Modern China: A Bibliographical Guide to Chinese Works, 1898–1937 [2nd printing 1961. Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674866102

Table of contents :
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS AND COMMON TERMS
1. WORKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE
2. GENERAL HISTORICAL WORKS
3. GOVERNMENT AND LAW
4. HISTORICAL STUDIES AND MATERIALS, BY PERIODS
5. FOREIGN AFFAIRS, STUDIES AND DOCUMENTS, BY PERIODS
6. ECONOMIC DATA AND STUDIES, BY TOPICS
7. SOCIAL PROBLEMS, CULTURAL MOVEMENTS, AND EDUCATION
8. INTELLECTUAL AND LITERARY HISTORY
9. SELECTED NEWSPAPERS AND LEARNED JOURNALS
INDEX

Citation preview

HARVARD-YENCHING

INSTITUTE

STUDIES

VOLUME I

MODERN CHINA A Bibliographical Guide to Chinese Works

1898-1937 BY JOHN

KING

FAIRBANK

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN CHARGE OF THE REGIONAL STUDIES PROGRAM ON CHINA HARVARD UNIVERSITY

AND KWANG-CHING

LIU

SOMETIME TEACHING FELLOW IN CHINESE REGIONAL STUDIES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

CAMBRIDGE,

PRESS

MASSACHUSETTS

1961

COPYRIGHT, I 9 5 O , BY THE HARVARD-YENCHING INSTITUTE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SECOND PRINTING

DISTRIBUTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON

PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page FOREWORD

ν

INTRODUCTION

vi

ABBREVIATIONS AND COMMON TERMS

χ vi

1. WORKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE

1

1.1 General bibliography 1.2

1

Indexes of periodicals and newspapers

4

1.3 Catalogs of official publications

6

1.4 Yearbooks (general), encyclopedias, and statistical compendia 1.5 Atlases and place name dictionaries

7 11

1.6 Concordances of dates

13

1.7 Biographical dictionaries, collections of biographies, and variant names

14

1.8 Directories of agencies and organizations

18

1.9 Dictionaries and translation aids

18

2. GENERAL HISTORICAL WORKS

26

2.1 Surveys of the modern period 2.2 2.3

26

Interpretations of the revolutionary process Marxist)

(chiefly

Military history and organization

2.4 Surveys of diplomatic history

32 37 43

3. GOVERNMENT AND LAW

47

3.1 General surveys

47

3.2 Government gazettes, documents, laws and ordinances.....

49

3.3 Government organs and administration

62

3.4 Constitutions

68

3.5 Studies of the legal system

76

3.6

82

Laws and codes

4. HISTORICAL STUDIES AND MATERIALS, BY PERIODS

98

4.1 The reform movement of 1898 and the Boxer rising of 1900. 98

ι

Page 4.2

Government efforts at reform and constitutionalism after 1900 Ill

4.3

The revolutionary movement before 1911

119

4.4 The Revolution of 1911

130

4.5

Yuan Shih-k'ai and the Chinese Republic to 1916

132

4.6

Liberal periodicals, 1898 - 1916

137

4.7

Warlord politics 1917 - 1925

141

4.8

The Nationalist Revolution to 1928: ideology

leadership and

The Nationalist Revolution to 1928: politics

civil war and

4.9

145

4.10 The Kuomintang 1928 - 1937

161 168

4.11 The National Government 1928 - 1937

178

4.12 Local government 1928 - 1937

183

4.13 Liberal periodicals 1917 - 1937

189

4.14 Minority parties

196

5. FOREIGN AFFAIRS, STUDIES AND DOCUMENTS, BY PERIODS 5.1

Late Ch'ing diplomacy 1894 - 1911

198 198

5.2 Yuan Shih-k'ai, the warlords and the powers 1912 - 1924. 208 5.3

Diplomacy of the Nationalist Revolution 1925 - 1931.. 218

5.4 The Manchurian "incident" and after, 1931 - 1937

6. ECONOMIC DATA AND STUDIES, BY TOPICS

223

230

6.1 General reference works, periodicals and essays

230

6.2

242

Surveys of local areas

6.3 Banking

257

6.4 Comnunications

268

6.5

Industry, general

286

6.6

Individual industrialists and industrial projects

295

6.7

Government economic administration, 1898 - 1927

302

6.8

Government economic administration, 1928 - 1937

312

6.9

Public finance:

321

general

ii

Page 6.10 Monetary policy

326

6.11 Taxation

332

6.12 Tariff and customs administration

346

6.13 Budgets, accounts and public debt

354

6.14 Foreign trade, export products, and commercial organization

358

6.15 The land problem:

370

rural economic surveys

6.16 Agricultural (rural) reconstruction and the cooperative movement 384 6.17 Living standards and prices

392

7. SOCIAL PROBLEMS, CULTURAL MOVEMENTS, AND EDUCATION

396

7.1 Sociological studies

396

7.2 Demography

401

7.3 The emancipation of women

405

7.4 Labor

408

7.5 Modern education:

general surveys and periodicals

415

7.6 Government educational administration

427

7.7

436

Individual institutions

8. INTELLECTUAL AND LITERARY HISTORY

440

8.1 Surveys of intellectual movements

440

8.2 Early translations of Western works

443

8.3 Leading men of ideas, 1898 - 1919

446

8.4 Some leaders of the May Fourth Movement

453

8.5

Intellectual polemics: culture

8.6

Intellectual polemics:

the revaluation of Chinese 460 the nature of Chinese society... 466

8.7 Philosophy

470

8.8 Religious ideas

474

8.9 Old-style literature, 1898 - 1917

476

8.10 The new literature:

478

general surveys

8.11 Literary periodicals, 1917 - 1937

iii

484

Page 8.12 Some l e a d i n g a u t h o r s , 1917 - 1937

491

8 . 1 3 Hie new drama

499

9. SELECTED NEWSPAPERS AND LEARNED JOURNALS

502

9.1

S e l e c t e d newspapers

502

9.2

S e l e c t e d learned j o u r n a l s

509

INDEX

519

IV

FOREWORD

This volume, which is the first of the HarvardYenching Institute Studies, is financed from the residue of the funds granted during the war by the Rockefeller Foundation for the publication of Chinese and Japanese dictionaries. This series, as opposed to the Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, will consist primarily of bibliographical studies, grammars, reference works, translations and other study and research aids. The Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies will be produced at a minimum cost so that as many volumes as possible can be published with the limited resources available.

ν

INTRODUCTION One of the anomalies of American sinology is the fact that the librarians who collect the books have done so much better a job than the historians who use them. During the last two decades the Harvard-Yenching Institute has built up at Harvard, aided by the careful management of its Librarian, Dr. A. Kaiming Ch'iu ^ tifj , one of the best selected and organized collections of Chinese books in existence. This has been done in spite of the fact that the ratio of users for many years was as low as one serious research worker to each 20,000 volumes. One could hardly remain in proximity to this remarkable collection without becoming frankly curious as to the scope and nature of its offerings on Modern China. This present volume has been put together during the last three years by the simple expedient of pulling books off the shelves and looking at them, a procedure which has led us to many exciting discoveries and to a further unhappy realization of the incredible backwardness of Western knowledge of the East as compared with knowledge of the West. The first draft of this bibliography was produced in mimeographed form as a Bibliographical Guide to Modern China, Works and Documents in Chinese, (Vol. 1, 74 pp., September 1947; Vol. 2, 107 pp., April 1948; and Vol. 3, 194 pp., December 1948, mimeographed for private distribution by the Committee on International and Regional Studies, Harvard University). It was compiled to facilitate the research of students in the Regional Studies program on China inaugurated at Harvard after the war, a program which attempts to bring to bear upon China's contemporary problems the methods and the learning of the relevant disciplines, especially those of the social sciences. One immediate practical purpose of this program is to develop the student's ability to use Chineselanguage materials and so to study, closer to their source, the multifarious and pressing problems of Chinese government, economics, history, and social development in general. This guide has therefore been compiled specifically for use in the advanced seminar in Regional Studies.

vi

Our objective has been to aid the beginning student in his use of Chinese materials. Since most Western students of Modern China will agree that they are beginners in this respect, we have had no hesitation in betraying our own ignorance of fine points in the effort to convey quickly a knowledge of major points. We have looked at these books, but not read them all, and any specialist should soon be able to improve upon our comments. On the other hand we believe that booklists without critical annotations are a public nuisance. Since our aim is to encourage, our comments doubtless err on the side of enthusiasm. Literary critics may well question some of our comments in section 8, economists some of our judgments in section 6, and so on. There follow details on the mechanics of this compilation, its scope and method, together with some general observations on research opportunities which seem to be presented by the materials in various sections of the bibliography. Scope: All works listed, with a few exceptions, are in the Chinese-Japanese Library maintained at Harvard by the Harvard-Yenching Institute. The Harvard call number appears in parentheses at the end of each entry. Our selection of works from the shelves is, of course, not exhaustive. Chronologically, this work spans the period 1898 1937, the era of Reform and Revolution. We have been guided by the fact that the nineteenth century, down to 1911, was systematically documented on lines established by Chinese scholars and chroniclers in the great tradition. Since the Regional Studies program is primarily concerned with the recent decades of violent change in all aspects of Chinese life, our aim has been to connect the Republican era with the last years of the Dynasty. For this purpose we begin with the Reform Movement of 1898 and center upon the Republican and Nationalist Revolutions. Since 1937 the documentation of events in China has been even less systematic than before. Scholarship, publication and distribution have all been disrupted. Materials on the

vii

Japanese in China, t h e war a g a i n s t them, and the r e c e n t c i v i l war a r e not y e t r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e . The e x t e n s i v e and important Chinese holdings of the Hoover Library on War, Revolution, and Peace a t S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y u n f o r t u n a t e l y have not y e t been f u l l y c a t a l o g u e d . Hie l i m i t a t i o n s of the Harvard h o l d i n g s on t h e e a r l y years of Chinese Communism b e f o r e 1937 have prevented our a t t e m p t i n g t o i n c l u d e a s e c t i o n on them below, a l t h o u g h h i s t o r i c a l surveys w r i t t e n from the Marxist p o i n t of view may be found in s e c t i o n 2 . 2 . As a guide t o Harvard m a t e r i a l s on C h i n e s e Communism p u b l i s h e d m a i n l y s i n c e 1937 t h e r e i s a mimeographed volume Chinese Communist Publications: an Annotated Bibliography of Material in the Chinese Library at Harvard University, e d i t e d by J . K. Fairbank and Ε - t u Zen Sun Ai- m . f o r the Russian Research Center a t Harvard and mimeographed f o r p r i v a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n (122 p p . , February 1949), a few copies of which are s t i l l a v a i l a b l e . Needless t o say, we have excluded works of s c h o l a r s h i p published in t h i s modern period which d e a l with e a r l i e r p e r i o d s ; i t should be noted t h a t t h i s excludes perhaps the b e s t p a r t of modern Chinese s c h o l a r s h i p . We have a l s o o m i t t e d f i n e a r t s (including architecture), linguistics, natural science, technology ( e . g . medicine and e n g i n e e r i n g ) , r e l i g i o n (except f o r a few items on i t s s o c i a l a s p e c t s i n s e c t i o n 8 . 8 ) , and g a z e t t e e r s and l o c a l h i s t o r i e s p u b l i s h e d in r e c e n t d e c a d e s , some of which include r e f e r e n c e s t o the modern p e r i o d . In s e l e c t i n g a r t i c l e s we have chosen only a v e r y few, m a i n l y from l e a d i n g j o u r n a l s l i k e S h e - h u i k ' o - h s i i e h . Our s e l e c t i o n s , such a s t h e y a r e , emphasize h i s t o r y r a t h e r than economics. I t i s obvious t h a t t h e s e r i o u s s t u d e n t of almost any s u b j e c t must comb t h e l e a r n e d j o u r n a l s , i f not a l s o many p e r i o d i c a l s and newspapers. While some p e r i o d i c a l s a r e grouped i n s e c t i o n s 4 . 6 and 4 . 1 3 and o t h e r s a r e s c a t t e r e d under o t h e r s e c t i o n s , we have l i s t e d a s e l e c t i o n of newspapers and learned j o u r n a l s under s e c t i o n 9. A few r e f e r e n c e s t o " the p r e s e n t " o r "now" which have c r e p t i n t o our t e x t s i g n i f y the period about 1948.

viii

ROMANIZATION: Our use o£ Wade-Giles romanization, that language known neither to Chinese nor to Westerners but only to sinologists, who disagree, will be found by the eagleeyed to be inconsistent. We have written chüeh, hsüeh, yüeh, and yiin dutifully with the umlaut (although the umlaut is unnecessary for clarity); but we have rebelliously written yuan without it, mainly because we could not bear to put an umlaut on Yuan Shih-k'ai. In general, since Wade-Giles is a purely conventional notation unintelligible to the uninitiated, we believe it is a disservice to scholarship to use any diacritical marks in Wade-Giles except the umlaut when it is needed to settle cases of possible ambiguity -- chu and chü, yu and yü, etc. -- and we rather regret our weakness in using the umlauts abovementioned. The Wade-Giles system is of course a sufficient impediment to scholarship without the use of the circumflex over the e in jen or a mark over the u in ssu. In transcription we seek to convey the maximum meaning: hence phrases are hyphenated to make them stand out. Capitals (which are meaningless when used, as some do, on every word) are reserved for proper nouns like Chung-kuo. However, we have been uncertain how far to go in capitalizing proper nouns and have inadvertently written both Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang and Chung-kuo kuo-min-tang. FORM OF ENTRIES: Original writings are cited by author first, but the great number of compilations and reference works are cited by title first, followed by the compiler and then the publisher. Main entries of author and title are in Wade-Giles romanization; variant spellings of an author's name or his other Chinese names, follow in parentheses. Similarly, titles in Wade-Giles and in Chinese are followed by English translations of titles in parentheses. These translations of titles are our own invention; whenever the original work in question printed an English translation of title on its title page (as was the custom particularly in the late '20s and early '30s), we have reproduced it instead of our translation, and put it in quotation marks. Names of leading publishers have been collected in a special list of Abbreviations, so as to keep the text less

IX

encumbered with Chinese characters. For well known publishers we have used abbreviations -- e.g., CP for the Commercial Press -- and we have abbreviated Shanghai throughout as Shai. Date of publication normally refers to the first printing and we have not tried to record the dates of later printings, which for some works are frequent. We have noted revised editions; our conments refer to the latest edition noted. Each separate work in Chinese is listed by romanization in bold face type. Italics are used both for English translations of Chinese titles and for works in English. It should be noted that in the modern period the term ts'ung-shu, which traditionally has denoted a collection of individual and often of reprinted works, has been used in the sense of "series" and seldom refers to an individual work. Continuous pagination was still rare in the early Republican period and we have often been obliged to give estimates of total pagination; the estimate is usually preceded by ca. Any large work is still likely to have several sequences of pagination, for the prefaces, mu-lu (table of contents), and different sections or appendices, so that a draft notation of pages might run: 3 & 8 & 2 & 467 & 351 & 21. In such cases we have ruthlessly combined the smaller figures to produce, e.g., 34 & 467 & 351. We have used the terms chuan (section or chapter of a Chinese text), ts'e (a separate Chinese-style stitched fascicle or volume), and vol. (a Western-style bound volume). In the case of serials we have noted the number and date of the last issue seen, but the Harvard card catalogue of serials maintained as separate units should be consulted for a full list of issues in this library. ORDER OF ENTRIES: Our Notes at the head of each section attempt to indicate items of major importance and usually the order of presentation of materials. In general we have tried to put the most important works first under each section, but thereafter have followed a chronological order by date of publication (unless some topical order is indicated in a Note). The setting up of sections, and allocation of entries to them, is at best an arbitrary and procrustean procedure. For example, we have wound up with 45 entries under

χ

section 4.8 on the leadership and ideology of the Nationalist Revolution to 1928, and only 2 entries under section 4.14 on minority parties. This anomaly has been allowed to stand as mute evidence of the multiplicity of materials under the former topic and the paucity under the latter. To help the reader make up his own selected bibliography, which is our essential aim, we have used two devices: crossreferences in the text to other items and sections, and a considerable index which lists all authors, compilers, titles, and persons mentioned, together with a large number of subjects. RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES: Hie following general conments are intended to indicate some of the potentialities and certain inadequacies of the literature surveyed in this volume. Since we have expressed our views so widely in comments on works which we have surveyed but seldom read, these more general statements are offered without apology, in the spirit of an explorer's report of unmapped territory. Qn further investigation by specialists, our suggestions may sometimes prove unfeasible. Nevertheless there can be no doubt that these materials are a direct challenge to modern American scholarship on China: such scholarship, even in its present early phase of development, is a national resource of first importance, as future events will all too clearly show. The definition of research problems and the discovery of materials that bear upon them, is a primary task in the new combined fields of Chinese studies and social science. In general, the greatest wealth of documentation has come (as might be expected) from those branches of the bureaucracy which have maintained the greatest continuity. A steady flow of institutional records is on hand for the study of the legal system, its codes and its functioning, whereas there is an alarming scarcity of records of the military establishment, in which the scribe and his work were perhaps less important. The last decade of the Manchus (1898 - 1911) and the first decade of the Kuomintang (1928 - 1937) are relatively well documented, at least in the form of governmental paper work; but the military administration which absorbed so

XI

much of the e x t r a - b u d g e t a l expenditure under the Nanking Government a f t e r 1928 has l e f t almost no t r a c e ( a t l e a s t l i t t l e in the Harvard Library). One great immediate opportunity for research would seem to l i e in the d i r e c t i o n of i n s t i t u t i o n a l studies - - the evolution of some of the government m i n i s t r i e s (the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Labor, for instance), modern banks ( e . g . , Bank of China), government enterprises (mines, r a i l roads, shipping), government finance (evolution of the land tax, for example), government services (the evolution of the Customs or the Post O f f i c e ) , modern education (another government a c t i v i t y ) . Such a random l i s t of topics highlights the preponderant role of the Chinese government in nearly a l l forms of i n s t i t u t i o n a l a c t i v i t y . P r i v a t e banking, p r i v a t e education, private enterprise have been quite in the minority. The body of o f f i c i a l laws and regulations, cm the other hand, i s enormous and forms a s o l i d basis for study of the governmental structure. When we turn from i n s t i t u t i o n a l development to the study of h i s t o r i c a l events, we face the d i f f i c u l t f a c t that the generation of the Republican r e v o l u t i o n , who might have been expected to leave a rich body of memoirs on the s t i r r i n g events of t h e i r youth, have never found a time when the revolution had come to an end to provide the l e i s u r e for memoirs. The revolution has been almost constantly a c c e l e r a t i n g and memoirs of revolutionary leaders have been few. Meanwhile, since 1911 the only equivalent for the publication of one's c o l l e c t e d o f f i c i a l papers (which used to consist l a r g e l y of memorials to the throne and telegrams to other administrators, like the works of Chang Chih-tung) has been the publication of one's newspaper a r t i c l e s ( l i k e those of Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o ) or c o l l e c t e d speeches (as in the cases of Sun Yat-sen, Wang Ching-wei, orChiang Kai-shek). But neither newspaper a r t i c l e s nor speeches had formerly bulked large in the collected works of the great imperial bureaucrats, and there i s not much of a tradition concerning them nor much prestige to form a l i t e r a r y incentive. In t h i s s i t u a t i o n , where few o f the a c t o r s in modern history have set about explaining themselves to posteri t y , we are helped by the great Chinese h i s t o r i c a l t r a d i t i o n

X l l

of the chronicler of events; many f a i t h f u l compilors have produced useful chronicles of events, and there are also the f i l e s of the new newspapers and p e r i o d i c a l s of the modern period. More than t h i s , however, and most important for the historian, are the documents which by their publication became actual events in the course of the revolutionary turmoil. Such are the memorials connected with the Reform Movement of 1898, the less compact periodical materials springing from the May Fourth Movement of 1919, or the a r t i c l e s and speeches of Kuomintang leaders r i s i n g to power in the l a t e '20s. A few assiduous chroniclers have recorded a considerable body of material on the early revolutionary movement before 1911 which bore f r u i t in the Kuomintang, while the p a r a l l e l movement of Manchu reforms i s well documented in o f f i c i a l sources. Particularly from press and periodical f i l e s , i t should be possible to trace the r i s e of modern Chinese nationalism as a dominant sentiment (for example, after the May 30th incident of 1925). By contrast, the diplomatic correspondence and memoirs with which to reconstruct the history of Chinese foreign a f f a i r s are sadly lacking after 1911. Up to that date, the late Ch'ing records offer an important corrective to Western studies of i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s concerned with China. It i s a l s o worth noting that comparatively few Chinese historians have taken an i n t e r e s t in foreign a f f a i r s : or perhaps we should say that several modern-type historians have done so, but they have been few in number. Given the lack of thorough monographic research based on the wealth of documents a v a i l a b l e , h i s t o r i c a l surveys of modern China by Chinese authors have generally fallen into one of two types: the bare chronicles which hardly s a t i s f y our h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t , or the schematic analyses which present i n t e r e s t i n g hypotheses and interpretations (often, in the case of Marxist writers, put forward as dogmatic f a c t ) . The few good monographs which have thus far been produced by modern Chinese scholarship of course offer the Western student an opportunity to make their results more widely known in the West.

X l l l

Probably the most important historical work in modern China has been in the field of economic history. Certainly the output of literature on the relatively neutral subject of descriptive economics far exceeds that on politics. Even the rather slight selection of material represented in this volume provides limitless opportunities for studies of government policy in finance and taxation, the growth of commerce and industry, the history of Chinese railways, or phenomena of urbanization. More analytical economic studies have been handicapped by the plethora and unreliability of official statistics. The large body of data on rural conditions has seldom lent itself to mastery by a modern Western-trained economist interested in comparable quantifications. This lack of a statistical foundation has made much Chinese economic writing partake of the nature of editorials or travelogues. The history of ideas should be the most rewarding, though no doubt the most difficult, of the aspects of modern China which await serious study. The phenomenal rise of the modern press and the spate of modern periodicals, into which the literati of the revolutionary generation have poured a great variety and mixture of ideas and attitudes, offer us a rare opportunity to study the ideological transformation of the old Confucian society. Whether this study calls itself sociology, intellectual history, or biography, it should eventually provide a record of one of the really momentous intellectual experiences of mankind. The works of various schools and currents of the modern literature, the debates on the nature of Chinese society or on cultural values, the programs of the New Education or of other more spectacular movements, even the diaries and articles of leading writers, constitute the stuff of history quite as much as the official records of government. Perhaps the easiest point of access for the Western student seeking to penetrate modern China is the biography, the work and writings, of a leading figure. Materials for many such studies are indicated below in our prefatory Notes, as well as special opportunities presented by particular works or collections. A great number of these unusual opportunities still await discovery, a task which we leave to the users of this volume.

xiv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Whatever merit this work has, in the last analysis, must be credited to the long-continued and painstaking care with which Dr. Ch'iu and others have got these books together upon the shelves. We are imneasurably indebted to him and to the assistance of Anne Pratt, who typed much of the manuscript and produced the index, and to Helen Fadgen who varityped the volume. We wish also to thank Iris Bian, Derke Bodde, Ch'ien Tuan-sheng if , Serge Eliss£eff, Wilma Fairbank, L. Carrington Goodrich, Thurston Griggs, Robert Hightower, Liu K'ai-hsien % \ t-% t g , T e ng Ssu-yu ^ « f l S ) ^ , and Yang Lien-sheng flfc , among others, for helpful assistance or corrections.

John K. Fairbank Kwang-ching Liu

Cambridge, Mass. August, 1949

xv

ABBREVIATIONS AND COMMON TERMS Note: Chinese characters for names of publishers are normally inserted in the t e x t , except for a few common publishers, some of whose names are abbreviated ( e . g . CP for Conmercial P r e s s ) . C h a r a c t e r s f o r a few l e a d i n g l i b r a r i e s , book s t o r e s , and research agencies are a l s o l i s t e d here for convenience, usually under their well-known English names.

Academia S i n i c a - - ( K u o - l i chung-yang yen-chiu-yuan) Bank of China, Research Department -- (Chung-kuo yin-hang ching-chi yen-chiu-shih) xjz ^ ^ yj^/frff 'f? Central Bank of China, Research Department -- (Chung-yang yin-hang ching-chi yen-chiu-ch'u) t^ jj^ ^ f ! ^ " ] ' CH: Chung-hua shu-chü Cheng-chung shu-chü

ψ

i £ - ^j ^ 7

%

fa

Jgj

China Council of the I n s t i t u t e of P a c i f i c R e l a t i o n s -(Chung-kuo T ' a i - p ' ing-yang kuo-chi hsiieh-hui) tf ® J τ ^ , ψ ' China Library Service -- (Chung-kuo t'u-shu-kuan fu-wu she) Chung-hua shu-chü

(CH)

Chung-kuo ch'u-pan-she

ff ^

^

Chung-kuo wen-hua fu-wu she -- (China C u l t u r a l S e r v i c e ) Chung-yang shu-tien ^ Jig C P : Shang-wu yin-shu-kuan -- (The Commercial P r e s s ) Ho:

HoTo-yuan's bibliography, item 1 . 1 . 1 below

Hsien-tai shu-chii

(HT)

Hsin-hua s h u - t i e n

"Hif ^

Hsin-yiieh shu-tien

fl

^ ^

j^j

xvi

Η. U.:

C h i n e s e - J a p a n e s e L i b r a r y , Harvard U n i v e r s i t y

Hua-t'ung shu-chü

•S^^N^'J

7

KM: K'ai-ming s h u - t i e n - - (Kaiming Book Co.) Kuang-chih shu-chii

^

^

0^

/cj

Liang-yu t ' u - s h u kung-ssu

^v" i ]

L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n of P e i p i n g - - ( P e i - p ' i n g t ' u - s h u - k u a n hs i e h - h u i ) -J b % ( H i f # • ^ Lien-ho s h u - t i e n

Ij^

MC: Min-chih shu-chü rau-lu:

^ ^

J^j l|

^

C h i n e s e - s t y l e t a b l e of c o n t e n t s

^

^fi

N a t i o n a l Academy of P e i p i n g — (Kuo-li P e i - p ' i n g y e n - c h i u yuan) $ % N a t i o n a l Bureau of Compilation and T r a n s l a t i o n — (Kuo-li pien-i-kuan) ^ jt ^ " i f · 7 ! ! * N a t i o n a l C e n t r a l L i b r a r y - - ( K u o - l i chung-yang t ' u - s h u kuan) i f J i D f N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y of P e i p i n g — (Kuo-li P e i - p ' i n g t ' u - s h u kuan) l l ^ ^ t f V l j f / ^ O r i e n t a l Book Co. — (Ya-tung t ' u - s h u - k u a n ) jjfc Φ Peking M e t r o p o l i t a n L i b r a r y - - ( P e i - c h i n g t ' u - s h u - k u a n ) SC: Shai:

Shih-chieh shu-chü Shanghai

(World Book Co.)

-t-

Shen-chou kuo-kuang she

t^J

Sheng-huo s h u - t i e n - - ( L i f e P u b l i s h i n g Co.) Sun Y a t - s e n I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e Advancement of C u l t u r e and Education - - (Chung-shan wen-hua chiao-yii kuan)

τΡ OA

Τ & Β: S. Y. Teng and Knight B i g g e r s t a f f , - - An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works, P e i p i n g 1936, pp. 271. Ta-tung shu-chü T'ai-p'ing-yang shu-tien / ^ N ^ J^T

xvii

%%

T'ai-tung t'u-shu-chü -- (Tai Tung & Co., Ltd.) Jpts'e: Chinese-style volume or fascicle -ftfi" , as opposed to volumes bound in western style (vol.). Tung-ya shu-chü

"jfl

^

Wen-hua hsüeh-she Wu-hsiieh shu-chü —

(Military Science Book Co.)

Yin-chu-chii -- (lit. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, title of an agency of both the Peking and the Nanking governments which published official documents)^ /^J^ ^ Yuan-tung shu-chü

fe)

xviii

1.

WORKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE Note: In t h i s S e c t i o n we have begun by e x t r a c t i n g e n t r i e s of d i r e c t value f o r t h e s t u d y of modern China from t h a t i n v a l u able work by Teng Ssu-yü and Knight B i g g e r s t a f f , An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works (Peiping 1936, pp. v i & 2 7 1 ) , which we c i t e below a s Τ and B. The r e a d e r should c o n s u l t t h i s work f o r i t s a n n o t a t i o n s i n a l l c a s e s ; o u r comments, i f a n y , a r e p u r e l y s u p p l e m e n t a r y . A u s e f u l g e n e r a l b i b l i o g r a p h y in Chinese i s t h a t of Ho To-yuan, (item 1 . 1 . 1 ) c i t e d below as Ho, and v a l u a b l e b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l s u g g e s t i o n s a r e a l s o l i s t e d in t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a b s t r a c t p r o duced by the Nanking Government in 1936, (item 1 . 4 . 9 ) . R e f e r e n c e works d e a l i n g w i t h s p e c i a l s u b j e c t s , l i k e t h e banking o r r a i l w a y y e a r b o o k s , a r e o m i t t e d h e r e and n o t e d under t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s u b j e c t s e c t i o n s f u r t h e r on. I t w i l l be seen t h a t almost a l l the r e f e r e n c e works now a v a i l a b l e a r e of p r e - w a r production and hence a decade out of d a t e .

1.1

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.1.1

Ho To-yuan chih-nan

fä

^

(To-yuen Hoh),

"cj7 -^C φ -

Chung-wen t s ' an-k' ao-shu

"Gui-de

%

to Chinese

Reference

Books, " Lingnan U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , Canton 1936, pp. 778. e d i t i o n , CP Shai 1939, pp. 961.

Rev.

(R 9770/2223 and B)

An ably c o n s t r u c t e d g e n e r a l b i b l i o g r a p h y of Chinese works on a l l s u b j e c t s . For t h e Republican p e r i o d the S e c t i o n s on B i b l i o g r a p h i e s , P e r i o d i c a l s and Newspapers, S o c i e t y P u b l i c a t i o n s , S o c i a l S c i e n c e s , H i s t o r y , and Biography a r e e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l . Appendix g i v e s a 15 p p . d i r e c t o r y of C h i n e s e and J a p a n e s e p u b l i s h e r s . A u t h o r s and t i t l e s a r e f u l l y indexed (by a unique but f e a s i b l e system under s t r o k e s ) . 1.1.2

X'u-shu c h i - k ' an ^ Bibliography,

^

^

"^'J "Quarterly

Bulletin

of

Chinese

" p u b l i s h e d q u a r t e r l y by t h e N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y of

P e i p i n g since 1934

(with unavoidable d e l a y s ) .

1

Vol. 1

(1934)

-vol. 4 6

(1945),

(1937), Peiping.

New series vol. 1

Kunming, Chungking, and Shanghai.

(1939) -

vol.

(B 9701/6522)

This Chinese edition of the Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography, the best publication of selected current bibliography in China, contains many articles not in the English edition. It should be noted that this 'valuable work has been more concerned with books of scholarly value than with official publications. New series vol. 1 of the English edition did not appear until March 1940, a year after the resumption of the Chinese edition. 1.1.3

Selected Chinese Books 1933-1937, ed. and pub. by National Library of Peiping, Peiping 1940 pp. iv & iv & 214.

(special trade edition),

(RW 9520/69)

"lhis is a cumulative reprint of the sections on Chinese books from the Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography (English edition) for the years 1933-1937, giving selected Chinese works on the social sciences and humanities published during those years. In English, but with names of authors and titles in Chinese. 1.1.4

T' u-shu yüeh-k' an

$ -f-''] (Bibliographical

edited by National Central Library, Pai-sha ΊΏ

monthly), , Szechwan;

published by San-min-chu-i ts'ung-shu pien-tsuan wei-yuan-hui (Editorial committee for the San-min-chu-i series), 1941 -, published monthly.

Pai-sha,

(B 9701/6572)

This wartime publication by the National Central Library is useful for its monthly list of new books. Like the National Peiping Library's Tu-shu-chi-k*an, (item 1.1.2), it also contains interesting articles on bibliography and cultural activities. 1.1.5

Kuo-li Chung-yang t'u-shu-kuan kuan-k'an l§3 ^L

2

|f|

^

fij

(Bulletin

Nanking 1947 1947).

,

of

the National

Central

(No. 1 ^ L f ' J

Library),

dated March

(B 9802/82)

This i s the continuation of the wartime publication T'u-shu yiieh-k'an. I t has a useful monthly l i s t of new acquis i t i o n s . The National Central Library also issues a quarterly bulletin in English: Philobiblon, A Quarterly Review of Chinese Publications (Nanking 1946 ), which gives a smaller selected l i s t . 1.1.6

T'u-shu nien-chien

(Library

by Yang Chia-lo

year

book), compiled

, Chung-kuo t ' u - s h u t a - t z ' u - t i e n

pien-chi-kuan, Nanking 1933, 2 v o l s . , pp. 15 & 503, 41 & 1888. (R 9 7 0 7 / 4 2 3 7 ) See Τ and Β 72. The f i r s t volume of a second issue was published in 1937, see Ho 155. 1.1.7

Sh'eng-huo ch'iian-kuo tsung-shu-mu (Life

Publishing

Co. nation-wide

by P ' i n g Hsin ^

ι·^*

SJ

^

general

book

list),

compiled

, SH Shai 1935, pp. 42 & 76 & 2 1 3 .

(R 9 6 3 8 / 2 3 5 ) See Τ and Β 73. 1.1.8

Ch'iian-kuo ch'u-pan-wu tsung-mu-lu ^^C (A comprehensive Shai 1935, pp. 221.

list

|§?] $

of country-wide

fyfo

publications),

^

g) KM

( R 9638/7265 (1) )

See Τ and Β 73. A smaller c o l l e c t i o n than 1 . 1 . 7 , published in the same year, but containing some e n t r i e s not found in i t .

3

1.1.9

Min-kuo i - l a l h s i n - s h u tsung-mu ^ (A comprehensive ning

list

jfjj

of new books published

^ since

^ the

begin-

comp, by Yang C h i a - l o , Chung-kuo

of the Republic),

tz'u-tien kuan, Nanking 1936. Not examined. 1.1.10

Said to be a comprehensive bibliography.

Ch'iian-kuo hsin-shu yifeh-pao £ bulletin

of country-wide

new books),

Not examined. 1.1.11

^

i f f f\ ^

(Monthly

SH Shai 1935.

See Ho 156.

Shu-p'ing so-yin ch* u-pien

&&

(Index

of

jt

book reviews,

first

issue),

compiled by Cheng Hui-yingJjfp

, Canton University Library, Canton 1934, pp 8 & xiv & 234.

(R 9486/8254B) See Ί and Β 78 & 79.

1.2

INDEXES OF PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS Note: I t i s impossible to keep up with the enormous volume of Chinese periodical publications in any comprehensive way. Four or five hundred periodicals of various s o r t s are said to be in process of publication at one time in Shanghai alone, some lasting for only brief periods. There i s no real Chinese equivalent to Poole's Index or the Reader's Guide. For scholarly a r t i c l e s perhaps the best guidance can be found in the appropriate section of T'u-shu chi-k'an (item 1.1.2) or i t s English edition, the Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography.

1.2.1

Jen-wen yiieh-k'an

f j

(Humanities

monthly),

Jen-wen yiieh-k'an she, Shanghai 1930 - 1937; issued 10 times each year.

(R 9200/8008)

4

See Τ and Β 75. bibliographical essays. 1.2.2

Ch'i-k'an so-yin

This monthly publishes noteworthy

f'j ^

% | (Index of periodicals),

Sun

Yat-sen Institute for the Advancement of Culture and Education, Nanking 1933 - 1937, issued monthly.

(R 9559/4241)

See Τ and Β 76. 1.2.3

Chung-wen tsa-chih so-yin periodicals in Chinese),

^

Wfc

^

5 |

(Index of

first issue, compiled by T'anCho-yuan

, Lingnan University Library, Canton 1935, 2 vols., pp.

xii & 2059.

(R 9560/2447)

See Τ and Β 77-8. 1.2.4

Pei-p' ing ko-t'u-shu-kuan so-ts'ang ch'i-k'an lien-ho mu-lu ^Jrlfe^f] catalogue

of periodicals

in various

(Union libraries in Peiping),

Library Association of Peiping, Peiping 1929, pp. xii & 96. ( Β 9816/1165 (3) ) See Τ and Β 84. 1.2.5

Kuo-li chung-yang t'u-shu-kuan ts' ang ch'i-k'an mu-lu ti-i-chi

(Catalog of periodicals in the National Central Library, No. 1), National Central Library, Nanking 1933, pp. 179. Contains almost entirely periodicals and newspapers published in 1933. Periodicals in Chinese, pp. 74; in English

5

pp. 10. Newspapers in Chinese pp. 138; in English p. 1. plement pp. 3 and index pp. 34. (B 9610/5565.1) 1.2.6

Jih-pao so-yin

Sup-

"The Leading Chinese Newspapers,

Index", compiled and published in Nanking by the Sun Yat-sen Institute for the Advancement of Culture and Education, the China Library Service, Shanghai, 1934 - 1937; issued monthly. (H 9980/6441) See Τ and Β 83 - 4.

1.3

CATALOGS OF O F F I C I A L

PUBLICATIONS

Note: These catalogs, although the most complete available, cover only the period to 1933. For the period since that date, T'u-shu chi-k'an (item 1.1.2) presents small selected lists of government publications. 1.3.1

Pei-ching t' u-shu-kuan hsien-ts'ang Chung-kuo cheng-fu ch'upan-p' in mu-lu VO

it %

iE] ^f;

®

%

3

Ϊ%

*JL

f

>1 ^

#

&

(Catalog of present holdings of publications

of the Chinese Government in the Peking Metropolitan Library), compiled by Peking Metropolitan Library, Peking 1928, pp. 80. (B 9612/1165 (1) ) See Τ and Β 60. 1.3.2

Kuo-li Pel-p'Ing t'u-shu-kuan hsien-ts'ang kuan-shu mu-lu (Catalog of present holdings of official publications

6

in the National

Library of Peiping),

compiled by National Library of Peiping,

Peiping 1932, pp. 91.

( Β 9612/1165 (2) )

See Τ and Β 60. 1.3.3

K u o - l i chung-yang t ' u-shu-kuan t s ' a n g kuan-shu mu-lu

y

η Ϊ t * ® t tr ik t - t (Catalog Library, 318.

of official No. 1),

publications

ti-i-chi

%- #

in the National

Central

National Central Library, Nanking 1933, pp.

(B 9610/5565.2)

Lists government publications from 1926 - 1933 in pp. 203; from 1912 - 1926 in pp. 509; index pp. 54; government publications in western languages pp. 4. This catalog should be used in connection with the same library's periodical catalog, item 1.2.5.

1.4

YEARBOOKS

(GENERAL)

AND S T A T I S T I C A L

COMPENDIA

Note; Yearbooks and encyclopaedias on special topics are listed under those topics, e.g. for the Nei-cheng nien-chien (Ministry of Interior yearbook) see item 3.3.11. 1.4.1

T i - i - h u i Chung-kuo n i e n - c h i e n

"The China Year Book, No.l",

^

—

^

]f5]

ed. by Juan Hsiang

et a l . , CP Shai 1924, pp. 2123; issued only once. See Τ and Β 237 - 38. for 1903 - 1923. 1.4.2

"The Shun Pao Year Book

ed. by Chang Tzu-sheng

Liang-ts'ai

(R 9316/5688)

Note chronology of events 90 pp.

Shen-pao nien-chien 1933",

fy^

^

, et al, pub. by Shih

, Shai 1933, pp. ca 1000.

7

Annual ed-

itions pub. 1933 - 36.

(R 9316/5042)

See Τ and Β pp. 238 - 39. A 1948 issue has appeared. 1.4.3

Shen-pao Shong-hal shih-min shou-ts'e

^

)c~

^

n-pao handbook to the city and people of Shanghai), Shen-pao,Shai 1946.

(R 9316/5042.2)

Includes details on the pao-chia system in Shanghai map, list of officers, etc. 1.4.4

Shih-chieh nien-chien ^f 4-%. 'The World Year Book". Ta-t'ung, Shai 1931, 3 vols.

1.4.3

(R 9316/4162)

Of these three volumes, two are devoted to China with special reference to foreign affairs, and the third to the other countries of the world with special reference to Chinese abroad. The detailed mu-lu runs to 20 pp. on China. A great many laws and regulations are quoted, though sources are not given. Kuo-min cheng-fu nien-chien (National Government year book), Executive Yuan, National Government of China, 1st issue, Chungking 1943. 1944.

Each volume ca. pp. 800.

2nd issue CH Chungking Mu-lu 27 pps.

No index.

(R 4689/6710) Contains official data on all the various aspects of the central government. About one third of each volume deals with city and provincial governments. Especially useful for structural organization of government agencies, government personnel, official statistics. A revised edition of the first issue was also put out. The second issue is advertised to avoid duplication with the first. Compared with the official yearbooks in English such as the China Handbook 1937 - 19U3 or the Chinese Yearbook put out by the Ministry of Information, 8

t h i s volume has a good d e a l more d e t a i l on t h e a c t u a l s t r u c t u r e of executive agencies. 1.4.6

I - c h i u - s s u - c h ' i nien s h a u - t s ' e

(Hand

book for 19U7),

J^

e d i t e d and published by Hua-shang-pao

• ^ L , Hongkong, 1947, pp. ca. 120.

1.4.7

(R 9316/1464)

This i s a handbook e d i t e d by a Democratic League newsp a p e r i n Hongkong. I t p r o v i d e s p e r s o n n e l and s t a t i s t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e government, t h e army, t h e Conmunist P a r t y , the Democratic League and o t h e r p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . It a l s o c o n t a i n s s e c t i o n s on f i n a n c e and t r a d e ( 6 p p . ) , educat i o n and the p r e s s (8pp.)--which include a l i s t of p u b l i c a t i o n s p r o h i b i t e d i n 1946. There i s a 12 -page s e c t i o n on c o n d i t i o n s in t h e Coirmunist a r e a . About h a l f of t h i s l i t t l e handbook i s devoted t o i n f o r m a t i o n on world a f f a i r s . Vliu-han j i h - p a o n i e n - c h i e n ^ Yearbook),

2 vols.,

>1| EI • ^ . j f Ί ϋ (Wuhan Daily

Hankow 1 9 4 7 .

Not examined. 1.4.8

Chung-hua p a l - k ' o t z ' u - t i e n Chmg-hua

encyclopaedia),

^

^

^

ed. by Shu H s i n - c h ' e n g

CH Shai 1930, pp. s e v e r a l thousand.

(The ^ Ί ^ " ,

(R 9310/4204)

There a r e no modern C h i n e s e e n c y c l o p e d i a s r e m o t e l y comparable t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese e n c y c l o p e d i a s or t h e l a r g e encyclopedias of t h e West. This small work has e n t r i e s averaging t e n l i n e s which give s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h i n g s Western a s w e l l a s C h i n e s e . I t may be used t o s u p p l e m e n t d i c t i o n a r i e s l i k e the T z ' u - h a i (see 1.9.3). T h e r e i s an e l a b o r a t e l y c l a s s i f i e d C h i n e s e i n d e x and an E n g l i s h i n d e x . 1.4.9

Chung-hua min-kuo t ' u n g - c h l t ' i - y a o (Statistical

abstract

of the Republic

of China),

Directorate

of S t a t i s t i c s , D i r e c t o r a t e - G e n e r a l of Budgets, Accounts, and 9

Statistics, National Government of China, prefaces by Ch'en Ch'i-ts'ai

and Wu Ta-chlin

1936, pp. 1247 with 330 tables.

> CP Shai

(R 4030/6571)

This monumental compilation is divided into 36 sections (lei) covering all aspects of government and industry susceptible of statistical treatment. Each section is introduced by by a critical essay which is followed by a considerable list of sources, the combination providing a valuable starting point for further reseSrch. Sections are based mainly on reports from government organs and vary in length, that on the legal system filling 56 pp. with lists of laws enacted, public safety (pao-wei) 45 pp., agricultural statistics 75 pp., currency 80 pp., finance 260 pp. 1.4.10

T' ung-chi yueh-pao ^ " t f

$ ^

"The

statistical monthly",

pub. by the Directorate of Statistics, Directorate-General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics, National Government of China, Nanking 1929);

and Chungking monthly, 1929 1937-

(No. 1 is dated March

(No. 27 is dated Jan. 1937).

(4030/2074).

Each issue contains leading articles on statistical or other research topics, reference materials in the form of statistical tables and data, and information on statistical methods and administration. 1.4.11

T'ung-chi chi-pao

"The quarterly

journal

of

statistics, " pub. by the Directorate of Statistics, Directorate-General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics, National Government of China, Nanking, 1935 - 1936, quarterly is dated March 1935).

(No. 1

(4030/2074)

For the period March 1935 through the end of 1936, T' ung-chi yüeh-pao was published quarterly as Ί" ung-chi chi-

10

pao.

For o t h e r s t a t i s t i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s which the D i r e c t o r a t e

i s s u e d a t the same time t h a t t h e y p u b l i s h e d t h e s e s e e E d i t o r i a l N o t e , T'ung-chi chi-pao, No. 1,

1.5

ATLASES AND PLACE-NAME

journals,

p.iii.

DICTIONARIES

Note: T h e s e a v a i l a b l e a t l a s e s , which i n d i c a t e p l a c e s by Chinese c h a r a c t e r s , do not take account o f the important work done on C h i n e s e g e o g r a p h y d u r i n g t h e r e c e n t w a r . Maps o f China are now a complex f i e l d f o r b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l work, i n t o which t h i s Guide does not venture. 1.5.1

Chung-hua min-kuo h s i n - t i - t ' u (Itew atlas chiang

of

the Republic

(V.K.Ting)

Iseng Shih-ying

J^ &

ίΐϊ)

^

compiled by T i n g Wen-

of China),

"X-^C

^

^

, Weng Wen-hao %

£

, Shun Pao, Shai 1934,

>ff

and

53 p l a t e s .

Radical index t o p l a c e names 162 pps. See Τ and Β 194-195. t h e Shun P a o 1.5.2

atlas.

(R

T h i s work i s commonly known as 3080/1203.5)

Chung-kuo fen-sheng h s i n - t ' u of

the provinces

of China),

^

\

W

[

(New

atlas

an abridged v e r s i o n o f the above.

Revised e d i t i o n 1934; 31 p l a t e s . 66 pp.

^

Radical index t o p l a c e names

(R 3080/1203.51) See 1 and Β 195-196.

1.5.3

Chung-hua min-kuo yu-cheng y u - t ' u J^

ffl

General

"The

Postal

of P o s t s ,

Atlas

of

Nanking,

^

China,

^ "Chinese

4th e d i t i o n

See Τ and Β 194 f o r the f i r s t

11

1935,

^j5 Directorate30

plates.

three editions.

Some

changes were made in the 4th edition. 1.5.4

Chung-kuo ti-ming ta-tz'u-tien

^

(Dictionary of Chinese place-names), $ ] m

^

(RW 3080/12) ^ compiled by Liu Chün-jen

, pub. by National Academy of Peiping, Peiping

1930, pp. 22 & 1116 & 232.

(R 3012/7282)

See Τ and Β 188 - 9. 1.5.5

Chung-kuo ku-chin ti-ming ta-tz* u-tien ^r-^ Isang Li-ho

vj7

"Comprehensive Chinese Gazetteer", compiled by ^

(R 3012/2568

(ffj^ et al., CP Shai 1931, pp. 1410. B)

See Τ and Β 189 - 90. This dictionary, with that of Lui Chün-jen (1.5.4) supercedes an earlier dictionary of Chinese and foreign place-names, Chung-wai ti-ming tz'u-tien &fcj ßg J^ (Dictionary of Chinese and foreign place-names), comp, ^by Ting Ch'a-an -J' and Ko W Sui-ch'eng ^ . CH Shai 1924. •kSX 1.5.6

Sheng-hsien ti-ming san-hui

/|j

'Jf; (Three lists

of provincial and district place-names) ( compiled by Li Ping-wei al., Min she, Peiping 1935, pp. 338, with 26 color plates.

(R 3014/4492)

This work includes all the hsien in China classified in three ways: 1) under each province; 2) by radicals and 3) by phonetic, the last two being merely finding lists for reference to the first. Under each hsien are given its coordinates, boundaries, and brief history. The coordinates are inaccurate when compared to the Chung-hua min-kuo hsin-ti-t'u (or Shun Fao atlas), 1.5.1 above. The main usefulness of this work lies in its listing of hsien by provinces.

12

1.3.7

Shina chimei shQsei

(Collection

Chinese place-names),

of

compiled by the i n t e l l i g e n c e o f f i c e of

the Japanese Foreign Ministry, pub. byNihon Tokyo g a i j i kyökai 13 i b

% %

f& ψ

f

Not examined.

1.6

, Tokyo 1937.

See Ho 767 - 69.

CONCORDANCES OF DATES Note: There was no s p e c i a l d a t e on which t h e use of t h e Western calendar became u n i v e r s a l overnight, so t h a t convers i o n from t h e old Chinese c a l e n d a r , and a l s o from the o l d s t y l e c y c l i c a l c h a r a c t e r s , i s o f t e n necessary. Aged s c h o l a r s were s t i l l using the old calendar in the 1930s.

1.6.1

Cheng Ho-sheng

^

, C h i n - s h i h Chung-Hsi s h i h - j i h

tui-chao-piao western

historical

(Sinocalendar

for

the modern period),

CP f o r

N a t i o n a l Bureau of Compilation and T r a n s l a t i o n , Shai 1936, pp. 880.

(R 2458/5234)

This i s the best handbook f o r f i n d i n g corresponding dates in the Chinese and Western calendars in the period 15161941. Every day i s shown with reference t o the western ( s o l a r ) c a l e n d a r , the Chinese ( l u n a r ) c a l e n d a r , and i t s p o s i t i o n in the c u r r e n t week and in the sexagenery cycle, two pages being r e q u i r e d f o r each y e a r . The Taiping calendar i s a l s o f u l l y worked out for 14 years. 1.6.2

Hsieh Chung-san

^

Ε

and Ou-yang Yi %%

ch* ien-nien Chung-Hsi-li tui-chao-piao AS Ϊ-Ί \

(T.F. Tsiang), (History

of

Chung-kuo chin-tai

- CP Changsha

(2850/4413)

26

I-wen

modern China), 1938,

pp.

128.

This brief and compact little volume, written at Hankow in 1938, is an illuminating personal interpretation of Chinese history since the first Anglo-Chinese war. Its very definite point of view (see Introduction pp. 1 - 5 ) represents the results of extensive research and teaching by a leading scholar in the field of China's diplomatic relations. For documentation on the diplomatic part of the book and the section on the "Self-strengthening" movement (Chapter III) see the author's Chin-tai Chung-kuo wai-chiao-shih tzu-liao chi-yao, a source book. Dr. Tsiang was head of the department of history at Tsing Hua University and subsequently ambassador to Russia, secretary general of the Executive Yuan, and head of CNRRA. 2.1.2

Li Chien-nung cheng-chih shih

. Tsul-chin san-shih-nien Chung-kuo - f l j f r ^ - " f * f \fj|

history of China in the last thirty years), shu-tien, Shai 1930, pp. 652.

^

(Political

T'ai-p'ing-yang

(2970/4485)

A careful and authoritative work, considered the most accurate and well-written survey of the history of China since 1898. The author drew his materials from memoirs, letters and other writings of the actors in the scene as well as his own newspaper clippings. Important sources are cited in the text. Mr. Li is professor of history at National Wuhan University. 2.1.3

Li Chien-nung

^J

^

, Chung-kuo chin-pai-nlen cheng-chih

shih

(A political

China in the last hundred years), 9 & 690.

history of

CP Shai 1947, 2 vols., pp.

(2970/4485.2)

This is the clearest single survey of modern Chinese political history. Chapters 4 through 14 (pp. 171 - 690), covering the period 1898 - 1927, are based on the author's earlier work, Tsui-chin san-shih-nien Chung«kuo cheng-chih shih (2.1.2) with only minor alterations. Chapters 1 - 5 deal with the Opium War, the period of the Taiping Rebellion, and the period of initiation of Western techniques (hsi-fa v ^ ). This work should be of great value to Western research students

27

as a reliable narrative and compendium of essential data. Key documents are quoted extensively throughout the text and appended to chapters; footnote references and bibliography are not given, however. Mr. Li has been doing extensive research on the economic history of traditional China and has recently published the first draft volume of his lectures on the subject: Chung-kuo ching-chi shih chiang-kao ^ ^ή^ (Lectures on the economic history of China), vol. 1, distributed by the President, National Wuhan University, Wuchang, in 1948. (4352/4485) 2.1.4

Ch'en Kung-lu M

L

, Chung-kuo chin-tai shih

(History

lift

CP Shai 1935, pp. 860.

of modern China),

(2850/7944) A somewhat pedestrian survey from the first AngloChinese war to the Nanking Government, arranged under the usual topics but with more than usual attention to domestic affairs. The author uses a variety of western and Chinese sources and gives a 14 pp. discussion of them in a final bibliographical chapter. The text is compact and highly factual and is of value as a guide to events, persons, and the like. There is no index. The last 300 pp. deal with the period since the Boxer Rebellion. Mr. Ch'en is professor at Nanking University. 2.1.5

Ch'en Kung-lu

, Chung-kuo chin-pai-nien shih (History

CP Shai 1936, pp. 223.

of China

in the

last

hundred

Ifjfl years),

(2850/7493)

A sunmary of the author's larger work, Chung-kuo chintai shih. A great many facts are summarized in this rather uninspired little volume. 2.1.6

Kuo T'ing-i (Modern Chinese

, Chin-tai Chung-kuo shih j ^ A ^ i history)

^

, Vol. 1, CP Shai 1940, pp.

635. (2487/0212) The first volume of a monumental history of modern

28

China by a p r o f e s s o r a t N a t i o n a l C e n t r a l U n i v e r s i t y . This volume c o v e r s s i n o - f o r e i g n t r a d e r e l a t i o n s b e f o r e t h e Opium War. I t i s based on 78 Chinese s o u r c e s and 92 Western (see bibliography pp. 628 - 635). D e t a i l e d r e f e r e n c e s from Chinese sources a r e given. 2.1.7

Chia I-chün ^ (History

, Chung-hua mln-kuo s h i h ^ of

the Chinese

Peiping 1930, pp. 302.

Republic),

Jj*·

^

Wen-hua h s ü e h - s h e ,

(2970/1831)

A c l e a r l y w r i t t e n i f somewhat mechanical, s h o r t h i s t o r y covering the p e r i o d 1911 - 1930. Contains u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n on o f f i c i a l p e r s o n n e l , wars, conferences and p o l i t i c a l changes. There i s a b r i e f l i s t of r e f e r e n c e works a t t h e end of each chapter. 2.1.8

Hsii Chih-yen Ί ^ ^ gl j f ^ (Hsü Kuo-ying chou c h i - s h i h pen-mo sive

chronicle

^

),

Min-kuo s h i h -

"t'ilK

of ten years

t ' u n g t ' u - s h u kuan

comprehen-

of the Republic),

pub. by Chiao-

'S?] , Shai 1922, pp.

hundred & 36 pp. of photography.

several

(2970/9456)

This account of t h e f i r s t t e n y e a r s of t h e R e p u b l i c , w r i t t e n in the t r a d i t i o n a l Chi-shih pen-mo s t y l e , maybe a u s e f u l r e f e r e n c e work. The account b e g i n s with t h e R e v o l u t i o n and ends with t h e y e a r 1921, t r e a t i n g major p o l i t i c a l e v e n t s under t o p i c s year by y e a r . 2.1.9

Ch'en Kung-fu ^^

(History

, Chung-kuo ko-ming s h i h of

the Chinese

revolution),

jji

Hsin-shih-tai

s h i h - t i t s ' u n g - s h u (New age h i s t o r i c a l and geographical s e r i e s ) , CP S h a i 1 9 3 0 ,

pp.

163.

(2970/7915)

A b r i e f f a c t u a l survey of t h e h i s t o r y of t h e r e v o l u t i o n from pre-1911 times t o t h e N a t i o n a l i s t u n i f i c a t i o n . The n a r -

29

r a t i v e on the i n t e r v e n i n g p e r i o d ( t h e second r e v o l u t i o n o f 1913, and the campaign f o r the " p r o t e c t i o n o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n " in 1916) seems t o be the more valuable part o f t h i s booklet. 2.1.10

Ch'en Huai f

^

e

n

Meng-chung

chin-pai nien shih-yao ^ of Chinese pp. 270.

history

of

the

),

-^J^· last

hundred years),

Chung-kuo

(Essentials CH Shai 1930,

(2850/7993)

An o l d s t y l e h i s t o r y of China from the f i r s t A n g l o Chinese war t o the Manchu abdication. The book i s w r i t t e n in c l a s s i c a l Chinese, and lacks a t a b l e o f contents, but i s det a i l e d on i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s ( s e e the chapters on the T a i p i n g R e b e l l i o n , the Nien F e i and Hui F e i , the T'ung-chih r e v i v a l , r u l e o f the Empress Dowager and of the Kuang-hsü Emperor.)

2.1.11

Tsui-chin chih wu-shih nien, Shen-pao-kuan wu-shih chou-nien chi-nien

if

. f

"The Past Fifty the Shen Pao's

Golden Jubilee,

+ Ä ^ f Years,

1872 - 1922",

in Commemoration of a special

supple-

ment pub. by the Shun Pao, Shai 1923, pp. s e v e r a l hundred and numerous p l a t e s .

(9310/5048)

T h i s symposium commemorates f i f t y y e a r s o f C h i n a ' s o l d e s t d a i l y , the Shen-pao (Shun-pao) and includes 17 a r t i c l e s on the w o r l d s c e n e , 31 on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f C h i n a ' s development in the p r e c e d i n g f i f t y y e a r s , and 25 on Chinese journalism in the preceding f i f t y years, with contributions by the p a p e r ' s "Managing D i r e c t o r " , Shih L i a n g - t s ' a i , and by Sun Yat-sen, Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o , Huang Y e n - p ' e i (then an e d i t o r ) , T s ' a i Y u a n - p ' e i , Hu Shih, and a c o n s i d e r a b l e number o f other well-known f i g u r e s . These a r t i c l e s touch many s u b j e c t s - l i t e r a t u r e , education, economics, and e s p e c i a l l y j o u r n a l i s m . Ten are on economic h i s t o r y .

30

2.1.12

Wu-shih-nien lai ti Chung-kuo in the last fifty years),

"

^

ψ

ed. by P' an Kung-chan

Sheng-li ch'u-pan she fl^sfcl # & 339.

f

|§j] (China ^

,

. Chungking 1945, pp. 8

(2900/3687)

A symposium edited by a Kuomintang leader containing 16 articles reviewing aspects of Chinese life in the last fifty years. Among the official writers are Wang Ch'ung-hui Ϊ (China's foreign relations), Weng Wen-hao (Wong Wen-hao) ^ ^L. (economic reconstruction) and Ch' en Li-fu ^^(educational tendencies). Among the academic writers are Ku Chieh-kang % % $'] (history), Ho Lin If/^(philosophy), Jen Hung-chün (H. C. Zen) ^ (science), and Hung Shen (drama). Essays by these last three authors are particularly rare and useful surveys. 2.1.13

Chung-kuo ta-shih nien-piao major events in China),

^

^

^ c h r o n i c l e

of

ccmp. by Ch'en Ch' ing-ch' i f ^ L ^ ^ i

CP Shai 1934, pp. 16 & 354.

(R 2458/7900)

See Τ and B, p. 232. 2.1.14

Pan-su ^

^

(Li Chien-nung), Chung-shan ch*u-shih hou Chung-kuo

liu-shih-nien ta-shih-chi (A chronicle of events in China in the sixty years after the birth of Sun Yat-sen),

T'ai-p'ing-yang shu-tien,

Shai 1928, revised edition, 1929, pp» 688.

(2960/3513)

About 680 pages of this detailed though not entirely accurate chronicle are on the period 1912 - 1928, during which entries are made daily. This chronicle should be used along with the chronicle sections of Tung-fang tsa-chih and Kuo-wen chou-pao (item 4.13.7). 2.1.15

Tung-fang tsa-chih

"fÜ& "The Eastern Miscellany, "

31

pub. by CP Shai, 1904, monthly, dated Feb. 1905).

(No. 1 of the 2nd year is

(9200/5000. H. U. collection is fairly

complete after 1905). This is one of the oldest of modern journals in China and is still in publication -- sponsored by China's oldest and largest publishing house. Usually moderate in political views, this magazine is a rich mine of historical material -- documents, news articles, chronology of events, and expressions of opinion. It is especially useful for the history of the years from 1904 to about 1911, because the editors then chose to devote the greater part of the journal to documentary material-including not only Peking government documents but documents of provincial authorities and special agencies. After 1911 such materials are still given, but more space is occupied by articles -- some of which doubtless have high historical value. In pre-1911 numbers, contents are arranged under general subjects.

2.2

INTERPRETATIONS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

(CHIEFLY

MARXIST) Note: The Marxist interpretations listed here include only a selection from the growing body of Chinese Communist literature on Chinese history, most of which dated from after 1937. Note Hua Kang's history of the Nationalist Revolution, item 4.9.12. For further Kuomintang interpretations see works under 4.3 (the revolutionary movement before 1911) and 4.8 (leadership and ideology to 1928). 2.2.1

Chung-kuo hsien-tai-shih yen-chiu hui

^

^

ί-Jj

^^ff

(Society for research on Chinese modern history), Chung-kuo hsien-tai ko-ming yün-tung shih (A history movement),

of the modern

^

Chinese

^ revolutionary

Chung-kuo ch'u-pan-she, 1938, 4th printing 1940,

32

pp. 237.

(2960/1275A)

This summary and interpretation of the Chinese revolution represents a considered Chinese Communist view, worked out by a commission who here seek both to present the record and fully interpret it. The result is a schematized picture of class structure and class struggle, which draws lessons from each stage of history to show the reasons for the failure of, e.g., the Taipings, the reformers of 1898, or the revolutionists of 1911 and 1925 - 27. Contents include: the Taipings pp. 31, Reform and the Boxers pp. 21, the 1911 revolution pp. 21, the May 4 movement pp. 17, the Chinese Communist party and the labor movement pp. 21, Kuomintang reorganization and the Kuomintang-Communist entente pp. 26, the great revolution of 1925 - 27 pp. 97. This volume is evidently for party indoctrination purposes. Several editions have appeared, some with a syllabus or catechism appended for the use of teachers. 2.2.2

Hsien-tai li-shih she

(Modern history

society), Chung-kuo chin-pai-nien shih (A history

of China

^

in the last hundred

l^J^j tfy^L^. years),

pp. 237.

(29601/1275 B) The text in this book is entirely identical with that issued by the Chung-kuo hsien-tai shih yen-chiu hui above, 2.2.1. 2.2.3

Hsiieh Nung-shan ^ ^

Ü-I , Chung-kuo nung-min chan-cheug

chih shih-ti-yen-chiu ^

^

-/Jj (A historical

Jj^

study of Chinese peasant

wars),

kuo-kuang she, Shai 1935, 2 vols, in 1, pp. 679.

Shen-chou (4352/4452)

In spite of the author's doctrinaire viewpoint (see e.g. pp. 1 - 5 , 638 - 642), this work should be of considerable interest to historians. It deals successively with the significance of peasant rebellions in Chinese history, the Ch'ing land system, theTaiping rebellion, the Boxer rebellion, imperialism and semi-colonial industrialization, the 1911 rev-

33

o l u t i o n and Sun Y a t - s e n ' s p e a s a n t movement, t h e c o l l a p s e of C h i n a ' s v i l l a g e economy, the p e a s a n t r y , and t h e p e a s a n t movement and C h i n e s e Communist p o l i c y a f t e r 1927. S o u r c e s a r e c i t e d b r i e f l y in the t e x t . While t h i s survey was completed by 1931 and i s p l a i n l y s u p e r f i c i a l , i t has t h e m e r i t of uncoveri n g an i m p o r t a n t u n e x p l o r e d s u b j e c t . A most i n t e r e s t i n g s e c t i o n of the book i s found in pp. 624 f f . , where t h e author d e a l s with "The Li Li-san P o l i c y . " The author l a t e r went over to the Kuomintang and e d i t e d t h e China Times in Chungking f o r II. H. Kung. 2.2.4

Chou Mu-chai chan shih political

> Chung-kuo chin-tai cheng-chih fa% f i f ^ ^

Yj* |f| iff development

of modern China),

(History

of

the

Modern Chinese H i s t o r y

S e r i e s , I - p a n s h u - t i e n , 1941, pp. 384.

(2970/7240)

A h i s t o r y of modern China w r i t t e n from t h e p o i n t of view of t h e M a r x i s t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of h i s t o r y and of Mao T s e - t u n g ' s "New Democracy " ( s e e pp. 1 - 18). Covers e v e n t s from the T a i p i n g r e b e l l i o n down through t h e Corrmunist movement and t h e break-up of the u n i t e d f r o n t in t h e war of r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t Japan. 2.2.5

Chu H s i n - f a n

^jL

, Chung-kuo ko-ming yii Chung-kuo

she-hui ko-cnieh-chi $Jyl^(The Chinese Chinese Chinese

society),

f

if]

^

revolution

^

*f i f ] &

and the various

Vol. 1, The past,

present

ψ

J^

classes

and future

of

of the

revolution , Lien-ho s h u - t i e n , S h a i 1930, pp. 434.

(2970/2908)

T h i s book p r e s e n t s modern C h i n e s e h i s t o r y from a L e n i n i s t p o i n t of view - - s e e t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y s e c t i o n on methodology ( c h a p t e r 1)_ I t includes many s t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s on i n d u s t r y , f i n a n c e and l a b o r , which a p p e a r u s e f u l . The f i r s t 170 p p . c o n c e r n t h e p e r i o d b e f o r e 1911. These a r e followed by s e c t i o n s on t h e May 4 t h movement, t h e r e v o l u t i o n

34

of 1925 - 27, and t h e n a t u r e and f u t u r e of t h e r e v o l u t i o n . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n i s devoted t o the l a b o r movement. There a r e no s o u r c e s , f o o t n o t e s , b i b l i o g r a p h y , or index. 2.2.G

ChuCh'i-hua chieh-p'ou

^ - ^ i f p

. Chung-kuo c h i n - t a i

tj? ( f j j ΐ ί 1 / Κ |

modern Chinese 1933, pp. 558.

social

^

history),

she-hui-shih

$ $ -I'j

(Anatomy

of

H s i n - h s i n c h ' u - p a n - s h e , Shai

(4131/2944)

A s o c i a l h i s t o r y of modern China completed in 1931 and w r i t t e n from t h e p o i n t of view of t h e Marxist i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of h i s t o r y . I t s u r v e y s t h e development of what t h e a u t h o r c a l l s the " t h i r d c l a s s " ( t i - s a n chieh-chi), meaning t h e b o u r g e o i s i e o r " t h i r d e s t a t e , " and t h e " f o u r t h c l a s s " o r p r o l e t a r i a t . The d i s c u s s i o n of s o c i a l h i s t o r y i s merged with t h a t of a c t u a l p o l i t i c a l f a c t i o n s . Like o t h e r p a r t i s a n h i s t o r i e s , t h i s book i s u s e f u l b o t h f o r i t s p r e s e n t a t i o n of an ideology and f o r t h e d a t a t h e a u t h o r marshals t o s u p p o r t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . T h i s seems e s p e c i a l l y t r u e of c h s . 17 - 23 which d e a l w i t h t h e r i s e of t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , t h e h e r e s y of Ch'en T u - h s i u , e t c . 2.2.7

Chou Ku-ch'eng j f ]

, Chung-kuo s h e - h u i c h i h c h i e h - k o u (The structure

Hsin sheng-ming, Shai 1930, pp. 372.

of Chinese

society),

(4131/7284)

Written from the p o i n t of view of s o c i a l c l a s s e s , t h i s book develops a s t i m u l a t i n g a n a l y s i s of the s t r u c t u r e of modern Chinese s o c i e t y , e s p e c i a l l y as r e g a r d s t h e i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , and t h e new forms of s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e . The a u t h o r was c h a i r man of t h e s o c i o l o g y d e p a r t m e n t a t Sun Y a t - s e n U n i v e r s i t y . 2.2.8

Chou K u - c h ' e n g vf

/{j-i^,

Chung-kuo s h e - h u i c h i h p i e n - h u a

g (Social

sheng-ming, Shai 1931, pp. 349.

35

change

in China),

(4131/7284.5)

Hsin

Recent social change in China is here seen mainly through the growth of commercial cities and the decline of rural communities. The process of change is in turn interpreted as a result of imperialist and capitalist penetration of Giina. The book contains much descriptive data on economic functions of the old style town, traditional banking, organization and practices, rise of the compradore system, growth of liberal professions, rural money-lending, and growth of warlordism. 2.2.9

"fyi,

Yang I-fan fa·^

Chung-kuo she-hui ti chieh-p'ou (Anatomy

of

Chinese

t'u-shu-kuan, ^ " f i L i f U ^

^

society),

tj7 Chien-she

Peiping 1932, pp. 148.

(4131/4213) The second half of this book is an interpretation of contemporary Chinese scoial structure from the point of view of "forces of production ". Two main strata are outlined: an upper, ruling stratum of mercantile, industrial capitalists in league with landowners, and a lower stratum of exploited peasants and workers. The author is in favor of a socialistic program. 2.2.10

T'ao Hsi-sheng f ko-ming

)fj ^

and the Chinese 320.

^ ^

revolution),

, Chung-kuo she-hui yü Chung-kuo ^

fij

^

(Chinese

society

Hsin sheng-ming, Shai 1939, pp.

(4131/7284.2)

This socio-historical study (see Introduction pp. 1 - 4 ) attempts to establish the thesis that the scholarofficial class is the distinguishing feature of Chinese society. The author regards the Chinese revolution - as envisaged in Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles - as a corrective to the abuses of this traditional society. On the economic side the author argues that in face of the challenge of capitalist imperialism, the only road China can take is a state-controlled economy. The author was formerly a professor at National Peking University, and was later a Vice-Minister of Information of the

36

Kuomintang. His ideas show the influence of Marxist d i a l e c t i c a l materialism but are regarded as orthodox Kuomintang ideology. 2.2.11

Chang Shao-wu

J^I , Chung-kuo ko-ming lun

" f ^ j (On the Chinese revolution),

^

m

Hangchow 1934, pp. 185.

(2985/1305) A brief Kuomintang interpretation of the Chinese revolution o f f e r e d by the chief p o l i t i c a l instructor at the Central A v i a t i o n School; based l a r g e l y on Sun's w r i t i n g s and other party sources.

2.3

MILITARY

HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION

Note: The military statutes and manuals here provide an opportunity for a good deal more of modern Chinese m i l i t a r i s m than has yet This subject s t i l l remains almost e n t i r e l y documentation, unstudied. 2.3.1

, Tsui-chin san-shih-nien

Wen K u n g - c h i h ">C chün-shih shih

of Chinese military

l i s t e d obviously systematic study been attempted. in the stage of

SIL

affairs

"t* ^

^

Chung-kuo

lf|

in the last

(History

thirty

years),

T'ai-

p'ing-yang shu-tien, Shai 1930, 2 v o l s . , pp. 24 & 480, 16 & 394.

(2970/0484)

Discusses the t r a d i t i o n a l Ch'ing m i l i t a r y establishment, the founding of the n e w - s t y l e Ch'ing army, the new Pei-yang army, the Republican m i l i t a r y system, and the new revolutionary and party armies. Part 3 in v o l . I I surveys the campaigns of various Chinese armies from the Sino-Japanese war of 1894 down to the Northern Expedition and f i n a l u n i f i cation in 1928. Thus i t concentrates almost wholly upon the warlord p e r i o d . This i s a highly factual work, with maps, t a b l e s , and charts showing the leadership, d i s p o s i t i o n and

37

r e l a t i o n s of armies during the period. No f o o t n o t e s or sources are g i v e n . The author a p o l o g i z e s f o r not using pai-hua but says m i l i t a r y terminology i s not suited t o i t . 2. 3. 2

Shen Chien >7l»

Hsin-hai ko-ming c h ' i e n - h s i wo-kuo chih

lu-chun chi c h ' i chün-fei ^ finance

fp^

%

" The

on the eve of

k'o-hsüeh

^

land

ψ]

j?

army of

the Chinese hevolution

(see 9.2.13 below),

343 - 408 & map.

fef

|f[) China

(1911)",

and

its

She-hui

v o l . 2, no. 2, Jan. 1937, pp.

(4001/3827.3)

A study of the "new army" of the 1900's and the e x a c t i n g burden i t put on Manchu government f i n a n c e - a v i t a l f a c t o r in the background of the Revolution o f 1911. A c a r e f u l study based on the Board o f Army (Lu-chün-pu pijf ^ J^K ) f i l e s in the Tsing Hua L i b r a r y . 2.3.3

Lu-chiin i - c h i h hsiang-hsi t'u-shuo kuan-piao fu etailed and descriptions

of

army uniforms,

ίΐ f Mi

and clear with

titles),

publisher not g i v e n , undated

cation),

pp. ca. 90.

a table

illustrations of

official

(a l a t e - C h ' i n g p u b l i -

(8930/7302)

T h i s n i c e l y p r i n t e d volume o f c o l o r e d i n s i g n i a and d e s c r i p t i o n s of army uniforms comes down from the pompous days o f the New Army (Hsin-chiin) in late-Manchu t i m e s . The attached t a b l e g i v e s the ranks and e q u i v a l e n t grades (p'in ) of army o f f i c e r s . 2.3.4

Tuan J u i - l a n ^

^

and military

^

i f ä ||jrj ( t r . ) , ^'j

^

system),

Ilai-lu-chfin chiin-chih f a - k u e i

(Laws and regulations revised

38

(

5& )

of

the naval

by L i S h i h - j u i j f ·

. Supervisor of Chinese naval and m i l i t a r y students in Japan under the Ministry of Army, pub. by Chün-shih pien-chi she

Sp. ^

Tokyo 1907, pp. 24 & 325 & p l a t e s .

(8930/7414) This t r a n s l a t i o n of J a p a n e s e n a v a l and m i l i t a r y s t a t u t e s i s u s e f u l for a study of Japanese i n f l u e n c e on the l a t e Ch'ing and early Republican m i l i t a r y system. 2.3.5

Lu-chun hsing-cheng chi-yao account

^

ed. and pub. by the Lu-chün-pu

of army administration),

(Ministry of Army),

(A brief

Peking 1916, 4 t s ' e .

(8930/7130)

In the e a r l y Republic, army administration within the central government was nominally^under the Ministry of the Army (while the Ts'an-mou-pen-pu or General S t a f f took care of defense p l a n s ) . This o f f i c i a l work g i v e s a thorough survey of the bureaucratic framework of the administ r a t i o n in these chapters: 1) introduction; 2) the Minist r y ' s i n t e r n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n and r o u t i n e ; 3) p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g the d i s p o s i t i o n of remnants of Manchu armies, types of troops, e t c . ; 4) the army system, local and c e n t r a l organs, recruitment, discharge, a l l o c a t i o n to a c t i v e duty, e t c . ; 5) m i l i t a r y equipment and ammunition: a r s e n a l s , storage, prohibition of p r i v a t e s a l e ; 6) general supply: food and uniforms, budgets, administration of provisions, e t c . ; 7) medical service; 8) m i l i t a r y law, m i l i t a r y p r i s o n s ; 9) t r a i n i n g and education: supervisory o f f i c e s , academies, p r i n c i p l e s and plans; examinations and sending of students abroad; o f f i c e r s ' training centers; " o f f i c e r s ' corps" (chün-kuan t'uan |j|j )> ^ ^ accounting and auditing; 12) compilation of s t a t i s t i c s . 2.3.6

Chan-shu-hsiieh chiao-ch'eng military

tactics),

tfff

^

course

r e v i s e d e d i t i o n 1916 , Min-kuo

f i f t h y e a r , or Hung-hsien

in

^

^ ( Y u a n S h i h - k ' a i ' s imperial

39

reign title)

first year, pub. by a training unit of the Army

(see preface), 4 vols., pp. many hundred & maps.

(8909/3725.7)

Especially written for the trainingof officers in Yuan Shih-k'ai's army, this book illustrates the tactical ideas inherited by Chinese officers of the warlord period. 2.3.7

Pa-er-k'e chan-shu tics),

ffif

(£j f^j

(Balck's

military

tr. and pub. by Chün-hsüeh pien-chi chü (Editorial office on military science),

fp ^

tacfyjifjp^

ts'e 2 - 3 pub.

by Hsün-lien tsung-chien pien-chi chü % ] (Editorial office of the Head Supervisory Office on Military Training),

approved

(chien-ting ^ ^

)

by the

Commander-in-Chief of Land and Sea Forces, undated, obviously published during early years of the Republic, 5 ts'e. (8909/7114) A translation of a work by a German infantry general based on the 4th edition (1908) of the original work, this publication reflects the admiration for German military science in the early Republic. See also Te-kuo ch&n-cheng yao-i

%

f|· (Essentials of German, military administration), 6 ts'e (8909/3725), another undated publication from the same press and similarly approved by the Commander-in-Chief, which opens with an historical survey of Prussian military development. 2.3.8

Pu-ping chiao-k'o-shu book), ting ^ '^jr ^

/^frk^t^

ed. by Jao Ching-hsing^|^ ^ )

^ ^

(The

infantry

text-

, approved

(shen-

by the Ministry of Army, Wu-hsueh shu-chu

y^J (Military Science Book Co.),

Peking 1927, pp. 14 & 574.

(8943/8166)

40

1916, 11th printing

Soldiers or at least officers of the Chinese Army have been trained with the help of little booklet guides on fundamental drill and tactics. This widely used book summarized many of these booklets and indicates in detail the ideals, methods, and problems of infantry training in the early Republic. 2.3.9

Lu-chiin fa-kuei f t ? army),

(Laws

^

and regulations of the

compiled and pub. by Lu-chun-pu, Peking 1917, 4 vols.,

several thousand pages.

(4718/7335)

Prefaced by Tuan Ch'i-jui, the Minister of the Army, this official compendium gathers in four bulky volumes the laws and ordinances currently in force in October 1917 concerning the administration of the army. The collection is arranged in the following categories: (1) system of organization (kuan-chih); (2) administrative regulations (kuan-kuei); (3) rules concerning army personnel (chun-heng ); (4) army administrative affairs (chün-wu); (5) weapons; (6) military studies; (7) military supplies; (8) army medical administration; (9) martial law; (10) army husbandry (of horses, etc.); (11) supervision of accounts; (12) military diplomacy (i.e., international law concerning warfare, etc.); (13) clerical forms. There is a chronological table of contents (46 pp.) wherein documents are arranged by their dates of publication. Three useful tables, following the table of contents, indicate laws and regulations which applied to particular provinces. These volumes form a starting point for a study of military organization in the early Republican period. 2.3.10

Uai-chiin fa-kuei hui-pien

^

of naval laws and regulations), pu

(Ministry of the Navy),

^

^i^g (Compendium

compiled and pub. byHai-chun-

Peking 1919, pp. 424. (4719/330.91)

This compendium contains laws and regulations concerning the navy which were in force in December 1918. Documents are arranged according to subjects -- personnel system, naval education, etc.

41

2.3.11

Yeh-cban-p' a o - p i n g - t s ' a o - t i e n t s ' a o - a n (Drill draft),

regulations

for

troops

y

fe^

in the field

artillery,

r e v i s e d e d i t i o n 1928 approved by C h ü n - s h i h

hsüeh-hsiao

^L

cheng-chih

Vt7 P p " f ö t (Academy of m i l i t a r y

p o l i t i c a l science), S c i e n c e Book C o . ) ,

Wu-hsüeh shu-chü

j^, ^

P e i p i n g 1928, pp. 198.

^

jv]

and

(Military

(8951/6617.3)

T h i s i s a sample o f t h e d r i l l manuals which were w i d e l y used i n t r a i n i n g c e n t e r s and academies f o r a l l b r a n c h e s o f t h e service. Army o f f i c e r s were e x p e c t e d t o know t h e r u l e s i n t h e s e manuals and g i v e them o r a l l y t o t h e i r t r o o p s . (H.U. h a s a c o l l e c t i o n f o r t h e p e r i o d b e f o r e 1924 b u t few f o r t h e N a t i o n alist period). 2.3.12

S h i h To

, Kuo-min c h u n - s h i h hsileh

(People's ^

military

science),

, approved

(military)

^ training),

^

^

p r e f a c e by C h i a n g Fang-chen i f f i

(shen-ting ^

chien-pu

^

)

by H s ü n - l i e n

tsung-

( h e a d s u p e r v i s o r y o f f i c e on

T a - t u n g shu-chü, S h a i 1929, pp. 4 & 350.

(8930/168) Approved by t h e o f f i c e i n c h a r g e o f m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g , t h i s book was w r i t t e n t o g i v e t h e c i t i z e n a f a c t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e n e c e s s i t y and p r i n c i p l e s of n a t i o n a l d e f e n c e and i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g the use of communications, airpower, s t r a t e g y and o t h e r a s p e c t s o f modern war, w i t h a f i n a l a p p e a l for China's preparedness. 2.3.13

i i a i - c h u n kung-pao

sify ' j p Ή

(Gazette

and pub. by t h e K u n g - p a o s h i h

of the navy),

(Gazette department)

M i n i s t r y o f t h e Navy, N a n k i n g 1929 -

42

edited of

the

, p u b l i s h e d monthly

(No. 19 i s dated January 1931).

(4719/3384)

U l i s l a r g e o f f i c i a l g a z e t t e o f the Chinese navy i s a r e p r i n t o f documents, mainly correspondence, arranged chronol o g i c a l l y by types, with a mu-lu which l i s t s them without date or page numbers.

2.4

SURVEYS OF DIPLOMATIC HISTORY Note: Works on p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d s and a s p e c t s o f f o r e i g n a f f a i r s , w h i c h are e x t e n s i v e , appear in s e c t i o n 5 below. This section includes only general surveys. As i n s e c t i o n 2 . 1 , which t h i s supplements, the contrast w i l l be noted between new work l i k e that o f Chang Chung-fu (item 2 . 4 . 1 ) and chronicles in the t r a d i t i o n a l s t y l e .

2.4.1

Chang Chung-fu

j^«

Chung-hua min-kuo w a i - c h i a o shih (History

of

the Republic

of

China),

vol.

Peking, Peiping 1936, pp. 602.

of

the foreign

relations

1, N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y

of

(2489/1352)

Dr. Chang was head o f the Department of Government at P e i t a at the time o f w r i t i n g , l a t e r became head o f the American section of the M i n i s t r y o f Foreign A f f a i r s , and l a t e r d i r e c t o r o f the permanent o f f i c e o f the Chinese d e l e g a t i o n to the United Nations. He published The Anglo-Japanese Alliance (Baltimore and O x f o r d ) in 1931. This f i r s t volume o f an important work covers China's f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s from the b i r t h o f the Republic through the Twenty One Demands, World War I , the P a r i s Conference, Sino-Russian r e l a t i o n s a f t e r the Russian r e v o l u t i o n , the S i b e r i a n e x p e d i t i o n and the end of Outer Mongolian autonomy, down to the end o f the Washington C o n f e r e n c e . The t e x t i s c a r e f u l l y organized and f u l l y f o o t n o t e d from a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f western as w e l l as Chinese sources. Although l a c k i n g an index and a b i b l i o g r a p h y , which may be expected with v o l . 2, t h i s work s e t s a new standard among s t u d i e s i n i t s f i e l d by t e l l i n g the s t o r y o f C h i n a ' s f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s in a Chinese context. While other works on this subject are not n e c e s s a r i l y superseded by t h i s one, they should always be used in conjunc-

43

tion with i t . 2.4.2

Ch' en T' i-Ch' iang

^

, Chung-kuo wai-chlao hsing-cheng

(Administration lations),

of China's

foreign

re-

Kuo-li hsi-nan lien-ho ta-hstieh hsing-cheng yen-

chiu-shih ts'ung-k'an

(National Southwest Associated Univer-

s i t y Administrative Research Unit S e r i e s ) ,

CP Chungking 1943,

(4715/7971) This i s the standard work on the structure and working of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the foreign service, by a b r i l l i a n t student of government and international relations, with a preface by Professor Ch'ien Tuan-sheng . A necessary s t a r t i n g point for students of history who wish to examine the background of the present Chinese conduct of foreign a f f a i r s . Bibliography 6 pp. ( i n Chinese) and 9 pp. (in English). Ch. 2 deals with the Tsung-li ya-men (with some inaccuracies), ch. 3 the Wai-wu-pu and Wai-chiao-pu, ch. 4 local organs of foreign relations, ch. 5 the control of foreign relations, ch. 6 missions abroad, ch. 7 personnel administration. 2.4.3

Chiang T'ing-fu

^^.^C(T.F.Tsiang),

wai-chiao-shih t z u - l i a o chi-yao ft history),

(Selected

documents

'^J^

Chin-tai Chung-kuo

^ l^j

on modern Chinese

2 vols., CP Shai 1931 and 1934.

"ΊΓ diplomatic

(2488/4413)

These volumes include documents drawn both from published collections of Palace Museum archives and the works of leading o f f i c i a l s l i k e Li Hung-chang, and also from unpublished m a t e r i a l s in the Privy Council archives in P e i p i n g . The organization and introductory sections by the compiler illuminate many as yet unexplored aspects of the background o f contemporary China, even though the m a t e r i a l s do not deal directly with the Republican period.

44

2.4.4

^sj

Hung Chiin-p'ei

, Kuo-min cheng-fu wai-chiao shih

ti-i-chi foreign

relations

of

the National

Government,

Hua-t'ung shu-chff, Shai 1930, pp. 389.

part

one),

(2389/3844)

The author states that he wrote this work to inform the public of the errors committed in foreign p o l i c y and so aid i t to guide the government in the future. The book i s a d e t a i l e d exposition, with documents quoted, of the N a t i o n a l i s t government' s diplomatic r e l a t i o n s with the powers, beginning from June 1925 in Canton thru the various i n c i d e n t s , e x t r a l i t y , customs and other conferences, and sundry demarches down to 1930. The author devotes a good deal of attention to Russian r e l a t i o n s , c r i t i c i z i n g the government f o r weakness in t h i s respect. 2.4.5

Liu Yen ^'J ^

, Chung-kuo chin-shih wai-chiao shih (History

ern tines), 29 ch.

CP,

1922,

of China's

foreign

relations

^

Ü^ÜL in mod-

1st ed. 1911 in 14 ch., 2nd ed. revised,

pp.

636.

in

(2489/7202)

This e d i t i o n o f a w i d e l y used t e x t based mainly on Japanese sources was f i r s t brought up to date by adding chapters in 1914 on the early foreign relations of the Republic - Mongolia, T i b e t , Japan, loans, the problem of r e c o g n i t i o n - and chapters in 1922 on the period 1914 - 21 - - more on Russia in Mongolia, on Britan in T i b e t , and on the a b o l i t i o n of the Russian and German t r e a t i e s . I t i s now d i s t i n c t l y outdated. 2.4.6

Liu Yen ^ ' j ^ shih history

-ξΐ

\fr_

, Tsui-chin san-shih-nien Chung-kuo wai-chiao - h jf·

of China in the last

shu-tien, Shai 1930.

if] thirty

iL

^

years),

(A

diplomatic

T'ai-p'ing-yang

(2489/7202.2)

Based, no doubt, l a r g e l y on the author's e a r l i e r and

45

larger work, Chuiig-kuo chin-shih wai-chiao shih, this book has 3 chapters on the period after 1922, and a useful 55 page appendix of documents of the reorganized Kuomintang. 2.4.7

Tseng Yu-hao ^ "ZjL,

(Chinese

^L ^

, Chung-kuo wai-chiao shih ^

diplomatic

Preface dated June 1925.

history),

^J

CP Shai 1926, pp. 467.

(2488/8640)

This is a rather mechanical and conventional-seeming chronicle of Sino-Western relations by countries and of SinoJapanese relations, concluding with China's relations with the foreign powers in general. It reproduces, however, a number of interesting documents on a variety of topics. The author was a student under Dr. Carsun Chang. i. 4.8

Wu Chün-ju

, Chin-shih Chung-kuo wai-chiao-shih (A diplomatic

history

of modern

Shen-chou kuo-kuang she, Shai 1932, pp. 403.

China),

(2489/2424)

About 250 pages of this book are devoted to the period 1917 - 1928, with a good many quotations from official documents. Of marginal value. 2.4.9

Tu Ping-p'o

^ K · ^ , . Chung-kuo tsui-chin pa-snih-nien-lai

ti ko-ming yü wai-chiao (Chinese eighty

years),

pp. 1030.

"f revolution

and diplomacy

ty

^ in the

last

Shen-chou kuo-kuang she, Shai 1933, 2 vols.,

(2489/4133)

Traces the dual theme of revolution and diplomacy from the nineteenth century up to the Nationalist revolution. General in approach and profuse in quotations from documents, although now outdated by other works.

46

GOVERNMENT AND LAW Note". Political science and political history cannot be separated; for convenience we try to group in this section works and documents of primary interest to students of government, leaving materials belonging more properly to political history to section 4, on history by periods. For the important study of government organization, note particularly the works of Ch'ien Tuan-sheng (items 3.1.2 and 3.4.1) and Ch'en Chih-mai (item 3.1.1), which form a starting point for further study. Note should also be taken of the studies of constitutional development by Ch'en Ju-hsuan (3.4.4) and John C. H. Wu (3.4.6)

1

GENERAL SURVEYS

1.1

Ch'en Chih-mai f^. (The Chinese 6 & 162;

Government),

, Chung-kuo cheng-fu

^

jf| i&L/fcj"

CP Chungking, Vol. 1, 1944, pp. 2 &

Vol. II, 1945, P P . 1 & 9 & 267.

(4689/7933)

This recent work is a critical account of the organization of the Chinese Government. Benefiting by experience in the Executive Yuan, Dr. Ch'en portrays also the working of the government mechanism. The entire book is divided into five parts (pien^J^). These are (1) general principles, which include a discussion of "party government" under the provisional arrangement for the period of tutelage; (2) the organization of the Kuomintang; (3) the organization of the National Government, which includes a discussion of the changes made in September 1943; (4) the organization and actual functioning of the five Yuan (also the People's Political Council); and (5) local government. The book is heavily footnoted. Dr. Ch'en was formerly professor at Tsing Hua University, later a counsellor of the Executive Yuan, and of the Chinese Embassy in Washington. For Dr. Ch'en's other writings, see for instance his Chung-kuo cheng-chih chien-she ti li-lun ® ^ ^ theoretical discussion of the reconstruction of the Chinese political system), CP Changsha 1939, pp. 110. (4689/7933.1)

47

3.1.2

Ch'ien Tuan-sheng

&

®

Ä

φ]

Republic),

4j" et. al., Min-kuo cheng-chih shih

(A history

of

the political

system

of

the

CP Changsha 1939, 2 vols., pp. 31 & 795 & 16.

(4689/8502) This history is the work of a research unit at the National Central University under the direction of Professor T. S. Chien, now of Peita, and is the most comprehensive historical survey of the governmental system since 1912. The first volume traces the changes in the organization of the central government from 1912 and 1913, through 1916, and the new system of the Kuomintang government which took form in 1924 and in 1928. The second volume traces the development of government agencies and systems affecting provinces, districts and cities (with the exception of the government of Mongolia and Tibet). This book is heavily footnoted, well documented, and has a 16 pp. bibliography listing key works in the field, which makes it an essential reference tool. 3.1.3

Lin Chia-jui % 7 ·

®

Chung-kuo cheng-chih chih-tu

Ιχ Ίβ& (On the Chinese

political

lun

system),

Sun Yat-sen Institute for the Advancement of Culture and Education, CP Changsha 1940, pp. 2 & 11 & 194.

(4688/4931)

A sympathetic study, written in 1937, of the five-power government as envisaged by the draft constitution of 1936. Of marginal value. 3.1.4

Cheng-chih shu-pao chih-nan

Guide to Political

Literature

Vp

in China",

fy

"Reader's

pub. by the Tsing Hua

Political Science Association, second issue, Peiping 1929, pp. 8 & 154

(Chinese) & 61

(English).

This guide, compiled by a student committee, includes a selected list of Chinese books on government and politics

48

(pp. 125 - 54) under these headings: 1) foreign relations, 2) domestic government and politics, 3) finance, 4) law. It also includes a very valuable classified guide to current Chinese periodical literature (pp. 1 - 124), which gives titles and brief indications of content of magazine articles, 46 pp. of which are on Chinese problems. The English language section of 61 pp. lists Western books and articles. A first issue (not seen) is stated to have appeared in 1922.

3.2

GOVERNMENT GAZETTES, DOCUMENTS, LAWS AND ORDINANCES Note: These voluminous works provide the basic material for the study both of government and of political history and are fundamental sources for the institutional side of each historical period dealt with in section 4 below. These works are listed chronologically, since they reflect a continuing series of changes in government structure and functioning. On law proper, see 3.5 and 3.6.

3.2.1

YH-che hui-ts'un als),

Collected

^

edicts

and

pub. by a commercial printing firm in Peking.

memoriH.U. has

issues for 1894 - 1907 in more than a thousand ts'e. (4661.88/0524) This record of imperial activities and documents is actually the monthly edition (or one of the monthly editions) of the famous "Peking Gazette" (Ching-pao), an unofficial reprinting of notices and documents issued from the Palace day by day. The H. U. collection covers the years 1894 - 1907. This is a fundamental source for imperial policies of the period because it records the Emperor's appointments and audiences, as well as his edicts and ritual activities. A monthly table of contents (mu-lu) gives brief summaries of the documents, which are arranged chronologically by days. This publication apparently started sometime in the Kuang-hsil reign (see Ko Kung-chen, 4.6.1), although similar reproductions of documents emanating from the Court had been regularly distributed in a variety of forms over a long period.

49

3.2.2

Ta-Ch'ing Kuang-hsU h s i n - f a - l i n g (New laws and ordinances

\\

f.If

of the Kuang-hsU reign),

t h e Commercial P r e s s , 20 t s ' e , CP Shai 1909.

compiled by (4661.88/9175)

I n s p i r e d by the reform e f f o r t s of t h e Imperial government, t h i s c o l l e c t i o n aims t o r e c o r d a l l p u b l i s h e d I m p e r i a l e d i c t s and d e c r e e s from 1901,when - - i n t h e o p i n i o n of t h e e d i t o r s - - the government reform measures began, t o 1909 when the Kuang-hsii r e i g n ended. The Imperial e d i c t s i n t h i s c o l l e c tion are c l a s s i f i e d according to the following c a t e g o r i e s : ( 1 ) c o n s t i t u t i o n a l government, (2) t h e o f f i c i a l s y s t e m (kuan-chih), (3) o f f i c i a l appointments, (4) f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s , (5) c i v i l a f f a i r s , (6) f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s , (7) education, (8) m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s , (9) j u d i c i a l a f f a i r s , (10) industry, (11) conmunications, (12) ceremonies, (13) and m i s c e l l a n e o u s m a t t e r s concerning t h e Manchus, border p e o p l e s , i n v e s t i g a t i o n and s t a t i s t i c s , the o f f i c i a l g a z e t t e , and "conf e r e n c e s " ( h u i - i ) . In the appendix a r e d r a f t t e x t s o f n e w law codes and a d r a f t p r o p o s a l f o r r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e governmental system. The Ta-Ch'ing Hsiian-t'ung h s i n - f a - l i n g g i v e s an index of t h e i m p e r i a l reform e d i c t s of both t h e Kuang-hsü and the Hsiian-t'ung r e i g n s . These l a t e Q i ' i n g documents a r e fundamental t o t h e study of reform and c o n s t i t u t i o n a l movements preceding the 1911 r e v o l u t i o n .

3.2.3

Ta-Ch'ing iisüan-t'ung hsin-fa-ling ^ (New laws and ordinances

>|j

of the Hsiian-t'ung

reign)

compiled by

t h e Commercial P r e s s , 20 t s ' e , CP S h a i 1909 - 1910, w i t h an additional

volume of c l a s s i f i e d

t a b l e of

contents.

(4661.89/0175) T h i s c o l l e c t i o n c l a i m s t o have covered a l l p u b l i s h e d e d i c t s and d e c r e e s d u r i n g t h e y e a r s 1909 - 1910. Materials a r e arranged c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y without r e f e r e n c e t o c o n t e n t but e a c h volume i n d i c a t e s t h e s u b j e c t of each document i n t h e t a b l e of c o n t e n t s . F i n a l l y , a s e p a r a t e volume c o n t a i n s an e l a b o r a t e c l a s s i f i e d t a b l e of c o n t e n t s in 114 pp. which a l s o

50

l i s t s the e d i c t s f o r the Kuang-hsii r e i g n , under the same c a t e g o r i e s as in Ta-Ch'ing Kuang-hsii h s i n - f a - l i n g . The subd i v i s i o n s , however, are more e l a b o r a t e . Some 1,350 documents are l i s t e d . 3.2.4

Cheng-chih kuan-pao

> «J ^

(Government gazette),

by a government bureau, Peking, ca. 1908 - 1911

pub.

(No. 1172 i s

dated 1 s t month, 8th day of the t h i r d year of Hsiian-t'ung), daily.

(4664.89/4734)

A day-by-day o f f i c i a l g a z e t t e recording 1) imperial audiences (Kung-men ch'ao ^ P^J fyj ) and s i m i l a r events; 2) imperial e d i c t s and decrees; 3) a l i s t of memorials read and coirmented upon by the Emperor (Yü-p'i shih-yu tan ^Sif^efc· "ip % ); 4) appointments, c h i e f l y those made by the Board or M i n i s t r y of C i v i l O f f i c e (Li-pu hsüan-tan j j ^ τβϊ tp ); 5) s i g n i f i c a n t memorials with attached imperial r e s c r i p t s or a n n o t a t i o n s . In the monthly t a b l e of contents the memorials are f i r s t l i s t e d chronologically and then c l a s s i f i e d under the various m i n i s t r i e s , plus some headings such as c o n s t i t u t i o n a l government (hsien-cheng This s e t of documents, together with Nei-ko kuan-pao ( 3 . 2 . 5 ) , forms a b a s i s for d e t a i l e d stiidy of c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s m and p o l i t i c s in the l a s t years of the Manchus. 3.2.5

Nei-ko kuan-pao tariat),

fi

fjjft^

^^(Gazette

pub. by Nei-ko yin-chu chü

of the Grand ^

f^

"^"Jf

of p r i n t i n g and engraving of the Grand S e c r e t a r i a t ) ,

Secre(Bureau 1911

(No. 90 i s dated 10th month, 1 s t day of the t h i r d y e a r of Hsiian-t'ung), d a i l y .

(4664.89/4738)

A gazette which was s t a r t e d in mid-1911 (only to stop with the end of the dynasty) as a s t a t u t o r y organ f o r the promulgation of laws and ordinances and as a channel f o r communications going out to the provinces from the various yamen in the c a p i t a l . In an e f f o r t to develop t h i s o f f i c i a l channel,

51

it was decreed that publication in the gazette gave any law or ordinance immediate effect, and subscription to the gazette by provincial officials big and small was prescribed. Monthly tables of contents gave one-line summaries of documents similar to those of the Cheng-chih kuan-pao. 3.2.C

" ^ L (The

Cheng-fu kung-pao

government

gazette),

compiled and published by the Yin-chu-chu, Peking 1912 - 1926. The issue for the 31st day of the 8th month of 1926 was No. 3731.

(4663/1084. H.U. has only the year 1926)

This was a daily publication of government documents, averaging 8 or more pages in each issue. Its documents, issued by various branches of the central government, are listed in the mu-lu of each issue as orders, documents, notices, circulars, regulations, or the like, with an indication either of content or of the issuing office. Hiey serve as a day-to-day record of government activities at Peking. The more inportant of the laws and ordinances in the gazette (but not everything) can be found in Fa-ling ch' üan-shu (1912 - 1916), Fa-ling clii-lan (1917), Fa-ling chi-lan hsii-pien (1920), all published by the same bureau, and also in Fa-ling ta-ch'Uan (1924) published by the Commercial Press. The first three of these collections include also documents that had not appeared in the gazette. For research purposes, it is convenient to use the gazette, and then check other collections, when one starts with a known date. But the gazette is inconvenient if one starts with only a government organization or an undated subject. For the brief period 1912 - 1913, there is an edition of the gazette with a full table of contents. See the following item, No. 3.2.7. 3.2.7

Cheng-fu kung-pao fen-lei hui-pien (Classified by Lei Ching ^

collection

of

fö

4a

the government

(fu-piao ^

^

gazette),

, Sao-yeh shan-fang

1915, 40 ts'e & tables

^

^ , 2 vols.

compiled Pfj

, Shai

(4663.9/161)

This is a privately compiled edition of the government

52

gazette f o r the period from the f i r s t issue in 1912 through the l a s t issue o f 1914. The e d i t o r was able to c l a s s i f y the 5,000 odd documents — published in 950 issues of Cheng-fu kung-pao - under 74 c a t e g o r i e s , and arrange them accordingly. Tables and diagrams appear s e p a r a t e l y in two supplementary volumes, a l s o under a system of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . Because t h i s c o l l e c t i o n i s more complete than the c l a s s i f i e d F a - l i n g ch'iian-shu, which covers only "laws and ordinances," i t i s of f i r s t - r a t e value f o r the three years covered. 3.2.8

Fa-ling ch'iian-shu ordinances)

^

digest

of

laws and

, compiled and published by the Yin-chu-chü, Peking,

1912 & 1916 as f o l l o w s : (4 c h ' i , 17 t s ' e ) ; ts'e);

(Complete

1916

1914

1912

(1 c h ' i 3jtj] , 8 t s ' e ) ;

( 4 c h ' i , 12 t s ' e ) ;

(4 c h ' i , 11 t s ' e ) .

1915

1913

(4 c h ' i , 1 6

(4661.92/7872)

This i s a cumulative c o l l e c t i o n of laws and ordinances currently in f o r c e under the Republican Government at Peking, published in the period 1912 - 1916. Several issues (ch'i) were usually published in each year, and new issues did not repeat statutes that had appeared in an e a r l i e r issue. The laws, ordinances, r e g u l a t i o n s , e t c . , in each issue are d i v i d e d i n t o several categories ( l e i ^ f ) as f o l l o w s : (1) constitution; ( 2 ) national assembly; ( 3 ) presidency; (4) forms of o f f i c i a l documents; ( 5 ) government organization; (6) personnel administration; (7) system o f local government; (8) foreign relations; (9) internal a f f a i r s ; (10) financial a f f a i r s ; (11) m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s ; (12) j u d i c i a l a f f a i r s ; (13) education; (14) agriculture and f o r e s t r y ; (15) industry and commerce; (16) communications; (17) (omitted); (18) superv i s i o n of accounts; (19) o f f i c i a l dress; (20) awards. Each l e i i s usually subdivided i n t o chapters under which appear r e levant s t a t u t e s . Dates, o f f i c i a l seals and tables or diagrams annexed to the various documents are given in f u l l . Taken tog e t h e r , these volumes c o n s t i t u t e a monumental c o l l e c t i o n , valuable not only f o r the study of government organization but also f o r other aspects of the period 1912 - 1916. 3.2.9

Fa-ling chi-lan

^fp ^

53

(Compendium of

laws and

ordi-

nances)

, compiled and published by the Yin-chu-chii,

Peking 1917.

10 t s ' e ,

(4661.92/6177)

T h i s c o l l e c t i o n was made in 1917 by the Government Bureau o f P r i n t i n g , based on various issues o f Fa-ling ch' iianshu which had been published several times annually from 1912 1916 by the same o f f i c e . In this new c o l l e c t i o n , the documents in the 64 t s ' e o f Fa-ling ch'iian-shu were arranged in 10 thick volumes bound in the new s t y l e , except that documents no longer in force at the end of 1916 were excluded. The system o f classi f i c a t i o n i s s i m i l a r to that of Fa-ling ch'iian*shu. In the appendix i s found a l i s t o f laws and ordinances which are no longer e f f e c t i v e , and f o r them r e f e r e n c e i s g i v e n to Fa-ling ch' iian-shu. 3.2.10

Fa-ling chi-lan hsii-pien laws and ordinances,

^

^

^

^(Compendium

of

supplement) , compiled and published by the

Yin-chu-chü, 4 v o l s . , Peking 1920.

(4661.92/6177)

T h i s c o l l e c t i o n i s a continuation o f F a - l i n g chi-lan (published in 1917). I t g i v e s the complete t e x t of a l l new or modified laws and ordinances in the years 1917 and 1918. I f a document recorded in Fa-ling chi-lan i s s t i l l i n f o r c e in i t s o r i g i n a l form, i t i s not repeated here. In the appendix i s a l i s t of laws and ordinances that were e i t h e r abolished or modified. R e f e r e n c e s a r e made to F a - l i n g c h i - l a n and a l s o t o Fa-ling ch'iian-shu. The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system f o l l o w s that o f these e a r l i e r c o l l e c t i o n s . 3.2.11

Min-kuo shih-san-nien pien-ting f a - l i n g ta-ch' iian ^ of

&W "ST

the Republic

^ of China,

Commercial P r e s s ,

^

"Complete

compiled

CP S h a i

1924,

Laws and

Ύ Ordinances

in 192k, " compiled by the pp.

49 & 86 & 1658.

(4661.93/0175) This i s a massive d i g e s t of laws and ordinances current

54

i n 1924, b a s e d p a r t l y on t h e government p u b l i c a t i o n s n o t e d above. I t c o n t a i n s , however, many new laws and r e g u l a t i o n s which had been i s s u e d s i n c e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of F a - l i n g c h i - l a n h s i i - p i e n , and i s t h e r e f o r e immensely u s e f u l f o r t h e s t u d y of t h e p e r i o d from 1919 t o 1924. Documents a r e arranged in c a t e g o r i e s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e used i n t h e e a r l i e r o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s . But the u t i l i t y of t h i s Commercial P r e s s c o l l e c t i o n i s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d by i t s d e t a i l e d 86 pp. s u b j e c t index in which i t e m s and t h e i r page numbers a r e grouped u n d e r m a j o r t o p i c s which a r e in t u r n arranged by number of s t r o k e s .

3. 2.12

Nei-wu f a - l i n g l i - k u e i chi-lan (Digest

of laws, ordinances

^

and regulations

a f f a i r s ) , Nei-wu-pu p i e n - i - c h ' u

concerning

.

internal

(Compilation and t r a n s l a t i o n

o f f i c e of t h e M i n i s t r y of I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s ) , ca. 1000 pp.

^

Peking, no d a t e ,

(4661.92/5641)

This i s a c o l l e c t i o n of laws and o r d i n a n c e s compiled by t h e M i n i s t r y of I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s , c o v e r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1912 1918. I t s documents concerning the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of " i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s " d u p l i c a t e some of t h e c o n t e n t s of F a - l i n g ch' ü a n - s h u and F a - l i n g c h i - l a n . However, i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s (lei) t h i s c o l l e c t i o n c o n t a i n s more e n t r i e s t h a n t h e more g e n e r a l c o l l e c t i o n s - - note t h e numbering of l e i ; (6) system of l o c a l government; (7) government s e r v i c e (fu-wu); (8) a d m i n i s t r a t i v e judgments and p r o s e c u t i o n ; (10) accounting and statistics; (11) popular government ( m i n - c h i h ) ; (12) conc e r n i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i s t r i c t s and land ( c h i h - f a n g ) ; (13) police administration; (14) customs·,and manners; (15) p u b l i c health; (16) p u b l i c works ( t ' u - m u ) .

3. 2.13

Nei-wu fa-ling t' i-kang and ordinances Hsien ^

φ

concerning

^ internal

43L

(Outline of laws

a f f a i r s ) , compiled by Shen

e t . a l . , p u b l i s h e d by Nei-wu-pu p i e n - i - c h ' u

p i l a t i o n and t r a n s l a t i o n o f f i c e of t h e M i n i s t r y of Affairs),

P e k i n g , no d a t e , pp. 8 & 468.

55

(Com-

Internal

(4661.92/5641.2)

This d i g e s t of laws and o r d i n a n c e s concerning i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s i s in the form of c h a r t s and t a b l e s . I t d e a l s with the period down t o 1918 o n l y , but i s u s e f u l f o r i t s c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n of the s t a t u t o r y r e l a t i o n s h i p s of a u t h o r i t y and f u n c t i o n among t h e v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s of government. T h i s d i g e s t i s based on Nei-wu f a - l i n g l i - k u e i c h i - l a n . 3.2.14

Lin-shih cheng-fu f a - l i n g wen-tien chi-yao ^ telegrams

(Selected of

the provisional

missing, pp. ca. 150.

laws,

ordinances,

government),

iltf

JP^j"

documents

and

f i n a l t i t l e page

(4661.93/7641)

This i s an o f f i c i a l c o l l e c t i o n of documents concerning the P r o v i s i o n a l Government a t Peking, November, 1924 - August, 1925. Although t h e c o m p i l e r s promised f u r t h e r i s s u e s of t h e kind, t h i s volume in f a c t covers t h e e n t i r e l i f e of t h i s P r o v i s i o n a l Government, f o r as e a r l y as June 1925, i t had a c t u a l l y ceased to e x i s t , a f t e r Tuan C h ' i - j u i f l e d t o T i e n t s i n and Chang T s o - l i n p r o c l a i m e d the M i l i t a r y Government (Chün-cheng-fu). The f i r s t p a r t of t h i s c o l l e c t i o n i n c l u d e s 20 s t a t u t e s concerning t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of the P r o v i s i o n a l Government and the v a r i o u s commissions and c o n f e r e n c e s i t s p o n s o r e d , i n c l u d i n g t h e important Chiin-shih shan-hou wei-yuan-hui ( M i l i t a r y r e c o n s t r u c t i o n comnission) and t h e Shan-hou h u i - i ( R e c o n s t r u c t i o n conference) , which were instruments of warlord p o l i t i c s a f t e r the c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e e a r l y Republic had been d e s t r o y e d by Tuan and h i s f r i e n d s . In t h e second p a r t a r e t h e messages which Tuan, as " P r o v i s i o n a l Head of S t a t e " , s e n t to v a r i o u s p r o v i n c i a l a u t h o r i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g Sun Y a t - s e n , who answered t h e c a l l and came t o Peking. There a r e a l s o a number of p r o c l a m a t i o n s and o r d e r s i s s u e d by t h e P r o v i s i o n a l Government. 3.2.15

Kuo-mln cheng-fu kung-pao the National (secretariat)

Government),

l^J ^

(Gazette

of

a t f i r s t p r i n t e d by the Min-shu-ch'u

of t h e N a t i o n a l Government and a f t e r i t s

aboli-

t i o n by t h e Wen-kuan-ch'u y i n - c h u - c h u , Nanking and Chungking, published t h r e e times a month from 1927

56

( n i n g - t z u Jjg·

No. 1

is dated April 18, 1927)

and daily after October 26, 1929,

with bimonthly or monthly mu-lu volumes.

(4663/6710)

This is the official gazette of the Central Government published at first three times a month and later more frequently. Its contents are usually classified into the following categories: (1) proclamations (hsuan-yen ^ ) ; (2) statutes (fa-kuei l· (3) orders (ming-ling or ming-ling ^ ); (4) instructions (hsiin-ling ); (5) rescripts (chih-ling % % ); (6) communications (tzu-wen official letters (kung-han ); (8) reports and petitions (ch'eng-wen ^ ); (9) incoming telegrams (lai-tien )ί (10) outgoing telegrams (ch'u-tien ^ ); (11) bulletins (pu-kao /(jfy ), etc. The monthly or bimonthly mu-lu volumes are arranged by similar categories. (Note: For definitions of the various types of documents in use under the National Government, see Kuo-min cheng-fu hsin-kung-wen, item 3.2.17). 3.2.10

Hsing-cheng-yuan kung-pao Executive Yuan),

^

i^cfx) ^

"^L

(Gazette of the

compiled and published by the secretariat of

the Executive Yuan, Nanking, published twice a week dated August 17, 1929),

and Chungking 1938 -

is dated Octover 15, 1938).

(No. 74 is

( /^j %

No. 1

(4698/2178)

This official gazette of the Executive Yuan gives mainly ordinances from the National Government to the Executive Yuan, or those of the Executive Yuan to the various ministries, departments and local authorities under it. Documents originating in the various ministries are given only in the appendix. The documents were arranged by their types in the first years of publication. Later the system of classification was changed to a subject classification -- internal affairs, education, agriculture and forestry, etc. 3.2.17

Kuo-min cheng-fu hsin-kung-wen

jf[]

documents of the National Government),

57

fä

^v

(New

in the series Kuo-min

cheng-fu hsin-kung-wen hsin-fa-ling hui-pien 5C

^

i^L^

, edited by Tai Wei-ch'ing

, Kuang-chih shu-tien 250.

^

^

, Shai 1928, pp. ca.

(4661.94/4533)

This volume defines the types of official comnunications instituted by the National Government in 1927, which are in general simpler than forms of official documents under the Manchu dynasty. Most of them are still in use today. This short manual gives style sheets for clerical guidance and provides a considerable number of examples of each type of document. 3.2.18

Kuo-min cheng-fu hsin-fa-ling \f^J ^ i j C j ^ ^ laws and ordinances of the National Government),

ifc ^

in the series

Kuo-min cheng-fu hsin-kung-wen hsin-fa-ling hui-pien 3.2.17),

(New

(see item

edited by Tai Wei-ch'ing, Kuang-chih shu-tien, Shai

1928, pp. ca. 250.

(4661.94/4533)

This selective collection of the laws and ordinances was made in the last months of 1928, and thus came within the first year of the activities of the Nanking Government. While as a compendium it should be checked against the official gazette, Kuo-min cheng-fu kurig.pao, this selection is useful as a starting point for the study of an important formative period. The documents are arranged in 13 categories largely following the executive branches of the government, but including separate sections on party regulations and on government organization. 3.2.19

Kuo-min cheng-fu fa-kuei hui-pien

^

^

fft

^

fyjjß (Classified compendium of National Government laws and regulations),

compiled and published by the Yin-chu-chii under the

Wen-kuan ch'u

(Civil affairs department)

ernment, first issue

(chiM)

58

of the National Gov-

July 1929.

(4661.9/6710. H.U.

has only the f i r s t i s s u e ) . T h i s i s an o f f i c i a l e d i t i o n of " l a w s and r e g u l a t i o n s " t h a t had a p p e a r e d i n Kuo-min c h e n g - f u kung-pao from O c t o b e r 1928 t o February 1929, October 1928 having been t h e d a t e of an i m p o r t a n t m e e t i n g of t h e S t a t e C o u n c i l ( K u o - w u - h u i - i ) , in which many changes i n government o r g a n i z a t i o n were made. The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s t o p i c a l , i n c l u d i n g s e c t i o n s on system of government, a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e g u l a t i o n s , and t h e work of t h e v a r i o u s e x e c u t i v e departmental personnel ( i n t e r n a l , m i l i t a r y , f i n a n c i a l , e t c . ) An Appendix gives a document on t h e new customs tariff. 3.2.20

Tsui-hsin kuo-min cheng-fu f a - l i n g ta-ch' üan

and ordinances

, (Newest

comprehensive

of the National

Government),

^{f l^j ^

ίίζ.

compendium of

laws

compiled and pub-

l i s h e d by Chung-kuo f a - l ü p i e n - c h i - s o t f \ , Shai 1932, pp. 19 & 1030 & 14.

(4661.94/5063)

A compendium of c e n t r a l government laws and o r d i n a n c e s made in 1932. The documents a r e arranged under the f i v e Yuan, but 12 out of 18 pp. in t h e mu-lu r e f e r t o t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m i n i s t r i e s of the Executive Yuan alone. Documents are l i s t e d in a 14 pp. s t r o k e index a r r a n g e d by t h e f i r s t c h a r a c t e r of each document's t i t l e or i t s c h i e f s u b j e c t . 3.2.21

Min-kuo fa-kuei chi-k'an laws and regulations

^

^

of the Republic),

T L and Tseng Shao-chün ^ Tz'u-yin

-flj (Collection

compiled by Liu I - y u a n

"J/MlL (1929 - 1931);

(1932 -

),

(The l a s t number i n H.U. L i b r a r y

of

Hsiao

MC S h a i 1929 e t i s No. 3 0 , J u n e

seq.

1S33.

4661.94/7291) T h i s volume g i v e s laws and o r d e r s i s s u e d by v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s of t h e N a t i o n a l Government i n a b i m o n t h l y (after

59

1932, monthly) c o l l e c t i o n . R e p e t i t i o n i s avoided, but o r i g i n a l t e x t s o f documents a r e given t o g e t h e r with the r e v i s e d v e r s i o n s . Dates a r e given whenever p o s s i b l e . The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n follows the d i v i s i o n o f the government ( i n c l u d i n g the p a r t y ) and i s s i m i l a r to Chung-hua min-kuo f a - k u e i t a - c h ' iian o f the Commercial P r e s s . This bimonthly and monthly c o l l e c t i o n i s most u s e f u l f o r s t u d y i n g t h e changes i n t h e government system and p o l i c i e s (see 3 . 2 . 2 5 and 3 . 2 . 2 2 ) .

3.2.22

Chung-hua min-kuo hsien-hsing fa-kuei ta-cii'iian ^ J^IJ^T

(A comprehensive

laws and regulations

of

t h e Commercial P r e s s ,

the Republic CP S h a i

compendium of

1934,

China),

^ of

current

compiled by

pp. 35 & 1357 & 8 8 .

(4461.94/0175) This i s a c o l l e c t i o n of " l a w s and r e g u l a t i o n s " promulgated by the N a t i o n a l Government and s t i l l in f o r c e in J u l y 1933. E n t r i e s are arranged according t o the following c a t e gories: ( 1 ) fundamental law; ( 2 ) c i v i l law; ( 3 ) criminal law; (4) c i v i l actions; ( 5 ) criminal a c t i o n s ; ( 6 ) government organization and personnel administration; ( 7 ) Executive Yuan; (8) L e g i s l a t i v e Yuan; (9) J u d i c i a l Yuan; (10) Examination Yuan; (11) Control Yuan; and (12) party a f f a i r s . Under the E x e c u t i v e Yuan are the f o l l o w i n g s u b - c a t e g o r i e s : (1) i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s ; (2) f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s and o v e r s e a s Chinese a f f a i r s ; (3) military affairs; (4) financial a f f a i r s ; (5) industry; ( 6 ) education; ( 7 ) communications. The index (88 p p . ) , which i s arranged by the f o u r - c o r n e r system, includes s u b j e c t headings on a wide v a r i e t y o f t o p i c s as well as t i t l e s of s t a t u t e s .

3.2.23

Chung-hua min-kuo fa-kuei hui-pien rf 0 ^

(A compendium

China),

of

laws and regulations

$ $ l^S ^ of

the Republic

fjjj? of

ed. by the L e g i s l a t i v e Yuan, Compilation and T r a n s -

l a t i o n Department

(Pien-i ch'u

8 v o l s . & index v o l . , pp. many thousand.

60

fjßi),

CH Shai

(4661.94/037)

1934,

U l i s g i g a n t i c o f f i c i a l compendium of laws and r e g u l a t i o n s of t h e s t a t e made a t t h e end o f 1933 s u p e r c e d e s a l l o t h e r compendia of t h i s n a t u r e f o r t h e same p e r i o d . The f i r s t comprehensive p u b l i c a t i o n of laws and r e g u l a t i o n s made u n d e r t h e Kuomintang government and D r . Sun Jfi^ p r e s i d e n c y of the L e g i s l a t i v e Yuan, t h e work comprises s t a t u t e s and laws ( i n c l u d i n g a l l p r o m u l g a t e d c o d e s ) which were i n f o r c e i n December 1933 and i s t h e r e f o r e a b a s i c s o u r c e f o r t h e e a r l y 1 9 3 0 ' s . The c o l l e c t i o n i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g p i e n : 1) t h e s o u r c e s o f law; 2) o r g a n i c laws (of a l l b r a n c h e s of g o v e r n m e n t ) ; 3) s e r v i c e laws ( i . e . government s e r v i c e s ; personnel system, e t c . ) ; 4) i n t e r n a l a d m i n i s t r a tion; 5) foreign relations; 6) m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s ; 7) financial affairs; 8) i n d u s t r y , a g r i c u l t u r e , commerce, (shih-yeh), etc.; 9) e d u c a t i o n ; (10) communications; 11) j u d i c i a l a f f a i r s ; 12) m i s c e l l a n e o u s . S i n c e t h e laws and r e g u l a t i o n s of t h e E x e c u t i v e Yuan m i n i s t r i e s a r e a l l l i s t e d , the work i s e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l f o r the study of g o v e r n ment m i n i s t r i e s . An e x t r a i n d e x volume ( p p . 4 & 357) adds t o t h e v a l u e of t h e work. For new laws and r e g u l a t i o n s a f t e r 1933, see the annual supplement. 3.2.24

Chung-hua min-kuo fa-kuei hui-pien nien-san-nien chi &

%

&

' f

&&

laws and regulations

(A compendia*

of the Republic

of China

for

^ of

1934),

the ed.

by t h e L e g i s l a t i v e Yuan, Compilation and T r a n s l a t i o n Department (Pien-i ch'u (4886.034);

fjj*)> and:

ssu-nien chi f (A compendium China for

Chung-hua min-kuo fa-kuei hui-pien nieu-

f of

1935),

CH 1935, 4 v o l s . , pp. many thousand

^ the

%

vfc * t

f

laws and regulations

& of

&

^

the Republic

^ of

e d . by t h e L e g i s l a t i v e Yuan, Compilation and

T r a n s l a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t , CH 1936, 3 v o l s . , pp. many t h o u s a n d . (4661.94/037) These s e t s of volumes p u b l i s h e d new laws and r e g u l a -

61

t i o n s appearing in the years 1934 and 1935, r e s p e c t i v e l y . scheme of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s t h e same as t h a t of t h e 1933 pendium and an index appears i n the f i n a l volume of each T h i s v a s t q u a n t i t y of l e g i s l a t i o n h a s some b e a r i n g on p o l i t i c a l h i s t o r y of the p e r i o d , but awaits s i f t i n g . 3.2.25

Chung-hua min-kuo f a - k u e i t a - c h ' ü a n (Comprehensive Republic

compendium of

of China),

^

^

^

^

^ j \ .

laws and regulations

compiled by Hsü P o - c h ' i ^

The comset. the

of ^

the . CP

Shai 1937, 5 v o l s . , s e v e r a l thousand pages. (4661.94/2910 (5) ) This compilation claims to have included a l l laws and r e g u l a t i o n s promulgated by the c e n t r a l government which were in f o r c e in October 1936. Dates of promulgation and r e v i s i o n of the documents a r e given whenever p o s s i b l e . Hie arrangement of e n t r i e s f o l l o w s t h a t of U s i e n - h s i n g f a - k u e i t a - c h ' uan p u b l i s h e d by the same p r e s s . Documents p u b l i s h e d a f t e r t h e autumn of 1935 a p p e a r i n V o l . 5, which h a s a l s o a 236 p p . s u b j e c t index, arranged by the f o u r - c o r n e r system. As a r e s u l t t h i s work i s the most convenient d e t a i l e d guide t o t h e s t r u c t u r e and w o r k i n g of t h e Nanking Government in t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s .

3.3

GOVEKNMENT ORGANS AND ADMINISTRATION Note: This s e c t i o n i n c l u d e s books and documents on t h e f o l l o w ing t o p i c s (roughly in t h i s o r d e r ) : e l e c t i o n s , p a r l i a m e n t s , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e b u r e a u c r a c y and of i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , e x a m i n a t i o n s , and l o c a l s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t . On t h e l a s t , s e e 4.12. On c e n t r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , see 1 . 4 . 5 .

3.3.1

Wang Tao

, Chung-kuo hsiian-chii shih-liieh (A brief

(chiao-yüeh Pien-i-ch'u Nei-wu-pu

history )

of elections

in China),

edited

by Wu Kuan-yin j f c φ r£j , p u b l i s h e d by

( t h e compilation and t r a n s l a t i o n department) ( M i n i s t r y of I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s ) ,

62

of

Peking 1917, pp.

2 & 7 & 118.

(4890.2/1133)

This is an officially sponsored history of modern elections in China from late Manchu days to the time of this publication. It analyzes the function and procedure of the electoral system under different constitutional arrangements from 1908 on, and includes lists of electoral districts and — in a few instances -- elected candidates. 3.3.2

Lin Han ^ ^ ^ , ijL

Chung-kuo hsien-hsing hsing-cheng-fa lun

4t £>c

trative

COn the current

law), pub. by the author,

pp. 270.

Chinese

^

adminis-

Foochow and Peking 1916,

(4688/4942)

A study of the administrative system and law currently in force in 1916 by a professor at a law college in Fukien. It had a wide circulation and offers some analysis of the early Republican system of government by a contemporary student of it. Nearly all aspects of government activity are touched upon. 3.3.3

Ku Tun-jou

Chung-kuo i-hui sliih

History

of the Chinese

Parliament,

^

^

" lenching University

Political Science Series, No. 2, published byMu-tu hsin-chengt'ang

^

jE-^

, Soochow 1931, pp. 25 & 576 & 10.

(4890.2/3808) A history of national assemblies frcm the first decade of the century to 1924. The personnel and political line-up of these assemblies are studied through a complicated period. The author was a teacher at Hangchow College and an M. A. from Yenching. He provides a bibliography of 10 pp. and an appendix of 15 pp. which includes texts of electoral laws and lists of electoral districts and delegates at different times. A useful book for the study of political history. 3.3.4

Chung-hua miii-kuo kuo-min cheng-fu, lu Kuang-tung sheng-cheng-

63

f « tsu-chih u

f

£

m

, (The National

Pit

Government of

the Republic

of

China; supplement:

the organization

cial

published by the Shanghai chih-hsing-pu

Government),

(Shanghai executive department) Committee of

the Kuomintang,

of the Kwangtung Provin-

of the Central Executive Shai

1925, pp. 2 & 74.

(4661.94/6710 B) Ulis l i t t l e volume contains documents of the National Government -- f i r s t established in July, 1925 — during i t s l i f e at Canton, and 6 documents covering the Kwangtung Provincial Government, f i r s t established in the same month. 3.3.5

Hlu-yuan cheng-fu yen-chiu Chi (Studies

on the Five

k'eng

jjL

Yuan government),

fä

fctf

^

edited by K'ung Hsien-

Hua-t'ung shu-chU, Shai 1930, pp. 2 - 177.

(4689/1138) Essays on the f i v e - p a r t system of government by o f f i c i a l s and scholars, including an a r t i c l e by Wang Ch'ung-hui, indicating how the decision was reached to adopt the system in 1928 (pp. 51 - 57). The editor was trained in France. 3.3.6

Hsieh Ying-chou chiu l i

&

Kuo-min cheng-fu tsu-chih·fa yen-

i^C/fr

'&MlL(A·

ic Law of the National 1931, pp. 6 & 124.

Government"),

study of the "OrganHua-t'ung shu-chü, Shai

(4689/0433)

A study of the "Organic Law," which was intended to be the interim constitutional basis f o r the National Government before the inauguration of c o n s t i t u t i o n a l government. The emphasis of the book i s on the organization and authority of various branches of the government under this temporary arrange-

64

ment. The writer was a student of law and member of the Kuomintang. This is the best textual commentary on the subject. 3.3.7

Ch'iian-hsS nlen-chien hsii-plen

^.^(Minis-

try of Personnel year book, second issue),

compiled and pub-

lished by the secretariat of the Ch'iian-hsü-pu of Personnel

(Examination Yuan} ),

pp., with numerous tables.

(The ministry

Nanking 1934, ca. 1000

(4727.6/8188)

This massive "year book" is the continuation of an earlier issue published in 1930, and covers material dating July 1931 - June 1933. Under the civil service system of the National Government, appointment, promotion and demotion of government personnel have to be reviewed by the Ministry of Personnel. Hence this compendium, which gives statutory regulations covering such review and cöncerning general personnel administration (examinations, salaries, etc.), is of great importance for a study of the National Government. In the appendix is found a list of officials who had been favorably reviewed in the period covered by the year book. 3.3.8

K'ao-shih fa-kuei ti-i-chi regulations No, 1),

concerning

(Laws and

civil

service

examinations,

issue

compiled and published by Wei-yang shu-tien , Shai 1931, pp. 96.

(4726/5955)

This little volume includes 31 statutes and regulations concerning civil service examinations, promulgated by the Examination Yuan. Although these statutes can also be found in standard compendia of government laws and ordinances, this handy volume serves as a convenient starting point for study under the Nanking Government. Subject matter of the examinations is prescribed in great variety but without much detail. 3.3.9

Nei-cheng kung-pao ^

jf^ >£. ^jij^ (Gazette of internal affairs),

conpiled and published by Tsung-wu-ch'u

65

(Department of general

affairs)

o f the Ministry o f Internal A f f a i r s , Nanking, pub-

l i s h e d monthly, 1928 1930).

(Vol. 3 . , No. 9 i s dated October

(4713.3/4184)

T h i s o f f i c i a l g a z e t t e of the M i n i s t r y of I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s i s d i v i d e d i n t o v a r i o u s s e c t i o n s under which a r e arranged the more important documents concerning i t s work: e . g . , orders of the Executive Yuan, o r d e r s , laws and r e g u l a tions promulgated by the Ministry i t s e l f , o f f i c i a l conmunications and an appendix. 3.3.10

Kao-teng k ' a o - s h i h p ' u - t ' u n g hsing-cheng k ' a o - s h i h ta-ch' iian %

"4

^ ί & ^ ϊ ί Ι ΐ Τ

&

coiprehen-

sive handbook to the general administrative examination, under the higher civil service examinations),

Chen-mei shu-she

, Shai undated, 8 v o l s . , several thousand pages. (4727/7964) A handbook prepared to a i d candidates f o r the c i v i l service examinations of the National Government. I t claims to provide knowledge n e c e s s a r y f o r them and i s i n t e r e s t i n g a s i n d i c a t i n g the s t a n d a r d s and content of the c i v i l s e r v i c e examinations in the new personnel system under the Republic. 3.3.11

Nel-cheng nien-chien book),

"jfgr.fMinistry of Interior year

compiled by the year book committee of M i n i s t r y of

I n t e r i o r , CP Shai 1936, published once, 4 v o l s . , pp. 9 & 5141 & 26.

(R 4688/4210) See Τ and Β 243 - 44.

3.3.12

Kuo-min cheng-fu kung-pu ch'ii-hsiang-chen chih t i - f a n g tzuchih ch' Iian- Shu

ftf

66

4%

4Ί

sia ^ government:

^

(A comprehensive compendium on local self-

the ch'ii-hsiang-chen system promulgated by the

National Government), Kung-min shu-chü 1700.

compiled by Miao Jen-yen

^

Μ7

,

> Shai 1930, 4 vols, pp. ca.

(4652/2200)

This bulky collection of statues and documents — with explanatory essays -- covers the system of local government instituted by the National Government in 1929. The editor aims to produce a work that will aid the education of the people in local self-government and which will also serve as a handbook for local administrators. TTie documents are arranged under the four local units: hsien m , ch'H ^o , hsiang^ßf and chen^yl , and include materials on police administration, census-taking, cooperatives and almost every conceivable aspect of rural life and government. Many of the regulations quoted were promulgated by provincial governments, and for this reason this collection is more complete than the various compendia of central government statutes on this subject. Vol. 3 (hsiang) includes 8 statutes concerning the peasantry and agrarian relations. Explanatory essays offer interpretations of statutes as well as propaganda concerning them. 3.3.13

Shen Nai-cheng >{£>75 ·ί· ' Chung-kuo ti-fang cheng-fu chih t'e-chih yü chung-yang cheng-fu chih k'ung-chih ch'üan

Ä Ä -

ft£

&]

&

"The nature of Chinese local governments and the central control over them", She-kui k'o-hsüeh 1936, pp. 303 - 52.

(B13),

Vol. 1, No. 2,

Jan.

(4001/3827.3)

A legal analysis of the division of power between central and local administrations in the National Government period. 3.3.14

Tung Hsiu-chia

^

, Chung-kuo ti-fang tzu-chih wen-t'i

67

vj? ^ ment

y&J 15 in China),

y%

(Problem of

local

CP S h a i 1 9 3 7 , 2 v o l s . ,

pp.

self-govern6 & 544.

(4742/4126) A d i s c u s s i o n of l o c a l s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t and r e l e v a n t government s t a t u t e s from a p r o - K u o m i n t a n g p o i n t of v i e w . Appendix i n c l u d e s an u n u s u a l document - - l o c a l government s t a t u t e s of the d i s s e n t i n g " N a t i o n a l Government" of Canton i n 1931. There i s a v a l u a b l e 9 pp. b i b l i o g r a p h y of Chinese works concerning l o c a l government. This was a v a l u a b l e study a t the time of i t s p u b l i c a t i o n . 3.3.15

Nei-cheng y e n - c h i u yüeh-pao journal

for

the

study

Chien-piao ^ ^ ^ L ^ ^ i

of

internal

Η

(Monthly

a f f a i r s ) , e d i t e d by T a i

p u b l i s h e d by Nei-cheng yen-chiu yüeh-

k ' a n she, monthly, 1935 (4688/4113.

ifa

(No. 1 i s dated November 1935).

H.U. has only No. 1.)

The f i r s t i s s u e of t h i s o f f i c i a l l y - i n s p i r e d magazine i s a s p e c i a l i s s u e on h s i e n government. I t c o n t a i n s 9 a r t i c l e s on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of t h e s u b j e c t , i n c l u d i n g one on h s i e n land a d m i n i s t r a t i o n by Cheng Chen-yu, who was l a t e r t h e M i n i s t e r of Land A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

3.4

CONSTITUTIONS Note: This s e c t i o n begins with survey works, which a r e f o l l o w ed by s t u d i e s and documents from p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d s . The study of the 1936 d r a f t c o n s t i t u t i o n by John C. H. Wu and Huang Kung-chueh (item 3 . 4 . 6 ) i s an example of how t h e e x t e n s i v e documentation now a v a i l a b l e can be u t i l i z e d as t h i s f i e l d of s t u d y d e v e l o p s . These m a t e r i a l s must of c o u r s e be used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h more p u r e l y h i s t o r i c a l works such a s t h o s e l i s t e d in s e c t i o n 4 below.

3.4.1

Wang S h i h - c h i e h

and C h ' i e n Tuan-sheng ^

68

4|" ,

Pi-chiao h s i e n - f a b t M. % law),

CP Shai.

^

(Comparative

constitutional

(4890/1144)

This work on comparative constitutional law i s d i s t i n guished from similar works in western languages in that i t has a detailed section on the Chinese constitution, which has since been widely quoted as a u t h o r i t a t i v e in scholarly writings. Dr. Wang Shih-chieh, formerly president of the National Wuhan University, and Minister of Education during the early 1930's, l a t e r became Foreign Minister. Dr. Ch'ien was dean of the College of Law at the National Peking University, where he i s now a professor. This book was based on a f i r s t edition by Wang published c a . 1925. Professor Ch'ien brought i t up to date f i r s t in 1936 and again during the war, ca. 1942. The 4th edition (1948) i s revised by Wang only. 3.4.2

Yang Yu-ch'iung

Chin-tai Chung-kuo l i - f a shih (A history

ern China),

of

legislation

in mod-

Sun Yat-sen Foundation for the Advancement of

Culture and Education research s e r i e s , CP Shai 1936, pp. 2 & 13 & 591.

(4890.1/4229)

This useful and detailed history covers both constitution-making and law-making from the late Ch'ing to the 1930's, with 250 pages on the period 1912 - 1928. The author i s an o f f i c i a l of the Legislative Yuan. Bibliography 5 pp. There are no footnotes but a great number of documents are quoted in the t e x t . Reviewed by Ch'en Chih-mai, S h e - h u i k ' o - h s i i e h , Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 595 - 98. J. 4. 3

Chou I-pin i f ] | ί ·

and Lo Chih-yuan J ^ ·£>

hsien-cheng fa-chan shih ^ of

the development

of

"Ji.

constitutional

. Chung-kuo

/ ^ L ^ L (A government

in

history China),

published by the a u t h o r s , Chungking 1944, pp. 4 & 3 1 8 .

69

(4890.1/7260) A ism s i n c e factually ments. H. 3.4.4

r e c e n t h i s t o r y of c o n s t i t u t i o n s and c o n s t i t u t i o n a l t h e end of C h ' i n g , which does n o t seem t o add much t o items l i s t e d above. The appendix g i v e s 18 docuU. copy i s p r i n t e d on wartime p a p e r . , Chung-kuo hsien-fa shih "j*

Ch'en Ju-hsüan (A history

of

1933, pp. 11 & 318.

the Chinese

constitution),

0 SC S h a i

(4890.1/7940)

A good documented h i s t o r y of c o n s t i t u t i o n s and c o n s t i tution-making from l a t e C h ' i n g times t o the work of t h e L e g i s l a t i v e Yuan in 1933. The a u t h o r was a p r o f e s s o r a t N a t i o n a l S o u t h e a s t e r n (Tung Nan) U n i v e r s i t y , Shanghai, and b e n e f i t e d by the opinion of Sun Fo and Wu Chih-hui in the p r e p a r a t i o n of the book. Appendix gives 19 key documents, from the p r o v i s i o n a l c o n s t i t u t i o n of 1912 t o t h e r e v i s e d o r g a n i c law of 1931. The r e v i s e d ( ftff %~f ) e d i t i o n of 1947 has been brought up t o d a t e . T h i s work i s more f u l l than Wang and C h ' i e n (3.4.1), though l e s s c r i t i c a l . 3.4.5

, Chung-hua min-kuo hsien-fa shih ^f*

P ' a n Shu-fan

(A constitutional Chinese

Republic),

CP S h a i 1935,pp. 6 & 604.

history

of

the

(4890.2/3644)

C o n t a i n s 260 pages on t h e v a r i o u s c o n s t i t u t i o n s p r e vious t o 1928. B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l r e f e r e n c e s a r e given a t the end of e a c h c h a p t e r . Appendix g i v e s 16 documents, i n c l u d i n g 2 documents of l a t e C h ' i n g times. Although f u l l of i n f o r m a t i o n , t h i s book i s not as r e l i a b l e as works c i t e d above. 3.4.6

Wu C h i n g - h s i u n g chü'eh ^

^

(John C. H. Wu)

& ^ j r , Chung-kuo chih-hsien shih

and Huang Kung-Φ]

4L (A history

of constitution-making

2 v o l s . , pp. 12 & 1047.

in China),

(4890.2/2322)

70

CP Shai 1937,

This history of constitution-making concentrates on the work of the L e g i s l a t i v e Yuan in the period from 1933 to 1936, which resulted in the draft constitution on which the present constitution i s based. Dr. Wu, a prominent j u r i s t and scholar, himself contributed t o the making of the draft c o n s t i t u t i o n , and had access to a l l relevant documents. The resulting book i s heavily documented and i s l i k e l y to remain the standard work on the backgroung o f the 1936 d r a f t c o n s t i t u t i o n . Appendix includes a valuable a n a l y s i s o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l ideas o f Sun Yat-sen under ten headings, eleven constitutional writings of Sun Fo, and the texts o f seven draft constitutions. 3.4.7

Wu Tsung-tz'u ^

^

Chung-hua min-kuo h s i e n - f a shih (A constitutional

Chinese

Republic),

history

of

the

pub. by the author, Peking 1924, 2 v o l s . ,

pp. several hundred & p l a t e s .

(4890.1/2338)

These volumes preserve many important documents connected with c o n s t i t u t i o n - m a k i n g in the time o f the Peking Government. D e t a i l s o f the c o n s t i t u t i o n - d r a f t i n g conferences of 1913, 1916, and 1922 are especially valuable. Summaries of debates^are given in_the sections on Lun-t'an i - t ' u n g c h i - t s ' u i Ρ f^l J f l ^ ^ (summaries o f forum opinions). A major source book. 3.4.8

Tung Lin ·® Άτ , Chung-kuo cheng-fu I f f - " t & ^ f

draft code of civil procedure),

(Ch'ing

dynasty

pub. by the same, Peking,

prefatory memorial dated 1910, 4 ts'e.

(4897/3135)

Ta-Ch'ing hsien-hsing hsing-lü (see 3.6.1) was the only new code promulgated under the Manchus, aside from a few specialized laws such as Shang-jen t' ung-li A^ib (General regulations for merchants) and Kung-ssu 1Ü / £ ^ 4 f (Company law), both promulgated in 1903. But other draft codes were completed although not made law. Drawn up under Shen Chia-pen's y'fcj'jfffL^p- direction, with the aid of his Japanese advisors, these draft codes include Ta-Ch' ing min-Iii ts'ao-an 5f] S . ^ (Ch'ing dynasty draft civil code) and the two draft codes listed above. These represent efforts to modernize Chinese law, particularly to differentiate the civil and criminal codes and to set aside codes of procedure as independent codes, an effort due largely to Japanese influence. Although these codes were never promulgated, they served as the rough basis for later codification efforts in the early Republic. Min-shih su-sung t* iao-li ^fc ^ ty] (Rules of civil procedure) andHsing-shih su-sung t' iao-li •flflj ψ Ίff Ί'ϋ'i'^T^j (Rules of criminal procedure) were promulgated in 1921. The draft civil code completed in 1925 is close in content to the Ta-Ch' ing min-lii ts' ao-an. Taken together these early draft documents show China's first effort at legal reform under the influence of the Continental system, through imitation of Japanese codes. 3.6.3

bhang-fa tsung-tse tiao-ch'a-an li-yu shu it

flÜj

^jf,«

, (Explanatory report on an investigation

of the general regulations of commercial law);

84

and Kung-ssu-fa

tiao-ch' a-an li-yu shu

β]

%

^

%,

(Explanatory report on an investigation of company laws), by Shang-hai shang-wu kung-hui

ed.

-t-

(General

chamber of commerce of Shanghai),

YU-pei li-hsien kung-hui

n i t

^

%•

%

(Association for the preparation for

the establishment of constitutional government) shang-hsüeh kung-hui

1

_t

i*

tion for commercial studies),

and Shang-hai

(Shanghai associa-

sale through Min-yu she

tf-*· , Shai 1912, pp. many hundred.

(4892/23208)

These studies, dated 1912, presented detailed discussions of Japanese and Western legal practices to show the advisability of adopting modern commercial laws in China, mainly company laws. All aspects of modern corporate organization are described. The research and its publication were ordered by prominent organizations such as the Yii-pei li-hsien kung-hui and the General Chamber of Commerce, and clearly represent the demand of the new business groups for modern commercial legislation. 3.C.4

Ssu-fa li-kuei judicial t'ing

g]

δ] 'Λ

affairs),

tfL

and regulations

on

comp, and pub. by Ssu-fa-pu ts'an-shih(Offi ce °f Counsellors, Ministry

^

of Judicial Affairs),

(Rulings

4th ed., Peking 1919

pp. 50 & 756 & 40 & 760.

(1914),

2 vols.,

(4724/1325)

This is the official compendium of law codes, rulings on the interpretation of laws, and administrative regulations for the judicial system - a fundamental source, therefore, on China's legal system. The innumerable entries listed in the detailed mu-lu (34 and 39 pp. in length) are classified under the following categories: 1) constitutional law; 2) organ-

85

i z a t i o n of t h e j u d i c i a l system; 3) a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e g u l a tions; 4) judgments; 5) c i v i l a c t i o n s ; 6) criminal actions; 7) p r i s o n s ; 8) f o r e i g n i n v o l v m e n t s ; 9) documentary forms; 10) uniforms ( i . e . d r e s s ) ; 11) p r o t o c o l ; 12) g a z e t t e s ; 13) s t a t i s t i c a l r e p o r t s ; 14) a c c o u n t i n g ; 15) m a r t i a l law ( c h i e h - y e n / f ^ ) ; 16) administrative s u i t s ; 17) m i s c e l l a n e o u s . This 1919 e d i t i o n c o n t a i n s f u n d a mental i n s t r u m e n t s such as Chan-hsing h s i n hsing-lii 3^fj· (The provisional new criminal various supplementary laws. 3.C. 5

S s u - f a l i - k u e i pu-pien rulings

and regulations

^

itorial office),

C

(Supplements

affairs),

: ch· u

to

ed. and pub. by

Λ % % HL

M i n i s t r y of J u d i c i a l A f f a i r s , Peking.

has the following e d i t i o n s :

(Ed

H. U.

T i - i t z ' u J^>"~P&.(lst supplement),

1918; T i - e r t z ' u Τ - ^ ( 2 n d supplement), ^ S - ^ X

of 1912, and t h e

^ f j ^ j

on judicial

Ssu-fa li-kuei pien-tsuan

code)

(3rd supplement),

1919; T i - s a n

tz'u

1920, pp. each c a . 300 - 450.

(4724/1325) Supplements t o S s u - f a l i - k u e i were p u b l i s h e d u s u a l l y annually, independent of the r e v i s e d e d i t i o n s of t h e main work). The 1920 p u - p i e n i s t h e r e f o r e u s e f u l t o supplement t h e 1919 c h e n g - p i e n fyfifo ( r e g u l a r e d i t i o n ) . The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of e n t r i e s i n the pu-pien follows t h a t of the cheng-pien. 3.6.6

Chung-hua l i u - f a c h ' ü a n - s h u codes

of China,

complete

(The

six

CP S h a i 1913 - 1914,

16th

^

text),

V^i ^

p r i n t i n g 1927, 6 t s ' e , pp. many hundred.

(4886/0175)

From t h e beginning of t h e Republic t o about 1927, t h e Chinese l e g a l system was d e f i n e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g s i x b o d i e s of laws r e f e r r e d t o as the S i x Codes (quoted t r a n s l a t i o n s of t i t l e s a r e as given in t h i s CP e d i t i o n ) : 1) Chan-hsing f a c rt yuan p i e n - c h i h f a % 4ft fg, 4lJ "ί™ °f °"

86

-

Organization", 1909. 2) Chan-hsing hsin hsing-lii, fä -ft'i "Temporary Criminal Law" ( o r i g i n a l l y Ta-Ch' ing hsienhsing h s i n g - l ü , 1910X 3) Min-lii ts» ao-an ^ % % "Civil Law" ( d r a f t ) , 1911. 4) Shang-jen t ' ung-li Regulations concerning merchants or "Commercial Law (for Business Men)", 1914; and Kung-ssu t ' i a o - l i $] 4f'J Company Law or "Law of Companies", 1914. 5) Min-shih su-sung t'iao-li %Jä Ίΐ^Ίί^Ι Rules of civil procedure or "Law of Civil Action", enforced 1922. 6) Itsing-shih su-sung t' iao-li "Φ Sff ρ·& ' ^ . ' l i j Rules of criminal procedure or "Lawof Criminal Action", enforced 1922. The Draft Civil Codes o f 1911 and of 1925 were also used by the courts before t h e i r formal promulgation. These laws and codes are here published in handy volumes for the use o f lawyers. By 1927 when the newly formed National Government was about to begin a wholesale legal reform, the Commercial Press had got out 16 printings of this work. (Note: the term S i x Codes i s used in varied fashion. An orthodox d e f i n i t i o n of i t r e f e r s to 1) c o n s t i t u t i o n a l law, 2) criminal law, 3) c i v i l law, 4) commercial law, 5) law of criminal procedure, 6) law of c i v i l procedure). There are numerous e d i t i o n s o f s i m i l a r handbooks on the " S i x Codes", brought up to date from time to time and published by various publishers. A recent popular edition i s Hsin l i u - f a ta-ch' iian (A new compendium of the Six Codes), ed. by Ch'ang-ming f a - l ü pien-chi she % 'Λ , pub. by Ch'ang-ming shu-wu S flf] " » * & , s i x t h printing Shai 1948. * * 3.6. 7

Chung-hua min-kuo l i u - f a l i - y u p'an-chieh hui-pien -1^'Λ of

legal

principles,

the Six Codes of

ψ,j

fyfyjfcjiJikß

decisions, the Republic

^

compendium of

statements

and interpretations of China),

^^

concerning

ed. by Kuo Wei

^

^ijl^and Chou Ting-mei jo] '^iL "^C. > pub. by Wan-lai distributed through Hui-wen-t'ang hsin-chi shu-chii

0

, Shai 1933, 6 v o l s . , pp. many thousand. (4886/0222)

87

A collection of high court decisions arranged under the six main bodies of law: civil law, civil law relating to commerce (min-shang ), criminal law, the code of civil procedure, the code of criminal procedure, and miscellaneous laws. These laws can be found in the Legislative Yuan compen-

dium, Chung-hua min-kuo f a - k u e i hui-pien

(3.2.23), Vol. 8.

The cases here cited can also be found in the publications of Ta-li-yuan, Tsui-kao fa-yuan etc. What the editors have done is to put together decisions related to each article of the laws, for convenience of reference. Thus, on the law that interest on loans should not exceed 20% annually, Vol. 1, p. 136, gives the civil law provision to this effect and 11 decisions of various courts amplifying or applying it, listing reference numbers. For the historian this volume is handy evidence on the interpretative tradition of the Chinese courts. This compendium was recently brought up to date in a new edition under the general editorship of Wu Ching-hsiung (John C. H. Wu),

3.C. 8

pub. by the same publisher, 1948, 6 vols.

Chung-hua min-kuo san-nien t i - i - t z ' u min-shih t' ung-chi nienpao (Annual

^

f

c

a

M

statistical

f

report

l

-

^

M

on civil

^

cases,

t

t

first

-

i

i

issue:

ed. by Ssu-fa-pu, tsung-wu-t'ing

f

c 191Ü)

j ^ . (Gen-

eral Affairs Department of the Ministry of Judicial Affairs), Peking 1917, pp. 330 & tables, etc.

(4863/130.1.

H. U. has

issues 1, 6, 7, 8, 10 for the years 1914, 1919, 1920, 1921 and 1923, respectively). This official publication gives the statistics of civil cases handled by the various levels of courts in various localities and the various types of action which the courts took on them, with particular details on the types of cases brought to court, and on appeals. On suits for recovery of funds there are statistics on the amount of reimbursement made in terms of dollars through enforcement actions of the court (see Vol. 1, pp. 325 ff.). This interesting material illustrates the in-

88

crease of c i v i l cases in the e a r l y years o f the Republic. 3.6.9

Chung-hua min-kuo shih-er-nien t i - s h i h - t z ' u hsing-shih t ' ungchi nien-pao "jf

*f ^

Annual

issue:

1923), rf^j

&

•+ -

statistical

% +

report

Ά

on criminal

Μ

f

fä,

cases,

10th

ed. by Ssu-fa-pu, tsung-wu-t'ing 0\

^rp

(General A f f a i r s Department o f the Ministry of

Judicial Affairs),

Peking 1 9 2 4 , pp. 4 & 551 & t a b l e s .

(4863/130.2) Like other volumes in t h i s s e r i e s , t h i s work gives s t a t i s t i c s on criminal cases and on the courts' actions. Data covers the whole country, arranged by types of actions, but i s broken down by provinces and hsien. This i s useful material for s o c i a l h i s t o r y as well as f o r a study o f the j u d i c i a l system of the periocL Note the companion volumes on c i v i l cases (min-shih φ ). 3.6.10

Chih-li kao-teng s h e n - p ' a n - t ' i n g p ' a n - t u chi-yao J j . %

%

^J

/H-

High Court of Chihli),

ttf

(Selected

judgments

^ of

the

e d . b y C h i h - l i kao-teng shen-p'an-t'ing,

CP T i e n t s i n 1915, 4 v o l s . , pp. many hundred.

(4886/4143)

The Kao-teng s h e n - p ' a n - t ' i n g was the highest court at the p r o v i n c i a l l e v e l , only next to Ta-li-yuan (The Supreme Court) in authority, under the new system of courts inaugurated at the beginning o f the Republic. These volumes give the t e x t s of the judgments on several hundred cases handled by the Chihli High Court. These cases involved a l l kinds of c i v i l and criminal matters (assault, robbery, opium-selling, swindling, e t c . , e t c . ) and are r i c h material for the s o c i a l and economic historian. 3.6.11

Hua-yang su-sung p* an-chiieh lu

89

^

"Iff

^J

(Record of judgments

in Sino-foreign

law-suits),

by C h i h - l i kao-teng s h e n - p ' a n - t ' i n g ( C h i h l i High C o u r t ) ,

% %

P e k i n g 1919,

ed. and pub. %

ψ)

p p . many h u n d r e d .

(4886/4143.92) These a r e t h e t e x t s of t h e C h i h l i High C o u r t ' s j u d g ments on c a s e s i n v o l v i n g a f o r e i g n p a r t y i n t h e y e a r s 1914 1919, v a l u a b l e f o r the study of s i n o - f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s - espec i a l l y i n b u s i n e s s - and a l s o f o r t h e l e g a l a s p e c t s of t h e f o r e i g n e r ' s s t a t u s in China. 3.6.12

P'ing-cheng-yuan t s ' a i - c h i i e h l u sions

of

(Deci-

the Ρ'ing-cheng-yuan

(Administrative

o b v i o u s l y an o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n ,

Court)

),

1922, p p . many h u n d r e d .

(4898.10/1417) The P ' i n g - c h e n g - y u a n was an i n d e p e n d e n t government organ in the e a r l y Republic which served as the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o u r t of the country. In t h i s volume a r e c o l l e c t e d the C o u r t ' s v e r d i c t s on s e v e r a l dozen c a s e s i n v o l v i n g government agency (from a l l p a r t s of the country) in the years 1915 - 17. The a c t u a l enforcement of these v e r d i c t s in t h a t p e r i o d of p o l i t i c a l confusion t h i s volume cannot r e v e a l ; the innumerable cases described in the t e x t a r e , however, of g r e a t p o t e n t i a l i n t e r e s t t o s t u d e n t s of p o l i t i c a l and s o c i a l h i s t o r y . A f t e r 1928 t h e f u n c t i o n s of the P'ing-cheng-yuan came under t h e J u d i c i a l Yuan (Ssu-fa-yuan 3.6.13

T a - l i - y u a n p'an-chiieh lu the Ta-li-yuan

(Supreme Court)

Judgments ),

ed. by S h u - c h i - t ' i n g

Secretariat)

J^jtjfr. ° f T a - l i - y u a n ,

(H. U. c o l l e c t i o n

includes

90

(The

published monthly.

i s s u e s Feb. - June

(4863/4317.93)

of

1914).

The monthly b u l l e t i n o f the Supreme Court giving the texts of i t s judgments on cases submitted to i t . 3.6.14

Ta-li-yuan p' an-ku yao-chih hui-lan "^L» ^

co»Pendium

°f

summaries

if'J %. %

?£i

°f judicial

precedents

(from)

ed. and pub. by Ta-li-yuan pien-chi-ch'u

the Ta-li-yuan),

and Compilation Department), Peking 1 9 1 9 , 3 chilan

in 3 v o l s . ,

pp. many thousand.

(4863/4317.93.2) This o f f i c i a l publication of j u d i c i a l precedents set by the Supreme Court in the early Republic ( u n t i l the organizat i o n of Tsui-kao fa-yuan 1pL*Jf? f1^ by the Kuomintang government in 1927), gives suirmaries of judgments arranged in order of the a r t i c l e s of the various codes of the time, covering the period 1912 - 18. While the Chan-hsing hsin h s i n g - l i i inherited from the Manchus was the most inportant instrument in c r i m i n a l as well as c i v i l c a s e s , many new laws, including those dealing with c i v i l or comnercial cases, were promulgated a f t e r the beginning of the Republic. The Company Law, for instance, was promulgated in 1914. Many new laws on c i v i l cases were also put in f o r c e before the promulgation of a formal c i v i l code in 1919. This volume was useful to the lawyers of the time, and i s now of immense value to students of l e g a l h i s t o r y , which can be seen in these c a s e s more than in the codes themselves. This compendium was continued in a 1923

publication, Ta-li-yuan p' an-li hui-lan hsü-chi -Jz.

if] (A compendium of judicial precedents (from) the Ta-li Yuan, supplement;) covering the same type of material for the period 1919 - 22. 3.6.15

Ta-ll-yuan c h i e h - s h i h - l i ch'iian-wen v.

(Complete

texts

of

interpretative

η statements Γ

chiieh

?D

), pub. by Wan-lai J C

91

of (

the

Ta-li-

or Kuo Yuan-

< distributed

through Hui-wen-t'ang hsin-chi shu-chü

^

^ff

^

> Shai 1930, pp. 2 & 1176; and ibid, chien-ch'a p i a o ^ ^ %

^

(Index),

1931, pp. 142.

(4886/022 I and II)

Ta-li-yuan was the supreme court until 1928, when Tsui-kao fa-yuan ^ y^j (The Supreme Court) was organized. The interpretative statements of the Ta-li-yuan were still regarded as authoritative after the reorganization - except in cases when they were superceded by later laws or verdicts - and are therefore a part of the legal tradition under the National Government. More than 4000 documents are here preserved, giving the texts of all published statements of the Ta-li-yuan (mostly in the form of communications to courts of a lower level) in the period 1912 through 1927. The documents are based on the Kung-pao of the Peking Government (see 3.2.6) and are numbered according to the original numbering system of Ta-li-yuan. Still a part of the legal system of contemporary China, these documents should be of great interest to students of the history of Chinese law in a transitional period. The index volume summarizes the content of each document and refers to the relevant article in the old codes and in the codes promulgated since 1928. 3.6.16

Ta-li-yuan p' an-chiieh-li ch* iian-shu (A compendium of judicial precedents

ψ ] ifcty] CfromJ

^

Ta-li

s· yuan),

comp, by Kuo Wei

> pub. by Wan-lai

distributed through Hui-wen-t'ang hsin-chi shu-chü - Shai 1931, pp. 26 & 196 & 860; and ibid. chien-ch' a piao tffcHk (4886/022 and C)

(Index),

1932, pp. 136 & 6.

This invaluable compilation is a companion volume to the same compilor's Ta-li-yuan chieh-shih-li ch'iian-wen (3.6.15) and gives the vital clauses of all judicial precedents which originated with the Ta-li-yuan, 1912 - 27. Based on the two publications of precedents by Ta-li-yuan itself (see

92

3.6.14), supplemented by c a s e s a f t e r 1923, t h i s compendium claims t o have covered a l l j u d i c i a l p r e c e d e n t s of the p e r i o d . The c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y a r r a n g e d summaries ( t ' i - y a o ) p r e c e d i n g t h e t e x t (196 p p . ) a r e p r o b a b l y not as u s e f u l a s t h e index volume, which l i s t s t h e p r e c e d e n t s by t h e a r t i c l e s of the codes c u r r e n t l y in f o r c e i n 1930. 3.C. 17

Tsui-kao fa-yuan kung-pao the Supreme Court),

" f p . ,§7

(Gazette

of

e d . and pub. by the Supreme Court, Nanking

1928 - (No. 3 i s dated March 1929),

quarterly.

(4725.4/6037)

This s u b s t a n t i a l j o u r n a l p u b l i s h e s d e c i s i o n s on t h e c a s e s i n t h e Supreme C o u r t and r u l i n g s and i n t e r p r e t a t i v e s t a t e m e n t s which t h e Court gave o u t . I t a l s o p u b l i s h e s laws and codes and a v a l u a b l e appendix g i v i n g s e l e c t e d r e p o r t s o r a r t i c l e s of o p i n i o n by famous j u r i s t s (Wang C h ' u n g - h u i ί · ' Shih-chieh e t a l . ) , which a r e u s e f u l f o r a study of t h e background of the new law codes. 3.G.18

Tsui-kao fa-yuan c h i e h - s h i h f a - l i i wen-chien "f^L "Documents the Supreme Court",

explaining

legal

vfe Ρ f i H f questions

by

CP S h a i , Vol. 1, 1929, pp. 21 & 129; Vol.

2, 1930, pp. 23 & 133; Vol. 3, 1930, pp. 25 & 151.

(4886/9217)

These volumes compiled by t h e Commercial P r e s s p r i n t s e v e r a l hundred s t a t e m e n t s of the T s u i - k a o fa-yuan (Supreme Court, as reorganized i n 1927), on t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a r t i c l e s of the codes in f o r c e , made by i t in answer t o i n q u i r i e s from c o u r t s of a lower l e v e l and from o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s such as bar a s s o c i a t i o n s . (For p u b l i c a t i o n s of the Tsui-kao fa-yuan see Bibliography of modern Chinese law in Library of Congress (Wash., D.C., 1945 mimeo. by China American Council of Commerce and I n d u s t r y ) . I n d e x e s c l a s s i f y t h e documents t o p i c a l l y . 3.6.19

Chung-kuo shang-yeh f a - l i n g Commercial

Legislation

Hsi-t'ao W-P&f&l

^

^v)*^

of China",

tr.

"The Modern and comp, by Cheng

" T h e o d o r e Chen, B. A . " and Norwood F.

93

Allman, pub. presumably by the compilors, Shai 1926, pp. 86 (Chinese),

152

(English).

(4892.10/8247)

This handbook gives the Chinese text and an English translation made by the compilors, of commercial laws currently in force in 1926. The 12 instruments include laws and ordinances f o r the general regulation of traders, trade r e g i s t r a tion, commercial associations, chambers of cormierce, and the " a r b i t r a t i o n court of commerce". 3.6.20

Chung-hua min-kuo h s i n g - f a s h i h - l i

hui-tsuan

•ff*J

interpretative

iffy

-φ·

and precedents Republic),

(Collected

concerning

the Criminal

^

Code of

comp, by Huang Jung-ch'ang

^

\f|

statements the

Chinese , ed.

fff

(chiao-ting ) , f

by Fa-cheng hsueh-she pien-chi-pu V & j f i t (Editing department of the Society for the

Study of Judicial Administration),

pub. by Fa-cheng hsüeh-she,

through Kuang-i shu-chü

fe]

634.

l|

, Shai 1929, pp. 22 &

(4894.10/4896)

A widely used edition of the Criminal Code with i n t e r pretative statements and precedents taken from judgments since 1912. The widely-praised text of the Criminal Code was prepared by Wang Ch'ung-hui j^, and promulgated in 1928. 3.6.21

Ssu-fa kung-pao

Jj^

(Judicial

affairs

gazette),

pub. by the Secretariat of the Judicial Yuan, 1928 - 31 154 i s dated Dec. 1931),

fortnightly and l a t e r weekly.

(No. After

1931 this gazette was continued as Ssu-fa-yuan kung-pao g ] f ( G a z e t t e

of

the Judicial

94

Yuan),

ed. and pub. by

the Secretariat of the Judicial Yuan, Nanking 1932 - (No. 107 is dated Jan. 27, 1934), weekly.

(4725/1384)

The official gazette of the Judicial Yuan in charge of the administration of the judicial system, this weekly bulletin usually classifies its contents under the following departments or their equivalents: 1) government orders - from the National Government, its Ministry of Judicial Affairs or the Yuan; 2) interpretations - statements and rescripts (p'i-wen fit it. ) on points of law; 3) selected judgments and decisions; 4) bulletins of the Chung-yang kung-wu-yuan cheng-chieh wei-yuan hui $ W rfi & % ψ (Central civil service disciplinary committee); 5) official communications; and the like. These voluminous records mirror the structure and at least the paper work of the judicial bureaucracy. 3.G.22

Kuo-min chene-fu ssu-fa li-kuei (Judicial

statutes

^

of the National

ffi

Government),

by Judicial Yuan, Office of Counsellors

Ί^ jjjL ),

ed. and pub.

(Ts'an-shih-ch'u

^

Nanking 1930, 2 vols.,pp. 11 & 90 & 1852.

(4724/1325.1) Edited just before the completion of the new civil code of 1930, this official compendium of the Judicial Yuan (with prefaces by Wang Ch'ung-hui 'S and Wei Tao-ming ^ ^ BJJ ^indicates the progress made in codification and in the planning of a new judicial system. All laws, regulations, ordinances and interpretative documents related to judicial affairs from 1925 (when the Kuomintang National Government was officially formed) to Aug. 31, 1929, are here given, in 10 chapters arranged topically. By comparing the codes herein preserved and codes found in later compendia, one can trace their development. The dates of the completion of the various new codes are: civil 1930; civil procedure 1931, revised 1935; criminal 1935; organic law of the judiciary, 1935. 3.6.23

Tseng-ting kuo-min cheng-fu ssu-fa li-kuei pu-pien fa

ξ]

£$>

UB

95

(Supplement

jl(j to the Na-

tional

Government

revised),

rulings

and regulations

on judicial

affairs,

ed. and pub. by t h e S s u - f a - y u a n t s ' a n - s h i h - c h ' u ^

( O f f i c e of C o u n s e l l o r s of t h e J u d i c i a l fit

Yuan).

(H. U. h a s only t h e f i r s t i s s u e ,

dated J a n . 1933, pp. 56 & 1136).

l*

Ti-i-tz'u

(4724/1325.2)

This supplement, dated 1933, c o n t a i n s new i n s t r u m e n t s and documents f o r March 1931 - Dec. 1932. ^

3.6.24 Fa-ling chou-k'an and o r d i n a n c e s ) , (John C.

(Weekly p u b l i c a t i o n of laws

e d . by Kuo Wei, Wu Ching-hsiung H

·

Wu)

-

Yü Ch'eng-hsiu

, et.

al.,

pub. by Shang-hai fa-hsiieh p i e n - i she ( S o c i e t y f o r t h e c o m p i l a t i o n and t r a n s l a t i o n of studies, Shanghai),

each i s s u e ca. 50 p p . , 1930 -

legal

(No. 35

i s d a t e d March 31, 1937; No. 385 i s d a t e d J a n . 2,

1946),

(4861/3832) T h i s i s an a u t h o r i t a t i v e though not o f f i c i a l weekly p u b l i c a t i o n of laws and government o r d i n a n c e s by an i n s t i t u t e formed by prominent Shanghai lawyers and l e g a l s c h o l a r s . Publ i s h i n g t h e t e x t s of c u r r e n t l e g i s l a t i o n f o r t h e b e n e f i t of the l e g a l p r o f e s s i o n , i t a l s o c o n t a i n s r e s e a r c h a r t i c l e s , news n o t e s on t h e l e g a l world and s e l e c t i o n s of i n t e r p r e t a t i v e s t a t e m e n t s and judgments from t h e c o u r t s . Hie p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s i m p o r t a n t weekly was suspended d u r i n g t h e war but h a s s i n c e been resumed. 3.6.25

Ying-Han tui-chao Chung-kuo lao-kung fa-kuei

*f ( f j j gated

by the National

"China's

Labor Laws,

Government

96

of

Vlj?

1929 - 1935,

the Republic

of

®J[

promulChina,

Chinese text with English translation", ed. by Ku Ping-yuan fijfe ^fälLi

, CP Shai 1931, pp. 13 & 156 & 144.

Useful translations of Chinese labor laws in the period 1929 - 35, made by the Ministry of Industry, the China Branch of ILO and the Shanghai Municipal Council.

97

HISTORICAL STUDIES AND MATERIALS, BY PERIODS Note: The reform movement of 1898 takes us back into the Ch'ing period and could involve us in a l l the bibliography of that era. Rather than go into the enormous ramifications of the sources concerning the dynasty, we have limited ourselves to m a t e r i a l s on s p e c i a l topics, supplementary to the main collections and studies of the Ch'ing period. Consequently we omit under 4.1 and 4.2 ( p o l i t i c a l history 1898 - 1911), certain well-known collections of Ch'ing documents which are of course of great importance for the study of the period. The most important of these are Ta-Ch'ing li-ch'ao shih-lu j ^ ' J f j ^ #< for both the reigns of Kuang-hsti and of Hsuant'ung (II. U. c a l l number 2748/3274; the section for the Hsiiant'ung reign i s similar to item 4.2.2, lisiian-t'ung cheng-chi % fcfcjgc&e.), Tung-hua hsü-lu £ £ (2742/1120.2) and Ch' ing-shih kao 2740/352 B).

1

TIIE REFORM MOVEMENT OF 1898 AND THE BOXER RISING OF 1900 Note: Material on the Reform of 1898 and i t s f a i l u r e w i l l be found in items 4.1.1 to 4.1.12, including works by K'ang Yu-wei and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao. Note the important a r t i c l e by Ch'en Ch'iao (4.1.11). See above, section 3.2, for o f f i c i a l documents and below, section 4.6 and section 9.1, for periodical literature of the reform movement. Works and documents on the Boxer Rebellion and i t s aftermath are found in 4.1.13 et seq. Note that under Tso Shun-sheng's source collections ( 4 . 1 . 1 and 4.1.2) we l i s t a selection of 31 particularly interesting items dated a l l the way down to 1917.

1.1

Chung-kuo chin-pal-nien-shih tzu-liao (Material

years),

for

Chinese

history

compiled by Tso Shun-sheng "^C

2 vols. pp. 6 & 649.

vj» (^J of

the

^

"^j ^ last

^^ hundred

, CH Shai 1926,

(2748/412)

This source book includes important material from the Opium War down to the end of the Ch'ing dynasty. I t s table of contents i s now included in the Harvard-Yenching Library cata98

logue. Note the following chapters (our numbering), which are especially noteworthy for the late Ch'ingera: in chapter 9 (Kuang-hsii and Tz'u-hsi): 1.

, Chi Hsien-feng chi-

Hsieh Fu-ch'eng ^

nien Tsai-huan Tuan-hua Su-shun chih fu-chu ^

^

huan,

Tuan-hua

against feng

and Su-shun

the Empress

Dowager)

the execution (three

Manchu princes

in the

later

years

^

of

Tsai-

who

were

of the

Hsien-

reign). 2.

A%

'ffi

^

%

t%

Te-tsung

Lo Tun-yung fa (Kuang-hsii)

%t(A

Te-tsung chi-t' uig ssu-chi private

account

of the succession

of

).

3. Yün Yii-ting ' j ' ^ ^ t j ^ . Tsung-ling chuan-hsin lu ^

f j j L ' i ^ ' i v ^ · ^ · (The true

story

of

the Kuang-hsii

Emperor)

written by a loyal courtier of the Kuang-hsii Emperor in 1911. Contains valuable information on the relation between the Emperor and the Empress Dowager and events leading up to the Boxer Rebellion. 4.

Hsieh Fu-ch'eng, Chia-shun huang-hou hsien-chieh (The

Chia-shun

good marital

piety

of

Empress

(the Empress of the T'ung-chih Emperor who committed

suicide after his death) ). 5.

Hsieh Fu-ch'eng, Tz'u-an huang-t' ai-hou sheng-te

99

Wi· Pfc

^

Tz'u-an

^P, (The sacred

[the Empress of Hsien-feng) In C h a p t e r 6.

0 %t

10

of Empress

Dowager

).

(The c o u p d ' e t a t

of

1898):

, Wu-tasü jih-chi

Yuan S h i h - k ' a i jk.^·

(Diary during 7.

$

1898).

K'ang Yu-wei

, Pao-kuo-hui yen-shuo tz* u

%j

λ%·

(Speech

the

virtue

to the "Society

to

preserve

state"). 8.

ch' u-hsien shih (K'ang

Vu-weiJ 9.

Nan-hai Hsien-sheng

Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o ^ 's escape

^J £ from

&

(On A/r. Nan-hai

danger). ^"f ^

Sun Shih-cheng

fsfc ^

. Weng Γ ung-ho yü Yuan

Shih-k'ai K'ang Vu-wei chih kuan-hsi gg fS] /ft

T'ung-ho·s

Yuan Shih-k'ai

and K'ang

In Chapter 11 10. "$£,(The

with

Vu-wei). ( A l l i e d e x p e d i t i o n a r y f o r c e of 1900):

Lo Tun-yung, Keng-tzu kuo-pien chi

National

relations

Disaster

of 1900).

-^iW]

^

This i s a d i f f e r e n t v e r -

sion of t h e same account as item 4 . 1 . 1 7 by Li Hsi-sheng. 11. (Tales

Lo Tun-yung, Ch' iian-pien yü-wen

of the Boxer 12.

/j^&f^'g!

rising).

Ch' ou-ming

Shu keng-tzu kuo-pien-chi hou

tfj^,

100

(A postcript

to Keng-tzu kuo-pien

chi). In Chapter 12 13.

Wei-kang

(Mongolian and Tibetan negotiations): ( $ J j , O-Meng chiao-she shih-mo ^ ' J ^

(The complete story of Russo-Mongolian

negoti-

at ions). 14. (A brief

Lo Tun-yung, Tsang-shih chi-lüeh

account of Tibetan In Chapter 13 15.

affairs).

(Revolution)'.

SunWen^.%. (Sun Yat-sen),

chih ching-kuo

ψ

ί^

^

Z. $&^(The

Chung-kuo ko-ming course of China's

revolution). See the supplement ( i b i d . hsü-pien) of this book below for the compiler's further selections. The compiler, a foimer professor at Fu-tan University in Shanghai, i s at present a leading member of the Youth Party. 4.1.2

Chung-kuo chin-pai-nien-shih tzu-liao hsü-pien ^

last hundred years,

l^f

wßf) (Material

for Chinese history

supplement),

compiled by Tso Shun-sheng,

CH Shai 1933, 2 v o l s . , pp. 2 & 564.

of the

(2748/412.2)

This supplement to Tso's earlier sourcebook covers the early Republic as well as late Ch'ing and includes the following valuable entries (our numbering): 1.

K'ang Yu-wei }%. ^

Ü 9 , Wu-hsü pao-kuo-hui chang-

ch'eng

(Regulations

101

of the Pao-kuo-

hui of

1898). 2.

Lo Tun-yung

chih mi-chao

, Wu-hsü Ch'ing Te-tsung

>]f

(The secret

edict

of the Kuang-hsä Emperor in 1898). 3.

Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o

t s u i - c h e chih l ü e h - l i (A brief

, Wu-hsü wei-hsin t e -

fy

tff ^ f %

account of the careers

the reform of 4.

%

of those who were condemned in

1898).

Lao Nai-hsiian

f j §>.

, I-ho-ch* iian chiao-men

yuan-liu k ' a o 3X7 (An into the origins 5.

of the Boxer

sect).

Lu Shu-te

Keng-tzu ch' iian-pien-hou

Ching-Chin-chien chih t s ' an-chuang (The terrible and Tientsin 6.

after

examination

Tf

state

^

of affairs

the Boxer incident

of

^ between

^

I^ Peking

1900).

Note that Tso includes in h i s s e l e c t i o n , a t a time

before i t s forgery was exposed,

a Chinese

translation

of

the famous diary of Ching Shan concerning the Boxer i n c i d e n t . See J . J . L . Duyvendak,

"Ching-Shan's

Diary - A

Mystification",

T* oung Pao 33 No. 3 - 4 , and W. Lewisohn, "Some critical on the so-called

Diary of His Excellency

mente Serica, 1936 - 37 (2).

102

notes

Ching-Shan, " Monu-

7.

Anon,

(ch'üeh-ming ff^yfc» )>

shou-nan chi missionaries

j^jt

' s i ij^i

(The persecution

of

in 1900).

8.

Wang Wen-shao

meng-ch'en chi-shih story o / the flight 9.

, Keng-tzu llang-kung

jfi

%

ßjr

fcfL(The

true

of the Empress and Emperor in 1900).

Lo Tun-yung, Chang Wen-hsiang chih tzu-shu (The

10. shih

Keng-tzu chiao-shih

testimony

of Chang

Lin Ch'ang-min

Chih-tung).

. Ts'an-i-yuan i - n i e n

5»; (The history

upper house of the 11.

parliament).

Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei

shih-mo

^

to PekingJ 12.

. Jen-tzu ying-iuan (The complete story of Qthe

to' e welcome Yuan (Shih-k α n g Te-ch'üan

, Sung-an chen-hsiang of the Sung 13.

of one year (1912) of the

^

'aijand Ying in 1912). Te-hung ^

story

Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o , Kuo-t' i chan-cheng kung-li t'an

"constitutional

"^L (Viar

(The true

(JZhiao-jencase).

(On my personal

14.

trip

war"

experience

Qagainst Yuan Shih-k 'aij

in the

).

Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o , Ts' ung-chün jih-chi j f e 1 ^ 0

diary).

103

15.

Liang Ch'i-ch' ao, Hu-kuo chih i hui-ku t'an (Recollections of the war of national

preservation). 16.

Sun Yu-yiin

^^

^fj • Fu-pi yin-mou chi-shih true

stor

y

°f the restoration

plot Cof 1917) ). 4.1.3

Shih-shih hsin-pien

Sfcff

new symposium on current

affairs), comp, and pub. by Ch'en Yao-ch' ing ffeffifcfflj, 1895, 6 ts'e

(pocket size).

(4603/7992)

Published in 1895, this collection of some 90 essays and articles on current events includes the famous memorial of K'ang Yu-wei and other degree-holders on the necessity of reform (Kung-chfi shang-shu /S'jjzj^'^ , ts'e 6), and affords a useful insight into the views and world-understanding of the reformers of the time. Many items are on institutions and conditions in Western countries but the main emphasis is on the defense and diplomacy needed in the face of the Sino-Japanese crisis over Korea. 4.1.4

K' ang Yu-wei ]|ϊ

, Kung-chü shang-shu chi

(An account of the memorial of the provincial graduates), pub. in Shai 1895, pp. 22 & 10.

(4662.88/0343.8)

Ulis is the text of the famous memorial which more than 300 graduates of the provincial examinations (chii-jen ) submitted in 1895 after the signature of the Sino-Japanese Treaty. K'ang Yu-wei drafted the memorial and headed the signers. Also available in preceding item. 4.1.5

K'ang Yu-wei

»u-hsü tsou-kao ^

^

(Mem-

orials in the year 1898), edited and published by Mai Chung-

104

hua ^ f X t l ^

. 1911.

(4662.88/0343)

This c o l l e c t i o n , edited by a d i s c i p l e , contains 20 of K'ang's 1898 memorials - - the t o t a l number of which i s estimated at 63. This c o l l e c t i o n a l s o includes p r e f a c e s to f i v e books which K'ang wrote for the Emperor to read. 4.1.6

K' ang Yu-wei j«^. ^

, Wan-mu-ts'ao-t'ang ts'ung-shu mu-lu (A list

£The grass

hut amidst

ten thousand

Ts'ang-hai ts'ung-shu

of

ttan-mu-ts'ao

trees}

collection)

, 1934.

t'ang in

(9100/3635.2)

Ulis mu-lu o f a comprehensive c o l l e c t i o n of K'ang Yuw e i ' s writings i s the most complete l i s t of h i s works. The collection i t s e l f was not published as l a t e as 1934. According t o t h i s mu-lu, K ' a n g ' s works can be c l a s s i f i e d as follows: (1) on c l a s s i c s , 19 items; (2) h i s t o r i c a l - including p o l i t i c a l w r i t i n g s , 64 items; ( 3 ) philosophy, 26 items; (4) collections of l i t e r a r y writings, 26 items. More than 18 items in the l i s t d i r e c t l y concern the reform of 1898. 4.1.7

Liang Ch'i-ch'ao

, Wu-hsii cheng-pien chi

(The coup d'etat

of 1898),

(Collected Drinkers'

Studio

(Liang

works

Ch'i-ch'ao's

Also an undated e d i t i o n

in Vin-ping-shih ho-chi and essays study)

- - p u b l i s h e r not

).

of

the

Ice-

(9120/3934) specified.

(2910/3934) A vivid account (interrupted by citation o f documents) of the reform of 1898, and the coup d ' e t a t that followed, by a leading p a r t i c i p a n t in the reform movement. I t t e l l s the story of how K'ang Yu-wei won the confidence of the Emperor, enumerates the reform measures ( a l l the above forms about one fourth of the book), and then concentrates on an analysis o f the background and the events of the coup d ' e t a t . There are also chapters on the l i v e s of the s i x martyred reformers, and

105

the reform movement in Hunan and Kwangtung. In chüan 5 the author gives his opinion on what to do after the failure of the reform effort. 4.1.8

Liang Ch'i-ch'ao "if*

(C°Hected

, Yin-ping-shih ts* ung-chu works of the Ice-Drinkers' Studio),

Shai 1916, 4 vols., several thousand pages.

CP

(5548.7/8333)

Collected work of Liang published in 1916. For more complete collections of Liang's work see Yin-ping shih wen-chi and Yin-ping-shih ho-chi which were published later. 4.1.9

Liang a'i-ch'ao

Yin-ping-shih ho-chi

(Collected works and essays of the Studio),

CH Shai 1936, 40 vols.

Ice-Drinkers'

(9120/3934)

Ulis is the most comprehensive edition of Liang Ch'ich'ao's voluminous work, published in 1936. It thus covers the writings of the four distinct periods of his life; (1) the period before 1898 when he was the leading propagandist of the reform movement; (2) years of exile in Japan when he edited periodicals like Hsin-min ts'ung-pao; (3) the period after 1912, when Liang was in actual politics, and (4) the period after 1926 when he retired from politics and devoted himself to scholarship. The entries are conveniently arranged chronologically; more than 60 entries were written in the period before 1898. This supercedes Yin-ping-shih wen-chi. 4.1.10

Wu-hsü liu-chün-tzu i-chi

^

of the six martyrs of 1898), ^

J^

^

(Writings

preface by Chang Yuan-chi

, CP Shai 1917, 6 ts'e.

(5253.8/1313)

This collection contains prose and poetry of the famous six reformers who were disciples of K'ang Yu-wei and suffered execution in the coup d'etat of 1898. It is made up of the following collections: 1. T'an Ssu-t'ung " f ^ [δ) , Liaot' ien-i-ko wen ^ ·—f^] to be found in^s'e 1_. 2. T'an Ssu-t'ung, Mang-ts' ang-ts' ang-chai shih /%

106

, t s ' e 2 . 3. Τ'an Ssu-t'ung, Yuan-i-t'ang chi wai-wen (Journal

110

of the

western

inspection

trip),

edited by Wang Τao-fu ^

^

, supple-

ment to Ch'ing-chi wai-chiao shih-liao edited by Wang Liang 3 ( o r Peking 1933, 12 ts'e.

,

Wang Hsi-yin

rg,

),

(2913/1107)

This is a chronological journal of an official who was in the entourage of the "inspection trip" which the Empress Dowager took to Sian after the powers threatened Peking in 1900. Thanks to the documentary interest of the author (who is the father of Wang Liang, see above), this journal serves the purpose of a Tung-hua-lu or daily chronicle during the exile period, giving in full the communications between the court and officials such as Li Hung-chang and Chang Chih-tung. It is, therefore, particularly valuable for the study of the court-province relationship during the crisis and of Li Hungchang' s Russian policy. See 5.1.1 also. 4.1.22 Hua Hsüeh-lan ^ chi

^

(T. Jui-an (Diary

of 1901),

(L.K. T'ao),

), Hsin-ch'ou jihpreface by T'ao Meng-ho

CP Shai 1936, pp. 13 & 251.

(2913/4573) This diary of an official who was in Peking and the provinces during the year after the Boxer outbreak has much to say on the allied occupation, especially the Japanese, and records the life and thought of a progressive minded Peking scholar-official under the stress of the national disaster. Dr. T'ao supplies an illuminating introduction (13 pp.) on the author's background and his observations.

4.2

GOVERNMENT EFFORTS AT REFORM AND CONSTITUTIONALISM AFTER 1900 Note: Many documents relevant to this section will be found in sections 3.2 and 3.4 above, and also in Tung-fang tsa-chih (item 2.1.15) which is especially useful for the period 1904 -

111

1911. For the activities of the followers of K'ang Yu-wei and Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, see periodicals listed under 4.6. On the administrative reforms under certain provincial governors of the late-Ch'ing period, see the collected works of officials such as Chang Chih-tung (below, 6.7.3). For works on a leader of the movement for constitutional government, see Chang Chien (4.3.15 and 4.2.16). 4.2.1

(Important

Kuang-hstt cheng-yao of

the Kuang-hsii

reign),

, Tung Yuan ^

political

events

edited by Shen Tung-sheng ΐ&^Ι3J

>Xj and Tung Jun

, printed by Nan-

yang kuan-shu chfl

, published by Ch'ung-iΦ ^b A> t'ang i % Ι&'Ί: , Shai 1909, 30 t'se. (2900/3142)

Selected documents of the entire Kuang-hsii reign based presumably on Tung-hua-lu and the Peking Gazette memorials, as well as edicts and decrees. The contents are mainly on foreign wars and domestic rebellion (Sinkiang, the Moslems, the SinoFrench War, the Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion, and the Russo-Japanese War) but there are also sections on the reforms of 1898, constitutional edicts of 1905, and the like. 4.2.2

Hsüan-t'ung cheng-chi (Political Hsüan-t'ung

reign),

records

compiled by Liu Chia-yeh-t'ang

Kuo-li tzu-chih hsüeh-yuan academy of self-government),

(Si* l^J

iZ- j i ]

Kuo-nei chan-cheng

lectures

on civil

^jp

Shai 1924, pp. 197.

war),

(National (2970/1314)

In these l e c t u r e s which survey many aspects o f the c i v i l war problem — f i n a n c i a l , diplomatic, h i s t o r i c a l , ideol o g i c a l , legal, e t c . —, Dr. Chang advocates a "self-governing army", under a leadership comparable to that o f Tseng Kuo-fan in the suppression of the T a i p i n g s , as a s o l u t i o n to the problem of China in 1924. His lectures r e f l e c t the conditions and problems of the war-lord period. The author i s a leader of a minority party, the Social Democratic (formerly National Socialist). 4.7.4

Chiang-su ping-tsai t i a o - c h ' a chi-shih v i - jffi. ^

142

^%)f]

^HJ "Ig (Factual record of a survey of the war devastation in Kiangsi),

edited by Fu Huan-kuang ^

^

,

published by

Chiang-su ping-tsai ko-hsien shan-hou lien-ho hui ^

(Kiangsu association for

rehabilitation after war devastation), maps and plates.

Shai 1924, pp. ca. 100,

(3069/5459)

The year 1924 witnessed one of the fiercest of the warlord wars - the famous Ch' i-Lu campaign, between Ch'i Hsieh-yuan and Sun Ch'uan-fang j^ff. η^ , on the one hand, andLu Yung-hsiang & jflc. , on the other. Kiangsu was the main battleground (see the maps and notes in this volume). After the war, a relief committee was organized under the auspices of the provincial government and an investigating group was dispatched under Professor Chou Ping-wen ^ (P.W. Tsou). The resulting report describes in detail the devastated state of nine hsien surveyed and is a rare account of the effects of warlordism. 4.7.5

Fei Pao-yen ^ ^

, Shan-hou hui-i shih

(History of the Be construction Conference (of 1925J ), lished by Tsung Chung-yuan 'if; 40 & 336 & 33 plates.

fä,

pub-

Peking 1925, pp. ca.

(2970/5820)

This history, which has prefaces by Tuan Ch'i-jui, Feng Yü-hsiang and 16 other dignitaries, gives a detailed record of the conference of provincial and military leaders sunmoned by Tuan in February - April 1925. Many original documents are quoted, including minutes of 23 plenary sessions, which are invaluable material for the study of warlord politics and of the federalist movement of the time. Wars and negotiations which preceded the conference are also sketched. 4.7.6

Ch'en Ju-hiüan fjf,^ 7 ^

> Lien-pang cheng-chih

143

^

"The Federal Governments,"

Cheng-fa ts'ung-shu

"Political series,"

CP Shai 1925, pp. 9 & 12.

(4639/7940) Completed in 1923, this work by a student of political science illustrates the interest in federalism in the 1920's. It is mainly a study of Western federal governments, concluding that the federal system is applicable to China. 4.7.7

Ching-shih shui-wu chi-shih

^

^fi^j^sZj^

customs administration at the capital),

(Records of

published by the

Office of the Superintendent of Customs at the Capital tu ching-shih shui-wu kung-shu

(Chien),

Peking 1925, pp. ca. 500 and plates.

(4706/0221)

This is a collection of official documents -- orders, regulations, speeches, conference minutes, documentary forms and what not -- concerning customs taxation in the city of Peking, an important source of revenue of the warlord " central government" of the day. The collection covers the period July 1923 - January 1925 and has the following sections: 1) plans for reform; 2) regulations; 3) unification of tariffs; 4) personnel standards; 5) methods of education (of customs officers); 6) supervisory arrangements; 7) rewards and punishments; 8) an open accounting system; 9) uniformity of records; 10) uniformity of documents; 11) instructions to officers; 12) conferences (and minutes of some meetings); 13) speeches; 14) a New Year's greeting. The meticulous and elevated tone of these documents indicates, indirectly, some current administrative problems. 4.7.8

Feng Yü-hsiang ^

3Ϊ ^

, Feng Yü-hsiang jih-chi

^ "IE, (The diaries of Feng Yu-hsiang), Kuo-min-chiin ts'ungshu chih er

^

^

(National Army CFeng's

144

armyD series, No. 2),

published by Min-kuo shih-liao pien-chi

fife

she

(Society for the compilation of

historical materials of the Republic), pp. 532 & 482 & plates.

Peiping 1930, 2 vols.,

(2269/3213)

These day-by-day diaries of Feng Yil-hsiang for the years 1920 - 1927 should be valuable historical material for the warlord period. The same publishing society put out several other works on or by Feng. 4.7.9

Feng Yü-hsiang (My Life),

ί. ^

, Wo-ti sheng-huo Jfc S· f

San-hu t'u-shu she

\f{) %

^ (Authors'

bookstore), Chungking 1944, 3 vols., pp. 2 & 257 & 194 & 336. (2269/3213.2 B) The autobiography of a leading warlord. Written in good literary style, the book gives the colorful story of Feng's life from his childhood to 1928, with chapters describing his civil war campaigns, his Moscow trip, and his early cooperation with Chiang Kai-shek.

4.8

THE NATIONALIST REVOLUTION TO 1928:

LEADERSHIP AND IDEOLOGY

Note: This section consists of writings and speeches of Sun Yat-sen and other Kuomintang leaders before 1928. Other works on Sun Yat-sen and on Kuomintang ideology have been listed under section 4.3 above. For a more complete list of materials on Sun, see the bibliography in Lo Hsiang-lin (4.3.9). In the present section works of Kuomintang leaders appear roughly in this order: Sun Yat-sen, Liao Chung-k'ai, Chou (Tsou) Lu, Shao Yuan-ch'ung, ChuChih-hsin, Chiang Kai-shek, Tai Chi-t'ao, Wang Ching-wei, Chou Fu-hai, Hu Han-min, Sun Fo. 4.8.1

Chien-she printed

"^econstruct^on", (yin-shua ty W \ )

edited by Chien-she she,

by Chu Chih-hsin

145

,

Shai 1919 -

(Vol. 2, No. 6 i s dated August 1920).

(4601/1404)

This monthly was the most important p u b l i c a t i o n connected with the Kuomintang in the few years before the reorgani z a t i o n of 1923 - 24. Prefaced by a message from Sun Y a t - s e n which s t a t e d that the " c o n s t r u c t i o n " o f a "wealthy and s t r o n g " s t a t e was ^^ urgent task o f the day, the j o u r n a l published a r t i c l e s on a v a r i e t y of p o l i t i c a l s u b j e c t s including democratic government and the Marxist i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of h i s t o r y . Among the w r i t e r s were L i a o Chung-k'ai J^· ^ , Chou Lu ϊ^ , Hu Han-min ^ , Chu Chih-hsin and many others, i n c l u d i n g Sun Y a t - s e n h i m s e l f , who p u b l i s h e d h i s Shih-yeh chi-taua (Industrial Plan) as a s e r i a l . In appendices are speeches of Kuomintang leaders. 4.8.2

(Nuggets

Chien-she sui-chin

from. "The

MC Shai 1927, 2 v o l s . , pp. 418 & 430.

struction"),

Recon-

(4103/7857)

R e p r i n t s o f two dozen a r t i c l e s from the important Kuomintang magazine Chien-she ( 4 . 8 . 1 ) , including items by Tai C h i - t ' a o , Hu Han-min, Sun Fo (Sun K ' o ) , Li Ta-chao, and other leaders of the period 1919 - 20. S i m i l a r items by Chu Chih-hsin and a few others were reprinted in other c o l l e c t i o n s . (See 4 . 8 . 2 0 ) . 4.8.3

Tsung-li i-chiao so-yin ^ Director-General's

(Index

^

(Sun Yat-sen's)

compiled by Ch'en Pei-wei

bequeathed

to

the

teachings),

and Hu C h ' ü - f e i ^

^

^ ^ , e d i t e d by the E d i t o r i a l and T r a n s l a t i o n Department o f the Sun Yat-sen I n s t i t u t e for the Advancement of Culture and Education,

CP S h a i

1937,

pp. 42 & 4 9 4 .

(4738.10/7941)

This lengthy and useful index to Sun Y a t - s e n ' s writings l i s t s p r a c t i c a l l y every phrase in them - e . g . under " e a t " come " e a t a i r " , " e a t r i c e " , and 8 other phrases; under " e a t r i c e " , 7 page references are given. There are over 70 phrases l i s t e d beginning with the word s o c i a l ( s h e - h u i ) . The page r e f e r e n c e s are mainly to the standard Tsung-li ch'iian-chi 4 . 3 . 1 3 but in a

146

few instances to Sun Chung-shan hsien-sheng wai-chi Μ 'i ^f" (Extra collection of Mr. Sun Yat-sen's works), CH,and to three other collections (Sun's declarations, speeches and remarks in press conferences) issued by the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. 4.8.4

Sun Wen

(Sun Yat-sen),

San-min chu-i

S - ^ ί-

^

(The Three People's Principles),

MC Canton, August 1925

printing),

(4738.13/1904)

pp. 142 & 202 & 344.

(6th

The text of San-rain chu-i (Sun's lectures of JanuaryAugust 1924) taken down by Huang Ch'ang-ku %> and edited by Chou Lu ^ . "Min-tsu chu-i" (Nationalism) was published the earliest and has a preface dated March 1924, which is reproduced in this edition in Sun's own calligraphy. 4.8.5

Kuo-fu mo-pao l^j

^

^

(Treasured

National Father £Sun Yat-sen) ),

calligraphy

of the

published by Pei-fang tsa-

chih-she kuo-fu i-mo ch'ou-yin wei-yuan-hui ^jfh^f-

j | ^f

^ ^

(Northern Magazine, Committee

for the publication of the calligraphy of the National Father), Peiping 1948, pp. 112.

(4738.31/1904.11)

Facsimile of seven of Sun's manuscripts recently recovered from Japan, including a section of San-min chu-i. 4.8.6

Sun Wen ^

1Ü

M C Shai

(Sun Yat-sen),

Chung-kuo ts'un-wang wen-t'i

(The question of China's 1928, pp. 8 & 120.

survival),

(4738.25/1904)

With a preface by W u Ching-heng

f g . (4 pp.),

this essay, written down by Chu Chih-hsin to Sun's dictation, gives Sun's foreign policy ideas in 1917. It also reflects Sun's views of international politics, nationalism and imperialism.

147

4.8.7

Pai Mei-ch'u

, Tsui-hsin wu-chih chien-she ching-

chieh

^^fS.

%%

(Latest detailed annota-

tions to the "Material Be const ruction"), published by Chienshe t'u-shu-kuan

% %

pp. 8 & 340 & 502.

%

, Peiping 1931, 2 vols.,

(4738.25/2673)

Text, annotations and interpretation of Sun Yat-sen's Wu-chih chien-she (Material reconstruction, written 1918 - 19, which is part two of his Chien-kuo fang-1fleh (Outline of national reconstruction) and very similar to his English book The International Development of China (N.Y., 1922). The present work, by a former professor of geography at the Peking Normal University, deals with Sun's economic and industrial program under the heads of six plans (chi-hua )· The first 64 pp. are devoted to a life and chronology of Sun which sunmarize the phases of his work. The author's annotations in smaller type are interlarded in Sun's text and provide much background information on it. 4.8.8

Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang tang-yuan tsai hsiian-ch'uan kung-tso shang tui-yü chieh-chi tou-cheng ying-ch' ü ti t'ai-tu; fu-lu: Tsung-li tsai kung-jen tai-piao ta-hui chiang-yen-tz" u, Chungkuo kung-jen yii Chung-kuo ko-ming

^f

^

^

^# η fιf &

w # m η&^^κ ^

(The

\€J

^

^

^

it. ii)

Attitüde towards class

war which a member of the Kuomintang ought to take in propaganda work; Supplement: the President's £i.e. Sun Yat-sen's) speech in the Assembly of Labor Delegates, Chinese Labor and the Chinese Revolution), published by the Shanghai Executive Board

148

of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, Shai 1925, pp. 34.

(4738.27/7631)

This pamphlet contains an instruction from the Provisional Chekiang Provincial Executive Conmittee to party workers, and an important speech of Sun Yat-sen given on March 1, 1924, stating that the problem for the Chinese proletariat is to fight the capitalists abroad and not to precipitate revolution at home. 4.8.9

Sun Wen

(Sun Yat-sen),

ta-kang }ί*\ ^

fa

Kuo-min cheng-fu chien-kuo

]l|j

(Outline for the recon-

struction of the country by the National Government), published by Madame Sun Yat-sen, undated, pp. 15.

(4738.25/1904.6)

Facsimile of Sun's 1924 program for China in his own handwriting. 4.8.10

Sun Chung-shan hsien-sheng wen-chi (Collected, writings of Mr. Sun Chung-shan), Nai-kuang ^ " P j

edited by Kan

» item No. 2 in a series published by Sun

Wen chu-i yen-chiu-she Canton 1925, pp. 124.

(Sun Yat-senism research society),

MC

(4738.25/1904)

A selection of 24 of Sun's briefer writings made after his death, beginning with his petition to Li Hung-chang in 1894 and ending with his will. Also contains a 6 pp. bibliographical colophon by Tai Chi-t'ao describing Sun's principal writings and speeches. »Sun

4.8.11 Kan Nai-kuang chi

IL £

H

^

W e n chu

t ^ ^ f ^

·*

chih

li-l«m yii shih-

(The theory and fact

of Sun Yat-senism), Kuang-tung-sheng tang-pu hsüan-ch'uan-pu

149

(Department o f Information o f the Kwangtung p r o v i n c i a l branch o f the Kuomintang), Kuo-min hsin-wen, Canton 1926, V o l . 1, pp. 70. (4738.12/4719. H. U. has only Vol. 1) An e a r l y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Sun's doctrines, presented in s i x chapters on the Three P r i n c i p l e s , t h e i r background circumstances and general nature, and the mass movement o f a l l classes. 4.8.12

. Tiii-yU "Sun Wen chu-i chih che-hsiieh

Sun Ching-ya

t i chi-ch' u" chih shang-chiao ^ Foundation

*%

(A discussion

of "The

^

^

Philosophical

published by the author, Shai

of Sun Yat-senism"),

1925, pp. 56.

3: f ^

(4738.12/1981)

A lecture in which the author, a l s o a Kuomintang member, discusses T a i C h i - t ' a o ' s work, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the San-min chu-i should be described as an e t h i c a l philosophy (lun-li che-hsiieh λ ^ ί-'ξ ^ ^ ), the b a s i c concept of which i s universal l o v e (po-ai ^ )· 4.8.13

Tai Chi-t'ao chi-ch' u sophical

^

^

1%-SCL 3£- % foundation

, Sun Wen chu-i chih che-hsiieh t i ty

%

of Sun Yat-senism),

60 & 1 p l a t e , 1 chart.

ί

(The phi

lo-

MC Canton 1925, pp.

(4738.12/452)

Α Kuomintang leader expounds the p h i l o s o p h i c a l and e t h i c a l implications of San-min chu-i, which he summarizes as the philosophy o f p e o p l e ' s l i v e l i h o o d (min-sheng che-hsüeh & % nß ) · An i n t e r e s t i n g chart, reminiscent of l a t e r work o f Ch'en Li-»fu, shows the r e l a t i o n of Sun's thought t o the o l d e r v i r t u e s o f s i n c e r i t y (ch'eng) and benevolence (jen). 4.8.14

Shao Yuan-ch'ung hsing-cheng chi-hua

Xj ^

ι Usün-cheng s h i h - c h ' i

flf 150

V&Ti

ti-fang

"ff't']

(Plans

for

local

tutelage),

administration

during

MC Canton 1925, pp. 44.

the period

of

political

(4742/1213)

Brief analysis and interpretation of Sun's ideas on the subject, with two small charts. 4.8.15

Shao Yuan-ch'ung

7Ü ^

chu-i tsung-lun

"SC

senismj,

(Shao I-ju

ψ-ÜP (Summary

^

Chung-shan hsiieh-yuan ts'ung-k'an

college series),

),

MC Shai 1927, pp. 54.

Sun Wen

of Sun

Yat-

(Chung-shan

(4738.12/2213)

Four lectures interpreting Sun's doctrines, by an important Kuomintang theorist. 4.8.16 Shao Yuan-ch'ung

(Shao I-ju

l^AC*),

Chung-kuo

chih ko-ming yiin-tung chi ch' i pei-ching "dp ^ and its

(The

background),

revolutionary

movement

China

Chung-shan hsiieh-yuan ts'ung-shu ή? m

(Chung-shan college series), pp. 32.

of

MC Shai 1927,

(4738.12/2213)

A lecture interpreting Sun's revolutionary movement, including circumstances of its genesis after the Sino-French hostilities. 4.8.17

Shao Yun-ch' ung hslen-sheng yen-chiang-chl ti-i-chi ^

%%

CP Shai 1928, pp. 119.

f -

"Speeches

7Qj

by Zau Yuan-chung,

"

(4738.26/1213.3)

Ten speeches of a Kuomintang leader giving his interpretation of the social and political revolutions as envisaged by San-min chu-i.

151

4.8.18

Liao Chung-k'ai

jf|-

(tr.),

Ch'iian-min cheng-chih lun

"Government by all the people,

(by)

Delos

F. Wilcox, Ph.D.", M C Canton 1925, pp. 14 & 4 & 256. (4618/5144) This translation illustrates the political ideas of an important Kuomintang leader, who was close to Sun Yat-sen. The phrase "Ch'üan-min cheng-chih" has now become a slogan roughly equivalent to "democracy". It is significant, with reference to Sun's doctrine of the Four Powers of the People (election, initiative, referendum, and recall) that the subtitle of Wilcox's work was "The Initiative, the Referendum, and the Recall as Instrument (sic) of Democracy". The 12 pp. preface by Shao Yuan-ch'ung ίο ι dated Shanghai, August 30, 1925, is itself a very revealing discussion of Sun's theory in the light of Western practice and writings. 4.8.19

Chou Lu

, Chou Lu wen-ts'un

essays of Chou Lu),

edited by Mei Ao

% ^

^-J^T

(Collected

, Pei-hua shu-chü

. Peiping 1930, pp. ca. 500.

(4738.26/2226)

The author is a leading Kuomintang writer and historian, and was Minister of Youth in the reorganized Kuomintang of 1924. In the Yuan Shih-k'ai period he was a member of Parliament where he expressed the Kuomintang point of view. The first part of this collection gives documents written by Chou in Parliament, and the second, his articles published during the same period. Part III (176 pp.) consists of writings concerning Kuomintang-Communist cooperation after 1924. In parts IV and V are his historical and miscellaneous writings, not including, of course, the author's big history of the Kuomintang. The 26 articles and 22 other items on KuomintangCoimrunist cooperation are of great historical value when used with appropriate discrimination. See 4.3.1, 4.9.10, 4.9.11. 4.8.20

Chu Chih-hsin chi hsin),

(Collected works of Chu Chih-

edited by Qiien^she she

152

(The Reconstruction

(Magazine} ),

preface by Wang Ching-wei et al., MC Shai, 1st

printing, 1921, 3rd printing 1928, 2 vols., pp. 696 & 336. (4738.26/2942) Some 70 articles and other writings of an important early Kuomintang theorist. Many of the articles were first published in early Kuomintang periodicals such as Chien-she ^ %%_ and llsing-ch'l p' ing-lun % %$ , and reflect ideas within the Kuomintang in the crucial years after Yuan Shih-k'ai's death. These pieces range over a wide variety of topics, including social revolution, nationalism and constitutionalism. 4.8.21 •

Chu Chih-hsin wen-ts" un wen-ch'ao Chih-hsin),

^

tylW

(on title page)

iC ^ (Selected

(on cover) essays

or

of

Chu

edited by Shao Yuan-ch'ung, MC Shai 1927, pp. 448.

(4738.26/2942.1) A selection of 26 items from the larger collection of Chu's works, see Chu Chih-hsin chi (4.8.20). 4.8.22 Chang Shih-chao

-i ^.j , Ch'ang-sha Chang-shih ts'ung-kao Vy ^

kuei-chia Chi chao's

political

writings,

1929, pp. 5 & 197.

7ft ^

"Chang

Shih-

from Sin Wen Pao in 1923 - 24",

CP

(4618/0448.7)

A reprint of 40 articles contributed by a well-known journalist (see 4.6.7) to the Shanghai paper hsin-wen pao M l · * « current political subjects. His acute observations are of some value for political history. 4.8.23

Chiang Chieh-shih hsien-sheng yen-shuo-chi vj^. /(j- ^ (Speeches

of Chiang Kai-shek),

153

^

edited and published

by Ρ'ing she

, Canton 1927, 2 vols., pp. 748.

(4738.26/4451) These volumes contain some 106 of Chiang's early speeches, made in the years 1924 - 1927 to the cadets at the Whampoa Academy and a variety of other Party groups and meetings. They reflect Chiang's vigorous belief in patriotism, military discipline, and moral qualities and are an important primary source on the ideas of the revolutionary movement at that time. See also 4.10.15 and 4.10.20. 4.8.24

Chiang Chung-cheng jjlf- ^

(Chiang Kai-shek),

yuan-chang shou-ting ko-ming shu-chien ^ jf- of7

p^j

Chairman Chiang), i U If

Chiang wei-

^

^

(Revolutionary letters selected personally by published by Wen-shih yen-chiu hui

(Research society on literature and history),

Ch'ang-feng shu-tien after victory"),

ffe , Shai 1941

("first edition

pp. 98.

Letters by Chiang Kai-shek (said to be his own selections for publication) to Sun Yat-sen, Liao Chung-k'ai Sp. ^ V t f t . Ch'en Ch'iung-ming -jirS] , Wang Ching-wei ^ fä and others in the period between 1921 and 1925. 4. 8. '45

Chiang Chung-cheng yj^· hsi chia-shu Chiang),

jE. (Chiang Kai-shek),

i- J ^

(Family letters of Chairman

published by Wen-shih yen-chiu hui "jC

(Research society on literature and history), shu-tien -^C

Chiang chu-

3>Tf Ch'ang-feng

, Shai 1946, pp. 72.

A chronological history (chi-nien shih of Chiang Kai-shek's life, 20 chiian in length, was prepared by

154

Mao Ssu-ch'eng & and published in 1937. I t includes a c o l l e c t i o n of Chiang's papers and l e t t e r s besides a d e t a i l e d chronology of his l i f e . This 1946 popular e d i t i o n o f Chiang's l e t t e r s took some items from Mao's work and added a few others. The volume has three s e c t i o n s : 1) 22 o f Chiang's l e t t e r s t o his sons, Ching-kuo && ( f ) and Wei-kuo , dated 1920 1924; 2 ) 16 l e t t e r s supplementary t o C h i a n g ' s l e t t e r s to Kuomintang colleagues published in 4.8.24; 3) Chiang's w r i t i n g s (6 items) about his l a t e mother and brother. 4.8.26

flfy

Chiang H s i n g - t e H^f

%

, Chiang wei-yuan-chang chuan

(Biography

Chairman Chiang

(Kai-shek)

of

the

(Military]

Commission

T ' i e n - t i ch'u-pan she

),

^.i-tiL

, Chungking 1943, 2nd printing Shai 1945, pp. 139. A short e u l o g i s t i c survey of Chiang's l i f e , of some use f o r r e f e r e n c e but l e s s f u l l than the chronology by Mao Ssuch'eng. (see item 4.8.25) 4.8.27

Ko-ming t i t'ung-chih-men lien-ho c h ' i - l a i "^f^

(Unite,

Comrades of

pub-

revolution!),

l i s h e d by the Peking branch o f the Kuomintang, Peking 1926, pp. 26.

(4738.32/3118.3)

Speeches, by Chiang Kai-shek, Wang Ching-wei, Ho Yingc h ' i n and the e a r l y Chinese Communist leader, L i Ta-chao (Li Shou-ch' ang 'tT ^ ), a f t e r the meeting of some dissenting Kuomintang members in Peking in December 1925. This combination of persons i s naturally o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t . 4.8.28

Tai C h i - t ' a o tf

lHI M)

^

, Chung-Kuo t u - l i yiin-tung t i chi-tien

%

movement for

tK independence),

1928, pp. 2 & 88 & p l a t e .

(The

foundation

of

China's

2nd r e v i s e d e d i t i o n , MC Canton (2970/4527)

155

A collection of 4 of Tai Chi-t'ao's essays, and notes of a press conference, mainly on China's foreign relations and the situation after the May 30th incident of 1925. The author claims to have interpreted Sun's ideas correctly. One speech gives an account of Sun's journey to Peking in 1925 (see pp. 30 - 46). 4.8.29

Tai Ch'uan-hsien fP^lf· ^ lu ^j" ^

(The

road

(Tai Chi-t'ao), for

youth),

series, Chung-kuo wen-hua fu-wu she ^

Ch* ing-nien chih China Kuomintang

t^j "SC

flffi.

,

Shai 1945, pp. 21 & 268. These 13 chapters on revolutionary problems were based on lectures delivered by Tai to students of the newly founded Sun Yat-sen University in 1927 (the preface is dated Dec. 1927). 4.8.30

Wang Ching-wei hsien-sheng tsui-chin chiang -yen chi ti-i~chi ft speeches

Φ

- f t ^ t i ^ f of

Ifang Ching-wei,

1925, pp. 88.

f

first

collection),

(Recent MC Canton

(4738.26/3138.2)

Eight speeches of Wang Ching-wei made in the year 1925. 4.8.31

Wang Ching-wei ^J$|4j|j(Wang Chao-ming Kuo-min-tang shih kai-lun ^ of the history

[§]

of the Kuomintang),

Chung-kuo

^ Political series, published

by the Central Military Political Institute, 1927, pp. 24. (4738.28/313) Interesting though brief recollections and views by Wang Ching-wei on the history of the Kuomintang.

156

4.8.32

Chou Fu-hai ]f] tf

kai-kuan thought

, Chung-shan hsicn-siicng ssu-hsiang

ÜA $0

of Mr.

%

Sun

(General

Chung-shan),

view of

the

MC Canton 1925, pp. 50.

(4738.12/722) A brief interpretation of Sun's ideas on the past, present, and future, written soon after his death, with a preface by Tai Chi-t'ao. The writer turned traitor with Wang Ching-wei in 1938. 4.8.33

Chou Fu-hai )1]tffc>·{$ , San-min chu-i li-lun ti t'i-hsi Κ,

ί - W

San-min

chu-i),

•f'J

^

^ f

ft,

(The

theoretical

system

Hsin-sheng-ming yüeh-k'an she

, Shai 1928, pp. 354.

of

^

(4738.15/722.3)

An exposition of San-min chu-i by a Kuomintang theorist. His observations analyse the Three Principles in rather abstract terms, as regards their origin, nature, background, evolution, etc., including some comparisons with the West and analysis of the Four Political Rights, Equalization of Land Use and other concepts of Sun Yat-senism. 4.8.34

Hu Han-min ^ San-min

^

^

, San-min chu-i-che chih shih-ming

^jj chu-i),

(The mission

of

MC Shai 1927, pp. 158.

the followers

of

(4738.15/4237.2)

A dozen essays and speeches of Hu flan-min, including a few on the Communist Party. 4.8.35

Hu Han-min hsien-sheng yen-chiang chi (sPeeches (chi),

°f

Mr

·

pp. 80 & 102 & 74.

Han-min),

y^

^

MC Shai 1927, 3 vols,

(4738.26/4237)

Authorized version of 29 speeches to a variety of

157

Party gatherings by a Kuomintang leader during the year 1927; transcribed texts corrected by the author. 4.8.3C

IIu Uan-min hsien-sheng t s a i - 0 yen-chiang lu t i - i - c h i &

&

&

W

%

llu Han-min

in Russia,

printing),

pp. 34.

1$ 1st

^

-

%

yjjj^

(Speeches

of

MC Canton 1927

collection),

Mr. (3rd

(4738.26/4237)

Two speeches of Hu Han-min during his t r i p to Russia, replete with an exemplary s e r i e s of Marxist slogans. 4.8.37

IIu Han-min

^

chu-i t i lien-huan-hsing cyclical 2 & 110.

character

of

),

(Hu Chan-t'ang ^ Ijfo ^

3-

the San-min

chu-i),

San-min

^

(The

MC Shai 1928, pp.

(4738.15/4237)

An important Kuomintang p o l i t i c i a n - p h i l o s o p h e r t r i e s to show that there i s a c y c l i c a l r e l a t i o n between the revolution in the world and the r e v o l u t i o n i n China ( i . e . the one w i l l a f f e c t the other and v i c e v e r s a ) , while there i s also a c y c l i c a l r e l a t i o n among the three p r i n c i p l e s that c o n s t i t u t e San-min chu-i ( i . e . the progress of one w i l l help that of the other two). The author a l s o compares the ideas o f min-tsu, min-ch'üan and min-sheng with those of cosmopolitanism, anarchism, and communism. This work i s i d e n t i c a l with pamphlet No. 4 in the commemorative s e r i e s , Tsung-li an-tsang chi-nien hstian-ch'uan ts'ung-k'an. See 4.10.12 below. 4.8.38

Fan C h ' i

Fan),

Chung-kuo kuo-min ko-ming chih

shih-ming, i-ming shih-chieh kai-tsao chih yuan-li

(The mission titled

of

the Chinese Nationalist

"Principles

of

the Reconstruction

158

^J2

Revolution, of

the

also

en-

World"),

preface by Hu Han-min, MC Shai 1928, pp. 352.

(4738.12/4182)

Advocating cosmopolitan equality (national and racial as well as individual), this philosophical treatise was written by a T'ung-meng»hui veteran and friend of Hu Han-min. 4.8.39

Chung-kuo Kuo-rain-tang chiang-yen chi z^? % (chi \

(Collected ),

Kuomintang speeches),

^

^'jjjjF MCShai 1924, 3 vols,

s i x t h p r i n t i n g 1927, V o l . I pp. 78, Vol. I I pp.

44, Vol. I l l pp. 42.

(4738.26/7859)

These l i t t l e volumes include 9 speeches by Hu Han-min, Ch'en Tu-hsiu (Ch'en Shih-an ^ ^ % ) , Wang Ching-wei, Wu Chih-hui, and Tai Chi-t'ao. 4.8.40

Ko-ming yii fan-ko-ming counter-revolution),

j j i ' « p " J ^ ,/iL

"ojT

(Revolution

and

edited by Lang Hsing-shih

MC Shai 1928, pp. 3 & 612.

(4738.26/3211)

A c o l l e c t i o n of two dozen w r i t i n g s by r i g h t - w i n g Kuomintang leaders L i Shih-tseng \ , Wu Chih-hui (7 items)> Hu Han-min 5$ & , Chiang K a i shek, Ch'en Ming-ch'u , Liu Lu-yin % ) j § plus 2 items by Wang Ching-wei (in appendix). Several items are on the s p l i t between the Kuomintang and the Communists in 1927 and Wang Ching-wei's position. 4.8.41

Sun Κ'ο hsien-sheng tsui-chin chih yen-lun -Λ

-

-jjcjj'

L wife

VI. ts'ung-shu

(Recent Speeches of Mr. Sun ίο),

(Youth s e r i e s ) ,

Ch'ing-nien

published by the M i n i s t r y of

Youth, Central Executive Coirmittee of the Kuomintang, 1927, pp. 2 & 86.

(4738.32/1924) A score of speeches made by Dr. Sun Fo during 1927.

159

4.8.42

L i Chao-huan ^

tS

> Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang c h e n g - t s ' e ^.'"J

(Policy

Shai 1928, pp. 146.

of

the Kuomintang),

CP

(4738.26/2363)

A s e r i e s of seven popular but s y s t e m a t i c l e c t u r e s on Kuomintang s t r u c t u r e and p o l i c y given a t an i n s t i t u t e of r u r a l workers sponsored by the M i n i s t r y of P e a s a n t r y of t h e ( l e f t wing) Kuomintang. The p r e f a c e i s d a t e d a t Wuhan i n March 1927. The a u t h o r c l a i m s t o i n t e r p r e t Sun Y a t - s e n ' s i d e a s a c c u r a t e l y and i n c l u d e s a minimum r e f e r e n c e l i s t of P a r t y m a t e r i a l s on the s u b j e c t (p. 146). 4.8.43

Chu Tzu-ch'en

y^C , H s i n - s h i h - t a i san-min c h u - i c h i a o -

k' o-shu chu-i

text

(New Age book),

San-min

for use in the primary grade of elementary

s c h o o l s , p u b l i s h e d by H s i n - s h i h - t a i c h i a o - y ü she Educational Society),

1927,

8 vols.,

(New Age

e a c h c a . 20 p p .

(4738.15/2917) This 1927 textbook f o r use in granmar school i l l u s t r a t e s the e a r l y i n d o c t r i n a t i o n program based on the San-min c h u - i . 4.8.44

Su I - j i h

9

chiao-k· o-shu San-min chu-i

> e t a l . , H s i n - s h i h - t a i san-min c h u - i

%ff t l f text

book),

ft,

(New Age

for the use of j u n i o r middle schools,

published by H s i n - s h i h - t a i chiao-yü she Society),

%

(New Age Educational

CP 1927, 3 v o l s . , pp. 91 & 91 & 84.

(4997/4283)

These t h r e e t e x t books on the t h r e e p r i n c i p l e s of Dr. Sun i l l u s t r a t e t h e i r use in e a r l y Kuomintang i n d o c t r i n a t i o n . 4.8.45

, P e i - f a - h o u c h i h k o -p' a i

Ssu-ma H s i e n - t a o

160

ssu-ch' ao

3t-

among various she

>(&. ^

groups

\U

after

(The tide

the Northern

Campaign),

, P e i p i n g 1 9 3 0 , pp. 2 6 2 .

of

ideas

Ying-shan

(4738.30/1272)

An i n t e r e s t i n g a n a l y s i s of the ideas o f the various p o l i t i c a l factions a f t e r 1927 which takes a s c e p t i c a l a t t i t u d e toward both l e f t and r i g h t . S u c c e s s i v e chapters deal with opportunist third p a r t i e s , the n a t i o n a l i s t f a c t i o n , a n a r c h i s t s , Comintern communists, r i g h t Kuomintang, l e f t Kuomintang, and the p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o f unitary small s c a l e development in Kuomintang p o l i t i c a l organization. Numerous documents are given in appendices. This work appears to be an important contemporary study of Chinese p o l i t i c a l alignments.

4.9

THE NATIONALIST REVOLUTION TO 1928:

CIVIL WAR AND POLITICS

Note: This s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o f m a t e r i a l s f o r p o l i t i c a l and m i l i t a r y h i s t o r y connected mainly with the reorganization o f the Kuomintang and i t s a c t i v i t i e s through the Northern Campaign and the s p l i t with the Communists, including some p a r t i san i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f the p e r i o d . Note Chiang K a i - s h e k ' s s p e e c h e s , above 4 . 8 . 2 3 , and w r i t i n g s o f o t h e r l e a d e r s in s e c t i o n 4 . 8 . For the m i l i t a r y campaigns, consult L i Chiennung ( 2 . 1 . 2 ) and o t h e r general h i s t o r i e s in 2 . 1 and 4 . 3 . Note the h i s t o r i c a l works and other writings of Chou (Tsou) Lu c i t e d above, 4 . 8 . 1 9 , 4 . 3 . 1 . 4.9.1

Huang Hui-lung ^

j Ü ^ ^ f , (Huang Wei-long),

sheng ch* in-cheng-lu sen's

Punitive

T'ieh-sheng

Expeditions

li)

Chung-shan hsien-

Ι ^ Μ ί Ί , Ι edited

(

"Dr. Sun )

Yat-

by Ch'en

CP Shai 1930, pp. 19 & 48 & 3 p l a t e s .

(4738.27/4850) An account of Sun Y a t - s e n ' s m i l i t a r y a c t i v i t i e s during his northern campaign of 1921 - 22, based on the diary o f an

161

aide. The account reveals many details of the revolt of Ch'en Ch*iung-ming, which caused the f a i l u r e o f that campaign. 4.9.2

> Mln-kuo shih-erh-nien,

Ku Y i n g - f e n

shuai tung-cheng j i h - c h i

^

j|[j

•==- ^

(Diary of Generalissimo in 1923),

MC Shai 1926, pp. 38.

(Sun)

ta-yuan-

"K.

^

^

Sun's eastern campaign

(4738.25/4604)

Selections from a diary kept by a close aide of Sun during his m i l i t a r y campaign against the warlord f o r c e s in Kwangtung in the f a l l and winter of 1923. 4.9.3

Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang hsiian-yen hsiin-ling chi

^

^

Ά / £

% s"l

(Collected manifestos

tions of the China Kuomintang), shu-chü

^

^

β]

and

instruc-

edited by Kwang-tung kuo-min , Canton undated, pp. 56.

(4738.23/5667) Contains the manifestos of the f i r s t (1924) and second (1926) Party Congresses and also a collection of Party statements and of Sun's l e t t e r s of the period 1924 - 1925, some o f which are not found in other collections. 4.9.4

Huang Ch'ang-ku

%) jjEj^ , Sun Chung-shan hsien-sheng pei-

shang yü s h i h - s h i h - h o u h s i a n g - c h ' Ing

(Detailed Chung-shan's

trip

to the North

MC Shai 1925, pp. 52.

circumstances

and events after

of Mr. Sun his

death),

(4738.31/1904)

A speech of Huang Ch'ang-ku, who was Sun's secretary, describing Sun's northern trip, i l l n e s s , and death.

162

4.9.5

^%%.(The

Ai-ssu-lu

book of condolence),

edited by Sun

Chung-shan hsien-sheng tsang-shih ch'ou-pei-ch'u ^

^

(Preparatory committee for the

burial of Mr. Sun Chung-shan) ca. 1000 & numerous plates.

1925?, 3 vols,

(ts'e),

pp.

(4738.31/1904.2)

These three handsomely printed volumes published in memory of Sun Yat-sen record the innumerable expressions of condolence by organizations and individuals throughout China. The first volume has excellent photographs of Sun and his calligraphy (including Sun's own manuscript of Chien-kuo ta-kang), also detailed accounts of Sun's journey to Peking, his illness, death, and services held for him in many places over the world. 4.9.6

Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang ti-erh-tz'u ch' uan-kuo tai-piao ta-hui hsüan-yen chi chüeh-i an 'ft

£

resolutions

^

' S %

ψ

^

^

^

ΐ ^ Ί ΐ τ %

of the second national

(Manifesto

congress

of the

and

Kuomintang),

published by the Ministry of Information of the Central Executive Conmittee, Canton (?) 1926, pp. 138.

(4738.35/5667.2)

Contains the text of the manifesto of the second Kuomintang congress held after Sun Yat-sen's death, and the 22 resolutions passed in the session, including resolutions on political movements and propaganda among many classes -- youth, merchants, workers and peasants, -- and on many topics. Appendix gives the statistics on the composition of the congress and events of the session (pp. Ill - 121). 4.9.7

Pen-tang chung-yao hsüan-yen hsfin-ling chih yen-chiu i i manifestos

Ί") ·φ* and instructions

#ff ^ of our party),

163

β

study

of

important

Cheng-chih chiang-i

( P o l i t i c a l lecture notes),

edited by Yun Tai-ying Ί ' ^ ^ Χ ^ ζ ,

published by the P o l i t i c a l Department of Chung-yang chiin-shih cheng-chih hsüeh-hsiao (Central M i l i t a r y P o l i t i c a l 1926, pp. 54.

Institute),

(4738.32/9524)

This pamphlet, containing the manifestos of the Kuomintang Congresses o f 1924 and 1926, was used as a p o l i t i c a l instruction text for army personnel. 4.9.8

Tan-ho Kung-ch'an-tang liang-ta yao-an "^V^·^ Party),

(Two important

-fyj

^

cases of impeachment of the Communist

e d i t e d and published by the Central Supervisory

Committee of the Kuomintang,

1927, pp. 30 w i t h

plates.

(4738.43/7326) This volume contains two documents of primary importance on Kuomintang-Communist relations in the 1923 - 24 period. The f i r s t i s a report t o Sun Yat-sen by the Kwangtung Branch of the Kuomintang on the designs of the Communists against the Kuomintang. Reproduced in f a c s i m i l e , i t bears the marginal notations of Sun, which state clearly his motives in cooperating with the Communists. Hie second document, the impeachment of the Communist Party by the Central Supervisory Committee of the Kuomintang, has as appendix a verbatim record of a conversation between two committee members and Michael Borodin. 4.9.9

Teng Tse-ju shih-chih

, Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang er-shih-nien *f

&

^

+

%

(Historical

records of the China Kuomintang daring the last twenty

years),

CC Nanking 1948, pp. 10 & 502. Teng T s e - j u was Sun Yat-sen's top financial advisor f o r many years and ranked with Hu Han-min and Wang Ching-wei

164

as one of t h e most important Kuomintang f i g u r e s of t h e Canton p e r i o d . This memoir p u b l i s h e s f o r the f i r s t time many l e t t e r s from Sun Y a t - s e n t o t h e a u t h o r , most of which c o n c e r n t h e P a r t y ' s financial d i f f i c u l t i e s (also reflected in financial statements which Teng c i t e s ) . 4.9.10

Chou (Tsou) Lu jjjjf? ^

, Hui-ku l u Xs) j§fr^(Memoirs),

chi ts'ung-shu ch'u-pan she

Chuan-

(Biographical s e r i e s ) , it- ώ

Tu-li

, Nanking 1946 , 2 v o l s . 706 p.

(4738.31/2226) Chou Lu, who h a s s i n c e become the c h i e f h i s t o r i a n of t h e Kuomintang, was a t r u s t e d a i d e of Sun Yat-sen from T ' u n g meng-hui days and s e r v e d as t h e M i n i s t e r of Youth in t h e r e o r g a n i z e d Kuomintang i n 1924. He a v o i d s g e n e r a l h i s t o r y i n t h i s book but seeks t o t e l l t h e s t o r y of e v e n t s i n which he himself p a r t i c i p a t e d . A v a l u a b l e a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l source with s e c t i o n s on the s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t Yuan, t h e Western H i l l s conference, e t c . See a l s o 4 . 3 . 1 and 4 . 8 . 1 9 . 4.9.11

Chou (Tsou) Lu (Selected

essays

, Ch'eng-lu wen-hsffan of Ch'eng-lu

(Chou Lu)),

CC Nanking 1948, pp.

12 & 484. S e l e c t i o n s from Chou's w r i t i n g s , e d i t e d by a f r i e n d , mainly on h i s t o r i c a l or i d e o l o g i c a l s u b j e c t s . 4.9.12

F a n - t u i "Hsi-shan h u i - i " Western Hills (fen-pu)

Conference"),

&

&Ί^ΥAgainst

"The

published by the 53rd s u b - s e c t i o n

of the Shanghai branch of the Kuomintang

shih t i - i - c h ' i i tang-pu 1925?, pp. 32.

xfy ^ L

^

(Shang-hai ^

),

(4738.32/6079)

Manifesto of a l o c a l p a r t y u n i t p r o t e s t i n g a g a i n s t the

165

conservative group of Kuomintang leaders who summoned a conference at Peking in December 1925 in dissent against the bulk of the party at Canton. 4.9.13

Kuang-chou shih-pien yii Shang-hai h u i - i (The Canton incident ence), 1928

-W

'η·

and the Shanghai

edited and published by the P'ing-she (2nd impression),

pp. 236.

Qß.

7

confer, Canton

(2985/0213)

Documents concerning the Canton r e v o l t of November 1927 and a conference among Kuomintang leaders at Shanghai immediately before the r e v o l t . The editors produce evidence to show that behind the Canton revolt was a conspiracy of Wang Ching-wei's faction which cooperated with the Communist I n t e r n a t i o n a l . Among the 43 items l i s t e d are summaries of the circumstances, statements by Wu Chih-hui, Sun Fo, Pai Ch'unghsi, Chiang Kai-shek and others, and by Party organs. At OJ 4.9.14

Hua Kang

f^J , I-chiu-erh-wu chih i - c h i u - e r h - c h ' i nlen t i

Chung-kuo ta-ko-ming shih

— lL>

2Z-

(History revolution,

1925 - 1927),

— "/Zj —of

the great

Ch'un-keng shu-chü

Jp Chinese ,

Shai 1932, pp. 561. (2985/4572) A h i s t o r y of the revolution of 1925 - 1927, written from the point of view of the Communist International. H. U. copy lacks a table of contents. Successive sections deal with the nature and peasant background o f the r e v o l u t i o n , the Reforms of 1898 and the 1911 Revolution, the May 30th movement of 1925 in various p a r t s o f China, the p o s i t i o n o f s o c i a l classes in the revolution including the peasants' movement and position of the Chinese Communist Party. Mss. was completed in 1930. This i s one of the f u l l e s t contemporary statements of the Communist view of these years. 4.9.13

Ch'ing-tang yiin-tung

^

l^J^h

166

Party

purification

movement),

edited and published by Ch'ing-tang yiin-tung chi-

chin hui

(Association for the pro-

motion of the party p u r i f i c a t i o n movement), 1927, pp. 5 - 302.

place not given,

(4738.30/393)

Reproduces some f i f t y documents on Chiang Kai-shek's party purge o f 1927, including his o f f i c i a l orders, Party documents, and many statements of Kuomintang leaders. 4 . 9 . IC Li Yü-wen

>-'S

tr.),

Tanaka Tadao

ko-ming yii nung-ts'un wen-t' i (The Nationalist

^ ^

revolution

pp. 13 & 250 & 270.

J^jfäl

and rural

lished by Ts'un-chih yüeh-k'an she Government Monthly S o c i e t y ) ,

Kuo-min

f{

Peiping 1932

problems),

pub(Village

(prefaces 1930),

(4391/6055)

This i s by a Japanese Marxist who was an advisor to the Hankow Government in 1927 and who had traveled widely during s i x or seven years of the Nationalist Revolution. The Japanese original was published in Japan a few months before the transl a t i o n was made. This volume contains two long chapters on the peasant movement in that period (7th pien: China's peasant movement, 81 pp.; 8th pien: the rural economy of the provinces and the peasant movement, 89 pp.) which are two of the f u l l e s t accounts a v a i l a b l e , dealing with such r e l a t i v e l y unstudied topics as peasant a s s o c i a t i o n s , the revolutionary use o f the Red Spears Society (Hung-ch'iang-hiu ) i n various provinces; organization of the Chinese Communist Youth, t h e i r rural work and problems; organization of the peasant movement in Shantung and Kiangsi; Comnunist-Kuomintang competition for peasant leadership, and the l i k e . An important source. 4.9.17

Ai-ch'ien chiu pu-ko-ming money, we will

not carry

/^r on the revolution),

167

(Once we love published by the

Headquarters of the commander in charge of railway transportation of the associated forces of the National Army chün),

1928, pp. 10.

(Kuo-min-

(4738.32/4451.3)

This tiny pamphlet contains a message from the Comnander-in-chief (Chiang Kai-shek) to the railway workers. 4.9.18

San-min chu-i wen-ta

^

^

^

^

ftfj

(Questions and

answers on San-min chu-i), published by the political department of the headquarters of the associated forces of the National Army

(Kuo-min-chün lien-chün tsung-ssu-ling-pu cheng-

Chih-pu

^

pp. 32.

f

Μ

t f

Jfc Vfe

. 1928,

(4738.15/6731)

A tiny propaganda leaflet with a catechism for use among the Nationalist forces, indicating how San-min chu-i was popularized in the army. Appendix gives a few martial songs.

4.10

THE KUOMINTANG 1928 - 1937 Note: This section consists of documents relating to policies, propaganda, reforms, and developments within the Kuomintang, mainly in the years 1928 - 30. Items are in rough chronological order. Note especially item 4.10.7, the Kuomintang year book, which is a valuable source for research; 4.10.18 and 4.10.19, which are works on Chiang Kai-shek; also 4.12.7 and 4.12.8 on the revival of the pao-chia system.

4.10.1

Chung-yang tang-wu yiieh-k' an party affairs monthly),

^

^

Η

(Central

published by the secretariat of the

Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, monthly, 1928 (No. 1 is dated August 1, 1928).

168

(4738.33/559.1.

H.U. has No.

1 - 6) Ulis is a monthly bulletin of Party documents classified under the following categories: 1) documents,which include proclamations and various types of official communications; 2) laws and statutes; 3) projects; 4) reports; 5) appendix, which includes organization charts, regulations, lists of personnel, and documents of historical interest. Ulis publication is a source of primary importance for its period. 4.10.2

Hsien-tao fyj^ , "The Sen Toa"

(The forerunner), edited and

published by Hsien-tao yiieh-k'an she, distributed through MC Shai 1928 monthly.

(Vol. 1, No. 6 is dated November 16, 1928),

(9200/2134)

A non-official organ on international and domestic political problems, this magazine reflects various shades of Kuomintang opinion in the years immediately following 1927. The editors admit the political inadequacies of the Party and invite discussion within the limits of the San-min chu-i. 4.10.3

Shih-hslng hsün-cheng hsiian-ch' uan ta-kang ^

JE^C

(Propaganda outline for the carrying into practice of political tutelage), published by the Ministry of Information of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, 1928, pp. 16.

(4738.32)

Propaganda instructions for party workers on the advancement of political tutelage -- the preparatory stage toward constitutional government. 4.10.4

Pen-tang tsui-chin hsüan-ch'uan fang-chen (Recent

propaganda aims of our party),

published

by Ministry of Information of the Central Executive Committee

169

of the Kuomintang, 1929, pp. 16.

(4738.46/918.7)

Propaganda aims for the direction of party workers, issued in 1929. 4.10.5

Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang chung-yang chih-hsing wei-yuan-hui hsiian-ch' uan-pu shih-ch'i-nien-tu pu-wu i-lan

f

tf

t - f c ^ M ^ i ^ i M i f *f +

|§(]

^

4 *f

(Survey of the work of the Ministry of Information of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang for the year 1928), published by the Ministry, Nanking 1929, pp. ca. 300.

(4738.46/917)

Annual report of the Ministry of Information of the Kuomintang giving details of its propaganda and information work, including its regulations, plans, tables of organization, lists of panphlets and leaflets issued, etc. 4.10.6

Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang ti-san-tz' u ch'iian-kuo tai-piao ta-hui hsüan-yen chi chiieh-i-an hsiian-ch'uan ta-kang

'f %

5-

'"t? 'ift ^

^

^

%

(Outline for propaganda concerning proclama-

tions and resolutions of the third National Congress of the Kuomintang), published by the Ministry of Information of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, 1929, pp. 2 & 138 & 4.

(4738.35/5667.3)

Ulis propaganda material for the use of party workers actually contains major documents of the third Kuomintang Congress of 1929, with a digest of its chief decisions on the

170

principal aspects of government policy. 4.10.7

Min-kuo shih-pa-nien Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang nien-chien -f

^ j f

^

if]

Yearbook, 1929),

^ H ^ f

Ι Ε

Kuomintang

edited and published by Tang-shih shih-liao

pien-tsuan wei-yuan-hui \

^

^

&J&, ^jfc

\|

(Commission for the compilation of materials for the Party history)

of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang,

Nanking 1930 (?), pp. 1222 and ca. 100 plates.

(4738.06/9559)

A bulky yearbook on the Kuomintang's activities in the year 1929, based on the reports of various committees and departments of the Party. An introductory chapter gives a general review of the year, including minutes and resolutions of the Third National Congress held in 1929 with detailed voting records and personnel data, and important political events and documents of the year. Subsequent chapters analyse Party work under the headings of organization, propaganda, training, and supervision or control (chien-ch'a ). Illustrations include 70 valuable photographs of party leaders with brief notes of personal history. In general this volume provides a wealth of material on the politics, organization, personalities, and proclaimed ideas of the Kuomintang in an important year of its development. There were 2 (?) later issues. 4.10.8

Ministry of Information of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang miscellaneous pamphlets:

(4738.46/918.1-8)

Shih-hsing kuo-li hsUan-ch' uan ta-kang

^

•^S.

^

Jd^·

^

(Outline for propaganda on the use of the national

calendar),

1928, pp. 16.

Advocating the use of the modern Western calendar,

171

which was i n s t i t u t e d by the National Government. Tsao-lin yun-tung hsUan-ch' uan kang-yao ^ station),

(Propaganda outline

for

η ^ jfy.

the movement for

affore-

1929, pp. 32.

Shlh-tzu yun-tung hsUan-ch'uan kang-yao (Propaganda

outline

on the

literacy

movement),

1929, pp. 24. Ί" i-ch' ang kuo-huo yun-tung hsflan-ch' uan kang-yao -^C (ProPa&anda

Ü tion of national

products),

outline

for the promo-

1929, pp. 72.

Wei-sheng yOn-tung hsiian-ch' uan kang-yao ^^

(Propaganda outline for the public

" ^ i ^ p ^ health

movement),

1929, pp. 34. Ho-tso yiin-tung hsiian-ch* uan kang-yao (Propaganda

outline

for

"V^T^^f}

the cooperative

movement),

1929, pp. 42. Tsao-lu yiin-tung hsiian-ch'uan kang-yao (Propaganda outline

for

the road-building

movement),

1929, pp. 66. 4.10.9

Tsung-li kuan-yii shang-jen t i i-chiao Vf concerning

(Bequeathed merchants),

^f V ? - ^ j l T i

teaching of the President

fäj

(Sun Yat-serQ

published by^the Ministry of Informa-

172

tion of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, July 1929, pp. 2 & 54.

(4738.11/5679.1)

Ten of Sun's speeches on commerce, finance, and the political duties of the business man. Back cover shows propaganda distribution of 110,000 copies. 4.10.10 Tsung-li kuan-yii nung-jen ti i-chiao ^

^.(Bequeathed

concerning

teachings

the farmer),

-jji

of the President

^ Yat-senJ

(5an

published by the Ministry of Informa-

tion of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, July 1929, pp. 46.

(4738.11/5679.2)

Two speeches by Sun on the agrarian problem and political organization of the peasantry and four on agricultural production. Distribution 100,000 copies. 4.10.11 Tsung-li kuan-yii ch'ing-nien ti i-chiao ^^

(The

(Sun Yat-senJ

bequeathed

concerning

teachings

youth),

^ of

^

the

^

President

published by the Ministry

of Information of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, June 1929, pp. 2 & 114.

(4738.11/5679.3)

Eleven speeches by Sun on youth, education, revolution, and similar topics, including "To know is difficult, to act is easy". Appendix gives five key Kuomintang documents on the youth movement. 4.10.12 Tsung-li an-tsang chi-nien hsuan-ch'uan ts' ung-k' an f j the burial

of

the

leader),

( P u b l i c i t y series

commerating

published by the Ministry of In-

formation, Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang,

173

Nanking 1929, 10 vols.

(4738.46/6795)

This series of pamphlets published to commerate the occasion of Sun's burial, contains the following titles: 1) chronicle of Sun's life (74 pp.); 2) an outline of Sun's teachings (130 pp.); 3) a collection of public proclamations (hsuan-yen) written by Sun 1895 - 1925; e.g. on the T'ungmeng-hui, anti-Yuan, etc. (78 pp.); 4) a commentary on Sanmin chu-i by Hu Han-min (110 pp.); 5) a summary statement on limitation of capital (18 pp.); 7) the party flag and the national flag (128 pp. with diagrams in color); 8) on Nanking, the national capital (88 pp.); 9) a summary statement on political power (cheng-ch'üan) and governmental power (chihch'iian) (102 pp.); 10) a summary volume on the circumstances of Sun's death and condolences concerning it (170 pp.). 4.10.13 Ch'en Pin-ho f ^ ^ shih yü so-yin

.2- ^

al., compilers, San-min chu-i chu·$.

>3·

I with Notes and Index" edited TL

5

^

1 "San

^

C^^-f^)

Min

Chu

by Shao Yuan-ch'ung

. prefaces by him and by Ch'en Li-fu, CP Shai 1930,

pp. over 700.

(4738.15/7948)

This volume, which was authorized by the Ministry of Information of the Kuomintang, gives detailed notes to the more important passages in Sun's will and his original lectures. Quotations are made from Sun's other writings and from the writing of prominent Kuomintang leaders, in an apparent effort to set a standardized interpretation. An index of 108 pp. refers to the Commercial Press edition of San-min chu-i, giving page references for all appearances of key terms and phrases used by Sun. 4.10.14 Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang tso-p'ai A B C Β C

(The A Β C of the Kuomintang

by Chiang-su p'ing-lun-she society),

Yfj7

j^jj

left wing),

jg compiled

(Kiangsu review

published by Ch'ing-yun shu-chü ^β·]7 ^

174

~J ,

Peiping 1930, pp. 196.

(4738.42/3140)

A booklet s t a t i n g the aims and p o l i c i e s o f the " l e f t wing" of the Kuomintang, as i t e x i s t e d in 1930. The authors wish to distinguish t h e i r point of view both from that of the Conmunists and of the party in power. The book i s written on a t h e o r e t i c a l l e v e l , but aims to support some s e c e s s i o n i s t elements of the time. 4 . 1 0 . 1 5 San-min chu-i yiieh-k'an

^

-f^J

edited by Hu Han-min

monthly),

/ijt

(San-min

, published by San-

min chu-i yiieh-k'an she, Canton, monthly, 1933 - 1 i s dated January 1933).

chu-i

(Vol. l,No.

(4738/1708)

Edited by the d i s s e n t i n g Hu Han-min and published in semi-independent Kwangtung, t h i s periodical i s c r i t i c a l of the C e n t r a l Government at Nanking and encourages expression o f opposition and reformist views. 4.10.1G Ch'en L i - f u Vol. 1 (first

(shang chiian

, Wei-sheng lun " ^ ΐ . ^ Jz-

),

|fe

(Vitalism),

Cheng-chung, S h a i 1945

published in 1934), pp. 3 & 162.

(4738.26/7905)

Ch'en L i - f u has been responsible, more than any other Kuomintang leader, for the party organization. He served as s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l , Kuomintang C e n t r a l E x e c u t i v e Committee, 1930 - 31; head o f the Kuomintang M i n i s t r y o f Organization (Tsu-chih-pu ), 1932 - 37; dean o f the C e n t r a l P o l i t i c a l I n s t i t u t e , 1937. During the war years a f t e r 1937, he was M i n i s t e r o f Education, and in 1948 was e l e c t e d v i c e chairman of the L e g i s l a t i v e Yuan. T h i s book comprises h i s l e c t u r e s in philosophy o r i g i n a l l y d e l i v e r e d a t the Central P o l i t i c a l I n s t i t u t e , and r e f l e c t s his moral and s o c i a l i d e a s . This work i s continued in Sheng chih y u a n - l i (Principles of l i f e ) , Shai 1944, pp. 307, which was written during the war (preface dated 1944). This l a t t e r production i s in f a c t a f u l l e r statement of the same mixture o f ideas as are to be found in the f i r s t work. An English e d i t i o n of the

175

work, with an introduction by Roscoe Pound, has been published by the Philosophical Library, Inc. N.Y.C. 1948. yfe

4.10.17 Hsin-sheng-huo lun-ts' ung New Life

edited by Pei Ching-hua ί|

Movement),

nien ch'u-pan she \ & 2.

(Essays

^

$

^

on

the

Ch'ing-

, Shai 1936, pp. 4 & 117

(4219/6844)

More than a score of essays on the New L i f e Movement by Kuomintang leaders, i l l u s t r a t i n g the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ideas of t h i s movement so vigorously espoused by Chiang K a i - s h e k . Several items by T s ' a i Yuan-p'ei, Hu Shih e t a l . were w r i t t e n e a r l i e r , on t h e i r ideas of a "new l i f e " , but are also included in t h i s s e l e c t i o n . 4.10.18 Chiang Chieh-shih hsien-sheng chia-yen lei-ch'ao -^p % iü^j ^^ Chiang

Chieh-shih

Kuo-tung

(Classified

(Chiang

choice

Kai-shekJ

, endorsed

),

quotations

from Mr.

compiled by P ' e n g

( s h e n - t i n g 1 ^ [SsL. )

by the

Ministry of Information of the Central Executive Conmittee of t h e Kuomintang,

CP S h a i

1937,

pp. 2 & 1 & 3 & 5 4 8 .

(4738.26/4451.4) A book of quotations made from Chiang's writings in the period 1924 - 1936, c l a s s i f i e d t o p i c a l l y and under t o p i c s arranged chronologically. The categories are: 1) philosophy: philosophy o f l i f e , r e v o l u t i o n a r y philosophy; 2 ) personal c u l t i v a t i o n : moral, i n t e l l e c t u a l , s o c i a l (ch'u-shih B ^ · ^ ) ; 3 ) P a r t y (Kuomintang) a f f a i r s : revolutionary ideology, o r g a n i z a t i o n and t r a i n i n g , personal c u l t i v a t i o n of a p a r t y member; 4 ) p o l i t i c s : p o l i t i c a l i d e a s , methods i n handling affairs; 5) m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s : m i l i t a r y p r i n c i p l e s , personal c u l t i v a t i o n of a m i l i t a r y man, m i l i t a r y education, e s s e n t i a l s of generalship, t a c t i c s in using troops; 6) education: education and moral i n s t r u c t i o n , national education, the New L i f e

176

Movement. From the p o i n t o f v i e w o f r e s e a r c h on C h i a n g ' s ideas, the arrangement o f m a t e r i a l in t h i s volume i s u s e f u l , p a r t i c u l a r l y s i n c e the source f o r each e n t r y i s i n d i c a t e d . 4.10.19 Chiang Chung-cheng yiieh chi and:

^

i^cr ^

(Chiang K a i - s h e k ) ,

^

(Record

Chiang Sung M e i - l i n g

ffi

Hsi-an shih-pien h u i - i lu of

the Sian

Nanking 1937.

of a fortnight ^

at

Sian);

(Madame Q i i a n g ) ,

^

f^.^i,

Cheng-chung shu-chü

incident),

Hsi-an pan-

-ty

(Memoirs M]

'

(4738.31/4451.1)

The famous memoirs by Chiang Kai-shek and Madame Qiiang on the Sian i n c i d e n t o f December 1936. English v e r s i o n s o f the same material have appeared as: Chiang Kai-shek, A Fortnight in Sian: Extracts from a Diary, Shanghai 1938; and: Chiang, Mme. Mayling Soong, Sian: A Coup d'Etat, Shanghai 1938. 4.10.20 Wu Man-chiin ^ (The thought

% of

%

, Tsung-ts'ai ssu-hsiang

the Party

leader

(Chiang Kai-shek)

p r i n t i n g , Chung-kuo wen-hua fu-wu she , Hong Kong r e p r i n t 1941, 7 v o l s . ,

^

),

second

5

each ca. 60 - 120 pp.

(4738.26/4451.23) Hie seven volumes o f t h i s work are d i s t r i b u t e d among seven t o p i c s : 1) philosophy; 2) P a r t y p r i n c i p l e s (tang-i, i . e . san-min c h u - i ) ; 3) Party a f f a i r s (tang-wu^^ ); 4) the nation (min-tsu ); 5) p o l i t i c s and government; 6 ) economics; 7) f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s . The work i s a r a t h e r mechanical synthesis, based c l o s e l y on Chiang's w r i t i n g s , which are quoted f r e q u e n t l y with source and p a g e - r e f e r e n c e in each case. B i b l i o g r a p h y i n c l u d e s Chiang Chieh-shih c h ' i i a n - c h i /{j— -fc -|jL (The complete works of Chiang Kai-shek), e d i t e d by Wen-hua pien-i-kuan -^L. ^ *f ; Huang - p ' u

177

hsun-lien chi Ί«] (Collected Whampoa training (writings and speechesJ ); Lu-shan hsiin-lien chi []Ι| iXj (Collected Lu-shan training (writings and speeches) ); O-mei hsttn-lien chi % (Collected Mt. Omei training (writings and speeches) ), and a few other items. These writings form the basis for a study of Chiang's ideas before the publication of China's Destiny (Chung-kuo chih ming-yiin rf ^ ), Chungking 1943. 4.10. 21 0-lo-ssu yen-chiu ^

jjff X^f ^

by 0-lo-ssu yen-chiu she ^ 1932 - , monthly.

(Russian studies),

^ . ^ f f #ff

4.10.22 Su-0 P'ing-lun |pjj:

JisM^^f September 1934),

, Nanking

(9200/2641)

This journal presents factual Communist views of a society devoted Nanking - a group presumably close to serial article (starting in No. 9) Chinese and Russian agrarian problems ference between the two countries.

Russian critic),

^

edited

articles and the antito Russian studies in government circles. A on a comparison of the tries to show the dif-

"PyccKoe OooapeHüe"

(The Sino-

edited and published by Su-0 p'ing-lun she Nanking 1931 monthly.

(Vol. 7, No. 6 is dated

(3640/4200)

A magazine devoted to study of contemporary Soviet affairs. It appears to have been close to the official Kuomintang standpoint, with moderate views on the Soviet system but strong criticism of the imperialistic aspects of Soviet policy.

4.11

THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 1928 - 1937 Note: Materials on this topic are scattered over many sections of this volume. Works concerning the Ministries of Finance, Conmunications, Railways, and Industry and Agriculture, as well as several economic Commissions, are found in the economic

178

section below ( 6 ) . Works concerning the M i n i s t r y o f Education are under section 7.6. For items on law, the c o n s t i t u t i o n and government, see above, s e c t i o n 3, e s p e c i a l l y the g a z e t t e s o f the National Government and of the Executive Yuan (3.2.15 and 3.2.16). The f o l l o w i n g few items are only supplementary to this l a r g e body of documentation. 4.11.1

Ch'en Chih-mai f

,

chih hsüan-chü "The

elections

hsiieh-pao,

Min-kuo er-shih-nien Kuo-min h u i - i -

of Vol.

t

^

the National 11, N o .

®

&

Congress

2, A p r i l

Ch'ing-hua

in 1931",

1936,

pp.

ψ

425 -

460.

(9200/34) A Kuomintang-sponsored e l e c t i o n i s here c r i t i c i z e d from the p o i n t o f view o f p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e as regards the e l e c t i o n r e g u l a t i o n s , the r i g h t t o v o t e , v o t i n g procedures, and the l i k e . 4.11.2

Min-kuo erh-shih-erh-nien chih chien-she he· > jijf·

(Reconstruction

l^vl^]

4.

e d i t e d and

in the year 1933),

published by Chung-yang t ' u n g - c h i c h ' u (Central S t a t i s t i c a l Bureau),

—

J ^ j f f i j ^ ^ fffii.

Nanking 1934, pp. 16 & 2 & 474

(2985/5520.)

This i s an o f f i c i a l year book d i s p l a y i n g the ments o f the Nanking Government in the year 1933, material provided by i t s various branches. D e t a i l e d tion i s arranged under the various yuan, m i n i s t r i e s , missions. Table of contents runs to 16 pp. 4.11.3

achievebased on informaand com-

Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang c h i h - t a o hsia chih cheng-chih ch'engChi f ung Chi

f

ff) If] &

(Statistics

Ί»

of political

179

^

Τ

i

accomplishments

under the

guidance of the Kuomintang), yang t'ung-chi ch'u

edited and published by Qiung-

^f ^

(Central Statistical

Bureau) , Nanking, monthly, 1933 1933).

(4663/1352.

(No. 1 is dated January

H.U. has Vol. I,Nos. 1 and 3 - 8)

Monthly statistical and descriptive material on the work of various branches of the government designed for the reference of government workers as well as for publicity purposes. Material is classified under the various yuans, ministries and commissions of the government. Last pages of each volume give charts summarizing San-min chu-i, Chien-kuo fangliieh and National Government organization. 4.11.4

Kuo-min cheng-fu tien-tu Nan-ching i-lai chu-yao shih-yeh chlh chin-pu (Progress in essential activities of the National Government since Nanking became the capital),

edited

and published by Chung-yang t'ung-chi ch'u xUpjfe: (Central Statistical Bureau),

& 1934, pp. 62, 2nd issue

Nanking, 2 vols., 1st issue

_

(f ^ ®

)

1935, pp. 68.

(4030/5520)

This statistical record of the work and achievements of the National Government, based on material provided by government agencies, consists entirely of illustrated charts and tables, showing statistical growth. The first issue gives comparative figures for the years 1927 and 1933 and the second issue for 1927 and 1934. 4.11.5

P'an Hsü-lun } % /^fift? and Ku Chun k'uai-chi chih-tu

^

, Chung-kuo cheng-fu ^

Government accounting system),

180

(The Chinese

Li-hsin k'uai-chi ts'ung-shu

"«"ji

^

(Li-hsin accounting series), CP (city

and date of publication not givenl),

pp. 3 & 412 & 4.

(4590/3602.3) This undated book (evidently a slip on the part of the Comnercial Press) seems to cover only legislation before 1939 (e.g. see p. 373), but has evidently been published or reprinted since the end of the Japanese war. It analyses the accounting system of the Chinese government after the establishment of the Chu-chi ch'u jg^ , "The DirectorateGeneral of Budgets, Accounts, and Statistics" in 1930, following the proposal of the Kemmerer Commission. This description includes the financial and accounting network of the government (chs. 2, 17, 18); the making, form and execution of the budget; the procedure for receipts and disbursements with regard to the national treasury; the organization and types of accounts, settlement of accounts, auditing system, etc. It also has chapters on unit accounting, classified accounting, annual receipts accounting and other technical practices. Appendices include a brief description of the old-fashioned Chinese accounting system and 16 modern laws and regulations, the latest of which is dated 1939. The mss. was read by several of the author's friends in the Directorate-General of Eudgets, Accounts and Statistics, in its mimeographed form. See also Wu 0, 4.11.6. 4.11.6

Wu 0 ^

^

, Chung-kuo cheng-fu k'uai-chl ^

^

"^Ί*(Chinese government accounting), Li-hsin k'uai-chi ts'ungshu

2E-

(Li-hsin accounting series),

CP

(The Commercial Press unaccountably omits date and place of publication),

preface dated 1940,

pp. 2 & 4 & 334.

(4590/2342) This book is designed as a guide to civil servants in the Chinese government accounting system at various levels. It has chapters on budgeting, receipts and disbursements, con-

181

trolling accounts, account books and tables, business accounting, funds (chi-chin ^ - ^ ), settling of accounts (chiiehsuan ^j}. ), transferring of books to a succeeding officer (chiao-tai ), and auditing (shen-chi ^ ^ j" ). The author wrote a similar work, Shih-yung kuan-t'ing k'uai-chi (Practical government o f f i c e accounting) before the war, which enjoyed a very wide sale. This work, as a revision, includes new legislation on the accounting system up to 1940, and is useful as a summary of current Chinese government regulations. See also P'an Ilsii-lun, 4,11.5. 4.11.7

Nei-cheng kung-pao Gazette), 1928 -

xfo j^^L'Lk

(Ministry

of

Interior

published by the Ministry of the Interior, Nanking (Vol. IV, No. 1 is dated February 1931),

monthly.

(4713.3/4184) Ulis gazette gives orders and documents of the Ministry of the Interior on the various aspects of its work, which include administrative problems of provincial and municipal governments, police, preparation for local self-government, relief work, etc. Like many similar gazettes, it has no table of contents by subjects nor any index, materials being arranged chronologically under categories. 4.11.8

(Gazette

Wei-sheng kung-pao Public

Health),

the Ministry

of

published by the Ministry of Public Health,

Nanking 1929 - , monthly 1930).

of

(Vol. II, No. 11 is dated November

(4714/2284)

This monthly gazette, in which official documents are arranged in a fashion similar to that of other Ministry gazettes, indicates the Nanking government's early efforts in the administration of public health, supervision of medical standards, establishment of public health centers, prevention of plague, etc. 4.11.9

Ko-sheng kao-chi hsiug-cheng jen-yuan feng-chao Nan-ch' ang

182

chi-hui chi-lu ^ ^

^

%J

(Record

of the higher

ftgL^

ifc

of the conference

administrative

personnel

fa

%

summoned at

of the various

%

Nanchang provinces),

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by t h e Nanchang H e a d q u a r t e r s of the C h a i r man of t h e M i l i t a r y A f f a i r s Conmission of t h e N a t i o n a l Government

(Chiang K a i - s h e k ) ,

1934, p p . c a . 400.

(4740/2902)

T h i s volume c o n t a i n s t h e e x t e n s i v e documentation of a c o n f e r e n c e of about 100 h i g h e r p r o v i n c i a l o f f i c i a l s i n which t h e G e n e r a l i s s i m o t r i e d t o s t a r t a movement of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e f o r m . C h i a n g ' s s p e e c h e s u r g e d r e f o r m as p r e p a r a t i o n f o r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l government. O f f i c i a l s a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e gave r e p o r t s of t h e i r work, p r o v i n c e by p r o v i n c e , i n a v a r i e t y of f i e l d s — e d u c a t i o n , p e r s o n n e l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , l o c a l government, e t c . Numerous c r i t i c i s m s a r e r e c o r d e d . T a b l e of cont e n t s 19 pp.

4.12

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

1928 - 1937

Note: See a l s o items 3 . 3 . 1 2 - 14 and s e c t i o n 6 . 2 , s u r v e y s of t h e economic c o n d i t i o n s of l o c a l a r e a s . Local and p r o v i n c i a l government a p p e a r s t o be a r e l a t i v e l y u n s t u d i e d s u b j e c t , in s p i t e of the l a r g e volume of documentation concerning i t which i s c o n s t a n t l y p u b l i s h e d i n China. 4.12.1

Wu C h i n g - c h ' a o ^ hsin-cheng and new local

^

, T i - f a n g t s ' a i - c h e n g yü t i - f a n g

^ administration",

1, October 1936, pp. 51 - 74.

t&jS

finance

She-hui k'o-iisiieli, Vol. 2, No. (4001/3827.3)

Based on o b s e r v a t i o n s and m a t e r i a l s c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g an i n v e s t i g a t i o n t r i p t o Szechwan, Hupei, Hunan and K i a n g s i , t h i s a r t i c l e i s a v a l u a b l e s t u d y of p r o v i n c i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

183

in the 1930's (note quotations from Yang Yung-1'ai ι governor o f Hupei and a leader o f the " P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e Clique", p. 55 ff). Professor Wu points out the serious problems involved in the financing of new government p r o j e c t s .

4.12.2

Min-kuo s h i h - c h i u - n i e n Hu-nan-sheng cheng-chih n l e n - c h i e n &

1

Political

m

i

Year-Book

Secretariat,

of Hunan Province,

Hunan Provincial

1930,

Government,

"China.

The

published

by

October

Changsha, pp. 861 & p l a t e s , maps and c h a r t s .

1931",

(4755/3242)

This volume records the administrative achievements in Hunan in the year 1930 under General Ho Chien as governor (chu-hsi "Ϊ) . I t indicates reconstruction and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n work a f t e r the c i v i l war campaigns against the Kwangsi army and the Communists, and the policy of Governor Ho. I t i s based on reports from various l e v e l s o f the provincial government arranged under the following heads: 1) general circumstances; 2) c i v i l a f f a i r s (min-cheng C. )> 3) finance; 4) reconstruction; 5) education; 6) administration, for Changsha and seventy-five hsien; 7) anti-Communist campaigns; 8) tables and charts.

4.12.3

Ts'un-chih chih l i - l u n yii shih-shih "ife)(The

theory

and practice

Ts'un-chih ts'ung-shu

jfif of

village

S^iEl^jJjS government),

( V i l l a g e government s e r i e s ) ,

and published by Ts'un-chih yiieh-k'an she (The Village government monthly),

"si ^J

edited ^J

Peiping 1930, pp. ca. 350.

(4742/1143) A collection sored by the V i l l a g e Shu-ming Vlfc book i s divided into

of a r t i c l e s on v i l l a g e government sponGovernment Monthly, the organ of Liang , a pioneer leader in t h i s f i e l d . The three parts: 1) 12 a r t i c l e s on theory;

184

2) 5 p r o j e c t s , c o n s i s t i n g o f documents concerning v i l l a g e government issued by government authorities as w e l l as p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s , and 3) 7 reports of i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . The movement to improve v i l l a g e government in various parts of North China i s the chief subject of discussion. 4.12.4

Feng Hsiian -AW; ^

, San-min chu-i hsia chih t i - f a n g tzu-chih

"Τ

^

(Local

self-government

Nan-ching shu-tien t f e

under the San-min chu-i), Nanking 1930, pp. 4 & 160.

ffe

·

(4742/3278)

A p o l i t i c a l instructor at the Central M i l i t a r y Cadets School discusses the idea of l o c a l self-government according to San-min chu-i in 8 chapters f o r his students. 4.12.5

Min-kuo shih-chiu-nien-tu llu-nan-sheng hsien-cheng pao-kao a f l r f c i on hsien

administration

in Htinan province,

(Reports 1930),

published

by the Hunan Provincial Government, Changsha 1931, pp. 6 & 490 & 8.

(4755/3249)

This o f f i c i a l volume summarizes the past, present, and f u t u r e (planned) a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s as abstracted from the reports o f each of Hunan's s e v e n t y - f i v e hsien, under various headings such as m i l i t a r y defense and p o l i c e ; delimit a t i o n and f u r t h e r d i v i s i o n of the administrative area; f i nance; law; education; population; anti-banditry (Communist) campaigns; r e l i e f work; s o c i a l conditions; popularity of the Kuomintang; and the l i k e . Although an o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n which seeks to show recent improvements in the various aspects of government, this volume i s useful as indicating problems and p o l i c i e s of local government, and much factual data. 4.12.6

Liu T ' i e h - l e n g

^f^ ^ e t

a l . , Hsien-chang k'ao-shih ta-wen

ta-ch'iian

(Comprehensive

185

com-

pendium. of answers for the district magistrate's examination), published by Chen-mei shu-she printing),

, Shai 1931

2 vols., pp. ca. 900.

(3rd

(4740/7283)

A book prepared to aid candidates for the civil service examinations for district magistrate. It surveys the history of the revolution from the Taiping period, geography of China, principles of government, economics, finance, law, foreign relations, etc. 4.12.7

Pao-chia yiin-tung hsüan-ch' uan kang-yao ^^Ι1

Sfc. ^

^ ^

(Propaganda outline for the pao-chia

^

movement),

published by the Ministry of Information of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, 1929, pp. 36. (4738.46/918.4) This pamphlet was issued to party workers as a basis of propaganda for " local-self-government" through the pao-chia system, and gives an interesting summary of the rationale of the program. 4.12.8

Wen Chün-t'ien Ί ^ ^

ty]

pp. 17 & 576.

^

^

, Chung-kuo pao-chia chih-tu

(The pao-chia system in China),

^

CP Shai 1935,

(4740/7281)

This is an historical study of local political institutions in China, with emphasis on the period after the Sung Dynasty when the term pao-chia was first used. The first 22 chapters recount its development, dynasty by dynasty. Some 200 pp. (ch. 23 - 28) are devoted to the system in the Republican period. Appendix gives Kuomintang documents on the pao-chia system including regulations to be followed in areas taken over from the Communists. 4.12.9

Wang I-k'o 5 · ^ f

^«J" , Nung-ts' un tzu-wei yen-chiu

Φ ί 4]

(-4 study of rural village self-defense),

published

186

by Ho-nan ts'un-chih hsüeh-yuan t'ung-hsueh-hui w V>ί (Report

Committee,

with

of

illustrated

the Shaki appendix),

the Committee, 1925 ( ? ) ,

Incident

Investigating

published e v i d e n t l y by

pp. 43 & many p l a t e s .

(2496/3493)

The r e p o r t of a committee made up of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of 19 p r o f e s s i o n a l groups i n Canton, which a s c e r t a i n e d t h e f a c t s concerning bhe B r i t i s h f i r i n g a t a Chinese demonstration at Canton on t h e Shaki bund o p p o s i t e Shameen, June 23, 1925, with photographs of t h e 87 wounded and dead, i n c l u d i n g many X-Ray photographs of t h e i r i n j u r i e s . 5.3.5

Chou Keng-sheng

(S.R. Chow),

Chieh-fang yiin-tung

chung chih t u i - w a i w e n - t ' i -jj^iProblems ment),

of foreign

relations

during

the liberation

move-

T a i - p ' i n g - y a n g s h u - t i e n , Shai 1927, pp. 2 & 4 & 394.

(2489/7222)

219

Twenty-six essays on foreign relations in the three or four years before 1927, with comments on the first victory of Chinese nationalism over the unequal treaties -- the May 30th Incident, the Shanghai Mixed Court question, the Tariff Conference of 1925, etc. The author, who is now President of National Wuhan University, was professor of international law at Peking National University and an editor of the magazine Usien-tai p' ing-lun i ü f C t f ffc (Modern review). His essays underline the theme of peoples' diplomacy - - i n contrast to "bureaucratic" diplomacy -- and contain discussions on policy and the technicalities of international law. The second essay in this book (pp. 40 - 69) discusses Sun Yat-sen's views on nationalism and on foreign policy. 5.3.6

Kuang-chou Wu-han shih-ch'i ko-ming wal-chiao wen-hsien ^ C

y %

tit

Μ

%

#

Η ·

J

%

£ (Documents of the

diplomacy of the revolution during the Canton and Wuhan periods), , first edition 1927, revised edition published by Shen-chou kuo-kuang she, 1930, pp. 22 & 162

(Chinese)

and 80

(English).

(2489/0211)

Hie compiler was (Eugene Chen), foreign minister of the Kuomintang government during 1926 and 1927. This collection of some 90 documents was made from the Ministry's files and includes documents concerning the boycott movement of 1926, the tariff, the British concessions at Hankow and Kiukiang, the Nanking incident, extraterritoriality, etc. Diplomatic dispatches (including 80 pp. of dispatches in English) as well as reports on Kuomintang conferences are included. In the absense of official documentary publications from the Chinese Foreign Office for this period, this is a valuable primary source for the study of the diplomacy of Chinese nationalism. 5.3.7

Wai-chiao wen-tu:

Chin-fo-lang an

n 'Documents Diplomatiques:

220

Question

du Franc Or

1921 - 1925) ",

published by the Ministry of Foreign A f f a i r s ,

Peking 1927, pp. 57

(Chinese)

& pp. 61

(French). (4812/2002)

Chinese and French versions of 147 documents concerning the French demand for payment of the Boxer indemnity in gold francs, which was a serious diplomatic problem between China and France in t h i s period. 5.3.8

Tseng C h i h - l i n g ^

ίο" P ^

ψ ^

(A history of the negotiations

ing the Chinese t'u-shu-kuan

, Chung-tung-lu chiao-she s h i h

Eastern

Railway),

^ ^ L " ί

p u b l i s h e d by Chien-she (Reconstruction

Peiping 1931, pp. 8 & 6 & 340.

concern-

library),

(2495/8647)

Based largely on Chinese newspaper accounts, t h i s book also records in f u l l many important documents and seems part i c u l a r l y useful for i t s rather f u l l survey of Russian railway diplomacy and encroachment in Manchuria leading up to the Sino-Soviet dispute over the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1929. The author's p a t r i o t i c sentiment appears both in denunciation of Russian policy and in c r i t i c i s m of the i n e f f e c t i v e n e s s of Chinese diplomacy. 5.3.9

Kuan - l i Tung-sheng t ' ieh-lu hsii-ting ho-t'ung 'j&f^

Ι Τ - ^ ϊ δ ) (A further

tion of the Eastern provinces publication, no date, pp. 12.

contract

railway),

rjj^

on the

^jt/^j administra-

presumably an o f f i c i a l

(2495/8159)

The contract made in 1896 materialized in the ChineseEastern Railway. This i s the f a c s i m i l e of a d r a f t (handwritten and with dates incomplete) of the new contract made in 1920 which s e t up a new j o i n t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . For l a t e r developments of the railway administration, see 5.3.8 and 5.3.9. 5.3.10

Chung-kuo tung-pei t ' i c h - l u wen-t'i hui-lun

221

ill]

ilk^f^

foJ "iE® problem

collection

of China's

of essays

Northeast),

on the

e d i t e d by Chin Shih-hsiian

, p u b l i s h e d by Ta-kung-pao "jzJiÄ 1932, pp. 4 & 2 & 262.

railway

, Tientsin

(4500/8143)

Fourteen e s s a y s , h a l f of them by Chin Shih-hsiian hims e l f , who i s an a u t h o r i t a t i v e w r i t e r on the s u b j e c t , c o v e r i n g the economic and p o l i t i c a l a s p e c t s of t h e complicated Manchur i a n railway s i t u a t i o n b e f o r e t h e Japanese invasion in 1931. Bibliography l i s t s Chinese (6 p p . ) and E n g l i s h (1 p . ) sources. A chapter on the Chinese Eastern Railway i s included, by Wang Ching-ch'un J . ^ f ^ 5.3.11

Hsli Kung-su jtchih-tu

^

(Siu Kong Sou) ( a iu Chin-tsan),

X-

Shang-hai kung-kung t s u - c h i e h

^flJ^-^'J

International

Sett

lement ",

and C h ' i u Chin-chang

"Status

of the

Shanghai

Academia S i n i c a , I n s t i t u t e of

S o c i a l S c i e n c e s , Nanking 1933, pp. 12 & 273.

(4824.1/2135)

One of the most complete works on the s u b j e c t , making u s e of Municipal Government documents and numerous Chinese sources. Bibliography pp. 268 - 73. The study i s divided i n t o three p a r t s : 1) h i s t o r i c a l survey; 2) i n s t i t u t i o n a l a n a l y s i s ; 3) l e g a l a n a l y s i s . Appendix g i v e s key E n g l i s h and C h i n e s e documents. 5.3.12

Hsia C h i n - l i n wen-t'i leased

^

sJjfy -^E. territory),

(C.L. H s i a ) , fo^^^

Shang-hai

(The question

tsu-chieh

of the

Shanghai

published by the China Council of t h e I n -

s t i t u t e of P a c i f i c R e l a t i o n s , Shai 1932, pp. 150.

(2488/1413)

An a u t h o r i t a t i v e study of the l e g a l questions involved i n t h e f o r e i g n p o s i t i o n a t Shanghai. Dr. Hsia was f o r m e r l y

222

professor of international law at Tung Wu University and at present is a Chinese delegate to the United Nations. He also published in English The Status of Shanghai, an historical review of the International Settlement, its future development and possibilities of Sino-foreign cooperation (Shai 1929). 5.3.13

>Ik

Wai-chiao-pu kung-pao ^ Affairs

Gazette),

(Ministry

Foreign

published by the Ministry of Foreign A f f a i r s ,

Nanking and Chungking, 1928 - , monthly, dated January 1931; 1942).

of

(Vol. I l l , No. 9 i s

V o l . X I I , No. 10 - 12 i s dated August

(4715/200)

Documents in this monthly gazette of the Foreign O f f i c e include in a typical month: 1) orders issued by the National Government or by the Ministry i t s e l f ; 2) instructions to subordinate o f f i c e s ; 3) documents concerning cases and issues in diplomatic a f f a i r s ; 4) s t a t i s t i c s ( e . g . concerning foreign interests in China); 5) selected reports from subordinate o f f i c e s or other agencies, including consular reports (e.g. on a f f a i r s of Chinese n a t i o n a l s in other c o u n t r i e s ) ; 6) appendix, including texts of treaties.

5.4

THE MANCHURIAN "INCIDENT" AND AFTER

1931 - 1937

Note: This section centers on Sino-Japanese relations before the Sino-Japanese War of 1937. In particular i t l i s t s some useful Chinese works on the Manchurian c r i s i s of 1931. 5.4.1

Hsu Shu-hsi %% Manchurian

question),

,Tung-pei wen-t' i ^

b

Chung-kuo t ' a i - p ' i n g - y a n g

hsüeh-hui ts'ung- shu

igj

(The kuo-chi

f t

"China I n s t i t u t e of P a c i f i c R e l a t i o n s " series, published by the Institute, Shai 1932, pp. 18.

223

(2493/2934.2)

A leading Chinese writer on international law discusses problems connected with: 1) Port Arthur and Dairen; 2) the South Manchuria Railway; 3) Japanese residents in China; and 4) Japanese interference in Chinese domestic affairs. Dr. Hsii's publications in English on the Manchurian question include the following works: Japan's rights and position in Manchuria (Peiping 1932), The Manchurian Question (Peiping 1932), Japan's fifty-four cases (Peiping 1932), The North China Problem (Shanghai 1937). 5.4.2

Chang Yü-sheng ^ m

^

, »o-chih Man-chou-kuo

^

fj (Manchukuo, made by the dwarfs Qthe Japanesej), edited

(chiao-yueh)

by Chou T'ien-pu j^]

yen-chiu-hui ts'ung-chu

^

it

> Tung-pei wen-t'i f

«

]

"

J

"Northeastern Affairs Research Institute" series, published by the Institute, Peiping 1932, pp. 4 & 6 & 2 1 2 & 184 & plates. (2493/1382) Written by a Chinese who was in Manchuria in the first months of the puppet state of Manchukuo, this work puts together some Chinese and Japanese materials on events up to the Japanese "recognition" of the puppet state in September 1932, with details on the organization and personnel of the puppet government. Appendix (pp. 131) gives texts of documents and lists of Japanese and puppet personnel. 5.4.3

Chang T ' o ^ ^ ,

T'ien-chin shih-pien

Tientsin incident), publisher not given, Tientsin (?) pp. 2 & 172.

(The 1932,

(2493/1356)

A useful account of the Japanese attacks in Tientsin -from the Japanese Concession in the city — on November 8 and 26, 1931, published two months after the incident. It gives a detailed daily account of events from November 8 to November 30 and describes the policies of the Japanese and local Chinese

224

authorities 5.4.4

and t h e i r

Wu Han-t'ao ^ hsi

3

4 c t s of

Sovereign

towards a s e t t l e m e n t .

, Tung-pei yu Jih-pen chih f a t i kuan-

t ^

Japan's

negotiations

Φ

'M L e g a i

Treaty

Rights

of

Violation China

edited

(Manchuria)",

and Encroachment

in

upon

the Northeastern

(chiao-ytfeh)

Tung-pei w e n - t ' i yen-chiu-hui

Study:

Provinces

by Wang Cho-jan

ts'ung-shu

"The Northeastern A f f a i r s Research tute" series, 162.

the

Insti-

published by the I n s t i t u t e , P e i p i n g 1932, pp.

(2493/2333)

This l e g a l study was used as a memorandum presented by the Chinese Delegation on the League of Nations Coirmission of I n q u i r y c o n c e r n i n g the Manchurian a f f a i r , and i s no doubt a v a i l a b l e in English t r a n s l a t i o n . I t i s a systematic analysis o f Japanese l e g a l r i g h t s and i n t e r e s t s i n a l l spheres o f Manchurian economy and administration. 5.4.5

Chung-Jih w e n - t ' i yii ko-chia lun-chien IIL (The Sino-Japanese

question,

tfj*

e d i t e d by Ch'u A n - p ' i n g Al^g

shu-tien

$

281.

fjj

^ J S M h

and various opinions

and views),

]%

fl

' Hsin-yiieh

, Shai and P e i p i n g 1932, pp. 2 & 2 &

(2493/2631)

Edited by Ch'u An-p'ing, who in 1947 was e d i t o r o f the weekly Kuan-ch'a (The Observer), t h i s volume c o l l e c t s 20 important a r t i c l e s on the Sino-Japanese question t o show the general trend of public opinion. Authors o f the a r t i c l e s include Tso Shun-sheng , Lo Lung-chi ^ , Ch'en Tu-hsiu , T ' a o Hsi-sheng fit) i f . Chang

225

Tung-sun ming 5.4.6

, Chang C h ' i - y u n et al.

Hsü I ^

^ o and Liu I Ö

Japanese

, Liang Shu-

, Sung-IIu yii-Jih c h a n - s h i h history

of the resistance

at ^usung and Shanghai),

against

Min-tsu chiao-yü she

^ the

^

%·ϊ· , S h a i 1932, p p . 4 & 4 & 122 & 46 & p l a t e s . (2493/2996) A b r i e f a c c o u n t of t h e u n d e c l a r e d war a t S h a n g h a i which s t a r t e d January 28, 1932, with a chronology of events of the war and photographs of the Chinese g e n e r a l s , e t c . 5.4.7

Shen I ^ I f ö , (Tales

of

Sung-Hu chan-shih so-wen

the Wusung-Shanghai

1932, pp. 2 & 6 & 114.

war),

^

ijj f^

M i n - t s u chiao-yii s h e ,

(2493/3104)

Heroic t a l e s concerning t h e b r i e f u n d e c l a r e d war b e tween Chinese and Japanese f o r c e s a t Shanghai in 1932. 5.4.8

Kuo-nan c h i c h ' u - c h i tional

crisis,

first

^

%p ^

collection),

Kuo-nan c h i c h ' u - p a n - p u

(Re cords

of

the

na-

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by

^^'fEj ^

/jjSL^j^ ,

released

through Ta-kung-pao o f f i c e , Peiping , 1932 ( ? ) ,

p p . 2 & 262 & p l a t e s .

(2493/6540)

Summary of e v e n t s from t h e Wan-pao-shan i n c i d e n t i n J u l y 1932 t o t h e second d e a d l i n e of t h e League Council s e t f o r J a p a n e s e e v a c u a t i o n of Manchuria (November 16, 1 9 3 1 ) , b a s e d a p p a r e n t l y c h i e f l y on news d i s p a t c h e s . A t r o c i t y photographs and f a c s i m i l e s of Japanese p o s t e r s , e t c . 5.4.9

Ch'en Chiieh f s L ^ . , C h i u - i - p a hou kuo-nan t ' u n g - s h i h t z u - l i a o

226

%>

%

painful

history

(1931)),

^

of the national

edited

(Materials crisis

(chiao-yueh

)

after

on

the

September

18

by Wang Hui-po

Sg)

Ίζ) , Tung-pei w e n - t ' i yen-chiu hui t s ' u n g - s h u Η

'ft-' S

Ήβ ä

" N o r t h e a s t e r n A f f a i r s Research I n s t i t u t e "

s e r i e s , Peiping 1933, 5 v o l s . , each ca. pp. 400.

(2493/7971)

With a cover i n s c r i p t i o n by Marshal Chang Hsüeh-liang κ^ ' t h i s volumnious record of the Mukden i n c i d e n t and i t s a f t e r m a t h p r o v i d e s d e t a i l e d m a t e r i a l f o r a study of Sino-Japanese r e l a t i o n s from the Chinese point of view, including d e s c r i p t i o n s of the l o s s of every major area in the weeks following September 18, 1931, and accounts of the a t t i t u d e of the c e n t r a l government and Manchurian a u t h o r i t i e s and of the p u b l i c response a l l over China. Documents and r e p o r t s a r e c i t e d , but the g r e a t e r p a r t of t h i s " m a t e r i a l " i s the account of the author, a p a t r i o t i c j o u r n a l i s t . This work i s apparently t h e most important p u b l i c a t i o n of the N o r t h e a s t e r n A f f a i r s Research I n s t i t u t e . For i t s o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s - - some of which are in E n g l i s h see the advertisement at the end of each volume. 5.4.10

Ch'en Chixeh

^

, Jlh-pen ch'in-liieh Tung-pei shih "fJ (A^history

Northeast),

of Japanese

aggression

Hsin s h i h - t a i s h i h - t i t s ' u n g - s h u ^ f f

in

flrf'iX,;^

(New age h i s t o r i c a l and geographical s e r i e s ) , Shai 1934, pp. 6 & 467.

the

CP

(2498/7971.2)

Based p a r t l y on the same a u t h o r ' s 5 volume Chiu-i-pa hou kuo-nan t'ung-shih tzu-liao, t h i s work gives a c l e a r e r but s t i l l d e t a i l e d s t o r y of the Japanese i n v a s i o n . The l a r g e r p a r t of the book (294 pp.) i s , however, on Japanese p o l i c y and a c t i v i t i e s i n Manchuria b e f o r e 1931, and seems t o be a useful treatment of the s u b j e c t .

227

5.4.11

Ch'en Shao-hsien ^

^

, Chune-Jih wen-t'i chih yen-chiu

f * ]

question),

^ sub-title on cover:

tl chih-shih ation

£

for a future duel),

^

f 1

s t u d

y

of

t h e

Sino-Japanese

Vii-pei chiang-lai cliueh-tou fyfr^Knowledge

in p r e p a r -

CP Shai 1935, pp. 2 & 9 & 344 & 17.

(2493/7927) Based on a 17 pp. bibliography mainly in Western languages, this study devotes half of i t s length (176 pp.) to various aspects of Sino-Japanese relations in Manchuria before 1931 and the other h a l f to the immediate aftermath of the events of 1931, particularly in their international aspect. The use of Chinese material i s limited to a few published works and periodical a r t i c l e s , but the footnotes would indicate that this i s a very thorough study. 5.4.12

° f Foreign

Wai-chiao p' ing-lun

Affairs",

edited and published by Wai-chiao p'ing-lun she, Nanking and later Shanghai 1932 - , 1932).

(Vol. 1, No. 7 is dated December

(4820/2000)

The contributors to this well-edited journal include scholars of international relations and some prominent diplomats. Several issues print current diplomatic documents and press opinion on foreign a f f a i r s , as well as a monthly summary of events in China's foreign relations. 5.4.13

Wal-chiao A f f a irs",

or Wai-chiao yiieh-pao

"3C. $

"Foreign

edited and published by Wai-chiao yiieh-pao she,

P e i p i n g 1932 -

(Vol.

11, No. 1, i s dated July

(4820/2074)

228

1937).

Edited by Wang Fan-sheng i · (or Wang Ta-chen ), and a f t e r April 1933 by Chang Chung-fu (see 2 . 4 . 1 ) , t h i s i s an independent scholarly organ on foreign policy published in Peiping in the years between the Mukden incident o f September 18, 1931, and J u l y 1937. Its issues include informed comment on current events, translations of foreign a r t i c l e s , documentary materials (including t r e a ties), bibliography, and a considerable amount of scholarly research on China's modern foreign relations. 5.4.14

Chung-kuo t s ' a n - c h i a chih kuo-chi kung-yüeh hui-pien Y^7 (f

t'le

author o f Chung-kuo l i - c h i n shih, 6.12.14), made p i o n e e r s t u d i e s o f v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f government f i n a n c e and administ r a t i o n ; many o f them were based on the newly opened C h ' i n g archives under c o n t r o l o f the Palace Museum in P e i p i n g . Economic h i s t o r y o f t w e n t i e t h century China was not s t r e s s e d . Later issues have s h i f t e d t h e i r i n t e r e s t f u r t h e r back, t o cover the modern s c h o l a r l y a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s t o the study o f China's h i s t o r i c a l records. C. 1.10

Ching-chi- hsiieh chi-k' an of Economics

of

Ch'üan-shih \ Shai 1930 -

fyQ.

the Chinese fl^and

, quarterly

"Quarterly

Economic

Society",

Journal

e d i t e d by L i

published by Ma Y i n - c h ' u

.

( V o l . 3, No. 4 i s dated December 1932).

(4302/2372) This organ o f the Chinese Economic S o c i e t y (organized i n 1923) p u b l i s h e d book r e v i e w s and s c h o l a r l y a r t i c l e s both on economic t h e o r y and p o l i c y and on current developments in Chinese i n d u s t r y , f i n a n c e , and economic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , by e c o n o m i s t s such as Ma Y i n - c h ' u , L i C h ' ü a n - s h i h , L i u Ta-chün (D. K. L i e u ) , Ch'en P o - c h V g , et al. Many i t e m s have v a l u e f o r r e s e a r c h i n the economic problems o f t h e p e r i o d , e . g . Chang K i a - n g a u ' s " C h u n g - k u o ching-chi mu-ch'ien chih p i n g - t ' a i chi chin-hou chih c h i h - l i a o "

f Ü)

^

% Tkf

( C h i n a ' s p r e s e n t economic i l l n e s s and i t s f u t u r e c u r e ) in V o l . 3, No. 4. ( T h i s a r t i c l e was a l s o published in Chung-hang yiieh-k' an, 6 . 3 . 1 0 ) . 6.1.11

Ching-chi t'ung-chi c h i - k ' a n erly-Journal

of Economics

Institute

o f Economics

"

and Statistics", (Nan-k'ai

235

r h e

Quart-

published by Nankai

ching-chi yen-chiu

so),

Nankai U n i v e r s i t y ,

T i e n t s i n , March 1932 -

, quarterly.

(4301/2320 B) Published by the well-organized Nankai I n s t i t u t e of Economics, under the direction of Fang Hsien-t'ing ^S }f|Jj (H.D. Fong) and Ho Lien /^ej (Franklin L. Ho), this quarte r l y printed valuable analyses of current s t a t i s t i c s (e.g. cost of l i v i n g indices of workers), as well as a r t i c l e s on long-term trends and economic history ( e . g . s t a t i s t i c a l r e views of China's foreign trade and industrialization). A very valuable department, The S t a t i s t i c a l Appendix (T'ung-chi fu-lu fyßki \ \ ) gives s t a t i s t i c a l data on a variety of subj e c t s , including commodity prices, cost of l i v i n g , currency, bond markets, etc. The same Institute also published in English the Nankai weekly statistical service, 1928 - 1933, Monthly bulletin on economic China, 1934, and Nankai social and economic quarterly, 1935 - , which formed a series both in content and in volume numbers (the NSEQ began with Vol. V I I I ) . The I n s t i t u t e had also an annual publication in English, Nankai index numbers. 6.1.12

Cheng-chih c h i n g - c h l

hsiieh-pao

Quarterly Journal of Economics andPolitical by Nankai Institute of Economics so

?!ff]

Science",

published

(Nan-k'ai ching-chi yen-chiu

# f f ' ^ f j ' ) , Nankai University, Tientsin

1932 - 37, quarterly

(Vol. 5, No. 3 i s dated A p r i l

1937).

(4301/2320 B) This journal printed many monographic studies of leading importance, e s p e c i a l l y by Fang H s i e n - t ' i n g (H. D. Fong), Ho Lien fä (Franklin L. Ho), Ting Chi -T t f e (Leonard G. T i n g ) , Wu Ta-yeh ^ - k ^ (Τ. Y. Wu), et a l . Long book reviews provide excellent bibliographical estimates of current economic studies in China. Sociological and p o l i t i c a l studies were included by authors such as Ch'en Hsii-ching | p C . Oien) and Lin T'ung-chi (T. C. Lin). The companion quarterly in English, The Nankai

236

social and economic quarterly (1935 - 1937 and wartime issue 1941) published t r a n s l a t i o n s of some o f the a r t i c l e s found in t h i s Chinese j o u r n a l , but not a l l . C.1.13

Ching-chi t ' u n g - c h i yüeh-chih Chinese

Economic

i j

and Statistical

^

j*^

^

ff^Li

"China I n s t i t u t e o f Economic and S t a t i s t i c a l

R e s e a r c h " , S h a i 1934 1938),

"The

published by the

Review"t

Chung-kuo ching-chi t ' u n g - c h i yen-chiu so

f \ %%

,

(Vol. 5 , No. 1 i s dated January

monthly, in both Chinese and English, each issue ca.

30 - 40 pp.

(4301/23207)

Keenly conscious of the n a t i o n ' s economic problems and cherishing a point of view c r i t i c a l of government economic control - t h i s b i - l i n g u a l journal i s a valuable guide for the study o f the Chinese economy in i t s period. The s t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s are compiled from sources which are usually indicated. The most useful feature o f the magazine i s , however, the monthly review of "Economic events" or "Constructive economic developments", which summarizes new a c t i v i t i e s o f private e n t e r p r i s e s as well as government work. 6.1.14

Shih-huo pan-yiieh-k* an ^ fortnightly),

^

^

^ -f^j (Food and

e d i t e d by T ' a o Hsi-sheng f ^ J ^

sheng-ming shu-chU

%

^

No. 12 i s dated June 16, 1 9 3 7 ) ,

βθ

commodities ^

, Hsin

, Shai 1934 -

(Vol. 5,

fortnightly.

(2451/8297)

S t a r t e d a f t e r the heat o f the b a t t l e over " C h i n e s e s o c i a l h i s t o r y " had subsided, t h i s magazine e d i t e d by T ' a o Hsi-sheng was devoted e x c l u s i v e l y to the h i s t o r y of Chinese society. Most a r t i c l e s were on phases of the pre-modern Chinese economy or s o c i a l problems; but there are i n t e r e s t i n g items and t r a n s l a t i o n s on the t h e o r e t i c a l concepts o f s o c i a l

237

economic h i s t o r y , and occasional materials on the l a s t hundred y e a r s . A b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l s e c t i o n p r i n t s i n d i c e s to academic a r t i c l e s in t h i s f i e l d . Advertisements l i s t relevant current publications. 6.1.15

T i - l i hsiieh-pao Society

"Journal

of China",

kuo t i - l i

of

the

Geographical

edited and published by the S o c i e t y

hsüeh-hui

rf

ί-f

( V o l . 3, No. 4 i s dated December 1946).

),

(Chung-

Nanking 1934 -

(2350/4174)

E d i t e d by Chang C h ' i - y i i n ^ ^ et a l . , this journal publishes a r t i c l e s on natural geography and a l s o on human geography (population, agriculture, transportation, f l o o d and drought, e t c . ) , many of which provide economic data. 6.1.16

Iis in c h i n g - c h i

^(-f

'J^

published by Hsin ching-chi pan-yüeh-k'an she F

^J

fe

, Chungking 1938 - , f o r t n i g h t l y

i s dated December 1943).

e d i t e d and

(The New Economics), ifff

(Vol.

I ^

^

10, No. 3

(4301/023)

T h i s weekly published i n Chungking during the S i n o Japanese war s e t a high standard o f informed d i s c u s s i o n o f economic and o t h e r problems, by h i g h l y placed academic and o f f i c i a l specialists. For the student o f economic h i s t o r y some of i t s a r t i c l e s g i v e the h i s t o r y of i n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t s , e . g . Wu Ching-ch'ao ^ •% ijslk. , " H a n - Y e h - P ' i n g kung-ssu t i fu-ch'e" Vf 't\ (The l e s s o n o f the Han-Yeh-P1 ing~Co., V o l . l . N o . 4, pp. 103 - 109). The magazine was a forum f o r general discussion o f China's major problems— i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , rural economy, food supply, administration, reform, and the l i k e , although the bulk o f the contents r e l a t e s t o economi^ r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . C o n t r i b u t o r s i n c l u d e d Chiang T'ing-fu F. T s i a n g ) , Weng Wen-hao % i . j f f j (Wong Wen-hao), Ch'ien Tuan-sheng > Fang H s i e n - t ' i n g (H. D. F o n g ) , Ch'en Chih-mai f j f c . Liu Ta-chiin -KJ&J (D. K. L i e u ) , Wu Pan-nung (Leonard Τ. K. Wu), Wu T a - y e h · E d i t o r s were

238

chiefly Wu Ching-ch'ao and Ch'en Chih-mai. 6.1.17

mese

Chung-kuo ching-chi nien-chien economic yearbook),

edited by the Chinese economic year book

editorial coirmittee of the Ministry of Industries ),

(Shih-yeh-pu

CP Shai 1934, 3 volumes, pp. several thousand.

(R 4307/5623) This stupendous year book is remarkable if only because of its size and comprehensiveness and minute detail on various phases of Chinese economic life. Some sections are by leading authorities or officials such as Weng Wen-hao ^ 5C, :,|!f) (Wong Wen-hao), Ku Yii-ch'uan or Ch'en Ilan-sheng , but the bulk of the volume is made up of government material edited by the staff. The following chapters seem especially valuable: ch. 1, economic administration (287 pp.). gives a general view of government agencies concerned with the economic life of the nation, their respective functions and scope; ch. 2 geography, contains some good sections on economic geography; ch. 11, industry (861 pp.), gives valuable details on industry in various parts of China; ch. 13, commerce (270 pp.), also contains details not found elsewhere. The yearbook also has chapters on population, finance, money and banking, agriculture (383 pp.), land tenancy (281 pp.), forestry and reclamation work, fisheries and husbandry, mining, communications, international trade, labor, natural calamities and famine, and economic conditions of the overseas Chinese. Appendix I gives a brief Who's Who of personnel in economic administration. Appendix III gives a list of journals and magazines relating to economic China. 6.1.18

Min-kuo erh-shih-ssu-nien hsü-pien Chung-kuo ching-chi nienchlen

&

(£]

+

g |

kjk f

ig]

^

(The Chinese economic yearbook, 1935 supplement), compiled by the Chinese economic yearbook editorial committee of the Min-

239

i s t r y of Industries

(Shih-yeh-pu ^

3 v o l s · , maps, t a b l e s ,

),

CP Shai 1935,

pp. s e v e r a l thousand.

(R 4307/5623

(1935)) This second issue of the Ministry of Industries yearbook seeks not to repeat the contents o f the f i r s t issue but to record new material or new developemnts. The chapter divi s i o n i s g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r to t h a t of the f i r s t i s s u e with added chapters on water control and cooperatives. Authorship of some chapters i s , however, changed. 6.1.19

Chung-kuo ching-chi wen-t' i of Chinese

Economic

^

Association:

J|§ Chinese

edited by the Chinese Economic Association

"Proceedings

Economic

Problems",

(Chung-kuo ching-

chi hsiieh-she), CP Shai 1929, pp. 4 & 2 & 363 & 2. (4302/5623) Written by members of the Association, of which Ma Yinch'u ,1$7 "ji! was chairman, this publication contains essays on 1) land economy; 2) f i n a n c e (17 i t e m s ) ; 3 ) currency; 4) l o c a l economy; 5) economics of communications; 6) accounting; 7) i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e ; 8 ) economic d i s c u s s i o n ; 9) economic theory; 10) h i s t o r y of economic ideas — including an essay by T'ang Ch'ing-tseng j t ßjfc.^3 on the importation of Western economic ideas in the Manchu period. Other authors in t h i s volume include Ma Yin'-ch'u, Chang Shou-yung J I L l S - ' f i ® " Hsü C h ' i - c h ' i n g fa^&h , Li Ch' iian-shih \ . Appendix gives history, membership, and rules of the Association. C.1.20

Ma Yin-ch'u % "Lectures

, Ma ϊ ΐ η - c h ' u yen-chiang chl on current

economic

Ching-chi ts'ung-shu she ts'ung-shu (Economic S e r i e s S o c i e t y s e r i e s ) ,

problems

in

China",

^^ CP Shai, 4 v o l s . :

Vol. 1,

1923, 4th ed. 1926; Vol. 2, 1925, 3rd e d . , 1926; Vol. 3, 1929;

240

Vol. 4, 1928, each vol. pp. ca. 300.

(4303/7233)

These lectures of Professor Ma Yin-ch'u (Vol. 1 has 44 items) represent the views of a leading economist with an intimate knowledge of China's economy, particularly since the early 1920's, and are a valuable source for the study of that important period. His lectures give data as well as opinion on subjects ranging widely from currency and banking to modern Buddhism and the women's movement. 6.1.21

Ma Yin-ch'u ching-chi lun-wen-chi ti-i-chi "f ^

5C

(^conom^c

^

collection),

^g

j ^ Q ijjß*

assays of Ma Yin-ch'u, first

CP Shai 1932, pp. 5 & 731.

(4303/7233.3)

These thoughtful essays by a leading economist familiar with China's problems are classified as follows: 1) on the law concerning commercial paper (p'iao-chii fa ^ ^ ^ , 3 essays); 2) on exchange market laws and company laws (2.); 3) on the equalization of land rights (3); 4) on the dropping of the gold standard (3); 5) on trade marks and the trade law (3); 6) on business taxes (6); 7) on other taxation (3); 8) on banking laws, native bank laws and savings bank laws (3); 9) on the national crisis (3); 10) on the world economic problem (3); 11) on the abolition of the tael in favor of the dollar (2); 12) on the price of silver and commodity prices (4); 13) on the adoption of the gold standard (3); 14) on domestic administration (3). 6.1.22

T'ang Ch'ing-tseng Jig yen-chiang chi

jJ

, T'ang Ch'ing-tseng ching-chi

j J pä?

^ C o l l e c t e d lec-

tures of T'ang Ch'ing-tseng on economics), she ts'ung-shu 39.

«j*

^p

^

Chung-hua hsüeh-i , SC Shai 1933, pp.

(4303/0604)

These 28 lectures by a well-known scholar of Chinese economic thought date from the period around 1930 and contain

241

d i s c u s s i o n s of contemporary trends in Chinese economic thinking, a n a l y s e s of the non-development of i n d u s t r y and commerce in China, and s i m i l a r t o p i c s . 6.1.23

Chung-kuo ching-chi yen-chiu in Chinese

Economics),

(Η. D. Fong), Shu

fo

^

^

^

\rjjf

fcft

^(Research,

e d i t e d by Fang H s i e n - t ' i n g

N a n - k ' a i ta-hsüeh ching-chi yen-chiu-so t s ' u n g -

Äfl - k $

fcS^

"Nankax I n s t i -

t u t e of Economics" s e r i e s , CP Changsha 1938, 2 v o l s . , pp. 8 & 2 & 1204.

(4355/0261.1)

T h i s b i g symposium c o n t a i n i n g s h o r t a r t i c l e s w r i t t e n by economists a s s o c i a t e d with the Nankai I n s t i t u t e of Economics, i s an important r e f e r e n c e work on Chinese economic problems. The a r t i c l e s were f i r s t p u b l i s h e d i n j o u r n a l s , e s p e c i a l l y in the weekly economic supplement ("Ching-chi chou-k'an" ^ a n d a r e now c l a s s i f i e d if} ψ ] ) o f Ta Rung Pao, ^C under the following headings: 1) general economy, 11 a r t i c l e s ; 2) a g r i c u l t u r e , 12; 3) land, 13; 4) c o o p e r a t i v e s , 12; 5) industry, 8; 6) money and banking, 12; 7) p u b l i c f i n a n c e , 21; 8) trade and communications, 7. Authors r e p r e s e n t e d i n c l u d e Fang H s i e n - t ' i n g , Ho Lien i ^ J (Franklin L. Ho), Wu ta-yeh ^ -K^jf (Τ. Y. Wu); Ku Y u a n - t ' i e n and o t h e r s .

6.2

SURVEYS OF LOCAL AREAS Note: These p u b l i c a t i o n s i n d i c a t e the type o f m a t e r i a l in e x i s t e n c e on the n a t u r a l resources,, production and ecology o f l o c a l a r e a s ( i n c l u d i n g c i t i e s and towns) of China. A number of works on Shanghai provide s t a r t i n g p o i n t s f o r study of that important economic c e n t e r . Note e s p e c i a l l y the study by D. K. L i e u , 6 . 2 . 2 7 . Note the m a t e r i a l on l o c a l a r e a s a v a i l a b l e i n p e r i o d i c a l l i t e r a t u r e under s e c t i o n 6 . 1 . M a t e r i a l s below a r e l i s t e d by p r o v i n c e s and then by c i t i e s , t a k i n g them a l p h a betically.

242

6.2.1

Chung-kuo shih-yeh chih gazetteer),

^

(Chinese

industrial

edited by the Bureau of International Trade of the

Ministry of Industry dates.

( S h i h - y e h - p u ^ ), Shai, various

H. U. has the following volumes:

1) Ch'iian-kuo shih-

yeh tiao-ch'a pao-kao chih i, Chiang-su sheng tjfl %

-^fjsL ^

vestigation

Z. —

reports,

^Z-lHör/ß

(National

No. 1, Kiangsu

Che-shiang sheng ν ^ ϊ - ί ' / ^ ,

(Chekiang

3) ibid.

Shan-tung sheng U-l ßfL/^j

4) ibid.

Hu-nan sheng

^f) ^

province)

^ industrial 1933;

2) ibid.

province),

(Shantung

1933;

province),

(Hunan province),

in-

1934;

1935; each

volume has many hundred pages, & maps and charts, e.g. Vol. 3 runs to 2350 pp.

(4359.29/6776)

These impressive thick volumes are the results of a large-scale investigation of the industrial resources of China's provinces, by investigation teams which visited the field. Format varies slightly, but each volume gives descriptive and statistical data on the conditions of industry of all types, large and small, forestry, mining, transportation and communications, finance, commerce, fishing and husbandry, and agriculture, with elaborate statistical tables. A most important section for research on urbanization is that on cities and important towns, which gives detailed accounts of the leading 7 or 8 cities or towns in each province. 6.2.2

Che-chiang ching-chi tiao-ch'a ijjf ~Λ· survey

of Chekiang),

(Economic

edited and published by the Bureau for

the Economic Survey of Chekiang, of the National Reconstruction

243

Council (Chien-she wei-yuan-hui tiao-ch'a Che-chiang ching-chi so

),

1931, one volume per hsien, each ca. 100 pp.

Hangchow

(4359.29/3323.

Η. U. has volumes for 9 different hsien.) A series of reports (mainly statistical tables) on economic conditions of the various hsien of Chekiang. A typical table of contents includes 1) a report on the method of investigation etc., 2) general statistics, population etc., 3) commercial statistics, 4) industrial survey, 5) survey of communications and transportation, 6) survey of finances. 6.2.3

Che-chiang sheng nung-k' uang chi-k' an

^

(Chekiang province agricultural and mining quarterly),

^

J

pub-

lished by Che-chiang sheng cheng-fu nung-k'uang ch'u ••Jjj· yjjj^ ^jfl JjjuL ( B u r e a u of Mining and Agriculture, Chekiang Provincial Government), December 1930 - ? (8021/3395) In the 1930's, the work of economic "reconstruction" (in mining and industry more than in agriculture) was promoted under provincial governments. This journal prints 1) general articles and reports; 2) laws and regulations (extensive); 3) conference records; 4) notes on the work of the Bureau (brief). 6.2.4

Wei Sung-t'ang

ifc^'&fy

T^i. ^EJbrief

, Che-chiang ts'ai-cheng chi-liieh

account of Chekiang finance),

published presumably by the author, 1929, pp. 14 & 145. (4599.29/2183) The pattern of this book is similar to that of the Ts'ai-cheng shuo-ming-shu series: 1) receipts: taxes of all

244

types; 2) expenditures of all types; 3) central Government funds in charge of the provincial finance bureau. It would be interesting to compare this volume with the Ts'ai-cheng shuoming-shu for Chekiang to see the Republican innovations. The Che-chiang-sheng ts'ai-cheng i-lan was compiled under the supervision of the author of this book for a training group of financial administrative personnel. 6.2.5

Che-chiang-sheng ts'ai-cheng i-lan (A guide

to Chekiang

finance),

^ξ) I ß Ä & C "

published by Che-chiang ts'ai-

wu jen-yuan yang-ch'eng so

^ fii. £ff

(Chekiang financial personnel training center), 166 & 12.

1932, pp. 3 &

(4599.29/3396)

Edited by Wei Sung-t'ang J^jl/^fj Jg , this compendium of financial statistics of Chekiang covers the entire period 1912 - 1929. It is based on the statistics of the provincial Finance Bureau (Ts'ai-cheng t'ing), and is probably the largest and conparatively most useful body of data obtainable. Together with other works above-mentioned (see 6.2.4), this provides the basis for a study of the financial system of an important province. 6.2.6

Fu Chiao-chin

^

(Fu-coking),

J^ä»"Geographical

Hu-nan ti-li chih

survey of Hunan",

through Wu-ch' ang Ya-hsin ti-hsüeh she -jj^ ^ 7ft (New Asia Geographical Society, Wuchang), pp. 14 & 14 & 652 & maps.

published

%! ^

(Kiangsu Province hand-

book), edited byChao Ju-heng )

, edited

by Chiang Heng-yuan

^

(chiao-yüeh

Ί E· -'/Vf. , Huang Yen-p'ei

et al., published by Hsin Chung-kuo chien-she

hsieh-hui tfr Society),

(New China Reconstruction

Shai 1935, 2 vols., pp. many hundred & plates.

(3069/4841) A comprehensive compendium on various phases of the life of Kiangsu province, based on information from government and other sources (usually indicated in the text) and on research. Contents include sections on 1) general description (useful data on geography and population with some details on towns and minor cities), 2) Kuomintang affairs, 3) government, 4) finance, 5) reconstruction, 6) industry, 7) education, 8) social affairs (interesting data on the provincial administration under Ch'en Kuo-fu ^ ^ , who was then governor), 9) art, literature and historical persons and other aspects of the province. G.2.10 Li Tsung-jen ^

"jj? "fiL·

et al., Kuang-hsi chih chien-she Reconstructi°n

chien-she yen-chiu-hui ts'ung-shu

of Kwangsi), Kuang-hsi Λι^"

(Kwangsi Reconstruction Research Society series),

247

published by the Society, Kweilin 1939.

(3074/4432)

Writings by leaders of the Kwangsi provincial government on the various phases and problems of its reconstruction movement, classified under the categories of 1) general (policy); 2) political; 3) economic; and 4) cultural. Writers includeLi Tsung-jen, Pai Ch'ung-hsi %% , Huang Hsü-ch'u 'of'^?» , and a score of others. The last chapter is on the work of the Kwangsi Reconstruction Research Society. 6.2.11

Ssu-ch'uan ching-chi ts'an-k'ao tzu-liao (ßeference

H| ^

^

materials on the Szechwan economy),

edited by Chang Hsiao-mei

, published by Chung-kuo

kuo-min ching-chi yen-chiu so f

|| ^

f?^ (China National Economic Research Council), pp. several thousand.

^

>|f Η

^

Shai 1939,

(4359.23/1394)

Completed in July 1938, this gigantic work is the result of several years of compilation and research under the direction of Miss Chang Hsiao-mei. Based largely on information supplied by the provincial bureaus of finance and reconstruction and by the Chungking branch of the Bank of China, the book is divided into 25 chapters under which all aspects of the economy of Szechwan are reviewed. Although more detailed studies have been done on this province since 1938, the statistical and descriptive information in this volume is particularly useful as a survey of the province before the impact of wartime developments. 6.2.12

Ch'ien Chia-chü ^ Pan-nung /{^ Province),

^

^

%

, Han Te-chang

and Wu

, Kuang-hsi sheng ching-chi kai-k'uang

"soffit»

(Economic conditions of Kwangsi

Academia Sinica, Institute of Social Sciences

series, CP Shai 1936, pp. 5 & 239.

248

(4359.33/2437)

Cased on an e x t e n s i v e f i e l d s t u d y in 1933, t h i s survey i s of b e t t e r q u a l i t y t h a n most o f t h e p r o v i n c i a l government p u b l i c a t i o n s l i s t e d in t h i s s e c t i o n . 6.2.13

Yao T s e n g - y i n - ^ b ^ k* uan tances

^

^

^η

j ^ ( K u a n g - t u n g sheng t i h u a - c h ' i a o h u i ^

tf^

(Overseas

^

in Kwangtung Province),

Chinese

remit-

Academia S i n i c a , I n s t i t u t e of

S o c i a l S c i e n c e s s e r i e s , CPShai 1943, pp. 2 & 47.

(4359.32/4180)

T h i s small s t u d y c o n t a i n s much i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e imp o r t a n t s u b j e c t of o v e r s e a s r e m i t t a n c e s t o Kwangtung from S o u t h e a s t Asia and t h e Western hemisphere. The r e c e i v i n g end of t h e r e m i t t a n c e s y s t e m , d e v i s e d by g e n e r a t i o n s of t r a d e r s and b a n k e r s , i s d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l . One c h a p t e r e s t i m a t e s t h e amount of r e m i t t a n c e s and t h e i r importance t o the p r o v i n c i a l economy. 6.2.14

Hang-chou s h i h c h i n g - c h i t i a o - c h ' a (Economic

^

survey of the city of Hangchow),

^"tjoj

Φ

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d

by Bureau f o r t h e Economic Survey of Chekiang, of t h e N a t i o n a l Reconstruction Council

(Chien-she wei-yuan-hui

Che-chiang ching-chi so

fl ^ f ^

Hangchow 1932, p p . 18 & 682.

^

tiao-ch'a ^

^

(4358/4132)

A comprehensive s t a t i s t i c a l survey of the economic and o t h e r l i f e of t h e c i t y of Hangchow ( p o p u l a t i o n 1931: 523, 569), u n d e r t a k e n by a government commission i n an e i g h t e e n month p e r i o d of f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n . While the pages o f t h e volume a r e o v e r - f u l l of names of s t o r e s and commodities and e l a b o r a t e s t a t i s t i c s , a c a r e f u l s t u d e n t w i l l no doubt be a b l e t o draw some c o n c l u s i o n s from t h e s t u d y . S t a t i s t i c s such a s t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e o b v i o u s l y of i n t e r e s t f o r t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of a m i d d l e - s i z e d C h i n e s e c i t y : total "industrial firms", 5 , 6 5 5 ; t o t a l a g g r e g a t e c a p i t a l CNC $ 1 1 , 6 5 5 , 5 1 8 ; t o t a l a g g r e -

249

gate annual business, $51,930,806. For a student of the varieties of handicraft production and of material culture, the sections on clothing, food, amusements etc. should be highly useful. The main headings are: 1) history and geography, 2) city government, 3) culture and education, 4) communications and transportation, 5) agriculture, 6) the silk industry, 7) industry, 8) commerce, 9) finance, 10) social affairs. 6.2.15

Tsul-hsin shou-tu chih-nan guide to the national ^

lifÜ /Ü^ ^fj

capital),

ι and revised

(Latest

edited by Chou Han-chang

(chiao-ting)

by Fu Huan-kuang

, MC Shai, 1931, pp. 4 & 14 & 272 & maps, charts, and plates.

(3069/4209.7)

A tourist's guide to the geography and sights of Nanking, of some value for a study of the city. Long lists of government buildings and new roads reflect the atmosphere of the new national capital. C.2.16

Chung-kuo ching-chi chih: Nan-ching shih (Chinese economic gazetteer:

ψ City of Nanking),

edited and published by Chien-she wei-yuan hui ching-chi t'iao-cha so

^

frf

omic survey office of the Reconstruction Commission), 1934, pp. 6 & 4 & 244 & map.

(EconHangchow

(4358/4209)

With a brief preface which summarizes the results of the survey, this report of a government commission gives statistical data on the industrial and commercial life of Nanking, as well as information on population, city administration, transportation facilities, etc.

250

6.2.17

Lou H s ü e h - h s i %

^

( H e r b e r t Η. Lou, P h . D . )

P e i - p ' i n g - s h i h kung-shang-yeh kai-k'uang f

m

-A survey

Peiping",

of industry

et

al.,

-Ifc.ip·'^

and commerce of the city

of

p u b l i s h e d by " T h e Department of S o c i a l W e l f a r e "

(She-hui-chii 8 & 696.

M ] ),

Peiping December 15, 1932, pp. 4 &

(4357.15/5477)

A remarkable survey of h a n d i c r a f t i n d u s t r i e s and t h e i r commerce in Peking with minute d e t a i l s of production methods and commodities, u s e f u l a l i k e f o r the study of the o l d - s t y l e economic l i f e of a Chinese c i t y and for the study of the s o c i a l l i f e and customs t h a t accompanied i t . Under the main headings of s p e c i a l products, c l o t h i n g , food, wares, and miscellaneous, the i n v e s t i g a t o r s give data on every l i n e of business f r o n ink boxes to g o l d f i s h . The t o t a l of 166 s u b j e c t sections includes, for instance, a 5 pp. d e s c r i p t i o n of the method of making rugs, more than 200 names of f u r s on s a l e , and p i c t u r e s q u e d e t a i l s on pawnshops, bathhouses, t h e a t r e s and t h e l i k e . This work should be valuable f o r coirmunity study in the f i e l d . 6.2.18

Shang-hai yen-chiu t z u - l i a o materials «ι IVR

on Shanghai),

^.ff ^

(Research ^

CH Shai 1936, pp. 26 & , - u

Shang-hai yen-chiu t z u - l i a o hsu-chi

^

plementary

^

e d i t e d by Shang-hai-t'ung she

(Society of Shanghai e x p e r t s ) ,

696 & p l a t e s ; and: ^ f f

J^.

(Research collection),

materials

on Shanghai,

sup-

e d i t e d by S h a n g - h a i - t ' u n g s h e , CH

Shai 1939, pp. 21 & 756 & 4. (3069/2135.961) C o l l e c t i o n s of several score of s h o r t essays, many of them valuable f o r h i s t o r i c a l study, arranged under the major t o p i c s of a guidebook and e d i t e d by a s o c i e t y of men of l e t t e r s . Most of them were connected w i t h the Shang-hai

251

t ' u n g - c h i h kuan J ^ ( G a z e t t e e r o f f i c e of t h e c i t y of Shanghai) and a l l s t y l e d themselves S h a n g - h a i - t ' u n g , "Shanghai e x p e r t s " . These m a t e r i a l s f i r s t appeared in a supplement of a l o c a l paper, Ta-wan»pao ^ (Evening News). 6.2.19

Shang-hai chih-nan _ t Directory

"Guide

of the Port",

A Chinese

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by CP S h a i , 22nd

e d i t i o n , e n l a r g e d and r e v i s e d 1926 several hundred.

to Shanghai,

( 1 s t e d i t i o n 1909),

pp.

(3069/2135.915)

A t o u r i s t guide which enjoyed wide s a l e and u s e , now a u s e f u l h i s t o r i c a l source on Shanghai i n the 1930's. I t g i v e s l i s t s of f i r m s , newspapers, and r e s t a u r a n t s as well a s t h e usual d a t a on government and p u b l i c s e r v i c e s , e d u c a t i o n , i n d u s t r y , and the various l i n e s of t r a d e . 6. 2. 20

Wang Ting-chiu

fe

- f u , Shang-hai

(Gateway to Shanghai),

edited

raen-ching

(chiao-yüeh)

, Chung-yang s h u - t i e n ^ pp. s e v e r a l hundred.

_k- i f y

by Shen I - c h ' u n g , Shai 1932,

(3069/2135.13)

A t h i c k guide to Shanghai's amusement c e n t e r s , r e s t a u r a n t s , n i g h t l i f e , e t c . , c o n t a i n i n g many t i p s f o r t o u r i s t s which may be of s o c i o l o g i c a l i n t e r e s t . G.2.21

Shang-hai shih c h i - c h i h kung-yeh

>j|

(The machine

e d i t e d by t h e Bureau of

industry

Social A f f a i r s

of Shanghai),

fa) )

(she-hui-chu

^

of the City Govern»

ment of G r e a t e r S h a n g h a i , CH 1933, p p . 2 & 4 & 8 & 379 & charts.

(4432.28/2338) This volume i s the r e s u l t of an i n v e s t i g a t i o n made in

252

1931 by the Bureau of Social A f f a i r s of Shanghai, together with the Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s of the National Government, the Ministry of Industry, the Graduate School of National Chiaot'ung University and the Chinese Economic Research Society (Chung-kuo ching-chi hsüeh-she ^ yjfe ) and constitutes a b r i e f survey of the modern factory system in Shanghai. Data on the 1882 f a c t o r i e s and workshops indicate their 1) location, date of founding, ownership, personnel; 2) type of capital organization, amount of capital; 3) number of s t a f f and workers, wages, hours, l i v i n g conditions; 4) types of machinery and power; 5) products and raw materials. The results of the investigation are c l a s s i f i e d under these industries: 1) machinery and metallurgy; 2) shipping and vehicles; 3) cement, glass, e t c . ; 4) chemical industry; 6) garments; 7) leather; 8) food and tobacco; 10) paper and printing; 11) miscellaneous. Appendix gives a directory of f a c t o r i e s in Shanghai and a number of relevant laws and regulations. G.2.22

She-hui yiieh-k'an Bureau of Social

Affairs",

^

"Monthly

Journal

No. 12 i s dated June 1931),

monthly

She-hui pan-yiieh-k* an

ψ

(Vol. 2,

(4102/3872.1);

$ T^J

(Social

and

QaffairsJ

edited by Bureau of Social A f f a i r s , City Govern-

ment of Greater Shanghai, Shai 1934 December 1934),

the

edited by Bureau of Social A f f a i r s ,

City Government of Greater Shanghai, Shai 1929 - 32

fortnightly),

of

fortnightly.

(Vol. 1, No. 7 i s dated

(4102/3872)

Publications of the Shanghai Municipal Government containing useful accounts and s t a t i s t i c a l data on Shanghai's economy, social problems, labor movements and the l i k e . The former has an English section in i t s early issues. C.2. 23

Lo Chih-ju

(C. Y. Lo),

Shatig-hai

T'ung-chi-piao chung chih "Shanghai

253

as shown in

tables",

Academia S i n i c a , I n s t i t u t e of S o c i a l

Sciences, pub. No. 4

(Kuo-li chung-yang yen-chiu-yuan, she-hui

statistical

k'o-hsüeh yen-chiu-so chi-k'an, t i - s s u hao l^J "i-

Nanking 1932, pp. 20 & 143.

(4002/7500.2)

A d e t a i l e d s t a t i s t i c a l a b s t r a c t of Shanghai made on the b a s i s of e x i s t i n g s t a t i s t i c s c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d . Using the Statistical Abstract of London as a model, the work covers 1) climate, 2) land and buildings, 3) population, 4) public health, 5) education, 6) communications, 7) industry and l a b o r , 8) commerce, 9) society:-criminal c a s e s , s u i c i d e s , divorces, 10) municipal government. I t i s based on 48 Chinese and English books and monographs, 46 p e r i o d i c a l s and 56 a r t i c l e s (see bibliography, which i s a useful l i s t of early works on Shanghai). This work i s r e l a t i v e l y weak in economic subj e c t s when compared with D. K. Lieu (see 6.2.27) and others. 6.2.24

Shang-hai chih nung-yeh Shanghai),

^-HL'tit

(Agriculture

edited by Shang-hai-shih she-hui-chu

in

_fc-

(Bureau of Social A f f a i r s of the Shanghai Municipal Government),

CH S h a i

1933, p p . 12 & 322 & d i a g r a m s .

(4398.28/2338) I n d u s t r i a l i z e d and urbanized as Shanghai i s , i t has within i t s c i t y l i m i t s more than 500,000 mou of a g r i c u l t u r a l land and considerable space for dairy farms and gardens. This work based on municipal data describes conditions of farming, vegetable gardening, poultry r a i s i n g , f i s h e r i e s , e t c . , and indicates how Shanghai helps to feed i t s e l f . 6.2.25

Chung-hua min-kuo erh-shih-ssu-nien Shang-hai-shih nien-chien f ^ & i i ]

^

+

(TheCity

254

of Shanghai

yearbook,

1935),

edited by Shang-hai-shih n i e n -

chien wei-yuan-hui J ^ ^ t 4 i z i Shanghai yearbook committee) Jl-

^

Shanghai), 1300.

5SL

^

f) %

(Hie City of

of Shang-hai-shih t'ung-chih-kuan

(Gazetteer o f f i c e of the c i t y

of

published by that o f f i c e , Shanghai 1935, pp. c a .

(3069/2135)

This i s the f i r s t of a s e r i e s o f yearbooks published by the gazetteer o f f i c e o f the Shanghai municipality under the supervision of Liu Ya-tzu I7/- , and i s indispensable for any study of the economic and s o c i a l l i f e o f the metropolis. M a t e r i a l s were c o l l e c t e d c h i e f l y from the various government o f f i c e s , business and i n d u s t r i a l establishments and c u l t u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , and are arranged under the following c a t e g o r i e s : 1) the City Center (shih-chung-hsin ch'ü ιϋΛ , then under c o n s t r u c t i o n ) ; 2) h i g h l i g h t s o f events ( e . g . the New L i f e Movement, outflow of s i l v e r ) ; 3) land and population; 4) climate; 5) Party (Kuomintang) a f f a i r s ; 6) administration; 7) j u d i c i a l system; 8) foreign a f f a i r s ( e . g . with the foreign consular body); 9) m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s ; 10) f i n a n c i a l administration; 11) the I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e t t l e m e n t ; 12) the French Concession; 13) currency and banking; 14) education; 15) comnunications; 16) industry (21 pp.); 17) labor; 18) commerce (60 p p . ) ; 19) f o r e s t r y , fishery and animal husbandry; 20) a r t and learning; 21) r e l i g i o n ; 22) s o c i a l work ( j o u r nalism, public h e a l t h , s p o r t s , philanthropy and cinema); 23) a daily chronicle of events; 2 4 ) a who's who (103 p p . ) . Note the b r i e f h i s t o r i c a l i n t r o d u c t i o n s to i n s t i t u t i o n s described in the yearbook, which only the well-informed gazetteer editors could compile. 6.2.26

Chung-hua min-kuo erh-shih-wu-nien Shang-hai-shih nien-chien

of Shanghai

yearbook,

1936),

edited by Shang-hai-shih t ' u n g -

255

chih-kuan nien-chien wei-yuan-hui •^jjz-^E φ

"ψ

^

^^

(Yearbook committee of the gazetteer o f f i c e

of the c i t y of Shanghai), hundred.

J^·

CH Shai 1936, 2 v o l s . , pp. many

(3069/2135)

This second i s s u e of the Shanghai yearbook almost doubles the size of the f i r s t , but retains a similar system of classification. G. 2.27

Liu Ta-chün

^ C ^

yen-chiu JCtrialization

(D. K. Lieu),

^ - " ^ / f t j ^ f f ^ζι of Shanghai),

Shang-hai kung-yeh-hua (A study

of

the

indus-

Sun Yat-sen I n s t i t u t e f o r the

Advancement of Culture and Education s e r i e s , CP Changsha 1940, pp. 2 & 2 & 3 6 6 .

(4432.28/7148)

This i s the best single work on the industrialization of Shanghai, giving an h i s t o r i c a l account of the growth o f Shanghai as well as an analysis of the economic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and social e f f e c t s of industrialization, supported by elaborate s t a t i s t i c s which f i l l over half the book. Under the direction of Dr. D. K. Lieu, t h i s work, o r i g i n a l l y i n i t i a t e d by the I n s t i t u t e of P a c i f i c R e l a t i o n s , was undertaken in 1931 and 1933 and put under the auspices of the China I n s t i t u t e of Economic and S t a t i s t i c a l Research (Chung-kuo^ching-chi t'ungchi yen-chiu so (£] % rf ) . which also published The Chinese Economic and Statistical Review. An English version of t h i s book was published as The Growth and Industrialization of Shanghai, China I n s t i t u t e of Economic and S t a t i s t i c a l Research, Shai 1936 (reviewed by Ting Chi "T (Leonard G. Ting) in Cheng-chih ching-chi hsiieh-pao, V o l . 5, No. 2 , J a n u a r y 1937, pp. 500 - 5 0 2 ) . 6.2.28

K'ai-feng she-hui t ' ung-chi kai-yao (Abstracts

of social

statistics

256

^

f-j' of Kaifeng

QionanJ),

edited and published by the secretariat of Honan Provincial Government, Kaifeng 1932, ca. 90 charts and tables. (4031.7/7244) This work exemplifies the type of colored statistical charts so admired by government bureaus - in this case municipal statistics of the Honan capital.

6.3

BANKING Note: Banking periodicals and yearbooks in this section (listed chronologically) are among the most valuable material we have on the economic history of modern China. Hie work of the Research Department of the Bank of China is especially noteworthy (items 6.3.10 - 6.3.15). On banking see also under section 6.9 (finance) and section 6.1 (encyclopedias, periodicals, yearbooks and essays).

6.3.1

Ch'en Ch'i-t'ien ^ chuang k'ao-lüeh study

of the Shansi

^"Ifi.'^

^

37

Jj Φ

^

banks),

(Gideon Chen), ^

Shan-hsi p'iao-

(A brief

historical

Shih-ti hsiao-ts'ung-shu

(Pocket historical and geographical series),

Shai 1937, pp. 7 & 198.

CP

(4565/7946)

The Shansi province banking firms formed an important financial network over most of China throughout the nineteenth century, and had considerable influence on trade and money exchange and even on government finance. The network was controlled by a few families in Shansi with the backing of important officials. This study by Professor Ch'en of Yenching (who published in English a series of studies of modern industrial technique in China: Lin Tse-hsü, Yenching University, 1934: Tseng Kuo-fan, 1935; Tso Tsung-t'ang, 1938) was based on field research and seme materials obtained in Japan. The work has chapters on 1) origins, 2) evolution, 3) decline, 4) groups and organization, 5) business methods,

257

6) relations with the government, other banks, traders, etc., 7) conclusion. Appendix gives an essay on source material and several tables. This work has not been superceded by the later work of Wei Chil-hsien (6.3.2). 6.3.2

Wei Chü-hsien ^jftf

,Shan-hsi p'iao-hao shih

^

"f]ft.^Lf'4 history of the Shansi banks), published by Research Department of the Central Bank of China, Chungking 1944, pp. 8 & 386. This study was the result of a field collection of documents and interviews by an historian at the invitation of Η. H. Kung, whose family had run one of the oldest of the Shansi banks (Chih-ch'eng-hsin p'iao-hao ^ )· The study traces the story of the Shansi banks down to the early Republic, when their activities declined, in 5 parts: 1) history; 2) description (of different groups of Shansi banks); 3) organization; 4) personnel; 5) business operations. Appendix gives selected notes and documents gathered in the process of research. This and Ch'en Ch'i-t'ien's earlier survey sketch out an important chapter of the inside story of finance and power in nineteenth century China.

6.3.3

Tung-sheng-ho chai-an pao-kao

fä^fa

\ \

^

(Report on the Tung-sheng-ho debt case), published by Yingk'ou Ta-Ch'ing fen-yin-hang Ch'ing Bank, Yinkow branch), ts'e.

r ^ c7

^ ^ ^

(Ta-

printed by CP, Yinkow 1909, 8

(4541/6186)

In 1907 the bankruptcy of a native bank (Tung-shengho) caused a great financial crisis in the Manchurian city of Yinkow and the newly established bank (Ta-Ch'ing bank) gave out timely loans and helped the city over the crisis. The episode provides an unusual opportunity for the study of city finance in the 1900's as well as the activities of the Ta-Ch'ing

258

bank.

This report

consists of petitions,

correspondence,

c o n t r a c t s , and accounts. 6.3.4

Yin-hang chou-pao ^

"

T

h

e

Bankers'

Weekly,

published by Yin-hang chou-pao she, Shai 1917 -

Shanghai",

weekly ( V o l . 22, No. 50 i s dated December 20, 1938).

,

(4301/8234)

For more than twenty years t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n a f f o r d s a continuous r e c o r d o f the Shanghai money market and the s t a t e o f t r a d e and p r i c e s g e n e r a l l y , p r o v i d i n g an a l m o s t d a i l y c h r o n i c l e o f f l u c t u a t i o n s o f a l l s o r t s i n money, and i n bonds and s t o c k s , t o g e t h e r w i t h weekly summaries and s t a t i s t i c s on economic and e s p e c i a l l y banking c o n d i t i o n s both i n China and abroad. I t a l s o publishes the annual and o t h e r r e p o r t s o f the banks b e l o n g i n g t o the Shanghai Bankers' A s s o c i a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g , f o r instance, the annual r e p o r t s o f the Shanghai Commercial and S a v i n g s Bank (Shang-hai shang-yeh ch'u-hsti yin-hang % % trf ) · The most important publ i c a t i o n of the Shanghai banking world in i t s p e r i o d . C.3.5

Ch' ien-yeh yiieh-pao ly,

Shanghai

Q

"The

Native

Bankers'

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by the Shanghai

",

Bankers' A s s o c i a t i o n

monthly

X

%

Native

(Shang-hai c h ' i e n - y e h kung-hui _J1

, l a t e r c a l l e d Shang-hai-shih c h ' i e n - y e h yeh kung-hui

Month-

^

%

'^ ^

( V o l . 14, No. 12 i s dated Decenfcer 1934).

"

t'ung1921

~

(4301/8374)

This p u b l i c a t i o n o f the a s s o c i a t i o n o f Shanghai n a t i v e banks or money-shops (ch' i e n - c h u a n g ) i s an important and u s e f u l source f o r the study of the modern development o f the o l d - s t y l e Chinese banks. The magazine's economic informaations seems to be o f i n f e r i o r q u a l i t y , compared with the publ i c a t i o n s o f the modern banks, but t h e g e n e r a l a r t i c l e s on investment, commerce, and the l i k e r e f l e c t the p o i n t o f v i e w o f the n a t i v e banks.

259

e.3.6

f\ "f1!

Yin-hang yüeh-k' an Peking

(Peiping)",

"The

Bankers'

p u b l i s h e d by t h e Peking Bankers'

( P e i - c h i n g yin-hang kung-hui 1921 - , monthly

^

Magazine, Association ),

Peking

( V o l . 8, No. 10 i s d a t e d September 1 9 2 8 ) .

(4301/8272) A Peking p u b l i c a t i o n , t h i s journal i n addition to i t s g e n e r a l news and s t a t i s t i c s on Chinese and S i n o - f o r e i g n f i n a n c i a l c o n d i t i o n s , i s immensely u s e f u l f o r t h e annual and o t h e r r e p o r t s of the prominent North China banks, such as t h e Kincheng Banking C o r p o r a t i o n ( C h i n - c h ' e n g y i n - hang φ ) , ' or Yien Yieh Commercial Bank (Yen-yeh y i n - h a n g -^jr Jfyfc ). T h i s j o u r n a l ' s f i n a n c e d e p a r t m e n t i s a l s o one of t h e r i c h e s t and most r e l i a b l e s o u r c e s f o r t h e s t u d y of P e k i n g government f i n a n c e . 6.3.7

Yin-hang tsa-chih ^ s , ^ Hankow",

^f%ts"The

Bankers'

Semi-monthly,

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by H a n - k ' o u y i n - h a n g t s a - c h i h

s h e , Hankow 1923 - , s e m i - m o n t h l y J u l y 1926).

( V o l . 3 , No. 18 i s d a t e d

(4301/8200)

This Hankow j o u r n a l i s one of the most important s o u r c e s f o r t h e s t u d y of t h e economic, and e s p e c i a l l y banking, c o n d i t i o n s i n C e n t r a l China d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of i t s p u b l i c a t i o n . Like o t h e r b a n k e r ' s j o u r n a l s , i t p u b l i s h e s survey a r t i c l e s on l o c a l b a n k i n g and c u r r e n c y c o n d i t i o n s , d a t a and d o c u m e n t s concerning t h e v a r i o u s banks, and g e n e r a l economic i n f o r m a t i o n . 6.3.8

Ta-lu

(The

C o n t i n e n t a l Bank

continent),

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by t h e

( T a - l u y i n - h a n g -ji* f

1923 - 1927, monthly; 1927, q u a r t e r l y ; 3, No. 4 i s dated December 31, 1931.

260

)

,

Tientsin

1930, q u a r t e r l y - Vol. (4301/4782)

The house organ of an important commercial bank which was s i t u a t e d i n T i e n t s i n but had numerous branches a l l over China, t h i s j o u r n a l p u b l i s h e d important documents concerning the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e bank i t s e l f , and government r e g u l a t i o n s and a l s o a r t i c l e s e x p r e s s i n g economic views on g e n e r a l economic developments. Vol. 2, No. 2, f o r example, p u b l i s h e s a l e t t e r t o t h e s t a f f of the Bank from i t s head, T ' a n Tan-yai > which supports t h e r e f o r m i s t program which Chang was Kia-ngau ^ t h e n t r y i n g t o push through in t h e Bank of China. 6. 3 . 9

Chung-hua min-kuo s h i h - n i e n yu-cheng c h ' u - c h i n shih-wu t s u n g -

lun ^

^

(A general 1921),

S

H

survey

^

i

i

5

1

of the postal

I

f

savings

fä administration

for

an o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n by t h e P o s t a l Department of

the Ministry of Comminications, pp. 4 & 62.

(4520/0302.

H. U.

has i s s u e s f o r the years 1921 - 23) In 1919 t h e C h i n e s e P o s t O f f i c e w i t h i t s numerous branches began i t s f u n c t i o n as a " p e o p l e ' s savings bank". An a s s o c i a t e d i n s t i t u t i o n organized l a t e r , the P o s t a l Savings and Remittance Bank, ranks today a s one of C h i n a ' s l e a d i n g banks. The t a b l e s in t h i s annual r e p o r t t r a c e the i n c r e a s e of d e p o s i t s , e t c . , and would seem to give some i n d i c a t i o n of t h e f i n a n c i a l conditions of l o c a l a r e a s . 6.3.10

Chung-hang y i i e h - k ' a n Review",

tf

$

"Bank of China

Monthly

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by t h e R e s e a r c h Department,

Head O f f i c e , Bank of C h i n a , S h a i J u l y ,

1930 - , m o n t h l y .

(4301/5272) This monthly p u b l i c a t i o n of the Bank of China i s one of t h e most i m p o r t a n t economic j o u r n a l s of t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s , and c o n t a i n s a w e a l t h of m a t e r i a l on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of Chinese

261

industry, a g r i c u l t u r e , and foreign trade as well as banking. Inspired by the ideas o f Chang Kia-ngau, who was general-manager o f the Bank 1928 - 1935, the e d i t o r s emphasize q u e s t i o n s o f the development of c a p i t a l f o r industry and a g r i c u l t u r e , the development of f i n a n c i a l and i n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n the Chinese i n t e r i o r , and the balance of payments in i n t e r n a t i o n a l trade. The Review publishes monthly news-notes and s t a t i s t i c s on the following t o p i c s : 1) news of industry ( i n the f i r s t 12 i s s u e s o f the Review are 57 items on f a c t o r i e s or mines); 2) news and s t a t i s t i c s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n ; 3 ) market s i t u a t i o n s f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l commodities (note the s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s on r i c e , wheat and c o t t o n ) ; 4 ) economic development o f v a r i o u s r e g i o n s o f China (more obscure d i s t r i c t s of the provinces a r e studied as well as the c i t i e s ) ; 5) government finance (news o f taxation and bond issues i s c a r e f u l l y reported); 6) foreign trade (including the important questions o f s i l v e r e x p o r t s and o v e r s e a s Chinese r e m i t t a n c e s ) ; 7) money, banking, exchange markets, e t c . The Review publishes r e s e a r c h a r t i c l e s in each i s s u e , mostly by s t a f f members o f the Bank. Some o f these on the Bank's work ( e . g . accounting system, t r u s t business e t c . ) , but many d i s c u s s questions o f broader p o l i c y , such as investment and i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n . Also i n cluded are the annual reports o f the Bank o f China which cont a i n not only summaries of the Bank's a c t i v i t i e s but i t s views on the national economy ( e . g . i t s c a l l for a national movement for agricultural loans). Index volumes a r e p u b l i s h e d f o r every 12 i s s u e s . 6.3.11

Chung-yang yin-hang yiieh-pao Bank Monthly",

^ ^jk /fij^

f\ ^

"Central

edited and published by the Economic Research

Department, C e n t r a l Bank o f China ching-chi yen-chiu c h ' u

(Chung-yang y i n - h a n g ,

f

^

Shanghai and Chungking 1932 - .

Ή

^

$L

)

(4301/5582)

Since 1932 t h i s o f f i c i a l monthly journal o f the Central Bank o f China has published documents o f the Bank as w e l l as articles. From 1946, the j o u r n a l was e d i t e d under the superv i s i o n o f Dr. Chi C h ' a o - t i n g ^ iJU .(See h i s a r t i c l e in

262

Vol. 3, No. 10, October 1938, reviewing the research projects of the Research Department). There are also articles by Yü Hung-chün (Ο. K. Yui), Liu Kung-yun ^ J (S. Y. Liu), et al. 6.3.12

Chung-kuo chung-yao yin-hang tsui-chin shih-nien ying-yeh kai-k'uang yen-chiu ίβ^ι

ψ if] \

^if

Principal

Chinese

analysis Banks,

1921 - 1931",

fti^-f^f of

the Accounts

of

the

compiled and published

by the Research Department, Bank of China, Shai 1933, in Chinese and English throughout, pp. X & 353 & maps and tables. (4565/5682 B) This statistical summary of the operations of the principal modern Chinese banks is based on their published reports and on information given by request. It includes the 28 banks which are members of the Shanghai Bankers' Association, plus the Central Bank of China. This statistical compendium is particularly valuable because in Section II it gives not only the fundamental data on each bank according to the accounting system used by the bank in question (table B), but also (under table A) an arrangement of the same data according to a uniform system of classification. This is essential for comparative purposes or overall studies. Section I of this book gives 40 statistical tables of "Aggregate Totals by items of accounts, 1921 - 1931" for the 29 banks reviewed. Sections III and IV give another 30 tables showing a "Comparison by Year of Items of Accounts" and "Comparison by Items of Accounts of the Principal Banks". Section II includes short histories of the 29 banks. Appendix gives a most convenient index for each item of account. The bilingual arrangement of this compendium has an incidental value in that students of the accounting system of modern Chinese banks will find here Chinese equivalents for some English accounting terms, and vice versa. 6. 3.13

Chung-hua min-kuo erh-shih-ssu-nien ch' üan-kuo yin-hang nienchien

ΐ

£

263

(National

banking

yearbook,

1935),

compiled and published by

t h e R e s e a r c h Department of t h e Head O f f i c e o f t h e Bank of china

f

if

^ m η

Shai 1934, many hundred pages.

&

m ik *t£t

,

(4565/8288)

With a p r e f a c e by t h e c h i e f e d i t o r , (Miss) Chang Hsiao-mei ^ > t h i s i s the second i s s u e (the f i r s t i s f o r the year 1934) of a g i g a n t i c compilation work undertaken by the Research Department of t h e Bank of China. An i n d i s p e n sable work f o r the study of modern Chinese banking, t h e y e a r book c o n t a i n s a w e a l t h of i n f o r m a t i o n and s t a t i s t i c s , which t h e e d i t o r s claim t o be l a r g e l y t h e r e s u l t of t h e i r own r e search and c o m p i l a t i o n . I t a l s o c o n t a i n s numerous documents such as the annual r e p o r t s of f i v e l e a d i n g Chinese banks ( t h e Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, Shanghai Conmercial and S a v i n g s Bank, S i n Hua T r u s t and S a v i n g s Bank, and t h e Kincheng Banking C o r p o r a t i o n ) over a p e r i o d of s i x y e a r s . The following d i g e s t of the t a b l e of contents cannot do j u s t i c e to the g r e a t wealth of t h i s m a t e r i a l : 1) a n a l y s i s of tendenc i e s and problems of Chinese banking i n t h e year 1935; 2) a d i r e c t o r y of a l l banks i n China g i v i n g a) b r i e f h i s t o r y , b) capitalization, c) t o p p e r s o n n e l , d) o f f i c e s and branches, e) number of s t a f f , and f ) a s s e t s and l i a b i l i t i e s , p r o f i t s and l o s s e s , i n the year 1933; 3) a survey of banks in the d i f f e r e n t l o c a l a r e a s of China, l i s t i n g banks i n each c i t y , town or hsien with d a t e s of e s t a b l i s h m e n t , personnel, e t c . ; 4) bankers' a s s o c i a t i o n s in important c i t i e s — t h e i r h i s t o r y , c h a r t e r s , personnel, e t c . ; 5) s t a t u t e s and r e g u l a t i o n s concerning banking, including: a) government laws, and b) c h a r t e r s and laws of t h e banks; 6) s t a t i s t i c s of the f o l l o w i n g : a ) c a p i t a l , d e p o s i t s , loans, s t o c k s and bonds, note i s s u e , r e s e r v e s , e t c . , of the banks of China, b) number of branches, d a t e s of t h e i r expansion, number of s t a f f , geographical d i s t r i b u t i o n of banks, etc.; c) s t a t i s t i c s on t r e n d s i n money and banking 1932 1934; 7) d i r e c t o r y of banking personnel (169 p p . ) ; 8) d a i l y c h r o n i c l e of e v e n t s i n money and b a n k i n g , 1934; 9) annual r e p o r t s of f i v e banks f o r t h e l a s t s i x y e a r s ; 10) index of books and a r t i c l e s on banking which appeared i n 1934; 11) foreign banks in China: a) h i s t o r y , c a p i t a l , personnel, a s s e t s and l i a b i l i t i e s , p r o f i t s and l o s s e s ( c a . 1934), conditions

264

of branch-banking of each of the thirty-one Western and Japanese banks in China, b) survey of the role of foreign banks in thirty cities; 12) money-shops (ch'ien-chuang ) and silver-shops (yin-hao ), giving their location, history, capital, volume of business, personnel, etc.; 13) trust companies; 14) saving societies and finance corporations (yin-kung-ssu -^c. β] ); 15) pawnshops; 16) storage and warehouses. The detailed information on other banks and on old-fashioned financial organizations is the result of the Bank of China's effort to obtain complete and accurate information on China's money market, and is now invaluable for purposes of research. 6.3.14

Chung-hua min-kuo erh-shih-wu nien ch'üan-kuo yin-hang nienchien

t

#

&

β

=

+

l§]

(National banking yearbook, 1935),

edited and published by

the Research Department of the Bank of China, Shai 1936, pp. many hundred.

(4565/8288 III)

This is the third issue of this monumental banking yearbook. An editorial reorganization of the content does not change its variety. Ch. 22 includes the annual reports of ten banks for the year 1935. 6.3.15

Chung-hua min-kuo erh-shih-liu-nien ch'üan-kuo yin-hang nienchien

£

&

^

4f

(National banking yearbook, 1937)

^ m i t f t ^ i t published by the Research

Department of the Bank of China, Shai, no date, pp. several hundred.

(4565/8288 IV)

This fourth issue of the bankers' yearbook edited by the Bank of China is smaller than previous volumes because of the interruption of editorial work by the war. Editorial arrangement is similar to that of the 1936 issue (see above); ch. 22 gives the annual reports of ten banks.

265

6.3.16

Hsü Ch'i-ch'ing chin-jung shih ^

, Tseng-kai tsui-chin Shang-hai t^k. %LÜL

^

^

iL

(A history

of the Shanghai money market in recent times, revised edition), edited

(chiao-yüeh)

by Feng Tzu-ming

preface by Chang Kung-ch'iian i - Ü CChang Kia-ngavO)>

-J"

with a

(Chang Chia-ao

jj^

published by the author, Shai 1926,

revised edition, third printing 1932, 2 vols. 2 & 12 & 702; Vol. 2, pp. 410).

(Vol. 1, pp.

(4560.16/2930)

Published by a former vice-governor of the Central Bank of China, this book describes mainly the organization of modern Chinese banks and only briefly the operation of the money market. Vol. 1 on the various banks gives histories, charters and current (1931) business reports for banks in Shanghai, including the Central Bank of China, the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, 27 commercial, industrial and savings banks belonging to the Shanghai Bankers' Association, 29 banks outside the Association, 20 foreign banks belonging to it, and 7 foreign banks outside it, plus 7 trust companies, and 4 saving societies. Sections (chieh) 8 and 9 list money-shops (ch1 ien-chuang ) or native banks both belonging to and outside of the China Money-shop Association (Chung-kuo ch'ien-yeh kung-hui ^ Ί^χ ""^jt 'Ü- ^ )· Section 12 gives information on finance companies (Yin-kungssu 'u §] ). Vol. II has brief chapters on such topics as closed and liquidated banks, bankers' associations, the Shanghai Tael, Peking Government bonds, note issue of private banks, subsidiary currency, economic and financial conference of 1928, bonds of the National Government and Shanghai municipal government, banking laws of 1930 and the like. These chapters have only fragmentary value. 6.3.17

Yang Yin-p'u

>ij|·', Shang-hai chin-jung tsu-chih kai-yao Financial Organizations of

266

Shanghai",

National Central University series, CP Shai 1930,

pp. 1 & 22 & 404 & 50.

(4560/4243)

This study, by a well-known professor at the Business School of National Central University, is the most complete survey yet made of the Shanghai money market. Giving extensive bibliography at the end of each chapter and a 50 pp. appendix of documents, the author reviews the financial organizations of Shanghai in the following chapters (note especially the full treatment of old-fashioned organizations which still persisted in 1930); 1) types of financial organizations and estimates of their capital strength; 2) the native banks (money-shops, ch'ien-chuang), pp. 24 - 81; 3) the Shansi-type banks in Shanghai (p*iao-hao %'j'

(National

e d i t e d and published by Chung-yang

^-^Γ

(Central S t a t i s t i c a l Bureau)f

Nanking 1935, pp. 4 & 110 & charts and maps.

(4490/5520)

Detailed s t a t i s t i c a l information on the various sections of the 126,677 kilometer highway network, either completed or under construction in 1935, indicating one prominent aspect of the Nanking Government's achievements in the 1930's. Place-names along the l i n e s in the net-work are given in tables and in useful maps. 6.4.24

T ' i e h - t a o pan-yfieh-k' an monthly),

^

^ "^'j

(Railways

semi-

e d i t e d and published by the S e c r e t a r i a t of the

Ministry of Railways, Nanking, 1936 - , f o r t n i g h t l y i s dated October 1936).

(No. 11

(4500/8397)

This semi-monthly of the M i n i s t r y of Railways was published during Chang Kia-ngau's tenure of o f f i c e , and contains discussions of policy as well as reports on technical and administrative aspects of the Ministry's work. The

280

f i r s t e l e v e n i s s u e s show t h e f o l l o w i n g emphases: 1) d i s c u s s i o n s of railway budgeting and accounting, 6 a r t i c l e s ; 2) on labor and s t a f f w e l f a r e , 3; 3) on the importance of meeting a l l f i n a n c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s of the r a i l w a y s , 2; 4) on e n g i n e e r i n g s t a n d a r d s , 4. The magazine a l s o published b r i e f h i s t o r i e s of r a i l r o a d s ( e . g . on t h e Canton-Hankow Railway, see No. 9), and a r t i c l e s on a d m i n i s t r a t i v e problems such as f r e i g h t r a t e s , economy of c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s , e t c . I t c o n t a i n s occasiona l speeches by Chang Kia-ngau ( e . g . one of October 16, 1936, on the importance of preparedness f o r war a g a i n s t Japan) and f o r t n i g h t l y summaries of t h e M i n i s t r y ' s work i n p e r s o n n e l t r a i n i n g ^ f o r which s e v e r a l schools were e s t a b l i s h e d ) , i n cons t r u c t i o n , and t h e l i k e . C.4.25

Yang Hsiang-nien ^ I p ' J f Q ^ T* i e h - l u c h i n g - c h i yu t s ' a i - c h e n g I f f CP S h a i ,

%%

^(Railroad

p p . 10 & 2 1 8 .

By an o f f i c i a l Conmunications) and an d e s c r i b e s the M i n i s t r y ' s t r a t i o n of the railways, 6.4.26

1947

economics

magazine",

finance),

(4500/4238)

of t h e M i n i s t r y of Railways (later admirer of Chang Kia-ngau, t h i s book experience in the f i n a n c i a l adminisi n c l u d i n g the f i n a n c i n g of new l i n e s . J^ "ί"1]

Τ' i e h - l u h s i e h - h u i yiieh-k'an Association

and

"Railway

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by the Chung-hua

ch'üan-kuo t ' i e h - l u h s i e h - h u i

^

fl

(China National Railway A s s o c i a t i o n ) , Nanking 1929 - , monthly (Vol. 4, No. 12 i s dated December 1932).

(4500/8648)

This monthly p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e a s s o c i a t i o n of s t a f f members of the Chinese r a i l w a y s , c o n t a i n s a r t i c l e s on t e c h n i c a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e problems as well as news n o t e s . 6.4.27

Chiao-t'une tsa-chih

^(Communications

journal),

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by C h i a o - t ' u n g t s a - c h i h s h e , Nanking

281

1932 -

, monthly

( V o l . 5, No. 6 i s d a t e d J u n e

1937).

(4481/0300) Although e d i t e d by a p r i v a t e agency, t h i s magazine publishes mostly a r t i c l e s by persons connected with the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Railways, i n c l u d i n g valuable items based on p r a c t i c a l technical and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e experience. A regular department, " Chiao-t'ungcheng-wen" ilL ßfl (News of communications administration), sumnarizes developments in various aspects of the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . 6.4.28

Tao-lu y!ieh-k'an i ^ ^ f a f[ "f 1 ] (The Road monthly),

edited

and published by Chung-hua ch'uan-kuo t a o - l u chien-she h s i e h hui

^

(China n a t i o n a l

road c o n s t r u c t i o n a s s o c i a t i o n ) ,

Shai 1923 - , monthly

46, No. 3 i s dated April 15, 1935).

(Vol.

(4490/3672)

Edited by an o r g a n i z a t i o n devoted t o the promotion of highway construction (the chairmen of the a s s o c i a t i o n include Wang C h e n g - t ' i n g (C. T. Wang), Hsü S h i h - y i n g jfe , Kuo Ping-wen e t a l . ), t h i s magazine continued publication for more than a decade and i s a valuable source for the h i s t o r y of C h i n a ' s modern highway c o n s t r u c t i o n and the growth of communications a g e n c i e s both p u b l i c and p r i v a t e . The i s s u e s from Vol. 45, No. 1, to Vol. 46, No. 3, p u b l i s h e d a b i b l i o g r a p h y of works and m a t e r i a l s on C h i n a ' s highways, conpiled by the l i b r a r y of the Highway Department of the National Economic Council (Ch'tian-kuo ching-chi wei-yuanhui ^ i ] 6.4.29

i r l - i T

>·

Tao-lu ch' iian-shu

(Highways hand'book),

com-

p i l e d by Lu T a n - l i n

a l . , published by Chung-hua

ch'lian-kuo t a o - l u chien-she h s i e h - h u i " N a t i o n a l Good Roads A s s o c i a t i o n of China",

282

Shai 1929, pp. many hundreds.

(4490/7174)

The purpose of t h i s hand-book, according t o t h e e d i t o r , i s t o s t a t e t h e c a s e f o r more and b e t t e r highways and t o p r o v i d e a u s e f u l hand-book f o r highway b u i l d e r s . The compendium thus c o n t a i n s the f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s : 1) signed a r t i c l e s on a v a r i e t y of t o p i c s - - p r o j e c t s and h i s t o r i e s ; 2) an e n g i n e e r i n g guide c o n s i s t i n g of s i g n e d a r t i c l e s ; 3) r e p o r t s on c u r r e n t c o n d i t i o n s o f r o a d s i n China and p r o p o s a l s f o r improvement; 4) laws and r e g u l a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g highways and highway construction; 5) Appendix ( i n c l u d i n g documents of t h e N a t i o n a l Good Roads A s s o c i a t i o n of C h i n a ) . 6.4.30 Kuo Shou-sheng ^

^

, Ko-kuo hang-yeh cheng-ts'e shih-

k'uang yil shou-hui hang-ch'üan wen-t'i \

i^C. ^ L true

policies

of the various

recovery

of navigation fe]

>

countries rights),

S1

state

of

and the problem, of

shipping (Ohina'sJ

p u b l i s h e d by H u a - t ' u n g shu-chü

»ai 1930, p p . 2 & 7 & 2 7 4 .

(4510/0252)

A c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y of f o r e i g n and C h i n e s e s h i p p i n g p o l i c i e s from t h e p o i n t of view of C h i n a ' s n a v i g a t i o n r i g h t s , by a s t a f f member of the Compilation and T r a n s l a t i o n Department of t h e M i n i s t r y of Navy. Data h e r e p r e s e n t e d on Chinese s h i p p i n g and n a v i g a t i o n does n o t seem t o exceed t h e works of Wang Kuang ( 6 . 4 . 3 1 and 6 . 4 . 3 3 ) , e x c e p t f o r t h e appended t e x t of C h i n a ' s Maritime Conmerce Law (promulgated J a n u a r y 1, 1930), and a 16 pp. c h r o n o l o g y of e v e n t s i n t h e w o r l d ' s h i s t o r y of n a v i g a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g China s i n c e 1100! 6.4.31 Wang Kuang £ (On the Chinese

Chung-kuo hang-yeh lun shipping

ts'ung-shu Magazine s e r i e s ) ,

business), ίέ"-3·'*'"Ha.

ψ

C h i a o - t ' u n g t s a - c h i h she (The Communications

No. 1, p u b l i s h e d by C h i a o - t ' u n g

283

tsa-chih

she, Nanking 1934, pp. 2 & 6 & 143.

(4510/1131)

This i s the b e s t a v a i l a b l e work on Chinese shipping, by a former s t a f f member of the Shipping Administration Department (Hang-cheng-ssu ) of the Ministry of Communi c a t i o n s . Ch. 1 (General) gives s t a t i s t i c s of t o n n a g e , e t c , of Chinese s h i p p i n g and s h i p p i n g in Chinese w a t e r s . Ch. 2 (Chinese shipping) has 3 valuable s e c t i o n s : a) the d i s t r i b u t i o n of Chinese shipping in the d i f f e r e n t p o r t s ; b) h i s t o r y , o r g a n i z a t i o n and p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n of the China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. (Chao-shang chii ), 20 p p . ; c) p r i v a t e shipping conpanies (more than 14 companies, i n c l u d ing the Min Sheng Co. ). Ch. 3 (Foreign shipping in China) includes data on B r i t i s h , American, and other firms and 9 pp. on Japanese shipping in China. Ch. 4 (Navigation routes e t c . ) d e s c r i b e s t h e v a r i o u s r o u t e s and s h i p p i n g companies engaging in business on them. See a l s o the a u t h o r ' s Hang-yeh cheng-ts'e ( 6 . 4 . 3 3 ) , which discusses shipping p o l i c y . These two works supersede the a u t h o r / s other two books, Hangyeh yü hang-ch'ilan - Φ τ υ ^ (The shipping business and navigation rights), published by Hsiieh-shu yen-chiu-hui fyjj & ft ^ (Academic r e s e a r c h s o c i e t y ) , Shai 1930, (4510/1131); and Chung-kuo hang-yeh tf iff (The Chinese shipping business), CP Shai 1933, (4510/113)'. .32

Li Ku-fan

Chao-shang-chii san-ta-an (Three major cases relating

Steam. Navigation

Co.),

to the China

H s i e n - t a i shu-chii

Shai 1933, pp. 13 & 211 & 3.

^

'fC

tfj]

fej

Merchants >

(4510/4414)

In 1927 the new N a t i o n a l i s t Government a p p o i n t e d a coumission t o i n v e s t i g a t e and p l a n the r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of the n o t o r i o u s l y c o r r u p t China Merchants Co. The r e s u l t s of the i n v e s t i g a t i o n were p u b l i s h e d i n two b i g volumes: Kuo-min cheng-fu c h ' i n g - c h ' a c h e n g - l i Chao-shang-chii wei-yuan-hui pao-kao-shu ® & T & fc > | £ K ^ f a ^ r f k ^ -$(3. (Report of the National Government's Committee for the Investigation and Reorganization of the China Merchants Co.), 1927. C o n t i n u e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n , a f t e r t h e f o r m a l reorganization of 1928, led t o the discovery in 1928 and 1929

284

of f u r t h e r cases of corruption on the p a r t of the old regime. The a u t h o r of t h i s volume, a member of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n committee and an a u d i t o r of t h e company a f t e r 1928, through h i s a u d i t i n g d i s c o v e r e d g r o s s c o r r u p t i o n in the Hankow and T i e n t s i n branches of the company and a l s o in the Chi-yü kungssu ^ f . 'ü· s j , an associated e n t e r p r i s e . This documented expose of the c o r r u p t i o n i n t h e s e t h r e e c a s e s - which were d e a l t w i t h by t h e c o u r t - g i v e s a d e t a i l e d p i c t u r e of the working of the old company, of g r e a t value f o r the study of s e m i - o f f i c i a l business e n t e r p r i s e s . Brief prefaces from T s ' a i Yuan-p'ei, Ch'en K ' u o - f u % , Yeh C h ' u - t s a n g , Hu Shih and others point up the moral. 6. 4.33

Wang Kuang J . ' j t j , Hang-yeh cheng-ts' e ment policy

concerning

the shipping

t s a - c h i h she t s ' u n g - s h u

S L ^ ^ I

munications Magazine s e r i e s ) ,

^

^

business),

(Govern-

Chiao-t'ung

I & ^ ' f t %

C^e

Com

-

No. 2, published by C h i a o - t ' u n g

t s a - c h i h she, Nanking 1934, pp. 2 & 6 & 106.

(4510/1131.2)

The f i r s t two chapters of t h i s book analyse the p o l i t i c s of 10 c o u n t r i e s , i n c l u d i n g a 6 pp. s e c t i o n on Japan, as regards i n d i r e c t measures ( f r e i g h t r a t e s , d u t i e s , exemptions, e t c . ) and d i r e c t measures (mainly s u b s i d i e s ) used by governments to aid the development of t h e i r merchant marines. The l a s t chapter summarizes the a u t h o r ' s views on Chinese shipping p o l i c y . Appendix g i v e s a v a l u a b l e account of the s h i p p i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e Chinese government (pp. 87 - 106). 6.4.34

Hsieh P i n " f j | j ' f f l j , Chung-kuo y u - t i e n hang-k'ung s h i h vj2 1 aviation

^

in China),

(Ί history

of the post,

telegraph

CH Shai 1928, pp. 7 & 262.

(4520/0442)

A survey packed with information, mainly (204 pp.) the modern p o s t a l system, by a p r o l i f i c h i s t o r i a n (author Min-kuo c h e n g - t a n g s h i h , e t c . ) . The f i r s t 86 pp. g i v e h i s t o r i c a l survey of the old system and valuable accounts t h e s p r e a d of t h e new s y s t e m t o e a c h p r o v i n c e . T h i s

285

and

on of an on is

followed by a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of the p o s t a l s e r v i c e as of t h e l a t e 1 9 2 0 ' s . Telecommunications a r e d e s c r i b e d in 50 pp. Only 7 pp. a r e on a v i a t i o n , which was n o t r e a l l y d e v e l o p e d u n t i l the 1930's. 6.4.35

Chung-hua min-kuo s h i h - w u - n i e n yu-cheng shih-wu gfe-tfe survey

of postal

affairs

for

1926),

ca. 1927, pp. 4 & 70 & t a b l e s .

tsung-lun (A

general

an o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n ,

(4520/0302)

The annual P o s t O f f i c e p u b l i c a t i o n summarizing t h e work of t h e year by d i s t r i c t s and s e r v i c e s with comparative s t a t i s t i c a l d e t a i l s on the expansion of post r o u t e s , e t c . , and accounts of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e innovations, G.4.3G

Liu Ch'eng-han, Y u - c h e n g - f a t s u n g - l u n general

discussion

& 299.

(4520/7113)

of postal

laws),

^J*

i f c ^jt-'t'jfr (A

CP Changsha 1939, pp. 11

By an o f f i c i a l of t h e Post O f f i c e , t h i s i s an organized survey of Chinese p o s t a l r e g u l a t i o n s , including those p r e s c r i b e d by the I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o s t a l Union, t o g e t h e r with t h e a u t h o r ' s explanations and comments.

6.3

INDUSTRY:

GENERAL

Note: In t h i s s e c t i o n a r e general surveys by economic h i s t o r i a n s - - n o t e t h e work of Fang H s i e n - t ' i n g (H. D. F o n g ) , 6 . 5 . 7 , and Yen Chung-p'ing, 6 . 5 . 1 1 ; and one or two p u b l i c a t i o n s of t r a d e a s s o c i a t i o n s . M a t e r i a l s on the h i s t o r y of i n d i v i d u a l i n d u s t r i a l i s t s and i n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t s a r e i n the next s e c t i o n ( 6 . 6 ) . For t h e e n t i r e q u e s t i o n of government a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and p o l i c y r e g a r d i n g i n d u s t r y , s e e s e c t i o n s 6 . 7 and 6 . 8 below. Many of the government p u b l i c a t i o n s in s e c t i o n 6 . 4 a l s o c o n t a i n data on conditions of i n d u s t r y .

286

6.5.1

Yang Ch'üan i -

Λ

prises

"Wu-shih-nien-lai Chung-kuo chih kung-yeh"

^ for

rf

^

the Past

"China's 50 Years"

(item 2.1.11 above),

Industrial

Enter-

in Tsui-chin chih wu-shih-nien

pp. 1 - 1 5

( i n the middle of the volume,

which i s not consecutively paged).

(9301/504)

A short review of the development of Chinese industry in the f i f t y years b e f o r e 1923, which packs in a wealth of names and f a c t s . Written by a well-known scholar and i l l u s trated by 16 s t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s , this a r t i c l e has been widely used by modern Chinese w r i t e r s on industry. A chronological table gives the dates of major industrial developments. 6.5.2

Ch'en Ming-hsiin f ^ ^

^

, Ching-chi kai-tsao-chung chih

Chung-kuo kung-yeh wen-t' i f^j

lf(|

(The industrial

transformation),

problem

of China during

CP Shai 1928, pp. 6 & 202.

economic

(4420/7982)

O r i g i n a l l y an essay w r i t t e n in the spring of 1927 on the d i f f i c u l t i e s o f Chinese industry in an enviornment of c i v i l war, f o r e i g n competition and labor a g i t a t i o n , this book makes a comprehensive review o f the multifarious problems confronting Chinese industry. The author concludes that government aid to industry i s essential to i t s future growth. 6.5.3

Chu Hsin-fan tf

""If

capitalism),

Ü f f " ^ , Chung-kuo tzu-pen chu-i chih fa-chan 3- ^

!I"

J^

(The

development of

Lien-ho, Shai 1929, pp. 5 & 476.

Chinese

(4355/2908)

This Marxian analysis sets the development of modern business and industry in China against the background of a declining world capitalism. I t marshals, however, a v a r i e t y of s p e c i f i c (though unfootnoted) points to support i t s ideas,

287

as may be seen from a digest of the table of contents: 1) general discussion of modern capitalism; 2) reasons for backwardness of Chinese industry; 3) trends in the development of modern Chinese industry - from government enterprise to private enterprise, etc.; 4) the breakdown of the agricultural economy and its effects; 5) the shackles of tariff control by foreign countries; 6) conditions of shipping and navigation and their effects on industry; 8) banking under the control of imperialism; 9) analysis of the current state of industry in China; 10) possible arguments for Chinese capitalism and their refutation; 11) the breakdown of world capitalism and the disillusionment of Chinese capitalist!. 6.5.4

Shih Fu-liang ^

i^l

China),

> Chung-kuo hsien-tai ching-chi shih

^/OJ^K

(An

economic

history

Chung-kuo hsien-tai-shih ts'ung-shu (Modern Chinese history series),

1932, pp. 16 & 12 & 404.

of

modern

^ Liang-yu, Shai

(4313/0120)

Taking the "growth of capitalism" as its central theme, this crude synthesis is obviously compiled from various current works which the author does not cite. The treatment is topical (mines, railways, banks, etc.) and some statistical data are presented from Customs reports; but on the whole, this work fails to do for China's economy as a whole the kind of detailed survey job which the companion volume on communications (see Chang Hsin-ch'eng), does on a smaller subject in half again as many pages, see 6.4.1. C.5.5

Kung t

Chun^pLj^, I f f

the development pp. 15 & 302.

K

U

Chung-kuo hsin-kung-yeh fa-chan-shih ta-kang M

L

-

f

of modern industry

c

r

o

«

t

in China),

1

i n e

h i s t

° r y

of

CP Shai 1933,

(4355/0874)

This short history traces the development of modern

288

industry in China up to 1928. Though crude in analysis and inadequate in factual data, it nevertheless offers a pioneer survey of the topic, under the following heads: 1) 1842 1877 (development of industry for military use); 3) 1878 1894 (the period of government supervision and private management Q(uan-tu shang-pan iffjl^} in industry); 4) 1895 - 1902 (the period of foreign investment); 5) 1903 1911 (the great transition -- to private enterprise); 6) 1911 - 1928 (flourishing of private enterprise and the struggle against foreign-made industrial products). Appendix contains 1) a chronology of major events in modern China's industrial history; 2) list of 59 statistical tables in the book; 3) a bibliography of 19 books in Chinese, 21 Chinese and Englishlanguage periodicals, and some 80 articles or documents, mainly in Chinese, drawn from various unnamed sources and arranged topically. Each chapter has extensive footnotes. 6.5.6

Yang Ta-chin "^§7

, Hsien-tai Chung-kuo shih-yeh chih

i l / f t

(Modern Chinese

edition, CP Changsha 1938 vols.

industry),

revised

(first edition Nanking 1933),

2

(Vol. I, pp. 28 & 1161 & autograph plates; Vol. II, pp.

25 & 840).

(R 4434/4248)

This 2000 page work was compiled by an architectural engineer at National Central University as a hobby over a period of several years. Although the author unfortunately did not indicate his innumerable source materials, the authenticity of most of his data seems beyond doubt. Bothering little with general interpretations, this work is a straight compilation of data on production and distribution with figures, methods, names, addresses and brief histories of firms, including specific details on small scale processing industries which are widespread in the major cities. The following digest of the table of contents will indicate the scope and value of the book: Part I, Manufacturing: 1) introduction; 2) cotton spinning; 3) cotton-weaving; 4) silk-reeling; 5) silk-weaving; 6) woolen goods; 7) hempen cloth; 8) needle-work (socks, towels, underwear, etc.); 9) furs; 10) leather;

289

11) paper; 12) glass; 13) t'ang-tz'u (porcelain made with metal molds); 14) t'ao-tz'u (porcelain made with earthen molds); 15) bleaching and dyeing; 16) soap; 17) matches; 18) cosmetics; 19) printing; 20) printing ink; 21) flour; 22) rice-refining; 23) vegetable oil; 24) sugar; 25) brewing; 26) tea; 27) cigarettes; 28) canned goods; 29) egg industry; 30) machinery; 31) electricity; 32) ship-building; 33) bricks and tiles; 34) cement; 35) straw hats; 36) paper umbrellas; 37) lacquer ware; 38) bee-keeping; 39) camphor; 40) other manufactures (e.g. wax chemicals, etc.) Part II, Mining: 1) introduction; 2) coal (description of more than 110 coal mines); 3) iron and steel (45 topics); 4) tin; 5) antimony; 6) tungsten; 7) manganese; 8) gold (47 sections by provinces); 9) quicksilver; 10) lead; 11) zinc; 12) copper; 13) other metallic mines; 14) salt; 15) petroleum; 16) gypsum; 17) other non-metallic mines. 6.5.7

Fang Hsien-t'ing -ft ||Ji ^

(H. D. Fong),

Chung-kuo chih

mien-fang-chih-yeh cotton

textile

' '

industry),

*",r

C)

"a·1·

published by the National Bureau of

PP·1

Ο

Oi

Ο

Oi

OOI

Oi

J J ·

\tttO/

UiUJ.)

This is a pioneering work on the history of modern Chinese industry, by a well-trained economic historian, who also had actual factory experience in his youth (under the famous textile industrialist, Mu Ou-ch'u ) and at the time of writing was Research Director of the Nankai Institute of Economics in Tientsin. This volume is based on Dr. Fong's earlier publication in English, Cotton Industry and Trade in China, Nankai Institute of Economics, Tientsin, 1932. The contents include: 1) the history and geographical distribution of the textile industry in China; 2) cotton production and trade; 3) the manufacture and sale of cotton textile products; 4) labor in the Chinese cotton textile industry; 5) organization of the industry; 6) the handicraft cotton textile industry in China; 7) import and export of Chinese cotton textile products; 8) the past and future of

290

the industry. 21 s t a t i s t i c a l tables and a table of Chinese t e x t i l e factories (giving name, location, dates of i n i t i a t i o n , capital funds, spindles and looms, power consumption, number of workers, production, e t c . ) are enclosed in an envelope attached to the book. Bibliography (7 p p . ) l i s t s Chinese and Japanese as well as Western sources. This book i s s t i l l considered authoritative although more recent work by Mr. Yen Chung-p'ing ^ J^· has superceded some parts of i t . This work has also been translated i n t o Japanese. See 6.5.11. G. 5.8

Fang Hsien-t'ing tzu-pen wen-t' i

China's

industrial

(Liberal

«Kg® vf

^

capital),

arts s e r i e s ) ,

(H. D. Fong), \

(

T

Chung-kuo kung-yeh

h

e

problem

I-wen ts'ung-shu CP Shai

of

"SC^"^

1939, pp. 4 & 2 & 80.

(4420/0261) This pamphlet i s an expansion of the author's English pamphlet, Industrial capital in China/published in the Nankai Institute of Economics Industry Series (No. 9, Tientsin, 1936) and is a suggestive study on a crucially important subject. It i s mainly an h i s t o r i c a l survey, analysing foreign investment in China and the development of Chinese industrial c a p i t a l . The l a s t chapter suggests the e s s e n t i a l s of a new p o l i c y . Bibliography 4 pp., mainly Chinese. 6.5.9

Jih-pen tsai-llua ching-chi s h i h - l i

f l

(Japan's

#

economic power in China),

4>p (Ministry of Industry), hsieh,

, CH 1933, pp. 2 & 48.

φ-

^fc

^

edited by Shih-yeh-pu preface by T'ang C h ' i (4543/330)

A volume of tables and i l l u s t r a t i v e diagrams showing Japan's industrial and commercial power in China, edited by a government ministry. Many diagrams show the growth of Japan's interests in China from 1871 to 1930. The l i s t of 46 sources ( p p . 47 - 8) c i t e s Japanese p u b l i c a t i o n s .

291

6.5.10

Chang Hsiao-mei

> Jih-pen tui-Hu t'ou-tzu ty

ff) (Japanese investment in Shanghai), Chung-kuo kuo-min ching-chi yen-chiu-so ts'ung-shu ^fl

'ifL'll

institute series),

^

^

Hi·i-

(Chinese people's economic research

CP Shai 1937, pp. 145.

(2493/1394)

Based largely on data provided by Japanese establishments in Shanghai, this monograph has reached a figure of Japanese direct investment in Shanghai slightly different from the estimate of C. F. Remer (Foreign Investments in China, Macmillan, New York 1933). It gives much new factual data and insight into the subject. Reviewed by Yang Hsiieh-t'ung $ $ i Ü L > i n Cheng-chih ching-chi hslleh-pao, Vol. 5, No. 3, April 1937, pp. 724 - 27. 6.5.11

Yen Chung-p'ing ^

rf

ijt Ζ- ^jsT Ml

, Chung-kuo mien-yeh chih fa-chan (The

development of the Chinese

cotton industry), Chung-yang yen-chiu-yuan ts'ung-k'an •ήζ. ^ ^ ^ U Pfc 1943, pp. 3 & 305.

^

"f1] (Academia Sinica Series), CP Chungking (4448/6451)

This new study of China's textile industry is described by the author as "a case study of capitalist production and the factory system in China" and is generally recognized as the best work on the subject. Heavily documented and covering many phases of the problem in careful detail, it traces the development of the Chinese textile industry through the following periods: 1) the opening of the Chinese market to the cotton products of England, India and the United States, 1834 - 1899; 2) the revolution in the cotton industry in China, 1890 - 1895 and the work of Cheng Kuan-ying /fg., Chang Chien (PP· 81 - 85), and others; 3) the Chinese cotton industry in an international market, 1896 - 1913 -comparison of the tax-burden borne by Chinese factories and

292

firms and by foreign establishments in China; the predominance of B r i t i s h , Indian, U.S. and Japanese i n t e r e s t s ; the Chinese government policy of promoting the cotton industry; and the emergence of i n d u s t r i a l c a p i t a l as distinguished from bureauc r a t i c c a p i t a l , as complicated by foreign economic i n t e r e s t s in China; 4) the cotton industry in a market of i n t e r n a t i o n a l investment, 1914 - 1931 - - the i n f l u e n c e of the World War, the changed p o l i c y of the J a p a n e s e , the expansion of the Chinese-owned industry, the development of i n d u s t r i a l c a p i t a l in China and i t s emergence from commercial c a p i t a l ; 5) the decline of the Chinese cotton industry and i t s new tendencies, 1932 - 37 -- Japanese competition and the pressure of foreign c a p i t a l , the r e l a t i o n between finance c a p i t a l and i n d u s t r i a l , and the concentration of c a p i t a l . Two f i n a l chapters review the changes in the handicraft cotton industry (based on secondary studies and surveys), and the new trends in the c u l t i vation and s a l e of cotton. Altogether this i s a book of f i r s t importance to an understanding of modern China's economy. 6.5.12 Wang Tzu-chien

and Wang Chen-chung

^

^

"j7

Ch'i-sheng Hua-shang sha-ch'ang t i a o - c h ' a pao-kao -^J ^jj (Report

mills

in seven provinces),

of a survey

of Chinese

cotton

Academia S i n i c a , I n s t i t u t e of

Social Sciences s e r i e s , CP Shai 1935.

(4448/1111)

Based on a survey made under the a u s p i c e s of the Academia S i n i c a in 1932. The seven provinces covered were Kiangsu, Chekiang, Anhwei, Kiangsi, Hupei, Hunan, and Shantung. The following a s p e c t s of the cotton-spinning industry are given special attention: raw materials, products, plants and machinery, wages, e f f i c i e n c y , c o s t s . The report has been widely used, as a product of careful f i e l d study. 6.5.13

Chung-hua min-kuo e r h - s h i h - s a n - n i e n wu-yueh Hua-shang shach'ang lien-ho-hui nien-hui pao-kao-shu

293

^ ^

^

^

-"-j"

(Report

of the annual meeting of the association

owned cotton

spinning

of

Chinese-

published presumably by the

plants),

Association, Shai 1934, pp. 45.

(4448/4020)

This report describing the d i f f i c u l t i e s and achievements of China's cotton yarn industry in 1934 i s an excellent source f o r a general d e s c r i p t i o n of the industry. The 11 s t a t i s t i c a l tables include comparative f i g u r e s on p r i c e s , production, e t c . , 1930 - 1934. A l i s t of the member-factories of the Association gives the s i z e (spindles, e t c . ) of each. The Association also published a semi-annual, and a semi-weekly c a l l e d Fang-chih shih-pao $$ Mf ^tk (Textile industry news). G. 5.14

, Chung-kuo fang-chih-p' in ch'an-hsiao chih

Yeh Liang ^ if[) production

%- ^

1 κ?

(China's

textile

products:

Sheng-huo, Shai 1935, pp. 276.

and marketing),

(4448/4961) Contains valuable s t a t i s t i c a l data: see review by Wang Tzu-chien , in She-hui k'o-hsGeh tsa-chih, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 511 - 15. G.5.15

Kuo-huo chien

^

(Handbook of national

edited by Pai Ch'en-ch'iin kuang

products),

, published by Pai Ch'ung-

, sales agent:

Pei-p'ing ko-chieh t ' i - c h ' a n g

kuo-huo yün-tung wei-yuan-hui 3*11

$

(Peiping multi-group committee f o r the

movement to promote national products), 150 & plates.

(4434/2671)

294

Peiping 1933, pp. ca.

Printed on paper made in China (except for the plates), this book contains photographs and descriptions of the achievements of Chinese manufacturers. It was inspired by the campaign to boycott Japanese goods and serves as an album to commemorate the meeting of the Committee for the promotion of Chinese products, organized among Peking vocational groups in October 1933. Included is a list of Chinese factories in major cities (45 pp.). 6.5.16

Liu Ta-chün ch' a pao-kao

Κ. Lieu), ^

rt ^

-|]f]

Chung-kuo kung-yeh tiao%

(Report on a sur-

vey of Chinese industry), published by Chün-shih wei-yuan-hui, Tzu-yuan wei-yuan-hui

^

fj

5

J Sjf, ^

%

^

(National Military Council, National Resources Commission), Nanking 1937, 3 vols., pp. 1243. Based on an extensive survey made in 1933 - 34 and on two years of research by D. K. Lieu himself. Much of this material has been drawn upon in Mr. Lieu's later books in English: see, e.g. The Growth and Industrialization of Shanghai, 1936.

6.6

INDIVIDUAL INDUSTRIALISTS AND INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS Note: One of the most feasible and rewarding approaches to the history of industrialization and capitalist development in China is undoubtedly through biography and company histories. This section indicates the few, and therefore more valuable, materials for such studies. Note the work of Chang Chien (above 4.2.15), which should belong also to this section. The works of Li Hung-chang, Chang Chih-tung and Sheng Hsüanhuai (see 6.7.1 - 6.7.8) are also relevant. A most illuminating series of studies on the reasons for the failure of some past industrial projects, such as the Han-Yeh-P'ing Co., is in Professor Wu Ching-ch'ao's Chung-kuo ching-chi chieh-she chih lu ( 6 . 6 . 5 ) .

295

6.6.1

Chang Hsiao-jo

^

. Nan-t'ung Chang Chi-chih hsien-

sheng chuan-chi, fu nien-p'u nien-piao ^

^

Chi-chih

%%

(A biography

QJhang Chien

chronology),

3$/

of Nantung,

with

of Mr. an

Chang appended

CH Shai 1930, pp. 9 & 22 & 104 & 512 & 24.

(2269/1336) This modern-style biography of Chang Chien (see 4.2.15) by his son, is based chiefly on official documents and on Chang Chien's own writings -- which are given in full quotations -- and only secondarily on the son's personal knowledge. Making honesty his ideal in this filial labor, Mr. Chang Hsiao-jo has made a valuable contribution to scholarship by presenting so careful an account of his father's life and its importance in the economic history of modern China. As an industrialist, Chang ran several of the largest textile mills in China; as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce (1913 1915), he was the writer of China's first company law and bankruptcy law; in retirement he was the promoter of numerous projects in industry and agriculture, which included irrigation projects and modern banking. "He was for thirty years a pioneer", writes Dr. Hu Shih, in his preface to this book. "He created the livelihood of several million people; brought blessings to his locality and his influence was felt all over the country". Aside from Chang's complete works the author has used some of the several thousand personal letters in the family file -- including correspondence with Sun Yat-sen (see p. 175 ff.). The 104 pp. chronology (nien-p'u) was Chang Chien's own work except for the last four years of his life. Note: another important published work on Chang Chien is Γ ung-chou hsien-tai kung-yeh chih hsing-ch' i 3% J (The rise of modern industry in T'ung-chou Qiantung)), published by Han-mo-lin Press ^ Zf /fjj , Nantung 1910, 2 vols., which is a collection of statistics, operational regulations, proceedings of the stockholders' conferences, etc.

296

6. 6. 2

Mu Ou-ch'u yao),

(Η. Y. Moh, Mu Hsiang-mao ^ "Mr.

Ou-ch'u wu-shih tzu-shu

Moh's Autobiography",

H.Y.

CP Shai 1926, pp. 10 & 94 & 226 & 81,

including Ou-ch'u wen-lu 2 chuan.

or

(Writings ofMu Ou-ch'u),

(2268/2231)

This volume contains the autobiography (pp. 94) and miscellaneous writings (pp. 307) of an important Shanghai textile manufacturer who flourished in the decade 1914 - 1924, and constitutes one of the very few first-hand sources for the study of the modern Chinese business class. In the autobiography, Mu describes his early experience in the textile industry, his education in America, his work with his three textile mills at Shanghai (he was also the organizer of an exchange market and a bank), and his relations with the government. His writings cover a variety of subjects in connection with industry and agriculture. There is also a valuable collection of letters addressed to various officials, and speeches on business and political matters. This little volume of less than 350 pages is of almost unique value in the study of a crucial period in the development of modern Chinese industry. 6.G.3

Mu Hsiang-yao Η. Y. Mo),

the Past ^

-jfä $ $ (Mu Ou-ch'u ^

Chung-kuo mien-shih-yeh fa-ta-shih "i>roSress

"ijt for

(mao)

50 Years",

°f China's

or

^f

Cotton Textile

Tsui-chin chih wu-shih nien

(2.1.11) , pp. 1 - 5

t^^P

Industry iff. Z .

(in the middle of the volume

which is not paged consecutively).

(9982/5048)

A short article by an important textile manufacturer on what he terms "the beginnings of China's textile industry". Writing in 1922 when Chinese textiles had just enjoyed a boom

297

period because of the world war, the author warns of the competition of Japanese-owned mills in China. 6.6.4

Mou-hsin Fu-hsin Shen-hsin tsung kung-ssu sha-shih-chou-nien chi-nien-k' an T1]

$

% "The

t

Thirtieth

Iff

f]

Anniversary

Memorial

1898 - 1928, Mow Sing and Foh Sing Flour Mills

and Sung

Book, Sing

Cotton Mills", published by "Mow Sing and Foh Sing Flour Mills and Sung Sing Cotton Mills Head Office", Shai 1929, pp. ca. 100 & many p l a t e s .

(4448/4030)

The four leaders in China's cotton industry in the last fifty years are generally listed as Chang Chien ^ (Nantung mills), Nieh Υΰη-t'ai £ (Ta Chung-hua mi A s tc.), Mu Ou-ch'u jfr (Te-ta and Hou-sheng mills) and Yung Tsung-ching P^jj (Sung Sing mills). Yung Tsung-ching was probably the most successful, and is recognized today in Shanghai as the "Cottonyarn king" (Mien-sha ta-wang ). Yung Tsung-ching (Τ. K. Yung) built up the six Sung Sing factories until they had almost one-tenth of the total of Chinese-owned spindles, and was also the builder of two of China's largest flour mills, the earliest of which was statted in 1898. This memorial volume, giving the history of Mr. Yung's enterprises with detailed figures and many photographs, represents an invaluable type of source for modern economic history. 6.6.5

Wu Ching-ch'ao iu

^ ^

xf ü

economic

, Chung-kuo ching-chi chien-she chih tMa

reconstruction),

(The

road

CP Chungking

toward

china

1943, pp.

's

205.

(4426/2364.1) Dr. Wu is at present professor of sociology at Tsing Hua University and held important posts in the government's

298

economic administration during the war, including the secretarygeneralship of the Chinese War Production Board (Chan-shih sheng-ch'an chü Qtf %] ) . This book which outlines h i s ideas on China's economic r e c o n s t r u c t i o n has valuable sections on the history of past industrial projects including the Han-Yeh-P' ing Co. ^ ^ ö] , the Hsiang-pi-shan iron mines, ^ lH Kuo-ying k a n g - t ' i e h ch'ang (State-managed S t e e l Works) and several other p r o j e c t s . The account i s based in part on o f f i c i a l f i l e s . The plan here presented for China's reconstruction takes account of problems of resources, geographical areas, capital, personnel, administration, and the l i k e . G.6.G

Yil Ho-yin f^

^

(Mining reports),

published by the Mining Department

cheng-ssu Conmerce

, K* uang-yeh pao-kao

)&yC S ] )

. (K'uang-

o f the Ministry of Agriculture and

(Nung-shang-pu ^

has the following volumes:

), No. 1:

Peking 1926.

H. U.

Shan-hsi P' ing-ting-hsien

Vang-ch'iian fu-chin Pao-chin kung-ssu mei-k' uang t ' ieh-ch' ang pao-kao

dJ &

^jfl. iron

f

fc σ

works near

%

Report

^

on the Pao-Chin

Yang-ch'iian,

pp. 6 & 114 & 6 & maps;

&

in P' ing-ting'hsien,

No. 3:

mine,

(Report in Ling-yii~hsien,

Chihli),

mine and Shansi),

Chih-li Ling-yii-hsien Liu-

chiang mei-k'uang kung-ssu pao-kao JjL ^Jjc i^-'K^,

Co. coal

^

'fcftj

on the Liu-chiang pp. 4 & 58 & maps;

fyf Co.

coal

No. 5:

Feng-t' ien Chin-hsi-hsien Ta-yao-kou mei-k'uang pao-kao jj^A

%% & &

-k %

)%

(Report

299

on

the

coal nine at Ta-yao-kou, in Chin-hsi-hsien, Fengtien), 5 & 74 & 10 maps.

pp.

(4708/8342)

These are the reports of a Ministry official on certain North China coal mines, giving data on the history and organization of the mining companies as well as details on geological conditions, technical facilities, labor, etc. G. 6. 7

Yang Lu wen.t.

i

, K' ai-luan-k' uang li-shih chi shou-kuei kuo-yu ftg

]% t-TK

%

(|| ^ fcf| II

(The

history of the Kailan Mine and the question of its restoration to Chinese national ownership), Tientsin 1932, pp. 8 & 210.

published by the author,

(4438/4226)

A survey of the history and status of one of the most important Sino-foreign joint enterprises, which dates back to 1877 and is still functioning today. Urging the restoration of the mines to Chinese national ownership, the author quotes many documents, some from the library of the Ta-kung-pao -h. !D\ ^ ^ in Tientsin. Appendix (69 pp.) gives the text of 15 important papers relating to subscription of capital, correspondence with Herbert Hoover (who served as engineer and the representative of a British firm in 1900), contracts between the Chinese and the British interests in the company, etc. This book forms a starting point for the study of an enterprise which now controls one of the most important coal production centers in China. Further materials from Ch'ing collections as well as British sources are available. 6.6.8

Hsü Keng-sheng yeh shih-hua

ι Chung-wai ho-pan mei-t' ieh-k' uang-

vf ^

&

%

£

£

( H i st o r i e s

of Sino-foreign joint-managed coal and iron nines), 1946, pp. 270.

(4438/2942)

300

CP Shai

B r i e f h i s t o r i e s o f 29 j o i n t S i n o - f o r e i g n enterprises in the f i e l d o f coal and iron mining, including the Chung-fu Co. %%} 'Zk § ] (95 p p . ) and the Kailan mines (27 p p . ) , based on the archives of the Ministry of Economic A f f a i r s and other sources. Reviewed by Yen Chung-p'ing ^ in She-hui k'o-hsiieh tsa-chih, Vol. 9, No. 1, June 1947. 6.G.9

Ching-chi t'ung-hsin

"Economic

NewsUtter",

edited and published by Ching-chi t z u - l i a o she

tyQ

^"-i-"Economic Information S e r v i c e " , Hong Kong 1946 No. 34 i s dated September 4, 1948),

weekly.

'jjj ^•'j' ( V o l . 3,

(4301/2331)

This small economic newsmagazine, a post-war proConmunist publication in Hong Kong, has many a r t i c l e s analysing the various i n d u s t r i a l and f i n a n c i a l groups of China, with b r i e f h i s t o r i c a l sketches ( e . g . "Chiang-Che kung-shang-chieh shih ta t ' i - h s i ho wu ta c h i - t ' u a n " t S 5jff ^s. tffä. % % C ^ e t e n b i 8 systems and f i v e big groups among Kiangsu and Chekiang i n d u s t r i a l and business i n t e r e s t s ) , Vol. 3, No. 34 and 35. 6.6.10

Hsing-yeh tsa-chih,

fu Kai-cheng t' iao-yüeh hui-k'an rj®

i ^ i i & f ö t e t i ' ^ ^

Ü

edited by Meng Shen J z .

(S. Mong),

Co.

f j

(Chun-i hsing-yeh kung-ssu

Changchow

, "Industry

^

and

Commerce",

published by Chung Ih jß. i

f

^

^

, Kiangsu, October 1925 - , quarterly,

1, No. 4 i s d a t e d J u l y 1 9 2 6 ) .

). (Vol.

(4301/7300)

Edited by an industrial-minded l i t e r a r y man ( l a t e r an h i s t o r i a n and p r o f e s s o r at Peking National U n i v e r s i t y ) and sponsored by an i n d u s t r i a l company at Changchow, Kiangsu (population in 1932: 859,238), this journal contains a r t i c l e s on technology, industry and trade, as well as on i t s sponsor, the Chung Ih Co., which owned a power plant in the c i t y and

301

engaged a l s o in commercial and i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s . An i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e of t h i s magazine i s i t s supplement: "The Journal of the Treaty Revision Society" (Kai-cheng t ' iao-yiieh h u i - k ' a n ) organized by personnel of the Chung Ih C o . , r e f l e c t ing the i n t e r e s t of Chinese i n d u s t r i a l i s t in t r e a t y - r e v i s i o n .

6.7

GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATION,

1898 -

1927

Note: We l i s t in t h i s s e c t i o n 1) the c o l l e c t e d works of Chang Chih-tungandSheng Hsuan-huai, whose a c t i v i t i e s were important in the l a s t decades of the Manchu p e r i o d ; a l s o the c o l l e c t e d works of L i Hung-chang, who was the promoter of many p r o j e c t s which l a s t e d beyond h i s death in 1901; 2) a s e r i e s of o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s of a g e n c i e s a t P e k i n g , mainly the M i n i s t r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Industry and Commerce, and i t s s u c c e s s o r s . Note works by and on Chang Chien p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d ( 4 . 2 . 1 5 , 6 . 6 . 1 ) . 6.7.1

L i Wen-chung-kung ch' iian-chi plete

^

works of Li Wen-chung-kung

1921, in 100 t s ' e .

(The

(Li Hung-chang

published by the L i f a m i l y , CP S h a i tion)

Jjl

(photolithographed

comJ), edi-

(4662.88/4430)

L i Hung-chang, in a d d i t i o n t o b e i n g C h i n a ' s l e a d i n g statesman in the l a s t decades of the n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , was a l s o the sponsor of C h i n a ' s f i r s t modern mine, r a i l w a y , t e l e graph l i n e , t e x t i l e m i l l and steamship company. He i s import a n t , t h e r e f o r e , not only i n C h i n a ' s f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s , but a l s o f o r h i s i d e a s of i n d u s t r i a l and coirmercial e n t e r p r i s e s and h i s connections with subordinates who were d i r e c t l y engaged in such e n t e r p r i s e s , such a s Sheng Hsuan-huai ijjl^ and T'ang T' ing-shu · L i ' s voluminous c o l l e c t e d works, e d i t e d by Wu J u - l u n ^ , a d e v o t e d c o l l e a g u e and s c h o l a r , contain: 1) memorials (80 chiian); 2) correspondence (20 chiian); 3) T s u n g - l i ya-men ( F o r e i g n a f f a i r s o f f i c e ) papers ( I - s h u han-kao "5^· S§ftffa , 20 chiian); 4) p a p e r s concerning the C a t h o l i c Churcn a t T s ' a n - c h ' i h - k ' o u vtE-1'0 · Peking ( T s ' a n - c h ' i h c h i a o - t ' a n g han-kao y&> iHiJ 1 chuan); 5) p a p e r s on the navy (4 chiian); 6) t e l e -

302

g r a p h i c communications (40 c h u a n ) . Numerous i t e m s r e f e r t o the K a i l a n Mines, China Merchants S. N. C o . , t e x t i l e m i l l s a t Shanghai and o t h e r new p r o j e c t s of t h e time, e s p e c i a l l y under 1) and 3 ) . Documents a r e l i s t e d by t i t l e and d a t e a t t h e beginning of each t s ' e . 6.7.2

Li Wen-chung-kung ch' i h - t u Li

Wen-chung-kung

(Li

"5C

Hung-changJ),

f a m i l y , 1916, i n 32 t s ' e .

(Letters

of

p u b l i s h e d by t h e L i

(4662.88/4430.2)

These n i c e l y p r i n t e d p h o t o l i t h o g r a p h e d l e t t e r s of Li Hung-chang i n r a p i d h a n d w r i t i n g (most of them a r e d r a f t s by his s e c r e t a r i e s but bear his a l t e r a t i o n s ) are a valuable a d d i t i o n t o h i s complete works c i t e d above, LI Wen-chung-kung ch'iian-chi. P r e s e r v e d by one of L i ' s s e c r e t a r i e s , Yli H u i - j o fa? ^ ι t h e s e p a p e r s c o v e r the i m p o r t a n t p e r i o d 1885 1900, but were n o t p u b l i s h e d u n t i l 1916. They c o n t a i n m a t e r i a l on L i ' s i n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t s a s w e l l as h i s d i p l o m a t i c and p o l i t i c a l work. 6.7.3

, Chang Wen-hsiang-kung ch'iian-chi

Chang Chih- t u n g II- ^ hsiang-kung Shu-nan (ts'e)

^

(The

complete

(Chang Chih-tungJ) ffi,

and 20 cases

works

of Chang

Wen-

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by Wang

P e i p i n g 1928 , 22 9 chüan i n 120 v o l s , (han).

(4662.88/1333)

Chang C h i h - t u n g (1837 - 1909), s c h o l a r o f f i c i a l , and r e f o r m e r , was g o v e r n o r - g e n e r a l of Hupeh and Hunan from 1889 t o 1907, where he l e d t h e way i n e f f o r t s a t a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and i n d u s t r i a l m o d e r n i z a t i o n . H i s c a r e e r , of key importance f o r an u n d e r s t a n d i n g of h i s p e r i o d , a w a i t s s t u d y t h r o u g h t h i s voluminous e d i t i o n of h i s complete works, which i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l manner a r e c o l l e c t e d under t h e f o l l o w i n g crude c a t e g o r ies: 1) memorials (72 chüan); 2) t e l e g r a p h i c memorials (13 chüan); 3) o f f i c i a l correspondence (36 chüan); 4) t e l e g r a p h i c correspondence (80 chuan); 5) Ch'uan-hsiieh p ' i e n i ^ p l · ^ J f o

303

("Exhortation to study, " also translated as" Learn! ") (2 chüanj; 6) Yu-hsuanyii i f (A handbookon study and composition, 2 chüan); 7) Shu-mu ta-wen S ^ Μ (Answers to bibliographical questions, 4 chüan); followed by another 20 chüan of classical essays, poetry, and family letters under 7 headings. The history of this work, (given in the introductory volume, part two Cchüan-shou hsia jjg-ß) pp. 49 - 62) states that it is based on an earlier collection of Chang's works edited by Hsü T'ung-hsin (see Chang Wen-hsiang-kung i-chi). The present collection adds: 1) numerous new items from official files of both the Peking and the provincial governments and official gazettes; 2) Chang's family letters obtained from his relatives; 3) Chang's longer writings already published in book form such as Ch' uan-hsueh p' ien. The present collection omits, however, Chang's examination papers, which Hsu's edition publishes. (Mr. Hsü has found, since the publication of this work, Chang's papers for the year 1894 and an additional collection of his telegrams for the year 1897). 6.7.4

jC. ^

Chang Wen-hsiang-kung i-chi the

late

Chang Wen-hsiang-kung

(Xlhang Chih-tungJ),

and published by Hsü Τ' ung-hsin"!^ fs| ^ 65 vols.

^Jj ^

(Works

of

edited

, Peiping 1920,

(4662.88/1333.2, incomplete)

Ulis general title includes the_follo\jing collections: 1) Chang Wen-hsiang-kung tsou-kao (memorials), 50 chüan in 2£ ts'e; 2) Chang Wen-hsiang-kung kung-tu ^ ^t. (official correspondence), 28 chüan in 15 ts'e; 3) Chang Wen-hsiang-kung tien-kao %%,-jC. ^B. (telegraphic correspondence), 66 chüan in 22 ts'e; 4) Chang Wen-hsiang-kung han-kao -jt. • ^ § 7 ( l e t t e r s ) , 6 chüan in 2 ts'e (all preceding: H. U. 4662.88/1333.2. This work also includes 12 chüan of literary essays, inscriptions, and miscellaneous writings in several volumes, not in H. U.) This collection, since superseded by the larger Chang Wen-hsiang-kung ch' Uan-chi, was made by a former subordinate of Chang, who copied bits of Chang's writings in the palace files at Peking as well as in the old files of Chang's official colleagues, such as Ch'en Pao-chen The compilation was made over a period of more than

304

ten years.

6.7.5

Chang Wen-hsiang-kung yung-ai lu (Records

of

the glorious

mourning

(Ohang Chih-tung

>]%} J),

kung-ssu

^

^

JjX

^fr^'u of Chang

Wen-hsiang-kung

printed by Chi-ch'eng t'u-shu . Peking,

undated,

4

ts'e.

(2268/1333) Yung-ai lu (records o f glorious mourning) are p u b l i cations in which an i l l u s t r i o u s man's bereaved family d i s p l a y the messages o f condolence, e t c . r e c e i v e d during the mourning period, which i n d i c a t e the man's friends and t h e i r estimate o f him. This volume p r e s e r v e s i m p e r i a l d e c r e e s , messages from f o r e i g n d i p l o n a t s , e t c . , on Chang Chih-tung's death, together with many messages from f r i e n d s in the form o f wan-lien (couplets in memoriam).

6.7.6

Hsu T'ung-hsin

, Chang Wen-hsiang-kung n i e n - p ' u (A chronology

Wen-hsiang-kung

(Chang Chih-tung)),

of

the

life

of

Chang

CP Shai 1944, pp. 5 & 2 9 9 .

(2278/1333.2) This valuable chronology of Chang Chih-tung's l i f e was compiled over a period of 15 years by an e d i t o r o f his Complete

Works

(see Chang Wen-hsiang-kung ch'iian-chi),

who was also a

former a s s o c i a t e . Based l a r g e l y on the Complete Works, t h i s chronology also draws information from some o f Chang's former colleagues, notably the famous Ch'en Pao-chen f ^ > who edited (yüeh-ting ^ ) the f i r s t three chüan o f t h i s chronology. Chang's a c t i v i t i e s , e s p e c i a l l y during h i s most a c t i v e years, are recorded month by month and o f t e n day by day, including numerous d e t a i l s of his i n t e r e s t in the modernization of China. Another version o f the chronicle o f Chang's l i f e i s Hu Chun fify ,Chang Wen-hsiang-kung nien-p' u 5C iSt J^t Peiping 1939, 2 v o l s . , which i s , however, this work with only minor additions. (2278/1333.4)

305

basedon

6.7.7

Τ'ing-yu-lou chu-jen

%

hsiang-kung

CT,le

%

(jChang Chih-tung),

(chiao-yiieh

)

c a r e e r

Chan

by T ' a o T s o - t ' i n g

Wen

S

a new publication),

-

edited

'(/fe j j ^ , p u b l i s h e d

by C h i a n g - c h ' u n - c h i s h u - c h u a n g pp. 2.

listen-

Hsin-ch 1 u Chang Wen-hsiang-kung s h i h - l u e h

to-the-rain study), ifä Λ

(Master o f t h e

^jdi > S h a i 1909,

(2278/1333)

A b r i e f a c c o u n t of Chang C h i h - t u n g ' s l i f e and work published, shortly a f t e r his death. The a u t h o r p r a i s e s t h e v a r i o u s a c h i e v e m e n t s of t h e s t a t e s m a n b u t v o i c e s r e g r e t t h a t Chang was a b l e t o meet t h e new t r e n d s only h a l f w a y . 6.7.8

Sheng s h a n g - s h u Yu-chai t s ' u n - k a o c h ' u - k ' a n i - p a i - c h ü a n jßjf^yb] %

%

^ t

Board President first

issue,

& Sheng

(Collected Yu-chai

100 chüan),

(Sheng

Hsuan-huai

p u b l i s h e d by S s u - p u - l o u

( i . e . The name of t h e Shang f a m i l y ' s s t u d i o ? ) , ts'e.

drafts

of

T

J

fE'fpj^J Ή

1930 ( ? ) ,

51

(4662.8/5139)

Sheng-Hsüan-huai ^ ^ ( 1 8 4 4 - 1916), scholar, o f f i c i a l , and i n d u s t r i a l i s t , i s a key f i g u r e in any s t u d y of C h i n a ' s i n d u s t r i a l development in the pre-Republican p e r i o d . I n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t s w i t h which Sheng was connected i n c l u d e d t h e China Merchants SteamWavigation Co. ( L u n - c h ' u a n c h a o - s h a n g chü >. t h e Han-Yeh-P' i n e Coal and I r o n Co. (Han-Yeh-P'ing m e i - t ' i e h k u n g - s s u $ § ] ), t h e Peking-Hankow and t h e N a n k i n g - S h a n g h a i r a i l w a y s and t h e Imperial Telegraph a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . This present c o l l e c t i o n , which i s the f i r s t p a r t of S h e n g ' s complete w o r k s , was e d i t e d by a former s u b o r d i n a t e Lü C h i n g - t u a n § -^T , and i n c l u d e s h i s m e m o r i a l s (20 c h ü a n ) , t e l e g r a p h i c m e m o r i a l s (3 c h ü a n ) ,

306

t e l e g r a p h i c correspondence (77 c h ü a n ) . The 23 ch'uan of t h e f i r s t and second c a t e g o r i e s (memorials) were compiled b e f o r e Sheng's d e a t h ( s e e p o s t f a c e by S h e n g ' s sons, t s ' e 50, the l a s t 4 pages of t h e volume), and a r e of immense value f o r t h e s t u d y of S h e n g ' s p r o j e c t s . The f i r s t volume of t h i s work a l s o i n c l u d e s a 64 pp. b i o g r a p h y (hsing-shu . ) p r e p a r e d by the family. G. 7 . 9

Nung-kung-shang-pu hsien-hsing chang-ch' eng (Current Industry 1908),

regulations

and Commerce), 13 t s ' e ,

of the Board of

fix]

^ Agriculture,

p u b l i s h e r and d a t e n o t given

ca. 3 0 p p . each.

(ca.

(4707/5100)

T h i s i s a s e t of laws and r e g u l a t i o n s made by t h e Board of A g r i c u l t u r e , I n d u s t r y and Commerce under t h e C h ' i n g government. The Board of Commerce (Shang-pu ) was e s t a b l i s h e d in 1903, and was l a t e r amalgamated w i t h the Board o f P u b l i c Works (Kung-pu ) t o form t h e B o a r d of A g r i c u l t u r e , I n d u s t r y and Commerce. T h i s c o l l e c t i o n , which p r o v i d e s m a t e r i a l f o r a s t u d y of t h e b e g i n n i n g s of modern government economic u n d e r t a k i n g s in China, c o n t a i n s the f o l l o w i n g documents: 1) R e g u l a t i o n s f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t of the Board of Commerce; 2) a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r i t s amalgamation w i t h t h e Kung-pu; 3) t h e f u n c t i o n s and d u t i e s of the Board of A g r i c u l t u r e , I n d u s t r y and Commerce; 4) t h e p l o w i n g ceremony; 5) r e g u l a t i o n s f o r an e x p e r i m e n t a l farm s e t up by t h e Board; 6) r e g u l a t i o n s f o r r e c l a m a t i o n work (1908) w i t h a memorial on t h e s u b j e c t ; 7) r e g u l a t i o n s of t h e H i g h e r I n d u s t r i a l Academy (Kao-teng s h i h - y e h h s ' u e h - t ' a n g ^f "^jf ) e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1904, i n c l u d i n g c u r r i c u l u m , e t c . ; 8) r e g u l a t i o n s of the School of T e c h n i c i a n s ( I - t ' u hsiieh'-t'ang P^t ^J* ) ; 9) r e g u l a t i o n s of the Women's Embroidery School ( N ü - t z u h s i u - k u n g k ' o »^C -3" 'i-'fyfy ) e s t a b l i s h e d in 1907; 10) r e g u l a t i o n s on t h e e x p a n s i o n of t h e s o - c a l l e d Bureau of I n d u s t r y ( K u n g - i chü ) , which was a model f a c t o r y e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e Board; 11) r e g u l a t i o n s of t h e P e k i n g E x h i b i t i o n f o r the Promotion of I n d u s t r y (Chingshih ch'uan-kung c h ' e n - l i e h - s o % SM" ) e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1906; 12) an i l l u s t r a t e d t a b l e of a u n i f i e d

307

system o f measurement and regulations f o r i t s adoption; 13) regulations for the farmers' associations (nung-hui ); 14) concise regulations for chambers o f commerce; 15) concise regulations for merchant marine associations; 16) regulations for awards of o f f i c i a l rank to persons in a g r i c u l t u r e , indust r y , commerce and mining; 1 7 ) r e g u l a t i o n s on awards to Chinese-financed companies; 18) regulations on the awarding of o f f i c i a l ^ rank to persons o f industrial achievement (shanghsiung ); 19) company laws; 20) r e g u l a t i o n s of the Business R e g i s t r a t i o n Bureau (Shang-wu kuan-pao chu ifiß Y% -^LJÜ? ) e s t a b l i s h e d in 1904; 21) regulations for the r e g i s t r a t i o n of firms. 6.7.10

Nung-kung-shang-pu t ' ung-chl piao t l - l - t z ' u "^"j' ^L

""" ^v.

Agriculture,

Industry

(Statistical and Commerce,

tables first

published by the M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e , merce, Peking 1909, 6 t s ' e 66 & 46 & 41 & 62.

^ of

^j? j the Ministry

of

edited and

issue),

Industry and Com-

(bound in 2 v o l s . ) ,

pp. 8 & 75 &

(4420.2/5100)

These s t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s provide invaluable material on economic c o n d i t i o n s in the f i r s t decade o f the century, e s p e c i a l l y t s ' e 4 - 6 , which give data onconmerce: registered companies, chambers of commerce, banks, advisors, consumption of goods, e t c . T s ' e 1 deals with various aspects o f administ r a t i o n (budget, t r a i n i n g schools, e t c . ) ; t s ' e 2 with a g r i c u l t u r a l administration including water c o n t r o l ; t s ' e 3 with industrial administration including mining. 6.7.11

Shang-wu kuan-pao

-^φ· ^

(Commercial

edited and published by Shang-wu kuan-pao chii

l^f)

gazette), ^

ö ftp] (Commercial Gazette Bureau), ( M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e , Peking 1907 -

Nung-kung-shang-pu Industry and Commerce),

(33 i s s u e s a year; H. U. has 33 issues f o r the

308

year 1907).

(4530 /02 13)

Issued every ten days by an official bureau, this gazette contains information on commercial developments as well as government economic regulations of the time. It ordinarily has the following departments: 1) articles; 2) official correspondence; 3) reports of surveys and investigations; 4) reference materials: documents of private firms, personal interviews or data concerning personalities; 5) special items, Ministry newsnotes, regulations of associations, etc. 6.7.12

Chung-hua min-kuo erh-nien i-yiieh kung-shang hui-i pao-kao-Iu

(Report of the Conference on Industry and Commerce, January 1913),

published by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce

(Kung-shang-pu

)f

Peking 1913, pp. many hundred.

(4431/1100) This report includes resolutions and summaries of minutes of the " first provisional" conference on industry and comnerce sunmoned at the beginning of the Republic, and throws useful light on the relations of government, industry and conmerce in that period. Hu Jui-lin "iTj ify was the President of the Conference and Wu Ting-ch'ang ^ Vicepresident. Topics discussed included the laws for chambers of commerce, encouragement of Chinese industry, revision of the commercial code, etc. 6.7.13

Chung-hua min-kuo san-nlen tl-san-tz'u nung-shang t'ung-chi pi-

t? £

&

«

S-if

$

5L

&

(Statistical tables on agriculture and commerce, third issue, 1914),

edited and published by Tsung-wu-t'ing

(Bureau of General Affairs)

fy^^p

f^jj^

of the Ministry of Agriculture

309

6.7.14

and Commerce

(Nung-shang-pu

643 & charts.

(4420.2/5020)

ν ν fä)

),

Pekinp 1916, pp.

Chung-hua min-kuo ssu-nien ti-ssu-tz'u nung-shang t'ung-chi piao

^

(Statistical tables of agriculture and commerce, fourth issue, 1915),

edited by the Tsung-wu-t' ing

General Affairs)

/f^XBureau of

of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce,

CH Shai 1918, pp. 842.

(4420.2/5020)

These are the third and fourth issues of the official statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, compiled in the last year of Chang Chien's ^•IL'^F service as Minister. Although the word "Industry" was not included in the Minister's title, it forms a large heading (170 pp.) in this report, which gives statistics on production in agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and industry in 1914 and 1915, and some exceedingly valuable information on private corporations (capital funds, organization, etc.), chambers of commerce, labor, and commerce generally; Appendix gives the budget of the Ministry and data on agencies under it. An important document for the economic history of the early Republic. 6.7.15

Chung-hua min-kuo liu-nien ti-liu-tz'u nung-shang t' ung-chi

(Statistical tables of agriculture and commerce, sixth issue, 1917),

edited and published by the Tsung-wu-t'ing

(Bureau of General Affairs)

j^fe

of the Ministry of Agriculture

and Commerce, Peking and Shai 1920, pp. 587.

(4420.2/5020).

Chung-hua min-kuo ch'i-nien ti-ch* i-tz'u nung-shang t'ung-chi

310

(Statistical tables on agriculture and commerce, seventh issue, 1918),

edited and published by Tsung-wu-t'ing

(Bureau of General Affairs)

of the Ministry of Agriculture

and Commerce, Peking 1922, pp. 593 & charts.

(4420.2/5020)

These later issues of the Ministry of Agriculture and Coimnerce's statistical yearbook follow the same editorial framework as earlier issues, with minor changes. 6.7.16

Nung-shang fa-kuei hui-pien dium of agricultural

^

and commercial

laws and

&Jk(A

compen-

regulations),

published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Peking 1918, pp. ca. 400.

(4707/5035)

Laws and regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce in the first six years of the Republic. (Chang Chien, the famous industrialist, was Minister during part of this period). Contents are listed under: 1) organization of the Ministry and related agencies; 2) regulations for the various agencies and offices; 3) general affairs (regulations concerning investigations and reports, etc.); 4) mining administration; 5) agriculture and forestry; 6) industry and commerce; 7) fishery and animal husbandry; 8) subordinate agencies. 6.7.17

Nung-shang fa-kuei ^

(Laws and regulations con-

cerning agriculture and commerce),

published by the Ministry

of Agriculture and Commerce, Peking 1925, pp. ca. 400. (4707/5035.2) A compendium of statutes of the Peking Government's

311

Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce published e a r l y in 1925, on the same e d i t o r i a l plan as the similar volume published in 1918 (see Nung-shang fa-kuei hui-pien).

6.8

GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATION,

1928 -

1937

Note: Government organs concerned with industry, commerce, mining, and s a l t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n are r e p r e s e n t e d in these records o f the Nanking Government economic administration, in which are also included certain periodicals closely related to o f f i c i a l a c t i v i t y . The other two aspects of government economic p o l i c y - - finance, and the construction and administration of communications - - are dealt with in two other sections ( 6 . 4 and 6 . 1 0 ) . M a t e r i a l in t h i s s e c t i o n i s u s e f u l f o r the study of the government's promotion and regulation of industry, and i t s r e l a t i o n s with p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e . The publications of various commissions undertaking d i r e c t economic reconstruction are also important. Items are arranged c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y . G. 8.1

Kung-shang kung -pao Industry,

(Gazette

Commerce and Labor),

of the Ministry

published by Kung-shang-pu

Industry, Commerce and Labor), king, 1928 - , monthly

of

Nan-

(Vol. I , No. 5 i s dated October 1928).

(4709/1084) The Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Labor (Kungshang-pu),. e s t a b l i s h e d in 1927, was the predecessor of the Ministry of Industry (Shih-yeh-pu) and the present Ministry of Economic A f f a i r s (Ching-chi-pu). This o f f i c i a l g a z e t t e published laws and orders issued by the M i n i s t r y as w e l l as documents concerning the various agencies under i t , arranged under the following headings: 1) Special documents, including in most cases laws and p r o j e c t s o f the National Government or the Kuomintang; 2) orders and i n s t r u c t i o n s issued by the National Government and by the M i n i s t r y i t s e l f (including appointments); 3) laws and regulations made by the Ministry;

312

4) official communications, including reports and replies to petitions of private firms; 5) records, as of industrial and commercial conferences (e.g. National Conference of Chambers of Commerce, Exhibition of National Products, etc.); 6) monthly reports of the Ministry's activities; 7) special articles (e.g. on China's resources or the work of special agencies); 8) reports of investigations, (e.g. of commercial trends); 9) selected documents (e.g. on industrial projects). 6.8.2

Nung-k' uang kung-pao of

Agriculture

Gaze tie of

^Jp

and Mining),

the

published by the Ministry of

Agriculture and Mining, Nanking June 1928,- , monthly is dated November 1, 1929).

Ministry

(No. 18

(4708/5884)

Another monthly gazette of a ministry set up under the new Kuomintang government. Documents are arranged under: 1) National Government orders; 2) Ministry orders; 3) laws and regulations; 4) official communications; 5) records (e.g. reports and correspondence concerning mining companies, etc.); 6) special articles (projects and descriptive articles, e.g. on the cooperative movement); 7) investigations; 8) selected documents from outside sources (e.g. projects of provincial governments and private mining companies). 6.8.3

Ch'iian-kuo chu-ts' e-chu shang-piao kung-pao "dl Ί ^

"jj^L ("Trade

Marks Record"of

the National

M] Registry),

edited and published by the Secretariat of Ch'iian-kuo chu-ts'echii

(later by Ching-chi-pu shang-piao-chii ^ ^ Vpf"^o^

^

CTrade Marks Bureau, Ministry of Economic AffairO)>

Nanking 1928 monthly.

^f?

(No. 6 is dated July 1928, No. 260 June 1947),

(4709/0484)

This official record prints in facsimile the innumerable trade marks registered at the Bureau; it thus indicates

313

contemporary industrial and commercial growth, and raises some questions on the aesthetic effects of acculturation. 6.8.4

Chien-she

"j^ (Reconstruction)

or Chien-she kung-pao

(Gazette of the Reconstruction Commission), Reconstruction Conmission

published by the

(Chien-she wei-yuan-hui ^ ^ ~%fL

H) , Nanking 1928 - , quarterly 1929).

6.8.5

(No. 5 is dated October

(9200/1404)

This gazette of the Reconstruction Conmission, which was an Executive Yuan organ charged with reconstruction projects, publishes: 1) general articles; 2) plans and projects; 3) surveys and reports, mainly on industrial and commercial subjects; 4) statistics, e.g. on electrica) output; 5) official documents; 6) laws and regulations; 7) reports of the work of the Coirmission; and 8) appendices, including a daily chronicle of the Commission's work. Chung-kuo chien-she ^ "Reconstruction of China", edited and published by the China Institute for National Reconstruction ^

),

June 1933).

(Chung-kuo chien-she hsieh-hui

Nanking 1929 - , monthly

^

(Vol. 7, No. 6 is dated

(9200/5610)

Published by an organization of engineers and government officials engaged in the work of economic reconstruction, this monthly contains articles by members describing their work and projects. The contents cover both agriculture and industry, but mainly the latter. Note the special issues, e.g. in 1931 on city water-systems, on fisheries, on Hupei province, etc. 6.8.6

Ven-wu kung-pao

(Salt Administration Gazette),

published by the Office of Salt Administration

314

(Yen-wu-shu

Bgj monthly

)

of the Ministry o£ Finance, Nanking 1929 - ? ,

(No. 13 i s dated January 1930).

(4704/7184)

This monthly g a z e t t e of the important S a l t Revenue Administration p u b l i s h e s o f f i c i a l communications concerning various aspects of i t s work -- production, s a l e , taxation, and prevention of smuggling. Maps and occasional a r t i c l e s on the work of the administration are a l s o u s e f u l . G.8.7

Ven-wu t'ao-lun-hui hui-i hui-pien (Journal

of

the Salt

^

Administration

published by the O f f i c e of S a l t Administration i & ^ l i i

*

^ Conference), (Yen-wu-shu

of the M i n i s t r y of Finance, Nanking 1929 ( ? ) ,

pp. 99 & 3 & p l a t e s .

(4704/7110)

Documents o f a s p e c i a l conference on s a l t administrat i o n held in 1928 under the a u s p i c e s o f the S a l t Revenue Administration and attended by o f f i c i a l s on the production, transportation, and supervisory l e v e l s of s a l t administration a s well as other e x p e r t s . Contents o f t h i s record i n c l u d e d r a f t s and adopted r e s o l u t i o n s which cover the f o l l o w i n g t o p i c s ; 1) production; 2) t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and s a l e ; 3) r a t e of taxation; 4) prevention of smuggling. 6.8.8

Kung-shang pan-yüeh-k' an Economic Journal",

^

$

"f"1]

"Semi-Monthly

published by the Bureau of Commercial and

I n d u s t r i a l I n f o r m a t i o n , M i n i s t r y of I n d u s t r y , Commerce and L a b o r , S h a i , J a n u a r y 1, 1929 - 1930, " I n c o r p o r a t i n g 'Chinese

Weekly Economic

Bulletin"';

the

and by the Bureau of

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Trade under the M i n i s t r y of I n d u s t r y , 1931 1935, f o r t n i g h t l y

(Vol. V I I , No. 18 i s dated September 15,

315

1935).

(4709/1097)

This publication contains valuable reports on domestic production (usually in the form of articles on a specific industry at a given locality); industrial and commercial regulations of the provincial governments as well as of the Central Government; industrial and commercial news, both Chinese and foreign; and statistics on commodities, firms and prices. 6.8.9

Kung-shang fa-kuei hui-pien

(A compen-

dium of laws and regulations Commerce and Labor),

of the Ministry

of Industry,

published by the Kung-shang-pu

(Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Labor), 1930 (?), pp. 15 & 470 & 4 plates.

ΐί-^ Nanking

(4709/1103)

Contains laws and regulations on industry, commerce and labor put out in the two years from March 1928, when the Ministry was founded, through June 1930. Documents are classified in the following categories: 1) organization of the Ministry and its related agencies; 2) terms of reference and procedural rules of the various agencies and committees; 3) general affairs (actually miscellaneous documents including rules for various investigation and statistical projects); 4) industry (28 statutes on measurement, technical standards, purchase of raw materials, etc.); 5) commerce (.(55 statutes on "national products" (kuo-huo ^ra ), exhibitions patents, registration of corporations, commodity standards, professional accountants, chambers of commerce, exchange markets, etc. -- including the text of the 1929 Company Law, (pp. 294 - 332); 6) labor (7 statutes on trade unions and capital-labor disputes); 7) appendix, which gives: a) 67 documents containing the Ministry's rulings on the interpretation of various regulations (including 45 items on chamber of commerce and trade association regulations), and b) a list of revised or abrogated regulations of the Ministry. G.8.10

Shih-yeh kung-pao ^

(Ministry of

316

Industries

gazette),

published by the Ministry of Industries, Nanking

1931 - ,

(No. 196 is dated October 13, 1934),

weekly.

(4710/3384) A weekly bulletin of official documents and orders of the Ministry, the functions of which include government regulation of industry, coimierce, mining, forestry, fishing, agriculture and labor -- invaluable source material for a study of the Kuomintang government's activities in the economic sphere in the 1930's. In the absence of an index, this gazette can be used by going through the table of contents of each issue, which, though classified according to forms of documents, also indicates the contents of each document. H. U. library lacks volumes after 1935, when Wu Ting-ch'ang tf^ Vs7 > the North China banker, became Minister. 6.8.11

Shih-yeh-pu Kuang-chou shang-p'in chien-yen-chu hui-k'an I

|fj «β

>|?

(Journal of

Canton Bureau of the Ministry of Industry, for Inspection and Testing of Commercial Commodities),

published by Bureau of

Inspection and Testing of Commercial Commodities, Canton 1931 - ?, occasional May 1932).

(No. 1 is dated June 1931, and No. 2,

(4710/3300)

This agency's work covered several southern provinces and the inspection of a variety of comnodities including agricultural products, meat, chemicals, etc. The journal is made up of regulations and official documents, but also has signed articles concerning certain commodities or problems. 6.8.12

Ch'iian-kuo kung-shang hui-i hui-pien

(^j ί - ϊ^ϊ]

^j? ^jjjj}(Records of the National Conference on Industry and Commerce),

edited by the General Affairs and Commerce Depart-

317

ments of the Ministry of Industry

(Shih-yeh«pu ^

),

p u b l i s h e d by t h e G e n e r a l A f f a i r s Department of t h e same, Nanking 1931, pp. 6 & p l a t e s & 560 & 51 & 36.

(4302/3830)

T h i s i s t h e f u l l documentary r e c o r d of a n a t i o n a l conference c a l l e d by the M i n i s t r y of I n d u s t r y (Η. H. Kung, Minister) i n September 1930, t o d i s c u s s the government's p o l i c i e s regarding i n d u s t r y and commerce, l a b o r , taxes, unemployment, p r o t e c t i o n of Chinese i n d u s t r y , e t c . I t i s u s e f u l f o r the s t u d y of r e l a t i o n s between government and p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e . Note an a r t i c l e by Mu Ou-ch'u ^ j ^ f y ß (Hsiangmao >j§| ) , pp. 2 - 6. 6.8.13

Shih-yeh t ' u n g - c h i

^

"Industrial

Statistics",

published by the Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s , Ministry of I n d u s t r i e s (Shih-yeh-pu

^

),

Nanking 1933 - , bi-monthly

3, No. 6 i s dated December 1935).

(Vol.

(4030/3320)

This o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c a l j o u r n a l gives d a t a on p r o d u c t i o n , f o r e i g n t r a d e , p r i c e s , finance and commerce, l a b o r , e t c . , and publishes a l s o signed general a r t i c l e s , and r e g u l a tions of the Ministry of I n d u s t r i e s . The s t a t i s t i c a l p a r t of the j o u r n a l includes English headings and notes; there i s a l s o an E n g l i s h t a b l e of c o n t e n t s . Sources of d a t a , i n d i c a t e d under each t a b l e , i n c l u d e many non-governmental a g e n c i e s . 6.8.14

Ch'üan-kuo ching-chi wei-yuan-hui c h ' o u - p e i - c h ' u kung-tsa paokao. e r h - s h i h - e r h - n i e n shih-yiieh ^

lf[]

^C

fl

t h e Work of the P r e p a r a t o r y O f f i c e of the N a t i o n a l Economic Council", Special s e r i e s

( t ' e - k ' a n ^ r f " f ' J ),

No. 2, published

by the National Economic Council, October 1933, pp. ca. 200,

318

with an English appendix, " O r i g i n s and Organization"

(pp. 7 ) .

(4732.4/1933) This i s a report on the i n i t i a l phase of the work o f the National Economic Council, which was s e t up in 1931 as an organ to supersede or coordinate the work of other government economic planning agencies and was thus a predecessor of the National Resources Commission. I t d e s c r i b e s the work of the Preparatory O f f i c e from November 1931, in the following f i e l d s : 1) i n t e r - p r o v i n c i a l trunk highway building; 2) public works for flood control and water conservation, including the Hupei dykes; 3) public health surveys and s t a t i o n s , and a l s o s e r i c u l t u r e and rural r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . The report a l s o d e s c r i b e s t e c h n i c a l cooperation with the League o f Nations experts, and publishes as appendices the reports of i t s subordinate agenc i e s ,laws and regulations promulgated and a l i s t o f the personnel of i t s various committees. 6.8.15

Tien-ch' i kung-ssu ying-yeh chang-ch'eng n i - l i ^

^"B-

electric

company),

Ίί4]

(Model

business

regulations

for

an

Chien-she wei-yuan-hui ch'üan-kuo t i e n - c h ' i

shih-yeh chih-tao wei-yuan-hui "^jl %

H ^

^T

^

(National Advisory Committee

on the E l e c t r i c a l Industry, National Reconstruction Commission), Nanking 1933, pp. 42.

(4553/1026)

By 1933, there were 498 e l e c t r i c a l power p l a n t s in China owned and operated by Chinese a g e n c i e s , many o f them p r i v a t e l y owned. The National Reconstruction Commission s e t up an advisory committee to aid the development o f the industry, and this pamphlet contains model regulations suggested by the conmittee to regularize r e l a t i o n s between e l e c t r i c compani e s and t h e i r customers a l l over the country. For 17 other p u b l i c a t i o n s of the same committee, see i n s i d e back cover.

319

6.8.16

Shih-yeh-pu yueh-k' an ^ Ministry

of Industry"

,

^

plates.

"Monthly Bulletin

of

published by the Ministry of Industry,

Nanking, 1936 - 37, monthly 1936),

$ "f*]

(Vol. 1, No. 1 is dated April 30,

each issue 200 - 400 pp. and s t a t i s t i c a l tables and (4301/3307)

^ φ Prefaced by an a r t i c l e by Minister Wu Ting-ch'ang J ^ Sflft on "Problems of clothing, food and housing in the present c r i s i s of China", this monthly publishes data on production in various parts of the country, and also includes a r t i c l e s on economic tendencies and p o l i c i e s . I t s rich and seemingly well edited material is arranged under the following regular departments: 1) general articles on industry; 2) industrial administration; 3) reports of investigations; 4) industrial news; 5) s t a t i s t i c a l materials; 6) agriculture; 7) forestry; 8) mining; 9) animal husbandry; 10) industry; 11) commerce; 12) labor; 13) c o o p e r a t i v e s ; 14) p r i c e statistics. 6.8.17

Ch'en Kung-po

ffi

, Ssu-nien t s ' ung-cheng lu

(Four years in government service), 5 & 251.

VSj^fä

CP Shai 1936, pp.

(2269/7984)

Ch'en Kung-po, close friend and follower of Wang Chingwei, was the number-two traitor in the puppet government headed by Wang at Nanking during the war. In 1932 - 35 he was Minister of Industry (Shih-yeh-pu pu-chang "flF jjjf f Jfe^ ) in the National Government, the work of which he seeks to describe and explain in this book. The memoir (120 pp.) and appendix of key documents both shed l i g h t on economic policy problems. 6.8.18

Τ. V. Sung hao-nien tzu-pen nei-mu (The capital story),

"f.

V . ^ ^ f ^

wealth of the House of Τ. V. Soong:

5 'ung-k'a„ Nei-mu hsin-wen ts'

320

an inside

(Inside Information S e r i e s ) , t z u - l i a o she

^

edited and published by Ching-chi

T^if

" Economic Information Service",

Hong Kong 1948, pp. 2 & 6 2 .

(2269/3910)

This short polemical account i s f u l l of information on Τ. V. Soong's career and the various f i n a n c i a l and i n d u s t r i a l enterprises with which he was connected. The information i s a mixture of f a c t and hearsay. In the same s e r i e s i s C C hao-men tzu-pen nel-mu the internal transit tax which began in Ilonan in 1865 and was assessed at Tis. 400,000 for the province in 1909, with detailed procedures used in its administration; 2) miscellaneous special taxes (tsa-shui including extra taxes recently imposed, e.g., on sale of domestic animals, charcoal, etc. F. Government service (ch'ai-yao )> ^various forms of corvee. G. Customary fees (kuei-fei ) or leakages (lou-kuei )> meaning fees which the various government agencies expected outside of regular taxes, mostly for reasons of official expense and personal corruption. H. Income from government-managed enterprises (e.g., from mines, telegraphs, etc.). I. Miscellaneous income, from judicial functions, forms and papers, interest on official funds, etc. J. Special income, from contributions, fines, etc. Part II, Annual expenditures; A. Forwarded funds (chieh-k'uan iMf ^ )> s e n t to the national treasury. B. Assistance funds (hsieh-k'uan Λ%Ι>%ίί.)·> sent as assistance to other provinces under the imperial arrangement by which one province came to the aid of others. C. General administrative expenses (hsing-cheng tsung-fei fä ), of administrative units within the province. D. Diplomatic expenses (chiao-she fei 3 L i·^ ^ ). E. Expenses of civil administration. F. Expenses of financial administration. G. Ceremonial expenses. H. Educational expenses. I. Judicial expenses. J. Military expenses. K. Industrial expenses. L. Communications expenses. M. Engineering expenses (rice conservancy, etc.).

335

Ν. Expenses of government-managed expenses.

enterprises.

0.

Special

The value of this survey is increased by the supplementary volumes which include details of local administrative expenses and a valuable supplement on the irregularities of the financial system, explaining the "natural disappearance" (tzu-jan hsiao-mieh ^ ^fc' ) of certain funds. For comparative purposes attention is called to an earlier work: J Uo-nan fu-i ch'üan-shu A%~ ^ J% C

land tax in China), Ο5

shai

1935 >

PP·

^

Hsiieh-i

21 & 347

·

(4394/7274) This short survey is a reference work on the v i t a l and complex problem of the land tax, based on previous surveys such as Chia Shih-i, Chung-kuo ts'ai-cheng shih (see 6.9.1) and government (including p r o v i n c i a l ) gazettes. A b r i e f bibliography follows each chapter. The contents are historical as well as analytical, with added suggestions for improvement, c h i e f l y by abolition of extra taxation outside of the regular land tax. Chapters deal with: 1) h i s t o r i c a l survey; 2) survey of the current system; 3 ) p r i n c i p l e s of a b e t t e r system; 4) the question of extra taxation; 5) the question

338

of reorganization; 6) survey of the present land administration; 7) the national land administration conference (Ch'üankuo ti-cheng hui-i fe: ^ ) held in 1935. 6.11.9

Γ ien-fu fu-chia-shui t i a o - c h ' a

$ ^ "fä jje

(An investigation

land taxes),

of

supplemental

Ching-chi tzu-liao shih office)

^ e d i t e d by

j ) * ^ ^.(Economic materials

of the National Central University, Hs in g-cheng-yuan

nung-ts'un fu-hsing wei-yuan hui ts'ung-shu ^ Commission s e r i e s ) ,

(Executive Yuan Rural Recovery

CP Shai 1935, pp. 9 & 369 & p l a t e s .

(8086/5054) An informative research report based on a f i e l d c o l l e c tion of land tax receipts (ch'uan-p'iao yfy ^ or chih-chao - f f c ?.?.), which are indisputable evidence of the extra-legal supplementary taxes which the various local governments imposed on the rural population. Some of the documents are printed in f a c s i m i l e as photographic evidence. Under the guidance of Professor Chu Ch'i ^ ΐ ^ ? , the f i e l d research was done by a number of students in more than 40 typical hsien in 9 provinces. The result i s a " s t a r t l i n g " picture of o f f i c i a l corruption - as Lo Chia-lun puts i t in his p r e f a c e . 6.11.10 Wang Hsien-ch'iang ^

^

V&

ffl

J,

, Chung-kuo ti-chia-shui wen-t'i J0L

(The problem

the

land-value

Shen-chou kuo-kuang she, Shai

QassessmentJ tax in China), 1931, pp. 9 & 266.

of

(4388/1121)

By a Japan-returned student, this book advocates the adoption of a land-assessment as in various other countries, and claims the blessing of Sun Yat-sen in urging i t on the Kuomintang.

339

6.11.11 iiang-chou shlh cheng-shou ti-chia-shui ku-ting ti-chia i-lan

(Tables of estimated

land values for the levy of the land-

value tax by the city of Hangchow),

edited and published by

Hangchow city government, Hangchow 1933, pp. 4 & 90 & 10. (4398.29/4301) Estimated values of land-patches (by mou) in different sections of the city, to be used for taxation purposes this data illustrates how far downtown sections were differentiated from other parts of the city and thus the degree of urbanization. 6.11.12 Yen-cheng tsa-chih magazine),

J^C

%uä* (Sa11

administration

edited by Ching HsUeh-ch'in (or Ching

Pen-po-^T jfa-

),

preface by Liang Ch'i-ch'ao

^

published by Yen-cheng tsa-chih she, Peking 1912 - 1915 20 is dated December 1915); monthly.

(No.

1917 - (still running in 1936),

(4704/7199)

Founded by Ching Pen-po (see 6.11.14), who devoted himself to reform of the salt administration - especially the substitution of government monopoly for the authorized merchant system, this unofficial magazine was closely related to Chang Chien , Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and a leading advocate of salt administration reform. Among the writers were liberal scholars and officials_of the time, such as Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Chang Chün-mai Jg,^ (Carsun Chang). The magazine published provocative discussions on many apsects of the salt administration - production, transportation, sale, taxation, etc. - and provides much detailed information. Material is arranged under the following departments: 1) editorials and selected articles on policy;

340

2) d e s c r i p t i v e or h i s t o r i c a l a r t i c l e s ; 3) s p e c i a l documents p e t i t i o n s , p r o j e c t s , e t c . ; 4) laws and r e g u l a t i o n s ; 5) o f f i c i a l communications; 6) news n o t e s ; 7) survey r e p o r t s , e . g . , s a l t production in the various provinces; 8) s t a t i s t i c a l reports; 9) m i s c e l l a n y ( i n f o r m a t i o n on C h i u - t a c h i n g - y e n kung-ssu Λ - "Κ J j L ^ «0 CChiu-ta Salt Refining CoO, etc.). Many i n t e r e s t i n g p l a t e s and maps. The m a g a z i n e stopped in 1915 but was revived i n 1917. G. 11.13 Yen-cheng h u i - p i e n zine),

^

J i J p (Sal t administration

maga-

e d i t e d by T s ' a i - c h e n g - p u yen-wu-shu

=ff %

of Sino-foreign

348

trade

at the various

custom

houses in 1906),

translated and published by Shang-hai t ' u n g -

shang hai-kuan t s a o - t s ' e - c h ' u - f l f l " jpj^

Χ

ί^ΪΜ-ί^]

'•>%. f||j

( P u b l i c a t i o n Department, Shanghai Maritime Customs), Kuang-hsli san-shih-er-nien

Shai ca. 1907, pp. 2 & 112; and:

t' ung-shang ko-kuan Hua-yang mao-i tsung-ts' e -^C

^"j"·^

t b ^fe-flfr

% volumes on Sino-foreign 1906),

^

trade

at the various

custom houses

in

translated and published by Shang-hai t'ung-shang h a i -

kuan t s a o - t s ' e - c h ' u

X

s f y l & J f a >t|

flf]

-fffr

(Publication Department, Shanghai Maritime Customs), 1907, pp. ca. 90. and 1908).

^

Shai ca.

(H. U. has the same p u b l i c a t i o n s f o r 1907

(4548/3307)

The Chinese e d i t i o n o f the Annual Report of the Chinese Maritime Customs i s i n two p a r t s : 1) l u n - l ü e h or report; 2) t s u n g - t s ' e flfl·" or s t a t i s t i c a l summary. They are of some i n t e r e s t both f o r the Chinese terms and a l s o f o r the s t y l e , when compared with the English e d i t i o n . The t s u n g - t s ' e f o r 1908 contains a supplement Yu-cheng shih-wu (Postal Affairs), pp. 18, which i s a u s e f u l summary o f the e a r l y h i s t o r y o f the Chinese Post O f f i c ^ . These publications are in the s e r i e s Ying-i-han " f ^ '/ψ. (English translated into Chinese) p u b l i s h e d by the Chinese Maritime Customs. 6.12.6

Kuan-shui an-tu hui-pien of official

documents

^

concerning

lished by Ts'ai-cheng-pu ^ " I ^ C (4548/7223)

349

^ the customs

(A compendium tariff),

pub-

, Peking ca. 1914, 3 t s ' e .

These are official papers, including circulars to the Maritime Customs offices of the various ports as well as specific instructions to different ports, covering the period 1912 - 14. These documents of the Yuan Shih-k'ai period reveal interesting details of the customs administration, including the opium import, at that time. 6.12.7 Li Ching-ming

, Hsiu-kai shui-tse shih-mo chi (A complete

of

the

tariff),

revision

published by Ching-chi hsifeh-hui

(Economics society), 450 & tables.

account of the

Peking 1919, 2 vols., pp. ca.

(4548/4468)

By treaty a ten-year revision of the customs tariff was due in 1912, but because of the Revolution and the World War, negotiations for revision did not materialize until 1917, after China's declaration of war against Germany. This work is a Chinese report of the Tariff Conference of 1918, with a preface by the vice-chairman of the Chinese tariff revision conmission. A verbatim record of the Tariff Conference proceedings is included, as well as comparative details of the new tariff. This work should be used together with Ch'i Yünchiln, Min-kuo ch'i-nien hsin-kai chin-k'ou shui-tse chi-shih (see next item). 6.12.8 Ch'i Yiin-chün ^ , Min-kuo ch' i-nien hsin-kai chink'ou shui-tse chi-shih (An account

of

the revision

of J

the import

tariff

in

ϊ-

vfeiü

comparison of the farm tenancy

system of K'un-shan and Nan-t'ung in Kiangsu Su-hsien in Anhwei

S.1L1

£provinceJ and

£provinceJ, and a proposal on the question

of the reform of farm tenancy), Chin-ling ta-hsüeh nung-lin ts'ung-k'an ti san-shih hao ^ 7

ffe

'ZfrL (Nanking University, Department of Agriculture

379

and Forestry, agriculture and forestry series, No. 30), published by the Department, 1926, pp. 80. An example of the pioneer rural studies University under the influence of J. L. Buck. is relevant to a study of the agrarian problems trial district (Nantung was the center of Chang textile industry). 6.15.20 Wu Ching-ch'ao ^ίέ-^Φ

f

(8081/2236)

done at Nanking Data on Nantung in a new indusChien's

"jji >CL . Ts'ung tien-hu tao tzu-keng-nung ^

^Mf

(From tenants to owner-tillers),

Ch' ing-hua hsiieh-pao, Vol. 9, No. 4, October 1934, pp. 973 992.

(9200/34)

A comparative study of how tenants came to own land in the United States, Denmark and Ireland, in the light of the Chinese situation. The author believes that the policy of government subsidy in Denmark and the policy of compulsory rent reduction attempted in Ireland should both be followed. 6.15.21 Ch'en Po-ying ^

^J

Chung-kuo t'ien-chih ts'ung-k'ao

^

, Shang-hai kung-jen sheng-huo

ch*eng-tu t i i-ko yen-chiu (A study of the standard workers),

preface by T'ao Meng-ho

Social Research series z f c ' l f ) ,

of living JT.^®

of

Shanghai

(L. K. Tao),

(She-hui yen-chiu ts'ung-k'an ^.-i··^"

published by Institute of Social Research,

393

Peiping 1930, pp. vi & 58.

(4468/4211)

Elaborate statistics on the standard of living of Shanghai workers, based on a study of 230 typical families made in 1928. The method of investigation is similar to that which Dr. L. K. Tao used in his study of the cost of living in Peiping (see 6.17.3). Similar studies for Tientsin were made by the Nankai Institute of Economics and the results published in its publications (see 6.1.11 and 6.1.12; see particularly the English publication Nankai Weekly Statistical Service, 1928 - 34). 6.17.5

Yen Hsin-che

ιώ' $$

"fä iffr* ]IL

^

, Nung-ts'un chia-t'ing tiao-ch'a (A survey of rural households),

hui k'o-hsüeh hsiao-ts'ung-shu

^f

(Little social sciences series),

She-

^p

CP Shai 1934, pp. 18 & 152.

(4196/0635) A survey of 286 households of a village in Kiangning , Kiangsu, (near Nanking) by a research worker who had worked with the rural project at Nanking University and who followed the survey methods of Professor R. H. Holmes. His data are presented in 77 tables. 6.17.6

Chang Li-luan

(Chang Lü-luan), Chiang-su Wu-chin

wu-chia chih yen-chiu

^

^

jg^

Ζ- Μ

%

"Farm prices in Wuchin Kiangsu", Chin-ling hsiieh-pao

mi

"Nanking Journal", Vol. 3, No. 1, May 1933, pp. 153 -

216.

(Reprint:

4562/1372)

Che of the very few studies of prices in a rural area, by a member of the Agricultural College of Nanking University.

394

6.17.7

Chung-hua min-kuo shih-wu-nien chi shih-liu-nien ch'iian-kuo wu-chia t'ung-chi piao ^ for

^

1^) ^^H

^

^ \ ^k

1926 and 1927),

(Nation-wide

^ L "t"

price

statistics,

e d i t e d and published by Kung-shang-pu

tsung-wu-ssu t' ung-chi-k'o

X - ^ ^ f

jf·% s ]

( S t a t i s t i c a l Section, Department of General A f f a i r s , Ministry of Industry and Conmerce), Peking 1928, pp. 4 & 103. (4562/1021) Based on reports of local chambers of conmerce, this o f f i c i a l publication shows the monthly p r i c e f l u c t u a t i o n s , during the two years under review, of 93 commodities. 6.17.8

Chung-wai wu-chia chih-shu hui-pien f

j^g "Price

^J7 ^ f ^

indexes in China and foreign

tyfy]^^jgj

countries,

edited and published by "Ministry of Industries" ),

Nanking, pp. 16 & 247.

1932",

(Shih-yeh-pu

(4562/330)

This bilingual publication of s t a t i s t i c a l tables gives wholesale and r e t a i l price indexes and cost of l i v i n g index numbers for China (pp. 114) and a number of foreign countries (pp. 115 - 245). The Chinese data are based on reports from the s t a f f of the Ministry, local government or Finance Ministry s t a t i s t i c s , and research compilations such as those of the Nankai I n s t i t u t e of Economics. There i s a u s e f u l t a b l e , "Index numbers of cost of l i v i n g in large c i t i e s " , pp. 93 - 95.

395

7.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS,

CULTURAL MOVEMENTS, AND EDUCATION

Note: These sections deal with a wide v a r i e t y of t o p i c s , as v a r i e d as the f i e l d o f s o c i o l o g y i t s e l f . We include among them a sizable c o l l e c t i o n of works and documents on education. Hie s i g n i f i c a n c e and l i m i t a t i o n s of the modern Chinese educat i o n a l system and i t s u n d e r l y i n g p r i n c i p l e s s t i l l await thorough study.

7.1

SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES Note: These items are a l l rather general in nature, dealing with the broad topics of common s o c i o l o g i c a l i n t e r e s t . For works on the nature of Chinese s o c i e t y , concerning which the last decades have seen a l i v e l y debate, see below, section 8.6. For a f u l l e r bibliography of Chinese works on sociology, see a c r i t i c a l survey by P r o f . Francis L . K. Hsu, "Sociological research in China " Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography, new s e r i e s V o l . 4, Nos. 1 - 4 , March - December 1944, pp. 12 - 26.

7.1.1

Fei Hsiao-t'ung ^ (The native

Hsiang-t* u Chung-kuo Kuan-ch'a ts'ung-shu

China),

^

^

"The

Observer" s e r i e s , Shai 1948, pp. 2 & 106. Hie phrase " native s o c i e t y " i s used here to describe t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese s o c i e t y in c o n t r a s t w i t h the modern s o c i e t y . TTiis volume i s a product of P r o f e s s o r F e i ' s course at Tsing Hua U n i v e r s i t y on rural s o c i o l o g y and suimiarizes his views on the v i l l a g e . 7.1.2

Li Shu-ch'ing

fl

Shui-pien-chung t i Chung-kuo she-hui (Chinese

phosis),

CP Shai 1947, pp. 12 & 322.

society

in

metamor-

(4130/4445)

Essays on v a r i o u s aspects o f Chinese s o c i e t y by a p r o f e s s o r of Chinese s o c i o l o g y at T s i n g Hua U n i v e r s i t y . 28

396

a r t i c l e s are grouped under the f o l l o w i n g headings:

1)

social

ideas and t h e o r i e s ; 2 ) a n a l y s i s of Chinese s o c i e t y ; 3) culture and c i v i l i z a t i o n ; 4 ) s o c i a l m o b i l i t y and s o c i a l change; 5 ) war-time s o c i a l problems. The a u t h o r makes f r e q u e n t r e f e r e n c e t o h i s t o r i c a l and s o c i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s but g i v e s no f o o t n o t e s . 7.1.3

Ch'ü T ' u n g - t s u ^ hui

ψ

Chinese ^J

Is]

(§

fe^

(Chinese

law and

She-hui-hsiieh t s ' u n g - k ' a n

society),

(Sociological ).

, Chung-kuo f a - l ü yü Chung-kuo she-

series;

edited

CP Shai 1947, pp. 4 - 259.

f^

by Wu W e n - t s a o Jjfc(4130/6173)

A study o f t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e s o c i e t y through an a n a l y s i s of law codes, by a l e a d i n g student o f the t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese l e g a l system. The l e g a l system from C h ' i n t o C h ' i n g i s t r e a t e d as a whole, since the author b e l i e v e s that the law of t h i s e n t i r e p e r i o d , l i k e the attendant s o c i a l and economic c o n d i t i o n s o f Chinese s o c i e t y , presents a " fundamentally unchanged morphology". P r o f e s s o r Ch' ühas been connected w i t h the Chinese H i s t o r y P r o j e c t a t Columbia U n i v e r s i t y . 7.1.4

, Ilsien-tai Chung-kuo she-hui w e n - t ' i

Sun Pen-wen ^ ^ ^

jfU

^

^

-^tü

(Social

problems

of

contem -

Ta-hsueh ts'ung-shu

(University

s e r i e s ) , C P Chungking 1943, 4 v o l s . ,

pp. 28 & 14 & 243 & 292 &

porary

China),

229 & 265 & 14.

(4130/1950)

T h i s i s a m a j o r work o f P r o f e s s o r Sun Pen-wen o f N a t i o n a l C e n t r a l U n i v e r s i t y , a Columbia- and C h i c a g o - t r a i n e d s o c i o l o g i s t o f wide e x p e r i e n c e . C o n c e n t r a t i n g on 4 major problems: f a m i l y , p o p u l a t i o n , v i l l a g e s o c i e t y and c a p i t a l labor r e l a t i o n s , t h i s book has used as i t s data numerous maga z i n e a r t i c l e s and o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s l i s t e d a f t e r each

397

chapter and i s a valuable reference work on the topics surveyed ( e . g . c h s . 12 and 13, " P r e s e n t s t a t e o f population and food supply", contains a c r i t i c a l evaluation of d i f f e r e n t population estimates; ch. 20 "The Rural Reconstruction Movement in China" gives accounts o f various r u r a l movements). A good index (14 p p . ) . 7.1.5

(Essays

Meng-ho wen-ts'un (L. K. TaoJ),

of

(T'aoJ

Meng-ho

O r i e n t a l Book C o . , S h a i 1925, pp. 4 & 1 5 2 .

(4103/7272) These 33 essays on Chinese s o c i e t y , the standard o f l i v i n g , c l a s s s t r u c t u r e , education and p o l i t i c s express the views of a s o c i o l o g i s t who has been a leading research organi z e r . (Dr. T' ao was head of the productive I n s t i t u t e of S o c i a l R e s e a r c h in P e i p i n g and l a t e r of the I n s t i t u t e o f S o c i a l S c i e n c e s of Academia S i n i c a ) . There are essays on the i n t e l l i g e n t s i a , pp. 21 - 30; on " the new paupers", pp. 31 - 42; and others on the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and conditions of d i f f e r e n t classes. 7.1.6

Li Ching-han ^ ( F r a n k l i n tiao-ch* a fang-fa ^ Methods of Social Ί ί Ί?

Research

C. H. Lee), *f]f ^

Shih-ti she-hui

15 l^s

"Practical

in China"t Hsing-yun-t'ang shu-tien

. Peiping 1933, pp. 8 & 419 & 51 & p l a t e s .

(4107/4463) This book discusses the d i f f i c u l t i e s of s o c i a l survey work in China and presents a method which the author used with some success in Ting-hsien (see his a r t i c l e on the Ting-hsien r u r a l economy, 6 . 1 5 . 2 2 ) . Hie blank forms and q u e s t i o n n a i r e s which he used are reproduced. A long bibliography (51 pp.) of Western works on survey methods includes a b r i e f l i s t of published surveys made in China. Mr. Li worked with Mr. S. D. Gamble and headed the s o c i a l survey work of the China Foundat i o n and o f Yenching U n i v e r s i t y ; he i s now a t , T s i n g Hua University.

398

7.1. 7

Sa Meng-wu ^

ΊΪΛι, Chung-kuo she-hui wen-t'i chih she-huifjj

hsüeh t i yen-chiu (The sociological

^ k

e t

(R 4906/8934)

See T. and B. 181. 7.5.27

Chiao-yii-pu kung-pu,

Chiao-yü-hsüeh ming-tz'u (Terms

promulgated

by the Ministry

p i e n - i kuan i ^ ]

A glossary of studies,

7.6

science

of

education

compiled by K u o - l i

of Education),

t vM®

ation and T r a n s l a t i o n ) ,

on the

^

(The N a t i o n a l Bureau o f CompilCC Nanking 1947, pp. 36. translated

terms used i n

in the M i n i s t r y ' s standard

GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL

educational

series.

ADMINISTRATION

Note: The wealth of s t a t i s t i c s presented in these compendia i s a dubious b e n e f i t , b u t , used w i t h proper c a u t i o n , o f f e r s the b a s i s f o r a study of the development o f Modern C h i n a ' s educational machinery. A few p r o v i n c i a l documents a r e a t the end. 7.6.1

Kuang-hsii san-shih-san nien-fen t i - i - t z ' u chiao-yii t' ung-chi f u-piao f£ 1907),

&

fe*

^^(Statistical

Ζ

-t ^ charts

%

#

%

and tables

-

V ^

on education,

1st

e d i t e d and published by Hs'ueh-pu tsung-wu-ssu

issue, ^

(Department o f General A f f a i r s , Board o f Education), pp. s e v e r a l hundred & c h a r t s .

(4020/4938.

H. U. has s i m i l a r

p u b l i c a t i o n s f o r 1908 and 1909, 2nd and 3rd i s s u e s ,

427

respectively)

In s p i t e of some contradictory f i g u r e s and gaps in data, t h i s Manchu government p u b l i c a t i o n , based on l o c a l reports to the Board of Education, i s nevertheless a useful source on the state of Chinese education in the 1900's. Tables are arranged mainly by provinces. Names of institutions are given under each hsien and fu and s t a t i s t i c s are given on numbers of students and teachers, expenditures on s a l a r i e s , equipment, etc. There are comparative figures for private and government institutions, for types of specialized schools, and the like. 7.C. 2

Chung-hua min-kuo chi-yuan c h ' i e n - i - n i e n shih-yifeh shih, nien ch' i-yüeh chih,

er-

Chiang-su-sheng chiao-yli hsing-cheng pao-

kaoshu

+

% Jfc-

%

Kiangsu provincial July 1913),

educational

administration,

%

(Report on October 1911 -

edited and published by Chiang-su-sheng hsing-

cheng kung-shu chiao-yu ssu

«CT-

(Kiangsu Provincial Administration O f f i c e vincial c i v i l government^ , of e d i t o r i a l rules

Educational Department),

(li-yen

\

)

CThe prostatement

by Huang Y e n - p ' e i

^

"JZ. ' x i , sale through CP Shai 1914, pp. several hundred and plates.

(4912.28/3440)

This volume records new measures on education in Kiangsu province from the revolution in October 1911 to July 1913, largely under the administration of Huang Yen-p'ei. It contains detailed s t a t i s t i c s on the educational administration as well as on schools of various types in the various l o c a l i t i e s of the province; laws and regulations; sample curricula, etc.

428

7.6.3

Ching-shih chiao-yii pao Review", ^

Jf, νϊγ

JJ "3fpi, "Peking

Educational

e d i t e d and published by Ching-shih hsiieh-wu-chu

^ib

( E d u c a t i o n a l Bureau o f

the C a p i t a l

1914 - (No. 8 i s dated September 1914), monthly.

^^

£Peking3), (4901/0240.2)

This magazine wanted to make the educational system o f Peking a model f o r the nation, and reach the standards o f public education in New York and Washington; i t should be an i n t e r e s t ing document on e a r l y Republican e f f o r t s and shortcomings in this f i e l d . I t s contents are usually arranged under the f o l l o w ing departments: 1) i l l u s t r a t i o n s , 2) laws and ordinances, 3) o f f i c i a l communications, 4 ) events and incidents, 5) theoretical writings, 6) i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and r e p o r t s , 7) records of e f f o r t s to promote education (ch'üan-hsüeh chi-shih jfaft ), 8) p e d a g o g i c a l e x p e r i e n c e s , 9) s t u d e n t s ' work, 10) popular speeches, 11) maps and t a b l e s , 12) appendix. 7.6.4

Chiao-yii-pu hsing-cheng c h i - y a o (A brief

account

Education), pp. ca. 200.

of

the

jjtj? ^ j * j j ^

administration

of

the Ministry

of

e d i t e d and published by the M i n i s t r y , Peking 1916, (4917/4002)

This M i n i s t r y p u b l i c a t i o n i s a u s e f u l source on the state of Chinese education in the f i r s t years o f the Republic. I t s t a b l e s and data are arranged under the f o l l o w i n g d e p a r t mental functions: 1) general a f f a i r s - administrative d e t a i l s ; 2) general e d u c a t i o n - middle s c h o o l s , normal s c h o o l s , e t c . 3) s p e c i a l i z e d education - c o l l e g e s and s p e c i a l schools, e t c . ; 4) s o c i a l e d u c a t i o n - popular e d u c a t i o n , p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s , museums, e x h i b i t s , e t c . 7.6.5

Ch'üan-kuo c h i a o - y i i h u i - i ^jfyJ^ZI (Report

of

pao-kao

the National

f§j)

Educational

by Chung-hua min-kuo ta-hsüeh-yuan ^

429

^

Conference),

edited ίΐί»

(equivalent to Ministry of Education of the Chinese Republic), Nanking 1928, pp. ca. 1000 & plates.

(4918.94/4377)

The Ta-hsiieh yuan was the highest organ of the national educational administration established by the Kuomintang in 1927 (Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei fjj» president) and was reorganized as the Ministry of Education at the end of 1928. In May 1928, a national conference of educators and local government representatives was held in Nanking, during which the outline of the administrative and educational system was discussed and decided upon. This record gives the more than 400 proposals made in the Conference with attached statements and amendments. Speeches by Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei and other leaders state their views. 7.6.6

Chiao-yii-pu kung-pao

1

^

(Ministry of

Education

Gazette),

published by the Secretariat of the Ministry of

Education

(Chiao-yü-pu mi-shu-ch'u

^ ^ ^ Jj^t

Nanking 1929 - (Vol. 3, No. 25 is dated July 5, 1931), weekly. (4702/4008) This weekly gazette of the Ministry of Education publishes official papers issued in or through the Ministry, classified according to their types -- orders of the National Government, of the Executive Yuan, instructions and ordinances of the Ministry itself, laws and regulations, etc. Materials are chronologically arranged under each classification. Other departments include "Appendix" (fu-tsai ) and "Reports" (pao-kao ^ ). Like other Nanking government gazettes, this record is useful as indicating announced policies as well as methods of administration. In the absence of an index, documents must be found by combing through the brief surmaries in the table of contents of each issue. The advertisements list other publications of the Ministry. 7.6.7

Chang Chi-hsin

% , Chung-kuo chiao-yU hsing-cheng

ta-kang tjf (^j

(Outline

430

of

Chinese

educational

administration),

p r e f a c e by T s ' a i Y u a n - p ' e i j^*·

, CP Shai 1934, pp. 9 & 485.

(4917/1322)

Completed in 1928, t h i s book gives a f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n of C h i n a ' s e d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and l i s t s numerous sources (see the l i s t s a f t e r each c h a p t e r ) . Tile plan of the book i s as follows: 1) General survey: d i s c u s s i o n of Chinese and Western t h e o r i e s and p r a c t i c e s , p r i n c i p l e s of f u t u r e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . 2) E d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ; h i s t o r i c a l review of changes of c e n t r a l and l o c a l e d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s i n c e t h e l a t e C h ' i n g p e r i o d ; c h a p t e r s on municipal a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and the s u p e r v i s o r y system. 3) E d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m : " p r i m a r y " , " m i d d l e " and " h i g h e r " i n s t i t u t i o n s ; social education. 4) Budgets: sources, allocations, budgeting system. 7.C.8

C h i a n g Shu-ko j tu

f

,

Chung-kuo chin-tai chiao-yu chih-

i f ) jfr^-VC ^ L ^

of China), pp. 7 & 203.

/j£

(Modern educational

Shih-fan ts'ung-shu

system

, CP Shai 1934,

(4911/8457)

This book (based on unpublished o f f i c i a l documents as w e l l as g a z e t t e s ) s u r v e y s t h e growth of C h i n a ' s educat i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n both c e n t r a l and l o c a l , devoting almost h a l f i t s pages t o an h i s t o r i c a l account of t h e s e systems i n l a t e C h ' i n g and t h e e a r l y R e p u b l i c a n p e r i o d . I t a l s o h a s c h a p t e r s on compulsory e d u c a t i o n , the development of s o c i a l education ( o u t s i d e t h e formal school system), private schools and education overseas. 7.6.9

Min-kuo shih-chiu-nien ssu-yiieh hsien-hsing chung-yao chiaoyO fa-ling hui-pien

f (A collection

laws and regulations,

April

1930),

Chiao-yü-pu t s ' a n - c h i h - c h ' u ^

\

431

of important

)£• current

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by ty

fifck.

( O f f i c e of

Counsellors, Ministry o f E d u c a t i o n ) , hundred.

Nanking 1930, pp. several

(4917/4205 (1))

A compendium of laws and r e g u l a t i o n s of the M i n i s t r y of Education under the National Government up to March 1930, i n c l u d i n g s u r v i v i n g r e g u l a t i o n s of the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the Peking government which were continued in f o r c e . The documents a r e c l a s s i f i e d under: 1) t h e M i n i s t r y and i t s s u b s i d i a r y o r g a n s ; 2) g e n e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s ( t ' u n g - t s e j]£_jjjlj ) ; 3) schools and c o l l e g e s ; 4) s o c i a l e d u c a t i o n ; 5) e d u c a t i o n a l and academic o r g a n i z a t i o n s ; 6) students abroad; 7) examinat i o n of p u b l i c a t i o n s . The t a b l e of c o n t e n t s g i v e s a b r i e f one-sentence summary for each document. 7.6.10

Chiao-yii f a - l i n g hsti-pien ordinances

on education,

(Laws and

supplement),

e d i t e d and published by

t h e M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n , Nanking 1934, p p . 16 & 412. (4917/4025) The f i r s t volume of t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n of laws, r e g u l a t i o n s and o r d i n a n c e s of t h e M i n i s t r y i i s e n t i t l e d Chiao-yii ) f a - l i n g hui-pien, ^ (Compendium of laws and ordinances on education)l 1933. T h i s c o n t i n u i n g volume covers the period March 1933 - June 1934, w h i c h ^ a s the f i r s t year of the m i n i s t r y of Wang Shih-chieh • served from 1933 to 1937. 7.6.11

Chung-hua min-kuo s h i h - c h ' i - n i e n pa-yiieh chih e r - s h i h - n i e n ch* i-yiieh ch* iian-kuo kao-teng chiao-yii t'ung-chi

(Country-wide tion,

August

1928 - July

1931),

statistics

^

on higher

^

^

educa-

compiled and presumably

published by the Department of Higher Education of the Ministry

432

of Education, ca. 1932, 108 tables.

(4917/4008);

and

Er-shih-i nien-tu ch'iian-kuo kao-teng chiao-yii t'ung-chi *

~

(Country-wide

statistics on higher education, 1932), compiled by the Ministry of Education, CP Shai 1935, pp. 297 & charts.

(4917/4008.

H. U. has a similar publication for 1933). These volumes give figures on the total number of students, which in itself is not necessarily a sign of progress; but add statistics on budgets, equipment, professors, library collections, students' ages, etc., which do show the standards of teaching and general progress. Statistics for Chinese students abroad are included. 7.6.12

Min-kuo shih-pa nien-tu ch'uan-kuo she-hui chiao-yii kai-k'uang

(General state of social education in the entire country in 1929),

edited and published by the Social Education Department

(She-hui chiao-yü ssu)

of the Ministry of Education, Nanking

undated, 33 diagrams and 25 tables.

(4917/4038); and Er-shih-

er nien-tu ch' üan-kuo she-hui chiao-yii t* ung-chi ^

j H ^ r ®

~f"

(Country-,lde

tics on social education for 1933),

statis-

compiled by Ministry of

Education, CP Shai 1936, pp. 7 & 120 & charts.

(4917/4038.

H. U. has the same publication for 1934). Statistical tables and charts on popular education (adult schools, vocational training, public libraries), based

433

on probably i n f l a t e d f i g u r e s r e p o r t e d to the Ministry from the educational a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s of the provinces. 7.6.13

Chung-hua min-kuo e r - s h i h - s s u n l e n - t u c h ' i i a n - k u o c h i a o - y i i f ung-chl c h i e n - p i e n ^

^

'fffj

on education

for

1935),

(T'ung-chi-shih

%

fy.'Q

Λ & ty H -

(Country-wide

statistical

^ liD abstract

compiled by t h e s t a t i s t i c a l )

CP Shai 1938, pp. 73.

7

office

of t h e M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n ,

(4917/4002.2)

U l i s volume sutimarizes the q u a n t i t a t i v e a s p e c t s of the achievements of the government's e d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n in the year 1935 . 40 t a b l e s give f i g u r e s on budgets f o r d i f f e r e n t grades of i n s t i t u t i o n s and a t d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s , numbers of s t u d e n t s , t e a c h e r s and p r o f e s s o r s , numbers of schools of a l l grades old and new, numbers of persons enjoying f r e e education, e t c . Hie s t a t i s t i c s were compiled by the M i n i s t r y . 7.6.14

Shan-tung chiao-yll y ü e h - k ' a n journal

of Shantung

0-1 ^

education),

'\

f(Monthly

e d i t e d and published by Shan-

tung chiao-yii yüeh-k'an p i e n - c h i - c h ' u office),

$

(editorial

under t h e Bureau of Education of the Shantung P r o -

v i n c i a l Government iH (4901/2540.

(Shan-tung s h e n g - c h e n g - f u c h i a o - y i i - t ' i n g

p

).

1929 - , m o n t h l y .

H. U. has only the 1 s t i s s u e ) .

This item i n d i c a t e s the n a t u r e of many s i m i l a r p u b l i c a t i o n s by p r o v i n c i a l b u r e a u s of e d u c a t i o n , which u s u a l l y contain d i s c u s s i o n a r t i c l e s and some f a c t u a l accounts.

434

7.6.15

E r - s h i h - i n i e n - t u Kuang-hsi-sheng s h e - h u i c h i a o - j ü K a i - k ' u a n g

(General

state

of social

education

in Kwangsi

province,1932),

edited and published by the Bureau of Education of the Kwangsi Provincial Government, Nanning (Kwangsi) 1934, pp. 74& tables. (4912.33/014) O f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c a l tables on the number o f persons enrolled to make use o f the various popular education f a c i l i t i e s (schools, a t h l e t i c f i e l d s , l i b r a r i e s , e t c . ) in each hsien of the province, g i v i n g a l s o budgets and number of s t a f f of the establishments. 7.6.16

Chang Ching-hsi

^ ,

chiao-yii,

S- \

shang chüan

(Sikang

education

CP Shai 1939, pp. 5 & 86.

S a n - s h i h - n i e n - l a i c h i h H s i - k ' ang

in the

i . last

thirty

Jfj. ^ . " j f years,

,

chüan 1)

(4912.22/1347)

A general account from o f f i c i a l sources of the s t a t e of education in an under-developed province (chüan 2not seen). 7.6.17

Kuo-wen

(Chinese

literature),

chi-pen chiao-k'o-shu (A fundamental

textbook

Fu Tung-hua

%

fj*

Ch'u-chi chung-hsiieh-yung %

for

junior

middle school),

and Ch'en Wang-tao f ^ ^

1933, 6 v o l s . , pp. many hundred.

e d i t e d by , CP Shai

(5162/2454)

An example of the Chinese reader used in middle schools. TTie rather large number of items concerning the West i s worth remarking.

435

7.7

INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTIONS Note: Ulis i s a small s e l e c t i o n of materials on c e r t a i n leading educational i n s t i t u t i o n s , included as useful samples rather than as an overall survey. There are many obvious gaps in the picture.

7.7.1

Kuang-hsii wu-nien k'an t ' ung-wen-kuan t ' i - m i n g - l u ψ)

W

College,

first

pp. 67

(Chinese)

Μ

issue,

Ä

"Calendar

published & 36

of

by authority,

(English),

^C the

Peking

photostat

Tungwen 1879," copy.

(4911.8/708) The o f f i c i a l catalogue and directory of the s t a f f and students o f the T'ung-wen-kuan (1861 - 1898), the f i r s t i n s t i t u t i o n sponsored by the Chinese Government for the l e a r n ing of Western languages and sciences. I n t e r e s t i n g curriculum, examination questions, a l i s t of p r o f e s s o r s , a l i s t of public a t i o n s , e t c . are given. H. U. copy i s a photostat made from the o r i g i n a l in the possession o f Mr. Newell Martin, son o f W. A. P. M a r t i n , who was a l e a d i n g p r o f e s s o r . Mr. Newell Martin a l s o has the 4th issue, dated 1888. Although t h i s publ i c a t i o n i s before the period o f t h i s bibliography, we nevert h e l e s s mention i t because o f i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e for the period a f t e r 1898. 7.7.2

Ch* ing-hua chou-k* an >|]

(Tsing

Hua weekly),

and published by Ch'ing-hua chou-k'an she, Tsing Hua University, Peiping, No. 398 No. 528

(Vol. 37, No. 1)

(Vol. 27, No. 1)

edited (College)

i s dated 1927;

i s dated February 27, 1932, weekly.

(9200/343) This student weekly was a t r a d i t i o n of the Tsing Hua campus and r e f l e c t e d the ideas o f a highly s e l e c t e d group of students. Many pieces by l a t e r well-known persons can be found.

436

7.7.3

K u o - l i chung-yang yen-chiu-yuan yuan-wu yiieh-pao

$

"Monthly

^

&ff· ^

P&J

Sinica,

" p u b l i s h e d by Academia Sinica, Shai 1929 - (Vol. 2,

No. 9 i s dated March 1931),

monthly.

bulletin

^

of Academia

(9205/5513.2)

The Academia S i n i c a , a government-financed but independent national research institution, was f i r s t headed by T s ' a i Yuan-p'ei in 1929 and has since provided leadership in modern Chinese research studies under the guidance of the directors of i t s main institutes - including those f o r physics, chemistry, engineering, geology and geography, astronomy, meteorology, history and philology, physiology and psychology, and s o c i a l s c i e n c e s . This monthly b u l l e t i n publishes news of research projects and b r i e f reports as well as laws and o f f i c i a l documents concerning the institution. 7.7.4

Kuo-li chung-yang yen-chiu-yuan tsung-pao-kao t i - i - t s ' e

£ Report,

Academia Sinica,

$

---W-

"First

l^jj

Annual

1928 - 1929, " e d i t e d and published by

Academia Sinica 1929, pp. 35 & 420 & p l a t e s . s i m i l a r publication for the year 1933, No. 6.

H. U. has a (9205/5513)

These annual reports of Academia Sinica, formed mainly by the reports of i t s d i f f e r e n t i n s t i t u t e s , contain l i s t s of publications of the institutes as well as reports on progress. 7.7.5

Lao-ta lun-ts'ung

(Labor

University

essays),

Er-chou-nien chi-nien k'an (2nd anniversary celebration publication), ta-hsffeh @

ϊ^ ^ % j >

published by Kuo-li lao-tung (National Labor U n i v e r s i t y ) ,

Shai 1929, pp. several hundred.

437

(9200/9247)

Hie National Labor University was a Kuomintang-sponsored i n s t i t u t i o n e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1927 and c l o s e d in 1931. T h i s volume does not give information on the U n i v e r s i t y so much as i t presents the views of i t s e a r l y p r o f e s s o r s (Chu T'ung-chiu % -fcj , Sun Han-ping h % ^ et a l . ) and g u e s t l e c t u r e s (Lu Hsin , T'ao Hsi-sheng fty ^ ί ^ et al.). 7. 7. C

S h i h - n i e n - l a i c h i h Nan-k' a i ta-hsiieh c h i n g - c h i y e n - c h i u - s o -Y

f

Institute

f

i

of Economics

^

m

$

in the

last

(Nank a i ten years),

e d i t e d and

published by the I n s t i t u t e , Tientsin January 1937, pp. 4 & 68. (4997.14/4274) T h i s i s a b r i e f h i s t o r y of the p r o d u c t i v e Nankai I n s t i t u t e of Economics d i r e c t e d by Ho L i e n ^ f j ^ (Franklin L. Ho), Fang H s i e n - t ' i n g - ^ ffcf (H. D. Fong), e t a l . , which published the Nankai Social and Economic Quarterly (see 6 . 1 . 1 1 and 6 . 1 . 1 2 ) . F u l l l i s t s of p u b l i c a t i o n s of the I n s t i t u t e and works by i t s members are given. 7.7.7

Chang J o - k u %

, Ma lisiang-po h s l e n - s h e n g n i e n - p ' u £

£

Mr. Ma Hsiang-po),

%

(A chronology

of

Chung-kuo s h i h t s ' u n g - s h u

the

l i f e of

^

l^J

(Chinese h i s t o r y s e r i e s ) , CP Shai 1939, pp. 5 & 296 & 2. (2279/7233) Born in 1840, Ma Hsiang-po died in November 1939, so that h i s l i f e span covers a century unique for i t s v a r i e t y and r a p i d i t y of change. Ma entered a French school in Shanghai a t twelve and became a f u l l - f l e d g e d J e s u i t and a doctor of theology a t the age of t h i r t y - o n e (1870). He was an o f f i c i a l under Li Hung-chang in the l a s t q u a r t e r of the c e n t u r y , f i l l i n g p o s t s connected with the new i n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t s , diplomatic n e g o t i a t i o n s , and Korean a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . In 1883 Ma was an a u d i t o r

438

of the China Merchants Co. In the 1900's he devoted himself to the t r a n s l a t i o n of the L a t i n bible and in 1903 with help from T s ' a i Yuan-p'ei founded a t the Shanghai Catholic center, Siccawei (Hsii-chia-hui ^ ), a school c a l l e d China Academy (Ch1 en-tan hsiieh-yuan ^ ) which became Aurora U n i v e r s i t y ( U n i v e r s i t e ' l ' A u r o r e ) . He r e - e n t e r e d government s e r v i c e a f t e r the Revolution, was a c t i v e in the provisional government and in the parliament and was appointed chancellor of Peking University in 1913. In the l a s t decade of h i s l i f e Ma was most vocal in h i s demand for r e s i s t a n c e against the Japanese. This chronology, prepared by an admirer, includes extensive quotations from memoirs of Ma and others and i s i n t e r e s t i n g both for a study of t h i s unique career and for d e t a i l s i l l u s t r a t i v e of the history of Catholic educational work, of Li Hung-chang's career, and of Kiangsu p o l i t i c s a f t e r the Revolution.

439

8.

INTELLECTUAL AND LITERARY HISTORY Note: This s e c t i o n i s almost i n e v i t a b l y a c a t c h - a l l , and a t the same time d e a l s with t o p i c s which have been l e a s t brought under s c h o l a r l y c o n t r o l and l e a s t f u l l y c o l l e c t e d in Western l i b r a r i e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s no s t u d e n t of Modern China in any of the s o c i a l s c i e n c e s can n e g l e c t t h e modern l i t e r a r y r e c o r d . Hie r e v o l u t i o n in l i t e r a t u r e was p a r t and p a r c e l of the r e v o l u t i o n i n t h o u g h t and i n s o c i e t y as a whole. The p a i - h u a movement, Hu S h i h ' s philosophy, and Kuo Mo-jo's poetry are a l l linked t o t h e i r times i n d i s s o l u b l y . As an a r b i t r a r y conveni e n c e we have f i r s t grouped t o g e t h e r m a t e r i a l s which seem t o document p r i m a r i l y t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l h i s t o r y of t h e p e r i o d ( s e c t i o n 8 . 1 through 8 . 8 ) , and have then presented m a t e r i a l s , i n a d e q u a t e though t h e y a r e , which r e p r e s e n t p r i m a r i l y t h e growth and development of l i t e r a t u r e in the narrower sense of b e l l e s - l e t t r e s and drama ( s e c t i o n s 8.9 through 8 . 1 3 ) . Our d i v i s i o n of m a t e r i a l s in various s e c t i o n s i s a t b e s t a tour de force, though a necessary one.

8.1

SURVEYS OF INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS Note: These f i r s t few items attempt a survey or s y n t h e s i s of the various t r e n d s of thought in Modern China, as r e p r e s e n t e d both by v a r i o u s a u t h o r s and by s u b j e c t s of d i s c u s s i o n . They p r o v i d e , f o r what i t i s w o r t h , an o u t l i n e c o v e r a g e of t h e f i e l d and r e p r e s e n t a v a r i e t y of p o i n t s of view. S e c t i o n 2 . 2 above ( I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of the r e v o l u t i o n a r y process Cchiefly M a r x i s O ) c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l items which a l s o i n t e r p r e t modern i n t e l l e c t u a l t r e n d s . Useful Chinese b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l r e f e r e n c e s may a l s o be found in Kiang, Wen-han, The Chinese Student Movement, K i n g ' s Crown P r e s s , New York 1948, which i s a b r o a d e r s u r v e y t h a n i t s t i t l e would i m p l y . P . H e n r i van Boven, C.I.C.M, Histoire de la litterature Chinoise Moderne, Scheut e d i t i o n s , P e i p i n g 1946, pp. 187;and Joseph Schyns and o t h e r s : 1500 Modern Chinese novels and plays, Scheut e d i t i o n s , P e i p i n g 1948, pp. 4 8 4 , a r e t h e two f u l l e s t W e s t e r n s u r v e y s of t h e authors and works of the various l i t e r a r y groups and movements of Modern China, with names and t i t l e s i n Chinese. The l a s t named volume i s p a r t i c u l a r l y important f o r i t s 116 pp. of s h o r t b i o g r a p h i e s and 58 pp. a n a l y z i n g them i n groups and t r e n d s .

440

8.1.1

, Chin wu-shih-nien Chung-kuo ssu-hsiang

Kuo Chan-po ~yv

shih Ü I ί - - f " i f · *f lfj] ^

^

tory

f i f t y years),

of China

in the

last

^

(An intellectual

his-

Jen-wen s h u - t i e n

, P e i p i n g 1935, p p . 2 1 & 432 & p l a t e s . (1030/0233) An e x t r e m e l y u s e f u l i n t r o d u c t o r y survey which g i v e s both f a c t u a l sumnaries of t h e i d e a s of l e a d i n g modern Chinese t h i n k e r s , a n d general t r e n d s and i s s u e s in, the world of i d e a s . The a u t h o r t r e a t s f i r s t 20 i n d i v i d u a l t h i n k e r s (240 pp. ) whom he regards as most important, grouped i n t o t h r e e p e r i o d s : f i r s t p e r i o d - K'ang Yu-wei $ 9 (S) , Liang W i - c h ' a o % , Yen Fu , Chang Ping-lin ^ fäfa , Wang Kuo-wei 3E-dp , Sun Y a t - s e n ; second p e r i o d - Ch'en T u - h s i u f ^ f c r f y ; , Hu Shih , Li Ta-chao >$j . Wu Ching-heng , Liang Souming , Chang Tung-sun vjj ; third period Feng Yu-lan , Chang Shen-fu rf f f t , Kuo Mo-jo •|p , Li Ta S i , T ' a o Hsi-sheng f tß % % . The book then follows these t o p i c a l l i n e s : P a r t V, Methodology of t h o u g h t - which t r a c e s t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of f o r m a l l o g i c , empiricism, C a r t e s i a n i s m and Marxian d i a l e c t i c , and concludes with a d i s c u s s i o n of the study of a n c i e n t Chinese methods of thought and a l s o a sunmary of the l o g i c a l s t u d i e s of P r o f e s s o r Oiin Yueh-lin ^ ^ of Tsing Hua. P a r t VI, R e v a l u a t i o n of t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese thought - which t r e a t s t h e development of anti-Confucianism, and skepticism or c r i t i c i s m of t r a d i t i o n a l concepts of h i s t o r y and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of a n c i e n t p h i l o s o p h e r s . P a r t V I I , I s s u e s in d i s p u t e - which i n c l u d e s such i s s u e s a s Confucianism, l i t e r a r y reform, W e s t e r n i z a t i o n , the c o m p a t i b i l i t y of s c i e n c e and p h i l o s o p h y , and t h e n a t u r e of C h i n e s e s o c i e t y , a l l h o t l y debated a t various p e r i o d s . P a r t V I I I , I n t r o d u c t i o n of f o r e i g n i d e a s - which i n c l u d e s c h a p t e r s on Yen Fu's frft, i n t r o d u c t i o n of Darwin, Huxley, and Spencer; Li Shih-tseng's (Li Yü-ying ) i n t r o d u c t i o n of Kropotkin; Wang K u o - w e i ' s i n t r o d u c t i o n of German i d e a s ; t h e g r e a t vogue of John Dewey, Henri Bergson and Bertrand R u s s e l l ; and f i n a l l y the i n t r o d u c t i o n of Marxism and m a t e r i a l i s m . Hie

441

text is full of quotations, references and facts. While the author's interpretations deserve close scrutiny, this remains still one of the most useful introductions to modern intellectual China, Appendices give vital statistics on leading thinkers and a list of their works.

8.1.2

, Chung-kuo hsin-wen-hua yiin-tung

Wu Ch'i-yuan kai-kuan

Cluuie P i n g - l i n . Chung-kuo l i - t a i ming-hsien ku-shih chi

450

^

^o

^

^

(Stories

of famous worthies

t i - s a n c h i , hsüeh-shu h s i e n - c h i n ^

history),

S-

( t h i r d s e r i e s , P i o n e e r s of Learning), /P\

in Chinese

S h e n g - l i ch'u-pan she

. Chungking 1945, pp. 10& 172.

(2269/9490)

Chang P i n g - l i n (1868 - 1936), more popularly known by h i s hao as Chang T ' a i - y e n > was an eminent Ch'ing s c h o l a r who l i v e d on i n t o r e c e n t t i m e s . He p a r t i c i p a t e d a c t i v e l y in the propaganda work of the revolution before 1911, but wound up a n a t h e m a t i z i n g Hu Shih and the new s c h o l a r s h i p and l i t e r a t u r e he represented. He edited several revolutionary organs, including the famous Min-pao ^ ^ S L , but much of h i s anti-Manchuism was d e r i v e d n o t from t h e West but from h i s knowledge of g r e a t Ming and e a r l y C h ' i n g s c h o l a r s . Although he devoted h i s l a t e r l i f e t o c l a s s i c a l s t u d i e s , Chang was s k e p t i c a l of the Confucian orthodoxy. He believed the Chinese t r a d i t i o n to be g r e a t e r than t h a t orthodoxy and both adequate and i n f a l l i b l e . He was admired f o r his scholarship ( e s p e c i a l l y shown in h i s Kuo-ku lun-heng ), and regarded as a s o r t of curious anachronism f o r h i s stubborn defense of t h e Chinese t r a d i t i o n . Chang r e p r e s e n t e d , i n any c a s e , a synthesis of h i s own. This biography, by an admiring d i s c i p l e , has some r e f e r e n c e value and r e p r o d u c e s in an appendix the crude t a b l e of c o n t e n t s of Chang's complete works, Chang-shih ts'ung-shu 8. 3.11

Chang T' ai-yen

%

or Chang P i n g - l i n

1" ai-yen t i pai-hua-wen the vernacular

&

by Chang T'ai-yen),

^

(Essays

e d i t e d by Wu C h ' i - j e n

T ' a i - t u n g t ' u - s h u chü ^ j j l ifi) ^ pp. 3 & 138.

Chang in ^

, Shai 1927,

(5545.4/2302)

Chang T ' a i - y e n hated the p a i - h u a movement, but on a few o c c a s i o n s when he was p r e p a r i n g s p e e c h e s f o r g e n e r a l audienc e s , he wrote the t e x t s down as he would speak them.

451

These t e x t s were h e r e p u b l i s h e d by a f r i e n d i n an e d i t i o n apparently not authorized. In t h e e s s a y s h e r e p r i n t e d probably the only ones w r i t t e n by Chang in p a i - h u a - he e x pressed h i s ideas on the purpose of study abroad, on education and n a t i o n a l i s m , and on a n c i e n t Chinese non-Confucian p h i l osophers. 8.3.12

Chih-yen - ^ j "g (Systems ^

1936),

e d i t e d by Chang T ' a i - y e n

, published by Chang-shih kuo-hstleh c h i a n g - h s i hui ^

Studies),

of words),

^J ^f"

( M r · Chang's I n s t i t u t e of Chinese

Soochow, Kiangsu, 1935 - (No. 12 i s d a t e d March

fortnightly.

(9200/2206)

Chang T ' a i - y e n ' s one-man i n s t i t u t e , t h e a c t i v i t i e s of which c o n s i s t e d of h i s l e c t u r e s and t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s m a g a z i n e , was s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t l y f o r i t s p r e s e r v a t i o n of genuine c l a s s i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p , and p a r t l y ( i n i t s l a s t days) as a curious a n t e d i l u v i a n s u r v i v a l . Chang compared the e f f e c t s of K' ang Yu-wei's and Hu S h i h ' s new i d e a s t o C h ' i n Shih-huangt i ' s burning of the books. 8.3.13

Hsiieh-heng ^ " T h e

critical

reviewedited

by Hsiieh-heng

t s a - c h i h s h e , CH S h a i 1922 - (No. 6 i s d a t e d J u n e monthly.

1922),

(9200/7422)

Adorned by p i c t u r e s of C o n f u c i u s and S o c r a t e s on s u c c e s s i v e p a g e s , t h i s magazine i n s i s t e d on u s i n g a s t r i c t though simple c l a s s i c a l s t y l e , and t y p i f i e d the r e a c t i o n of many Chinese a g a i n s t the May Fourth i n t e l l e c t u a l movement. I t was not e x a c t l y c u l t u r a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e , and advocated i n t r o d u c t i o n of Western i d e a s and i n s t i t u t i o n s . But i t p r e f e r r e d only those i d e a s and i n s t i t u t i o n s of the West t h a t were cons e r v a t i v e . Thus the a t t i t u d e s of Hu Shih, Ch'en Tu-hsiu e t a l . were condemned i n t h e names of P l a t o and P r o f e s s o r I r v i n g B a b b i t t , and s o c i a l i s m was c r i t i c i z e d in the name of c a p i t a l i s m . The m a g a z i n e ' s s t a n d f o r a balanced a t t i t u d e in c u l t u r e and

452

learning was taken with obvious earnestness, but was prejudiced by i t s emotional d i s l i k e of the Hsin ch' ing-nien school. Hie w r i t e r s included some i n t e r e s t i n g l i t e r a r y f i g u r e s : Wu Mi ( P r o f e s s o r of English at Tsing Hua U n i v e r s i t y ) , Mei Kuang-ti ^{J # P f e . ( l a t e r a professor of Chinese at Harvard) et al.

8.4

SOME LEADERS OF THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT Note: A major factor in the i n t e l l e c t u a l movement which began in the period 1917 - 1919 was the l i t e r a r y r e v o l u t i o n (the pai-hua movement), concerning which documentation can be found in many of the following works. For further material on this subject see sec. 8.10 (The New L i t e r a t u r e 1917 - 1937). Many w r i t i n g s of leaders of the May Fourth Movement are a l s o to be found in p e r i o d i c a l s l i k e Hsin ch' ing-nien and Hsin-ch' ao (see above under sec. 4.13, L i b e r a l P e r i o d i c a l s 1917 - 37), which were major v e h i c l e s of i n t e l l e c t u a l change. In the f o l l o w i n g two sections (8.5 and 8 . 6 ) are found a number of works and p e r i o d i c a l s which r e f e r p a r t i c u l a r l y to certain main subjects of d i s c u s s i o n , r a i s e d c h i e f l y a f t e r the year 1922. Section 7.5 above (Modern education: general surveys and p e r i o d i c a l s ) a l s o contains items on the i n t e l l e c t u a l awakening. The present section consists of works by or about T s ' a i Y u a n - p ' e i , Ch'en Tu-hsiu, and ( p r i n c i p a l l y ) Hu Shih. An item i s added on Bertrand R u s s e l l (8.4.12) and we a l s o include the i n f l u e n t i a l magazine Kai-tsao (8.4.13, 4.13.4).

8.4.1

T s ' a i Chieh-min hsien-sheng yen-hsing lu ^Sjll· 3 f Ι

4k

CTs'ai

(The

Yuan-p'ei

ideas ^

and career

9i>

J),

of Mr.

Ts'ai

Chieh-min

e d i t e d by H s i n - c h ' a o she

i f l f e , Hsin-ch'ao ts'ung-shu ti-ssu-chung ^

^

(The New Tide s e r i e s , No. 4 ) ,

ftff

Peking Univer-

s i t y P u b l i c a t i o n Department, Peking 1920, 2 vols·., pp. 12 & 580 & plates.

(2269/4914)

453

In t h e absence of a complete c o l l e c t i o n of T s ' a i ' s w r i t i n g s , t h i s e a r l y volume provides some b a s i s for a study of the c r u c i a l y e a r s of h i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d and v e n e r a t e d c a r e e r . Except f o r a 36 pp. biography, the volume i s devoted t o T s ' a i ' s own works, i n c l u d i n g 84 p i e c e s and 3 miscellaneous items in an appendix. These p i e c e s are f u r t h e r c l a s s i f i e d i n t o the following categories: 1) p h i l o s o p h i c a l and p o l i t i c a l views; 2) concerning education; 3) concerning P e i t a ; 4) on Chinese and Western c i v i l i z a t i o n s ; 5) and 6) miscellaneous speeches and writings. S i n c e most of t h e s e a r e d a t e d i n t h e few y e a r s b e f o r e 1920, they a r e invaluable documents on the Peking i n t e l l e c t u a l movement of the t i m e , which owed so much t o T s ' a i ' s broad and t o l e r a n t guidance. T s ' a i ' s i d e a s are a l s o r e p r e s e n t e d in h i s p h i l o s o p h i c a l w r i t i n g s , e s p e c i a l l y h i s Chung-kuo l u n - l i hsiieh shih ^ d ] Afe ^ (A history of Chinese ethics), CP Shai 1910. For a b i b l i o g r a p h y of T s ' a i ' s p u b l i s h e d work before 1920, see p.580. 8.4.2

Ch'en Tu-hsiu (Collected

essays

, Tu-hsiu wen-ts' un ^ of

(Ch'en)

Tu-hsiu),

Shai 1922, 4 v o l s . , pp. 662 & 129 & 302.

% "'SC^fj-

O r i e n t a l Book C o . , (5558/7942)

This c o l l e c t i o n of C h ' e n ' s w r i t i n g s was published j u s t a t the time when he abandoned academic and e d i t o r i a l l i f e f o r political activity (he h e l p e d found t h e Chinese Communist Party i n 1920 - 21). I t makes p l a i n how C h ' e n ' s a n t i - C o n f u c i a n and anti-Yuan S h i h - k ' a i f e r v o r t u r n e d i n t o sympathy with t h e Shanghai p r o l e t a r i a t and p o l i t i c a l Marxism. C h ' e n ' s e a r l y appeal t o youth, t o s t r e n g t h and t o f e e l i n g , so pronounced i n the f i r s t y e a r s of Hsin ch' i n g - n i e n , was g r a d u a l l y toned down by t h e more sombre t h o u g h t s on t h e p o p u l a t i o n problem, t h e q u e s t i o n of C h i n a ' s u n i f i c a t i o n , and m a t t e r s of p o l i t i c a l method. W r i t i n g s in t h i s c o l l e c t i o n a r e a l l drawn from Hsin ch' i n g - n i e n , and i n c l u d e both C h e n ' s a r t i c l e s and a l s o h i s s h o r t n o t e s and l e t t e r s in answer t o a u t h o r s and r e a d e r s . These m a t e r i a l s a r e a r r a n g e d i n 3 chtian ( e s s a y s , n o t e s and l e t t e r s ) and each type of m a t e r i a l i s arranged c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y .

454

8.4.3

Ch' en Tu-hsiu p· ing-lun f l L i f l %

(Critiques

Tu-hsiu),

«jt ^

edited by Ch'en Tung-hsiao

by Tung-ya shu-chü ^

^

of

Ch'en

, published

, Peiping 1933, pp. 4 & 256.

(4292.29/7942) A c o l l e c t i o n o f a r t i c l e s and newspaper e d i t o r i a l s by friends and f o e s , put together a f t e r Ch'en was a r r e s t e d in 1932, with the charge made against him. These sources supply much of the scanty biographical material we now have of Ch'en's l i f e . Among the friendly c r i t i c s were his one-time scholarly colleagues, Hu Shih and Fu Ssu-nien fy , and c e r t a i n fellow T r o t s k y i t e s . Among h i s foes were orthodox Chinese Coirmunists, l i k e Po-ku -V»·"® · Appendix gives the Kiangsu provincial procurator's version of Ch'en's subversive a c t i v i t i e s in the years immediately before his a r r e s t . 8.4.4

Hu Shih

, Ssu-shih tzu-shu V9 "f & j j ^ ,

at forty),

(Autobiography

Vol. 1, Oriental Book Co., Shai 1933, pp. 8 & 180

& plates.

(2269/4233)

This i s Hu S h i h ' s u n f i n i s h e d autobiography which recounts the formation of his b e l i e f s and ideas up to the year he went abroad (1910). 8.4.5

Hu Shih ^

^

, Ts'ang-hui-shih t a - c h i

(holograph on cover: 1910 - 1917, " l i t :

"A diary Notebook

Ya-tung t'u-shu-kuan

^

^

of my student of

years

the Hidden Brilliance

^ j ^ J

^

in

^ Ί ί America Studio),

"The O r i e n t a l Book

Company," Shai 1939 , 4 v o l s . , pp. 29 & 1170, many photographs. (5556.5/15 B ) . title:

A reprint of t h i s famous diary under the new

Hu Shih liu-hsüeh j i h - c h i

455

1%

0 \t>

in 4

v o l s . , pp. 1169, was b r o u g h t out by t h e Commercial P r e s s i n November 1947, 2nd i m p r e s s i o n r e i s s u e d i n F e b r u a r y 1948. ( 5 5 5 6 . 5 / 1 5 C) These e x t e n s i v e and d e t a i l e d d i a r i e s of Dr. Hu Shih give a wealth of background not only on the author but on the experience of h i s generation of Chinese s t u d e n t s in the United S t a t e s . During h i s s t u d i e s a t C o r n e l l and Columbia (1911 1917), he was a zealous p a c i f i s t , was once on t h e verge of a c c e p t i n g C h r i s t i a n b a p t i s m and a t a d i f f e r e n t time almost f e l l in love with a g i r l from New York. In t h e same p e r i o d , he was winning l i t e r a r y p r i z e s , g i v i n g s p e e c h e s on C h i n e s e c u l t u r e and problems (he once s u b s t i t u t e d f o r P r e s i d e n t T a f t i n a H a v e r f o r d Alumni g a t h e r i n g ) and p u t t i n g down i n h i s d i a r y h i s i d e a s of a l i t e r a r y r e v o l u t i o n f o r China. Hu Shih took a g r e a t i n t e r e s t in American p o l i t i c s , both l o c a l and n a t i o n a l , and t h e d i a r y c o n t a i n s many e n t r i e s on American a f f a i r s and r e p r i n t s c l i p p i n g s of p o l i t i c a l c a r t o o n s . 8.4.C

Hu Shih essays

, Hu Shih w e n - t s ' u n of Hu Shih),

^

(Collected

O r i e n t a l Book C o . , Shai 1921, 2 v o l s . ,

pp. 12 & 330 & 288 & 250 & 302.

(5556.4/1 B)

Hie f i r s t c o l l e c t i o n of Hu S h i h ' s e s s a y s , covering the p e r i o d 1911 - 21 and i n c l u d i n g most, though n o t a l l , o f h i s w r i t i n g s d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d . Items a r e c l a s s i f i e d under t h e following categories: 1) on l i t e r a t u r e , which c o n t a i n s h i s e a r l y p o l e m i c a l a r t i c l e s on p a i - h u a l i t e r a t u r e ; 2) and 3) c r i t i c a l s t u d i e s on the h i s t o r y of l i t e r a t u r e and other academic s u b j e c t s , the a u t h o r ' s s t a t e d purpose in w r i t i n g being to demonstrate a new methodology; 4) miscellaneous items i n c l u d ing some of Dr. Hu's most important w r i t i n g , such as Pu H s i u (Immortality) and Hsin s h i h - c h ' a o t i i - i ^ igig ^ (The meaning of the new tide of ideas). 8.4.7

Hu S h i h - £ $ j j b _ , Hu Shih w e n - t s ' u n e r - c h i ^

(Collected

essays of Hu Shih,

456

2nd collection),

)%

/fcOriental

Book C o . , Shai 1924, 2 v o l s . , pp. 10 & 288 & 304 & 294 & 362. (5556.4/2 A) This second c o l l e c t i o n covers the period 1921 - 1924. Chiian 1 contains essays on h i s t o r y and philosophy. Chiian 2 i s on contemporary i n t e l l e c t u a l problems, e s p e c i a l l y the question of science and philosophy of l i f e which was a s u b j e c t of debate among i n t e l l e c t u a l s in the e a r l y 1 9 2 0 ' s , a l s o a c r i t i q u e o f Liang Sou-ming's famous book on O r i e n t a l and Occidental c i v i l izations (Tung-Hsi wen-hua chi c h ' i che-hsiieh, 8 . 5 . 4 ) , and two not unrelated essays on the development of modern thought and modern Chinese l i t e r a t u r e which were written for a Shen-pao compendium. Chüan 3 c o n s i s t s of p o l i t i c a l e s s a y s , i n c l u d i n g the important document Wo-men t i cheng-chih chu-chang •Öf? Vo ft(Our political stand) which was signed in 1922 by 17 p r o f e s s o r s including T s ' a i Yuan-p'ei 7£> , Wang Ch'ung-hui ί - ^ & , Li T a - c h a o \ 4?) ' T i n K V/en-chiang " J " - j i . i/3-" a n d others. There are a l s o essays by Hu and by Ch'en Tu-hsiu debating the issue of u n i f i c a t i o n and f e d e r a l i s m ; and a c o l l e c t i o n o f weekly e d i t o r i a l s which Hu wrote in the period June 1922 - A p r i l 1923 f o r a p o l i t i c a l weekly Nii-li"*^" j) (The Effort). Chüan 4 i n c l u d e s e s s a y s on the h i s t o r y of l i t e r a t u r e and on the v e r n a c u l a r experiment. 8.4.8

Ilu Shih

jJL, (Collected

Shili wen-ts' un s a n - c h i essays

of

Hu Shih,

third

Oriental Book Co., Shai 1930, 4 v o l s . , pp. 20 & 1222.

jC collection), (5556.4/3)

Between 1924 and 1930 Hu Shih wrote a h i s t o r y of verna c u l a r l i t e r a t u r e in China, edited s e v e r a l a n t h o l o g i e s , and produced a study o f T a i Tung-yuan's philosophy, among many other a c t i v i t i e s . He a l s o wrote the c o n t e n t s of these 4 volumes (about 500,000 words). In chuan 1 he repeats h i s demand f o r a " t r a n s v a l u a t i o n o f v a l u e s , " as f a r as the Chinese t r a d i t i o n i s concerned, in a r t i c l e s on the Chinese and Western c u l t u r e s . Chiian 2 deals with methodology o f research and chiian 3 and 4 give some examples of the a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s new methodology. Chiian 4 c o n t a i n s e s s a y s on the h i s t o r y o f

457

Buddhism and chüan 5 and 6 essays on the Dream of the Red Chamber and other novels. Chüan 7 and 8 contain notes and miscellaneous academic essays; while chüan 9 preserves essays of a more popular nature. Dr. Hu's essays on political subjects in thig period were published in Jen-clifian l u n - c h i Α(Essays on Human rights), Shai 1930,and with one exception, Ming-chiao % (On the religion of names), pp. 91 - 110, are not included here. 8.4.9

Hu Shih et al., Chung-kuo wen-t' i of China), Hsin-yüeh, Shai 1932, pp. 3 & 261.

(The problem (4131/4233)

Ulis symposium is the result of an informal discussion group which met a score of times in Shanghai in 1930 to hold discussions on China's problems. Nine members of the group here present a collection of essays, each giving his particular point of view or emphasis. Hu Shih emphasizes a " conscious reformism" as the fundamental attitude, Wu Ching-ch'ao (C.C. Wu) discusses methods to improve rural livelihood, Lo Lung-chi advocates a responsible government by experts and P'an Kuangtan the importance of eugenics. As a whole this represents political opinions of the Hsin-yiieh (see 4.13.9) school of scholars, among whom Dr. Hu was an inspiring influence during his stay in Shanghai in the late^twenties. The group also published Jen-ch' iian lun-chi 'ji (Essays on human rights), in which Hu Shih stated that he had a right to question God, Karl Marx and Sun Yat-sen. 8.4.10

Hu Shih ^

J ^ Ik

, Hu Shih lun-hsiieh chin-chu t i - i - c h i ^

"'*'

(Recent academic writings of Hu

Shih, first collection), CP Shai 1935, pp. 8 & 646. (5556.4/4) Dr. Hu's preface states that this collection ought to be in the 4th section of his collected essays, but that it was not printed in that series because he did not feel it appropriate to reprint at the time his political writings, which were either critical of the government or of the popular demand for early war against Japan. To evaluate Hu's political ideas of the period, one should therefore consult T u - l i p ' i n g - l u n

458

(1932 - 1937) ( 4 . 1 3 . 1 0 ) , which he e d i t e d and i n which he wrote r e g u l a r l y . This c o l l e c t i o n of " academic w r i t i n g s " does c o n t a i n , however, 17 a r t i c l e s of a popular n a t u r e , g i v i n g h i s views on c u r r e n t i n t e l l e c t u a l q u e s t i o n s such as Westernization, how t o remake China, weaknesses of t h e Chinese t r a d i t i o n and s o c i e t y , t h e sources of l e a d e r s h i p , e t c . (chiian 4 ) . The r e s t of t h e book i s made up of essays on h i s t o r y and the h i s t o r y of l i t e r a t u r e , some of which ( e . g . Shuo j u ) a r e of s p e c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . C h i e h - s h a o wo t z u - c h i t i s s u - h s i a n g -TT $ 2-> re· (Introducing my own thought), i s an i n t e r e s t i n g summary of Hu's own i d e a s . 8.4.11

Yeh C h ' i n g · ^ ^ "Critique

(Yi T s i n g ) ,

Hu Shih p· i - p ' a n

of Mr. Hu Shih, " "The Critique

E r - s h i h s h i h - c h i she

Series

B, " e d i t e d by

'The Twentieth C e n t u r y , "

Hsin-k'en shu-tien ^

^

Shai 1933, pp. 28 & 1148.

J$

"The Thinking Book S h o p , "

(5556.8/495)

This heavy volume i n d i c a t e s the importance of Hu Shih and h i s u n p o p u l a r i t y among l e f t i s t w r i t e r s . Concluding t h a t Hu i s " t h e p a r r o t , t h e a b s o l u t e r e c o r d - p l a y e r , of EuropeanAmerican i n d i v i d u a l i s m " and a " p r o p a g a n d i s t of t h e c a p i t a l i s t c i v i l i z a t i o n , " the w r i t e r (who d e s c r i b e s himself as a Hegelian r a t h e r than a M a r x i s t ) t a k e s g r e a t p a i n s t o go over e v e r y phase of H u ' s i d e a s ( c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l , l i t e r a r y , e t c . ) and come out with damaging conclusions. 8.4.12

Lo-su yiieh-k' an

^

^

e d i t e d by Chiang-hsiieh she Shai 1921, monthly 1921, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .

((BertrandJ

Russell

Monthly),

^ ^ ^ p i (Lecture Society),

CP

(Nos. 1 and 2 are dated January and February (1001/6572)

Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o was p r e s i d e n t of the Chiang-hsüeh she, which acted as h o s t to Bertrand R u s s e l l on h i s l e c t u r e tour in China i n 1920 - 21. To make R u s s e l l ' s l e c t u r e s a v a i l a b l e to t h e r e a d i n g p u b l i c and t o s t i m u l a t e d i s c u s s i o n , t h e s o c i e t y

459

published this monthly during the period of Russell's stay. These translated lecture notes were prepared by students and edited by Chao Yuan-jen tä(Y. R. Chao), a member of the Society. The magazine indicates the contemporary Chinese enthusiasm for Russell, who counselled China to concentrate on mass education first rather than socialism. Y. R. Chao's article, "The spirit of Russell's philosophy",emphasizes what Russell had to say on logical methodology, which another distinguished visitor, John Dewey, had also emphasized. 8.4.13

"The

Chieh-fang yii kai-tsao and Reconstruction

Semi-Monthly,

hsiieh-hui

Emancipation

" edited by Pei-ching hsin-

(New learning society, Peking),

distributed through CH Shai, 1919 - (Vol. 2, No. 8 is dated April 1920),

fortnightly.

(9200/2071)

Published in the period when Marxism and other forms of socialism began to be in vogue, this magazine represented the early reaction of a widely varied group of people to these new foreign doctrines before further ramifications of opinion developed. The journal published the views of now widely divergent personalities: ^Chang Chiin-mai 3-f: ^ (Carsun Chang), Chou Fu-hai ^ tffo (traitor in the Nanking puppet government), Chang Tung-sun ^Jc f. fa , Ch'ü Ch' iu-po % jfc & (who became a Communist). New ideas from the West and especially from Russia were earnestly discussed. After Vol. 2, the magazine was reorganized and renamed Kai-tsao . 4.13.4.

8.5

INTELLECTUAL POLEMICS:

THE REVALUATION OF CHINESE CULTURE

Note: In this and the following section are documents on two major lines of discussion which absorbed much attention in the years following the May Fourth Movement. In this present section are a number of works which discuss the relative strength and weakness of Chinese and Western civilizations.

460

These f a l l roughly i n t o two groups: 1) the p h i l o s o p h i c a l d i s c u s s i o n of s c i e n c e s and philosophy of l i f e and 2) the d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e a t t i t u d e t o take toward W e s t e r n i z a t i o n , beginning with Liang Sou-ming's famous and provocative essay on Oriental and Western culture (8.5.4). 8.5.1

K'o-hsiieh yii jen-sheng-kuan and the philosophy t'u-shu kuan

of ^

^

j^f-

^

(Science

edited and published by Ya-tung

life),

l^J

ι Shai 1923, prefaces by Ch'en

Tu-hsiu and Hu Shih, 2 v o l s . , pp. several hundred.

(1008/1314)

In 1923, p e r i o d i c a l s in Peking (including Ch' ing-hua chou-k' an | ^ J · N u _ l i chou-pao t) i % % % . and T ' a i - p ' i n g - y a n g ή^. -j·^. ) became a f i e l d for i n t e l l e c tual polemics on a high plane - the discussion of the influence of s c i e n c e on the philosophy of l i f e , in which most of the eminent minds of the time p a r t i c i p a t e d : Chang Tung-sun, % % % , Ting Wen-chiang " f - j C ^ * (V. Κ. T i n g ) , Chang Chün-mai ^ f t (Carsun Chang), Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o ι Wu Chih-hui and a score of o t h e r s . The d i s c u s s i o n c e n t e r e d f i r s t on 'the q u e s t i o n how f a r s c i e n c e should a f f e c t o n e ' s view o f l i f e and soon developed into the problem of i d e a l i s m v s . m a t e r i a l i s m , with the overtone o f idealism vs. m a t e r i a l i s t i c determinism ( t h i s l a t t e r element was introduced i n t o the discussion p a r t i c u l a r l y by Ch'en Tuh s i u ) . U l i s symposium i s a reprint of those a r t i c l e s prefaced by two very able introductions by Ch'en Tu-hsiu and Hu Shih. While Hu advocated a philosophy o f l i f e which would contain i d e a l i s m , Ch'en i n s i s t e d t h a t both s c i e n c e and philosophy should be brought down to one r e a l i s t i c or m a t e r i a l i s t i c l e v e l . In general t h i s discussion served to define - from a student's point of view - the ideas of many leading i n t e l l e c t u a l s and threw a g r e a t d e a l o f l i g h t on t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l f a i t h o f modern Chinese s c i e n t i s t s l i k e V. K. Ting and philosophers l i k e Chang Tung-sun. 8.5.2

Chang Tung-sun "Science

^

, K'o-hsüeh yü che-hsUeh

and philosophy,

(1008/1354)

461

" C P Shai 1924, pp. 8 & 90.

This essay i s an o f f s h o o t of the d i s c u s s i o n of science and philosophy of l i f e in Peking i n t e l l e c t u a l c i r c l e s in 1923 (see 8 . 5 . 1 ) and c o n t a i n s c r i t i c i s m of the p o s i t i o n s taken by various thinkers. The a u t h o r c l a i m e d t h a t he c o u l d b e s t d e s c r i b e h i s own p h i l o s o p h i c s t a n d as " o b j e c t i v e i d e a l i s m . " See a l s o 8 . 7 . 2 f o r a l a t e r textbook by Chang. 8.5.3

Wu Ching-heng j j ^ t ^ · ,»u Chih-hui hsien-sheng wen-ts'un (Collected Qfiu Ching-heng)

),

essays

e d i t e d by Chou Y ü n - c h ' i n g )

r e l e a s e d through I - h s ü e h shu-chii ^ Press),

of Mr. Wu

S h a i 1925, 2 v o l s . ,

^^

^

Chih-hui »

1

,

(The Medical

pp. 340 & 134.

(5558/6349)

Wu C h i n g - h e n g (T. C h i h - h u i 1864 - ), a veteran Kuomintang l e a d e r , was once d e s c r i b e d by Dr. Hu Shih as a " y o u n g vanguard t h i n k e r . " His w r i t i n g s a r e many and cover many s u b j e c t s ; t h i s c o l l e c t i o n i n c l u d e s only a few of h i s p o l i t i c a l e s s a y s but many of h i s l i t e r a r y and p h i l o s o p h i c a l a r t i c l e s , i n c l u d i n g h i s famous e s s a y s on p h i l o s o p h y of l i f e (pp. 168 - 308). 8.5.4

Liang Sou-ming ^

V ^ , Tung-Hsi wen-hua chi ch' i che-hsileh "Civilization

of the Orient

and Occident,

philosophy

" l e c t u r e n o t e s compiled by Ch'en

Cheng f f c & Z . and Lo C h ' a n g - p ' e i ^ 7 & 215 & 66.

and

^

^

, CP Shai 1922, pp.

(1008/3933)

T h i s f u l l - l e n g t h t r e a t i s e on Western and E a s t e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n compared the v a l u e s of China and I n d i a with t h e West and r e p r e s e n t e d a r e a c t i o n t o the a d m i r a t i o n of Western ways which had culminated in t h e May Fourth i n t e l l e c t u a l movement. I t i s an h i s t o r i c a l l y important work which foreshadowed the d i s c u s s i o n of the question of Westernization in the 1920's. Liang had been a Buddhist in h i s e a r l y manhood, turned a p r o f e s s e d C o n f u c i a n and h e r e became a champion of t r a d i t i o n a l

462

China. He denounced the passivity of Buddhism and the materialism of the West and thought Confucianism superior as a philosophy of l i f e . Liang's work was controversial and led to much discussion. He also championed a rural educational movement of a "Chinese type" in opposition to Western "democraticcapitalism." In the 1930's Liang became a pioneer in experimental e f f o r t s at rural reconstruction through the revival of community l i f e in the v i l l a g e , and in the 1940's a leader of the Democratic League. 8.5.5

L i a n g Sou-ming "C?

"5C

Sou-ming s a - c h ' ien w e n - l u

"Liang Sou-ming's

Shai 1923, pp. 2 & 252. wen-lu positions

pp. 2 & 290.

essays

(5558/3933);

^ written

after

Essays

"Liang Thirty

(1915 - 1922), "

also:

CP

Sou-ming sa-hou

Sou-ming's

Literary

Com-

Years of Age, " C P Shai 1930;

(5558/3933.2)

These c o l l e c t i o n s r e p r i n t a wide v a r i e t y of e a r l y ( t o t a l 35) on academic and i n t e l l e c t u a l topics, by

the author o f Tung-Hsi wen-hua chi ch' i che-hstieh. 8.5.6

Chang T z u - y a *||j3

\%

%k.

, J u - c h i a o yii h s i e n - t a i

"Confucianism

ssu-ch'ao

and modern thought, "

Kuo-hsiieh h s i a o - t s ' ung-shu

"Student's

Chinese Classics S e r i e s , " CP Shai 1924, pp. 84.

(1042/8217)

This l i t t l e volume argued that on the whole there are elements in Confucianism which w i l l be found consistent with trends in modern thought - which the author s p e c i f i e s as democracy, utilitarianism, subjectism, individualism and pacifism. I t i s no doubt s i g n i f i c a n t that such views, printed in 1924 and reprinted in 1926, came at the height of the Nationalist movement.

463

8.5.7

Yang M i n g - c h a i " f ^ ^ Western

vSb "

5

Γ , Ρ ' i n g C h u n g - i l s i wen-hua kuan C

(

civilizations),

P e i p i n g 1924, pp. 330.

A

critique

of

views

on Chinese

and

p u b l i s h e d by Li Chen-sheng (1008/4260)

T h i s i s a c r i t i c a l work of p o s s i b l e r e f e r e n c e v a l u e i n which t h e a u t h o r d i s p u t e s a l m o s t p o i n t by p o i n t t h e arguments c o n t a i n e d i n t h r e e w i d e l y r e a d w o r k s on c u l t u r a l p r o b l e m s : 1) L i a n g S o u - m i n g ' s Tung-Hsi wen-hua c h i c h ' i che-hsiieh •^L^'Csfk. ^ (The civilizations of the Orient and the Occident and their philosophies), 2) L i a n g C h ' i - c h ' a o ' s Hsien-ch' i n c h e n g - c h i h s s u - h s i a n g s h i h 'jjfr (A history of political thought of the pre-Ch'in era), and 3) Chang H s i n g - y e n ' s ^ Nung-kuo p i e n ^ (Arguments for an agricultural state). The a u t h o r a t t a c k s , i n t e r a l i a , L i a n g S o u - m i n g ' s m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g of C h r i s t i a n i t y , Liang C h ' i - c h ' a o ' s w i s h f u l t h i n k i n g in r e g a r d t o a n c i e n t C h i n e s e d e m o c r a t i c t h o u g h t , and Chang H s i n g - y e n ' s i g n o r a n c e of f a c t s concerning production. 8.5.8

Chiang T ' i n g - f u

F. T s i a n g ) ,

c h i a t i c h i h - t u k a i - k o kuan "N^

j f j ^

(The views of modern historians

Ch' i n g - h u a hsiieh-pao V^J ^

^

Hsien-chin shih-

^

k*)

ffii

on institutional

%% "The

Tsing

Vol. 2, No. 2, December 1925, pp. 593 - 608.

^ change),

Hua journal,

"

(9200/34, No. 2)

T h i s a r t i c l e by D r . T s i a n g , a l e a d i n g h i s t o r i a n o f C h i n e s e modern f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s , h e l p e d t o p r e c i p i t a t e w i d e s p r e a d d i s c u s s i o n of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l problem of i n s t i t u t i o n a l change, p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t s i n c e t h e development o f t h e economic i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of h i s t o r y , and t h e o r i e s of e v o l u t i o n and s o c i a l psychology, i t i s no l o n g e r p o s s i b l e t o have a s i m p l e f a i t h i n t h e t r a n s p l a n t i n g of c i v i l i z a t i o n s ( a s i n n o c e n t l y h e l d by V o l t a i r e , R o u s s e a u and R o m a n t i c i s t s ) . Dr. Tsiang's other w r i t i n g s (Chung-kuo c h i n - t a i s h i h , 2 . 1 . 1 , and numerous a r t i c l e s

464

in Tu-li ρ*ing-lun,4.13.10) developed his ideas o£ institutional changes which are historically possible in modern China. 8.5.9

Ch'en Hsü-ching

ff &

ψ

^

jf^J

^

, Chung-kuo wen-hua ti ch'u-lu (The way out for Chinese civiliza-

tion), CP Shai 1934, pp. 145 & 145.

(2470/7902)

Dr. Ch'en Hsü-ching, a Western-trained political scientist and sociologist, well known in China as an academic administrator, took his stand in the 1930's as a staunch champion of Westernization, advocating ch'üan-p'an hsi-hua ^ T » (total Westernization). This book presents his theoretical justification of his position and also refers widely to current opinions on the subject of Westernization. Ulis subject may also be pursued through the many articles by Mr. Ch'en and others, in the weekly journal Tu-li p'ing-lun (4.13.10), especially in 1935 when it was much debated. "-"if tJV ping

^

jfj)

, Chung-kuo wen-hua yii Chung-kuo ti ψ

®

kty Sfc

(Chinese civilization

and Chinese soldiery), Wen-shih ts'ung-shu (Literary and historical series),

CP Changsha 1940, pp. 238.

(2470/1633) A collection of historical essays most of which appeared earlier in Ch'ing-hua hsiieh-pao (see below 9.2.2) and Shehui k'o-hsfieh (9.2.13), this book presents an interpretation of Chinese history which represents a current intellectual trend. Dr. Lei is extremely critical of the Chinese record since the Han Empire, after which he believes Chinese civilization lost the martial spirit formerly to be seen in the chivalrous and militant personalities depicted in the Tso-chuan. He gives an interesting analysis of dynastic change and a theory of two real " c y c l e s " in Chinese history (in the Spenglerian sense).

465

8.6

INTELLECTUAL POLEMICS:

THE NATURE OP CHINESE SOCIETY

Note: The "nature" of Chinese society became a subject of partisan political significance when Trotskyites and Stalinites each tried to justify their view of revolutionary method in China by a theory of history. In general the Trotskyites seem to have held that Chinese society was already approaching a capitalist phase while the Stalinites believed that it was still nearer to a feudal society. For partison literature on this subject, including works by Li Li-san Ch'iu-poj^ i3 and some Russian writers, see Wang Li-hsi's introductory essay in Tu-shu tsa-chih (8.6.6), Vol. 1, No. 4 5. In the late'twenties and early'thirties this topic became the focus of a lively debate participated in by T'ao Hsi-sheng (see Hsin sheng-ming, 8.6.1; also his Chung-kuo she-hui yii Chung-kuo ko-ming, 2.2.10), Chou Ku-ch'eng (see 2.2.7), Chu Hsin-fan (see 2.2.5), Li Chi % , et al. Kuo Mo-jo's Chung-kuo ku-tai she-hui yen-chiu (8.6.5) was one of the most important books in the debate. The following is a list of relevant works and periodicals found in the H. U. library; they indicate several facets of this subject (beginning with early Kuomintang views), but do not by any means cover it. 8.6.1

Hsin sheng-ming

"The New Life, " edited and published

by Hsin sheng-ming yiieh-k'an she, Shai 1928 - (Vol. 3 is dated 1930),

monthly.

(9200/0228)

With a preface in the first issue by Ch'en Pu-lei "ify ^ , later one of Chiang Kai-shek's chief secretaries, this magazine of discussion was produced by a group of Kuomintang intellectuals. Many articles are on the Principle of Livelihood (Min-sheng chu-i) and on Chinese society; a frequent contributor was T'ao Hsi-sheng ^ , who published here his major views on the latter subject. (These articles were published in book form in Chung-kuo she-hui yii Chung-kuo ko-ming (2.2.10), and Chung-kuo she-hui chih shihti fen-hsi ^ iL'd'l ^ (Historical analysis of Chinese^society; )). One of the chief editors, Chou Fu-hai 1®) ,later went over to the Japanese with Wang Ching-wei. Other contributors included P'an Kung-chan

466

ϊ^ρ ffik. a n d Tai C h i - t ' a o . The various p o l i t i c a l topics discussed in these a r t i c l e s no doubt indicate the contemporary views of the Kuomintang leadership. 8.6.2

Hu Han-min

^

, Wei-wu shih-kuan yii lun-li chih yen-chiu i f iL

ialist

interpretation

$

of history

Ch'ang-ku

(A study of

the

edited by Huang

and ethics),

(preface dated October 1925),

1927, pp. 4 & 306.

uater-

MC Shai

(4290/4237)

Six very interesting essays on Marx and the materialist i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of h i s t o r y , Mencius and s o c i a l i s m , economics and the family system, e t c . with p a r t i c u l a r reference to the inadequacies of Confucian ethics. 8. C. 3

Hu Han-min yen-chiu f ialistic

^ if] %

,Chung-kuo che-hsiieh-shih chih wei-wu t i ^

&

study of the history

kuo kuo-min-tang ts'ung-k'an Kuomintang s e r i e s ) ,

of Chinese rf

(A

Chung-

philosophy), % %

\§J ^ ^

^J

Chung-kuo wen-hua fu-wu she ^

(China cultural service),

nater-

(China ^

Chungking 1940, pp.

1 & 116.

This i s a reprint of three early essays of Hu Han-min (written about 1920), developing the m a t e r i a l i s t i c interpretation of history and his own s o c i a l i s t ideas. 8.6.4

Chu Chih-hsin

tff.

chih yen-chiu # whether

there

Φ

et

a1·.

Φ] j l

Ohing-t'ien chih-tu yu-wu rfj

&ff

was or was not a "Ching-1'ien"

467

(A study system),

of

Hua-

t ' u n g shu-chü

, Shai 1930, pp. 147.

(4396/4233)

A f t e r Hu Han-min p u b l i s h e d h i s Chuns-kuo che-hsüeh-shih chih wei-wu ti yen-chiu (see 8.6.3), a l i v e l y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e developed among Kuomintang l e a d e r s l i k e Chu Chih-hsin and Liao Chung-k'ai and i n c l u d i n g s c h o l a r s l i k e Hu Shih ^ ^ , a s t o whether the a n c i e n t f e u d a l f i e l d arrangement known as t h e " c h i n g - t ' i e n " system had r e a l l y e x i s t e d . This d i s c u s s i o n was a phase of t h e e a r l y polemics on t h e n a t u r e of Chinese study. 8.0.5

, Chung-kuo ku-tai she-hui yen*chiu t j 2

Kuo Mo-jo

(4 study

of

ancient

Chinese

society),

H s i e n - t a i , S h a i 1929, 4 t h p r i n t i n g 1931, pp. 8 &

313 & 28.

(4131/0234 B)

Kuo Mo-jo made one c o n t r i b u t i o n t o modern i n t e l l e c t u a l h i s t o r y by h i s attempt t o apply Marxist d i a l e c t i c s t o t h e study of a n c i e n t China. U l i s book p u b l i s h e d in 1929 i s almost t h e f i r s t s e r i o u s work of t h e k i n d and led t o numerous s i m i l a r s t u d i e s in t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r s . Claiming t o have w r i t t e n a second volume (hsfi-pien f ^ & j f e ) t o E n g e l ' s book on The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Kuo used o r a c l e bones, bronzes and t h e Book of P o e t r y t o prove t h a t a n c i e n t China was a f e u d a l s o c i e t y . In t h e e a r l y 1 9 3 0 ' s t h i s book provoked renewed i n t e r e s t in the " polemic^ on s o c i a l h i s t o r y " ( S h e - h u i - s h i h lun-chan ^ ^ J ^ / f ä ^ f t ) in which Li Ta an , T'ao Hsi-sheng f a i / ^ d others participated. 8.6.6

Tu-shu tsa-chih ^ ^ ^ by Wang L i - h s i

reader's

magazine),

and Lu C h i n g - c h ' i n g f ^

edited fg

,

Shen-chou kuo-kuang she SI 2, No. 7 - 8 i s d a t e d August 1932),

fe

. Shai 1931 - (Vol. monthly.

(9200/0500)

This j o u r n a l of new thought i n c l u d e d psychology, a r t , economics, l i t e r a t u r e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s w i t h i n i t s

468

c o s m o p o l i t a n purview and s e r v e d f o r a time as a forum f o r d i s c u s s i o n s of t h a t d i s p u t e d t o p i c , t h e n a t u r e of C h i n e s e society. In t h r e e s p e c i a l i s s u e s on " p o l e m i c s on C h i n e s e social history" (Vol. 1, No. 4 - 5 ; Vol. 2, No. 2 - 3 ; Vol. 2, No. 7 - 8 ) , a r t i c l e s by Chu H s i n - f a n % ^ f f - ^ j f , T'ao Hsi-sheng % ^ > ^ i Chi ^ % e t a l . pushed t h e d i s c u s s i o n f u r t h e r . These s p e c i a l i s s u e s e n j o y e d a very wide s a l e (Vol. 1, No. 4 - 5 was r e p r i n t e d t h r e e times i n a few weeks) and a r e s i g n i f i c a n t documents. I n t r o d u c t o r y e s s a y s by the e d i t o r , Wang L i - h s i , suirmarize the i s s u e s of the d i s c u s s i o n . 8.C.7

L i L i - j e n % C 7C. (Literature shih -Ji; 'fyji hsi

December 1934),

e d i t e d by Wu Ch'eng-

, published by Chung-kuo hsüeh-yuan kuo-hsüeh-

1® J f ? P & ®

China C o l l e g e ) ,

and history),

^

&

(Department of Chinese S t u d i e s ,

P e i p i n g 1934 - (Vol. 1, No. 4 i s bimonthly.

dated

(9200/0454)

This j o u r n a l presented d i s c u s s i o n s of Chinese s o c i a l h i s t o r y , including several a r t i c l e s ( a f t e r Vol. 1, No. 3) by Ch'en P o - t a Yjp τ® jfj^ 1 who l a t e r became one of the Chinese Corrmunist p a r t y ' s leading propaganda w r i t e r s ( s e e h i s c r i t i q u e of China's Destiny, and h i s book on the-Four Big Families, etc.). 8.6.10

llsin she-hui t s a - c h i h

Society

magazine),

e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by Hsin s h e - h u i t s a - c h i h she, P e i p i n g 1931 - (Vol. 1, No. 5 i s d a t e d June 1, 1931),

fortnightly.

(9200/0380) Edited by a group of "mental workers" (see p r e f a c e , Vol. 1, No. 1 ) , t h i s magazine devoted i t s e l f to the study and propagation of Marxism and i s an example of s e v e r a l s i m i l a r j o u r n a l s in the 1 9 3 0 ' s . Numerous t r a n s l a t i o n s were included (Vol. 1, No. 3, has an a r t i c l e on economic policy by E. Varga) and a r t i c l e s d e a l t with the Russian f i v e year plan, the Japanese economy, and v a r i o u s p h i l o s o p h i c a l a s p e c t s of d i a l e c t i c a l materialism.

8.7

PHILOSOPHY Note: This s e c t i o n i n c l u d e s leading p h i l o s o p h i c a l j o u r n a l s , one or two books on philosophy and the h i s t o r y of philosophy, and some m i s c e l l a n e o u s i t e m s . We do not i n c l u d e P r o f e s s o r Chin J i i e h - l i n ^ (Y. L. C h i n ) ' s important work, Lun tao the Tao), which was not published u n t i l 1941

470

(1590/8171). We also do not include s p e c i a l i z e d h i s t o r i c a l studies of t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese thought. For Chinese Marxist approaches to philosophy,see the bibliography of 0. B r i e r e , "L'effort de la philosophic Marxiste en Chine, "Bulletin de l'Universite I'Aurore, 1947 - 3, Tome 8, N°3, Shai, pp. 309 47. Among Marxist philosophical writers before 1937, the most important apparently were L i Ta ffi , Yeh Qh'ing , Ai Ssu-ch'i "SC. % % and T'an Fu-chih "f^? ^ ; see also items above in section 8.6. 8.7.1

Feng Yu-lan

Z&jjL'^

(History

, Chung-kuo che-hsüeh shih

of Chinese philosophy), (University s e r i e s ) ,

1041 & 19.

^

Ta-hsüeh ts'ung-shu CP Shai 1934, pp. 31 &

(1011/3244.2)

This h i s t o r i c a l survey and analysis of t r a d i t i o n a l Chinese thought represents the farthest point yet reached in modern Chinese philosophical scholarship, embodying both an understanding of the Chinese classical tradition and knowledge of the Western philosophical tradition. Professor Derk Bodde's translation, A history of Chinese philosophy (Peiping 1937), covers the f i r s t half of the book, and has been continued in a r t i c l e s in the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Vol. 7, Nos. 1 - 2 , A p r i l - July, 1942,and l a t e r ) . On the basis of his studies of Chinese philosophy Professor Feng, who i s now dean of the C o l l e g e of A r t s at Tsing Hua U n i v e r s i t y , has developed a philosophic system of his own, set forth in a series of books written during the war; Hsin li-hsiieh « f ί ί ψ , on metaphysics, Changsha 1939; Hsin shih-hsiin ,on pract i c a l ethics, Shai 1940; Hsin shih-lun ^ f f T j ? ! ^ , on social and p o l i t i c a l philosophy, Changsha 1940. A further volume on the theory of knowledge has recently been published. 8.7.2

Chang Tung-sun (Moral philosophy),

. Tao-te che-hsiieh ")1§ CH Shai 1931, pp. 25 & 647.

^

^

^

(1669/1354)

This i s a textbook history of Western moral philosophy by a professor of philosophy at Yenching University who has

471

been C h i n a ' s l e a d i n g p h i l o s o p h i c a l Democratic League. T h i s volume e a r l y views. P r o f e s s o r Chang has t h i n g s in problems of m a t e r i a l i s t pien-cheng-fa lun-chan of materialist dialectics), Shai 1924 ( 8 . 5 . 2 ) . 8.7.3

Che-hsüeh ^

"Philosophia,

hsüeh s h e ,

r a d i c a l and a member o f t h e i n d i c a t e s s o m e t h i n g of h i s been i n t e r e s t e d among o t h e r d i a l e c t i c s ; s e e h i s W'ei-wu (The polemics 1934. See a l s o h i s e s s a y of

" e d i t e d and p u b l i s h e d by Che-

"The Philosophical Association, " Peking

1921 - (No. 6 i s d a t e d June 1922),

irregular.

(1001/5700.2)

E d i t e d by P r o f e s s o r Fu Tung Ί ^ " » ] ^ ] , t h i s magazine i s a document from what we may term t h e f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n of modern Chinese p h i l o s o p h i c a l s c h o l a r s . Most of the a r t i c l e s (notably t h o s e by Hsü P i n g - c h ' a n g 'Xtfe·?)1^ ) t a k e up s u b j e c t s from Western philosophy - B e r t r a n d R u s s e l l was a f a v o r i t e s u b j e c t but a few a r t i c l e s on a new i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a n c i e n t Chinese p h i l o s o p h y a l s o a p p e a r e d , such a s t h o s e by L i a n g C h ' i - c h ' a o , who was no doubt a g u i d i n g s p i r i t of t h e j o u r n a l . 8. 7.4

Che-hsüeh ρ' ing-lun

>p Iff

e d i t e d by Chung-kuo che-hsüeh h u i of C h i n a ) , 1927

Review,

(The P h i l o s o p h i c a l S o c i e t y

p u b l i s h e d i n t e r m i t t e n t l y by 9 p u b l i s h e r s

( s e e i n s i d e c o v e r of V o l .

bimonthly.

"The Phi losophical

8, No. 1 ,

since

f o r May 1 9 4 3 ) ,

(1001/5700)

This i s the l e a d i n g p h i l o s o p h i c a l j o u r n a l in China, which s i n c e i t s i n a u g u r a t i o n i n 1927 h a s been m a i n t a i n e d y e a r a f t e r y e a r in s p i t e of a l l d i f f i c u l t i e s a s an o u t l e t f o r t h e work of l e a d i n g p h i l o s o p h e r s and l o g i c i a n s - s u c h a s Y ^ L . Chin, (Chin Y ü e h - l i n K , - ^ , Chang Tung-sun , Feng Yu-lan , Hsü P i n g - c h ' a n g tftfc^ - H° L l n Ύ ifjfe , T ' a n g Y u n g - t ' u n g # , t o name b u t a few. The j o u r n a l has p u b l i s h e d many i m p o r t a n t a r t i c l e s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e achievements of modern Chinese p h i l o s o p h i c a l s t u d i e s .

472

"

8.7.5

Che-hsiieh l u n - t s ' u n g , t i - i - c h i (Philosophical

essays,

first

ta-hsüeh che-hsiieh hui

%

^f?

t>b

^p ^

University Philosophical Association), shu-tien

e d i t e d by P e i - c h i n g

collection),

^f? ^

(Peking

published by Chu-che

Peiping 1933, pp. 2 & 278. (1005/1457)

This volume shows the type of philosophical s t u d i e s conducted at Peking National U n i v e r s i t y in the 1920's. I t contains essays on the h i s t o r y of Chinese philosophy by Hu Shih, Ch'ien M u ^ ' ^ f .T'ang Yung-t'ung >§ Jfl , Ma Hsu-lun ' a n d 4 others. 8.7.6

Min-to t s a - c h i h bell

monthly),

"Min- toh month ly" e d i t e d by Min-to t s a - c h i h she

published by Hsüeh-shu yen-chiu hui ^ ^ ^

(People's

(Academic research s o c i e t y ) ,

^ff

distributed by CP Shai 1923 -

(Vol. 9, No. 5 i s dated November 1928),

monthly.

(9200/7800)

A magazine of a r t i c l e s on philosophical and other ideas ( l i t e r a r y , e t h i c a l and what not), run by a group of Shanghai w r i t e r s and s c h o l a r s . Of possible value as i n d i c a t i n g the v a r i e t y of new i n t e l l e c t u a l i n t e r e s t s developed during the 1920's. 8.7.7

I-pan (In general), hsüeh-yuan

ί ί - ^ ^

e d i t e d and published by L i - t a , Shai 1926 - (No. 4 i s dated

December 5, 1926), monthly. (9200/1024) A magazine of essays (and book reviews) of p h i l o sophical or l i t e r a r y i n t e r e s t , edited by a Shanghai i n t e l l e c tual group. The w r i t e r s , mostly magazine editors and professors, include Hsia Mien-tsun ^ i j and Sun Fu-hsi ·

473

8.7.8

, Che-hsiieh

Fan P i n g - c h ' i n g

^ J ^ -

"Dictionary

1008 & 25.

of Philosophy,

tz'u-tien

ty

^

" CP Shai 1926, pp. 71 &

(1006/4393)

This is a useful dictionary of Chinese philosophical terms and similar Western terms translated into Chinese with an English-Chinese index.

8.8

RELIGIOUS

IDEAS

Note: The Harvard Library has not attempted to make a selection from the massive literature produced by Christian churches in China, and in this bibliography we have not tried to survey the L i b r a r y ' s numerous publications on modern Buddhism and Taoism. Hence we cannot include here a section on r e l i g i o n in modern China. Following are three items published by the Y.M.C.A., which r e f l e c t views of leading Chinese Christians, and a Catholic item. For a f u l l e r l i s t of works on the social aspects of C h r i s t i a n i t y in China, see the bibliography and notes in Wen-han Kiang v i , The Chinese student movement, Ν. Υ . , 1948, especially his l i s t of Christian periodicals, and the book by Chang Ch'in-shih (Neander C.S. Chang),

Kuo-nei c h i n - s h i h - n i e n - l a i chih tsung-chiao ssu-ch' ao

(The tide of religious thought in China during the last decade), The North China Union Language School, Peking 1927. 8.8.1

Wu L e i - c h ' u a n

jfj-

llj

^ culture),

, C h i - t u chiao yii Chung-kuo wen-hua

I f

(Christianity

and Chinese

Ch'ing-nien hsieh-hui shu-chü

(Y.M.C.A. National Association Press), Shai new printing 1940. Mr. Wu, a former president of Yenching U n i v e r s i t y , attempts in this book a synthesis of Christian and Chinese cultural values, an e f f o r t symptomatic of one school of thought among the modern generation of Chinese Christians.

474

8.8.2

Chao Tzu-ch'en -^H ^ Jesus),

^

, Yeh-su chuan

Ch' ing-nien hsieh-hui shu-cbu

(Y.M.C.A. N a t i o n a l

^

tff

ffi/]^·

(Life

J^- " f ^

Association Press),

Shai

of

^ 1934

(?).

Dr. T. C. Chao has been dean of the College of Religion o f Yenching U n i v e r s i t y and a l e a d e r o f C h i n e s e C h r i s t i a n thought, versed in both Chinese philosophy and Western theology. This well w r i t t e n l i f e o f J e s u s has been c r e d i t e d with much o r i g i n a l i t y . Dr. Chao has r e c e n t l y published his Pao-lo chuan ß i f e of Paul) and another book on the philosophy of C h r i s t i a n i t y . 8.8.3

Wu Yao-tsung ^ gospel),

^

, She-hui fu-yin

%

(Social

Ch'ing-nien hsieh-hui shu-chü

(Y.M.C.A. National Association P r e s s ) ,

Shai 1934.

Dr. Wu, a former n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y o f the Y.M.C.A., and a t r a n s l a t o r o f Gandhi's autobiography i n t o Chinese, in t h i s book a d v o c a t e s C h r i s t i a n devotion t o the s o c i a l good. Dr. Wu has been a leader among C h r i s t i a n and e s p e c i a l l y Y.M.C.A. workers in contemporary China. 8.8.4

P' an-shih t s a - c h i h " ^ ^ z %M%!!&'(The Rock magazine),

edited

by P'an-shih t s a - c h i h she, published by I - s h i h - p a o Ί^) T i e n t s i n , 1933 -

,

, l a t e r edited by Chung-hua Kung-chiao chin-

hsingJiui ch'ing-nien-pu

^

^

(Chinese s o c i e t y f o r the advancement o f C a t h o l i c i s m , department), Peiping

youth

published by Chung-hua Kung-chiao c h i n - h s i n g - h u i ,

(Vol. 3, No. 10 i s dated December 1 9 3 5 ) ,

(9200/2616)

475

monthly.

A popular magazine on secular s u b j e c t s , published under the auspices of the Catholic Church. A r t i c l e s by the present Archbishop Yü Pin ^ , touch upon p o l i t i c a l and social topics. There i s a s p e c i a l s e c t i o n of news of the C a t h o l i c u n i v e r s i t y in P e i p i n g ( F u - j e n ta-hsüeh Sip ) and news of church a c t i v i t i e s from a l l parts of China.

8.9

OLD-STYLE

LITERATURE,

1898

-

1917

Note: For l i t e r a t u r e ( b e l l e s l e t t r e s ) of this period one must s t i l l go to the collected essays and poetry published in the t r a d i t i o n a l s t y l e , of which H. U. Library has a considerable number. Many of these c o l l e c t i o n s , l i k e those of Wang Kuo-wei, Ch'en Pao-chen ° r Chang P i n g - l i n (see above, 8 . 4 ) , are of some h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t ; we l i s t Wang K u o - w e i ' s Jen-kuei chi (8.9.2) as an example. We a l s o include an item on Lin Shu, the famous l i t e r a r y t r a n s l a t o r , and two l i t e r a r y p e r i o d i c a l s which i l l u s t r a t e popular taste before dominance o f pai-hua l i t e r a t u r e . This i s , o f course,a very small selection of samples. 8.9.1

Shang-hai t i

Hu H u a i - c h e n ^

^fr ^^

UfJ

Shanghai),

(Academic

Shang-hai-shih

\H r f e ^ ( G a z e t t e e r 1935, pp. 1 & 125.

hsüeh-i

and literary

t* uan-t* i

organizations

t ' u n g - c h i h kuan

of

J > " ψ

o f f i c e o f the c i t y of Shanghai),

Shai

(3069/2135.4)

E s p e c i a l l y valuable f o r i t s l i s t (including b r i e f h i s t o r i e s ) of the various l i t e r a r y organizations in Shanghai during the l a s t years of the Ch'ing dynasty. 8.9.2

Wang Kuo-wei of 1912 - 13),

\ , Jen-kuei chi Kyoto, Japan, undated, pp. 15.

(Collection (5552.4/6045)

U l i s volume of poetry by the famous c l a s s i c a l scholar Wang Kuo-wei i l l u s t r a t e s the genuine g r i e f f e l t by many

476

t r a d i t i o n a l s c h o l a r - o f f i c i a l s when the Manchu Dynasty f e l l and the i m p e r i a l system was replaced by Republicanism. When Wang drowned h i m s e l f i n t h e l a k e i n t h e I - h o Yuan ( t h e Sunnier Palace) i n 1927, he was s a i d t o have died a martyr f o r a bygone c u l t u r e ; t h e s e same s e n t i m e n t s and h i s d e e p e t h i c a l attachment t o t h e monarchy a r e p r o f u s e l y e x p r e s s e d in t h e s e poems w r i t t e n in 1912 - 13. 8.9.3

Lin S h u ^ - ^ ^ W e i - l u w e n - c h i ^ ^ - ^ ^ of Wei La (Lin Shu)),

(Collected

6th p r i n t i n g 1925

f j ^ Z-

(Collected

1924, pp. 81

(1916),

essays

essays

of

Wei-lu,

pp. 66; Wei-lu s a n - c h i

of Wei-lu,

3rd

(5534.4/6002); Wei-lu s h i h - t s ' u n

"Poems, " 1923, pp. 37.

essays

12th p r i n t i n g CP Shai 1927 (1910), pp.

79; Wei-lu hsii-chi ^ continued),

(Collected

collection), ^ / f f ^ ·

(5534.2/6004)

These miscellaneous essays of the famous t r a n s l a t o r of Western n o v e l s cover s u b j e c t s from p o l i t i c s t o f l o w e r s and women and a f f o r d some i n s i g h t i n t o the p e r s o n a l i t y of a t r a d i t i o n a l l i t e r a r y man who could have w r i t t e n Chinese works in t h e s t y l e of t h e Western Chamber, but i n s t e a d t r a n s l a t e d S i r Walter S c o t t and Balzac. L i n ' s poems a r e in t r a d i t i o n a l s t y l e and b e l o n g t o a world e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t of t h e Western novels he t r a n s l a t e d . See a l s o item 8 . 2 . 4 . 8.9.4

Min-ch' iian su

(Essentials

e d i t e d by L i n T ' i e h - l e n g Ifa % ^

of the people's ^

and C h i a n g C h u - c h ' a o

- p u b l i s h e d by Min-ch'Üan c h ' u - p a n pu ^ ^ j j |

( P e o p l e ' s r i g h t s p u b l i s h i n g company), (chi 16 i s dated March 1916), monthly.

rights),

^

Shai 1914 -

published i r r e g u l a r l y and l a t e r

(5202/7445)

477

This i s a l i t e r a r y magazine popular before the pai-hua movement of 1917. I t s contents are i n t e r e s t i n g both f o r l i t e r a r y form and for subject matter. Inspired no doubt by Chang T ' a i - y e n -^kl. , who wrote leading pieces f o r i t occasionally, this journal always used a picture of a typically Chinese beauty on the cover and published both poetry (shih and t z ' u ) and short stories on the themes of p a t r i o t ism and romantic love. In a regular department, "Ming-chu" ^ (Famous w r i t i n g s ) , were printed selected pieces mainly by famous reformers and revolutionaries (including T'an T s ' a i ch'ang Ή , T'an Ssu-t'ung •§& ( f ) and Tai Chi-t'ao

fifr»>·

8.9.5

Hsiao-shuo shih-chieh ^ ^ ( j ^ J f ^ - "The Story by Yeh Ch'in-feng ^

^

World, " edited

j f l , Hu Chi-ch'en-£fl

et a l . ,

CP Shai 1923 - (Vol. 14, No. 25 i s dated December 17, 1926), (5731/9046) Appealing to the more general taste without attempting much a r t i s t i c creation, this popular weekly published by the Conmercial Press provided entertaining reading for the growing urban population. The magazine seems t o have continued the tradition of the early Hsiao-shuo yiieh-pao (see 8.11.1) a f t e r the l a t t e r became a f i e l d for l i t e r a r y experimentation in the 1920's.

8.10

THE NEW LITERATURE:

GENERAL

SURVEYS

Note: For the f i r s t ten years of the new literature movement, 1917 - 27, the most important publication i s Chung-kuo hsinwen-hsileh ta-hsi (8.10.1). See especially the introductions to the various volumes and " H i s t o r i c a l sources: indices" (Vol. 10). We also l i s t a few books summarizing trends in the l i t e r a r y world up t o the 1930's which are u s e f u l aids f o r survey purposes. Indexes and yearbooks are at the end. 8.10.1

Chung-kuo hsin-wen-hsiieh t a - h s i

478

"yC

(A corpus of China's

new literature),

t i - i chi "^'"JjL

(First collection),

1917 - 1927, e d i t e d by Chao C h i a - p i

, p r e f a c e by T s ' a i Y u a n - p ' e i , Liang«yu, 10 v o l s . , Shai 1935 - 36.

(5235/4837)

H i i s ambitious c o l l e c t i o n was planned as an h i s t o r i c a l record of the f i r s t ten years of C h i n a ' s new l i t e r a r y movement. I t s c o n t e n t s a r e a r r a n g e d under 8 h e a d i n g s i n 10 volumes. While Vol. 10 ( H i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l and index) i s most valuable from the b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l p o i n t of view, the r e s t of the volumes form an unusually well chosen corpus of modern l i t e r a t u r e , as i s e v i d e n t from the c a l i b r e of t h e e d i t o r s of the r e s p e c t i v e volumes and the scope of t h e i r work. I. Chien-she l i - l u n chi % (Theoretical bases of (literary) reconstruction), e d i t e d and with i n t r o d u c t i o n by Hu S h i h - £ $ ^ ^ , pp. 18 & 389. P r e s e n t s 24 essays d e b a t i n g the use of the pai-hua s t y l e and 25 on the new l i t e r a t u r e , i t s s p i r i t and s t y l e . The " h i s t o r i c a l i n t r o d u c t i o n " (29 p p . ) i s r e a l l y a chapter of Hu S h i h ' s autobiography n o t p u b l i s h e d e l s e w h e r e . E s s a y i s t s i n c l u d e Hu S h i h , C h ' e n T u - h s i u , Chou T s o - j e n , Fu S s u - n i e n , C h ' i e n H s u a n - t ' u n g ^ ( j \S) e t a l . I I . Wen-hsüeh lun-chene chi ^ L ^ ^ %. (Literary polemics), e d i t e d and with i n t r o d u c t i o n by Cheng Chen-to ^ i f l M f . PP· 30 & 441. (5235/4837); S e l e c t e d by a l e a d ing l i t e r a r y s c h o l a r and magazine e d i t o r , t h i s volume p r e s e n t s over 100 a r t i c l e s of d i s p u t a t i o n between t h e p r o p o n e n t s and c r i t i c s of the new l i t e r a r y movement, arranged by p e r i o d s and groups: the a t t a c k led by Hu Shih, Ch'en Tu-hsiu and o t h e r s ; t h e c o u n t e r - a t t a c k s of w r i t e r s i n t h e Hsiieh-heng group and Chia-yin (1914) group; essays of w r i t e r s l i k e Mao Tun, Cheng C h e n - t o , and Ch'en Fang-wu /fö ^ i n the L i t e r a r y Research Society (Wen-hsüeh y e n - c h i u h u i ) and C r e a t i o n Society (Ch'uang-tsao s h e ) ; and debates over the new pai-hua p o e t r y , old versus new novels, and t h e reform of t h e Chinese theater.

479

I I I . Hsiao-shuo i-chi — ^ (Short stories, 1st collection), e d i t e d and with i n t r o d u c t i o n by Mao Tun % ff$ , PP. 37 & 578. Edited by Shen Yen-ping J,>iß» (Mao Tun) who together with Cheng Chen-to was a leader of the Wen-hsüeh yen-chiu hui in t h i s e a r l y period, t h i s c o l l e c t i o n i s c h i e f l y l i m i t e d t o t h i s group and covers such authors as Ping-hsin , Yeh Shao-chiin S ^ J , Wang T'ung-chao lU

),

. Lo-hua-sheng z f c £ ( o r Hsü T i - s h a n - f f e t a l . Some 30 authors are represented.

IV. Hsiao-shuo er-chi iJ^iHk^'i^ (Short stories, 2nd collection), e d i t e d and with i n t r o d u c t i o n by Lu Hsin ι PP· 23 & 4 2 2 . Lu Hsin, although n o t a member o f Wen-hsüeh y e n - c h i u h u i , headed a s e c t i o n o f t h a t s o c i e t y , mostly w r i t e r s in Peking, who wrote profusely for Hsin Ch' ingnien, Hsin-ch'ao, Ch'en-pao fu-k'an fa (Literary supplement of the Peking newspaper Ch'en-pao, "The Morning Post"), and Ching-pao fu-k* an f ] (Literary supplement to the newspaper Ching-pao). This s e l e c t i o n i s limited t o some 30 of these w r i t e r s , among whom are Lu Hsin, Yü P ' i n g po / y ^ J f ^ f e , Yang Chen-sheng » and Lo Chia-lun. V. 3rd collection),

Hsiao-shuo san-chi J^'fubZ'^, (Short stories, edited and with introduction by Cheng P o - c h ' i ι PP· 31 & 476. T h i s volume represents the work of the Ch'uang-tsao she (Creation S o c i e t y ) , which was formed by Chinese w r i t e r s in J a p a n , notably Kuo Mo-jo l||J ^ , Yü Ta-fu Ü L ^ . Chang T z u - p ' i n g if , and Ch'eng Fang-wu · Nineteen authors are represented. VI. San-wen i-chi ^ ^ ^ (Miscellaneous essays, f i r s t collection), edited and with introduction by Chou T s o - j e n jf| ; and: V I I . San-wen er-chi ^ ^ (Miscellaneous essays, second collection), edited and with i n t r o d u c t i o n by Yü T a - f u ^ . Selections made by two leading e s s a y i s t s . VIII. Shih chi " f f (Poetry), e d i t e d and with introduction by Chu Tzu c h ' i n g ^ fä , pp. 44 & 34 & 374. T h i s i s a s e l e c t i o n o f p o e t r y in pai-hua by some 60 modern p o e t s , including Hu S h i h 1 Chu T z u - c h ' i n g , Liu Fu ^."j , Lu Hsin )%_ , Kuo Mo-jo "§p , Wen I - t o ^ k , Chu

480

Hsiang , Hsü Chih-mo ffi-fef^ and many o t h e r w e l l known w r i t e r s . Hie e x c e l l e n t i n t r o d u c t i o n by Chu T z u - c h ' i n g , poet and p r o f e s s o r (died 1948) , i s supplemented by a b i b l i o g raphy and a l i s t of p o e t s , with b r i e f corrments on t h e i r works and i d e a s . IX. Hsi-chii chi j ^ J ^ J ^ (Drama), e d i t e d and with i n t r o d u c t i o n by Hung Shen yfjf , pp. 3 & 100 & 326. T h i s volume p r i n t s one r e p r e s e n t a t i v e play from each of 17 a u t h o r s , i n c l u d i n g o c c a s i o n a l p l a y w r i g h t s l i k p Hu Shih and d r a m a t i c s p e c i a l i s t s such a s T ' i e n Han ~J\ , H s i u n g F u - h s i yV Yü Shan-yuan Jc. and Hung Shen h i m s e l f . Hung's s c h o l a r l y 100 pp. i n t r o d u c t i o n ( d a t e d 1935) i s a v a l u a b l e h i s t o r y of modern Chinese drama up t o 1927. X. S h i h - l i a o s o - y i n (Historical sources: indices), e d i t e d and with p r e f a c e by Ah Ying f e ^ ^ , pp. 14 & 513 & 101. (5235.9/4837) This i s a t once a valuable b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l volume and a handbook on l e a d i n g j o u r n a l s j the h i s t o r y of t h e v a r i o u s l i t e r a r y g r o u p s , and b i o g r a p h i e s of authors. L i s t s of books, magazines and t r a n s l a t e d works t o t a l 240 pp. B i o g r a p h i e s of a u t h o r s t o t a l 132 p e r s o n s . Perhaps the most valuable chapter i s " H u i - s h e s h i h - l i a o " ^ (Historical sources on (literary) societies), which gives the documents of t h e H s i n - c h ' i n g - n i e n group, Wen-hsüeh y e n - c h i u h u i , C h ' u a n g - t s a o s h e , e t c . , and numerous s t a t e m e n t s from e a r l y magazines now not e a s i l y a v a i l a b l e . Tables of c o n t e n t s of l e a d i n g j o u r n a l s a r e r e p r o d u c e d i n f u l l and make t h i s volume an e s s e n t i a l r e s e a r c h t o o l . 8.10.2

Wang Che-fu

^

hsiieh yiin-tung s h i h modern Chinese

(Chieh-Fu Wang), ^

literature,

(f]

Chung-kuo hsin-wen^

"History

of

" p u b l i s h e d by the a u t h o r , P e i p i n g

1933, pp. 8 & 496 & 20 photographs.

(5229/1155)

By a t e a c h e r a t a normal c o l l e g e in S h a n s i , t h i s cons c i e n t i o u s survey of modern Chinese l i t e r a t u r e c o n t a i n s h e l p f u l information on books and authors (see l i s t of books pp. 449 96: l i s t of l i t e r a r y magazines pp. 405 - 48: biographies of

481

w r i t e r s , pp. 293 - 374: h i s t o r y of l i t e r a r y s o c i e t i e s , pp. 375 - 95). Some c h a p t e r s on l i t e r a r y movements of the period ( e . g . the mass l i t e r a t u r e movement CTa-chung wen-hsüeh -j^ ^ an( ^ t ' l e t r a n s l a t i o n movement) a r e v e r y u s e f u l . The a u t h o r ' s a p p r e c i a t i v e accounts of the hundreds of w r i t e r s of t h e p e r i o d , though s u b j e c t i v e and o f t e n f r a g m e n t a r y , a r e a l s o v a l u a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e . Although t h i s c o m p i l a t i o n was made before the f i n a l volume of Chung-kuo hsin-wen-hsiieh t a - h s i ( 8 . 1 0 . 1 ) , the l a t t e r did not supersede i t . 8.10.3

Wang Feng-yuan , ί - ^ shu-p· ing account

f ^ j , Chung-kuo hsin-wen-hsueh ytin-tung

>cj? (Jrj

i J / f e ^ " ^

of the new literature

hsüeh-she

f ^ f « ^ ^ ^ -

(A

c r i t i c a l

movement in China),

Hsin-hsin

, P e i p i n g 1935, p p .

6 & 188.

(5229/1126) A b r i e f survey of t h e v a r i o u s movements in t h e world of modern Chine se l i t e r a t u r e , w i t h i n t e r p r e t a t i v e remarks on the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the various groups of w r i t e r s and t h e i r ideas from 1898 through 1919, including n a t u r a l i s m , romanticism, and the L e f t - w i n g W r i t e r s League. 8.10.4

Chang J o - y i n g

^

, Chung-kuo hsin-wen-hsueh y u n - t u n g t&i

shih t z u - l i a o history shu-chü

of China's

new literature

'Source materials movement),

, Shai 1934, pp. 7 & 387.

on the

Kuang-ming (5229/1344)

This source book c o n t a i n s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a r t i c l e s by the advocates of the new l i t e r a t u r e in t h e i r various groupings and by some of t h e i r opponents. The f i r s t d e b a t e i s on t h e m e r i t s of the u s e of p a i - h u a . The stubborn r e s i s t a n c e which the o l d e r g e n e r a t i o n put up i l l u s t r a t e s t h e i n e r t i a a g a i n s t change i n modern China as w e l l as the i d i o s y n c r a c i e s of such c o l o r f u l d i e - h a r d s as L i n Shu , Chang Hsing-yen i^Jt. > a n d Mei Kuang-ti ^ f e . Three c h a p t e r s (chs. 5, 7, 8) a r e , however, devoted t o s u b j e c t s o t h e r than t h e

482

l i n g u i s t i c b a t t l e . Ch. 5 contains a r t i c l e s by l e a d i n g s c h o l a r s on the question of a reassessment of the t r a d i t i o n a l l i t e r a t u r e (Cheng-li kuo-ku w e n - t ' i ^ f f l ) ; ch. 7 gives a r t i c l e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the views of the two leading l i t e r ary groups, the g e n t e e l Wen-hsiieh yen-chiu hui ^ ( L i t e r a r y r e s e a r c h s o c i e t y ) , and C h ' u a n g - t s a o she / j p ] ffi j^C, (The Creation S o c i e t y ) organized by Kuo Mo-jo "^J i^L ^B e t a l ; ch. 8 r e p r i n t s the t h e o r e t i c a l a r t i c l e s of what i s known as the Movement f o r R e v o l u t i o n a r y L i t e r a t u r e (Ko-ming wenhsiieh yün-tung Y $ _ ) organized c h i e f l y by the Ch'uang-tsao she. 8.10.5

Chung-kuo wen-i n l e n - c h i e n Literary

Year Book)

(

^

"5CJt^·

(Chinese

1932 i s s u e , compiled by Chung-kuo wen-i

nien-chien she, HT Shai 1933, pp. 10 & 799; 1934 i s s u e compiled by Yang C h i n - h a o ^

^

^

, PR S h a i 1935, pp. 5 & 820.

(R 5206/5604) See Teng and B i g g e r s t a f f , pp. 245 - 46. 8.10.6

Wen-hsiieh lun-wen s o - y i n Articles

on Literature),

^

"

(

I

n

d

e

x

of

The L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n of China,

P e i p i n g , Vol. 1, 1932, pp. 33 & 314; 333 & 2 4 ;

§

Vol. 2, 1933, pp. 46 &

V o l . 3, 1936, p p . 28 & 4 8 4 .

(R 5 2 0 8 / 1 3 7 7 )

See Teng and B i g g e r s t a f f , p. 80. 8.10.7

Kuo-hsiieh lun-wen s o - y i n Articles

onChinese

Studies),

"^jjj

(Index

of

The Library A s s o c i a t i o n of China,

P e i p i n g , Vol. 1, 1929, pp. 19 & 230; 196;

Vol. 3, 1934, pp. 36 & 386 & 13;

481.

(R 9559/1365)

483

Vol. 2, 1931, pp. 16 & Vol. 4, 1936, pp. 39 &

See Teng and B i g g e r s t a f f , pp. 79 - 80. 8.10.8

Er-shih-san nien-tu Chung-kuo wen-i nien-chien

ft.

rfWl

(Chinese

^

literature

1934), compiled by Yang Chin-hao"^§} ^fj

^ year

book,

, Pei-hsin shu-chfi

, Shai 1935, pp. 5 & 820.

(R 5206/5604)

Apparently the only issue published of a proposed year book, which amounts to a selection of the best short pieces of creative writing (short s t o r i e s , poems, essays, and reportage) published during the year ( a l l in P a r t I I , 720 p p . ) . P a r t I (51 pp.) contains a review of the main l i t e r a r y trends of the year; Part I I I , newsnotes from the d i f f e r e n t c i t i e s ; and Part IV, a bibliography. The short pieces appear to be well s e l e c ted and representative. 8.10.9

Chiing-kuo wen-hs&eh-chia t a - t z ' u - t i e n (A dictionary T* an Cheng-pi Ί ^ Si- ^ t 55.

of Chinese

t j ? [f^J

writers),

compiled by

> Kuang-ming, Shai 1934, pp. 1746 &

(B 2257/0417) See Teng and B i g g e r s t a f f , p. 204.

8.11

LITERARY PERIODICALS,

1917 - 1937

Note: L i t e r a r y s t u d i e s are u s u a l l y made through the work of i n d i v i d u a l a u t h o r s , but l i t e r a r y m a t e r i a l s f o r s o c i a l and i n t e l l e c t u a l h i s t o r y are found a l s o in fragmentary pieces by less well-known w r i t e r s . The following p e r i o d i c a l s preserve many i n t e r e s t i n g sketches of contemporary Chinese l i f e and s o c i e t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y in the s h o r t s t o r i e s i n which most journals here l i s t e d were mainly i n t e r e s t e d . A comparison of the e d i t o r i a l a t t i t u d e s of d i f f e r e n t j o u r n a l s w i l l a l s o show differences among the several groups of w r i t e r s . Note an item

484

c i t e d in an e a r l i e r section, Hsin-yiieh ( 4 . 1 3 . 9 ) . What f o l l o w s i s of course only a s e l e c t e d l i s t of j o u r n a l s each of which helped make l i t e r a r y - r e v o l u t i o n a r y h i s t o r y . 8.11.1

Hsiao-shuo yUeh-pao

""

edited by Yün Shu-chio t et al. Tun 1932

"The short W

a

n

g

story

rdn-chang ί - Ι φ . ^ ?

1910 - 1920, l a t e r by Shen Yen-ping %

)

and Cheng C h e n - t o ^ f ^

magazine, "

^

,

(Mao , CP Shai 1921 -

( V o l . 20, No. 12 i s dated December 1929),

monthly.

(5731/9074) A magazine o r i g i n a l l y of s t o r i e s and t r a n s l a t i o n s in classical style (such as those by L i n S h u · ^ · ^ » ) , this Comnercial Press p u b l i c a t i o n provided amusing reading to the public during the f i r s t decade o f the Republic. A f t e r 1921, however, a new e d i t o r , Shen Yen-ping (pen-name, Mao Tun) took over, and under his and Cheng Chen-to's e d i t o r s h i p , the magazine became a leading large-sale journal of the new pai-hua l i t e r a t u r e , publishing the sparkling new works of Chou Tso-jen , Lu Hsin (pen-name for Chou Shu-jen ]f| ^ g f ), Miss Ping Hsin yK ^ (Hsieh Wan-ying i f y l j l If; ) , Shen Ts'ung-wen > Hsü Ti-shan " s ^ -tjjj, iH and other popu-

j

lar writers of the period. The e d i t o r s took as their o f f i c i a l p o l i c i e s the t r a n s l a t i o n of Western works, i n t r o d u c t i o n o f l i t e r a t u r e o f the " o p p r e s s e d p e o p l e s , " and the advocacy of realism in a r t . Hie journal made available not only the Chinese modern novels o f authors l i k e Lao She /έ ^ and Pa Chin but a l s o innumerable t r a n s l a t e d short s t o r i e s , many of tHem by Russian authors. Shen and Cheng were also instrumental in organizing the Wen-hs'üeh yen-chiu hui ( L i t e r a r y Research Society), formed in January 1921, which was the f i r s t important group of l i t e r a r y men t o be organized a f t e r the inception of the pai-hua movement. The Society discontinued i t s a c t i v i t i e s about 1932 when Hsiao-shuo yueh-pao ceased p u b l i c a t i o n , but two l a t e r magazines, Wen-hsiieh chi-k'an -it, ^ and Wen-hsiieh tsa-chih to some degree continued i t s tradition. Comprising at one time w r i t e r s as d i f f e r e n t in

485

temperament as Lu Hsin and Ping Hsin, the Wen-hsiieh yen-chiu hui group shared a common attitude of " earnestness in the artistic portrayal of life." Another important organ of this society during the same period was the Wen-hsiieh chou-pao dC ^ jj|l (Literary weekly), published as a supplement to the Shih-shih hsin-pao, 1921 - 25, by K'ai-ming shu-tien, Shai, and Yuan-tung shu-tien ι Shai, 1925 - 27. (Creation,

8.11.2 Ch'uang-tsao wen-i chi-k'an ^hj a literary

quarterly),

edited by Ch'uang-tsao she, published

by T'ai-tung t'u-shu chii j f ? - ^ (the last issue is Vol. 1, No. 2),

^

·Shai

quarterly.

1922

-

(9200/8233)

Kuo Mo-jo inaugurated this journal with a poem which concluded somewhat along these lines: "Lend me this pen of the color of blood and fire, And let me write this hymn to the "creator" I will praise the first infant of the world, I will praise the great self which started the creation. " In this spirit the magazine started the so-called "Romantic Movement" in Chinese literature of the early 1920's, which in turn led to the Revolutionary Literature Movement of the late 1920's. Edited by the members of the Ch'uang-tsao she ^ A^· , a literary society formed by a few Qiinese students in Japan, including Kuo Mo-jo, Yii ta-fu , Ch'eng Fang-wu and Chang Tzu-p' ing Jp , the stories and poems in this quarterly betray little political or economic consciousness but an abundance of romantic fervor as seen in Kuo's poetry and Chang's love stories. Kuo Mo-jo was the most important member of the Ch'uangtsao she. He later participated in the Northern Campaign under Chiang Kai-shek in 1926 - 27 but returned to Japan in exile after the 1927 split. A decade later he escaped to join the united front against Japan in China and for a time took charge of the efforts at cultural mobilization which accompanied the first years of the war of resistance in Free China. At

486

the end of the war he appeared on the p o l i t i c a l stage as one of the independent l e f t - i n c l i n e d d e l e g a t e s t o the P o l i t i c a l Consultative Conference of 1946. 8.11.3

Ch'uang-tsao chou-pao

]^]]§J^^(Creation

Weekly),

by Ch'uang-tsao she, T ' a i - t u n g , Shai 1923 - 24 were published),

weekly.

edited

(52 issues

(9200/8334)

This weekly was a continuation of Ch'uang-tsao wen-i chi-k'an ( 8 . 1 1 . 2 ) and was dominated by the same group of writers. Romantic s e l f - a s s e r t i o n and a r t i s t i c self-consciousness continued to characterize i t ; Nietsche was the Western author whose writings were translated and published most o f t e n . Kuo Mo-jo was the c h i e f c o n t r i b u t o r , w i t h Ch'eng Fang-wu perhaps second. This weekly was continued l a t e r in Ch' uangtsao yiieh-k' an /g») -fj (Creation monthly), published by Ch'uang-tsao she, Shai 1926 - 27, andHung-shui pan-yiieh-k* an $ ^J (The flood, fortnightly), published by Kuang-hua shu-chii and Ch'uang-tsao she, Shai 1925 - 27. In these l a t e r magazines, the Ch'uang-tsao she was r e i n f o r c e d by new r a d i c a l w r i t e r s such as Chiang Kuang-tz'u fM (who was a l s o known as Chiang Kuang-ch'ih ίυΓηβ(1 t o f^f" C?F» advocacy of " revolutionary l i t e r a t u r e , " and became active in the Chung-kuo t s o - i tso-chia lien-meng vf % | { ft ^ ffä (China L e f t - W i n g Writers' League), formed in March 193Ö« 8.11.4

Yü-ssu

^s(Fragments),

Pei-hsin shu-chü f i b ^ f

edited by Yü-ssu she, published by Is]

, Shai and Peiping 1924 - 31

(No. 120 i s dated February 1927),

weekly.

(9200/0629.2)

Chou Shu-j en (or Lu Hsin % ) and his brother Chou Tso-jen J ^ were both outstanding in modern Chinese l i t e r a t u r e . P o l i t i c a l l y , Lu Hsin since his death has been canonized as China's Gorky by the Chinese Communist movement, while Chou Tsou-jen i s now s e r v i n g a prison sentence because of his relations with the Japanese during the occupation o f Peiping. In the l a t e r 1920's the two brothers were leaders

487

among the new group of p r o s e - w r i t e r s ; they founded t h i s magazine as a v e h i c l e for t h e i r own writings and c r i t i c a l notes, and for the short prose pieces of t h e i r followers. 8.11.5

Hsien-tai J j ^ A ,

"^es Contemporains,

t s ' u n and Tu Heng m 1934),

i

k

" e d i t e d by Shih Chih-

, published by H s i e n - t a i shu-chü

, Shai 1932 - (Vol. 4, No. 6 i s dated April

monthly.

(9200/1124)

This monthly published the writings of those authors who r e a c t e d a g a i n s t the China Left-Wing W r i t e r s ' League (Chung-kuo t s o - i t s o - c h i a lien-meng vj3 fe ^ -Vψ ) and believed that art can s t r i k e a balance between Revolution and Counter-Revolution. They were promptly labeled and known as "Tlie third group" (ti-san-chung jen •jf^ /v. )· Edited by Shih Chih-ts/un, i t s contributors i n cluded s t y l i s t s like Tai Wang-shu ^ ^ ^ and Mu Shih-ying fli but a l s o some lone-established writers such as Mao Tun ^ / I , Lao She ^f* . Pa Chin t L ^ , and Yeh Shao-chün ^ ^ . 8.11.6

Lun-yii pan -yüeh-k' an "f «fr "f nightly,

^

^

"The

" e d i t e d by Lin Yll-t'ang

Chung-kuo mei-shu k'an-hsing she

A n a l e c t s

-

(Lin Yutang), ^

and later by Shih-tai t'u-shu kung-ssu

, ^

Shai September 1932 - (No. 24 i s dated September 1933), nightly.

F o r t

, fort-

(9200/0206.2)

This was a p a r t i c u l a r l y popular and successful magazine in the early 1 9 3 0 ' s . I t was f i r s t edited by Lin Yutang and specialized in humor and social s a t i r e in a manner remotely comparable to the New Yorker. Poking fun a t p o l i t i c i a n s , p r o f e s s o r s , c l a s s i c s - r e a d i n g generals and English-speaking returned students a l i k e , many a r t i c l e s in the magazine give

488

trenchant illustrations of the political and cultural maladjustments of the period. See for examples the excellent satire on Nanking official life by M i s ^ Y a o Ying -fät , or the articles on politics by Ho Yung 4"®] . Hie editorship changed after 1935, when Yü Ta-fu jjL^v. a n d s h a o Hsün-mei ifä] became editors. Lao-she (Shu She-yü), known in the United States particularly for Rickshaw Boy, was a frequent early contributor. 8.11.7

Wen-hsiieh chi-k* an

^

by Cheng Chen- to 1|f

^

^J

(Literary quarter ly), edited

and Chang Chin-i

lished by Li-ta shu-chü % is dated April 1934).

"^ff 1>JL , pub-

fg) , Peiping 1934 - (No. 2

(5041/9722)

This large-size literary publication (withca. 400 pp. for each issue) set a high standard for modern Chinese literary journals. Edited by scholars, the quarterly devoted itself to the encouragement of a real living literature, with due emphasis on technical competence. Writers for the journal included Lao She ^s , Pa Chin , and Chang T'ien-i ^ ^ among others. As with other literary magazines of the 1930's, the main emphasis was put on realistic short stories, which became the standard medium for young writers. Already the subject matter of these stories was almost invariably the life of villages and pauperized city dwellers. Such stories are plainly valuable documentation concerning modern Chinese society. 8.11.8

Jen-chien-shih hsiao-p'in-wen pan-yiieh-k'an J ^ ^J^ •ζφ "St. ^

$

Tj

v] >

(This human world, a semi-monthly of short

essays), edited by Lin Yü-t'ang

^

(Lin Yutang)

et

al., Liang-yu, Shai 1934 - (No. 12 is dated September 1934), fortnightly.

(9200/8075)

Turning from humorous satire to a leisurely familiar style in essay writing, Lin Yutang made this his second

489

e d i t o r i a l venture, devoted t o the publication of h s i a o - p ' i n wen ·,)•> ( s h o r t e s s a y s ) . Although c r i t i c i z e d by more serious-minded w r i t e r s for i t s e s c a p i s t and " b o u r g e o i s " tendenc i e s , t h i s f o r t n i g h t l y n e v e r t h e l e s s helped to develop a simpler prose s t y l e and i n c i d e n t a l l y p r e s e r v e d v a l u a b l e h i s t o r i c a l d a t a in i t s e f f o r t to p u b l i s h b i o g r a p h i e s of modern Chinese i n t e l l e c t u a l s ( e . g . Ku Hung-ming in No. 12, or Yen Fu ) and i n f o r m a l h i s t o r i c a l e s s a y s (e.g. those w r i t t e n by Chien Yu-wen ^ "51-on Taiping R e b e l l i o n ) . 8.11.9

Yii-chou f e n g ^

^

|fi[,

(The cosmic

wind),

e d i t e d by Lin

Yii-t'ang, published by Yii-chou feng she, Shai 1935 - , f o r t nightly.

(9200/337)

I b i s was the t h i r d of Lin Yutang's s u c c e s s f u l magazines and introduced a s t y l e of a r t i c l e - w r i t i n g i n s p i r e d by contemporary American magazines of the Headers' Digest type. The magazine was s t i l l adorned, however, by many well-known authors including Chou Tso-jen ]f) A , Yü T a - f u ^ , and Lao She ; Kuo Mo-jo ^ ^jf. % , under the pen-name of Kuo T i n g - t ' a n g "fj^? rjg , published a p a r t of h i s autobiography here. Many a r t i c l e s in t h i s comprehensive f o r t n i g h t l y a r e d e s c r i p t i o n s of the b i z a r r e a s p e c t s of t h e s o c i a l and p o l i t i c a l l i f e of the time, of h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t . 8.11.10 Wen-hsiieh t s a - c h l h

^

(Literary

by Chu Kuang-ch'ien i s dated J u l y 1937),

magazine),

edited

, CP Shai 1937 - (Vol. 1, No. 3 monthly.

(5041/0700.1)

S t a r t i n g p u b l i c a t i o n o n l y a few months b e f o r e t h e J a p a n e s e i n v a s i o n , t h i s magazine (now r e c e n t l y r e v i v e d in Shanghai) was among the f i n e s t of the numerous l i t e r a r y magazines of i t s time. Seeking i n t e l l e c t u a l l i b e r a l i s m and a r t i s t i c s e l f - c o n s c i o u s n e s s , t h e monthly e n l i s t e d many of the most accomplished c r a f t s m e n of modern Chinese l i t e r a t u r e : Shen Ts'ung-wen Ϊ ^ Α Ε . - ^ , Pien C h i h - l i n Ϊ2-tiff* , Lao She , Yang Chen-sheng ^ ^ , Lin Hui-yin (Mrs. L i a n g S s u - c h ' e n g j-fc' ), Yeh K u n g - c h ' a o ^ , Fei-ming V Hsiao Ch' ien -|jj et al. It'is

490

q u i t e e v i d e n t t h a t the m a g a z i n e ' s i d e a l of a r t i s t i c f i n e n e s s did not mean the l i m i t a t i o n of s u b j e c t matter t o " ivory tower" t o p i c s , even though s t r o n g s t y l i s t i c t e n d e n c i e s a r e a p p a r e n t in some a u t h o r s ' w r i t i n g s . This magazine has been regarded as c o n t i n u i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n of t h e Wen-hstleh y e n - c h i u - h u i .

8.12

SOME LEADING AUTHORS,

1917 -

1937

Note: Because of the l i m i t a t i o n s of H. U. Library c o l l e c t i o n , we give here only a small s e l e c t i o n of a u t h o r s , l i s t i n g works on hand. For f u l l e r l i s t s of l i t e r a r y men and t h e i r w r i t i n g s s e e 8 . 1 0 . 1 , V o l . 10, 8 . 1 0 . 2 , and 8 . 1 0 . 9 . See a l s o items i n 1 . 1 and 1 . 7 . Authors h e r e r e p r e s e n t e d a r e a r r a n g e d roughly according to t h e i r chronological importance, when f e a s i b l e . 8.12.1

Hu S h i h ^ u l l . C h ' a n e - s h i h Chi ^

*f^

%

(The

experiment).

O r i e n t a l Book C o . , Shai 1920, r e v i s e d e d i t i o n , 4 t h p r i n t i n g , 1922, pp. 17 & 194.

(5556.2/9)

" A l l success i s the r e s u l t of e x p e r i m e n t ! " This i s a l i n e of a poem Hu wrote in 1916, s t i l l following the old s t y l e of v e r s i f i c a t i o n . He soon t r i e d w r i t i n g f r e e verse in pai-hua or the v e r n a c u l a r , with only i n c i d e n t a l rhyming. Chly a few of the r e s u l t i n g poems a r e of l i t e r a r y value but they document one event in modern l i t e r a r y h i s t o r y . An appendix (pp. 125 194, Ch'u-kuo chi jfe ^ Cwhile abroad)) gives 15 poems in the old s t y l e w r i t t e n during Hu's s t u d e n t days in the United S t a t e s , which i n c l u d e a t r a n s l a t i o n of B y r o n ' s "The Isles of Greece. " In the p r e f a c e s , Hu d e s c r i b e s b r i e f l y the h i s t o r y of t h i s l i t e r a r y experiment and a d d i t i o n s and d e l e t i o n s made i n this revised edition. 8.12.2

Hu Shih history

, P a i - h u a wen-hsueh s h i h of the vernacular

shu-tien

$ %

ßz

literature

(of China}),

(A Hsin-yiieh

. S h a i 1928, p p . 16 & 16 & 478.

(5220/4233 B)

491

This i s the f i r s t volume of Dr. Hu's widely p r a i s e d work, the second volume of which i s s t i l l awaited. As a leader himself in the modern pai-hua movement, Dr. Hu shows here how much of the best l i t e r a t u r e in t r a d i t i o n a l China had been written in the spoken s t y l e of the time. This volume brings to l i g h t many e x c e l l e n t p i e c e s of formerly neglected poetry and p r o s e , in the period from Han through T'ang, and i s an important document of the modern l i t e r a r y movement. 8.12.3

Lu Hsin Ύ

)T*. (Lusin),

^

(Lu Hsin's

Lu Ilsin san-shih-nien chi % ü L l·-

collected

writings

during

thirty

years),

compiled by Lu Hsin hsien-sheng chi-nien wei-yuan-hui i^^ifc·

(Lu

H s i n

memorial committee),

published by Lu Hsin ch'uan-chi ch'u-pan she

A fate

, S h a i 1 9 4 7 , 30 v o l s . ,

^

pp. many t h o u s a n d .

(9120/7248) This i s the complete collected works of Lu Hsin, covering the period 1906 - 1936, the period of h i s l i t e r a r y l i f e , planned by Lu Hsin before his death. I t preserves the 30 books which he published, each in i t s o r i g i n a l form. This uniform edition with a preface by T s ' a i Yuan-p'ei ^ and postf a c e by Hsü Kuang-p'ing J ^ •'f* (Mrs. Lu Hsin) i s the standard c o l l e c t i o n . Among the most important i n d i v i d u a l pieces are probably the following: Na-han (The

yell),

1923, Vol. 8; P' a n g - h u a n g j ^ (Pandering), 1928, Vol. 13; Wei-tzu-yu shu fa if (False freedom), 1933, Vol. 24. Hie f i r s t two contain the best of Lu H s i n ' s short s t o r i e s ; the l a s t i s typical of his many collections of short e s s a y s , which were famous f o r t h e i r b i t i n g , c h a l l e n g i n g s t y l e and which contain much of h i s s o c i a l and l i t e r a r y philosophy. The most important member of the Chinese Left-Wing Writers' League, Lu Hsin ended h i s l i f e an i d o l of r a d i c a l youth. His hatred of the old s o c i e t y and i t s i d e a s , and a mixture of cynicism and humanity, gave h i s work a unique f l a v o r and point of view which illuminated many aspects of Chinese l i f e . For Lu Hsin's

492

e s t i m a t e of h i s own place in the modern Chinese l i t e r a r y movement and h i s c r i t i c i s m of other authors and l i t e r a r y groups of the time, with most of which he was d i s g u s t e d , see E r - h s i n chi % (Tw° minds), 1932, Vol. 21. 8.12.4

Lu Hsin c h ' ü a n - c h i p u - i supplement

to Lu Hsin's

T'ao γ^

^ complete

(Posthumous

works),

, Wen-i f u - h s i n g t s ' u n g - s h u ^

^

^

collection), ^

—

compiled by T ' a n g ti-i-chi

(Literary Renaissance s e r i e s ,

Shang-hai ch'u-pan kung-ssu

, Shai 1946, pp. 8 & 399.

1st

^

(9120/7248.1)

T h i s volume c o n t a i n s some m i s c e l l a n e o u s w r i t i n g s arranged by years (1912 - 1934), which were not preserved i n Lu H s i n ' s complete works, Lu Hsin s a n - s h i h - n i e n c h i . 8.12.5

Ping Hsin

, Fan-hsing

J|· (The crowded stars),

hsiieh y e n - c h i u - h u i t s ' u n g - s h u "5C ^ ( L i t e r a r y Research Society s e r i e s ) ,

ίff

Wen^

CP Shai 1923, pp. 90.

(5558/3333.8) Hie romantic w r i t i n g of Hsieh Wan-ying (Mrs. Wu Wen-tsao ^ ' J C ^ ) had a wide vogue in the decade a f t e r the N a t i o n a l i s t R e v o l u t i o n . Her r a t h e r s e n t i m e n t a l but very popular books ( s e e Chung-kuo hsin-wen-hsiieh t a - h s i ^ -K ·& Vol. 10, p. 21) included Wang-shih ^ (Bygone things) and Ku-ku,fytj j&(The aunt), p u b l i s h e d in t h e 1930's. This i s an e a r l y c o l l e c t i o n of s h o r t verse, in i m i t a t i o n of T a g o r e . 8.12.6

Kuo Mo-jo Ί ^ (Ten years pp. 272.

of

^ α , Ch'uang-tsao s h i h - n i e n the Creation

(Society^),

(2269/0234)

493

-j-j^

H s i e n - t a i , Shai 1932,

Like much of Kuo's voluminous w r i t i n g s , t h i s i s a semi-autobiographical account of student days in Japan. It concerns the founding of the Ch'uang-tsao she (Creation Society), and Kuo says he was provoked into writing i t by the d e r i s i v e c r i t i c i s m of Lu Hsin regarding that group (see p. 6 ff.). The result i s an excellent document f o r a study of the sources of radicalism in China, even though this book is only a part of Kuo's project to cover the ten years of the Society's history. I t describes how the frustrating emotional l i f e of a few l i t e r a r y friends studying in Japan (Kuo himself studied medicine) turned them to literature as an outlet - not necess a r i l y " r e v o l u t i o n a r y l i t e r a t u r e " but some form of s e l f expression on subjects such as l o v e , sickness and poverty. Some members of the Ch'uang-tsao she, like Yü Ta-fu ^j? jf> < and Chang Tzu-p' ing ^ did their best work in depicting the frustrations of modern l i f e . Ch'eng Fang-wu (see e . g . pp. 105 - 120) became a leading Communist i n t e l l e c t u a l . See a l s o 8.11.2 and 8 . 1 1 . 3 f o r Ch'uang-tsao she magazines. 8.12.7

Mo-jo tzu-hsUan chi selections ίϋ %

fron ^

^

his works),

^

^

Ί|;

( 0 f u t 0 Mo-jo's

Le-hua t'u-shu kung-ssu

, Shai 1934, pp. 7 & 391.

own ^

(5558/0234)

Kuo Mo-jo's abundant works include several score of items in more than 10 c o l l e c t i o n s (see Chung-kuo hsin-wenhsiieh ta-hsi (8.10.1), Vol. 10, index p. 48), with poetry, short stories, drama, archeology, c r i t i c a l essays, and p o l i t i cal polemics a l l represented in quantity. This early " t h i s - i s my-best" collection contains 12 short s t o r i e s written between 1923 and 1933. The preface has a b r i e f chronology of Kuo's own l i f e up to that time (pp. 3 - 7 ) . 8.12.8

Li Lin % critical pp. 320.

, Kuo Mo-jo p' ing-chuan

account of Kuo Mo-joQ's

work)),

(A Hsien-tai, Shai 1932,

(5558/0234.4)

This i s a 1932 c o l l e c t i o n of a r t i c l e s on the work of Kuo Mo-jo, whose appeal to the Chinese student class has rested

494

p a r t l y on his unusual v e r s a t i l i t y and a r t i s t i c competence. Both have been evidenced in a phenomenal outpouring of novels, s h o r t s t o r i e s , e s s a y s , p o e t r y , p l a y s , t r a n s l a t i o n s , and scholarly studies. Kuo was a p i o n e e r in the study o f the " o r a c l e bones" from the s i t e of An-yang, w h i l e in p o l i t i c a l e x i l e i n Japan, and a l s o a p i o n e e r i n the e f f o r t to apply M a r x i s t theory t o the study o f Chinese h i s t o r y (see his Chung-kuo ku-tai she-hui yen-chiu). His e a r l y t r a n s l a t i o n of Goethe's Young Werther caught the romantic fancy o f Chinese youth. Also r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the s p i r i t of his e a r l y w r i t ings were the widely acclaimed c o l l e c t i o n of p o e t r y , Nii-shen ^ (The Goddess), 1921; T' a tft (The Pagoda), 1926; and the novel Lo-yeh (The fallen leaves). This memoir has a 2 pp. biography and 6 pp. b i b l i o g r a p h y and r e p r i n t s about 20 reviews or essays on Kuo's work, the l a r g e r part of which has, however, appeared since t h i s admiring a p p r a i s a l was published. A serious study remains to be done. 8.12.9

S u - y a ^ ^ critical 180.

, Yü T a - f u p'ing-chuan

biography

of

Πι Ta-fu),

(A

Hsien-tai,

Shai, pp. 5 &

(5558/4235.5)

Yti T a - f u , a leading member of the Ch'uang-tsao she, was a very popular author in the 1920's and i s remembered f o r his e f f e m i n a t e l y sentimental s t o r i e s , Jih-chi chiu-chung Θ -%Z>fl>1l% (Nine diaries), 1927; M i - y a n g i i L ^ (The lost sheep), Kuo-ch'li (The past), etc. His popularity d e c r e a s e d i n the 1 9 3 0 ' s , a l t h o u g h he c o n t i n u e d to w r i t e profusely. 8.12.10 Chang T z u - p ' i n g ^-j·^ ^ m

((Chang)

Tzu-p' ing's

, Tzu-p' ing tzu-chuan autobiography),

Shai 1934, pp. 139.

T i - i ch'u-pan she (2269/1331)

Chang T z u - p ' i n g , a member of the Ch'uang-tsao she, i s best known f o r h i s " m u l t i a n g u l a r " l o v e s t o r i e s , which were written not without undertones of discontent and f r u s t r a t i o n . This autobiography describes his own youth, f a m i l y , f r i e n d s ,

495

and e d u c a t i o n . Like other a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l m a t e r i a l , t h i s type of s e l f - c o n s c i o u s a n a l y s i s i s p l a i n l y useful to students of the modern Chinese i n t e l l e c t u a l and emotional r e a c t i o n to s o c i a l change. 8 . 1 2 . 1 1 Mao Tun ^ "The Twilight:

J^j

(Shen Yen-ping a romance of China

printing 1941, pp. 551.

^

),

Tzu-yeh ^

^

in 1930. "KM Shai 1933, 12th

(5769/3173.1)

The most important works by Mao Tun i n c l u d e t h r e e novels under the general t i t l e Shih / j j ^ (Eclipse), which were written in the few years a f t e r 1927, d e s c r i b i n g the r e v o l u tionary ferment among the c i t y " p e t i t e b o u r g e o i s i e . " Tzu-yeh (written 1932 - 33) i s probably h i s most popular work. I t i s another novel which describes the s o c i a l and economic maladies of Shanghai and the l i f e of brokers, speculators, and workers. A prominent left-wing writer today, Mao Tun in the e a r l y 1920's was a leading member of Wen-hstieh yen-chiu hui (see 8 . 1 0 . 1 . I l l and 8 . 1 1 . 1 ) . Like Kuo Mo-jo, he p a r t i c i p a t e d in p r a c t i c a l propaganda work during the N a t i o n a l i s t Revolution. His other p u b l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e t r a n s l a t i o n s o f R u s s i a n works (see Chung-kuo hsin-wen-hsiieh t a - h s i 8 . 1 0 . 1 X, pp. 7 - 8 ) and two volumes of short s t o r i e s , Mao-tun tuan-p' ien hsiao-shuo chi % /f % Ο- ϋ ϊ ) λ Χ > KM Shai 1939. His work up to the 1 9 3 0 ' s shows the u n c e r t a i n t y and c o n f u s i o n of the new middle c l a s s in China and contains some e x c e l l e n t c h a r a c t e r studies of types of modern Chinese women. 8 . 1 2 . 1 2 Shen Ts'ung-wen S ^ ^ / t - l C . . Pien-ch' eng J ^ j f a (The city),

Shen Ts'ung-wen chu-tso c h i

(Sheng Ts'ung-wen's c o l l e c t e d works),

^

^

border ^

f i r s t published 1934,

revised 1941, KM Shai undated, pp. 4 & 126. Shen says he has " a n unspeakably warm f e e l i n g towards peasants and s o l d i e r s , " and i t i s apparent in h i s w r i t i n g s , most of which describe l i f e in Western Hunan, a region where decades of banditry and c i v i l war have brought dramatic change

496

and suffering. Shen has specialized in short stories, and has published a score of collections including Ju-wu hou (After enlistment), 1927; Ah-li-ssu man-yu Chung-kuo chi in China), 1 9 2 8 , in which Alice was brought to Shen's home town; H s i n yli c h i u (New and old), 1936. Since his publication of Pa-chiin t ' u (The picture of eight strong horses), 1935, he has also caricatured the city intellectuals, especially professors. His autobiography, Ts' ung-wen tzu-chuan ^ ^ L r i - ^ ]% (Autobiography of (Shen) Ts 'ung-wen), 1934, tells the dramatic story of his early experience in the army; the work cited above, Pien-ch'eng, is generally regarded as one of his best stories, describing the life of the humble boatmen of Western Hunan. 8. 12. 13 Pa Chin (Pa

, Pa Chin tzu-chuan autobiography),

Chin's

Ti-i ch'u-pan she, Shai 1934, pp. 160.

(2269/4444) Pa Ch in, another radical writer with great emotional appeal, is best known for his long novels, C h i a ( H o m e ) , Ch* u n ^ . (Spring), etc. He studied in Paris and has specialized in the themes of revolution and love - two things which always conflict with the life of the old fashioned family. He has also translated works on Russian nihilism. Pa Chin's great vogue among Chinese youth in the 1930's is doubtless symptomatic of the restlessness and frustration, the yearning for selfsacrifice and for personal emotional security, and the impatience with the old institutions that form the background of modern Chinese radicalism. This book consists of 4 short accounts of the author's own early life, describing his impressions of his own family environment. Pa Chin's works also include many short stories (Pa Chin tuan-p'ien hsiao-shuo chi > ^ vols. 1936) and a series of long novels under the titles Ko-ming san-pu-ch'ü ϊ^ •fäf Φ (Revolutionary trilogy). 8.12.14 Lao She hsüeh

tfc^ ^

^

(Shu She-yü ^

^P"

(The

Wen-hsüeh yen-chiu-hui ts'ung-shu

497

^

),

philosophy

Lao Chang ti cheof

old

Chang),

CP Shai ( f i r s t published 1 9 2 8 ) , 1932 e d i t i o n , pp. 351. (5769/4186.4) Lao She f i r s t made himself known to the Chinese public by a series of novelettes such as Lao Chang t i che-hsiieh, Erma (The two Mas), and Ll-hun (The divorce). His works usually describe the l i f e of the lower and middle c l a s s e s of North China c i t i e s in picturesque idiomatic language. He also wrote plays like Mien-tzu wen-t' i ifc (T^e face question) and short s t o r i e s such as those in Kan-chi ^ (Market rush). 8.12.15 Hstf Chih-mo

, Meng-hu chi

yüeh, Shai 1931, pp. 13 & 129.

\

"Tiger,

" Hsin-

(5557/2940)

This is the fourth volume of Hsii Chih-mo's collected poetry, the f i r s t three being Chih-mo t i shih fi (Chih-mo'_s poems), 1925; F e i - l e n g - t s ' u i t i i-yeh | | |g — (One night in Florence), 1927; and Lo-yeh (The fallen leaves), 1926. A f i f t h volume was published after the poet's sudden and accidental death, Yun-yu ^ [ β έ . (Cloud-wanderings), 1932. A leader of the Hsin-yiieh $ (The crescent moon) school of poets, Hsü took his inspiration from the example of contemporary Western poetry and sought to express his own genuine and personal sentiments in new and simple s t y l e s of Chinese verse. While tending to disregard the s o c i a l and economic issues of the day, he showed a high degree of true poetic inspiration. For poems by Hsii's colleagues, see the magazine Hsin-yüeh ( 4 . 1 3 . 9 ) . 8.12.16 Ting Ling Nü-shih

-f

jen t i tan-sheng

—

individual),

(Miss Ting Ling), I - k o (

T

h

e

Hsin-yüeh, Shai 1931, pp. 5 & 204.

birth

of

an

(5768/1212)

Ting Ling has been a leading woman writer in the Chinese Communist movement. This i s one of her several c o l l e c t i o n s of short s t o r i e s , which usually betray strong s o c i a l and p o l i t i c a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s . Ting L i n g ' s other

498

collections include Tzu-sha jih-chi % Θ %b (Diary of a suicide), 1929; Tsai hei-an chung (In the darkness), 1928. A sketch of Ting's life up to the 1930's is in Shen Ts'ung-wen Vfc> 'A% , Chi Xing Ling •§£, "]* (Notes on Ting Ling), Liang-yu, Shai 1934. 8.12.17 Huang Lu-yin ((Huang)

Jjj| ^

Lu-yin's

, Lu-yin tzu-chuan

autobiography),

. Shih-tai

^

^ -j^.

preface by Shao Hsün-mei Shai 1934, pp. 10 & 132.

(2269/4807) Huang Lu-yin was a woman writer who took a courageous and somewhat masculinely cynical stand on social conventions. This autobiography tells of her experience in her family, at college, in the school where she was a teacher, and as a writer. It includes also a statement of her attitudes toward religion, education, and love.

8. 13

THE NEW DRAMA Note: Modern drama, as a successful new medium in China, is a development only of the last two decades. H. U. collection still lacks works such as those of T'ien Han Φ y \ , Hsiung Fu-hsi and Li Chien-wu ^ . We note Ts'ao Yü (see 8.13.4) as an example of the new generation of playwrights.

8.13.1

Hsi-chü yü wen-i

J ^ - ^ C - I ^ (Drama and

edited by Hsi-chü yti wen-i she

(Hsiung Fu-hsi

literature), ),

published by Wen-hua hsüeh-she ^ L ^ L ^ ^ L · , Peiping 1929 (Vol. 2, No. 1 is dated December 1930),

bimonthly. (6830/2270)

Publishing plays and discussions of theatrical art by Hsiung Fu-hsi "^j? ^ , Yü Shang-yuan Jj^ ϊ-yL et al. ,

499

this magazine also has newsnotes on the new drama and special i s s u e s : e . g . Vol. 1, No. 6,on a production o f the Theatre Section of the Fine Arts School of Peiping University (Peip'ing ta-hsüeh i-shu hsüeh-yuan hsi-chii hsi -j^ ^ % 8.13.2

m

llsi-chii

\V\

& )·

edited by Ou-yang Yti-ch'ing %%

ψ\ (Drama),

, published by Kuang-tung hsi-chii yen-chiu so ^'J ^ff^k

(Kwangtung drama research center),

1929 - (Vol. 1, No. 6 i s dated April 1, 1930).

^ ^

Canton

(6830/2522)

Edited by a playwright who served as adviser to several dramatic groups in Kwangtung and Fukien in the 1930's, t h i s journal indicates the rapid spread of the new drama movement from centers like Shanghai and Peiping. 8.13.3

Yü Shang-yuan ^jS^f

J ^ >Xi ,Shang-yuan chii-pen chia-chi «fc Vfi>

^

(Plays

by i

fa

(Culture and l i f e publishing c o . ) ,

1936, 18th printing 1941, pp. 332.

and

Shai

(5719/5662)

Ts'ao Yü, a former student at Nankai and Tsing Hua, i s one of modern China's most talented younger playwrights and has produced several works which proved to be great successes on the stage. Lei-yii, his f i r s t successful play, was set against the background of an old-type family; J i h - c h ' u 0 (The Sunrise), 1935, a big Shanghai hotel and a brothel-house;

500

v Yuan-yeh ff (The wilderness), 1938, a country household. Ts'ao Yü shows the influence of Russian playwrights and especially (in the case of the last mentioned piece) of Eugene O'Neill. Since 1937, Ts'ao Yü has produced several plays including Pei-ching jen dfc. (Peking man) and a dramatization of Pa Chin's C - ^ Chia, which were both very popular stage hits.

501

9.

SELECTED NEWSPAPERS

9.1

SELECTED

AND LEARNED

JOURNALS

NEWSPAPERS

Note: No aspect of change in Chinese l i f e since 1895 has been more s t r i k i n g than the r i s e o f the modern press, and p a r t i s a n newspapers are o f course one of the e s s e n t i a l sources f o r any study o f the p o l i t i c a l h i s t o r y o f t h i s modern h a l f c e n t u r y . Thus f o r the h i s t o r y o f the Reform movement o f 1898, we must use Ch'iang-hsiieh-pao ^ ^ (Learning for nationalJ strength news), published in Shanghai 1895 - 1896 ( s e e item 9 . 1 . 3 ) ; f o r the background of the 1911 Revolution, the numerous Kuomintang papers abroad; f o r the Yuan S h i h - k ' a i p e r i o d , the anti-Yuan Kuo-min jih-pao jfQ ^ 0 . The best source on this whole subject i s Ko Kung-chen's invaluable work (4.6.1), which g i v e s e x t e n s i v e b i b l i o g r a p h y and comments on the press in each p e r i o d . B r i e f l i s t s may a l s o be found in Lin Yutang, A history of the press and public opinion in China, Chicago 1936, pp. 9 1 - 3 , 107 - 31, 128 - 30; and R. S. B r i t t o n , The Chinese Periodical Press 1800 - 1912, Shai 1933 (see his usef u l i n d e x ) . L i s t e d below are a few s e l e c t e d newspapers of key importance f o r r e s e a r c h . Note e s p e c i a l l y Shen-pao (9.1.1) and Ta-kung-pao -fc ^ (9.1.6), probably the two most important papers of the Republican p e r i o d . Ta-kone-pao and Shih-shih hsin-pao ^^(9.1.11) have been noted for their r e l a t i v e impartiality. This s e c t i o n i n c l u d e s mainly d a i l i e s ; f o r magazines (weeklies, e t c . ) , many o f which should be used together with t h i s p r e s s m a t e r i a l , see e s p e c i a l l y our s e c t i o n s above on Liberal Periodicals ( 4 . 6 and 4 . 1 3 ) . A t the end o f t h i s appendix are found a few items on Chinese journalism (9.1.20 e t s e q . ) . The newspapers are l i s t e d c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y according to t h e i r f i r s t date of issue. 9.1.1

Shen-pao^-ffl"77ie Shun Pao, " Shai 1872 - . Founded by an Englishman, Frederick Major, t h i s paper has been a l e a d i n g Shanghai Chinese paper f o r o v e r t h r e e quarters of a century. In 1895 Shen-pao's c i r c u l a t i o n was

502

15,000; i n 1922 more than 50,000, in 1946, over 75,000 in Shanghai.

in 1931 up t o 150,000, and (This circulation i s s t i l l

considered l a r g e f o r China). I t was e s p e c i a l l y r i c h i n commercial and i n d u s t r i a l news o f the Shanghai area and g e n e r a l l y held unbiased though u n e n t h u s i a s t i c views on the v i c i s s i t u d e s o f p o l i t i c a l change b e f o r e the 1930's. Commercial f i r m s a d v e r t i s e d h e a v i l y in i t s pages. The famous supplement Tzu-yu t ' a n Ö (Free talk) was once an o u t l e t f o r Lu Hsin,*~ 9.1.2

Hsin-wen-pao $ff r®Q i f f i . ("Sin Wan Poo,

Shai 1893 -

the News),

.

Founded i n 1893 and owned by B r i t i s h o r American i n t e r e s t s at d i f f e r e n t times, t h i s paper f o r many y e a r s a f t e r 1917 was e d i t e d by Wang Lung-piao Ü and was the l a r g e s t Shanghai d a i l y , o u t s e l l i n g Shen-pao most o f the time ( c i r c u l a t i o n in 1946: between 110,000 and 130,000). I t has been c r i t i c i z e d as l e s s w e l l e d i t e d and more commercial i n f l a v o r than some o f i t s r i v a l s . 9.1.3

Chung-wai chi-wen

^

^f-

f^j

(Chinese

and foreign

P e k i n g 1895 - 96; and Ch' iang-hsüeh-pao for

(national)

strength

^

news), (Learning

Shai 1895 - 96.

news),

Founded by the Ch'iang-hsüeh hui , a society formed by s c h o l a r s and o f f i c i a l s f o r the promotion of reforms a f t e r the S i n o - J a p a n e s e w a r , Chung-wai chi-wen was f i n a n c e d i n i t i a l l y by Yuan S h i h - k ' a i "^JL. and e d i t e d by L i a n g Ch'i-ch'ao • Ch' iang-hslieh-pao was a s i m i l a r p u b l i c a t i o n i n Shanghai. Both were banned by the Manchu C o u r t in 1896. (K'ang Yu-wei w r o t e the f i r s t l e a d e r , or p r e f a c e , in Ch' iang-hsüeh-pao, quoted i n Ko Kung-chen 4 . 6 . 1 , pp. 124 - 5 ) . The s p i r i t o f t h e s e papers was c o n t i n u e d by Shih-wu-pao ^ (The Times) Shai 1896 - 98, a magazine published e v e r y ten d a y s , e d i t e d by L i a n g C h ' i - c h ' a o (1896) and Wang K ' a n g - n i e n v$- j|l f i n a n c i a l l y by Chang Chih-tung 9.1.4

Su-pao

(Kiangsu

(1897 -

&Ζ

news),

Shai

98)

·

and

1897 -

supported

1903.

Bought by a former m a g i s t r a t e who turned r e v o l u t i o n i s t not long a f t e r 1897, t h i s paper became the c h i e f

503

revolutionary

organ within China before it was banned in 1903. It represented the ideas of "native revolutionaries" - those who did not get their ideas abroad - such as Wu Ching-heng J^; ifikfM. (Wu Chih-hui ^ S^· ) who was editor, Chang Ping-lin -Xfc lj|$^(or Chang T'ai-yen -jsi ^ ), and Ts'ai Yuan-p'ei

i 9.1.5

Chung-kuo jih-pao

^

(China

iC] 0

daily),

Hongkong

1899 - ? In the dozen years before the Revolution many newspapers were published in Chinese centers overseas by Sun Yat-sen's followers as well as K'ang Yu-wei's. The most important of Sun's revolutionary papers abroad besides Min-pao and Fu-pao in Japan are Chung-kuo jih-pao, Hongkong: Chung-hsing jih-pao il (Revival daily), Singapore: Ta-t' ung-pao -jc. ίβ] (Cosmopolitan daily), San Francisco: Min-sheng jih-pao ß (People's livelihood daily) and Tzu-yu hsin-pao « φ -^ffe (New liberty news), Honolulu. (For a full list see Chou £TsotO Lu's history of the Kuomintang C4.3.Ü, pp. 467 - 68.) 9.1.6

Ta-kung-pao

"L'Impartial,

" Tientsin 1902 - , Shai

1935 - , Hongkong 1938 - , wartime editions in Chungking and Kweilin. This leading daily was originally a Catholic paper of no great importance until after it came under the able direction of Chang Chi-luan and Hu Cheng-chih as editors and Wu Ting-ch'ang ^ |jf f as its chief backer in the 1920's. Within a few years it had become outstanding for its impartial and courageous reports and opinions. Since the recent war, the paper has been generally regarded as the spokesman for the Political Science Group (Cheng-hsSeh hsi ^ ). For historical study, the Tientsin Ta-kung-pao is probably the best source on the 1920's and early 1930's, both for its detailed reports of political developments and its articles on North China economic affairs. Ta-kung-pao published for some years the exeellent news magazine Kuo-wen chou-pao (see

504

4 . 1 3 . 7 ) . I t has a l s o had many w e l l - e d i t e d supplements, i n c l u d i n g the l i t e r a r y supplement Wen-i ( e d i t e d by Shen Ts'ung-wen S&iftL'jfcL and l a t e r by Hsiao C h ' i e n ^ ) . The Ta-kung-pao c i r c u l a t i o n was 35,000 i n 1931 and 70,000 i n S h a n g h a i i n 1946. 9.1.7

Shih-paoS^^

(The

Times),

S h a i 1904 -

.

This was the most progressive d a i l y in Shanghai in the decade b e f o r e the Revolution and r i v a l l e d the Shen-pao. In h i s autobiography, Hu Shih r e c a l l s t h a t when he came t o Shanghai in 1904, he found Shih-pao the only s a t i s f a c t o r y paper for two reasons: 1) i t s courageous e d i t o r i a l s c r i t i c i z i n g powerful Chinese o f f i c i a l s , as well as f o r e i g n e r s ; 2) i t s i n t e r e s t i n g l i t e r a r y supplements. These achievements must be a t t r i b u t e d t o Ti Pao-hsien ^f" , i t s founder and e d i t o r . Ti sold the paper in 1921 and by die 1930's i t had become a commonplace popular d a i l y . 9.1.8

Pei-ching j i h - p a o

(Peking

daily

news),

Peking

1904 - ? Founded in 1904 by German i n t e r e s t s but l a t e r under Chinese ownership, t h i s was a l a r g e - s c a l e paper i n Peking, s t i l l published in the e a r l y 1930's. 9.1.9

Min-pao

(People's

newspaper),

Tokyo 1905 or 1906 - .

Edited by Chang Chi m § e t a l . This i s the famous organ of the T'ung-meng hui (see Chou Lu, Chung-kuo Kuo-mintang shlh-kao feee item 4 . 3 . 1 above), Vol. I , pp. 423 - 55). Another r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a p e r i n J a p a n was Fu-pao (Recovery news), s t a r t e d about the same time, e d i t e d by Liu Shih-p'ei · 9.1.10

C h i n g - p a o "xp,

(Pek ing

news),

Peking,

1906 -

1911.

Founded by Wang K'ang-nien Ι^*^ , who had p r e v i o u s l y been e d i t o r of Shih-wu-pao -Jj*· and Chung-wai j i h - p a o , t h i s was an i m p o r t a n t P e k i n g newspaper b e f o r e the Revolution. I t advocated the old r e f o r m i s t program - c o n s t i t u tionalism and strengthening of the s t a t e , and was very c r i t i c a l of the powerful Prince Ch'ing ifflj ^ fep .

505

9.1.11

Shih-shih hsin-pao

"The

^

China

Times,

"

Shai 1907 - . Next in importance only to Shen-pao among Shanghai newspapers, Shih-shih hsin-pao has had a good reputation for sustained standards of impartiality and accuracy since the beginning of the Republican era. It was often better than Shen-pao ^ L in political reporting. Its circulation was 50,000 in 1931 but has since dropped. H. U. has a collection of daily editorials from Shih-shih hsin-pao for the years 1932 and 1933, written by P'an Kung-pi yijfe Λ» , 2 vols., Shai pp. 535 & 638. (9160/3621) ^^(Shun-t'ien

9.1.12 Shun-t' ien shih-pao

times),

Peking

1908 - 1930. Owned by Japanese, this paper published many inside stories on the politics of the Peking Government and is a particularly important source for the study of the Yuan Shihk'ai period, during which it took an anti-Yuan stand. 9.1.13

Min-hu jih-pao ^ ^

0 ^ L

(People's

Min-yii j ih-pao Min-li-pao

(People's

(People's

stand

cry sighs daily),

daily), daily),

1909; 1909;

1909 - 1913.

These revolutionary papers were edited or directed in succession by Yü Yu-jen ^ -fa (now the Kuomintang's elder statesman), and successively banned. Sung Chiao-jen tjp ^jt wrote for Min-li-pao, the publication of which extended into the first years of the Republic. 9.1.14

¥a-hsi-ya pao Üfc· &&

daily,"

Shai, ca. 1912 - 15.

This is an example of the newspapers Yuan Shih-k'ai supported. 9.1.15 Kuo-min kung-pao

(People's

ca. 1912 - 1915.

506

newspaper),

Peking,

A leading anti-Yuan paper in Peking, eventually banned. For a list of a score of other anti-Yuan papers in key cities, see Ko (4.6.1), pp. 184 - 86. 9.1.16

Min-kuo jlh-pao

^

j^J 0 ^ f ^ (Republican daily news),

Shai

and Canton, ca. 1914 - . Started in the Chung-hua ko-ming«tang ^ /^p period of Kuomintang history (1914 - 19), these papers lished first in Shanghai and Canton and after 1927 in many provincial capitals - became the most important early Kuomintang organs. "Die Shanghai Min-kuo jih-pao had been important in the Yuan Shih-k'ai period and remained a powerful Kuomintang paper after the reorganization of that party. The Canton Minkuo jih-pao was the most important of these papers throughout the reorganization of the early 1920's. As party organs they were relegated to a secondary position in the 1930's by the Chung-yang jih-pao in its various editions.

f

9.1.17

Hsiang-chiang ch'en-pao

^ ^ ^ ( H o n g K o n g morning news),

ca. 1914 - ? Originally the organ of the Chung-hua ko-ming-tang in Hong Kong, this became an important paper of the reorganized Kuomintang. Another Kuomintang paper in Hong Kong after 1919 was Hsin-wen-pao fS (The news), (not the Shanghai Hsin-wen>pao), which had been a Ch'en Ch'iung-ming ^ ^ { < 5 organ earlier. 9.1.18

I-shih-pao

"Yi

shih pao;

social

welfare,"

Tientsin,

1915 - . Founded by a priest and sponsored by the Catholic Church, this was one of the most important newspapers throughout the warlord period because its foreign protection allowed it to give honest reports on many phases of political life. Lo Lung-chi 3k (later active in the Democratic League) gained his first fame as an editorial writer for the paper in the early 1930's. It has enjoyed a wider circulation in the countryside of North China than the Ta-kung-pao.

507

9.1.19

Chung-yang j l h - p a o

(Central

daily

news),

Shai

ca. 1928 - , Nanking 1929 - and many o t h e r c i t i e s from the 1930's. This has been for many years the o f f i c i a l organ of the Kuomintang under the party (or sometimes government) Ministry of I n f o r m a t i o n and has remained c l o s e l y connected w i t h the C e n t r a l News Agency ( e s t a b l i s h e d in 1927 - 2 8 ) . The paper began i n Shanghai i n 1928. P ' e n g HsUeh-p'ei was one of the f i r s t e d i t o r s . I t s Nanking e d i t i o n f i r s t appeared i n 1929 and had a c i r c u l a t i o n of 15,000 to 20,000 in the 1 9 3 0 ' s . This paper i s published now in several leading c i t i e s under Kuomintang auspices. 9.1.20

Hsin-wen-hsüeh-k' an

f ] ) "The Review of Journalism,

e d i t e d and published by Chung-kuo hsin-wen hsiieh-hui (Chinese j o u r n a l i s t i c s t u d i e s s o c i e t y ) ,

"

«τ® orig-

i n a l l y by Pei-ching hsin-wen hsüeh-hui 1927 - (No. 5 (Vol. 2J i s dated August 1928).

(9941/4722.2)

A small magazine c o n t a i n i n g some u s e f u l m a t e r i a l s on the h i s t o r y of Chinese journalism. 9.1.21

Pao-hsiieh ylieh-k'an Huang T ' i e n - p ' e n g

f\ f^}

"Journalism,

" e d i t e d by

, p u b l i s h e d by Pao-hsiieh she

through Kuang-hua s h u - t i e n ^ C i ^ ^ 1, No. 4 i s d a t e d J u n e 1 9 2 9 ) ,

j%

. Shai 1929 - (Vol.

monthly.

(9941/4772)

Continuing Hsin-wen-hsüeh-k' an, t h i s contains technical d i s c u s s i o n s a s w e l l as j o u r n a l i s t s ' memoirs of p e r s o n a l experience. 9.1.22

Chang Ching-lu

s f 1® , Chung-kuo t i hsin-wen c h i - c h e yii

508

hsin-wen chih (Chinese

xf | f

reporters

J f j - fjfl - J L ^

f o r journalistsj

t a i , Shai 1932, pp. 4 & 62.

J g

^

and newspapers),

Hsien-

(9966/1350)

U l i s s h o r t survey i s r e a l l y a guide f o r r e p o r t e r s and packs i n much i n t e r e s t i n g m a t e r i a l on t h e new i n d u s t r y of t h e p r e s s and the new p r o f e s s i o n of j o u r n a l i s m . There i s a u s e f u l and w e l l - w r i t t e n c h a p t e r on " n e w s p a p e r s and r e v o l u t i o n a r y movements," which should be used t o supplement Ko Kung-chen's work.

9.2

SELECTED LEARNED JOURNALS Note: The f o l l o w i n g i s a l i s t of l e a r n e d j o u r n a l s i n t h e Harvard L i b r a r y which p r e s e n t m a t e r i a l s r e l e v a n t t o the study of the period 1898 - 1937. To some degree they r e p r e s e n t a l s o a l i s t of t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e c h i e f academic c e n t e r s i n China. Note should be taken of t h r e e important p u b l i c a t i o n s in English: The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, Peking 1916 - 1940; The Nankai Social and Economic Quarterly and i t s k i n d r e d p u b l i c a t i o n s T i e n t s i n 1935 - ; T'ien Hsia Monthly, Shai and Hong Kong 1935 - 41. For s p e c i a l i z e d learned j o u r n a l s , such as t h o s e on law and economics, s e e above, 6 . 1 (Economic encyclopaedias, p e r i o d i c a l s , e t c . ) and 3 . 5 ( S t u d i e s of the l e g a l system). We a l s o i n c l u d e in t h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t two popular magazines which were p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of h i s t o r i c a l e s s a y s , I - c h i n g (9.2.18) and Ta-feng ( 9 . 2 . 1 9 ) . L i s t i n g i s roughly c h r o n o l o g i c a l by f i r s t d a t e of i s s u e . N e e d l e s s t o s a y , t h i s s e l e c t i o n i s only a sample and q u a l i t y v a r i e s g r e a t l y among items.

9.2.1

Kuo-hsüeh c h i - k ' a n Studies, quarterly.

9.2.2

l^j

f ^ ] "The Journal

" National Peking University,

of

Sinological

Peiping,

1923 - ,

% ^J

"Social

(9200/672)

She-hui k ' o - h s ü e h c h i - k ' a n

^

509

^

^

^

" N a t i o n a l Peking U n i v e r s i t y , P e i p i n g ,

Sciences

Quarterly,

1922 - .

(4102/3827.3)

These two p e r i o d i c a l s were the pioneer s c h o l a r l y j o u r n a l s in the f i e l d s of the humanities and the s o c i a l sciences, r e s p e c t i v e l y , in modern China. Tliey set the s t y l e as well as the standard for similar journals started later by other government and private u n i v e r s i t i e s . Editors_and contributors to these two journals, l i k e Hu Shih , Feng Yu-lan Ü ft) , Ch'en Yuan f f , Ch'ien Hsüan-t'ung - f c l3) , Qiu Hsi-tsu % Ku Chieh-kang , Fu Ssu-nien ^ %