli h of t through t pa h

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Socotra What is it like on “the most alien place on Earth”? You’d have to visit this island off the coast of Yemen to find out. So co tr a me an s s. ” “T he Is la nd of Bl is

Desert rose

Socotra

Unusual island Many of the plants and many of the animals found on the island can’t be found anywhere else on Earth—and don’t look like anything else on Earth either! Egyptian vulture

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The reason plants and animals on Socotra are so unique is because the island has been separated from mainland Africa for about 7 million years.

Africa

Socotran fig

Bo tt le tr ee

About 60,000 people live on Socotra, but there are almost no streets.

Mon cham arch ele on

Dragon blood tree This tree’s shape isn’t the only unusual thing about it—the bark bleeds a blood-red sap, which can be used as a dye, or as a medicine to treat cuts, bites, and burns. Dr ag on bl oo d tr ee

Although it looks like an inside-out umbrella, the tree’s shape helps it collect water, not repel it.

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Hitachi Seaside Park This magical place in Hitachinaka, Japan, is always colorful. Hitachi Seaside Park is in bloom

all year long, so

visitors can stroll through a rainbow of plants and flowers.

Summe

r

In th e su mm er mo nt hs , fo ur an d a ha lf mi ll io n Ne mo ph il a, or “b ab y bl ue ey es ” bl oo m in th e pa rk .

180

Fall ll , Ko ch ia On Mi ha ra sh i Hi lu sh gr ee n he rb s tu rn fr om a fi er y in th e su mm er to fa ll . e re d co lo r in th

Blooming rainbow From a sea of blue Nemophila in spring, to a carpet of red Kochia in fall, different flowers bloom as the seasons change.

Winter La te wi nt er an d ea rl y sp ri ng se e th e ar ri va l of ma ss es of go ld en ye ll ow da ff od il s.

Sp

rin

g

k’s , the par In spring re filled a y woodlands f brightl o with rows tulips. colored

181

Giant’s Causeway These stepping-stone-like columns

of rock off the

northern coast of Ireland are so unusual, they’re famous all over the world. But how did they get there? Spectacular stones About 60 million years ago, liquid rock erupted from the Earth’s crust. Eventually, the liquid rock cooled, turned solid, and cracked, splitting into thousands of columns, most of them with six sides.

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The columns are made of a rock called basalt. There are around 40,000 of them!

The causeway is home to a lot of birds and rare plants.

A giant story According to an Irish legend, a giant called Finn MacCool built the causeway as a bridge across the sea to Scotland so that he could fight one of his enemies.

One throne-shaped section of rock is called the Wishing Chair. In the past only women could sit there.

183

Mount Everest At 29,029 ft (8,848 m), Mount Everest in Asia is the highest

point on Earth. The views from the top are amazing, but reaching the peak is a real achievement!

It t akes

a

t bou

2

Climbers stop off at a base camp part of the way up the mountain. There, they prepare for the most difficult part of the trek.

verest. E t oun M mb i l o c t HS T N MO

Oxygen tank

Warm clothing

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The climb Everest is bitterly cold, dangerously steep, and so high that there’s barely any oxygen. Over the years, many people have climbed it, but most don’t reach the top. It’s almost impossible without oxygen tanks. The peak

Memorable mountaineers In 1953, Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first people to reach the top of Mount Everest.

Sherpas The Sherpas are a group of people that live at the base of Everest. They act as guides and help visiting climbers go up the mountain.

185

The Great

Wall of China While China has many modern cities, one of its most famous sights is a huge wall built more than 2,000

al W at e r G The

l

he t is

es larg

years ago.

t man-made stru ctur e on Earth!

Building the wall The Great Wall wasn’t built at one time. Several shorter walls were connected together and added to over many years. It is thought to have once been around 5,500 miles (8,850 km) long. Today, much of the wall has crumbled into ruin, but it’s still huge!

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The wal l is ma de fro m sto ne, ear th, and stic ks. Its ave rag e hei ght is tall er tha n a gira ffe.

Ancient China Long ago, China used to be split into several warring states. Qin Shi Huang, the ruler of one of these states, conquered his enemies. He united China as one country and became its first Emperor.

Soldiers guarded sections of the wall from watchtowers.

The Gre at Wal l is now one of Chi na’ s mos t pop ula r tou ris t des tin ati ons . Mor e tha n 10 mil lio n peo ple vis it it eac h yea r.

Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang had the walls connected to protect China from foreign

invaders. Hundreds of thousands of workers spent years building it and making repairs.

Many people claim the Great Wall is visible from space, but this isn’t true.

187

Pompeii It may be impossible to go back in time, but this ancient city in Italy has been

frozen in time. A visit here is like taking a trip to the past.

People who study ancient objects and sites are called archaeologists. Archaeologists dug through nearly 16 ft (5 m) of ash to uncover Pompeii.

What happened? The city of Pompeii is located near the volcano Mount Vesuvius. In the year 79, Vesuvius erupted, wiping out the town and burying it under a pile of ash for almost 2,000 years.

188

Vesuvius

Mount Vesuvius is an active volcano. It could erupt again!

When Ve su two hou vius erupted, rs for the tow it took just buried n to b in ash, rock, a e totally nd lava .

The ash preserved Pompeii. Today you can visit and explore the ruins. Preserved villa Ancient food store

Wa nd er do wn a Ro ma n st re et Vi si t so me Ro ma n ba th s Fi nd a mo sa ic fo un ta in St an d in a pr es er ve d vi ll a Lo ok fo r a te mp le Ad mi re th e am ph it he at er

189

The Great

Barrier Reef This giant coral reef off the coast of Australia is one of the most incredible places in the natural world. It is bursting with colorful plants and creatures, but it is threatened.

What is a coral reef? Made from skeletal remains and minerals, a coral reef is home to a lot of plants and animals that live underwater.

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Disappearing reef Due to climate change, oceans are becoming warmer. This can cause coral bleaching, which destroys coral. A huge amount of the Great Barrier Reef has been bleached, and as a result, the habitat that millions of creatures rely on is disappearing. The Great Barrier Reef is made up of over 2,900 reefs and 900 islands. It’s so big it can be seen from space.

Conservation Scientists are growing coral to try to save the reef. By reducing our carbon footprint (the amount of carbon-dioxide gas released into the air), we can help, too.

Conservationists work to come up with ways to save coral.

191

Christmas Island Every year, something incredible happens on this little island in the Indian Ocean. Millions of red

crabs

come out of the forest and head to the beach together.

Festive name On Christmas Day in 1643, William Mynors, a captain in the East India Company, sailed past the island and gave it its unique name.

192

What a trip! The reason these crabs make their way to the ocean is to make baby crabs. The males arrive first and meet the females on the beach.

Loc al ran ger s set up spe cia l pat hs, bri dge s, and tun nel s, and clo se som e roa ds to pro tec t the cra bs fro m car s dur ing the ir jou rne y.

When the tide is just right, the female crabs lay their eggs and release them into the ocean.

The tiny baby crabs spend a month in the ocean before returning to land.

About 40 to 50 million red crabs gather on the beach together.

The crabs then travel to the center of the island and shelter in the forest until they are grown.

193

194

buildings

The tower is so huge it can be seen from 60 miles (100 km) away.

The tower holds several world records, including tallest building in the world.

The Burj Khalifa is a record breaker in more ways than one. It weighs more than 100,000 elephants, has the most floors of any building in the world, and has the highest restaurant and swimming pool.

Record breaker

impressive than the Burj Khalifa.

Arab Emirates. But none are more

in the world can be found in Dubai, United

Some of the most spectacular

Burj Khalifa

The Burj Khalifa is 2,716 ft (828 m) tall.

With more than 1,200 stores, Dubai Mall is the world’s biggest shopping center.

These giant artificial islands were made in the shape of a tree. They are called the Palm Islands.

and structures.

incredible buildings

The city of Dubai is full of

Discover Dubai

buildings in the world.

PHOTOGRAPHED

The Burj Khalifa is among the MOST

There are more than 1,000 apartments, offices, and hotel rooms inside the tower.

ac e in lo ca te d in a pl e ar s in ta un mo Th e op ar k. an gy e Da nx ia Ge Ch in a ca ll ed Zh ”. os y cl ou ds Da nx ia me an s “r

Kaleidoscope of color The colors come from minerals in the rock. When it rains, the water mixes with the different types of rock and changes their color. It’s similar to the process of metal turning red and rusty in the rain.

Rainbow Mountains Have you ever dreamed of walking on a rainbow? The closest thing to that might be visiting China’s naturally 196

rainbow-colored mountains and going for a hike!

A R S O L D! E Y ON I L L I M The mountains are 80

The crumbled look of the mountains comes from movement in the Earth’s crust.

Mystery mountains The Rainbow Mountains are very remote and hardly anyone had heard of them before the year 2000. After photos of the mountains became famous, travelers from all over the globe began to visit.

197

The best time of yea is the winter r to ,w hen see the the ski north er es are n lights dark est. If you look up at the sky at the right time in

Auroras

certain parts of the world, you might see colorful dancing lights above you. This amazing effect is called an aurora. What causes auroras? Auroras happen when particles from the sun called solar winds slam into the Earth’s magnetic field. These particles hit tiny things in the air called atoms and make them light up.

ra is co lo r fo r an au ro on m m co t os m Th e re d, p in k, al so ap p ea r in ey th t bu n, ee gr . ye llo w , an d bl ue

Dueling dragons

Fire foxes

An ancient Chinese legend says auroras were caused by good and evil dragons dueling in the sky.

According to a Finnish myth, auroras were caused by the tails of foxes made of fire that streak through the sky.

198

e view Europe ar a n th rther i o w thern N r o d m n N Roo , Alaska, a e auroras. the best

da to se ne of o s e Cana s c i a lay. l d p p n s i t a l d a n t e i all gr g ligh e in F n g i l a ilings l z e l z i c a V s d s as e bed! Light w th th gl i e m i w v o r s f s to cabin tacle c n i e place p y s a an st azing c m u a o Y he tch t a w and

Displays near the North Pole are known as aurora borealis, or northern lights.

By the South Pole, they are called aurora australis.

Telescopes have shown that Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune also have aurora displays.

199

200

These crystals are found in a cave in Naica Mine in Mexico known as “Cueva de los Cristales.” The cave is located deep underground and is extremely hot and humid.

A crystal palace

giant

ly easi e b can archers s l a t e crys , so res e when h s T d t e o bo tch so ves scra rubber a c . e wear ng in th age them i work on’t dam d they

The cave was flooded when it was discovered in 2000. When scientists drained the water, the crystals stopped growing.

mazing a g in h t e m o s Mexico, in t h ig s f o t u and o essive r p im ly s u io Underground r e full of s e v a c a : g in w en gro has slowly be crystals.

Rubber boots

s l a t s y r C e h t f o e v a C

201

Another cave in Naica Mine called “THE CAVE OF SWORDS” is filled with small, spiky crystals!

called

ls are m ade fro gypsu mam ineral m. Tho intense u s a n heat a ds of y nd hum ears of the Ea i dity fro rth ma m belo de the w m grow huge!

Giant gypsu The cr m ysta

al peci ct s r ea te rs w to pro e h c ar at. sks Re s e n d m a t h e h e m sa s u it e m f r o th

Protective suit

Breathing equipment

The largest crystals are 39 ft (12 m) long, which is as long as a city bus!

These giant crystals are the largest in the world. They can weigh as much as eight elephants!

202 The statue was reddish brown when it was first built. It turned green over time because of rain and oxygen.

“Lady Liberty” was created to celebrate the American Revolution and the end of slavery in the US. The statue faces toward the ocean to welcome new arrivals to the US, and is pictured stepping over broken chains to symbolize escaping the horrors of slavery.

Signs and symbols

and freedom across the world.

Statue of Liberty represents hope

coast of New York City, US, the

Standing tall and proud off the

Liberty

Statue of

My torch represents lighting the path toward freedom.

The Statue of Liberty stands 305 ft (93 m) tall from base to torch, and took over ten years to build in France. When she was done, she was shipped across the ocean in 214 wood crates, reassembled, and finished in 1886.

Liberty’s journey

203

Visitors can take a ferry to Liberty Island and see the statue up close.

Gustave Eiffel

Frédéric-August Bartholdi

The Statue of Liberty was a gift from the French people to the US. It was designed by Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel, who would go on to create the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris, France.

Who made her?

Ferry

Broken chains

The Grand Canyon Known for its incredible size, dramatic rock faces, and striking colors, the Grand Canyon, in the US, is one of the world’s most awe-inspiring

landscapes.

How did it get there? Over millions of years the Colorado River cut into the Earth, gradually wearing away the rock little by little and creating a vast gorge.

Millions of people visit the GRAND CANYON every year. The canyon has plenty of hiking trails, but they can be dangerous. Every year hundreds of hikers have to be rescued.

204

One of the best ways to take in the views is from the air. Helicopters take visitors on tours for the ultimate spectacle.

Very grand The Grand Canyon is enormous! It’s 277 miles (446 km) long, 10 miles (16 km) wide, and parts of it are so deep, the world’s tallest building, the Burj Khalifa, would fit inside it with room to spare!

The Skyw alk visitors is a clear pla tform th to look at allow canyon. d s It’s not irectly down i nto the for the faint of heart!

There are a lot of ways to take in the amazing sights!

The most daring adventurers can take an exhilarating trip down the river in a white-water raft!

205

AmundsenScott Station

Equipment, food, and other supplies have to be brought by boat or plane.

The South Pole is an icy wilderness with nothing around for miles and miles... except for this research station! What do you think it would be like to visit?

What happens here? Nobody lives in Antarctica all the time, but scientists stay at the station and others to research and perform experiments on everything from the Earth and climate to wildlife, glaciers, and space.

206

Robert Scott

Life at the station Visitors to the base are usually there for a few months at a time. So in addition to the labs and living quarters, there’s a dining hall, gym, game room, TV room, library, bar, hospital, post office, greenhouse, and store. There’s even a sauna!

Antarctica is covered in ice, but there are still famous landmarks: Laboratory

Engineering

Most people who travel to Antarctica come through Drake Passage. It’s one of the most stormy seas in the world.

Living quarters

Mount Erebus is Antarctica’s most active volcano. It’s a place where ice and fire meet.

Roald Amundsen

The station is named after the explorers who led trips to the South Pole, Robert Scott from the UK and Roald Amundsen from Norway.

The Ross Ice Shelf is named after the British Captain James Clark Ross. It’s a block of ice about the size of France!

207

The biggest moai is a huge 30ft (9 m) tall!

Easter Island This isolated island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean is famous for something

hard to miss: huge stone statues! Magnificent moai 887 statues, called moai, have stood on Easter Island for more than 500 years. The average height is 13ft (4m), which is nearly as tall as a giraffe!

Some of the statues are mostly buried underground.

Easter Island is part of Chile, even though it’s thousands of miles away. Easter Island

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Pacific Ocean

Chile

The island’s Polynesian name is “Rapa Nui”,

Ancient P olynesian s sailed Pacific l the ooking fo r new isl ands.

Who carved them? The moai were built by a group of people from Polynesia. Ancient Polynesians were amazing sailors who travelled thousands of miles on wooden canoes to explore the Pacific Ocean.

Most experts believe the moai were built to honor Polynesian ancestors.

209

The Uyuni Bolivia

Pacific Ocean

Salt Flats

Can you picture a place where the ground looks like a mirror? The Uyuni Salt Flats (Salar de Uyuni) in Bolivia is exactly that.

What are the salt flats? The salt flats are an area that holds the world’s largest inland collection of salt. When it rains, water floods the area, creating a perfect reflection of the sky on the ground.

Miners gather the salt to be used for cooking and other uses.

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It’s hard to see where the ground stops and the sky begins!

THE SALT FLATS ARE THE FLATTEST PLACE ON EARTH! Visitors to the salt flats can stay in special hotels where the furniture is made from blocks of salt!

Life on the flats Most plants can’t survive in salty ground, so there isn’t much life on the flats. Little rodents, however, called viscachas survive on shrubs and cacti, and flocks of flamingos nest on the flats and wait for their eggs to hatch.

Viscacha

211

Each chapel is topped with an onion-shaped dome.

world. Just take a look at it!

colorful buildings in the

the most recognizable and

city, Moscow, stands one of

In the center of Russia’s capital

Cathedral

St. Basil’s

Each dome has a unique pattern and color.

St. Basil’s Cathedral was built on the orders of Ivan IV, the Tsar of Russia, or Ivan the Terrible as he is also known. When it was built between 1555 and 1561, it was the tallest building in Moscow.

Building St. Basil’s

213

When the Cathe dral was first built, it was white with gold domes . The bright ly colore d decora tions were added later.

Legend has it that Ivan the Terrible really was terrible. He is said to have hurt the cathedral’s architect to stop him from building anything more beautiful—but luckily this story isn’t true!

The Terrible Tsar

The cathedral is made of 9 chapels. There is one big one, and 8 smaller ones surrounding it.

214

At night, the Eiffel Tower becomes an incredible light show lit up with 20,000 bulbs!

The viewing platform can only be accessed by elevators.

7 million people a year!

buildings in the world. It’s visited by

Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous

Built in Paris, France, in 1889, the

Eiffel Tower

The tower was built to celebrate the 100year anniversary of the French Revolution.

The tower is 1063 ft (324 m) tall, but the highest you can go up is 906 ft (276 m). The viewing platform offers amazing views of the city, but it’s a long way up—there are a staggering 1,710 steps to climb!

Paris from above

215

Gustave Eiffel

The first floor has a glass floor where visitors can look at the people below.

The enormous iron tower was designed by, and named after, Gustave Eiffel. With more than 18,000 parts, it took 300 workers about two years to build!

Building the tower

BOOO!

Not everyone liked the tower when it was built. Some protesters thought it LOOKED UGLY.

The second floor has a restaurant and shop with a spectacular view of Paris.

Sea of Stars The Maldives is a nation in the Indian Ocean known for crystal-clear water and beautiful beaches, but sometimes something mysterious occurs there that makes the

waves glow in the dark!

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Maldives

Indian Ocean

an of more th p u e d a m e s is can T h e M a ld iv in g w a v e s w lo g e h T ds. , but 1, 0 0 0 is la n e n t is la n d s r e f if d d n ou s la n d . happen ar Va a d h o o I n o n o m m o is m o s t c

A similar version of this amazing spectacle can be seen on the island of Puerto Rico.

Pretty plankton

Despite its name, this sight isn’t a reflection of the stars—it’s created by tiny creatures called plankton. Some types of plankton can create their own light, which makes a beautiful glowing effect called bioluminescence.

A rare event Part of the wonder of the Sea of Stars is nobody knows exactly when the plankton will glow. It usually happens in late summer, but it depends on the climate and the population of plankton.

Plankton

217

The world of the future

50

,

e

What do you think it will be like in the future? We don’t know for sure what’s going to happen,

By t he yea r

20

Our world is always changing.

t

r he

mos l a be l wil

but it’s up to us to make sure it changes for the better! Living longer? Doctors and scientists are working to invent new medicines to cure diseases. One day, humans may be able to live for hundreds of years!

218

165 TODAY!

Robots already do jobs for us and they are becoming more intelligent. They may be a big part of our lives in the future.

t

10 BIL LIO N P EO PL E

o

n

th e

pl ane

t. What about our planet?

Alien life Some people believe there is life on other planets and that someday we will find each other. There’s no proof of this, but imagine having an alien friend!

The future of Earth is a worry. We need to help save the planet from climate change, pollution, deforestation, and other problems. Experts are working to fix these problems, but we need to do more.

We know very little about the oceans . It’s likely we’ll make amazin g new discov eries soon.

al dy ea tion e r l a na l b uts Inter wil a e r n tro the be w on o s o a n . ay me ace o . M the m day o S sp ne on n a t i v e o n et o n i t S i live ace to l pla r S p a b l e ot h e n a

219

Index A

Africa 105, 112–113, 124, 126, 128–129, 130 alien life 219 Amazon River and Rainforest 139, 148–149 amphibians 157 Amundsen-Scott Station 206-207 Angel Falls 110, 151 Angkor Wat 116 animals, desert 140–141 animals, endangered 57 animals, farm 54–55 Antarctica 105, 121, 206–207 Arabic language 77 Arctic 120, 153 Arctic Ocean 135 art 88, 90–91, 100, 115, 171 arthropods 157 Asia 105, 116–117, 125, 127, 129, 131 astronauts 42, 219 Atacama Desert 111 Atlantic Ocean 135 auroras 109, 198–199 Australia 105, 118–119

B

balanced diet 50–51 banks 60 beaches 72–73 beliefs 12, 78–79 biomes 166 birds 30, 121, 156, 178, 211 blood 18 board games 93 body, human 16–17 body language 23 bones 17, 157

220

countryside 29 crabs 145, 192–193 crops 55, 117 crystals 200–201 cyberbullying 49 books 87, 89, 98–99 Braille 77 brain 16, 18–19 Buckingham Palace 28 Buddhism 78, 83 builders 43 buildings, spectacular 28, 164–165, 172–173, 194–195, 212–213, 214–215 bullying 48–49 Burj Khalifa 194–195, 205

C

calendars 36–37 camping 70 Cape Town 113 capital cities 128–129 carbon footprint 191 card games 93 Caribbean islands 109 Carnival 81, 83 Caspian Sea 146 castles 164–165 caves 144–145, 171, 200–201 celebrations 80–83 Chichén Itza 108 Chinese language 76 Christianity 78, 81 Christmas Island 192–193 cities 29, 71, 128–129 clean energy 56 clocks 35 clothes 84–85, 86 coast guards 44 coins 61 computers 58, 67, 68, 88 continents 10, 104–105 coral reefs 190–191 countries 10, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 124–131

D

dairy products 51 dams 63 Darvaza gas crater 174–175 Day of the Dead 80 day and night 10–11, 36 Dead Sea 147 dentists 21 deserts 111, 140–141, 171, 174 designers 43 doctors and nurses 21, 44–45 dragon blood tree 179 Dubai 194–195

E

Earth 10–11, 37, 104, 135, 219 Easter 83 Easter Island 208–209 Eden Project 166–167 Eiffel Tower 214–215 electricity 62–63 emergency services 44–45, 46

emotions 22–23, 91 energy 17, 21, 50, 56, 62–63 engineers 42 English language 76 entertainers 43 equator 106–107 erosion 151, 153 Europe 105, 114–115, 125, 127, 129, 131 Everest, Mount 116, 184–185 exercise 20, 92

F

families 13, 15, 26–27 farming 43, 54–55 fashion 85 fear 24–25 festivals 80–83, 163 firefighters 45, 46 fish 31, 153, 156 flags 130–131 flowers 154, 155, 162–163, 167, 180–181 food 39, 50–53, 55, 88, 170 football 96-97 forests 56, 116, 138–139 fossil fuels 63 friends 27, 89, 92 fruit and vegetables 21, 50, 55 future, life in the 218–219

G

Galapagos Islands 110 games 92–93 genes 15 geysers 136–137 Giant’s Causeway 182–183 glaciers 111, 119, 138 Golden Temple 116 Grand Canyon 108, 204–205 Great Barrier Reef 190–191 Great Plains 153 Great Wall of China 186–187

Greek islands 115 Greek salad 53 Greenland 105, 123

H

heart 16, 17, 24, 59 Hindi language 77 Hinduism 79, 82 Hitachi Seaside Park 180–181 hobbies 12, 88–89 homes 12, 28–29, 87 hot springs 136–137 houses and apartments 28 Huacachina 160–161

I, J

ice hotel 115 Indian Ocean 135 Indonesia 122 Internet 47, 66–67 invertebrates 157 Islam 79, 83 islands 115, 119, 122–123, 178–179, 192–193, 208–209, 216–217 jobs 42–45 Judaism 79, 80, 81

mammals 156 Mars 29, 147, 153 Mercator projection 105 methane gas 174, 175 Mona Lisa 100 money 60–61 mountains 112, 116, 142, 184–185, 196–197 muscles 17 museums 89, 100–101, 115 music 89

N

nature and nurture 14, 15 Nazca Lines 161 nerves 16 Neuschwanstein 164–165 New York City 109, 202–203 Nile, River 149 North America 104, 108–109, 124, 126, 128, 130 North and South Poles 106, 120–121, 199, 206–207 northern lights 109, 199 Northern and Southern Hemispheres 106, 107

O K, L

Kilimanjaro, Mount 112, 142 kinetic energy 63 lakes 118, 138, 146–147 language 76–77 laughter 21 lava 143 libraries 98–99 lungs 17, 24

Oceania 118–119, 125, 127, 129, 131 oceans and seas 134–135, 153, 219 Olympic Games 95, 97

M

Madagascar 112, 123 Maldives 216–217

221

online safety 47, 67, 69 online shopping 87 oxygen 18, 154, 185

P

Pacific Ocean 134 paella 52 paramedics 44 pasta 52 personalities 12, 14, 15 Petra 176–177 pets 21, 30–31, 42, 88 phobias 24–25 phones 59, 68 pilots 43 pizza 53 plains 152–153 plankton 217 plants 134, 154–155, 162–163, 166–167 plastics 57, 59 police officers 45, 46 Pompeii 143, 188–189 populations 10, 124–125 pyramids 112

R

rainbow mountains 196–197 rain forests 139, 149, 166, 167 recycling 57 religions 78–79 reptiles 157 rivers 148–149, 169, 204 robots 218

222

S

safaris 71 safety 46–47, 67, 69, 73 St. Basil’s Cathedral 212–213 salt flats 210–211 salt lakes 118, 147 sand 72 satellites 58 schools 38–41 scientists 42 sculptures 91, 100, 167, 202–203, 208–209 Sea of Stars 216–217 Serengeti 152–153 ships and boats 65, 71, 73, 95 shopping 86–87 sign language 77 Sikhism 78, 82, 83 skin 16 soccer 94, 96–97 social media 68–69 Socotra 178–179 solar panels 62 solar winds 198 South America 104, 110–111, 125, 126, 128, 130 Southern Ocean 135 Spanish language 76 sports 43, 72, 89, 94–97 stalagmites and stalactites 144 Statue of Liberty 202–203 stomach 16, 17 sun 10, 37, 62, 63, 106, 198 sushi 53 Sydney Opera House 118

T

tacos 53 Taj Mahal 172–173 teachers 38 technology 58–59 time 34–37 transportation 64–65 trees 116, 138, 155, 179 tulip fields, Netherlands 162–163 tundra 153 twins 14

U, V

Uluru 170–171 Uyuni Salt Flats 210–211 vacations 70–73 Venice 114 vets 42 Victoria Falls 168–169 video games 59 volcanoes 119, 143, 188, 189, 207

W, Y

water 11, 21, 63, 101, 146–149 waterfalls 110, 150–151, 168–169 wheelchairs 59 wind turbines 62 World Wide Web 66, 67 writers 42 years 37 yoga 20

Acknowledgments The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: Key: a= above; b=below/bottom; c=center; f=far; l=left, r=right, t=top. 1 Dreamstime.com: Jerryway (cla); Tacettin Ulas / Photofactoryulas (tl). 2 123RF. com: Andrejs Pidjass / NejroN (tc). 3 Dreamstime.com: Dirk Ercken / Kikkerdirk (cr). 4 123RF.com: rawpixel (bl). 5 Dreamstime.com: Menno67 (tl). 8 123RF.com: Andrejs Pidjass / NejroN (ca). 10 iStockphoto.com: Kdshutterman (c). 11 iStockphoto.com: Filipefrazao (clb); gbh007 (ca). 20 Dreamstime.com: Dmytro Gilitukha (br). 22 123RF. com: Andrey Kiselev (tl). 23 Dreamstime.com: Jacek Chabraszewski / Gbh007 (tr). 25 Dreamstime.com: Pixavril (t). 26 123RF.com: Serezniy (br). 28 Dorling Kindersley: Stephen Oliver (br). Dreamstime.com: Burlesck (cla). 29 123RF.com: Pinipin (crb); Unlim3d (br). Dreamstime.com: Punyosaeng / Aopsan (fbr); Sean Pavone (cl); Montypeter (cr). 30 Dreamstime.com: Isselee (cra). 31 Alamy Stock Photo: fotorince (cra). Dreamstime.com: Lilun (tl); Stefan Hermans / Perrush (c); Rawin Thienwichitr (clb). 32 123RF.com: Kittipong Jirasukhanont (ca); rawpixel (c). 33 123RF.com: Anna Pindyurina (cr); Aleksei Sysoev (bl). 35 Dreamstime.com: Katie Nesling (cb); Syda Productions (crb). 38 Dreamstime.com: Monkey Business Images (br). 39 123RF.com: cokemomo (clb). Dreamstime.com: Rostislav_sedlacek (br); Skypixel (cb). 43 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (cl); Lister Wilder (tr). 44 123RF.com: Mexrix (clb); David Wingate (cb); Andriy Popov (cr). Alamy Stock Photo: Neil lee Sharp (tl). Dreamstime. com: Tyler Olson (c). 45 123RF.com: John Roman (c). Alamy Stock Photo: incamerastock (cr). Dreamstime.com: Hongqi Zhang (aka Michael Zhang) (cl). 47 Dreamstime.com: Jhanganu (bl). 49 123RF.com: rawpixel (b). 51 Dreamstime.com: Akulamatiau (cla). 54 123RF.com: Andrey Armyagov / cookelma (cb). Dorling Kindersley: South of England Rare Breeds Centre, Ashford, Kent (cb/Goat). Dreamstime.com: Duki84 (cr); Bilha Golan (cra); Isselee (c). 55 Dorling Kindersley: Doubleday Swineshead Depot (cla). Dreamstime.com: Elena Elisseeva / Elenathewise (cb); Inna Yurkevych / Zloneg (ca). Fotolia: Roman Milert (clb). Photolibrary: Digital Vision / Akira Kaede (cra). 56 123RF.com: alphaspirit (bl); Kritchanut (br). Dreamstime.com: Jens Stolt / Jpsdk (cr, tr); Photodeti (c); Rodho (cra). 56-57 Dreamstime.com: 7xpert (t). 57 123RF.com: lightwise (fbl); Aleksey Poprugin (crb, bc); Roman Samokhin (crb/Can, br/Can). Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (clb). Dreamstime.com: Cornelius20 (br); Sataporn Jiwjalaen / Onairjiw (tr); Jens Stolt / Jpsdk (cra, cb). 58 123RF.com: Kittipong Jirasukhanont (cla); rawpixel (tc, cla/ Technology icons). Dreamstime.com: Jezper (Background, br). 59 123RF.com: Volker von Domarus (tl); rawpixel (tr); Anna Pindyurina (cl). Fotolia: Dusan Zutinic / asiana (tc). 60 Dreamstime.com: Robyn Mackenzie / Robynmac (r). 61 123RF.com: rawpixel (bc/ Car). Dorling Kindersley: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (crb). Dreamstime.com: Hamsterman (br); Robyn Mackenzie / Robynmac (tr); iportret (bc). 62 123RF.com: Dimitar Marinov / oorka (clb). Dreamstime.com: Darren Baker / Darrenbaker (crb). 63 123RF.com: Steve AllenUK (crb). Dreamstime. com: Aleksandr Kiriak / Kiriak (clb). 64 123RF.com: Kwanchai Chai-udom (l/ Background). Dorling Kindersley: Lister Wilder (ca). 67 Alamy Stock Photo: Tony Tallec (br). 68-69 Dreamstime.com: Vladimir Ovchinnikov / Djahan. 70-71 Dreamstime.com: Lucas Rozada (Background). 70 123RF.com: Ammit (cra); Somchai Jongmeesuk (cl); Aleksei Sysoev (clb); Iakov Kalinin (br). 71 123RF.com: Supreeth Bhat (cla); Maksym Topchii (tc); Sean Pavone (br). Dreamstime.com: Marish (cl). 72 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (bl, cb); Stephen Oliver (cb/Spade). Dreamstime.com: Epicstock (ca); Michael Flippo (cr); Alexander Pladdet (cr/Sand, cb/ Sand). 73 Dreamstime.com: Dvmsimages (cb); Jo Ann Snover / Jsnover (cb/bottle). 75 Dreamstime.com: Woraphon Banchobdi / Pat138241 (cl). 78 Alamy Stock Photo: David Grossman (br). Dreamstime.com: Buddhapong Wongsanont (bl). 79 Dorling Kindersley: Glasgow City Council (Museums) (clb); Barnabas Kindersley (bc). 80-81 Dreamstime.com: Roman Milert / Pryzmat (t). 80 123RF.com: David Benes (crb). Dreamstime.com: Weber11 (bc). 81 123RF.com: Leysan Shayakbirova (bc).

Dreamstime.com: Rudmer Zwerver / Creativenature1 (cb). 82 Dreamstime.com: Vladyslav Bashutskyy / Bashutskyy (c); Tanyashir (crb). 83 123RF.com: Attila Mittl / atee83 (ca); Jennifer Barrow (bl). Dreamstime.com: Cornelius20 (bc); Rawpixelimages (cb). 84 Dorling Kindersley: Barnabas Kindersley (cb). 87 Dreamstime.com: John6863373 (crb). Getty Images: Chris Ratcliffe / Bloomberg (cra). iStockphoto. com: Starcevic (cr). 88 123RF.com: Attila Mittl / atee83 (crb, cr); Micha? Giel / gielmichal (bl). Dreamstime.com: Andreykuzmin (bc); Witold Krasowski / Witoldkr1 (cl); Dmstudio (br). 89 Dreamstime.com: Dodgeball (crb). 90 Dreamstime.com: Andrey Burmakin / Andreyuu (br). 91 123RF.com: Suchota (cra). Alamy Stock Photo: Tom Grundy (bc). Dreamstime.com: Luciano Mortula (bc/Times Square); Underworld (tl); Suchota (ca); Cenk Unver / Zensu (br). 92-93 Dreamstime.com: Montypeter (Background). 93 Getty Images: Anthony Asael / Gamma-Rapho (tr). 94 Dreamstime.com: Nicholas Burningham / Dreamsnjb (bc). 95 Dreamstime.com: Berc (cra). 96 Alamy Stock Photo: Juergen Hasenkopf (cl). 96-97 123RF.com: efks. 97 Alamy Stock Photo: Michael Alesi / Xinhua (br). Dreamstime.com: Celso Pupo Rodrigues (ca). 99 123RF.com: Pretoperola (bc). 100 Alamy Stock Photo: Mauricio Collado / Xinhua (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Musee du Louvre, Paris (tr). Dreamstime. com: Dmitrii Kiselev / Dimedrol68 (ca); Kotist (br). 100-101 Dorling Kindersley: Senckenberg Gesellshaft Fuer Naturforschugn Museum (c). 101 Alamy Stock Photo: Michael Ventura (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Metro Museum (tr). 102 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (c). Dreamstime.com: Mr.jarun Sangkhrim / Maeklong (cl); Daria Rybakova / Podarenka (c/Bear). Fotolia: Eric Isselee (bl). 103 Dreamstime.com: Carlosphotos (tl). 104 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (cra). Dreamstime.com: Daria Rybakova / Podarenka (cra/Bear). 105 123RF.com: (clb); Bennymarty (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (cra). Dreamstime.com: Kotomiti_okuma (cb). Fotolia: Eric Isselee (ca). iStockphoto.com: jack0m (bc). 106 123RF.com: Rui Baiao (cl). 108 Dreamstime.com: Joao Virissimo / Jlvdream (crb); Minyun Zhou / Minyun9260 (cb); Siempreverde22 (bc); Barna Tanko (crb/Olmec basalt head). 109 Dreamstime.com: Eugenesergeev (bl); Yasushi Tanikado / Yasushitanikado (tc); Andrew Kazmierski (c); Gstudioimagen (clb). 110 Dreamstime.com: Cosmopol (bl); Renato Machado (tc). 111 Dorling Kindersley: Blackpool Zoo (cr). Dreamstime.com: Marconi Couto De Jesus (cla); Patrick Poendl / Poendl (br). 112 123RF.com: Elena Polina (tl, ca). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (cla). Dreamstime.com: Volodymyr Byrdyak (tc); Onefivenine (bc). 113 123RF.com: Elena Polina (cla, tc/Africa). Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (tc, cla/Elephant). Dreamstime.com: Kenm (ca); Sculpies (ca/ Mountain); Mark Frank Van Overmeire / Markvanovermeire (cl). 114 123RF.com: Devi Yanthi (cb). Dreamstime. com: Michal Bednarek (clb); Eugenesergeev (ca). Getty Images: Karl Weatherly / Photodisc (crb). 115 123RF.com: Elisa Locci (tc). Dreamstime.com: Digikhmer (c); Irochka (cla); Freesurf69 (cb). 116 123RF.com: Boris Stroujko (cl); Cezary Wojtkowski (cb). Dorling Kindersley: James Mann / Micheal Penn (crb); Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK (cr). Dreamstime.com: Mr.jarun Sangkhrim / Maeklong (ca); Vincentstthomas (cla); Vladvitek (bc). 117 Dreamstime.com: Roman Milert (cr); Narathip Ruksa / Narathip12 (tl). Fotolia: Eric Isselee (clb). Getty Images: PhotosIndia.com (c). 118 Dreamstime.com: Robert Bayer (bc); Lvan Sinayko / Pressfoto (clb). 119 Alamy Stock

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Photo: Karsten Wrobel (tc). Dreamstime.com: Dmitry Pichugin / Dmitryp (cb). 120 123RF.com: Iakov Filimonov / Jackf (tl); Volodymyr Kovalchuk (br). Alamy Stock Photo: Bill Brooks (t). Dreamstime.com: Tom Linster / Flinster007 (ca/Polar bear with cub); Eric Isselée / Isselee (ca). 121 123RF.com: Raldi Somers / gentoomultimedia (clb); Witold Kaszkin (r). Alamy Stock Photo: Bill Brooks (bl); Dan Leeth (tr). Dreamstime.com: Kotomiti_okuma (cr). Getty Images: Frank Krahmer / Photographer’s Choice RF (clb/Emperor penguins). 122 Dreamstime.com: Rafał Cichawa (cl). 122-123 Dreamstime.com: Noppakun. 123 123RF.com: Yongyut Kumsri (tl); Mihtiander (cra). 128 Dreamstime.com: Tacettin Ulas / Photofactoryulas (ca). 131 Dreamstime.com: Kheng Guan Toh / Kgtoh (cr). 132 123RF.com: Eric Isselee / isselee (bc); Yuliia Sonsedska / sonsedskaya (c). Dreamstime.com: Lin Joe Yin / Joeyin (tl). 133 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (tr). 134 Dreamstime.com: Cornelius20 (bl); Vitalyedush (cb). 134-135 Dreamstime.com: Vhcreative (t). 135 Dreamstime.com: Torsten Kuenzlen / Kuenzlen (ca); Titoonz (clb). 136 iStockphoto.com: Ajith Kumar (b). 136-137 123RF.com: Beketoff. 137 Dreamstime.com: Tearswept (cra). iStockphoto.com: Pidjoe (cr). 138 123RF.com: Andrea Marzorati (tr); Yuliia Sonsedska / sonsedskaya (br). Dreamstime.com: Lubomir Chudoba (cr); Daveallenphoto (clb). 138-139 Dreamstime.com: Sam74100. 139 123RF.com: Ana Vasileva / ABV (c); Eduardo Rivero / edurivero (tl); Michael Zysman / deserttrends (crb). Dreamstime.com: Cornelius20 (b); Ulf Huebner (tr). 140 Dreamstime.com: Karol Kozlowski / Charles03 (cr); Staphy (cl). Getty Images: Frank Krahmer / Photographer’s Choice RF (cb). 140-141 Dreamstime.com: Jonmanjeot. 141 Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (bl). Dreamstime.com: Josemaria Toscano / Diro (cr); Hecke01 (cla); Teresa Kenney / Kenneystudios (bc). 142 Dreamstime.com: Dmitry Pichugin / Dmitryp (ca). iStockphoto.com: Byrdyak (clb). 143 Dreamstime. com: Klikk (crb); Minnystock (clb). Getty Images: Dana Stephenson (cra). iStockphoto.com: Mlharing (cl). 144 iStockphoto.com: (br). 145 Alamy Stock Photo: Eric Nathan (bc). Dreamstime.com: Евгений Харитонов (cb). iStockphoto. com: Donna_Carpenter (cr); Geng Xu (ca). 146 123RF.com: NewAge (c); John Bailey / pictur123 (cr). iStockphoto.com: Rafael_Wiedenmeier (br). 147 Dreamstime.com: Bhairav (tr); Mikhail Markovskiy / Markovskiy (cr); Jgade (fclb); Staphy (crb); Natalya Aksenova / Natalyaa (bc). iStockphoto.com: (cb). 148 123RF.com: Konstantin Labunskiy (bc). 148-149 Getty Images: Layne Kennedy. 149 123RF.com: skylightpictures (c). 150 Dreamstime.com: Phah Sajjaphot (r). iStockphoto.com: Raclro (bl). 151 123RF.com: Aivolie (br). Dreamstime.com: Siriwatthana Chankawee (cra); Macbibi (l). 152 123RF.com: mhgallery (l). iStockphoto.com: Iakov Kalinin (ca). 152-153 iStockphoto.com: WLDavies (b). 153 Alamy Stock Photo: Solvin Zankl (cb). Dorling Kindersley: NASA (bc). Dreamstime.com: Porbital (c). iStockphoto. com: Meindert van der Haven (ca). 154 Dreamstime.com: Svetlana Foote (bl); Sakda Nokkaew / Nokkaew (br); Jerryway (crb). Getty Images: Foodcollection RF (bc). 154-155 Dreamstime.com: Zerbor. 155 123RF.com: Alein (c). Alamy Stock Photo: Hugh Threlfall (bl). Dreamstime.com: Evgeny Skidanov / Hypnotype (cr); Irochka (cra); Jan Martin Will (crb); Goncharuk Maksym (bc). 156 123RF.com: Andrejs Pidjass / NejroN (cb). Dreamstime.com: Javarman (clb). 157 Dreamstime.com: Dirk Ercken / Kikkerdirk (cb/Frog); Svetlana Foote / Saddako123 (clb); Kamnuan Suthongsa (cb). 158 Dreamstime.com: Serban Enache / Achilles (c); Arenaphotouk (cla). 159 Dreamstime.com: Yykkaa (r). 160 123RF.com: Martti Tapio Salmela (bl). 160-161 123RF.com: Iurii Buriak. 161 123RF.com: Felix Lipov (tl). 162-163 iStockphoto. com: JacobH. 163 Alamy Stock Photo: Svetlana_K (cra); Kim Kaminski (cr); Frans Lemmens (br). 164 Alamy Stock Photo: Norman Barrett (clb). 164-165 Alamy Stock Photo: Scott Wilson. 165 Getty Images: DeAgostini (cra, crb). 166-167 Dreamstime.com: Fgcanada. 167 123RF.com: Allan Proudfoot (crb). Alamy Stock Photo: Robert Wyatt (tr). Dreamstime.com: Alessandrozocc (c); Clickos (tl). 168-169 iStockphoto.com: Guenterguni. 169 Dreamstime.com: Marek Poplawski (br). iStockphoto.com: Francesco Ricca Iacomino (cra). 170 Alamy Stock Photo: Bill Bachman (br). 170-171 Alamy Stock Photo: William Robinson. 171 Alamy Stock Photo: DPA Picture Alliance (cra). Dreamstime.com: Johannaralph (bc). Getty Images: Roland Seitre / Minden Pictures (br). 172-173 123RF.com: Nataliia Kravchuk.

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173 Dorling Kindersley: Holts Gems (tl). Dreamstime.com: Arenaphotouk (cra, ca). 174-175 iStockphoto.com: Iwanami_Photos. 175 Caters News Agency: (crb). 176 Alamy Stock Photo: Rapp Halour (cl); www.BibleLandPictures.com (clb). Dreamstime.com: Roberto Giovannini / Roberto1977 (t). Getty Images: (cra). 177 Getty Images: Danita Delimont (clb). iStockphoto.com: holgs. 178 123RF.com: Anton Ivanov (cl); Pinipin (ca); Julinzy (tr). 178-179 Dreamstime.com: Alex7370 (b). 179 123RF.com: Konstantin Kalishko (b). Alamy Stock Photo: Age Fotostock (cl); Inga Spence (t); FLPA (cr). 180 Dreamstime.com: Kaedeenari (l); Torsakarin (r). 181 Alamy Stock Photo: Horizon Images / Motion (r). Getty Images: DAJ (l). 182-183 Alamy Stock Photo: Paul Martin. 182 Dreamstime.com: Hdanne (bc); Rikke68 (tr); Isselee (ca). 184-185 Alamy Stock Photo: Tom Grundy. 185 Getty Images: Alfred Gregory / Royal Geographical Society (ca). 186-187 iStockphoto.com: Zhaojiankang. 187 Getty Images: STR / AFP (cra). 188 Dreamstime.com: Gianni Marchetti (clb). 188-189 123RF.com: Alexandr Ozerov. 189 123RF.com: Brenda Kean (cb). Dreamstime.com: Alvaro German Vilela (bl). 190 Alamy Stock Photo: WaterFrame (clb). Dreamstime.com: Stevebb (tr). 190-191 Getty Images: Daniel Osterkamp. 191 Getty Images: Jeff Hunter (cra). 192-193 naturepl.com: Jurgen Freund. 193 Alamy Stock Photo: Auscape International Pty Ltd (crb); Mauritius Images GmbH (cra, cr). Getty Images: Stephen Belcher / Minden Pictures (ca). 194-195 iStockphoto.com: Clicksbyabrar (t). 195 Courtesy of Nakheel: Palm Jumeirah, Dubai (bc). The Dubai Mall: (br). 196 Alamy Stock Photo: Boaz Rottem (cla). 196-197 Getty Images. 198 Dreamstime.com: Suranga Weeratunga (cr). 198-199 Getty Images: Laura Grier. 200-201 Science Photo Library: Javier Trueba / MSF. 202-203 Alamy Stock Photo: Yuen Man Cheung (Background). Dreamstime.com: Dibrova. 203 Dreamstime.com: Typhoonski (clb). Getty Images: Bettmann (crb); Keystone-France / Gamma-Keystone (cr). 204 123RF.com: Mihtiander (bl). 204-205 Dreamstime.com: Yooran Park (bc). iStockphoto.com: Mantas Volungevicius (t). 205 Alamy Stock Photo: Hemis (br); Radius Images (cr). 206-207 Alamy Stock Photo: Vicki Beaver (c). 206 Alamy Stock Photo: Chronicle (br). 207 Alamy Stock Photo: Art Collection 2 (bl); Eye Ubiquitous (ca/Engineering, ca/Living quarters); Rebecca Jackrel (cra); Dan Leeth (cr); imageBROKER (crb). Getty Images: Chris Walker / Chicago Tribune / MCT (ca). 209 Dreamstime.com: Amy Harris. 210 123RF.com: Fotovlad (br). 210-211 Dreamstime.com: Dmitriyrnd (Background). 211 123RF.com: Macrovector (cl); Tomas Sobek (bc). Dreamstime.com: Matyas Rehak (cr). 212 Getty Images: Time Life Pictures / Mansell / The LIFE Picture Collection (cla). 212-213 iStockphoto.com: zoom-zoom. 213 Getty Images: Michael Nicholson / Corbis (br). 214 Dreamstime.com: Christian Ouellet (cla). 214-215 iStockphoto. com: Jenifoto. 215 Getty Images: Bettmann (crb). 216-217 naturepl.com: Mike Wilkes. 217 123RF.com: Robert McIntyre (tl). Alamy Stock Photo: Nature Photographers Ltd (cb). 218 Dorling Kindersley: International Robotics (bc). 219 Dreamstime.com: Astrofireball (fbr); Eddie Toro (br). 220 123RF.com: Pretoperola (br/Frame). Dreamstime.com: Mikhail Markovskiy / Markovskiy (br). 223 Dreamstime.com: Tacettin Ulas / Photofactoryulas (tr) Cover images: Front: 123RF.com: Andrejs Pidjass / NejroN (cl), Ivonne Wierink (tc); Dreamstime.com: Jens Stolt / Jpsdk (cb), (cr); Back: Dreamstime.com: Tacettin Ulas / Photofactoryulas (cra), Rikke68 (cl). All other images © Dorling Kindersley For further information see: www.dkimages.com DK would like to thank: Marie Lorimer for indexing, and Lynne Murray and Sakshi Saluja for picture library assistance.