Moated Sites in Early North East Thailand 9780860545156, 9781407346809

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Acknowledgements and Preface
INTRODUCTION: TYPES OF SETTLEMENT
THE MUN RIVER BASIN
BACKGROUND FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH
LOCATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE MUN BASIN MOATED SITES
CLASSIFICATION OF MOATED SITES
THE NATURE OF THE MOATED SITES
GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS
APPENDIX: GUIDE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE MUN RIVER BASIN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX

Citation preview

Moated Sites in Early North East Thailand

Elizabeth H. Moore

BAR International Series 400 1988

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S400, 1988: 'Moated Sites in Early Horth East Thailand' © Elizabe th H. Moore, 1988 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860545156 paperback ISBN 9781407346809 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545156 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS L IST OF F IGURES ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS & PREFACE

i -i v v -v i i v i -x i

1 .

I NTRODUCT ION : TYPES OF S ETTLE MENT

1 . 1

I n t roduc t ion & d ef in i t ion o f t e rms

1

1 . 2

t S equence o f s e t lement f o rms

6

1 . 3

t Two t ypes o f moa ted s e t lement

8

2 .

THE MUN R IVER BAS IN

2 . 1

T he K hora t P la teau

1 3

2 .2

T he Mun R iver b a s in

1 4

2 .3

S o i l s , l a ter i te a nd s a l t s ources

1 6

2 .4

Ag r icu l ture i n t he Mun b a s in : r i ce

1 9

3 .

BACKGROUND FRO M PREV IOUS RESEARCH

3 . 1

I nt roduc t ion

2 3

3 .2

E a r ly g round s urvey o f t he Nor th E a s t

2 4

3 . 3

P rev ious s urvey s u s ing a e r ia l p ho tog raphs

2 6

3 . 4

S urvey a nd e xcava t ion o fn on -moa ted s i tes

3 3

3 . 5

G round s urvey i n t he L ower Mun -Ch i b a s in

4 1

3 .6

S urvey a nd e xcava t ion o f t he P h ima i r eg ion

4 4

i v

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 . 7

E v idence f o r c hange a tB an C h iang H ian

4 8

3 . 8

S u mma ry

5 1

4 .

LOCAT IONAL ANALYS IS OF THE MUN BAS IN MOATED S ITES

4 . 1

I n t roduc t ion

5 3

4 .2

T opog raph ica l l o ca t ion o f s i tes

6 0

4 .3

Moa ted s i te a r ea a nd r e la t ionsh ip b e tween s i tes

6 9

4 .4

S pa t ia l a nd r ank /s ize a na ly s i s

7 4

5 .

CLASS IF ICAT ION OF MOATED S ITES

5 . 1

C las ica t ion : d ef in i t ion o f t e rms sif

8 3

5 . 2

C la ss if ica t ion a tr ibutes t

8 8

5 . 3

R e la t ionsh ip o f t e o s i te s t ruc ture rrace t

1 20

5 . 4

S p read o f t he moa ted f o rm

1 27

5 . 5

C hrono logy o f t he moa ted s i tes

1 40

6 .

THE NATURE OF THE MOATED S ITES

6 . 1

Na tura l r e sources

1 43

6 .2

S oc ia l s t ruc ture

1 46

GLOSSARY & ABBREV IAT IONS

1 54

APPENDIX GUIDE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 60

B IBL IOGRAPHY

3 68

I NDEX

3 82

L IST OF F IGURES

P reface F igure B an Mu 'ang F a i

x i CHAPTER 1

F igure 1 . 1 F igure 1 . 2 F igure 1 . 3

P r imary a dm in i s t ra t ive d i s t r ic ts i n Nor th E a s t T ha i land t S equence o f s e t lement f o rms r Wa ter -ha rve s t ing a nd t e r i tor ia l moa ted s i tes

2 7 1

CHAPTER 2 F igure 2 . 1 F igure 2 .2 F igure 2 .3

P rec ip i ta t ion o n t he Khora t P la teau A rea a nd p ercentage o f f l oodp la in b y c hangwa t S o i l s u i tab i l i ty f o r w e t r i ce c u l t iva t ion

1 3 1 5 2 0

CHAPTER 3 F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

3 . 1 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4a 3 . 4b 3 .4c 3 .5

T he p l an o f Mu 'ang S ema o n t he g round a nd f r om t he a i r l D i s tr ibut ion map o f Wi l iams -Hunt S ec t ion a t Mu 'ang P he t (Wa les ) Khmer e xpans ion a nd moa ted s i tes S ix w aves o f K h mer e xpans ion Kh mer e xpans ion b y t he 1 3 th c entury E xcava t ions a nd s urvey s o f n on-moa ted s i tes i n Nor th-

2 5 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 34

E a st T ha i land F igure 3 .6 F igure 3 .7 F igure 3 . 8

D i s tr ibut ion o f s ema s t ones i n t he Nor th E a s t t tern P h ima i s e t lemen t p at l B an C h iang H ian i n t he C h i V a ley

4 3 4 5 4 9

CHAPTER 4 F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4 4 .5 4 .6 4 .7 4 .8 4 .9

F igure 4 . 10 F igure 4 . 11 F igure 4 . 12

D i s tr ibut ion o f moa ted s i tes i n t he Mun b a s in D i s tr ibut ion o f moa ted s i tes b y c hangwa t S i te D i s tr ibut ion i n C hangwa t Nakhon R a tcha s ima S i te D is tr ibut ion i n C hangwa t B un iR am S i te D i s t r ibut ion i n C hangwa t S ur in S i te D i s t r ibut ion i n C hangwa t S i S a K e t A l t i tude o f moa ted s i tes r D i s t r ibut ion o f moa ted s i tes b y t e race r ace l T er o ca t ion o f s i tes i n Nakhon R a tcha s ima a nd B un i R am r ace c T er a tch ment o fe igh t moa ted s i tes L and c apab i l i ty c l a ss i f ica t ion o f moa ted s i tes A t yp ica l moa t -s t ream c onnec t ion

5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 2 -4 6 6 6 8

v i

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

4 . 13 4 . 14 4 . 15 4 . 16 4 . 17

R e la t ionsh ip o f e a r thwo rks t o a r ea Nuc lea r v er sus t o ta l a r ea D i s t r ibut ion o f moa ted s i tes b y s i ze A rea o f t he moa ted s i tes Moa ted s i te r ank /s ize p lo t

7 0 7 1 7 2 7 4 8 1

CHAPTER 5 F igure 5 . 1

P hy s iog raph ic f a c tor s a nd moa ted s i tes

8 7

F igure 5 .2 F igure 5 . 3

Moa t -mound -moa t p rof i les Moa t a tB an T akhong J une , 1 985

8 9 9 0

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

E a r thwork a tB an Mu 'ang F ang J une , 1 985 Na tura ly moa ted mound a tB an P ra sa t , B uniR am l Am in ima ly a r ch i tec ted s i te : B an C habok l Am in ima ly a r ch i tec ted s i te : B an Ku l Ap a r t ly a r ch i tec ted s i te : B an Nong Kha Ap a r t ly a r ch i tec ted s i te : B an C hong U Af u ly a r ch i tec ted s i te : B an Nong T a Na l

9 1 9 3 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 1 00

F igure 5 . 11 F igure 5 . 12 F igure 5 . 13

Af u ly a r ch i tec ted s i te : B an Mu 'ang F ang l S u mma ry o f c l a ss if ica t ion T hree f u ly a r ch i tec ted c omp lex s i tes l

1 01 19 1 20

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

S i te c omp lex i ty c ompa red t o t e race r S i te a r ea c ompa red t o t e race r R ep resenta t ive s o i l g roups b y t e rrace S umma ry o f i ndex n u mber s At ype -3 s i te : B an Mu 'ang F ang A t ype -3 s i te : B an Mu 'ang Du At ype -2 s i te : B an Non Du

5 . 4 5 . 5 5 .6 5 . 7 5 . 8 5 . 9 5 . 10

5 . 14 5 . 15 5 . 16 5 . 17 5 . 18 5 . 19 5 .20

1 21-2 1 23 1 23 1 28 1 32 1 33 1 34

F igure 5 .21 F igure 5 .22 F igure 5 .23

At ype -2 s i te : B an S a i R ayong I ndex n u mber v er sus a r ea o f moa ted s i tes At ype -1 s i te : B an T akhong

1 35 1 36 1 37

F igure 5 .24 F igure 5 .25 F igure 5 .26

At ype -1 s i te : B an C habok A t ype -1 s i te : B an T amyae S p read o f t he moa ted f o rm i n t he Mun b a s in

1 38 1 39 1 40

G lossa ry f i gure 1 : 250 ,000 map g r id o f T ha i land

1 57

ACKN O WLEDGE MENTS & PREFACE T h i s v o lume i s ar ev i sed v e r s ion o f my d oc to ra l d i se r ta t ion , s ubm i ted i n 1 986 t o t he s t Un ive r s i ty o fL ondon a s ' The Moa ted Mu 'ang o f t he Mun R ive r B a s in ' . T he p ro to -Tha i w o rd mu 'ang o f t he t hes i s t i t le c an r ef e r t o av i lage , c i ty , o r s t a te . S oc ia l a nd s pa t ia l c onno ta t ions o f l t he w o rd may p rove d e sc r ip t ive o f many a spec t s o f t he moa ted s i tes o f No r th E a s t T ha i land , t he s ub jec t o f t h i s w o rk . However , f u r ther r e sea rch a nd e xcava t ion a r e n eeded t o t e s t t h i s s up p o s i t ion . A s e cond T ha i w o rd w h ich a l so t r ans l i tera te s a s mu 'ang , mean ing a n i r iga t ion c ana l r o r o re m ine , i su sed i n t h e c onc lud ing c hap ter o f t h i s b ook i n c on junc t ion w i th f a i o r w e i r t o d esc r ibe t he t r ad i t iona l g r av i ty i r iga t ion s y s tems f ound i n No r thern T ha i land . r Many p eop le h ave h e lped make t he c omp le t ion o f t h i s v o lume p os le , a nd Iw ou ld l i ke sib t o t hank t hem f o r t he i r s uppo r t . Ib eg in w i th t ho se w ho se e ncouraged me t o s t udy No r th E a s t T ha i land , p a r t icu la r ly Na ta l ie Rob inson , Anne T of ie ld , T uye t Nguye t , P i s i t C ha roenwong sa o f t he T ha i F ine A r t s Depa r tmen t , a nd C h i E ng o f t he S ingapo re N a t iona l Museum . S i nce c om i ng t o L ondon i n 1 981 , Ia m i ndeb ted t o A nthony C hr i s t ie , I a n G raham , C l ive O r ton , Anna B ennet nd J i l Do r set e len C o rde l , J ud i th J acob , a nd Mana t C h i taka sen . T o I a n G love r t, a l t, H l I o we p a r t icu la r t hank s f o r a dv i s ing my d oc to ra l r e sea rch , a nd a l so t o my e xam iner s , J an W is hr i s t ie a nd P h i l ip S tot o r t he i r a dv ice . s eman C t, f O ver t he y ea r s Ih ave b enef i ted f r om t he s ugges t ions o f R obe r t Moo re , C laude J a cque s , t L eedom L ef t s , B e rna rd G ro s l ier , S o rache t Wonakamw icha i , T iva S upa janya , S ur in P ooka fer j o rn , P hutho rn B hu mmadon , a nd S r i sak ra V a l ibho tama . My t hank s t o t h e C en t ra l R e sea rch l F und o f t he U n iver s i ty o fL ondon f o r s uppo r t ing my f i e ld w o rk i nT ha i land . Among t he many p eop le w ho h ave h e lped p reserve t he W i l iams -Hun t C o lec t ion , Ia m l l g ra tefu l t o t he P i t R ive r s Museum i n O xford , J ohn T h ier ft he S outhea s t A s ian A r t F ount ry o d a t ion , t he T ha i N a t iona l A rch ives , R a lph Sm i th o f t he S choo l o f O r ien ta l a nd A f r ican S tu d i es , a nd t he B r i t i sh A cademy . L a s t ly , Iw ou ld l i ke t o t hank P e ter Wi l iams -Hun t , f o r a semb l ing t he Wor ld Wa r Ia er ia l l s p ho tog raphs w h ich h ave b ecome t he W i l iams -H un t C o lec t ion . H e mus t h ave b een q u i te a l l man t o h ave h ad t he p re sence o f m ind t o w o rk s o c a refu ly a nd me thod ica ly t o p reserve a l l c u l tura l a r ch ive i n t he m id s t o fw a r . Iw i sh Ic ou ld h ave me t h im . My i nven tory o f t h e W i ll iams -Hun t C o lec t ion w a s p a r t o f my t he s i s , b u t h a s n o t b een l i n c luded i n t h i s v o lume a s i th a s b een d i s t r ibuted e l sewhere i n c on junc t ion w i th my w o rk o n t he a er ia l p ho tog raphs , a nd w i l a l so b e i n co rpo ra ted i n to af u ture g u ide t o t he Wil iams -Hun t l C o lec t ion . However , a s t he p ho tog raphs f o rmed t he p r ima ry s ource o f ma te r ia l f o r t he l p resent w o rk , Iw ou ld l i ke t o b r ief ly r ecoun t t he i r h i s tory .

THE WILL IA MS -HUNT COLLECT ION T he c r ea t ion o f t h e W i ll iams -Hun t C o lec t ion b egan i n 1 978 w i th my s urvey o f Khmer l monu ment s i n t he Mun R iver b a s in o f No r th E a s t T ha i land . A f te r u nsucce ssfu l a temp t s t o t o b ta in c ur t a e r ia l c over , K hun P i s i t C ha roenwong sa o ft he T ha i F ine A r t s Depa r tmen t s ug r en g es ted t ha t Is hou ld l ok f o r t he p i c tures o f P e te r Wi l iams -Hun t . Ik new o f Wi l iams -Hun t o l l f r om t he a e r ia l p ho tog raphs h e p ub l i shed i n t he l a te 1 940 's a nd 1 950 's , b ut I had n ever t hought t he re m igh t b e more . A f ter c om ing t o E ng land , Ic on t inued t o make e nqu i r ies a bou t c over o f S ou th E a s t A s ia , w i th n o r e su l t s . I n 1 982 , Iw a s r e -read ing a 1957 a r t ic le o fQ ua r i tch Wa les i n t he J ourna l o f t h e S i am S oc i e ty , ' Muang B on , A t own o f No r thern Dva rava t i ' , a nd n o t iced h e ment ioned c onsu l t ing t he a er ia l p ho tog raphs o f Wi l iams -Hun t a t t he P i t R ive r s l t

i v i

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

Museum i n O xfo rd . I wro te t o t he l i bra ry , a nd s ub sequen t ly w en t t o Oxford , w he re Iw a s l o ve rwhe lmed a t t he s i ze o f t he c o lec t ion : 5 5 d us ty , u nca ta logued b oxes b u lg ing w i th o ve r l l 5 000 Wo r ld Wa r Ia e r ia l p ho tog raphs c o lec ted b y P e te r W i l iams -Hunt . l P e ter Wi l iams -Hun t b ecame i n tere s ted i n a r chaeo logy a s ab oy i n B erk sh i re . D ur ing a l Wor ld Wa r Ip o s t ing i nn o r the rn I t a ly , Wi l iams -H un t m e t J ohn B radford , a n a dvoca te o ft he u se o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphy i n a r chaeo logy . T oge ther t h ey c o -autho red a n a r t ic le a bou t t he t l d e tec t ion o f R oman c en tur ia t ion p a terns f r om t he a i r (W i l iams -Hunt & B radfo rd 1 946 ) . l Wi l iams -Hun t , a n a rmy p ho tog raph ic i n te rp re ter , w a s p o s ted t o t he F a r E a s t a f ter t h e w a r l l e nded i n E urope . H e b egan t o a ma ss ap r iva te c o lec t ion o f a r chaeo log ica ly i n te re s t ing p ho to l g raphs c u led f r om t he f i l es o f t he C omb ined P ho tog raph ic I n terp re ta t ion C en t re i nS i ngapore . H e u sed af ew i n a r t ic les p ub l i shed b e tween 1 948 -52 . l I n 1 949 , Wi l iams -Hun t w a s p o s ted t o K ua la L umpur . H e r ema ined t here a f te r d e ried t mob i l iza t ion t h e s ame y ea r , mar he d aughte r o f aS ema i S eno i c h ief , a nd b ecame ac ham p i on o f t he O rang A s l i c ause d ur ing t he Ma lay Eme rgency o f 1 952 -4 . H i s p ub l ica t ions d ur ing t h i s t ime w e re a n thropo log ica l s t ud ies o f Ma lay O rang A s hit r ibes , r a ther t han a r chaeo log ica l l d i s t r ibu t ion s t ud ies . I n O c tober 1 951 , W i l iams -H un t s en t s eve ra l o f h i s b oxes o f a e r ia l p hot og raphs f o r s a f ekeep ing t o J ohn B radfo rd , w i th w hom h e h ad r ema ined f r iend s s i nce t h e w a r . l l Wi l iams -Hun t t o ld B radfo rd n o t t o r e turn t he p i c tures , b u t t o h o ld t h em u n t i l ' I nex t c a l i na l c l f ew y ea r s t ime ' . S ad ly , Wi l iams -Hun t d i ed a c iden ta ly i n J une , 1 953 , w h i le r e turn ing f r om a n O rang A sh w edd ing . He w a s t h i r ty -f ive y ea r s o ld . l I n 1 960 , J ohn B radfo rd w a s i n s t i tu t iona l ized , a nd W i l iams -Hun t 's p ho tog raphs w e re p ut t i n to s t o rage a t t he P i t R iver s Museum . Q ua r i tch Wa le s c onsu l ted t hem u pon s eve ra l o cca l l l s i ons . W i l iam Wa t son , w ho h ad k nown Wi l iams -Hun t , c hecked t h e c o lec t ion b efo re h i s e xcava t ions a t Kok C ha roen , C ent ra l T ha i land i nt he m id -1960 's . H e f ound t hem u nusab le , a s t hey w e re u nso r ted a nd u ndocumented . When If i r s t s aw t he p ho tog raphs t hey w ere i nc a rd l b oa rd b oxes l a be led b y a r ea . I soon d i scovered h oweve r , t ha t many p i c tures w e re i n t he w rong b ox a nd d ec ided t o e xam ine e ach p r in t a nd p repa re ap i c ture b y p i c ture i nven to ry o f l t he p ho tog raphs , w h ich In amed t he Wi ll iams -Hun t C o lec t ion . In ex t s o r ted t he p i c ture s i n to l s i x g roup s , n ame ly Angko r , B urma , Ma laya , M i sce laneous , S ingapo re , a nd T ha i land , a nd o rdered i n forma t ion o n e a ch i mage i n ac omputer d a taba se . l A l though W i l iams -Hun t s e rved a s p ho tog raph ic i n te rp re to r i n t he a rmy , mo s t o ft he p ho l l t og raphs i n t he Wi l iams -Hun t C o lec t ion w ere t aken b y t h e Roya l A i r F orce ( RAF ) . Al a rge l p a r t o f t he c o lec t ion 's c over i sv e r t i ca l , t he r e s t b e ing o b l ique i mages . E ach s ec t ion o ft h e c o l l e c t ion i ss u mma r ized b e low .

ANGKOR T here a r e 18 p r in t s , a bout h a lf v er t ica l s a t 1 : 50 ,000 s c a le a nd h a lf o b l iques , mo s t f l own a t e l 1 50 f e t . T hey w ere f l own o ut o f S a igon a nd B angkok . A l a r e o f t emp le r u ins a tA ngko r , a nd mo s t o f t he t emp les a r e i d en t if ied b y n ame i n t he i nven to ry . T he p ho tog raphs w ere t a ken i n 1 945 a nd 1 946 .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND P REFACE

i x

BUR MA T here a r e 8 21 p r in t s , p rac t ica l ly a l l v e r t ica l s a t 1 : 50 ,000 s c a le . T he c over i sd i s t r ibuted a s f o l low s : 3 4% 3 0% 1 6% 9% 8%

R angoon C en t ra l P la in S outh C oa s t S han P la teau Uppe r I r rawaddy & A rakan

T he R angoon p ho tog raphs a r e o f h i s to r ica l i n teres t , h av ing b een t a ken i n A p r i l 1 944 , r epea ted ly c r i ss -c ro ss ing t h e J apanese -occup ied c i ty . O f n o te i n t he r e s t o f t he c over a r e 10 p ho tog raphs o f Mergu i i n s ou thern B urma a nd a v a r ie ty o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s s uch a s S hr ik she t ra , a l though t he re i so n ly o ne o b l ique p ho tog raph o f P agan . T he p ho tog raphs w ere t a ken i n 1 943 a nd 1 944 .

MALAYA l l T here a r e 2 632 p ho tog raphs , p rac t ica ly a l v e r t ica l s a t 1 : 50 ,000 s c a le t a ken b e tween 1 948 a nd 1 952 . T he c over i se ven ly d iv ided b e tween t he n o r thern a nd s ou thern h a lves o ft he Ma lay l o p enn insu la . N ea r ly a f t h e Ma layan v e r t ica l c over w a s f l own a s p a r t o f t he Ma layan Emer g ency .

M ISCELLANEOUS T here a r e 3 12 p ho tog raphs , mo s t ly v er t ica l s a t 1 : 50 ,000 s c a le t a ken b e tween 1 942 a nd 1 947 . T hey h ave b een d i v ided i n to I ndoch ina a nd P ac if ic c over . L oca t ions i n t he I ndoch ina t c over i n c lude Annam , B a tambang , B ien Hoa , B inh D iem , S a igon , S i sophon a nd P hnom P enh . T he P ac if ic c ove r i n c lude s Me lbourne , A ros I s land s , P ome laa , A ndaman I s land s , C oco s I s land s , a nd t he N icoba r I s land s .

S INGAPORE l T here a r e 1 74 p ho tog raphs o f S i ngapo re , a l o b l iques t a ken b e tween 1 947 a nd 1 950 , a nd c over ing mos t a r ea s o f t he i s land .

THA ILAND T here a r e 1 614 p ho tog raphs , mo s t ly v e r t ica l s e xcep t f o r l o ng o b l ique r uns o ver B angkok a nd Ayuthaya , a nd s mal g roup s o f o b l iques o f v a r ious t owns i n t he s outh . T he c over , t a ken b e tween 1 943 a nd 1 947 , i sd i v ided a sf olow s : 2 9% 1 1% 3 5% 2 3%

B angkok No r thern No r th E a s t C en t ra l a nd S outhern

x

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAN D

T he Wi l iams -Hun t C olec t ion i s av a luab le r e co rd o f S ou th E a s t A s ia a tt he e nd o f Wo r ld l Wa r I . S i nce r ecove r ing t he p ho tog raphs I have b een w o rk ing t o p re se rve t h e c o lec t ion l t h rough t he p roduc t ion o f an ew s e t o f f u l s i ze d i g i ta ly s canned n ega t ive s . I have a l so l l e ncouraged a cqu i s i t ion o f t he p ho tog raphs b y l i bra r ie s a nd f ounda t ions s o t ha t t h e a r ch ive c an b e e a s i ly a va i lab le f o r r e sea rch . T he p resen t s t udy o f moa ted s i tes i n No r th E a s t T ha i land i t ra tes o ne o ft h e many u se s lus o f t he Wi l iams -Hun t C o lec t ion . Ih ave t a bu la ted d a ta o n t he moa ted s i tes f r om a bou t 4 50 l l p ho tog raphs i n t he c o lec t ion . T he v i lage o f B an Mu 'ang F a i , i us t ra ted b e low , s e rves t o l l l i n t roduce s ome o f t he f ea tures w h ich make t he moa ted s i tes s o s t r ik ing ly v i s ib le o n a e r ia l p ho tog raphs . T he c ur rent v i lage o f B an Mu 'ang F a i i sl o ca ted o n t h e mound , j us t l e f t o fc en t re o n t h e l e n la rgemen t . A s d ef ined i n t he G los ry , t he s i te n umbe r [ 2 1-28 i .ND48 -5 ] i d en t if ies t he s i te sa a s b e ing l o ca ted i n t he p rov ince o f B ur l R am . A r oad b i sec t s t he mound h o r izon ta ly . T hree l r i ng s o f p o s i t ive v ege ta t ion s ur round t he mound . T he r i ng s a r e f o rmed b y t r ee s g row ing o n t he c r es t s o f e a r thwo rks . T he g ap s b e tween t he e a r thwo rk s a r e t he f o rmer moa t s o f t he s i te . Add i t iona l c ana l s s en t o t he n o r th o f t h e v i lage o r ig ina ly c onnec ted t o a n a d ja cen t s t ream , e l l a nd p robab ly s e rved t o c hanne l f l oodwa ter i n t he r a iny s ea son a nd d i ver t w a ter i nt h e d ry s e a s on t o t he i nnunda ted r i ce g row ing a r ea . E l sewhere t he p r edom inan t v ege ta t ion i sd ry d ec idu o us d ip te roca rp f o res t a nd s c rub . T he d a rke r p a tern a nd r ougher t e x ture o f t h e f o res t c on t t r a s t s w i th t he i s o la ted s po t s o fs c rub a nd t r ees g row ing i nd i sused r i ce f i e ld s .

x i

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

PREFACE F IG URE BAN MU 'ANG FAI [ 21-28LND48-5 ]

I NTRODUCTION : TYPES OF SETTLE MENT

' One g enera t ion p as th a way , a nd a no ther g enera t ion c ome th : b u t t he e a r th se a b ide th f o r e ver ' E cc les ia s te s 1 : 4

1 . 1 I NTRODUCT ION AND DEF INIT ION OF TER MS S ome t ime i n t he p a s t , i n hab i tant s o f t he Mun b a s in o f No r th E a s t T ha i land b egan t o a l ter t he i r l a nd scape b y e nc i r c l ing t he i r v i lages w i th mu l t ip le moa t s a nd e a r thwo rk s . T he v i lage s l l w ere l o ca ted o n c i rcu la r mound s , a nd a s t he moa t s f o lowed t he c on tour s o f t he mound , t hey l t oo w ere r ounded . V es t ige s o f t he moa t s a nd e a r thwo rk s r ema in t oday . T hey a ppea r a s s t r ik ing d a rk -co loured r i ng s w hen v i ewed o n a e r ia l p ho tog raphs , t he r i ng s b e ing t he d ense v ege ta t ion g row ing o n t h e c r es t o f t he e a r thwo rk s . T he p urpose o f t h i s v o lume i st o d esc r ibe , a na lyze a nd c l as amp le o f n ine ty -one sify a s moa ted s i te s i n t he No r th E a s t i d en t if ied o n t he Wi l iams -Hun t C o lec t ion o f Wo r ld Wa r I l l a e r ia l p ho tog raphs o f ma in land S outhea s t A s ia . T h i s c hap te r f i r s t d ef ines an umbe r o fr e levan t t e rms a nd t hen i n t roduce s t he d i f eren t t y pes o f moa ted s i tes . T he s econd c hap ter d esc r ibe s f t h e Mun R ive r b a s in , w here t he moa ted s i te s a r e f ound . T he t h i rd p resent s b ackg round ma te r ia l f r om p rev ious w o rk o n s i te d i s t r ibu t ion i n t he Mun b a s in . T he l o ca t iona l e v idence p resented i n t he f our th c hap ter i nd ica tes t ha t t he p r ima ry f a c to r s i n f luenc ing t he d i s t r ibu t ion a nd d eve lopment o f t he moa ted f o rm i n t he Mun b a s in w e re e co log ica l . I n t he f i f th c hap ter , t he s i tes a r e c l a ss if ied . T he c onc lud ing c hap te r f u r the r e xp lo res t he n a ture o ft he moa ted s i tes , p a r t icu la r ly i n r e la t ion t o n a tura l r e sources , o ppo r tun i t ie s f o r a g r icu l tura l d iver s if i ca t ion , a nd p oss ib le modes o fd ef ense , r e l ig ion , a nd s oc ia l s t ruc ture . An u mbe r o f t e rms u sed i n t h i s v o lume h ave p a r t i cu la r mean ing w i th r ega rd t o No r th E a s t T ha i land . T hey i n c lude g eog raph ica l , l i ngu i s t ic a nd c u l tura l r e f e rence s s uch a s K h mer , Mon , Dva rava t i , a nd S r i C hana sa . T he se a r e d ef ined b e low .

GEOGRAPHICAL T he g eog raph ica l a r ea i n c luded i n t h i s w o rk i s a pp rox ima te ly 1 4 .30 -15 .30 d eg rees n o r th a nd 1 01 .45 -104 .30 d eg ree s e a s t . T h i s i st he m idd le a nd u pper Mun R iver b a s in , l o ca ted o n t h e s outhern p a r t o f t he K ho ra t P la teau o f No r th E a s t T ha i land . F our p r ima ry a dm in i s t ra t ive d i s t r ic t s o r c hangwa t a pp rox ima te t h i s a r ea . T hey a r e Nakhon R a tcha s ima , B uniR am , S ur in a nd S i S ake t ( s ee F igure 1 . 1 ) . T he Mun R iver b a s in s u rvey a r ea i sc a led : Mun R iver b a s in , t h e l u pper Mun b a s in , t he Mun b a s in . When r e fer o a f No r th E a s t T ha i land , K ho ra t P la ring t l o t e au , P la teau , a nd No r th E a s t a r e u sed i n terchangeab ly .

2

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

F IGURE 1 . 1 PRI MARY AD MINISTRAT IVE D ISTRICTS I N NORTH EAST THA ILAND

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I NTRODUCT ION : TYPES O F S ETTLEMENT

3

L INGUIST IC AND CULTURAL T he u se o f modern l i ngu i s t ic f am i l ies i n r e f e rence t o e a r ly S outh E a s t A s ia i so pen t o q ues t ion . B efore 1 000 AD , a l though t he l a nguage o f No r th E a s t T ha i land may c once ivab ly h ave b een r e la ted t o t he p re sen t T a i l a nguages , e v idence t o d a te s ugges t s t ha t aMon -Khme r r e la ted v ocabu la ry w a s emp loyed ( Baya rd 1 979 : 2 79 ) . B o th Mon a nd K h me r a r e c ons ide red p a r t o f t he A us t ro -As ia t i c l a nguage g roup . Mon h a s b een n amed a s t he p a ren t o f K hmer ( Dupon t 1 959 :4 ) , b ut mo re c ommon ly i s p l aced a l ong s ide K h me r r a ther t han b efo re i t ( Shor to 1 979 :276 ) .

KH MER T he u se o f t he Khme r l a nguage i n e a r ly S ou th E a s t A s ia i st hough t t o h ave e x tended f a r b eyond t he l im i t s o f p re sent -day C ambod ia , i n to t he Mekong d e l ta , t he K ho ra t P la teau a nd l t he l ower Menam v a ley o fc en t ra l T ha i land ( Coeds 1 966 :27 ) . T he p eop le o fF unan , t he e a r ly l h i s tor ica l k ingdom g ene ra ly l o ca ted i n p resen t -day s outhern C ambod ia , may h ave s poken a p ro to -Khme r l a nguage , a nd K hmer i n sc r ip t ions d a t ing t o t he e a r ly 7 th c en tury AD h ave b een f ound i n t he r eg ion ( B r igg s 1 955 :15 ) . However , t he q ues t ion o fh ow K hmer r eached t he l ower Mekong i su nso lved ( Sho r to 1 979 :277 ) . l T he p opu la t ion o f much o f t he Mun b a s in t oday i se thn ica ly K hmer , a nd many o f t he moa ted s i tes a r e t oday i n hab i ted b y K hmer s ( B .Gros l ie r , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion) . O ver 1 00 t emp le s s im i la r t o t he monument s o f t he K hmer c omp lex a t Angko r h ave b een i d en t if ied i n g round s urvey s o f t he Mun b a s in ( Se idenfaden 1 922 ) . F rom t he 1 0 th c entury AD , t he No r th E a s t i s o f ten v i ewed a s as t yl i s t ic , c u l tura l a nd p ol i t ica l e x tens ion o f A ngko r (Wa les 1 969 , H igham 1 977 , We lch 1 984 ) . Howeve r , t here h a s n eve r b een a n e x tens ive e xcava t ion o f a Khmer t emp le i n t he No r th E a s t . I n a dd i t ion , a s w i th t he T ha i p eop les , t here i sn o v er if iab le e v idence f o r t he o r ig in a nd d a te o f t he e a r l ie s t K hmer p opu la t ion o n t he K ho ra t P la teau . Khmer i n sc r ip t ions o n t he P la teau e rec ted b y Mahend rava rman ( Phou L okhon K .363 a nd S ur in K .377) , d a te t o t h e l a te 6 th o r e a r ly 7 th c en tury AD . T he p o l i t ica l s i tua t ion i n t he Mun b a s in may h ave b een s im i la r t o t ha t i n n o r thwes te rn C ambod ia , a no the r a r ea o f Mahend rava rman 's a c t iv i ty i nt he 7 th c en tury . A s Wo l te r s ( 1974 :383 ) make s c l ea r , l ' Cambod ia w a s s t i l s t udded w i th l o ca l c h ief ta insh ip s , w ho se r u ler s b y n o means l f e l t t ha t t hey a l ready n o rma ly b e longed t o al a rger a nd p ermanent p o l i t ica l u n i ty . Amb i t ious c h ief s w ou ld emerge f r om t ime t o t ime , b u t t he p a th t o o ver lo rd sh ip . . . w a s n ever a n e a sy o ne . In t h i s s i tua t ion t he t e rm ' k ingdom ' a s s ome th ing d i s t inc t r sfu f r om t he t empo ra ry t e r i to r ia l i nf luence o f as ucces l s o ld ier -ch ief i s a n i n ap l p rop r ia te o ne . G rea ter u n i t ies w ere s t i l o n ly t he f r ag i le c onsequence o f t he s p rowess o f a n i nd iv idua l l e ader . T h i s k ind o f u n i ty q u ick ly d i so lved w hen a n o ve r l l o rd d i ed o r l o s t t h e c onf idence o fh i s a l ies . ' A h i s to ry o f t he K hmer o n t he K ho ra t P la teau i sb eyond t he s cope o f t he p resen t w o rk . l l However , t he Khmer t emp le s a nd r e sevo i r s a r e s pa t ia ly a nd c honro log ica ly l i nked t o t he Mun b a s in moa ted s i te s , mak ing t he K hmer c u l ture o f p a r t icu la r r e levance . T he K hme r o ft he Nor th E a s t e xh ib i ted a di s t inc t s cu lp tura l , e p ig raph ic , a r ch i tec tura l a nd r e l ig ious s ync re t i sm , sa w h ich makes i tn eces ry t o d i s t ingu i sh t hem f r om t he A ngko rean K h me r , a nd t he K h me r o f C en t ra l T ha i land . T o t h i s e nd , t he t e rm ` Kho ra t K h me r ' h a s b een u sed i nt h i s v o lume .

4

M OATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THAILAND

MON AND DVARAVAT I Mon i sp r ima r i ly al i ngu i s t ic t e rm , w h ich i ss ome t imes e x tended t o i nd ica te e t hn ic i ty . T he Mon l a nguage i sf ound o n i n sc r ip t ions f r om L owe r B urma f r om t he 1th c en tury AD , c en t ra l T ha i land f r om t he 6 th c en tury AD , a nd n o r thern T ha i land f r om t he 1th c en tury AD ( D if f lo th 1 984 :4 -10 ) . Mon s peaker s a r e l i nked i n l o ca l l e gend s w i th b o th t he B urma a nd n o r the rn T ha i a r ea s s eve ra l c en tur ies p r io r t o t he e a r l ies t d ocumen ted i n sc r ip t ion . I n No r th E a s t T ha i land , Mon i n sc r ip t ions h ave b een d a ted t o t h e 1 0 th a nd 1th c en tur ies AD ( i b id . 9 ) . I t h a s r ecent ly b een a r gued t ha t p ocke t s o f t he p opu la t ion a l ong t he w es te rn e dge o f t h e Kho ra t P la teau a r e s peak ing a di a lec t ( Nyah K ur ) w h ich i sa di rec t d escendan t o f O ld Mon ( D if th 1 984 :1 ) . flo T he Mon l a nguage i nT ha i land i sg enera ly a soc ia ted w i th t he 6 -9th c en tury AD k ingdom l s o f Dva rava t i : ' The b i r th o f Dva rava t i p e rhap s c or s w i th t he d i smembermen t o f F unan . respond B u t w e k now v i r tua ly n o th ing a bou t t h i s s t a te o f Dva rava t i . T he i n sc r ip t ions o f l P hra P a thom a nd L opbur i [ i n C en t ra l T ha i land ] , i n a r cha ic Mon l a nguage , p rove t ha t t he p opu la t ion w a s b a s ica ly Mon ' ( Coedd s 1 968 :76 ) . l Howeve r , i t canno t b e a sumed t ha t a l Mon s peake r s w ere i na r ea s r u led b y t he Dva rava t i s l s t a te (s ) , o r t ha t i n a l Dva rava t i -cont ro led a r ea s Mon w a s t he o n ly , o r p r inc ipa l l a nguage . A l l f u r the r c omp l ica t ion i st ha t Dva rava t i i so f ten u sed a s a n a r t h i s to r ica l a nd i c onog raph ic t e rm ( e .g . Wa les : 1 969 ) , u sua ly r e f er o aB uddh i s t s t y l e o f monumen ta l a r t p roduced b e tween l ring t t he 7 th a nd 1 0 th c en tury AD . T he c en t re o f Dva rava t i i st r ad i t iona ly l o ca ted a tT ha ton i n B urma , e spec ia ly b y t h e B ur l l me se , b u t n o a r chaeo log ica l e v idence s uppor t s t h i s b e l ief . T he p os i l i ty t ha t t he k i ngdom sib w a s c en t red a t N akhon P a thom , T ha i land , i ss uppor ted b y B uddh i s t o b jec t s a nd i n sc r ip t ions f ound i nt he Menam b a s in , a nd t h e u se o f Dva rava t i a so ne o f t he o ff i ca l n ame s o f t h e c i ty o f A yut Lyons 1 979 :352 ) . T he B uddh i s t p i lg r im H suan -T sang r ef er o ' To lo -po t i ' , thaya ( red t w h ich may c or spond t o Dva rava t i , b e ing l o ca ted w e s t o f I s anapura i n C ambod ia ( Coeds re 1 968 :76 ) . Among t he Dva rava t i a r tef ac t s w h ich h ave b een f ound a r e t h ree s i lve r m eda l s f ound i n N akhon P a thom a nd S i nghbur i p rov ince s b ea r ing t he i n sc r ip t ion S r i Dvarava t i svara p unya , aS ansk r i t t e rm mean ing ' f ounda t ion-wo rk o f me r i t - King o f Dva rava t i ' ( Boe le s 1 964 :101) . T he k i ngdom (s ) o f Dva rava t i i so f ten a su med t o i n c lude much o f Nor th E a s t T ha i land , s p a r t icu la r ly t he moa ted mound s w h i ch a r e t he s ub jec t o ft h i s w ork : ' Fo r a r chaeo log i s t s , t he r ema ins o f r ound a nd o va l moa ted ' c i t ies ' , s c a te red t t h roughou t C en t ra l a nd No r thea s te rn T ha i land a r e n ow c ons idered t o b e long t o t h e Dva rava t i c u l ture ' ( D if th : 1 984 :4 ) . flo Desc r ip t ions o f moa ted s i tes c omp r i s ing t he n o r thea s te rn e x ten t o f Dva rava t i c i v i l iza t ion o f ten i n c lude o n ly a few e xamp les s uch a s Mu 'ang S ema [ 20 -60IND47 -8 ] ( s ee G los ry f o r sa e xp lana t ion o f s i te n umbe r ing ) a nd Mu 'ang F a Daed , c t ing t hem a s e v idence o f c u l tura ly i l u n ifo rm ( Buddh i s t ) a nd ( by i mp l ica t ion) o ccupa t ionaly c on tempo raneous Dva rava t i s i te s d i spe r sed a l ong a l o g ica l o ve r land t r ade r ou te f r om t he Gu lf o f S i am t o n o r thern V ie tnam (Wya t 1 984 :23 ) . t

I NTRODUCT ION : TYPES OF S ETTLE MENT

5

SRI CHANASA T he Mon -speake r s a nd t he Dva rava t i a r t s t y le a r e a l so l i nked t o t he k ingdom o f S r i C ha n a sa . S r i C hana sa i st hough t t o h ave e x i s ted o n t he K hora t P la teau d ur ing t he 7 th t o 1 0 th c ent u ry AD , a nd h a s b een l i nked t o t he moa ted s i tes o f t he Mun b a s in ( Na t iona l Museu m 1 972 ) . S r i C hana sa p robab ly o sc i la ted p o l i t ica ly i n a manner s im i la r t o 7 th c en tury n o r thea s tern l l C ambod ia (Wo l ter s 1 974 :383 ; q uo ted a bove ) . T here a r e f our i n sc r ip t ions t hought t o r e la te t o S r i C hana sa . T he i r l o ca t ions , d a tes a nd l a nguages a r e a s f o low s : l B o I ka ( A ) H in Khon B o I ka ( B ) A yut t haya

7 th 8 t h 9 th 1 0 th

c entury c entury c en tury c entury

AD AD AD AD

S ansk r i t S ansk r i t a nd K h me r S ansk r i t a nd K h mer S ansk r i t a nd K h me r

T he B o I ka ( A ) i n sc r ip t ion w a s f ound a t Mu 'ang S ema [ 20 -60 i .ND47 -8] , as i te o n t he w es tern e dge o f t he K ho ra t P la teau . I tc ommemo ra tes d ona t ions made t o aB uddh i s t c om mun i ty b y t he r u ler o f S r i C hana sa ( Coeds 1 965 :83 ) . T he H in K hon i n sc r ip t ions , f ound 3 5 m i les s ou th o f Nakhon R a tcha s ima [ 20 -67r .ND48 -5 ] a l so c ommemora te b enef ac t ions t o t he B uddh i s t r e l ig ion ( i b id .73 ) . T he B o I ka ( B ) a nd Ayut n sc r ip t ions , h owever , a r e S i va i te . t haya i T he B o I ka ( B ) i n sc r ip t ion ( 898 AD) , i sw r i ten i n S ansk r i t a nd K hme r a nd c ommemo ra te s t t h e f ound ing o f af i nga o n a n a bandoned d oma in o u t s ide C ambod ia ( i b id .83 -5 ) . T he Ayut t haya i n sc r ip t ion ( 937 AD) , g i ve s a n i n comp le te l i s t o f t he r u ler s o f S r i C hana sa . A l though i tw a s f ound a t A yut ti sn o t t hough t t o h ave o r ig ina ted t he re ( Coeds 1 944 :73 -6 ) . T he p res thaya i e nce o f b o th B uddh i s t a nd H indu i n sc r ip t ions r a i ses t he p os i l i ty t ha t t he r u ler s o f S r i C ha sib n a sa f l uc tua ted i n t he i r r e l ig ious a leg iance . l F ind s f r om l o ca t ions i nC hangwa t N akhon R a tcha s ima a nd C hangwa t B uniR am , i n c lud ing t h e moa ted s i te o f B an Muang F a i [ 2 1-28 i .ND48-5 ] , h ave b een i n te rp re ted a s e v idence t ha t S r i C hana sa may h ave s en T he ravada a nd Mahayana B uddh i sm p ra c t iced s imu l taneous ly e a l ong w i th a mu tua l t r ansf erance o f Mon a nd K hmer a r t i s t ic i n f luence s ( Bangkok Museum 1 973 : 6 3 -4 ) . T hese c onc lus ions w ere b a sed o n a r t h i s tor ica l a na ly s i s o f b ronze s cu lp tures . A l a rge T heravada B uddha i mage f r om B an Mu 'ang F a i w a s a t r ibu ted t o t he 8 th c en tury AD t Dva rava t i s t y le , w herea s t wo Mahayana B odh i sa tva s w ere d a ted t o t he 8 -9 th c en tury AD t K hmer s t y le o f Kompong P reah . B o th t he T heravada a nd Mahayana i mage s may h ave b een c a s t i n l o ca l w o rk shop s ( i b id . 5 4 ) . T he u nreso lved q ues t ion o f S r i C hana sa i so f i n te res t h ere a s i ti so f ten l o ca ted i n Nakhon R a tcha s ima o r B un iR am , a nd o b jec t s a t r ibu ted t o S r i C hana sa h ave b een f ound a t moa ted t s i tes . T he i n sc r ip t iona l t e s t imony o f k i ngdoms c ontempo ra ry w i th Dva rava t i r e inforces t he p or t ra i t o f t he No r th E a s t i n t he l a te i s t m i lenn ium AD a s ar eg ion f i led w i th many i ndepen l l d en t r u ler s r a ther t han b e ing p a r t o f au n if ied h i era rchy . I n s u mma ry , Khme r , Mon , Dva rava t i , a nd S r i C hana sa f o rm a n i mperf ec t b u t e x i s t ing means b y w h ich t o r e cons t ruc t t he l i ngu i s t ic a nd c u l tura l e nv i ron ment o f e a r ly No r th E a s t T ha i land , a nd a r e u sed i n t h i s v o lume i n t he s ense p resen ted a bove . Wi th t hese t e rms t d ef ined , l e t u s r e turn t ot he r eg iona l e xam ina t ion o fs e t lement , p a r t icu la r ly t he moa ted s i tes .

6

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND 1 . 2 SEQUENCE OF SETTLE MENT FOR MS

Moa ted s i tes a r e o ne c omponen t i n a mo rpho log ica l a nd p os ly c hrono log ica l s equence sib o f t h ree s e t lemen t f o rms i n No r th E a s t T ha i land v i s ib le o n a e r ia l p ho tog raphs . T hese a r e t u nmoa ted mound s , moa ted mound s , a nd r ec tangu la r w a ter s t o rage b aray ( s ee G los ry ) a nd sa t emp le e nc lo sures ( s ee F igure 1 . 2 ) . T he moa ted s i te s d i d n o t e x i s t i n i s o la t ion i n t he Mun b a s in , b u t w e re o ne e l emen t i n a cont inua ly f l uc tua t ing s e t lemen t s equence w h ich s aw t h e l t g row th a nd a bandonmen t o f u nmoa ted a nd moa ted s i te s a nd t he a d jacen t c ons t ruc t ion o f r e c t a ngu la r e nc losures . T he f olow ing p o in t s o n t he u nmoa ted a nd r ec tangu la r s i tes s e t t h e moa ted s i tes w i th in t he c on tex t o f t h i s s equence . A ma jo r i ty o f b o th t he moa ted a nd u nmoa ted mound s i n t he No r th E a s t a r e o ccup ied t o f t he p resen t d ay . E s t ima t ion o f s i te s i ze d ur ing d i f e ren t e ra s c an b e ap rob lem , a s mo s t h ab i ta l t i on a r ea s t yp ica ly g row f r om t he b u i ld -up o fo ccupa t iona l d ebr i s . Mea suremen t o fa r ea i sp a r l t i cu la r ly d i ff i cu l t f o r u nmoa ted s i tes a s t he i r l im i t s a r e n o t c l ea r ly d ef ined , a s i us t ra ted b y t h e l f o low ing q uo ta t ion (Meh ta W ichakana 1 984a : 5 47 ) . I t i s as t ra igh tfo rwa rd p rocedure t o mea sure t he a r ea o f a m ound , e i ther a pp rox i ma te ly i n t he f i e ld o r b y u s ing a d i g i t i ser o n a e r ia l p ho tog raphs . T h i s p rov ide s a mea sure o f t he s i te 's max imu m e x ten t , b u t d oesn ' t r evea l t he a r ea d ur ing s ucce s s i ve p ha se s o f o ccupa t ion . E xcava t ions a tB an C h iang r evea led s i x p ha ses , a nd i ti s q u i te l i ke ly t ha t t he a r ea o ccup ied f l uc tua ted w i th t ime . T h i s p rob lem i s c om t p ounded w he re , a s i so f ten t he c a se , ap reh i s to r ic s i te i sc ove red b y modern s e t le men t . Un le ss t he mound i sv ery c l ea r ly d ema rca ted , i ti so f ten i mpo ss ib le t oe s t i l ma te t he s i te a r ea a ta l . ' T he moa ted s i tes a r e d e l im i ted b y t he i r a nc ien t e a r thwo rk s a nd moa t s . Howeve r , a s n one h ave b een s uff i cen t ly e xcava ted t o d e term ine t he p ropo r t ions o fr e s iden t ia l , a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd c eremon ia l l a nd u se , t he f unc t iona l d iv i s ion o f t he moa ted a r ea i sn o t k nown . T he moa t s d o , t h owever , p rov ide a st anda rd s i te b o rder . T he p a te rn o f p resen t d ay d es t ruc t ion o f t he moa t s a nd e a r thwo rk s i nd ica tes t h i s b ounda ry i st he n a tura l mound p er ime ter . T he p opu la t ion o f t he Mun b a s in h a s i n c rea sed t r emendous ly s i nce Wo r ld Wa r I , a nd t he e a r thwo rk s a r e b e ing l e veled a s a g r icu l tura l i n tens if ica t ion a bso rb s mo re l a nd . Howeve r , t he d es t ruc t ion o f t he e a r thwo rk s i sn o t g enera ted b y d emand f o r i n c rea sed h ab i ta t ion s pace r e su l t ing i n ap hy s ica l t e xpans ion o f mound c i rcumf erence , R a ther , t he e a r thwo rk s a r e b e ing f l a tened a s r i ce a nd sing i u p land c rop a c reage e xpand s , p res n o n t he h ab i ta t ion a r ea . E ven i n t he f a ce o f e x t reme p opu la t ion p re ssure , t he mound s a r e n o t s p read ing o u twa rd s a nd l e ve ll ing t he e a r thwork s . sa T h i s s ugges t s t ha t t he p resent ly d ema rca ted s p read o f t he mound , a l though n o t n eces r i ly i t s h e igh t , h a s r ema ined c ons tan t s i nce t he moa t s w ere d ug . A l though p opu la t ion e s t ima t ion i s made n o e a s ie r i n t he c a se o f t he moa ted s i tes , a s t he f unc t iona l d i v i s ion o f t he mound i s u nknown , t he moa t s d o p rov ide ameans o fs t anda rd iz ing s i te a r ea mea surement . r I n t h i s w o rk , t he a r ea e nc lo sed b y t he moa t s i st a ken t o a pp rox ima te t he m in imum t e r i t o r ia l d oma in o f t ha t s i te . T he i nf luence o f t he moa ted s i te mos t c e r ta in ly e x tended b eyond t he o u termo s t e a r thwo rk i n to t he s ur round ing r i ce f i e ld s . How f a r i s u ncer ta in . T he l a nd r e nc losed , h owever , w a s s ure ly p e rce ived a s b e ing ' i ns ide ' , w i th t he r e s t o f t he s u round ing r f t e ra in b e ing ' o u t s ide ' , t he c i rc le c ent re b e ing d i f eren t f r om t he c i rc le c i rcumfe rence ( Gee r tz 1 980 :107 -8 ) . t T he r ec tangu la r s i te s , t he t h i rd s e t lemen t f o rm v i s ib le o n a e r ia l p ho tog raphs , a r e a l so c l ea r ly d ema rca ted , i n ad i s t r ibu t ion w h ich i sc o term inous t ot he moa ted s i tes . T he r e c tangu la r s i tes mea sure 1 100 h ec ta res i n s urface a r ea , w i th t he s hape b e ing e i ther a n o ut l ine o r s o l id o n t he a e r ia l p ho tog raph . I n t he f i r s t c a se , p o s i t ive v ege ta t ion g row ing o n a n embankmen t a r ound

I NTRODUCT ION : TYPES OF S ETTLE MENT

F IGURE 1 . 2 S EQUENCE OF S ETTLE MENT FOR MS

7

8

M OATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

t he s i te f o rms t he o utl ine . I n t he s e cond , t h e r e c tang le a ppea r s s o l id a s i ti sf i led w i th s t and l i ng w a ter o r d ense v ege ta t ion . T he t wo t y pe s a r e t emp le e nc losure s a nd r e sevo i r s , c ommon ly r e f er o a s b aray i nT ha i land ( s ee G lo ssa ry ) . red t T he b aray , l i ke t he moa ted s i tes , a r e s upp l ied t h rough ac omb ina t ion o f s t ream d i ve r s ion , w a ter t a b le s eepage , a nd r a infa l . A ma jo r i ty o f t he e nc lo sures a nd b aray a ppea r t o h ave b een l c ons t ruc ted b y t he K hme r b e tween t he 6 14 th c en tury AD ( La jonqu iere 1 907 ; F ine A r t s D epa r tmen t 1 959 , 1 960 -1) . Whe ther t he r e c tangu la r b a s ins s upp lanted t he moa t s ' w a te r s t o rage f unc t ion i su nknown , b u t al a rge t a nk w ou ld b e n eeded t o s upercede t he s u r f ace a r ea o f w a ter o f a m oa t , a nd w ou ld h ave b een s ub jec t t o ah i gher r a te o f e vapo ra t ion t h an a tr ee s haded moa t . F o r e xamp le , a mound w i th a n a r ea o f 2 4 h ec ta re s s ur rounded b y as i ng le a ve rage -w id th moa t ( 40 me t re s ) , w ou ld y i e ld o ver 7 hec ta re me t res o r 7 0 ,000 c ub ic m e t res o f w a ter s t o rage . O the r r e sea rch s ugges t s t ha t t h e d igg ing o f r e c tangu la r p ond s t o t a p s ha low g roundwa ter l r e serves o ccur n c on junc t ion w i th t he i n cep t ion o f b unded f i e ld r i ce f a rm ing ( Van L iere red i 1 987 :11) . T h i s w a s a n a g r icu l tura l i nnova t ion , ma rk ing a n a bandonmen t o f t he moa ted s i te s a nd t he i r p rac t ice o f f l ood land r i ce f a rm ing ( i b id . ) . T h i s s uppo s i t ion may d esc r ibe t h e a g r icu l t u ra l c hanges w h ich a compan ied t he c hange i n f o rm o f w a ter managemen t , f r om i la r c regu moa t s t o r e c tangu la r b a s ins , i n t he No r th E a s t d ur ing t h e f i r s t m ilen ium AD . Howeve r , t he q ues t ion i sa s y e t u nreso lved . A s a r gued l a te r i n t h i s v o lume , t he e a r ly u se o f b und ed f i e ld s may a l so b e l i nked t ot he moa ted s i tes . T he moa ted a nd r e c tangu la r s i tes a r e b o th l o ca ted s o a s t o max im ize t he l o ca l h yd ro logy . Howeve r , t he r ec tangu la r s i tes a r e c ons i s tent ly r egu la r q uad r i la tera l s , o f ten o r ien ted e a s t -wes t r ega rd les f t he l o ca l t e ra in . T he moa ted s i te s d er ive t h e i r c on tour s f r om t he l o ca l t e ra in s o r r a nd e xh ib i t i nf in i te v a r ie ty . T he r e c tang le s , p rec i se t o ad eg ree n o t f ound i n n a ture , a r e u n i f o rm ly i mpo sed o n t he l a nd scape . T hus a l though b o th s i te t ypes c onserved w a te r , t h ey a r e s t ruc tura ly d i f eren t . l f A l though a fu l a na ly s i s o f t he d i s t r ibut ion a nd i n terac t ion o f t he u nmoa ted mound s , t he l moa ted mound s a nd t he r e c tangu la r s i te s i sn eeded , t h e p re sen t w o rk i s r e s t r ic ted t o t he moa ted f o rm , b ecause o f t he c ons t ra in t s o f t ime a nd f o rm o f p resen ta t ion . T he re a r e t wo t ypes o f moa ted s e t lemen t i n No r th E a s t T ha i land , w h ich a r e d ef ined b e low . t

1 . 3 TWO TYPES OF MOATED S ETTLE MENT

WATER -HARVEST ING AND T ERR ITORIAL S ITES T here a r e t wo t ypes o f moa ted s e t lemen t l o ca ted i n t h e Mun R ive r b a s in o f No r th E a s t t T ha i land : t he ' wa te r -ha rves t ing ' a nd t he d i ss im i la r o r ' t er to r ia l ' s i te s . T he t wo t ypes c an a l so ri b e d esc r ibed u s ing t he t e rms ' t opog raph ica ly c ont ro led ' a nd ' non -topog raph ica ly c on t ro led ' l l l l ( T iva S upa janya 1 984 ) . T he p l an o f t he moa t s a nd e a r thwo rk s o f t he w a te r -ha rves t ing s i tes i s g overned b y t he l o ca l t e ra in , b u t t ha t o f t he t e r i to r ia l s i te s i sn o t . E ach n ew moa t a nd e a r thr r w o rk o f t he w a ter -ha rves t ing s e t lemen t s r epea t s t he c on tour s o f t he c ent ra l mound w h ich t t hey e nc i rc le . T he u se o f mound s f o r h ab i ta t ion i sc ha rac te r i s t ic o f t h e No r th E a s t . T he mounds r i se 1 5 me t res a bove t he s ur round ing , g ene ra ly f l a t l a nd scape , v i s ib le o n t h e g round a nd f r om t h e l

I NTRODUCT ION : TYPES O F S ETTLEMENT

9

l a i r . T he mound s h ave b een b u i l t u p o ve r c en tur ies ; o ccupa t iona l d ebr i s o ver l ie s n a tura ly r o ccur ing r emnan t s o f t e race s f o rmed b y t he a c t ion o f r i ver s a nd s t reams , w ind , a nd s a l t . A s t t h e w a ter -ha rves t ing s e t lemen t s e vo lved , t he mound s w ere s ur rounded b y a dd i t iona l r i ng s o f w a ter a nd e a r th . T he f i na l i mp re ss ion o f f o rm r e semb les t ha t made w hen ap ebb le i sd ropped i n as moo th p ond a nd t he d i s turbed w a te r makes r i pp les a round t he p l ace o fe n t ry . r T he moa t s o f t he t e r i to r ia l s i te s a r e s ome t imes f ewer i n n umbe r a nd s omewha t w ider t han t hose f ound s ur round ing t he w a te r -ha rves t ing s i tes . I n o ther c a se s i ti st he i n c rea se i n r s i ze w h ich d i s t ingu i shes t h e n on topog raph ic e xpans ion o f t he t e r i to r ia l s i tes . Whe re moa t s r h ave b een a dded t o t he t e r i to r ia l s i tes , r a the r t han t h e i n c rementa l e xpans ion c ha rac te r i s t ic o f r t he w a ter -ha rve s t ing s i te s , e ach t e r i to r ia l d eve lopment e nc lo ses at r a c t o f l a nd , o f ten e xpand i n g i no ne d i rec t ion o n ly [ s ee F igure 1 . 3 ] . r t r S ome o f t he t e r i to r ia l s e t lemen t s b egan a s a nd r ema ined t e r i to r ia l s i tes , a lway s n onl l t opog raph ica ly c on t ro led a nd o f ten w i th a la rger s i ze t han t he w a ter -ha rves t ing s i tes i n t he s ame a r ea . T hey a r e av a r iab le g roup w h ich w il r equi re a c a se b y c a se e xam ina t ion i n t he r f u ture . O ther t e r i to r ia l s i te s b egan a s w a ter -ha rve s t ing s i te s a nd t hen c hanged i n f o rm . A s re d esc r ibed b e low , t h i s a l te ra t ion i sc or la ted t o f unc t iona l c hanges a nd may d a te t o t he s e cond l h a lf o ft he i s t m i len ium AD . As i ze c ompa r i son o f Mu 'ang F ang [ 2 1-43 i .ND48 -5 ] , aw a te r -ha rve s t ing s i te , a nd Mu 'ang r l S ema [ 20 -60 i .ND47 -8 ] , at e r i to r ia l s i te , i us t ra tes t he g rea ter s i ze i n c rement s t y p ica l o f t he r t e r i to r ia l t ype [ s ee Mu 'ang F ang i n F igure 5 . 11 a nd Mu 'ang S ema i n F igure 3 . 1 ] . Mu 'ang n F ang h a s a t l e a s t 4 moa t s . T he a r ea o f t he mound a nd t he i nermo s t e a r thwo rk / moa t p a i r i s a bou t 2 3 .7 h ec ta res . When t he s e cond e a r thwo rk / moa t s e t i si n c luded , t he t o ta l a r ea i n c rea se s b y 3 7 %t o a bout 3 2 .5 h ec ta res . r I n c ont ra s t i st he t e r i to r ia l s i te o f Mu 'ang S ema . T he o r ig ina l mound a nd moa t o n t he s ou thern p a r t mea sure a bout 3 7 .5 h ec ta res . T he s econd moa t e nc loses 12 .5 h ec ta res , i n c rea s i ng t he s i te a r ea b y f our t ime s , t o a bou t 1 50 h ec ta res . Ar ec t i l inea r e nc lo sure i sf ound a t t he c en t re o f t he n ew e nc lo sure . T he s econd moa t i sn o t s i tua ted , a s i st he c a se a t Mu 'ang F ang , t o b r ing w a te r a s c l o se a s p o ss ib le t o t he i nhab i tant s o f t he mound . A t Mu 'ang S ema , l a l though t he s e cond moa t i ss t i l aw a te r a nd f ood s ource , i ta l so r eaches o ut t o d ema rca te a n r up u n in ter ted t r ac t o f l a nd . A f u r ther a r ea o f 6 2 h ec ta res may h ave b een i n co rpo ra ted t o t he n o r th e a s t , a s e v idenced b y t he r ema ins o f a n e a r thwo rk b eg inn ing o n t he n or thwes t c orne r a nd t e rm ina t ing i n a bou t t wo k i lome t res a ta n e l eva ted s i te . Mu 'ang S ema i sl o ca ted o n t h e w e s tern e dge o f t he K ho ra t P la teau , i n af avourab le p o s i r t i on f o r t r ade w i th t he C en t ra l P la in . S ome w o rk h a s b een c a r ied o u t a t t he s i te , y i e ld ing s evera l a r tefac t s d a tab le t o t he 7 -11th c en tury AD Dva rava t i s t y le , i n c lud ing as t one w hee l o f l aw a nd a l a rge r ec l in ing B uddha ( F ine A r t s Depa r tmen t 1 960 :61) . T he 7 th c en tury AD B o s ed e I ka i n sc r ip t ion l i nked t o t h e k i ngdom o f S r i C hana sa d i scus a r l ier w a s f ound n ea r Mu 'ang S ema ( Coedes 1 965 :83 ) . T he i n sc r ip t ion i nd ica tes t ha t t r a c t s o f l a nd may h ave b een d ona ted a s amer i t -mak ing g es ture i n aB uddh i s t c on tex t . r T he i n c rea se i n s i ze w h ich a ccompan ied t he c hange i nf o rm f r om w a ter -ha rves t ing t o t e r i lus t o r ia l i s f u r ther i t ra ted a t B an K ong R o t a nd B an P ra tha i . A t B an K ong Ro t [ 20 5 3 i .ND48 -1 ] ( F igure 1 . 3 ) , t he a r ea e nc lo sed b y t he mound a nd t he t h ree w a ter -ha rves t ing l moa t s t o ta l s a bout 5 0 h ec ta res . Wi th t he a dd i t ion o f an ontopog raph ica ly g ove rned r e c t il inea r moa t a nd e a r thwo rk , t h e a r ea i n c rea sed t o a bou t 9 4 h ec ta res . T he a dd i t iona l moa t s ur rounded t he f o rmer w a ter -ha rves t ing s i te a nd t h e n ew b lock o f l a nd . A t B an P ra tha i [ 20 -47 i .ND48 -1 ] , f moa al a ter s qua red -of t a l so e nc lo se s t he e a r l ier o va l moa t , i n c rea s ing t he a r ea f r om 3 7 h ec t a res t o 8 1 h ec ta re s . None o f t he r e c t i l inea r a dd i t ions b ea r s t h e c ha rac ter i s t ic r egu la r i ty o f a

1 0

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

K hmer t emp le e nc lo sure . l t t A s m igh t b e e xpec ted f r om s uch g a ins i n s i te s i ze , w hen t he a he moa ted s e t lemen t s i n o ne p rov ince ( Changwa t B uniR am ) w ere c ompa red t o t he s ubg roup w h ich c hanged f r om l l l t opog raph ica ly t o n on -topogaph ica ly c on t ro led , t he s ubg roup s i tes h ad al a rge r a verage s i ze t han t he g roup a s aw ho le . T h i s c ompa r i son i sd e ta i led b e low ( Da ta c our tesy t he A nc ient S e t t l emen t s f r om A er ia l P ho tog raphs R e sea rch P ro jec t , C hu la longko rn Un iver s i ty , T iva S upa j a nya , 1 987 ) . T he mean a r ea o f as amp le o f 1 01 t opog raph ic , n on topog raph ic , a nd t opog raph i c t o n on t t opog raph ic moa ted s e t lemen t s w a s 3 2 h ec ta res . Nontopog raph ic s i tes w ho se f o rm d id n o t l l c hange h ad a s l igh t ly h ighe r mean , 3 6 h ec ta re s . T he t opog raph ica ly c on t ro led w a te r t l h a rve s t ing s e t lemen t s ( 65% o f t he t o ta l ) w ere s l igh t ly s ma le r , a verag ing 2 6 h ec ta re s . I n c on l l t r a s t , t he mean f o r t he s i tes w h ich c hanged f r om t opog raph ica ly t o n ontopog raph ica ly c on l t r o led ( 8% o f t he t o ta l ) , w a s 8 9 h ec ta res . T he p o in t o f t he c ompa r i son i st ha t s i tes w ho se r f o rm c hanged f r om w a ter -ha rve s t ing t o t e r i to r ia l , b y e nc lo s ing l a rge t r ac t s o f l a nd w i th e ach l t moa t a dd i t ion , a r e g r ea ter i no ve ra l s i ze t han o the r t y pes o f moa ted s e t lement .

CENTRAL P LA IN COMPARISON r I mpe tus f o r t he c ons t ruc t ion o f t e r i to r ia l s i te s i n t h e No r th E a s t , b o th n ew o nes a nd mod if ied w a te r -ha rves t ing t ypes , may h ave c ome f r om t h e C en t ra l P la in o fT ha i land . T he p l an t o f moa ted s e t lemen t s s uch a s U T hong , K u B ua a nd N akhon P a thom ( Nakhon C ha i s r i ) i n r t he C ent ra l P la in c l o se ly r e semb les t ha t o ft he No r th E a s t t e r i to r ia l s i tes . T he moa ted s i tes i n f t he C en t ra l P la in d i f er f r om t he w a te r -ha rves t ing moa ted t ype i n t he Nor th E a s t a nd t he d ee l p l y t r enched d ef ens ive ly moa ted s i tes o f No r th T ha i land , a s d esc r ibed b e low ( S r i sak ra V a l i b ho tama 1 985 : 1 ) . ' Un l ike i t s c oun te rpa r t s i n t he No r th a nd No r thea s t , moa ted a r ea s i n t he C en t ra l t s P la in a r e ap e rmanent s e t lemen t a soc ia ted w i th a g r icu l tura l l a nd a nd l o ca ted o n a c ro ss road s p o s i t ion n ea r w a terway s o r l a nd routes t ha t c an c ommun ica te w i th o ther t s e t lemen t s n ea r -by o r f a r a way . ' t None o f t he moa ted s e t lemen t s i n t h e C en t ra lP la in h ave y i e lded a r tefac t s e a rl ie r t han t he 7 -11th c entury AD Dva rava t i p er iod , a l though p reh i s to r ic s i tes a r e o f ten l o ca ted n ea rby r ( Phu tho rn B hummadhon , p e r s . c omm .1986 ) . B o th No r th E a s t t e r i tor ia l s i tes a nd C ent ra l l l P la in moa ted s i te s a r e t yp ica ly e nc i rc led b y as i ng le n on -topog raph icaly c ont ro led moa t w i th o ne o f f i ve ma in f o rms : f r ee -fo rm , c i rcu la r , o va l , r ounded c o rne r , o r a ngu la r c o rne r ( T iva S upa janya 1 984 ) . A t N akhon P a thom , t he p er ime ter o f t he o ld t own o fN akhon C ha i sr i i s af r ee -fo rm moa t . T here i sa l so a cana l r unn ing f r om n o r th t o s ou th . B o th moa t a nd c ana l s w ere u ndoub ted ly l r u sed f o r t r anspo r ta t ion a s w e l a s t e r i to r ia l d ema rca t ion . E xcava t ions a t Nakhon P a thom h ave u ncovered t he f ounda t ions o f b u i ld ing s w h ich a ppea r t o h ave b een r ebu i l t s evera l t ime s b e tween t he 7 th a nd 1th c en tur ie s AD , i nd ica t ing c on temporaneous o ccupa t ion w i th s i te s s uch a s Mu 'ang S ema . T h i s c on tempo rane i ty i ss uppo r ted b y f i nd s o f s im i la r Dva rava t i s t y le i mages o f t h e B ud d ha i n C ent ra l T ha i land a nd t he No r th E a s t . O b jec t s h ave b een r ecovered f r om b o th w a ter r t h a rves t ing a nd t e r i to r ia l moa ted s e t lemen t s , s ugges t ing t h a t B uddh i s t i nf luence w a s n o t r e s r t r ic ted t o t he t e r i to r ia l s i te s . Wh i le t he r ange o f i mages f r om e a ch r eg ion i sd i s t inc t t h ey a r e l s t y l i s t ica ly r e la ted . I n sc r ip t iona l e v idence o f I nd ian o r C ey lon -ba sed r e l ig ious i nf luence

I NTRODUCT ION : TYPES OF S ETTLE MENT

1

F IGURE 1 . 3 W ATER -HARVEST ING AND TERRITORIAL MOATED S ITES

WATER -HAR VESTI NG S ITE

1 2

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

p rov ides a no ther i nd ica t ion o f aw e s t t o e a s t f l ow o f i d ea s f r om t he C en t ra l P la in t ot he No r th E a s t s ed e a tt h i s t ime ( e .g . t he B o I ka a nd H in K hon i n sc r ip t ions d i scus a r l ier i n r e la t ion t o S r i C hana sa ; s ee C oedes 1 965 :73 ) . t I n a dd i t ion , moa ted s e t lement s i nt he w e s te rn u p land s o ft he C en t ra l P la in may h ave p receeded r t t ho se l o ca ted i n t he e a s t . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f i regu la r moa ted s e t lement s i n t he C en t ra l P la in c an l b e d iv ided i n to t h ree r eg ions : t he Wes t a nd E a s t L ower C hao P hraya v a ley , a nd t h e Uppe r C hao l P hraya ( S r i sak ra V a l ibho tama 1 985 :2 -3 ) . T he c en t ra l p a r t o f t he C hao P hraya v aley w a s s wampy a nd f l ooded a t t h i s t ime s o t ha t l a rge f i r s t m ilenn iu m AD s i tes a r e r e s t r ic ted t o t h e e a s te rn a nd l w e s tern p o r t ions o f t he v a ley . I n t he w es t , s i tes s uch a s U T hong ( Supanbur i ) a nd K u B ua ( Ra tbur i ) a r e l o ca ted s o a s t o l i nk t he l ow land r i ve r ine a nd u p land a r ea s ( i b id . 3 ) . F ind s f r om l moa ted s i te s o n t he w es te rn s i de o f t he v a ley , p a r t icu la r ly U T hong , a r e s im i la r t o p reh i s to r ic o b jec t s f r om t he r eg ion . T hose f r om t he e a s te rn s i de , s uch a s S r i Mahoso t , P rach inbur i , o r P hra Ro t , C honbur i , d o n o t a ppea r t o b e r e la ted t o n ea rby p reh i s to r ic s i tes . Moa ted s i tes i n t he u pper p a r t o f t h e C hao P hraya l l V a ley s uch a s S r i T hep i nt he P a sak V a ley a nd Muang B on i n Nakhon S awan a ppea r t o a l so d a te t o l t t he l a te f i r s t m i len ium AD . Many a r e c ha rac ter ized b y monumen t s a t r ibuted t o t h i s p e r iod , a nd a n t wo -sec t ion moa ted p l an w i th a n i ner a nd a n o u ter p a r t ( i b id . 4 ) . Wh i le i t mus t b e r emembered t ha t t he moa t o f U T hong , f o r e xamp le , h a s n o t b een d a ted , o f i n tere s t t o t he p re sen t d i s t inc t ion r b e tween w a te r -ha rves t ing a nd t e r i to r ia l s i tes i n t he No r th E a s t i s t he a ppa ren t ly e a r l ier d a te s t l a soc ia ted w i th moa ted s e t lemen t o n t he w es te rn s i de o f t h e C hao P hraya V a ley . T h i s s equence sion o a ga in i nd ica tes aw es t t o e a s t p rog res f i d ea s a nd s i te f o rma t ion i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he f i r s t l m i lenn ium AD . l A s men t ioned , t he c en t ra l p o r t ion o f t he C hao P hraya V a ley a ppea r s t o h ave b een u n inhab i tab le d ur ing t he l a te f i r s t m i L len ium AD . E v idence t ha t t he s hore l ine o f t he Gu l f o f T ha i land w a s f a r t o t he n o r th o f i t s p resen t p os i t ion d ur ing t h i s p er iod w a s n o ted an umber o fy ea r s a go ( Se idenf aden 1 927 :2 ) a nd h a s r e cen t ly b een s ubs tan t ia ted b y g eog raph ica l a nd r emo te s ens ing a na ly s i s o f t he C en t ra l P la in ( T iva S upa janya a nd P ong s r i V ana s in 1 981) . I f t he s ho re l ine o f t h e c s f Gu lf o f T ha i land w a s f u r ther n o r th , p o r t a ces r om t h e No r th E a s t w ou ld h ave b een e a s ie r , p l ac ing t owns s uch a s S a rabur i c l o se t o t he Gu lf . Good s s en t f r om Nakhon R a tcha s ima t o S a rabur i s f o r s h ipmen t h ad o n ly t o b e t r anspo r ted 1 08 k i lome t res , l e s t han h a l f t he d i s tance f r om Nakhon sib l R a tcha s ima t o B angkok t oday . T he p os i l i ty t ha t S a rabur i s e rved a s ac o lec t ion p o in t f o r p roduc t s l f r om t he No r th E a s t i ss uppo r ted b y S a rabur i 's r o le a s t he n ea re s t s ua i o r t a x c o lec t ion p o in t f o r Nakhon R a tcha s ima d ur ing t he 1 9 th c en tury (W i l son 1 987 ) .

THE MUN R IVER BASIN

2 . 1 THE KH ORAT PLATEAU T he Kho ra t P la teau o f No r th E a s t T ha i land c ove r s 1 70 ,226 s qua re k i lome t re s ( 65 ,725 s qua re m i les ) , a bou t t h i r ty p ercen t o f t he c oun t ry 's t o ta l a r ea ( NEB 1 980 , v o l 1 8 :202 ) . Dur ing a t l e a s t t h ree mon ths o f t h e y ea r , t he K ho ra t P la teau r ece ive s l i t le p rec ip i ta t ion , c r ea t ing a t d ry p er iod w h ich i so ne o f t he r eg ion 's ma in c ha rac ter i s t ic s . T he d ry o r c oo l n o r th e a s t mons oon , f r om November t o F ebrua ry , b r ing s l i t le o r n o r a in . Dur ing t he h o t s ea son , v a r iab le t w ind s o ccur , a nd r a ins may b eg in . T he s ou th w e s t monsoon , b r ing ing r a in , b eg ins i n May a nd l a s t s t h rough O c tobe r . Dur ing t he d ry s ea son w a ter l o s t t h rough e vapo ra t ion c an e a s i ly s urpas s p rec ip i ta t ion (Moormann 1 972 :5 ) . F rom Novembe r t o F ebrua ry w hen t he month ly r a infa l i s l l e s t han a n i n ch , t he s o i l s o f t he No r th E a s t d ry o u t t o c ons ide rab le d ep ths . Dur ing Ma rch t o s May t he w ea ther i sh o t a nd v a r iab le . T he r a ins c ome i n J une , b u i ld ing u p u nt i l S ep tember w hen t he f l ood s ea son b eg ins . T he f o low ing p rec ip i ta t ion mea suremen t s i us t ra te t he s ea l l s ona l v a r ia t ion i nr a inf a l . l F IGURE 2 . 1 PREC IP ITAT ION ON THE KHORAT P LATEAU l a t i tude /l o ng i tude Nakhon R a tcha s ima B un iR am S ur in S iS a K e t R o i E t Udon T han i K hon K aen

1 4 .58n 1 5 .00n 1 4 .53n 1 5 .08n 1 6 .03n 1 7 .26n 1 6 .20n

x1 02 .07e x1 03 .08e x1 03 .29e x1 04 .22e x1 03 .41e x1 02 .46e x1 02 .51e

J anua ry

May

S ep tembe r

0 .26 0 . 11 0 .09 0 .02 0 .08 0 . 32 0 .24

6 . 56 5 . 69 6 . 83 4 . 31 .70 1 8 . 78 7 . 28

9 .27 1 0 .99 1 0 .58 .56 1 1 2 .76 1 0 .39 1 0 .78

No te : mea suremen t s i ni n ches a nd h und red ths S ource : We ins ted t , F rede r ick . 1 972 . Wor ld C l ima t ic Da ta . C l ima t ic Da ta P re ss , P ennsy lvan ia , U .S .A .

I n t heo ry , p rec ip i ta t ion d a ta w ou ld h ave b een i n te re s t ing t o t a bu la te f o r t he Mun b a s in moa ted s i tes , b ut s uch l o ca l ized i n forma t ion i su nava i lab le . I n a dd i t ion , t he i n forma t ion w ou ld h ave t o s pan s evera l y ea r s , f o r t he s i gn if icance o ft he r a infa l p a tern l i es mo re i n i t s v a r iab i l i ty l t t han i n i t s q uan t i ty , a s d e sc r ibed i nt he f o low ing q uo ta t ion . l ' Pa r t icu la r ly i n t h i s a r ea [ t he No r thea s t ] , p a r t ia l c rop f a i lures may o ccur i n y ea r s w i th d ef ic ien t p rec ip i ta t ion o r w i th p ro longed d ry s pe l s d ur ing t he r a iny s ea son . l L oca l ized c onvec t iona l t hunde r s to rms c ause p rec ip i ta t ion v a r ia t ions f r om p l ace t o p l ace (Moorman 1 972 :7) . '

1 4

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THAILAND

T he K ho ra t P la teau w a s p roduced b y at wo -s ided g eo log ica l f a u l t w h ich f o rmed t h e n o r th s ou th P e tchabun moun ta in r ange o n i t s w es te rn e dge a nd t he e a s t -wes t Dang rek R ange t o t he s ou th a l ong t he C ambod ian b o rder ( NEB 1 980 , v o l 1 8 : 2 00 ) . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o fs ome T e r t i a ry b a sa l t ic o u tc rop s i n t he s ou th , a nd t he r i ve r a luv iums o f t he Q ua r terna ry t o R ecen t l p er iod s , t he No r th E a s t f a l s g eo log ica ly w i th in t he K ho ra t G roup o f s ed imen ta ry r ock s , d a t l l i ng f r om t he Uppe r T r ia ss ic t o C re ta ceous ( Geo log ica l Map 1 969 ) . T he Kho ra t g roup u nder l i es t he s urf a ce t o ad ep th o f a bou t 5 000 me t res , w i th i t s s ed imen ta ry l a yer s d epo s i ted i ns ha l l ow f r esh a nd b rack i sh w a te r e s tua r ie s , l a goons , a nd mo s t l i ke ly i n land s ea s d ur ing t h e Meso z o ic E ra (We lch 1 985 :40 ) . Dur ing t he T e r t ia ry , u p l if t ing o ccur , e xpos ing f o rma t ions o ft he red K ho ra t G roup , c r ea t ing t he moun ta in r anges . T he u ppe rmo s t f o rma t ion , t he Maha S a rakham , i s made u p o f l a yer s o f s i l t s tones , s andy s ha le s , mud s tone , a nd e vapo r i tes s uch a s h a l i te , g yp sum -anhyd r i te a nd p o ta ss ium m inera l s . O f p a r t icu la r i n teres t i nr e la t ion t o t he h uman s e t t l ement a r e t he l e nses o fr ock s a l t w h ich r a nge f r om t h in l a ye r s t o o ve r 4 00 me t re s t h ick ( i b id . 4 1) . T he s a uce r s haped b a s in o f t he K ho ra t P la teau t i l t s t o t he s ou thea s t ( Pend le ton 1 962 :43 ) . T he r e l ief i sg ene ra ly l ow , a verag ing o n ly 2 0 -30 me t re s . T he a verage a l t i tude o f t he moa ted l s i tes i n t he p resen t s t udy r ef lec t s t h i s i n c l ine . T he mo s t w es ter ly s i te s , t hose i n t he p r ima ry T ha i a dm in i s t ra t ive d iv i s ion ( changwa t ) o f Nakhon R a tcha s ima , a ve rage 1 60 -180 me t res . A s t he s i te s move e a s t , t h i s f i gure p rog re ss ive ly f a l s , u n t i l i nC hangwa t S iS a K e t , t he mean a l t i l t ude i s1 30 -140 me t res . T he P hu P han R ange , w h ich f o low s t he s ou thea s te r ly c urve o f t he P hu P han a n t ic l ine , l d i v ide s t he K ho ra t P la teau i n to t he s ou the rn K ho ra t b a s in a nd t he n o r thern S akhon N akhon b a s in ( Loeff l e r e t a l . 1 984 :322 ) . T he K ho ra t b a s in i s t h e l a rger h av ing a n a r ea o f a bou t ,000 s qua re k i lome t res (We lch 1 985 : 4 0 ) . T he P hu P han r ange i st hought t o h ave u p l if ted 12 d ur ing t he M idd le P le i s tocene . A t t he s ame t ime , v o lcan i c e rup t ions c r ea ted b a sa l t f l ow s a nd c ones o n t he s outhern p a r t o f t he K ho ra t b a s in . T he u pl i f t ing o f t he P hu P han R ange c aused t he Mekong R ive r t o c hange i t s c our se n o r thwa rd , a sum ing i t s p resen t f o rm . P rev ious ly , d ur s i ng t he E a r ly P le i s toc ene a nd p o ss ib ly t he P l iocene , t he Mekong may h ave h ad amo re s ou the r ly c our se , f l ow ing f r om Nong K ha i t o K umpawaph i . A s t he r i ver t hen meandered t o t he s ou th e a s t , b road f l oodp la ins w ere c r ea ted b y t he Mekong a nd i t s t r ibuta r ies ( i b id . 4 1) . T hen , a s n ow , t he Mun R ive r a nd i t s t r ibu ta ry , t he C h i , w e re t wo o f t he r i ve r s w h ich f l owed i n to t h e Mekong .

2 .2 THE MUN R IVER BASIN T he Mun R ive r r i se s i n t he S an K amphaeng R ange n o r thea s t o f B angkok a nd f l ow s e a s t f o r 6 73 k i lome t re s ( 418 m i les ) . I te n ter s t he Mekong R ive r a tt he L ao t ian b o rde r ( NEB 1 980 , v o l 7 : 99 ) . E leven T ha i p r ima ry a dm in i s t ra t ive c hangwa t s r ough ly c or spond t o t he d ra inage re b a s in o f t he Mun a nd i t s p r inc ipa l t r ibu ta ry , t he C h i . T hey a r e ( wes t t o e a s t ) : N akhon R a tcha s ima , B uniR am , S ur in , S i S a K e t ,U bon R a tcha than i , Y a so thon , R o i E t , K a la s in , Maha S a rakham , K hon K aen , a nd C ha iyaphu m . T he p re sen t s t udy i n c lude s o n ly t he f our s ou thern c hangwa t s : Nakhon R a tcha s ima , B uniR am , S ur in , a nd S i S a K e t ( s ee map , F igure 1 . 1) . T h i s i s t he p r inc ipa l d ra inage a r ea o f t he m idd le a nd u pper Mun ( c . 1 4 .30 -15 .30n x 1 01 .45 -104 .30e ) . Ad jacent c hangwa t s e xc luded f r om t h i s s t udy a r e U bon , K hon K aen a nd Maha S a rakham . Ubon R a tcha than i s howed v i r tua l ly n o s i tes o n a er ia l p ho tog raphs . I n a dd i t ion , a na ly s i s o ft h i s a r ea w ou ld n eed t o i n c lude c a r tog raph ic ma te r ia l o n t he j unc t ion o f t he Mun a nd Mekong R iver s i n p resen t d ay L ao s , w h ich w a s n o t a va i lab le . A er ia l c ove r o f C ha iyaphum , K hon K aen , K a la s in , Maha S a rakham , Y a so thon a nd R o i E t d id s how moa ted s i tes . However , t h ere

T HE MUN R IVER B AS IN

1 5

w ere e nough l o ca t iona l a nd mo rpho log ica l d if e rence s i n t he se s i te s t o c onc lude t ha t t hey s hou ld b e c ons ide red s epa ra te ly f r om t he m idd le a nd u ppe r Mun . T he p re sen t s amp le o f l moa ted s i tes , t ho se v i s ib le o n t he Wi l iams -Hun t a e r ia l p ho tog raphs o f N akhon R a tcha s ima , B uniR am , S ur in , a nd S iS a K e t , a r e s im i la r e nough i n l o ca t ion a nd s hape t o b e e xam ined a s a g roup . A s men t ioned , i t i s o n t h e w e s tern e dges o f t he Kho ra t P la teau , C hangwa t N akhon R a tcha s ima , w here t he Mun o r ig ina tes . T he r eg ion o f t he Uppe r Mun , a bove w he re t he L am l P la i Ma t R ive r e n ter s t h e Mun , i sa n a r ea o f many s ma l r i vu le t s . C onsequen t ly , i t is t h e p or luv t i on o f t he Mun b a s in w i th t he g r ea te s t a ia l d epo s i t ion . I n t he e a s t , C hangwa t S i S a K e t , r ower r l t h e Mun i sb i gge r a nd c u t s d eepe r i n to t he s ed imen t . T he r e su l t i sn ar i ver v a ley s w i th l l e ss f l oodp la in a luv ium . T hus N akhon R a tcha s ima h a s 1 0 .379% l e vee f l oodp la in w h i le S i S a lus K e t h a s o n ly 3 . 349% . T h i s i si t ra ted b y t he f i gure b e low . F IGURE 2 . 2 AREA AND P ERCENTAGE OF FLOODPLA IN BY CHANG WAT d i rec t ion =

a r ea i n s q .km . %l e vee f l oodp la in

w es t N akhon R a tcha s ima 1 9 ,590 1 0 .379

B uniR am 1 0 ,771 5 . 257

S ur in 8 , 784 5 . 223

e a s t S iS a K e t 8 , 813 3 . 349

a r ea s ource : B r i tann i ca : 1 980 : v o l .18 : 2 02 s ance S s o i l s ource : D e ta i l ed R econna is o i l Map so f Nakhon Ra tchas ima , B uniRam , S ur in , a nd S iS a K e t . K ingdom o f T ha i land , S o i l S urvey D iv i s ion .

r F loodp la in i so ne o f t h e f our l e ve l s t o w h ich t he s o i l s o ft he Kho ra t P la teau a r e c o re la ted , r t h e o the r s b e ing t he l ow , m idd le a nd h igh t e race a r ea s (Moo rman e t a l . 1 972 ) . P rev ious ly , r t h e f o rma t ion o f t he t e ra ce a r ea s w a s s een t ob e t he r e su l t o fs eve ra l p ha ses o f d epo s i t ion f o l l l owed b y p e r iod s o f e ro s ion . Mo re r e cen t w o rk , o n w h ich t he f o low ing d e sc r ip t ion r e l ies , i n d ica tes t ha t t he p resen t g eomo rpho logy h a s b een p roduced b y ac omb ina t ion o ft e c ton ic a nd s es ( c l ima t ic p roces Lof t ie r e ta l . 3 27 ) . T he s ame e ven t s w h ich c aused t he u p l i f t o f t he P la teau , l a l so c r ea ted i n c i s ions w h ich s ubsequent ly f i led w i th s ed iment s . S amp l ing o f t hese s ed imen t s i nd ica tes as equence w ho se b a sa l l a yer s d a te t o 2 0 ,000 -4 0 ,000 B P , c ompo sed o f s and s d epo l s i ted i n ah um id e nv i ronmen t d e sc r ibed a sf o low s . . l ` . low g rad ien t a luv ia l p la ins w i th c en t ra l meander b e l t s a nd w ide ma rg ina l b ack luv p l a ins t ha t s uppor ted a ia l a nd s wamp f o res t s . T he c omb ina t ion o f ah um id e nv i ronmen t a nd e x t reme ly l ow g rad ien t s l e d t o i mpeded s urfa ce a nd g roundwa te r d i scha rge a nd w a te r l o gg ing c ond i t ions b e ing f a vourab le t o t he p re serva t ion o f t o rgan ic ma ter . T h i s p ha se i si n terp re ted a s ah um id p ha se p r io r t o t he l a s t g l ac i a l max imu m ' ( i b id . 3 28 ) . t T he n ex t p ha se s aw ac hange i n t he e nv i ronmen t , w i th t he l a ck o fo rgan ic ma te r a nd t h e g r ea ter e v idence o f o x ida t ion o f t h e s and s , s ugge s t ing a d r ier e nv i ronmen t . T he re w a s f r e q uen t c hange i n c hanne l s a nd s and b a r s c r ea ted b y ab ra ided s y s tem o f s t reams . T he d r ier c red d p ha se i st hough t t o h ave o cur ur ing t he l a s t g l a c ia l max imum , d a ted t o a bou t 1 8 ,000 1 4 ,000 B P , a t at ime w hen s ea l e ve l s w ere mo re t han 1 20 me t res b e low t he p resen t . T he l owe red s ea l e ve l meant n o t o n ly t ha t t he Gu lf o fT ha i land a nd t he S unda S he l f w ere d ry b u t t ha t t he w es t c oa s t o f T ha i land l a y a bou t 1 50 k i lome t res w es t o f i t s p resen t s ho re l ine . T he f e f ec t o n t he Nor th E a s t w ou ld h ave b een t o p roduce a mo re c ont inen ta l c l ima te ,

1 6

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

l c ha ra c ter i zed b y ag rea ter s ea sona l i ty a nd ar educ t ion i nr a inf a l . A eo l ian a c t ion d ur ing t h i s d r ie r p ha se a ppea r s t o h ave b lown s and a nd s i l t f r om t h e s. T b ra ided r i ve r s y s tems , a nd d i s t r ibu ted i ta s l o es he d epo s i t ion o f t he s and w a s r e la ted t o l luv p l a tfo rm a nd s l igh t ly e l eva ted a r ea s e x i s t ing i n t h e ' a nce s t ra l v a ley a iu m ' ( i b id . 3 28 ) . A t h i rd a nd f i na l p ha se o f d eve lopment o f t he l a nd scape i s s een t o c on t inue t o t h e p re sen t , c c ha rac ter ized b y ar e turn t o ah um id e nv i ronmen t , a nd al ow land a cumu la t ion o f c l ay s d epo s i ted b y f l oodp la in r eg imes . T he b ra ided s t reams h ave b een r ep laced b y meande r ing s t ream s r unn ing i nc onf ined s t ream b ed s ( i b id . ) . s o T he a bove p roce sses i nd ica te a more c omp lex f o rma t ion p roces f t he K ho ra t P la teau r t han h ad p rev ious ly b een t hough t . R a ther t han t he c r ea t ion o f d i s t inc t t e race a r ea s t h rough r i ver a c t ion a l one , t he l a nd scape h a s b een f o rmed b y ac omb ina t ion o f h um id a nd d r ie r r l p ha se s , a nd b o th r i ver a nd w ind a c t ion . T he r e su l t ing t e ra in i sg enera ly f l a t , a nd t h e Mun e f i R iver d rop s o n ly 3 00 f e t i n i t s 2 50 m i le c our se . R unof ss l ow , p a r t icu la r ly d ur ing t he r a iny s ea son . T he Mekong , i n to w h ich t he Mun d ra ins , b ack s u p i n to t he l ower p a r t s o f i t s t r ibu ta ry l r i ve r s s o t ha t t hey c anno t emp ty . F lood s s p i l o nto t he f l oodp la in , d amag ing c rop s , r e s t r ic t ing s ab t he u se o f b oa t s o n t he r i ver , a nd mak ing t he r oad s i mpas le f o r c a r t s ( Pend le ton l 1 962 :132 ) . T h i s may b e s u mma r ized a sf o low s : l l l ` Khora t r i ve r s g enera ly f l ow t h rough w ide , s ha low v a ley s b u t t he i r b ed s c u t s ha r l p l y i n to t he f l oodp la ins . I n t he r a iny s ea son t he r i ver s q u ick ly f i l t he i r c hanne l s l f a nd o verf low t he w ide r v a ley s . B ecause o f t he l ow r e l ief , t he h igh w a ter f l ow s o f v ery s l ow ly a nd t he refo re t he l owe r p o r t ions o f t h e l ow land s c anno t b e u sed f o r r i ce a g r i cu l ture . T he re i sa nnua l f l ood ing a l ong t h e l owe r c our se o ft he r i ve r s w h ich f l ow i n to t he Maekhong ' ( i b id . 4 4 ) . T he Mun g a ther s f o rce i n i t s l ower r eaches o n t he e a s te rn h a l fo ft he P la teau . T he o xbow s b ecome w ider a nd d eeper . T r ibuta r ies s uch a s t he Hua i K amphok r un d i rec t ly i n to t h e Mun r ow v l l f t h rough n ar a ley s w i th f ew s ma l s t reams b ranch ing o . T he l a ck o f t r ibuta r ies l e ave s t l a rge a r ea s w i thou t a ccess t o n a tura l w a te r c our ses ( Ng 1 978 :38 ) . T here i sl i t le a g r icu l tura l s pace n ea r t he r i ver t ha t i sn o t s ub jec t t o h eavy a nnua l f l ood ing . T he p resen t d i s t r ibu t ion o f s o moa ted s i tes r e f lec t s a n a wa renes f t he se d rawbacks . N o t o n ly d o s i tes t h in o u t i nt he l owe r Mun b a s in ( ea s ter ly S i S a K e t ) , b u t s i tes n ea r t he Mun i t se lf , a lway s s ca rce , b ecome p rac t i l luv c a ly n onex i s ten t . I ti so n ly i n t he a ia l a r ea s c r ea ted b y t he g en t ler t r ibu ta r ie s o f t h e u ppe r Mun t ha t t he f l oodp la in b ecomes ad e s i reab le l o ca t ion . f t A s f ur ther d esc r ibed i n C hap ter 4 , t he l o ca l h yd ro logy o f ered f ew a t rac t ive l o ca t ions i n s t he l ower r i ve r b a s in . I n t he m idd le a nd u ppe r b a s in , l e s s eve re f l ood ing o f e l eva ted mound s l c r ea ted n a tura ly moa ted s i tes . Howeve r , s uch s i tes w ere r a re a nd t he a dvan tage s w ere t em p ered b y t he d anger o f f l ood d amage . T he ma jo r i ty o f t h e c omp lex moa ted s i te s a r e t herefo re r l o ca ted o n t he mo re w ide ly a va i lab le l ow t e race l a nd s , w he re t he r e la t ive s ca rc i ty o fw a te r w a s m i t iga ted b y t he c ons t ruc t ion o f mu l t ip le moa t s .

2 .3 SO ILS , LATERITE , AND S ALT SOURCES T he s o i l s o f t he No r th E a s t a r e p redom inan t ly d e r ived f r om t he s and s tone b ed rock . T hey l l a r e g ene ra ly l o amy a nd s andy a nd f a l w i th in t h e L ow -Hum ic G ley s , o n s em i recen t a nd o ld luv a ium . O bey ing i st he c ha rac te r i s t ic w e tne ss b eg inn ing j u s t b e low t he s urf ace h o r izon o r o ccur ing t h roughout t he s o i l p rof i le (Moo rmann 1 972 :22 ) .

T HE MUN R IVER B AS IN

1 7

T he moa ted s i te s w e re l o ca ted mo s t f r equen t ly o n Ro i E t s o i l s , o ne o f t he L ow -Hum ic G ley s g roup s . A p a r t ia l e xp lana t ion o f t h i s p refe rence may b e t ha t t he R o i E t s o i l s o f ten h ad s l igh t ly mo re w a te r i n s u spens ion t han s ur round ing a r ea s . T he R o i E t f i ne s andy bar ns may s ed l l l i e i n s l igh t ly d ep res , s ha low v a ley a r ea s , s ur rounded b y h ighe r s l ope s . Dur ing t he r a iny s ed a l s ea son , s eepage i n to t h e d ep res r ea s o f R o i E t s o i l c an n o t iceab ly a ugmen t r a infa l . T he r w a ter c an a l so c a ry much n eeded n u t r ien t s f r om t he u p land a r ea s ( Pend le ton 1 962 :74 ) . t Ano the r a t rac t ion o f t he L ow -Hum ic G ley s f o r t he i nhab i tan t s o f t he moa ted s i tes may l h ave b een l a ter i te . T he L ow -Hum ic G ley s t yp ica ly h ave a s ubso i l h o r izon o f af i ner mo re r c l ayey t ex ture t han t h e s u rfa ce l a yer . O n o lder t e race s ed iment s , t he s ubso i l s t e nd t o b e q u i te w ea the red , w i th k ao l in i te a s t he i r d om inan t c l ay m inera l . I n a dd i t ion , l a ter i te i sf r equen t ly f ound i n t he s ubso i l a nd o n t he s urface , e i ther i nc onc re t ions o r l a rger s hee t s ( i b id . 2 2 ) . L a ter i t ic d epo s i t s a r e o f ten f ound n ea r t o w a ter . T he l a te r i te , s of t w hen f i r s t e xpo sed i s e a s i ly s haped i n to b lock s w h ich h a rden o n c on tac t w i th a i r . L a te r i te i so ne o f t he c ha rac ter i s t ic b u i ld ing ma te r ia l s o f t h e t emp le s o f t he K ho ra t K hmer . T he r e c tangu la r b a s ins o r b aray s a r e ries f p opu la r ly h e ld t o b e t h e q uar r om w h i ch t he l a te r i te w a s d ug ( Be lhomme 1 918 :21) . l T he s andy t e x ture o f t he s urface l a yer o f t he L ow -Hum ic G ley s a low s t he d ownwa rd movement o f t he c l ay a nd f i ne r s i l t p a r t ic les , a nd t he f o rma t ion o f t he c ha rac ter i s t ic d enser r s ubso i l . I r on p a r t ic le s n o t c a r ied a way b y t he r epea ted w a ter l e ach ing a r e p rec ip i ta ted i n to d i sc re te s phe res , o r i n s ome c a ses , l a te r i te h o r izons ( Pend le ton 1 943 :21) . Un less i t occur s i n a f h o r izon n ea r t he s urf a ce , l a te r i te d oes n o t a f ec t t he a g r icu l tura l v a lue o f t he s o i l . A s d i s c ussed i n s ubsequen t c hap te r s , t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f l a ter i t ic i r on o re may h ave b een a s i gn if ican t f a c tor i n t h e d eve lopment o f t he t e chn ique o f moa t ing a nd t he l o ca t ion o f t he moa ted s i tes . O ne o f t he ma jo r a g r i cu l tura l l im i ta t ions o f t he L ow Hum ic G ley s o i l s i n t he No r th E a s t i s p o ten t ia l o r a c tua l s al in i ty . S a l t a s ar e source a nd s a l t induced a l te ra t ions t o t he t opog raphy o f s t h e No r th E a s t i s o ne o f t he e sen t ia l f a c to r s t o c ons ider i n r e la t ion t o t he f o rma t ion o f l moa ted s i te s . S a l ine p a tches o f ten o ccur a l ong t h e e dges o f f l a t f l ood -p rone s t ream v a ley s ( Pend le ton 1 962 :256 ) . T opog raph ica l c hanges i n c lude n o t o n ly s ubs idence f r om d i sso lved s a l t f lus l e nse s , b ut t he e f ec t s o f a n t i c l ine a nd s ync l ine f o rma t ion , a s i t ra ted b y t he q uo ta t ion b e low . ' H i te a nd J apakse t r ( 1979 ) h ave d i v ided t he Maha S a rakam F o rma t ion o f C re ta l c eous a ge i n to aL ower S a l t , M idd le S a l t , a nd Upper S a l t . O r ig ina ly , t hey h ad c on c l uded t ha t t he s a l t s equence w a s f l a t l y ing . However , a s a l t a n t ic l ine w a s d i scove red n ea r t he c i ty o f K ho ra t i n 1 979 ( H i te a nd K apaka se t r , 1 979 ) . S i nce t hen t hey h ave b een f ound o ver much o f t he S akon Nakhon a nd K ho ra t b a s ins . T hey a r e o f i n teres t t o u s b ecause t hey a r e v ery c l o se t o t he p resent l a nd s urface i n many p l aces a nd t opog raphy r ef lec t s t he c o re o f t he a n t ic l ine a nd s ome t imes ar i ng t s ync l ine . S ome a nc ien t s e t lement s a r e l o ca ted d i rec t ly o ver s a l t a nt ic l ines b ecause t he l a nd s urface i ss l igh t ly h igher t he re . O the r s a x e s i tua ted d i rec t ly o ver t he c o l l a p sed c o re o f s a l t a n t ic l ines w here t he s o lu t ion o f t he s a l t h a s p roduced ab a s in i n t he s a l t . ' ( Supa janya & R au 1 986 :136 ) . l f l Ano ther i us t ra t ion o ft he t opog raph ica l e f ec t o f s a l t i sf ound i n t he h i ly a r ea t o t he w es t o f t he Na l chon R a tcha s ima -Non T ha i -C ha iyaphum r oad . P a r t s o f t he l a nd scape i n t h i s a r ea , w hen v i ewed i n s chema t ic s ec t ion a r e c ompo sed o f r i dges a nd t r oughs . B e tween t he r i dges , l . . occup w ea the r ing a nd c ave ins h ave c r ea ted a ' v a ley l ike t opog raphy. ied b y p addy f i e ld s a nd s wamp s ' (Wong somsak 1 986 :140 ) .

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M OATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

T hus t he t e r ra in i n w h ich t he moa ted s e t t lement s o r ig ina ted w a s g rea t ly i n f luenced b y u nder ly ing s a l t f o rma t ions . S a l t may a l so h ave b een af a c to r i n c r ea t ing t he e co log ica l p ro to t ype f o r t he moa ted s i tes , w ha t may b e t e rmed Na tura l ly Moa ted S i tes . T he se s i te s a r e s l igh t ly e l eva ted mound s f l anked b y ap ermanen t r i ve r o n o ne s i de a nd i n te rm i t ten t r i ve r s o r ma r shy l a nd o n t he o the r . Wa te r p oo l ing i n t he ma r shy a r ea f o rms an a tura l moa t . T h i s s i tua t ion i s s uppo r ted b y t he f olow ing q uo ta t ion . ' Th i s f l owage o f s a l t f r om t he s ync l ines i n to t he a n t ic l ines p robab ly e xp la ins t h e o r ig in o f t he r i ng s ync l ine o r d ep res sion s een a round many a nc ien t s e t t lemen t s o f t he Kho ra t w he re t hey h ave f i led w i th w a ter . T hus , t hey a r e n a tura l ly f o rmed moa t s w h ich make i d ea l d ef ens ive p o s i t ions f o r t owns . S uch moa t s s how n o r ims i nd ica t ing t ha t t hey w e re n o t d ug b y h and . Mo reove r , t hey a r e t oo w ide a nd d eep i n s ome s e t t lement s t o h ave b een d ug b y h and ' ( Rau & S upa janya 1 986 :136 ) . S a l t a f f ec ted t he r e la t ionsh ip o f t he mound t o t he moa t s e nc i rc l ing i t . Dome s t ic p ond s d ug o n t he t op o f t he mound w ou ld t e nd t o h ave l e ss s a l ine w a ter f i l l f r om t he g round t a b le t han moa t s d ug a t t he b a se o r p er ime ter o f t he mound (Wong somsak 1 986 :144 ) . B r ine c a r r ied d ownwa rd f r om t he e l eva ted mound e i the r b y s urf ac e o r s ubsurf ace f l ow , t e nded t o make w a ter s upp l ies mo re s a l ine a t t he b a se o f t he h i l l ( i b id . ) . I ti sp os sib le t ha t a dd i t iona l moa t s w ere d ug p rog res sive ly f ur the r u p t he f oo t s lope s o f t he mound s , i n a n a t temp t t oo b ta in f r esh r a the r t han s al ine w a te r s upp l ies ( T iva S upa janya , p e r s .comm . 1 986 ) . However , t h e re a r e n o r ema ins o f moa t s o r e a r thwo rk s o n t he mound s . A l so , moa t s a nd e a r thwork s o f t h e w a ter h a rve s t ing s i tes c l ea r ly f o l low t he c on tour s o f t he mound p e r ime ter , w h ich w ou ld a rgue a ga ins t a n i nwa rd e vo lu t ion o f s uccess ive moa t s . A l te rna t ive ly , a dd i t iona l moa t s m ay h ave b een d ug a s t he w a ter i n t he i nner c hanne l s b ecame t oo s a l ty . I n ay ea r o f l ow r a infal t he s a l t i sn o t g rea t ly d i lu ted , a nd may p roduce s a l t s po t s i n t he p addy l a nd (Moo rmann 1 972 :47 ) . T he s a l t c on ten t o f t h e s o i l c an a f f ec t u p land c r op s g rown d ur ing t he d ry s ea son o n i r r iga ted l a nd . I r r iga t ion k eep s t he s o i l mo i s t d ur ing t he t imes o f g rea tes t e vapo t ransp i ra t ion . S a l t a ccumu la tes o n t he s o i l s urf ace t o t he d e t r imen t o f t he u p land c rop s , a nd c an a l so a f f ec t t he r i ce c rop p l anted d ur ing t he n ex t r a iny s ea son ( i b id . 4 8 ) . De sp i te i t s d e t r imen ta l a g r icu l tura l p o tent ia l , t he s a l ine c on ten t o f t he s o i l c an b e a t t rac t i ve t o man . R ice , t he ma ins tay o f t he Nor th E a s t d i e t b o th t oday a nd i n t he p a s t , i sl ow i n s od iu m . S a l t h a s l o ng b een p roduced i n t he r eg ion ( van L iere 1 982 :112 ) . L im i ted e xcava t ions tery a tt h ree s i tes i n R o i E t p rov ince o n t he K ho ra t P la teau y i e lded a n a bundance o fc oa r se p ot l w h ich a ppea r s t o s uppo r t l o ca l ized s a l t p roduc t f r om t h e b eg inn ing o f t he f i r s t m i lenn ium AD ( H igham 1 977 :135 ) . S uch f i nd s i nd ica te t ha t l o ca l s a l in i ty may h ave b een k nown a nd e xp lo i ted , mak ing t he manuf ac ture a nd s a le o fs a l t a n i mpo r tant e l emen t i n t he e conomy . T he s a l t -mak ing p roce ss b eg ins w hen t he g round w a te r l e ve l r i se s d ur ing f l ood ing . T he s a l t i n s o lu t ion i sb rough t t o t he s urface . Dur ing t he d ry s e a son , t he s a l t c ry s tal izes o n t h e g round f f t a s aw h i te e f lo resence . T h i s i ss c raped o fi nc rus t s w i th a sl i t le o ft he r edd i sh s o i l a sp o ss ib l e a nd p ut i n t r oughs made f r om t r ee t r unks . T he s a l t c r us t s a r e f l ooded w i th f r e sh w a te r u n t i l t he b r ine s eep s t h rough t he t r unk s a nd i n to j a r s s e t b e low . T he b r ine i st hen e vapo ra ted i n l s ha low p ans s e t o ver a f i re . B ecause o f t he i r on c on ten t i n t he s o i l , t he s a l t h a s ar edd i sh c o lour . T he q uan t i ty p roduced t oday i su nknown b u t i se s t ima ted t o b e s i zeab le a s r e la t ive ly t l i t le s ea s a l t i sb rough t b y r a i l f r om B angkok t o t he N o r th E a s t ( Pend le ton 1 962 :256 ) .

THE MUN R IVER BAS IN

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2 .4 . AGRICULTURE I N THE MUN BASIN : R ICE A l though s a l t may w e l h ave b een e xpor ted f r om t he Mun b a s in , i t s p r ima ry p reh i s to r ic l u se w ou ld mo s t p robab ly h ave b een s im i la r t o t he p resen t , a supp lemen t t o t he l ow s od ium c on ten t o f r i ce . I n a su rvey o f t he p r inc ipa l c rop s i n Nakhon R a tcha s ima , B uniR am , S ur in , a nd S i S a K e t f o r t he y ea r 1 938 -9 , r i ce w a s g rown o n 9 9 .25% o f t he c ropped l a nd ( Pend le ton 1 943 :26 ) . A l t he moa ted s i te s i n t he p resen t w o rk a r e l o ca ted i n t he m id s t o f , o r a d jacen t t o , l r i ce p roduc ing l a nd . I ft h e p a te rn o f r i ce c u l t iva t ion a nd o ccupa t iona l l a nd u se h ad b een s ub t t a n t ia ly a l te red o ver t ime , t h en t he moa ted s i tes w ou ld h ave b een o b l i te ra ted l o ng a go . T he i r l s urv iva l i n to t h i s c en tury i nd ica tes t ha t t he l a nd s ur round ing t he moa ted mound s h a s b een u sed f o r r i ce f o r a t l e a s t t wo t housand y ea r s . T oday t he s i tes a r e r ap id ly b e ing d es t royed t h rough a g r icu l tura l i n tens if ica t ion . T he i r r ap id d i sappea rance i n t he p a s t f o r ty y ea r s i t ra te s lus t he i r v u lne rab i l i ty t o a n a l te ra t ion i n l a nduse . A l though e x tens ive a r ea s a r e u sed f o r r i ce c u l t iva t ion , f r agmen ta t ion o f l a nd h o ld ing s r ef lec t s ag rea t a wa renes f t he l o ca l e nv i ronmenta l p ecul ia r i t ie s . T he f o low ing q uo ta t ion s o l f r om as urvey o f t he L am P ao d ra inage b a s in i nK a la s in p rov ince i n No r th E a s t T ha i land i lus t r a tes l a nd f r agmen ta t ion . ' Th i s f a rme r h ad c ome t o own t h ree p lo t s . O ne o ft h ese w a s o n t he e dge o ft he v i l l a ge a nd o n t h i s h e g r ew t he f a voured s ubs i s tence g l u t inous r i ce v a r ie ty , n i aw s an p a tong . T he o the r t wo w ere f u r ther d own o n t he f l ood p l a in , a l though o ne , a d jacent t o aw a te r c our se , w a s r a ther mo re l i ab le t o e x t reme f l ood t han t he o the r . O n t he l a ter h e g r ew t h e t a ler g row ing g l u t inous r i ce , k ampha i ta i chung , ma in ly a s a t l means o f a ccumu la t ing as ubs tan t ia l s ubs i s tence s t o re i n ag ood y ea r , b u t a l so w i th a vi ew t o s a le . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he v i lage h a s p a r t icu la r ly l a rge r i ce -ba rns l c apab le o f s t o r ing a tl e a s t t wo y ea r s s ubs i s tence s upp ly . T he t h i rd p lo t w a s r ega rded a s p a r t icu la r ly u nre l iab le . On t h i s h e g rew o n ly b roadca s t n on -g lut inous r i ce w h ich h e w ou ld s e l i fh e w a s l u cky' ( Dema ine 1 978 :56 ) . l T h i s p resen t -day p rac t ice e xemp l if ie s a n a b i l i ty t o max im ize t he p o ten t ia l o f t he t e ra in . I t r i sa rgued i n C hap te r s 5a nd 6 of t h i s w o rk t ha t as im i la r s ens i t iv i ty w a s a n i mpo r tan t c a ta ly s t i n t he d eve lopment o f t he moa ted f o rm . A t a n o ff ic ia l l e ve l , t h e v a ry ing s u i tab i ty o f l a nd f o r r i ce c u l t iva t ion i sa l so r e cogn ized . T he Depa r tment o f L and D eve lopmen t i n t he M in i s t ry o f Ag r icu l ture a nd C oopera t ive s , h a s c l a ss if ied t he s o i l s o f T ha i land a cco rd ing t o t he i r c apab i l i ty f o r u p land c rop s a nd f o r p addy ( we t land ) r i ce . T he l a nd c apab i l i ty c l a ss if ica t ion f o r r i ce f o r t he p resent s amp le o f moa ted s i te s i sc on ta ined i n t he a ppend ix . T he f i ve g roup ing s a nd t he i r l im i ta t ions a r e l i s ted b e low . G roup I :

s o i l s v ery w e l s u i ted f o r p addy l a nd ,hav ing n o s i gn if icant l im i ta t ions f o r l r i ce p roduc t ion

G roup I :

s o i l s w e l s u i ted f o r p addy l a nd w i th s l igh t l im i ta t ions l

G roup I I :

s o i l s modera te ly s u i ted f o r p addy l a nd w i th modera te l im i ta t ions

G roup I V :

s o i l s p oo r ly s u i ted f o r p addy l a nd w i th s evere l im i ta t ions

G roup V :

s o i l s g enera ly n o t s u i ted f o r p addy l a nd l

L im i ta t ions : e :

e ro s ion ; e ro s ion h aza rd o r p a s t e ros ion d amage

2 0

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND s :

l s o i l l im i ta t ion i n r oo t z one ; s ha lowne ss , u nf avourab le t e x ture , s t on iness rec o r l ow f e r t il i ty d i ff i cu l t t o c or t

m :

l l a ck o f mo i s ture f o r p l an t g row th ; i n suff i cen t r a inf a l

t :

u nfavourab le t opog raphy ; r e la t ive p o s i t ion o r r el ief ( m ic ro o r mac ro ) l im i t s u se f o r c rop s a nd p addy i np a r t icu la r

f :

f l ood ing ; f l a sh f l ood s o r p ro longed d eep f l ood ing

d :

s w i mpeded d ra inage ; e xces a te r f r om h igh w a te r t a b le , s l ow p e rmeab i l i ty l t o r s l ow s urface d ra inage o r a h ree

x :

s a l in i ty o r a l ka l in i ty

a :

s o i l a c id i ty

S ource :

sif L and c apab i l i ty c l as ica t ion m ap s , D epa r tmen t o f L and Deve lopmen t , K ingdom o fT ha i land

Wi th in t he f our c hangwa ts o f t he p resent s urvey ( Nakhon R a tcha s ima , B uniR am , S ur in a nd S i S a K e t ) , s l igh t ly o ver h a lf t he l a nd a r ea i sc l a ss if ied a s u nsu i tab le f o r r i ce ( Group V ) . sif T he s econd mos t f r equent c l as ica t ion i sG roup I I : a bout 3 5 p ercen t o f t he l a nd a r ea i s modera te ly s u i tab le f o r r i ce c u l t iva t ion . I n t he t a b le b e low , t he p e rcentage o f e a ch s o i l s u i ta b i l i ty g roup p er c hangwa t i sc on t ra s ted t o t he n umbe r o f moa ted s i tes f r om t h i s s t udy w h ich l f a l i n to e ach g roup . F IGURE 2 . 3 S O IL S U ITAB IL ITY FOR WET R ICE CULT IVAT ION Nakhon R a tcha s ima

I I I I I V V

B uniR am %c hangwa t [ % s i te s ]

0 . 39[ 9 ] 9 . 50 [2 3 1 4 ] 1 9 .29 [4 1 . 86 [ 4 ] 6 8 .22 [1 9 ]

0 [ 0 ] 2 . 93 [ 31 3 4 .34 [6 8 1 1 .75 [1 2 1 4 6 .67 [1 7 ]

S ur in

0 [ 0 ] 2 . 54 [ 0 ] 4 2 .55 [8 5 ] 1 0 .70 [ 5 ] 4 4 .20[ 9 ]

S iS a K e t

0 [ 0 1 2 . 56 [ 0] 4 1 .85 [9 6 ] 4 . 77 [ 0] 5 0 .63 [ 4 ]

sif S ource : L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion Map s , Depa r tmen t o fL and Deve lopmen t , K ingdom o f T ha i land

I tc an b e s een f r om t h i s t a b le t ha t a pa r t f r om N akhon R a tcha s ima , t here i sn o G roup I l a nd . Whe re G roup I l a nd o ccur s , s o d o s i te s i n Nakhon R a tcha s ima a nd B uniR am . T he p er c en tage o f s i te s o n G roup I I l a nd i sa pp rox ima te ly d oub le t he p ercentage o f G roup I I l a nd l a va i lab le i n t he c hangwa t . Wh i le n o t t heo re t ica ly a s g ood a s G roup Il a nd f o r r i ce , G roup I I r s a r ea s a r e g eneraly o n t e race l a nd a nd l e s p rone t o f l ood . T he a verage p ercen tage o f s i te s l o ca ted o n G roup V s o i l s i s 1 2% , w h ich i ss u rp r i s ing u n t i l o ne n o tes t ha t 5 2 %o f t h e l a nd i s G roup V . I t mus t a l so b e r emembe red t ha t t he moa ted s i tes w e re h ab i ta t ion s i te s , t h e l i v ing s pace p erhap s s i tua ted o n t he a r ea s u nsu i ted f o r r i ce c u l t iva t ion . T he l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te d oe s n o t i nd ica te t he r i ce p o ten t ia l o f t he s ur round ing l a nd , w he re l a nd h o ld ing s c an b e f r agmented s fu l s o a s t o s uces ly r a i se ac rop o n e a ch t ype o fa va i lab le l a nd . T hese f a c tor s r a i se t he q ue s t ion o f t he u sefu lness o f t he l a nd s u i tab i l i ty c l a ss if i ca t ions i n t he l o ca t iona l a na ly s i s o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s . I n a dd i t ion , e ven a bou t o ne h und red y ea r s a go , i n t he r e ign o f K ing Mongku t , t he v ege ta t ive c ove r o f t h e K ho ra t P la teau i sk now n t o h ave f b een much g rea te r t han t oday , w h ich w ou ld h ave e f ec t ed t he c l a ss if ica t ion .

THE MUN R IVER B AS IN

2 1

l ' I n t he r e ign o f K ing R ama I V , K ho ra t s t i l r ema ined v ery i mpo r tan t b ecause t he a r ea t hen w a s a bounded i n a n ima l a nd p l an t p roduc t s i n t he t h ick f o res t s u b iqu i t ous ly p resen t a t t ha t t ime i n t he a r ea . T hese p roduc t s w ere i n g rea t d emand n o t l o n ly d omes t ica ly b u t a l so f r om f o re ign c ount r ie s ' ( Sura t Wa rang ra t 1 984 ) . I nc rea se s i n p opu la t ion , c u l t iva t ion , a nd t r ade o n t he Kho ra t P la teau h ave s t r ipped t he s f o res t c over w h ich w a s a n e sen t ia l e l emen t o f t he n a tura l e co sy s tem o ft he No r thea s t . ' W i thou t h uman i n te r f erence , t he f o res t c anopy p rov ides i n su la t ion a ga ins t t he s un a nd r a in . A r e la t ive ly s t ab le e nv i ronmen t a tg round l e ve l p romo tes e qui l ibr ium i n p l an t a nd a n ima l c ommun i t ies , a nd p ro tec t s s o i l s f r om l e ach ing , e xcess ive a r id i ty f a nd e ros ion . T he med ia t ing e f ec t o f t he f o re s t a l so r educes o pen w a ter e vapo ra t ion e a nd ma in ta ins as uff i c ien t ly h igh w a ter t a b le t o f ed p e rmanen t s t reams ' ( K i jngam , H igham , Wi r iya romp 1 980 :57 ) . F o res t c l ea rance t o c r ea te p ermanen t r i ce f i e ld s h a s e xpo sed t he s o i l s t o t he monsoon r a ins , s i l ted t he s t reams , a nd a l tered t he n a tura l w a te r c yc le i n t he a r ea . S t reams w h ich w ere e f o rmer ly p erenn ia l a r e d ry f o r mo s t o f t he d ry s ea son ( i b id . 5 8 ) . Many o f t he f ede r s t reams l d i ver ted i n to t h e moa ted s i te s w h ich w ere v i s ib le o n t he 1 945 -7 Wi l iams -Hun t p ho tog raphs , a r e n ow d ry . E xam ina t ion o f m id -1970 's t opog raph ica l map s g i ves f u r ther e v idence o f t he c a ce lera t ing a l tera t ion o f t h e n a tura l e co sy s tem , a s i n a dd i t ion t o t he d i sappea rance o f many s t reams v i s ib le i nt he 1 940 's , v a s t a r ea s o ft he f o re s t w h ich c overed t he P la teau a r e n ow g one . Desp i te s uch c hange s , a l though t he s o i l may b e g rea t ly e roded a nd l e ached t oday , t he s o i l ma ter ia l r ema ins c ons tan t . None the le ss , t he r i ce c l a ss i f ca t ion g roup s r ef lec t modern p r io r i t ies . ro f T he i r l im i ta t ions s t rong ly m ir r t he e f ec t s o f t he modern a ge . I n t he p resent s i te d i s t r ibu t ion sif t h e t wo mo s t c ommon l a nd c l as ica t ion l im i ta t ions w e re [ s ] a nd [ m ] . T he [ s ] l im i ta t ion i nd i l s, a c a tes s ha lownes n u nf avourab le t e x ture o r l ow f e r t i l i ty . T he [ m ] l im i ta t ion i nd ica tes l a ck o f l mo i s ture , i n suff i cen t r a inf al . I n t he c a se o f t he No r th E a s t , t he s halowness c ou ld w e l b e t he r e su l t o f c entur ies o f e ro s ion . T he l a ck o f f o res t c anopy a nd g round v ege ta t ion p reven t r e ten l t i on o f t he meag re r a infa l , s ugge s t ing t he [ m ] l i m i ta t ion . A s s hown b y t he d esc r ip t ion a bove o f t he P la teau i n K ing Mongku t 's t ime , e ven ah und red y ea r s a go , n e i ther o f t hese c ond i t ions may h ave b een p resen t . T hus , a l though o f i n te re s t , l a nd c l a ss if ica t ions mus t b e a pp roached w i th c aut ion .

2 2

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

S U M MARY T o s u mma r ize , t he moa ted s i tes o f t he p resen t w o rk a r e l o ca ted i n t he m idd l e a nd u ppe r Mun R iver b a s in ( c .14 .30 -15 .30 n x 1 01 .45 -104 .30 e ) . T he f our c hangwa t s i n t h i s a r ea ro ( Nakhon R a tcha s ima , B uniR am , S ur in , S i S a K e t )m ir r t he s ou thea s ter ly t i l t o f t h e Kho ra t P la teau . T he Mun R iver a nd i t s t r ibu ta r ies f o rm t he p r ima ry d ra inage s y s tem o f t h e Kho ra t b a s in , f l ow ing e a s twa rd s t owa rd s t he Mekhong R iver . A long t he c our se o f t he Mun R ive r , mo re f avourab le h ab i ta t ion s i tes a r e f ound i n t he m idd le a nd u pper p o r t ions o f t h e b a s in t han l r i n t he l owe r , w here s ma l t r ibu ta r ie s w i th f l oodp la in t e ra in a r e s c a rce . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f f moa ted s i tes r e lec t s t hese d i f erences , w i th mo re s i tes l o ca ted i n t he m idd le a nd u pper Mun r b a s in . Wi th in t h i s a r ea , t he ma jo r i ty o f moa ted s i tes a r e f ound o n t he l ow t e race s , l a ndform s s o r e su l t ing f r om a c omp lex p roces f t e c ton ic a c t iv i ty , c l ima t ic c hange , a nd w ind a nd r i ve r l a c t ion . T he L ow Hum ic G ley s o i l g roup w h ich p redom ina tes , i st yp ica ly l a te r i t ic a nd s a l ine . t l B o th t hese r e sources may h ave a t rac ted t he b u i lde r s o f t he moa ted s i te s , a s w e l a s t he p o ten t ia l f o r c u l t iva t ing r i ce , t he ma in c rop o f t he Mun b a s in . P resen t d ay r i ce h o ld ing s i n No r th E a s t T ha i land a r e o f ten f r agmen ted i n r e sponse t ol o ca l c ond i t ions . T he p re se rva t ion o f t t moa ted s i te s i nd i ca tes a l ong term c on t inu i ty o f t h i s l a nduse p a te rn c ha rac ter ized b y s e t le men t mound s s ur rounded b y r i ce f i e ld s . L e t u s t u rn n ow f r om t he g eog raphy a nd g eo logy o f t he Kho ra t P la teau , t o t he b ody o f p rev ious a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch o n t he moa ted s i tes , w h ich f o rms t he b ackg round t o t he p re sent s t udy .

BACKGROUND FRO M PREVIOUS RESEARCH

3 . 1 I NTRODUCTION E a r l ie r d i s t r ibu t ion s u rvey s a nd e xcava t ions h ave p rov ided much i n forma t ion w h ich h a s b een i n co rpo ra ted i n t h e l o ca t iona l a na ly s i s a nd c l a ss if ica t ion o f moa ted s i tes p resen ted i n t h i s v o lume . P rev ious r e sea rch w h ich f o rms t he b ackg round o f t he p resen t w o rk i sp re sen ted i n t h i s c hap ter . T he f i r s t s e c t ion d e sc r ibe s d i s t r ibu t ion s urvey s o f a nc ien t s e t lemen t i n t he Nor th t E a s t . T he s econd s ec t ion s u mma r izes mo re r e cen t w o rk , s urvey s a nd e xcava t ions w h ich a dd re ssed t he q ues t ion o f d i s t r ibu t ion b u t a l so r ecove red a r tefac t s t o s uppo r t ah ab i ta t iona l c hrono logy o f No r th E a s t T ha i land . T he h i s to ry o f d i s t r ibu t iona l s urvey s b eg ins w i th Aymon ier ( 1901) , L a jonqu ie re ( 1907 ,1911) , a nd S e idenf aden ( 1922 ) . T hese men , t r ave l ing a c ros he Kho ra t P la teau o n l s t f oo t , i nven to r ied s eve ra l h und red a r chaeo log ica l s i te s . T he s i tes w ere mos t ly r e c tangu la r i n s hape , r ema ins o f Khme r t emp les , b ut s ome i regu la r s i te s w ere n o ted , a nd a me thodo logy r w a s e s tab l i shed . L a te r g round s urvey s o f t he T ha i F ine A r t s Depa r tmen t ( 1959 , 1 960 -61) u pda ted p a r t s o f t he e a r ly w o rk s . N ew p o ss ib i l i t ies f o r a ses he d i s t r ibu t ion o fs e t lemen t s o ccur f ter Wo r ld Wa r I , s sing t t red a w i th a er ia l p ho tog raph ic t e chn iques d eve loped d ur ing t he w a r y ea r s . Wil iams -Hun t ( 1949 , 1 950 ) , Q ua r i tch Wa le s ( 1957 ) , a nd B e rna rd G ro sl i er ( 1980 ) a l u sed a e r ia l p ho tog raphs t o l e xam ine t he p a te rn o f s i te d i s t r ibut ion . Q ua r i tch Wa le s w o rked a tb o th ar eg iona l a nd s i ng le t s i te s ca le , c onduc t ing t h e f i r s t e xcava t ion o f amoa ted s i te i nt he Mun R ive r b a s in ( 1957 ) . A n i nven to ry c omp i led f r om r e cen t a e r ia l p ho tog raphs ( T iva S upa janya a nd P ong sr i V ana s in 1 982 ) , h a s e s tab l i shed ad a taba se o f moa ted s e t lemen t t h roughou t T ha i land . t T he s econd t ype o f r e sea rch r e levan t t o t he moa ted s i te s a r e t ho se s urvey s a nd e xcava t i ons w h ich a l though t h ey h ave u t i l ized a e r ia l p ho tog raphs , a nd e xam ined s i te d i s t r ibut ion , h ave a l so r ecove red , d esc r ibed a nd d a ted a r tefac t s . S r i sak ra V a l ibho tama h a s c a r ied o u t c onl r s i de rab le r e sea rch o n t h e u n ique u se o f b ounda ry o r s ema s t ones i n t he No r th E a s t ( 1975 , 1 985b ) a nd h a s d e ta i led a r tefac t s r e cove red f r om a survey o f s e t lemen t i n t he L ower Munt C h i b a s in ( 1982 ) . We lch 's ( 1984 ,1985 ) w o rk i n t he P h ima i r eg ion p rov ided as u mma ry o f p rev ious w ork a t P h ima i , a nd a r tefac t s a nd r ad ioca rbon d a tes f r om p re l im ina ry e xcava t ions a t B an T amyae . C ha r le s H igham a nd Amphan K i jngam ( 1982 , 1 984 ) i n c luded e xcava t ion o f B an C h iang H ian , aC h i R iver b a s in moa ted s i te i n t he i r e xam ina t ion o f s e t lement p a terns i n t he No r th E a s t . t t E v idence f r om B an C h iang H ian i nd ica t ing a ma jo r c hange i n i t s ma te r ia l c u l ture o ccur ring d ur ing t he s e cond h a lf o f t he i s t m i len ium BC i so f p a r t icu la r r e levance t o t he Mun b a s in l moa ted s i tes . Unfo r tuna te ly , n e i ther t he B an C h iang H ian a nd B an T amyae e xcava t ions w ere a b le t o i n c lude s ec t ion ing o f moa t s o r e a r thwo rk s .

2 4

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

3 .2 EARLY GROUND SURVEY OF THE NORTH EAST T he t wo e a r l ies t g round s urvey s o f t he No r th E a s t w ere c ar ut b y F rench c o lon ia l ried o o ff i ce r s , E t ienne Aymon ier ( 1900 -1902 ) a nd E . L une t d e L a jonqu ie re ( 1901-1911) . T he n ex t s urvey w a s c onduc ted b y aDane , E r ik S e idenfaden ( 1922 ) . F rench i n teres t i n t he a r chaeo logy o f t he I ndoch inese r eg ion h ad b een a c t ive s i nce F rench n a tura l i s t H enr i Mouho t ` d i scovered ' t he a nc ien t c i ty o f A ngko r i n 1 860 . I n 1 898 , t he E co le F ranca i se d 'Ex t reme O r ien t ( EFEO ) w a s f ounded i n S a igon b y B a r th , B rea l a nd B e rga igne . P au l Dou me r s oon t r ansf er FEO t o red E Hano i ( Gro s l ier 1 966 :157 ) w here i tr ema ined u n t i l 1 965 , w hen p o l i t ica l p rob lems f o rced i t s r emova l t oP a r i s . B efo re f ound ing o f t he E FEO , B a r th a nd B e rga igne p ubl i shed a n umber o f S ansk r i t i n sc r ip t ions o f C ambod ia a nd C hampa ( Ba r th 1 885 , B e rga igne 1 893 ) . F rom t he t ime o f t h e e a r l ies t p ubl i ca t ions o n A ngko r , t he F rench w ere a wa re t h a t t he s t y le o f monument s f ound a t Angko r s p read n o r th i n to T ha i land . Aymon ier , D i rec teur d e l ' Eco le C o lon ia le , p ub l i shed a t h ree v o lu me i nven to ry o f Khmer monumen t s a nd i n sc r ip t ions w h ich i n c luded t he Mun R ive r b a s in ( 1900 , 1 901 , 1 904 ) . L a jonqu ie re , C hef d e B a ta i lon d ' Infan te r ie C o lon ia le a l so p ub l i shed l as urvey a nd map , b o th o f w h ich d e sc r ibed monumen t s i nt he Mun b a s in ( 1902 , 1 907 , 1 911 ) . I n 1 922 , S e idenfaden , t he Dan i sh C ommandan t E .S . d e l a Gendamer ie S i amo i se , p ub l i shed c a refu l c heck o fL a jonqu id re 's o bse rva t ions a nd a dded an umber o fh i s own . E ach s urvey h a s i t s own me r i t s . Aymon ie r 's i so f i n te re s t b e ing t he f i r s t , b ut c on ta ins l e s s i n fo rma t ion o n t he Mun b a s in t han t he o ther t wo . S e idenf aden 's n o tes c on ta in n ew s i tes a s w e l a s a nno ta t ions a nd r e -check s o f L a jonqu iere . L a jonqu ie re f ound Khmer -bu i l t t emp le s l r ang ing f r om s i ng le s anc tua r ie s s ur rounded b y as qua re o r r ec tangu la r b a s in / moa t t o c om p l exes s uch a sP hnom R ung [ 2 1-54 r .ND48 -5 ] , Wa t P hanomwan [ 20 -08r .ND48 -1 ] , a nd P ra sa t H in P h ima i [ 20 -25r .ND48 -1 ] . T he t emp le f a cades o f e ven t he l e s d eve loped t emp le s g en s e raly f a ced e a s t ( La jonqu ie re 1 907 :xx ) . A t moa ted s i tes l a ck ing t he f o rm a nd o r ien ta t ion o f t h e Khmer monumen t s , f o r e xamp le Mu 'ang S ema [ 20 -60 i .ND47 -8 ] , L a jonqu id re c r ea ted r e c tangu la r b ounda r ies . A er ia l p ho to g raphs l a te r s howed Mu 'ang S ema t o b e v ery i regu la r i n s hape . F o res t c over h ad made t h e r e nc lo sure d i ff i cu l t t o map , p a r t icu la r ly i n t he n o r thwes t p a r t ( i b id .299 ) . T he s i te w a s a t r ibu ted t t o t he T ha i s , w ho d ue t o o ther p o l i t ica l d emand s , l e f t t h e f o r t if ied c i ty u nf in i shed ( i b id .301) . L a jonqu ie re 's g round i n terp re ta t ion i sc on t ra s ted t oi t s a c tua l s hape i nt he f i gure b e low . A l though L a jonqu ie re d oe s n o t ment ion w a te r i n t he moa t s o f Mu 'ang S ema , h e may h ave o bserved w a ter i n f o rme r moa t s t o t he n o r th o f t he Mun . H e f ound e x tens ive b a s ins f o r d ome s t ic u se w h ich s e rved a s au n ique w a te r s ource d ur ing t he d ry s ea son . T hey w ere f o rmed b y as imp le d am c l o s ing t he h ead o f av a ley f o rmed b y t h e a lmos t i mpe rcep t ib le u ndu la t ions l f ound i n t h i s a r ea . L a jonqu iere s aw n o c onnec t ion b e tween t hese mo re i regu la r b a s ins a nd r t he r ec tangu la r K h mer b aray s , a nd a t r ibu ted t hem t o t he T ha i ( i b id .xxxv ) . t T he p resence o f s ema o r b ounda ry s t ones , at r ad i t ion u n ique t o t he No r th E a s t , w a s a no ther i n s tanc e w here f i nd s w ere i n terp re ted t o f i t t he K hmer mode l . Where L a jonqu idre o bserved s ema o r b ounda ry s t ones a t s i te s i n t he No r th E a s t , h e f r equen t ly p re sume s t hey w e re p repa red f o r K hmer i n sc r ip t ions . A t V a t T ha t h e m en t ions s ome s cu lp tured s t ones a nd a l i nga w h ich t he L aos c a l ' s i tu ( s ima ) ' ( La jonqu id re 1 907 :66 ) . A t B an L am Om ( ' sur l r ounded b y w a te r ' ) , l imon i te b lock s w ere f ound s haped i n to l a rge s emas . S e idenfaden 's map , au sefu l s u mma ry o f a l t h ree e a r ly s u rvey s , p lo t s a round 1 00 t emp le s l i n t he Mun R iver b a s in , mak ing i tt he mo s t c omp le te e a r ly d i s t r ibut ion map o f a nc ien t r ema ins o n t he Khora t P la teau . H i s n o te s a l so a dded many n ew d e ta i l s o f r epo r ted s i tes i n t h e No r th E a s t .

BACKGROUND FRO M PREV IOUS RESEARCH

2 5

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MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

T he s i gn if icance o f t he e a r ly s urvey s f o r t he p re sen t w o rk i st h reefo ld . F i r s t , t h ey i nven ting ad t o r ied a nc ien t monumen t s i n t he Mun b a s in , p lot i s t r ibu t ion w h ich i ss im i la r t ot ha t o f r l t he moa ted s i tes . S econd ly , a l though f ew i regua r moa ted s i tes a r e n o ted , a nd t ho se g enera ly i nd i rec t ly , u sefu l i n fo rma t ion i sc onta ined o n t he v ege ta t ion o n t he Kho ra t P la teau i n t he l t e a r ly t wen t ie th c entury . F ina ly , t he a bsence o r m i s inte rp re ta t ion o f moa ted s e t lement s t e s t if ies t o t he d i ff i cu l ty o f u nder s tand ing t hese s i tes w i thou t t he a i d o f a er ia l p ho tog raphs t o ma rk o ut t he i r p l an . Two g round s urvey s o f No r thea s t T ha i land p ub l i shed b y t he T ha i F ine A r t s D epa r tmen t s ( FAD ) u pda ted t he e a r ly i nven to r ies a nd i sued a pl ea f o r t he p reserva t ion o f e ndangered monument s ( F ine A r t s Depa r tmen t 1 959 , 1 960 -1) . O ve r 6 0 s i tes i n 6c hangwa t w e re s ur v eyed : C ha iyaphum , Nakhon R a tcha s ima , B uniR am , S ur in , S i S ake t , a nd Ro i E t . Two s mal b u t f i ne Khmer t emp les , P ra sa t H in Non K u [ 20 -63r .ND47 -8 ] a nd P ra sa t H in Mu 'ang K haek [ 20 -64r .ND47 -8 ] , w e re e xcava ted t o g round l e ve l , a nd ag a te a tP ra sa t H in Wa t P hanomwan [ 20 -08r .ND48-1 ] w a s r epa i red ( 1959 ) .

3 .3 PREV IOUS SURVEYS USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS T he e qu ipmen t a nd t e chn iques o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphy w e re g rea t ly a dvanced b y t he d emand s o f Wo r ld Wa r Ia nd Wo r ld Wa r I . A l though t h e a pp l ica t ion o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphy t o a r chaeo logy i n E urope p receeded t he f i r s t Wo r ld Wa r , i t s u se i n S ou th E a s t A s ian a r chaeo logy d a te s t o 1 931 , w hen P a r i s u sed a er ia l p ho tog raphs t od e tec t a nc ien t c ana l s i n s ou the rn C ambo d i a ( Pa r i s 1 931) . A f te r Wor ld Wa r I , f our men w ho h ad w i tne ssed t he w a r t ime p rog ress o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphy b egan t o u se w a r t ime a nd p o s t -wa r a e r ia l c ove r t o d e tec t a r chaeo log ica l l l s i tes i n T ha i land a nd C ambod ia . T hey w e re L ou i s Ma lere t , P e ter W i l iams -Hun t , Q ua r t ich Wa les , a nd B e rna rd G ro s l ier . l s ac Ma lere t u sed a e r ia l p ho tog raphs i n h i s s urvey s o f t h e T ransbas , i d en t ify ing n umerous l c i rcu la r e a r thwo rk s ( 1959 ) . S ome o f t he se s uperf i c ia ly r e semb le t he Mun b a s in moa ted s i te s , s ed h b u t a s t hey a r e n o t l i nked t o t he s i tes i n t he p re sen t s t udy , t hey a r e n o t d i scus ere . I n l c on t ra s t , W i l iams -Hun t , Wa les , a nd G ro s l ie r e ach c on t r ibuted much t o a n u nde r s tand ing o f t moa ted s e t lemen t i n No r th E a s t T ha i land . T he a e r ia l i n vento ry o fT iva S upa janya a nd P ong s r i V ana s in h a s d ocumen ted moa ted s i tes t h roughou t T ha i land .

P ETER WILL IA MS -HUNT P e te r Wil iams -Hun t w a s t he f i r s t a r chaeo log i s t t o u se a e r ia l p ho tog raphs t o a na lyze t he d ense d i s t r ibut ion o f moa ted s i tes o n t he Kho ra t P la teau , d ef ined a s 1 4 -19n x 1 01 -106 .00e l ( s ee F igure 3 . 2 ) . A l though Wi l iam s -Hun t n o tes 2 00+ s i te s , o n ly 1 29 c an b e c oun ted o n h i s map , 13 o f w h ich a r e i n t he Mun b a s in . B ecause o ft h e a e r ia l p er spec t ive , t he s hape o f moa t s a nd e a r thwo rk s s ur round ing t he s i te s w a s c l ea r , r evea l ing t ha t t hey w ere s im i la r e nough t o b e l e xam ined a s a group . T he a e r ia l p ho tog raphs a l so s howed t ha t t he d i s t r ibut ion w a s g enera ly r e s t r ic ted t o al im i ted a r ea o f No r th E a s t T ha i land , n ame ly t he Mun a nd C h i R ive r b a s ins . s l T he 1 944 -47 a e r ia l p ho tog raphs o f T ha i land a semb led b y Wi l iams -Hunt d ur ing Wo r ld Wa r I w e re a l so u sed t o l o ca te t he moa ted s i tes a na lyzed i n t h e p re sen t v o lume ( s ee A cknow ledge l men t s ) . Wi l iams -Hun t d iv ided t he s i tes i n to t he f our g r oup s b e low ( 1950 : 3 2 ) . ( 1 )

' mu l t ip le c oncen t r ic e a r thwo rk s a nd v ery r egu la r a lmo s t c i rcu la r c ons t ruc t ion , o bv ious ly f o rm ing as i ng le c omp lex ' ( 200 t owns )

BACKGROUND FRO M PREV IOUS RESEARCH

2 7

( 2 )

f our ' me t ropo l i s ' : a l so c oncent r ic b u t h av ing a la rge g ap b e tween i nner a nd o u te r r am p a r t s .

( 3 )

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( 4 )

o the r i la r e a r thwo rk s : v a r ied l a you t d i f er ing f r om t he c oncen t r ic g roup ; e . g . S r i regu f Deva ( S i T hep )

T he mu l t ip le c oncen t r ic e a r thwo rk s [ g roup s ( 1 ) a nd ( 3 )] a r e c ha rac te r i s t ic o f t he w a ter h a rves t ing s i te s d ef ined i nt he f i r s t c hap ter o ft he p re sen t w o rk . Many o ft he t e r i tor ia l moa ted r s i tes r e semb les t he me t ropo l i o r o ther i la r e a r thwo rk s [ g roup s ( 2 ) a nd ( 4 ) ] . Wi l iams i regu l Hun t n o ted t he f r equen t p resence o f a n e a s t -wes t o r iented r e c tangu la r t emp le e nc e in t es a nd /o r b aray s n ex t t o t he i regu la r s i tes . Many o f t he t emp les a r e t hose i d ent if ied a s K hmer b y r L a jonqu id re , l e ad ing Wi l iams -Hunt t o s ugge s t t ha t t he moa ted s i tes p re -da ted t he K hme r . l T he p ro l i fe ra t ion o f 7 14 th c en tury AD K hme r t emp le s i nd ica tes p o l i t i ca l a nd c u l tura l c hange s a nd n ew l i nk s t o A ngko r , b ut t he e ra o f t he K ho ra t K hmer d id n o t n ecessa r i ly ma rk t he d em i s e o ft he Mun b a s in moa ted s i tes .

QUAR ITCH WALES Q ua r i tch Wa les d i scus ted s e t lement w i th Wi l iams -Hun t a nd l a te r e xam ined s ed moa t l W i l iams -Hun t 's a i r p ho tog raphs s t o red a t t he P i t R iver s Museum i n O xfo rd (Wa le s l t 1 957 :42 ) . He u sed t he p ho tog raphs t o i d en t i fy moa ted s i tes f o r p re l im ina ry e xcava t ions a nd r epubl i shed W i l iams -Hun t 's map (Wa les 1 957 ,1965 ,1969 ) . T he map ( F igure 3 . 2 ) , s how s a l f ew moa ted s i tes i n t he b a s in o f t he C h i R ive r , t he l a rge n o r thern b ranch o f t he Mun , b u t t he d i s t r ibu t ion i sc oncen t ra ted i n t h e m idd le a nd u pper b a s in o ft he mo re s ou the r ly Mun R iver . Wa les ( 1957 ) d esc r ibe s s eve ra l o f t he moa ted s i tes i n t he p resen t s t udy , i n c lud ing B an Mu 'ang S a i 0 [ 2 1-59 i .ND48 -5 ] , Mu 'ang S ema [ 20 -60 i .ND47 -8 ] , a nd Amphoe P hut i song t ha [ 2 1-64LND48 -1 ] . H e a l so c a r ied o ut t he f i r s t e xcava t ions o f Mun b a s in moa ted s i tes , a tB an r T hamen C ha i [ 2 1-06 i .ND48 -1] a nd B an Mu 'ang P he t [ 20 -73 i .ND48 -5 ] . Me ta l a nd p o tery f i nd s f r om t he e xcava t ions a t t hese l a s t t wo s i te s y i e lded t he f i r s t c ont t r o led f i nd s f r om Mun b a s in moa ted s i tes . E igh t f r agmen t s o f c or r on w ere f ound i n l r oded i t h e b a sa l l a yer o f Mu 'ang P he t ( s ee f i gure 3 . 3 ) . O ne p i ece w a s s i x i n ches a bove t he n a tura l s o i l l e ve l , w h ich may i nd ica te t ha t i r on w a s p resent f r om t he s i te 's b eg inn ing ( i b id .46 ) . Wa le s o bserved t wo p er iod s o f p o tery a t Mu 'ang P he t a nd B an T hamen C ha i . P er iod Is he rd s w e re t b l ack , b rown i sh , a nd r ed o r y elow i sh w a re . T he l a ter P er iod I s he rd s w ere o f a fi ne a lmo s t w h i te p ot i b id .46 ) . Add i t iona l f i nd s i n c luded a b ronze B uddha a bout s i x i n ches h igh tery ( p r ese rved i n t h e l o ca l w a t ( 1957 :F ig .9 ) , a nd a n umber o f s ema o r b ounda ry s t ones . A n a boveg round s ema w a s f i ve f e t t a l , w h i le o the r s c ou ld o n ly b e d e tec ted b y t op s p ok ing e l t h rough t he s o i l ( i b id . 4 9 -50 ) . Wa les c ompa red t hese t o s ema a tK a se t r S ombun , C ha iyaphum a nd Mu 'ang F a Daed , K a la s in . Wa le s u sed t he f i nd s f r om B an T hamen C ha i a nd Mu 'ang P he t t o l i nk t he Mun b a s in moa ted s i tes t o t he 7 -9 th c en tury AD Dva rava t i k i ngdom i n t he C en t ra l P la in ( i b id . 9 9 ,102 -3 ) . T ies t o Dva rava t i i n c luded p ot or spondences b e tween B an T hamen C ha i , Mu 'ang P he t , tery c re a nd K ampong S en i n t he C en t ra l P la in ( 1957 :56 ) . A l though s e t lemen t i n t he Mun b a s in w a s t c e r ta in ly i nf luenced b y d eve lopmen t s i n t he C en t ra l P la in i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i r s t m i l l e n ium AD , t he t i e i n t h i s c a se p roved t e nuous a s t he p ot herd s w h ich h e l a ter e xcava ted tery s a tB an B on w e re d i f eren t f r om t ho se f ound a th i s s i tes o n t he Kho ra t P la teau (Wa le s 1 965 :3 ) . f

2 8

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

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Wa les o bse rved mo rpho log ica l s im i la r i t ie s i n s i te s f r om t he t wo r eg ions , c i t ing t he s ame s hape o f t he i nne r moa ted a r ea a tK hao B an B on i n C en t ra l T ha i land a nd Mu 'ang F a Daed i n l t he No r th E a s t . H e c onc luded t ha t t he Dva rava t i k i ngdom w a s p ol i t ica ly p resen t o n t he p l a r t e au , w i th o u t ly ing t e r i to r ies s uch a st he s em i independen t k ingdom o f S r i C hana sa u nder t he s way o f Dva rava t i ( 1969 : 1 03 ) . H e s aw t he B uddh i s t c a rv ing o n s ema s t ones a s ar emnan t o f a n e a r l ie r mega l i th ic c u l ture , c ha rac ter iz ing t he K ho ra t P la teau a s aDva rava t i c o lony w i th a s ema s t one c u l t (Wa les 1 969 :110 ) . Wa le s a l so s ugges ted t he Mun b a s in s i tes m ight b e t he r ema ins o f t he 6 -8 th c en tury AD k ingdom o f C hu -ch iang ( t he R ed R iver c oun t ry ) . C hu -ch iang w a s s a id t o h ave b ordered l C henla a nd e ven tua ly w a s a bso rbed b y I s anava rman I ,C hen la 's r u ler i n a bou t 6 30 AD (Wa les 1 957 :58 -9 ) . l Hav ing p l aced t he moa ted s i te s w i th in t he s e cond h a l f o f t he f i r s t m i len ium AD , Wa le s l i n terpe ted t he i r mu l t ip le e a r thwo rk s a s d efens ive r ampa r t s b u i l t b y s ma l p opu l a t ions i n t h e

B ACKGROUND F ROM P REV IOUS R ESEARCH

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![ 2 1-591.ND48-51 ! !B an M u 'ang S a i 0

! 100 ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

2 6 h a

! O

! ![ 2 1-61i.ND48-1] !B an K r asang

137 3 4 h a

![ 2 1-62i.N048-1]

!

2 )

!

! 100

!B an T h ung W a ng 5 9 h a

![ 2 1-63i.ND48-1]

!

! 6 9

!

! Ban K hok M u 'ang 1 6 h a

![ 2 1-64i.ND48-5]

!

! 7 5 Zzrz

! Am phoe P h uttahisong ! 1 41 h a !

![ 2 2-081.ND48-2] !B a n B a nlang

1 100 1 3 h a

![ 2 2-09i.ND48-2]

!

! 6 9

!B a n K hok M u 'ang 2 7 h a

![ 2 2-13i.N048-5]

!

! 100

!C hangwat S u rin a 18 h

!

!

12

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

! ![ 23-07i.N048-6)

! ! 6 2

! !

! !B an D on Y ai ! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

![ 23-10i.ND48-2] !

!1 00 !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! 5 0 !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

![ 23-18i.ND48-6]

! 100

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!B an S a P hu

2 7 h a

2 5 h a

! ! ! ![ 2 3-12i.ND48-2] ! !B an N am K ham !

2h a

!

! !B an T o ng P it ! !

7h a

( 4 0

C

0

e

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

13

MOATED S ITE NOMENCLATURE T he n omenc la ture d esc r ibes e ach s i te i n t h ree p a r t s : [ a rch i tec ture ] + [ s tages o f d eve lopment ] + [ t errace ] . A s i te i se i ther m in ima ly , p a r t ly , o r f u ly a r ch i tec ted , a cco rd ing t o h ow much o f l l t he s i te p er ime ter i s e nc i rced b y a n i n i t ia l e a r thwo rk . I n a dd i t ion , i t i s e i ther s imp le , d eve loped , o r c omp lex , a cord ing t o w he ther i th a s 1 , 2 , o r 3 -4 s t ages o f d eve lopment , r e spec c t i ve ly . F or e xamp le , B an C habok i s am in ima ly a r ch i tec ted s imp le f l oodp la in s i te . B an Mu 'ang l F a i i s af u ly a r ch i tec ted c omp lex l ow t e race s i te . T he a tr ibute d iv i s ions a r e l i s ted b e low , f o l l r t l owed b y t he c l a ss if ied s i tes . T he s i tes a re f i r s t l o ca ted ( t errace ) , a nd t he i r f o rm t hen d esc r ibed ( a rch i tec ture a nd s t ages o f d eve lopment ) . T he v i lage n ame ( ban) , s i te n u mber , l a t i tude , a nd l l ong i tude a r e a l so g i ven . As u mma ry c ha r t f o low s t he l i s t ing . l TERRACE f l oodp la in l ow t e rrace u pper t e r races =

ARCHITECTURE ( % ) m in ima ly a r ch i tec ted l

l ow -m idd le m idd le m idd le -h igh h igh

p a r t ly a r ch i tec ted f u l ly a r ch i tec ted

< 5 0 = 5 0 -80 > 8 0

S TAGES OF DEVELOP MENT s imp le

= 1s t age = 2 st ages = 3 -4 s t ages

d eve loped c omp lex

I . FLOODPLAIN S ITES 1 5 t o ta l

A . MINI MALLY ARCHITECTED

( 1 ) s imp le B an P hu t sa B an C han ( 3 .5km e a s t )

2 0 -06 .ND48-5 2 0 -14 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .02 1 5 .05

1 02 .03 1 02 .07

B an C habok

2 1-52 i .ND48 -5

1 4 .36

1 02 .48

( 2 ) d eve loped n one

( 3 ) c omp lex B an Mu 'ang T h i

2 0 -18 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .12

1 02 .12

14

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B . PARTLY ARCHITECTED

( 1 ) s imp le B an C hong U B an T aku t No i NE B an Amphoe P h ima i

2 0 -02 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -15 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -24 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .02 1 5 .07 1 5 .14

1 02 .07 1 02 .05 1 02 .33

( 2 ) d eve loped B an S amrong (2 ) N . o f B an T a l chong B an Run

2 0 -07 i .ND48 -5 2 1-21 i .ND48 -1 2 1-23 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .02 1 5 .05 1 5 .03

1 02 .06 1 03 .11 1 03 .12

( 3 ) c omp lex B an C han

2 1-13 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .07

1 02 .04

C . FULLY ARCHITECTED

( 1 ) s imp le B an U t Daek

2 1-07 i .ND48-1

1 5 .24

1 02 .47

( 2 ) d eve loped NE B an Khok (1) E .of B an Amphoe P h ima i

2 0 -34 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -35 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .14 1 5 .14

1 02 .31 1 02 .31

( 3 ) c omp lex B an Non P u lak

2 0 -16 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .10

1 02 .07

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

15

I . LO W TERRACE S ITES 4 7 t o ta l

A . MINI MALLY ARCHITECTED

( 1 ) s imp le B an T amyae B an Nam Kham

20 -29 i .ND48-1 2 3 -12 i .ND48-2

1 5 .14 1 5 .07

1 02 .28 104 .31

( 2 ) d eve loped Wa t S a C han

21-11 i .ND48-1

1 5 .33

1 02 .48

( 3 ) c omp lex B an B an B an B an

Non S ung K ra sang K ra sang K u

2 0 -21 i .ND48-1 2 1-39 i .ND48-5 2 1-61 i .ND48 -1 2 3-02 i .ND48 -6

1 5 .11 1 4 .56 1 5 .13 1 4 .52

1 02 .17 1 03 .18 1 03 .25 1 03 .59

B . PARTLY ARCHITECTED

( 1 ) s imp le B an S amrong ( 3 ) B an C ha i

2 0 -05 i .ND48 -5 2 0 -32 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .01 1 5 .17

1 02 .08 102 .30

( 2 ) d eve loped E . o f B an Ku l i Non S a i R ayong B an Nong Kha B an K hok Mu 'ang B an P hawon

2 0 -20 i .ND48 -1 2 1-09 i .ND48 -1 2 1-34 i .ND48 -5 2 1-63 i .ND48 -1 2 3 -06 i .ND48 -6

1 5 .13 1 5 .27 1 4 .54 1 5 .17 1 4 .57

1 02 .17 1 02 .52 1 03 .04 1 03 .21 1 04 .02

( 3) c omp lex B an B an B an B an

Ng iu Ma Nong Kok S anuan Don Y a i

2 0 -36 i .ND48-1 2 0 -48 i .ND48 -1 2 1-36 i .ND48-5 2 3 -07 i .ND48 -6

1 5 .33

1 02 .30

1 5 .32 1 4 .56 1 4 .57

1 02 .47 1 03 .11 1 04 .17

16

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

C . FULLY ARCHITECTED

( 1 ) s imp le B an B an B an B an

P radok Non T urn S a laeng T hon T ong P i t

2 0 -01 i .ND48-5 2 0 -31i .ND48 -1 2 1-46 i .ND48-5 2 3 -18 i .ND48 -6

1 5 .00 1 5 .17 1 4 .47 1 4 .58

1 02 .07 1 02 .30 1 03 .03 1 04 .28

( 2 ) d eve loped B an T oe i B an Khon B un i B an S a i R ayong B an K ae Y a

2 0 -30 i .ND48 -1 2 1-15 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .17 1 5 .30

2 1-32 i .ND48 -5 2 -16 i .ND48 -6 2

1 4 .48 1 4 .56

1 02 .28 1 02 .55 1 03 .02 1 03 .31

( 3 ) c omp lex S E o f B an Ng iu Ma tha i B anPra a la t P ho (1 ) B an T hamen C ha i B an T ang 0 B an N 'ang C hak B an Mu hok B an C ha i Y a i B an P ra tha i R in B an P 'ang F a i B an Mu ayong B an R 'ang Du B an Mu 'ang S a i 0 B an Mu hung Wang B an T a lak Da i B an S ang B an R ha R ayong B an T hra P ut B an P S E B an Khi L ek B an S a laeng P han ( 1 ) B an S a P hu

2 0 -37 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -47 i .ND48 -1 2 1-05 i .ND48 -1 2 1-06 i .ND48 -1 2 1-08 i .ND48 -1 2 1-10 i .ND48 -1 2 1-16 i .ND48 -1 2 1-25 i .ND48 -5 2 1-27 i .ND48 -5 2 1-28 i .ND48 -5 2 1-41i .ND48 -5 2 1-42 i .ND48 -5 2 1-59 i .ND48 -5 2 1-62 i .ND48 -1 2 -15 i .ND48 -6 2 2 -18 i .ND48 -6 2 2 -20 i .ND48 -5 2 2 -21i .ND48 -6 2 2 -22 i .ND48 -6 2 2 -25 i .ND48 -6 2 2 3 -10 i .ND48 -2

1 5 .33 1 5 .31 1 5 .05

1 02 .31 1 02 .48 1 02 .54

1 5 .02 1 5 .24

1 02 .55 1 02 .52

1 5 .28 1 5 .38 1 4 .49 1 4 .55 1 4 .52 1 4 .55

1 02 .49 1 02 .57 1 02 .59 1 02 .44 1 02 .44 1 03 .07

1 4 .47 1 4 .57 1 5 .16 1 4 .52 1 4 .59 1 4 .59 1 4 .58 1 4 .56

1 02 .58 1 02 .34 1 03 .23 1 03 .32 1 03 .31 1 03 .28 1 03 .35 1 03 .36

1 4 .54 1 5 .06

1 03 .32 1 04 .11

CLASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

17

II . UPPER TERRACE S ITES 2 5 t o ta l

A . MINI MALLY ARCHITECTED

( 1) s imp le

B an Kho

2 1-19 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .42

1 02 .54

( 2 ) d eve loped n one

( 3 ) c omp lex

B an Don Khon Khap

2 0 -23 i .ND48-1

1 5 .09

1 02 .13

Non Don P o rn

2 0 -42 i .ND48-1

1 5 .43

1 02 .38

B . PARTLY ARCHITECTED

( 1) s imp le n one

( 2 ) d eve loped

S E B an Na T akhu

2 0 -54 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .02

1 02 .42

B an K hok Mu 'ang

2 2 -09 i .ND48 -5

1 4 .47

1 03 .08

( 3 ) c omp lex

B an Khu m Ma -U

2 0 -40 i .ND48-1

1 5 .41

1 02 .36

SW B an Nong Kok

2 0 -46 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .32

1 02 .47

C . FULLY ARCHITECTED

( 1 ) s imp le

S E B an S ame t

2 1-20 i .ND48 -1

1 5 .07

1 03 .08

B an B an lang

2 -08 i .ND48-2 2

1 5 .20

1 03 .42

18

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

( 2 ) d eve loped NW B an NW B an

B an Hua T aphan Mu 'ang P he t B an Non Du ( 2 ) S anuan

2 0 -58 i .ND48 -5 2 0 -73 i .ND48 -5 2 1-0 aND48 -1 2 1-04 i .ND48-1

1 4 .58 1 4 .58 1 5 .03 1 5 .07

1 02 .32 1 02 .32 1 02 .49 1 02 .54

( 3 ) c omp lex B an Ma i S iL lan B an Makha NE B an Nong T a Na N W Non Mu 'ang R ang B an Mu 'ang T ang E . B an Ma i T ha i C han B an Kong Ro t B an Nong Mu 'ang Y a i B an Mu 'ang P h lap P h la (1) Mu 'ang S ema NE B an Mu 'ang No i B an S amrong ( 1 ) B an Mu 'ang F ang

2 0 -22 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -39 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -49 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -50 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -5 1i . ND48 -1 2 0 -52 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -53 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -56 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -57 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -60 i .ND47 -8 2 1-17 i .ND48 -1 2 1-26 i .ND48 -5 2 1-43 i .ND48 -5

1 5 .09 1 5 .33 1 5 .13 1 5 .14 1 5 .13 1 5 .06

1 02 .16 1 02 .36 1 02 .45 1 02 .49 1 02 .50 1 02 .43

1 5 .02 1 5 .03 1 5 .03

1 02 .44 1 02 .41 1 02 .37

1 4 .55 1 5 .40 1 4 .57 1 4 .49

1 01 .48 1 02 .57 1 02 .46 1 03 .01

19

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

F IGURE 5 . 12 S U M MARY OF CLASS IF ICAT ION KEY 1 2 3

l = m in ima ly a r ch i tec ted + s imp le l =m in ima ly a r ch i tec ted + d eve loped l =min ima ly a r ch i tec ted + c omp lex

4 5 6

= p a r t ly a r ch i tec ted + s imp le = p a r t ly a r ch i tec ted +deve loped = p a r t ly a r ch i tec ted +comp lex

7 8 9

= = =

l f u ly a r ch i tec ted + s imp le f uly a r ch i tec ted +deve loped l f u ly a r ch i tec ted +comp lex

FLOODPLA IN : P a r t ly a r ch i tec ted s i tes p redom ina te ( no s .4 -6 ) . T here a r e n o l m in ima ly a r ch i tec ted + d eve loped e xam p l es ( no .2 ) .

LO W TERRACE : T he n umber o f f u ly l a r ch i tec ted s i te s ( no s .7 -9 ) i n c rea ses r ad i c a ly , a t t he e xpense o f p a r t ly a r ch i tec ted l s i tes ( nos .4 -6 ) , a nd t o al e sser e x tent , t h e m in ima ly a r ch i tec ted s i tes ( no s .1-3 ) . l

UPPER TERRACES : T he f u ly a r ch i tec ted l s i te s ( no s .7 -9 ) a ga in i n c rea se , o nce more d im in i sh ing t he n umbe r o f p a r t ly ( no s .4 -6 ) a nd m in ima ly ( no s .1-3 ) a r ch i tec ted e xam l p l es . T here a r e n o m in ima ly a r ch i tec ted + l d eve loped s i tes ( no .2 ) o r p a r t ly a r ch i tec ted + s imp le s i te s ( no .4 ) .

4

3

a

6

7

6

T he n omenc la ture c an b e u sed t o c ompa re t he s i tes . F o r e xamp le , t he t h ree s i tes s hown b e low a r e a uly a r ch i tec ted a nd c omp lex . Y e t e ach i sl o ca ted i n a dif ren t e nv i ronmen ta l l f fe z one , o ne b e ing o n t h e f l oodp la in , a no ther o n l ow t e race l a nd , a nd t he t h i rd o n t he u pper r t e races . A l though t h e t h ree s i te s a r e l o ca ted i n d i f eren t r eg ions a nd o n d i f eren t t e race s , a r f f r morpho log ica l s im i la r i ty c an b e s een . F ur the r s t udy o f t he s i tes c ou ld g enera te i n s igh t s i n to h ow e a r thwo rk s a r e a dap ta ted t ot e ra ce l o ca t ion . r

1 20

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

F IGURE 5 . 13 THREE FULLY ARCH ITECTED COMPLEX S ITES

e z ' f l oodp la in B an Non P u lak [ 20 -16 i .ND48 -1 ]

l ow t e ra ce r B an Mu 'ang C hak [ 2 1-10 i .ND48 -1 ]

u pper t e race s r B an Kong R o t [ 20 -53 i .ND48 -1 ]

A l te rna te ly , s i tes o f d i f er ing c omp lex i ty b u t e qua l i n a r ch i tec ture a nd t e ra ce l o ca t ion f r c ou ld b e s e lec ted t o i n ve s t iga te w hy c er ta in s i tes d eve loped mo re t han o ther s . F o r i n s tance , B an S a laeng T hon [ 2 1 -46 i .ND48 -5 1 , B an S a i R ayong [ 2 1 -32 i .ND48 -5 ] , a nd B an Mu 'ang F a i [ 2 1-28 i .ND48 -5 ] a r e a o ca ted i n C hangwa t B uniR am o n l ow t e race l a nd . H owever , B an l l r S a laeng T hon i sc l a ss if ied a s a simp le s i te , w he rea s B an S a l R ayong a nd B an Mu 'ang F a i a r e d eve loped a nd c omp lex s i te s , r e spec t ive ly . A d e ta i led i n ves t iga t ion o f t hese t h ree e xamp le s w ou ld b eg in t o e xp lo re t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he a r ch i tec ture , s t ages o fg row th a nd t e ra ce r a t r ibu tes . t

5 .3 RELATIONSHIP OF TERRACE TO S ITE S TRUCTURE T he l i nks b e tween t he t e race l o ca t ion a nd t he a r ch i tec ture a nd s t ages o f d eve lopment o f r t he moa ted s i tes r evea led ad i rec t c or spondence b e tween t he t e race l o ca t ion a nd s i te s t ruc re r t u re , n ame ly d eg ree a nd c omp lex i ty o f e a r thwo rk s . T he s i te s t ruc ture r epre sen t s c u mu la t ive mod if ica t ions o f t he t e ra in . G iven at e race s i te l o ca t ion p e rce ived a sn onidea l , t h e a r ch i tec t r r i ng o f t he s i te i si n i t ia ted , a l ter ing t he n a tura l c ond i t ions . F inaly , t h rough a dd i t iona l s t ages o f d eve lopmen t , t he s i te c on t inue s t o b e i mproved o ver t ime . Two a spec t s o f t he s imp le t o c omp lex e vo lu t ion o f t h e moa ted s i tes a r e c l a r if i ed i n t h e p resence o f i n c rea s ing a r ch i tec ture a nd s t ages o f d eve lopmen t .F i r s t , t he l a bour f o rce a nd s oc ia l c oopera t ion n ece ssa ry t o c ons t ruc t a nd ma in ta in m in ima l o r p a r t ia l e a r thwo rk s w a s l e s s t han t ha t r equ i red t o c omp le te a nd u pkeep as e t w h i ch e n t i re ly s ur rounded t he mound . S i te s o ta ly e nc i rc led b y moa t s r ep resent c omp le te a nd s oph i s t ica ted a l tera t ion o f t he n a tura l t e ra in t l r i n o rder t o a sure a dequa te w a ter s upp ly . S econd , a l though t he s t ages o f g row th a te ach s i te s c anno t y e t b e c or la ted t o a n o ccupa t iona l c hrono logy , t h ey may i nd ica te , a l be i t r ough ly , t h e re h ab i ta t iona l d ura t ion . E xcava t ion w i l b e n eces ry t o d e te rm ine t he i n terva l s a tw h ich s ucce s l sa s i ve s t age s w e re c ons t ruc ted , a nd i ft h ey r ep resen t t he s ame o r d i f e rent h ab i ta t iona l g roup (s ) . f

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

2 1 1

TERRACE AND THE MOATED FOR M T he h ab i ta t ion mound s i n t he Mun b a s in h ave i n c reased i n h e ight w i th c en tur ies o f o ccup a t iona l d ebr i s . Never the le ss , i n ar eg ion w i th s ea sona l i nnunda t ion , e ven t he s l igh t e l eva t ions w h ich t he mounds o r ig ina ly p o ssessed , w ere a trac t ive . T h i s e l eva t ion mus t b e v i ewed w i th in l t t he c ontex t o f e ach m ic ro -env ironmen t , a s t here i s n o t ap os i t ive c or la t ion b e tween s i te re c omp lex i ty a nd a l t i tude , n or d oes o ne e x i s t b e tween t e race a nd a l t i tude i n t he Mun b as in . r T he t i l t o f t he P la teau a nd t he e f ec t s o f l ong term t e race e ros ion a nd r edepos i t ion h ave f r c aused t he t e races t o o ccur a td i f erent a l t i tudes a c ros he P la teau . r f s t However , w hen s i te c o mp lex i ty i s c o mpa red t o t e race , a s s hown i n t he f i gure b e low , r h ydro log ica l d i f erences o f t he d i f erent t e races a r e r evea led . A s t he moa ted s i tes moved f f r f r om f l oodp la in t o l ow a nd t hen u pper t e races l o ca t ions , a r ch i tec ture a nd s t ages o f d eve lop r ment i ncrea sed , m ir ing t he a ppa rent p a tern o f d ec rea s ing w a ter a va i lab i l i ty . T he p rog resr or t s i on a l so c ha r t s a n i n c rea s ing s oph i s t ica t ion o f me thods o f w a ter management . T he p a r t ly moa ted s i tes c omp le ted ap re -ex i s t ing f o rm . T he f u ly a r ch i tec ted s i tes r e su l ted f r om ap ercep l t i on o f t he p o tent ia l o fp re -ex i s t ing r e sources a nd t he c r ea t ion o f an ew f o rm . F IGURE 5 . 14 S ITE COMPLEX ITY CO MPARED TO TERRACE

t e rrace

n umber s i tes

a verage a l t i tude

a verage % a r ch i tec ture

a verage s t age s o f g row th

f l oodp la in

1 5

1 62 m

6 6

1 . 8

l ow

5 0

1 51 m

8 2

2 .6

l ow -m idd le

1 3

1 69 m

8 4

2 .9

m idd le

7

1 57 m

8 1

2 .9

m idd le -h igh

3

1 84 m

1 00

3 . 7

h igh

3

1 71 m

1 00

1 . 6

KEY n u mbers 1 -6 r e fer t o t e races a s l i s ted i n r T ab le 5 . 1 a bove T he p er c en t o f a r ch i tec ture v a r ied f r om 6 t o 1 00 , b e ing h ighes t o n t he m idd le 6 h igh ( no .5 ) a nd h igh ( no .6 ) t e races . r %A rch i tec ture — >

-5 0

2 T er r aces

3

T

3

1 22

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

T he a verage s t ages o f g row th o r d eve lopment r anged f r om 1 . 6 t o 3 . 7 . T he p eak w as r eached o n t he m idd le h igh t e races ( no .5 ) , b ut l a ck o f e ven r p o tent ia l h ydrau l ic r ewa rds o n t he h igh t e races ( no .6 ) p erhap s d i scouraged r f ur ther d eve lopment o f t he moa ts a nd e a r thworks , c aus ing t he a verage t o d rop . Average s t ages g row th >

3 7

1 .9

1

2

3

3

T er r aces i s

T he a verage n u mber o f w a ter s t orage b a s ins o r b aray a d jacent t o moa ted s i tes a l so i n c rea ses b y t e rrace . O n t he f l oodp la in , e ach s i te h a s amean o f 0 .07 c ompan ion b aray . O n t h e r l ow , l ow -m idd le , m idd le , a nd m idd le -h igh t e races , t h i s f i gure i n c rea ses t o 0 .24 , 0 . 39 , 0 . 43 , s rrace moa a nd 1 . 00 r e spec t ive ly . No b aray w ere a soc ia ted w i th t he t h ree h igh t e ted s i tes . T he r l h igh t e race s amp le i ss ma l ( 3 s i tes ) , mak ing a ny c onc lus ions a bout t hem p rob le ma t ic . How t e ver , i ti sl i ke ly t ha t a temp ted h ydrau l ic i mp rovement s ( i .e . f ur ther moa ts , e a r thworks , a nd r f w a ter t anks ) o n h igh t e race l o ca t ions w ere n o t s uccessfu l e nough t oj us t ify t he e for t n eeded t o c ons truc t a nd ma inta in t hem . T h is i nc rea se i n a r ch i tec ture , a nd s t ages o f g row th a s s i te l oca t ion moves f r om f l oodp la in rraces t o l ow a nd u pper t e , s ugges t s t wo p oss ib i l i t ies . E i ther t he s t ruc tures s o lved a prob lem r l s t ha t i n c rea sed f r om f l oodp la in t o l ow a nd u pper t e race , o r t hey s uccessfu ly e xp lo i ted a se t s r f ound more f r equent ly o n t e race a r ea s t han o n t he f l oodp la in . T hey mos t p robab ly s ucceeded i l n i t ia ly a s as o lut ion t o w a ter s upp ly , b ut a s t hey d eve loped g rea ter c omp lex i ty , t hey a l so l i n c rea sed f unc t iona ly . r Whi le t he r ange o f a verage a l t i tudes f o r t he moa ted s i tes b y t e race i s o n ly t h i r ty three me t res ( s ee a bove t a b le ) , t he l o ca l e nv iron ment a l ter s c ons iderab ly f r om t he f l oodp la in t o t h e s l ow a nd u pper t e rraces . I f t he s imp le t o c omp lex a sump t ion i s a ccep ted , t hen t he moa ted r ed f f o rm o ccur i r s t i n t he f l oodp la in . T he i n c rea se i n a r ch i tec tura l c omp lex i ty i n r e la t ion t o r t e race i mp l ies t ha t a l though t he moa ted f o rm b egan a s a so lut ion t o f l oodp la in p rob lems , i t s d eve loped f ur ther i n r e sponse t o l i ab i l i t ies a nd a se ts f ound i n crea s ing ly o n t he l ow t o u ppe r rrace r t e . T he n u mber o f s t ages o f g row th a ppea r t o p eak w i th t he m idd le -h igh t e race s i tes , r d ropp ing t o al ower l e ve l t han t he f l oodp la in o n t he h igh t e race s i tes . T h is i mp l ie s t ha t t he r rraces a dvantages o f t he l ow t o m idd le -h igh t e races w ere p erhaps a bsent o n t he h igh t e , mak i ng i mprovement s ( i .e . more s t ages o f d eve lopment ) n o t w or thwh i le . However , t here w ere r o n ly t h ree s i tes l o ca ted o n h igh t e races , o ne o f w h ich ( 2 .5 km S E o f B an S ame t [ 2 12 0 i .ND48 -1]) w a s d i ff icu l t t o i n terpre t , s o t h i s c onc lus ion i sc l ea r ly p rov i s iona l . F loodp la in s i te s e i ther r equ ired l e ss mod if ica t ion t o b e a ccep tab le f or h ab i ta t ion o r l a cked t he r e sources t o r ecompense t he a dd i t iona l l a bour t o e xcava te a nd ma inta in a dd i t ions . T hey r w ere a l so s ub jec t t o a nnua l f l ood d amage . T he l ow t o u pper t e races p resented i n c rea s ing f f p rob lems o f w a ter s upp ly b ut o f ered s o me r e l ief f r om f l ood ing . T hey may h ave a l so o f ered l a rger mounds s u i tab le f o r moa t ing , a s t he mean a r ea o f t he p resen t s amp le o f s i tes i n c rea se s r a ccord ing t o t e race l o ca t ion .

CLASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

1 23

A s s hown i n t he f i gure b e low , t he a verage f l oodp la in moa ted s i te h ad amean a r ea o f 1 6 .5 h ec ta res . T h i s i ncreased t o 3 3 .2 h ec ta res o n t he l ow t e race , a nd p eaked a t 5 6 h ec ta res o n t he r m idd le t o h igh t e rrace a r ea s . T he mean a r ea o n t he m idd le a nd h igh t e races d ropped , t o 2 1 .9 r a nd 1 .7 h ec ta res , r e spec t ive ly . T h is d a ta , a nd i t s r e la t ion t o t he i nc rea se i n a r ch i tec ture a nd s t ages o f d eve lopmen t , h a s y e t t o b e f u ly i nve s t iga ted . A l so , t he s ma l s amp le o f s i tes o n l l s o me o f t he t e rrace a r ea s h as c er ta in ly i nf luenced t he r e su l t s . However , i tw a s n o ted i n t he p rev ious c hap ter t ha t s ma ler mounds s u i tab le f o r moa t ing w ere a ppa rent ly f ound i n t he f l ood l p l a in a rea s o f C hangwa t Nakhon R a tcha s ima , a nd t ha t s i te a r ea i n c rea sed i n C hangwa t B un i R am , w here t he l oca t ion i sp redom inant ly o n l ow t e race a r ea s . T hus t he l a rger s i ze o f h ab i ta r t i on s i tes may h ave b een a n a dvantage o f t he t e races . F ur ther b enef i t s w ere f ound i n t he r f o rm o f n a tura l r e sources , a s d i scussed b e low . F IGURE 5 . 15 S ITE AREA COMPARED TO TERRACE n umber o f s i te s

mean a r ea ( hec tares )

1 5 5 0 1 3 7 3 3

1 6 .5 3 .2 3 2 5 .6 2 1 .9 5 6 .0 .7 1

t e ra ce r f l oodp la in l ow l ow -m idd le m idd le m idd le -h igh h igh

TERRACE RESOURCES

SO IL I tw a s d ec ided t o i nves t iga te p o tent ia l t e se ts b y l ook ing a ts o i l c ha rac ter i s t ics , s i nce rrace a s t he s o i l g roups a r e c or la ted t o t e rrace l o ca t ion . A r ev iew o f t he s o i l d i s t r ibu t ion o f t he re moa ted s i tes f a c i l i ta ted t he s e lec t ion o f t he mos t c ommon s i ng le s o i l g roup o n e ach t e race . r T hese a re l i s ted i n t he t a b le b e low . F IGURE 5 . 16 REPRESENTAT IVE SO IL GROUPS BY TERRACE t e race r l e vee f l oodp la in l ow t e rrace l ow -m idd le t e race r m idd le t e race r m id -h igh t e race r h igh t e rrace

s o i l g roup R a tchabur i Ro i E t Ro i E t Kora t Wa r in S a tuk

s ource : S o i l Map ( 1974 , 1 975 ,1977 )

c l a ss if ica t ion h yd romorph ic a luv ia l l l ow h um ic g l ey l ow h um ic g l ey g ray p odzo l ic r ed y e low p odzo l ic l r ed y e low p odzo l ic l

1 24

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

F our c l ass if ica t ion g roups a r e r epresen ted : h yd romo rph ic a luv ia l , l ow h um ic g l ey , g rey l p odzo l ic , a nd r ed y e low p odzo l ic . C ha rac te r is t ics o f t he l ow h um ic g l ey a nd p odzo l ic s o i l s l w h ich a re r e levan t t o t he moa ted s i tes i n c lude s a l t , l a ter i te , f ores t , a nd w a ter . T he g rea ter n umber o f moa ted s i tes o n t e race l o ca t ions s ugges t s t ha t t he s uccess o f t he moa ted f o rm may r h ave b een l i nked t o t he p rof i tab le e xp lo i ta t ion o f t he se n a tura l r e sources .

LO W HU MIC GLEY S O ILS ( 1 )

Dur ing t he r a iny s ea son , l o ca ly d ep ressed r eg ions o f t e ra in made u p o f Ro i E t s o i l s l r o f ten e xper ience w a ter s eepage w h ich c an c a ry n u tr ients f r om u p land a r eas t o a i d c rop r c u l t iva t ion ( Pend le ton 1 962 :74 ) .

( 2 )

T he re i sw e tnes g ley ing ) t h roughout t he s o i l p rof i le b eg inn ing b e low t he s urface h or s ( i z on (Moormann 1 972 :22 ) .

( 3 )

S ubso i l s t end t o b e c l ayey , o f ten h ave k ao l in i te , a nd a r e l a ter i t ic ( i b id .22 ) .

( 4 )

P a tches o fp o ten t ia l o r a c tua l s a l in i ty a r e f ound ( Pend le ton 1 962 :256 ) .

( 5 )

T he ma jor i ty o f l ow h um ic g l ey s t oday a r e u sed f o r p addy , d ependent u sua ly o n ly o n l r a inwa ter . Na tura l v ege ta t ion o n n on -cu l t iva ted p a tches o f l ow h um ic g l ey s i n c lude D ip t e roca rp f o res t , b amboo a nd s avanna w i th b rush (Moormann 1 972 :23 ) .

GRAY PODZOL IC S O ILS ( 1 )

Due t o e xcess ive t o modera te d ra inage , t he g ray p odzo l ic g roup d oes n o t r ema in w e t i n t he u pper l a yer s ( i b id .25 ) .

( 2 )

Deeper l a yer s may c onta in l a ter i te ( i b id .26 ) .

( 3 )

T hey a r e p oor t o v e ry p oor a g r icu l tura ly , w i th a predom inant n a tura l v ege ta t ion o f d ry l D ip teroca rp f o res t ( i b id .26 ) .

RED YELLO W PODZOL IC SO ILS ( 1 )

C lay a nd l a ter i te a r e c ommon ( i b id .26 ) .

( 2 )

S ubso i l may b e mot i th w e tness , b ut i n d ry a r ea s t hese s o i l s t end t o b e v ery s t ony tled w a nd /o r r ocky ( i b id .26 ) .

ores t w here p resen t i s p redom inan t ly d ry e verg reen a nd m ixed d ec iduous f ores t (3) F ( i b id .27 ) . D ip terocarp e tum o b tus if o l io tubercu la t i a r e o f ten a soc ia ted w i th t he p oor , a c id , s a nd c om mon ly l a ter i t ic R ed Y e low P odzo l ic s o i l s , w h ich d ur ing t he w e t s ea son a re f r e l q uen t ly w a ter logged ( S tot 975 :15 ) . t 1

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

1 25

SALT S a l t c an c r ea te a g r icu l tura l p rob lems b ut i tc an a l so b e a n e conom ic a se t . T he i mpor tance s o f s a l t i n t he Nor th E a s t , a nd t o t he moa ted s i tes h a s b een ment ioned t h roughout t h i s v o lu me , p a r t icu la r ly i n C hap ter 2 . F if ty -f ive p ercent o f t he moa ted s i tes o ccur o n l ow t e race r l a nd w here c harac ter i s t ica ly s a l ine l ow h um ic g l ey s o i l s p redom ina te , a nd s a l t l enses a r e l d i spersed t h roughou t t he r eg ion . T r ia l e xcava t ions a t B o P han Khan , Ro i E t p rov ince , t o d e term ine t he a nt iqu i ty o f s a l t e xp lo i ta t ion d a ted t he t r ad i t ion t o a t l e a st t he e a r ly f i r s t m i l l e n iu m AD ( H igham 1 977 : 1 35 ) . S a l t i s s t i l av a luab le c om mod i ty p roduced o n t he K ho ra t l P lea teau ( Van L iere 1 982 :112 ) .

LATERITE L a ter i te i su b iqu i tous i n t he Nor th E as t a nd h a s s evera l p o tent ia l u ses . I ti ss of t w hen f i r s t d ug u p a nd c an e a s i ly b e s haped i n to c ons truc t ion b l ocks w h ich h a rden o n e xposure . T he Khora t Khmer u sed l a ter i te t o make b u i ld ing b locks f o r t emp les . I t i s p oss ib le t ha t e a r l ier i nhab i tants o f t he No r th E a s t a l so u sed l a ter i te i n t h i s manner . A t B an Na D i , s o me g raves w ere f ound w h ich c on ta ined l a rge u ncut b locks o f l a ter i te , p os ly d i sp laced h eads tones ( H ig sib h am 1 984a :79 ) . L a ter i te s ema may h ave p receeded s ands tone e xamp les ( S r i sakra V a l ibho tama l 1 981) . L a ter i te p i so l i ths ( pea l ike i r on c onc re t ions ) a nd l a ter i t ic s o i l s may h ave h ad s evera l u ses i n e a r ly p ot nd i r on p roduc t ion . L a ter i te w as u sed a s ac eram ic t emper a t Non Nok T ha a nd tery a o ther p reh is tor ic Khora t s i tes ( Baya rd 1 977 : 7 6 ,85 ) . I tw a s a l so u sed a s ac eram ic t emper i n t uyeres , manufac tured t o b l ow h o t a i r i n to i r on f u rnaces , d a tab le t o t he 6 th c entury AD i n C entra l T ha i land ( Porncha i S uch it 983 :195 ) . C ha rcoa l k i lns i n t he v i lage o f B an D i L ung ta 1 l i n C entra l T ha i land t oday u se am ix ture o f c l ay a nd s andy l a ter i te s o i l t o p a s te o ver aw ooden f r ame t o make d ome -shaped k i lns ( i b id . 9 2 ) . F ina ly , a nd mos t s i gn i f icant ly , l a ter i te c an s e rve l a s as ource o f i r on o re . A l though l a ter i te i sn o t ap ure s ource o f i r on o re , i t s a bundance made i t high ly a trac t ive . t A t B an D i L ung , t he ma jor s ource o f i r on w a s h ema t i te o re m ined a tt he n ea rby moun ta in o f Khao T hab Kwa i . However , v i s ib le l a ter i te i n t he v i lage i s ment ioned a s ap oss ib le s econl d a ry s ource ( i b id .191) . L a te r i te w a s a l so s ugges ted a s as ource o f i r on o re i n as urvey o f Amphoe S uwannaphum , C hangwa t Ro i E t ( H igham 1 977 :110 ) . T he u se o f l a ter i te t o p roduce i r on i sd esc r ibed i n t he f o low ing q uo ta t ion . l I ron. s more w ide ly d i s t r ibuted o n t ha t c rus t [ e a r th ] t han a ny o ther me ta l b es ides . .i a l um inum . T he r ea son f o r t h i s w ide d i s t r ibut ion i s t ha t i r on , u n l ike t he o the r p re indus t r ia l me ta l s , c an b e d epos i ted i n s ed imen ta ry c on tex t s t ha t may b e h und reds o f k i lome t res f r om t he n ea res t o utc ropp ing o f i g neous r ock . I n S ou thea s t A s ia , f o r i n s tance , e x tens ive b eds o f n odu la r i r on c onc re t ions o ccur i n mos t r i ver d e l ta s , a nd w ide t r a c ts o f s ed imen ta ry s o i l s a r e c overed w i th l a ter i te ; b o th t he c onc re t ions a nd t he l a te ntes c an b e , a nd i n f a c t h ave b een ,u sed a s i r on o re b y t r ad i t i ona l s me l ters ' ( B ronson 1 985 :4 ) .

W OOD I r on t oo l s w ere u sefu l f o r f o res t c l ea rance , a nd t r ees w e re n eeded f o r w ood , t o make c ha r c oa l , t he f ue l u sed i n t he i r on manufac tur ing p roces s.

1 26

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

' More i mpor tan t , i n a w ay , t han t he o re i t se lf w a s t he n eed f o r f ue l -c ha rcoa l a nd h ence t imber ; w h i le v ery much l a ter w a ter -power w a s r equi red . E a r ly i r on m ines a r e t hus mos t l i ke ly t o b e f ound n o t o n ly w here t he o re d epos i t i sr ea son a b ly s uper if ic ia l b ut a l so w he re f o res t c over w a s s uff ic ient t o p rov ide a dequa te f ue l ' ( Hodges 1 964 :81) . P resent d ay c ha rcoa l mak ing a t B an D i L ung i n C en t ra l T ha i land i sd escr ibed i n t he f o l l ow ing q uo ta t ion . ' Charcoa l mak ing , w h ich h a s b een d one f o r c entur ies , i s a ma jor s ource o f e x t ra i ncome f o r t he p resen t i nhab i tan ts a t B an D i L ung . O ne a dvan tage i n t h i s o pera t i on i st ha t t he v i lager s n eed n o t b uy r aw ma ter ia l s f r om e l sewhere . Howeve r , t he l q u ick r e sul t o f d efores ta t ion w i th in t he l a s t c entury h a s l ed t he v i lages t o d i g t r ee l s t u mp s a nd r oo ts l e f t i n t he p lanta t ion t o make c ha rcoa l . T he v i lager s a l so u se l c ha rcoa l a s f ue l i n c ook ing b es ides s e l ing i t ' ( Porncha i S uch i ta 1 983 :88 ) . l t T he f ores t t imber h ad o ther u ses i n a dd i t ion t o c ha rco l -mak ing . I tp rov ided c ons truc t ion ma ter ia l f o r h ous ing , a nd o l eores ins w ere o b ta inab le f r om t he d ip teroca rp t r ees , o ne o f t he f i re -res is tant s pec ies w hose g row th h ab i ta t ion may h ave e ncouraged . U ses f o r t he o l eores ins i n c luded c aulk ing o f s ma l c raf t a nd w oven c on ta iners , l i gh t ing a nd t o rches , a nd u pkeep o f l w oodwork ( S tot 975 :24 ) . T he f o res t a l so p rov ided t imber a nd w ood o i l a s d esc r ibed b e low . t 1 ' To t h i s d ay , d ry d ec iduous d ip terocarp f o res t s r ema in a n i mpor tant s ource o f t imber a nd o ther f o res t p roduc ts , s uch a s w ood o i l.T rov ide a n umber o f . . hey p b as ic b u i ld ing t imber s , i n c lud ing , o f c our se t he h igh ly p r ized t eng ( Shor ea o b tusa ) a nd r ang ( Pen tacme ) , a s w e l a s ag ood r ange o fd ecora t ive w oods ( i b id ) . ' l T he i mpo r tance o f t r ee s t o t he p eop le o f t he moa ted s i tes c anno t b e o veres t ima ted . T he w idespread d efores ta t ion o f t he Nor th E a s t i n t he l a s t t h i r ty t o f or ty y ea r s , a s d esc r ibed i n t he p rev ious c hap te r , makes i te a sy t o o ver look t he f o rmer i mpac t o f v a s t w ood lands . A r econs t ruc t ion o f t he n a tura l v ege ta t ive c over s how s s evere d ep le t ion o f t he f orest b y t he m id -20 th c entury , a nd i t s a lmos t c omp le te d i sappea rance b y 1 980 , w i th t he s ugges t ion t ha t t h e a nc ien t c ount ry s ide c an b e men ta ly r e -cons t i tuted a s af o res ted p a rk , h u man ized b ut ma inta ined a s a l r ura l w ooded d i s t r ic t ( Bou lbe t 1 982 :27 , c a r tes n os .2 -4 ) .

W ATER T he l ow h um ic g l ey s o i l s o f t he l ow t e re c ha rac ter ized b y a re tent ive w e tness o r rraces a g l ey ing , a s d i scussed i n C hap ters 2 a nd 4 . T hey a l so e xper ience s eepage , w h ich c an t r anspor t n u tr ients f r om u p land a r ea s . T he s ubso i l o f t he r ed y e low p odzo l ic s o i l s may a l so b e mot l tled w i th w e tness . I t i sp os i le t ha t moa ts w ere s o c ons t ruc ted a s t o p ene tra te t he w a ter t ab le , sib a low ing s ubso i l w a ter t o s eep i n to t hem , a ugmen t ing t he s t ream -supp l ied w a ter . I n a reg ion l w i th a n e x tended d ry s eason , a ny f a c tors w h ich i n crea sed w a ter s upp ly a nd r e ten t ion w ere l i ke ly t o h ave b een d i scove red a nd e xp lo i ted .

S U M MARY A s t he moa ted f o rm b ecame more c omp lex , i ta ppea r s t o h ave s p read f r om t he f l oodp la in o nto t he l ow t e races . T h i s c onc lus ion i ss uppor ted b y t he s t a t is t ica l t r end o f more a r ch i tec ture r a nd s t ages o f d eve lopment o n t he l ow a nd u pper t e races . T he move o nto t he t e races may r r

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

1 27

n o t h ave b een n o t s imp ly a n e scape f r om f l ood d amage a nd s ca rc i ty o f ' i dea l ' f l oodp la in s i tes , a s t he t e races o f ered t he a t rac t ions o f l a rger mounds w i th a d jacent s t reams w h ich t he r f t i nc rea s ing ly s oph i s t ica ted t e chn ique o f moa t ing c ou ld b r ing w a ter t o . Abundan t n a tura l r e sources i n c luded s a l t , l a ter i te , w ood , a nd w a ter . F rom t hese i ti sp os tu la ted t ha t t he p eop le o f t he moa ted s i tes c ou ld h ave t r aded s a l t , a nd u sed t he l a ter i te f or c ons t ruc t ion , s emas , a nd i r on s me l t ing . T he t r ees c ou ld b e emp loyed f o r c ons truc t ion a nd f ue l , t oo l ma ter ia l s a nd r e s ins . T he i r p r ima ry a se t , w a ter , c ou ld b e e xp lo i ted b y t he moa t s e nc i rc l ing t he h ab i ta t ion s mounds .

5 .4 S PREAD OF THE M OATED FOR M T errace , a r ch i tec ture a nd s t ages o f d eve lopment h ad a c umu la t ive e f ec t o n t he ma ture f f o rm o f t he moa ted s i tes . T he i n terna l a t r ibute o rder a nd t he ir c omb ined e xp ress ion o f t he t moa ted s i te l o ca t ion a nd f o rm w a s u sed t o q uant ify t he c l a ss if ica t ion . T he a im w a s t o a s ign s e ach s i te at ype n u mber w h ich c a r ied b o th l o ca t iona l a nd s t ruc tura l i n forma t ion a nd c ould b e r u sed t o c ha r t t he d eve lopment a nd s p read o f t he moa ted s i tes . F ir s t , t he p oss ib le a t r ibute t s t a tes w ere r anked a nd t he v a lue f or e ach a t r ibute n o ted f or e ach s i te . T he t h ree a t r ibute t t s t a te v a lues w ere t hen s u mmed t o g i ve a si ng le i ndex v a lue f o r e ach s i te . F ina ly , t he s i tes l w ere d iv ided i n to t h ree t ype g roups b a sed o n l ow , m idd le , o r h igh v a lues . A s i te d i s t r ibut ion map w as d rawn u s ing d i f erent s ymbo l s f or e ach t y pe . T he p a tern made b y t he t ypes w a s u sed f t t o s ugges t h ow t he moa ted f o rm may h ave s p read a c ross t he Mun b a s in . T he s t ep s o f t h is p ro c edure a r e d esc r ibed b e low .

QUANT IFICAT ION PROCEDURE E ach a t r ibute s t a te w a s a s igned av a lue f r om 0 -3 . T he c od ing i ss hown b e low . t s ATTRIBUTE

VALUE

TERRACE f l oodp la in l ow l ow -m idd le m idd le -h igh h igh

0 1 2 3

ARCHITECTURE 0 -5 0 % 5 1 -8 0 % 8 1 -1 00 %

1 2 3

S TAGES OF GRO WTH 1-s t age 2 -s t ages

0 1

3 - s t ages 4 -s t ages

2 3

1 28

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B o th f l oodp la in a nd 1 s tage o f d eve lopmen t w ere g i ven z ero v a lues . T he s t a t i s t ica l e v i d ence i st ha t f l oodp la in moa ted s i tes d id n o t b enef i t f r om e a r thwork e l abora t ion . I n c on tras t , t he i nc rea se i n e a r thwork s oph i s t ica t ion a nd d eve lopment o n t he t e rraces i mp l ies t h a t t hese l o ca t ions r ewa rded t he f ur ther c ons truc t ion a nd ma intenance e for t w h ich a dd i t ions w ou ld f h ave r equ i red . A l though t he t e chn ique o f moa t ing a ppea r s t o h ave b egun i n f l oodp la in r eg ions , i tt ook t e race p rob lems a nd o ppor tun i t ies f o r i t s p o tent ia l t o b e r ea l ized . Af l oodp la in r l o ca t ion w a s t hus z ero w e igh ted w i th e ach s uccess ive t e race a s igned o ne more i n c rement . r s F or a s i te t o b e d es igna ted a s moa ted a nd i n c luded i n t he p resent w ork , i th ad t o h ave a n e a r thwo rk a t l e as t p a r t ia ly s ur round ing ac en tra l mound s t ruc ture . A l moa ted s i tes t hus h ave l l a tl e a s t o ne s t age o fg row th . T h i s i se xp ressed i n t he a r ch i tec ture v a lue , w hich a ses eg ree s s es d o f e nc i rc lement . T o a s ign a v a lue o f o ne t o 1 s tage o f d eve lopment wou ld h ave d oub le s w e igh ted t he v a lue o f t he i n i t ia l e a r thwo rk . T herefo re 1 s tage o f g row th w a s g iven a z ero v a lue . T he i ndex n u mber e qua l s t he s u mmed a t r ibute v a lues f or e ach s i te , a nd r anges f r om 1 -9 . t T he i ndex v a lues w ere n ex t d iv ided i n to t h ree t ype g roup s t o f ur ther c onso l ida te t he d a ta . T he t ype g roup s a re s hown b e low . TYPE GROUP

VALUES

t ype -1 s i tes : t ype -2 s i tes : t ype -3 s i tes :

1-3 4 -6 7 -9

T he r e su l t s a re s u m ma r ized i n t he f i gure b e low a nd t h en l i s ted . E xamp les o f e ach t y pe f o l l ow t he l i s t ing . T he s u m ma ry g raph s how s t he i ndex n umbe r o f t he s i tes t o r ough ly a pprox i ma te a n orma l c urve , a mat o e xp lore i n f u ture w ork b y , f o r e xamp le , a pp ly ing t he ter t c l a ss if ica t ion s y s tem t o moa ted s i tes i n t he C h i R iver b a s in ( l y ing t o t he n or th o f t h e Mun b as in) , a nd s ee i ft he c urve i sr epea ted .

F IGURE 5 . 17 SU M MARY OF I NDEX NU MBERS

T he

g raph

s how s

t he

i ndex

n umber

f r equenc ies ,w i th a mean o f 5 .253 a nd s t anda rd d ev ia t ion o f +1 . 8753 .

F requency >

I ndex n umber s 1 '

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

1 29

I NDEX AND TYPE NU MBERS OF M OATED S ITES

TYPE -1 S ITES ( INDEX NOS . 1 3 )

I NDEX NU MBER = 1 S ITE NU MBER 2 0 -06 i .ND48 -5 2 1-52 i .ND48 -5

BAN B an P hut sa

S ITE NU MBER 2 0 -14 i .ND48-1

BAN E . o f B an C han

B an C habok

I NDEX NU MBER = 2 2 0 -02 i .ND48 -1 2 3 -12 i .ND48 -2

B an C hong U B an Nam Kham

2 0 -15 i .ND48-1 2 0 -29 i .ND48 -1

B an T akut No i B an T amyae

I NDEX NU MBER = 3 2 0 -05 i .ND48 -5 2 0 -18 i .ND48 -1 2 1-07 i .ND48 -1 2 1-21i .ND48 -1 2 0 -24 i .ND48-1

B an S amrong ( 3 ) B an Mu 'ang T h i B an U t Daek 0 . 5km N o f B an T akhong NE o f B an Amphoe P h ima i

2 0 -07 i .ND48 -5 2 0 -32 i .ND48 -1 2 1-11 i .ND48 -1 2 1-23 i .ND48 -1

B an B an Wa t B an

S amrong ( 2 ) C ha i S a C han Run

TYPE -2 S ITES ( INDEX NOS .4 -6 )

I NDEX NU MBER = 4 2 0 -01 i . ND48 -5 2 0 -20 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -34 i .ND48-1 2 1-19 i .ND48-1 2 1-46 i .ND48-5 2 1-63 i .ND48 -1

0 . 5 km E . o f B an K u l i NE o f B an Khok ( 1 ) B an Kho : Wa t S a T hong

B an P radok

2 0 -13 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -31 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -35 i .ND48 -1 2 1-34 i .ND48-5

B an S a laeng T hon B an Khok Mu 'ang

2 3 -06 i .ND48-6 2 3 -18 i .ND48-6

B an C han B an Non T um E .Amphoe P h ima i B an Nong Kha B an P hawon B an T ong P i t

I NDEX NU MBER = 5 2 0 -21i .ND48 -1

B an Non S ung

2 0 -30 i .ND48-1 2 0 -42 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -54 i .ND48 -1

B an be i Non Don P om

2 0 -23 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -36 i .ND48-1

2 1-15 i .ND48 -1

l km S E o f B an Na T akhu B an Khon B un i

2 0 -48 i .ND48 -1 2 1-09 i .ND48 -1 2 1-32 i .ND48 -5

2 1-36 i .ND48 -5

B an S anuan

2 1-39 i .ND48 -5

Don K hon K hap B an Ng iu Ma B an Nong Kok Non S a i R ayong B an S a i R ayong B an K ra sang

1 30

M OATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THAILAND

2 1-61 i .ND48-1 2 3 -02 i .ND48 -6

2 2 -16 i .ND48 -6

B an K ra sang B an Ku

B an Kae Y a

I NDEX NU MBER = 6 2 0 -16 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -73 i .ND48 -5 2 1-05 i .ND48 -1 2 1-10 i .ND48 -1 2 1-20 i .ND48 -1 2 1-27 i .ND48-5 2 1-59 i .ND48 -5 2 2 -09 i .ND48 -5 2 2 -20 i .ND48 -5 2 2 -22 i .ND48 -6 2 3-07 i .ND48-6

B an Non P u lak B an Mu 'ang P he t B an T a la t P ho (1 ) B an Mu 'ang C hak 2 . 5km S E o f B an S ame t B an P ra tha i R in

2 0 -47 i .ND48-1 2 1-01 i .ND48 -1 2 1-08 i .ND48-1 2 1-16 i .ND48-1 2 1-25 i .ND48 -5 2 1-41 i .ND48 -5 2 2 -08 i .ND48 -2 2 2 -15 i .ND48 -6 2 2 -21 i .ND48 -6 2 2 -25 i .ND48 -6 2 3-10 i .ND48-2

B an Mu 'ang S a i 0 B an Khok Mu 'ang B an T ha R ayong l km S E o f B an K h i L ek B an Don Y a i

B an P ra tha i B an Non Du(2 ) B an B an B an B an B an B an B an

Nang 0 C hok P ha i Y a i Rayong B an lang S a lak Da i P hra P ut

S a laeng P han ( 1 ) B an S a P hu

TYPE -3 S ITES ( INDEX NOS .7 -9 )

I NDEX NU MBER = 7 2 0 -37 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -46 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -50 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -53 i .ND48 -1 2 1-04 i .ND48 -1 2 1-28 i .ND48 -5 2 1-62 i .ND48 -1

S E o f B an Ng iu Ma l km SW o f B an Nong Kok 0 .6km N W : Non Mu 'ang R ang B an K ong Ro t B an S anu a n B an Mu 'ang F a i B an T hung Wang

2 0 -40 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -49 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -52 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -58 i .ND48 -5 2 1-06 i .ND48 -1 2 1-42 i .ND48 -5 2 2 -18 i .ND48 -6

B an B an Ma i B an B an B an B an

Khu m Ma -U Nong T a Na T ha i C han Hua T aphan T hamen C ha i Mu 'ang Du Rang

I NDEX NU MBER = 8 2 0 -39 i .ND48 -1 2 0 -56 i .ND48 -1 2 1-17 i .ND48 -1

B an Makha B an Nong Mu 'ang Y a i 1 . 7km NE o f B an Mu 'ang No i

2 0 -51i .ND48 -1 2 0 -57 i .ND48 -1

Mu 'ang T ang B an P h lap P h la

I NDEX NU MBER = 9 2 0 -22 i .ND48 -1

B an Ma i S iL lan

2 1-43 i .ND48 -5

B an Mu 'ang F ang

2 1-26 i .ND48 -5

B an S amrong

l T he d iv i s ion o f t he n ine p oss ib le v a lues i n to t h ree g roups a low s f o r t he r e la t ionsh ip l b e tween s i tes s epara ted b y o ne o r t wo i n c rement s t o s t i l b e s hown . Any i n forma t ion l o s t b y g enera l ized g roup s c an b e r ega ined t h rough i n spec t ion o f t he c l a ss if ica t ion a ta no ther l e ve l .

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

3 1 1

TYPE-3 An e xamp le o f t wo s i tes t ha t h ave d i f erent i ndex n u mber s b ut h ave t he s ame t ype f n u mber , i sg i ven b y B an Mu 'ang Du [ 2 1-42 i .ND48 -5 ] a nd B an Mu 'ang F ang [ 2 1-43 i .ND485 ] , s hown i n t he f i gures t o i tra te t ype -3 s i tes . B an Mu 'ang F ang i sa l so d esc r ibed e a r l ier i n lus t h i s c hap ter a s a n e xamp le o f af u ly a r ch i tec ted s i te . T he t wo s i tes , i n t he r eg ion s outh o f l B un iR am , a r e l e ss t han 5 k i lome t res a pa r t . B o th w ere s urveyed b y t he a uthor i n 1 985 , a nd f ound t o b e s im i la r a tg round l e ve l . E ach i sf u ly a r ch i tec ted a nd c omp lex , w i th t h ree ( or p os l s i b ly more ) moa ts a nd e a r thwork r i ng s . However , B an Mu 'ang F ang i s am idd le t e race s i te r w herea s B an Mu 'ang Du i s o n t he l ow t e race . T he moa t /ea r thwork p rog ress ion a t B an r Mu 'ang F ang w a s s t r ik ing , w herea s B an Mu 'ang Du 's e a r thwork s , w h i le s t i l v i s ib le , w ere c onl s i derab ly more e roded . B ecause o f t he d i f erent t e race l o ca t ions , t he i ndex v a lue f o r B an f r Mu 'ang Du w a s 7 w herea s B an Mu 'ang F ang w a s 9 . B o th , h owever , a re t ype -3 s i te s .

TYPE -2 T er o ca t ion a l so r e su l ted i n d i f erent i ndex n u mber s f or t he t wo s i tes s hown t o i r ace l f lust r a te t he t ype -2 g roup . T he e a r thworks a round b o th s i tes a ppea r t o f o rm a po in t o r p eak , a c ha rac ter i s t ic f ea ture o f d oub le -ea r thwork s i tes . T he e xamp le l o ca ted n or thwes t o f B an Non Du [ 21-01 i .ND48-1] i s 1 00 p er c ent a r ch i tec ted , h a s 2e a r thworks , a nd i so n t he l ow -m idd le t e race . I t s i ndex n umber i s 6 . B an S a i Rayong [ 2 1-32 i .ND48-1 ] i s a l so 1 00 p er c ent s ur r r ounded b y i t s i n i ta l moa t , a nd h a s t wo e a r thworks , b ut i sl o ca ted o n l ow t e race . T herefore r i t s i ndex n umber i s5 .B o th , h owever , a r e t ype -2 s i tes .

TYPE -1 T he t ype -1 s i tes a r e av i ta l l i nk t o t he n a tura ly moa ted s i tes . T hree t ype -1 s i tes h ave b een l i tra ted t o s how t he v a r ia t ion i n t h i s g roup . T he f i r s t i sB an T akhong [ 21-21i .ND48-1 ] , w i th lus a n i ndex n u mber o f 3 . I th a s aq ui te d i f erent a ppea rance f r om t he o ther t ype -1 s i tes s hown , f B an C habok [ 2 1-52 i .ND48 -5 ] a nd B an T amyae [ 20 -29 i .ND48 -1] , p r ima r i ly b ecause o f i t s more e x tens ive e a r thwo rks . B an T akhong i sl o ca ted o n t he f l oodp la in n or th o f B un iR am . S urvey b y t he a uthor i n 1 985 s howed i tt o h ave t wo w e l p reserved moa t s a nd e a r thworks . I tw a s a l so l r i ch i n s urface s herd s , w h ich r anged f r om a va r ie ty o f u ng lazed w a res t o Khmer b rownwa re , a nd b o th T ha i a nd C h inese g l azed c eram ics . O n ly 7 5 p er c ent o f t he p er ime ter i sf o rmed b y t he i n i ta l moa t / e a r thwo rk , t he r ema in ing 2 5 p er c ent b e ing r i ver -fo rmed . I t s f l oodp la in l o ca t i on , e a r thworks , a nd w ea l th o f s herds i nd ica te t ha t t he mound h a lf ak i lome t re n or th o f B an T akhong w a s i nhab i ted f r om a n e a r ly p er iod a nd h ad al ong o ccupa t ion . B an C habok i sl o ca ted o n t he f l oodp la in s outh o f Nang Rong , a nd i ss hown e a r l ier i n t h i s c hap ter a t as ma ler s ca le a s a n e xamp le o f am in ima ly a r ch i tec ted s i te . I ti s5 0 p er c ent a r ch i l l t e c ted w i th o ne e a r thwork , a nd h a s a n i ndex n u mber o f 1 .B an T amyae i sa low t e race s i te , r w i th o n ly 3 7 p er c ent o f t he mound s ur rounded b y as i ng le moa t / e a r thwork , a nd a n i ndex n u mber o f 2 . I ti sa l so s hown i n C hap ter 1 . T he i ndex n u mber s w ere c ompa red t o t he s i te s i zes t o t e s t f o r a ny r e la t ionsh ip b e tween l a rge s i te a r ea a nd a high i ndex n u mber . A s s hown i n t he s cat i ag ram b e low , t here w a s n o ter d a ppa rent p a tern s uch a s a r ea i n c rea s ing w i th i ndex n u mber . T h i s r e su l t r e inforced t he c onc lut s i on o f t he p rev ious c hap ter t ha t t he s pa t ia l d i s tr ibut ion w a s r andom a nd t ha t n umber o f e a r thwo rks w a s n o t d ependent u pon s i te s i ze .

1 32

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

F IGURE 5 . 18 A TYPE -3 S ITE : BAN MU 'ANG FANG

CLASS IF ICAT ION OF MOATED S ITES

F IGURE 5 . 19 A TYPE -3 S ITE : BAN M U 'ANG DU

1 33

1 34

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

F IG URE 5 .20 A TYPE-2 S ITE : BAN NON DU

CLASS IF ICAT ION OF MOATED S ITES

F IGURE 5 .21 A TYPE-2 S ITE : BAN SAI RA YONG

1 35

1 36

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

F IGURE 5 .22 I NDEX NU MBER VERSUS AREA OF MOATED S ITES

! 9 ! ! 8 ! !

+

5 ! ! 4 ! + !

i I NDEX N O .

+

++

7 ! + ! 6 ! + !

e

+

+

+

+

+

++ + +

++

+

+

++ ++

+++++++

+++

+

+

+

+

+

++

+ ++

+

++

+

++

++

+

+

++

+ ++ +

+

+

++

+

+

+

3 !

!

2 !

+

! 1 !

+

+

+

+

+

+ + !

1 0

! 2 0

! 3 0

! 4 0

! 5 0

! 6 0

! 7 0

! 8 0

A REA -->

ted o t ern f T he t ype n u mber s w ere t hen p lot n a map t o d e term ine t he p at ormed b y t he s pa t ia l d i s tr ibut ion . T he r e su l t i ss hown b e low , w i th e ach s i te a s t ype -1 , t ype -2 o r t ype -3 . T he h ighest c oncen tra t ion o f t ype -1 s i tes i so n t he f l oodp la in a r ea a round P h ima i . One o f t he se i s lus B an T amyae [ 20 -29 i .ND48 -1 ] , i t ra ted a bove . Two o ther t ype -1 s i tes a r e f ound i n t he f l oodp la in n or th o f B un iRam . T hese a re B an R un [ 2 1-23 i .ND48 -1] a nd 0 .5km N o f B an T akhong [ 2 1-21i .ND48 -1 ] . T he s i tes f o rmed ad i s tr ibut ion w h ich a ppea red t o s p read n or th a nd r s outh f r om t he P h ima i f l oodp la in o nto t he l ow a nd u pper t e races . T he n or thern g roup c onta ins e l even t ype -2 a nd f i ve t ype -3 s i tes . I tc on t inues n or th i n to C hangwa t Khon K aen , w h ich t akes i tb eyond t he s cope o f t he p resent i nves t iga t ion . T he n o r thern l im i ts o f t h i s g roup n eed t o b e d e term ined b efore i t can b e a ccura te ly d esc r ibed . T he s outhern g roup i sl o ca ted i n t he s outh-cent ra l p o r t ion o f t he Mun b a s in , a round t he L am P la i Ma t a nd i t s t r ibuta r ies . O n t he map i ti si nd ica ted t ha t t he s ou thern o r L am P la i Ma t s e t d eve loped f r om t ype -1 c l us ter s , b o th f r om t he o ne a tP h ima i a nd f rom t he p a i r n o r th o f B uniRam . T he L am P la i Ma t a r ea , w i th i t s g roup o f f our teen t ype -3 s i tes a nd t e n t ype -2 s i tes , r ep resent s t he d eve lopmenta l a pex o f t he moa ted f orm i n t he Mun b a s in . F rom h e re t he moa ted f o rm d i s tr ibut ion s p reads e a s twa rd i n d ec l in ing n umbers , w i th o n ly t wo t ype -3 s i te s f ound .

CLASS IFICAT ION OF M OATED S ITES

1 37

F IGURE 5 . 23 A TYPE -IS ITE : BAN TAKHONG

2 1-22 TYPE 1 MOATED • ,

. ••

RE S ITE

2 1- 21

C •

UNDU L AT I NG UPLAND

•• ,

2 1 -2 3 MOATE D 1 KM

S IT E TYPE-1

E V O IR

1 38

M OATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THAILAND

F IGURE 5 . 24 A TYPE -1 S ITE : B AN C IIABOK

CLASS IF ICAT ION OF M OATED S ITES

F IGURE 5 .25 A TYPE -I S ITE : BAN TA M YAE

1 39

1 40

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

F IGURE 5 . 26 S PREAD OF THE MOATED FOR M I N THE MUN BAS IN

e \N o r the rn g r oup

1 1 ,30 F 1. 9

P h i ma i g roue „-

' ' •

"t . 25 . 1

,

r i• S outNorr i', ( La m

•

,

P la i Mat) g roup 1 4 .30

h a b

0-type 1 •-type 2 1 02 .00

• typo 3

0

1 2

r i ve r

1 0

a ga te

1 04 .00

5 .5 CHRONOLOGY OF THE MOATED S ITES t T he t h ree s i te t y pe s a r e ad eve lopmen ta l r a ther t han d a t ing t oo l . None the less , t h e p a te rn t ha t t hey s ugges t o f t he s p read o f t h e moa ted f o rm i n t he Mun b a s in , e l ic t s t he q ue s t ion o f respond l h ow t h i s p ropo sed d eve lopmen t c or s t o ac a lend r ica l c hrono logy . T he f o low ing l o u t l ine , i sp roposed a s ar ough g u ide w h ich i ti sh oped f u ture i nve s t iga t ions w i l t e s t , v er ify , o r mod ify . E xcava t ion i sn eeded t o s how h ow l o ng e a ch s i te w a s o ccup ied . T hus w he re i ti s s ugge s ted t ha t T ypes -1 ,2 , a nd 3 , a r e mos t i nd ica t ive o f P ha ses 1 , 2 , a nd 3 , i td oes n o t mean , l f o r e xamp le , t ha t T ype -1 s i tes c ea sed t o b e o ccup ied a s o f P ha se 2 . T he f o low ing p ropo sa l s imp ly p l aces t he d eve lopmenta l t y pe s i n to ad a ted ma t r ix .

PHASE 1 :c . 1000 -500 BC ( PREH ISTORIC / LATE B RONZE AGE ) Dur ing t h i s p er iod l o ca l i nhab i tant s may h ave b egun t o e nc i rc le t he i r h ab i ta t ion mound s l w i th moa t s i n i m i ta t ion o f n a tura ly moa ted s i tes . T he e t hn ic i d en t i ty o f t hese p eop le i sn o t k nown . A s i te w hose o ccupa t iona l c hrono logy i s v e r if ied t o t h i s p ha se i sB an T amyae [ 20 l r 2 9 i .ND48 -1 ] , a type -1 m in ima ly a r ch i tec ted , s imp le , l ow t e race s i te . T he e a r l ie s t p ub l i shed r ad ioca rbon d a te f o r B an T amyae i s8 20 -415 B C (We lch 1 985 ) , b u t i tw a s n o t o b ta ined f r om t he b a sa l l a yer , s o t he i n i t ia l o ccupa t ion c ou ld h ave p receeded t h i s d a te .

C LASS IF ICAT ION O F MOATED S ITES

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PHASE 2 :c . 500 B C -500 AD ( LATE P REH ISTORIC / I RON AGE ) r Dur ing t h i s p ha se , moa ted s t ruc tures d eve loped o n t he t e races a s ar e su l t o f as ea rch f o r f a vourab le mound s s u i tab le f o r moa t ing , l a te r i te f o r i r on , f o re s t f o r f ue l , b u i ld ing ma ter ia l a nd o ther t r ee p roduc t s . T he b enef i t s o f t he moa ted f o rm may h ave i n c rea sed w i th t he e xp lo i ta t ion r o f t e race r e sources , e ncourag ing t he c ons t ruc t ion o f mo re moa ted s i tes . T h i s e ra may r c o respond t o c hanges i n s i te u se a nd ma ter ia l c u l ture n o ted i n t he C h i a nd S ongk ram b a s ins l d ur ing t he s econd h a lf o f t h e f i r s t m i len ium B C ( H igham & Amphan K i jngam 1 984 :719 ) . A s s u mma r ized i n C hap ter 3 ,c hanges w e re s een i n b ur ia l r i tua l , o rnamen t s , c l ay c r uc ib le f a br ic , tery d s b p ot eco ra t ion a nd r im f o rms . N ew ly i n t roduced a r tefac t s i n c lude g l as ead s , ' r ice fa s t eame r s ' , w a ter b uf lo , a nd mos t r e levan t h e re , i r on s l ag . I n t he K hora t b a s in , e a r ly i r on l p roduc t ion h a s b een l i nked t o t he d eve lopment o f moa ted s i tes ( S r i sak ra V a l ibho tama 1 984 :125) . I n t he Mun b a s in , i r on w a s f ound i n t he b a sa l l a yer o f Mu 'ang P he t , at y pe -2 s i te r (Wa les 1 957 ) . L a te r i te , as ource o f l ow g rade i r on o re , i sw ide ly a va i lab le o n t he l ow t e race s l w he re t he t ype -2 s i tes c ha rac te r i s t ic o f t h i s p ha se a r e g ene ra ly l o ca ted . When a re source i s l c l o ca l ized , i tc an g ene ra te ac on t ro l ing e l i te w i th a ce ss t o t he p res t ige g ood ( Goody 1 971 :46 ) . l However , au n ifo rm r e source b a se s uch a s f ound i n t he Mun b a s in c ou ld w e l h ave c oun terac ted t h i s c en t ra l iz ing t e ndency .

PHASE 3c . 500 -1000 AD ( EARLY H ISTOR IC ) se T h i s p ha se e ncompas s t he p e r iod a s c r ibed t o t he C en t ra l P la in k ingdom o f Dva rava t i ring t ( 7 -10 th c en tury AD) a nd a l so t he i n sc r ip t ions r e f er o t he u n loca ted k i ngdom o f S r i C hana sa ( Na t iona l Museum 1 973 ) . T he l a rge ( 110cm ) b ronze T he ravada B uddha f ound a t s B an Mu 'ang F a i i so f t he Dva rava t i s t y le a soc ia ted w i th b o th t hese k ingdoms . B an Mu 'ang l F a i [ 2 1-28 1 .ND48 -5 ] , h a s t h e l a rge s t s i te a r ea i n t he p resent s amp le , a nd i s af u ly a r ch i tec ted r c omp lex l ow t e race e xamp le . I t i s at y pe -3 s i te , t he e p i tomy o f t he moa ted f o rm r eached d ur ing t h i s p e r iod . B an T hamen C ha i [ 2 1 -06 i .ND48 -1 ] i sa no ther t y pe -3 s i te w he re ab ronz e l B uddha o f Dva rava t i s t y le ( a l though a much s ma ler a nd c ruder e xamp le t han B an Mu 'ang F a i ) h a s b een f ound (Wa les 1 957 : F ig .9 ) . T he w h i tewa re w h ich Wa le s ( 1957 ) f ound i n t he u pper l a yer o f Mu 'ang P he t may b e d i agno s t ic o fP ha se 3 . T he B o I ka i n sc r ip t ion f ound a t Mu 'ang S ema [ 20 -60 i .ND47 -8 1 a l so d a tes f r om t h i s e ra , a s d o f i nd s f r om an umbe r o f s i ng le -moa ted s i tes o n t he C en t ra l P la in , a nd t he a r t s t y le o f t h e s ema s t ones f r om Mu 'ang F a D aed , K a la s in . T he C ent ra l P la in s i tes a nd Mu 'ang F a Daed a r e r c l oser i n f o rm t o t he t e r i to r ia l t y pe o f moa ted s i te t han t hey a r e t o t he w a ter -ha rves t ing moa ted s i tes w h ich a r e t h e ma in s ub jec t o f t h e p resen t w o rk . I nf luence f r om t he C ent ra l P la in , p a r t icu la r ly d ur ing t h i s p ha se , may h ave b een ad ec i s ive f a c tor i n t he c hange i n f o rm r w h ich s o me moa ted s i tes e xper ienced , a l te r ing f r om t he w a ter -ha rve s t ing t o t e r i to r ia l t ype ( s ee C hap te r 1 ) .

PHASE 4 c. 600 -1300 AD ( MIDDLE H ISTORIC / KHORAT KH MER ) Numerous b aray s a nd t emp les w e re c ons t ruc ted d ur ing t h i s t ime ( Gro s l ier 1 980 ) . Many w ere b u i l t a d jacen t t o t he moa ted s i te s . O the r s ma rk t he r oad f r om P h ima i t o A ngkor . K ho ra t K hmer , e ncouraged a nd u ndoub ted ly a i ded b y t he r i s ing f o r tune s o f t he r u ler s o f C hen la s uch s a s Mahend rava rman , may h ave a se r ted t he i r p ower i n t he Mun b a s in , p erhap s i n r e sponse t o a n i n c rea s ing e l i te p resence i nt he moa ted s i tes . s o l T he a ppa ren t s ucces f K ho ra t K hmer i n g a in ing t he a leg iance o f t he Mun b a s in i s e v idenced b y t he l a rge n umber o f s t one t emp les , s ymbo l s o f Khmer p rom i ses o f n ew s ty le

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MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

r w a ter r e sevo i r s , t e r i to r ia l i d en t if i ca t ion , a nd p ro tec t ion u nder a new g u i se . T he moa ted s i te s o f t he Mun b a s in c on t inued t o b e i nhab i ted a nd g row , b ut t he e a r thwork s a nd moa t s may l l h ave f a len i n to d i suse . T he n a ture a nd e x tent o f t h i s t r ans i t ion h a s y e t t o b e f u ly i nves t iga ted .

S U M MARY sif T he c l as ica t ion p rov ide s t wo me thod s o f s i te c ompa r i son : n omenc la ture a nd t ype n umbe r . B o th o pera te w i th in af r amewo rk o f t he l o ca t iona l a nd d eve lopmen ta l f a c to r s w h ich a ppea r t o h ave mo s t i nf luenced t h e d i s t r ibut ion a nd e vo lu t ion o f t he moa ted s i te s . T he s c l a ss if ica t ion r e s t s o n t he a sump t ion t ha t s imp le f o rm s p receed c omp lex o nes , a nd t here i s s ome emp i r ica l s uppor t f o r t h i s p ropo s i t ion i n t he d a ta s e t d e sc r ibed . When t h e s imp les t l e xamp les , n a tura ly moa ted s i tes , b ecame s c a rce , t he n a tura l f o rm w a s e mu la ted b y t e nc i rc lemen t w i th moa t s s upp l ied f r om a d jacen t s t reams . T he d i s t r ibu t iona l p a te rn f o rmed b y t he t ype -nu mbe r s , s ugge s t s t ha t i n t he Mun b a s in t h i s t e chn ique b egan i n f l oodp la in a r ea s a round P h ima i a nd n o r th o f B uniR am . T he ma ture moa ted f o rm a ppea r s t o b e c oncen t ra ted r o n t he t e races i n t he r eg ion o f t he L am P la i Ma t , w he re t he g r ea tes t n umber o f d eve loped a nd c omp lex s i tes a r e f ound . r Howeve r , t he s p read o f t he moa ted f o rm o nto t he l ow a nd u ppe r t e races w a s m o re t han a n e scape f r om e x t reme a nnua l f l ood ing a nd a l a ck o f ' i dea l ' n a tura l s i tes . O ver t ime , r i mp rovement r e su l ted i n i n c rea s ing ly c omp lex e a r thwo rk s . I n a dd i t ion , t he t e races a l so f o f ered e xp lo i tab le r e source s , p a r t icu la r ly s a l t , i r on o re a nd w ood . A c hrono logy s pann ing sing t c . 1000 BC - 1000 AD w a s p ropo sed f o r t he moa ted f o rm , e ncompas h ree p ha ses o f moa ted s i te d eve lopment . T he P reh i s to r ic ( c .1000 -500 BC ) a nd L a te P reh i s tor ic ( c .500 BC r 5 00 AD) p ha se s s aw t he eme rgence o f t he moa ted f o rm a nd l i nked t he move o n to t e race l o ca t ions t o t he b eg inn ing s o f l o ca l i r on p roduc t ion . T he E a r ly H i s to r ic p ha se ( c .500 -1000 AD) o ver lapped t ha t o f t he Kho ra t K hmer ( c .600 -1300 AD) .

THE NATURE OF THE M( )ATED S ITES

6 .1 SU M MARY T he moa ted s i tes o f t h e Mun R iver b a s in h ave b een d ef ined , l o ca ted , d esc r ibed , a nd c l a ss if ied i n t h is w ork . L oca t iona l a na ly s is i nd ica ted t ha t t he d i s tr ibut ion a nd d eve lopment o f t he Mun b a s in moa ted f o rm d er ived p r ima r i ly f r om e co log ica l r a ther t han p o l i t ica l f a c tor s . f T he e a r thworks o f t he moa ted mounds o f er a u n ique ly v i s ib le r eco rd o f e vo lut ion . T he r e su l t s o f t he c l a ss if ica t ion s ugges ted t ha t t he t e chn ique o f moa t ing o r ig ina ted i n f l oodp la in r l a r ea s , a nd t hen s p read o n to l ow a nd u pper t e race r emnan ts . Wherever s i tua ted , a l moa ted t h ab i ta t ion s i tes a r e s urrounded b y , o r a d jacent t o r i ce f i e lds , al a nduse p a tern o f l o ng d ura t ion i n t he Mun b a s in . L oca t iona l e v idence l i nks t he ma tura t ion o f t he moa ted f orm t o s ources o f l a ter i te f or i r on p roduc t ion , t he u t i l iza t ion o f t he t hen-abundant f o res t , a g r icul tura l i n tens if ica t ion a nd t he p o ten t ia l f o r s a l t manuf ac ture . T he moa ted s i tes d id n o t e x is t i n i s o la t ion i n t he Mun b a s in . T hey w ere o ne e l ement o f a l t t c on t inua ly f l uc tua t ing s e t lement p a tern w h ich s aw t he g row th a nd a bandon ment o f b o th moa ted a nd u n moa ted h ab i ta t ion mounds . However , u n l ike t he u n moa ted h ab i ta t ion mounds , w h ich a r e f ound t h roughout t he Nor th E a s t , t he moa ted s i tes a ppea r t o b e l im i ted i n d i s t r ibut i on t o t he Mun a nd C h i R iver b a s ins . T h is r e s t r ic ted h omogen i ty s ugges ts s o me d eg ree o f l c u l tura l c ohes ion a nd /or ag eog raph ica ly b ounded s e t o f morpho log ica l a nd h ydro log ica l c ons t ra ints . s sion o T he d eve lopmenta l s equence p roposed i n t he p rev ious c hap ter a su med a prog res f s imp le t o c omp lex f o rms , w h ich f u ture e xcava t ion may o r may n o t s uppor t . T he s equence w a s b a sed o n s t a t is t ica l t r end s d er ived f r om ad e ta i led s t udy o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphs a nd maps , a nd a l im i ted f i e ld s urvey . T he r ema inder o f t h is c hap ter f u r ther i nves t iga tes t he n a tura l r e sources , a g r icu l ture , d efense , r e l ig ion , a nd s oc ia l s t ruc ture o f t he moa ted s i tes . NATURAL RESOURCES Many o f t he s l igh t ly e l eva ted mounds f a voured f o r h ab i ta t ion w ere a d jacent t o s t reams , w h ich w ere d iver ted i n to e nc i rc l ing moa ts c ons t ruc ted a round t he mounds . A s p o s tu la ted , e xcava ted l a ter i t ic e ar th w a s ar i ch s ource o f i r on o re , a nd t he s o i l s w ere a l so h igh i n s a l t . B o th w ere v a lued c ommod i t ies . I n h i s d esc r ip t ion o f t he S outhea s t A s ian k ingdom o f T ch inL a , t he 1 3th c en tury AD e t hnog rapher Ma -Tuan-L in , d esc r ibes a s b ackwa rd , a cu l ture w h ich h a s n e i ther i r on n or s a l t a nd mus t u se b amboo c rossbow s i n t he i r h unt (Ma -Tuan-L in 1 883 : 4 85 ) . T o b e a b le t o manufac ture i r on f r om t he o re , w ood w a s n eeded t o make c ha rcoa l . B efore i t s 2 0 th c entury d es truc t ion , t he f o res t c anopy c overed t he K hora t P la teau , p ro tec t ing t he l a nd b y p revent ing e ros ion a nd d i scourag ing e vapora t ion . T he t r ees p rov ided f ue l f o r c ook ing , tery mak c ha rcoa l f o r i r on s me l t ing a nd p ot ing , a nd b u i ld ing ma ter ia l . However , t he f o res t w a s n o t j us t a n e xp lo i tab le r e source , b ut may a l so h ave ma rked t he b ounda r ies o f t he moa ted s i te d oma in .

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MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAN D

n sc r ip t ion o f t he 1 0 th c en tury AD d esc r ibes t h e f o res t a s ap l ace o fb a t le , f u lo f v a l i An i t l a n t a dver sa r ie s , e xce len t w ar r s l i ke l i ons , w i th t h e i r s wo rd s a nd t r oop s o fr ag ing e l ephant s , l rio c onsumed b y t he r ush ing f i re o f t h e i r f l am ing a rms . T he r u ler s o f t he r eg ion , f r igh tened b y t he s moky h o locaus t , t ook r e fuge i n t he f o res t , f o rced t o r e ly o n t he f r u i t s o f t h e t r ees f o r n our i shmen t ( I SCC n o .X IV :93 ) . T he f o re s t , b o th a s ar e source a nd a s a lo ca t ion , w a s a s f un d amen ta l t ot he p eop le o f t he moa ted s i tes a sw a s w a ter .

AGR ICULTURAL D IVERS IF ICAT ION T he moa ted s i tes w ere d ema rca ted b y t he e nc i rc l ing b e l t o f w a ter . T he moa t s a l so a pp rec i a b ly a ugmen ted t he w a ter s upp ly . I n t ime s o f r a in a nd f l ood , t he moa t s e rved a s f l ood b ar r , rie c o lec t ion t a nk , a nd r un -of hanne l . Dur ing t h e b eg inn ing o f t he w e t s ea son t h e a b i l i ty t o l f c c hanne l a nd c onse rve t he f i r s t r a ins may h ave e ncourag ed t he i n tens if ica t ion a nd e xpans ion o f r i ce p roduc t ion i n s ur round ing f i e ld s . N ew s t ra ins s u i ted t o t he t e race c ond i t ions m ay h ave r e vo lved . A s im i la r p rocess o ccur n Mesopo tam ia , w he re a s man e xpanded h i s c u l t iva t ion red i o f w hea t t o i n c lude n ew e co log ica l n i ches , h e e ncouraged t he d eve lopment o f v a r ie t ie s s u i ted t o t he n ew e nv i ronment s ( Adams 1 965 ) . Where t h e moa ted s i tes w ere l o ca ted o n t e ra ces o ve r look ing f l oodp la in a r ea s , t h e n u mber r a nd v a r ie ty o f a va i lab le a g r icu l tura l z ones w ou ld h ave i n c rea sed . F our d i f eren t s ubs i s tence f r eg ions a nd c or spond ing c rop s p ropo sed f o r t he Me sopo tam ian a ium , l i s ted b e low , i nd i re luv c a te t he r ange o f n i ches t ha t c an e x i s t i no ne e nv i ronmen ta l z one ( Adams 1 965 :48 ) . ( 1 )

l e vee -back s lopes a nd s wamp ma rg ins a nd d ep ress ions /g ra ins

( 2 )

l ow ly ing a r ea a d jo in ing p ermamen t w a ter c our se /g a rden , o rcha rd

( 3 )

f i e ld s a nd ma rg ina l s em ia r id p a s ture land /h e rd smen

( 4 )

s wamp s a nd r i ve r s /f i sh a nd r eed s

T he s pec ia l i s t s e ngaged i n e ach o f t he se o ccupa t ions c on t r ibu ted t o t he ' f o rma l o rgan iza t i ons o f t he c ommun i ty ' ( i b id . 4 8 ) . T he Mesopo tam ian e xamp le i s ar em inde r o f t h e p oss ib le d i ver s i ty o f a g r icu l tura l o ccupa t ions w i th in a s eem ing ly h omogeneous a r ea a nd c u l t iva t ion c hanges t ha t w ere o n a n ' e x tens ive r a the r t han i n tens ive b a s i s ' ( i b id .48 ) . I n t he c on tex t o f t he moa ted s i tes , i ti sp o ss ib le t ha t t he i n c rea sed w a ter s upp ly , e ven i ft h e moa t s w ere n o t r e l iab le y ea r -round , e very y ea r , f o s tered b o th a g r icu l tura l i n tens if ica t ion a nd e x tens ion , n ew r i ce s t ra ins , a nd o ccupa t iona l d i f e ren t ia t ion . f F our o ccupa t iona l z one s , s im i la r t o t ho se d ef ined b y Adams i n t he p receed ing q uo ta t ion , c an b e d i s t ingu i shed i n t he v i c in i ty o f t he moa ted s i te s . F i r s t , t he p re serva t ion o f t h e moa ted s i tes i n t he m id s t o f r i ce f i e ld s i mp l ie s t ha t a r ea s s u round ing t he s i tes w ere h ab i tua ly u sed r l f o r g ra in c u l t iva t ion . S econd , e l eva ted p a r t s o f t h e mound u ndoub ted ly s uppo r ted t h e p recur s o r s o f t oday 's ma ize a nd t a p ioca c rop s b e ing c u l t iva ted o n b o th mound a nd e a r thwo rk a r ea s . M i le t i s men t ioned b y Ma -Tuan -L in ( 1883 :480 ) . O the r d ry land c rop p o ss ib i l i t ies i n c lude f r u i t l o rcha rd s , b anana s , a nd b amboo f o r h ouse a nd t oo l c ons t ruc t ion . T h i rd , c a t le a nd p i g s w ere t mo s t c e r ta in ly r a i sed ( Payom C han ta ra t iyaka rn 1 984b :585 ) a nd p ro tec ted w i th in t h e e nc i rc l ing moa t s . F ina l ly , a s c an b e w i tnes s ed t oday , t he moa t s s upp l ied a r i ch v a r ie ty o f p l an t a nd a n ima l f ood , i n c lud ing mo l lusc s , f i sh , p rawns a nd f r og s .

THE NATURE O F T HE MOATED S ITES

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DEFENSE l rie When f i led , t he moa t s p ro tec ted t he s i te , f i r s t b y a2 5 -30 me t re w a ter b ar r , a nd t hen b y as t eep a nd h igh ( c .10m x2 0m w ide b a se ) e a r thwo rk t opped b y d ense b amboo a nd t horn b ush v ege ta t ion . E ven i n t he i r p r esen t d e re l ic t s t a te t he e a r thwo rk s s uppo r t h eavy g row th . When rie t h e b ar r s w ere i n g ood r epa i r a nd t he i n hab i tant s f i gh t ing f o r t he i r s urv iva l , ah o s t i le i nvad i n g f o rce w ou ld h ave b een c ons ide rab ly i mpeded . rier sib I n a dd i t ion t o t he n a tura l v ege ta t ion b ar s , i ti sp os le t ha t ap a l i sade w a s a l so e rec ted o n t op o f t he e a r thwo rk s d ur ing p e r iod s o f a c t ive d ef ense . A t t he e nd o f t he n ine teen th c en t u ry , i n t he c l o s ing y ea r s o f t he Dutch-Acehne se w a r s i n No r th S uma t ra , p ho tog raphs w ere t a ken o f o ne o f t he e a r th a nd b amboo A cehnese f o r t s w h ich s howed a fence s eve ra l me t re s I I h i gh s ur round ing t he c amp ( s ee A .Re id 1 969 : 2 06 ,P 1 .V Ia ; E .B .de N i j s 1 973 :75 -5 ) . I t i s p r ema ture t o s ugge s t t ha t as im i la r s t ruc ture t opped t h e e a r thwork s o f t he Mun b a s in mowed s i tes . However , t he A cehnese e xamp le r em ind s u s t ha t d ef ens ive s t ruc tures n o l o nge r v i s ib le l t t o day may w e l h ave b een a n i n teg ra l p a r t o f t he moa ted s e t lemen t s . T he Han C hey i n sc r ip t ion ( 7 th c en tury AD) , n o ted t ha t t o c onquer t he k ing s o f t h e sa moun ta in o n t h e i r s u mm i t s , i tw a s n eces ry , d ur ing t he r a iny s ea son , f o r t he K ing o fC hen la t o b u i ld a b r idge t o c r o ss h i s e nemy 's moa t s , w h ich w ere a s d eep a s a n e l ephan t ( I SCC n o .1 :20 ) . Dur ing t he d ry a u tumn s ea son , h owever , t he moa t s may h ave d r ied u p . When t he s o ld ier s l a id s e ige t o af o r t ress , t he w a te r i n t he moa t s w a s s a id t o d i sappea r l i ke t he c ourage rio o f t he e nemy , a l though w a tered b y t he t e nder t e a r s o ft he w ar r s ' f am i l ies ( ISCC n o .1 : F ace B : 6 ) . T he f i r s t p a r t o f t he s ame i n sc r ip t ion s im i la r ly s t a tes t ha t t he w a ter i n t he moa t s o f t he i e nemy c t ies d r ied u p a l ong w i th t he i r c ourage ( I SCC n o .1 : F a ce A :8 ) . When t he c i ty w a s r a l ready e nve loped b y t h e f l amboyan t f i er ine ss , i tw a s l i ke a v a in t a u to logy t o c a ry t he f i re o n to t he r ampa r t s ( I SCC n o . I :Face A :9 ) . T he H an C hey i n sc r ip t ion ( I SCC ,no .1) w a s f ound o n at emp le o n t he w e s t b ank o f t h e Mekong , a bove t he p re sen t d ay c i ty o f K ompong C ham ( B r igg s 1 951 : 4 4 ) . A l though B r igg s s a nd B a r th a soc ia te t h i s i n sc r ip t ion w i th B havava rman 1 (598 AD) , C oedds l i nk s i tt o B hava v a rman 1 ( 639 AD) ( CoedA 1 968 : 7 2 ) . Wh i le i td oes n o t r e f e r t o o ne o f t he Mun b a s in sing moa moa ted s i tes , t he i n sc r ip t ion d oes p rov ide an ea r -con tempo ra ry p e rcep t ion t ha t c ros t s f i l led w i th w a ter w a s ama jo r f a c to r i n as ucce ssfu l c onque s t . A l though t he w r i te r o ft he e u logy p r obab ly t a kes p oe t ic l i cence , t he s im i le s c a r ry s ome t r uth : f r om t ime t o t ime d ur ing t he d ry s e a son , t he moa t s may h ave h e ld l i t t le o r n o w a te r . T he i n sc r ip t ion , w ha tever i t s e xaggera t i ons , i nd ica tes t ha t t he w a te r w a s t he p r inc ipa l d efens ive e l emen t o f t he moa t /ea r thwo rk e nc i rc lemen t . Un l ike a wa l l , i n tac t i n a l s ea sons , t he moa t s w ere s ome t imes i n ef fec t ive , d ry o r a tl e a s t a b le t ob e c r os s ed w i thout a n e l ephan t . I t i s i mpo r tan t t o v i ew d efense a s o n ly o ne f unc t ion p rov ided b y t he moa t s a nd e a r thw o rks , r a the r t han t he i r p r ima ry r e a son f o r b e ing . When t he moa t s w ere i n u se , t he P la teau m ay h ave e xper ienced a n e x tended d ry s ea son s im i la r t o t ha t k nown t oday . T he r a infa l l p a t t e rn i s b eyond h uman c on t ro l a nd t he d ry -sea son v u lnerab i l i ty o f moa t ing a s ad efens ive m echan i sm w ou ld h ave b een p erce ived . Howeve r , g i ven al o ng p er iod o fd rought , a ny a g r icu l f sfu t u ra l mea sure s w h ich a ugment t he w a te r s upp ly a r e w o r th t he e fo r t t o e nsure a s ucces l l c r op . I tf o low s t ha t a l though p ro tec t ion w a s c l ea r ly a benef i t o f moa t ing , i ti sd oub tfu l t ha t t h e moa t s a nd e a r thwo rk s w ere p r ima r i ly c ons t ruc ted f o r d ef ens ive r ea sons .

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REL IGION T he re i s mo re n ega t ive t han p o s i t ive e v idence o n a ny c osmo log ica l s i gn if i cance o f t h e l moa ted f o rm . T he moa ted s i tes a r e n o t c a rd ina ly o r ien ted a s a r e many o f t he H indu t emp le s o f t he K ho ra t K hmer ( c .7 -14 th c en tury AD) . T he c ons t ruc t ion a nd ma in tenance o ft he moa t s may h ave o ve r t ime p romo ted a n e l i te p opu la t ion w i th in a n i n c rea s ing ly s t ra t if ied s oc ie ty , a l c on t ro l ing g roup r e cep t ive t o t h e a u tho r i ta r ian p o ten t ia l o f a n thropomo rhp ic H indu d e i t ie s s uch a s S iva ( s ee Adams 1 965 :124 ) . H oweve r , t he s i te s t h emse lves d i sp lay n o v i s ib le H indu f o rm . Nor c an t h e w a ter -ha rves t ing moa ted s i tes e xam ined i nt h i s v o lume b e c a tego r ized a s B ud f r d h i s t . T he s hape o f t he w a ter -ha rves t ing moa ted s i tes d i f e r s f r om t h e t e r i tor ia l moa ted s i tes , r l a s d ef ined i n C hap ter 1 .I n C ent ra l T ha i land , t e r i to r ia l s i tes o f t h e l a te f i r s t m i len iu m AD s h ave b een a soc ia ted w i th t he p redom inant ly B uddh i s t Dva rava t i a r t s t y le . E xamp le s i n c lude U T hong , Nakhon P a thom , K u B ua a nd Mu 'ang P hra R o t . T he f o rm o f t hese s i te s r e semb le s r t ha t o f t e r i to r ia l s i te s i n t he No r th E a s t s uch a s Mu 'ang F a Daed S ung Y ang , w he re n ume rous b ounda ry s t one s f i ne ly c a rved w i th B uddh i s t s c enes h ave b een r ecovered . A l though B uddh i s t i nf luence a t w a te r -ha rve s t ing moa ted s i te s h ave b een i nd ica ted b y f i nd s s uch a s t h e b ronze B uddha i mages a t B an Mu 'ang F a i , B un iR am ( Na t iona l Museum B ankok 1 973 ) , t oo f ew o b jec t s h ave b een r e covered t o s uppo r t g enera l iza t ions . A s s ugge s ted i n t he c h rono logy i n t he p rev ious c hap te r , B uddh i sm may b e c ha rac te r i s t ic o f o ne e ra o f t he moa ted s i tes , b u t c ou ld h ave c o -ex i s ted w i th o the r r e l ig ions ( i b id . ) . I n a dd i t ion , t he p re sence o f B uddh i s t o b jec t s d oes n o t l i nk t he t e chn ique o f moa t ing t o t B uddh i sm . T he re i sn o p a tern o f monumen ta l r ema ins i n t he c en t re o f t he m a ted s i tes t o i nd ica te ac osmo log ica l b a s i s f o r w a ter e nc i rc lemen t . Mos t moa ted s i te s h ave a m odern B ud l d h i s t w a t , b u t s o d o mo s t T ha i v i lages , a nd t hey a r e n o t r egu la r ly p l aced i n t he c en t re o f t h e mound . T he p o s i t ion o f modern w a t s o ver ly ing e a r l ier f ound t ions i s , h oweve r , w o r th i nve s t i t g a t ing . No r h a s t here y e t a ppea red a p a tern o f r ec tangu la r o r s qua re f ounda t ion r ema ins w i th in t he moa ted s i tes o f t h e t y pe f ound a t B uddh i s t Dva rava t i s i te s i n C en t ra l T ha i land ( Bo i sse l ie r 1 969 ,1972 ; Dupon t 1 959 ) . K ing B havava rman ( 6 -7 th c en tury AD) men t ions c onque r ing t he l a nd w i th t h e ' o cean f o r ab e l t ' a nd t he ' l and w h ich i ss ur rounded b y t he o cean ' ( I SCC n o . I :Face A :12&14 ) . Wh i le t h i s i s mo s t p robab ly ar e f e rence t o c onquer ing aF unanese r eg ion i n s ou the rn C ambod ia i s o la ted b y ma r shy i nunda t ion , i t cou ld a l so b e t he i mage o f amoa ted s i te . A s mu l t ip le -ea r thwo rk s a nd w a ter e nc i rc lemen t c anno t b e u nequ ivocab ly l i nked w i th e i ther H indu i sm o r B uddh i sm , t he s uppo s i t ion t ha t t he moa ted f o rm i sp r ima r i ly e co log ica l i s ma in ta ined . However , j u s t a s t h e c ons t ruc t ion a nd ma in tenance o f t he moa t s p o in t s t o a high d eg ree o f s oc ia l c oopera t ion a nd o rgan iza t ion , s o t he r e levance o f t h e many moa t /ea r thwo rk t s f unc t ions t o t he p rospe r i ty o f t h e s e t lemen t i mp l ies a soc ia ted r i tua l a c t iv i t ie s t o e nsure t he i r s uccess . A ga in , e xcava t ion o f s t ruc ture s w i th in t he moa ted s i tes may p rov ide i n fo rma t ion o n t he n a ture o f t he r i tua l .

6 .2 SOC IAL S TRUCTURE T he e v idence p re sen ted i n t he p rev ious c hap ter s s uppo r t s a n e co log ica l r a the r t h an ap o l i t i c a l b a s i s f o r t he d i s t r ibu t ion a nd d eve lopmen t o f t he Mun b a s in moa ted s i tes . T he se f i nd ing s s ugge s t as oc ia l s t ruc ture s im i la r t o t he s ubak o f B a l i o r t h e mu 'ang f a i o f No r the rn T ha i land , r w i th t he e xcava t ion a nd ma in tenance o f t he moa t s b e ing c a r ied o ut b y p ea sant c oopera t ive s ( Gee r tz 1 980 , T anabe 1 981) . A s t h e m u 'ang f a i p rov ide t he c l o ses t e thnog raph ic a nd

T HE NATURE O F T HE MOATED S ITES

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g eog raph ic e xamp le o f s o c ia l c oope ra t ion , t hey a r e d esc r ibed b e low i n s ome d e ta i l .

MU 'ANG FA I r T he mu 'ang f a i t r ad i t iona l g rav i ty i r iga t ion s y s tem i su t i l ized i n t he i n termon tane b a s ins f ound a l ong t he u pper t r ibuta r ies o f t he C hao P hraya R iver i n n o r thern T ha i land . S im i la r s me thod s a nd a soc ia ted c us toms h ave a l so b een n o ted o ut s ide T ha i land i n S i p song P anna o f l Y unnan ( Ch ina ) , t he S han S t a tes o f B urma , t h e T onk in H i l s o f V ie tnam , a nd i n L aos ( i b id . 9 5 ) . r ' I n t h i s [ no r the rn T ha i ] r eg ion p ea san t s h ave d eve loped at r ad i t iona l i r iga t ion s y s l t em , c us toma r i ly c a led t he m u 'ang f a i s y s tem , w h ich i sc ompo sed o f ad i ve r s iona ry l w e i r ( f a i ) a nd r egu la r n e two rk s o f c ana l s ( mu 'ang ) . S i nce s l opes a r e g enera ly modera te , t he n a tura l f l ow o f r i ve r s i nt he I n termontane B a s ins c an b e h e ld b ack a t loca a r t if ic ia l w e i r s a nd a ted t oa d jacen t a r ea s b y g rav i ty ' ( Tanabe 1 981 :79 ) f ' Th i s h i gh ly s oph i s t ica ted s y s tem c l ea r ly d i f e r s f r om t he s y s tem p reva len t i n t he e x t remem ly f l a t d e l ta r eg ion w he re t h e w a ter s upp ly i s ma in ly d ependent o n r a in l n s l f a l a nd o n a nnua l i nuda t ion . T he m u 'ang f a i s y s tem i se sen t ia ly a grav i ta t iona l r i r iga t ion c omp lex i nw h i ch t h e n a tura l f l ow o f t he r i ver i sh e ld b ack a ta n a r t if ic ia l loca f a i ( we i r ) a nd t h ence a ted t h rough r egu la r n e twork s o f e xcava ted c ana l s o r mu 'ang i n to t he r i ce f i e ld s b y g rav i ty ' ( i b id .94 ) . f T he g rav i ty s y s tem o f t h e mu 'ang f a i may o f er i n s igh t i n to t he f unc t ion ing o f t he Mun red l b a s in moa t s . T he p ref er o ca t ion o f t he mo s t h igh ly d eve loped moa ted s i te s w a s n o t o n l r f l oodp la in a r ea s , b u t o n l o ca ly e l eva ted r emnan t r i ve r t e races ( s ee C hs .4 & 5 ) . T he moa t s l l may h ave c hanne led w a te r i n to t h e e nc i rc l ing c ana l s , a nd t hen r e lea sed i t at w i l t h rough t em r p o ra ry w e i r s i n to t he s u round ing s l igh t ly l ower r i ce f i e ld s . Unfo r tuna te ly , i ft he me thod a nd Ma te r ia l s u sed t o c ons t ruc t t he w e i r s b o re a ny r e semb lance t o t ho se u sed i n t he m u 'ang f a i l l t oday , r ema ins w i l b e v e ry d i ff i cu l t t o f i nd , a s s hown b y t he f o low ing d esc r ip t ion . r l T he mu 'ang f a i a r e c l a ssed b y s i ze o f i igab le a r ea i n to t h ree t ype s o f s y s tems . A l t h ree t y pes a r e c ha rac te r ized a lmos t e xc lus ive ly b y t r ansp lan t r i ce a g r icu l ture , w h ich r equ i res a s t ab le a nd a mp le w a te r s upp ly d ur ing t he f i r s t h a lf o f i t s c u l t iva t ion p e r iod . T he f i r s t t ype o f l luv m u 'ang f a i o ccur s i n v a ley s a nd o n a ia l f a ns ( 100 -1000 r a i , w i th 1r a i= c . 0 .16 h ec ta res ) . T he w e i r s a r e c ons t ruc ted o f w ood s t ake s , b rushwood , r ubb le a nd e a r th . A s w a ter l e ve l s r i se f c w i th i n c rea sed r a in , t he w e i r i sw a shed a way a nd w a ter o ve rf low s i n to at a keof hanne l . Wa ter i sn ow a bundan t a nd t h e w e i r i sn o t n ece ssa ry u n t i l n ex t y ea r 's d ry s ea son ( i b id . 9 9 ) . T he r s e cond t ype ( 1000 -10 ,000 r a i ) , l o ca ted o n o pen t e ra in i nt he c ent ra l p a r t o f ab a s in , u ses d ur a b le w e i r s made o f j ung le p o s t s o f s o l id w ood a nd r ock . I tt oo i so f ten d amaged b y f l ood a nd r equ i res a nnua l r epa i r ( i b id . 1 00 ) . T he t h i rd t y pe ( over 1 0 ,000 r a i ) i sk nown a s a n i n teg ra ted h eadwork s . I ti s as o lu t ion t ot he i n s tab i l i ty c r ea ted w hen c u l t iva ted a r ea e xceed s w a ter s upp ly , l p a r t icu la r ly i us t ra ted b y d i spu tes b e tween u p s t ream a nd d owns t ream w a te r u ser s ( i b id . 1 00 ) . l T he i n teg ra ted h eadwo rk s i si n s ta led a t ap l ace w here s uff i cen t w a ter c an b e t a ken i n to n ew ly l u e xcava ted t r unk c ana l s t os upp ly a ser s . l T he w e i r s a r e i n ten t iona ly t empo ra ry . T hey a r e i n tended t o p rov ide w a ter o n ly d ur ing t he c r uc ia l e a r ly s t ages o f t h e c yc le o f t r ansp lan t r i ce c u l t iva t ion t yp ica l i n t he m u 'ang f a i r eg ions . E igh ty t o n ine ty p ercen t o f t he r i ce p roduced i n t hese i n termon tane a r ea s i so f t he g l u t inous v a r ie ty , a fea ture s ha red w i th mo s t p a r t s o f t he Mun b a s in ( i b id . 1 05 ) . T he l a nd i sp repa red fa u s ing d raugh t b uf lo a nd t r ad i t iona l w ooden i mp lement s w i th f ew me ta l p a r t s ( i b id . 1 03 ) . l Damage t o t h e w e i r s u sua ly o ccur s f r om J u ly o nwa rd s , w hen w a ter l e ve l s t e nd t o r i se s i gn if ican t ly .

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l ' Because t he r a infa l p rov ides , t h ereaf ter , ar e la t ive ly g ood w a ter s upp ly , a nd f c b ecause r i sen w a te r c an e a s i ly f l ow i n to t h e t a ke -of hanne l , t he f a i i sn o l o nger l n ecessa ry u nt i l t he f o low ing y ea r ' ( i b id . 9 9 ) . f T he l ow d urab i l i ty o f d iver s ion d ev ices m eans t h a t t he e f ec t ive u se o f t he m u 'ang f a i r d epend s o n c a refu l o pera t ion a nd ma in tenance . T h i s i st h e r e spons ib i l i ty o f t he i iga t ion c on t r o l g roup , m uf a i ( i b id . 1 6 ) . ' [ The mu 'ang f a i l s y s tem i so pera ted a nd ma in ta ined b y l a rger mu f a i i n w h ich l . . .[a many v i lages a r e i nvo lved . , t h e f a c i l i t ie s. re ] r ega rded a s p ub l ic p rope r ty a nd managed t h rough c l o se c oopera t ion o f t he m uf a i m ember s . I n s ome o f t he b i gge s t s y s tems , ak ae l u ang ( g rea t c h ief ) i se l ec ted f o r c oo rd ina t ion a mong t he k ae m u 'ang l l w ho a r e i n c ha rge o f t he s ma ler u n i t s . T he a c tua l ma in tenance c an u sua ly b e p e r l f o rmed w i th in s uch s ma ler u n i t s ' ( i b id . 1 00 ) . r T he k ae mu 'ang , o r i r iga t ion h eadman , i se l ec ted t oo ff i ce b y t he t o ta l member sh ip o f t h e l m uf a i . H e i sr e spons ib le f o r ' c oo rd ina t ing a l a c t iv i t ie s f o r ma intenance a nd o pe ra t ion o f t h e r i r iga t ion s y s tem ' ( i b id . 2 78 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o o rgan iz ing t h e l a rge i npu t o f l a bour a nd ma te r ia l s loca r equ i red f o r a nnua l ma in tenance , t he m uf a i c oopera t ive i sr e spons ib le f o r a t ing w a ter t o membe r p lo t s . T he f am i ly i st he k ey u n i t i n b o th t he o wne r sh ip o f l a nd a nd p a r t ic ipa t ion i n t he l a bour f o rce , w i th mo s t p roper ty b e ing a cqu i red t h rough i nhe r i tance ( i b id . 4 5 ) . However , . ' .member sh ip o f t he m uf a i i sn o t d i rec t ly r e la ted t o l a nd o wner sh ip , s i nce i tb a s i l l c aly c ons i s t s o f t he h ouseho ld s w ho a c tua ly t i l t h e l a nd a nd t hus d raw w a ter f r om t he s y s tems . Member sh ip t hus s t ems f r om w a te r r i gh t s ' ( i b id . 2 76 ) . r luv T he l a nd s w h ich s ur round t he l ow t e race a nd a ia l f a ns i n t he N or thern T ha i i n termon l l l t a ne b a s ins a r e u ndu la t ing o r r o l ing h i l t r ans i t ion z one s . T he s o i l i n t hese a r ea s i sg enera ly l a ter i t ic , p oo r i n n u t r ien t s a nd s uscep t ib le t o e ro s ion . T he u ndu la t ing a r ea s a r e o f ten c ove red l i n d ip teroca rp f o res t w h ich p rov ides l i v ing s pace , t imbe r a nd o the r f o res t p roduc t s , a s w e l a s e d ib le p l ant s , f ue l a nd a v a r ie ty o f r aw ma ter ia l s . T hus i ti sc ons idered a n i mpor tan t s ub s i s tence z one ( i b id . 9 3 ) . T he mu 'ang f a i i s ar e sponse t o e nv i ronmen ta l c i rcums tances . I ft h e s y s tem i st o s ucceed , s o a wa renes f l o ca l c ond i t ions mus t b e w edded t o a n a b i l i ty t o e xp lo i t a va i lab le r e source s f t h rough e ec t ive s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion . ' We w ou ld a r gue t ha t t he f a rm ing s y s tem [ mu 'ang f a i l i sa n i n teg ra ted e n t i ty p ro v ided w i th b o th e co log ica l a nd s oc io - econom i c s t ruc tures , w h ich a r e l i nked t h rough t h e r o le o f t he i nd igenous t e chno logy a va i lab le t o t he p ea san t s ' ( i b id . 5 8 ) . l T he a b i l i ty o f s im i l ia r s ma l c oope ra t ive g roup s t o m a in ta in w a terwo rk s i n Mesopo tam ia t s f r h a s l e d t o c onc lus ions w h ich r e jec t W i tfoge l 's ( 1957 ) a se r t ions o n t he e f ec t s o f i r iga t ion l w o rk s o n t he d eve lopmen t o f s oc ie ta l c on t ro l s t ruc ture s . T h i s i si us t ra ted b y t he q uo ta t ion b e low . l l ' The s ubs i s tence r equ i remen t s f o r t he e x i s t ing , s t i l c ompa ra t ive ly s ma l , p opu la r l t i on c ou ld h ave b een me t w i th f l ood i r iga t ion b a sed o n t empo ra ry d ams a nd s ma l d i tches t o d i rec t t he w a ter , s upp lemen ted w i th , o r p e rhap s i n c rea s ing ly r ep la ced i n l c t ime b y , s ma l c ana l s y s tems t ha t g r ew s l ow ly b y a c re t ion b u t t ha t n ever w e re e x tended mo re t han a few k i lome te r s i n land f r om t h e s t reams . I n t he c on tex t o f r Me sopo tam ian c ond i t ions , i th a s r e cen t ly b een s hown t h a t t h i s k i nd o f i r iga t ion i s

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w e l w i th in t he c apab i l i t ie s o f l o ca l g roup s w i thou t s t a te i n te rven t ion . E labo ra te l c ont ro l w o rk s t o r e gu la te t he w a te r s upp ly c e r ta in ly w e re n o t n ecessa ry f o r s o r ud i men ta ry a n i r iga t ion s y s tem . H ence i ti s d i ff i cu l t t o s ee t he eme rgence o f t he r t owns a s ac onsequence o f a ny monopol i s t ic c on t ro l o f t he w a te r s upp ly o f s ur r ound ing v i lage s , a nd s t i l mo re d i ff i cu l t t o i mag ine t he g row th o f t h e i r p o l i t ica l l l i n s t i tut ions a s ac onsequence o f an eed f o r ab ureauc racy c oncerned w i th c ana l managemen t ' ( Adams 1 965 : 4 0 -41) . I n t he c a se o f t he Mun b a s in moa ted s i te s , h oweve r , t h i s d oe s n o t m ean t ha t t he c ons t ruc t i on a nd ma in tenance o f e ach s i te 's e a r thwo rk s a nd moa t s d id n o t c on t r ibu te t o t he d eve lop men t o fs oc ia l s t ra t if ica t ion . A ga in , Mesopo tam ia p rov ide s a n a na logy . ' Given i n adequac ies i n w a te r s upp ly. i r iga t ion ] s y s tems r ep re sen t r e la t ive ly . .such [ r p ermanen t i mp rovemen t s , w h ich r e s t r ic t o r d i s to r t u n i fo rm i ty o f a ces o t he p r i c s t ma ry p roduc t ive r e sources o f t he c ommun i ty a nd w h i ch t e nd t o c oncen t ra te t he p o tent ia l i t ies f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f as u rp lus o f d ep loyab le w ea l th i n t he h and s o f a l im i ted s oc ia l s egmen t . D epend ing o n l o ca l c i rcums tance s , s uch p o ten t ia l i t ies may b e r e ckoned i n t e rms o f r i ght s t o l a nd o r t o w a te r , b u t t he e f f ec t i st he s ame i n e i ther c a se . T hey s t imu la te t he c oncent ra t ion o f h ered i tab le , a l ienab le w ea l th i n p roduc t ive r e source s , a nd h ence a l so t he eme rgence o f ac l as oc ie ty ' ( Adams s s 1 966 :54 ) . Howeve r , f o r k in -ba sed l a nd h o ld ing s o r moa ted s i te management t o h ave r e su l ted i n a s oc ia l a nd e conom ic e l i te , t he p r iv ledged c l as s w ou ld h ave h ad t o ma in ta in t h e i r p o s i t ion o f se p r iv ledged a ce ss o ve r al o ng s pan o f t ime . T h i s may n o t h ave h appened . C ompe t i t ion a r i s ing c f r om i nhe r i tance d i spute s may h ave r e su l ted i n ac ons tan t s e lf -le ve l ing a c t ion t ha t p reven ted l a' hyd rau l ic ' e l i te f r om c od ify ing . ' I n S i nha lese v i lage s , o n t he o ther h and , E dmund L each ( 1961) r epo r t s t ha t s uch l e f ec t s c an b e h e ld i nc heck f o r l o ng p er iod s w i th in t he c ommun i ty b y i n terna l l e v f e l ing mechan i sms b a sed u pon p er iod ic f r ac t iona t ion a nd r ed i s t r ibut ion o f h o ld ing s ' ( Adams 1 966 :54 ) . s w T he t r ansf er o f k i n-ba sed p re s t ige w a s ad e l ica te p roces i th h igh s t ake s a t t he k ing sh ip l e ve l o f t he e a r ly S outhea s t A s ian p o l i t ies . B havava rman Io f C hen la ( 598 AD) , f o r e xamp le , s uccessful ly u sed t he d ea th o f R ud rava rman t o g a in c on t ro l o f F unan ( Coedds 1 965 :67 ) . T he r ewa rds , a nd c onsequen t ly t h e p o l i t ica l e xpec ta t ions , w ou ld n o t h ave b een s o g r ea t a tt he l e ve l o f t he moa ted s i tes , w here ak i n -ba sed e l i te c ou ld w e l l h ave f o l lowed t he ' S inha le se ' p a t tern o f c ompe t i t ion a t t he t ime o f s ucces sion , l e s sen ing t he p robab i l i ty o f c oncent ra t ions o f h e red i tab le w ea l th . However , a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch i n c lud ing e xcava t ions o f moa ted s i te s mus t f i r s t e s tab l i sh a n e l i te . r en I ti sv i ta l t o r ecogn ize t ha t o ppo s ing f o rces c an c oncur t ly p ush ac u l ture t owa rd s s oc ia l s t ra t if ica t ion a nd m i t iga te a ga ins t i t . T hus w h i le t he t e chn ique o f moa t ing i n t he Mun b a s in c s t d id n o t f o s ter a h igh ly s t ra t if ied b ureauc ra t ic s t a te , moa ted s i te s d id d i s to r t a ces o w a ter l s upp ly , t hus e ncourag ing a n e l i te . Howeve r , t h i s ' p ush ' may w e l h ave b een f r ac t iona ted b y s uccess iona l d i spu tes . Wha tever t h e s pec if i c s o f s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion , t he s heer s i ze o f t he e ng ineer ing o pera t ions e xemp l if ied i nt he Mun b a s in moa ted s i te s , w i th a ve rage a r ea o f a bou t red t 2 5 h ec ta res , s ugges t al e ve l o f o rgan iza t ion c ommon ly r e fer o a s a' c h iefdom ' .

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CHIEFDOM AND THE MOATED S ITES I n d ef in ing t he ' c ons t ruc t o f t he c h iefdom ' , P au l Whea t ley o fer s t he f o low ing i n s ights . f l ' .a s y s tem o f c h ief ta insh ips , a s d eno t ing a l e ve l o f i n teg ra t ion i n termed ia te . b e tween r e la t ive ly u nd if erent ia ted f o lk o r t r iba l s oc ie ty a nd c omp lex u rban o r s t a te f s oc ie ty . T he c ons truc t i s ab road o ne , c ons t i tut ing ac ont inuu m r ang ing a to ne e nd f r om n onranked c h ief ta insh ip s w h ich , a l though e xerc i s ing more t han n om ina l a uthor i ty o ver l o ca l h ead sh ip s , a r e n o t a lway s e a s i ly d i s t ingu ishab le f r om s egment a ry t r ibes , t h rough a va r ie ty o f r anked c h ief ta insh ip s i n w h ich t he c hief i su sua ly l a s i s ted b y a counc i l , c our t , o r o ther f unc t iona ly e qu iva lent g roup o f a dv isor s , t o s l p a ramoun tc ies w h ich o f ten a pp rox ima te t o t r ue s t a tes ' (Whea t ley . 1 983 : 1) . Wi thout e xcava t ion o f s evera l moa ted s i tes w e l a ck a n a r tefac tua l a semb lage o r e v idence s o f i n te rna l s e t lemen t s t ruc ture , b y w h ich t o r e la te o ccupa t iona l p ha ses t o moa t c ons t ruc t ion t a nd d eve lopment , a nd t o emp loy a s ag auge o f s oc ia l d i f erent ia t ion . However , t he e x tens ive f l a bour i mp l ied b y t he c ons truc t ion a nd u pkeep o f mu l t ip le moa t s e nc i rc l ing l a rge v i lage l mounds make i td i ff icu l t t o e nv i s ion a ny th ing o ther t han s o me f o rm o f h iera rchy t oo rgan ize t he e for t . f Wh i le a g ree ing i n p r inc ip le t ha t ' t he u n iversa l i s t ic i mp l ica t ions o f F r ied a nd S e rv ice -s ty le t ypo log ies ' [ e .g . ' c h iefdoms ' ) a r e c oncep t s w h ich ' a re e a s i ly c omp rehended i n t he a bs t rac t , b ut d i ff icu l t t o e xcava te ' ( Baya rd 1 985 : 5 ) , t he i r u se d oe s f a c i l i ta te i n ter -reg iona l c ompar i son . A rchaeo log ica l d a ta f r om S outhea s t A s ia o f ten b e l ie s O cc identa l a bs t rac t ions , b ut f o r t he t ime b e ing t hey p rov ide as t anda rd a ga ins t w h ich t o b eg in t o mea sure p oss ib l i t ies . F our g enera l p er iods h ave b een p roposed w h ich a pprox ima te t he w ide -rang ing c ont inuum o fc h iefdoms t o w h ich Whea t ley ( 1983 : 1 2 ) r e fers . T hese a r e l i s ted b e low . A .

S E MI -SEDENTARY AGRICULTURAL CO M MUN IT IES ( 3500 -2500 BC ) , n o t iceab le b ut w eak s oc ia l r ank ing .

B .

APPEARANCE OF BRONZE TECHNOLOGY ( 2500 -1800 BC ) , ' p resu med s t reng theni ng o f a l ready p resent t r ade l i nks . .i n crea se i n s oc ia l r ank ing b ut s t i l a t as imp le -ranked l l e ve l '

C .

I NTRODUCT ION OF I RON TECHNOLOGY (MID-1ST MILLENIU M BC ) , ' i n tens ive w e t r i ce f a rm ing . . mo re ma rked i n c rea se i nr ank ing '

D .

THE R ISE OF I NC IP IENT S TATES ( AROUND 0 AD) , o r a t l e a s t t he c omp lex c h ief d oms Whea t ley p os i t s ( 1983 : 4 19 ) , a nd ' t he d eve lopment o f t r ue s t a tes b y a fu s ion o f t hese i nd igenous o rgan i sms w i th I nd ian s oc io -po l i t ica l a nd r e l ig ious c oncep t s ' ( Baya rd 1 984 : 1 63-4 ) .

THE NATURE OF THE M OATED S ITES

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Were t he moa ted s i te s c h iefdoms? Whe re d o t hey f i t i n to B aya rd 's f our p er iod s? P os le sib c ausa l f a c tor s i n t he r i se o f c omp lex s oc ie t ies w h ich c an b e d esc r ibed a sc h iefdoms i n c lude t he f o low ing . l d i s t r ibu t ion o fn a tura l r e sources l o ca t ion t r ade , b o th e x t ra -and i n t ra -reg iona l a g r icu l tura l i n tens if i ca t ion p opu la t ion e xpans ion a nd / o r p res s ure T hese f a c to r s a r e d e sc r ibed b e low i nt he c on tex t o ft he Mun b a s in moa ted s i tes .

D ISTR IBUT ION OF NATURAL RESOURCES O ne c a ta ly s t o f t he c h iefdom w h ich t he Mun b a s in a ppea r s t o h ave l a cked i s ar i ch c oncent r a t ion o f n a tura l r e source s . T he r e source b a se o f w a te r , l a te r i te , f o res t , s a l t , w a s f a i r ly e ven ly d i s t r ibuted . T h i s e ncouraged t h e d eve lopmen t o f many l a rge i ndependen t h ab i ta t ion c en t res , b ut n o t t he emergence o f as i ng le c en t ra l f o c i o fp opu la t ion ( a l so s e C hap ter 5 ) . i e ' Accord ing t o F r ied ( 1976 :229 -30 ) , i ti st he a b i l i ty t o ma in ta in s oc ia l o rde r b y c oe r c i on o r r e s t r ic t ion o f a ces o b a s ic r e sources w h ich l i e s a tt he h ea r t o f s t a te f o r c s t ma t ion . T he re a ppea r s t o b e g ood r ea son t o p ropo se t ha t d i f use s e t lemen t a nd f t w idesp read a va i lab i l i ty o f b a s ic r e sources made S ou thea s t A s ia a n a r ea w he re s t a t e ab le t o f o rma t ion w a s n o t a n i nd igenous a dap ta t ion , a nd w he re means w ere a va i la-b r e s i s t i mpo s i t ion o f a n e xogenous s t a te ' ( Penny 1 984 : 1 56 ) .

LOCAT ION T he Mun b a s in l i es o n s evera l i mpo r tan t t r ade r oute s , a nd c onsequen t ly h a s e conom ic a nd s t ra teg ic v a lue . P a sses t h rough t he Dang rek Moun ta ins o f e red c ommun ica t ion t o p resen t -day f C ambod ia a nd S ou th V ie tnam , w h i le t ho se o n t he w es te rn e dge o f t h e P la teau g ave a cess t o c t he r oute b eg inn ing a t t h e Gu lf o f S i am a nd r each ing e a s t a c ro ss t he P la teau , a nd t hen t h rough L ao s t o n o r thern V ie tnam (Wya t 1 984 :22 ) . A l so ,the Mun R ive r d ra ins i n to t he t Mekong , w h ich may w e l h ave c a r ied r i ve r t r aff i c . A l though i th a s b een s t a ted t ha t t he l r Mekong i sr e la t ive ly u nnav igab le t o l a rge b oa t s (W i l iams -Hun t 1 950 :30 ) , t he re i sp l en ty o f l l i gh t c r af t t r anspo r ta t ion . A s l a te a s t he 1 860 's t he F rench w ere s t i l h op ing t ha t t he Mekong l w ou ld p rov ide t he means t o a ce ss t he i n ter io r o f C h ina , w here i t wa s b e l ieved ' m i l ions w ere c l o n ly w a i t ing t o b e g i ven t h e o ppo r tun i ty t o b uy t he p roduc t s o fE urope ' ( O sbo rne 1 975 :28 -9 ) .

EXTRA -A ND I NTRA -REGIONAL TRADE D if ia l a cce ss t o v a lued c ommod i t ies i mpo r ted f r om o ther r eg ions , a nd t r ade w i th in ferent t he Mun b a s in may h ave e ncouraged t he s oc io -po l i t ica l s t ra t if ica t ion c ha rac ter i s t ic o f t he c h iefdom . F o r e xamp le , n e i the r c opper n o r t i n d epo s i t s , n ece ssa ry t o p roduce b ronze w eapons a nd o rnamen t s , h ave b een f ound o n t he K ho ra t P la teau . C oppe r a nd l e ad may h ave b een b rought o n t o t h e P la teau f r om t he r eg ion o f L oe i , l o ca ted j u s t o f t he n o r thwe s tern e dge o f f t he e sca rpmen t ( P iggot 984 :1-3 ) . T in c ou ld h ave b een o b ta ined f r om w e s tern T ha i land o r t 1 L ao s ( i b id . 4 ) . V ie tnam a nd C ambod ia may a l so b een s ource s o f m e ta l o res ( Pham M inh Huyen 1 984 :174 ; Moure r 1 977 :50 ) .

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L ike ly n on-me ta l p re s t ige i mpo r t s i n c lude s he l b ead s , a nd s he l a nd s t one b race le t s s uch l l a s t ho se f ound a tB an N a D i ( H igham & Amphan K i jngam 1 984 :714 -5 ) . S i lk i sa no ther p os si b i l i ty , a l though i ti s n o t y e t c l ea r i ft he s i lk f ound a t B an N a D i w a s l o ca ly p roduced o r l i mpo r ted ( i b id . 7 14 ) . F ina ly , g ood s manufac tured w i th in t h e Mun b a s in w ere u ndoub ted ly l v a lued t r ade i t ems , e xamp les b e ing s pec ia l ized c e ram ic v es l s a nd s a l t ( i b id . 7 15 ) . T he e xp lo i se a t ion o f l o ca l s a l t r e source s h a s b een d i scus n t h i s w o rk i n c onnec t ion w i th t he d eve lop t s ed i men t o f t he moa ted s i tes ( s ee C hs .2 ,4 ) .

AGR ICULTURAL I NTENS IF ICAT ION A s d i scus a r l ier i n t h i s c hap te r , t he Mun b a s in h ad ( and h a s ) ag rea t d ea l o f p o ten t ia l s ed e f o r a g r icu l tura l i n tens if i ca t ion t h rough i iga t ion . I ti sn o t y e t c l ea r h ow t h i s may h ave a f ec ted r f t he f o rma t ion o f c h iefdoms .

POPULAT ION EXPANS ION AND / OR PRESSURE A no ther a s y e t u nve r if ied v a r iab le i sp opu la t ion e xpans ion , a nd i t s e f ec t o n t he d eve lop f men t o f t he moa ted f o rm . E s t ima tes o f p opu la t ion i n N o r thea s t T ha i land a r e i n teres t ing b u t r ema in h i gh ly s pecu la t ive ( H igham & Amphan K i jngam 1 984c :632 ) . A l though i th a s b een a sumed i n t h i s w o rk t ha t s i te s i ze c an b e c or la ted t op opu la t ion ( Ch .5 ) , t he a c tua l p ref er s re r ed p opu la t ion d ens i ty o f t he moa ted s i tes i sn o t k nown . B aya rd h a s a r gued a ga ins t t he i mpor tanc e o f p opu la t ion o r l a nd p ressure a s ac ause o f i n c rea sed s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion i n p reh i s to r ic Nor th E a s t T ha i land . ' Land a nd /o r p opu la t ion p re ssure d o n o t s em t o h ave b een s uff i c ien t c auses f o r e a g r icu l tura l i n tens if ica t ion o r w a rf a re , a s t he s ke le ta l e v idence f r om Non Nok T ha a nd B an N a D i s how s n o s i gns o fn ut r i t iona l s t ress ( B rook s a nd B rook s 1 983 , Wa r r a cha i 1 983 ) . No r c an p res n s u i tab le r i ce l a nd h ave b een t oo s i gn if ican t a s ure o c ausa l f a c to r ; a ga in , l a rge mode rn v i lages o f w e l o ver 3 0 h a ( 1500 -2000 p eop le ) l l c an f ed t hemse lves a dequa te ly , a nd p resumab le ly c ou ld d o s o p r io r t o t he g radua l e i n t roduc t ion o f i nova t ive c u l t iva t ion t e chn iques a nd s omewha t more p roduc t ive n r i ce v a r ie t ies a f te r Wo rd Wa r I ' ( 1985 :7 ) . Whe ther d ense o r s pa r se o ccupa t iona l d ens i ty w a s t h e n o rm , o ne p ropos i t ion o f t he s imp le t o c omp lex c l a ss if ica t ion i n t h i s w o rk i st ha t n a tua ly moa ted a nd T ype -1 s i tes w e re g enera ly l l o ccup ied e a r ly a nd e ven tua ly b ecame r a re . T h i s e ncouraged amove o n to t e race z ones w here l r moa t s w e re c ons t ruc ted w h ich i m i ta ted t he n a tura ly i nunda ted i d ea l . T he s ucces f t h e l n s o moa ted t e chn ique w a s a mp l if ied b y t he r ea l iza t ion o f a dd i t iona l b enef i t s , n o teab ly t he e xp lo i ta t i on o f t e ra ce r e sources . I ft h i s s uppo s i t ion i sa cep ted f o r t h e p re sen t , p opu la t ion e xpans ion , r c i f no t ' p ressure ' , d id e ncourage t he d eve lopment o ft he moa ted f o rm i n t he Mun b a s in .

THE NATURE OF THE M OATED S ITES

1 53

CONCLUS ION T he moa ted s i tes p os r h ad a ces o many o f t he f a c to r s w h ich c ou ld e ncourage ses s ed o c s t t h e d eve lopmen t o f ac h iefdom . However , t h e e x ten t o fe a ch moa ted s i te d oma in i su nknown , a nd u ndoub ted ly f l uc tua ted f r om s i te t o s i te , a nd f r om o ne g enera t ion t o t he n ex t . T es t ing ah ypo thes i s t h a t ' p er iod s o f e a r thwo rk / moa t e xpans ion a tl a rge s i tes c or s respond t o i n i t ia l s e t lement o f s ma le r d ependen t s i te s ' , w ou ld b eg in t o g i ve f o rm t o t h e t e r i to r ia l t l r l i m i t s o f t he moa ted s i te s . T hese q ues t ions h ave b egun t o b e a dd ressed i n t h e C h i R ive r b a s in , b a sed o n e v idence f r om t he moa ted s i te o f B an C h iang H ian . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t ha t t h e e a r thwo rk s a t B an C h iang H ian w e re c ons t ruc ted d ur ing t he p er iod 4 00 B C -2 00 AD ( H igham & Amphan K i jngam 1 984 : 7 25 ) . T h i s i st he o ccupa t iona l s pan o f t he n ea rby s i te o f Non C ha i , a nd e ncompa sse s t he p er iod s a tB an C h iang H ian ( 300 B C -100 AD) w hen p ot tery p a ra le l ing t ha t o f Non C ha i i sf ound . l R ad ioca rbon d a tes f r om t h e l owes t l a yer s o f t he s ma l u nmoa ted s i te o fB an K ho No i n ea r l B an C h iang H ian , h ave am idpo in t a bou t 6 00 B C ( Payom C han ta ra t iyaka rn 1 984b :578 -9 ) . T h i s r a i ses t he p o ss ib i l i ty t ha t B an K ho No i 's i n i t ia l o ccupa t ion r ef lec t s ap er iod o fr eg iona l a c t iv i ty , a l so e v idenced b y t he l a rge s i te o f Non C ha i , a nd t he s ugges ted c ons t ruc t ion o f t he e a r thw o rks a t B an C h iang H ian . Howeve r , t he e xcava t ions a tB an K ho No i w e re m in ima l , a nd t h e d a t ing o f t he B an C h iang H ian e a r thwo rk s i sd ependent u pon Non C ha i 's c hrono logy r a the r t h an s pec if ic d a ta f r om t h e s e c t ion ing o f t he B an C h iang H ian e a r thwo rks . F ina ly , p ot ry l te c o respondences d o n o t e s tab l i sh d ependency . None the les ti sa n i nd ica t ion t ha t t he d oma in r s, i o fs ome moa ted s i tes may h ave i n c luded s ma le r d ependen t s i tes . l R esea rch t o d a te i nd ica tes t ha t t he moa ted s i te s w ere s imp ly b ut c l ea r ly r anked , me ta l u s ing , w e t r i ce c u l t iva t ing s e t lemen t s . T he l a bour n eces ry t o c ons t ruc t a nd ma in ta in t he t sa e a r thwo rks a nd moa t s , e ven i f ac oope ra t ive e fo r t , r equ i red ac oo rd ina t ing l e ader sh ip w h ich f b e speaks r ank ing . S l ag , e v idence o f l o ca l i r on p roduc t ion , h a s b een f ound a t ah igh p ercentage o f Mun a nd C h i b a s in s i tes ( Po rncha i S uch i ta 1 983b :3 ) . T he i n c rea se i n a r ch i tec ture a nd t s t ages o f g row th c or ing t o as p read o f t he moa ted f o rm o n to t e race s a r ea s r i ch i n respond r l a te r i t ic s o i l s c i rcu ms tan t ia ly s ugges t s a n e xp lo i ta t ion o f l ow -grade i r on c onc re t ions . We t r i ce l c u l t iva t ion i st e s t if ied t o b y t he p resence o f r i ce c haf n p ot r om B an T amyae (We lch f i tery f 1 983 :64 ) a nd t h e p rese rva t ion o f t he moa ted s i tes w i th in al a nduse p a tern c en t red a round w e t t r i ce c u l t iva t ion ( s ee C hs .2 ,4 ) . T he s pa t ia l a nd r ank /s i ze a na ly ses s howed n o e v idence o f c en t r a l p l aces , a l though i th a s b een s ugges ted t ha t t he moa ted s i tes p o sses o th ah i era rch ica l s ed b o rgan iza t ion a nd a v a r iab le d oma in . T he m in imum d oma in o f t h e moa ted s i te w a s t he l a nd e nc lo sed b y t h e e nc i rc l ing moa t s . T he max imum s phe re o f i nf luence i sy e t t o b e i d en t if ied . A na ly s i s o f t he i r iga t ion p o ten t ia l o f t he moa t w a ter s ugges t s t ha t t he a g r icu l tura l d oma in r may h ave e x tended w e l b eyond t h e e a r thwo rk b o rder s . l T he e vo lu t ion o f t h e moa ted s i te s t e s t if ies t o t he s ucce ss o f t he t e chn ique . T he mechani sm o f moa t ing b egan b y i m i ta t ing n a tura l p a terns o f w a te r r e ten t ion a r ound t he p er ime ter o f t n a tura ly -occur s . S k i lfu l d eve lopmen t o f t he p rac t ice o ver t ime c a ta ly zed a g r icu l l ring mound l t u ra l a nd t e chno log ica l d eve lopmen t s w h ich o pened n ew a r ea s f o r s e t lement . T he s ubsequen t t b enef i t s f o s tered i n c rea s ing p ro sper i ty f o r t he i n hab i tan t s o ft he Mun R iver b a s in .

GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS

L i s ted b e low a r e t e rms u sed i n b o th t he ma in t ex t a nd t he a ppend ix , Gu id e t oA r chaeo log ica l S i tes . ALT ITUDE S i te a l t i tude h a s b een t a ken f r om c on tour l i nes o f 1 : 50 ,000 map , r ecorded i n me tres . ALT ITUDE OF NEAREST PO INT 1 00M > S ITE T he a l t i tude o f t he n ea re s t p o int 1 00 met res h igher t han t he s i te w as r ecorded f o r e ach s i te . ring t AMPHOE T he T ha i w ord r efer o as econda ry a dm in i s t ra t ive d iv i s ion . AREA T he a r ea o f e ach s i te w a s c a lcu la ted i n h ec ta res ( 1 h a = 1 0 ,000 s qua re m e t res ) f r om t he a er ia l p ho tog raph o r f r om t he 1 : 50 ,000 map i ft he p ho tograph ic i mage w a s p oor . l BAN T he T ha i w ord f o r v i lage o r p opu la ted p l ace . BARAY R ef er s t o r ec tangu la r w a ter s t orage t a nks i n t he Mun R iver b a s in , au sage w h ich c an b e t r aced t o t wo l a rge r e sevo i rs a t Angkor i n C ambod ia , t he West B aray a nd E a s t B a ray . T he u se o f t he w ord i n C ambod ia a ppea r s t o b e d er ived f r om t he S ansk r i t p arayana mean ing t o t r aver se o r c ross . I n t h i s s ense , t he p ur ify ing w a ter s o f t he b a s in w ere c rossed i n o rder t o r each t he s anc tua ry s i tua ted i n t he i r m id s t ( Lew i tz 1 967 : 4 25 ) . sib Ano ther p os le d er iva t ion , s ugges ted b y B o i sse l ier , r eferences t he w o rd t o ar oad l f ormed b y a n embankment o f e a r th t yp ica ly s ur round ing w a ter t anks i n C ambod ia , p a r t i cu la r ly t he Wes t B a ray ( i b id .425 ) . C onfus ion o ver t he t e rm h a s b een i n c rea sed b y l l l F rench t r ave lers w ho c a l a l p i eces o f w a ter b aray ( i b id . 4 25 ) . E l sewhere , B o i sse l ier ( 1966 :56 ) r ef er s t o a ba s in a s b e ing s r ah o r b aray . C oed8s ( 1975 :108 ,111) d ef ines b aray a s ` r esevo i r ' a nd s r ah a s ' pond ' . CHANG WAT T he T ha i w ord f o r p r ima ry a dm in i s t ra t ive d i v is ion . D ISTANCE TO NEAREST D ISS I MILAR SHAPE S ITE i n k i lome t res f r om t he c en tre o f t he s i te t o t he c ent re o f i t s n ea res t d i ss im i la r n e ighbour . I RREGULAR i sd i ss im i la r t o REC TANGULAR a nd RECTANGULAR i sd i ss im i la r t o I RREGULAR . D ISTANCE TO NEAREST PO INT 1 00m> S ITE ALT ITUDE D i s tance t o n ea res t a l t i tude 1 00 me t res g rea ter t han t he a l t i tude o f t he s i te , w a s r e corded a s at opograph ica l c oun ter b a lance t o t he l ow p l ace mea sures e xpressed b y t he r i ver p rox im i ty .

GLOSSARY AND ABBREV IAT IONS

1 55

D ISTANCE TO NEAREST S I MILAR S HAPE S ITE D i s tances w ere mea sured i n k i lome t re s f rom t he c entre o f t he s i te t o t he c ent re o f i t s n ea res t s im i la r n e ighbour . I RREGULAR i ss im i la r t o I RREGULAR a nd RECTANGULAR i ss im i la r t o RECTANGULAR . I RREGULAR T he i regu la r s hapes a re f o rmed b y v ege ta t ion g row ing o n t op o f e a r thwork s r w h ich p a r t ia ly o r c omp le te ly e nc i rc le p a s t o r p resent h ab i ta t ion mound s . S ee C hap ter 1 . l I SCC Abbrev ia t ion f o r B a r th , A . & B erga igne , A . 1 885 . I nsc r ip t ions S ansc r i tes d e C hampa e td u C ambodge . L 708 M AP U s ing t he e xamp le L 708 -5355 1 I -RS230298 , t he f i r s t p a r t r efers t o t he 1 : 50 ,000 Roya l T ha i S urvey Depa r tment t opog raph ica l map s e r ies L 708 ( 1960 ) . T he s econd p a r t i st he s hee t n umber ( 53551 1) a nd t he t h i rd i st he g r id r ef erence ( RS230298 ) . I fn o e nt ry i sl i s ted , t hen t he L 708 s e r ies w a s n o t c onsu l ted f o r t ha t p a r t icu la r s i te . L 7017 M AP U s ing t he e xamp le L 7017-5439 1 -895610 , t he f i r s t p a r t r ef er s t o t he 1 : 50 ,000 1 1 Roya l T ha i S urvey D epa r tment t opog raph ica l map s e r ies L 7017 ( 1976 ) . T he s econd p a r t i st he s hee t n u mber ( 54391 ) a nd t he t h ird i st he g r id r eference ( 895610 ) . I fn o e nt ry i s 11 l i s ted , t hen t he L 7017 s e r ies w a s n o t c onsu l ted f o r t ha t p a r t icu la r s i te . LAND CAPAB IL ITY CLASS IF ICAT ION FOR R ICE T he Depa r tmen t o f L and Deve lopment (M ini s try o f Ag r icu l ture a nd C oopera t ives , K ingdom o f T ha i land ) h ave c l as ied t he sif s o i l s o f T ha i land a ccord ing t o t he i r c apab i l i ty f o r u p land c rops a nd f o r p addy ( we t land ) r i ce . T he f i ve g roup ing s a nd t he i r l im i ta t ions f o r r i ce c ul t iva t ion a r e l i s ted a nd d i scussed i n Chap ter 2 . T he l a nd c apab i l i ty c l a ss if ica t ion f o r r i ce w as r ecorded f o r e ach s i te . T he i nforma t ion w a s t aken f r om t he maps l i s ted b e low . L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion Maps . 1 973 . C hangwa t S ur in a nd C hangwa t S i S aket . sif Depar tment o f L and Deve lopmen t . B angkok : K ingdom o f T ha i land . L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion Map . 1 977 . C hangwa t B uniR am . Depa r tmen t o f L and Deve lopment . B angkok : K ingdom o fT ha i land . L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion Map . 1 982 . C hangwa t Nakhon R a tcha s ima . Depa r tmen t o f sif L and Deve lopmen t . B angkok : K ingdom o f T ha i land . LAT ITUDE S i te l a t i tudes w ere r ecorded t o t he n ea res t m inute n or th . LONGITUDE S i te l ong i tudes w ere r ecorded t o t he n ea res t m inu te e a s t . LOCAT ION DATA I nfo rma t ion t o l o ca te s i te o n Wi l iams -Hunt C o lec t ion a er ia l p ho tog raph l l i nc lud ing BAN , AMPHOE , CHANG WAT , RAF S ERIAL , RAF SORT IE , RAF DATE , L 708 MAP , L 7017 MAP , LAT ITUDE , LONGITUDE . NEB Abbrev ia t ion f o r T he New E ncyc lop ed ia B r i tann ica . Un i ted S ta tes o f Amer ica : E ncyc loped ia B r i tann ica .

1 980 . M ic roped ia & Mac roped ia .

NU MBER OF POS IT IVE VEGETAT ION R INGS AROUND S ITE A v ege ta t ion r i ng i s ad ark l i ne o f g row th g enera ly f ound o n t op o f t he e a r thwork s s ur round ing t he s i te . A l so s ee l Acknow ledgements & P ref ace f o r i t ra t ion . lus

1 56

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

RAF DATE T he d a te t he RAF s or t ie w a s f l own , f ound o n t he t i le s t r ip o fp ho tographs i n t he Wi l iams -Hunt Co lec t ion . l l RAF S ERIAL Roya l A i r F orce s e r ia l n umber , f ound o n t he l ower l e f t -hand c orner o f t he i le s t r ip o f a er ia l p ho tog raphs i n t he Wi l iams -H unt C o lec t ion . t l l RAF SORT IE R oya l A i r F orce p ho tog raph ic r econa i ssance m is , l i s ted i n t he t i le s t r ip o f sion a er ia l p ho tog raphs i n t he Wi l iams -Hunt C o lec t ion . S or t ie n ame r evea l s w here t he m i s l l s i on o r ig ina ted , a s e xemp l if ied b e low . F IC BN S IA M

f l own o ut o f S i agon f l own o ut o f B angkok b y RAF s quad ron 6 81 o r 6 84 f l own o ut o f B angkok b y RAF s quadron 6 81 o r 6 84

F or i n s tance , S IA M 3 9 w a s t he 3 9 th m is l own o u t o f B angkok b y S quad ron 6 84 . sion f RECTANGULAR R ec tangu la r s hapes a r e e i ther a n o u t l ine o f p os i t ive v egeta t ion f o rm ing a r egu la r q uadr i la tera l o r a rec tangula r o ut l ine f i led w i th w a ter o r v ege ta t ion d enser t han l g row th o n t he s ur round ing t e ra in . S ee C hap ter 1 . r S HAPE T he s hape o f e ach S ITE w a s r ecorded a s I RREGULAR o r RECTANGULAR . S ITE A s i te i s a RECTANGULAR o r I RREGULAR s hape d ef ined b y p os i t ive v ege ta t ion ma rks , l i nes o f p lant g row th w h ich a re v i s ib le o n a e r ia l p ho tog raphs a s a noma l ies o n t he n a tura l t e in . S ee C hap ter 4 . rra S ITE FOR M I nfo rma t ion o n t he f orm o f e ach s i te w a s r eco rded , i nc lud ing SHAPE , NU MBER OF POS IT IVE VEGETAT ION R INGS AROUND S ITE , a nd AREA . S ITE

NU MBER A l s i tes a r e l o ca ted i n f our p r ima ry a dm in i s t ra t ive d iv i s ions c a led l l CHANG WATS . T he Roya l T ha i S o i l S urvey Depa r tment o ff ic ia l n u mber f o r e ach CHANG WAT i st he f i r s t e l ement o ft he s i te n u mber . T hese a r e l i s ted b e low . Nakhon R a tcha s ima B un iR am S ur i n

[ 20 ] [ 2 1 ] [ 22 ]

S iS a l ce t

[ 23 ]

T he s econd e l emen t o f t he s i te n u mber i st he l o ca tor i n s ide t he CHANG WAT . F or i n s tance , 2 0 -01 i st he f i rs t S ITE i n Nakhon R a tcha s ima . T he t h i rd e l ement o f t he s i te n umber i sa si ng l e l e ter r efer o s i te s hape , e i ther ' i f o r I RREGULAR o r ` r ' f o r RECTANGULAR . T he t ring t f our th e l ement o f t he s i te n u mber i nd ica tes t he 1 : 250 ,000 Roya l T ha i S urvey Depa r tmen t ( RTSD , S er ies 1 501S e d i t ion 1 , 2 516 B E [ 1973 AD]) map t he s i te i s l oca ted o n . T he f our map s o n w h ich t he s i tes a r e f ound a r e l i s ted b e low . ND48 -1 ND48 -2 ND48 -5 ND48 -6

C hangwa t C ha iyaphum C hangwa t Ubon R a tcha than i C hangwa t Nakhon Ra tcha s ima C hoam Khsan

1 5 -16 .00n x 1 02 -103 .30e 1 5 -16 .00n x 1 03 .30 -105 .00e 1 4 -15 .00n x 1 02 -103 .30e 1 4 -15 .00n x 1 03 .30 -105 .00e

GLOSSARY AND ABBREV IAT IONS

1 57

F or e xamp le , s i te n umber 2 1-02r .ND48 -1 , i st he s econd s i te i n C hangwa t B uniR am ( 21) . I t h a s ar ec tangu la r s hape ( r ) a nd i so n map ND48-1 . T he map g r id o f 1 : 250 ,000 maps i ss hown b e low w i th a n o ut l ine o fT ha i land .

1 :250,000 M AP G RID O F T HAILAND

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1 \1 \ !B47-3

! 1 ! NB47 7*-*1e847 8 ! 41 t --!- 6 n

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDING T he r e la t ionsh ip o f e ach s i te t o o ther s i tes a nd t o s ur r ound ing l o ca t ions n o t iceab ly h igher t han t he s i te w a s r ecorded , i n c lud ing D ISTANCE TO NEAREST S I MILAR S HAPE S ITE , D ISTANCE TO NEAREST D ISS I MILAR SHAPE S ITE , D ISTANCE TO NEAREST PO INT 1 00 M > S ITE ALT ITUDE , a nd ALT ITUDE OF NEAREST PO INT 1 00 M > S ITE .

1 58

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

SO IL T he s o i l g roup w as t a bu la ted f o r e ach s i te , w i th t he i n forma t ion t aken f r om t he map s l i s ted u nder TERRACE . SO IL M ATERIAL SOURCE T he s ource o f t he s o i l ma ter ia l o n w h ich e ach s i te w a s l o ca ted w a s r ecorded f r om t he map s l i s ted u nder TERRACE . S o i l s ources a re g rouped i n to t he s i x d iv i s ions l i s ted b e low . r ecen t r i ver a luv iu m l s em i -recent r i ver a luv ium l o ld r i ver a luv iu m l c a lca reous r i ver a nd l a ke d epos i t s ed imenta ry r ock a nd me tamorph ic e qu iva len t i g neous r ock

THAI S PELL INGS I n k eep ing w i th t he c a r tog raph ic o r ien ta t ion o f t h i s v o lume , t he s pe l ing l o f T ha i p l acenames f o low s t ha t f ound o n t wo s e r ies o f Roya l T ha i S urvey Depa r tmen t l t opog raph ic map s : 1 : 250 ,000 L 1501S ( 2516 B E = 1 973 AD) a nd 1 : 50 ,000 L 7017 ( 2512 BE = 1 969 AD) . A sp i ra t ions a r e g enera ly s t a ted w i th t he l e ter ' h ' s uch a s i n ` Khorae , a s p er t he 1 954 l t No t i f ica t ion o f t h e Roya l I ns t i tu te C oncern ing t h e T ranscr ip t ion o f T ha i C harac ter s i n to Roman ( Bangkok , Roya l I ns t i tute ) , a nd t he 1 968 Roman i za t ion Gu ide f or T ha i S cr ip t ( Bangkok , Roya l I ns t i tute ) . D iac r i t ica l ma rks h ave b een om it n T ha i w o rds . ted o TOPOGRAPHY I nforma t ion o n t he t opog raph ica l l o ca t ion o f e ach s i te , i nc lud ing ALT I TUDE , TERRACE , SO IL , SO IL MATERIAL SOURCE , LAND CAPAB IL ITY CLAS S IFICAT ION FOR R ICE , V IS IBLE W ATER S UPPLY AT S ITE , a nd V IS IBLE W ATER SUPPLY WITHIN 2 KM OF S ITE . TERRACE T he t e race l o ca t ion o f e ach s i te h a s b een t a bu la ted f r om t he f o low ing maps o f r l t he T ha i land S o i l S urvey D iv i s ion . A lso s ee C hap te r s 2 ,4 ,5 . S o i l Map . 1 974 . De ta i led R econna i ssance S o i l Map o f S ur in P rov ince & De ta i led R econn a is o i l Map o f S i S a K e t P rov ince . S o i l S urvey D iv i s ion , Depa r tment o f L and s ance S Deve lopment . P rov ince s e r ies : No .19 . B angkok : K ingdom o fT ha i land . S o i l Map . 1 975 . De ta i l& I R econna is o i l Map o f B uniR am P rov ince . S o i l S urvey s ance S D iv i s ion , Depa r tment o f L and Deve lopmen t . P rov ince s e r ies : No .16 . B angkok : K ingdom o f T ha i land . S o i l Map . 1 977 . De ta i led R econna is o i l Map o f Nakhon R a tcha s ima P rov ince . S o i l s ance S S urvey D iv i s ion , Depa r tment o f L and Deve lopment . P rov ince s er ies : No .21 . B angkok : K ingdom o f T ha i land . T he s o i l mapp ing u n i t s a r e g rouped i n to t he e i ght d i v i s ions l i s ted b e low . l e vee f l oodp la in a nd v a ley f l a t l s em i -recent t e nd a luv ia l f an rrace a l l ow t e race r l ow t o m idd le t e race r m idd le t e race r

GLOSSARY AND ABBREV IAT IONS

1 59

r m idd le t o h igh t e race s em i -recent t o h igh t e rrace d i ssec ted e ro s ion s urface , h i l l a nd f oo t s lope V IS IBLE W ATER SUPPLY AT S ITE T he p resence o r a bsence o f ar i ver , o r ad ef in i te l i ne o f p os i t ive v egeta t ion ma rk ing t he c ourse o f as t ream , a nd /or a ma rked r i ver o n t he 1 : 50 ,000 map c over w a s r ecorded f or e ach s i te a nd c oded a s 1i f aw a ter s upp ly w as v i s i b le , a nd 0 if t here w a s n o v i s ib le w a ter s upp ly a tt he s i te • V IS IBLE W ATER SUPPLY WITHIN 2 K ILO METRES OF S ITE T he p resence o r a bsence o f a second s ource o f w a ter w a s r ecorded f o r e ach s i te b y t ak ing ar ad ius o f t wo k i lome t res f ro m t he c entre o f t he s i te , a nd n o t ing t he p resence o r a bsence o f a ny s t reams , o r l i nes o f p os i t ive v ege ta t ion ma rk ing t he c our se o f as t ream . I f as econd w a te r s upp ly w a s v i s i b le , t he i n forma t ion w a s r ecorded a s 1 , a nd i fn o w a ter s upp ly w a s v i s ib le , t he i n forma t i on w a s r ecorded a s0 . REFERENCES & COM MENTS R eferences r efer t o o ther w orks w here t he s i te i s e i ther d esc r ibed o r i t ra ted . A l w orks a r e l i s ted i n t he B ib l iog raphy . C omment s i nc lude a ny lus l n o tes n o t f i t ing i n to t he d a taba se g roup s . A l so , i fp a r t o r a l o f s i te i s a B ARAY , t he t l p ercen tage o f t he s i te made u p o f t he BARAY i sn o ted .

GUIDE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES I N THE M UN R IVER BASIN

T h i s a ppend ix c on ta ins a s t anda rd s e t o f d a ta o n t he s i tes l o ca ted u s ing t he Wor ld Wa r I l l a er ia l p ho tog raphs o f t he Wi l iams -Hunt C o lec t ion i n t he Mun R ive r b a s in . E ach p age o f t h i s g u ide c onta ins d a ta o n o ne s i te . T he p age f o rma t , w i th a s i te p lan b ox a nd f i ve s ec t i ons , i ss hown b e low . CHANG WAT NA ME

s i te p lan b ox

LOCAT ION DATA

TOPOGRAPHY

S ITE FOR M

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

sa T he h ead ing s a nd s ubsec t ions a r e d ef ined i n t he G los ry . T he s i te p l an b ox i s ag u ide t o l l i n terp re t ing t he s i te a s i ta ppea r s o n t he Wi l iams -Hun t C o lec t ion o f a er ia l p ho tog raphs . T he o u t l ine i n t he b ox s how s o n ly t he g enera l s cheme o f t he p os i t ive v ege ta t ion ma rks s ur round l i ng t he s i te . T he mounds a r e s hown a s a r ea s o f s ma l a nd l a rge c i rc les , t he s ame s t y le u sed i n t he p ho tog raph ic g u ide d i ag rams i n t he t ex t . R iver s a re s hown a s aw avy l i ne . T he d raw ing s v a ry i n s ca le , w i th s i te s i ze i nd ica ted b y t he s i te a r ea mea surement l i s ted u nder t he h ead ing S ITE FOR M .

1 6 1

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

Nakhon Ratchas ima S i te Da ta

4 -

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA Si te n u mber Ban A mphoe Cha ng wa t

2 0 -1i .ND48-5 B an P radok Nakhon R a tcha s ima Nakhon R a tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAP s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 106 -7 > S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 > L 7017 -5439 1 -895610 1 1 -4 1 5 .00 > 1 02 .07

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude T er r ace So i l So i l ma ter ia l s ource

2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

> > > >

> 1 76 > > > > > >

r l ow t e race Ku la Rongha i l o ld r i ver a luv iu m l I ls y es y es

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

Shape N umbe r o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i r regu la r > 1 *7

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS Di s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te Di s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i lar s hape S i te Di s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude Al t i tude o f n ea re st p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1 5 .2

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS Other r e ferences f o r S i tes C om ments

3 . 50 0 . 12 5 0 4 57

1 62

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe

1 . 4

C ha ng wa t

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l

1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

> > > ÷

2 0 -1r .ND48-5 B an P radok Nakhon R a tcha s ima Nakhon R a tcha s ima

3 7 106 -7 > S IA M34

L 708 1 L 7017 -54391 1 -895610 1 5 .00 1 02 .07

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 1 76 r > l ow t e race > Ku la Rongha i l > o ld r i ver a luv iu m ls >Il > y es 9 y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 91 *2

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea rest d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n eares t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

> 3 . 75 *0 .12 *50 9 4 57

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 63

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 0 -2 i .ND48-1 > B an C hong U > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 > S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5456 1 1 1 > L 7017-5439 1 -921630 1 1 > 1 5 .02 4 1 02 .07

+

+

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t P o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eference s f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

> Nakhon R a tcha s ima -

> > > > >

1 74 l e vee f l oodp la in R a tchabur i l r ecen t r i ver a luv iu m I f

> y e s > y es

r > i regu la r *1 *9

> 2 .25 > 0 .50 > 3 7 > 3 01

1 64

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber

> 2 0 -3r .ND48 -1

1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> B an Raka i > Nakhon R a tcha s ima > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAP s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 > S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708-5456 1 1 1 > L 7017-5439 1 -921630 1 1 > 1 5 .03 > 1 02 .07

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice

2 .6 2 .7

V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> I ls l 3 y es > y es -

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 > 1 5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r eferences f or S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

> > > >

1 74 l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a luv ium l

> 0 .50 > 0 .50 > 3 7 > 3 01

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 65

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Data

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

- 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 > S IA M34 - 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 -54561 11 L 7017 -5439 1 -921630 1 1 1 5 .03 1 02 .07

> 4 > > >

1 74 l e vee f l oodp la in P h ima i r ecen t r i ver a luv ium l I ls l

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t .po int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

2 0 -4r .ND48 -1 B an R a l ca i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima Nakhon R a tcha s ima

4 y es > y es

> r ec tang le *1 > 1 7

> > > >

0 .50 0 .50 3 7 3 01

s V t 1 .p ar t o f s i te c l a ss if ied a

1 66

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 0 -5 i .ND48 -5 > B an S amrong ( 3 ) Nakhon R a tcha s ima > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 > S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

1 1 L 708 -5456 1 1 1 > L 7017 -5439 1 -92 1630 > 1 5 .01 > 1 02 .08

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r > i regu la r 41 > 1 5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 2 .25 > 2 . 75 3 3 7 > 3 01 -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 70 r l ow t e race K u la Rongha i luv o ld r i ver a ium l I l s y es y es

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 67

ima S ite Da ta NakhonR atchas

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 > S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t P o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ments

> B an P hutsa > Nakhon R a tchas ima > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

2 . 2 . 1

5 . 1

> 2 0 -6 i .ND48-5

L 708 L 7017-5438 IV -976593 1 5 .02 1 02 .03

> 1 66 > l e vee f l oodp la in > P h ima i l -4 r ecent r i ver a luv iu m 31 > y es > y es

r > i regu la r *1 > 8

> 3 . 50 3 3 . 50 3 4 5 > 3 01

1 .T iva :1982 : n o .20 -73 ( pho to d a te 1 974 ) I .v e s t ige o fp o s i t ive v ege t .r ings t o s outh o f s i te

1 68

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

+

1 . . 1 1 , 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 163 > S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5456 1 1 1 > L 7017-5439 1 -900629 1 1 > 1 5 .02

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t P o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

2 0 -7 i .ND48-5 B an S amrong ( 2 ) Nakhon R a tcha s ima Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> 1 02 .06

> 1 75 > l e vee f l oodp la in > P hima i > r ecent r i ver a iu m luv *1 > n o > y es

> i regu la r r > 2 34

> 2 .00 > 2 .50 3 3

4

> 3 01

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 69

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

. 1 1 1 . 2

S i te n u mber B an

1 . 3 1 . 4

Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 > S IA M 3 4 > 1 9 .02 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

> 2 0 -8r .ND48-1 > Wa t P hanomwan > Nakhon R a tcha s ima > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 L 7017 -5439 1 -991629 1 1 1 5 .02 1 02 .12

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t j o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

1 .La jonqu ire 1 :1907 :258 2 .FAD 1 959 :77 2 .T iwa :1982 :20 -

5 .2

Comments

1 .b a ray= 1 00% o f s i te 2 . cana l t o N (?) 17 3 .b a ray c l ea rer t han r e s t o f s i te

3 1 72 > l e vee f l oodp la in > P h ima i 4 r ecen t r i v er a luv iu m l 41 9 y es y es

9 r ec tang le *1 > 2 5

> > > >

1 . 50 4 .50 4 7 3 01

1 70

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

-+ i 1

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 > S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude

> ) > >

1 . 7

L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T e rrace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice

2 .6 2 . 7

V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

2 0 -9r .ND48 -1 B an Makha Nakhon R a tcha s ima Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708L 7017 -5439 1 -982630 1 1 1 5 .03 1 02 .12

> 1 72 > l e vee f l oodp la in > P hima i > r ecent r i ver a iu m luv 41

y es > y es

4

. ) r ec tang le 41 4 1 00

1 . 50 > 4 .30 *47

4

> 3 01

1 .B .Gros l ie r ( per sona l c ommun ica t ion ) 2 .T iva :1982 :20 17 1 l .s t i l v i s ib le o n t he g round 2 . r ec t a ng le i n c en t re o f s i te = r a i sed a r ea

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 7 1

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . t 1 . 1 1 . 2

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an

> 2 0 -10r .ND48 -1 > B an K ra tho t ( 2 ) -

1 . 3 1 . 4

Amphoe C hangwa t

> Nakhon R a tcha s ima > Nakhon R a tchas ima -

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l

1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 > S IA M34 -

I1 . 8 1 . 9 I1 . 10 + 1 . 11

+ -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Comments

> 1 9 .02 .46 > > > > -

L 708 L 7017 -5439 1 -970633 1 1 1 5 .02 1 02 .10

> > > > > > > -

1 72 l e vee f l opdp la in P h ima i r ecent r i ver a luv iu m l I y es y es

> r ec tang le 41 37

> 1 . 50 > 5 .00 *47 > 3 01

1 .T iva :1982 : n o .20 -117 1 .b a ray= 5 0% o f s i te 2 .w a ter i n to s i te may n ow b e d ry

1 72

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

NakhonR a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3

1 . 8 1 . 9 1 . 10 1 . 11

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

L 708 1 1 > L 7017-5439 1 -980651

_ ; ; ; +

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa terSupp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2

S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

te A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m >Si

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

2 0 -1 l r .ND48 -1 B an S aen Muang Nakhon R a tcha s ima Nakhon R a tcha s ima

- S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

-) 1 5 .03 > 1 02 .12

> > > > > > > -

1 77 l ow -m id t e rrace Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Im I n o y es

> r ec tang le 91 *3

> > > >

1 . 25 7 .00 4 5 3 01

1 .T iva :1982 : n o .20 -116 -1974 c ana l n o l o nge r v i s ib le 1 .B .Saen Muang= t own o f 1 00 00 2 .c ana l t o 0

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 73

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

+

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

-4

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

> > > >

2 0 -12r .ND48 -1 S a Nong B ua Nakhon R a tcha s ima Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> 7 106 -7 & 7 162 -3 S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

> > > > > > > -

L 708 1 1 L 7017 -5439 1 -990653 1 5 .03 1 02 .13

1 77 l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t c onc r . o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V t y es y es

> r ec tang le 41 > 1 5

> 2 .75 9 1 . 25 *45 > 3 01

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -116 1 .b a ray= 1 00% 2 .p oss ib le o ther r ec tang le s i tes t o SW & N

1 74

M OATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

+ -

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 162 -3 - S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > >

2 0 -13 i .ND48 -1 B an C han Non T ha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5456 1 1 1 L 7017 -5439 1 -846727 1 1 1 5 .07 1 02 .04

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> 1 70 > l e vee f l oodp la in - a ia l c omp lex luv > r ecent r i ver a ium luv -f ll m > y e s > y e s -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *2 > 1 7

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iva :20 -101 1 974 : h a s l o s t e a s t e a r thwo rk

3 . 80 0 .00 3 0 3 01

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 75

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe Changwa t

> 9 > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 162 -3 > S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5456 1 11 > L 7017 -5439 1 -846727 1 1 -4 1 5 .07 9 1 02 .04

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eference s f o r S i tes

5 .2

Commen ts

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -101

2 0 -13r .ND48 -1 B an C han Non T ha i Nakhon R a tchas ima

> 1 70 > l e vee f l oodp la in l > a luv ia l c omp lex l > r ecent r i ver a luv iu m -I I m > y es > y es

> r ec tang le *1 > 2 0

> > > >

6 . 75 0 .00 3 0 3 01

1 76

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

, ö f z i . ' •: .;

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

. 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 3 > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 163 > S IA M34 4 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map

> L 708-

L a t i tude L ong i tude

+ -

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 0 -14 i .ND48 -1 B an C han ( 3 .5K M e a s t ) Non T ha i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

1 1 > L 7017-5439 1 -881720 4 1 5 .05 > 1 02 .07

3 1 70 > l e vee f l oodp la in 4 P h ima i

2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

SITE FOR M S hape ta t ion R ing s a round S i te Number o fP os i t iveV ege A rea

r > i regu lar *1 3 2 8

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

SITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

9 > > 3

5 . 5 . 1

R EFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f or S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

luv > r ecent r i ver a iu m ‚I > y es 3 y es

3 . 80 9 .50 3 5 3 01

1. T iva : 1 982 : 2 0 -110 1. s i te f a in t o n p ho to b ut c l ea r o n map

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO AR CHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 77

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 163 S IA M34 > 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -15 i .ND48 -1 B an T aku t No i Non T ha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 L 7017 -5439 1 -861732 1 1 1 5 .07 1 02 .05

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> 1 70 > l e vee f l oodp la in > a luv ia l c omp lex l > r ecen t r i ver a ium luv -I I m > y e s > y e s

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

i la r regu *1 > 2 8

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea re s t d i s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

3 2 .00 > 1 2 .00 > 3 2 > 3 01 -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

3

1 .s i te f a in t o n p ho to b ut a ppea r s o n map a s i n hab i ted o xbow

1 7 8

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > 3 >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 029 -33 > S IA M 3 9 > 2 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -16 i .ND48 -1 B an Non P u la l c Non T ha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5456 1 1 1 L 7017 -5439 1 -911790 1 1 1 5 .10 1 02 .07

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> 1 70 > l e vee f l oodp la in > P h ima i > r ecen t r i ve r a ium luv -I I m > y e s > y es -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 i la r regu 33 > 1 8

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 7 .00 > 0 .25 *40 > 3 0 1

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -32

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 7 9

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

2 0 -16r .ND48 -1 9 B an Non P u la l c > Non T ha i > N akhon R a tcha s ima

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 029 -33 > S IA M39 > 2 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 9 > > -

L 708 1 1 L 7017 -5439 1 -911790 1 5 .10 1 02 .07

1 70 l e vee f l oodp la in P h ima i luv r e cen t r i ver a ium Im y e s y es

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> > > 9 > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

-4 r ec tang le 41 > 2 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUND INGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 6 . 80 > 0 . 25 940 > 3 01

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -32

1 80

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

4 --

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+

1 . 8 1 . 9 1 . 10 1 . 11

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAP s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 029 -33 > S IA M39 > 2 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map La t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude r ace Ter

2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

So i l So i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

> > >

L 708-5456 IV 1 1 L 7017 -5439 1 -962817 1 5 .11 1 02 .10

> > > > > > >

1 63 l e vee f l oodp la in P hima i l r ecent r i ver a luv iu m I 'm y es y es

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

Shape N umber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS Di s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

ss Di s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te Di s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude Al t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS Other r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

2 0 -17r .ND48 -1 i B an P ra sa t -N ong NonKra Non T ha i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

C ommen ts

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -47 1 .b a ray=

1 00% o f s i te

> r ec tang le *1 -4 3 0

> 0 .50 > 4 .00 342 > 3 01

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 8 1

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

1 . 5 1 . 6

RAF S er ia l

1 . 7

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

+

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource

2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2

D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

> 2 0 -18 i .ND48-1 > B an Muang T h i > Non T ha i > Na l chon R a tchas ima > 7 029 -33 + 7 070 > S IA M39 + F IC127 > 2 8 .02 .46 + 1 9 .01 .45 > L 708 -5456 IV > L 7017 -5439 1 -008815 1 1 > 1 5 .12 > 1 02 .12

> 1 65 > l e vee f l oodp la in > P hima i > r ecent r i ver a luv ium l > I Im > y es > y es -

> i regu la r r *3 > 1 5

> > > >

9 .50 4 .00 5 0 3 01

974 1 .T iva :1982 :20 -35 1 hanne l b e t . 2 ri vers 1 . 3 r i ng s f o rm r ec t . c 2 . a r ea=

c i rc le o n ly

1 82

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

>7 029 -33 > S IA M 3 9 > 2 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 -5456 IV 1 1 L 7017 -5439 1 -962817 1 5 .11 1 02 .10

1 63 l e vee f i oodp la in P h ima i luv r ecen t r i ver a ium Im y es y es

2 0 -19r .ND48 -1 B an P ra sa t :Nong Non K ra t Non S ung Nakhon R a tcha s ima

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 94

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t P o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 0 . 50 > 4 .50 *42 > 3 01

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -47 1 .b a ray= 2 5% o f s i te

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 8 3

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

I . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

2 0 -20 1 .ND48 -1 > 0 . 5 km E . o fB an K ul i > Non S ung > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAP s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 076 + 7 070 -1 > S IA M39 + F IC127 >2 8 .02 .46 + 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 -5456 1 1-088836 L 7017 -54391 1 5 .13 1 02 .17

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > 9 >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r > i regu la r > 2 +41

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r es t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t 'po int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 . 00 > 7 .00 *40 > 2 74

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 60 r l ow t e race K u la R ongha i luv o ld r i ver a ium I I sm y es y es

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -33 1 974 l i r 1 .a regu la r s i te s i n t h i s a r ea h ave s im i la r a ppea rance w i th s evera l r i ng s

1 84

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

9 7 076 + 7 070 -1 9 S IA M39 + F IC127 > 2 8 .02 .46 + 1 9 .01 .45 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea rest d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ments

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -38

2 0 -21i .ND48 -1 B an Non S ung Non S ung Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> > > 9

L 708-5456 1 L 7017 -54391 1-090808 1 5 .11 1 02 .17

1 62 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a luv ium l

> I Ism > y es > y es

> i regu la r r 33 *43

> 3 .00 > 6 .25 340 > 2 74

1 85

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

_ I

t •

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 070 -1 > FI C1 27 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > > -

+ -

RAF S er ia l

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

1 .T iva : 1 982 : 2 0 -43

> > > > -

2 0 -22 i .ND48-1 B an Ma i S iL lan Non S ung Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> > > > > > > -

L 708-5456 1 L 7017 -54391 1-060761 1 5 .09 1 02 .16

1 70 m id -h igh t e race r Wa r in o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V t y es y es

> i regu la r r *3 > 1 2 -

5 . 50 > 1 4 .00 > 3 6 > 2 74 -4

1 86

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l

1 . 8 1 . 9 . 10 1 + 1 . 11

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

> > > > -

2 0 -23 i .ND48 -1 B an Don Khon K hap Non S ung Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> 7 070 -1 > F IC 1 27 1 9 .01 .45 > > > >

L 708 L 7017 -5439 1 -005772 1 1 1 5 .09 1 02 .13

> 1 70 > > > >

l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv ium l Ism I

> y es > y es

> i regu la r r 93 *24

> > > >

5 .50 8 .00 3 7 2 74

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 87

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > >

1 . 6 1 . 7

2 0 -24 i .ND48-1 NE o f B an Amphoe P hima i P h ima i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

L 708-5456 1 L 7017-5539 1 -355858 1 1 1 5 .14 1 02 .33

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

> 1 54 > l e vee f l oodp la in -

2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

> i regu la r r > 1 45

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 2 . 50 3 0 . 15 *11 > 2 51

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

P h ima i r ecen t r i ver a luv ium l 1 Im y es y es

1 .4 .5 km NE o f B an Amphoe P h ima i o n L am T hong L ang

1 88

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708-5456 1 > L 7017-5539 1 -355858 1 1 > 1 5 .14

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T e rrace

2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

2 0 -24r .ND48 -1 N E o f B an Amphoe P h ima i P h ima i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> 1 02 .33

> 1 54 > > > >

l evee f l oodp la in P h ima i r ecent r i ver a iu m luv Im I

> y es > y es

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2

S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

> r ec tang le *1

3 . 3

A rea

*3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 4 .25 > 0 . 15 *11 > 2 51

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

h ima i o n 1 .4 .5 km NE o f B an Amphoe P L am T hong L ang

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 89

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 & 7 076 -7 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ments

2 0 -25r .ND48-1 Wa t H in P h ima i P h ima i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708-5456 1 L 7017-54391 1-312836 1 5 .13 1 02 .30

> 1 59 > >

l e vee f l oodp la in a luv ia l c omp lex l r ecent r i ver a luv iu m l 1m

> y es > y es -

> r ec tang le +1 *80

> > >

0 .60 2 .25 1 2 2 51

1 .L a jonqu iere :I : 2 78 I:1907 2 . We lch :1983 3 .T iva :1982 :20 6 8 1 .2 other r ec t . ( ba ray?) S .o f s i te 2 . s evera l i n terp re ta t ions p oss . o f s i te

1 90

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+ -

S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > 9 -

2 0 -26 r .ND48-1 SW o fB an Amphoe P h ima i P h ima i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 > FI C1 27 4 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > 9

L 708-5456 1 1-297829 L 7017 -54391 1 5 .12 1 02 .29

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

> 1 . 00

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Commen ts

1 . We lch : 1 983

*164 > l e vee f l oodp la in 9 R a tchabur i l > r ecent r i ver a luv ium > I Is m > y es > y es

*1

> 3 . 50 * 1 2 > 2 51

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 9 1

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

+ -

> 2 0 -27r .ND48-1 > W o f B an Amphoe P h ima i > P h ima i > Nakhon R a tcha s ima > 7 061-2 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45 > L 708-5456 1 > L 7017-54391 1-302835 > 1 5 .13 > 1 02 .29 -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource

2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Nu mber o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 .6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i lar s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferencesfo r S i tes

5 .2

Comments

> > > > > > >

1 64 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a iu m luv I 'm y es y es

1 . 00 3 .25 1 2 2 51

1 . We lch : 1 983 1. b a ray= 1 00% o f s i te 2 . p ho to d oes n o t a g ree w i th map 3 . 1 . 25km W o fP h ima i

1 92

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

4 -

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 0 -28r .ND48-1 > W o f B an Amphoe P h ima i > P h ima i > Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 > F IC 1 27 3 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > 3

L 708-5456 1 L 7017-54391 1-2884828 1 5 .12 1 02 .28

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 > > > > ÷

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 91 94

3 1 64

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te

3 3 > 3

l ow -m id t e rrace Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a luv ium l Ism I y es y es

. 10 1 3 . 70 1 4 2 51

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

1 . We lch : 1 983

5 .2

C om men ts

fP h ima i 1 .s i te i s3 . 3 km W. o

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 93

Nakhon Ratchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie

1 . 7

RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

+ -

> > > >

2 0 -29 i .ND48 -1 B an T amyae P h ima i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> 7 061-2 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45 > L 708-5456 1 > L 7017-54391 1-272859 > 1 5 .14 > 1 02 .28

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

> i regu la r r *1 > 1 6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

4 .25 > 3 .00 > 1 6 > 2 51

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

1 . We lch : 1 983

> > > > >

1 59 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I

> y es > y es

1 9 4

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

2 0 -30 i .ND48 -1 > B an T oe i ÷ P h ima i > Nakhon R a t cha s ima

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 > F IC127 9 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 -5456 1 L 7017 -5439 1 -282903 1 5 .17 1 02 .28

1 60 r l ow t e race Ku la R ongha i luv o ld r i ver a iu m I I sm y es n o

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *2 > 1 6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 4 .20 - 6 . 23 > 1 9 * 251

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 . We lch : 1 983 l 1 . many s ma l w eb l ike s t reams a r ound s i te 2 .N /S r oad e a s t o f s i te : n o t o n map

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

1 95

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

I 1 .

LOCAT ION DATA > 2 0 -31i .ND48 -1 B an Non T u rn > P h ima i -

. 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

+ > > >

L 708 -5456 1 &5 56 IV L 7017 -5439 1 -316910 1 5 .17 1 02 .30

1 55 r l ow t e race Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

-4

> Na l chon R a tcha s ima -

-4

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > 9

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *1 *1

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Comments

> 2 . 30 6 . 20 > 1 9 -4 2 51 -4

1 . We lch : 1 983 l 1 . Wa ter o nly s ma l s t reams 2 . S hape & w a ter d i ff icu l t t o i n terp re t

1 96

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

tchas ima S i te D a ta NakhonR a

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

+ -

> > > -

2 0 -32 i .ND48 -1 B an C ha i P hi ma i Na l chon R g tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5456 1 &5 56 IV L 7017 -5539 IV -330919 > 1 5 .17 > 1 02 .30

> F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45 -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r > 1

4 .

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

>

1 55 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I n o n o

> 8

> 2 .30 > 6 .20 > 1 7 > 2 51 -

1 . We lch : 1 983 1 . may o nce h ave h ad w a ter i n 2 . s hape a nd w a ter d i ff icu l t t o i n terpre t

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 97

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

. 1 1 1 . 2

Si te n umber Ban

1 . 3 1 . 4

A mphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+ -

> 2 0 -33r .ND48-1 > Wa t S a P h leng -Sa P hom 3 P h ima i - Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

3 7 061-2 > F IC127 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > > -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

> 1 9 .01 .45 L 708-5456 1 &5 56 IV L 7017-54391 1-319842 1 5 .14 1 02 .30

> 1 59 > > 3 > > >

l e vee f i oodp la in a luv ia l c omp lex l r ecent r i ver a luv ium l I lm y e s y es

> r ec tang le 31 9

7

> 3 > >

0 .25 1 . 60 1 2 2 51

I:1907 1 .La jonqu iere :I : 2 97 2 .FAD :1959 :62 T hanang S a P hom 1 .L a jonqu iere t i es b a ray t o Wa t H in P h ima i 2 . b a ray= 1 00% o f s i te

1 9 8

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -34 i .ND48 -1 NE o f B an K hok ( 1 ) P hima i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5456 1 & 56 IV 1 1 L 7017 -5539 1 -328868 1 5 .14 1 02 .31

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> 1 60 > l e vee f l oodp la in l > a luv ia l c omp l ex luv > r ecen t r i ver a iu m -I I m > y es > y e s

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape N umber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r 92 +6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUND INGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

2 . 50 3 . 00 1 3 2 51

1 .We lch : 1 983 1 .w a ter i n to s i te may n ow b e d ry 2 .s i te i s 1km NE o fB an K hok

A PPEND IX : GU IDE TO A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

1 99

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie

> > > >

2 0 -35 i .ND48-1 Eo fB an Amphoe P h ima i P h ima i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a t S i te V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

L 708-5456 1 L 7017 -5539 1 -329845 1 1 1 5 .14 1 02 .31

> 1 60 > l e vee f l oodp la in > P h ima i > r ecent r i ver a luv ium l 91 1m > y es > y es

> i regu la r r *2 '5

> > > > -

2 .50 2 .00 1 2 2 51

1 .We lch : 1 983 2 .T iva : 1 982 : n o .20 -153 ( Ban Kok ( 2 ))

2 00

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 115 -6 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > -

moo..

2 0 -36 i .ND48 -1 B an N g iu Ma B ua Y a i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5557 IV L 7017 -5540 1 -32 1205 1 1 1 5 .33 1 02 .30

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o f S i te

> > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *2 > 1 4 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tanceto n ea res t p o in t100m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 1 . 75 > 0 .30 4 3 0 > 2 69 -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rence s f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 70 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a luv ium l I Vsm y es y es

1. T iva :1982 :20 -51 t a ken 1 974 r i ng s d eg raded

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 0 1

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 115 -6 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

1 . 8 1 . 9 . 10 1 + 1 . 11

2 0 -36 r .ND48 -1 B an Ng iu Ma B ua Y a i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5557 IV L 7017 -5540 1 -321205 1 1 1 5 .33 1 02 .30

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUND INGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 7 .00 > 0 . 30 *30 > 2 69

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -51

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .r e c tang le b a ray=

1 70 l ow t e race r K u la R ongha i o ld r i ver a ium luv I Vsm y es y es

6 0% o fs i te

2 02

M OATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAN D

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

-+ -

I . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 115 -6 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > > -

2 0 -37 i .ND48 -1 S E o f B an Ng iu Ma B ua Y a i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5557 IV L 7017 -5540 1 -331200 1 1 1 5 .33 1 02 .31

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *3 * 28

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 1 . 75 > 6 . 25 930 > 2 69 -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 70 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a luv iu m I Vsm y es y es

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -60 n or th p a r t o n ly s l igh t ly v i s ib le n ow 1 .w a ter i n to s i te o n p ho to b ut n o t o n m ap 2 .s i te i s 1km S E o fB an Ng iu Ma

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 03

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

-

e

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> 2 0 -38r .ND48 -1 > B an S ida B ua Y a i > N akhon R a tcha s ima

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAP s o r t ie RAF d a te

*7115 -6 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5557 IV > L 7017 -5540 1 -398202 1 1 -4 1 5 .33 > 1 02 .34

-

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l m a ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o f S i te

> > > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

- r ec tang le *1 *8

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te i te A l t i tude D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t100m > S o int100m >Si te A l t i tude o fn ea re s t.p

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 52 l ow -m id t e race r R o i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv H I sm y es y es

2 .00 2 4 .00 3 4 2 64

1 .L a jonqu ie re :I : 2 75 I:1907 ( Ku B an S i da )2 . T iva :1982 :20 5 4 1 . no t s t anda rd r e c tang le : a soc ia ted g r id s 2 .o ld c ana l s 3 . no t o n map

2 04

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

+

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C han g wa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

* 7115 -6 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

1 . 7

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T errace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

2 0 -39 i .ND48 -1 B an Ma l cha B ua Y a i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5557IV L 7017 -5540 1 -413190 1 1 1 5 .33 1 02 .36

> > > > >

1 55 m idd le t e race r P hon P i sa i o ld r i ver a luv ium l V t

> y es > y es

> i regu la r r *3 > 1 6

> 8 .00 > 2 . 50 > 3 4 > 2 64

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -55

5 .2

C om ment s

1 .w a ter o n p ho to b ut n o t o n map

APPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 05

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+ -

S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > 3 > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

-4

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708-55581 1 1 - L 7017 -5540 1 -422349 1 1 -4 1 5 .41 > 1 02 .36

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea reg p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

2 0 -40 i .ND48 -1 B an Khu m Ma -U B ua Y a i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> 7 016 S IA M96 > 1 6 .04 .46 -

> 1 85 > > > > > 3

m idd le t e race r Kora t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m V t n o y es

i regu la r r > 2 925

4 8 .00 > 0 .25 942 > 2 69

I .v es t iges o n ly o f r i ng s o n NW c orner

2 06

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber

1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 016 > S IA M96 > 1 6 .04 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5558 1 1 1 9 L 7017 -5540 1 -419345 1 1 > 1 5 .41 4 1 02 .36

+ -

2 0 -41r .ND48 -1 > Nong Khum Ma -U > B ua Y a i > Nakhon R a tcha s ima -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 95

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i lar s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re st p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > 9

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C omments

> > > 9 >

1 84 r l ow -m id t e race Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv ium I Ism

> y es > y es

9 .00 0 .25 4 2 2 69

1 .b a ray= 5 0% o f s i te 2 .r ec tang les j o ined o n l ong s i de

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 07

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > 9 -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 016 > S IA M96 > 1 6 .04 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 0 -42 i .ND48 -1 Non Don P om B ua Y a i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> L 708 -5558 1 1 1 1 1 L 7017-5540 1 -483384 > 1 5 .43 -4

> 1 02 .38

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

- i regu la r r *2

3 . 3

A rea

> 3 7

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 8 .00 9 0 .50 *50 9 2 69

S . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ments

1 72 l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

2 08

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

- 7 016 > S IA M96 > 1 6 .04 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708-5558 1 1 1 L 7017 -5540 1 -490380 1 1 > 1 5 .43 > 1 02 .39

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l

2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

2 0 -43r .N 1D48 -1 S E o f Non Don P o rn B ua Y a i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> 1 72 > > > > > 9

l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

> r ec tang le 91 -4 1 4

> 9 .00 > 0 .50 350 > 2 69

1 .0 . 5km S E o f Non Don P o rn 2 . b a ray= 3 0% l 3 .n o t o n map 4 .2 la rge + 2 s ma l r ec tang le

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 09

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

+ -

> 2 0 -44r .ND48-1 > SW o f B an Non Ha t K ran > B ua Y a i > Nakhon R a tcha s ima -

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 120 > S IA M79 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

> 1 6 .03 .46 L 708-5557 IV L 7017-5540 1 -563232 1 1 1 5 .34 1 02 .44

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Nu mber o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude D i s tance t f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o

> > > >

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen ts

> 1 53 - l ow -m id t e race r > Ro i E t > > > > -

o ld r i ver a luv iu m l I sm I n o y es

0 . 80 .00 1 4 0 1 54

1 .n o t o n map 2 . o ld r oad o r c ana l t h rough s i te a nd t o s outh 3 . 0 .5km SW o f B an Non H e t

2 10

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

tchas ima S i te Da ta NakhonR a

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 120 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

I1 . 8 1 . 9 I1 . 10 +1 . 11

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708-5557 IV > L 7017 -5540 1 -562239 1 1

I1 . 1 . 1 I1 . 2 I1 . 3 1 . 4

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C om ment s

2 0 -45r .ND48-1 W o f B an Non Ha t K ran Amphoe P ra tha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> 1 5 .35 > 1 02 .44

> 1 53 > > >

l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ism I

> y es > y es

- r ec tang le > 1 *1

> > > >

0 .80 1 0 .00 3 9 1 54

1 .n o t o n map 2 . 0 .5km W o f B .Non He t K ran 3 . may o nce h ave b een b a ray

APPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 11

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

. .....

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie

*7120 -3 / 7 201-2 / 7 207 > S IA M79

RAF d a te

> 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -46 i .ND48-1 l km SW o f B an Nong Kok Amphoe P ra tha i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

• •••

L 708-55571 L 7017 -55401 1-620173 1 5 .32 1 02 .47

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *2 *9

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

> > > >

1 43 m idd le t e race r Kora t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l

-4 Vt

n o > y es -

-4

1 . 00 8 . 50 4 7 2 51

1 .p oss ib le r ec tang le 2 50m n o r th o f s i te b ut d id n o t i n c lude 2 . may o nce h ave h ad w a ter

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

2 12

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

+

+

. . ,

. . "

I . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > 9 8

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 120 -3 / 7 201-2 / 7 207 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46 -

1 . 8 1 . 9 . 10 1 . 11 1

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -55571 > L 7017-55401 1-632169 > 1 5 .31 4 1 02 .48

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1 5 . 2

2 0 -47 i .ND48 -1 B an P ra tha i Amphoe P ra tha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

> > > > > 9 > -

1 42 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

I

r 9 i regu la r *1 > 3 7

> 2 .00 > 0 .00 > 4 6 -4 2 51

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS Other r eferences f o r S i tes C omments

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -63 1. u nusua l i regu lar i n s ide r ec tang le + 2 nd r r ec tang le o n s ou th s i de 2 .p oss ib le c ana l s

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 13

NakhonR a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 120 -3 / 7 201-2 / 7 207 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -47r .ND48 -1 B an P ra tha i Amphoe P ra tha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5557 1 1-632 L 7017-55401 169 1 5 .31 1 02 .48

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ionRing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 > 8 1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 8 . 00 3 0 . 00 946 3 2 51

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e fe rences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 42 r l ow t e race K u la Rongha i l o ld r i ver a luv ium I I sm y es y es

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -63 regu 1 . unusua l i la r i n s ide r e c tang le + 2 nd sib r e c tang le o n s ou th s i de 2 .p os le c ana l s

2 14

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

4 > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

*7120 -3 / 7 20 1-2 / 7 207 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5557 1 1 > L 7017 -5540 1 -629179 4 1 5 .32 > 1 02 .47

2 0 -48 i .ND48 -1 B an Nong K ok Amphoe P ra tha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > 4 >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

i regu la r r 32 > 1 8

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 1 . 00 0 .25 >4 8 2 51

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -6 1

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .r i ng s q u i te d eg raded

1 44 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a ium luv Ism I y es y es

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 15

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

5 .

_ . _ • 55

/

•

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 120 -3 / 7 201-2 / 7 207 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -157

2 0 -48r .ND48 -1 B an Nong K ok Amphoe P ra tha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5557 1 1-629179 L 7017 -55401 1 5 .32 1 02 .47

> 1 44 r l ow t e race > K u la Rongha i luv > o ld r i ver a iu m > I I sm > y es > y es

> r ec tang le 41

+2

> 2 . 50 > 0 .25 *48 >2 51

2 16

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 052 -3 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5556 1 L 7017 -55391 1-592844 > 1 5 .13 > 1 02 .45 -

+-

2 0 -49 i .ND48-1 0 . 5km NE B an N ong T a N a Amphoe C hum P huang Nakhon R a tcha s ima

4

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> i regu la r r '3 -4 2 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t100m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 7 .25 + 7 .00 * 20 *251

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 73 l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ve r a ium luv V t y es y es

1. T iva :1982 :20 -24 t aken 1 974 r i ng s d eg raded o n e a s t

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 17

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

(/°

-:

S I

______

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l

1 . 6 1. 7

RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 052 -3 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

+

> > > >

2 0 -50 i .ND48 -1 0 . 6km NW : Non Muang R ang Amphoe C hum P huang Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5556 1 1-660866 L 7017 -55391 1 5 .14 1 02 .49

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ou rce sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r > i regu la r > 3 > 2 5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r es t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 75 r l ow -m id t e race R o i E t luv o ld r i ver a iu m I Im y es y es

3 . 50 2 . 80 2 5 2 51

1. T iva :20 -18 t a ken 1 974 r i ng s d eg raded b u t d ry s ea son

2 18

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILA ND

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

. 4 -

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 052 -3 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > 9 >

2 0 -51 i .ND48 -1 B an Muang T ang Amphoe C hum P huang Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5556 1 1-678839 L 7017 -55391 1 5 .13 1 02 .50

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 1 75 r > l ow -m id t e race Ro i E t luv > o ld r i ver a iu m > V t 9 y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape N umbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r ÷ i regu la r 93 > 3 1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> 3 . 50 -4 1 .00

3 25 ‚251

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 19

tchas ima S i te Da ta NakhonR a

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 052 -3 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude

> > > > -

L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re st p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

5 . 2

Comment s

2 0 -51r .ND48 -1 B an Muang T ang Amphoe C hu m P huang Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

L 708 -5556 1 L 7017 -55391 1-678839 1 5 .13 1 02 .50

> 1 75 > > > >

l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv V t y es y es

> r ec tang le > 1 *11

> > > >

1 5 .00 1 . 00 2 5 2 51

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -22 1 .r ec tang le s i te c onnec ted t o r ec tangu la r b a ray c onnec ted t o i r e g u l a r s i t e r

20

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . 5 _1 8

1 . 6 1 . 7

+ -

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 172 -4 > S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -52 i .ND48-1 0 .5km E .Ban Ma i T ha i C han Amphoe H ua i T ha laeng Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

1 1 L 708-5556 1 1 1 L 7017 -5539 1 -545698 1 5 .06 1 02 .43

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *2 *25

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

1 52 r l ow -m id t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver a iu m I Ism y es y es

7 .25 > 7 .00 > 1 6 > 2 51

1 .L a jonqu ie re : II :1907 : 2 29 n o .414 2 .S e idenfaden : 9 1 l 3 .T iva :1982 :20 -66 1 .n ame= ' v i lage o f t he b roken r oad ' : L a jonqu iere & S e idenfaden

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

21 2

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource

2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

L and C apab i l i ty C lass if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

> > > >

2 0 -53 i .ND48-1 B an Kong Rot Amphoe Hua i T ha laeng Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

> 7 172 -4 + 7 116 -7 > S IA M70 + S IA M4 > 0 8 .03 .46 + 0 6 .02 .46 > L 708-5556 1 1 1 > L 7017 -5539 1 -570632 1 1 > 1 5 .02 > 1 02 .44

> > > > > > -

1 65 l ow -m id t e rrace Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ism I y es y es

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 .3

S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r '3 > 5 0

4 . 4 .1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Comment s

3 .00 0 .50 2 2 2 51

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -156 1 .r ec tang le a ppea rs t o e nc lose i regu la r r 2 . r ec tang le n o t e xac t ly r egu la r

22

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

+

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

*7172 -4 + 7 116 -7 > S IA M70 + S IA M4 > 0 8 .03 .46 + 0 6 .02 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708-5556 1 1 1 > L 7017 -5539 1 -570632 1 1 4 1 5 .02 > 1 02 .44

+ -

2 0 -53r .ND48 -1 B an Kong Ro t Amphoe Hua i T ha laeng Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C lass if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2

Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

> r ec tang le *1

3 . 3

A rea

> 9 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n eares t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

> 1 65 r 4 l ow -m id t e race > Ro i E t luv > o ld r i ver a iu m > I Ism > y es > y es

> 4 .35 4 0 .50 *22 > 2 51

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -156 r 1 .r ec tang le a ppea r s t o e nc lose i regu la r 2 .r ec tang le n o t e xac t ly r egula r

2 23

APPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

. 1 1 1 . 2

S i te n u mber B an

1 . 3 1 . 4

Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

*7172 -4 + 7 116 -7 - S IA M70 + S IA M4 > 0 8 .03 .46 + 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -54 i .ND48-1 l km S E o f B an Na T akhu Amphoe Hua i T ha laeng Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

L 708-5556 1 1 1 L 7017 -5539 1 -540630 1 1 1 5 .02 1 02 .42

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te

r > i regu la r *2

3 . 3

A rea

*7

4 . 4 . 1

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

> > > > > -3

1 67 l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V t n o

> y es

3 3 .00 3 1 . 25 *20 > 2 51 -

1 . may h ave o nce h ad w a ter i n to s i te 2 .r i ng s q u i te d eg raded

24

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Data

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

-7172 -4 + 7 116 -7 > S IA M70 + S IA M4 > 0 8 .03 .46 + 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

÷ > > >

2 0 -55r .ND48-1 B an Na T akhu Amphoe Hua i T ha laeng Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708-5556 1 1 1 L 7017 -5539 1 -535636 1 1 1 5 .02 1 02 .42

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 > 1 0

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n eares t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men t s

1 67 l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ve r a luv iu m l V t n o y es

> 4 .35 1 . 25 > 1 7 > 2 51 -

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

25 2

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe

1 . 5 !1 . 6 1 . 7

C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

9 7 169 -74 > S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> ÷ > 9

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

2 0 -56 i .ND48-1 B an Nong Muang Y a i Amphoe Hua i T ha laeng Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

L 708-5556 1 1 1 L 7017 -5539 1 -515655 1 1 1 5 .03 1 02 .41

> 1 63 > m id -h igh t e rrace > > > > >

S a T uk o ld r i ver a iu m luv V t y es y es

> i regu la r r 42 *6

> 9 > >

4 .00 0 .25 1 7 2 51

1 .d i ff icu l t s i te t o i n terp re t b ut d ef in i te

26

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber

1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 169 -74 > S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map

> > > > -

L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2

S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen ts

2 0 -56 r .ND48 -1 B an Nong Muang Y a i Amphoe Hua i T ha laeng Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708-5556 1 1 1 L 7017-5539 1 -515655 1 1 1 5 .03 1 02 .41

> 1 63 > > > > >

m id -h igh t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a iu m luv V t y es

> y es

> r ec tang le 31 9, 4

> > > >

2 .75 0 .25 1 7 2 51

I .d i ff icu l t s i te t o i n terp re t b ut d ef in i te

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

27 2

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

4

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 169 -71 > S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude

2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

T er r ace So i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

2 0 -57 i .ND48-1 B an Muang P h lap P h la (1) Amphoe Hua i T ha laeng Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

L 708-5556 1 1 1 L 7017 -5539 1 -440655 1 1 1 5 .03 1 02 .37

> > > > > -

1 68 l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver -al iu m luv V t

> y es > y es

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r 33 > 6 0

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D is tance t o n ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

> 8 .00 > 0 .00 -4 11

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 2 51

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

1 .T iva I nven tory n o .20 -82

Comments

2 .L a jonqu iere : II :1907 : 2 29 3 .S r i sakra :1977 r 1 .r ec tang le embraces i regu la r

5 .2

2 28

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

tchas ima S i te Da ta NakhonR a

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 169 -71 > S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude

> > > >

L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te V i s ib le Wa terSupp

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

2 0 -57r .ND48 -1 B an Muang P h lap P h la (1) Amphoe Hua i T ha laeng Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -5556 1 1 1 L 7017 -5539 1 -440655 1 1 1 5 .03 1 02 .37

> > > > > >

1 68 l ow -m id t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

> r ec tang le 41 > 1 27 -

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

-

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 2 51

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

> 8 . 50 0 .00 1 1

1 .T iva I nven to ry n o .20 -82 2 .L a jonqu iere :I I:229 3 .S r i sakra :1977 1 .r ec tang le embraces i r regu la r

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 29

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 105 -6 > S IA M49 > 2 6 .02 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -58 i .ND48 -5 l km N W o f B an Hua T aphan Amphoe C hakka ra t Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

L 708 L 7017 -5538 IV -390590 1 4 .58 1 02 .32

1 -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

r > i regu la r > 2

3 . 3

A rea

> 2 0

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

> 4 .00 > 2 1 .00

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 7 > 2 92

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Commen ts

> 2 00 > > > > > 4

h igh t e race r S a tuk o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V ts y es y es

1 . Wa les : 1 957 :44 (Muang R awn T hong) 2 .T iva :1982 :20 8 5

2 30

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

NakhonR a tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

. 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 126 & 7 054 -6 > BN484 & S IA M34 > 2 7 .03 .45 & 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 -5255 1 -RS015514 > L 7017 -53381 -011512 > 1 4 .55

1 . 5 1 . 6 .1 . 7

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C lass if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

SITE FOR M S hape N u mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1 5 .2

2 0 -60 i .ND47 -8 Muang S ema Amphoe S ung Noen Nakhon R a tcha s im a

> 1 01 .48

> > > > > > >

21 2 m id -h igh t e race r Wa r in o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V t y es y es

> i regu la r r *3 > 1 50

3 4 0 .00 3 .50 2 0 > 5 44

4

R EFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

1 , FAD :1959 :61

C om men ts

1 00 3 .La jonqu iere 1 :298 1 .3 rd e x tens ion t o n or th n o t i nc luded i n

2 . Wa les :1969 :

a r ea ( = 1 50ha .) ; o r ig ina l e nc l .=

3 7 .5ha .

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 31

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

3 7 126 & 7 054 -6 > BN484 & S IA M34 > 2 7 .03 .45 & 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res . t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Comment s

> Nakhon R a tch a s im a

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

RAF S er ia l

5 . 5 . 1

> 2 0 -61r .ND47 -8 > B an Hua > Amphoe S ung Noen

L 708 -5255 I -QS982502 L 7017 -53381 -988500 1 4 .55 1 01 .47

> > > > > -

22 2 m idd le t e rrace Kora t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V t

> y es y es

> r ec tang le *1 *3

3 > > >

6 . 50 3 . 50 1 7 5 44

1 . FAD :1959 :61 .P ra sa t H in S ra 1 .b a ray= 5 0% o f s i te 2 P h leng ( FAD :1959 :61) 3 .o ther ma rks i n a r ea

2 32

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

+

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAP s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 126 & 7 054 -6 > BN484 & S IA M34

L 708 map

> > > >

4 > > >

> 2 7 .03 .45 & 1 9 .02 .46

L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 .3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a t S i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2

S hape Number o f P os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

> 4 4 4 4 > >

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res tp o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

1 .b a ray=

2 0 -62 r .ND47 -8 Wa t C hanthra ram Amphoe S ung Noen Nakhon R a tcha s ima

L 708 -52551 L 7017 -53381 -968558 1 4 .58 1 01 .46

27 2 l e vee f l oodp la in P hima i r ecen t r i v -er a luv ium l I ls l y es y es

4 r ec tang le *1 33

1 00% o f s i te

> 5 .00 > 7 .50 *20 > 5 44

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 33

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie

> 2 0 -63r .ND47-8 - P ra sa t H in Muang Ku > Amphoe S ung Noen > Nakhon R a tcha s im a

RAF d a te

> 7 126 & 7 054 -6 > BN484 & S IA M34 > 2 7 .03 .45 & 1 9 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 > L 7017-5338 1 -068500 > 1 4 .54 > 1 01 .51

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l

2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s h ve S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la i ,1 ) . ,pe S i te i te A l t i tude D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 0 ( ), > S i te A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00 1 ),> S

> > > >

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

1 . FAD :1959 :59

> > > > > > >

2 11 m idd le t e race r Nam P hong o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V t n o y es

1 . 00 4 . 70 2 0 5 44

2 34

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 0 -64r .ND47-8 > P ra sa t H in Muang Khaek > Amphoe S ung Noen > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 126 & 7 054 -6 > BN484 & S IAM34 > 2 7 .03 .45 & 1 9 .02 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

L 708> L 7017 -5338 1 -058505 > 1 4 .54 > 1 01 .51

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l

*211

2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i ln , C sif las ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *1

> m idd le t e ra ce r > Nam P hong

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ments

1 . FAD :1959 :60

> > > >

o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V t n o y es

1 . 00 5 .70 2 2 5 44

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 35

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> S a than i P hu Khao L a t > Nakhon R a tcha s ima > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 057 & 7 116 > S IA M58 > 0 4 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> > > > > > >

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

1 .b a ray=

2 0 -65r .ND48 -5

1 00% o f s i te

L 708 L 7017 -5438 IV -801550 1 4 .57 1 02 .02

1 89 l ow -m idd le t e race r Ro i E t b a s ic o ld r i ver -al ium luv I ls l y es y es

> r ec tang le -4 1

*7

> > > >

9 .75 1 .50 4 2 4 57

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

2 36

NakhonR a tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > 4 > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 279 & 4 107-10 > F IC65 & S IAM46 > 2 2 .12 .45 & 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map

> L 708-5455 IV

L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 1 4 .57 9 1 02 .05

2 0 -66 r .ND48-5 Wes t Nakhon R a tcha s ima Nakhon R a tcha s ima Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

> L 7017-5438IV -902572

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource

> > > > -

2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

L and C apab i l i ty C la ss i f ica t ion f o r R ice V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> V t

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

5 r ec tang le *1 > 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n eares t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m >Si te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

1 80 l ow -m idd le t e race r h u man h ab i ta t ion n /a o ld r i ver a luv ium l

4 y es > y es

0 .25 3 . 85 4 5 4 57

1 .u nusua l s i te : p os i t ive v ege ta t ion i n m id d l e o f f o re s ted p a tch

APPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 37

NakhonR a tchas ima S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+ -

> 2 0 -67r .ND48 -5 > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

C ha ng wa t

> Nakhon R a tcha s ima > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 279 & 4 107-10 > F IC65 & S IA M46 > 2 2 .12 .45 & 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map

> L 708 -5455 IV

L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 7017 -5438 IV -890570 > 1 4 .57 > 1 02 .06

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te V is ib le Wa terSupp

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

> r ec tang le -

3 .2 3 . 3

Nu mber o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ionRing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int100m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

1 87 l ow -m idd le t e race r h uman h ab i ta t ion n /a o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V t y es y es

-4 1

> 2 04

> 0 .25 3 . 75 > 4 6 > 4 57 -3

1 .L a jonqu iere 1 :1907 : 2 54 2 . o b l iques : 2 09 .S IA M AP IS 1 5 .03 .46 & 3 28 .S IA M78 1 5 .03 .46

2 38

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 3 4 >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 006 -8 & 7 108 > S IA M58 3 0 4 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

1-R5223 3 4 L 708-53551 97 1 > L 7017 -53381 > 1 4 .43

1 -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

2 0 -68r .ND47 -8 B an T akhu : B a ray S a H in P ak T hong C ha i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

> 1 01 .59

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > 3

2 10 l ow -m idd le t e race r Ro i E t l oamy o ld r i ver , a luv ium l Im I y es y es

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 > 4 3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i stance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

0 .70 2 9 .00 1 5 45 4

1 . FAD : 1 959 :63 -5 1 .b a ray=

1 00% o f s i te

a soc ia ted ( FAD : 1 959 ) s

2 . 2 cana ls 3 .Mon -

APPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 39

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> + > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 006 -8 & 7 108 › S IA M58 *04 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708-53551 1-RS230298 > L 7017-53381 1 > 1 4 .43

2 0 -69r .ND47-8 B an T akhu : Muang T apo P ak T hong C ha i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

> 1 02 .00 -

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 33

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

> 2 10

1 . FAD : 1 959 :63

l e vee f l oodp la in > R a tchabur i l > r ecent r i mer a luv iu m > I Im )

> y es > y es

0 .65 3 0 .00 1 5 45 4

2 40

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

NakhonR a tchas ima S i te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 0 -70 r .ND47 -8 P ra sa t S a H in > P ak T hong C ha i > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 006 -8 & 7 108 > S IA M58 > 0 4 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > >

L 708 -5355 1 I -RS225288 1 L 7017 -53381 1 4 .43 1 01 .59

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if i ca t ion f o r R i ce V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o fS i te

> 2 10 r > s em i recen t t e race > K amphaneg S a en luv > s em i recen t a ium 41 - y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ionRing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 33

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude te A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o in t 1 00m >Si

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

0 . 50 3 1 .00 1 5 4 45

1 . FAD : 1 959 :65 2 .La jonqu iere I : 1 907 : 2 45 K u N a K e? 1 .b a ray= 6 6% o fs i te

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 41

Nakhon Ra tchas ima S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 006 -8 & 7 108 > S IA M58 > 0 4 .03 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude

> > > >

L ong i tude

2 0 -71r .ND47-8 B an P hromma ra t ( 2 ) P ak T hong C ha i Nakhon Ra tcha s ima

L 708-5355 1 I -RS213248 L 7017 -53381 1 1 4 .41 1 01 .58

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

2 16 r > m idd le t e race > Nam P hong l > o ld r i ver a luv iu m 91 > y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

9 r ec tang le *1 > 1 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 . 50 > 3 4 .00 3,9 9 4 45

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Commen ts

4

1 .La jonqu iere I : 1 907 : 2 41 P ra sa t Kham 1 .b a ray- 15% o f s i te

2 42

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

+ > > +

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 006 -8 & 7 108 > S IA M58 > 0 4 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 0 -72 r .ND47 -8 B an N j iu P ak T hong C ha i Nakhon R a tcha s ima

1L 708 -53551 1 1 L 7017 -5438 1 -785254 1 4 .42 1 02 .02

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o fS i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 91 96

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea re s t d i s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 9 > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> 2 09 l e vee f l oodp la in > R a tchabur i > r ecen t r i ver a ium luv > I ls l 4 y es > y es -4

3 . 50 3 2 .00 1 0 4 45

1 .La jonqu ie re I : 1 907 : 2 46 P ra sa t S ra N o i 1 .b a ray= 5 0% o fs i te

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 43

Nakhon R a tchas ima S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

4 2 0 -73 i .ND48 -5 B an Muang P he t > Amphoe C hakka ra t > Nakhon R a tcha s ima

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 105 & 7 038 -9 > S IA M49 > 2 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 4 > >

L 708 / L 7017 /5 538 IV /3 90590 1 4 .58 1 02 .32

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

9 i regu la r r *2 *5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUND INGS D i s tance t on ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t d i s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 4 . 50 > 2 0 .00 941 > 2 92

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> > > >

2 04 r l ow -m idd le t e race R o i E t b a s ic luv o ld r i ver a iu m V t 4 n o 5 y es

1 . Wa les :1957 :44 1 .s i te v e ry f a in t o n p ho tog raph ; a r ea e s t . u s ing Wa le s ' d i ame ter a nd p ho tog raph

2 44

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

B un Ram S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 1-1 i .ND48 -1 > 0 . 5km NW o fB an Non Du (2 ) Amphoe L am P la i Ma t > B uniR am

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

p7116 -7 & 7 172 -4 > S IA M4 & S IA M70 > 0 6 .02 .46 & 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /5 5561 1 L 7017 /5 5391 45648 1/ 6 1 5 .03 1 02 .49

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> > > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r > 2 > 1 6 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea re s t .po in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -69

1 60 l ow -m idd le t e race r R enu o ld r i ver a ium luv I V t s y es y es

7 . 70 9 .00 3 5 2 65

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 45

B un Ram S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> 2 1-2 r .ND48 -1 -4 l km E o fB an Nong Kung > Amphoe L am P la i Ma t > B uniRam -

1 . 5 1 . 6

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 175 -7 > S IA M70 3 0 8 .03 .46

1 . 7

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Numbe r o f P o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Comment s

> L 708 /5 5561 1 ) L 7017 /5 5391 33698 1/ 7 > 1 5 .06 > 1 02 .53

> 1 76 3 > > >

l ow t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a luv iu m l I lf

> y es > y es -

> r ec tang le *1 3 1 5 -

> 4 .75 > 2 .30 -4 3 0 > 2 65

2 46

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ar i R am S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 175 -7 - S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 3 > >

+ -

2 1-3r .ND48 -1 l km S E o fB an N ong H a i (2 ) Amphoe L am P l a i Ma t B uniR am

1 L 708 /5 5561 1/735648 L 7017 /55391 1 5 .03 1 02 .53

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> + > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

3 r ec tang le > 1 *5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 78 r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o amy luv o ld r i ver a iu m I If n o y es

4 .75 3 . 50 1 3 2 65

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 47

B ar i R am S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 1-4 i .ND48 -1 > B an S anuan Amphoe L am P la i Ma t > B uniR am

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 175 -7 > S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

1 L 708 /5 5561 1/750727 L 7017 /5 5391 1 5 .07 1 02 .54

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las sif ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 1 63 r > h igh t e ra ce S a tuk luv > o ld r i vet a ium > V t s 3 y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r + i regu la r > 2 > 1 3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r es t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iva :1982 :20 -77

3 . 50 3 . 50 3 0 2 65

2 48

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B uniR am S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

47175 -7 > S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

4

2 1-5 i .ND48 -1 B an T a la t P ho (1 ) Amphoe L am P l a i Ma t B uniR am

1 L 708 /5 5561 1/750690 L 7017 /5 5391 1 5 .05 1 02 .54

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r > i regu la r > 2 > 1 3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t100m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t 'p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 . 50 > 2 .50 *27 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1. T iva :1982 :20 -70

1 70 r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o amy l o ld r i ver a luv ium I Idf y es y es

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 49

B uniR am S i te Da ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

4 7 175 -7 S IA M70 > 0 8 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

2 1-6 i .ND48 -1 B an T hamen C ha i Amphoe L am P la i Ma t B uniR am

L 708 /5 5561 1 L 7017 /5 5391 1/765630 1 5 .02 1 02 .55

> > > > > > >

1 80 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver a iu m I I sm y es y es

i regu la r r *3 *50

)

> 5 . 50 3 . 50 > 2 2 > 2 65

1 . Wi l iams -Hun t : 1949 :105 l 1 950 :P l .V ; 2 . Wa les :1957 :47 ; 3 .T iwa :1982 :26 -63

2 50

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ud Ram S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l

> 2 1-7 i .ND48 -1 > B an U t Daek > Amphoe P hut i song t ha -4 B ur l R am

RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 015-6 > S IA M92 -4 1 0 .04 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

1 L 708 /5 5571 L 7017 /5 539 1 /6 33040 1 5 .24 1 02 .47

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *1 - 4 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

> 6 .00 > 2 0 .00 -4 1 2

4 .4

A l t i tude o f n ea res t P o int 1 00m > S i te

> 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

> 1 39 - f l oodp la in > A luv ia l C omp lex l luv -9 r ecent r i ver a iu m > V f > y es > y es

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 51

B un Ram S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > 3

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 015 -6 > S IA M92 > 1 0 .04 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

3 > > >

2 1-8 i .ND48 -1 B an Nang 0 Amphoe P hut tha i song B ud . R am

L 708 /5 5571 1 L 7017 /5 539 1 /6 95046 1 5 .24 1 02 .52

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > 3 > > 3

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r 33 - 4 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r es t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 39 l ow t e race r Ku la Rongha i o ld r i ver a luv ium l I Vf s y es y es

4 .00 1 4 .00 1 4 2 32

2 52

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l R am S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

3 7 015 -6 - S IA M 9 2 > 1 0 .04 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 3 > >

2 1-9 i .ND48 -1 Non S a iR ayong tha Amphoe P hut i song B uniR am

1 L 708 /5 5571 L 7017 /5 539 1 /7 00082 1 5 .27 1 02 .52

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > 3 >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *2 *6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 37 r l ow t e race Ku la Ron g ha i luv o ld r i ver a iu m I Vf s n o y es

3 . 00 1 0 .00 1 7 2 32

1. o n ly o n o l de r map ; 2 .o n t r ack l e av ing B . Muang C hak ( 2nd w a ter s ource )

A PPEND IX : "GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 53

B ar i Ram S ite Da ta

-

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe Changwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie

> 7 015-6 > S IA M92

RAF d a te

> 1 0 .04 .46

L 708 map

> > > -

L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l

2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C lass if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2 4 .3

D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Commen ts

2 1-10 i .ND48 -1 B an Muang C hak t ha Amphoe P hut isong B uniRam

1 L 708 /5 5571 L 7017 /5 5391 /6 72095 1 5 .28 1 02 .49

-)

1 37

> l ow t e race r > Ku la Rongha i o ld r i vet a luv iu m l > I Vf s 3 y es > y es

r > i regu la r 33 334

> > >

3 .00 1 2 .50 1 9 2 32

1 . d iff i cul t t o i n terpre t : 2 cana l s f r om s outh s i de b u t d o n o t f o rm r ec tang le

2 54

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S ite D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 120 -3 > S IA M 7 9 > 1 6 .03 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map

> > > >

+

L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

2 1-11i .ND48 -1 Wa t S a C han Amphoe P hut i song t ha B uniRam

L 708 /5 5571 L 7017 /5 5401 1/652210 1 5 .33 1 02 .48

> 1 50 > l ow t e race r > Ro i E t > > > >

o ld r i vet a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

> i regu la r r *1 > 2 5

> 4 .00 > 4 .00 > 4 1 > 2 54

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO ARCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 55

B ud R am S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 120 -3 > 7 200 -1 & 4 128 > S IA M79 & BN799

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > >

2 1-12 r .ND48 -1 Nong S amrong Amphoe P hut i song tha B uniR am

1 6 .03 .46 & 3 0 .03 .45 L 708 /5 557 1 L 7017 /5 5401 90205 1/ 6 1 5 .33

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> 1 > r ec tang le 31

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 5 6 >4 .75 3 4 .00 343

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

2 52

1 .n o t o n map

1 02 .51 1 50 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv n o y es

2 56

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe

1 . 4

C hangwa t

> > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 199-202 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 5571 > L 7017 /5 5401 33180 1/ 7

2 1-13r .ND48 -1 Wa t S awang A rom Amphoe P hut isong t ha B uniR am

> 1 5 .33 > 1 02 .53

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 34

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 0 .40 > 2 7 > 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ments

> 1 43 > > > > > >

l ow t e race r T ha T um o ld r i ver a iu m luv I Vf s n o y es

> 4 .50

1 . very c l ose t o B an Nong B ua b ut i n terpre ted a s t wo d i s t inc t s i tes

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 57

B ud R am S i te Da ta

•

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 1-14 r .ND48 -1 - BAn Nong B ua tha Amphoe P hut i song > B uniR am

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

› 7 199 -202 - S IA M 7 9 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> › > -

L 708 /5 5571 1/ 7 L 7017 15 5401 32177 1 5 .33 1 02 .53

-4 -

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

) > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le )1 3 1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea r es t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

>4 .00 > 0 . 40 > 2 6 > 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 43 r l ow t e race T ha T u rn luv o ld r i ver a iu m I Vf s y es y es

1 . very c l o se t o Wa t S awang b u t i n terp re ted a s t wo d i s t inc t s i tes 2 .b a ray= 5 0%

2 58

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S i te Da ta

+

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an

> 2 1-15 i .ND48 -1 > B an Khon B un i -

1 . 3 1 . 4

Amphoe C hangwa t

> Amphoe P hut i song t ha > B uniR am

1 . 5 1 . 6

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 199 -202 > S IA M 7 9 > 1 6 .03 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

1 . 7

L 708 /5 5571 L 7017 /5 540 1 /765145 1 1 5 .30 1 02 .55

+ -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i lar s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m >Si te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

> > > > > -

1 40 l ow t e race r T ha T um o ld r i ves a luv iu m l V ts

> y es > y es

> i regu la r r > 2 359

> > > > -

1 0 .00 4 .00 2 5 2 32

1 .Wa les :1975 :55 1. p a r t o fi regu la r moa t a ppea r s s im i la r t o r M .Fa Daed b ut d i scont inu i ty may b e t ime

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 59

B ar i Ram S ite Da ta

+

+ -

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

2 1-16 i .ND48-1 B an C hok (Wa t B uppha ram) Amphoe P hut i song t ha B uniRam

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 091-2 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

1 . 8

L 708 map

1 . 9 . 10 1 . 11 1

L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /5 5581 1 L 7017 /5 5401 92309 1/ 7 1 5 .38 1 02 .57

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l

2 .4 2 .5 2 .6

S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te

2 . 7

V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r -4 i regu la r *2 *46

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D is tance t o n ea res t s im i lar s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

5 . 2

Comment s

> 1 60 > l ow t e race r > Ro i E t l -4 o ld r i ve r a luv iu m > I Ism

> 2 .25 -4 0 .50 *36 > 2 54

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -143 v ery f a int 2 1 /10 /76 l 1 .s i te o n h i l o n w es t s i de o f t own ; B an Nong Wa

2 60

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

Bud Ram S ite Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif

2 .6 2 .7

V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 .3

A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

> 2 1-16 r .ND48 -1 > B an C hok (Wa t B uppha ram ) > Amphoe P hut i song tha > B un iRam > 7 091-2 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46 > L 708 /5 5581 1 > L 7017 /5 5401 98309 1/ 7 > 1 5 .38 > 1 02 .57

> > > >

1 60 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv

> I Ism > n o y es

> r ec tang le 41 *11

> 2 .50 0 .50 *36 > 2 54

1 .T iva :1982 :143 v ery f a in t

APPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 61

B uniRam S ite Da ta

r

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 _

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 091-2 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 1-17 i .ND48-1 1 . 7km NE o f B an Muang No i Amphoe P hut i song t ha B uniRam

L 708 /5 5581 1 L 7017 /5 540 11 /7 91331 1 5 .40 1 02 .57

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V is ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o f P os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *3 *5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

1 59 l ow -m idd le t e rrace Ro i E t / On A ssoc . o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I n o y es

> 2 .50 > 0 . 75 > 3 4 > 2 54

2 62

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

+ 1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

4 7 091-2 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > >

2 1-18r .ND48 -1 B an Muang No i : Wa t C ha i S i Amphoe P hut i song tha B uniRam

L 708 /5 5581 1 L 7017 /55401 1/783329 1 5 .40 1 02 .56

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

9 r ec tang le *1 *6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te ss D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 2 .50 - 0 .75 > 3 4 2 54

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

1 59 l ow -m idd le t e race r Ro i E t / On A ssoc . o ld r i ver a ium luv Ism I n o y es

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 63

B ud Ram S i te Da ta

+ -

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe Changwa t

> B an Kho : Wa t S a T hong t ha > Amphoe P hut isong -4 B un iRam

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 091-2 > S IA M79 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude

1 > L 708 /5 5581 1/ 7 > L 7017 /5 5401 58368 > 1 5 .42

L ong i tude

> 1 02 .54

> 2 1-19 i .ND48-1

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r > i regu la r 31 > 2 6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t.p o in t 1 00m >Si te

> 5 .00 > 4 .50 328 > 2 54

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C omment s

-9 1 60 r > l ow -m idd le t e race > Ro i E t / On A ssoc . l > o ld r i ver .a luv iu m

> I Ism > y es > y es

1. r i ng s q ui te d eg raded b ut mos t v i s ib le o n n or th s i de o f s i te

2 64

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S ite D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

p7121-3 > S IA M 2 8 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map

> > 5 >

L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea rest s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

2 1-20 i .ND48 -1 2 .5km S E o fB an S ame t Amphoe B uniR am B un iR am

L 708 / L 7017 /5 639 1 /0 09702 1 1 1 5 .07 1 03 .08

> > > 5 >

1 50 h igh t e race r S a tuk o ld r i ver a luv iu m l I V t

n o > y es

4

r > i regu la r 41 p2

> 4 .00 > 5 . 80 9 21 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -47

5 .2

C omments

1 . no t o n map ; 2 km w es t o f Nong S ame t

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 65

B ar i Ram S ite Da ta

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 1-21 i .ND48-1

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

*7121-3 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 / > L 7017 /5 639 1 /0 43685 1 1

1 . 6 1 . 7

> 0 .5km N o f B an T akhong - Amphoe B uniR am > B ur l Ram

> 1 5 .05 > 1 03 .11

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o f P os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

-4

3 . 3

A rea

> 1 6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -47

5 .2

C omment s

1 . nor th o f t own o n Hua i T akhong

) 1 42 › f l oodp la in > R a tchabur i > > > >

r ecent r i ver a luv ium l f I y es y es

i regu la r r *2

3 .00 2 .50 > 1 7 - 2 65

-4

-4

2 66

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

-4

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 121-3 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 / 1 1 > L 7017 /5 639 1 /068698 > 1 5 .06

> 2 1-22r .ND48 -1 0 .5km E o f B an P ra sa t > Amphoe B uniR am > B uniRam

> 1 03 .12

+

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

> y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *8

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

> > > > >

> > >

1 42 r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o amy l o ld r i ve r a luv iu m I If

5 .00 2 .50 2 1 2 65

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -124 1 . ba ray= 1 00% 2 . p robab le r ec tang le i n B an P ra sa t b ut n o t c l ea r e nough t o mea sure

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 67

B ar i Ram S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 121-3 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 / L 7017 /5 639 1 /0 56657 1 1 1 5 .03 1 03 .12

1 42 f l oodp la in R a tchabur i r ecen t r i ve r a ium luv Im I y e s y e s

+

2 1-23 i .ND48 -1 B an R un Amphoe B uniR am B un iR am

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> > > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *2 *21

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i s im i l a r s h a p e S i te s D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

3 . 00 2 . 00 1 7 2 65

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -55 1 .n ea r r ock o u tc rops 2 .v e ry d eg raded o n map b u t c l ea r r i ng s o n p ho tog raph

2 68

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ud Ram S ite Da ta

- -

-i-

ii . it

i, I. r n

I _J __

. , 1

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

2 1-24r .ND48 -1 > B an Nong Kham P o rn Amphoe B uniR am B un iR am

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 121-3 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 / -

1 . 6 1 . 7

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

4 .1 4 .2

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te s

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

> L 7017 /5 639 1 /0 70645 1 1 > 1 5 .03 > 1 03 .13

> 9 9 > -

1 42 m idd le t e race r Kora t /Phon P i sa i A s . o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V ts

> n o > y es -

r ec tang le 41 - 3

9 5 .00 > 2 .00 1 7 > 2 65

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -117 1 .Nong K ham P o rn a bout 0 .5 km e a s t may h ave b een r e sevo i r

A PPEND IX : GU IDE TO A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 69

B ur i Ram S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

2 1-25 i .ND48-5 > B an P ha i Y a i > Amphoe L am P la i Ma t > B uniRam

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

*7116 -7 > S IA M4 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 5551 1 > L 7017 /5 5381 /6 63591 > 1 4 .49

> 0 6 .02 .46

> 1 02 .59

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

> 1 60

2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> l ow t e race r > Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l > V ts y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *3 *30 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Commen ts

5 . 75 9 .00 2 6 2 65

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -75 s t i l v ery l v i s ib le 1 .may h ave o nce h ad w a ter i n to s i te

2 70

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B uniRam S ite Da ta

+

1 . 1 . 1

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r

1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 129 > S IA M4 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 5551 1 > L 7017 /5 5381 /5 85525 > 1 4 .57 -

- 2 1-26 i .ND48 -5 > B an S amrong (1) > Amphoe L am P la i Ma t B uniRam

'

+ -

> 0 6 .02 .46

> 1 02 .46

+

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource

2 . 5 2 .6

L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te

> > > >

2 .7

V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> y es -

> 1 73 > m idd le t e rrace

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te ss D is tance t o n ea res t d i im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn eares t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ments

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -78

Kora t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V ts y es

> i regu la r r 93 > 2 2

> > >

3 .00 0 .50 3 9 2 65

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO AR CHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 71

B ar i R am S i te Da ta

. . . -- -. . . - . / /. . . . . . \ I fI

x

%

14 I1 If 1 ni-‘ 1I% 1 1i1 %1•_ - , '/ -_

-

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> 2 1-26 r .ND48 -5 3 B an S am rong (1) > Amphoe L am P la i Ma t B uniR am

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

3 7 129 > S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > 9 >

L 708 /5 5551 1 L 7017 /5 538 1 /5 88525 1 4 .57 1 02 .46

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > 3

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *9

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea r e s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 1 2 .50 > 0 . 50 -> 3 9 9 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ference s f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 73 r l ow t e race R o i E t luv o ld r i ve r a iu m V t s y es y es

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -78 t 1 .l a rge r e c tang le b a ray ( = 1 00% ) a tached t o r i regu la r s i te

2 72

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ud Ram S ite Da ta

+

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

- 7 129 > S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 1-27 i .ND48-5 B an P ra tha i R in Amphoe L am P la i Ma t B uniR am

L 708 /5 5551 1 L 7017 /5 538IV /5 60505 1 4 .55 1 02 .44

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

> i regu la r r 93 >50

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C omment s

> > > > > > > -

1 70 l ow t e race r Kora t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

3 .00 3 .50 4 1 2 65

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -73 s t i l v ery l v i s ib le ; moa t s v ery w ide 1 . outer r i ng d oes n o t e nc lose b ut l e ad s t o r i ver

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 73

B un Ram S ite Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

2 1-28 i .ND48-5 B an Muang F a i Amphoe L am P la i Ma t B uniR am

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 12 8 > S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /5 55 5 1V L 7017 /5538 IV /565440 1 4 .52 1 02 .44

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2

Number o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

*3 > 6 8

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

+ 3 . 50 > 4 .50 > 4 2 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Comment s

4 1 67 > l ow t e race r Kora t > o ld r i ver a luv iu m l > I Ism y es > y es

> i regu la r r

1 .Na t iona l Mus . B angkok : 1 973 2 . T iva :26 -74 1 . h igh ly d eve loped c ana l s y s tem t o n or th o f s i te 2 .o ut e a r thwork n ow v ery f a int

2 74

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

+

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> + > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

9 7 118 -9 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

3 > > 4 -

2 1-29 i .ND48-5 C hangwa t B uniR am Amphoe B un iR am B un iR am

L 708 /5 6561 11 L 7017 /5 639 1V /970580 1 5 .00 1 03 .07

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > 9

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r 41 4 8 1

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2

D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

1 55 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv ium l Ism I y es y es

4 5 .00 > 6 .00 95 > 2 65 -

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -56 1 .w ide moa t a lmos t more l i ke d i scont inuous moa ted s i tes t o n or th

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 75

B un Ram S i te Da ta

+

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie

1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

+ -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource

2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n eares t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

Com ments

2 1-30 r .ND48-1 N . e dge o f B an Kh i L ek Amphoe B uniR am B uniR am

> 7 117 -9 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46 > L 708 / 1 1 > L 7017 /5 639 1 /0 15629 > 1 5 .02 > 1 03 .09

> 1 50

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

5 .

+ > > >

> > > >

r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m I I sm

> y es > y es

> r ec tang le 91 94

> 8 .00 9 6 .00 '5 > 2 65

1 .n o t o n map b ut c l ea r o n p ho to

2 76

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ul ite Da ta l Ram S

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 1-31r .ND48 -5 > Nong L amdaun - Amphoe B un iR am

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 117-9 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > > -

> B un iRam

L 708 / L 7017 /5638 IV /949583 1 4 .49 1 03 .06

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 1 55 > l ow t e race r Ro i E t > o ld r i ver a luv ium l > I Ism y es > y es -

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 95

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

> 8 .00 > 2 .75

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te •

> 1 0 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

1 .b a ray=

1 00%

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 77

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber

1 . 3 1 . 4

Amphoe C ha ngwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 118 -9 & 7 076 > S IA M28 & F IC 1 22

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

+ > > >

+ -

B an

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude te A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m >Si

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Com ments

> 2 1-32 i .ND48-5 > B an S a i R ayong > Amphoe B uniR am > B uniRam

> 1 8 .02 .46 & 1 9 .01 .46 L 708 /5 655 1V L 7017 /5 638 1V /8 69551 1 4 .48 1 03 .02

> > 9 > > > >

1 61 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

> i regu la r r *2 *22

> 5 .00 > 9 .00 *11 9 2 65

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -48 1. v es t iges o f a dd i t iona l c hanne l t o s outh

2 78

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 '

•

L OCAT ION DATA Si te n umbe r Ban A mphoe C hangwa t

> > >

2 1-33r .ND48 -5 l km w es t o f B an B ua Amphoe B uniR am B uniR am

/

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 075 -6 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude

9 L 708 /5 655 IV > L 7017 /5 638IV /8 96532 > 1 4 .57

L ong i tude

> 1 03 .03

4 -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude r ace Ter

2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

So i l So i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

9 1 60 > > > > > >

r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m I Ism y es y es

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

Shape N umber o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS Di s tance t o n ea rest s im i la r s hape S i te Di s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te Di s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude Al t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 7 .50 9 3 .50 *5 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1 5 .2

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS Other r e ferences f or S i tes C omment s

1 .T iva :1982 :26 -50

APPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 79

B ud Ram S ite Da ta

+

1 . 1 . 1

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber

1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l

> > >

2 1-34 i .ND48-5 B an Nong Kha Amphoe B uniR am B un iR am

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

9 7 075 -6 > F IC122 9 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > 9 >

L 708 /5 655 1V L 7017 /5638IV /912470 1 4 .54 1 03 .04

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Nu mbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *2 9 3 1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 9 .00 9 6 .50 *7 > 2 65 -

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -60

> > > > > > >

1 60 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ism I y es y es

2 80

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

•

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

3 7 073 -4 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude

> L 708 /5655 IV > L 7017 /5 638IV /0 25490 3 1 4 .54

L ong i tude

> 1 03 .10

2 1-35r .ND48 -5 Nong R abaok t oW o f B .Fa i Amphoe B ur l R am B uniR am

+

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

A l t i tude T errace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

4 . 4 . 1

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2 4 .3

D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & COM MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

> > > > >

1 50 rrace l ow t e Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m I Ism -4 y es > y es

> r ec tang le 41 33

> 1 2 .50 > 3 .50 97 > 2 65

1 . FAD :1960 -1 :68 P r .Kradong 2 . T iva :1982 :26 -57(?) 1 . o n e dge o f mound w h ich may h ave o nce h ad p os i t ive v ege ta t ion r i ng s

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 81

B ar i Ram S ite Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an

> 2 1-36 i .ND48-5

Amphoe C hangwa t

> B an S anuan > Amphoe B un iR am > B uniRam

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 072 -3 > F IC 1 22 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > 4

L 708 /5 655 1V L 7017 /5638 IV /045515 1 4 .56 1 03 .11

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o f P o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *3 > 4 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re st s im i lar s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 1 0 .50 > 3 . 50 *7 > 2 65 -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen ts

1 50 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l H Ism y es y es

1. T iva :26 -57 1. r i ng s s o mewha t d eg raded o n p ho to b ut d ef in i te

2 82

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ul i te D a ta l Ram S

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> 2 1-37r .ND48 -5 > B an S iL iam > Amphoe B un iR am -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie

> 7 073 -4 > F IC122

RAF d a te

9 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 655 1V > L 7017 /5 638 1V /0 49557 > 1 4 .58

> B un iR am

> 1 03 .11

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

A l t i tude, T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 9 > > > 9

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

9 r ec tang le *1

3 . 3

A rea

35

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re . s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

> 7 .50 > 4 .00

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m >Si te

9 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

1 50 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ism I y es y es

4 1 0

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -91 1 . t emp le i nd ica ted o n map a t Wa t C heng S amonra tha t N . o f s i te b ut n o t o n p ho to 2 . b a ray

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 83

B uniRam S ite Da ta +

+ -

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 070 -2 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 655 1V > L 7017 /56381 / 1 31522 > 1 4 .57 -4 1 03 .16

2 1-38r .ND48 -5 Nong P h luang Amphoe K ra sang B uniR am

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2

Number o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

> r ec tang le *1 93

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 .00 > 3 .00 1 6 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

> 1 51 > > > > > >

1 .l km NE o f B an Ma i (2 ) t l o n ly i n term i tent ly f i led

r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m I Ism y es y es

2 . s hown o n map a s

2 84

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B uniRam S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 069 -70 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C lass if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2

S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2

S ITES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C omment s

2 1-39 i .ND48-5 B an K ra sang ( Phum R oen ) Amphoe K ra sang B uniRam

L 708 /5 655 1 L 7017 /5 638 1 /1 83512 1 4 .56 1 03 .18

> > > > > -

1 50 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I

> y es > y es -

> i regu la r r 33 344

> > > >

3 . 50 2 .00 2 1 2 65

I .T iwa :1982 :26 -01 1 . many s ma lp onds i n t h is a rea : s a l t d e l p ress ions?

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 85

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

1 . 8

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i lar s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t .p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Com ment s

1 .b a ray= 1 00%

> 2 1-40 r .ND48-5 > 1 . 5km E SE o f B an No i (2 ) Amphoe K ra sang > B uniR am > 7 069 -70 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 > L 708 /5 655 1 > L 7017 /5 6381 /2 00501 > 1 4 .55 > 1 03 .19

> > > > >

1 50 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver , a iu m V t s

> y es > y es

> r ec tang le *1 *2

> 5 .00 > 2 .00 421 > 2 65

2 86

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ar i Ram S ite Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

7 070 -71 > F IC122

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C lass if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

2 1-41 i .ND48 -5 > B an Rayong > Amphoe K ra sang > B uniR am -

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -06

> 1 9 .01 .46 L 708 /5 655 1 L 7017 /5 6381 /1 50500 1 4 .55 1 03 .17

> 1 46 > l ow t e race r > Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv ium l > I Ism > y es > y es -

> i regu la r r *2 *12

3 .50 > 0 .25 > 1 8 > 2 65

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

2 87

B uniRam S i te Da ta

+

+ -

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 070 -71 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /5655 1 L 7017 /5 6381 /1 50500 1 4 .55 1 03 .17

> > > > > > >

1 46 l ow t e rrace Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l I sm I y es y es

2 1-41r .ND48 -5 B an Rayong Amphoe K ra sang B uniRam

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Comments

I .T iwa :1982 :26 -06

3 .00 0 .25 1 8 2 65

2 88

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> B an Muang Du > Amphoe B uniRam > B ur l R am -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 229 -30 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map

> > > >

L 708 /5 5551 1 L 7017 /5 5381 /8 26359 1 4 .47 1 02 .58

1 83 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ism I y es y es

L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 2 1-42 i .ND48 -5 -

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 .3 2 .4

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource

2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 .3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *3 ‚47

4 . 4 . 1

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1 5 .2

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes C om ment s

> 5 .00 > 1.00 *22 > 2 65 -

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -53 1 .r i ng s > 3i n s o me p a r ts 2 . i regula r s i te B .Ka lan T ha n o t o n p ho tos r

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 89

B unR am S i te Da ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+ -

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 229 -30 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 1-43 i .ND48 -5 B an Muang F ang Amphoe B uniR am B uniR am

1+ 5 1 1 L 708 /55551 655 1 L 7017 /5 638 IV /8 55398 1 4 .49 1 03 .01

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ou rce sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in2km o f S i te

> > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r i regu la r -3 > 4 1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t ea re s t p o int100m > S i te A l t i tude D i s tanceto n f n ea re s i p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 69 r m idd le t e race Ko ra t luv o ld r i ve r a iu m I I sm y es y e s

5 . 00 1 6 .00 1 9 2 65

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -54 2 .Se idenf aden :1922 :91 ( P .Jo r P ra sa t ) 1 .s and s tone !l a tente t ower

2 90

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAN D

B ar i R am S i te D a ta

+

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t i e RAF d a te

> 7 229 -30 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 655 1 1 1 > L 7017 /5638 IV /915415 > 1 4 .51 1 03 .03

2 1-44r .ND48 -5 Nong Makha Amphoe B uniR am B uniR am

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 4 3 0

4 . 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> > >

1 65 l ow t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a ium luv I l s l > y es y es

4 .00 6 .00 1 2 2 65

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -46 s qua re t o w e s t n ow l e s v i s ib le i n 1 976 s 1 .0 . 5 km SW o fB an Nong Hua Wua 2 .b a ray= a bout 7 5%

A PPEND IX : GU IDE TO A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 91

B ud Ram S ite Da ta

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

1 . 1 1 . 2

S i te n u mber B an

1 . 3 1 . 4

Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 229 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > > -

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D is tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re st p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Commen ts

1 .b a ray=

2 1-45r .ND48 -5 B an Nong S ong Hong Amphoe B uniR am B uniR am

L 708 /5 655 1 11 L 7017 /5 638 IV /9 45390 1 4 .49 1 03 .05

> > > 4 >

1 00%

1 60 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver . a luv iu m l I s I y es n o

> r ec tang le *1 33

> 4 .00 > 5 .00 > 1 2 > 2 65

2 92

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

B ud R am S i te Da ta

+

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 228 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

1 1 > L 708 /5 655 1 L 7017 /5 638IV /9 10345 > 1 4 .47 > 1 03 .03

+ -

2 1-46 i .ND48 -5 B an S a laeng T hon Amphoe P rakhon C ha i B uniR am

4

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *1 > 5 3 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t 'p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rences f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

-9

1 70 l ow t e race r R o i E t o ld r i ver . a ium luv I l s l y es y es

> 7 . 50 . 50 5 > 1 9 > 2 65 -

4

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -43 r i ng s mo re d eg raded 3 1 /1 /7 6 1 . ju s t b a re ly o n b ot dge o fp ho to t om e 2 .w ide moa t= 5 0 me t re s

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 93

B ud Ram S i te Da ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

- 7030+ 7 041-3 > S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46

2 1-47r .ND48 -5 B an Khok K an L uang Amphoe Nang Rong B uniRam

L 708 map

> L 708 /5 5551 1

L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

4

1/755259 L 7017 /55381 > 1 4 .42 > 1 02 .54

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

> > ) > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 1 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 . 50 1 2 .50 *22 > 3 31

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om ment s

1 70 r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m I I sm y es y es

1 .l a rge mound ( d ia= a bout 1 . 5km) t o w es t o f h gwy 2 18 l ooks a noma lous o n p ho to

2 94

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S i te Da ta

+ -

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

1 . 8 1 . 9 , 1 . 10 • 1 . 11

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

1 > L 708 /5 5551 1/731285 > L 7017 /55381 > 1 4 .43 4 1 02 .53

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Number o f P os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D is tanceto n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tudeof n ea re st p o int 1 00m >Si te

5 .

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS

5 . 1

O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

5 .2

C omment s

> 2 1-48r .ND48 -5 > Wa t P ra sa t Wana ram > Amphoe Nang R ong 4 B uniR am p7030+ 7 041-3 > S IA M4

> 1 67 r > l ow t e race > Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m > I Ism 3 y es > y es

> r ec tang le > 1 4 11

3 3 .00 3 6 .00 -4 2 4 > 3 31

1 . ba ray= 1 00% 2 . l a rge b a ray a t B an Nong Y a i P h im n o t c l ea r e nough o n p ho to t o i nc lude

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 95

B uniRam S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

4

LOCAT ION DATA Si te n u mber Ban A mphoe C hangwa t RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 030+ 7 041-3 + S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude T er r ace So i l So i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif

2 .6 2 . 7

Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

5 . 5 . 1 5 .2

2 1-49r .ND48-5 N . e dge o f Nong P ru > Amphoe Nang Rong > B uniRam

-4

L 708 /5 5551 1 L 7017 /5 5381 01298 1/ 7 1 4 .44 1 02 .52

> 1 66 l ow t e rrace - Ro i E t > o ld r i ver a luv iu m > I Ism

-4

> y es > y es

S ITE FOR M Shape N umber o f P os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS Di s tance t o n earest s im i la r s hape S i te Di s tance t o n ea re st d i ss im i la r s hape S i te Di s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude Al t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> r ec tang le *1 > 1 2 -

> 3 .00 > 1 4 .00 > 2 4 > 3 31

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS Other r e ferences f o r S i tes C omments

1 .b a ray= 1 00% 2 .2 . 5km w e s t o f B an Don Wa i (2 )

2 96

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

+

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

1 . 5 1 . 6

RAF S er ia l

1 . 7

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

> > > >

2 1-50 r .ND48 -5 Nong Kong Amphoe Nang R ong B uniR am

> 7 030+ 7 041-3 > S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46 > > > >

L 708 /5 554 1 L 7017 /55381 1/740215 1 4 .39 1 02 .54

> > > > > > >

1 75 l ow t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a luv iu m l If I y es y es

> r ec tang le 41 > 6

> > > >

4 .50 1 7 .00 1 5 31 3

1 .b a ray= 1 00% 2 .many s ma l p oo l s i n t h i s l a r ea= s a l t d epress ions?

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 97

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

+

I . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l

1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2

A l t i tude T er r ace

2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > >

2 1-51r .ND48 -5 Amphoe Nang Rong Amphoe Nang Rong B uniRam

> 7 105 -6 > S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46 > > > >

L 708 /5 554 1 L 7017 /5 5381 30186 1/ 6 1 4 .37 1 02 .48

> 1 85

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Number o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > >

l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ism I

> y es > y es -

> r ec tang le 91

> 7 8

> > > >

5 . 50 2 .00 1 2 3 31

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -19

5 .2

Comments

1 .v ery s im i la r t o Nakhon R a tcha s ima

2 98

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

B uniRam S ite Da ta

1 -

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource

2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

9 > > >

2 1-52 i .ND48 -5 B an C habok Amphoe Nang Rong B uniRam

> 7 105 -6 > S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46 > L 708 /5 554 1 3 L 7017 /5 5381 30166 1/ 6 > 1 4 .36 9 1 02 .48

> 1 80 -

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

S . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f or S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

> f l oodp la in > Ra tchabur i > r ecent r i ver a luv ium l -II f > y es > y es

> i regu la r r *1 5 2 3

> 5 9 >

1 5 .00 2 .00 1 0 31 3

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -18 1. 7 50 me t re d am a c ros am Nang Rong s L

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

2 99

B un Ram S i te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 105 -6 > S IA M4 > 0 6 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 1-53r .ND48 -5 Wa t C hom P ra sa t Amphoe Nang R ong B uniR am

L 708 /5 554 1 1/630131 L 7017 /55381 1 4 .35 1 02 .48

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ou rce L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r e c tang le 41 911

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re st p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 5 . 50 > 3 . 50 37 - 3 31

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

9 0%

1 80 r l ow t e race R o i E t luv o ld r i ver a ium I I sm y es y es

3 00

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THAILAND

B uniR am S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

9 > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

4 7 025 -6 & 7 030 > S IA M4 & F IC65 4 0 6 .02 .46 & 2 2 .12 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 1-54r .ND48-5 Wa t P r .Khao P hanom R ung Amphoe P rakon C ha i B uniR am

L 708 /5 554 1 1/ 7 L 7017 /5 5381 86072 1 4 .32 1 02 .56

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab il i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape N umber o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r e c tang le *1 > 3 5 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > 3 >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

3 9 3 > >

3 83 l moun ta ins & h i l s S lope C omp lex v a r ious r ock s V ts 4 y es > y es

5 .25 1 8 .00 2 7 4 50

1 . FAD :1960 -1 :47 -9 2 .P icha rd : 1 972 3 .T iwa :26 -127 1 .b a ray= 9 5% 2 .c ounted b a ray S a B ua L a i 3 .n umerous c ana ls / d ams a tm t . b a se

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

3 0 1

B ar i R am S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

7 030 > F IC65 > 2 2 .12 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 1-55 r .ND48 -5 P rang K u t i R i sh i Amphoe P rakon C ha i B uniR am

> L 708 /5 554 1 L 7017 /5537 1 /039826 > 1 4 .30 > 1 02 .58

4

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ou rce L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea r e s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 0 . 75 2 3 .00 *5 > 3 83

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 90 r l ow t e race R o i E t o ld r i ve r a iu m luv I sm I y es y es

4

1 . FAD :1960 -1 :49 2 .L a jonqu iere :1907 :N0 .404 3 .S e idenfaden : 1 922 :91 1 .o n ly b a ray ( = 7 5% ) s hown o n map

3 02

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND B un R am S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

3 7 030 + F IC65 3 2 2 .12 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 3 > ›

2 1-56 r .ND48 -5 P ra sa t P la i B a t Amphoe P ra l con C ha i B uniR am

L 708 /5 554 1 L 7017 /5 537 1 /8 18035 1 4 .29 1 02 .58

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > 3 >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 > 6 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 0 . 75 > 2 3 .00 35 > 3 83 -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 90 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a ium luv Ism I n o y es

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

3 03

B ar i R am S i te Da ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

3 7 030 > F IC65 > 2 2 .12 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 3 > >

2 1-57r .ND48-5 Muang T am Amphoe P rakon C ha i B uniR am

L 708 /5 554 1 L 7017 /5 537 1 /8 30035 1 4 .30 1 02 .59

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ionRing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 > 5 6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t 'p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 0 . 75 > 2 4 .00 *6 > 3 83

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erence sfo r S i tes

5 .2

C ommen t s

1 90 r m idd le t e ra ce Ko ra t luv o ld r i ver . a iu m I Ism y es y es

1 . FAD :1960 -1 :50 -1 2 .L a jonqu ie re :1907 :403 3 .T iva :1982 :26 -38 2 .c ana l e x tend s t o S E f r om s i te 3 .b a ray= 7 8%

3 04

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

B uniR am S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > 4 4

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t i e RAF d a te

> 7 105 -6 > S IA M49 > 2 6 .02 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 1-59 i .ND48 -5 B an Muang S a i 0 Amphoe Nang R ong B uniR am

L 708 / L 7017 /5538 IV /380533 1 4 .57 1 02 .34

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > 4 >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> i regu la r r p2 > 2 6 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 9 > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rence s f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 . Wa les : 1 957 :44 2 .T iva :1982 :20 -67

2 00 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv I sm I y es y es

4 .00 2 4 .00 3 6 2 92

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

3 05

B ur l Ram S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an

1 . 3 1 . 4

Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 188 -9 > F IC65 > 2 2 .12 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude

> L 708 / > L 7017 /56381 1 /012192 1 > 1 4 .30

L ong i tude

> 1 03 .08

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1

S hape

3 .2

Nu mber o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n eares t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

2 1-60r .ND48 -5 Nong K adon Amphoe P rakon C ha i B un iR am

> > > > > -

1 57 m idd le t e race r Kora t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l V ts

> y es > y es -

> r ec tang le *1 93

- 2 0 .00 > 1 6 .00 930 > 2 65

1 .n ea r 3e a r thworks= 2 .5 2 .5 & 2 km a c ross Hua i T abaek 2 . ano ther e -work t o N . : 0 31262 TO 0 29274= 2 km 3 . t emp le s hown o n map a t B an No i= 4 .25km NN W

3 06

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THAILAN D

B ar i R am S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 1-61 i .ND48 -1 > B an K ra sang Amphoe S a tuk ) B uniR am

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 036 -7 > F IC 1 27 > 1 9 .01 .45 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > ) 3

L 708 / L 7017 /5 6391 00830 1/ 3 1 5 .13 1 03 .25

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

5 i regu la r r - 3 ) 3 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t100m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 5 . 00 › 8 . 50 *65 9 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> ) > 3 -

1 35 l ow t e race r R o i E t ium o ld r i ve t.a luv I sm I y es > y es

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -81 a r ea w a s h eav i ly f o res ted i n 1 945 n ow h a s r oad & r i ce

A PPEND IX : GU IDE TO A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

3 07

B ud Ram S ite Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe

1 . 4

C hangwa t

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie

1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las f ica t ion f or R ice si V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Nu mber o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude

4 .4

A l t i tude o fn ea re st p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r eferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Comments

> 2 1-62 i .ND48 -1 > B an T hung Wang > Amphoe S a tuk > B uniRam > 7 036 -7 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45 > 3 > >

L 708 / L 7017 /5 6391 70870 1/ 2 1 5 .16 1 03 .23

> > > > > -

1 33 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ism I

> y es > y es -

> i regu la r r 33 3 5 9

> > + >

1 .T iwa :1982 :26 -85 h eav i ly f o res ted i n 1 945 -n ow r i ce

5 .00 9 .00 6 2 2 32

3 08

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND B ud R am S i te Da ta +

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 036 -7 > F IC127 > 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 1-63 i .ND48 -1 B an K hok Muang Amphoe S a tuk B uniR am

L 708 / 1 L 7017 /5 639 1 /902218 1 5 .17 1 03 .21

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *2 > 1 6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 30 r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m I I sm n o y es

6 . 80 1 5 .00 5 5 2 32

1 .S r i saka ra :1981 :N0 .12 2 .T iva :1982 :26 -82 1 .v ery f a in t o n p ho to b u t c l ea r o n map ; much c l ea rer o n 1 976 p ho tog raph ( T iva )

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

3 09

B ar i R am S i te Da ta

+

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 4 145 -6 > BN799 > 3 0 .03 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 1-64 i .ND48 -1 tha Amphoe P hut i song tha Amphoe P hut i song B uniR am

L 708 / 1 1 L 7017 /5 640 1 /8 65190 1 5 .32 1 03 .00

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *2 > 1 68

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude te A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m >Si

> 1 .25 > 1 0 .00 -4 3 5 > 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 41 r l ow t e race K u la Rongha i luv o ld r i ve r a iu m I Vf s y es y es

1 .S r i saka ra :1981 :N0 .33 2 .T iva :1982 :26 -29 1 .s hown a s f l ooded o n map ; s ma l mound = l o n ly 1 6 h a .

3 10

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te Da ta

+

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

LOCAT ION DATA Si te n umber B an A mphoe C hangwa t

> 7 036 -7 > F IC127 - 1 9 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 / > L 7017 /5 6391 62884 1/ 3 > 1 5 .17 - 1 03 .28

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude Terrace So i l So i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te Vi s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

1 30 rrace > l ow t e

> -

> > > > >

Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver -al ium I Vf s n o y es

S ITE FOR M Shape N umber o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

S ITES AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS Di s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2

Di s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

4 .3 4 .4

Di s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude Al t i tude o fn ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .2

2 -01r .ND48-1 2 0 .50 km E . o f B an T a T h i t Amphoe S a tuk S ur in

RAF S er ia l RAP s or t ie RAF d a te

4 . 4 . 1

5 . 5 . 1

> > > >

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS Other r e ferences f o r S i tes C omments

> r ec tang le *1 > 1 2 -

> 0 .00

> 9 .00 > 2 0 > 2 32

3 1 1

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

. 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 062 -3 >F IC118 > 1 6 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 2 -02 r .ND48 -2 Wa t P ra sa t C hom P hra Amphoe C hom P hra S ur in

L 708 / 1 1 L 7017 /5 739 1 /5 00700 1 5 .07 1 03 .36

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ic e V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 > 2 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss imi la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s i p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 1 . 00 > 2 2 .50 *46 > 2 28

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

1 . FAD I :1960 -1 :61

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

5 0%

1 40 r l ow t e race R o i E t l o ld r i ver a luv ium V t s y e s y e s

3 12

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

C : 1

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

9 7 062 -3 >FIC118 > 1 6 .01 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > > -

2 -03r .ND48 -2 2 Wa t &R ong R ian Amphoe C hom P hra S ur in

L 708 / L 7017 /5 739 1 /4 97708 1 1 1 5 .07 1 03 .36

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 > > > > 3

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 1 > 1 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 1 . 00 > 2 5 .00 346 3 2 28

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f e rences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 . BARAY=

1 5%

1 40 l ow t e race r Ro iE t l o amy o ld r i ve r a iu m luv I sm I y es y es

3 13

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

+

+

1 .

+

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

— > — > — > — >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

— > 7 201-3 — > S IA M92 — > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

— > — > — > — >

L 708 /5 7561 L 7017 /5 739 1 /715972 1 5 .22 1 03 .48

1 24 r l ow t e race R o i E t l o ld r i ve r a luv iu m I I sm y es y e s

2 2 -04 r .ND48 -2 B an Muang B un M i t Amphoe R a tanabur i S ur in

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ou rce sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

— > — > — > > — > — > — >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

4 r e c tang le — 31 — '3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t p o in t 1 00m >Si te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> — > — > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

1 00%

1 . 75 9 . 00 8 7 2 65

3 14

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> 2 2 -05r .ND48-2 l km NW o fB an Kosom > Amphoe R a tanabur i t > S ur in -

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 201-3 > S IA M92 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /5 7561 L 7017 /5 739 1 /6 80943 1 5 .19 1 03 .46

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

4 1 30 > l ow t e race r Ro i E t 4 o ld r i ver .a iu m luv - I I sm 4 n o y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 > 3 8 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea re s t d i s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o fn ea re s t.p

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erence s f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

.00 1 8 . 00 8 5 2 65

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -49 1. n umerous e a r thwork s t o E& S E

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

3 15

S ur in S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 201 -3 - S IA M92 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 -06 r .ND48 -2 2 0 . 75km S E o fB an Y ang No i Amphoe T ha T urn S ur in

L 708 /5 756 1V L 7017 /5 739 1V /6 01938 1 5 .19 1 03 .44

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> 1 9

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea r es t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea r e s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 27 > l ow t e race r > R o i E t 4 o ld r i ve r a ium luv > I I sm > y e s - y es

-4

> r e c tang le 91

7 . 70 . 15 1 7 5 2 65

1 .n o t o n map b u t c l ea r o n p ho to

3 16

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

+

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 201-3 > S IA M92 > 1 6 .03 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /5 756 1 L 7017 /5 739 1 /682951 1 5 .20 1 03 .47

1 30 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver -al ium luv I sm I y es y es

+

2 -07r .ND48 -2 2 B an Non K hwao Amphoe R a tanbur i t S ur in

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o fn ea re s t.p

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e fe rence s f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 . 00 8 . 50 8 5 2 65

1 .S r ia sak ra :1981 :no .83 1 .N -S e a r thwo rk t o e a s t p oo r ly d ef ined o n p ho to

3 17

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S ite Da ta

1 .

LOCAT ION DATA

1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> 4 > 4

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 201-3 S IA M92 > 1 6 .03 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > 9

2 -08 i .ND48 -2 2 B an B an l a ng Amphoe T ha T um S ur in

L 708 / L 7017 /5 739 !V /6 00950 1 5 .20 1 03 .42

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 .4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > 9 -

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r 4 i regu la r 91 > 1 3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te te A l t i tude D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m >Si i te A l t i tude o fn ea re s t 'po int 1 00m > S

4 > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

Commen ts

1 .S r ia sakra :1981 :no .80 2 . S e idenfaden :1922 :71 1 .p oor ly d ef ined o n p ho to

1 26 m idd le t e race r R enu o ld r i ver ,a luv iu m l Ism I y es y es

3 2 .00 1 . 00 7 6 2 65

3 18

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te Da ta

+ . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 085 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 / > L 7017 /5638 1 / 1 70335 > 1 4 .47

2 . 2 . 1

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude

2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S hape Nu mber o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1

S ITES AND THEIR S URROUNDINGS D is tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te

4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea rest d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C ommen ts

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -28

2 -09 i .ND48 -5 2 B an K hok Muang Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

> 1 03 .08

> 1 51 > m idd le t e rrace > Kora t o ld r i vet a luv ium l > V ts 9 y es > y es

> i regu la r r > 2 - 2 7

> 1 6 .50 > 4 .25 -3 2 8 -4 2 65

3 19

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

L OCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t RAF S er ia l RAP s or t ie

> 2 2 -10 r .ND48 -5 > Nong P eng > Amphoe Muang S ur in 4 S ur in

RAF d a te

> 7 085 & 7 221-2 > F IC 1 22 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 9 > >

1 L 708 /5 6551 L 7017 /5 638 1 /2 00365 1 4 .47 1 03 .19

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V is ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ionRing s a round S i te

3 . 3

A rea

9 r ec tang le 41 *3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D is tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea res t P o int 1 00m > S i te

5 .00 > 4 .25 *31 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

1 .b a ray=

4

1 40

9 l a va f l ow o r e ros ion > B uniRu m > r e s iduum f rom b a sa l t > V ts 9 y es 4 y es

1 00%

4

3 20

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> 9 >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

- 7 221-2 >F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 -1 l r .ND48 -5 2 2 km SW Wa t S a eng B urapha Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

1 L 708 /5 6551 L 7017 /5638 1 /248353 1 4 .47 1 03 .32

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if i ca t ion f o r R i ce V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> 1 50 > l a va f l ow o r e ro s ion l > B uniR um g r ave ly 9 r e s iduum .f r om b a sa l t > I V sm 9 y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 > 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i s s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

9 5 . 00 > 7 .25 3 3 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erences f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

1 00%

3 21

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO AR CHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 221-2 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

+

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R i ce V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o f P os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t o n ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i tes

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -80

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

2 2 -12 r .ND48 -5 B an P hanom Amphoe P ra sa t S ur in

1 L 708 /56551 L 7017 /5 638 1 /2 40319 1 4 .46 1 03 .22

> > > > >

1 75 l a va f l ow o r e ro s ion B uniR um r e s iduum -f rom b a sa l t H im 4 y es > y es

1 00%

> r e c tang le -8 1

> 1 2

> 3 . 50 > 7 . 50 340 > 3 50

3 22

M OATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

/ . "

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+ -

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 156 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

2 2 -13 i .ND48 -5 C hangwa t S u r in Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

L 708 /5 755IV L 7017 /5 638 1 /3 80458 1 4 .53 1 03 .29

> > > > > > >

1 45 r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o ld r i ver a luv iu m I Ism y es y es

r > i regu la r -4 1

*118

> > > >

4 .50 1 . 50 4 1 2 65

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -29 1 .r e c tangu la r e nc losure b u t a ppea r s mode rn 2 .w ide moa t= 1 00m

3 23

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

.. I-

/

/

1 -*

•. " 's \

( 1

Iii 1/1

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > > -

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 156 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 3 > >

2 -14r .ND48 -5 2 Nong B ua Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

L 708 /5755 1V ; 5 655 1 L 7017 /5 738 1V /3 90462 1 4 .53 1 03 .30

•

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > + > > > 4

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 *6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

9 .00 3 1 . 50 *42 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ference s f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 45 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ve r a iu m I sm I y es y es

3 24

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te Da ta

A -0 , 9.Y e

1 . . 1 1 i 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5

RAF S er ia l

1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF s or t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 .

TOPOGRAPHY

2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ings a round S i te A rea

4 .

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS

4 . 1 4 .2

D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te

4 .3 4 .4

D i s tance t o n ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & CO M MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

1 .T iwa :1982 :65-39

> > > > -

2 -15 i .ND48 -6 2 B an S a lak Da i Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

> 7 156 > S IA M28 > 1 8 .02 .46 > > > > -

L 708 /5 755 1V L 7017 /5 738IV /4 28425 1 4 .52 1 03 .32

3 > ÷ > >

1 48 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ism I

> y es 3 y es

> i regu la r r *2 > 1 6 -

> 6 .00 ÷ 5 .50 *45 > 2 77

3 25

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

4 -

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+

L OCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

2 2 -16 i .ND48 -6 B an K ae Y a Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 156 & 7 065 > S IA M28 & F IC122 > 1 8 .02 .46 & 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 / L 7017 /5 738 IV /3 90500 1 4 .56 1 03 .31

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ou rce sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *2 > 2 0

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 46 r l ow t e race R o i E t luv o ld r i ver a iu m I I sm y es y e s

4 .00 3 . 50 5 2 2 77

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -26 r 1 .i r iga t ion c ana l n ow r uns N /S t o e a s t o fs i te

3 26

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur inSi te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > + >

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 065 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > 4 >

2 2 -17r .ND48 -6 Nong L aboek Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

L 7085655 1 L 7017 /5 738 1V /400529 1 4 .57 1 03 .31

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 1 45 l ow t e race r > Ro i E t > o ld r i ver a iu m luv > I I sm > y es -4 n o

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

3 r ec tang le 41 -4 7

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s i p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > 4 > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

-4

0 .75 0 .75 4 3 2 65

1 .T iwa :1982 :no .65-48 (?) 1 . ba ray= 1 00% 2 . t emp le a tB an K ae N o i b u t n o t c l ea r e nough t o mea sure a r ea

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

3 27

S ur in S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 065 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 70 17 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

L 708 /5 655 1 > L 7017 /5738 IV /397536 > 1 4 .59 > 1 03 .31

2 2 -18 i .ND48-6 B an R ang Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *2 *2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea res i p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 . 50 - 0 . 25 *44 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erence sfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C om men t s

> > > > >

1 45 r l ow t e race R o i E t luv o ld r i ver a ium I Ism n o > y e s

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -43 1 . smal b u t c l ea r o n p ho to 2 .v ege ta t ion t p a te rn i na d jacen t p addy a r ea = s qua re

3 28

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

-

-

t

+ I I, , , I ,

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 065 > FI C1 22 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 2 -18r .ND48 -6 B an R ang Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

L 708 /5 655 1 L 7017 /5 738 1V /3 97538 1 4 .59 1 03 .31

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 p2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 0 .75 > 0 .25 ‚44 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e fe rences f o r S i tes

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -43 (?)

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

1 00%

1 45 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver .a iu m I Ism y es n o

3 29

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

+ -

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

L OCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

2 2 -19 r .ND48 -5 B an R aphao Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

7 065 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

>

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 / L 70 17 /5 638 1 /3 78552 1 4 .58 1 03 .29

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> 1 40 r > l ow t e race > R o i E t > o ld r i ver a luv ium > I I sm > y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 > 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re st p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 3 . 00 > 3 . 00 *41 > 2 65

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

5 0%

3 30

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+ -

L OCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

2 2 -20 i .ND48 -5 B an T ha R ayong Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

) 7 065 › F IC 1 22 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 / L 7017 /5 638 1 /3 54576 1 4 .59 1 03 .28

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> › > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r 4 i regu la r 93 4 2 5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ference s f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 39 r l ow t e race R o i E t luv o ld r i ver a ium I I sm y es y es

4 8 . 50

> 3 . 50 340 > 2 65

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -33 1. r i ng s c l ea re s t o n w e s t s i de o f s i te

31

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an

1 . 3 1 . 4

Amphoe C hangwa t

4 2 2 -21i .ND48-6 > B an P hra P ut - Amphoe Muang S ur in > S ur in

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 062 - F IC122 - 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map

> L 708 / -4 L 7017 /5738 IV /480545 > 1 4 .58 > 1 03 .35

L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace

2 . 3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 . 7

S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f or R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 1 49 r > l ow t e race > > > > -4

Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver -al iu m I Ism y es y es

3 .

S ITE FOR M

3 . 1 3 .2 3 . 3

S hape Nu mber o fP os i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *3 *62

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 5 .00 > 8 .00 *56 > 2 77

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

5 .2

C omments

1 .T iwa :1982 :65-40 1 .h i l i n c ent re n or th o l f s i te 2 . s quar i sh s hape 3 .r i ngs c l ea res t o n N o f s i te

32

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 061-2 F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > > -

2 2 -22 i .ND48 -6 l km S E o fB an K h iL ek Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

L 708 / L 7017 /5 738 IV /4 92502 1 4 .56 1 03 .36

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 9 > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> i regu la r r *3 * 20

4 . 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 52 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv I sm I y es y es

5 . 00 8 .00 5 5 2 77

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -27 much l e ss f o res ted 2 7 /1 /7 6 1 . moa t s n o t o n map

3 33

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

+

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

3 3 304 -5

L 708 map L 70 17 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 / > L7017 /5738 1V /518466 3 1 4 .54 ) 1 03 .37 -

+

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude ra T er ce So i l So i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV egeta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea r es t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ference sfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> > 3 >

2 2 -23r .ND48 -6 Nong L am B oek Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur in

3 BN581 > 1 4 .01 .45

> > 3 3 > > 3

1 52 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver a iu m I I sm y es y es

> r ec tang le 41

420

> 1 0 .00 >4 .50 p50 > 2 77

1. Muang T h i n ea rby a nd T iwa :1982 :65 -41 a l so b u t l o ca t ions d id n o t s eem = Nong L am B oek

34

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

L . !

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

4 2 2 -24r .ND48 -6 > 1 . 5km SW B an B u Na Y oeng > Amphoe Muang S ur in - S ur in

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

÷ 3 292 - BN581 > 1 4 .01 .45 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> 5 > >

L 708 / L 7017 /5738IV /418472 1 4 .53 1 03 .32

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> > > >

1 47 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ve r a luv ium l

-4 HIS M

> y es > y es

6 .00 2 .00 5 1 2 77

1 . ba ray= 1 00% i nc o rne r o fr ec tangu la r a r ea 8 x g rea ter a ppea r ing i np addy o u t l ine s

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO AR CHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

3 35

S ur in S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 3 292 > BN581 > 1 4 .01 .45

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 -25 i .ND48 -6 2 B an S a laeng P han ( 1 ) Amphoe Muang S ur in S ur i n

L 708 / L 7017 /5 738 1V /4 28490 1 4 .54 1 03 .32

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 1 46 > l ow t e race r > R o i E t 4 o ld r i ver a ium luv - I I sm 4 y e s 4 y e s

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

4 i regu la r r *2 *9

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea r e s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o fn ea re s t.p

> 3 . 75 > 2 . 00 +52 > 2 77

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erence sfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -46 1 . jus t o n e dge o fp ho to 2 .p o ss ib le r ec tan g u la r p a te rn i np addy t o s ou th o f s i te t

36

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 056 -8 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /7 555 1 > L 7017 /5 738 1 /712523 > 1 4 .56 1 03 .48

2 2 -26 r .ND48 -6 B an P ra sa t Amphoe S i kho raphum S ur in

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 354

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 39 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ve r a iu m H I sm y es y es

4 .00 2 4 .00 5 7 2 44

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -59 2 .FAD : 1 960 -1 :59 3 .La jonqu i e re :1907 : n o .382 :I43 1 .b a ray= a bou t 4 0% o fs i te 2 .r e c tang le a r ound t emp le q u i te c l ea r

37

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te Da ta

f

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 055 -7 >F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

>L 708 /7555 1 L 7017 /5 738 1 /7 55524 > 1 4 .57 > 1 03 .50

2 2 -27r .ND48 -6 0 .5km E . o fB an Anam Amphoe S ikho raphum S ur i n

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ou rce L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r ec tang le *1 - 9

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea r es t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r es t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea r es t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re st p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 39 l ow t e race r R o i E t o ld r i vet a ium luv I sm I y es y es

0 . 25 2 8 .00 5 7 2 44

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -60 2 .L a jonqu ie re :1907 :no .384 : 1 48 1 .b a ray = 1 00% 2 .n ow s ubmerged u nder B an T aP hrom R esevo i r

38

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

2 2 -28r .ND48 -6 > 0 . 75km NE o fB an Anam > Amphoe S i kho raphu m > S ur in

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 055 -7 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /7 555 1 L 7017 /5738 1 /755525 1 4 .57 1 03 .51

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le > 1 *2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 39 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver a ium I I sm y es y es

0 .25 2 8 .00 5 7 2 44

1 .c l ea r ly d ef ined v ege ta t ion r i ng 2 .b a ray = 1 00%

39

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

L OCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

2 2 -29 r .ND48 -6 0 .25km N o fB an S a Y a i Amphoe S ikho raphum S ur in

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 057 -8 -4 F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

- L 708 /7 555 1 > L 7017 /5738 1 /673531 -4 1 4 .57 > 1 03 .47

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude race T er So i l So i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

1 38 r l ow t e race R o i E t luv o ld r i ver -al iu m I I sm y es y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r e c tang le *1 ‚3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r e s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e fe rence sfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

4 . 50 1 9 .30 5 8 2 44

1. c l ea r ly d ef ined v ege ta t ion r i ng 2 .b a ray = 1 00%

3 40

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

,1 . ,1 . 1 ,1 . 2 , 1. 3 , 1. 4

L OCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

2 -30r .ND48 -6 2 0 . 5km E o fB an T a K u i Amphoe S i kho raphum S ur in

, 1. 5 ,1 . 6 ,1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 057 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

,1 . 8 ,1 . 9 ,. 10 1 +1 . 11

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /7555 1 L 7017 /5 738 1 /6 91463 1 4 .53 1 03 .47

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 .2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *9

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferenc esfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C omment s

1 37 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ve r -al iu m luv I sm I y es y es

3 . 25 1 7 .00 5 2 2 44

1. w a t i nd ica ted i n t own t o w es t o fb a ray 2 .b a ray = 1 00%

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

3 41

S ur in S i te Da ta

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> 2 2 -31r .ND48 -6 > 0 . 5km S E o fB an P hans i -4 Amp hoe S i kho raphu m > S ur in

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 057 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /7 555 1 > L 7017 /5 738 1 /662477 -4 1 4 .53 > 1 03 .46

' TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ou rce L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ic e sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > -

1 40 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l I sm I -4 y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 93

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

3 . 25 1 9 .00 5 2 2 44

1 .T iwa :1982 :65 -56 1 .w a t i nd ica ted i n t own t o e a s t o f b a ray 2 .b a ray = 1 00% & v ery s qua re

3 42

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

S ur in S i te D a ta

+

- -

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 I . 4 , 1 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

+

L OCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 2 -32 r .ND48 -6 Nong Khu Amphoe S angkha S ur in

> 7 102 -3 > F IC 1 22 > 1 9 .01 .46 > L 708 /7 555 1 L 7017 /5 7381 /8 76376 > 1 4 .48 > 1 03 .57

-4

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> 1 41 -4 l ow t e race r > Ro i E t > o ld r i ver a ium luv > I Ism > y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le > 1 > 1 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res . t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferencesfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

6 .25 4 7 .50 4 1 2 44

1. T iwa :1982 :65 -69 1 .0 . 5km NW o fB an P hanao 2 . many o ther p robab le b a ray s i n a r ea b u t n o t o n p ho to c oy .

3 43

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

S ur in S i te D a ta

+

+ -

i

+

I

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 102 -3 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

I I 1

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

2 -33r .ND48 -6 2 B an Ko Amphoe S angkha S ur in

> L 708 /7 555 1 L 7017 /5 738 1 /8 55315 › 1 4 .46 > 1 03 .57

)

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > ) > )

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o f P o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

› r e c tang le *1 *6

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 6 . 25 >4 7 .50 *36 > 2 44 -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 47 l ow t e race r R o i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv I sm I n o y es

sib 1 .p os le f o rme r b a ray ( ab t .50ha . ) l km t o S E b u t n o t c l ea r e nough t o mea sure a ccura te ly

3 44

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te D a ta

:

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

I . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t i e RAF d a te

> 7 102 -5 > F IC 1 22 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

TOPOGRAPHY Al t i tude Ter ce ra So i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

2 3 -01r .ND48 -6 B an P ra sa t Amphoe K hukha S iS ake t

1 1 L 708 /5 855 1 1 1 L 7017 /5 838 1 /9 52284 1 4 .43 1 04 .02

> > > > 9 > >

1 50 r l ow t e race Ro i E t l o amy luv o ld r i ver a iu m I Ifm y es y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *9

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 1 0 .00 > 1 4 .00 430 4 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferencesfo r S i te s

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -11 1 .e a r thwork e x tend ing 2 km E . & a c ros ua i K ong 2 . A .Khukan t o e a s t s H s how s s qua re p l an b u t n o t c l ea r moa t s t o mea sure

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

3 45

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

_

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

L OCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

2 3 -02 i .ND48 -6 B an K u Amphoe P rang K u S iS ake t

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 206 & 7 142 > F IC122 & S IA M28 > 1 9 .01 .46 & 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > ) >

L 708 /5 755 1 &5 855 I V L 7017 /5 738 1 /9 12420 1 4 .52 1 03 .59

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r > i regu la r *2 *7

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r es t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 3 8 .25 0 . 50 342 > 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1. T iva :1982 : 5 3 -15

3

1 33 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver a ium I I sm y e s y es

3 46

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> 2 3 -02 r .ND48 -6 B an K u > Amphoe P rang K u > S i S ake t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 206 & 7 142 - F IC122 & S IA M28 1 9 .01 .46 & 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

L 708 /5 755 1 &5 855 IV > L 7017 /5738 1 /920418 > 1 4 .52 ) 1 03 .59

4

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> 9 > > 4 9

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

4 r ec tang le *1 4 2 1

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

9 > 4 )

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i te s

1 .T iva :1982 :53 -15

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

1 00%

1 33 r l ow t e race Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver a ium I l I sm y es y es

5 0 .00 0 . 50 4 2 2 32

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 47

S i S ake t S i te D a ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 206 & 7 142 > F IC122 & S IA M28 > 1 9 .01 .46 & 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 755 1 &5 855IV -9 L 7017 /5738 1 /902417 > 1 4 .52 > 1 03 .58

2 3 -03r .ND48 -6 Nong K u S a Amphoe P rang K u S iS ake t

I I" --4 - L -

I

r

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 - 1 3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t : p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 1 . 50 > 1 . 50 -4 4 1 2 32

> 1 35 r l ow t e race > Ro i E t l o amy luv > o ld r i ver a iu m > I Ism > y es -4 y es

-4

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i tes

1 .T iva :1982 :53 -15

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .b a ray=

1 00%

3 48

APPENDIX : GUIDE TO AR CHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t i e RAF d a te

4

4

7 142 S IA M28 1 8 .02 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 708 /5 755 1 &5 855 IV L 7017 /5 838 1V /9 28452 1 4 .53 1 04 .00

> 2 3 -04r .ND48 -6 > 0 . 5km E . o fB an T u rn Amphoe P rang K u > S iS ake t

>

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 1 30 > l ow t e race r > T ha T ur n 4 o ld r i ve t ' a ium luv > I I sm > y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

>r ec tang le 41 *2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

>4 .20 >4 .50 345 > 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erencesfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1. t emp le i nd ica ted i n t own t oW . b ut r e c t . n o t c l ea r 2 .a r ea mea s . p robab ly o nce= b a ray

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 49

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

2 3 -05r .ND48 -6 > 0 . 75km S .o fB an R ong R a > Amphoe U thomphon P h i sa i > S iS ake t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 052 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 855 1V > L7017 /5838 1V /935484 > 1 4 .55 > 1 04 .01

1 -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ou rce L and C apab i l i ty C las sif ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 > 1 3

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea r e s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 3 . 50 > 6 . 00 ‚49 > 2 32

1 33 r l ow t e race Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m I I sm n o y es

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -17

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .f a int E /W e a r thwo rk t o S E

3 50

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

-

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

>7 052 > F IC122 3 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 855 1V > L 7017 /5838 IV /966538 > 1 4 .57 4 1 04 .02

2 3 -06 i .ND48 -6 B an P hawon Amphoe U thomphon P h i sa i S iS ake t

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o fS i te

> > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

3 i regu la r r *1 > 1 2 -

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 2 5 .50 > 6 .00 > 5 5 3 2 32

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 32 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a iu m luv I sm I n o y es

1 .c i rcu la r p addy p a te rn a round s i te t

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 51

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 046 -5 9 F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 3-07 i .ND48 -6 B an Don Y a i Amphoe U thomphon P h i sa i S iS ake t

L 708 /5 855 1 1/218505 L 7017 /5 8391 1 4 .57 1 04 .17

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > 9 9 9

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r > i regu la r 93 > 2 7

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r es t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea r est p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o f n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 2 5 .25 > 0 . 50 ‚46 > 3 15

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C om men t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -22

1 34 r l ow t e race R o i E t l o amy luv o ld r i ver a iu m I Ifm y es y es

3 52

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

// t

1 " ' " • ,

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > 4

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 046 -5 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

*L 708 /5 855 1 L 7017 /5 8391 18505 1/ 2 > 1 4 .57 - 1 04 .17

2 3-07r .ND48 -6 B an Don Y a i Amphoe U thomphon P h i sa i S iS ake t

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le > 1 > 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 4 > > -

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -22

1 34 l ow t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ifm I n o y es

1 0 .00 0 .50 4 6 3 15

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 53

S i S ake t S i te D a ta

x _ x . .

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > > -

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 045 -6 F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 708 /5 855 1 > L 7017 /5 8391 90580 1/ 2 4 1 5 .00 > 1 04 .21

2 3 -08r .ND48 -6 B an K ham in Amphoe U thomphon P h i sa i S iS ake t

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > -

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 *9

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 1 0 .00 1 0 .50 > 5 5 > 3 15

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 27 l ow t e race r R o i E t l o amy o ld r i ver a iu m luv Ifm I y es y es

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -60 a bout 5 km t o SW = B an Non T ur n

3 54

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t 1- 7 I /

> > > >

2 3 -09 r .ND48 -2 Wa t S a K amphaeng Y a i Amphoe U thomphon P h i sa i S iS ake t

mo sa ic > n o t k nown > n o t k nown

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

4

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > -

L 708 /5 856 1 1 1 L 7017 /5 839 1 /0 66692 1 1 1 5 .07 1 04 .08

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le > 1 > 2 8

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude o fn ea re s t.p

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rencesfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> > > > > > -4

1 35 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l I sm I y es y es

9 . 50 4 .00 7 1 2 32

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -35 2 .L a jonqu ie re :1907 :no371 :125 1 .b a ray= 1 00% 2 .k nown Khme r s i te t ow e s t b u t n o t c l ea r e nough t o mea sure

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 55

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> 2 3 -10 i .ND48 -2 -4 B an S a P hu > Amphoe U thomphon P h i sa i > S iS ake t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> mo sa ic >n o t k nown n o t k nown

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

4

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e fe rences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 1 L 708 /5 856 1 1 1 L 7017 /5 839 1 / 1 04685 1 5 .06 1 04 .11

> 1 31 r > l ow t e race > R o i E t -4 o ld r i ver a iu m luv > I I sm > y es > y es -

i regu la r r *3 -4 2 5 -4

> 1 8 .00 >4 .00 970 > 2 32

I .T iwa :1982 :53 -41 1 .a noma lous c i rcu la r a r ea t oN a tB .Khon Kam ( a l so T iwa :53 -20?) 2 .p oo r c over o fa r ea

3 56

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

) 2 3 -1 l r .ND48 -2 3 0 . 5km NW o fB an Kh lo 4 Ampho e K an tha ra rom S iS ake t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

3 mosa ic >n o t k nown 4 n o t k nown

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

4 >L 7017 /5 939 1 /4 63705 1 1 > 1 5 .07 ) 1 04 .30

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ic e sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > > 3

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

r ec tang le - 1 4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

S . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1. T iwa :1982 :53 -64 & 5 3 -2

1 20 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver -al ium luv I sm I n o y es

1 . 70 2 7 .00 5 6 2 62

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 57

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

2 3 -12 i .ND48-2 > B an Nam K ham > Amphoe K an tha ra rom > S iS ake t

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

mo sa ic >n o tk nown ) n o t k nown

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

-4 -

L 7017 /5 939 1 /4 80706 1 1 > 1 5 .07 > 1 04 .31

->

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude race T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ic e V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

r 3 i regu la r 41 - 2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea r e s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

>4 0 .00 1 . 70 *56 -4 2 62

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe renc es f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

> > > >

1 20 l ow t e race r Ro i E t luv o ld r i ver -al iu m

> iiS M

> y es > y es

3 58

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

C D

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 3-13r .ND48 -6 - l km NW o fB an K huM uang > Amphoe K an tha ra lak -4 S iS ake t

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 041-2 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> >L 7017 /5 838 1 /3 60507 -4 1 4 .57 -4 1 04 .24

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re st p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > > > -4

1 31 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ve r -al ium luv I sm I y es y e s

> r ec tang le *1 > 1 4 -

> 1 4 .50 -4 1 .00

> 3 5 > 2 62

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rence s f o r S i tes

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -61

5 . 2

C ommen t s

l 1 .s ma l b a ray=

tS E a b t .10% a

c orner

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 59

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

/

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 3 -14r .ND48 -6 > B an T am y ae > Amphoe K an tha ra lak 4 S iS ake t

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 041-2 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> L 7017 /5 838 1 /3 80533 > 1 4 .58 > 1 04 .26

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ou rce L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ionRing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 4 6 5

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e fe rences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 27 m idd le t e race r Kora t o ld r i ve t ' a luv iu m l I sm I y es y es

1 6 .50 3 . 00 3 5 2 62

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -23 1 .b a ray= a b t 6 0% o fs i te ; E . l im i t s u n lcea r 2 . 3e a r thwo rk s e ach 0 . 75km

3 60

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T O A RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n u mbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> 2 3 -15r .ND48 -6 -4 N ong P hayu > Amphoe K an tha ra lak > S iS ake t

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 041-2 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > > -

L 7017 /5 838 1 /355522 1 4 .57 1 04 .23

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er ce ra S o i l S o i l ma te r ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las i ca t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 1 26 > m idd le t e ra ce r -4 K o ra t > o ld r i ve r -al ium luv > I I sm > y es -4 y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 35

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 1 3 .70 -4 1 . 50 > 3 7 > 2 62

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -26 1 .b a ray= 1 00% 2 .t emp le i nd ica ted i nB an P hayu t oW . b ut n o t c l ea r ly d ef ined o n p ho to

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST T HA ILAND

3 6 1

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ngwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 041-2 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 3 -16 r .ND48 -6 0 .25km E o fB an K hu Muang Amphoe K an tha ra lak S iS ake t

L 7017 /5838 1 /368502 1 4 .56 1 04 .25

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude ra T er ce S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o f S i te

> 1 31 r > m idd le t e race -4 K o ra t > o ld r i ver a iu m luv > I I sm > y es > y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le > 1 33

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> 1 5 .00 > 1 . 00 334 > 2 62

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -70 2 .S e idenfaden :1922 :59 (? ) 1 .b a ray= 1 00% 2 .t emp le i nd ica ted i n t oW o fb a ray & E o ft own b u t u nc lea r o n p ho to

3 62

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te D a ta

1 . 1 . 1 1 1. . 2 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

>7 039 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46 -

1 . 8 1 . 9 . 10 1 . 11 1

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

9 > > >

2 3-17r .ND48-6 0 . 75km N W o fB an Kh i L ek Amphoe K antha ra lak S iS ake t

1

e '-- -

L 7017 /5 838 1 /432520 1 4 .57 1 04 .28

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss i f ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

4 1 24 > l ow t e race r > Ro i E t o ld r i ver a ium luv > I I sm > y es 9 y es

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Number o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 41 411

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -01

5 . 80 3 . 30 3 5 2 62

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 63

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

1

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

> > > >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 039 > F IC122 4 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

- L 7017 /5 8381 /438550 > 1 4 .58 > 1 04 .28

2 3 -18 i .ND48 -6 B an T ong P i t Amphoe K an tha ra lak S iS ake t

+ -

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i thin 2 km o fS i te

> > > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

9 i regu la r r 41 4 7

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

9 > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e f erencesfo r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

17 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a ium luv I sm I n o y es

2 .00 2 1 . 50 3 7 2 62

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -54 i de s o f s i te 1 .v es t iges o fr i ng o n E&W s 2 .T iwa s how s s econd s i te s l igh t ly NE ( 53 -43 )

3 64

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES S i S ake t S i te Da ta

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C hangwa t

4 ) >

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 039 > F IC122 4 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

44 L 7017 /5838 1 /429562 > 1 4 .57 > 1 04 .29

2 3-19 r .ND48 -6 1 . 25km S E o fB an Khok Amphoe K an tha ra lak S iS ake t

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude r ace T er S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource sif L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa te r S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> 4 > > > > >

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t iveV ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le > 1 *4

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 . 4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t on ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te s D i s tance t on ea res t d i s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o in t 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o in t 1 00m > S i te

> 4 . 50 3 . 00 *40 9 2 62

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e f erences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

4

18 r l ow t e race R o i E t luv o ld r i vet a iu m I I sm y es y es

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

3 65

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

. .

.

/ /

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C han g wa t

> 2 3 -20 r .ND48 -6 -> B an T akh ian > Amphoe K an tha ra lak -4 S iS ake t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S e r ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 193 -5 > F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

L 7017 /58381 /415326 1 4 .47 1 04 .28

1 37 m idd le t e race r Ko ra t o ld r i ver a iu m luv V t s y e s y es

+

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er race S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f o r R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

> > > 3 > > 3

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP o s i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

> r ec tang le *1 > 3 7

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea re s t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t on ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t 'p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e fe rence s f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 9 .00 2 .50 2 1 6 2 62

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -06 s t i l l c l ea r 7 /1 / 54 1 .E /W e a r thwork o n N o f s i te ( 4km l o ng ) & t o S (6km l o ng ) 2 .r e c tang le p oor ly d ef ined

3 66

A PPEND IX : GU IDE T OA RCHAEOLOG ICAL S ITES

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umbe r B an Amphoe C ha ng wa t

> > > >

RAF S er ia l RAF s o r t ie RAF d a te

> 7 121 >F IC122 > 1 9 .01 .46

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

> > > >

2 3 -21r .ND48 -6 0 . 75km S E o fB an Nong T a i Amphoe K an tha ra lak S iS ake t

L 7017 /5 938 1V /700332 1 4 .46 1 04 .43

2 . 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 .6 2 . 7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C la ss if i ca t ion f o r R ice V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1 3 . 2 . 3 3

S ITE FOR M S hape Numbe r o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a r ound S i te A rea

> r ec tang le 31 *2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 . 3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR S URROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea re s t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea rest p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

> > > >

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O the r r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 . 2

C ommen t s

1 .T iwa :1982 :53 -05

1 54 l ow t e race r Ro i E t l o amy o ld r i ver-a ium luv Ifm I y es > y es

-4

> > > >

3 .00 3 2 .00 3 8 2 62

3 67 MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

S i S ake t S i te Da ta

1 . . 1 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4

LOCAT ION DATA S i te n umber B an Amphoe C hangwa t

1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7

RAF S er ia l RAF s or t ie RAF d a te

> 7 121 > F IC122 -

L 708 map L 7017 map L a t i tude L ong i tude

49 L 7017 /5 938 1 /7 25350 > 1 4 .48 > 1 04 .47 -

> 2 3-22 r .ND48-6 > 0 .5km E .Ban Nong Mak T hon > Amphoe K an tha ra lak 3 S i S aket

> 1 9 .01 .46

2 . 2 . 1 2 .2 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7

TOPOGRAPHY A l t i tude T er r ace S o i l S o i l ma ter ia l s ource L and C apab i l i ty C las ica t ion f or R ice sif V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly a tS i te V i s ib le Wa ter S upp ly w i th in 2 km o f S i te

3 . 3 . 1

S ITE FOR M S hape

3 .2 3 . 3

Nu mber o fP os i t ive V ege ta t ion R ing s a round S i te A rea

3 r ec tang le 31 *2

4 . 4 . 1 4 .2 4 .3 4 .4

S ITES AND THE IR SURROUNDINGS D i s tance t o n ea res t s im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t d i ss im i la r s hape S i te D i s tance t o n ea res t p o int 1 00m > S i te A l t i tude A l t i tude o fn ea re s t p o int 1 00m > S i te

3 .00 3 5 .00 *32 > 2 62

5 . 5 . 1

REFERENCES & COM MENTS O ther r e ferences f o r S i tes

5 .2

C om men ts

> > > > > -

1 58 l ow t e race r Ro i E t o ld r i ver a luv iu m l Ifm I -4 y es > y es

1 .T iwa :1982 :53-08 (?)

-

1 .b a ray=

1 00%

-4 -4

B IBLIOGRAPHY

t Adams , Rober t McC . 1 965 . L and b eh ind B aghdad : ah i s to ry o f s e t lemen t o n t h e D iya la p l a ins . C h icago : Univers i ty o f C h icago P ress . Adams , Rober t McC . 1 966 . T he E vo lu t ion o fU rban S oc ie ty . L ondon : We idenfe ld & N ico l son . t Adams , R .E .W . a nd R icha rd C . J one s . 1 981 . S pa t ia l P a terns a nd R eg iona l G row th Among C la ss ic Maya C i t ies . p p .301-323 i n Amer ican An t iqu i ty . v o l4 6 (2 ) . Avery , T .E . & L yons , T .R .1977 . R emo te S ens ing : A Handbook f or A rcheo log i s ts a nd C u l tura l Resource Manager s . Wa sh ing ton , D .C . : C u l tura l R esources Management D iv i s ion , N a t iona l P a rk S erv ice , U .S . Depa r tment o f t he I n ter ior . Avery ,

T .E . & L yons , T .R .

res 1 981 . R emo te S ens ing : A er ia l a nd T er tr ia l P ho tography f or

A rcheo log i s ts S upp lement No .7 . Wa sh ing ton , D .C . : C u l tura l R esources Managemen t D iv i s ion , Na t iona l P a rk S erv ice , U .S . Depa r tment o f t he I n ter ior . Aymon ier , E t ienne . 1 901 . L e C ambodge :I :L es P rov inces S i amo i ses .Pa r i s : E .Leroux . B a r th , A . 1 885 . I nscr ip t ions s ansc r i tes d u C ambodge . p p .1-180 i n A cadém ie d es I nsc r ip t ions e t l B e lesLe i tres . No t ices e t e x tra i ts d es manuscr i ts d e l a B ib l io thi .que d u r o i e t a u t res b i b l io theques . P a r i s . B a r th , A . & B erga igne , A . 1 885 . I nscr ip t ions S anscr i tes d e C hampa e t d u C ambodge . P a r i s : I mpr imer ie Na t iona le . B aya rd , D . 1 970 . E xcava t ions a t Non Nok T ha , Nor thea s te rn T ha i land , r epor t . p p .109 -43 i nA s ian P er sp ec t ives v o l .13 .

1 968 : a n i n te r im

B aya rd , D . 1 971 . Non Nok T ha . T he 1 968 e xcava t ion : p rocedure , s t ra t ig raphy , a nd as umma ry o f t he e v idence . O tago U n ive r s i ty S tud ies i nP r eh i s tor i c An thropo logy . V o l .4 . Duned in . B aya rd , D . 1 976 . A C our se T oward Wha t? E vo lu t ion , d eve lopmen t a nd c hange a t Non Nok T ha , i T ha i land . Unpubl i shed P h .D t hes i s , Depa r tmen t o f Anthropo logy , Un iver s i ty o f Hawa i . tery a B aya rd , D . 1 977 . P hu Wiang p ot nd t he p reh i s tory o f Nor thea s tern T ha i land . p p .57 -102 i n Modern Qua terna ry Resear ch i nS ou theas t A s ia ( ed . B a r t s t ra , C a spa r ie & G lover ) . Vo lume 3 . terdam Rot : A .A . B a lkema . B aya rd , D . 1 979 . Comment . p p .278 -80 i n E ar ly S ou th E as t A s ia W. Wa tson) . Oxford : Oxford Un iver s i ty P ress .

( eds .

R .B .

Sm i th

&

B aya rd , D . 1 984a . R ank a nd Wea l th a t Non Nok T ha : t he Mo r tua ry E v idence . p p . 8 7 -122 i n S ou theas t A s ian A rchaeo logy a t t h e XV P ac if ic S c i ence C ong r es ed . D . B aya rd ) . Un ive r s i ty o f s ( O tago S tud ies i n P reh i s tor ic An thropo logy V o lume 1 6 . New Z ea land : Un ivers i ty o fO tago .

B IBL IOGRAPHY

3 69

B aya rd , D . 1 984b . A T en ta t ive R eg iona l P ha se C hrono logy f o r Nor thea s t T ha i land . p p . 1 61-8 s ( i n S ou theas t A s ian A r chaeo logy a t t h e XV P ac if ic S c i ence C ongr es ed . D . B aya rd ) . Un ivers i ty o f O tago S tud ies i n P reh i s to r ic Anthropo logy Vo lume 1 6 . New Z ea land : Un ivers i ty o f O tago . B aya rd , D . 1 985 . Mode l s , S cena r ios , V a r iab les a nd S uppos i t ions : Approaches t o t he R i se o f S oc ia l C omp lex i ty i n Ma in land S outhea s t A s ia , 7 00 B .C . -5 00 A .D . P aper p resen ted a t t he R esea rch Conf erence o n E a r ly S outhea s t A s ia , B angkok / Nakhon P a thom , Apr i l , 1 985 . l B aya rd , D . a nd C ha roenwongwa , P . 1 983 . T he d eve lopment o f me ta lurgy i n S outhea s t A s ia : r ep ly t o L oof s -W i ssowa . p p .12 -17 i nJ ourna l o fS ou theas tA s ian S tud i es . v o l .14(1) . . B e rga igne , A . 1 893 . I nsc r ip t ions s ansc r i tes d e C ampa . p p . 2 93 -588 i n A cadém i e d es I nscr ip t ions l t e tB e les -Le tres . No t ices e te x tra i t s d es man u scr i ts d e l aB ib l io th2que d u r o i e ta u t res b i b l io th2ques . P a r i s . B e rry , B . J .L . 1 961 . C i ty s i ze d i s tr ibut ions a nd e conom ic d eve lopment . p p .573-88 i n E conom i c D eve lopmen t a nd C u l ture C hange ( 9 ) . s: a B loch , Maur ice . 1 977 . T he d i sconnec t ion b e tween p ower a nd r ank a s ap roces n o u t l ine o f t he d eve lopment o f k ingdoms i n C en tra l Madaga sca r . p p .303 -340 i n T he E vo lu t ion o f S oc ia l S y s tems ( ed . J .Fr iedman & M .J . Row lands ) . L ondon : Duckwor th . . B oe les , J . 1 964 . T he K ing o f S r i Dva rava t i a nd h i s R ega l ia . p p .99 -114 i n J ourna l o f t h e S iam I S oc ie ty . Vo l L I :l . B ogue , D .J . 1 950 . T he s t ruc ture o ft h e m e tropo l i tan c ommun i ty : a st udy o fd om inance a nd s ubdom i n ance . Ann A rbor . B o i sse l ier , J ean . 1 966 . A s i e d u S udEs t : T ome I :L e C ambodge . P a r is : A . e tJ .P icard e tC ie . B o i sse l ie r , J ean . 1 967 . No tes s ur l ' a r t d u B ronze d ans l 'Anc ien C ambodge . p p .305 -312 i n A r t ibus A s iae . V o l 4 . B o i sse l ie r , J ean . 1 969 . R echerches a r ch &i log iques e n T ha i lande . I . R appor t s o mma i re d e l a l M i ss ion 1 965 (26 j u i le t -28 n ovembre ) p p .47-98 i nA r ts A s ia t iques , t ome XX . B o i sse l ier , J ean . 1 972 . T ravaux d e l aM iss ion a r ch A e log ique F ran9a i se e n T ha i lande . p p .27 -91 i nA r ts A s ia t iques , t ome XXV . B ou lbe t , J ean . 1 982 . E vo lu t ion d es P ay sages V dgd taux e n T ha i lande d u Nord -Es t . P a r i s : E co le F ranca i se d 'Ex t r8me O r ien t . l B ra idwood , Rober t J .a nd Go rdon R . Wi ley ( eds . ) 1 962 . C our ses t oward u rban l i f e : a r chaeo log i c a l c ons idera t ions o fs ome c u l tura la l terna tes . V ik ing F und P ub l ica t ions i n Anthropo logy , n o .32 . l B radford , J .S .P . 1 957 . Anc i en t Land scap es , S tud i es i nF ie ld A r chaeo logy . L ondon : B e l . l B radford , J .S .P . a nd P .D .R . Wi l iams -Hunt . 1 946 . S i t icu losa Apu l ia . An t iqu i ty . v o l XX : 8 0 : 1 91-200 . B r igg s , L .P . 1 951 . T he A nc i en t Khmer Emp i re . T ransac t ions o f t he Amer ican P h i losoph ica l S oc ie ty . Vo l .41 :1 . P h i lade lph ia : T he Amer ican P h i losop ica l S oc ie ty . B ronson , B . 1 978 . Angkor , Anuradhapura , P rambanan , T ika l : Maya S ubs i s tence i n a n A s ian

3 70

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S pec ia l E xh ib i t ion : T ha Khae A r chaeo log ica l S i te .

L opbur i

P iggot incent C . 1 984 . T he T ha i land A rchaeome ta lurgy P ro jec t 1 984 : S urvey o f B a se - Me ta l t, V l R esource E xp lo i ta t ion i n L oe i P rov ince , Nor thea s tern T ha i land . p p .1-5 i n S ou th -Eas t A s ian S tud i es New s l e ter . No .17 ( Oc tober ) . t P reecha , K . a nd P uka jorn , S . 1 976 . P re l im ina ry r epor t o n t e s t e xcava t ions a t B an Om K aeo , T ambon B an C h iang , Amphoe Nong Han , c hangwa t Udo rn . p p .17 -26 i n J ourna l o fA n thropo l o gy . T hamma sa t Univers i ty : B angkok . P ub l ic R ecords O ff ice 1 946 . R ice I n terp re ta t ion . S outh E a s t A s ia : C omb ined P ho tog raph ic I n te l igence C en tre . Docu ment A IR 2 3 /4294 . l P ub l ic R ecords O ff i ce . A IR 4 1 /6 -7 . 1 941-1945 . P ho tog raph i c R econna is , A i r H i s to r ica l s ance B ranch ( 1) , A i r Min i s t ry . v o lu me I( to Ap r i l 1 941) a nd v o lume I (May 1 941 -Augus t 1 945 ) P ub l ic R ecords O ff ice . A IR 4 1/78 T he RAF i n Mar i t ime Wa r . Augus t 1 949 -N ovember 1 946 .Vo lu me V I : p a r t I V , S outhea s t A s ian P o s t - Wa r Opera t ions . I P ub l ic R ecords O ff ice . A IR 2 7 /2212 Opera t ions R ecord B ook 1 943 -4 . S quadron 6 84 . R e id , An thony . 1 969 . T he C on tes tf or Nor th S uma tra . L ondon : Oxford Un ivers i ty P res s. R enf rew . 1 975 . T rade a s A c t ion a t aD i s tance : Que st ions o f I n teg ra t ion a nd Commun ica t ion . p . 3 -61 i n Anc ien t C iv i l i za t ion a nd T rade ( ed . J .A . S ab lof .C . L amberg -Ka r lo -vsky ) . A lbup f &C q uerque : Un iver s i ty o f New Mex ico P ress . S aengwan , N . 1 979 . Anc ient c i t ies i n N .E . T ha i land ( i n T ha i ) . Dup l ica ted b y N .E . T ha i land A rchaeo log ica l P ro jec t , o b ta inab le f r om Khon Kaen Na t iona l Museu m , T ha i land . S t . J oseph , J .K .S . 1 977 . A i r P ho tog raphy a nd A rchaeo logy . I n T he U ses o f A i r P ho tog raphy , . p . 1 35 -5 3 ( eds J .K .S . S t . J oseph a nd J .B aker ) . L ondon : J ohn B aker . p S anders , W .T . a nd P r ice , B . J . 1 968 . Mesoamer ica : t h e e vo lu t ion o f ac i v i l i za t ion . New Y ork . S chauf , W. 1 976 . A rchaeo log ica l s urvey a nd e xcava t ion o f B an C h iang c ul ture s i te s i n fler No r thea s t T ha i land . p p .27-37 i n E xped i t ion . v o l .18 . S e idenfaden , E r ik . 1 922 . C omp lemen t äl ' Inven ta i re D escr ip t i f d es Monumen ts d u C ambodge . P a r i s : B EFEO . S e idenfaden , E r ik . 1 927 . Gu ide t o Nakhon P a tom . B angkok : Roya l S ta te R a i lway . S hor to , H .L . 1 979 . T he L ingui s t ic P ro toh is tory o f Ma in land S outh E a s t A s ia . p p . 2 73 -8 i n E ar ly S ou th E as tA s ia ( eds . R .B . Sm i th & W. Wa tson ) . Oxfo rd : O xford Un iver s i ty P res s. S o i l Map . 1 974 . De ta i led R econna i ssance S o i l Map o f S ur in P rov ince & De ta i led R econna i s s ance S o i l Map o f S i S a K e t P rov ince . S o i l S urvey D iv i s ion , Depa r tment o f L and Deve lop men t . P rov ince s e r ies : No .19 . B angkok : K ingdom o fT ha i land . S o i l Map . 1 975 . De ta i led R econna is o i l Map o f B un iR am P rov ince . S o i l S urvey D iv i s ance S s i on , Depa r tment o f L and Deve lopment . P rov ince s e r ies : No .16 . B angkok : K ingdom o f T ha i l a nd .

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T iva S upa janya & S r i sak ra V a l ibho tama . 1 972 . p p .354 -372 i nA rchaeo logy . B angkok : S i lpakorn l Un ivers i ty . T iva S upa janya & P ong s r i V ana s in . 1 979 . T he P a terns o f Moa ts i n t he L ower C hao P hraya t P la in , T ha i land . p p . 5 3 -65 i n G eog raph ica lJ ourna l . B angkok : Vo l . 4 : n o .3 . T iva S up janya & P ong sr i V ana s in . 1 981 . Anc ien t C i t ies o n t h e F ormer S hor e l ine i n t h e C en tra l P la in o f T ha i land : t h e S tudy o f S i tes a nd G eog raph ica l C or la t ion . C hu la longkorn Un ivers i ty re P ress : B angkok , R esea rch R epor t S er ies No .l . T iva S upa janya & P ong sr i Vana s in . 1 982 . T he I nven to ry o f Anc i en t S e t lemen ts i n T ha i land . t B angkok : T he T oyo ta F ounda t ion . T iva S upa janya a nd J on . L . Rau . 1 986 . S ink ing C i t ies o f No r thea s t , T ha i land . p p .133 -147 i n Anc i en t C i t ies a nd C ommun i t ies i nt h e Nor th E as t , T ha i land . Khon K aen Un iver s i ty . T iva S upa janya , S .Hogcha roen , P .Chanhow . 1 985 . T he E nv i ron ment o f Anc ient S e t lement s t i n t he Mun-Ch i B a s in u s ing LANDSAT i mages . Anc ien t S e t lement s R esea rch P ro jec t , C hut a longkorn Un iver s i ty . l Dh ida S ur iya . 1 983 . T he Deve lopment o f P o l i t ica l E n t i t ies f rom a town t o k ingdom . p p .26 -6 i n Mu ang B oran J ourna l . v o l .9 (2 ) . S ut i rag sa , N . 1 973 . T he B an C h ieng c u l ture . p p .42 -52 i nE ar ly S ou th E as tA s ia . ( ed . R .B . Sm i th a nd W. Wa t son) L ondon :Oxfo rd Un ive rs i ty P res s. T akaya , Yosh ikazu & E i j i Ma tsumo to . 1 974 . ` Fa i ' a nd ' Bo ' T ype R ice C u l ture o n t he Ma rg ina l P la in o fT ha i land . p p .507-511 i n S ou theas tA s ian S tud ies , v o l .11 , n o .4 . T anabe , S h igeha ru . 1 981 . P easan t F arm ing S ys tems i n T ha i land : A C ompara t ive S tudy o f R ice C u l t iva t ion a nd Ag r icu l tura l T echno logy i n C h iangma i a nd Ayut . P hd t hes i s , S choo l o f t haya O r ienta l a nd A f r ican S tud ies , U . o fL ondon . U .S . Gazet . 1 966 . T ha i land . Wa sh ing ton , D .C . : Depa r tment o f t he I n ter ior . teer S r i saka ra V a l ibho tama . l 2 : 1 :Jan- Ma rch .

1 975 . T he S ema C omp lex o f t h e Nor theas t . Muang B oran J ourna l .

S r i saka ra V a l ibho tama . 1 976 . T he Nor thea s t o f T ha i land d ur ing t he 7 th-llth C en tury . p p .34l 5 6 i n Muang B oran J ourna l . Vo l .3 (1) . S r i saka ra V a l ibho tama . l NEDECO .

1 982 . A rchaeo log ic S tudy o f t h e L ower Mun -Ch i B as in . B angkok :

S r i sakra V a l ibho tama . 1 982 . Naga ra J aya S r i . p p .18-32 i n Muang B oran J ourna l . v o l .8(3 ) . l S r i sakra V a l ibho tama . 1 984 . T he R e levance o f Moa ted S et s t o t he F orma t ion o f S ta te s l tlement i n T ha i land . p p . 1 23-8 i n S ou theas t A s ian A r chaeo logy a tt h e XV P ac i f ic S c ience C ong r es ed . D . s ( B aya rd ) . Duned in : Depa r tment o f An thropo logy , Un iver s i ty o f O tago S tud ies i n P reh i s tor ic Anthropo logy Vo lu me 1 6 . S r i sakra V a l ibho tama . 1 985 . S ema S tone B ounda ry Ma rker s f r om t he Nor thea s t : S urvey & l S tudy o n t he Con t inua t ion o f Mega l i th ic C ul ture i n t he R eg ion . p p .32 -42 i n Muang B oran J ourna l . v o l .11 , n o .4 .

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3 80

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Mehta Wichakana 1 984a . B an Na D i , Nor theas t T ha i land . T he r im s herd s a nd t h e i r i mp l i ca t ions f or t h ep r eh i s tor y o ft h e S akon Nakhon B as in . M .A . t hes i s , Un ivers i ty o fO tago , New Z ea land . Mehta Wichakana . 1 984b . T he Non-bur ia l P ot r om B an Na D i , Nor th E as t T ha i land . p p . tery f 6 0 -64 i n S ou theas t A s ian A rchaeo logy a t t h e XV P ac if ic S c ience C ongr es ed . D . B aya rd ) . s ( Duned in : Un ive rs i ty o fO tago S tud ies i n P reh i s tor ic Anthropo logy V o lu me 1 6 . Wi l iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 948a . No tes o n A rchaeo logy f r om t he A i r i n Ma laya . J ourna l o f t h e l Ma layan B ranch o ft h e Roya lA s ia t i c S oc ie ty . Vo l .XX1(I ) . Wi l iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 948b . A rchaeo logy a nd T opog raph ica l I n terpre ta t ion o f A i r P ho to l g raphs . An t iqu i ty . Vo l .XXI ) . I(86 Wi l iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 949 . An I n t roduc t ion t o t he S t udy o f A rchaeo logy f r om t he A ir , l J ourna lo ft h e S iam S oc ie ty , J une , 1 949 , Vo l .XXXVI a r t 2 . I, P Wi l iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 950 . I regu la r E a r thworks i n E a s te rn S iam : a n a i r s urvey , A n t iqu i ty , l r v o l XX IV , n o .93 , Ma rch , 1 950 . Wi ll iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 951a . R ecent A rchaeo log ica l D i scover ies i n Ma laya . J ourna l o f t h e Ma layan B ranch o ft h e Roya lA s ia t i c S oc ie ty . Wi l iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 951b . A n o te o n J akun Number ing i n P ahang . J ourna l o ft h e Ma layan l B ranch o ft h e Roya lA s ia t i c S oc ie ty . Vo l .24 (1 ) . Wi l iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 951c . T he u se o f I mpa t iens b a l samina , L in . , f or d ye ing t h e h ands . l J ourna lo ft h e Ma layan B ranch o ft h e Roya lA s ia t ic S oc ie ty . V o l .24(3) . Wi ll iams -Hunt , P .D .R . Govern ment P ress .

1 952a . An I n troduc t ion t o t h e Ma layan Abor ig ines . Kua la L u mpur :

Wi l iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 952b . S ome Ma lay a nd Abor ig ina l C ha rms a nd me thods o f mea sur ing l w eapons . J ourna l o ft h e Ma layan B ranch o ft h e Roya lA s ia t i c S oc ie ty . Vo l .25( 1 ). Wi l iams -Hunt , P .D .R . 1 954 . A L anoh Neg r i to F unera l n ea r L enggong , P erak . F ed era t ion l Museums J ourna l . Wi l iams -Hunt , l ( December ) .

P .D .R .

& B radfo rd ,

J .S .P .

1 946 .

S i t icu losa Apul ia . An t iqu i ty ,

v o l .XX :80

Wi l son , Cons tance M . 1 987 . T he S ua i C a ravans : T rade a nd T axa t ion i n t he Kora t P la teau a nd Mekong V a ley , 1 830 -1870 . P aper p resented a t t he T hi r ty -n inth Annua l Mee t ing o f t h e As l so c i a t ion f or A s ian S tud ies , I nc . B os ton , Ap r i l 1 0 -12 . Wi r iya romp , W. 983 . T he h uman r ema ins f rom B an Na D i . Unpub l i shed M.A . t he s i s , A nthro . 1 p o logy Depar tment , Un ivers i ty o fO tago , N ew Z ea land . Wit l , Ka r l A . 1 957 . O r i en ta l Despo t i sm : ac ompara t i ve s t udy o f t o ta l p ower . New H aven : tfoge Y a le Un iver s i ty P res s. Wo l ter s , O .W . 1 974 . Nor th- Wes tern C ambod ia i n t he S even th C en tury . p p .355 -84 i nB u le t in l o ft h e S choo l o fO r ien ta la nd A f r ican S tud ies . Vo l .XXXVI I. Wo l te rs , O .W . 1 982 . H i s to ry , C u l ture , a nd R eg ion i n S ou theas t A s ian P er sp ec t ives . S i ngapore :

B IBL IOGRAPHY

3 81

I n s t i tu te o f S ou thea s t A s ian S tud ie s . Wong somsak , S ompob . 1 986 . S a l in iza t ion i n No r thea s t T ha i land . p p .133 - 152 i n S ou theas t A s ian S tud i es , v o l .24 , n o .2 . Wya t t , D . . 1 984 . T ha i land : AS hor tH i s to ry . B angkok : T ha i Wa tana P an i c h C o . ( Ya le Un iver s i ty P res s) . Y upho , Dhan i t . 1 965 . Dharmacakra o r T he Whee lo ft h e L aw . B angkok : T he F ine A r t s Depa r t m en t .

I NDEX

A er ia l p ho tog raphy 2 6 , 5 4 A l t i tude , o f moa ted s i tes 6 0 , 1 22 Amphan K . 2 3 , 1 48 -51 Angkor 2 4 , 1 41 A rch i tec ture si c l as f ica t ion b y 8 8 , 13 , 1 21 , 1 27 d ef in i t ion o f 9 1 l f u l 9 4 , 1 00 , 1 01 , 1 20 i n c rea se i n 1 20 m in ima l 9 3 , 9 5 , 9 6 p a r t ia l 9 4 , 9 7 , 9 8 A rea a nd e a r thwork s 7 0 a nd i ndex n u mber 1 31 , 1 36 r a nd t e race 1 23 n uc lea r 6 9 , 7 1 o f moa ted s i te s 7 4 , 1 52 t A t r ibutes , c l a ss if ica tory 8 5 , 8 8 , 13 , 1 27 Aymon ier 2 3 ,24 ,51

B an C habok B an C h iang

9 5 [ pho to ] , 11 , 13 , 1 31 , 1 38 [ pho to ]

c hrono logy a nd e xcava t ion o f 3 7 B an C h iang H ian a r tefac t c hanges 5 0 , 5 1 , 1 41 c hrono logy o f 4 8 , 4 9 , 5 1 , 1 52 -3 i r on 4 9 l o ca t ion 4 8 , 4 9 [ map ] B an C hong U 9 8 , 1 02 , 14 , 1 29 B an Kho No i 4 8 , 1 52 B an Ku 9 6 [ pho to ] , 10 , 15 , 1 30 B an Mu 'ang Du 7 7 , 1 01 [ pho to ] , 1 09 , 16 , 1 30 , 1 31 , 1 33 [ pho to ] B an Mu 'ang F a i x -x i [ pho to ] , 1 41 , 1 46

5 , 7 3 ,

8 1 , 1 08 , 16 , 1 20 , 1 30 ,

B an Mu 'ang F ang 9 , 8 9 , 9 1 [ pho to ] , 9 9 , 1 01 [ pho to ] , 1 09 , 16 , 1 30 , 1 31 , 1 32 [ pho to ] B an Mu 'ang P he t 2 7 , 2 8 , 1 06 , 1 30 B an Na D i c hrono logy a nd e xcava t ion o f 4 0 ,51 i r on 4 9 l a ter i te a t 1 25 B an Non Du 7 7 , 1 30 , 1 31 , 1 34 [ pho to ] B an Nong Kha 9 7 , 1 09 , 15 , 1 29 B an Nong T a Na

8 9 , 9 4 , 9 9 -100 [ pho to ] , 1 05 , 16 , 1 30

I NDEX

B an Om Kaeo , e xcava t ion o f 3 6 B an P ra sa t e xcava t ion o f 4 1 ,46 ,92 p ot 7 tery 4 B an S a B aeng , e xcava t ion o f 3 8 B an S a i Rayong 1 09 , 16 , 1 20 , 1 29 , 1 31 , 1 35 [ pho to ] B an S ua i , e xcava t ion o f 3 5 ,38 ,44 B an T akhong 8 9 , 9 0 , 1 08 , 14 , 1 29 , 1 31 , 1 37 [ pho to ] B an T amyae 1 04 , 15 , 1 29 , 1 31 , 1 39 [ pho to ] , 1 40 c hrono logy o f4 7-8 e xcava t ion o f 4 4 -6 i r on 4 7 p ot 6 -7 tery 4 s t ra t ig raphy o f 4 6 B an T hamen C ha i , f i nds a t 2 7 , 1 07 , 1 08 , 16 , 1 30 , 1 41 B an T ha t , e xcava t ion o f 3 6 B an Waeng , e xcava t ion o f 4 0 B a ray 8 , 2 7 , 5 4 , 9 6 [ pho to ] , 9 8 [ pho to ] , 9 9 , 1 00 [ pho to ] , 1 22 , 1 37 [ pho to ] , 1 41 B o I ka , i n scr ip t ion a t 5 , 1 41

C ent ra l p lace t heory a nd moa ted s i tes 7 7-8 , 8 2 , 1 41 l im i ta t ions o f 7 8 C ent ra l P la in o fT ha i land , moa ted s i tes i n 1 0 , 2 7 C hanasa , s ee S r i C hana sa C hangwa t B un iR am s o i ls 1 5 , 2 0 , 6 2 , 6 6 moa ted s i tes i n 1 0 , 3 3 , 5 3 , 5 6 [ map ] , 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 5 , 7 4 C hangwa t Nakhon Ra tcha s ima s o i l s 1 5 , 2 0 ,6 2 , 6 6 moa ted s i tes i n 3 3 , 5 3 , 5 5 [ map ] , 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 5 , 7 4 C hangwa t S i S a K e t s o i ls 1 5 , 2 0 , 6 6 moa ted s i tes i n 3 3 , C hangwa t S ur in s o i l s 1 5 , 2 0 , 6 6 moa ted s i tes i n 5 3 , C ha rcoa l , manufac ture C h iefdom a nd moa ted s i te (s ) d ef in i t ion o f 1 50 -1 C la ss if ica t ion

5 3 , 5 8 [ map ] , 6 0 , 6 5 , 7 4

5 7 [ map ] , 6 0 , 6 5 , 7 4 o f 1 26 8 4 , 1 49 , 1 50 -1

a tr ibutes 8 8 , 9 1 , 13 t b y t e race 8 4 , 13 r b y t opog raphy 8 5 , 8 7 d ef in i t ion o f 8 3 , 9 2 g oa ls o f 8 4 i n P h ima i r eg ion 8 5 n omenc la ture 13 , 1 31 , 1 42 q uan t if ica t ion o f 1 27 r e su l ts o f 19 , 1 27-8 , 1 31 , 1 32 -5 [ pho to ] , 1 43 C o lan i 8 6

3 83

3 84

MOATED S ITES I N EARLY NORTH EAST THA ILAND

D eve lopmen t , s t age s o f , s ee S t age s o f Deve lopmen t Dut nd ian f o r t s 8 6 t, I Dva rava t i 4 , 1 0 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 1 41 , 1 46

E a r thwo rk s a nd moa ted s i tes 6 ,2 6 , 2 8 , 5 4 , 5 9 , 6 9 -70 , 8 4 -5 , 8 9 , 9 1-4 , 9 9 , 1 21 , 1 45 E lephan t , moa t s d ep th o f 1 45 E vo lu t ion o f moa ted s i te s 1 22

F ine A r t s Depa r tmen t 2 3 , 2 6 F loodp la in i n No r th E a s t 1 5 , 6 1 -2 , 9 2 , 1 22 -3 , 1 28 F o re s t a nd i r on 1 25 d es t ruc t ion o f 2 1 , 5 1 e co log ica l n eed f o r 2 1 , 1 43 u se o f 1 26 , 1 41 , 1 44 F unan 3 , 1 46 F unc t iona l s i ze 7 7

G io -L inh , V ie t Nam 8 6 G ros l ier 2 3 , 2 9 , 3 3 , 5 1

Han C hey i n sc r ip t ion 1 45 H igham , C . 2 3 , 4 8 -51

I mpo r t s t o No r th E a s t 1 51 I ndex n umbe r a nd a r ea 1 36 o f moa ted s i te s 1 28 , 1 29 -31 I r on a nd f o re s t 1 25 a nd l a te r i te 1 25 a nd moa ted s i te (s ) 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 7 , 4 9 , 1 41-2 , 1 43 , 1 53 a nd t e races 1 41 r I r iga t ion , s oc ia l e f ec t s o f 1 48 r f

K hmer l a nguage 3 s t y le 3 t emp les , c hrono logy o f 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 1 41 K ho ra t K hmer 3 ,2 7 , 4 4 , 1 41 K ho ra t P la teau g eo logy o f 1 4 , 1 5 , 2 2 , 6 0 , 9 0 r a infa l 1 3 , 1 45 l K i jngam , Amphan , s ee Amphan K .

L a jonqu ie re

2 3 , 2 4 , 5 1

I NDEX L am P la P le rng , e xcava t ion o f 3 4 L am P la i Ma t , t y pe -3 s i te g roup 1 36 , 1 42 e L and c apab i l i ty , s e R ice , s o i l s u i tab i l i ty L a ter i te 1 7 , 1 24 -5 , 1 41 , 1 43 L each 1 49 t L oca t iona l a nd s t ruc tura l a t r ibu te 8 8 L ower Mun -Ch i s urvey i r on 4 3 tery 4 p ot 3

l Ma le re t 2 6 Meh ta 's r a t io 8 1 Me sopo tam ia 1 44 Me ta l , s ource s o f 1 51 M imo t , e xcava t ion o f 2 9 Moa ted s i te (s ) a nd p opu la t ion 7 7 , 1 52 a r ea o f 6 ,9 , 1 0 , 6 9 , 7 0 -1 ,73 , 8 1 , 1 23 c hrono logy o f 2 9 , 3 2 , 4 4 , 4 8 , 5 1-2 , 8 5 , 1 40 -2 sif e c l as ica t ion o f 2 6 , a nd s e C la ss if ica t ion c omp lex i ty o f 1 21 d ens i ty o f 7 5 -6 d es t ruc t ion o f 6 , 5 9 d i s t r ibut ion o f 2 8 [ map ] , 3 0 , 3 2 , 4 4 , 4 5 [ map ] , 5 3 , 5 4 -8 [ map s ] , 6 1 [ map ] , 6 6 , 7 2 [ map ] , 7 4 -5 , 7 7 , 1 36 -7 [ map ] e l i te 1 49 , 1 53 e vo lut ion o f 1 20 , 1 22 f o rm o f 5 4 , 6 6 , 8 4 -5 , 8 7 , 1 21 , 1 46 l l n a tura ly moa ted , s ee N a tura ly moa ted n umber o f 3 3 , 4 1 , 4 4 o u t ly ing 7 4 p rof i les o f 8 9 q uan t if ica t ion o f 1 27 r e l ig ion a nd 1 46 s p read o f 1 40 s t ream p rox im i ty 6 6 , 6 8 [ pho to ] , 9 3 , 9 7 [ pho to ] , 1 43 Moa t s d e l im i t s i te s 6 ,5 9 , 8 4 -5 f unc t ion o f 5 9 , 6 6 , 6 9 , 1 44 , 1 45 , 1 47 r i r iga t ion p o tent ia l 6 7 • l a bour t o d i g 6 7 , 1 20 , 1 46 Mon l a nguage 4 Mouho t 2 4 i Mu 'ang , w o rd d ef ined v i Mu 'ang F a Daed 4 , 141 r i Mu 'ang F a i i r iga t ion s y s tem v i , 1 47 -8 Mu 'ang S ema 4 , 5 ,9 , 2 4 , 2 5 [ pho to ] , 7 3 , 1 06 , 16 , 1 41 Mun R iver 1 6 Mun R iver b a s in c hangwa t s i n 1 4 f l oodp la in i n 1 5 l i m i t s o f 1 ,1 4

3 85

3 86

MOATED S ITES I N E ARLY NORTH E AST THA ILAND

t e races s ee T er (s ) r r ace

Nakhon P a thom 1 0 , 1 46 Nakhon Ra tcha s ima , e xcava t ion o f 4 0 Na tura ly Moa ted S i tes 1 8 , 9 2 , 9 3 [ pho to ] , 1 53 l Nea res t n e ighbour a na ly s i s 7 4 -6 , 7 8 -9 , 8 2 Nomenc la ture 13 , 19 -20 Non C ha i 6 00 c hrono logy o f 4 8 e xcava t ion o f 3 9 Non Nok T ha , e xcava t ion o f 3 5 Nor th E a s t T ha i land a dm in i s tra t ive map 2 Nor thern T ha i land i r iga t ion s y s tems 1 47 -8 r

P h ima i e xcava t ion o f 3 5 , 3 6 , 3 8 , 4 4 t emp le a t 4 4 , 8 5 b l ackwa re 4 4 ,47 ,52 r eg ion 7 [ pho to ] , 4 4 , 4 6 , 5 1 , 7 6 , 8 5 , 1 36 P hu P han R ange 1 4 P hu Wiang , e xcava t ion o f 3 6 P iedmont z one s urvey 3 9 P ong sr i V . 2 3 ,33 ,51 P opu la t ion a nd moa ted s i te (s) 6 1 , 1 52 P ot ry te B an C h iang H ian 5 0 L ower Mun-Ch i 4 3 P h ima i 4 4 -7 Ro i E t 4 3 P rof i le c l as ica t ion b y 8 8 sif o f moa ted s i tes 8 9

R ank /s i ze a na ly s is a nd Mehta 's r a t io 8 0 -1 d ef in i t ion o f 7 9 -81 r e su l ts o f 8 1 , 8 2 R ec tangu la r s i te 6 , 8 , 2 4 , 3 2 , 5 4 , [ pho to ] , 1 01 [ pho to ] R esevo i r ,rec tangu lar , s ee B a ray R esources , d i s t r ibut ion o f 1 51 R ice a nd moa ted s i tes 6 7 , 1 44 , 1 53 c rop d ivers i ty 1 9 , 1 52 R ice i mpor tance o f 1 9 , 5 9 s i te l o ca t ion a nd 2 0 s o i l s u i tab i l i ty 1 9 , 2 0 , 6 5 Ro i E t s urvey o f 3 6

5 9 ,

9 5 -6 [ pho to ] , 9 8

I NDEX

S a l in i ty l im i ta t ions o f 1 7 , 2 0 , 9 9 , 1 24 mak ing s a l t 1 8 p os i t ive v a lue o f 1 8 , 1 25 S a rabur i 1 2 S e idenfaden 2 3 , 2 4 , 5 1 S ema s t ones 2 4 , 2 8 , 3 0 , 4 2 , 4 3 [ map ] , 9 9 , 1 41 , 1 46 S et tlement f o rms o f 6 , 3 3 , 1 43 f o rms o f [ pho to ] 7 S i te a r ea mea surement 6 d ef in i t ion o f 5 4 w a ter -harves t ing s ee Wa ter -ha rves t ing moa ted s ee Moa ted s i te (s ) r ec tangu la r s ee R ec tangu la r s i te t e r i tor ia l s ee T er tor ia l s i te r ri n a tura l s ee Na tura ly Moa ted S i tes l S o i l (s) a nd w a ter 1 26 K u la Rongha i 6 4 , 6 5 L ow Hu m ic G ley 1 6 , 9 9 , 1 24 , 1 26 P odzo l ic 1 24 Ro i E t 1 7 , 6 4 , 6 5 , 1 23 a nd t e race 1 23 r i n Mun b a s in 6 6 s a l ine , s ee S a l in i ty S r i C hana sa 5 , 2 8 , 1 41 S r i sakra V . 2 3 , 4 1-4 , 8 4 -5 S tages o f Deve lopment 8 8 , 9 9 , 1 02 -112 , 1 22 , 1 27 S u ma tra ( Aceh) , f o r t s 1 45 S upa janya , T iva , s ee T iva S .

T er r ace a nd moa ted s i te (s ) 6 1 , 6 2 -3 [ maps ] , 1 41 a nd s i te f o rm 1 20 , 1 21 a nd S tages o f Deve lopment 1 22 a nd a r ch i tec ture 1 21 , 1 22 a nd a rea 1 23 a nd b a ray i n c rea se 1 22 • a nd s o i l (s ) 1 23 c l as ica t ion b y 8 8 sif T er (s ) r ace moa ted s i tes o n 6 1 [ map ] , 8 8 f o rma t ion o f 1 5 T er to r ia l s i te 9 , 1 0 , 2 7 , 2 9 ,41 , 5 1 ri C en tra l P la in 1 0 , 1 41 e xc lus ion o f 7 3 T ha Khae , c hrono logy o f 5 1 T iva S .

2 3 , 3 3 , 5 1 , 8 5 , 8 7 , 9 9

T rade r outes a nd moa ted s i te (s ) T ype n u mber , o f moa ted s i te (s )

2 1 , 1 51 1 28 , 1 29 , 1 31

3 87

388

MOATED SITES IN EARLY NORTH EAST THAILAND

U Thong 12, 146 Urns, burial 42 Vallibhotama, Srisakra see Srisakra V. Vanasin, Pongsri see Pongsri V. Wales 23, 27, 51 Water-harvesting site 8, 10, 27, 29, 54, 141, 146 Weirs, at Mu'ang fai 147 Welch, D. 23, 44-8, 85 Wheeler and Richardson, hill-forts 86, 99 Williams-Hunt 23, 26, 51 Williams-Hunt Collection vii-x, 51, 60, 67, 91 Wittfogel 148