Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520923027

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MUNICH AND MEMORY

WEIMAR GERMAN

CULTURAL

AND

NOW:

CRITICISM

Edward Dimendberg, Martin Jay, and Anton Kaes, General Editors

1. Heritage of Our Times, by Ernst Bloch 2. The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany1890-1990, by Steven E. Aschheim 3. The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, edited by Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg 4. Batteries ofLife: On the History of Things and Their Perception in Modernity, by Christoph Asendorf 5. Profane Illumination: Walter Benjamin and the Paris of Surrealist Revolution, by Margaret Cohen 6. Hollywood in Berlin: American Cinema and Weimar Germany, by Thomas J. Saunders 7. Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic ofRedemption, by Richard Wolin 8. The New Typography, by Jan Tschichold, translated by Ruari McLean 9. The Rule ofLaw under Siege: Selected Essays ofFranz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer, edited by William E. Scheuerman 10. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute ofSocial Research, 1923-19S0, by Martin Jay 11. Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture, edited by Katharina von Ankum 12. Letters ofHeinrich and Thomas Mann, 1900-1949, edited by Hans Wysling, translated by Don Reneau 13. Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935, by Karl Toepfer 14. In the Shadow of Catastrophe: German Intellectuals Between Apocalypse and Enlightenment, by Anson Rabinbach 15. Walter Benjamin's Other History: Of Stones, Animals, Human Beings, and Angels, by Beatrice Hanssen 16. Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present, by Anthony Heilbut 17. Cool Conduct: The Culture ofDistance in Weimar Germany, by Helmut Lethen, translated by Don Reneau it,. In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin, 1945-1948, by Wolfgang Schivelbusch, translated by Kelly Barry 19. A Dubious Past: ErnstJünger and the Politics ofLiterature after Nazism, by Elliot Y. Neaman 20. Beyond the Conceivable: Studies on Germany, Nazism, and the Holocaust, by Dan Diner 21. Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka's Fin de Siecle, by Scott Spector

22. Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich, by Gavriel D. Rosenfeld 23. The UFA Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945, by Klaus Kreimeier, translated by Robert and Rita Kimber 24. From Monuments to Traces: Artifacts of German Memory, 1870-1990, by Rudy Koshar 25. We Weren't Modern Enough: Women Artists and the Limits of German Modernism, by Marsha Maskimmon

GAVRIEL D. ROSENFELD

MUNICH AND MEMORY Architecture, Monuments, ¿wd i/?^ Legacy of the Third Reich

U N I V E R S I T Y

OF

C A L I F O R N I A Berkeley

LosAngeUs

P R E S S London

University of California Press Berkeley and L o s Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. L o n d o n , England © 2 0 0 0 by the Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rosenfeld, Gavriel David, 1967Munich and memory : architecture, monuments, and the legacy of the Third Rcich / Gavriel D . Rosenfeld. p.

cm. — (Weimar and now ; 22)

Includes bibliographical references and index. I S B N 0-520-21910-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1.

Architecture—Germany—Munich.

2. Architecture—Conservation and r e s t o r a t i o n Germany—Munich.

3. Architecture, M o d e r n — 2 0 t h

century—Germany—Munich,

4.

(1939-1951)—Germany—Munich.

Reconstruction 5. National

socialism and architecture—Germany—Munich. 6. Munich (Germany) — Buildings, structures, etc. r. Title.

II. Scries.

N A 1086.M8 R68 2 0 0 0 720'.943'364 09045 21 —dc21

99-043091

Manufactured in the United States of America 08 10

07

06 9

8

05 7

04 6

5

03 4

02 3

2

oi

00

99

1

T h e paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of A N S I / N I S O Z39.48-1992 ( R 1 9 9 7 )

(Permanence of Paper).

CONTENTS

List ofIllustrations Preface

ix

xvii

Acknowledgments Introduction

xxi i

PART ONE. RESTORATION OR RENEWAL? 1945-1958 15

1.

Destruction, Reconstruction, and Mourning

2.

Architecture, City Planning, and the Memory of Nazism

3.

Memory and Urban Denazification

4.

Monuments and Memory

107

PART TWO. MODERNISM, 1958-1975 5.

76

143

Modernism, Populist Historic Preservation, and the Memory of Nazism 147

n

49

6.

Populist Historic Preservation, Revisionist Reconstruction, and Mourning

175

7.

Nazi Architecture: Normalization and Its Discontents

8.

The Decline of the Monument

210

PART THREE. POSTMODERNISM, 1975-2000

229

9.

The Postmodern City and the Recontestation of Memory

10.

The Architecture of the Third Reich: Between Normalization, Demolition, and Critical Preservation 259

11.

The Return of the Monument Conclusion

Abbreviations Notes

CONTENTS

319

321

Bibliography Index

306 315

Appendix

viii

199

423

399

280

233

ILLUSTRATIONS

MAPS 1. Munich Altstadt xii 2. Munich, Outlying Districts

xiv

FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Munich before World War II 16 Munich today 17 The Peterskirche at war's end 33 The Frauenkirche at war's end 35 The Residenz before the war 37 The Altes Residenztheater (Cuvilliestheater) before the war The Alte Pinakothek before the war 42 The Alte Pinakothek at war's end 42 The restored Alte Pinakothek 43 The Bavarian Armeemuseum at war's end 47 The Neues Residenztheater 66 The Bayerische Hypotheken-und Wechsel-Bank 66 The Starnberger Bahnhof 66 The Verlagshaus Beck 69 The Marienplatz 69 The old city hall after the war 69 The Kaufhof department store 72 The Herzog-Max-Burg 73

38

ix

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Swastikas on the former Luftgaukommando building 81 Denazified Hoheitszeichen on the city Oberfinanzdirektion 82 The former Führerbau today 83 The Königsplatz before the war 84 The Königsplatz during the Third Reich 85 One of the two Ehrentempel 86 The Führerbau during the Third Reich 87 The Haus der Deutschen Kunst during the Third Reich 94 The Haus der Kunst today 95 The Wittelsbacher Palais during the Third Reich 98 The Wittelsbacher Palais at war's end 98 The Brown House before the war 100 The former Zentralministerium today 101 The Luftgaukommando during the Third Reich 102 The Neptunbrunnen 103

34. The Feldherrnhalle today

111

35. The Mahnmal der Bewegung during the Third Reich 111 36. The Freikorps monument during the Third Reich 113 37. Eagles on the Kongreßsaal of the Deutsches Museum 113 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

X

The marble Krieger 115 The Siegestor before the war 118 The Siegestor at war's end 118 The restored south face of the Siegestor 123 Monument to civilian war dead at the Schwabinger Scliuttberg Monument to civilian war dead at the Nordfriedhof 137 Monument in Jewish cemetery on the Ungererstrasse 140 The Hauptsynagoge before 1938 141 The Hertie department store 150 The BMW Administration Building 151 The 1972 Munich Olympic complex 155 The Ignaz-Günther-Haus 168 The Kaufhof department store 172 The Preysing Palais 179 The reconstructed Leuchtenberg Palais 180 The Nationaltheater at war's end 181 The Siegestor after restoration of the quadriga 185 St. Bonifaz before the war 188 St. Bonifaz after the war 188 The Odeon concert hall before the war 190 The old city hall and reconstructed tower 194 The Allerheiligenhofkirche before the war 197

ILLUSTRATIONS

134

60. The Königsplatz as a parking lot

201

61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.

The Schuttblume monument 221 Monument to the Hauptsynagoge 226 The Munich Stadtmuseum 241 The Deutsche Beamtenversicherung Headquarters 242 The Neue Pinakothek 244 The Raffeisen-Bank 248 The new Bavarian State Chancellery 253 The Landesversorgungsamt 255 The pockmarked former NSDAP Administration Building

70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

The restored Königsplatz 269 Ehrentempel foundation 272 Monument at the Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus 282 Monument to the White Rose at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Stone lion at the Bavarian Catholic Academy 288 The Bavarian Armeemuseum, 1990 292

76. 77. 78. 79.

Monument to Jews deported from Milbertshofen barracks camp 294 Monument to Jews deported from the Israelitisches Krankenhaus 297 Monument commemorating Dachau death march 298 Stone lion at the Bayerische Landesbank 303

260

286

ILLUSTRATIONS

xi

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MAP i.

MUNICH

ALTSTADT

BUILDINGS Buildings are denoted by numbered squares. 1 2 3 4 5

Allerheiligenhofkirche Alte Pinakothek Alter Hof Altes Rathaus Altes Residenztheater (Cuvillidstheater) 6 Amerika Haus (on site of demolished Lotzbeck Palais) 7 Armeemuseum (current Bavarian State Chancellery)

8 Augustinerkirche (secularized) 9 Ausstellungsgebäude (Alter Botanischer Garten) 10 Bayerische Hypotheken und Wechsel-Bank 11 Bayerische Landesbank (Gemeindebank) 12 Bayerische Landesbausparkasse 13 Brown House (demolished)

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Bürgerbräukeller (demolished) Bürgersaalkirche Deutscher Kaiser Deutsche Beamtenversicherung Headquarters (Lenbachplatz) Deutsches Museum Deutsches Patentamt Ehrentempel (Königsplatz) Europäisches Patentamt Feldherrnhalle

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Frauenkirche Führerbau (Königsplatz) Gasteig Cultural Center Glyptothek (Königsplatz) Haslaucr-Block Haus der Deutschen Ärtzte Haus der Deutschen Kunst Haus des Deutschen Rechts Heilig-Geist-Kirche Herzog-Max-Burg Hettlage Department Store High Voltage Hall Ignaz-Günther-Haus (Jakobsplatz)

36 Institute for Electrical Technology 37 Justizpalast 38 Kaufhof (Karlsplatz) 39 Kaufhof (Marienplatz) 4 0 Kongreßsaal (Deutsches Museum) 41 Königsplatz 4 2 Künstlerhaus 43 Landeszentralbank 4 4 Lerchenfeld Palais 45 Leuchtenberg Palais 4 6 Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität 47 Ludwigskirche 48 Luftgaukommando (current Bavarian Ministry o f Economics) 4 9 Marienplatz 50 Marstallplatz 51 Matthäuskirche 52 Max-Josef-Stift 53 Michaelskirche 54 Nationaltheater 55 Neptunbrunnen (Alter Botanischer Garten) 56 Neue Pinakothek 57 Neues Herkulessaal 58 Neues Rathaus 59 Neues Residenztheater 60 Oberfinanzdirektion 61 Oberste Bayerische Baubehörde (OBB) 62 Odeon (partially demolished) 63 Old Age Home (Jakobsplatz) 6 4 Old Age Home (Lehel) 65 Papal Nunciature (demolished) 66 Park-Cafe (Alter Botanischer Garten) 67 Peterskirche 68 Pinakothek der Moderne (under construction) 6 9 Preysing Palais (Prannerstrasse)

70 Preysing Palais (Residenzstrasse) 71 Prinz Carl Palais 72 Propyläen 73 RafFeisen-Zentralbank 74 Residenz 75 Ruffini-Haus 76 Siemens Administration Building ÇAltstadt) 77 St. Anna church 78 St. Anna Damenstift church 79 St. Bonifaz church 80 Staadiche Antikensammlungen (Königsplatz) 81 Staadiche Lotterieverwaltung (on site of demolished Törring Palais) 82 Stadtmuseum 83 Theatinerkirche 8 4 Theresienstrasse apartments 85 United States Consulate 86 Verwaltungsbau der N S D A P (Königsplatz) 87 War Ministry Building (current Bavarian State Archives) 88 Wittelsbacher Palais (demolished) 89 Wohnungsamt 90 Zentralministerium (current Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture) 91 Zum Spöckmeier Restaurant

MONUMENTS Monuments are denoted by numbered circles. 1 Bismarck monument 2 Countermonument at Ehrentempel foundation (Königsplatz) 3 Destroyed Building plaque (Briennerstrasse storefront) 4 Destroyed Building plaque (Hettlage Department Store) 5 Destroyed Building plaque ( Isar-Amper-Werke) 6 Destroyed Building plaque (Marienplatz 3) 7 Destroyed Building plaque (Rischart Bakery) 8 Destroyed Building plaque (Wohnungsamt)

9 Free Press plaque (Süddeutsche Zeitung, Sendlinger Strasse) 10 Freiheitsaktion Bayern plaque (former Zentralministerium) 11 Fritz Gerlich plaque (RichardWagner-Strasse) 12 Fritz Gerlich plaque (Süddeutsche Zeitung) 13 Georg Elser plaque 14 German Resistance monument (Hofgarten) 15 Hauptsynagoge monument 16 Herzog-Rudolf-Strasse synagogue plaque 17 Hitler-Putsch Victims of 1923 monument 18 Jewish Lawyers plaque (Justizpalast) 19 Kriegerdenkmal 20 Lion Feuchtwanger plaque 21 Mahnmal der Bewegung (demolished) 22 Monument to City Employees Killed in Concentration Camps (Neues Rathaus) 23 Monument to Destruction of City (Altes Rathaus) 24 Monument to Liberation of City from Nazism 25 Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus monument 26 P O W monument beneath Altes Rathaus 27 Rupert Mayer monument (Bürgersaalkirche) 28 Scholl Sibling monument (Scholl Sibling Dormitory) 29 Sinti and Roma plaque (Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus) 30 Stone Lion Copy (Bayerische Landesbank) 31 Uhlfelder Department Store plaque 32 Weiss Ferdl monument 33 White Rose monuments (Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität) 34 White Rose plaque (Justizpalast) 35 Wittelsbacher Palais plaque 36 Wunden der Erinnerung, Alte Pinakothek 37 Wunden der Erinnerung, Haus der Kunst 38 Wunden der Erinnerung, Ludwigstrasse

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