Mister ma’s grammar guide to literary chinese. the original chinese text of the mashi wentong with. chinese-english character and word glossaries. 9783959354400, 3959354401

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 Schmidt, Muhammad Wolfgang G. A.: Mister Ma’s Grammar Guide to Literary Chinese. The Original Chinese Text of the Mashi Wentong with Chinese-English Character and Word Glossaries, Hamburg, disserta Verlag, 2018 Buch-ISBN: 978-3-95935-440-0 PDF-eBook-ISBN: 978-3-95935-441-7 Druck/Herstellung: disserta Verlag, Hamburg, 2018 Covermotiv: pixabay.com Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

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Contents Synopsis of Contents ix List of Key Terms xi Introduction xiii How to Use the Book xvii

Mǎshì Wéntōng 俜∿᮷䙊 1 - 288 ᮷䙊ᒿ 1 ਾᒿ 2 к޼Ԉঠ仈䇠 2 ֻ䀰 2

Chapter 0 4 - 10 ↓਽ধѻа  ᆇ于  ਕ䆰 6 Chapter 1 11 - 15 ሖᆇধѻҼ 15 Chapter 2 16 - 49 ԓᆇҼѻҼ 16 ԓᆇ㑭䄆 16 ᤷ਽ԓᆇҼѻй 17 ᧕䆰ԓᆇҼѻഋ 29 䂒୿ԓᆇҼѻӄ 37 ᤷ⽪ԓᆇҼѻ‫ ޝ‬43 Chapter 3 50 - 65 ሖᆇধѻй 50 ѫ⅑йѻа 50 ‫⅑ٿ‬йѻҼ 51 䌃⅑йѻй 55 ਼⅑йѻഋ 58 Chapter 4 66 - 85 䶌ᆇйѻӄ 66 䶌ᆇ㑭䄆 66 ⓻䶌йѻ‫ ޝ‬72 㺘䂎йѻг 75 䄆∄йѻ‫ ޛ‬80 Chapter 5 86 - 140 ሖᆇধѻഋ 86 ཆअᆇഋѻа 86 अᆇ㑭䄆㸸‫ޗ‬अ㠷ཆअ 86 v

ཆअᆇ㠷䕹䂎 86 ཆअᆇ㠷→䂎 91 ਇअᆇഋѻҼ 97 ‫ޗ‬अᆇഋѻй 102 ਽ᆇ⣰अᆇ 108 ‫ޗ‬अᆇ⭘㤕ཆअᆇ 109 ਼अࣙअഋѻഋ 110 ࣙअᆇ 114 ❑ኜअᆇഋѻӄ 118 ሖᆇধѻӄ 119 अᆇ‫ُٷ‬ӄѻа 119 अᆇ䗘丣ӄѻҼ 122 अᆇ倒ࡇ 128 अᆇ⴨᢯ӄѻй 129 ᮓअ䄨ᔿӄѻഋ 138 Chapter 6 141 - 155 ሖᆇধѻ‫ ޝ‬141 ⣰ᆇ䄨⭘‫ޝ‬ѻа 141 ⣰ᆇ‫ޝُٷ‬ѻҼ 143 ⣰ᆇ䄨ᔿ‫ޝ‬ѻй 144 ⣰ᆇࡕ㗙‫ޝ‬ѻഋ 145 Chapter 7 156 - 176 㲋ᆇধѻг 156 ӻᆇ 156 ѻᆇѻ⭘гѻа 156 ᯬᆇѻ⭘гѻҼ 161 ԕᆇѻ⭘гѻй 166 㠷ᆇѻ⭘гѻഋ 170 ⛪ᆇѻ⭘гѻӄ 173 ⭡⭘ᗞ㠚䄨ᆇгѻ‫ ޝ‬174 ϣ

Chapter 8 177 - 207 㲋ᆇধѻ‫ ޛ‬177 䙓ᆇ㑭䄆 177 ᨀ䎧䙓ᆇ 177 ᢯᧕䙓ᆇ‫ޛ‬ѻҼ 180 ᢯᧕䙓ᆇ‫ޛ‬ѻй 190 䕹ᦙ䙓ᆇ‫ޛ‬ѻഋ 199 ᧘ᤃ䙓ᆇ‫ޛ‬ѻӄ 203 Chapter 9 207 - 251 㲋ᆇধѻҍ 208 ࣙᆇ㑭䄆 208 ۣؑࣙᆇҍѻа 209 ۣؑࣙᆇҍѻҼ 216 ۣ䀰ࣙᆇҍѻй 220 ۣؑࣙᆇҍѻഋ 227 㘵 234

vi

ૹ 239 㙦 241 ↏ 242 䄨ǃཛ 244 ਸࣙࣙᆇҍѻ‫ ޝ‬246 శᆇ 249 Chapter 10 252 - ᖆа 252 ㌫а 253 ㌫Ҽ 253 ㌫й 254 ㌫ഋ 254 ㌫ӄ 255 ㌫‫ ޝ‬255 ㌫г 255 ᖆҼ 256 ㌫а 257 ㌫Ҽ 257 ㌫й 257 ㌫ഋ 258 ㌫ӄ 258 ᖆй 259 ㌫а 259 ㌫Ҽ 261 ㌫й 262 ㌫ഋ 262 ᖆഋ 262 ㌫а 263 ㌫Ҽ 263 ㌫й 264 ᖆӄ 264 ᖆ‫ ޝ‬269 ᖆг 278

Chinese - English Character Glossary ╒㤡ᆇᖉ 289 - 398 A 289 B 290 C 295 D 302 E 309 F 310 G 314 H 320

S 358 T 366 W 370 X 373 Y 380 Z 389

J 326 K 335 L 338 M 344 N 348 O-P 349 Q 352 R 356

Chinese - English Word Glossary ╒㤡䂎ᖉ A B C D

399 400 411 421

399 - 576 J 453 K 466 L 470 M 477

E 430 F 432 G 438 H 446 vii

N 482 O-P 484 Q 487 R 495

Y 543 Z 559

S 499 T 517 W 523 X 532

俜∿᮷䙊 Chinese Text Statisctics 577 - 622 1 - 3 Strokes 577 4 Strokes 578 5 Strokes 579 6 Strokes 580 7 Strokes 582 8 Strokes 584 9 Strokes 588

10 Strokes 11 Strokes 12 Strokes 13 Strokes 14 Strokes 15 Strokes 16 Strokes

591 595 599 604 607 610 613

17 Strokes 18 Strokes 19 Strokes 20 - 21 Strokes 22 - 23 Strokes 24 - 30 Strokes

615 617 619 620 621 622

Chinese Character Index According to Number of Strokes. With Hanyu Pinyin Transcription ╒ᆇ㍒ᕅ 623 - 660 1 - 4 Strokes 623 5 Strokes 624 6 Strokes 625 7 Strokes 626 8 Strokes 628 9 Strokes 631 10 Strokes 634

11 Strokes 12 Strokes 13 Strokes 14 Strokes 15 Strokes 16 Strokes 17 Strokes

637 641 644 647 650 652 654

viii

18 Strokes 19 Strokes 20 - 21 Strokes 22 - 26 Strokes 27 - 30 Strokes

656 657 658 659 660

Synopsis of Content dòng zì ਼अࣙअഋѻഋ Tóng dòng zhù dòng sì zhī sì

ⴞ䤴 Mùlù 俜∿᮷䙊 Mǎshì wéntōng ⴞ䤴 Mùlù ᮷䙊ᒿ Wén tōng xù ᖼᒿ Hòuxù к޺Ԉঠ乼䁈 Shàngcè fùyìn tíjì ֻ䀰 Lìyán ↓਽ধѻа Zhèngmíng juǎn zhī yī ᆇ于 Zì lèi ਕ䆰 Jùdòu ᆇ于৺ਕ䆰⽪ֻ Zì lèi jí jùdòu shìlì ሖᆇধѻҼ Shízì juǎn zhī èr ਽ᆇҼѻа Míngzi èr zhī yī ‫ޜ‬਽ǃᵜ਽ Gōngmíngǃběnmíng 㗔਽ǃ䙊਽ Qún míngǃtōngmíng 䙊਽‫ُٷ‬ Tōngmíng jiǎjiè ਽ᆇ䗘丣 Míngzi biànyīn ਽ᆇ䄨ᔿ Míngzi zhū shì ԓᆇҼѻҼ Dàizì èr zhī èr ԓᆇ㑭䄆 Dàizì zǒnglùn ᤷ਽ԓᆇҼѻй Zhǐmíng dàizì èr zhī sān ᧕䆰ԓᆇҼѻഋ 䂒୿ԓᆇҼѻӄ

ࣙअᆇ Zhù dòng zì ❑ኜअᆇഋѻӄ Wú shǔ dòng zì sì zhī wǔ ሖᆇধѻӄ Shízì juǎn zhī wǔ अᆇ‫ُٷ‬ӄѻа Dòng zì jiǎjiè wǔ zhī yī अᆇ䗘丣ӄѻҼ Dòng zì biànyīn wǔ zhī èr अᆇ倒ࡇ Dòng zì piánliè अᆇ⴨᢯ӄѻй Dòng zì xiāngchéng wǔ zhī sān ᮓअ䄨ᔿӄѻഋ Sàn dòng zhū shì wǔ zhī sì ሖᆇধѻ‫ ޝ‬Shízì juǎn zhī liù ⣰ᆇ䄨⭘‫ޝ‬ѻа Zhuàngzì zhū yòng liù zhī yī ⣰ᆇ‫ޝُٷ‬ѻҼ Zhuàngzì jiǎjiè liù zhī èr ⣰ᆇ䄨ᔿ‫ޝ‬ѻй sān ⣰ᆇࡕ㗙‫ޝ‬ѻഋ

Jiēdú dàizì èr zhī sì Xúnwèn dàizì èr zhī wǔ

Zhuàngzì zhū shì liù zhī Zhuàngzì biéyì liù zhī sì

㲋ᆇধѻг Xūzì juǎn zhī qī ӻᆇ Jiè zì ѻᆇѻ⭘гѻа 254 Zhī zì zhī yòng qī zhī yī 254 ᯬᆇѻ⭘гѻҼ Yú zì zhī yòng qī zhī èr

ᤷ⽪ԓᆇҼѻ‫ޝ‬ Zhǐshì dàizì èr zhī liù ሖᆇধѻй Shízì juǎn zhī sān ѫ⅑йѻа Zhǔcì sān zhī yī ‫⅑ٿ‬йѻҼ Piān cì sān zhī èr 䌃⅑йѻй Bīn cì sān zhī sān ਼⅑йѻഋ Tóng cì sān zhī sì Ǐ3.4.2ǐ਼⅑ѻֻᴹҼDŽ Ǐ3.4.2ǐ tóng cì zhī lì yǒu èr. 䶌ᆇйѻӄ Jìng zì sān zhī wǔ 䶌ᆇ㑭䄆 Jìng zì zǒnglùn 䊑䶌 Xiàng jìng ⓻䶌йѻ‫ ޝ‬Zī jìng sān zhī liù 㺘䂎йѻг Biǎocí sān zhī qī 䄆∄йѻ‫ ޛ‬Lùn bǐ sān zhī bā ሖᆇধѻഋ Shízì juǎn zhī sì ཆअᆇഋѻа Wài dòng zì sì zhī yī अᆇ㑭䄆 ‫ޗ‬अ㠷ཆअ Dòng zì zǒnglùn: nèi dòng yǔ wài dòng ཆअᆇ㠷䕹䂎 Wài dòng zì yǔ zhuǎn cí

ԕᆇѻ⭘гѻй

Yǐ zì zhī yòng qī zhī sān

㠷ᆇѻ⭘гѻഋ Yǔ zì zhī yòng qī zhī sì ⛪ᆇѻ⭘гѻӄ Wéi zì zhī yòng qī zhī wǔ ⭡⭘ᗞ㠚䄨ᆇгѻ‫ޝ‬ Yóu yòng wēi zì zhū zì qī zhī liù 㲋ᆇধѻ‫ ޛ‬Xūzì juǎn zhī bā 䙓ᆇ㑭䄆 Lián zì zǒnglùn ᨀ䎧䙓ᆇ Tíqǐ lián zì ᢯᧕䙓ᆇ‫ޛ‬ѻҼ Chéngjiē lián zì bā zhī èr

ཆअᆇ㠷→䂎 Wài dòng zì yǔ zhǐcí ਇअᆇഋѻҼ Shòudòng zì sì zhī èr ‫ޗ‬अᆇഋѻй Nèi dòng zì sì zhī sān ਽ᆇ⣰अᆇ Míngzi zhuàng dòng zì ‫ޗ‬अᆇ⭘㤕ཆअᆇ Nèi dòng zì yòng ruò wài

᢯᧕䙓ᆇ‫ޛ‬ѻй sān 䕹ᦙ䙓ᆇ‫ޛ‬ѻഋ

Zhuǎn liè lián zì bā zhī sì

᧘ᤃ䙓ᆇ‫ޛ‬ѻӄ

Tuī tuò lián zì bā zhī wǔ

Chéngjiē lián zì bā zhī

㲋ᆇধѻҍ Xūzì juǎn zhī jiǔ ࣙᆇ㑭䄆 Zhù zì zǒnglùn ix

㌫ӄ ㌫‫ޝ‬ ㌫г ᖆҼ ㌫а ㌫Ҽ ㌫й ㌫ഋ ㌫ӄ ᖆй ㌫а ㌫Ҽ ㌫й ㌫ഋ ᖆഋ ㌫а ㌫Ҽ ㌫й ᖆӄ ᖆ‫ޝ‬ ᖆг

ۣؑࣙᆇҍѻа Chuánxìn zhù zì jiǔ zhī yī ۣؑࣙᆇҍѻҼ Chuánxìn zhù zì jiǔ zhī èr Njҏnjࣙሖᆇ Njyěnjzhù shízì ۣ䀰ࣙᆇҍѻй Chuányán zhù zì jiǔ zhī sān ᐢǃ㙣ǃ⡮ Yǐǃěrǃěr ۣؑࣙᆇҍѻഋ Chuánxìn zhù zì jiǔ zhī sì 㘵 Zhě ۣ⯁ࣙᆇҍѻӄ Chuányí zhù zì jiǔ zhī wǔ ਸࣙࣙᆇҍѻ‫ޝ‬ Hé zhù zhù zì jiǔ zhī liù శᆇ Tàn zì 䄆ਕ䆰ধѻॱ ᖆа Tuàn yī ㌫а Xì yī ㌫Ҽ Xì èr ㌫й Xì sān ㌫ഋ Xì sì

Lùn jùdòu juǎn zhī shí

x

Xì wǔ Xì liù Xì qī Tuàn èr Xì yī Xì èr Xì sān Xì sì Xì wǔ Tuàn sān Xì yī Xì èr Xì sān Xì sì Tuàn sì Xì yī Xì èr Xì sān Tuàn wǔ Tuàn liù Tuàn qī

List of Key Terms B ᵜ਽ Běnmíng ∄䔳 Bǐjiào ∄ᬜ Bǐnǐ 䲋л Bìxià 䗘丣 Biànyīn 㺘䂎 Biǎocí ࡕち Biéchēng ࡕ㗙 Biéyì нᗇ Bude нਟ Bùkě нਟн Bùkěbù нሗ Bùníng н❦ Bùrán нྲ Bùrú нᜏ Bùwéi н䏣 Bùzú

E

C

G

৳ਸ Cānhé ᐞ∄ Chābǐ ᡀ䃎 Chéngyǔ ᢯᧕ Chéngjiē ᢯䕹 Chéngzhuǎn 䟽䀰 Chóngyán ۣؑ Chuánxìn ۣ⯁ Chuányí

ᝏశ Gǎntàn 䯓л Géxià ‫ ޡޜ‬Gōnggòng ‫ޜ‬਽ Gōngmíng

D བྷᣥ Dàdǐ བྷࠑ Dàfán བྷ↨ Dàguī བྷ⮕ Dàlüè བྷ⦷ Dàshuài བྷ億 Dàtǐ བྷ㾱 Dàyào བྷ㠤 Dàzhì ԓᆇ Dàizì ௞䶌 Dānjing ௞ᆇ Dānzì ᗇԕ Déyǐ 䘝ਕ Diéjù ⦘・ Dúlì ᯧ䂎 Duàncí ᯧ䗝 Duàncí ሽᖵ Duìdài ઴ఏ Duōjiē

ᜑѾ Èhū 㘼ᖼ Érhòu 㘼⋱ Érkuàng 㘼ф Érqiě 㘼ᐢ Éryǐ 㙣Ѿ Ěrhu

F Ⲭ䃎䗝 Fāyǔcí ৽↓ Fǎnzheng ⌋ᤷ Fànzhǐ 䶎⦘ Fēidú 䶎ᗂ Fēitú 䶎ᜏ Fēiwéi ࠶᷀ Fēnxī

‫ٷ‬Ԕ Jiǎlìng ‫ٷ‬䁝 Jiǎshè 䔳䟿 Jiàoliàng ᧕䆰 Jiēdú ㎀ਕ Jiéjù ⾱→ Jìnzhǐ ਕ䆰 Jùdòu ⊪ᯧ Juéduàn មశ Kǎitàn

K ਟԕ Kěyǐ ⋱Ѿ Kuànghū

L 䙓᧕ Liánjiē 㢟ѵ Liángjiǔ ᦙ䕹 Lièzhuǎn 䴦ᮨ Língshù

M ਽ᆇ Míngzi 㧛㤕 Mòruò

H օ᭵ Hégù օѳ Hénǎi օྲ Hérú օᡰ Hésuǒ օ⛪ Héwèi օҏ Héyě օԕ Héyǐ օ⭘ Héyòng օ⭡ Héyóu օૹ Hézāi օ㘵 Hézhě ॆ⛪ Huàwéi ⍫ᆇ Huózì

J ৺㠣 Jízhì ᰒ㘼 Jì'ér ᰒᐢ Jìyǐ 䁈ᱲ Jìshí 䁈ᮨ Jìshù ‫ ُٷ‬Jiǎjiè

xi

N ѳ㘵 Nǎizhě ླྀօ Nàihé ᬜ䆠 Nǐyì

P ᧂ㹼 Páiháng ᧂਕ Páijù 倒ࡇ Piánliè

Q ަ⅑ Qícì 䎧䂎 Qǐcí 䎧䗝 Qǐcí 䎧ਕ Qǐjù ࡽ⅑ Qiáncì ࡽ㘵 Qiánzhě фཛ Qiěfū 㿚㠚 Qīnzì 丳㘵 Qǐngzhě

R ❦㘼 Rán'ér ❦ᖼ Ránhòu ❦ࡷ Ránzé ྲ↔ Rúcǐ ྲօ Rúhé ྲަ Rúqí ྲᱟ Rúshì ྲᯟ Rúsī 㤕ཛ Ruòfú 㤕օ Ruòhé 㤕❦ Ruòrán 㤕ᱟ Ruòshì

S 䁝䗝 Shècí 䁝䆜 Shèpì 䁝୿ Shèwèn ሖᆇ Shízì ֯Ԕ Shǐlìng ᱟ᭵ Shìgù ᱟԕ Shìyǐ ⽪ֻ Shìlì 䃃䂎 Shìcí ਇअ Shòudòng ᆠ㤕 Shúruò ᆠ㠷 Shúyǔ ᮨⴞ Shùmù 䴉਽ Shuāngmíng 䴉㚢 Shuāngshēng ਨ䂎 Sīcí ᡰ⛪ Suǒwèi ᡰ䄲 Suǒwèi ᡰԕ Suǒyǐ ᡰ⭡ Suǒyóu ㍒ᕅ Suǒyǐn

T శ䗝 Tàncí ⢩ᤷ Tèzhǐ ᨀ䎧 Tíqǐ

䙊਽ Tōngmíng ㎡ᤜ Tǒngkuò ᧘ᇅ Tuīdàng

W ⛪ᱟ Wéishì ᵚే Wèicháng ᵚਟ Wèikě ᵚᴹ Wèiyǒu 䄲䗝 Wèicí ఊબ Wūhū ❑н Wúbù ❑ਟླྀօ Wúkěnàihé ❑ឞ Wúlǜ ❑ѳ Wúnǎi ❑⭡ Wúyóu X ᱄㘵 Xīzhě ⴨᢯ Xiāngchéng ੁ֯ Xiàngshǐ 㹼ᗙ Xíngfù 㲋ᆇ Xūzì ᒿᮨ Xùshù 䂒୿ Xúnwèn

Y ಛ౫ Yīxī ༩ᱟ Yīshì ⯁䴓 Yínán ԕ↔ Yǐcǐ ԕ᭵ Yǐgù ԕ৺ Yǐjí ԕֶ Yǐlái ԕ‫ ޗ‬Yǐnèi ԕк Yǐshàng ԕཆ Yǐwài ԕᖰ Yǐwǎng ԕ⛪ Yǐwéi ԕл Yǐxià ᐢ⸓ Yǐyǐ

xii

ഐѻ Yīnzhī 䂐ⅾ Yǒngtàn ⭘ᱟ Yòngshì ⭡↔ Yóucǐ ᴹྲ Yǒurú ᴹᡰ Yǒusuǒ ᴹᖒ Yǒuxíng ᯬ↔ Yúcǐ ᯬѾ Wūhū ᯬᱟ Yúshì 㠷ަ Yǔqí 䃎䂎 Yǔcí 䃎䗝 Yǔcí ㌴࠶ Yuēfēn ㌴ᮨ Yuēshù ㌴ᤷ Yuēzhǐ Ӂ⡮ Yún'ěr

Z ൘ᯬ Zàiyú ѻᾥ Zhījí ᤷԓ Zhǐdài ᤷ਽ Zhǐmíng ᤷ⽪ Zhǐshì →䂎 Zhǐcí 㠣ᯬ Zhìyú ѫ⅑ Zhǔcì ѫअ Zhǔdòng 䁫䀓 Zhùjiě 䕹⛪ Zhuǎnwéi ⣰䂎 Zhuàngcí ⣰䗝 Zhuàngcí ⣰䃎 Zhuàngyǔ ⣰ᆇ Zhuàngzì ᆇᮨ Zìshù 㠚৽ Zìfǎn 㑭ѻ Zǒngzhī 䏣ԕ Zúyǐ

Introduction Modern society cannot exist without language as a verbal means of successful communication in a globalised world. Nationally, not only a common languge standard is required for both the spoken and the written language.Also, an overall literacy of its societal members would be needed to enable successful communication across the distance of location and time.And last not least, grammatical description of the defined national language standard must be sought after in order to document its actual language use both in the spoken and written forms of that language, clearly outlinung the structural rules and their functions in meaning underlying the spoken and written standard language form.Works on that topic may then result in the publicationj of scientific and pedagogical grammars. It is now commonly held that non-written languages also lack an adequate description of the language for the particular language community concerned. Ancient China, for ages, possessed a writing system, a common classical literary standard. But it lacked an appropriate grammatical description for the classical literary language until 1989 when the first grammar book Mashi Wentong 俜∿᮷䙊 was published by Ma Jianzhong 俜ᔪᘐ. Since there was no national standard language for the modern spoken vernacular, time had not yet come for a grammatical description of the same and was only to follow two or three decades later when China was started its process of modernisation. The Mashi Wentong (Mr Ma’s Guide to the Literary Language) was first published in 1898 in Shanghai, and its author, Ma Jianzhong (1845-1900), provided a work with a grammatical description of the literary Chinese language having been in use for several thousand years in Imperial China, based on the then traditional grammar description model common in Europe. Descending from a Roman-Catholic family in Dantu, Jiangsi province, he attended a French Catholic mission school in Shanghai and was later sent to France to study International Law. After his return to China in n1880, he became a Qing Dynasty government official, well trained in both the Chinese classics and their literary language - as was generally required of government officials in Imperial China - and Western traditions including arts and International Law.1 Thus, in fact, Ma’s grammar was not only the first one ever to be written for Chinese by a native Chinese; it also heavily depended on Western traditions in terms of its description modell2 and reelated to the classical literary language only used by Imperial government officials along with a relatively small group of educated people in the

1Some

scholars believe that Ma Jianzhong’s older brother, Ma Liang , also Ma Xiangbo 俜⴨՟ (1840-1938) contributed to the Wentong. Ma Xiangbo was consecrated as a Roman Catholic priestin the Jesuit order. He later became a High School teacher and a founder of several universities like Aurora, Fudan and Catholic University of Peking, the latter being renamed later as Fu Jen Catholic University. Ma left the priesthood and the Society of Jesus due to French aggression towards China in 1876. Cf. David Prager Branner, in: Oxford Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2The description modell largely conforms to what is considered traditional grammar by modern linguists these days. Some writers suggest that Ma, due to his studies in France, „among all the grammars that he might have at his disposal, it is likely that the Grammaire générale et raisonnée (better known under the name of Grammaire de Port Royal) by Arnault and Lancelot (1660) had outstanding influence on him“. From: Alain Peyraube: Sur les sources de Mashi Wentong, at: http://researchgate.net/publication/272466902_Sur-les_sources_du_Mas_shi_wen_tong, 2013. xiii

upper social strata of society in Imperial China.3 Ma’s work was later criticised for imposing Western grammatical tradition on a language like Chinese.4 Since the Mashi Wentong is the first grammar ever written by a native Chinese on Chinese, it certainly also has a long-lasting impact on later successors in Ma’s footsteps who then later were to become the first generation of Chinese linguists in the true sense of the word.5 Here, we cannot go into much detail concerning the contents of Ma’s work and it critical evaluation and will refer the reader to other suitable works instead.6 The Mashi Wentong itself is divided into ten juan ধ or scrolls equalling the chapter division adapted for this edition. The first nine chapters are devoted to the treatment of various word classes while only the last Chapter 10 deals with syntax in a stricter sense. The work includes numerous sample sentences drawn from the Chinese classics in their literary language to demonstrate and illustrate the grammatical points made in the text. At the end of this Introduction, a comparative table has been added with an overview of the grammatical terminology used by grammar writers in the Latin grammar tradition, modern Chinese authors on grammar, and that used in Ma’s work.7The major reason for offering Ma’s text on the grammar of the classical Chinese literary language here is to make it available for wider circulation in the community of linguists with focus on Chinese in the Western part of the world. Ma’s work evidently pre-dates real Chinese language reform to follow his book only several decades later. Ma’s work certainly paved the way for the adoption of a grammatical description model that was needed first before any thorough studies of modern Chinese could be made, and it no doubt left a lasting impact on the generations of Chinese linguists to follow that a formal rigorous grammr description was an essential pre-requisite for describing the grammar of modern Chinese that developed in the West and was now to be adapted in one or another way to special structural traits of the Chinese language within a larger agenda for China’s modernisation (⨮ԓॆ) in order to increase its political and social stability and to help achieve the final goal of emancipation from Western political influence and to define China’s role in a new world.

3The

propogation of a national standard for the modern spoken vernacular and to base the written language on the same instead of the traditional classical literary language and its final implementation is of much later date. 4Western grammatical tradition was developed with mainly the Indo-European languages and their highly inflecting systems of nominal declension and verbal conjugation in mind - structural traits that did not apply to Chinese as a mainly isolating language at all. For critiques in this respect, cf. : Chen, Chengze: Guowenfa Caochang (1922:11), reprinted by Commercial Press, Beijing 1982; Li, Jinxi: Bijiao Wenfa (1933:13), revised in 1973, reprinted by Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing 1986; Pan,Wenguo & Tham, Wai Mun, Contrastive Linguistics: History, Philosophy and Methodology (2007:101), London: Continuum. 5For example, Lü Shuxiang’s Zhongguo Wenfa Yaolüe (1942) and Wang Li’s Zhongguo Xiandai Yufa (1945) with treatment of the modern Chinese vernacular for the first time; cf. David P. Branner and his work already cited in Footnote 1 for further details. 6For example, see Peyraube already cited in Footnote 1; McDonald; E.: The Creation of Parts od Speech for Chinese: Translingual Practice across Graeco-Roman and Sinitic traditions, at: https://hiphilangsci.net/2013/06/02/the-creation-of-parts-of-speech-for-chinese-translingual-practice-across-graeco-roman-and-sinitic-traditions , 2013, and the work of Branner already cited in Footnote 1. 7From Peyraube, Alain, in the work already cited in Footnote 2, 2001, pp. 354-355. For the Table included, see p. xv of this Introduction. xiv

Table from Peyraube, A., p. 354-55; here from p. 354.

xv

Table, continued. From Peyraube, A., pp. 354 - 355; here p. 355.

xvi

How to Use the Book This book consists of three major parts: ķThe Chinese original text of the Mashi Wentong (pp. 1 - 248), ĸ a Chinese - English Character glossary (pp. 249 - 358), and a Ĺ Chinese-English Word Glossary (pp. 359 - 536) The Chinese-English Character and Word glossaries are intended to be annotations on the original Chinese text of Ma’s work to assist in the task of text comprehension. We have, however, refrained from annotating the entire text with Latin transcription according to the Hanyu Pinyin system as it is assumed here that readers already possess sufficient skills of reading Chinese characters at a more advanced level prior to using this book. Ma’s work is written in classical literary Chinese, and while for such texts it may be sufficient to supply a Chinese-English character glossary only, we have opted to include a Chinese-English word glossary as well without which we would deem a real understanding of Ma’s text impossible. For each of the three major parts of the book, we will now provide a brief guide for the structure of its contents with illustrative samples from the three major parts of the book, which are largely self-explanatory. 1. Hints on the original Chinese text of Ma’s work (pp. 1-248) Please take a careful look at the sample text extract on the following page xviii. You will realise that there major and sub-headlines for chapters, paragraphs and their sub-paragraphs. There are also numbered sample sentences used to illustrate a grammatical point made. They were taken from a wider range of classical Chinese texts. Finally, there are footnotes and/or annotations that are set apart from the main body of the text by using a different script font in this book. They were inserted later after the completion of Ma’s work by later editors who are not known. They immediately follow the previous text to which they refer instead of being listed at the end or a special section at the bottom of the relevant page. Such a typical annotation section is printed in the Weibei script font and looks for example like this (cf. on the following page xvi).

2. Hints on the Chinese-English Glossary Sections (pp. 249-536) The arrangement of contents for both the Chinese-English Character and the Word Glossary are largely the same as will become evident from the sample text extracts that follow. (to be continued on p. xix)

xvii

1. Text sample illustrating the arrangement of Ma’s Chinese text in this edition

2. Text sample illustrating an extract from the footnote/annotation section.

xviii

2.1 Hints on the Chinese-English Character Glossary (pp. 249-358) Again, take a careful look at the sample text extract below.

3. Text sample extract illustrating the arrangement of contents in the Chinese-English Character Glossary Section of the Book

2.2 Hints on the Chinese-English Word Glossary (pp. 359-536) Here, the structural arrangement of Chinese (word) entries is basically the same as for the Chinese-English Character glossary mentioned in the previous section. For a sample text extract from the Chinese-English Word Glossary section, see the following page xviii. As had been pointed out already (cf. on p. xvii), Ma’s text was written in the literar style of classical Chinese where normally a single Chinese character would correspond to what we in the Western tradition would consider a ‘word’. However, when taking a closer look at the grammatical terminology used by Ma in his text, we will find that he often was using several characters (and thus syllables) for what we would consider words as well. It is not only for this reason that we have opted to include a ChineseEnglish Word Glossary as well. The three major terms used in Chinese Linguistics to denote a linguistic unit like character, word or character are ᆇ zì and 䂎 cí or 䗝 cí, respectively. Since in classical literary Chinese, a character ᆇ corresponds to monosyllabic ‘word’, Ma is using ᆇ for what we consider a ‘word’ in the Western tradition of grammar description. He had not made the important linguistic distinction between spoken and written language. The only written language at his time was classical literary Chinese; had he referred to the contemporary spoken vernacular at his time, he would have had to make a clear linguistic distinction between ᆇ and 䂎 with ᆇ refer-

xix

ring to a monosyllabic character as in Classical Chinese1 and 䂎 referring to a what is now considered a word in modern Chinese.2 䗝, on the other hand, could mean ‘a way of expression’, ‘phrase’ but was also used in the sense of ‘word’ in the titles of wellknown modern Chinese monolingual dictionaries like the 䗎৏, first published in1915 by Commercial Press and to be followed later by various supplements (1930) and revised editions in various volumes (1979-1984). The 䗎⎧ is another instance of using 䗝 for the title of a monolongual Chinese dictionary.3 Its first publication was also in 1915, and it has seen several editions and revisions since.4 The structural arrangement of Chinese word entries in this glossary can be seen from the following text extract sample:

1There

are only a few exceptions in Classical Chinese with instances of disyllabic ‘word’ units. majority of words in modern Chinese are disyllabic (or less frequently) polysyllabic (that is, with more than two syllables) and usually require two (or less frequently) more characters in their written form. However, there are also number of monoyllabic word units in modern Chinese that also only require a single character unit in their written representation. The latter include a larger number of grammatical particles as so-called ‘empty words’ (㲋䂎). 3Thelj䗎৏NJis a compilation of Classical Chinese literary ‘words’ and phrases and their origin in the Chinese classics and other written texts with monolingual meaning definitions for each instance of their occurence. - Thelj䗎⎧NJis an encyclopedic piece of work. 4A clear linguistic definition of ᆇ zì and 䂎 cí or 䗝 cí and an according distinction between them is somewhat tricky and remains a matter of controversial debate in Chinese Linguistics to some extent. Their details, however, need not concern us here any futher. 2The

xx

3. Text Statistics of the Chinese 俜∿᮷䙊 Text (pp. 577-622) This section offers information on Chinese characters as they are used in the Chinese text as to the total number of characters used, the number of unique characters occurring, and their relative number of frequency. For further details, please take a careful look at the sample extract below:

xxi

4. Chinese Character Index (pp. 623- 660) The Chinese character Index will enable you to reference the Chinese character entries in the Chinese-English Character and Word Glossaries. In case of an unknown character, you may count its total number of strokes and then locate the character in this index under the relevant stroke number heading. With the help of the Hanyu Pinyin transcription above each character in the index, you may search for it then in the relevant Chinese character or word glossary organised alphabetically according to the conventions of the Hanyu Pinyin transcription system. Again, please take a careful at the text extract sample below for further details:

xxii

vᰝ‫⛖▪ا‬ ᰝ‫⛖▪ا‬w w ▪⛖঩ ಔઁःᔏཌྷͅ఑€᥮ֹଉ҈⡒ᦒറ€ြೲ▪઻ೞԳcઊළ໫᪇ࠑட΀▪€ࠑᯛໟμட΀઻€ᔗ ྅Ճ዗҈ໟऴ€ͽ‫ۍ‬ӷᵤӃਲ਼ᏸc੿ઁѣᩲ€ૹḈ੅ୠ€ᴋެిട€఑᨜˸ઐ€҈͓᪎̰ᢪೞ Գcাૹ҈ᙿ€͓᪎બ⠣€஡ੌᦉᔍcᚬᵠଲഥ˻hpvӂỊwચြૹ྅€̐଻ཌྷࠝࢅᢣட€ ြೲੌ৘‫ط‬ட᪎eެላสvࢅ▪w€ြೲੌⱷબட᪎eᲐ⋍ઁ▪€␊Ꮱ஡ᰗ€ြೲੌ઻ᦒட ᪎eԆᯛᰗຐ€ᠧஃໟ૳€҈உड़ᆠส઻મ€ြೲੌમໜட᪎cqஊᓅᩊ⠣̜ૅ€˴˻Ꮱಂ€ ̡˻৘‫˻̜€ط‬મໜc೘˸‫س‬Ꮛ΀͓᪎˴Ϧ€ᔍ๷੾ᯊ€ੌᆇြ▪ࣽbហࣽbમࣽbХࣽb୰ ࣽbͱࣽ€‫ݴ‬໫҈Ӆ⎥ட€ᵤ೺৘‫ط‬bમໜb઻ᦒ̜ࣽட᪎҈ԛc ̜ࣽட᪎€ӷͨ๛ᆠ඗͔ฟc΢‫಻ط‬டᴤ€ᘣᣁடϹ€મໜடၗ€⣮ᵤ߆෫બࠒ€ ૦ಖӷ঄cයಖຨ૲டᰗᓌ€ᛄ᥷᩷۱᩿ࣽ€▎຤຤ӈໟఘႆ€ᚳͶՕδ€⩹ࣹ˴ೲcᏋ͙઻ ࠑ઻ᯛ€ᔗ྅҈ᵤ෶ᵤ዗€૮‫܈‬ြᱏ዗டຖ͙⛄૦ઊ዗டલ€ᴤᩲcᭁଁ͙ࠒಖન዗டࠑ᩷ᯛ ࣽ€ᇊᆛಣԛ዗ࣽҌeᬘ૭ऴѢ‫€߸ט‬ᝀಖ˸ઐଁೲ̐ࣽ€˴઻டᗉb˴મடͽb˴ᣁட߉ԛ Ҍc‫܅‬ᵤၟઁલ⡒઻€ᘣᣁમໜ€֔዗᭑ൖ€ಖᙨ͙ࠑ҈૽͙ᯛࣽ€Ꭻ๫ᵤ዗ட͉e҈ଁ͙ࠑ ಖࠑ҈ᯛಖᯛ€͙ᝬಖࠑᯛடဧࣽ€Ӆੌ˴ͅடຐ᮸ֳಖઍ€Ꮊ֔ઁ҈๫ࠪृ዗cᭁࠑ᩷ᯛட ᰒ๻዗ࣽ€᱆౲઻َடe҈ࠑᯛ዗҈धੌᵤ዗ࣽ€᱆᭤઻ͅഗَட͎c๻˻hn຅ಖ༛€َੌ ঩co‫˻ژ‬hnચَੌᦊco˻xੌ঩y€˻xੌᦊy€Ќಣੌࠑੌᯛட઻€၅டြဧ஡ຨಖ ષ€҈᭐␊▪͎ࣽc෦˻hnཌྷໟྰཀྵ˻▪co಻଻΀nᤄ᭤Ꭴᄕ͙ͅᜆៃ€ᤄ᭤Ꭴ઻͙ͬͅ ‫€ײ‬ເ▪ៃය͎co૮઻ࠑ઻ᯛடᰒ๻዗ࣽ€Ꮛ๦Ჿᏸᆇ€ᜯ෋᪎ࣽ๫ଁ‫ܨ‬๰ᩲe҈ᤄ᭤Ꭴ઻ ͙ͅ▪€ಖ⦁ߪᵤ዗ࣽ€Ꮛઁ๫෦Գc ˹૳૮ೡ҈ᵤ‫ᦊ▪␊ᦒڠ‬Ꮛԛ€˹૳૮ೡ҈‫€ᦊ▪␊ᦒڠ‬൴࡝ઁਾடଁન࡝҈▎᩷᪎͙ࣽ๻ၟ ๻෶€ಖ⦁ᜍ๰඾‚᪎ͭ΀nཹᮇ৑᪎€ઍᮇ୰ᇭ€˴ᮇᗂඥҮာઢcoಖ஌մhnඥҮ€΀ ඥႋҮ͉€෋ᦊഗᚧϯ͎co⛖ỊषสnඥҮာഗo€΀n᪞̧એҮ෋‫آ‬ਊட€લာಖഗ‫ڠ‬ ͎cof>‫@ڠ‬ຓ⤙મӉcgᤃᩊ௟̐մhn‫ᦒڠ‬નၟഗষ€Өᗂᖋ༎coxষyЌx‫ڠ‬y€ଁ ΀ഗ͍͎cයᏋઁਾ͓᪎€͛લࠝጓҮ͉bᚧϯഗ‫ࡵ͎ڠ‬ᩲcઊၟଁ͙ᚧϯഗ‫͛€ڠ‬લၟଁ͙ ᭤઻ͅഗͅ‫ڠ‬டហcᮦ‫͍▪ا‬ᓹᮾմhnઊਾடઅَ€ᓖ઻҈૳ഗ€៝ഗ҈ͅᦊ€៝ᦊ҈ͅ ᲽcᲽடᮉႹ€ᦊ๫᤻͎eᦊடࡵ⣮€ഗ๫‫͎ݓ‬eഗடᠧ௢€઻ᵤ૗͎cႲઐ҈જ๰€ၟ˴҈ ᭑᱗ᩲcoఙႲઐၟ˴டཀྵ€ᮦ‫ا‬ટનੌ࡝ࡵc ᐋઊ̧᩺৑ೇ€ឝᄃ͙М̧ᦒ€ᜮಖߪೡഴԪe٬ृΡ͎€Ꮛ␊ட೚ࣽ€᱆ᦒသࢅcӷြ⛅઻ ட࿐⠣໫Ꮚ€᩷ઊ઻᩷઻ໟΆͅഗடហ€೰ᓌ˴઻͎€ੌ੓ြഗឝࣽ€ੌᓳြഗᎲࣽ€͙٬ഗ ‫ڠ‬લຖᦢᮬடଁ͙ය€ೇ೚ᓒ‫أ‬ය͎c҈˴̡Ү೚া૽᩷ߗֳઁ▪ͬࣽ€Πட٬ಣ€ᓗᵤ˻ಣ ੐ᝬ҈ࡵடҌ€નӃَ͙෦͎c⁇^˶࿠`ಣি⪮ກಖ঄ය҈ᵤ૦ಖଁ͙යடమ͎඾ຖ૳᪎ ࣽ€൴ത୰ᪧ҈ᔎ⦁Գ‚ ੿෫Ү⦡€બ٬‫̧ݲ‬Ҋૅ€Өӷઢᦒ͓ࢅ€΢ภ઻⡓ఛ€㳇Ӄ͙⢵Ԫ͍ઍட᧵͙Պ૮҈෦ຖ ࣽ€ᆇषໟᦢ€Ӆྲྀੌ˴ͅᵤ዗டဤcᰙ㳅ᓗឮᓒᙟ€६Мᦒb̜෦b⦡bૹb᯻▪␊Ꮊห▪ ͬ୐ᙿடશ€඙٬‫̧ݲ‬bΠb᲼€␊ட઻ኡഗཹ€፣඗ᆇष€ཹဤ҈ᓌட€፲໫҈Ρட€ᨰઁ ૮ட᲻Ჽ€઻ᗁ๬ᔐ€ᡘයࠊ಻€ྲྀੌ͙ຨಖᤄ⛖€ར␊˴ᦒ€଻˻▪⛖c࿐⠣␊ᓌcឝ̐ ଻c‫׉‬Ө૟டӃ᪎ࣽ஡াᵤᓌ€҈ಖḈဧட଻€ટ஡ੌఘហ҈ᵤ෶ໟଖcซૅடxኒyxসy xцyxໟy€цຐૅடx͙yx৪yxྲྀyx஡yx٬ಖyxЌ௎y€᩷ઊᎡઍட૭€ҝુ டࣈ€ྲྀ஡া␊ൕဤc͙٬Ꮎԩடxᜑበy€᫐ဠடxᓖೲy€ੇ͹டxᝎᴾy€ఇசடxቚ 㙷y€ଁઅடጓϱᵤӃಗ᳼ষᦒc௎⪮͝␊‫ׯ‬ጓ€჌ಖઅហடଁ੐҈␊டဳࢅ€ᔗࣽ͛∮ॺ҈ ᵤၟಖଁ΀€ཀྵ͙̐଻᎝Գcࡪ‫ݳ‬ᨗ઻c΢઻ੌហ͉Ӄጓࣽ€ྲྀ˻ᨗ઻eЌಖ઻ଁੌடហ҈໫ ட€ࠪఘட€ࠪᨸட€ࠪલԳ€ࠪຖԳ€ྲྀᚠಖហ͙સಖഗઍடฎ€҈ቁட̰஡ຨಖ঄cࡪ‫ݳ‬ ਼઻c΢઻๫ហ͉Ӄጓ҈ብဧ͙‫׊‬ఛᰳடᵤᵸࣽ˻਼઻cᮦ㎙଼մhnӷြxઊyxብyxᭁ yxཀྵyࣽ€࡝Ϧடឝ̀exடyx҈yxՋyx͙yࣽ€ ̰໦ഗட᭒Ꮱexֳyx඾yxᩲyx͎y€ટ⥿જடᤣಆco਼઻ଁ‫€׊‬ᭁᵤ೺ಣ̜Ϧ€҈ ͙໫Ꮚடࣽᓖೲԛc઻໫Ў಄€҈౸઻⠣ஆᥧੌસ৪€ཀྵ͙‫ݳ‬ഗ‫ߪڠ‬Գc ᔢය€᪎ᔎட૟€Ӄᄃ‫ࣽت‬ᎆᑽਿᓚ€ಖᵤӃᄃ‫͍ࣽت‬ᯔ᧵⡒cයЌಖӃᄃ‫ⳁ͙ࣽت‬૦ઊᵤӃ ᄃ‫҈€ࣽت‬ᮦ‫ݳଁا‬ட▪͍€ఇቤ‫ݳଁا‬ட▪ᰳ€Ӆᵤᴤ˴Ь᮸⛖͎cፇདᄁഴઁ͙૝€ྲྀ͙ ▪᪎ੌᵤӃᄃ‫ࣽت‬੐€ຈಖӃᄃ‫҈ࣽت‬ᵤ˴ࠝԳ€┥៝੾ፇᮇடዲ૦⵩‫͙ͅט‬ಣ‫ۂ‬eᭁ൴⵩ઊ াੌ▪઻͙૝ӷ૮નẏடේ᩶€⍗ಖϧΎ€᩸ຖਾ͙લ߱cኝ˴୾᭑€ၟଁᵤ஢cଁ⭵ຖടੌ ᓌઢࣽ€ᝀ͍Ϊხ€ᚠ‫آ‬υᗔ̐€͙ବಢฟ€Ꮛᰙ੾ፇᮇୡ়ட؋ᥧᵤਓ͎ԛc ખ̡ٞ੾Мᮇ̜೧੾౪ೡ€͵ບᰝ⠢᧣঩c

1

ຖ঩ ᬃౌ̧˻hnਾடଁ͙ᰗြᣎᵝࣽ€͙ಖ෶ं͎coઊ˻ंࣽ€িብंಖࠑֳ඾ટ˻ंಖ᧵ Ҍc҈ଁ͙ं૮ਾட᧵ࣽᏋੌʹe ଁ͙ंઁ૮ਾட᧵ࣽᏋብ઻c෦˻hnࠑᯛໟμட΀઻coઊ઻ࠑட၍ቚbూ᣾b؈̐b੿ Өbぽ೺b஥ॏ€઻ᯛடႎቐbᔏᣵbᢐᓉb䭨৑b᧥Өb伨ஃ€ಖ዗β⩹ӃϦ൓cၗདᓌಣ ᓚਿ֢ᓉᣫြԆ͔їࣽ€ಖ઻டᏴඣbᏴ἟ᤁbᏴৎዻ€҈␊஥๬b␊ॏ๬b␊Ө๬ட஡ᵤໟ ൏҈ᵤ෶ंeЌᓖଁᏴ€҈྅᩷྅ໟᗸ€Ꮛ઻ࠑட઎ᓚ҈ਿ€઎፣҈᲻€઻ᯛட઎̪҈ᢋb҈ းb҈Ճໟ዗€ंடඬટഃြᨰ೰ᦑᩲcය҈َΠᵤࡃࣽ€ᏸ౪ਁ҈ఛ᧵ໟ⛖ᩲeࠑᯛࠪᰗ ࣽ€⛖৘‫҈ط‬ҮហਸѮᩲcᭁଁ೩⪮ᵤᓌࣽ€ብಣԛࠑԛᯛட઻€ྲྀਾ␊ட͎c҈˴ઁ૮€ᣵ હૈ€ಖ൵டࠪ᭢bࠪଷ€b್ࠪbࠪϋட࿱ೲਾ͎‫ྲྀ׉‬ᙨட͙ቲᏚ͍டଁ͙෶᧵€ಣ᧵டଁ ͙෶ࡃட͉cᏋᤣ⵩‫ט‬ᣁఢબࠑ‫ݲ‬ᓛΠَடѢ߸€௎‫ڰ‬ᖎb௎ᇨ̂ட▪ͬ҈Ꭿཹட೩ಖ઻Ꮚ ൵€҈ഗҝ઻€ଁ͙ᯛಖ͍҈ࠑಖ᧵ࣽ€ྲྀੌ˴સᵤ๻டຐe҈ᓖ͙ຐԪҮᲿ̧⦡‫€ᦒݲ‬ಖ͔ ৱᭁ๫ᵤᓌcြೲᓖଁᓌઊଁᵤᓌࣽ€ೲᏋಣ‫ۂ‬டଁ͙͎ͅc ҈ࠪ˻hnԪ̧டြҋ᪎€ಖࠑ҈੿ࣽᆁ૽டᆜၗ€‫׉‬ਾட૛᚟€᩷ઊ‫׉‬ຐਾຐடଽதଽ྅€ ͙٬ઁ૮с༻டᓖఢ€ӨӷૄᓛૄᎻடᏡဧ€ቚ㙷ᝎᴾடᢪ᲼€ ҈ষbᯊb‫ث‬bൖbંbไbખbղಂᏨ૔᪇டࠑ҈Өࣽ€ࡍࡍֳ€ѠѠֳ€ⳁࣽ౞᭢ᣋ€᧥ ࣽચᭋ‫˸ੋ͔ࣽ€׉‬ᰳ€Ϲࣽ৑๫ᔐ€Ў๫ᵤ຃ૐ҈͍ૻட€ᔐॣἛಖဧြ͉ᕏ෋૟€ᆽᆽֳ ಖੌፇᩲc૮Өᵊடቢᖺͅ€੿Ө૛ᓏ€҈਌҈ളࣽ᩷ᓛએ͠€ᤉᤉֳ€ૻ‫آ‬఑ࣽਿ൴ਸ‫׳‬ҋ ᪎€同౤▪઻͎c૮Ԫ̧ᵤચଁ᪎͙ާ‫آ‬Գ€തᯘᆜབྷᝬြਾଁԜেࣽ␊‚ೲ‫آ‬ᵤଠফ͎€ത ု‚ ˻hn‫׉‬Ө๫˴⪮⦁€҈▪͙㲇டeਾ͍⩹ᵤੌ͉e҈▪͙ࡵடcය▪͙㲇⦁€҈⪮⦁e▪͙ ࡵ͉€҈⪮͉e▪ࣽ€ଁ͙ກೲ҈ӷြଁु€҈⪮ଁु͎€ཀྵՖ̧᪎͙ପಖ⦁c nፇድ੎ҋ᧺̧৑᪎€ກ঩҈ј€ન٬ઢ᪎டᮇ€҈ድᦒ␊▪๫ᵤࡵਊe҈ຖᗂಖᆁடଁ⛬€ ٫ୡြᯊষbሞପbцຐbᆁ͉‫ݲ‬᪎҈ᦉᆜԳcཀྵಖᓛ๫ᵤ᪎டਾ€ᵤਾ஡᪎ੌဧட᪎c‫ͨڙ‬ ᓛ᧺ᮇ෶‫ࣽᦒڠ‬ᓒृ€‫͔ᦒڠ‬೬෶▪ࣽ▎കृԳ€෶٬‫͙҈▪␊آ‬ಖፇᮇࠝ⦁ࡵ͉͙ࣽฟසೡ டဧࣽ€ᭁ᭑๫˴Գcઊ௺▪டᘣᣁֹቂ€ᗂҋ᪎ட☡મᔢᴤ€҈௺▪ட઻цഗц€ᗂҋ▪ட ࿐⠣໫Ꮚ€೰Ӄ͙લຖჱ᳼⤀ࡃಖ᧵ষ‫ܘ‬౟ࣽᏋ๻cҋ▪ઐᴤ͎҈๻᪎ເຏ€௺▪ઐ๻͎҈ᴤ ᪎ເಣࣽ€Ꮛ͙ҋ▪ੌ˴સடᎆᑽ€᪎ࣽӃກ঩ᗵј҈ၟಖଁुٚe௺▪ҮᲿᔢટੌᎆᑽᙦૐ ಖઍ€ད๫ੌ␊டཹᐎ҈ཻՊடc⦀෋ֹଉ҈ຖ€៝М֔ፇ㲇டၫᯒ༙ୡ€๫ᵤ˴˴шᩁြଁ ͙๦⦁ଁ͙ࡵ͉ட▪€҈⦁๫઎๦€͉ᵤậࡵ€͙᩷ઊࡃ⦁ࡵ͉டҋਾໟ⬼⛅Գ€ಖᵎᰙᛮफ़ ੌᵤຑَᩲc nᓄᦒ͎€ᓖҋ▪ԛੌடᎆᑽ€ြҮᲿઍ૦ಖଁᓌଁᵤᓌࣽ€ూࠒ፣ष͙‫؜‬ၟ௺▪ហဤடଁ ੐€҈ຖ᧺᩺৑ೇ෶ກೲ҈᪎▪Գ€ಖͅ᱆ட⡉͛๫қြҋਾcයຖ٬ಖᮇୡૄ஑ட‫͙€آ‬᪎ ⦁҈ࡵ͉Գ€ၗདઍᓛடᦒᲿಖ͉⦁Ӄၟ€൴઎ઍ҈૦ҋ▪ଁ๦ட⦁€ଁࡵட͉€ટᵤᴤᆜ૦ ҈ᤄ⛖ԳcᏋೲᦒ͎€ᵤདӃंԪઁ૮ᓌ▪ட͍๾€൴᪍ઊહӨட΢͙˶̪ᘣᣁ͙ࡃಖ͍ઍட ᧵ࣽ€൴͔ंԳcઊເೲ€җԪ૜ᕞෟగடਾᎻ҈ंಖᕏୡ€ंಖ͍๾€͙૦ઊᨗဧ€҈ຖ෶ াं€ᵤ␊සं ଁं cᏋ␊ಣᦒࣽ€̐Ӄ΀ૻ঄‫آ‬ட఑co ખ̡ٞ੾Мᮇ౪೧ᖺ౪ೡ€͵ບᰝ⠢᧣▎঩c

੿↜ൂᩘᏫͭ v▪⛖wடส€ಖဧ᧵೫߆᮴ຖᚾ঩ຈ⪮΢ဤᩲc˴‫آ‬௱๊€નậᨘસ€ઐᵤ۶ચ͙ᔎ྅cଶ ਾ೩ࣽ€ྲྀ΀ಣᦒ෶˴᮴ਾส▪ட᩶€ᔏຖਾҦഗடᔍ€⪮ଅᝀઍҋ▪ͬࣽᵤာcਾ㳇෶Ո๕ ᵤੌຨԳ€ᵤ਀‫ڠ‬ઍᦒࣽӃ͙ष⛖ҋ▪€Ќ‫ڠ‬ҋᦒࣽટ๻ြष⛖ઍ▪€҈ઍҋ๬▪ட⦁€ᵤᴤ ೕය᮸⛖ᩲcᮥᜉ᱆ᄪ€ຨએᏙ€ᵤ‫ݳ‬ᨗ઻ԛᢢcಖ‫ݳ€઻਼ݳ‬ഗ‫€ڠ‬೰กᝡᩘc⠢᧣াͭc

ဤَ ೲᦒઐፃ€ᦉ‫ݳ‬ഗ‫ڠ‬e҈ഗ‫ڠ‬᭤઻ଁ͎ࣽͅcብ઻ட੐ഗ‫ੌ͛€͎ڠ‬ಖଁ€҈઻઻ໟΆ€͛๰ ಖ໫€໫Ꮚ҈ຖј‫ݳ‬ઊഗ‫ڠ‬Գcઊ઻໫᩷ഗ‫ᦒઁ€ڠ‬ઍ๫‫ݳ‬٬ࣽ€ཀྵ઻໫᩷઻੐ഗ‫ုଁڠ‬લຖ டᣫ€ઁટનੌಖ଻cઊ଻ᵤ̐Ꮛَᵤў€Π˻hn͎͛̐଻ֳcoೲᦒଁ‫̜ࣽݳ‬hឝ̐଻€ ࡪ઻໫€ࡪഗ‫ڠ‬c ઁҮᲿᎬᯊ֔ᮇ෦ӗӷ૮€ಖ઻ഗ஄ය€ᖺ๫ͅцடӃኜc̰ᓌ˴઻͎€ᓌ˴ഗ͎€ੌ˴ᦒ⡏ ೩ࣽ€ੌසᦒӈ೩ࣽ€͔೬ષᆇषબࠒ€ӈໟཹᐎ€ᓖಖ঄ය͙ј૦ಖଁᓌଁᰗடଁ͙ය€҈ ຖ᭐␊୘Ꮛ€ហ৘Ѯයcനಖᔐᵤ๫ຨ૲€ଁ⭵ຖடᓌઢ€ᛏಖᵤ⡍€ฑବಢฟc

2

ಣᦒ੐੎ҋ଻␊ᬖཇਧcᬖཇਧࣽ€મᎫ‫ڰ‬ᖎ€৘˻઻ࣈ€धմ᪎▪ட஧঩͎c஡ᓛྲྀੌઐᓛ டᬖཇਧ€͔ྲྀໟ൏€ଁᰗࣽમໜ᩷઻ࠑҌc᧺᩺৑ೇ€લ᪎☡મ€҈ຖᄃ͙ᬖཇਧ€΢઻ட ⠣໫᩷ଁ͙Άဧͅഗடࣈ೫੐cࡵြಣ€๫ᵤ▪๰઻ў€҈ຖј᪎ሞପᯊষ€બ٬ᦘᓙ⦡ާ€ ֛ੌፇୡ€ન٬ᩞ᎝€ԛ⪎ය੐ͅᩲcಣᦒՍಷᬖཇਧ҈ส€ຖલࡪ঩€ྲྀੌસ஧cድೲᦒ ࣽ€ಎ˴⢥˴€͛ӷ๫๰Ϊხcເ෶াᆠӷߪ€ກ঩ᗵј€൴⛅ൕ߆കᏡ‫€؍‬ᵤብ࿪Ფ᪎ઍᓛ ઁ▪ͬЌੌ஥ષॏੌடᅏ€ಖြ᪎੎ҋઁ૮ட˴☡▪઻€͙ᗂা૝ҋ▪ࣽ€ᭁ૟।؋෇ᩲc ቂ▪ட⦁€ᵤ೺਼ᨗᚾ઻€ᨗ઻ಖᏡ⭜€਼઻ಖᝬᅥ͎c҈Ү෦ઍᨗ઻๻৘€਼઻ᴤ಻cๅ‫ا‬ ૅ৘ੌમఛᲽ€ြઁ৘ⲣੌ࡝ࡵc਀˴ӂỊࢅ▪̡ᦒ€ጓࢅҮ෦டͬᰳ€ᰒ␊⛬൏€යટ‫ੌآ‬ ֹ˴␊঒ࣽcӷ਼͙ᨗட઻ቁ‫ݲ‬ഗ‫ڠ‬ᔐ€΢ᾇᲤ␊▪ࣽ€ྲྀၟಖ঄යકಖ঄යடଁ͙ය€ᔢҮ ೚⛖ᛸટੌଁᵤၟcᔐॣ΀‫̧׳‬n്ட‫܈‬ಖᤇ͎€‫נ‬ட‫܈‬ಖૄ͎€oᚾഗઍxடyxಖyᚾ ઻€ྲྀኜ᪇َ€ത͙ᵤ෶ໟ๻‚‫ݳ‬Πn͜ட෶ഝᯘֳ€᧣Գ෶ഝֳࣘ€oᚾഗடцໟ൏€ത ␊xடyxԳy̡઻዗ဧ҈ᵤຨໟ⛖‚nΰӉட૟€Ꮛॣᔄடᩲ€Ꭱࡣட૟€નட᪎͎€oᚾ ഗடцટӅᓌ€xᩲyx͎y̡઻തટᵤ෶ӈ዗‚΢ಣட໫€ᤄ͙ѭߗ͓᪎ࣽ€Ꮛྲྀၟಖເ ೲ€ᵤ᧝ᵤၟಖଁ͙ເೲcೲᦒ␊டూࠒ⠣ጓ€ာႋᦍ᯽€఑૭᣻ࣽၟଁూᏊ҈ຖ၅டြ▪€ ஡ຨಖ঄c௎નຨಖᣄጓ€͛൴ᨰᮇ᱖೧ഴԪᵤሗ€࿪ᲤடӨ€ध೰˴Ҍ࣭€᩷˶࣭€ਿ෶˴ ಖ६ሆcᯘ⥜ᴤ๻€⨿‫܅‬ᜧ្c ಣᦒ␊ઁ૮૝ད๊டᦒc΢૟Ꭿ๊೩ࣽ€નӃບͳ⤰َ€͛‫ੌ؜‬ᗻࠒ҈ຖ෶೩ൾြਾc␊▪ட ⦁€ઁਾ߽ᖤ૮ਾ€Ꮛ‫آ‬ਉ୐ᙿ␊ட͎cઁ▪டਉੌ̜዗Գh੍⩎ட྅€▪ਉ͙ᝬe‫ݳ‬Πடᝬ ࠃ€˴ఛடᝬൖ€஥෦டᝬ˴€˴Ӟடᝬ஌€᫐ဠடᝬ⥜cဠ੅͙ຖ€▪ਉ͙ᰳeᓛΠடᰳ ᇤ€ᓛ᲼டᰳঁ€⦡ͭடᰳ堠€ૹᦒடᰳೂ€҈‫̧׳‬Ꮛ਀ຨࡍයடᰳcӨಣᏋ᯻᧏‫ا‬ட▪€༕ ‫੿͙ݲ‬டਉᝬਉᰳࣽ€᧏␊อၟ▪͉҈ԛc૮ଁ६␊ᗻࠒࣽ€ӷ᯻᧏‫ु҈ا‬eલֳ᯻▪҈⪮͙ ੿ଁᯊࣽ€ເ▗೷∠ᐘᬃ̧᳁̧€ટᔐ६Գcብ⸝྇ᯛຐࣽ€ᇐடnা๜͙ӨoҌc΢ଁष ᦒ€ྲྀ६᮳ઐ͙ೲ̐Գc ᦒઍ̐▪€έ⑏ហဤ€ᵤᦢषᦒഗ€Ꮛ͔ፃ๻ࡵc̐▪ぽ஡ഗੌ͜षᦒ␊ࠒࣽ€Ꮛ๰੾̜Ү‫ݬ‬ ஌Ꮱ€ྲྀർ˴ሞᨔ€Պ᩷̐▪ੌᏊc ष‫ݳ‬Π‫̧͔׳‬᪎ઍ᥷᩷▗೷∠ᐘ€έ᪍‫ݳ‬b‫׳‬b᪎b᥷b▗b͹˴઻͙᎝षᦒடឝcᓛΠᓛ᲼ έ᪍Π᲼டᓛ଻᎝டc▗͹டຖ‫͙ۋ‬ಕᮇeष஥‫ا‬Ꮛᵤ඗஥€ᱥ჌▗଻᩷ಖᮇe᫐̧έ඗Ჽ ଻e⦡ͭέ඗xಕಕઐґyxಕಕ྅ૅbӪ෦y€╺ᦒટເடe ᮴ૹέ඗xಕફyxಕ෦yxಕઢye௎षස⦡͛඗⦡଻€ເຖૹb̜ᓛbԫᦒட໫e᯻▪ᱥ ᪍Ჽ଻€೰⎥ಖӃय़ࣽc ‫ଁݲ‬षᦒ€ᨗ▪ᦊᵤᗃடᏴ€ཀྵӃ६ࠒ␊цcಖ̑ເцࣽ€Ꮛ⪮ಖᏴடଁચ€⪮▪͎cઁ૮▪ ͬҮ⦡Ҋૅ€ᐁᒊ෦‫ا‬டଁ໫Ჩ€ᤄ▪̐டଁྰ࿘€બӷ‫ژ‬ᙨͬూ€Өӷ╺ᔰ‫€▪آ‬ᭁ๫ੌ෶ ೺ಖцࣽc΢षᦒഗ€๻᩷੿Ө▪દᢐ߉‫ڠ‬c૮ြଁषᦒഗ€൞ဧ͓઻fုઍgᩘeြଁषᦒ ଻Ჽ଻டબ͙។ઢட€͙ՊᛃᏊc

3

Chapter 0 ̐଻Ꮩட˴ ઻໫ >ƒ@΢અَ€લ̐ଁဧட଻͙સ૽ហடଁ੐ࣽ€˻xဳࢅycxဳyடմࣽ€ଁ͙ᚗಖហடଁ ु€෋๫ുֲ͎cᦒઍଁ૽ட଻€ੌᓖᛸલଁҮဧࣽ€ੌ૮ଁད๊ࣽ€૮␊஡અဳࢅ€҈૽ហ ̰ࡵcӷಖᓖࣽࠪ᩷ᛸલடហคֱ€҈๊ࣽ▎ࠪ೩␊ၪࣥ҈ᵤ෶߁຃cᚾࣽၟଁᵤ஢€ය೰␊ ட€͙☬‫ࢅݳ‬Ҍcብ଻ហ˴̐€Ꮛᦒઍᓌ଻ࣽ͛ᓌហ€҈߉ᤄӃ஢c >ဳࢅ˴@΢઻ੌ૟͉Ӄጓࣽ€˻ᨗ઻c๫ጓ҈ብ͙‫׊‬ᨗ઻டᅥဂࣽ€˻਼઻cᨗ઻ட໫Ԇ€਼઻ ட໫Мc ࢅ▪⠣Ꮚ࿐ု€੾МᲽ€౪̜֔ҊԆ੾̜▪€અx˴yြϦ€᱗ߪြxૡy€ྲྀੌ૟ཌྷӃጓ€ ન೩઻ੌ๫ጓࣽcᵤၟࢅ▪ብጓ઻Ꭻ€Ꭻಖᖺଁ͙ͅಣ▪઻ࣽ€͛ੌଁኜ଻€ ཀྵ๫๫ጓட઻c҈਼઻Ꮛᾫྲྀዶภြੌጓட઻€ເxԳy␊᪁଻€x␊y␊๼അடᎯcཀྵ઻Ꭻ Ꭻ๫๫ጓ͎ࣽcồᔗ຤Ჿ€຤຤͙xଁyxคyxಖyxᓄyx΢yx˻yx᯼yxຨy‫ੌݲ‬ ጓࣽ€᩷ઊxᭁyxᏋyx͙yx҈y‫ݲ‬๫ጓࣽᓌಆ€▎͙xതyx͛yxનyx๫yxೲy x⪮y‫ੌݲ‬ઐហࣽ€ᇐ‫ݲ‬xՋyxᔢyx٬yxᩲyxԳyx඾yxֳyx͎y‫ݲ‬๫ហࣽட ઻€ӈໟଖ੭€ᵤӃቡ᪍cલᛸᦒぽ€⛎ੌ͙ఝ઻଻␊਼઻€͙᩷ᨗ઻ዹຑࣽc⛬྅ᤄ਷૳‫ا‬ ᩷ਾᦒմhnത͙΀டᨗ઻਼ဧ‚ ເx੍ϊϊਾyxӺ҆҆ਾyxጓ̈́̈́ͨyxሑੑੑͨyx੍๛๛ೡyx⩎଺଺೧yx৑ಖᔍ ๫৑ᔍԳࣽyx৑ಖᔋ๫ਾᔋԳࣽy€͙ᚾ઻ᓌࣽ€੿˴઻ྲྀᨗ઻͎€Ө˴઻Ꮛ਼ဧᩲcຖਾ ͙ࠪᨗࣽสઐમ‫؝਼ࣽ€ڠ‬สසમ‫€ڠ‬௎xϊy‫ڠ‬ເxਏy€x҆y‫ڠ‬ເxӑy€ẍ́y‫ڠ‬ ເx᣷y€xੑy‫ڠ‬ເxᏜyட໫€ઁਾᤄ๫ೲ͎cത͙΀ட਼઻ᨗဧ‚ເ॑€๬͎€਼઻ ͎cය᯻▪டx॑ੌυෲy€‫ژ‬Үடxᓛ॑yx‫॑׉‬yᏋᨗ઻ᩲcxృy€⢊͎€਼઻͎cය ᓖಖᩬૌ҈ཝ˻xཝృy€ᓖಖᵤᎨ҈᳂˻xረృy€͙٬ӂỊடxᎮ੿ృy€᫐̧டx᧥ᔍ Әృy€ᏋᨗဧᩲcxӼy€ᔤ͎€਼઻͎cය஥෦࢑ข͙ᔤਾட᜿€ເxᴋ⤴␊̜Ӽ͙ຑ டy€x᯻ᨭ࢑͠Ӽြⅴ᮴y€ೲ਼઻҈ᨗဧᩲco͙੿ᤄ‫ا‬டઅ€ೲ͙ఝ઻␊਼઻͎ࣽcය ௎xԳyx඾yxֳyx͎y‫઻ݲ‬fxԳyx඾yxֳyx͎y‫€઻ݲ‬ઐᦒᆠ΀ட਼઻€ဤ೩ ຖg€ᵤၟᤄ‫ا‬൴ത͙଻டc‫ڠ‬ӋᡂᏴbీ௟ॡ‫਼€ᦒݲ‬bᨗ‫€઻ݲ‬લຖ࿿ဧ€া๫સဤ€‫ڠ‬ ࣽ๫ଁ‫ܨ‬๰c૮͙‫ੌݲ‬ጓઍᨗ઻€๫ጓࣽ␊਼઻€ೲ␊઻цட͔શcಖᏊ€Ꮛᨗ઻ੌԆ€਼઻ ੌМ€೺ಣ๫઻cཀྵ਼ᨗᚾશӃഠჺ˴☡઻c >ဳࢅ̡@΢ᨗ઻͙଻˴☡૟ཌྷࣽ€˻଻઻€य़˻x଻ycx૟ཌྷy̡઻€ ˴☡᱗ᚂᩲc੐‫׉‬டxೡyx೧yx๸yxՔy€੐ϫடxѲyx੘yx௺yxᡀy€ਾ෯ டxՖyxәyx⬔yx̧y€ ཌྷட๫ࠑ͎ࣽcxᄁyxୡyxఠyxᝬy€x୯yx૽yx᩷yx౯y€ཌྷட๫ࠑ͎ࣽc҈ ଁ༻ࣽx▪yx๬yx᧣yxൾy€ଁсࣽxຒyxᗥyx۩yxҠy€ଁຨࣽxฎyxᑞy x଻yx৉y€ଁᪧࣽxᗥyxᏚyx᭹yxຮyxᦒyxᯊy€ྲྀ૟͎€ྲྀ଻͎c΢຃ଁ ೩€Ҍଁᔄ€˶ଁ۱€ᤞଁ⁙€Мᕒடଁ፲€᩷ઊ͍டଁઢ€᧵டଁࡔ€᪍હᏊᯛb῿᭸᩷๫ ᯛb๫ᩍ€㳇Ӄ͙Πَ඗டࣽ€๫⪮૟͎€๫⪮ཌྷ͎€๫⪮଻͎c >ဳࢅ̜@΢ᨗ઻ဧ͙ኜ଻ࣽ€˻ห઻c ૟ཌྷੌ੐঄᮴ࣽ€ᵤ͛଻͎€͙xӂyxͨyxຏyxಣy‫઻ݲ‬ኜடcಖᵤ੐঄᮴҈ಖ଻඗ԛ ඗டြ᮴ࣽ€͙ຖӃ͙xಖyxடyxೲyxಣy‫઻ݲ‬ኜட€͙஢‫ث‬ᗪc >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hୗເ͎€Ԫ᩷ৣୗເ͎c >@▎⢵҈hብͨ᩷ӂੌೲઊc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hຏᧇಖᎻ‫آ‬c >@▗᫐̜੾̡hઊത۶‚ೲ൴␊ఠֳ ġġ͙੿xԪyxৣyxͨyxӂyxຏyxઊyxೲy‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ห঄᮴ଁ඗଻டਾ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӋ೩டcġġxடyኜ᮴▪டx਺yc >@▎hೲ̰౯၌͎cġġxೲyኜ᮴▪ଁَᵤ⛆ட͍c >@▎▗੿h᳁ව͙ಖՖᛱ€ᰓ̧͙ಖՖᓷcġġᚾxಖy઻Ќኜ᳁ᰓc >@▎࢞੿h␊ಣ‫€ࣽژ‬ಖၟ⦁ֳ‚ġġxಣy઻ሕ᮴षஎ‫پ‬ட‫ژ‬c ཀྵੌxடyxೲyxಖyxಣy‫͙઻ݲ‬ኜ᮴▪€᮴▪Ӄᵤ͛‫€َث‬ᭁੌଁ͙หடᩲ€ཀྵ˻xห ઻ycห઻டᰗြ଻ࣽ€଻ᓌ૟ཌྷ҈஡‫€܅‬ห઻Ꮛଁሕᰗ҈␊઻Ꮛ˴cલᛸ͙ࠪห઻Ӫ‫਼ݲ‬ ઻€ࠪ΀␊҅઻€҈๫ੌ᩷଻␊ཹࣽcᭁનၟઊ΢หࣽ͛᩷ଁหࣽᓌಖᏡဧҌcཀྵห઻ࣽ€ᵤ ዗ட଻͎€ဧ᩷଻ᓌc >ဳࢅМ@΢ᨗ઻َ͙૟ཌྷட๬ࣽ€˻ఝ઻c ‫׉‬Ө૟ཌྷ€ᚠଁ੐҈͛೩ಖੌ๬cಖ๬᩷๬ໟᝡ€Ќੌ઎ಣࡃຏட˴ٚ€ଁ΀ఝ͎cཀྵᨗ઻͙ 4

َ૟ཌྷட๬ࣽ˻ఝ઻cઊ૟ཌྷட๫˴‫آ‬๫๬€Ќ๫˴‫آ‬ᵤఝcಖఝடᓷࣽ€୵டx̬y€౮ டx‫ۑ‬ycࣼடx̽y€೒டx⌐yeಖᙦࣽ€ເಂ͍டx᣸yxปyxྱyx‫܈‬y€᪎‫ژ‬ டxೞyxድyxंyxྱye͔டᏋ̦டxఝy€ϊடxᓉy€҆டxౣy€ೡடx‫ݙ‬ye ᆜடᏋx࿰yⳁxପy߽€xၟy૝xᯊy຤e҈૳ᕏடx૳yxੑyx␊yxဧy€⦁ᓛ டxᓅyyൾyxᲷy‫נ‬y€ᣫ྅டxဧyx๬yxৢyx᭡y€๬⦁டxઅyx⦁yxԽy xఝy€᪎በடx☡yx߈yxҦyxᩁy€‫ه‬டடx᪎yxᔎyx๾yxာy€΢͍டૺ᩷ ᧵டட€ྲྀఝ઻͎cఝ઻᩷ᶊ઻๫Ꮚcᵤ˻ᶊ઻҈˻ఝ઻ࣽ€ᶊ઻ዹຑட␊྽઻ட᧏͎c >ဳࢅԆ@΢ᨗ઻͙ᣈ૟ཌྷடࠑࣽ€˻྽઻c xࠑyࣽ€ֳَ૟ཌྷԛੌடᅥ͎ٚcཀྵ྽઻᩷ఝ઻ᚾໟዹຑc྽઻ࢅԛයடᅥᮯ€ఝ઻َ঄ය ட๬ఝc๬ఝ͛઎૟ཌྷ҈࡝€҈ᅥᮯટ͛᚝૟ཌྷ҈᭐cເന˻xΡyxᏵy€˻x჈yx‫ث‬y €˻x૨yxᨈy€˻x͔yx͓y€ᏋӘ҈๫ᗻ€ ▎ԣၟxΡyxᏵyࣽത€x჈yx‫ث‬yࣽത€x૨yxᨈyࣽത€x͔yx͓yࣽത඾‚͛ ˻x੊ᣍΡᏵᓌy€x঱ឍ།འ჈‫ث‬ᓌy€xԆ∠૨ᨈᓌy€xᳯ͔͓ᓌy€҈ຖଁَᵤᤗட ᅥ̰ੌଁᎯᩲcઊය€҈‫׉‬ϫடᆇᎨb᧥ࡵbొଵ€ ӷःடಞࡵᤰၫbনᗨђឡb࡝஑ᘙ๡bᤗ᫐ઍ̐bᠲ͉ૌᨕc᩷ઊ >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝᲽh຃ာϋଷಢշ€Ҍာᯛમᠧஃ€˶ာ‫࣒ڔ‬ච௡€ᤞာ⪞௦਍ᕿ€⭜Ꮱᢹ͉ာ૓ ᮮছளcġġྲྀ྽઻͎c >ဳࢅએ@΢ᨗ઻͙ಫఝ྽ட્ࣽ€˻ಙ઻c ૟ཌྷᵤᤗடᅥ€ੌ྽઻͙ࠑடcӾ૟ཌྷட๬€ટӷᵤ˴͎c˴ਾடΠᘞ๬ु€ੌছຓ჈‫ث‬ଵ൭ டᏊcཀྵ᪎‫܈‬xᆇy€ᔎ‫܈‬xᨘy€๾‫܈‬xላy€ာ‫܈‬xࡵy€๬‫܈‬xᵡy€ྲྀ͙ಫఝ઻ட્ ͎c‫̧׉‬xථථy€‫ݲ‬൳xᤃᤃy€Ֆ̧xᜅᜅy€Ӌәxᨺᨺy€͔ਾx଩଩y€‫َث‬ட͙ ಙಖ્c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hത␊ՕՕය᩷Ҋ̑૛๻‚ġġxՕՕයyಙx૛๻yட્͎c >@▎ᖭӨhഞഛ຤൴ੑடcġġxഞഛy€ಙᒵx຤yட્c ᵤདಣ͎€΢ͭ૟ཌྷଁఝட‫آ‬᩷ଁఝடᣫ€ટಙ઻͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h٬ᨈਾடத€૞ᔤြᤗ€Ρ̧҅Գeҋથϫြ੅͠Ҋίe᣶ᱝြ࿍€ᨈਾ৥டcġ ġಖx૞yxҋyx᣶y̜઻€஡ͭxᔤyxથy‫ت‬xᱝyடᣫc >@▎▗ӨhӋ˴๛఻೩c >@▎hࡵೡચ೨ြ૞ಐ‫ا‬c >@▎h▗உုြ̣˻hnಔࣽఛ͙ছ€૮˻೨€ࠪࣽᵤӃֳ‚oġġx๛఻yxࡵೡyxಔ ࣽyx૮ೡy‫ݲ‬Π€ྲྀ͙ͭಖ‫€͎آ‬ဧᓌಙ઻c >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬ḩ΀Ἕᦑಢᩲ€▎ᦑ᮳͎c΀‫ᦑݞ‬ಢᩲ€નᦑ᮳͎cġġ x᮳yxಢyᚾ྽઻€xᦑyಙ઻€͙ಙx᮳yxಢyடјٚ€҈xનyx▎yᚾಙ઻€Ꮛ▎ ඙ಙಙ઻᩷྽઻ᩲc ΢ಙ઻€͛લြಖଁಙc ͙੿ᨗ઻ட໫΢Ԇc >ဳࢅ͠@΢਼઻͙౸ᨗ઻㖶ᵊடហࣽ€˻૾઻c ΢▪ઍᨗ઻€᯼લ᯼ຖ€Ꭻੌ˴સட͉€͙ૻಖӈໟࢱึடᅥc҈ࢱึடᅥ€ੌ⪮લຖட঩ଁ ෶᱗ࡃࣽ€ᓖዶ਼઻͙ࡵட€ଁ΀૾઻͎c૾઻͎ࣽ€΢ᨗ઻ੌࢱึໟᵊடᅥ€૾ြಖᔐເಣ ౸டҌc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hಔࣽ‫ॣ̧׳‬َ᩷ͨြાcġġx‫̧׳‬yᓌxͨy€ᚾᵤໟᵊ͎ࣽ€૾͙x᩷y઻€ ଁ͙ࡵx‫̧׳‬yዹxͨy࡝َடហc▎€xાyϫ଻€᩷xَy▎ᵤໟᵊ͎€૾͙xՋy઻€ ͙ࡵ࡝xَyடϫcx᩷yxՋy̡઻€ྲྀ૾઻͎c >@▎ᦑӨh٪ᔍடཏ€ᚾᰝடୡ᩷‚ġġᚾxடy઻૾ြᚾ଻டᔐ€ ͙ࡵໟᎯடហ͎cxཏy⪮සᣫடxཏy€̰੐x٪ᔍyぽࣽexୡy⪮සୡ€̰xᚾᰝyଁ ࡝ࣽc >@▎ᐘ੿hஹਾ͙႙᩷▄€ੌ͙ᰗֳ‚ġġx႙yx▄yடြxஹy€ᵤໟ࠻͎€ ૾͙x͙y઻€ࡵಖxஹyடଁx͙y͎c >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬hᆇ͙ͨ▪€‫͙ͨ܆‬ᗥcġġx͙y઻ᓌ੿c >ဳࢅ╺@΢਼઻ဧ͙␊ናḈᎳᜯ઻ഗࣽ€‫઻ࠌ˻ݴ‬c ઻ഗໟሹ€ᵤ೺ናbḈbᎳbᜯМࣽ€ྲྀዶ਼઻͙ࡵಖហc >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈h௎ः᩷౯€ᏋԪি۶‚ႎ␊டᵤᓧ€ࣘਾᵤเ€ᏋӃ΀Չӂԛᩲcġġx௎y઻ဧ ͙ናxःx౯y҈‫€͎ࣽݳ‬xᏋy઻᣾Ḉ੿▪cxႎy઻ߓᜯ੿ហ€xᏋy઻▎␊ḈሹcӅྲྀ ဧ͙ໟࠌഗ‫҈ڠ‬ԛc >@▎hૄ҈Ӄ૦͎€ᔢ࿪ᘔட˹€Ԫટ␊டcເᵤӃ૦€๰Ԫଁႄcġġಣx҈y઻ੌዶ࢑ ᧵€ଁ͙Ꮃၭ͎cxᔢy઻‫׌‬ј˴Ꮅ€඙Ꮃᜯᚾ᧵cxເy઻ટᎳᜯ੿᧵cྲྀ␊ࠌ઻c 5

>@‫׳‬ᐘӨe૮୛ẑಖᎻ€Ӌ຤҈Ἓடcġġx૮y઻ဧ͙ടӨḈ੿͎c >@‫ݳ‬લјh૮઎᩷૦͎€Ӄ΀೫әᩲcġġx૮y઻Ḉ੿ടӨ͎c >ဳࢅ౪@΢਼઻ဧ္͙઻᩷ഗ‫઻׊˻€ࣽڠ‬c ΢઻᥍ന͙ᨗ઻͖ࣽͅ€ಖᚧ㮧ᜯ€਼ᝬન๻෦ચ€ြೲੌx͎yxᩲyxֳyx඾y‫€઻ݲ‬ ͙டዼ္€҈ᝬᅥ᱗ᜦᩲcଁ΀‫€ࣽ઻׊‬ᭁ͙‫઻ࡃ͙઻׊‬ഗぽᥫੌடᝬᅥ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h๫ᣐ͎cೲ̰౯၌͎c೩਺ન೩೷͎cġ̜x͎y઻္̜ഗ€ྲྀ͙ो僧ᚧ˶ᰳ͎c >@▎hᨈਾடြᓛ͎€ᦑ͍ԳҌᩲcġġx͎y઻ଁ͙ዼ‫€ڠ‬Ќ͙ടӨ€ Պഗ᧵નᦑϯ͎cxᩲy઻ଁ͙僧ಖ૟டੌ͎cxҌy઻ੌብಣட᧵cxԳyห઻͎€௎▪ಣ ᣫxԳy઻Ξส␊‫߉€ࣽ઻׊‬ᩲ€ጓ೩ຖc >@‫ݳ‬ί౯hշᵤ౯ࣽ€ಖ␊౯ᩲ€ᵤ෋ᵤ౯ࣽകֳಖதcġġಣxᩲy઻ଁ္͙‫€ڠ‬ટ͙ടӨ ͎c >@▎ূ͎hြ๰۩ֳതੌ‚ġġxֳy઻ટ͙ӎടӨ▪͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᵎࣽટᏚಣֳ‚ġġxֳy઻͙ޯᔐ€ટ္͙ഗ͎c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hᓋ͎ᔄ˴͙ၟ੾€ᖀ͎᠏६˴͙ၟ̜c >@▎᪎҈hѿَ૭᭸€ຼᩲഢc >@▎੎൅hᡠֳಖੌ▪ᦊcġġx͎yxᩲyxֳy̜઻€૮͙‫҈઻˴׊‬ԛc ཀྵᓌ˴‫ࠪ€ڠ׊͙ࠪ€઻׊͙ࠪ€઻׊‬ᘲ‫׊‬ഗ€ྲྀӃ€ብ੐ส▪ࣽ᮳␊ᙃ෋Ҍcಖ߆೩ຖc >ဳࢅ੾@΢਼઻͙⌐ਾ͍ઍᵤԩடᯛࣽ€˻ᢨ઻c ▪ઍ⨟ੌઠᏚᵤԩடࡔ৻€ᓖဧ਼઻͙ᣈಖᯛcເᦒҮઍடx⇝yxᤝyxӑyxワy€‫ᦒݲ‬ ઍடx۲ӎyx⁇៊y€ྲྀ๫ហ͉€ብ͙⌐͍ઍଁ࡝ઠᏚடᯛ€ཀྵ˻ᢨ઻c ͙੿਼઻ட໫΢Мc ઻໫΢౪€᪍΢˴☡ࠪੌጓ€ࠪ๫ጓ€᩷ઊੌࠑӃࠑ€ੌᯛӃᯛட઻җᚂᩲc ઻⠣౪໫€҈˴઻ੌᵤु˴ហࣽ€ઁਾଁ΀⭵▪૳ហࣽಣ͎cហᵤᓌ҈ಖ໫ટᏊԳcཀྵ઻໫ ࣽ€ટ໫ಖហԳҌc ઻ੌ˴઻˴ហࣽ€ટੌ˴઻ᯊហࣽcຖᛸ͙઻ហᵤ˴҈Ꮚ͙Мᯛ€ઁ๫ೲ͎c΢઻டੌᯊហ ࣽ€ન෶ሕြ˴໫€͛͜ໟಖഗઍଁᣫடฎ€̰Ӄ໫ԳcҮᲿઍ຤຤ੌ˴ഗ⡏ဧ˴઻҈ಖហᵤ ᓌࣽc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈h૦ட᩷‚ႎ᩷ட᩷‚ġġᇊ̡x᩷y઻␊ఝ઻€੿Өᚾx᩷y€ྲ਼ྀ઻͎c >@▎hઊ̧ட૦ட͎cġġ੿xடy਼઻͎€Өxடyห઻͎c >@‫׳‬᭑੿hͶ֚ࣽᵤடॎட̧҈ட‫ס‬cġġᇊ̡xடy઻਼઻€੿Өᚾxடyጓx຤y͎€ఝ ઻͎c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hᚕӨᵤ෶൴᜿҈᮳൴൴cġġ᮴ᚾx൴y઻€ጓxဧy͎ఝ઻͎€ જx൴y઻€଻͎c >@▗ẏએh឴˹৑ಖ͔ᔍᏋ๫ਾᔍԳࣽ€৑ಖᔋᏋ๫ਾᔋԳࣽcġġ᮴xᔍy઻଻͎€ ᷁xᔍy઻€ጓxઽy͎€ఝ઻͎cxᔋy઻ᓌc >@᫐ຒણᇒhਾ⩹ᴪြ߸ં҈ᴪြुંcብु‫ुۂ‬Ꭴुcġġ xुy઻Мဧ€xुંyடxुy€྽઻€ َંᵤ߸டࠑ͎cxብुy᩷xᎤुyᚾxुy઻€ ᶷ‫☡˴ݳ‬ᵤఝடཌྷ଻͎cx෶ुyடxुy€ੌ෋යட᧵€ఝ઻͎cೲ˴xुy઻҈඙̜໫ ᩲc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhઊ᳼ၕၕՖ€⪮͙ᨖՖ͎cġġᚾxၕy઻€੿xၕy᜿͎€଻͎€ Өxၕy€ᢈઽୠcఝ઻͎c΢ಣட஑͔€ᵤӃቡ᪍€᪎ࣽ঄াຨடc ઻๫સហ€ཀྵ๫સ໫c҈‫܈‬ၟಖ໫€঄લၟ੿Өட▪ហതເҌc

ഗ‫ڠ‬ >ƒ@ઊ▪ࣽ€᭤ഗ҈ͅ€ເᜆៃය€ཀྵ΀ட▪c‫܈‬ၟ▪€঄ૻഗc >ဳࢅ੾˴@΢઻ໟΆ҈ఛ᧵ԛᢢࣽ€˻ഗc v▪͍ᓹᮾwՉen᳼َੌฎ€ฎَ˻ഗ€ഗࣽ€᱐͎€᱐َࣽ౸઻͙⠣ஆcoଁ΀౸઻ࣽ€ ઻᩷઻ໟΆ͎€⠣ஆࣽ€ᭁఛ΀ԛᢢ͎cഗࣽ€ଁ͙ࡃ͍ઍட᧵c҈᧵ੌᚾϦԳh˴Ꮛଁ᧵ட ૟ཌྷ͎€ઊ૟ཌྷᵤ෶਼᧵͎€˴Ꮛ૟ཌྷடᅥࠪఝࠪ྽͎c᧵ࡃြ೺˻ͬ€ࢅ▪մh᧵ぽ҈َ೺ ˻ͬcn >ဳࢅ੾̡@΢َ͙ଁ␊Πட૟ཌྷࣽ€˻ടͬc ടࣽ€धմഗ‫ڠ‬டࣜട͎c >ဳࢅ੾̜@΢َ͙ടͬଁੌடఝ྽ࣽ€˻Πͬc xΠyࣽ€ଁَ͙ઊട͎ͬcxΠy઻டហᔢᶷ€҈˴☡ӃᚂԳc 6

>@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬ḩࢅcġġ˴ഗcx̧y଻͎€ടͬ€ઢଁ␊Π͎cࢅఝ઻€Π͎ͬ€ଁ͙Πടͬ ட૟cᭁͭࣽ೩‫ܡ‬ᓹᔏዹடຖ€‫̧ͭ܈‬டੌଁఝ͎€ཀྵલَ̧੐ຖͭಖࢅc >@▎ၗ̧hਸ̧๬cġġਸ̧ടͬ€๬Πͬcͭࣽြ̜ೡᵤ๛டຖ೩̧ட๬͎€ཀྵલَਸ̧҈ ຖَ๬c ΢ഗ‫ੌ͛ڠ‬ടbΠᚾͬ€ᚾͬடΡᏵᵤᓌ€҈͔ፃᵤ೺ֳೲcಣ६ᰒ᲻ࡵ͙ࣽ␊Ꮛc >@▎ᵠ౦hซᾧӣ€̧‫܈‬຤cġġᚾԩഗ€ซᾧ␊ടͬ€ӣಖΠ͎ͬçടͬ€‫܈‬຤ᚾఝ઻€ ಖ᧵ໟ᮸€Π͎ͬc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hຏᧇಖᎻ‫آ‬cġġຏടͬ€ኜೠເ͎€ᧇᎻ‫آ‬ಖΠ͎ͬc ΢‫܈‬ၟᦒઍ௎ࣽ␊ടͬ€௎ࣽ␊Πͬ€࢑ᔎ☬ࡵcເņࢅoഗ€ࢅࣽԣ‚̧͎€ ̧␊ടͬçത૟‚˻ࢅ€ࢅಖΠ͎ͬc௿Ꮛഗட͎ͅ€͛ੌടbΠᚾ͎ͬࡵᩲcᭁ᧵⪮ᚾϦ ᵤࡵ€҈⪮ᚾΠᵤͅc >@‫ݳ‬ᵠ౦h૝€լ᩷ӂَcġġ૝˴઻ϯഗc >@ᦒॎ୘hఘ€࿻඾ġġ຤˴઻ϯഗc >@᫐ਾᔐ྅hૌ€௎๫َcġġૌ˴઻ϯഗcᏋഗ൏ੌ๫᥷ᚾͬࣽcᵤၟ˻૝€˻຤€˻ૌ€ ྲྀዹΠ˶ᰳ€ಖടͬЌ␊᩷Πࣽ€঄᮴Ќೡ€ཀྵ๫᥷ᯧَ͎c ઻ட␊Πͬࣽ€ఝ઻ု૨€҈ఝЌ๬͎cЎ˻๬ᩲ€Ꮛ๬͛ੌଁা࡝ࣽ€ટ͛ੌଁुc෋ଁु ࣽЌ␊ଁা࡝ࣽ€Ꮛಖ๬᧊ֳ࡝ࣽடぽ€҈⪮ुֳ೺͎cᵤය€Ꮛಖ๬ચা࡝ࣽ€൴ੌଁुြ ೺͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӋᲕcġġᲕఝ઻͎€Ვட๬€Ӌ࡝ட€ብӋা᪜ட҈ԛ€ಖ๬ન૛ֳ೺͎c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬ḩࢅcġġࢅட๬€̧া᪜ட€ಖ๬ટન૛ֳ೺͎cୟଁ೩ࣽ€Ვ᩷ࢅடฃҌ€҈ ન᩷Ვࢅட๬ໟ૛ໟष͎c >@▎̧ⲣhԪ๰Ꭴcġġ๰ఝ઻͎€๰ட๬€࡝াઊ̧҈ुြᎤ͎c >@▎╺ⱑhӂ‫נ‬ಖ೷€ͨ‫נ‬ಖᗥcġġ‫נ‬ఝ઻€࡝া̧៤᩷ઊ̧€҈ଁ၅٬ࣽ€˴Ꮛಖ೷€˴ Ꮛಖᗥ͎c යᏋఝ઻‫ݴ‬⠣␊ᚾશc >ဳࢅ੾М@΢ఝ઻ட๬ൿ᧊ֳ࡝ࣽடぽࣽ€˻ぽఝ઻€य़˻ぽఝc >ဳࢅ੾Ԇ@΢ఝ઻ட੿।ᮇ࡝҈ुֳ೺ࣽ€˻೺ఝ઻€य़˻೺ఝc >ဳࢅ੾એ@΢଻bหட઻€ຖֳ೺ఝ҈␊ಖ๬ଁ٬ࣽ€˻ुͬc ઊය€Πͬட␊ぽఝ઻ࣽ€ᔢᯤ઻ટᵸ͙೩᧵€ເ̧ࢅடࢅ€ӋᲕடᲕೲ͎cᭁ˻ԛҮࢅ€˻ ӋᲕ€҈ಖ᧵ԛࡵc௎Πͬட␊೺ఝ઻ࣽ€ᾫੌु͙ͬᝡடc࢑ເԪ๰Ꭴ€҈อ˻Ԫ๰€Ꮛᵤ ၟଁ๰ட␊തeӂ‫נ‬ಖ೷€ͨ‫נ‬ಖᗥ€҈ብ˻ͨ‫€נ‬ӂ‫€נ‬Ꮛᵤၟଁ‫נ‬டࢱത€͛හட˻๰ Ꭴ€˻ಖ೷€ಖᗥ€҈ͬ᧵̰᱗ࡃᩲc >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hᰔ̧๬€૮̧ु€ᰔ̧ળ€૮̧ടcġġ๬ुળടྲྀぽఝ͎€ཀྵᯤ઻Ӄ೩᧵c >@‫͎ূݳ‬ḩ೩᣶̧€̧߱ᵤࢅcġġࢅぽఝ઻€๫ुͬ€೩ఝ઻€᣶̧€ಖु͎ͬc >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hઊಱส౪੒டẟ҈‫ݲ‬൳ֲ€ᜑӋടᦊ௺ட਽҈࿍Ꮋᓉ€੅᩷ᙗᩯடᓳ҈‫׉‬Ө͔ ఠcġġสട᩷ྲྀ೺ఝ͎€ཀྵᝡ͙ुͬcֲᓉఠ€ぽఝ઻͎€ཀྵ๫ुͬc >@᫐ຓ๫ੇh೷৐ᵤయ᡾€᡾య೷৐cġġయ€೺ఝ઻͎€᡾᩷೷৐€ಖु͎ͬc ͙੿ଁ‫ݳ‬டΠͬ€ྲྀఝ઻͎cఝ઻ட␊Πͬ€΢َ͙ടͬட๬͎c௎ΠَͬടͬடสΠͬ€ଁ ͙ᚧَಖ␊തເ͎cብ྽઻␊Πͬ€Ꮛ଻˻ोͬ€ଁ͙ोଷಖ␊ເതࣽ€ટ͙ᏊြुͬҌc >@‫ݳ‬લјhವ͎ᰙ€ᦢ͎᪙€೚͎ᘼ€઎͎ㄨcġġᰙ᪙ᘼㄨ€஡ຖֳಖ଻€ଁ͙ᚧವ ட␊ ᰙ€ᦢட␊᪙€೚ட␊ᘼ€઎ட␊ㄨ€҈ဧເΠͬ€஡ͅಖഗ€ᓌ͙ोଷ‫ݲ‬ᵎடᆁ␊തເ€ཀྵ ˻ोͬc >@⦡ग़ᓄ෦hәᔄϫ᥼ࣽᛲ૨€⪮͔ࣽਾᎤ€᜿஑Ꮛ˹឴cġġ᥼૨͔Ꭴ஑឴€྽઻€஡ຖֳ ଻€ྲྀोಖ଻␊തເҌc ടͬbोͬடઍ€ᔐੌ͙ೲ⪮␊Ќ‫ᦢ઻ݲ‬டࣽ€ࠪြഗ‫ڠ‬಴ᣫᎲֳ͙‫͎ؤ‬ᩲ‫ࠪ€઻׊ݲ‬ᚾࣽ඙ ဧࣽ€ྲྀ͙ोࢧᚧ˶ᰳ͎c▎ࠪोͬᵤဧ྽઻€҈ဧ଻઻ࣽ€ೲટဧເ྽઻€͙ोടͬட␊ത Ҍc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈hᗥடဧ€଼␊ᤇ€લӋட⦁€ᓄ␊ಢcġġ଼ᓄᚾ઻€˴଻͎€˴ห઻͎€ྲྀടͬ ͎cᤇ᩷ಢᚾ྽઻€ಖो͎ͬ€ᔐ͙␊઻€ଁ͙ࢧಖᚾೲ͎c >@ᗥઍ᥷h‫׉‬ϫட⦁ᆇ͎€Ꭸ͎€᧥͎€ࡵ͎€ొ͎€ଵ͎cġġᆇᎨ᧥ࡵొଵએ྽઻€͙␊ ोͬ€‫͙€઻͎͙׊‬僧َಖເೲ͎c >@᛾‫ײ‬म੅‫ݳ‬h೰ઊ‫׉‬Ө⪮͓ᩞ͎cġġ͓ᩞᚾ྽઻€‫׉‬Өடोͬ€⪮͙ࢧಖᵤය€⛎͙͎઻ ‫׊‬டc >@⦡̈͊ઐґhᐘ⬔Ќ࿍൴̈୛cġġЌ઻ଁ͙ᚧᐘ⬔ட␊࿍൴ಕ͎€࿍൴଻઻€ဧ␊ोͬ€ ͙ोᐘ⬔␊തਾ͎c >@‫ݳ‬ၗ̧hΡь˻hnઊ࿪ᦘࣽ␊ԣo‚̧߱˻hn␊ਸ̫co˻nೲ᪙ਸ̫᩷‚n˻hoೲ 7

͎cnġġ␊ೲྲྀࢧఛ€ᦢြടbोᚾͬடᔐcԣ᩷ਸ̫˴ห઻€᪙଻઻€ྲྀो઻͎cᔎ˻␊ ԣ‚oᲾ˻n␊ਸ̫coᚾഗᔎᲾ€ੌࢧఛ҈๫ҕ઻c˻ೲ᪙ਸ̫᩷‚n˻ೲ͎co▎ᚾഗ˴ ᔎ˴Ჾ€Ꮛੌ僧ఛ҈඙ҕ઻ᩲcཀྵ˻‫׼‬๫સц€ብಖೲӂcnᔢය€๫цடઍ€નᆠ๫ц€ц ߆ြຖc ᮴‫ࡵݳ‬bห઻᩷ఝb྽‫ੌଁ઻ݲ‬ໟ࠻டហ€ԛઅੌടͬΠͬुͬोͬᳫ᭸଻຃c૮ລ͙଻bห ‫઻ݲ‬ฎb‫ݲ‬ഗ‫€ڠ‬ໟಖ᯼લ᯼ຖட঩҈⛎અ଻඗€΢͙☬ြ‫҈ࢅݳ‬ԛc >ဳࢅ੾͠@΢଻bห‫઻ݲ‬੐ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍଁ঩டฎ€˻ࡪc >ဳࢅ੾╺@΢଻bห‫␊઻ݲ‬ഗ‫ڠ‬டടͬࣽ€ಖଁᣫฎ˻ఘࡪc >ဳࢅ੾౪@΢଻bห‫€ࣽͬु␊઻ݲ‬ಖଁᣫฎ˻ᨸࡪc ఘbᨸࣽ€ហ६ዹຑ€ટधടुடហӈໟҕᥫҌcཀྵͬ⠣ടbुࣽ€َ͙ഗ‫ଁڠ‬᭤ட઻e҈ࡪ ⠣ᨸbఘࣽ€َ͙‫ଁ઻ݲ‬঩டฎcಖᨗ€ടͬடြఘࡪ€ुͬடြᨸࡪ€˴͎cཀྵᵤ⛎षᦒ͙ ࡵடc ▪ઍ⨟ੌᯊ଻ࠌဧ҈᧵ੌⱷb̐ࣽ€Ꮛલⱷြ̐c >@‫▗׳‬Өh‫آ׉‬ᵤເϫ୯€ϫ୯ᵤເਾ଼cġġ‫آ׉‬ᚾ଻઻ࠌဧ€ᔢ൏‫઻׉‬สఘ€҈ࡵಖ␊‫׉‬ ட‫᧵̐€آ‬ᑂ੐‫€آ‬Ꮛ‫᧵઻׉‬ᜯⱷ€ཀྵલடcϫ୯ਾ଼ટಣጓ͎c ᚾ଻டઍ᧵ੌⱷb̐ࣽ€౲ᦢட઻€͙ࡵᎯⱷြ̐ட᧵cᔢ๬▪ࣽᵤ͛ᦑᦢட઻€යⱷb̐ᚾ ଻டઍ€കட઻ࣽಖᤣ͎c >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈h⦁֔ާடᓛcġġ֔ާ᩷ᓛ€ᚾ଻઻͎c̐⥂੐ᓛ€֔ާࣽ€ࡵಖ␊തເடᓛ€ᦢ ͙ட઻€͙ो֔ާடᎯြᓛҌc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hවူடບ€๫⦁ၣ▪ட૟ࣽc >@▎hࡵᵸ͙ᨕ⩎ᦍடજ€҈ᵤ೩ᦘ᭚c >@▎ඥ੿hඥ ட଻ࡵ€▗ᇆ̧டѿc >@▎▗Өh٩Ꮋᵤ͙໿ஆடဳ€ᓒᓛᵤ͙ચᝳடᙴ€࣓‫׉‬Өᵤ͙᜿ఢட୯cġġҗೲဤ͎c >ဳࢅ̡੾@΢ᯊ଻ࠌဧ҈᧵ੌⱷ̐ࣽ€Ꮛ̐᧵ฎຖ€΀ட̐ࡪc >ဳࢅ̡੾˴@΢ᯊ଻⛟ဧ҈᧵ੌⱷ̐ࣽ€ⱷࣽုલ€΀டⱷࡪc ̐ࣽ€ዹⱷ҈َc΢੐ఘbᨸࡪ҈␊ⱷࡪଁલࣽ€ટ˻̐ࡪc҈َ͙ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍଁᣫடฎ€Ꮛൿ͙ ఘbᨸ␊ࡪԳc >@ૹյખ෦hՖ๬ဠ▗ட૟cġġՖࣽఘࡪ€૟ࣽᨸࡪc૟ዹဠ▗ⱷࡪَ€Ꮛ␊̐ࡪc >@ૹյખ෦hյ‫ا‬டᗩ€௝ြ᠋ާcġġᗩఘࡪ€҈ટ␊̐ࡪࣽ€Ꮛዹյ‫َࡪⱷا‬ட͎c ૾઻ଁ͙౸ᨗ઻ੌໟᵊடហࣽ€҈␊ଁ౸ࣽЌಖଁҝடͬc >ဳࢅ̡੾̡@΢଻bห‫ଁ઻૾␊઻ݲ‬ҝࣽ€˻ҝͬc ҝͬடࡪ€ટ␊ᨸࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӋળြॡ੿cġġြ૾઻€ॡ੿ಖҝͬ€ြॡ੿€َ͙Ӌળடᣫြ͎€Ќ͙ᡢቲॡ ੿᩷Ӌᚾᨗ઻͎c >@▎hஹਾ͙႙᩷▄€ੌ͙ᰗֳ‚ġġ႙▄ᚾ଻€᩷઻౸டc੿͙઻૾઻€ ͙౸႙▄᩷ஹ͎cӨ͙઻ဧц೥߆c >@▎hᮂᝥ͙‫آ‬৑઄ཝcġġ͙૾઻€͙ࡵӃ৑ட‫€آ‬Ќ͙౸‫آ‬᩷৑ᚾᨗ઻͎c >@▎ඥ੿hཀྵ␊Ѡᙃ౮ࣽੜ͎€␊ᩬᙃᡑࣽጶ͎c␊ਣ‫ݞ‬ᙃᎻࣽ࿇᩷Ԏ͎cġġ̜␊઻ྲྀ஡૾ ଁҝடͬြᙃ઻€͙ࡵത␊҈ᙃ͎c᩷઻͙౸࿇ᵉᚾ଻͎c >@ૹӣൾә෦hൾә␊Ꮋสϱં‫܆‬क़€౽҄અြ˼ֲ€͙ᡏ⠣᠏cġġ␊ြ͙̜૾઻€஡͙౸ ҝͬ᩷ఝ઻͎c ઎ೲድட€΢ଁ͙ࡃ᧵€⩹Ӆြടͬ᩷ΠͬҌcΠͬ҈␊೺ఝ઻ࣽ€ᾫੌु͙ͬᝡடcΠͬ҈ ␊ोͬࣽ€Ꮛ྽઻ಖᤣ€҈଻bห‫઻ݲ‬ટӃဧԳcӷഗ‫ڠ‬ઍଁੌ૾઻€ ᭁ͙ᵸᨗ઻ட᧵Գӂc૾઻᩷ಖҝͬ€‫˻ݴ‬കͬ€ଁ͙കြഗ‫͙ڠ‬ᵸടbΠ‫ͬݲ‬ட᧵c Ӆட€ടͬbΠͬᚾࣽฟ҈ఛ᧵ԛᢢࣽ˻ഗc >ဳࢅ̡੾̜@΢ੌടbΠᚾͬ҈ఛ᧵નᢢࣽ€˻‫ڠ‬c ‫ڠ‬டࣈᵤ˴hࠪဧເഗઍടͬࣽ€ࠪဧເഗઍुͬࣽ€Ꮛ᩷଻bห‫઻ݲ‬๫ᰗeࠪ඙᚝ြടbु ᚾ͙ͬोಖԛයࣽ€Ꮛᗂᓌ྽઻eࠪੌಙഗઍடఝ઻ࣽ€Ꮛ᩷ಙ઻ᓌ؋cಣ͔༕͎€߆ຖᏙc ဧເടͬc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h̜หடຨ‫׉‬Ө͎͙౯€ಖ૲‫׉‬Ө͎͙ᵤ౯cġġ̜หടͬ€ຨ‫׉‬Ө͎Πͬ€ᢐட␊ ˴‫͙␊҈€ڠ‬౯டടͬe͙ఝ઻€౯ुͬ€ᢐட␊Πͬ€ூ␊˴ഗc࢑ብ˻̜หடຨ‫׉‬Ө͎Ꮛ ఛ᧵નහ€ཀྵ΀ட˻‫ڠ‬c୔ட˻͙౯€Πᰳᵸᩲcಖ૲‫׉‬Ө͎͙ᵤ౯ಷಣc ဧເुͬc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hનੌ౯҈‫ޞ‬ಖ്͎ࣽ€નੌហ҈ຖಖՖ͎ࣽcġġᚾഗ€धմ౯҈‫ޞ‬ಖ്ࣽન ੌ ͎ՉՉcཀྵ͙౯҈‫ޞ‬ಖ്ࣽ␊‫␊€ڠ‬નੌடुͬcੌ઻ဧцᵤ˴hੌੌട઻᩷ुͬࣽ€ເဠੌ ╺˹ட໫eੌ๫ടͬ҈ብੌु઻ࣽ€ເੌ൷̧ᣓ˻ட໫c

8

>@‫▗׳‬Өḥ೩Ӌடᓅ̧͎€ન೩ଁ͙ᓅӋ͎cġġ̣ଁ૨ࣽത‚Ӌடᓅ̧͎cଁન೩ࣽത‚ ̧՜ଁ͙ᓅӋ͎cӋடᓅ̧᩷ଁ͙ᓅӋᚾ‫€ڠ‬஡␊೩઻亻ͬᙨ c >@▎ᐘӨhᎻብ஛Ӌடᵤႄ឴͎cġġᎻടͬ€஛ಖΠͬcଁ஛ࣽത‚⪮ᇊ˻Ӌ͎€̰Ӌடᵤ ႄ឴͎ཀྵ͙Ӌᵤႄ឴˴‫␊ڠ‬஛டुͬcӋ̰‫ڠ‬டടͬ€ᵤႄ឴ಖΠ͎ͬ€ᵤಙ઻€͙ಙႄ઻ ͎c͙੿ࡵ‫ڠ‬டӃ˶␊ടbुͬࣽc ඙᚝ြടbुᚾͬc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh͙͔૟͓ࣽ€Ꮪ‫͎ࣽ׉‬cġġ͙͔૟͓ࣽ˴‫€ڠ‬ഗடട͎ͬcࣽ઻̰ᶷኜਾՖ€҈ ␊‫ڠ‬டടͬ€૟͓ಖΠͬc͙૾઻€͔€͙டҝͬ€َത͙૟͓டಙ͎cಣ͙͔૟͓ࣽԆ઻ࠌ ͅ€̰ᓘᓓ࢑˴૟͓டਾ੐€ཀྵಣ‫ڠ‬ဧᓌ྽઻cᏚ‫€ࣽ׉‬ഗடोͬ€Ꮪ‫઻̜€ࣽ׉‬ટ‫ࣽ€͎ڠ‬ ઻ટᶷኜਾ৚ᵸ€␊‫ڠ‬டടͬ€Ꮪ‫׉‬ಖΠͬ€҈Ꮪ␊ఝ઻€‫€׉‬ಖु͎ͬcಣഗ္͙͎઻€ੌ ࢧ␊ເೲடఛᰳc >@▎ᐘ੿h‫׉‬Өட‫܈‬ছಖՖࣽ€ྲྀ‫܈‬൉ҏြӋcġġ‫׉‬Өӷࣽ઻€˴‫͎ڠ‬Ꮻ຃␊ഗடടͬ€͙ ोതເடਾ€ཀྵᗂᓌ྽઻cࣽ઻€‫ڠ‬டടͬ€‫܈‬ছಖՖ€ಖΠ͎ͬc‫܈‬䨵ҏြӋ€ഗடΠͬ ͎c >@▎▗੿h᳁ව€ᤄҋ€‫ڠ‬டടͬ€␊ఝ઻€ଁห઻€ኜ᳁ව€धմ᳁ව̰ᤄҋᵤ␊டਾ€͙ ࡵ᳁ව␊തເਾ€ဧເ྽઻€Ќ␊ഗடो͎ͬc္͙͎઻€᣾ࢧடఛᰳ͎c >@▎ᖭӨhව̧ଁုட઺€൅᧲டଁᲅ᩷‚ႎટᗬТடଁᲅ᩷‚ଁੑடᛲ€൅᧲டଁᒅ᩷‚ႎ ટᗬТடଁᒅ᩷‚ġġூએ‫҈€ڠ‬ව̧ଁုட઺͙٬ଁੑடᛲᚾ‫␊ڠ‬ടͬ€ፇྲྀो͎ͬc͙੿ ष‫ڠ‬டӃ␊྽઻ࣽc ‫ڠ‬டಙഗઍఝ઻ࣽ€ࠪͭ๬૟டᣫ€ࠪࡵ๬૟ட‫⑏ࠪ€آ‬ส૟டཀྵ€ࠪᣈ๬૟டࣈc ͭ๬૟டᣫࣽc >@‫▗׳‬Өh঄੐ા͎€լ൴ੌ߽๬cġġ঄੐ા͎˴‫€ڠ‬ടͬ€‫̧׳‬া΀€ӾَӃၟ€೰Өੌ լ઻€ఛᰳԛॕc੐ા€ಖΠͬ€͎઻͙ዼ‫€͎ڠ‬ટ͙‫ࡵث‬ಖ‫͎آ‬cಣ‫ͭڠ‬൴ੌ߽๬டᣫ€ຈ ͭಖ‫͎آ‬c >@▎᭑੿hͨি௎ᣫḻ༞டઍ€઎ೲ͙Ꮪॎ‫ס‬ட⦁඾‚ġġͨടͬ€ᣫḻ༞டઍ€ಖΠͬ€ি ௎ᚾಙ઻€͙ಙᣫ઻€͙ࡵዶ␊ໟཹட᧵€ூ␊˴‫͙ͭ€ڠ‬Ꮪ⦁டଁcಣͭ๬૟டᣫ͎c ӷͭͅ૟ட‫€ࣽآ‬ເh >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhॎ‫ס‬Ў㜏€ःਾட⦁ᣌcġġॎ‫ס‬Ў㜏˴‫⦁ͭ€ڠ‬ᣌட‫آ‬c >@▎ᐘӨhཹಖᶀ͎€Ꮛࠋጠಖᧅ̧cġġཹಖᶀ͎˴‫ڠ‬c ͭࠋጠட‫آ‬c ಖͭส૟டཀྵࣽ€ເh >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhਸ̧ᒣ€ส੍⩎cġġਸ̧ᒣ˴‫ࡵ€ڠ‬ส੍⩎ட઎c >@▎▗Өhੌ૓ছ€ᵤӃ͙ϊcġġੌ૓ছ€ࡵᵤӃ͙ϊடཀྵc >@▎ᖭ੿h૮͎⬔ήҊુᵤͨᵸ͎€஛ಖᵤ෶ᦑߣ͔૟€̧␊ͨᔎ‫̧׳‬cġġ⬔ήᵤᵸ҈஛ಖ ᵤ෶ᦑ૟ᚾ‫ࡵ͙€ڠ‬ᔎ‫̧׳‬டཀྵ€҈⬔ήҊુᵤᵸြͨ▎␊஛ಖᵤ෶ᦑ૟டཀྵc ӷᣈ๬૟டࣈࣽ€ເh >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᎻ⭵ட€௎͔๹ட⭵մᜡ͎cġġ௎ӷ͎␊‫⭵€ڠ‬մᜡ€͙ಙᎻ⭵டࣈc >@▎ᖭӨh˹ட૲ฎ͎€ध‫ݲ‬൳ட૲ᓛૅ͎cġġधӷ͎␊‫€ڠ‬ಣ͙‫ݲ‬൳ட૲ᓛཹ˹ட૲ฎ€ ྲྀ΀ཹ‫̰€ڠ‬ಙ‫ڠ‬ઍட˴͎cཹ‫ྲྀڠ‬ຖ᳼€ᵤ௎ස‫ڠ‬ᾫ᳼ြ᮴c ͙੿ଁष‫ڠݲ‬டࣈ€᪍ᚐҌ€ಖ߆೩ຖc ͙੿ဳࢅ΢੾̜€͔იဧ͙᭤ഗ͎cv▪͍ᓹᮾwੌմhnฎَ˻ഗcoᭁഗ‫ଁڠ‬᭤ட઻€஡ ੌસฎ€ᵤӃ๻͎cድֳဳࢅ€ࠒ͙ଁष€΢ടͬ͛લֳΠͬcΠͬ҈␊೺ఝ઻͎€Ꮛुͬຖ Գcເ␊ぽఝ઻͎€ᵤ͛ੌຖடࣽᩲcᔐੌ૾઻᩷ಖҝͬՍֳぽఝ઻҈␊കͬࣽ€Ꮛલຖ๫ ᤣcΠͬ҈␊ो͎ͬࣽ€ટ͛ຖֳടͬc΢ಙͬ͛લಖଁ᥼cઊ྽઻͙ᣈ૟ཌྷࣽ€ટଁ͙ಙ ଻bห઻͎€ཀྵલଁᣈԳcሑಣ᧵͎€‫ڠ‬ட␊ടbुͬࣽ€લຖ஡๰ಖฎcಖဧ௎ಙͬࣽ€ટ ͛લಖଁಙeᵤલࣽ€ብ͙␊ଁཹட‫ڠ‬Ҍcಣഗ䡀᭤઻᩷ಖଁฎட͔⇝͎c

઻໫٬ഗ‫ڠ‬Պ ઻໫٬ഗ‫ڠ‬Պဤ ဤ >ƒ@૮६⦡ͭਸ̧྅ૅඒ⠣ъ⛅઻ட໫͙␊ࣈhፇห‫ڠ‬೺ఝ౮᮸‫଻ᦒ଻ا‬c෰೩ᚾࠌఝ઻ಖᛮ ᰗͅ‫␊כ‬ఝਾ଻c‫ܨ‬ぽఝ᪙ϫ଻cድ೺ఝවူᥩॡྲྀ଻᧬ᖋᓌ੿ᗥᏨᓌ੿c‫ݲ‬྽૳଻͙૾‫଻آ‬ ਊఝᗥ଻ಖหૅ଻cፇหർ๲ಙၘぽఝடหᵤಙ෶ఝઋぽఝմ೺ఝc‫଻׉‬Ө྽ՖӋᚾ଻ӷぽఝ ြ૾ᵎ྽ਾ଻Ꭴ྽ᩲ‫׊‬c঄ఝ‫଻آ‬Ꮛ⛟ඐぽఝc㜏ぽఝᏋࠌԛぽఝԳ‫׊‬cਸ̧଻੊̈́ᚾၘc෦ ೺ఝ੾ྐ૨ፇᓌ੿྅଻c᪎ఝࣽหશ೺ఝடหcা૾‫଻̧଻׉‬Ӌ൳ᚾ଻ઍ྽ᓛ଻َ೺ఝએ྽ᪧ ଻ࣽหc໹ఝઍ଻ြ૾ઊ྽̧଻cӃఝ΀ఝӷಙः྽ᩲ‫׊‬c ૮ൿ᮴ᦒ€ြ⛅઻Өъಖଁုடࡪ͙␊ࣈh ፇఘࡪ€ုឝ‫ڠ‬Πͬ€ຖ᳼ਸ‫€ࡪⱷا‬੐લᦒ‫ڠ‬டुͬ€੐ᨸࡪ€▎␊̐ࡪ€ཀྵຖடc෰೩Π 9

͎ͬ€ಖടࣶͬ੿ፇ઻ಖ‫ڠ‬டടͬ␊Πͬਾᨸࡪ€▎ಖ␊ਾ̜઻ͅ‫̰€ڠ‬෰೩டुͬc‫ܨ‬Π ͬ€ಖടͬൿࣶ੿▪ፇ઻᪙ҝͬ€ੋ˴ြ઻€धմြ᪙͎cድΠͬ€ಖടͬᓌ੿වူⱷࡪᥩॡ ટ੐ⱷࡪ€ය␊වူட̐ࡪ᧬ᖋᗥᏨድடुͬ€҈М઻ྲྀု̐ࡪ€धմවူடᥩॡઍଁᙰட᧬ ᖋ͙٬ᗥᏨ͎c‫ݲ‬྽઻€َ૳ட૨ृ€ཀྵલட૳ട͙ͬ૾઻‫آ‬ಖҝͬਊ૳டΠͬᗥਊடुͬಖ ห઻҈ုⱷࡪૅҝͬ€धմြಖૅ͎cፇടͬർ๲ಙၘ઻€ཀྵલடၘΠͬடुͬ€ᵤಙ෶€ཀྵ લட෶ઋΠͬմఝ઻€ຖ᳼€͙ࡵଁ⢵ட૟c‫ࡪⱷ׉‬Өⱷࡪ€‫׉‬ட̐ࡪໆ‫پ‬Ӌᚾ̐ࡪ€धմ‫׉‬ டӨடՖӋ€Ꭴᩲடടͬӷြຈส૾઻ဧᵎਾ૾઻ҝͬᎤᩲोͬc€ዹΠͬ€ಖടࣶͬ੿ՖӋ ᇐ઻‫ͬुآ‬Ꮛࠌ઻ඐΠͬc㜏ΠͬᏋԛԳટΠͬcਸ̧੊̈́ടͬc෦Πͬ੾ፇ྅ҝͬ€ੋြ઻ ͎c᪎ࣽടͬશடΠͬcা૾઻‫̧׉‬Ӌ൳ྲྀҝͬઍᓛⱷࡪ€धմઍᓛடَએᪧुͬࣽࣽ␊ട ͬ€઻͛ຖ᳼e▎€া‫઻׉‬ӷࣽ઻€ྲྀ໹டടͬc໹Πͬઍสुͬဧြ૾઻ઊ̧ಖҝͬcӃΠ ͬ€ಖടͬḈ੿▪€Ќઊ̧΀ఝ઻€᚝ြӃ઻ӷःᩲोͬc ͙੿َടͬࣽ€Ќఘࡪ͎eَुͬࣽ€Ќᨸࡪ͎c Өൿष᮴ᦒ€␊ъഗ‫ࡵ͙ڠ‬டh ፇ‫ڠ‬ਸ‫ᦒا‬ಣ‫€͎ڠ‬Ўَ͙෰೩ட‫آ‬᩷෰೩ட઎€ྲྀଁ͙ಙ෰೩͎€ཀྵલடc෰೩ഗઍΠͬಖ ␊ਾাͅ␊‫̰€ڠ‬෰೩டुͬc‫ܨ‬᪙َϫட‫͙€ڠ‬ोଁድடϫ€᥼‫€ڠ‬ཀྵલԳcድවူᥩॡ᧬ ᖋᗥᏨಣَଁድடᏨ€Өَਊᗥடਾc‫آ͙آ͙૳ݲ‬കͬ€َਊட‫€آ‬ཀྵટલ᳼ਊᗥಖૅ‫૳ݲ‬ ӷಖૅَਊᗥடਾ€Ӄส˴‫€ڠ‬ટ␊ድடुͬ€ӷಣഗुcፇർ๲ၘட‫َ€͎ڠ‬ᵤ෶டཀྵ€ཀྵ લ᳼ᵤ෶ઋӷಣഗुc‫׉‬ӨՖӋӷြᵎਾӷಣ␊ടͬᎤᩲ˴ഗ঄‫آَ€ڠآ‬Ꮛඐഗc㜏‫َ€ڠ‬ ‫آ‬ᏋԛԳഗ€ᚾ͓ԩഗcਸ̧੊̈́c෦੾ፇ྅੾ፇ྅␊കͬ€ӷಣ˴ഗc᪎ࣽશட▎ഗcা‫׉‬ ̧Ӌ൳ઍᓛَએᪧࣽӷಣ␊‫␊҈€ڠ‬ടͬc໹ઍြઊ̧ഗc͙੿ட⚪€ટӃส‫ڠ‬ድ€ྲَྀ͙ӷ ःட઎Ӄ΀ӷःᩲഗुc ͙੿ဳࢅ⇝‫€̜੾̡ڙ‬΢͙̐଻͎cᔗࣽલ൴ဳࢅடហՈ๕ੌ๬€͙ၟಖ૽᧵டଁኜ€᩷ಖ᯼ ຖடာ€҈ຖሹድӨᏙ€ਿ෶ԅයc☡ഝ͙ಖᚪ๻҈౭ᗂட͎c

10

Chapter 1 ᨗ઻Ꮩட̡ ઻̡ட˴ ଻઻€ଁ͙଻˴☡૟ཌྷࣽ€य़˻଻c ▗଻ ▗଻b bઐ଻ ʢɻƒɻʤ ଻઻ூ⠣ᚾશh ˴͙଻ᓌ໫டཌྷ€˻▗଻c ᣎᵝ̡଻€΢଻டᵤु଻˴ཌྷࣽ€ྲྀಣ໫͎c ˴͙଻ಕਾಕཌྷࣽ€˻ઐ଻c Ȗ˻pॎq˻p‫ס‬qࣽ€ઁ૮૝ु଻˴ਾ␊ॎ€˴ਾ␊‫€ס‬ཀྵ඗˻ઐ଻cᤓᡀ੎ഈु˴઄ட ଻€к३Ѳૹु˴ંட଻€ྲྀ˻ઐ଻c ᦒᲿੌဧઐ଻␊▗଻ࣽc ʢʤ‫׳‬ᖭӨ੐ြӋଁࣽ€Ρౖᦩᰟྲྀᬈု൧͎€Ӌԣ᩷␊ᵤ᮳‚ġġpᬈု൧qઐ଻͎€҈ ಣᏋ▗ဧᩲ€धմpྲྀເᬈု൧ட᮳˹q͎c ʢʤ‫੿ᦑ׳‬h᚝ட͙᯻Ờடૅ€ເಖাᗂය€Ꮛमਾ߽ᩲcġġp᯻qpỜ qઐ଻͎€҈ဧ ͙ोpૄເ᯻Ờࣽடૅq€Ꮛ▗଻ᩲc ▎ੌဧϫட▗଻ኜਾࣽc ʢʤ‫׳‬ᖭӨhМ੘டぽྲྀ˻⪮ૄ‫׉‬Ө͎cġġpМ੘டぽqหኜМ੘டਾc ʢʤ⦡౦ᜲොh‫׉‬Өᔦᔦ€ྲྀ␊୯૝e‫׉‬Ө្្€ྲྀ␊୯຤cġġp‫׉‬Өq ኜ‫׉‬Өடਾc ʢʤ ग़᥼ӪොhཀྵໆࠑᏋ֔ί٘€࣓ႲᏋ᭑ཌྷขcġp֔ίq ኜ֔ίଁုࣽኜಖଁုடਾ ͎c සເpᚕӨqp ᔕӨqட଻€ྲྀ͙ଁုࣽኜಖଁုடਾ͎c ⛎ੌ͙ϫடઐ଻ኜਾࣽc ʢʤ ᯻⥿ᣠઝ෋঩hၟಖ૎Ӄ͙ൾಖఘࣽ€ẏ൧͎eಖఘӃ͙ൾಖ૎ࣽ€֧᣶͎cġġpẏ ൧qp֧᣶qᚾϫઐ଻͎€૮ဧ͙ኜૃြᓄϫடਾcਾ͙ϫ଻€ઁ๫ೲ͎€ফ͙ຖᏋයc fgᰝ‫ا‬㜏ੌႤʹࢅᠧ࿍cnཀྵᣎᵝ଻␊▗଻o€Ӄ͙ў᭐੿ഗ͉ጓ␊pᣎqpᵝq̡଻ೲ▗ ଻€നઐ᧵Ӄ෶ೲኜp୛qp᧾qpᰝqp਺qᇐ€ ␊՜ಳ͎⇝ᵤೲઐ଻€ᓒੌ଻ͬc fg͙੿ᚾ໫⇝ೲበఛ᪎੿ߣpภหሞq€ ▗଻bઐ଻੾⠣Ꮚ๫ᵊhဧϫட▗଻ኜਾ€ଁኜ ൿೲ▗଻eဧϫடઐ଻ኜਾ€ଁኜൿೲઐ଻c▎€pਾ͙ϫ଻€ઁ๫ೲ€ফ͙ຖᏋයo€ᵤ ‫؜‬c̜ᓛΥ‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂෦hn௢ൊ๫ଁဧ‫€ݞ‬ཀྵஔ൧⛨⤖ӷಣo€ஔ൧ኜᮦฟc

⟹଻ ⟹଻b b⛖଻ >@▗଻Ꮚ⠣␊̡cfg ˴˻p⟹଻q€ଁ͙඗ਾཌྷட㗴ࣽc ̡֔ԆҊਾ␊p೚q€ԆҊਾ␊pࡣq€̡੾Ԇૅ␊pίq€᭑̡֔ԆҊૅ␊pዑq€ԆҊૅ ␊pᤠq€ཀྵp೚qpࡣqpಋqpίqpዑqpᤠqྲྀ⟹଻͎c ˴˻p⛖଻q€ଁ͙ो૟ཌྷட᭸ໟࣽ€ᭁඥֳᏡᴑ͙␊َ͎c fg‫ݳ‬᪎҈hઊ̧ђॐ᪫෗ᠲ͙ຨட€ġġ pђqpॐqp᪫qp෗qpᠲqྲྀઊ̧டຒҌc▎p᪫qpনqpൾqpፓqp᧷q᩷ઊp ᘙqp๡qpઈqp֗qpฎqp֗qp଻qp৉qᇐ઻€ྲྀ⛖଻͎cfg ȉ՜ᗁnᏊ⠣␊̡o€ᵤೲn⠣␊ᚾ໫oߣ᧵๾ €ೲn▎๰ᗁ҂⠣ચᚾ໫oߣ᧵๾c ȉ>@ߣpђqpॐqp᪫qp෗qpᠲq᩷pၫqp឴qpᵎqp౯qpᜅqᇐ€ͬᆁໟᓌ€ ҈ຖࣽ῿Ӫ৑྽઻f೩>@Ჷgcᆏ▪⛖ᏡՍ€pђqpॐqp᪫qp෗qpᠲqp᪫qp নqpൾqpፓqp᧷qᇐᥫ␊⛖଻ዶภ྽઻€ ᩷Ө>@nᵤၟᓇᰝடዲc⦁⠥ட߽͎oઍߣpዲqp߽qໟ໫f೩>@Ჷgc

⛖଻ዶภ >@᣹ઍ⛖଻ᰒਊ೩€҈⛖଻຤຤ዶภ྽઻c fgૹசැ෦hઊ͍டᆜၗ€˶ᵤ෶َ͎€َடၗḍ€᣹ᵤ෶▪͎cġġ pᆜၗq᩷pၗḍqྲྀ྽઻€૮ဧ␊⛖଻ᩲc fg᯻಻َhᖀட͔€ᗥடम€଼டӷ€ೲ̜ࣽြ๥͙Ө‫ت‬ட€ષ͙തໝ‚ġġp͔qpमq pӷq̜઻€ઐ྽઻͎€҈ဧ␊⛖଻c 11

fg᯻੿ໟ▗᣹hᵤၟᓇᰝடዲ€⦁⠥ட߽͎cġġpዲqp߽q̡઻ઐ྽઻€҈ဧເ⛖ ଻c fg‫׳‬᭑ӨhဧӨᓅ੿€΀டᤇᤇ€ဧ੿ᓅӨ€΀டᰟᵎcġġ p੿qpӨqpᤇqpᵎqઐ྽઻͎€҈ဧ͙ኜਾcҮᲿઍዶภ྽઻͙␊⛖଻ࣽ€ྲྀೲ͎c ዶภఝ઻c fg᯻੿ြໟ▗᣹hःᵎட෶૨€᪅ᰝடၟᦉཀྵ͎cġp෶qpၟqఝ઻͎€҈ဧເ⛖଻ ͎c fg᯻੿ᴋໟ▗᣹h⢊ᨶা‫ڙ‬༕‫ت‬᩷ໝᵤષ੐ᔍӨ‫ݲ‬๰૟ຖcġġp‫ت‬qpໝqఝ઻͎€҈ ဧເ⛖଻c fg᯻Ჾ൳᣹hଡ଼ᵸӨၟԪட⧲ᆠᵤ␊⧲͎cġġpјqp⧲qఝ઻͎€҈ဧส⛖଻cಖ೩ ြස᣹ࣽ€ᵤӃቡ᪍c ⛎ੌዶภಙ઻ࣽc fg᫐⠮֋୉h‫׉‬டᭋᭋ€ಖ̐᭸୓‚ġġpᭋᭋq‫€َث‬ઐಙ઻͎€૮ዶภ␊଻c fg⦡⤠ՖӪ෦h֔ਾட࢒࢒€ᵤເ˴˹ட଩଩cġġᚾ‫َث‬ઐಙ઻͎€҈଻ဧடc fg⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦hਾ▎ԣ෶͙தடᨕᨕ‫ت‬ཌྷடⴅⴅֳࣽ‚ fg᯻Ꭻ⦁hຏ͙ṋṋ␊౯€֜֜␊ហ€ಖ͓ட͎Ꮛષcġġហྲྀᓌ੿c fg‫ᦑ׳‬Өhᵎ͙ࣽಖѮѮ෋྆ѮѮ€૮͙ಖ‫ݥݥ‬෋ਾѮѮcġġ ੿pѮѮq᩷੿p‫ݥݥ‬qྲྀಙ઻͎€҈ဧເ଻઻c

଻઻ာમ >@ӷᓌ˴઻҈ࠪ␊଻઻€ࠪ␊Ꮚ໫ட઻€ብ͙Мᯛ␊ᛃᏊࣽ€ྲྀຖਾ஑␊டҌc෫டઁᲿ€ ઻ᓌហᰗࣽ€મᵤᰗ͎cᔢයમໜட᣹૮߆ြઁટ᪎ࣽଁ঄☡᨜҈ଞᯛຐட▪ብಣட఑ֳ‚ ‫נ‬嚲ເ̤␊Ꮛc ཹcp૫ཹq€ᦼॄ͎€଻͎€঄ԩ‫ڠ‬cᗥ᪎ͭடpཹཌྷᜀ໫q€ጓཹ༕͎€Ꮛఝ઻ᩲ€঄੿ ‫ڠ‬c҈ဠᗥӺુp͔ᓛཹ͓ᓛq€ጓ്⛬டហ€ટఝ઻͎€Ꮛઋ‫ڠ‬c ⠣c๻ึఛ੿pཌྷ͙⟹⠣q€Ꮚ͎€ఝ઻€ԩ‫ڠ‬cᗥᗥਉpᗥࡃ҈⠣સq€଻ⱐ͎€Ꮛઋ‫ڠ‬c Ӌc଻ဧ€ԩ‫ڠ‬c‫͔ژ‬ỊᤃᩲpӋಣ͔ộq€ఝ઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ူcpཱྀူq€଻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿pु䲦ူடq€ఝ઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ૭cఝ઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ̈́c଻Ꮛԩ‫ڠ‬cఝ઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ᧅc଻Ꮛԩ‫ڠ‬cఝ઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ⤰c‫͓ژ‬Ịଷᔣp੐ຏ⤰͹q€྽઻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c୰̑ͭᝨਾpᗂಖ፺⤰q€଻઻͎€੿‫ڠ‬c‫ݳ‬ Πલјpᓋ͎ಖᥧֳᱏ⤰q€ᨰ͎€ટ྽઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ๾c଻ဧcઋ‫ڠ‬cఝ઻€ԩ‫ڠ‬c ᙼcጓᓳᚕ͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c᣹੎ᰉpᙼշ఑ઐp€ૹ᣹˼ׁ෦qՖᙼ⦦ᦑનp€ྲྀఝ઻€ԩ‫ڠ‬cብ ‫ژ‬ফϊօ֞q૮ͨᵤᏚ€ೡ೧ಖᙼp€ጓઋ͎€Ꮛઋ‫ڠ‬c ᧻c३᣶̧⦁৘pᠹය๫᧻q€ጓ๾᧻€଻ဧ€ԩ‫ڠ‬c᣹આІӨpୗ೘ࡗq€ఝ઻͎€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ᎝c଻ဧcઋ‫ڠ‬cఝ઻€ԩ‫ڠ‬c ͘c˻p͘ṡq€଻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c˻p̉͘q€ఝ઻€৑‫ڠ‬c যc๻Ჷpᵤચտয€଻઻€ԩ‫ڠ‬c᫐̧⠮֋୉q͔ੌ๷যp€྽઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ࣹc᣹ਣ‫ڗ‬pᙿࣹြӨᎻp€ጓਿ݅ଁ᭗͎€଻઻€ԩ‫ڠ‬c஥෦ᙦ▗౪ᮇpࣹ࢜೚q€঄͎€ ఝ઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬cብ⦡ͭਸ̧྅ૅඒp໹ࣹြઊ̧q€ಣpࣹq઻ԩω඙‫ڠ‬c ⤛cᗥ೧⤛p̰በᴾ⤛q€▎͎€଻઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬cक़␝ᗔহ‫ژ‬pМ‫آ‬Ճॲ€╺ϊห⤛q€ఝ઻€ ԩ‫ڠ‬c ൠc଻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬cఝ઻€͙ൠൠ͎€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ާc‫͓ژ‬Ịએ೧p˸࢜੾ާq€଻͎€ઋ‫ڠ‬c๻䡉p‫ާآ‬એᮾ͙ຮ‫׉‬q€ጓᯫ͎c‫▗̧׳‬உ̣ ੿pᵤເާඬq€ጓᓖ͎c‫ژ‬ᘛϊ͠೧pᵦಖާᎮq€ጓс͎€ྲྀఝ઻€ԩ‫ڠ‬c ੃c䳭ൊጓॽp਀Ӄሷ஌‫⦁آ‬ೲ⪮q€ጓ੃஌͎€଻͎€ઋ‫ڠ‬c‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿p࡙஌౪Ѳq€ ጓ⛖͎cᗥ๯ហp๯ᵤ‫܈‬஌q€ጓ൶͎€˴␊ఝ઻€˴␊྽઻€ྲྀԩ‫ڠ‬c ‫ګ‬c଻઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c஥෦ᦅ▗̡੾Мᮇp‫ګ‬㇂๫Ⱝ༑qq€͓ᦨ͎€଻͎ઋ‫ڠ‬cᗥઍ᥷pದࣽ‫ګ‬ டq€ள͎€ఝ઻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c દcት૪়͎€⛖pԦq€଻͎€ઋ‫ڠ‬c๻㇮pદ೷ᑺহq€ष͎€ఝ઻€ԩ‫ڠ‬c ༻c๻ድpःਾ͙ᝬ⦁࢑༻q€ጓଁ͙༻͎€଻͎€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ጓ༻ட͎€ఝ઻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c ᬑcழ᭝͎€଻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c‫ݳ‬Πᨚᔎpੌᬑ㶀҈मਸ‫ا‬டᔍࣽq€ఝ઻͎€੿‫ڠ‬c ࣇc᣹੎ᰉp༷ᢩ॓ࣇq€ᏮᏨઍடរ᦭͎€଻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c๻ึఛ੿€pೡυࣇຒq€྽઻ ͎€ઋ‫ڠ‬c 12

Ꮆc଻͎€ԩ‫͔ژ€ڠ‬ỊႦp͔ộࢱᎶqcఝ઻€੿‫€ڠ‬ᗥӋಂpᎶட߽ਿq€ጓᙼઋ͎c ࿘c଻͎€ઋ‫€ڠ‬ᅽ౦଻€˴᮸̡᮸̜᮸Ԇ᮸੾᮸΀p͔࿘q€˴Ҋ̡Ҋ̜ҊԆҊ͠Ҋ΀p͓ ࿘q€೩ા⦡ੑ౦ઢcఝ઻€ԩ‫ૹ€ڠ‬᣹▗உ෦p᎙ᤄೡߗ࿘ऺ᎛q€ ߓ६͎c▎᩷ฤp༱q઻ᓌጓc ๊c଻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c⦡ͭ᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅpத῿͠੾๊q€ጓᣐ͎cఝ઻€ઋ‫ڠ‬c‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷ӋӨp๊ ୙ᛜ‫ݴ‬q€ጓᆠ͎€⡒͎c᣹μ᦭pլ๊௎‫آ‬q€ຬ͎c ਣc଻͎€ԩ‫ڠ‬c࿍ఛ౪ᣓp४᭮ਣ✸߶௦qc▎pಱਣqcઋ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€ไં՚͎c ೬c଻͎€᣹‫ס‬୘pᓌຐষ೬၍qcఝ઻€ԩ‫⤀€ڠ‬೬€⤠೬͎€ဠᗥӺુp೬ਾqc થcԩ‫ݳ€͎଻€ڠ‬Π╺ⱑp޻થᵤઠq€ᇮᖋ˻pથqcઋ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€▎p̡̧̜തᤆြ થֳ‚q▎̧ⲣp‫׉‬ட൴થᓄ▪͎cq ከcԩ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ਸཝடઈc੿‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€ᗥᛸ๬p૮྅๬ட€ຖ྅͙␊ከ q€ࣈ͎€ц ͎€▎pቷከqc ᔄcઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ᯛଁӷ͎€‫͔ژ‬Ịᇢᙗp૮ᔄ૮⭵qc▎pᯛᔄqcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€᣹ॎ ୘pᤝ€լᔄເതq€ᔄၟ͎c ෦cઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬pҮ෦q᩷pᙑ෦qpӪ෦qட໫cԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€ᝡ͎€੊͎€ᗥూᗥ ੿p͠੾˻୨҈෦qc ‫پ‬cઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬p‫پ‬૭qp඗‫پ‬qட໫€๻ᡘpᡘѼಖ͔‫پ‬qc▎ᦈΠp෋ဠ୉ြМਿ€͙ ‫پ‬ӣ‫׉‬Өடᵎ˹qcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎c‫͔ژ‬Ịపpࣈ‫ࣈپ‬ӎq€͔ӎ͎c ᣪcԩ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬pᕼᣪqc▎ᔵ͎€‫੿̧̧࢞׳‬pଁ͙ᵤఙਾடᣪᐘட‫͎؍‬qcઋ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻ ͎€‫ୖژ‬ϊӨᣋpᚈ҆ᣪடqc ඗cઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ᢪ၍͎€ฤสp൰qc▎ষ͎cสఝ઻ဧ€๻ึఛ੿pՖ̧͙඗ཌྷԩ၅q€ ‫ܨ‬Ӄட͎cԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€ᗥ೧૭p᩠૟ЎՑ€⠣᭏඗།€ฃ؋͙ூ඘ᥩடᖋq€ ၟ჈‫͎ث‬c▎䳭͎€ᗥोͭp඗ਾடಢᏋᡑடqc▎َ͎€ᗥᅮӞpَ੐ᵤ඗ၗqc ᮈcԩ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬pᴑᮈq€᧐᣹͎cઋ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€pΦᮈqpᬷᮈqட᧵c ࿌cઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬᛾٫€ฤสpἩqcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€‫ژ‬঩pᙨடَ࿌᙭૮ட۩༻᮳շq€ጓ ੊͎c҈p૱࿌q€Ꮛᔍடອ਌ࣽ€ટ଻͎c ឌcԩ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ᗥᅮӞpઁࣽ஽҈ᵤឌqcω‫€ڠ‬྽઻͎c᣹࡙៤pଷឌq€p्ឌq€੽ ᣪᔵ͎c ‫ݳ‬cԩ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬pͱ‫ݳ‬qp᪙‫ݳ‬qpᦈ‫ݳ‬qட໫cઋ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻͎€᣹ဠુp‫⦁ݳ‬Үộqcᗥ Ӌಂp΢ુᎻ༙€͛લ‫ݳ‬டqc ౨cઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬๬଴͎€▎p౨଴qcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€࿖͎֮€⦡ͭᎾᎫӪ෦pυ߶ࣽ͛౨ ᎝q▎Ԥಊ͎c ࣜcઋ‫᜴͎̈́€͎଻€ڠ‬cૹ᣹▗உ୹෦pࣜ࿥͙ᛸ၌q€ъմhpध̈́ക᜴͎ࣜqcԩ‫€ڠ‬ ఝ઻€ກ͎€pࣜઈ૦౮q€▎ᓖ͎c Оcԩ‫͎଻€ڠ‬cᗥӋಂp‫̧׉‬෋ಖ͔ઊ␊̜Оqc‫͓ژ‬ỊᨸடᖺᲘpЎઅடОqcઋ‫€ڠ‬ఝ ઻€ᗂ͎€‫͔ژ‬ỊᤃᩲpОᗂМਿqc▎pОqpᴪq⛖€᣹ж‫ڗ‬pਾ๫ြંО€঄ြᎻОq c҈ુ᧡␊pОq€଻͎€ઋ‫ڠ‬c ‫׻‬cઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ᗥᅮӞpઁࣽ᎝ٝ‫€׻‬૮͎၍‫׻‬qcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€͙඀͎̈́€ ‫ژ‬ӣ᣶΍೷p΍೷ட‫׻‬qc ്cઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬p്ૅqpᒇ്qடᎯ€஥෦ၣ▗̡ᮇpᥧਾ̑⤠஡ੌ⠣്qcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ ઻€⛬͎€‫€͎נ‬pத്ᥧ఑q€▎‫ݳ‬Π᪎҈pᓖᵤ૲ಖ്qc ᆕcԩ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ᆇỊpኑ΀டᆕqcઋ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€๻͔मpᅱᆕq€ႀ͎c▎ᗥ೧૭p̰૽ ੌҝ᧜ᱤҊҠ€๏ஹ͛঄€๽ࠪႀᆕqc ᑚcઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬Ѧୠ˻ᑚcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€ᑚ͎c ᾇcઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬pᲷᾇqpଚᾇqடᎯcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€ᗥూᗥ੿p͛ᾇౘ⶷͙๰டqc ᩁcઋ‫҄€͎଻€ڠ‬Ṛ͎cᙷ᣹‫▪׉‬ઢpເ᡾ߧᩁqcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€‫ژ‬ϊࣁ᩶pເҦເᩁqc ೞcઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬໖͎€p‫ژ‬ೞqpާೞqடᎯ€҈pཹೞq‫ڠ‬ટᓌcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€ ‫ژ‬ϊЛpᎭೞઓᨊcq▎྽઻€ࣇ͎€‫͓ژ‬Ị‫׉‬Ἀp‫׉‬Ἀસӂ€͙఻ᵤೞqc ᡇcઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬஥෦᫐▗̡੾̡ᮇpஐြ᪆ᡇqcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€ᓛ᲼੅᲼wp᪆᣹ᡇᣩ ᘸcઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬p᧬ᘸpᙉᘸqட໫cԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€‫އ‬ᰝ͎c ᴤcઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ᗥూᗥ੿p޻ᴤ๽᫅஢q€ᤆᴤ͎c▎͸டጓ€Ꮛఝ઻ᩲ€ ԩ‫ڠ‬cpᴤ๻qடጓ€྽઻͎€ટԩ‫ڠ‬c ᭡cઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ᗥઍ᥷pᨙ᭡ೞԳqcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€ᛄ͎€๻▪َpᵠᰳ޾᭡qc▎ᬿ͎€ ๻ึఛpՖ̧᭡Ꮸြதqc ᲋cઋ‫€ڠ‬᭡͎€pሤ᲋qpᬷ᲋qcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€ૹ᣹ੑ౦ઢhpᦑ᲋‫׉‬Өட౦ཌྷqc҈ࣇ ౫டᏨ˻p᲋q€ટ଻͎c ድcઋ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬pẟድqp૜ድqட඗€౗଻ᓌcԩ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€᣹ರম੿pլ௎ድୠqc 13

⑫cԩ‫€͎଻€ڠ‬ဠᗥ‫ુ׉‬p⑫ਾ૴⑫ட۩૭€͙ൗҊ૟ட⑫qcઋ‫€ڠ‬ఝ઻€ᗥぽᏋpᎰᅛ ᩷ಛ€͙ࢃ‫⑫҈੿ݲ‬டqc ȉઐൕᗉ߉cpከq๫ఝ઻ဧц€ଁषᛸ๬ဤൿೲ଻઻€ԩᯛέೲ▎‫ڠ‬c ȉᦊմh‫ژ‬঩̐ហषъfဠᗥъg˻hnᙨடَ࿌€᣾࿌᙭૮ட۩༻᮳շcoᰝ‫ژ␊͙ا‬঩€ ߉c ȉᰝ‫ا‬Ꭻ▪έส‫▪׉‬ઢ€ᦊകnᙷ᣹o€ຈմhૹ᣹๫ಣΠ€ಣဤᭁা᥸ᔦ઻୘ᜯषc઻୘อ ᭐p‫▪׉‬ઢq€ટન߆ത⦡cብᙷ᣹๫▪ઢੌnᝯடြ᡾๬ᩁ҄ட੿€ᩁ஥ߧ҈᡾ॏઋ€ᩁছ ҈᡾ᩜoடΠ€઻୘ࠪᲷ६ಖఛ͎c

଻઻‫ࣈݲ‬ >@଻઻ᡩӪᆏઁᲿઍ‫଻ݲ‬຤຤६᳿઻ᓌហࣽࠪᚾ઻᳿઻ᓌហࣽࠪᚾ઻ዹຑࣽ༕ᱥఛᰳಎ ᪜஄Ꭸc ᳿઻ᓌហࣽ€ ເhpᎆቷqp࣓ྃqpࠑ્qpґৱqp୘ᦊqpᑽᾹqpຒ۩qpᗥᏚqpষᯊqpಂ ষqpᆁ૽qட໫c ಖዹຑட଻€૕ዶภြఝb྽‫઻ݲ‬cເhpઁ૮qpೲ⪮qp୐࠸qp⛖ᣵqp୐ᙿqpӃ ҃qp૊ᯅqpચ৑qpনᱤqp҃੎qpᓖఢqpࣇᣃqpј⧲qடᎯc ஥෦ͅ▗੾̜ᮇ೦ໟϯ੅Ჽぽ€᳿઻ட଻€ᴤ͙ᦑ᪍cເhp᧜ட͙Ꮹᰉ€‫ث‬ட͙ᄈᒇq€ ▎p▪▗൥኿Іみ€ℑᳯ઄ჹ€⒭ുᙴᙛq€▎pᓉඥͨή᭿€ሂఠͨᓌᏩ€໴Ӽͨᓛૅq€ ▎p▎‫܈‬ᴵᮺͨ▗઺€໴Ӽͨᑒ᦭€೶ͨ᩼ᙲ€͙૝ప㒸ͨᠬஆqՉՉc ᫐̧ᰝ‫ן‬pᰝ€‫ן‬Ӄ͙ࣆ᜝̥€ְӃ͙ຮϊ૓cq▎pࠌட͙䕻䊾c‫ۂ‬ட͙ᣏሱq€▎pཀྵ᜴ ᇤᵤៀ€᯼␊∯‫⦁€ڏ‬ຒᵤ᥮€૊६౯ហ€ᆁᅥᵤඥ€૊ဧᗥᏚqՉՉcૹ▪ᰒ஄Ꭸ€ಖ଻઻ ૨ဧ᳿઻cૹ᣹᧥ફґぽੌpq€pᔧ␊᲍ᜈપqcp۫ᨙᦑੌடq€pᐔৣ๫ଁᣮq€pᲿ ⦦Ꮋ€໿঵᥵q€p̂౷௡Ꭱࡣ€୨ᩞᳵᜯጧq€૽᪲തࡪຐ૭€᯻ൾ᧜Ꭱц€சᭋસᦊ஧€ ഥஉ⛖ಂྃqՉՉc Ҡцઢぽ€p͔ҠဧІ᜿€ಖࡪဧᮂ፠€ઍҠဧ̅ဋ€ಖࡪဧ፺ᚦ€ృҠဧᘔቄq€pఠ֚ќ ᵔ€౦ᕶຈ๬q€pॊ៝ᤡਐ€տ˶㊱ᣌ€ϊ߸ᵡᎨ€ඍᓗ஌ᔘq€pᣁ̈́᎝€ᰗᦊᖋ͙␊ ⭶q€pઊ▟ӷᚧઝᏡqՉՉcᭁੌᵤӃᖤኜࣽc ȉᎫέੌ˴pՉq઻€ᦊմhpᗉᧇnՉo઻cq >@ക઻ͅ଻c଻઻ட᮴€ക྽઻͙ोಖԛයடᅥࣽ€ᤣ͎€௓ᵤ೫‫ݳ‬c҈ੌ‫آ‬ക˴ಙ઻€ ເpᵤq઻p๫q઻€ြ྽઻b଻઻டલ€҈ຈ␊˴଻ࣽc >@஥ᙦ˸h૨๬ᵤហcġġpហq྽઻͎€pᵤq઻લட€ຈͅ˴଻€҈ኜᵤហட૟c >@▎ѮМhԫੌ̜ᵤଣcġġpଣqટ྽઻€pᵤq઻લட€҈ ጓ␊ᵤଣட૟c >@▎▪੾╺h೰૨๬๫ᗥြᓛcġġp๫ᗥqࣽ€๫ᗥட๬͎c >@᯻᩷ሪઍ̮᣹hᳫᑚ᎛ೱ€ᙲஹᵤᩆcġġpᵤᩆqࣽ€๫ᗥடਾ͎c >@⦡඄྅ૅhᰙࣽ‫ͅݠ‬૟€ၫࣽ⇟નࠑ€ᏋӋതᗉ‚ġġpનࠑqࣽ€ન೩ட૟͎c >@᯻ᦤ▗஽Υྡh੿᣹࢞ଁ␊ᵤц௎̤ൕcġġpᵤцqࣽ€⪮цட૟͎c ଻ੌ˴઻ᵤͬͅ€ᔐകpੌq઻͙Άடࣽ€‫ژ‬᣹ਊဧட€௎ଁകpੌq઻๫ᨗហடӃኜ€҈ ␊pੌ๫qடጓ€ટᓉ೩ြස᣹c ᣹Үpộq˻pੌộq€pုq˻pੌုq€pӺq˻pੌӺq€p۩q˻pੌ۩qc๻Үp ૅq˻pੌૅq€pᥩq˻pੌᥩqc ‫ژ‬Үpಲq˻pੌಲq€pq˻pੌq€pቈq˻pੌቈqc ஥෦p‫ޚ‬q˻pੌ‫ޚ‬q€pફq˻pੌફqc ҈ᓛ‫پ‬ட੿€૕കpੌq઻€ເpੌ℡qpੌಱqpੌဠqட໫c͙੿೩Ү෦ᎏͬc ௎>@᫐̧ᏋᵠᲽhੌ଻ੌᨗ€ೲཌྷடုc๫଻๫ᨗ€੐ཌྷட਼cӃَӃ᧵€َ҈᧏஌cġġ੾ ̜pੌq઻̰pੌ๫qடጓ€⪮ಣဤ͎c ȉಣp๫ᨗហqடp๫qᗉ␊pੌqட߉€ኜӨ҂ଁष>@ဤc >@଻ຖᓳ઻cӷြ▗଻bઐ଻ຖᓳ͙pࣽq઻ࣽ€ଁ͙དኜಖ଻҈ᓖ͙‫ׯ‬ጓҌហ͎cಖᓳ ͙p͎q઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ዼᨁಖ଻҈ᓖ͙౼ࡵಖហ͎cࠪ⡏ဧp͎q઻␊ᓳࣽ€Ꮛ͙Ꮊ᙭ᓌ໫ட ૟€Ӆྲྀ͙‫׊‬ఛᰳடဧҌc೥߆‫઻׊‬Ჽぽc ▗଻ᓳpࣽq઻ࣽ€‫ݳ‬Πଁ඗p౯ࣽqpၟࣽqட໫c 14

>@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬h̜ૅ͙ࣽূcġġpࣽq઻དኜ᧵ઍଁࡔடpਾq€⪮ᶷᤣடpਾq€҈ད‫ׯ‬ಖ ហြຖc >@▎ম⁎࿍h೰ઊ̡̧ࣽ▎തᵸ͙඗ቐ඾‚ġġಖហᓌ੿cઐ଻ᓳpࣽq઻ࣽc>@᫐⠮֋ ୉h᣶Ꭰࣽ€‫͎ܝ׉‬cᦈড়ࣽ€ઢᄁ͎ࣽcġġ᣶Ꭰpqᦈড়pྲྀઐ଻€pࣽq္ட€ଁ͙␊ ‫ׯ‬ጓடϫ͎॑c >@᯻ Ჾၕઍ๬᣹hເ᧏ࣽ▎Գ෶ட‚ġġpࣽqଁ͙དኜ͎€धմpੌເೲட᧏ത෶␊ட ୓‚q >@⦡३ᚈӪ෦hӷເൾࣽ€ᓛ˹๫᳿cġġདኜpൾq͙ࡵಖ⣿டᵤӃᛅ͎c >@▎᧥ફઐґh೦▗ࣽႄໟਾcġġpࣽq͙དኜp೦▗qc >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦hᎾᎫЎ҅டຖ€࿍ੌા̛ফᗽᮯᮬடບࣽྲྀႄఛcġġpࣽqኜ͙੿‫ݲ‬ਾ҈‫ށ‬ ґட͎c ଻ຖᓳ͙p͎q઻ࣽ€ઐ଻ု૨c >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬hᖀ͎cӂ‫נ‬ಖ೷€ͨ‫נ‬ಖᗥc සເpᓋ͎qp઎͎qp૦͎qட໫€ᵤ˴҈ᵸ€ྲྀዼᨁಖ஡҈ᓖ͙᧜ࡵಖហ͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉hѦᰝ͎€স‫૳€͎ۃ‬ཌྷட͙ᣌໟ঺͎p€ଁ͙᧜ࡵட͎c >@᯻๬ᴤhᦈ͎ԫ͎€೰ੌ̡᩷͠੾€҈Ӄ΀૮ட‫׉‬Ө๫ಖਾ؈‚ġġpᦈqpԫq˴ዼ€Ө Ꮛ౼ࡵಖហ€धَp̡ᓛ૔ੌ̡ᗬ᩷͠੾ਾடӃ᪍€ি૮‫׉‬Ө๫ਾ୓‚q >@▗᫐̜੾̡ᮇhຳ͎€᧊€ՖതԀԳ‚ >@▎h᪙˴૳˴٬€Ֆԛၟடᩲ€ᩀ⬔͎€᧊cġġᚾp͎q઻ᓳ‫ݲ‬ઐ଻டຖ€ྲྀଁ͙ዼᨁಖ ఛᰳ͎cfg >@᯻ᓼ൧ॡ‫ژ‬঩hብᓼ͎ಥයઍုcġġហટເ᮴c p͎q઻ᓳઐ଻೩ြઁᲿࣽટੌடcӷເ >@‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣh঱᱓€ᗥ͎c >@▎hҍӨ€ᗥ͎cġġྲྀࢧᚧடͬ€ᵤ੐ಣဤc >@ᗥઍ᥷h˻Ֆә͎€⬔̧͎€ઊᐔ͎€ᰊ᭿͎€Ꮧଶட૛͎c >@᯻᩷ᣱ⟹᣹hӷြಇ͎€ᐘ͎€ᕢ͎€͎cিᔄੌᵤ۱ࣽ඾‚ġġp͎qᓳ‫଻ݲ‬டຖ€ྲྀ ͙Ꭼᯊᓌ໫ட૟c ȉ ȉpఛᰳqᎫสpͬᰳqc ȉᣠմhp౯qpၟq̡઻€̰ᰝ‫€଻⛖΀ଁا‬ಣ͙␊▗଻டဤ€ ટ߉c૮᧿ಣᣫp౯ࣽqpၟࣽqન߆ચᣫ€ເኜp౯ࣽᏚ઄€ၟࣽᏚંq€ Ꮛp౯qpၟq␊྽઻€ᣠ‫€଻⛖΀ا‬ટ⪮c >@Ӆட€଻๫સࣈ€΢˴☡ᱥ઻b྇઻€͙ӷ᭤઻ͅዼͅ‫€ڠ‬ဧ␊ടͬbुͬbҝͬࣽ€ ྲྀӃ͙p଻q଻டc >@ૹյખ෦hՖ๬ဠ▗ட૟cġġpՖq଻͎€ᱥ઻҈␊ടͬࣽ€ಖुͬᏋ␊pဠ▗ட૟qc >@▎hյ‫ا‬டᗩ€௝ြ᠋€ާcġġpյ‫ا‬டᗩqМ઻€␊p௝qடടͬ€ᗂᓌ˴଻cp᠋ ާq྇઻€଻͎€҈␊pՋqடҝͬc >@▎᛾‫ײ‬෦h΢ਾடၫ€෶೩ԛය€ᵤ෶೩൴යcઊᗥࣽ€ඍြ൴යட᮴€҈цࣽ€ඍြԛය டຖcġġp΢ਾடၫq᩷pᗥࣽqpцࣽqྲྀ␊ടͬ€▎pԛයqp൴යqᚾྲྀಙ઻€fg ҈␊p೩qடुͬ€▎p൴යட᮴qpԛයடຖq᭤М઻҈ࣽͅ€Ꮛ␊pՋqடҝͬ€ဧ᩷଻ ઻๫ᰗc >@᯻⥿ཡ೚঩hເԪບࣽ€ષ঄࢞ட̡͙ફ̜Ӌட⦁€ೡ೧๸Քட๬€‫׉‬ϫடଁ͙᭐€ੇᝬட ଁ͙છ€ਾཌྷடଁ͙᪰€кѲடଁ͙߸҈Πடcġġp̡ફ̜Ӌட⦁q€pೡ೧๸Քட๬q€ ᭤઻ͅዼ€҈␊p͙qடҝͬcp‫׉‬ϫடଁ͙᭐qӷpкѲடଁ͙߸q€М‫€͎ڠ‬ ટ␊p͙qடҝͬ€ྲྀส଻઻ድc >@⦡඄྅ૅhઊ‫ݳ‬ӷຒࣽᵤເႄ᭸͎ࣽcġġpႄຒເႄ᭸͎ࣽq˴‫␊҈€͎ڠ‬p೩qடु ͬ€ဧເ଻઻cfg᪎ࣽᔗ᣹€Ӆ঄Ո়઻ഗ€Ꮛ६ᝯોᩲc ȉ pᚾྲྀqᎫ߉สpྲྀᚾqc ȉp೩qடुͬᥫӷpࣽqु€p͎qᵤ੐ぽcಣ൵ᅥࠑ€▪⛖ઍ૨ੌ€ӨᵤӪ᪍c

15

Chapter 2 ห઻̡ட̡ ห઻‫ݳށ‬ ~ห઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ኜ଻͎€▪ઍᚠ੐ห଻҈ੌଁኜ͎c΢๬▪ଁ͙ဧห઻ࣽ€஢‫ث‬ᗪ૦᲻୬ Ҍc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨh˻hnೲതᣐ඾‚ຏத०ᳮ€ᧅᘼ㯦€͙๻ட͎coġġxೲyxடyྲྀห઻€ኜ ੿▪xව̧ட઺yxව̧டᛲycťxຏyห઻€ห੿▪xව̧ycዶ෋๫หடࣽ€Ꮛ͛઻઻ ‫҈€ᦒث‬๬▪᱖ᯧᩲc >@⦡ⴱ෫Ӫ෦hᰝࣽ€Ӌடଁ‫͎נ‬c͙࿍ᓛॡॡட͔€ത૦ᵤຨ€҈͙͔ઊᗥᬲட‚ృ€‫͙ڟ‬ ਾՖᗥᬲடcġġŦxଁy઻᩷xᬲyຖᚾxடy઻€ྲྀဧ͙หxᰝy͎cເᵤဧห઻€Ꮛ঄ մxᰝࣽӋ‫נ‬டᰝ€͙࿍ᓛॡॡட͔€ത૦ᵤຨ€҈͙͔ઊᗥᬲᰝ‚ృ€ ‫͙ڟ‬ਾՖᗥᬲᰝyՉ€িᵤ‫ث‬ᗪӃᓧ ť ᣠմhxೲy઻ኜව̧ଁုட઺⪮᧲ଁᲅ€ව̧ଁੑடᛲ⪮൅᧲ଁᒅ҈َ€ᵤᱥኜව̧ட ઺᩷ᛲ͎c ~΢␊ଁหࣽ€᮴ֳห઻҈೩ࣽ€˻᮴ͬcટੌຖֳห઻҈೩ࣽ€ટ˻᮴ͬcᭁ᧵ઍ͛ લੌଁหࣽ€҈ຖหࣽ๰ட€Ꮛ᮴ࣽಖ᧵€ᵤ᮴ࣽಖ▪Ҍc ᮴ͬ᮴ֳห઻c>@ૹ᧥ફґhᵎ˹͔ઊੌ઴๰ͨ୉ࣽ€Ԫ෶ᰟᓷடcġġxடyኜᵎ˹͔ઊઍ ட๰୉ࣽ€ཀྵx๰୉ࣽy␊xடyட᮴ͬc >@᫐⠮֋୉hઊ̧અ҈‫׉‬Өс€҈ͨधᎱடcġġxடyኜx‫׉‬Өy€ཀྵx‫׉‬Өy̰xடyட ᮴ͬc >@‫࢞׳‬Өhၲ͎‫ڟ‬๫ᔎಖ߆€ᔧᔄಖኜ€ࢅட൴തເ‚ġġᚾxಖy઻ኜા㣃டଁ͙ࢅ੅࿍ ͎€xடyኜ੅࿍͎cཀྵ΢ଁኜࣽ€Ќಖ᮴͎ͬc ᮴ͬຖֳห઻c>@‫▗׳‬ӨhԪᔄட€Ֆ̧ᵤ͙‫׉‬Ө෗ಖ്cġġxடyኜnՖ̧ᵤ͙‫׉‬Ө෗ಖ ്o˴ഗ҈ᶀલԳ€ଁኜᔢຖ€҈␊xடyட᮴ͬध௎͎c >@‫ݳ‬Πূ͎hԪᔄட͎€Ֆ̧ဠᮆᵤ୔ૄcġġᓌc ห઻ኜ᮴ͬ€Ꮛଁኜ⪮ད˴઻ԛ͎€΢᩷᮴ͬคᵊࣽҗኜԳcཀྵ᮴ͬࠪ␊ዼ€ࠪ␊‫ଁ␊ࠪ€ڠ‬ ኜcዼࣽ€᭤ᯊ઻҈͎ࣽͅcᭁടͬbुͬbҝͬட⃸Ρࣽ€ᓖಖ⃸Ρ€▪ઍ͛ᘣᚧ€෋‫آڠ‬ ᵤӷᰳฦcᲷࣽ€᭤ᯊഗᯊ‫᧵ͬ€ͅ҈ڠ‬᱗ࡃ€๫॰ហ͎c >@‫ݳ‬લјhເဧட€ᏋԪ๰લјcġġxடyብኜxᗥᏚy̡઻c >@ᗥઍ᥷hՖ̧ළֳઍ᥷€⇯྅ᵤ೩ၟ҈ᵤื€ብःࣽ෶டcġġxடyኜ᮴ᚾഗc>@‫ݳ‬ๅ ѠhՖ̧ͅਾடಢ€ᵤͅਾடշ€͓ਾᶀೲcġġxೲy઻‫ݴ‬ኜᚾഗc >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өh٬ಖ␊‫῿€̧͎׉‬㮅̈́€࿖ଚ€̡ৣ຀€௎ᓒੌடcġġxடyኜx῿㮅̈́€࿖ ଚ€̡ৣ຀yc >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦h૞ുໟߗ€੿෋ᘦ຤ᗂடcġġxடyኜx૞ുໟߗy˴‫ڠ‬c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hြཀྵਾ̧᭿␊⦦٬᠐ᰊ᭿€Φᢈட୥Ꭸcġġxြཀྵਾyӷx᠐ᰊ᭿y˴ዼ€ xடyኜԳcť >@⦡றฆӪ෦঩hӷເᔖ௅டฆ€በ๬ᶩ଻€ᯛ၅ြ‫׉‬Ө€⩹ᵤ඗ᵎ€ೲ␊ᴤҌcġġ xೲyኜ͙੿˴ᲷcŦ >@⦡ⴱ෫Ӫ෦hә೩ಖଁᇮࣽ‫€ᧉࣽ܈ଁ҈ۺ‬ཀྵᲕடcġġ xடyኜ⦁બ␊ಣடਾcxಖyxଁyᚾ઻ટ஡ੌଁኜc ť >@xடyߣ᮴ͬᥫ‫׭‬ೲxཀྵਾ̧᭿␊⦦٬᠐ᰊ᭿y€ᵤഠჺxՋy઻c Ŧ >@xೲyߣ᮴ͬᥫ‫׭‬ೲxበ๬ᶩ଻€ᯛ၅ြ‫׉‬Ө€⩹ᵤ඗ᵎy€ᵤഠჺxӷເᔖ௅ட ฆyc ~ੌੌห઻҈๫᮴ͬࣽ€Ꮛ͙ଁኜࣽ␊ூၟட૟͉€‫ࣽڠ‬ӃᘞᤄҌc >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬h᚝ட͙᯻ỜடૅcġġxடyӘኜເಣடਾ€ટ๫᮴ͬલட͎c >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈hಖ␊ਾ͎ધ᭿€҈ႄͩ੿ࣽຼᩲcġġxಖyટӘᐎಖਾ҈ኜட͎c >@᫐ᡩႢh௎ಖៀ૳ུᆁ€ᏋᗬТટ൅᧲ԛcġġxಖyટӘᐎடਾ€⪮ੌ᮴͎ͬc >@▎Ꮛᵠhᓄ҈ႋட€ᆜӷြ๫෯€͔ӷြᵤӃᓜcࠪட☬€⩹ட␊€ન஢ြཌྷ€҈ߪ͙␊ मcġġxடyኜ͉€᮴▪ન೩c >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈h᪎҈‫آ‬ਊடcġġxடyኜ⦁€ટ⤰ኜ͎c ~▪ぽᔐੌᥫဧห઻டᣫ€ಖᓷೕࣽ€ᵤဧᓒ๫ેြហ€ટੌᵤဧ҈▪Ṉࣽc >@ᗥ͔᪎hಣ͙㜏྅ᵤ᧯͎cġġъմhnಣଁ͙Ў㜏྅҈ਾ๾యட€ 16

᧏ଵ҈ᵤ᧯͎coᏋxಣyӨੋ˴xଁy઻ࡵᩲcť >@▎h⦁ࣇຒӷ᮳€Ꮋடᵤ෶᧯͎cġġЌxᎻடଁᵤ෶᧯͎cy >@᫐͔શ೚h⡒‫ܨ‬ᵤ٬Ვ€᱋Ვᵤ٬⸝cġġᥫմx⡒‫ࣽܨ‬ᵤ٬Ვy€ᭁxᵤ٬Ვy̰x⡒ ‫ܨ‬yடਾ€⪮ಖ૟ԅ€ཀྵx⡒‫ܨ‬yӨৢ˴xࣽy઻cӨഗᓌc >@⦡᧥ફґhኸӃઅઅடcġġधմxኸӃઅࣽઅடy€ᭁଁxኸyࣽxӃઅyடਾ͎c >@ૹյખ෦hూ⤴ດ᭚হဵᩛ€㢜ͣ᪔ഷ␊੿૎cġġ੿▪մxॲಖಋਾ༠᪔ࣽyx҈ᵤ࿩َ ూ⤴ࣽy€Ꮛಣ̡ഗधմxూ⤴ດ᭚ࣽy€x㢜ͣ᪔ഷࣽyc >@᯻೘ॐ▗஽ᝬ⦁᜻h⪮ಖதୡ€ᵤ͙̈́ੑcġġधմx⪮ಖதଁୡࣽᵤ͙̈́ੑy€ ҈⎥xଁyxࣽyᚾห઻€ഗμ✞ঁcᰙ΀๫ેြហࣽ€ྲྀಣட໫€ઁᲿઍ຤຤҈ੌc>@⦡३ ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h३ᚈᳫઍृᮇੌืൾࣽ€˻hn௎ᔢΡ͔€ႄྏ̅ು€ઍᅥᆴҌcoġġ҈ૹᦒ⎥ ઋx௎y઻€▪ហ༕Ṉc >@υফᦒీ‫ו‬ᨗ෦մhሪશ˸඗આᏅ˻hnԪಠԪͣ૝ᩲcoġġ̰▪াࡵcۨফᦒմhnԪ ಠͣ૝ᩲcoᔗࣽቚᵤӷ߉΀සਾடͣ€යᲷઋ˴xԪy઻€☬๫ᆜᝬcŦ⦡ૅ៝ਊ€᣺ۨ᭒ ▪€໫යc ť ᦊմhъ€ኜॠᦔ‫ا‬᭤ъcᮦࣁ‫઻׊ا‬ာߓմhnxಣ͙yधմxೲ͙yxଁ͙yco ᣠմhxಣ͙yᗉ᩷xೲ͙yᓌc Ŧ ▪⛖Ꭻ▪᭶ጓcᆏ▪ហ€nυফᦒoᥫ␊n᭒ফᦒo€nۨফᦒoᥫ␊nυফᦒۨocಣ ᩷૟ᨗᵤᇒ€೩ᦊ‫ܮا‬cᦊմhᆏᰝࢅᭁઐા‫؃‬ᆇ‫ا‬ᔄ೩ຖ࿩Ꮩ੾М҈߉cຖ࿩մhnሪ̧Ꭸ ᦒీઆᏅ⥜૟hpጓྐ̅߂୨ῖࣽ˴ਾ€ᇮᰝӷಐᶵᔍӨcІࣽચ€આᏅᲕ೰৑˻hnԪಠԪ ͣ૝ᩲoq€ાᮯ▪በυᦒ˻hpԪಠͣ૝ᩲq€ઋ˴xԪy઻€ ☬ᵤͅΠcxԪಠͣ૝yࣽ€຀തਾடͣ୓‚o᭒ফᦒీ‫ו‬ᨗ෦ぽᵤᄕሪશ˸ଁᦒ⥜૟€υᦒ ᢢ᱆ሪ▪⎥ۨ€⪮ۨ᭒ᦒ€ટᵤ᭐nሪશ˸ՉՉo͎c ~ห઻ூᏊ␊Мશh˻ኜ଻ห઻€˻ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻€˻ޯᔎห઻€˻ኜՊห઻c஡␊஌ጓြ Өc

ኜ଻ห઻̡ட ኜ଻ห઻̡ட̜ ̜ ~ኜ଻ห઻⛎಄ᚾ൵h˴ኜଁΠࣽ€˴ኜ᮴▪ࣽc ኜଁΠࣽ€঄᮴ዹΠ€ᵤӎઐ଻€ብ६▗ூட઻͙หਾԚଁ඗cԚࣽ€࡝Π͎ࣽ€ ಖห઻␊xԪyxͨyx੆yxլy‫઻ݲ‬cਾࣽ€ࠪ␊ଁ␊Πࣽ€ಖห઻␊xຏyxઊy̡ ઻cť΢ಣห઻€Ӄ๫᮴ͬ҈᣾ኜ͎ࣽc஡઻ဧцᵤᓌ€૮␊षᦒ˴˴͙ࡵၟc ťᎫᦒx̡y߉␊xடycӨ~Ჷέࠝxຏyxઊy̡઻€xடyᎯြኜ଻ห઻டኜ᮴ ▪ࣽc ~࡝ΠࣽԪ઻€ᆏઁᲿઍဧြఘࡪbⱷࡪࣽಖᤣ€ӷ೺ఝຖடᨸࡪ€ብୗఛடഗᏋᔐဧ Գ€͙ಖલֳఝ઻͎c௎૾઻ຖᨸࡪ€ဧࣽอᩲc ဧြఘࡪc >@‫▗׳‬ӨhԪ⬤ᒑြ‫̧׳‬cġġxԪy੐ఘࡪc ဧြⱷࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӋ˻ത͙୯Ԫᓛ€͔ઊ˻ത͙୯Ԫૅ€˹ᥧਾ˻ത͙୯Ԫதcġġ̜xԪyྲྀⱷࡪ ͎c ဧြᨸࡪc >@஥ᦅ੾˴ᮇh࿍ᩞြԫ€ԫᵤԪছ͎cġġधմxԫᵤছԪ͎cyಣ␊ୗఛடഗ€xԪyห ઻€ुͬ€੐ᨸࡪ€҈લြ೺ఝxছy઻cୗఛடഗ€ुͬ␊ห઻€ฎᾫલಖఝ઻€ಖဤ೩ ຖc >@᯻⥿ᥲ⦁˹঩hͷட҈ᵤԪ࢞€ത͎‚ġġᓌ੿c ဧြ૾઻ຖᨸࡪc >@஥ͅ੾એhઊ̧঄᩷Ԫَြ࿍€͛ೲཀྵ͎cġġxԪy੐ᨸࡪ€҈␊૾઻ҝͬ€ಖอ೩͎c ť ᓌ˴ഗц€‫̧׳‬Ꮛ๻␊xͨy઻c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hಔࣽઊ̧ॣَ᩷ͨြા€ြ͍ߪᵤ᧯c ͨbլᚾ઻€΢ࡪྲྀဧԳc ဧြఘࡪc >@‫۩␊ݳ‬hͨዹ˻๫ࡉc >@‫׳‬᭑੿hլЎৈ҈ੑடᩲcġġಣఘࡪ͎c 17

ဧြⱷࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hြ͍ͨੌពពԳc >@▎▗Өhြլ͍ध͙␊⡉cġġಣⱷࡪ͎c ဧြఝ઻ຖᨸࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᔧઊ̧ࡵ͙༻ͨc >@▎▗੿hӂതᤄཹլြೲ‚ġġಣఝ઻ຖடᨸࡪ͎c ဧြ૾઻ຖᨸࡪc >@‫׳‬ඥӨhӟ▗டස᪎᭹ြͨc >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈h‫૳׉‬ຒြլcġġಣ૾઻ຖᨸࡪ͎c ብxͨy઻ઁᦒྲྀဧட€҈xլy઻Ꮛ‫҈׳ݳ‬೺€ຼ೩ြසᦒࣽcŦ >@⦡໿ᗸᦒh౪ᢐ‫ݲ‬൳€˴ᛏ‫׉‬Ө€‫ݲ‬൳⩹ࡉͨc ஥෦೦ໟϯ੅ᦒぽxͨy઻ᯊ೩c >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅh␊ͨ࿍᰷€Ԫ␊௎࿍ᣓc ፇ઻ဧြఘࡪ᩷ఝ઻ຖᨸࡪࣽု૨e௎ⱷࡪ€ੌᔐ͙xடy઻ࣽe҈૾઻ຖᨸࡪᏋⲣ೩c ဧြఘࡪbᨸࡪc >@஥ẏ੾Ԇh੆€҈ଁᐵᐔਾட⬔͎c >@⦡ᰓ̧Ӫ෦hፇᔢ␊ட࿪ᘔ€ଁცయԳcġġಣఘࡪ͎c >@࿍ఛඥᙈh଻ፇ˻̐Ꮛ✸€઻ፇ˻ᜑϱcġġx੆yᚾဧ€ྲྀఝ઻ຖᨸࡪ͎c >@᯻̮ᦄᏢͭhፇᵤ᪆̮҈̮᪆ፇcġġx੆yᚾဧ€˴ఘࡪ€˴ᨸࡪc ဧြⱷࡪc >@⦡া঩hೲፇட᳥͎ઊ€ೲፇட᳥͎ઊ€த㛛ᵤဧᩲcġġx੆y੐ⱷࡪ€ᔐ͙xடy઻c >@஥ᦅ੾Мhೲ҈̧ஹፇட᭿͎cġġᓌ੿c >@▎ᦅ੾hЎ๫‫ݞ‬ઽ҈▎‫܈‬๻ፇ᳥cġġᓌ˴ⱷࡪ҈๫xடy઻␊ᔐᩲc xԪyxͨyxլyட␊ⱷࡪ͎€ᾫ๫xடy઻␊ᔐ€҈x੆y઻ੌட€ཀྵདोடc ᔯbәᚾ઻€ટ࡝Πࣽা඗͎€ᦒҮဧடcઁࣽᤇᚌྲྀা඗xᔯy€੅ᆠᤃ̡੾એᮇ€ સxᔯy␊ᤃફা඗€әӨᵤຨ Գ€ӷ૮ൿடcઁࣽxәy઻ટዹਾட⛖඗€⪮ເຖ྅டᦉኜ әӨ͎c ᔯc >@ᦒ͔࡙ࡏhᔯ઼ફฎc >@▎ਣ‫ڗ‬h᳥঄ᔯ൥c >@⦡ᆠᤃઐґhԪయᣄਾ€া΀xᣄਾy€ᵤ඗xᔯycġġଁषxᔯy઻€˴ఘࡪ€˴ⱷ ࡪ€˴ᨸࡪc ӷx਽y઻Ꮛᓉ೩ြᦒҮc әc >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦hә̰੒௃࿖̅ᳫࣽ€҈▗്̧ᯊ᧊டcġġxәy̰ॠૡዹ▗̧া඗€⪮ੌ Ֆәட⠣cxәyࣽ€ླྀ͎€ເ૮டা඗xఓyՉ€੅ຖ̰ᦉኜәӨᩲc ťᦊմh⦡ᙬ᛾෦hnमߵߵ‫ܐ‬Ԫਾᰝжੑᏸ‫܈‬o€᯻๯੾̡ཇ▪hnᐮॣቢߵኜԪ҈َ˻€ xԪy੐ఝ઻ຖᨸࡪc஥ၣએᮇhnೲಖ૳͎€᩷Ԫᓌཌྷo€ ⦡சྃ෦n␊ԪॲఇՖo€xԪy੐૾઻ຖᨸࡪc Ŧᣠմh‫ᦒژ‬ઍᱏ೩c ~ห᩷Πࣽ€ӂbߵᚾ઻஡ࡪྲྀဧc௎઻ဧြఘbᨸᚾࡪ€ⱷࡪᏋብဧြ඗ӎடਾ€ન ੌဧြཌྷࣽc҈઻ဧြఘಣࣽಖᤣ€ⱷࡪટብᢐြ඗ӎடਾ€ᨸࡪᏋⲣဧடc ӂc >@஥ẏ੾Ԇhͨ๫ӂߝ€ӂ๫ͨ℡cġġxӂyட੐ᨸࡪbఘࡪ͎c >@‫׳‬᭑Өhӂ␊ӂ€ͨ␊ͨcġġxӂy੐૾઻ຖᨸࡪ͎cť >@▎hಖӷ€ӂୡ͎€ಖઍ€⪮ӂઅ͎cġġxӂy੐ⱷࡪc ৣc >@஥ស̡੾Мhৣ␊᧷▗૝૦ஹፇ€૽ৣ̜ી€ৣઍીӷcġġxৣy̜ဧ€ಖ˴ఘࡪ€ಖ̡ ᨸࡪ€ಖ̜▎ఘࡪ͎c >@஥▪੾╺hਾᧇৣᧅ҈ᵤໆ€˴㑨ৣ€᥷തᣐ‚ġġxৣyᚾဧ€ಖ˴ⱷࡪ€ಖ̡ᨸࡪc >@ૹᙬ᛾෦h᩷ৣ‫€܆‬मৣ€ৣ‫ܐ‬ਾᰝжੑ€ᏸ‫܈‬cġġxৣy̜ဧ€ಖ˴૾ຖᨸࡪ€ಖ̡ఝ ઻ຖᨸࡪ€ಖ̜ఘࡪc ௎c >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hЎ෋ͨ᩷௎ဪᩲ€௎ᖤͨ€ͨᵤ௎ᖤ€௎຀ೲ͎€ͨ຀⪮͎؈‚ġġx௎y઻М ဧ€ಖ˴૾ຖᨸࡪ€ಖ̡ఘࡪ€ಖ̜ఝ઻ຖᨸࡪ€ಖМ▎ఘࡪc >@⦡ୖໟᓛ྅ૅh௎ᛌ€‫ݰ‬ர๰્ᔎ҈⬔˻cġġx௎y੐ఘࡪc 18

>@▎hය๫َԪ࢞௎͎cġġx௎y੐ᨸࡪc >@⦡̈͊ઐґhԪ‫܃‬Ќ௎‫܈͛€܃‬ৈ҈‫€܃‬Ꮛᣮ⠣ͨ˴ໍ᭽cġġૹᦒสnhԪ‫܃‬Ќߵ‫͛€܃‬ ‫܈‬ৈ̰‫€܃‬Ꮛᣮ⠣ͨ˴ໍ᭽coೲᏋx௎yx҈yx̰y̜઻ྲྀxߵy͎€ྲྀဧြⱷࡪ€೰ྲྀ ᚝ြ඗ӎடਾcŦ ҈c >@஥ẏ੾Ԇh੆€҈ଁᐵᐔਾட⬔͎cġġx҈y੐ఘࡪc >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅh೦ຖᣄ҈ఘᩲcġġx҈y੐ⱷࡪc >@▎ୖᓛໟ྅ૅh௎ᛌ€‫ݰ‬ர๰્ᔎ҈⬔˻cġġx҈y੐ⱷࡪc >@஥સ╺h҈લྲྀᠼ‫ا‬டॐ͎cġġx҈y੐ⱷࡪc೰ྲྀᢐြ඗ӎடਾ€નੌᢐြཌྷࣽ€ ᩷x௎y઻ᓌcŧ Ү⦡ぽኜ᩷Πࣽ€ྲྀဧx̧y઻cx̧y€᱔̧ಢ඗€଻͎€ය౲ဧເห઻€ཀྵ੐ⱷࡪ͛ᔐ ͙xடy઻c▪ઍ΢Πଁ്ࣽ˻xӂyxߵy€ ಣ᯻๯੾̡ཇ▪᩷๯ৣ㑹▪⡏ӎxӂyxߵy͎ࣽc҈Πଁଶࣽ€ઁ˻x̧y€૮˻xՖy€ ˻x▗y€˻x࿪૟y€˻xᔕӨy€Ꮛ▎͙หxӂyxߵyடห઻ᩲc ťᣠմhಣx␊y઻̰‫ݳ‬Πņ␊ԣoடxԳy€ೲఝ઻€⪮૾઻c Ŧŧᦊմhᰝ‫΀ا‬x௎yx҈yx̰y̜઻டⱷࡪ€ብᢐြ඗ӎடਾ€નੌဧြཌྷࣽ€ಖࢅ⪮ ͎cເ⦡ஊӋᡴ෦n௎ಙੌᶀໟo€᳁̧઄ᢪᯊnᖀ௎ᖋઍ͔ઊo€೦ᗼላ͔n௎ᓛੌᏹֳo €஥Ѯએᮇn҈᳥˴͎mm҈᳥̡͎mm҈᳥̜͎o€ᤗ᲼nỶ҈໫o€⦡சྃ෦nͨᵤᗬ҈ ᔟ€ྲྀ⪮ⲣ೩டဤcӷx̰y઻டဧြཌྷࣽ€੐૔ᦒઍᵤᖤቡ᪍€᭶ᰉ˴Ჽ€x̰y઻΢੾ ೩€ಖӨ૨␊xӞ౫yxІᨀyxସ֡yᇐ઻c૮᧿hᦊ‫᧿ا‬Π⬤ೲ€ብ᳁̧˴൏ᥫጓส዗ᨸ Π€⪮ⱷࡪc ~ଁ␊Πࣽ€ብ˴ຏ઻ဧြഗடఘࡪ€҈‫ڠ‬டఘࡪᏋဧxಖy઻f೥߆gcxຏy઻ဧ ြᨸࡪࣽಖᤣ€҈ဧ␊ⱷࡪࣽᏋ␊ኜՊห઻ᩲcӷxසyxഴyx᳞y̜઻€ҮᲿઍᔢੌಖ ઻€҈๫xຏy઻டጓ€␊ಣጓࣽ€ᭁຖ྅ฤ▪ዶဧҌcઊ઻ᔐ᩷xຏy઻ӈဧࠪᱥဧ€ብఘ ࡪҌ€සࡪᏋનட೩͎cဧြⱷࡪࣽ€Ꮛટ␊ኜՊห઻€⪮ಣဤ͎c ຏc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hຏᧇಖᎻ‫آ‬c >@▎ຏᙶ޽ಖᎻcġġ҈˄ຏˆ઻๫᮴ͬ€ྲྀኜଁ␊Πட˄Ӌˆc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hຏ⤀ઊ͎€ͨ⤀ઊ͎€Ԫതᰘຏ඾ġġᚾxຏy઻€˴ఘࡪ€˴ᨸࡪc >@▎ᐘ੿h͙͓๻͔€ຏշၟட‚ġġxຏy੐ఘࡪ€ኜ᮴டxҊᄮy͎c >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅhຏఉಖఘᙿᚕӨcťġġxຏy੐ఘࡪc >@᯻೚ࢅhຏ᩷ຏ€ᮇໟ௎͎cġġᚾxຏy઻€˴ఘࡪ€˴૾ຖᨸࡪc >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅh੿ᄁட€ᔎ˻hnຏത␊ࣽ‚oġġxຏy੐ఘࡪc >@ૹ᛾ષ෦hຏা̮Ꮕ͙੿⢈᳼ரਾcġġxຏyટ੐ఘࡪc ‫ݴ‬ድ͙੿xຏy઻ட੐ఘࡪ€௎๻͙xಖy઻€Ꮛᵤ▪ᩲcಣxຏy␊ഗடఘࡪ҈xಖy␊‫ڠ‬ டఘࡪᚾ઻டᏊҌc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhՖເຏത඾ >@▎ᦑӨh੐ຏࣽྲྀͨଁᵤ␊͎c >@▎ᖭӨhເႀ⦁҈๰ຏcത඾" >@▎ᦑ੿hതᵤ෋ຏ␊Ӄഃ٬҈ೡ᮶᮶͎c ġġ͙੿xຏy઻€ྲྀ੐ᨸࡪc‫̧׳‬ぽxຏy઻૨ဧြᨸࡪ€ྲྀੌ჈ᗂ˶ᰳ€සᦒᏋᵤᾫ೩c >@஥ស̡੾╺hՖ⧲әͩ€ూ੐ຏᩲcġġᭁx੐y઻ຖਊဧxຏy઻c ઊc >@ૹ᛾ྃ෦hຏ೰␊ͨ҅€ཀྵԪຨ᩷ட൞૳eຏ೰␊ͨহ€ཀྵԪຨ᩷ட൞᧊eઊ൴␊ͨᯅ€ཀྵ Ԫຨ᩷டྲྀ૊cġġxຏyᚾഗᚾဧ€ᇊ̜ഗ๻xຏy␊xઊy€ྲྀ੐ఘࡪ€ ಣxຏy᩷xઊyӈဧடࡵࠒ͎c >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬hઊੌଁ‫ت‬ட͎cġġxઊyᱥဧ€ఘࡪ€ເ๻␊xຏyટӃc >@▗᫐̜੾̡hઊത۶"ೲ൴␊ఠֳઊത۶"ġġᚾxઊy઻ྲྀสxຏy઻ጓc >@஥ᦅ̡੾એhઊ਀๫޴ᒇֳ"ġġxઊyટxຏy͎c xຏyxઊy̡઻ဧြⱷࡪࣽ€ᏋੌኜՊட᧵€߆ြኜՊห઻cŦ ťᦊմh ၘ൳྅ૅ๫ಣΠc ŦᦢӨ~~Ჷc

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~ኜ଻ห઻ဧ͙ኜ᮴▪ࣽxடyxಖy̡઻ᰒ␊ਊဧcໜᤄጓxಖy␊ኜཌྷடఛ€ଁ ΀xཌྷyࣽ€඙ਾཌྷَ€೰඙ਾԚَc >@஥ᙦ˸h‫▗נ‬ഥీ€‫܈‬અடcġġxடyኜxഥీy€ኜਾc >@▎h‫ڟ‬૜€෋ုடcġġxடyኜx૜y€ኜཌྷc >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦hᢐԚࣽ᮳ຑட€ᵤᢐԚࣽᵤ෶⛆೩cġġxடyኜਾc >@⦡ଠফӪ෦hᓏ͙ぽࣽ€ᨈਾಂட€ᓏ͙೺ࣽ€൴Ꭱಂடcġġ ᚾxடyኜᓏぽ೺ட૟cಣxடyடኜਾbཌྷࣽc >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦h͔ᑞໆಖᵤຨหઆ̧͎€̰಴ಖ‫ݲ‬ᰊ᭿cġġᚾxಖy઻€˴ఘࡪ€˴ⱷࡪ€ ྲྀኜ͔ᑞc >@▎hᧇ๬ࣽુमಖ⭵€͙‫ܨ‬म๬ࣽྲྀ‫ׅ‬ಖᯘcġġᚾxಖy઻ⱷࡪ€ኜᚾᇐடਾc >@᫐ಖཌྷ‫ݳ‬hઊ঺᭑ᵤᓌ€҈෋ಖাԚ͎€࣒ಖা६€ໆࣽಖԣ؈‚ġġ᮴ᚾxಖy઻€ྲྀఘ ࡪ€ኜ᭑ᵤᓌடᨰc >@▎ਾᔐ྅hߵᵤၟઊளᦼֳࣽ‚ᵤ۶͙૳ཌྷ᩷ட€␊ಖஹடடໆ͎eᵤ۶͙ᢢཌྷ᩷ட€␊ಖ ࢧடடໆ͎€‫آ‬ಖጐ፥€ࡃಖໆ͍€ᦼட᩷ਾᰗ໫€҈ᒈளԚࣽў͎cġġ Ԇxಖy઻ྲྀኜxᦼycಣxಖyடኜਾbཌྷࣽc >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦hә̰੒௃࿖̅ᳫࣽ€҈▗്̧ᯊ᧊டcġġxடyኜxॠૡy€ ዹx▗̧yা඗€΀Ԛ͎c >@੅᲼h૮લ૳ྊයᵤ߽֔ί҈য༻டcġġxடy€੅Ӌዹఇ੅َ€΀Ԛ͎c >@᯻੿சྃ᭹ᦒh᧏᩺ᣮြ࿪૟€ಖଁ๰᭒ᩲc௎নዶட෋ᵤ૲ಖᆁcġġ xಖyⱷࡪ€xடyᨸࡪ€ྲྀ᧏΀Ԛ͎c >@᯻ᮦ̐ઊᦒhᵸӨૅઍҊཌྷ€ྲྀ᰹҈ဧ͎€යಖଁ۫‫⪮͛ࣽנ‬ᤣཌྷcġġxಖyఘࡪ€ኜ᩷ Πடਾc >@▎ᣱंᦒhᵸӨடᵎ€ᔢ੐ᨰ‫€܆‬ध෶ᵤۨಖᏚcġġxಖyⱷࡪ€ኜ᩷Πடਾc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿h૮͎⬔ήҊુᵤͨᵸ͎€஛ಖᵤ෶ᦑြ͔૟cġġxಖyఘࡪ€ ᖭ▪▗া΀͎cብxடy઻๫ኜ᩷Πࣽ€xಖy઻ଁኜ€ਾԚ๫⠣c ~ட઻ᱥဧ€ᨸࡪࣽಖᤣc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhә೚⪮ੌ૦ਾ€ਾࣽ૦டcxடy̰x૦yடुͬ€ฎုᨸࡪc >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦h‫ͨ␊ݰ‬᭐੅ଁ͙૲‫׉‬Ө€Ԫଁ͙ຨடࣽതcġġxடy€xຨyடुͬc >@᫐ਾᔐ྅hੌਾြಣ€ಖຒ‫׉‬ஹc᩷ட␊๫ਿᏋᯅԪதcġġxடyᚾဧ€ྲྀ૾ຖᨸࡪc >@▎hຏ೰␊ᱧந€ટ᩷ட␊ᱧந€ຏ೰␊๫˷݆€ຏ೰␊๫ᣲ€ટ᩷ட␊๫ᣲ€ࡃடਾြ ๫᤻cġġxடy΢Мဧ€ྲྀᨸࡪ͎c >@஥Ѯ̡੾ԆhՖಖެட€۩াடચଵᩲcġġxடyᚾဧ€ટྲྀᨸࡪc >@᯻᩷ၕઍ๬ᦒh᧊ֳԚࣽ€Ԫ൴ຕட€᧊ֳ‫ֳ᧊€׉‬ਾࣽ€Ԫ൴എຏ҈ᵤဧԪୡԳcġġ xடy੐ᨸࡪc >@‫ݳ‬ๅѠh‫נ‬ட‫܈‬ಖ૳€շட‫܈‬ಖ҅cġġxடyટයc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hଁ‫܈‬᩷டᚳட€ଁշഝ၅ӂ͎cġġxடyᚾဧ€˴x᩷y઻ຖ€˴ఝ઻ຖ€ྲྀ ᨸࡪc >@᯻Ꭻ⦁hೲཀྵ͙ட␊Ԛ€Ꮛў҈ᐍcġġxடy€x͙y઻ຖᨸࡪc >@▎ರ͹঩h᩷டж҈␊டᣓ˻cġġx␊y૾઻͎€xடyಖҝͬ€੐ᨸࡪcಣઐ஥෦ᦅ ▗̡੾౪ᮇᠼໞድᏚᲽぽx␊டᣓyᇐഗc ~xடy઻ੌ␊ఘࡪࣽ€ҮᲿઍอ˴̡೩c >@ᗥᅮӞh▗ӿҍ෫ឝ€‫ڟ‬ြᎱ˻hnੌәሪ᫐͎ࣽ€⪮ᨈਾடә€ᑒ᦭டә͎€ᔄட҅€ ‫ڟ‬຤coġġxᔄட҅y€xடy␊x҅yடఘࡪcxᔄட҅y€धடxᔄಖ҅y͎cය᨜ᵤ ௎xᔄಖ҅€‫ڟ‬຤yடў͎c >@ᬃ̧Ӌಂhடଁ͙ሹӨடਾҊᄮࣽcġġᇊ˴xடy઻ఘࡪcxடଁ͙yสxಖଁ͙y€ Πᰳ⛎ўc ~xடy੐x␊y઻ຖੌⱷࡪடጓ€ಖિఝ઻ຖ€Ꮛxடy␊ⱷࡪࣽอᩲc xடy੐x␊y઻ຖc >@▗ͅ੾Ԇh␊ਾຖࣽ€␊ட̧͎cġġӨմhx␊ਾຖࣽ␊ಖ̧y€Ꮛxடyጓxಖy઻ ட‫ࠒ؜‬cཀྵ>ட@ုⱷࡪc >@‫ݳ‬લјhԪᵤດ๬͙␊டኣc >@▎▗‫ۇ‬h֔઺டೱ€Ҋާடૅ€Ӄ෋␊டૉ͎cġġxடኣyxடૉyxᚾடy઻€Ӄ 20

สxಖy઻ጓc >@⦡ങႆӪ෦h૮‫׉‬Ө͔૊€᭑Ꮋᔦᔦ€ᔯ᩷ᱥՋ␊ட⬔๼cġġxடyⱷࡪ€धմx␊ಖ ⬔๼y͎c >@▎ᦀྖӪ෦h೰ໟເᤀᚌਾ€Ԫౚᵤ⛆␊டӨcġġधմxԪౚ␊ಖӨy͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉hӼໍંြЖॡ੿€Ꮛ᫪␊ட૪cġधմxᏋ᫪Ӄ␊ંட૪y͎c࢑ۨสxᏋ᫪ ␊૪Գyટ⛖cxԳyࣽหxြಣy͎€ཀྵxடy઻ᥫสᜯͬ€⟹ຖc᮴षxԪᵤດ๬͙␊ட ኣyഗ€xடyટᜯ͎ͬc >@඄᲼hহᏋ̡Ֆ␊டࡪᩲcġġՉx␊ಖࡪy͎c >@▎hຏᏋ٫ය҈␊ફ€म҈⦀̐ြ‫׉‬Ө€Ꮛࠌੌ൉૞੘҈҅ᩲ€Ԫᵤ⛆␊டᎻ͎cġġ ՉxಖᎻy͎c >@᯻੿ြᦅᵠᦒh⩹␊ட᮴€ᔢಢ҈ᵤỳ€⩹␊டຖ€ᔢࣇ҈ᵤ෦cġġ धմx␊ಖ᮴yx␊ಖຖy͎c >@஥ઠ˸h⤖ढ़ੌ℡€␊ட঴̐cġġՉx␊ಖ঴̐y͎c xடy੐ಖિఝ઻ຖc >@஥ѮԆhᓛૅடᔤ€૲ட⦁͎€Ꮛᗩఠ᩷cġġՉx૲ಖ⦁y͎c >@᯻▪ཡ೚঩hਾᓒੌᛸ଻҈᱘๬ࣽ€ᔎಖ଻Ꮛೲ€ᇭಖ๬Ꮛ⪮€Ӄ͙᩷ட୉ֳ‚ເੌ᱘଻ ҈ᛸ๬ࣽ€ᔎட଻Ꮛ⪮€ᇭಖ๬Ꮛೲ€Ӄ͙᩷ட୉ֳ‚ġġ᮴մxᔎಖ଻y€ຖմxᔎட଻y €ᏋxடyӃ⛖xಖy҈੐ⱷࡪ€೰ᵤ੐x␊y઻டຖcය᨜ᵤ௎xᔎಖ଻yட␊ͬў͎c >@஥Ѯ੾એh๏ட⩾వ᪳㶯҈ூᣫடcġġ੿xடy઻Ӄสxಖy઻ጓc >@⦡̈͊ઐґḧӋ̰ᗉ௴ਐ᩷ૹੌர€ಎᧇடᢪcġġधմxᧇಖᢪy͎cයಣxடy઻ Ӄสᜯͬጓcཀྵᙼx␊y઻೺€xடy઻੐ఝ઻ຖ҈␊ⱷࡪࣽอᩲcť >@ᦒ੅੿hสடՖ€สட೚cġġधմ>␊டઅՖ€␊டઅ೚@͎c೪ఌઐಣ€ြᎫ⦁สx␊ டՖyx␊ட೚y€ြഗ⬤ўc҈ಖຖࠌဧx␊ட̈́yx␊டੑyx␊டẟ઺yx␊ட̑y‫ݲ‬ ഗ€‫ݲ‬xடy઻ྲྀᵤӃ͙ⱷࡪဤடcᭁӃጓสx␊டઅՖy€x␊டઅ೚yՉՉ€Ꮛxடy␊ ҝͬᩲc ȉᰝ‫ا‬ዹြxடy઻ߣⱷࡪߣဧц൏ֳຈ⪮ⳁൾᵤᗉcස˴ਿ҂᪍ચެ૨xடyᇐြxಖyߣ ဤ̧€೥˴ਿ҂▎੐>@>@>@̜ဤߣࢅࡵઍࢅ՜྆ฎ᳼੿ߣxடy͎Ӄ͙ጓ಻␊ᜯͬc҈ ՜̜྆ဤഗ᩷Ꮚߣဤഗຈ๫ࡵᓷᵤᓌடᣫ€Ӄ೩ᰝ‫ا‬ዹ՜˴ഗࣈߣ⠣ႋ೛ੌᘣ᪍ቫᵤસc ~xடy੐ⱷࡪ€ੌኜՊட᧵€᩷xಣyxೲy‫઻ݲ‬ᓌហ€Ꮛ␊ኜՊห઻cť >@᫐⠮֋୉hட̡ᣇ€▎തၟ‚ġġxಣ̡ᣇy͎c >@▎ၟಲ୉hၟ͙டَ͎ᔎֳ΁Ꮎcġġxၟ͙ಣَy͎c >@▎⠮֋୉hடਾ͎€டຒ͎€൴‫؟‬㩻᭑ཌྷ͙␊˴྅ᬯֳఠcġġxடਾyxடຒy€ध մxಣਾyxಣຒyc ȉኜՊห઻ぽདኜห઻Ჷf~gન಴xடy઻€૲ြҕᥫc ~xடyᢐxՋy઻€ছ‫ڠ‬ட˻‫ᦒ€ݲ‬ઍx‫ݲ‬y઻หxடြyࣽᤣ͎€ ҈ટੌᱥဧxடy઻͙หx‫ݲ‬yࣽcť >@‫ݳ‬ၕᜑ▗ḩசᦒ‫ׂݲ‬cġġཇմx̧சᦒடြׂy͎c >@஥ᦅ̡੾એhে‫ࡼݲ‬ӨcġġxেடြࡼӨy͎c >@᪙ΠhՖ௎෋ੌҝ૦‫ݲ‬ཀྵ঵cġġx૦டြཀྵ঵y͎c >@‫ݳ‬ᨚᔎh᩷▪̧ᓌ୐‫▗ݲ‬cġġx୐டြ▗y͎c >@ૹ᪱වΩ෦hृᏋਊட᪎€ΡᏋ༙‫ݲ‬ฎcġġಣx‫ݲ‬yxடyӈဧடࠒc >@▎᛾‫ײ‬෦hә‫ڟ‬෫ட‫׉‬ϫ€ᘲட຤ઁcġġधմx෫டြ‫׉‬ϫ€ᘲடြ຤ઁy͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿h࡙஌౪Ѳ€‫ޚޗ‬ਅ҈ъ‫ݲ‬੘€ࢧߵૹ€⸝३୻҈ъடкcġġxடyx‫ݲ‬yӈ ဧc >@ᎅ᩷ᣱंᦒhӷြ͍ଁ໤ᖋ€୰டَ๬҈๫ନ୥€€ᨢடᴳ᩶҈ᵤ೩ۤ٩€ࡵଷ‫ཱ€᠅ܧ‬ ખೡυࣽ€ብԪᣱՖ˴ਾcġġᚾxடyྲྀหxடြy͎c >@▎஥ҝᰝग़▗஽Υྡhᢊૉໟَࣽட੿˻cġġxَடြ੿y͎c >@⦡‫׳‬ᬃӪ෦hสલᢐ€යຖषட͔⦁cġġxषடြy͎c >@▎ᦀྖໟເeӪ෦hຨᔟ෦டಢਾ͙࿠կәcġġx෦டြy͎c x‫ݲ‬yหxடြy€҈xՋy᩷xֳyᓌᯛ€ཀྵx‫ݲ‬y▎หxடֳyc >@‫͎ূݳ‬hॎ‫ס‬ಖध঒‫‚ݲ‬ġġx঒‫ݲ‬yࣽ€x঒டֳy͎c >@‫ݳ‬લјḩ߱ᔎhnᔄᓄ๬‫‚ݲ‬oġġx๬டֳy͎c >@஥▪Ԇh૫ᚏযᔥᵤᏮ౭‫‚ݲ‬ġġx౭டֳy͎c 21

͙੿xடyหxடြyྲྀੌଁኜc ௎xyᗥ͔᪎hਾடಖଁ്‫҈נ‬ᘼԳcġġxடyટหxடြyᏋብหಖᯛҌ€ ಣxடy઻̰ଁ͙ͅ‫ڠ‬டΠᰳ€҈⪮ੌଁኜ͎€ಖဤ೩ຖcҮ᪎ૅ᣾΀xடy঄สxՋy€ຈ ๫஥ࠒcᭁᵤၟxடyหxடြyடဤ€⛎ᵤၟxடy␊ͅ‫ڠ‬டΠᰳ€ཀྵન஢‫ݞ‬ᚧҌcŦ ȉᣠմhઁਾ▪઻ᰒ᣺य़ߓ૾઻€ᦀྖ෦b‫׳‬ᬃ෦b᛾‫ײ‬෦bग़▗஽ΥМဤ€ ྲྀय़ઋ૾઻xՋy઻Ҍ€⪮͙xடyหx‫ݲ‬y͎c ȉᦊմhҮ᪎ૅ€ᭁኜӋषட‫ا‬cӋ‫ا‬Ү෦಻ͬ౪մhnxடyधxՋy͎cx‫ݲ‬yxடy˴ ᯛடᜯ€x‫ݲ‬y৘␊xՋy€ཀྵxடyટ৘␊xՋycᗥͭᅮӞ˻hpட҅҈ପ҅ட€ᵤ౯e ட҅҈ପ૳ட€ᵤၟcqَpြ҅҈ପ҅ட€Ꮛᵤ౯eြ҅҈ପ૳ட€ Ꮛᵤၟ͎cqᴋ৘xடy␊x຤y€૲டc͔᪎˻hpਾடಖଁ്‫҈נ‬ᘼԳcqَpြಖଁ് ‫҈נ‬ᘼԳcqᴋ৘xடy␊x‫ܨ‬y€ ટ૲டcॠᦔᦊഗટՉhnxடyधxՋy͎coᆏಣxடy઻൏঄๰ᴋ৘€x‫ܨ‬y͎€x຤ y͎€xӷy͎cnடಖଁ്‫҈נ‬ᘼԳo€धَxӷಖଁ്‫҈נ‬ᘼԳyc ~ಖ઻ኜ଻ੌᚾဧԳh˴␊‫ڠ‬டടͬ҈ုఘࡪ€̡͙᚝଻҈ုⱷࡪcxಖy␊‫ڠ‬டఘࡪ ࣽ€ࠪಖ‫˴␊ڠ‬ഗடടͬ€ࠪ␊˴ഗடुͬ€ࠪಖ‫ͬ҈઻ࠌੌڠ‬ᰳનᢢࣽcӷḈሹட‫€ڠ‬ Ꮛxಖy઻ൿုఘࡪ€҈␊ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻€⪮ಣဤ͎c௎xಖy઻᚝଻€ࠪኜ᮴▪€ ࠪหxԚy઻€ࠪੌኜՊட᧵€Ꮛྲྀલֳ଻҈ုⱷࡪ€᩷྽઻๫ᰗc ~‫˴␊ڠ‬ഗடടͬ҈xಖy઻੐ఘࡪࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hշ੐ಖ␊Ꮋ⬔๼͎‚ġġᔎഗჱ▪€धմxಖ␊Ꮋ⬔๼͎຀ത੐ֳy€ཀྵxಖ␊ Ꮋ⬔๼͎yட‫̰€ڠ‬x੐yடടͬ€҈xಖy઻€ಖఘࡪ͎c >@‫࢞׳‬Өhಖ␊ਾ͎ႄ᮳cġġxಖ␊ਾ͎y˴‫̰€ڠ‬xႄyடടͬ€xಖy઻€ಖఘࡪ ͎c >@‫׳‬᭑Өhಖட€ӂୡ͎€ಖઍ€⪮ӂୡ͎cġġӂxಖyྲྀ‫ڠ‬டఘࡪc >@⦡ങႆӪ෦hཀྵಖ೩๥€Ꮛ⛅୯ເ᪁ட᭤€ಖᓏᔤ€Ꮛᛛጓմᓉᩲcġġxಖ೩๥y˴ ‫̰€ڠ‬x⛅୯yடടͬ€xಖᓏᔤy˴‫̰€ڠ‬xᛛጓyடടͬ€ᚾ‫͙ྲྀڠ‬xಖy઻᎝டc >@▎᳁ᰓӪ෦hಖ␊۩͎€᮳ᓖᗩ҈␊ᗊ€ᜯᔤ҈␊؋cġġxಖy᎝‫ု€ڠ‬ఘࡪ€҈‫ڠ‬ ␊x᮳yடടͬc >@▎֥ᴋӪ෦hಖ೩ঁᗥເಣcġpಖ೩ঁᗥq˴‫̰€ڠ‬xເಣyடടͬ€҈xಖy઻ఘ டc >@‫ݳ‬ί౯hಖ␊౯ᩲ€ᵤ෋ᵤ౯ࣽകֳಖதcġġxಖ␊౯ᩲy˴‫€ڠ‬xಖy઻€ಖఘࡪ ͎c >@᫐Ӫዯᨉhཀྵಖ᱆ហ௎ठࣽ€ಖઋហ௎ไcġxಖ᱆ហyxಖઋហyᚾ‫€ڠ‬xಖy઻ఘ டc ~‫˴␊ڠ‬ഗடुͬ€҈xಖy઻␊ಖఘࡪࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӋ௎ᙦಖ๫᳥҈᱆҅ϫ€Ꮛ਺೷തኸ␊‚ġġxಖ๫᳥҈᱆҅ϫy€‫҈€͎ڠ‬ ␊xᙦyடुͬcᭁxӋyଁxᙦyࣽ⪮ಖx਺y͎€̰x਺y๫᳥҈҅y͎€ťxಖy઻€ ఘࡪc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhᔢೡᄙ҈૦ಖᤗ͎€ᵤӃຨᩲcġġ>ಖᤗ͎@̰x૦yடुͬ€҈xಖy઻ఘ டc >@‫׳‬᭑੿h്ட‫܈‬ಖᤇ͎€‫נ‬ட‫܈‬ಖૄ͎cġġ xಖᤇyxಖૄy̰x‫܈‬yடुͬcᭁଁx‫܈‬yࣽ⪮ಖxਾy͎€̰‫܈‬xಖਾடᤇyxಖਾட ૄy͎c >@‫ݳ‬ΠๅѠh‫נ‬ட‫܈‬ಖ૳€շட‫܈‬ಖ҅cġġᓌ˴ഗцcഗઍxடyxಖyᚾ઻ᓌኜ˴ਾ€ ҈ᚾ઻᧝ᵤӃӈ๻ࣽ€Ꮛxடy͛ᨸࡪ€҈xಖy͛ఘࡪடཀྵҌc >@‫੿̧࢞׳‬h‫׉‬Ө⩹ᵤၟಖᑈ͎c >@▎hਾ೩ಖᣎᵝ͎c >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өhշ᫥஛ಖఠொ͎cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€xಖyྲྀఘࡪc >@᯻᩷ᣱंᦒhਾ๫ᵎᰙ€๫ᵤࢅಖ᮳€ขಖ␊ਾcġxಖ᮳yxಖ␊ਾy€ྲྀुͬட‫ڠ‬ ͎c >@▎h᧶‫׉‬ଷೡ€ႆ⋍ટၟಖᠧࡵcġġxಖᠧࡵy€xၟyடुͬc >@▎੿ૉໟᦒhᏋ൴͔ᯛছӎ҈⭵ಖ౯ட͎cġġxಖ౯ட͎y€x⭵yடुͬc >@඄᲼h೰੅๫ԛ҈ફ€Ꮛ೰዗๻‫ݲ‬൳ட͔ә€ຏ൴ᧇಖଁ΀ᵤᣈ€҈᩷ಖଁ΀ᵎ€ᧇಖଁ ን€҈᩷ಖଁ‫נ‬cġġМxಖy઻ྲྀ‫ڠ‬டఘࡪ€҈М‫͎ͬुྲྀڠ‬c >@஥ស̡੾̜h٬ୖ€ୖூ▗ᔄಖᡩᦻ€‫܈‬ድಖ☙c४€ృ҈ድடcġġᚾxಖy઻€‫ڠ‬ட 22

ఘࡪ€҈␊xᔄy઻xድy઻டुͬc >@඄᲼h႘ட⥿୛ຖ͎€ᇮಖᛷ␊ட࣠€૬ఔಖ߽͎€ટઠடᩲcġxಖ߽͎y€xఔyட ुͬc ťx͎y઻᮴Ꭻသxཀྵy઻c ~‫ڠ‬᩺ࠌ઻҈xಖy␊ఘࡪࣽcť >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h␊ಖฬਾ҈ဧட͎cġġx␊yࠌ઻€᩺‫َ͙ڠ‬ಖཀྵ€҈xಖy઻␊‫ڠ‬டఘࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhཹಖᶀ͎€Ꮛࠋጠಖᧅ̧€Ꮛເடത‚ġġxཹyࠌ઻€᩺‫͙ͭڠ‬ಖ‫€آ‬ ҈xಖy઻ఘடc >@‫੿▗׳‬hਾடੌೲМϦ͎€धಖੌМᏡ͎cġġxधyટࠌ઻€᩺‫ཹ␊͙ڠ‬c >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬hເಖাᗂ㚹ය€Ꮛमਾ߽ᩲcġġxເyࠌ઻€᩺‫␊͙ڠ‬ዶ࢑͎c >@஥ស̡੾╺h৑ୖ€ᯊட͙ಖᵤဧស᪆ӻ҈ާ້̜ࣽҊਾ͎cġx͙yࠌ઻€᩺‫َ͙ڠ‬ ཀྵc >@▎h௎ಖᵤஇ€Ֆ⧲әͩ€ూ੐ຏᩲcġġx௎y઻ዶ࢑டͬ€ࠌ઻͎c >@▎Ѯ̡੾hᔢಖ᮳Ᏻ€ি෶ᖤෟగਾடͼ‚ġġxᔢy઻€ሑᨁடࠌ͎ͬc >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦h˹ਿಖᯅ௡ட‫آ‬๻ຒҌcġġxਿy઻ͭ‫آ‬டࠌ઻͎c >@▎̈͊ઐґhᤄಖໆ€ᵤ۶᱋€Ֆ␊ͨ᱋டcġġxᤄyટͭ‫͎آ‬c ͙੿‫ݲ‬᩺ࠌ઻ࣽ€ྲྀͬᰳનવட‫҈€ڠ‬ఘࡪᏋብxಖy઻€๻͙xຏy઻Ꮛᵤͬᩲc ȉՉhx␊yxཹyx͙yxਿyྲྀ૾઻€xधy€ᓌఝ઻cᰝ‫ا‬൞͙␊ࠌ઻€߉ᩲc૮᧿h ᰝ‫ا‬ઐਾ͎ᜎҟԅ՜˴ᘣ€ස੐~ᲷࢅhnМશࠌ઻€ ಖᵤ␊ហ҈ੌ঄਼઻ட඗ࣽᭁᨈcᭁྲྀዶภఝ઻bಙ઻͙␊ဧoc ~xಖy઻ဧြⱷࡪࣽ€ᰒ␊ਊ೩c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hͨ⪮‫נ‬ಖᕏ҈๻ட͙೷͎cġxಖyኜxҊᄮy€धմxҊᄮடᕏy€ཀྵ੐ⱷ ࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh̑೚ຨ͔ઈ€ᏋӋ᣺€͙␊෶ᖤಖഎ͎cġġxಖyኜx̑೚yc >@᫐੐ᨍhಖไ෮ୠ€ಖ૓ೂࠊ€ಖছ∌໤டᔐ€҈ӿቢМ੘ட೺cġġxಖyኜ੿▪xਾ ͍y͎c >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦hಖ▪‫€܆‬ಖఛၗ€ಖઢ୬€ಖ๬ᦀcġġ‫ݲ‬xಖy઻ኜ੿▪xඥᙈy€ྲྀⱷ ࡪ͎cᦒᲿઍxಖy઻␊ⱷࡪࣽ€ଁ੐ྲྀೲc ~xಖyጓເxԚy઻ࣽ€Ꮛଁኜ͛ᓌ˴ഗ‫͎ڠ‬c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hຏᧇಖᎻ‫آ‬cġġxᧇԚᎻட‫آ‬y͎c >@▎▗ӨhជြಖՖ҈ᵤဧ€Ꮛໆ€ᐭᐭය೩ြಖ҂cġġᚾ>ಖ@઻ྲྀ΀Ԛ͎c >@▎ᦑ੿hᦑಖ͍ࣽ€ၟಖᆁ͎cၟಖᆁ€Ꮛၟ‫׉‬ᩲc᧊ಖ͍€ளಖᆁ€ଁ͙૟‫͎׉‬cġġ Ԇxಖy઻ટ΀Ԛ͎c >@᫐ῨᲹh঄ೲ‫€͎آ‬Ꮋֹଉ҈ဧட€චಖੑ€ಢಖᖋ€Ꮪಖฤ€૊ಖုcġġМxಖy઻ ટ΀Ԛ͎c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hਾ஡ਾಖ෶€ञಖୡ€͙ຨଁ‫܈‬cġġᚾxಖy઻หԚ઻c >@ᗥ͔᪎hՖ̧ᵎಖᵎ҈്ಖ്€͓ਾᏚಖᏚ҈୯ಖ୯cġġМxಖy઻΀Ԛ͎c >@᯻ത᪰෦h᪰டୡᵤഎಖᏡ€ಖಫᵤഎಖ͍cġ xಖᏡyxಖ͍yधմxԚᏡyxԚ͍y͎c ͙੿ଁष€xಖy઻␊ⱷࡪࣽ€ྲྀኜᓌഗᓌ‫ڠ‬டട͎ͬc ~xಖy઻ဧ␊ኜՊࣽťc >@⦡̈͊ઐґh૮‫܈‬᪍͔૟€൴⪮ಖਾᵤӃcġġधմx⪮ੌເಣடਾy͎c >@஥ѮԆh᫅ੌಖฟ€തཀྵᵤӃ‚ġġཇմx᫅ੌເೲடฟy͎c >@⦡▪ફઐґhಖᤡ€͍ϡԩ૟᪜cġġxಖᤡyࣽ€xೲᤡy͎c >@ຖૹᗥྃઢhಖೡ€ާ᩷લҟ᜷ূᗥᓳcġġxಖೡyࣽ€xೲೡy͎c ȉයೲnဧ␊ኜՊo€᱆ᥫ‫׭‬ᛌ৑ኜՊห઻Ჷcය҈€ኜՊห઻Ჷf>@gぽન಴xಖy઻€ ૲ြҕᥫc ~xಖyੌኜՊட᧵҈ਊ͙␊⛎ϦடΠࣽc >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦hಖᎯೱ͔͓͠੾ፇ٪€ᎤӃᯊ੾᭑cಖ᜿Ӟ֡ᘸ᭹cಖಲᏋ᥸ု€ҋᏋ͔೧ 23

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>@஥ស੾ԆhြೲᎳ‫ੌا‬ᙦᛄԳcġġᚾxೲyᓌ੿c >@᫐‫⦁׉‬hೲ͙๬ᮇ͠੾҈୨⃾ႌc >@஥ស੾Ԇh̜၅҈๫ໝ€ೲ͙૝͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hೲ͙ຖ྅๫෦Գc >@▎࢞੿hೲ͙௎ຏ‫͎ېې‬cġġМxೲy઻ྲྀҝြx͙y઻҈ုલԳ€ಣસࣈ͎cŧ xೲy઻ဧြⱷࡪࣽ€΢ᦒྲྀੌc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hೲ͍ᵸ͙Ӌᩲc >@▎▗Өhլি௎ೲ͓⤀ઊය඾‚ >@ૹ᧥ફґhೲೡ€᧬ᯫҋ⇝Ρ૊cġġxೲy᚝ြ଻€ྲྀੌኜՊட᧵c ಣc ဧြఘࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hಣ૕ᵝ҈ੑਾ͎c >@▎ඥӨhಣટ૗ਾ͎ԛᩲc ဧြᨸࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᵎࣽટᏚಣֳ‚ >@▎▗ӨhᵤૻӃ͙୔ಣ҈ຨ೩ֳ‚ >@▎ᐘӨh૮Ӌ࿖Ꮪြಣc >@▎▗੿hᔢ઎ಣᛱӋᵤᰗᩲc ဧြⱷࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hಣ͍டଁ͙ᢐြӋࣽത͎‚ >@▎▗੿hብಣ‫␊آ‬යc >@▎h૮ಣӨᎻcġġ΢xಣyྲྀኜ੿▪டཌྷ€ࠪ঄᮴Ӄኜட૟͎c >@஥᫐̡੾̡h᙭ᣃ€ಣಖ೪ֳġġxಣy€ఘࡪ€ኜਾ€ᓅව͎c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hಣੌၟᦑ෶়Ҍcġġxಣyఘࡪ€ኜ੿▪டਾc >@ૹ᧥ફґhಣᔄફᤋ€‫ݲ‬൴ྲྀ‫ࠌ͛€܂‬இዑcġġ xಣyኜ੿▪᙭ቕᇐ€xಣy᩷xೲy઻๫ᰗc߆ድ͙੿ଁष‫ݲ‬ഗ€xೲyxಣy̡઻டᏊ€ ᪎ࣽӃাຨடc ᓄcုఘࡪbᨸࡪc >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hᓄԳ६ᓄ‚ġġ੿xᓄyఘࡪ€ኜxಖਾy€Өxᓄyᨸࡪ€ኜxಖຒyc >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈hᵤᓙ␊Ꮪடӷြᓄ͎c >@▎੎൅hြᓄ␊ࣇcġġxᓄy␊xՋyຖҝͬ€҈੐ᨸࡪc ုⱷࡪc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hເடതಖ෋ᓄᎻጐ҈͎҅‚ >@▎ᐘӨh͛લᓄМࣽc >@▎hᚦᓄ‫€͎ܝ‬ᲅᓄ٪͎c >@▎ඥ੿hᓄ̡ࣽ‫͎׉‬cġġԆဧxᓄy઻€ྲྀ᚝଻҈੐ⱷࡪc ௓c >@೦ᗼ‫َث‬h௓ཀྵᵤَc >@஥Ѯ˸h௓͍ᵤ᧧cġġᚾx௓y઻˴ఘ˴ⱷc >@ᦒ͔࡙ࡏh૬௓੐௓c >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬h▪ᵤ੐௓ֳ‚ >@‫͔ژ‬Ị‫ڧ‬hᲅ઺ြ௓cġġМx௓y઻ྲྀ੐ᨸࡪc ȉᣠմh͙ᰝ‫ا‬ಣࢅϹᆏӨ▪ᰝ‫ଁا‬᪍‫ݲ‬ဤ€nಣ૕҈ੑਾ͎o€xಣy઻ኜ᮴▪૟͉€̰ᵤ ဧxೲy҈ဧxಣycnೲॐ⦡͎o€ಖ‫ࠑੌآ‬ӃХ€⛬҈Ӄኜ€ ટဧxೲy҈ᵤဧxಣyc▎ᰝ‫ଁا‬᪍டဤཹ༕ட€nೲ૕‫׉‬Ө҈͎߱o€nಣ૕ᵝ҈ੑਾ ͎o€ഗцવᢢໟᓌ€̰˴ဧxೲy€˴ဧxಣyc௎६ಖ▪๻␊nಣ૕‫׉‬Ө҈͎߱onೲ૕ ᵝ҈ੑਾ͎o€▎નॣᵤӃ⛖c ȉᣠմhxাೲyx઎ೲy€̰ઁᦒਊ೩டဤ€ೲxೲy઻ᤣ␊૾઻xাy઻x઎y઻ଁҝc ȉᦊմh‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊӨn͙ೲ␊ᵤ᪫o€஥෦ᦅ▗੾̜ᮇn͙ೲድடo€ઠ▗˸ᮇn͙ೲ૦൅o €ᮡᐘ෦ၣ▗̜ᮇn͙ೲ␊⛬ઁ͎o€ᗥ̜ͭᮇᔎn͙ೲ᪇ட͎o€ྲྀx͙yલြxೲyட ဤc ૮᧿hᰝ‫ଁا‬᪍ဤ€x͙yสxᓖyጓe ᦊ‫ଁا‬᪍ဤ€x͙yสxဧyጓc˴ုxೲy᷁€˴ုxೲyલ€൏⪮྇යc ~xՋy€૾઻͎€ᵤҝxடy઻c΢ဧxြடyᚾ઻டᣫ€ Գ઻หԳcť̛ᲽմhnxԳy€xೲy͎co᧥୲Ӌ‫ا‬մhnxԳy€xြೲy͎coxԳ yหxြೲyࣽ€ኜ૟͎€หxြಣyࣽ€ኜϫ͎€หxြடyࣽ€ ኜਾ͎cxԳyหxடy઻ࣽ€ብဧြᨸࡪҌcයྲྀဧ္͙ഗ͎cಖဧြഗઍࣽ€ᬘ͙ዼᆸ 25

ҌcxԳy઻Ꮚဧ€ᓉ೩ြຖc xԳyหxြೲyxြಣyxြடyဧ္͙ഗc >@‫ݳ‬ᨚᔎh‫נ‬ட€෶ഝᯘֳ‚᧣Գ€෶ഝֳࣘ‚ġġx᧣Գyࣽ€x᧣ြՖy͎cx᧣y␊ ぽఝ઻€ᵤ௎x‫נ‬y␊೺ఝ઻͎c੿մx‫נ‬டy€ᏋӨഗ঄մx᧣ြೲyᩲc҈xြೲyᵤਊ ဧ€ཀྵxԳyหԳc >@஥ᦅ̡੾˴hಔᙫәᦒ෶ᇆୡြӋ઺€Ӌ၅᧷Գcġġ xӋ၅᧷Գyࣽ€x၅᧷ြᦒy͎c >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦hಖ᧊Ֆ᩷ᓛ҈‫܈‬ᶀட€˴Ჽடઍ€̜ପ᧵Գcġġx̜ପ᧵Գyࣽ€x̜ପ ᧵ြೲy͎c >@஥ᙦ˸hលഥ҅Գ€ฐೱ࡜૽cġġxលഥ҅Գyࣽ€xលഥ҅ြಣy͎c >@▎ᙦ੾˴h෋ᯔ᫂অ€Ԫ൴୨ԳcġġxԪ൴୨Գyࣽ€x୨ြಣy͎c >@▎សԆhᖺ€ԫ൳෋˹㴵␊̡▗̧ᲅ᫚᩷Ꮎ€ᵤላ€᳼᭚cġġx᳼᭚yࣽ€x᳼᭚ြ ಣy͎€͙੿xԳyหxြೲyxြಣyࣽ€ྲ္ྀ͙ഗ͎c ̡૟ໟཹ€͛ဧxՋy઻͙᳼ଁ᩷ཹࣽલ€҈xԳyหxြಣy€ဧ္ཹ༕ഗࣽ€ᰒ␊ਊ೩c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hԫᓛ€‫׉‬Ө⩹஑Գcġġx⩹஑Գyࣽ€⩹஑ြೲy͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h˻ଣੌ⬤Գcġġx⬤ြೲy͎c >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬hᏚ⩹͔Գc >@▎h૦౯⩹⛬Գcġġྲྀಣ໫͎c >@஥ស̡੾Мh୥҈ฃட€᳥▎⬤Գcġġx⬤ြೲy͎c xԳyหxြೲyxြಣyဧြഗઍࣽc >@‫͎ূݳ‬hৣຨடਾԳӂֳ‚ġġधմxৣြಣຨਾҌֳ‚y >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᨈਾடြᓛ͎€ᦑ͍ԳҌᩲcġġ धմxᦑ͍ြಣҌᩲyc‫̧̐׳‬ហष᧥թъxԳyส>ြೲ@ಥcŦ >@▗ẏએh឴˹৑ಖ͔ᔍ€Ꮛ๫ਾᔍԳࣽ€৑ಖᔋ€Ꮛ๫ਾᔋԳࣽcġġधմx๫ਾᔍြಣ ࣽ€๫ਾᔋြಣࣽyc >@ૹ▪ફґhೲ๰૟Գ૔ᨈ€⦦નക఑͎cġġधմxೲ๰૟ြೲࣽᣐᨈy͎c >@᯻ሪ̧Ꭸ஽Υྡh௹ᙶ⻗ᵤ˴ष‫ج‬๧€ᶀሊட€▎Ө҄Գࣽྲྀೲ͎cġġधմx▎Ө҄ြ ೲࣽy͎c >@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿h௎൉ંୠ€৑Գ෮㜏Ҍcġġधմx৑ြಣЌ෮㜏Ҍyc >@ᗥ೧૭h‫̧׉‬Գᆠާ૪cŧġġ धմx‫̧׉‬ြೲᆠާ૪y͎cxြೲyࣽ€xြಖ‫آ‬y͎€ઁᦒਊဧடc >@ԫΠh̰અᜍᤗ€Գᆠ␊૭cġġᓌ੿cብ᧥୲Ӌ‫͙͛ا‬xԳᆠyᚾ઻ࠌ‫€ڠ‬൏દᢐҌc ŨxԳyหxြೲyࣽ€ͭᆠ␊૭ட‫€͎آ‬xᆠy€ͭಖ૟டࣜട͎€ᚾࣽੌᵤ͛ໟࠌࣽᩲc xԳyหxடyࣽc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷ӋӨhᓛਾྲྀ˻ᵎ€යຖᨕடc >@‫ݳ‬ၕᜑhᎤշட€͛ᨕԳeᎤႄட€͛ᨕԳcġġಣxԳyӃหxடyࠒ€ብxԳy္͙ ഗ༕ષҌc >@஥ស̡੾̜ḩৣ̛ᣍ€ᏋՖੌடeְ͊ᢋఢ€ᏋՖϫ૳ԳcġġӨഗxԳyหxடy€ ္͙ഗ͎c >@⦡੾̡‫ݲ‬൳ᮇो঩h੅ᓖূ൧டᓒ€Мᓛ᮲᩷€⛎␊൅ఘ€▪‫͔᧤ଁݞ‬໿€ྲྀ࣓҈ᖋԳc ġġxԳyหxடy€੿ኜ੅c >@ૹກ⦦෦hઆઽ⬤എட€⦦Ꮋ‫נ‬ᓅԳcġġᓌ੿c >@᯻⥿▪ཡ೚঩hእಖ๫͙ःਾட⦁࢞டࣽ€҈ດ᪍‫ע‬ᳫடࢅᕷԳcġġટ᮴᧵͎c >@▎ᣁͭhϯਾ૟҈ተຨட€୉ᔆઍ҈થԳc >@▎hፇᣮᖤ҈ࡗԳcxԳyหxடy€͙ᓳഗ͎c ȉ᙭մhᰝ‫͙ا‬xԳy␊ห઻҈ጓ␊xြಣyxြೲyடហcxԳyટ‫⪮€઻׊‬ห઻͎cເ‫׳‬ ̧nြಣੌਾԳo€▗೷෦nᙦြೲԳ҈ఛઅo€ಲ⦡nြԳ⣮Ўoᇐဤ€ ࢧᵤ෶ൿΝxԳy␊ห઻͎cဧxԳyட‫€آ‬຤຤ᵤ͜຃ߣॱΠ€ࠪߓઋxြಣyxြೲyᇐ ઻€ಣ๷͙xԳy઻␊ห઻ᏋᵤӃc ȉᦊմh‫̧̐׳‬ហ€ᠧ෮ກዦcກ઻͉ॡ€кఇචᣋਾc᧥թ€ૹҹऺਾ€᭐ੌ઻Үጓ€٬ъ ᚤᓛ᲼೦‫⩎੍ا‬३᣶̧ᇐc ȉᦊմh૮ઐᗥͭสn̰࢞૪ฟ೫ြ‫̧׉‬Գc‫̧׉‬ᆠާ૪coӋ‫ا‬Ү෦಻͙ͬ␊xԳy઻ᥫ๰ ೦‫⩎੍ا‬᳼xᆠާ૪y੿€ᰝ‫ଁا‬षᭁ๰಻ͬc ȉᦊմhҮ෦಻ͬ৘xԳyधxြೲy€षྃᗥಝᗥᗥͭ೧૭ԫΠ઄੘Ү‫ݲ‬ဤ€͙␊nྲྀઁਾ 26

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ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻̡ட ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻̡டМ М ~ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻€̌ሹ᮴▪€াͅ˴‫͎ڠ‬c઻ੌ̜h˴xಖy઻€਀ए‫ڠ‬ឝc̡xଁy઻€ᤣ ฎ‫ڠ‬Ϊc̜xࣽy઻€္͙‫ڠ‬ᘄc̜઻ଁኜ€ᵤ˴ಖហ€҈ဧц‫܅‬Գc ~ಖ઻Ϊ‫਀€ڠ‬एಖឝ€ဧцੌ̡h˴੐ఘࡪ€˴੐ⱷࡪc ~xಖy੐ఘࡪࣽ€ੌ᮴ͬ␊଻҈xಖy઻̌ሹࣽc >@⦡੾̡‫ݲ‬൳ᮇो঩hᤗԫ੅࿍€ಖ੐ͅဠၗ⬤cġġxᤗԫ੅࿍y€ Мᓛઐ଻͎€xಖy̌ኜட€ᢐx੐ͅဠy̜઻͙ͅ‫€ڠ‬xಖy̰ఘࡪ͎cxၗ⬤yࣽ€xᤗ ԫ੅࿍yடो͎ͬcເೲxಖ੐ͅဠyМ઻˴‫ᦢ€ڠ‬ြഗઍc͙Өଁषྲྀಷಣc >@᯻Ꭻ㛛hઁடՖ̧€ಖ᣿Ԛ͎‫͙ث‬ဠ€ಖຑਾ͎჈͙‫܆‬cġġᚾxಖy઻ྲྀ̌ኜxઁடՖ ̧y€ፇᓌ੿c >@▎Ꭻ⦁h⁇€ຖடਾ€ಖ‫܈‬ᔄ౯ហ⦁ຒடࢅ€᯼๰҈ᜮட‚ġġxಖy઻ኜxຖடਾy€ ҈␊x‫܈‬ᔄyடఘࡪcx᯼๰҈ᜮடyࣽ€धմxຖடਾ๰തਾ҈ᜮடy͎x᯼y઻ᨸࡪલ ᳼€ಖဤ೩ຖc >@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿h੅ਾ€ಖ૳Ꮋ͎␦䚫€ಖ෋Ꮋ͎է便cඊட͙㆚€ᙦட͙䚫€ၠட͙ᩀᣒ€ᆤ ட͙Ҡ᳥€෋‫׉‬ӨடᎻଁ͙Ӆ୯ြ੿ࣽ€⪮ߢ๫઎͎cġġxಖy઻ᚾဧ€᣾̌x੅ਾyc >@᯻⥿▪ཡ೚঩h‫ע‬ᳫ೚▪ཡ€᣺▪ᦊ€ಖဠ୉‫׉‬Ө€΢ੌ๬€͛‫ڟ‬ြ╙ᝬલ૳€͙૦ࣙᣓ ಖଁઢcġġᚾxಖy઻€ᇊ˴xಖy઻€᣾ኜx▪ཡy€҈␊xဠ୉yடఘࡪ€͙ͅ˴‫ڠ‬c >@▎೚ࢅhઁடःਾ€ಖચਾ͎߽ᩲ€ध೰๰೚҈ᔎԳcġġxಖy઻᣾ሹxઁடःਾyc >@▎சઍ̮ຖ⑏h̡▗டᵎ€ಖࠝடᆜᩲcġġxಖy઻᣾ሹx̡▗yc ~ੌ᮴ͬ␊ห઻҈xಖy઻᣾ሹࣽc >@᫐⩎ંhಣಖमкѲட߸€ᵤӃ␊೬ᯊcġġxಖy̌ሹxಣy઻cxಣy€ห઻͎€૮ ␊᮴ͬ€xಖमкѲட߸y␊‫€ڠ‬xᵤӃ␊೬ᯊy␊ഗ€҈xಣಖy̡઻ࠌဧ€൏ͅ˴Π€Ϲ ᆏட€Ꮛ஡␊ഗ‫ڠ‬டఘࡪc >@▎hಣಖཹ᭑ཌྷ͎€ᵤ൏ᦍજட੐ြᰝᏡֳ‚ġġцᓌc Өषxೲಖyxຏಖyྲྀᓌxಣಖyc >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝhೲಖ␊ໟ᎛͎€ᅁ᣾ઊ᪚ၐಇᐘட᎛ᇥ⅗ӂ඾ >@᫐ᡩႢhຏಖଁṓ౯ហ͎€Ꮛฤ΀டՖ̧eಖଁṓ౦ᕏ͎€Ꮛฤ΀ட͓ਾcġġ xຏಖy̡઻ໟࠌ€҈ᇊ̡ഗᏋxຏy઻ᵤဧ€ብဧxಖy઻cೲᏋxຏಖy̡઻€஡␊ఘࡪ ҈⪮˴Π͎ࡵᩲcයᏋxಣಖy᩷xೲಖyટ঄යᩲcಣഗxຏy઻̰ഗઍடᨸࡪ€૮લ᳼ Գ€▎͙xடy઻‫ث‬ኜcಣဤ߆ຖc >@᫐ਾᔐ྅h೰͎ຏಖଁἈಖଁ᩷Ꭴᰗ€͙ហᴕட€ᵤટֳ߽ >@᯻ᲾᏅᩜ૳ᦒhຖಖຨட€͛ੌ͙६ட͎c >@஥ઠ੾˴hઊಖឡᖋ€૦‫ޚ‬ಖ‫͎܈‬c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hೲಖᵤӃ˴͎cġġଁဧxຏಖyxઊಖyxೲಖyྲྀᓌ੿c >@᯻⥿ᤗ䙇Өᇊ঩hઁடଁ΀▗๫ரࣽ€ಖ६ሆј⧲€๫ኸြ്஌߽⛬€ብಖષӃԳcġġ xࣽyટห઻€xಖy઻᣾ሹc >@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿h␊ਾఘ੿͎ࣽ€ಖଁ͙ሹӨடҊᄮࣽ€๫ᗥហ᧣ൾ€Գ᧻૕ဧᣒᩀҠ᳴㆚ߝ€ ᙼ䚫ಖӨ€ࡗಖ؋ဧ҈ԛᩲcġġxࣽyxಖy̡઻ໟሹ€஡␊ഗ‫ڠ‬cť ťᦊմhಣഗᥫ᩷੿▪nᵤᵸ͙ᦑਾடୡପਾட҅oࠌᎯ€ᰝ‫⎥ا‬ઋx͎y઻€͙டᎯӨഗ€ ҈΀nxࣽಖy̡઻ໟሹo€͔߉c ૮᧿hᦊࢅೲ€ብष▪ᵤᢢ€ᵤ☬͉ጓcᢢ▪␊hn΢ਾ டఝ͎€␊ᣒᩀ␊ட€Ꮛ೩ેᣐԳुᩲcཀྵᣒᩀҠ᳴㆚ᵤᵸ͙ᦑਾடୡbପਾட҅b␊ਾఘ੿ ͎ࣽcಖଁ͙ሹӨடҊᄮࣽ๫ᗥហ᧣ൾ€Գ᧻૕ဧᣒᩀҠ᳴㆚ߝᙼ䚫ಖӨ€ ࡗಖ؋ဧ҈ԛᩲc͔ᨉᏋӷ€෋டᇮᯅ٪Ꮛֲ͛€⨟๥ᣫᚤᏋ͛ಲmmo ~ੌ᮴ͬ੐᮴ഗ€҈xಖy઻ኜட͙‫ۋ‬ಖຖࣽ€ᭁྲྀ͙xಖy઻␊‫ڠ‬டఘࡪ͎c >@‫׳‬ඥӨhੌਾြಣ€ಖຑ͙ͨ㙷⥹€ᏋՖ̧͛াᶀ͎cġġxੌਾြಣy␊ഗ€xಖyኜ ಖਾ€াͅ˴‫͙ڠ‬᚝டc >@ૹҠцઢhੌՖເೲಖᵎ͎cġġxੌՖy␊ഗ€xಖyኜxՖy€धմxੌՖಖ␊ᵎ͎ ເೲycť >@᫐ຒણᇒhԩࣽ€ં០டࣇ͎€ಖӃ͙␊ц͎€ぽἈட҈೺ᵤప͎cġġxԩyࣽ€ંԩ ͎€xಖyኜxંԩy€া␊˴‫ͅ҈€ڠ‬Өഗடടͬc

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ť᧿h~ટषಣဤ€നຏᣫΝ␊ഗઍxಖy઻nക҃᩷▪ហ๫࠻o€ࢅ᩷ಣᰗcᦢ> @Ჷъŧc ~xಖy઻੐ⱷࡪ͎€᮴ͬલ᳼€҈xಖy઻Ө͛ሹ଻઻€xಖy઻᎝‫ڠ‬ឝ͙̌ኜ Գcᔐੌଁኜ᮴ͬࠪ⤰૒ഗឝ€҈ᵤ͛া␊ഗ‫€ࣽڠ‬ເೲᏋxಖy઻᩷᮴ͬ௎ໟࠌᎯࣽයc‫ށ‬ ட€ሹ‫ڠ‬xಖy઻€͙xಖy᩷᮴ͬᵏሹ€҈▎া␊˴‫€ڠ‬ཀྵ͙Ꮚြኜ଻xಖy઻Ҍc >@஥ស͠hઊ‫ݲ‬൳டᤄ€ಖຒҠᗥហ€๫ᓛᵤͭcͭႃடฎ€ՖᏩ༖ᩲcġġxಖyࣽ̌ ኜx‫ݲ‬൳டᤄy͎€धմxᤄઍଁੌடຒҠᗥហ€๫ᓛᵤͭடy͎€ཀྵxಖy઻␊ⱷࡪ€ ҈xಖຒҠᗥហy␊xͭyடुͬ€૮લ᳼Գcಖဤ೩ຖc >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬hՖ̧ုೲᓛ͎€ಖՖဧட€Ꮛ૊ૄᰟඐcġġxಖyኜxՖ̧y€҈᚝ြxՖy €͙Ϊ˴‫ڠ‬cť >@⦡றฆӪ෦h૮றฆ€ಖ๬ᔢᵤཏြ̐ហ€යಖَ͛ൾ€ಖ๬͛຀€Ԛ࢒͛‫€ه‬ᵤ‫נ‬ಖ ໪€൉˹டᙞᓏ€Ўԛ᧊হ҅૳ᩲ€҈ᵤԋಖ෶€ౚปಖຒ€ᭁટੌᵸ૨ࣽԳcġġx૮ற ฆy̜઻ᱥ᳼ြឝ€xಖy઻᚝ြ଻͙̌ኜԳ€⡏ͅᯊ‫€ڠ‬᣾ӷx൉˹டᙞᓏy€ යຖᝡᦒxЎԛ᧊হ҅૳ᩲy˴ഗ€੿ሹx૮றฆyடടͬ€धລ⡏ቝᯊഗcഗ‫ڠ‬ടข€ᯛΦ ᑗᜯ€ᰒ␊Ӄцc >@᯻ᕷᣱລ൧঩hᔢය€છ߽ட͓Ꮋ€ಖᵸХનॣӷ٪ೱ€᫅ੌᵤຨಖଁ€෶া᣾ြዑᗁட ⦦ࣽຼᩲ€ଞ෶াာြ᎛⦦ֳ‚෶াာြ᎛⦦ࣽຼᩲ€ଞ෶াာြ౾⦡டযֳ‚ġġxછ߽ட ͓ᎻyԆ઻€̰x෶াာြ᎛⦦yഗடടͬ€Ŧ૮᳼ြឝ€͙xಖy઻᚝ြxᵸХy€᣾ሹ͙ Ϊ‫€ڠ‬ᔐြಖઍ€▪ඬᎳᨁ€Өᝡᚾഗ€ӿ‫˴׌‬Ꮅ€Ӄцc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhᄪ…ႌᦘ€ಖઢ൴͙૦ੑ͎cġġxಖy᚝xઢy઻€੐ⱷࡪc᣾ሹxᄪ…ႌ ᦘycብxᄪ…ႌᦘyຖ๫ળఝ͙␊ഗ€ᏋМ઻⤰҈๫᭐cᨗᏋြហ঄մxᄪ…ႌᦘடઢy€ ▎ᵤͅ᥍€ཀྵဧxಖy઻€ଁ͙Ӳಖᰳ͎c >@᯻⥿ᣠृӟ঩h૮ᣠ̡᩷஌€ಖ᧵িᰗ͎‚ġġഗц᩷੿ᓌc >@▎೚ࢅh಑̧டບ€ಖᵎᵤ٬ਸ̧cġġxಖy઻டဧ€ટ᩷੿ᓌc >@⦡୨᫐Ӫ෦ḩଁَࣽ€ಖਾ᩷⭜ྲྀԛ໌ᩲ€਀ಖَ੐Ҍcġġ xࣽಖy̡઻ࠌဧ€xಖy੐ⱷࡪc ȉᣠմhxಖyኜ੿▪xᓛy઻€⪮ኜxՖ̧yc ȉxછ߽ட͓Ꮋyឝલᥫೲx෶া᣾ြዑᗁட⦦yடടͬ€යຖ␊x෶াာြ᎛⦦yடടͬ€ Ḉ᮴य़c ~ଁ઻ᤣฎΪ‫⋍ࠪ€ڠ‬೺ఝ€ࠪ⋍૾઻€҈͛લԳc‫ੌڠ‬ടͬ€xଁy઻ຖடc >@᫐‫׉‬ਉhຏ€ਾடଁष€⪮षਾ͎cġġxਾடଁषy€‫€͎ڠ‬xଁy€ ኜxຏy€xषy€೺ఝ͎€xଁy␊xषyடुͬ҈લԳcxਾyࣽ€‫ڠ‬டടͬ€ ҈xଁyຖԳcཀྵxଁy‫ڠ˴ုܨ‬டΪ€ᤣ͎cx⪮षਾ͎yഗ€xຏyಖട͎ͬc >@ᗥ͔᪎hધࣽ€ଁ͙૟Ֆ͎cġġx͙y૾઻€xଁy⋍Գ҈ုಖલcፇᓌ੿c xଁy઻͛ုᨸࡪ€ಖဧцᗂಖ᮴ͬடલຖੌ๫␊Ꮚc ~᮴ͬલֳxଁy઻ࣽ€ੌ⛬᩷xଁy઻ໟࠌࣽԳ€ੌ߽੐᮴▪ࣽԳc҈ಖ⛬ࣽᏋੌ ␊଻઻Գ€ੌ␊ห઻Գ€Ӆ঄஡␊஌ࠒ͎ࣽc ᮴ͬ␊଻઻c >@ૹੑ౦ઢhᡑࣽ੿டଁᅲ€䭨ြ˶҈হᨰcᛲࣽᎻடଁ൵€૳ြϫ҈ᵤԈcġġ ᚾxଁy઻˴ኜxᡑy€˴ኜxᛲy€ ҈xᡑyxᛲyྲྀલxଁy઻€xଁy઻▎␊xᅲyx൵yடुͬ€ฎᨸ҈લԳc >@஥Ѯ̡੾Ԇh࡜ೲ㘉㖟ଁ͙ᬘ̤ࣽ€‫ڟ‬๫٬લՖcġġxଁyኜx㘉㖟y€x㘉㖟yલ ᳼€xଁy␊x͙yଁҝ€҈ટલԳc >@᯻ᬰ˼̮ᦄᏢͭḫடಾଁ͙ߛ૭cġġ x̮டಾy€xଁyட᮴͎ͬ€xଁy̰x͙yடҝͬ҈લԳc >@▎ְᘊ෦hᘊ␊ਾ஑ͭ҈☬ፓ€াֹଉடห͙٬੅૟€๫ᵤ┖࿩€ᚈᵠbୟᲔb൒ໟbᵌ ਿb޴‫ا‬b઄ҮbϫΥb઻ᦒbᓙᣁb౪߸bҊૅb‫׉‬ਾடᦒ€٬ӷ‫ע‬ᳫ୨̧೺ᓛடࢅ€ྲྀଁ ߆ᝀcġġxଁy‫ݴ‬ኜ͙੿‫ݲ‬᪎c >@஥ᦅ੾Мᚂᖀͨ᣶ᓻட˼€ԡ┵ଁု€ඕߞଁ៖cġġᚾxଁy઻ྲྀኜx᣶ᓻட˼yc >@஥ѮМhଡ଼டಲ੽€ᰝடଁ૳€๫ೞᓛԳcġġxଁyኜଡ଼ಲடϫc >@ૹӋᰟ෦hᰟሙ᪖๝ఠ€‫܂‬ೠඍ؈€ྲྀ᮴ଁ൶ੌ€଻൴ଁᵤ٬cġġᚾxଁy઻ྲྀኜ᮴ ૟c >@஥ᦅ̜੾˴h͔ુ͔ೱ€தடଁ࣑͎cġġxଁyኜx͔ુ͔ೱyc 30

>@᫐⠮֋୉h૮̧டَ€͔҈๫ဧ€Ꭴଁᓌઋ͎cġġxଁyኜx̧டَyc >@ૹᛸཝ෦hએ᪎ࣽӋ༻ட୘Ჿ€લःଁ͙ࡵ‫̐€⦁׉‬ਾ෯€ପӷсடͅц͎cġġ xଁyኜxએ᪎y€҈ҝြx͙y઻c >@᯻ሪ̧Ꭸ஽Υྡh὚൧⪮ਾଁုcġġxଁyኜx὚൧yc͙੿ଁष‫€ᦒݲ‬xଁyட᮴ͬ ྲྀ଻͎€҈લ᳼Գc ᮴ͬ␊ห઻c >@⦡Ờಖ෦h‫ଁݲ‬᩷૛⛖€᩷⪮ᣨ࿇͔⥺cġġxଁyኜx‫ݲ‬y઻€␊x᩷y઻டҝͬ҈લ Գcx‫ݲ‬yࣽ€ኜՊห઻͎fဤ೥߆gcx૛⛖yடടͬ€Ќ᮴▪டxࣀઊy͎cधմx‫ݲ‬΢ ࣀઊଁ᩷૛⛖டਾ€᩷˴⪮ᣨ࿇͔⥺y͎c >@⦡றฆӪ෦h‫ॣଁݲ‬၅€࡜஛೩டcġġxଁyኜx‫ݲ‬y઻€ᓌ੿€धմx‫ݲ‬΢᪙ॠૅଁ ॣ၅€࡜஛೩டcġġxଁyኜx‫ݲ‬y઻€ᓌ੿€धմx‫ݲ‬΢᪙ॠૅଁॣթடਾ࡜஛ਾ೩டy c >@᯻ຓ฾Ӌᥩ᜻h΢ଁ͙Ֆᓛ̧ᎻຑМਿ€˴ચြ౯ហcġġxଁyኜx΢y઻€x΢yટ ኜՊห઻͎c >@᫐‫׉‬ਉhຏ€ਾடଁष€⪮षਾ͎cġġxଁyኜxຏy઻€xຏyห઻͎c >@ૹ᧥ફґh̜ࣽྲྀਾྂ€Ԫ෶ဧட€ಣԪଁ͙६‫׉‬Ө͎ࣽcġġxଁyኜxಣy઻€҈⋍ ြx͙y઻c >@▎᛾‫ײ‬෦hಣଁ͙␊ఘ੿ஔ߽ᵤᓅ͎€ଁ͙ᗥ喁͔ә҈ᎧಖᲷ͎cġġ ᚾxଁy઻ྲྀኜxಣy઻€҈xಣy઻έ˴೩ࣽ€Ӄ೩xಣyxଁyᚾ઻டᵤໟࠌ͎€ ҈xଁyኜxಣy઻μࡵᩲc >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hಣԆફ̜Ӌடଁ͙᩷๥͎c >@▎சҌ᙭ፇӪ෦hಣәடଁ΀෦ᒁ҈֔ίસ͎ࣽcġġᚾxଁy઻ྲྀኜxಣy઻c >@‫࢞׳‬Өhઊຓ๬ࣽ€িਾଁᵤ෶඾‚ଁᵤ␊͎cġġᚾxଁy઻ྲྀኜxຓ๬ࣽyc >@᫐ম⁎࿍hಣَ̜ࣽ€㿧டଁᤆ͎cġġxଁyኜxಣَ̜ࣽycť ੿ष‫€ᦒݲ‬xଁy઻᮴ͬྲྀห઻͎c ੌ͙xଁy઻߽ኜ€ഠ᪍᮴▪ࣽ€ಣᭁ᩷᮴Ჷ͙xಣy઻␊᮴ͬࣽഗцໟ൏c >@᯻ರ͹঩h͔⤀ઊட⨟ၟြ ‫€̧׉‬ဧୡြ঄྅ࣽடଁ␊͎c >@▎h͔⤀ઊᵤ⨟ြ‫ࣽآ‬டଁ␊͎cġġᚾxଁy઻ྲྀኜీ€धմxಣ͔⤀ઊடyՉՉc >@ૹ᛾‫̑ײ‬สhଁ͙ࡵੌᓅ͎c >@▎hଁ͙ࡵੌધ͎c >@▎hଁ͙ࡵੌষ͎c >@▎hଁ͙Ρဵ೰ࡵੌ౯͎cġġМxଁy̧ྲྀ஡ኜ᮴▪Мీc࢑കxಣy઻€᩷᮴Ჷଁष ഗц᩷ᰗc >@஥ᦅ̡੾˴h཈͔ઊଁᵤ෶͎cġġxଁy઻ኜ᮴૟c >@஥ᦅ̜੾˴hႎ͍ଁ΀ᯅ€ટ͙͎࢞cġġxଁyኜ‫͙ॄ̧ݳ‬ӟത␊ೱ૟€ ੐᮴▪⬤߽c΢ಣഗц€ྲ္ྀ͙ీ͎c ť>@xຓ๬ࣽy٬>@cxಣَ̜ࣽyߣxࣽy⪮ห઻€ᥫ␊‫ڠ׊‬ட‫~ᦢ€઻׊‬Ჷc ~᮴ͬຖֳxଁy઻ࣽ€ટੌ଻bหட⠣c ᮴ͬ␊଻઻c >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhව̧ଁုட઺€൅᧲டଁᲅ඾‚ႎટᗬТடଁᲅ᩷‚ଁੑடᛲ€൅᧲டଁᒅ᩷‚ ႎટᗬТடଁᒅ᩷‚ġġxଁုட઺yxଁੑடᛲyᚾxଁy઻€˴ኜx઺y€˴ኜxᛲy€ ྲྀ᳼ಖຖc >@⦡ങႆӪ෦h‫ଁ׉‬અ͔ᱥՋ€ᓅᔎᤃફ᩷᮵cġġxଁyኜx͔ᱥՋy€धմx͔ᱥՋ€ ‫׉‬டଁઅ€ᓅᔎᤃફ๫᮵cy >@▎hങႆଁ᩷ͨဳᘩ㱚೺েϫ€ങႆ⪮෶ӷ͎cġġxଁyኜxেϫy͎c >@▎hᝀລ಴੅ଁ෋᩺ჩଁᧇങႆϫࣽcġġ੿xଁyኜx᩺ჩy€Өxଁyኜxϫy€ྲྀ ஡ຖԳc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hૹடଁ᳼෦ໟਿႬಖ૟cġġxଁyኜx෦ໟyc >@୛᲼h൴Ꭱা␊‫ڙ‬ᏋӃᩲ€҈ટത͙ໝલӋடଁ͙⨟൴Ꭱட᧵ֳ‚ġġ xଁyኜઐഗӨx᧵y઻c >@୛᲼hә஛෹ຮࣽடᵤᨕલӋடଁ͙ॊ෤әட͉€҈▎ᵤଷြәடଁ͙૟લӋட͍cġġ ᚾxଁy઻˴ኜx͉y€˴ኜx͍y€ྲྀ੐ಖຖc >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hଁᖀΡ̧ᦒ٬ᇒᛳྲྀ੐೘ૡଁcġġ੿xଁy઻ኜӨxᦒy٬xᇒᛳyc >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈ḩடଁላ€ᤗᚤছcġġxଁyኜ̜Ϧc 31

>@᯻᩷ሪઍ̮ᦒhᔢᓛૅཀྵଁ૲ϫ€೜ᤡӃળ҈ຨcġġxଁyኜxϫy >@▎᩷ᴋ҈▗ᦒh᮴ຖਾଁ᩷٬⪐Ⴎ၆ଁ⥿ဈཌྷ€ງ៛ቕৢਾఘடcġġ ᚾxଁy઻ྲྀኜxဈཌྷyc >@ૹᙬ᛾෦hଁ҅ૅຨᨙು᧬ᘸ෹๰ࣽcġġxଁyኜxૅy€धմx҅ͅடૅy͎c >@᯻᭢ૅᙲ૟ષಙhཹ̑สଁ࡝‫⦁ݲ‬᣶‫ט‬᜿ᰝ€ဤྲྀᵤ‫غ‬઄ჹ€ᵤขં੽cġġxଁyኜӨ ▪x᜿ᰝyc͙੿ଁᦒ€xଁyட᮴ͬྲྀ଻͎҈ຖ᳼ࣽc xଁy઻᮴᳼ຖ҈␊ห઻ࣽ€ᾫ␊xࣽy઻c >@‫੿࢞׳‬hಖଁ͙߬ಖॐ͍ࣽ€ટधᮂᝥடြઈ͎cġġxଁyኜxࣽy઻€Ꭻಖଁ͙͍߬ ட૟᩷ᮂᝥปઈ᩷ᰗ€ཀྵxࣽyટ⤰ኜ૟͉Ҍc >@▎hሯႤடካᄪ€૮᫅‫૳܈‬ட€ྲྀၟଁ͙ளடࣽcġġxଁyኜxࣽy€Ќմxྲྀၟଁ͙ ளடட၌y͎c >@ᗥ͔᪎hಖଁᎨࣽృ҈ಖଁృࣽᎨcġġxଁyኜxࣽyࣽ€ྲྀᆛਾ҈َc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h٬੅҈ᵤය€ಖฤᓒ⪮ᤇఛᠲ͎€ଁ੿͎ࣽ࢞ͪeᓒ⪮ᤇᗥហ͎€ଁ੿ࣽҠ᳴ ͎cġġᚾxଁy஡ኜxࣽy઻€धմxಖฤଁ੿ட૟y͎c >@᫐ຒણᇒhଁ‫נ‬ಖ๼ࣽ€⪮‫נ‬ಖࠑ͎€‫נ‬෋ಖࠑ͎ࣽcġġxଁyኜxࣽy઻€धմxଁ ‫נ‬ြಖ๼டཀྵy͎c >@ᤗ᲼hᗂԪૅଁᨈੌࣽcġġxଁyኜxࣽy€ЌմxᗂԪૅଁᨈੌடཌྷy͎c >@᫐ள૳ఘhәடଁႄࣽ⦁͎€јֳሲᩲcġġxଁyኜxࣽy€धմxәଁႄட૟y͎c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hଁ‫ࣽנ‬ሂцᶊட€ଁንࣽూц‫ڃ܂‬டcġġधմxಖଁ‫נ‬டਾyxಖଁንட ਾy͎c >@᫐цᲹhᴾМ᧸டぽ€ଁ͙અશᥩᑒ᦭сೱᎮ൧ᔖዑూࣽ€ຆॣᵤцःਾ඾ġġ धմxଁ͙␊ಣட⦁y͎c >@▎ࡃ૳hᏨடଁ͙ᗉᝬࣽಖೲ᩷‚ġġधմxଁ͙ᗉᝬட⦁y͎c >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhૹӋଁ͙೫ၟ‫׉‬Өᙞᣵտ˶૨ृ஑ᩞடᣫᎻଁছ௡ࣽ€͙ത೫ຨ੅ᓙᦒ ͎cġġxଁyኜxࣽy€xଁ͙೫ၟyՉՉࣽ€धմxଁ͙೫ၟເಣடཀྵy͎c΢xଁ͙ ࣽyடഗ€ྲྀᎫಖཀྵ͎c >@ૹກ⦦෦hᥧᎻଁ͙૊ಖ˼ᗁ҈হᢨᣌ೉ኃட͍ࣽ€۩ԩͶ͉͎cġġxᎫᎻଁ͙ເಣட ཀྵ͎c >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅh੿ଁ␊ᯊᔎՖࣽ€ᰘՖ໴ఝᵊઍcġġxଁy̰x␊y઻ҝͬ€ ኜxࣽy઻€ટᎫཀྵடͬᰳ͎c௎ಣഗц€΢ᦒᦑੌ€ᭁᵤ٬ᆇष͎c ~ੌ͙xଁy઻๬டΪടࣽ€Ꮛಖ᮴ͬ߆ድ੿Ө▪€ੌӃᵤَ҈Ḛࣽc >@ᗥ͔᪎hଁ΀በத੐̐ಖ͍ࣽc >@▎hଁ΀‫ه‬ಖ᧵ࣽcġġ̰Ḉ੿▪҈َcधմx੿▪ட΀በத੐̐ಖ͍ࣽy€x੿▪ட΀ ‫ه‬ಖ᧵ࣽyՉc >@඄᲼hଁᤇြ‫׉‬Өட˹ࣽ€␊ਾ⸝ᤆ಻ᴤጓՕఠ҈๫ଁ६͎cġġಣሑَ྅ਾଁ͙ᤇ˹ட ⦁€xଁy઻⤴ടࣽ€ᵤَ҈Ḛ͎cť ⛎ੌ෦ઍᰉ▪͙xଁy઻Ϊടࣽ€҈༎ъ᩷Ү᪎ૅ᣾΀xଁy઻Ս঄‫آ‬ᰉͬŦ€ᭁỮનϹ‫؍‬ಖ ▪€ཀྵ‫ݞ‬ᚧҌc >@஥▪੾̜hଁᵤᛌӂᱬࣽੌເѲcġġxଁyኜxࣽy€ಣഗੋxፇເyᚾ઻€धմxፇ ເᵤᛌӂᱬੌເതyՉcᭁᰉ▪͛ੌዶ࢑டͬcŧ >@▎સ̜hፇଁੌ‫҈ૹޚ‬᣶ࣽੌ௎͔ჹcġġಣകx੆yxੌyᚾ઻€μࡵᩲcधմxፇເ ੌ‫҈ૹޚ‬᣶ட૟ੌ௎͔ჹcy >@▎ᦅ̡੾̜hଁᵤ‫ڟ‬ြՖ༗͵ᦒࣽੌເೡcġġधմxፇເੌᵤ‫ڟ‬Ֆ༗͵ᦒட͍cy >@▎ᦅ̡੾Ԇhᱧଁᵤ࡜᧣ြՖ୯ᑒ᦭ࣽೲ᩷€ੌເ੿ફcġġಣჱ▪͎cधմxᱧເੌᵤ ࡜᩷᧣Ֆ୯ᑒ᦭டਾੌເ੿ફy͎c >@▎ស̡੾Мhଁᵤ᩷జ‫ا‬ᓌ͍ࣽੌເଷંcġ धմxፇເੌᵤ᩷జ‫ا‬ᓌ͍ட૟ੌເଷંyՉc >@▎સએhଁᵤ͙␊ઍᎡҝᰝࣽੌເલՖcġġधմxፇເੌᵤ͙␊ઍᎡҝᰝட૟y͎c >@‫͎ূݳ‬hլଁ҃ࣽ‫׉‬ᓧடcġġधմxፇເੌᵤ૊ட͍‫׉‬ᓧடcy‫ݬ‬஌ጓxଁy઻ટՉᰉ ఛ€Ũᭁનၟxଁyxࣽyᚾ઻ӈኜடဤҌc ť>@Ꭻ੐n⛎ੌ෦ઍᰉ▪͙xଁy઻Ϊടࣽmmཀྵ‫ݞ‬ᚧҌo˴ీຖ€૮ಗ᮴c Ŧᦊմhಣմn༎ъ᩷Ү᪎ૅ᣾΀xଁy઻Ս঄‫آ‬ᰉͬo€୰༎ъຈ๫͙xଁy␊ᰉͬጓcਸ ᘊࡃ஌ટอ͙xੌເy␊ᰉͬ҈ᵤَxଁycብᙘ˸ᇭ⸺ͭြស̡੾Мᮇ෦඗nᰉͬ૨մxଁ 32

ᵤycoଁՉҮ᪎ૅࠪЌኜಣc ŧᦊմhҮ෦಻ͬ౪մhnxଁyधx௎y͎€xࠪy͎coᰝ‫ࢅا‬ઐಣc Ũᦊմh̐ហմhnpլଁ҃ࣽ€‫׉‬ᓧட€‫׉‬ᓧடqࣽ€ ಣᰉఛ͎coብॠᦔ᭤ъմhnxଁy€ᰉఛ͎coᰝ‫ا‬ଣኜॠъ҈َc ~Ү⦡ઍxଁy઻લֳఝ઻҈੿Ө▪ຈ๫␊ଁኜࣽ€᣾Ӄᗂເଁኜட଻c௎xଁy઻ ᮴ക͙xੌyx๫yட઻€ಖဧц୥ਊ೩͎c >@ᗥઍ᥷h૪᧬ଁӷ€ਾୡଁ⛖€‫׉‬டଁӼ€ϫடଁ๦€ೡ೧ଁҕ€᜝ᜦଁᚊ€΢ੌằᰳ ࣽ€⩹ᵤᰟ്cġġએxଁy઻ྲྀલಖఝ઻€ಖલຖຈ๫␊ଁኜࣽcಖ᧵धմx૪᧬ਾୡଁӃ ⛖ҟடᣫ€‫׉‬ϫӼ๦டૈᢐ€ೡ೧ҕ޻டན‫€ޅ‬᜝ᜦᙿᩛட˼੽€΢ੌằລᰳடਾՉՉy€ᵤ ͛ࡵَଁኜ‫҈଻ݲ‬ಖ᧵Ӄၟcཀྵxଁyᢐఝ઻€᣾ᗂᓌ଻઻͎c >@▎hଁ૦ֳ̧€͙૟⬔ન෶͎cġġxଁ૦ֳ̧yࣽધ͎€धմx͙ધ૟⬔ન෶y͎c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hଁӷᓛՖ๫ᵤ⠣য᩷டሷᗥcġġxଁӷyࣽ€΢ӷடᓛ͎€धմxଁӷட ᓛಖՖՉՉyc >@▎h͙ଁ૨๻ଁຼcġġЌ͙Ԛ૨டཌྷ๻ಖृཌྷ͎c >@‫۩␊ݳ‬hଁུμӃၟ͎cġġxଁུμyࣽ€धմxུμடᗥy͎c >@‫࢞׳‬ӨhᏋ᪙੐ଁֳུ€੐ଁμֳ‚ġġधմx঄ུ঄μடᓛy͎c >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өh౯͙ࣽಖଁ‫נ‬٬ଁᵤ‫€נ‬ᵤ౯͙ࣽಖଁᵤ‫נ‬٬ಖଁ‫נ‬cġġxଁ‫נ‬y᩷xଁᵤ ‫נ‬y€Ќ͙หਾᎻb੽ϫ͎c >@⦡᯻⪮Ӫ෦h΢ࢅட఑€੐ၟ࿥ଁࢅடଁᓅ҈‫ڃ‬ಖଁ̣cġġxଁࢅyห᩷ࢅடਾ€xଁ ᓅyxଁ̣yࣽ€Ќଁᓅଁ̣ட૟͎c >@‫׳‬ඥӨh▎ᏸடြಖଁ຤cġġxଁ຤yࣽ€ଁ຤டϫ͎c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hଁсЌ੿᧵ଁ‫܈‬᳥լО⦡ⳁᗩࣽcġġxଁсyxଁ‫܈‬᳥y€ྲྀኜਾ͎€ध մxਣଁ‫܈‬сடਾЌ੿᧵ଁ‫܈‬᳥ࣽ᩷О⦡ⳁᗩࣽcyxլy€x᩷y͎cť >@‫׳‬᭑੿hԪᔄድ⛬ә͙ಖଁ␊ఘ€ድ߽ә͙ಖଁఘcġġ xಖଁ␊ఘyࣽx߽әy͎€xಖଁఘyࣽ€x⛬әy͎c >@᫐ῨᲹhᓗ டଁ੊€⦫ᐊடଁ౾€ਿ̡֔ፇᗁcġġxଁ੊yxଁ౾yࣽ€धَંᙬӃࢥ ӃੑӃཫடϫ͎c >@ૹᙬ᛾෦h૭ͨೡᔄଁᵤᔄcġġxଁᵤᔄyட૟͎c >@▎ഥஉ⛖෦hԪᵤ⛆␊▗ଁ␊€▗ଁ␊ᵤᢐઁcġġxଁ␊yடᗥ͎ྃc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hઊ‫̧׉‬டଁॣᓅ€Ꭴᥧடଁॣᨖ€҅҈҅Ҍ€ᚌਾ૊ષຨເಣ҈ዼᱝட඾ġ ġxଁᓅyxଁᨖyࣽЌ͔ә͎c >@ૹҝᰝໟເ෦h૮ಁᤗᎻ͙᚝᧲Ḱ€ཙଁᅞ͙૟๫ဧcġġxଁᅞyࣽઍᓛடᎻ͎c >@᯻੿ြໟ▗ᦒhଁድ዗ြ᮴€ଁઽ๻ြぽ€ટಖ͉ષ͎cġġxଁድyࣽ€ َ೺ᮯ͎€xଁઽyࣽ€َぽ͍͎c >@▎Ჾᣱઅடᦒh௡ૅয̈́ੑᵤᵸ€࣭ြଁ്cġġधَxಖଁ്டពଶy͎c >@᫐ள૳ఘh঴̂␊▪᧷Ֆጓ਺€‫ج‬டଁ፲€⥛டଁජ€ᵸடଁᳯ€ᕬடଁḠ€યය᤬ය€ ੃̅ᘡයcġġधմx‫⥛ج‬ᵸᕬሹြ਺தடᣫಖ੃̅ເೲy͎c >@ᤗ᲼hཀྵࡵఘᨕໟ€‫͙܈ه‬൅Ӌ͎␊ઢ€Ꮛᚤߗ⪮ଁલcġġx⪮ଁલyࣽ€ᵤ঄લட૟ ͎c͙੿ଁष€ྲྀxଁyᢐఝ઻€Ќ͙หଁኜட଻઻␊ဧ͎c ťᦊմhᰝጓ߉͎cӨ▪˻hnЌ੿᧵ଁ‫€಻܈‬᩷О⦡჈ԩࣽco෦ᭁ΀ਣ⡻ᢐ੿᧵€ଁсட ֚€ເಖਾ␊੿ଁ‫܈‬കட᳥͙ࣽ€Ꮛ࡝૛௕౽டО⦡eເಖਾ␊੿᧵ଁ‫€ࣽ಻܈‬Ꮛ࡝૛নԩட О⦡cxЌy€x௎y͎exլy€ఝ઻€⪮ࠌ઻c૮᧿hᦊࢅೲ€ന␊ҕఙᰝ‫ا‬ጓࢅ€ઐ▪ ન੐nଁ‫܈‬᳥oຖക⛠‫پ‬c ~xଁyᢐఝ઻€ಖલࠪകx๫y઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ࢧಖ૟ட๫͎e കxੌy઻Ꮛᶀೲc҈xଁy઻ᨗൿ␊ಖຖఝ઻டुͬcᭁଁ␊ࢧxੌyx๫yࣽ€ Ќxଁy઻ଁኜட૟ཌྷ͎c >@⦡ୖໟᓛ྅ૅh᪍૟๫ଁ዗⛎cġġधմx๫዗⛎ட૟y͎€xଁy␊x዗⛎yடुͬ€ Ќኜ዗⛎ட૟cӨಷಣc >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦hᔎ‫ޞ‬๫ଁ‫ڟ€ت‬૒๫ଁᜮcġġᓌ੿c >@▎Ờಖ෦hׁ૟Ờಖ๫ଁᵤӃcġġЌմx๫ᵤӃட૟y͎€ᓌ੿c >@▎hઊ๫ଁ࡝ໆ€̰Ꭵ޻ߵ൳cġġधմxઊ̐๫࡝ໆடᣫcy >@ૹ෦ᤣᇐ෦hᆢ᭮ᯉ௓ᯊᶀӼ҈ᵤ‫€܂‬๫ଁຬ⪠cġġधմx൴๫ຬ⪠ட૟cy >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h⪮ൾ๫ଁ᩷‫ڙ‬૟ࣽcġġधմx⪮ൾ๫᩷‫ڙ‬૟டਾcy 33

>@‫ݳ‬લјhြԪَ๫ଁᵤࢅcġġЌx๫ᵤࢅடَy͎c >@᯻หசᲿᦒh๫ଁ෶ਾ€̰ષ͙ᩇ᥮€ੌଁ෶ਾ€ᔢᩇ€᥮ြฤి€ᵤ঄᥮ြ๬ઁਾட⦁ ࣽcġġx๫ଁ෶ਾyЌxਾட๫෶␊ࣽy͎c >@▎ቕѱ⢵஽Υྡhಖૄ௎૳ᬿ€᭑ཌྷ͛೫€੘ੋϫ᪆€߬॔㙷๰€๫ଁ‫ݴ‬ґcġġ Ќմx๫ੌ‫ݴ‬ґಖᕏૄyࣽcӷ௎ >@ᗥᅮӞhՖடә஢ြ᳥€Ꮛੌલਾடབྷ᥹੐€Ֆ๫ଁᱝ૽c >@஥̡ͅh෶јᵤ෶⧲€Ֆ๫ଁᱝ૽c >@▗ᦅ̡੾͠h๫ଁဧᏩ€‫ڟ‬෋▗̧䍷‫܆‬டcġġ᧥୲Ӌ‫͙ا‬xଁy઻␊Π‫׊‬ጓ€ᵤၟx๫ ଁᱝ૽ycxԳy€xြಣy͎€xଁyหxြಣyࣽ€͙ᜯͬ੐લ€xՋy઻य़ཀྵ͎cಖဤ ߆ຖcཀྵxଁy੐x๫y᷁€␊ुͬ᩷␊ᜯͬ€ಖហ಄ය͎c >@ૹ஌᥼෦hᯊᔎಖૅ૱ፇ૔ੌഃଁc >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅh⬔ઋᗁଁລஇcġġxଁyᢐ଻b྽‫઻ݲ‬c೚ઁմhnഃଁࣽ€ ഃެ͎coཀྵxᗁଁyࣽ€xᗁެy͎€⪮ห઻͎cᓖ᚝ૻԳc ~ࣽ઻္͛‫ڠ‬ᘄ€ଁ΀Πԛ͎ͬcࢅ▪΀டᏊ૟டఛ€ਐໜ΀டЌཌྷடఛࣽ€͙ಖੌଁ ኜ͎cብxࣽy઻္‫ڠ‬ហ௎ടͬ€ཀྵ͙Ӫ৑ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻cಖͅ‫␊€͎ڠ‬ဧੌ͠h˴␊ഗடടͬ€ ̡␊ुͬ€̜␊ोͬ€М␊ҝͬ€Ԇုⱷࡪࣽ€એဧ௎കΠࣽ€͠ੌዶ࢑ͬᰳࣽc ~xࣽy઻္‫␊ڠ‬ഗடട͎ͬc >@‫੿̧׳‬h␊ಣ‫€ࣽژ‬ಖၟ⦁ֳġġxಖyኜਾ€धմx␊ಣ‫ژ‬டਾಖၟ⦁ֳyཀྵx␊ ‫ࣽژ‬y̰xၟ⦁yடട͎ͬc >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬hೲཀྵၟ૽ࣽ€ᵤઅֳᤨඪடӨcġġधմxၟ૽டਾy͎€xၟ૽ࣽy̰ᢢഗட ടͬc >@‫੿▗׳‬h͙ୡዶਾࣽᛱ€ᛱ͛ੌ͔ᓛc͙ຒ๬౯ࣽӋ€Ӌᵤຑ͔cġġᚾxࣽy‫ྲྀڠ‬஡␊ ಖഗடട͎ͬc >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬h␊ᅁ዗டѿࣽ€๫ଁဧ৥Գcġġಖഗцᓌ੿c >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhԣӃหՖࣽ‚ġġधմxӃหՖடਾೲԣy€ᔎͬ€ཀྵჱ▪͎€ ߆ຖcxӃหՖࣽyഗடട͎ͬcť >@᯻ത᪰෦h␊ᗥ࿐ࣽ€૕᪰ଁᵤᢐࣽcġġधմx␊ᗥ࿐டਾ€ᾫྲྀೲᵤ᩷᪰ໟᢐடਾc yഗហᓌ੿c >@⦡றฆ෦hᨶ࿰ࣽ‫€܂‬ᨶᓛࣽ൳cġġᚾ‫္ྲྀڠ‬xࣽy઻€஡␊ഗடടͬc >@ૹᮦହ෦hઊ࿪ԡᗉட͍ࣽ€૝ᢊᙲட˶cᇮᵤᚧட᧵ࣽ€ᔏंႀடᔍcġġ ᚾxࣽy‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬஡␊Өഗடടͬc >@ᤗ᲼h૮ઊ༼ߣ⪮⮫᳥ြ͎€☬Ӟषᰶ҈᭹ட€ઍࣽᏋ᮳€ᵤઍᏋឱcृΡᤇᚌ€Ꮛᓌ͍ ြ᮸டࣽ€ത͎‚շಖՊਾ͙ᴤ͎cġġधմx෶ઍடਾᏋ͙␊᮳€ᵤઍடਾᏋឱcyཀྵxઍ ࣽy␊ഗடടͬcӨഗxᵤઍyᚾ઻€Ўੌxᵤy઻€ཀྵᵤകxࣽy઻͎cಖӨxृΡᤇᚌᏋ ᓌ͍ြ᮸டࣽy€̰xത͎yடടͬ€धմxಖ͍ເೲ຀ത␊y͎c >@᫐‫׉‬ਉh͙ૄ␊ೲࣽᵤ෶ᠲᑞ€͙ᓷ␊ೲࣽᵤ෶ᠲ଻€്ᢪࣽᵤ෶᩷ਾჁcġġ ̜xࣽy‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬஡␊ഗடടͬc >@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿hႄ˹ࣽ஑€ᵤႄ˹ࣽᩞcġġഗцᓌ੿c >@᯻ሪ̧Ꭸ஽Υྡh၍੯͙᣶␊ј˹ࣽ€ྲྀ̧͙Ꭸ␊೚cġġधմx၍੯͙᣶΢␊ј˹டਾ ྲྀ೚̧Ꭸy͎c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hཀྵ᮳с૳ࣽ€෶ኸਾ҈എ‫آ‬cġġഗцᓌ੿c >@▎h௎ӷୡ᪅ॊ̑℡⤠᛾€␊ᢪ୯͙ͅᗊ€͔ࣽ໴ऺ€ઍࣽ໴᎛€Өࣽ໴ዑίࣽ€ᵤӃᖤ ᯊcġġधմxӷເᦑୡြ᪅̑⤠␊ᢪ୯͙ͅૄᎨ€ಖ͔ࣽ໴ऺ€ઍࣽ໴᎛€Өࣽ໴˴ዑᇐ€ ਾ૨ӷᵤӃ೬ᯊy€‫␊ྲྀڠݲ‬xᵤӃᖤᯊy€‫␊ྲྀڠݲ‬xᵤӃᖤᯊyடടͬc >@▎̈͊ઐґhᧇ̈Ӌ‫׉‬Өࣽ€͛࠺▗͎cġġxᧇ̈Ӌ‫׉‬Өࣽ͛␊࠺▗cy >@᫐ຓ๫ੇhઊ␊‫׉‬Өࣽ€ટᜍ͙ᰗֳཎᰝ඾‚ટઋಖેᰝࣽ҈ԛᩲcġġx␊‫׉‬Өࣽy€ ̰Өഗடട͎ͬc ťዹ>@€ᰝ‫ੌا‬ᚾ൵ᵤᓌߣࢅц€ಣᣫࢅxӃหՖࣽy␊ഗடടͬeӨ>@᩷ಣဤ‫▎€ث‬ ࢅxԣy੐ఘࡪ€␊ടͬc ~␊ुͬࣽc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hԪᔄဧӺ዗᧲ࣽ€નᔄ዗ြ᧲͎ࣽcġġଁxᔄyࣽဧӺᗥ዗᧲ฤட⦁€ଁxન ᔄyࣽᶀֳಣடࢅ͎cཀྵᚾxࣽy‫̰€ڠ‬xᔄyடुͬc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhြೲј҈‫ࡪݳ‬াઁ͙૝ဧ૟ြੇᝬࣽcġġଁx‫ࡪݳ‬yࣽЌাઁ͙૝ဧ૟ြੇ 34

ᝬࣽ€ཀྵ␊ुͬc >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦h᮳ᗂੌඬࣽ€Ќ๫ඬࣽᗂடເႆcġġଁx᮳ᗂyࣽੌඬடਾ€ཀྵxੌඬ ࣽy␊ुͬ€xЌ๫ඬࣽy̰ዶ࢑ட‫€ڠ‬೩Өc >@᯻⥿᯻ຮ⦡঩h⦦ຨᦑ᠒ಖଁহМ੾᭑ᰁࣽcġġଁx᠒yࣽЌଁহМ੾᭑ᰁட਻c >@⦡ࣀઊ෦hટ‫܈‬ජࣀઊषଉႶኒ૳ԩయடຖেடࣽcġġଁ‫܈‬xषଉႶኒyࣽ€Ќલయຖ েடਾc >@▎ങႆӪ෦hဦዼઅ๏ᵤ᭹᮳ᰝࣽcġġଁx๏yࣽᵤ᭹᮳ᰝடਾc >@ૹ᧥ફґhᔧ๰‫ݲ‬൳Ӌᡫ࿍டஹហફӋ൴ໟࣽcġġഗцᓌ੿c xੌyx๫y̡઻ຖଁੌட‫€ڠ‬ťਊ͙xࣽy઻␊္ࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hનੌ౯҈‫ޞ‬ಖ്͎ࣽ€નੌហ҈ຖಖՖ͎ࣽcġġೲधմx౯҈‫ޞ‬ಖ്ࣽનੌ ͎€౯҈ຖಖՖࣽનੌ͎cy >@▎hවူடບ€๫⦁ၣ▪ட૟ࣽcġġ ೲເմxවူடບடઍ๫ੌ⦁ၣ▪ட૟டਾ͎cyසເh >@‫▗׳‬Өhᤗਾ๫͙౯ហ᩷Ӌَࣽc >@඄᲼hೲ͙೺૎୉‫ن‬ட˹๫۶ᦑ᧣ြ᮴ࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhӋடәੌႂಖᧅ̧ြಖଶ҈ட࿍୉ࣽ๫⪮૟ࣽyઁடਾੌ๬டࣽc >@▎ᐘ੿hੌદ਺҈मॡӨࣽyੌລြӋࣽc >@▎ᖭ੿hੌ␊ᝬ᪅டَࣽެ๬c >@▎▗Өh૮ੌ‫ت‬ਾட਺೷҈␊டཎடࣽc >@▎ᦑ੿hੌ૟Ֆਾࣽ_ੌ૊ᑒ᦭ࣽc >@▎▗Өh͛ੌຨ‫ࣽآ׉‬ᩲc >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒhੌ෶࢞ࣽ€͙ಖ।๿டc >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦hೲ໫ੌ͙Ԫ࣭࢞டࣽc >@᯻ᩑ▗஽Υྡh᧝⩹᩷▗ੌྱᑃࣽcŦ >@஥ᴼ̡hඟੌާ້ࣽc >@᯻੿ૉໟᦒh൴ੌ૾ြಖྈࣽc >@੅᲼h઎ಣድட€շੌᵤᚤֳࣽ‚ġġᇐഗ€ྲྀಣ໫͎c ťnxੌyx๫y̡઻oᎫέสnxੌy઻o€૮ᆛषဤۨc Ŧxྱᑃࣽyᵤͅ˴xࣽy઻‫€ڠ‬xੌྱᑃࣽy⣿ೲ˴‫ڠ‬cxੌy੐‫ڠ‬ぽ€ᵤ੐‫ڠ‬೺€᩷සဤ ᵤ䱇c ~ဧ௎ोͬࣽc >@‫੿▗׳‬h६‫ݲ‬ਾ͙␊᮳€ೲ᩷ਾ␊᮳͎ࣽcġġx᩷ਾ␊᮳ࣽy€̰ഗடोͬc ΢ੌोͬடഗ€Ќടͬ᩷Πͬᓌ␊˴૟€҈͙ಣोຏட␊௎ᓄ͎cोͬᾫ␊྽઻ᣈ଻઻ԛයட ͎ٚcཀྵोbടᚾͬ€લຖடࡪྲྀᓌ€ᭁᚾࣽᓌΠ˴૟͎€ಖ߆೩ຖc >@‫੿▗׳‬h೬๥҈ຖј€᧻ᖤ҈ຖᤄ€ೲᰘ̜Ꭱ͎ࣽcġġxᰘ̜Ꭱࣽy€ो͎ͬ€ धմxಖјಖᤄເಣ€ೲЌᰘ̜Ꭱடਾy͎cසເh >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh͙͔૟͓ࣽ€Ꮪ‫͎ࣽ׉‬c >@▎hચֳӂࣽ€ᶀֳӂ͎ࣽc >@▎▗੿hা΀ᵤ෶ࣽ€াᙲ͎ࣽc >@▎࢞੿hᵤၟ̧⇝டᑈࣽ€๫຃͎ࣽcġġᇐഗ€ଁੌടbोᚾͬ€ྲྀxࣽy઻ଁ္ட ‫ڠ‬c >@⦡൅᧲Ӫ෦hಣಖ୥͔ỳࡵ༕᭐͎ࣽcġġxಣy␊ടͬ€ಖोͬЌxࣽy઻cť >@▎ԩᎫՖӪ෦h▗ᇐ࿩࿩€ଁ΀ᓖਾͅ૟͎ࣽcġġधմx▗ᇐ࿩࿩€Ќଁ΀ᓖਾͅ૟ட ਾy€ཀྵxᓖਾͅ૟ࣽyட‫̰€ڠ‬xଁy઻ोͬ€Ŧ҈xଁy઻Ќኜx▗ᇐy͎c >@▎சҌ᙭ፇӪ෦h඄ਾ૨␊சҌ᙭ፇҌ຃ࣽcġġधմx඄ਾઍட␊ச᙭டҌ຃ࣽಖਾᵤ ृy͎cxச᙭Ҍ຃ࣽy€̰x૨yடो͎ͬcŧ >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦hೲ໫ੌ͙Ԫ࣭࢞ࣽcġġxੌ͙Ԫ࣭࢞டࣽy€̰xೲyடोͬ€ᭁຏಣໟ ໫€͛ੌଁᓌࣽᩲc >@‫ݳ‬લјhᓋ͎€⪮‫͎ࣽͨ׊‬cġġx‫ࣽͨ׊‬y̰xᓋyடोͬ€धմx⪮‫ͨ׊‬டਾy͎c >@⦡ೡࣽӪ෦hಣઊ␊ᗬᵤᾇ֡౑͎ࣽ€ߗ҈ᵤဧஏ▄͎ࣽcġġᚾxࣽy‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬xಣyட ोͬc ťnಖोͬЌxࣽy઻o˴ഗ€x઻yຖᗉ㱚x‫ڠ‬y઻cಣഗोͬᥫ␊x୥͔ỳࡵ༕᭐ࣽy˴ ‫ڠ‬c Ŧ>@Өࢅnxᓖਾͅ૟ࣽyட‫̰ڠ‬xଁy઻ोͬo€‫܅‬᪜᭶ጓcಣഗx▗ᇐy␊ടͬ€x࿩ ࿩y᩷xଁ΀ᓖਾͅ૟ࣽyྲྀ␊ोͬc 35

ŧᣠմhᰝ‫̡੿ا‬ഗጓ಻▪᧵঄ᩲcළಖࢅ҈౼▪ഗடε०€Ꮛx␊சҌ᙭ፇҌ຃ࣽy঄␊ട ͬ€x૨y঄␊ोͬ€x඄ਾy঄␊य़ߓ૾ͬxՋy઻டᜯͬᩲc҈Ө▪▎մnxசҌ᙭ፇҌ ຃ࣽy̰x૨yடो͎ͬo€ೲ▎͙x૨y␊ടͬ€xசҌ᙭ፇҌ຃ࣽy␊ोͬmm૮Ϲᆏ̡ ࢅ€᮴ࢅೲ€ຖࢅ⪮͎cᭁᰝ‫߉ا‬Νಣ▪x␊y઻␊ᚧͬ€຀␊ᚧͬ€Ꮛ▪ന঄մn඄ਾ૨␊ சҌ᙭ፇҌ຃o€ᵤ͛ᯧ˴xࣽy઻ᩲcᭁಣx␊y઻̰xྋy઻டហ€Սಕಳఝ઻€⪮ᰝ‫ا‬ ଁ΀ᚧͬc ~␊ҝͬࣽc >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦h˹␊ၟԚࣽ҅€ৣ␊ࢅԚ્ࣽcġġxၟԚࣽyxࢅԚࣽyᚾ‫€ڠ‬ ྲྀx␊yடҝͬc >@᯻சઍ̮෦ຖ⑏h്๯ြಖଁ΀᳿ᥩࣽcġġxಖଁ΀᳿ᥩࣽy̰xՋyடҝͬc >@▎Ჾ൳୔ᦒhध൴᧏ြ֥٬ြ‫آ‬ฤடଁ᠏€Ўᵤຨ҈ྱ‫׉‬୥ਾࣽcġġᇊ˴xՋyຖ˴Ρ ‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬xՋyடҝ͎ͬc >@ૹ᧥ફґh▎ക᧷ြ‫ݲ‬൳Ӌੌ؋ࣽcġġधմxക᧷ြӋ൳ઍੌ؋டਾcy >@᫐ຓ๫ੇhઊ␊‫׉‬Өࣽટᜍ͙ᰗֳཎᰝࣽ඾‚ટઋಖેᰝࣽ҈ԛᩲcġġ xཎᰝࣽy̰xֳyடҝͬcxֳyधxՋy͎c ~␊ҝͬࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h˻hnᵤ␊ࣽ᩷ᵤ෶ࣽடࠑത͙ᰗ‚oġġxᵤ␊ࣽy᩷xᵤ෶ࣽy€ ྲྀᎯြxࠑy઻€ཀྵုⱷࡪ҈લԳc >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦hәᔧຨᲕәࣽͣcġġधմxຨᲕәடਾடͣy͎c >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈ḩੑြੌથࣽடྈcġġधմxੌથடਾடྈy͎c >@ૹဟ࿿෦hಣ᩷૞ਿடঈ᧝ᵤਊϫඬ҈͍ᰘ೘ࣽ؋ໟ᭑͎cġġ঄ြx؋y઻Өߓዼ€ೇ ೚຤຤ᘣြxࣽy઻ຖࣽ€ᭁન෶ඥႋာ‫͎ڠ‬cधմx᩷ಣᇐঈ᧝ட؋ໟ༕߽ᩲyc >@▎ҝᰝӹ෦hೲླྀߪԛᵤຨΩឪᦡ͙‫ڒ‬஥ॏ€ᏋΡ⨆ࣽۛἮ€ரኃ๫ᨰcġġधմx⨆ࣽ டۛἮy͎c᮴ଁषxࣽy္ட‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬੐ⱷࡪc ~ဧເകΠࣽcകΠࣽ€᮴ੌ଻bห‫€઻ݲ‬ຖᝡසΠ͙ो଻bหட␊ത௎͎€ហ௎྽ ઻ࣽයc >@⦡Ѳ᳞ᦒhฐ͓᳞ᅖ઄⛖⦁ࣽ€ᵤӃᖤَcġġxᅖ઄⛖⦁ࣽyଁ͙ͭxฐ᳞yடത௎ ͎cx᳞y€଻͎cxࣽy͙ኜԳ€҈ͅ˴‫ڠ‬c >@▎ԩ৪ᦒh‫ݲ‬ဨ‫ݞ‬؋ᡑુឝࣽ€‫ݰ‬ᗔ⦦લᙼcġġx‫ݲ‬y€ห઻͎€xࣽy͙ኜட€‫ڠ‬ക ြຖ€َ͙ಖത௎͎c >@▎ୖໟᓛ྅ૅhኸऺᓛ⦦ઈ‫ظ‬ြ▪ఛ‫ث‬ᎨΡࣽ€Ќӣᙼ␊̮ໟ⦡cġġxઈ‫ظ‬ြ▪ఛ‫ث‬Ꭸ Ρࣽy˴‫€ڠ‬ຖֳxऺᓛ⦦y€͙ಫಖത௎͎cť >@᯻சՖ஽गྡh೰˻hnઊ̧€‫׉‬Өட଻෶▪ఛࣽ€΢ଁَ€͛෦྅๬ຖcoġġx‫׉‬Ө ட଻෶▪ఛࣽy€ຖֳxઊ̧y€ଁ͙ͭಖതເਾ͎cŦ >@૞ဠ᲼hՖ͛၅ြ૮டᨰ˹€ᵤ͛೰␊͔ਾࣽ€ཀྵ෶ຨ‫܈‬ᩲcġġxᵤ͛೰␊͔ਾࣽy€ ͭເതடxᨰ˹y͎c >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦hြೲ▗̧અা᣿€൏௎๫ଁ્ࣽcġġಣ˴‫ͭڠ‬x▗̧yடx્y͎cŧ >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦h‫ڟ‬μಖ᧬ᘸ౷˹Ӄ␊ᵸӨ༛ᦳࣽcġġಣ˴‫ଁَ͙ڠ‬xμyடx౷˹yᥫത ເ͎c ȉᦊմhxΡࣽyᗪͬ€̰ੌຒ๬ࣽட඗€xࣽy઻ᵤ঄ᱥဧc ȉᣠմhx‫׉‬Өட଻෶▪ఛࣽy̰ोͬ€⪮കΠ͎c ȉᣠմhx൏௎๫ଁ્ࣽyೲ࡝ഗ€⪮കΠc૮᧿hx൏mmࣽy՜໫ഗ̧€␊ઁหૹΠ˴ ൵ೂᓒሞࣈ€ഗᎲߣxࣽy␊‫⪮€ͬ׊‬ห઻c ~ੌዶ࢑ͬᰳࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhᏚᎻடᎤࣽ€ᎻટᏚಖᏚ€ԀᎻடԀࣽ€ᎻટԀಖԀcġġಖഗ᧵௎մxਾՖເ ෶ᏚᎻடᏚ€ԀᎻடԀ€ᎻટᏚಖᏚ҈ԀಖԀᩲcy >@‫׳‬ඥӨhಖੌᵤᢐࣽ€໤҈๾டcġġधմxເੌᵤᢐட⦁€Ꮛ͛໤҈๾டyՉc >@⦡̈͊ઐґh֙ເᦼ€೛ເ೷€ᤛເߞ€஑ᵤӃ෋ࣽ€ྲྀ๏டcġġधմxᎡઍ௎ೲட ਾyՉc >@▎ԩ৪ᦒhੌ෶࢞ࣽ€͙ಖ।๿டcġġधմxເੌ෶࢞டਾ€͙ಖ।᩷டy͎c >@▎֥ᴋӪ෦hᢐԚࣽ᮳ຑட€ᵤᢐԚࣽ€ᵤ෶⛆೩cġġधմxಖ૮ເᢐԚ͎€Ꮛ᮳ຑ ட€҃Ꮛᵤ෶⛆೩y͎c ಖિເ˴☡ᰉఛ€ྲྀੋxເੌy̡઻€Ќ੐ಣဤc 36

>@஥▪੾̜hଁᵤᛌӂᱬࣽ€ੌເѲcġġधՉՉxፇເੌᵤᛌӂᱬட૟€ᏋੌເѲcy >@▎સ̜hፇଁੌ‫҈ૹޚ‬᣶ࣽ€ੌ௎͔ჹc >@▎ઠ੾Мhଁᵤஹ̧ࣽ€ੌເ᙭શcġġྲྀੌዶ࢑ட͎ͬc ~ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍੌxଁyxࣽyᚾ઻€ࠪxଁ͙ࣽy̜઻ຈဧࣽ€ᾫ␊ሑᎫ૟ཀྵடͬ€᮴ԛ َடᩲc҈ഗ‫ڠ‬டΡࣽ€ࠪᱥ͙xࣽy઻ᓳட€҈ຈ๫ଁኜࣽ€ટ͙ࡵಖཀྵ͎€Ꮛxࣽy઻ብ ͙ናዼಖഗ‫ڠ‬ԛҌc >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦hਾՖ๫ᰙၫᵎᵤᣈ€⩹ᵤ‫܈‬૦᧣͙া␊€᪍ᵎ͙াන€යহᓛ‫ૅ؝‬ໟᚠᎯ€ ҈ःՖсᓛ᱖྅҈ᵤ೩ࣽ€ಖଁ΀᧣ࣽᵤ᧣€҈ଁ΀ᵎࣽᵤᵎ͎cġġাxਾՖyടͅᧆx҈ ᵤ೩ࣽyु€ྲྀ˴ᰳ˿ͅ€҈ᓳ͙xࣽy઻€ᏋഗΦߓዼ€͙ࡵ͙੿‫ݲ‬ഗՃໟ౸Ꭿ€҈ഗ᧵Ꮛ ሑᎫಖཀྵ͎c >@▎౦ᜲӪ෦h઎ಣድட€ᵎਾⳁ࣭ြᥨᥩ€‫ݳ‬ᢙ๛ԍ€ઽൾ҅Ჷ€ᙦုᤨᨂட˹€࢑␊଻ ᧥ࣽ€૊ᛌֳ‚ᛌြૄᎨ͎cġġಣీَᵎਾચ൑᩷ᙦုடཀྵ€ટ͙xࣽy઻္‫ڠݲ‬ຖcӷ͙ ຖ‫€ీݲ‬Ꭷᯊ੐Ꭱட౷˹€ᔖ௅டृᮇ€᩷ઊ඄ৣᴋᒊ€ᆇ࿠ᘪ⛅டບ€͙٬᰷▪կцட⦦˹ ஡ీ€ྲྀ͙xࣽy઻␊္€َ͙ಖྲྀ␊୯டཀྵҌc >@ૹச಻ட෦hԪᎯԍᏅࣽ€‫܈‬ପட޴cġġधմxԪ͙ಖਾᎯြԍᏅடཀྵ€‫܈‬ପட޴Ҍy c >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hᓄ€੿᭜ᔖ௅੊͎̈́€੿ᣮᅆ␊̮ໟ€໿␊⛖൳€̧உྲྀӷᰟฎ‫ث‬ᑞࣽ€ཀྵ ൴͙᧊হ૊ᯅᎯә͎€িӃ᪆඾ġġࡵ੿ᅆဧடཀྵ€൴͙૊ᯅᎯә͎c >@▎౦ᜲӪ෦hઊ෋ਸ̧଻੊ቐြ‫׉‬Өࣽ€̧៤લຖட͎c >@▎ச᙭Ӫ෦hය҈ඇ⬔ધ̧€⩹۶ ▄▗டᕽઍࣽࣽ€ᰘ੅цҌc >@᫐઄ઈhହ͎ᵤໆ҈૮͎ໆࣽ€ହ਼͎҈૮͎͎ᨗcġġයᏋ΢ੌxࣽy઻␊္҈๫ଁኜ ࣽ€ᾫَཀྵ͎c ӷ྽઻ఝ઻ಙ઻ᱥဧ€ੌ͙xࣽy઻ᓳடࣽ€஡߆ြຖ€ಣᵤᯧԳc

ޯᔎห઻̡டԆ ~ޯᔎห઻ࣽ€ଁ͙૦ၟ͔ઊનၟࣽ€ཀྵ๫᮴ͬc˻᮴ͬ€Ꮛԛၟᩲcಖଁ͙Ჾଁᔎࣽ€ ˻᮴ͬc xԣyx᯼yxതy̜઻€ଁ͙ޯᵤၟடਾཌྷ͎cxᜍyx೘yxຆyxշyx૊yxԳyએ ઻€ટଁ͙␊ޯᔎࣽ€҈ࠪ␊ห઻€ࠪ␊ಙ઻€Ꮛ͙ಖଁဧ␊સc ޯᔎห઻΢੐ᨸࡪ€͛લಖଁᨸ€ಖᵤલࣽอᩲ€ಣᵤ๻டဤ͎c ~ԣ઻ብ͙ޯਾ€ఘࡪbᨸࡪbⱷࡪྲྀဧԳc҈੐ⱷࡪ€ಖຖᾫകxடy઻c ုఘࡪc >@‫׳‬ඥӨष‫ژ‬hԣ෶᯼๖€⨆ᵤ͙‫‚ې‬ġġxԣy੐ఘࡪ€͸തਾ͎c >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhԣӃหՖࣽ‚ >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦h෋ຮ⦡͔ઊᛀઉᔎԣӃ൴ࣽc >@ᤗ᲼hຖ‫ॣ׳‬ՖચͭᔎᔍӨ‫ݲ‬૎hnԣਊ‫ڙ‬ᤄ€෶␊▪಴᣿ြᬈֳࣽ‚oġġ̜xԣy઻ ྲྀ੐ఘࡪ€ଁ͸ࣽྲྀਾ͎c ုᓌࡪc >@‫ݳ‬ၗ̧ḩ␊ԣ‚ >@‫׳‬ඥӨh‫ࣽͨٹ‬ԣ͎‚ >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h௎ଁ‫ࣽٹ‬ԣ‚ >@᯻᩷‫׳‬૞ѦᦒhԪَட€҈ᜮࣽԣ‫‚ؤ‬ >@⦡ೡࣽӪ෦h૮ઊ̧ଁᵎࣽത͎‚ଁ᧥ࣽԣ͎‚ġԆxԣy઻ྲྀ␊ोͬ€ଁ͸ࣽટྲྀਾ ͎c ုᨸࡪc >@஥ᴼ̡hᨈਾੌ̧€નၟಖԣઅԳcġġधմxᨈਾੌ̧€ નၟಖઍ൴અԣy͎cxԣy␊xઅyடुͬ€੐ᨸࡪ҈લԳcxԣy€͸ଁઅட̧c >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hᔯ⪮Ꭿ඄Ֆ€঄ԣഎ඾‚ >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬hԪԣ‎‚‎‫‚ֳ׉‬ >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hᚕӨԣᒢ҈ଵᵤ␊ಣ‚ġġ̜xԣy઻ྲྀुͬ€ᨸࡪ€҈ྲྀલԳc >@࿍᲼hᨈਾԣဧြ̧̜ட‫‚ڙ‬ġġधմxြ̧̜ட‫€ڙ‬ ᨈਾનၟ൴ဧԣy͎cťxԣy␊xဧyடुͬ€੐ᨸࡪ҈લԳc >@᯻⥿ђᣫ˹঩h˹͔ઊடઋฎ҈௅ᣫࣽ€ԣ᩷ᐽ୉‚ġġधմx᩷ԣᐽ୉y͎cx᩷y૾ ઻€xԣyಖҝ͎ͬ€҈ટલԳࣽ€ᨸࡪ͎c ုⱷࡪc 37

>@୨̧hԪᵤၟಖԣட̧cġġxԣy␊x̧y઻ⱷࡪ€xடy઻ᔐԳc >@᯻சઍ̮෦ຖ⑏h‫׉‬Өடᵤহ€ಖԣட؋͎‚ġġഗцᓌ੿c੿‫ݲ‬षxԣy઻ྲྀ͙͸ਾc ~᯼઻ਾbཌྷຈޯ€ಖဧᏋఘࡪ૨ြᨸࡪ€҈ન೩ಖ੐ⱷࡪࣽcť >@᫐⠮֋୉h᯼઴͙ཌྷ␊૟‚ġġx᯼y੐ఘࡪ€ኜਾc >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬h᯼΀Ẵਾட̧ၟᗥֳ‚ġġx᯼yఘࡪ€ኜਾc >@ᗥᅮӞhઊࡵӋᵤ᩷҈‫׉‬Өಖ᯼෶શլ‚ >@஥ͅ╺hᘼᙟ੐᧲€ಖ᯼͙ͨ␊℡‚ġġᚾմxಖ᯼y€ᓌΠcxಖyᶷኜ€धմxಖਾ ઍԣ෶શլ‚yxԣ൴͙ͨ␊℡‚y͎€ྲྀ੐ఘࡪ€೰ኜਾ͎cŦ >@ԫΠh᯼ೲਾᓄ҈ੌೲᩍ͎‚ġġx᯼y␊ोͬ€धմ>ೲਾԣ͎҈ੌಣ@͎€ཀྵ੐ఘࡪc ᚾࣽዹ᪍€ਊဧ>᯼@␊༕೬டͬc >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hৣ᩷ᓋ͎᯼᧏‚ġġधմxৣ᩷ᓋᚾਾடઍԣ᧏y͎c >@‫ݳ‬લјḩ៤ᔎhn೚᩷⤠͎᯼ᵎ‚oġġᓌ੿c >@ૹᙬ᛾෦hͨ᯼᩷᪲തୖᦢ᯻ൾᵎ‚ġġधմx̜ͨ᩷ਾໟ༕ԣᵎy͎c >@⦡ങႆӪ෦hૹᢙᡫ଼്᩷᯼☬cġġधմxᡫ଼്᩷ᚾ૟டઍ᯼␊☬୯y͎€ಣኜ૟c >@⦡℡ౌ෦hլ੅ϫതເ๽լ€᯼ઉ‚ġġᓌ੿c ҈>@⦡ୖໟᓛ྅ૅhᚕӨাᨕ€ः‫ݞ‬᯼᩷᧥ફ‚ġġx᯼᩷y̡઻€ੌ΀ੌxതເyட᧵€ धմxതເ᧥ફy͎€ᨸᏋಖ᧵ᤣմxᚕӨাᨕ᩷᧥ફໟ༕᯼␊ः‫ݞ‬y͎cᏋx᯼y઻঄สो ͬcŧ >@੅᲼h੅ѮӋ΀஥ॏ˻hn૮ೡ᯻Ờ᯼᩷ᆠ஑‚oዹ˻hnୗເ͎coӋ˻hn૮டເ҈ Ờᤗ᯼᩷‫ॣ׳‬ுனடᵎ‚oዹ˻hnୗເ͎coġġधմx૮ட᯻Ờ᩷ᆠ᯼஑y͎c >@ᤗ᲼h˼൳ӣ͔ә҈࣭˻hn๧඄᯼᩷ഝ๧‚oġġᓌ੿c >@▗ᙦ˸hӋࣽ᯼΀‚΀▪Ӌ͎cġġx᯼y઻ટೲोͬc >@᯻Ꭻ⦁h⁇€ຖடਾಖ‫܈‬ᔄ౯ហ⦁ຒடࢅ€᯼๰҈ᜮட‚ġġx᯼y€x๰yடुͬ҈લ Գ€धմx൴๰തਾ҈ᜮಖࢅy͎c >@‫ݳ‬ๅѠhҊᄮᵸ€Ֆ᯼᩷ᵤᵸ‚x᯼y઻€x᩷yடҝͬ҈લԳ€धմxՖ൴᩷തਾᵸဧ ඾yc xԣyx᯼yᚾ઻ଁ⋍૾઻ብx᩷y઻Ҍ€ಖિᾫᵤ೩ဧcŨ ťx᯼yဧြⱷࡪ€ृ೩€നᵤೲ㜏ੌ€ເn᯼Ֆ҈๫඗‚of▗೷෦Ѯ̡੾Ԇᮇgn᯼Ӌ҈ ӃἸ͎‚of೦‫⩎੍ا‬๬‫ݳ‬gn᯼ә҈۶ஹಖՖֳ‚ofࢅ௫Ֆ⦁g Ŧᣠմhxಖyੌx൴yហ€೩Ӌ‫ا‬Ү෦಻ͬᏙԆcಣ̡ဤxಖyྲྀ঄৘x൴y€̰ಙ઻͎c ŧಣഗᰝ‫ا‬ॕࠝ␊xᚕӨাᨕ᩷᧥ફໟ༕᯼␊ः‫ݞ‬y€⬤ೲ€നເҕಣ⠣ႋ€Ꮛx᯼yᥫ␊ട ͬ€xः‫ݞ‬y␊ोͬ€ᰝ‫ࢅ⎈ا‬x᯼yೲोͬ€Ꮛ᳼xः‫ݞ‬yြതϫ‚‫ߣށ‬ᜎ૝€x᯼᩷yֹ ᢐ⬤ᵏ€͙ᵤᄝࠝ␊ႄcӋ‫ا‬Ү෦಻ͬጓ␊xതເy€⬤ೲc Ũᦊմh‫ݳ‬ΠๅѠhn⪮ઊਾட␊ᑢ҈ԣ␊o€⦡ͭা঩hnԣ␊␊டo€▗ઠ੾Мhn᯼␊ ૝඾o€ྲྀxԣyx᯼yᚾ઻ଁ⋍૾઻ᵤอx᩷y઻டࠒc ~ത઻ᱥဧ͙͸૟ཌྷc᚝ြ඗ਾட଻Ꮛ͙͸ਾc̜ࡪྲྀဧԳ€ ҈ဧ␊ोͬࣽု૨cxതy઻ᢐx͎yx඾yxࣽy‫€ࣽ׊␊઻ݲ‬Ꮛ͙͸૟͉டཀྵ͎cᢐြ྽ ઻€઻Ӫ␊ಙ઻c ~xതy઻ೣᱥဧ€͙͸૟ཌྷc᚝ြ඗ਾட଻€Ꮛ͙͸ਾc̜ࡪྲྀဧԳ€҈ဧ␊ोͬ ࣽု૨cxതy઻ᢐx͎yx඾yxࣽy‫€ࣽ׊␊઻ݲ‬Ꮛ͙͸૟டཀྵ͎cᢐြ྽઻€ᏋӪ␊ಙ ઻c ~xതy઻ᱥဧြఘࡪࣽ€ᾫ␊ोͬcť xതyຖ๫‫઻׊‬c >@▗ᙦ˸h˸ᮇࣽത‚Ֆடᆠᮇ͎c੍ࣽത‚ᤡடᆠ͎cġġᚾxതy઻ྲྀ␊ोͬ€˴͙ ͸x˸ᮇy␊ത€˴␊͸x੍y␊ത͎c >@ૹ᧥ફґhԪଁ͙ੌ‫׉‬Өࣽത‚̈‫ا‬டଁ͙૲‫׉‬Өࣽത‚ġġᚾxതy઻஡␊ᚾ‫€ڠ‬ोͬ ͎cxതy઻டฎ€ࠪલࠪຖ€ഗцᰗ҈ဧ͙͸૟͉டཀྵᏋ˴c >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦h‫ͨ␊ݰ‬᭐ଁ͙૲‫׉‬ӨԪଁ͙ຨடࣽതcġġഗцᓌ੿c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hത̜หடՖੌ⦁டΡ€҈੅๫⦁டೠ͎‚ġġxതy઻ટोͬ€᳼ြ᮴Ҍ€ध մx̜หடՖੌ⦁டΡ҈੅๫⦁டೠೲത͎‚y >@⦡᳁ᰓӪ෦hത̧૦ϯட⡉͎‚ġġधմx̧૦ϯட⡉ത͎‚yഗцᓌ੿c >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h૮͔Ӌ‫ه‬෶ᶀಖ⦁€എ‫׉‬Ө‫ݞ‬឴€തଁᵤ‫׉͙‚܂‬Ө٪ೱ؋ә€തଁᵤ ᖋ‚ġġधմx‫ه‬ເಣ€ଁᵤ‫ࣽ܂‬૔തਾ͎‚ଁᵤᖋࣽ૔തਾ͎‚yxതy઻˴઻ͅഗ€҈␊ 38

ोͬ€᩷੿ᓌ˴ഗцc xതyຖੌ‫઻׊‬xࣽyx඾yx᩷yc >@⦡̈͊ઐґhଷട␊੅൴€᣶๮हᏇ€ಲ‫܋‬ᰝᖋ€ߗ٪ߓϫ€ᵤӃᖤ‫᧸҈€ڙ‬ᖀ҅c᩺ჩ ␊੅൴€ಲ⛅࢜ਾ€ᔏᠰઍϫᯊ֔ί€᧸๏ᵠဠcതࣽ‚؋૨€੅ᵤ෶ᦑ໿€ᓖ͙ц‫܂‬டcġ ġधմx‫ݲ‬൴ੌ؋ြ੅҈᧝҅ೲതཀྵyՉcཀྵxതࣽyဧເोͬ€͙͸ಖ૟டཀྵ͎c >@ૹᛸཝ෦h᎝ᔢབྷ€͛കြឝ€ᳯᔢυ€͛᮸ြᵸcതࣽ‚੿Өட⠣͎cġġxതࣽyហ ᓌ੿c >@‫ݳ‬ๅѠhത඾€ӂଁ΀ࡃࣽ‚ġġधմxӂଁ΀ࡃࣽത᧵yՉcxത඾yલ᳼€ટोͬ ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhത඾Ֆଁ΀჈த͙લြᛅઊ€͙␊ᵎֳ‚ >@▎hത඾€Ֆଁ΀⒭ࣽ‚ġġᚾxത඾yᓌហ€΢લ᳼ࣽ€ӎട͙࢑ᔎ͎c >@‫׳‬᭑ӨhເᵤຑಖႼ҈຤ത඾‚ġġधմxເᵤႼ҈຤Ꮛതហடത६y͎cxത඾yຖ ᳼€ટੌोͬடហc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h૮ဵᵸ͙٬ᣎᵝ€҈؋ᵤӷြҊᄮࣽ€਀ത᩷‚ġġधմx૮‫נ‬ཌྷ҈ᵤ౯Ꮋࣽത ཀྵ‚yxത᩷yधxത඾y͎c සເxത͎yဧເोͬࣽ€ೲᦒྲྀੌ€ಖടͬᾫ␊‫ڠ‬Ҍc >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦h૮ᵤ෶јәᇐ€ᦉَ͔⥺€ത͎‚ġ धմxᵤјᵎ҈਀َᵤᣈࣽതཀྵy͎c >@ૹቈᗊ෦hಔࣽ੅ථ▗டᛱߪᵤ඙ງએᓛࣽ€ത͎‚Ŧ >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦hԪՖ੐᮴€͕ࣽത͎‚ >@ᤗ᲼hය̡ᓛఝ๬டࣽ€ത͎‚ၕࡵြ‫آ‬ᢪடᬘ͎cġġ΢َxത͎y€ྲྀੌxതཀྵyட ጓ€҈᮴ಣட‫ڠ‬ᾫ␊ട͎ͬc ௎᮴▪⪮‫҈ڠ‬ഗ᧵ԛᢢ€૮͙xതy઻ӎട͙૦ಖཀྵࣽ€ᏋဧxതᏋyᚾ઻c >@⦡˼ᤗ྅ૅhઍᓛଷͣ୉ⅴட˹€ྲྀ៝ၫ‫܈‬ඥᤗ੅ட૛€ขࣈֹ༅ҋᘪࣽ€નੌ˴ਾَ᮳ ᤗ͎ࣽ€ขࣈֹ༅૞ᘪࣽ€નੌ˴ਾَ᮳੅͎ࣽcതᏋ‚ྲྀᵤ‫܈‬ᤗ੅டᢐ͎cġġಣxതy઻ ટो͎ͬcधմx੿َເೲೲത͎‚yxᏋy઻͙Ө€᧜َಖཀྵcҮ૳ૅྲྀ͙xതᏋy̡઻ࠌ ‫ڠ‬cᰙ΀xതᏋy̡઻€ટधxය҈yᚾ઻€঄ႋ‫€ڠ‬ᏋxᏋy઻ਿੌ᭐௹c೰xᏋy઻ଁ͙ ᣾ሹ੿▪€͛᳼ഗ‫ڠ‬டឝ€ത਀ြಣ҈዗ಖဤ඾‚ >@⦡ਸ̧྅ૅh̫ᔄட͎€౻ᕟஹ֓€Ꮛමᾗᵤӷ඘€ञᩛଆࢥ€Ꮛ‫ݷ‬ᮾᵤᢐᚈᵠ€Ӽᯣ㛛 ஦€ᏋᎷေᵤᙕcതᏋ‚Ֆ̧៎ᣐಖ໫͎c >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hᭁ᛹̧᎙҅€൅‫ߪ‮‬தᵤລ࿖ଚcതᏋ‚˹␊ၟԚဧ€ৣ␊ࢅԚ્c >@ᤗ᲼hΠ˻hnᙀᙔடᣃ͎€ᯇᰝલட€‫᧹׳‬டเ͎€ৣ̧ᖤடcoઊᯇᰝbৣ̧€ᇘ⭜ ୡঁ⪮ᵎြᙀᙔb‫͎᧹׳‬cതᏋ‚ຖടடᬘ͎cġġ̜षxതᏋy€᩷੿ᓌហc ȉതyੌဧ␊ടͬࣽc஥Ѯ̜hn▗˻hpതᤇതᚌ‚qmmཀྵዹ˻hpӤᤇ€ᳯᚌcqo▎ Ѯ੾˴hnᮯ▗ᔎြ᫈୹˻hp૮௓‫ݲ‬൳തᨗઉ‚തᨗ֐‚qዹ˻hp᭜֐cqo ȉՉhቈᗊ෦๫ಣΠc ~˻xതເy˻xത௎y˻xເതy˻xᧁതy˻x௎തy˻xເடതy˻x௎ட തy˻x΀டതyூ╺Π€ၗੌᰗᓌcxതເy᩷xത௎yဧ᧵ໟ൏€ဧເोͬc >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅhૹӋਿੑ€˻hņᩯ᮴€૎ੌ␊ͨ‫ڙ‬ᆕ࿍ᢪࣽco೫͙೼૳Π࢞ြ̧ᩯ€ ˻hnതເ‚oġġಣxതເyࣽ€ᔎಖ‫ڙ‬ೲത‫͎ڙ‬c >@▎சҌ᙭ፇӪ෦hᆠԪ᩷▗َതເ‚૮͓ᱝ҈‫‚ֳ⦦˴҅܈‬ġġxതເyࣽ€ᔎಖَೲത َ͎c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬h᝞▪වု᭜€઄Ჷ᭯὜€തເಖၟ͎ġġᄁಖၟೲതၟ͎c̜षxതy઻€ྲྀ ो͎ͬc >@ૹᚾᯡ෦hᤣ᧼΀ᖤ˻hpͨᗂՖത௎‚qġġxത௎yࣽ€ᗂՖതਾ͎c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hླྀ‫܈‬ಲߗ୛€૞ปᤗ€ത௎҈ੌ؋‚ġġधմx͛ത␊҈ੌ؋y͎cᚾ षxത௎y€˴␊ोͬ€˴ເुͬc ӷxເതyxᧁതyx௎തy̜Π€᧵ࠪໟᓌ€҈ᦒઍဧxᧁതyࣽ␊૨c >@ᦒॎ୘hફ˻hnլᔄເത‚oġġधմxլટᔄட€຀ത␊y͎c >@ຖૹ࢛ᓒ෦h૮ಖເ਽҈਀ᴵ͎cġġ ъ͙␊໿ᗸட૟€x૮ಖເതӷͨ҈਀ᴵycťಣxເതy€धx␊തy͎c >@஥ᦅ̡੾એhઊ͓ਾடᆁ€᮪ြ឴€ᣯြᗩ€͙ᵸಖᆁ҈૦଻Գࣽ€⪮ᓛૅட୯͎€௎ത 39

๰ட‚ġġधմx␊ത๰டy͎c >@▎ស੾Ԇhዹ˻hnՖᨗⳁட€Ӄ௎ത‚oġġxӃ௎തyࣽ€धմx૔෶␊തy͎c ‫َށ‬ட€xເതyx௎ජyxᧁതyྲྀฤմx␊⬤y͎c >@ᦒԆ̧டᣓh␊ਾ੿ࣽ€ᧁതᵤᓅ‚ġġधմx␊തᵤᓅy͎c >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhᧁത‫˴͙܈‬ೢட؋҈ക᭑྅ட؋඾‚ġġಣxᧁതyટधx␊തy͎c >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦hપಖᧁതᰘ㛊தட‫ڃߪ€܂‬ᵎ᭿ட଻‚ġġટَxത␊y͎c͙੿̜षxᧁ തy€ྲྀ᳼ഗឝ€ଁ͙ޯಖཀྵ͎c ಖ᳼ഗᎲࣽ€Ꮛ͙ޯ૟டӃ҃€҈ส␊༕೬டఛc >@ᤀᔎhફ˻hnፇᔄຨಖਾᵤ༻€ೲ΀૲⦁c෦⪮ಖਾ€ኋД‫׉‬ᨙcፇ‫ه‬௏ຒ€નᵸ͙‫ت‬ ӷ⦁€ය҈Ꭴ̧ઠಖᵤߪ€ᔧઊ̧Ἀြ๫ᨰ€߸ြ๫ᏸ€ፇҝಖ૟€Ꮛ҈๬ட€ᧁത‚ >@ૹ᧥ફґh΀சॐ˻hn‫ݲ‬൳ᵤ๰€ᧁത‚oġġᚾषxᧁതy€ྲྀส⤠༕டͬc >@⦡ဠઐґhઆ⦡൅ᵠ˻hnᗩͅᩲ€๫Ӄᧁതco >@▎̈͊ઐґhြೲ̰̈͊ఔᣓᡊᐋ€া␊‫˻ژ‬hnୡ⅚઄✸ᰳᭁ྅€‫آ‬ᵤ୯✸ᘿᵤ⨆cᘿ ᵤ⨆✸Ӄᧁത€℡✸℡✸ᧁ௎ത‚oġġxӃᧁത‚yટx๫Ӄᧁതy͎€ धմx๫Ӄ⤠‫ڙ‬y͎c͙੿ଁषxതy઻€ ྲྀӃสxເyx௎yxᧁy̜઻டुͬcŦӷxເyx௎yxᧁy̜઻ຖੌुͬ҈ຖᓳ͙xത y઻ࣽ€Ꮛxതy઻ᱥဧ€ੌxത͙yxത␊yட᧵c >@ૹങႆӪ෦h▎ᠬਾႆᑐ೉௡€‫܈‬হࣽ૨€˻hnᔄങႆઍᏚ€๫ᧁ໽⭵ᮆതcoġġध մxᠬਾட‫܈‬হࣽ€๫ᧁ໽⭵ࣽ૨€൴ത␊͎cy >@ૹӋ௿෦hઊফॎੌ͵ॠ€ဠ▪Ӌੌ᳁᭜€ಣྲྀ੿ःহᧁӨᰙ̧തcġġधմxॎ▪ᔢ ः€ಖເ̧உӨᰙ€൴ത␊୓‚y઎ೲc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨh˴ᬈု൧€਀ເાӋത‚ġġधմx˴ᬈု൧ட᮳˹€ಖᧁાӋඬ୺€൴ത␊ ֳ‚y >@ဠΠhഥ⬔ಖ᠚Ѯࡵຒ€ཌྷ൴াӷ€ፇ۶͙ரᯘ዗᮴ட͔ᦊ€͙‫׉ة‬Ө€ಖ௎લӋ᩷Ҋᄮ ത€ത۩૮ட␊͎‚ġġxಖ௎લӋ᩷Ҋᄮതyࣽ€धմxፇЌ‫ۨ܈‬᮴ᦊ€ಖເલӋ᩷Ҋᄮ՜ ድᢸ൴തເ඾‚y઎ಣድட€xເடതyx௎டതy᩷᮴षடഗцໟᓌட઻€ᭁ‫ଁੌ؜‬ኜ€ᵤ Ӄ͙Π‫׊‬ᗂட͎c >@஥᫐੾˴h‫׉‬ส֍҆€ેြ॓ࣇ€௎டതᵤӢ‚ġx௎டതyࣽ€धմxᵤӢಖເ‫׉‬ฝ തcy >@‫▗׳‬Өhಔࣽ঒€૮ೡ᧏€ເடതᵤӢ‚ġġधմxᵤӢಖເ঒ᥘതcy >@஥ស੾Ԇhԫ൳΀ᩀᴋ˻hnᨉⳁᩲ€௎டത‚oġġधմxಖ௎ᨉതcyӷເ >@‫۩␊ݳ‬hᠼ᥸̧ᔎhn෋Ꮋᓅ᧣͙ያnເடത‚o >@▎લјhൿ᭒᮸€ເடത‚ >@▎ၕᜑhᵤ˻ເடതເடതࣽ€Ԫજເடത͎ԛᩲcġġxເy᷁xடy઻€ྲྀੌଁኜc xԪજເடത͎y€xடy઻ଁኜ€ᰗြᚾxເடതy€යᏋxடy઻҈٬Ҍc ȉᦊմhಣΠᜯष‫઻׊‬ာߓcຖૹᦒᎫъմhn਽€͎ͨc૮ಖເͨത਀ᴵ͎co▪᩷ಣᰗc ȉᰝ‫ا‬੐ઐᲷடឝ€ࢅnxതເy᩷xത௎yဧ᧵ໟ൏€ဧເोͬoc੐>@ġ>@̜ဤߣ ࢅࡵઍ▎ࢅxതເyߣxതy઻ೲोͬc՜ᗁ>@▎ࢅxതເyߣxതyೲxເyߣुͬ€᮴ ຖᵤ˴ପcᎫᓖೲxതເyᇐԛೲೂᓒࠑࣈ€ᰝ‫▎ا‬ḈΝ€▎ᵤḈΝ€੐ဤഗߣࢅࡵઍસӅᄝ ᔏࠝ€ཀྵᴤ͙֭ᕈc▎€xതເyxത௎yᇐ੐ଁष‫ݲ‬ဤઍຈ⪮⇝สोͬc ~▎x΀തyxത΀yᚾΠ€ટੌᛃᏊc >@‫۩␊ݳ‬hn‫׳‬உᔎધြͨ€ͨዹ˻๫ࡉcoቕᩜ˻hnത΀͎‚oťġġ धմxಖ᧵തy͎€̰ᔎx๫ࡉy̡઻ଁኜட૟c >@⦡ᗥᦒhધ▪Ќฎ€ੌҝᢙ‫܈‬સྃᗥcધ▪ႄ⦁ૅட᪎€͙␊፣ᗥ࿥ಫ€๫μြс€൥ൖ ΀തҌcġġधմxന૦൥๬༻ൖட␊ത€፣ᗥଁᵤ‫ڙ‬y͎c >@஥̡ͅh͙೚ปਾ€⨟ಖ೚҈இ€൴΀Ֆത‚ġġເೲ๫Ֆᛮட͍€x൴΀Ֆതyࣽ€ध َxത͙ዹՖy͎c >@⦡ᗥᦒhૹટ˴ૅட૟€୘цᵤ෦€΀̧உത‚ġġ x΀̧உതyधَxത͙ዹ̧உy͎cᏋ >@‫ژ‬؇ϊಲᔍh‫׉‬ᨗ␊ட€΀டത඾‚ġġxடy઻ટੌଁኜ€͙᩷੿xເடതyᓌ˴ഗ цc ť>@ચᣫᎫ߉สx╺ⱑycᢢ▪ೲhnቕᩜຮ€̧࢞ட˻hx‫׳‬உᔎધြͨ€ͨዹ˻h๫ 40

ࡉcyቕᩜ˻hxത΀͎‚yo ~xതmmட␊yxത͙mm␊yc >@஥Ѯ੾̜hᓛᵤ༹ટᡥ€തᓛட␊‚ġġxതᓛட␊yࣽ€धմxເೲ૔൴␊തᓛy͎€ xடy઻ଁ͙ࡵಖ␊ჱ▪€߆ຖ૾઻Ჽぽcເೲ€Ꮛxതy઻᚝ြ଻҈ဧ␊྽઻€঄੐ⱷࡪc >@஥ស̜੾̜h੅Ꮛ๫ᗥ€ത၅ட␊‚ >@▎ͅ੾̡h௎ᠲட͙˴౫€ᗩட͔ࣽ€ಖതᗊட␊‚ >@▎Ѯ˸h‫ݲ‬൳டᤄ€ၕᑒ᦭͎c͙ͨ౦஢€᪙͛‫ت‬೚€ೲᗩட͎€തၕட␊‚ >@ဠΠhಖ௎લӋ᩷Ҋᄮത€ത۩૮ட␊͎‚ >@࿍Πh௎ઊଷު€લӋடՈ͎€തᨗட␊‚ġġഗцྲྀᓌc >@‫ݳ‬ΠๅѠhത͙▪␊‚ġġᤃ൚஌˻hnതဧြ▪௺ֳ‚oᏋx͙y઻ጓสxဧy઻€ ҈x␊y઻๫ጓ€ ᗂᓌΠ‫׊‬c੶㔽̐ហ˻hnതဧ▪ᦊ̰␊Ֆ̧‚oᏋx␊y઻ੌጓcᰙ᧿x͙␊y̡઻ႋဧ€ ಖဤ߆ຖcxത͙▪␊yࣽ€Ќَx͙▪␊തy͎€҈xതy઻ൿ␊ोͬ€ཀྵӃલԳc >@஥ᦅ੾͠hೲடᵤԀ€҈ത͙˼␊‚ġġَx͙˼␊തy͎c >@▎ᦅ̡੾̡h҆๬ത͙ः␊‚ġġَx͙ः␊തy͎c >@‫׳‬᭑੿hͨത͙ਣடಝᯗ␊඾‚ġġَx͙ͨਣடಝᯗ␊ത඾‚y >@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿hයᏋ▎ത͙᜿␊‚ġġَx͙᜿␊തy͎c >@೦‫⩎੍ا‬ᰗᨗh૮ͨത͙ԅட֔૱ು␊ֳ‚ġġَx̧͙ͨ֔૱ು␊തy͎c >@඄᲼hՖ▎തَ͙᤻࢞᯻ỜடՖ␊‚ġġَxՖَ͙᤻࢞᯻ỜடՖ␊തy͎c ~xതy઻ᱥဧြᨸࡪࣽ€␊ुͬલြఝ઻€␊ҝͬᏋલြ૾઻€ᵤલࣽຼᩲc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhԪതበ҈Ӄ͙ཹြલӋድ͎‚ġġxԪതበyࣽ€ Ԫ൴በ␊ത૟͎cxതy␊xበyடुͬ҈લԳc >@⦡சҌ᙭ፇӪ෦h૮͛൞҅€ເ͙৐៛ຉᦼ€തμ‚ġġxതμyࣽ€धմxເಣଁμത ૟y͎cxതy␊xμyடुͬ҈લԳc >@஥ѮМhੌೲ̜ࣽ€തዑ҈ᵤ‫‚ޚ‬ġġxതዑyࣽ€എዑതᣫ͎c >@ૹᙬ᛾෦h૳ឮͨത૬‚ġġधմx૳‫ݰ‬ឮͨ૬٬തy͎c >@‫ݳ‬ๅѠhઊതԀതᒣ‚ >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦hߵത␊͎ࣽ‚ >@‫۩␊ݳ‬hത␊ᏋᎻᖋ‚ >@⦡આ⦡▗া঩hઊ̧ଁ‫͙܈€ݳ‬തࡵ‚ >@᯻಻َhઊതᅞ҈ⅴ‚ >@▎ᮦ▗஽Υྡhᚾဳཫ⁎૛Х€⦦ᵤതᔎcť >@ᤗ᲼h૎തႄ‚ >@▎h૎ത෶‚ġġ͙੿षxതy઻€ྲྀ␊ఝ઻ुͬ҈લԳcŦ ብxതy઻␊xՋy઻ҝͬ€ᔐ᳼ြຖc >@᯻⥿ђᣫ˹঩ḩ͓ຖ૳€ြത୰ຒ҈ᔎ୙Գ‚ġġxြതyࣽ€ြതਾ͎cxതyҝ ြxՋy઻҈ຖ᳼Գc௎යࣽ€͙xതy઻ኜਾཀྵ͎c ኜϫ€Ꮛxြതy̡઻€ᾫ͙xԳyหடc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h‫׉‬Өட⬔ᛌட€ಖ̧Գ຤‚ġġxԳ຤yࣽ€ြതᣫӃ຤͎c >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬hਾԳ₎඾ġġxԳ₎yࣽ€₎ြതᣫ͎€ᚾषxԳy઻€ྲྀኜതᣫ€҈ટဧ͙ ਾࣽc >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬h᪙๫Ֆ̧ࣽ€ᓄԳ६ᓄ‚ġġधմx᪙ᓛເ๫Ֆ̧€ຏ൴ြതਾ҈६ᓄy͎c >@▗᫐̜੾̡hᨈਾЌᵤടಣ঒€Ԫ൴Գପֳ᪙ᓛ‚ġġxԳପyࣽ€ପြതਾ͎c ȉՉh૞Ịॡઐъմhnxതyࠪสx˿yco ȉ>@xതyೲ૾઻x͙yߣҝͬ€⪮ఝ઻ुͬc ~xതy઻ᢐ଻ဧເ྽઻c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hതᏨ͎‚ġġxതy઻ᢐxᏨy€ՉതເடᏨ͎c >@‫׳‬᭑ӨhӋതౌடᔎ͎‚ġġޯಖଁᔎ␊തເடౌ͎c >@᯻ј˹᲼ᔎhಖଁઽࣽത૟€ಖᵤᢐြ⦁ࣽഃത‚‫͙ଁ̧׳‬ఛ҈ᘼடࣽതࢅ‚ġġxത ૟yxതࢅyᓌ੿c >@⦡‫ॣ׳‬ՖӪ෦h૮Ֆ▎૔Ꭸ៝ፇ᭡€‫ଁޞ͙܈‬ᵤၟതਾcġġᓌ੿cxതy઻ᢐ଻€Ү⦡ ઍଁ੐ྲྀೲ€ཀྵᵤ૨षc xതy઻ᢐြ྽઻€ੌ⬤டட᧵ࣽ€ᏋӪ‫ݲ‬ಙ઻ᩲcxതy઻ᱥဧ€ੌx␊തyxതཀྵyடጓ ࣽટය€ಣཀྵᵤᯧc 41

~ᜍbຆb೘bշb૊bԳએ઻€ટଁ͙␊͸ᔎ͎ࣽ€҈ဧເห઻ࣽ€Ꮛብ੐ᨸࡪҌc xᜍy઻€લ੅டᦒဧເोͬࣽੌԳ€҈ဧ␊ⱷࡪࣽᭁનட೩͎ťcxշy઻ဧ␊ҝͬ€͛ ᢐxֳy઻cx૊yxԳy̡઻ᾫหxြതy€धx‫ݲ‬y઻டหxடြy͎c΢ಣએ઻€ဧ␊ ಙ઻ࣽಖᤣc ᜍc >@‫̧߱ݳ‬ḩ൴ᜍલ‚ġġधմxଁલത૟y͎cxᜍy␊xલyடुͬ€ᔢ੐ᨸࡪ҈લ டc >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬hᜍ६ြ̜ૅடॡ‚ġġxᜍ६yࣽ€xത६y͎€ᓌ੿c >@‫ݳ‬લјh઎டଌᜍ␊ြ̫டᔍ‚ġġxᜍ␊yࣽ€xത␊y͎€xᜍy␊x␊y઻ҝͬ€ ҈ટલԳc >@᫐ᡩႢhᔎ᚛ᜍ૟€Ꮛᆳ ‫€ᦒڠ‬ᔎᮢᜍ૟€Ꮛᆇᣵ͙୉cġġxᜍ૟yࣽ€ തଁ૟͎€xᜍy␊x૟yடुͬc᫐̧‫ݲ‬Ჽ€xᜍy઻ᯊ೩c >@೦ᗼᤇ᣾hંᜍাӷ‚ġġxᜍyҝြxাy઻҈લԳc >@‫ݳ‬ᨚhઊເೲ€ᜍ҈ᵤથ‚ġġधմxເೲ҈ᵤથࣽത͎‚yཀྵxᜍy઻ဧເोͬ҈ုఘ ࡪcŦ >@᫐⠮֋୉hᜍ͙ட౪᭑ί҈᣶␊‚ġġधմx͙ட౪᭑ί҈᣶␊തy͎€ ᩷xത͙▪␊yഗᓌጓ€Ꮛxᜍy઻ൿ␊ोͬc >@‫̧߱ݳ‬hᔢ૨ટᜍ͙␊‚ġġഗцᓌ੿cधմxӗ‫ژ‬ᔢ૨€ટ൴ဧ␊തy͎c ຆb೘c >@๻ུhຆடဧ€̡ᲱӃဧ૚cġġxຆy␊xဧyடुͬ€ᔐ͙xடy઻€ଁ͙ࡵಖ␊ჱ ▪͎c >@▗ᙦ˸hຆ␊લَӋ҈ຖَ̐೧‚Ӌ̐೧͎cġġxຆy␊x␊y઻ҝͬ҈લடc >@▗ẏએhઊ୩ຆ␊ચֳᔋ‚ġġᓌ੿c >@ૹӋ᧤෦hᏋ೘ඍᵤु€ຆ૮ᵤ๬‚ġġx೘yxຆyྲྀ␊ुͬ€҈஡લԳc >@‫ژ‬؇ࣈၗh೘␊ֳକઍ‚ġġx೘yҝြx␊y઻҈લԳcx೘yxຆy̡઻€ ብ␊x␊y઻ଁҝ€ન೩ੌҝြಖિ૾઻ࣽcŧ շc >@‫ݳ‬ί౯hՖ̧ઋ౯€շֳͅ଻‚ġġधմxՖ̧҈ઋ౯͎€ ൴ြത҈ͅ଻඾‚yཀྵxֳy઻ဧເxՋy઻€xշy␊ଁҝ҈લԳc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hշ੐ಖ␊Ꮋ⬔๼͎‚ġġधմxಖ␊Ꮋ⬔๼͎൴ത੐ֳ‚yxշyधxതy͎c >@ᗥᅮӞhԪշֳᏕ‫‚ݲ‬ >@▎hԪշֳဧԪᅥ‚ġġxշyҝြxֳy઻҈લடc ૊c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦h૊ᛌֳ‚ᛌြૄᎨ͎cġġधմx௎ೲࣽᛌြത૟y€ᲾմxᛌြૄᎨ͎y €ಣx૊yหxြതy̡઻டࠒcx૊y઻ਊဧ␊ಙ઻€ੌxিy઻டጓ€ಖဧ␊ห઻ࣽ€ᵤ ᾫ೩͎cŨ xԳy઻หxြതy̡઻€ԛषြ᮴c ȉᣠմh᯻⪮̧ਾఘᲽմhnᵎၫட˹ᜍ‫آ‬ຨဧ‚o▎մhnц၌ட˹ᜍ‫آ‬ຨјဧ‚ਾఘᜍ‫آ‬ ຨ‫ݳ‬඾‚o▎୺ឪᲽմhnц၌ட˹ᜍ‫آ‬ຨј‚o▎೦‫⩎੍ا‬ላඬᲽմhn͙ાߗ࿍€ᜍ‫ुآ‬ ᩲ‚o▎ᵤᎾᲽմhn֟৯€᪅ઊຨ҈ஹட€ᜍཀྵ‚␊ಖેณ͎coӪ̧වူᲽմhnಣᜍছ ඾‚ ᜍਿ෶ԛடֳ‚o▎ᣠॠᲽմhn൴ᜍਿ͙๧̡̧‚oයᏋલ੅ᦒઍಣ൵ဧц૨ᩲc▎xշy ઻ટੌဧြⱷࡪࣽ€᱘̧⪮ᏚᲽմhn૪᧬Ўԛͅᩲ€ ˻hpԪ൴շެဧட‚qoxշެyࣽ€ തᣫ͎cᰝ‫΀ا‬xᜍyxຆyx೘yxշyx૊yxԳyએ઻ဧြห઻ብ੐ᨸࡪટ⪮c૮᧿h ᣠࢅೲ€ብӪ̧⪮લ੅ᦒc ȉເᰝ‫€ࢅا‬xᜍy␊ोͬ€Ꮛടͬത੐‚ᣠ‫߉▟ا‬մhnಣxᜍy઻঄สಙ઻ጓo€ೲc ȉxຆyӃҝြ૾઻x͙yx઎yᇐ€ᬃ̧Ꮪ‫ݳ‬hnຆ͙ၟ᰷ட᧵‚oᰓ੍̧⩎ᔎӨhnԪՖ ᵤ୉€ͨຆ͙෷‚ԪՖᵤஔ€ͨຆ͙‫‚׊‬oᰓ੍̧⩎ᴤӨhnයᏋຆ͙ᑞઊ̧‚o᳁̧჈‫ث‬h nԪຆ͙ૻಣ‚ox೘y͎Ӄҝြ૾઻x͙yxাycૹᦒੑ౦ઢhnЌᵤᣮੌਿ̡̜֔ίட ๹€ᓛ೘͙ໟ῎‚᧝යᠬٚੌᮆ€ᯊ੾᭑டᎤ€ᓛ೘͙ឲட‚o᱘ৣ඙‫נ‬Өhnಣ೘া૳‚o ȉx૊yӃสห઻€ણ঄ఝ઻ߣु଼ͬ૾઻ߣҝͬcເᗥͭᅮӞ੿hn੎઄ಖ໫€ᏋԪ൴૊ ໤‚ᐘઈಖ٨€᯹ਾಖ᪬€ᏋԪ൴૊߬‚o೦‫͔⩎੍ا‬Ꮪhn྅ட᪎ࣽੌ⪮Ꮪࣽᩲ€૊઎ચ ඾‚o 42

ኜՊห઻̡டએ ~ኜՊห઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ኜࡵ૟ཌྷ͙ՊᛃᏊ͎€ಖᏊੌМh˴͙⛅ኜࣽ€̡͙དኜࣽ€̜͙‫܆‬ ኜࣽ€М͙ӈኜࣽc ~⛅ኜห઻ብ౲b஡̡઻€ಖဧᵤᓌhx౲y઻ᾫ᳼ြ଻લ€x஡y઻ᾫြಖຖ€ᔐࠪ ๫଻҈ᱥဧc͔ი૟ཌྷᵤ˴€Ꮊ⑏ட҈೩ၻ€૮ੌ͙౲ட€Ꮛ๫૟Ꮊ⑏€҈ಖ૟ཌྷட଻€̐ເ ⛅˴ኜடᩲcx౲yx஡y̡઻҈␊ᨸࡪ€લଁᨸࣽᤣ͎cť ౲c >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬ḩ৑͔ᥩ€౲૟ᔎcġġଁᔎட૟ᵤ˴€᚝͙x౲y઻€ Ќ⛅૟ᔎட͎cx౲yᢐြx૟y€x૟y੐ᨸࡪ€҈ฎલԳc >@‫׳‬ඥӨh౲ਾ҈㏗டcġġጓᓌ੿cብx㏗yຖകxடy઻͙‫ث‬ኜࣽ€ᓖੌx҈y઻ᔐட ͎c >@⦡ଠফ෦h૮Ԫ౲ጀ᧵નॣᵤ੐Ӡ૤͎cġġx౲y઻᚝xጀy€धմx౲ࡪጀ‫آ‬y͎€ Ꮛxጀy઻Ӄสఝ઻ድcເ␊଻€Ꮛx౲ጀyલ᳼ࣽͭ‫͙⪮€͎آ‬ಖ␊ᨸࡪடཀྵ€ᵤӃᵤာc >@̜ᓛӋᮚ෦ъh౲˴૬ӷ€ത‫آ‬Ӄَ‚ġġx౲˴yࣽ€धx⛅˴y͎€ጓ᩷੿ᓌc x౲y઻ᱥဧ€๫x⛅ࡪyட᧵€ࠪጓເxᔢy઻€Ŧࠪጓເxᤣy઻€ŧ⪮ಣဤ͎c ஡c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hᭁ஡َӂઢ‚ġġx஡َyࣽ€x౲ਾَy͎cx஡y઻ᱥဧ€҈੐ఘࡪc >@⦡ԆફઐґhӷΡ୨ྲྀ஡຤຤඗᭢ફॎ‫ס‬டᣫcġġx஡y઻ဧເ੿c >@ૹյખ෦h஡াੌ‫آ‬cġġᓌ੿c >@⦡றฆӪ෦hᵤӃࣽ஡ᓧಖ᧵cġġx஡y੐ᨸࡪ€҈ฎલఝ઻c >@᯻३ҋ૟ષಙh૮௎⠣␊М⦁€౲⦁஡᳼̜᭑ਾcġġ धմx౲⦁ᥫ᳼஡̜᭑ਾy€x஡yုᨸࡪ҈Գc >@⦡ဠ൹྅ૅhᰒ๰᧥ફຨໟᓛ˴ਾ€̮ໟ̡ਾ€൴Ꭱ̡֔҄஡̜ਾcġġx஡̜ਾyࣽ€ َ౲˴ిੌ̜ਾ͎cx஡y઻ᱥဧြઍ€⛅ኜ͙੿ᚾిடਾ͎c >@▎ങႆӪ෦hᤡ੄ങႆའ‫ڭ‬ж਻ੑཌྷ஡ੌᯊcġġx஡ੌᯊyࣽ€َМཌྷ౲˴ੌસᯊ͎c x஡y઻ဧцᓌ੿c >@▎h्࢈ࣝ‫ڭ‬஡М੾ᛅcġġᓌ੿€َસᯊ͎c >@඄᲼h‫؝‬඄Ꮛ໿̡̧ࣽ஡᭑ૅட᎛˴cġġᓌ੿c Ү⦡ઍ΢⨟⛅ኜ૟ཌྷ€ੌᱥဧಖ଻␊หࣽ€ટࠪੌ‫َث‬ಖ଻ࣽ€ಖ‫€ࣽث‬Ќଁ͙౲ட͎c >@᫐ள૳ఘhॐ঴ᤡ⛎̅€ಁ͎€޴঴೧⛎̅€໹͎cġġxᤡyx೧yᚾ઻ᱥဧ€Ќx⛅ ᤡyx⛅೧yட᧵c >@▎hᩛᑡ੾॑˴ᶧ€Ҋ॑˴࿭cġġx੾॑yxҊ॑y€Ќx౲੾॑yx౲Ҋ॑y͎c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hᥧᎻ᪅̑⤠᛾€૕ટᤡ᭑ᣌ̡֔cġġधմx౲ᤡ౲᭑ຨᣌ̡֔cy >@᯻ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻h෋ೡ೧ӷġġधմx౲ೡ౲೧⡓෋૝y͎c >@▎hͨห᩷˼‫ॅ܆ا‬Ἀᄛcġġधմxͨ྅྅หห᩷˼‫܆ا‬ໟἈᄛy͎c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦h਻҄ӷ᭑cġġधմx਻౲҄൨ӷ᭑y͎c >@᯻ਸ▗஽Υྡhা੘ი૜೚€⦁߱ંᙬՃઊ៝؋€ᤡ␊М੾̜᭑એ֔ਾcġġxᤡy઻ᓌ ੿c >@▎h⥿᯻෹ຮ঩h⩎຀෇಴€ᤡय़ষઝဈ̜֔Ҋ᭑cġġxᤡy઻ጓເ᮴c >@⦡ᙬ᛾Ӫ෦h⠣ಖ̧€̧̡Ҋ૱cġġधմx⠣᩷ಖ̧€ ౲̧஡ຨ̡Ҋ૱cy‫َث‬x̧y઻€੿x̧yx‫̧ݲ‬y͎€Өx̧yx౲̧y͎c >@▎ၕ൴ᎡӪ෦h໿̧̜␊൳€൳̜֔Ҋտcġġ‫َث‬x൳y઻€੿x൳yᡑ଻͎€ Өx൳y€౲ட͎c >@▎౦ᜲӪ෦h٬଻ᓛ᭑ૅட٪ྏಐ֔༞€༞᛹ட˼cġġधմx֔༞ட˼€͛౲༞Ӄຨ˴ ᛹ࣽy€⪮ᤣ˼Ӄཹc >@▎ങႆӪ෦hཀྵಖᚤਾਾা␊໖୯cġġᚾxਾy઻ᓌ᧵€‫ث‬டࣽ€౲ட͎c >@▎੾̡‫ݲ‬൳ᮇो঩h᪙Ֆ̧஥̫ࡵ€ᒣ᭿̧ਾਾᰗϦ€஡૊ಖ᧵€૲ಖᣄ€ཀྵᓖਸ̧⦡ͭ ೫‫ݳ‬ಖΠ€ͅ஥‫⩎੍ا‬cġġxਾਾy‫€َث‬ᓌ੿cӨဧx஡y઻ࣽ€⡏ኜ͎c ȉᰝ‫ا‬մnx౲yx஡y̡઻҈␊ᨸࡪ€લଁᨸࣽᤣ͎o€ന੐ဤഗጓࢅઍ€x౲yྲྀုⱷ ࡪ€๫˴ဤုᨸࡪex஡y઻ੌᚾဤf>@>@gࢅ␊nုᨸࡪ҈લԳo€നເ͙x஡y␊ᨸ ࡪ€Ꮛᣄ̐ုᨸࡪடxಖ᧵y᩷x̜᭑ਾyᶀ҈๫᭐௹c‫ށ‬டೲx౲yx஡yέੌኜՊߣส ဧ€㜏ੌ඗หߣสဧ€Ќ෋ᛌ৑ห઻໫€͎ᵤ੐ఘࡪbᨸࡪc ȉᦊմhӂỊմhnx౲ੌy€xᔢy͎coಐъմhnఛடxᔢy͎co 43

ȉᦊմh‫઻׊‬ာߓषn౲˴૬ӷo▪մhnಣx౲y઻धxᤣy͎cಖ૟⪮˴€ ཀྵմx౲y͎co ~དኜห઻᮴᳼ြ଻€ଁ͙ࡵъ᧵ட૟ཌྷ͎€xઊyxೲyx௎yxຏyxಣy‫઻ݲ‬ೲ ͎c ~΢‫ଁੌ؜‬ኜ҈͛␊ናࡵࣽ€Ꮛဧઊ઻cxઊy઻ࠪᢐઐ଻€ࠪᢐ▗଻€ࠪ᮴ֳ˴‫ڠ‬ ྲྀӃcҮ૳ૅ߉͙xઊy઻␊ና൝டࠌ઻€ᭁનၟઊxઊy઻டฎ€੐ഗឝࣽಖᤣ€҈੐ഗઍ ࣽટᯊ೩͎cӂỊಐ⑏nઊӂỊࣽo€੶஌մhnxઊyࣽ࡝Πఛ€ટኜՊΠ€oᭁ⛬டᩲc xઊyᢐઐ଻c >@஥ᙦМhઊ൧ӑ€ᙛ᜿҈૊⛆c >@▎hઊ൧ӑ㎇Ֆ҈ẑဧಖᎻcġġᚾxઊy઻લြઐ଻c‫ࣽݳ‬ъ᧵x൧ӑy€ ཀྵ͙xઊy઻ናࡵ҈དኜԳcťಣxઊy઻ᢐઐ଻҈᳼ഗឝࣽc >@▎Ѯ͠hೡՖ͙ઊ▗உీ␊෶എಖ૟҈ᖀட൧˼cġxઊyલઐ଻҈੐ഗઍ€ብ͙ኜՊ Ҍc >@⦡ೡࣽӪ෦hಣઊ୨̧ଁ΀n੿ຒᵤຒ€ೲ͙ੌຒcoġġᓌ੿c xઊyᢐ▗଻҈᎝ഗឝc >@஥ស̡੾Мhઊᗛध੐€ৣಖ๬ֳ‚ġġxᗛy▗଻€xઊyલட€͙ኜ঄ೡଁᚧடᗛ ͎cಣ᳼ഗឝટଁ͙␊࡝Πఛ͎c >@‫ݳ‬લјhઊਾᵤَ€َ͛ੌઍcġġxਾyᔢ▗଻€xઊyલԳ€དኜଁΠࣽc >@‫▗׳‬Өhઊ˹͎ટ๫Ӌ૽҈ர‫ت‬டြ̧cġġx˹y▗଻€xઊyલԳ€͙ኜ˴໫ட˹c >@ဠᗥ୰̑ͭhઊਾ҈෶␊ឿ͎cġġટ͙ኜ˴໫̑ਾ͎c ▎xઊy઻ટӃጓสxಣy઻c >@஥ͅ੾એhᏋઊ̡ਾࣽ€᪙ᓛᑒ᦭டә͎c >@▎ᙦМhಣ̡ਾࣽ€ᨗ㎇ᨈՖ€۶Ќᓙடcġġ xಣyxઊy̡઻Πᰳໟᓌc੿षxઊy઻ྲྀલ▗଻᎝ഗឝࣽc xઊyᢐ▗଻҈ฎഗઍc >@▎ẏ̡h▗ॶઊᯬԳcġġxᯬy▗଻€xઊyલட€͙ኜᜑ▗াၐடᯬc >@‫׳‬᭑Өhષ᩷ઊᗥ௎ᵤໟ൏යcġġxᗥy▗଻€લ͙xઊy઻€དኜ͙੿ଁषடᗥc >@‫ݳ‬લјhೲཀྵշઊഽࣽcġġxઊഽࣽyདኜ̧߱c >@ᗥ๯ហhՓೡᵤဧ€⪮ᵤᐍ͎€َઊೡΥੌଁӷ҈ᵤ۶ᦑಖர͎cġġxઊೡyࣽ€ಣೡ ͎€དኜՓೡ҈َc >@‫ݳ‬લјh⪮ઊਾட␊ᑢ҈ԣ␊‚ġġxઊਾyኜๅѠc >@᫐˼̧ਿh௎ઊਾࣽ€຃ᡫ҈⦁᧊ᩲcġġxઊਾyདኜଁΠடਾc >@஥ស̜੾hၗઊਾடୡᵤ٬ಣcġġxઊਾyདኜ੅ථ▗͎c੿षxઊy઻ྲྀલ▗଻҈ฎ ഗઍࣽc xઊy᮸‫ڠ‬ឝc >@ᗥᅮӞhլշઊਯட๫๰͎cġġxਯட๫๰͎y‫€͎ڠ‬xઊyલட€͙ઢଁշ͎c >@ᤗ᲼h̰ᣓઊΡፖᛌ૝͎ࣽcġġxΡፖᛌ૝y€ଁᣓடΠ€xઊyલட€͙ઢଁշ͎c >@‫ݳ‬ᠼ‫ا‬hՖ̧ছઊৢ˻‫܈‬ட҈͛␊டఛcġġಣxઊy઻᣾᮸˴‫ڠ‬c >@᫐͔શ೚hԪ๾ઊ෋ͨӷಣᏸࣽ€҈ୗຨ͎cġġ x෋ͨӷಣᏸࣽy̰x๾yடुͬ€xઊyલட€དኜx๾yடଁઢ͎c >@᯻Ჾᣱઅடᦒh࢑෋᩷ઊ૮ட᮳ј६ࣽ€༹ြ᩺‫أ‬டઍ€ླྀ͛ၟಖᱝԳcġġx૮ட᮳ј ६ࣽy˴‫€ڠ‬xઊy઻᎝ட€ଁ͙དኜಣ໫டਾ͎c੿षxઊy઻€ྲྀ᎝ြ‫ڠ‬ឝ͙␊དኜࣽc ઎ೲድட€΢▗଻᮴ੌ྽઻ࠪੌⱷࡪ͙ͅ˴ዼࣽ€᩷΢྽઻bห઻ဧເ଻ࣽ€ ྲྀӃക͙xઊy઻c >@஥▪੾̜h‫ڟ‬૞ਾட෶᩷ઊ̡̜ੌҝَࣽcġġxੌҝy଻͎€x̡̜y྽઻͎€ ҈xઊy઻᎝டc >@᫐ຓ๫ੇḩᵤᔄઊുட߸ਾֳ‚ġġಣ଻᮴ੌⱷࡪ҈xઊy઻᎝டࣽc >@‫ݳ‬ᨚᔎhઊͨᏋᵤậcġġಣห઻᮴കxઊy઻ࣽcŦ >@ᬃ̧ጓమhᵤ͙ઊ˴ેಣ˴cġġಣxઊyᢐ྽઻ࣽ€Ӄጓເxຏy઻€धմxᵤ͙ຏ˴ ેಣ˴cyເೲ€ >@ᴋΠhઊಖ̧உ͛ખ⍗੽c >@࿍Πhઊಖੌཀྵcġġᚾxઊy઻ྲྀӃสxຏy઻ጓc ௎xઊy઻ᱥဧ҈ጓເxຏy઻ࣽ€Ꮛ␊ኜ଻ห઻ᩲc 44

ȉ>@ߣxઊy઻€ಣ඗དኜห઻€>╺"@᩷ಣဤ‫ࢅ⎈€ث‬xઊyೲናടࠌ઻c ȉᣠմhಣxઊy઻ೲࠌ઻€⪮ೲห઻c૮᧿hಣxઊyટӃጓ␊Πᰳ‫ͬ׊‬c ~ೲbಣb௎̜઻લြ▗଻€ଁኜྲྀ঄᮴ࣽe⪮঄᮴ࣽ€ ᔐ͙ຏ઻લடcxೲyxಣyx௎y̜઻લֳ▗଻Ꮛ੐ⱷࡪc᮴‫ݳ‬ኜ଻ห઻ԛषࠒᩲcť ೲc >@஥ѮМhੌೲ̜ࣽ€തዑ҈ᵤ‫ޚ‬ġġx̜ࣽyဧເ▗଻c᮴͙xೲy઻͙ኜՊԳc >@‫ݳ‬ᨚᔎh̫ത␊ೲ⍘⍘ࣽ᩷‚ġġx⍘⍘ࣽyဧເ଻઻€കxೲy͙དኜԳc >@ๅ‫ૅا‬৘ϊᾇh೦૔டந€ເᵤ␊੿€඄᣻ட̧€ฉᵤส˴€☬ೲӨᲤЌᅙ€ೲᦒྲྀ፲ ͎cġġxೲᦒyࣽ€धմx΢ೲᦒ໦ྲྀͩ៎y͎€᩷ಣଁՉxೲy઻ᵤ໫c ಣc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒh‫ݲ‬ಣᏯઆᏳᤣఘcġġx‫ݲ‬ಣᏯyࣽ€᮴⑏டᏯ͎c >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦hಖс֚ଁ⸝͔әা␊؋€૨ಣ໫cġġxಣ໫yࣽ€ኜ੿▪ଁ⑏ட૟͎c >@▎h⪮ಣ๼ᵤ෶૳ಣ̧cġġxಣ๼yxಣ̧yࣽ€ኜຏಣ‫ଁੌ؜‬ኜ͎c >@▎ச಻டӪ෦hಣᚾਾَ૟Ữᵤ෶ચ˶cġġxಣᚾਾyኜ᮴⑏டᚾਾ͎c >@▎ൾᡥՖӪhಣ̧ᵎࣽ€྅⩹෶ၟcġġᓌ੿c >@᫐ਾᔐ྅h෋լ͎҈ੌဧ€೰ຨੌಣ͔͎؈‚ġġxಣ͔͎yኜ੿▪ଁࠑઈட᥼͔c ௎c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hՖ̧඾௎ਾ€૔ຒ඾௎ਾġġx௎ਾyࣽ€xಣਾy͎c >@▗೷સМh࿍ਾ␊๫⦁€ՖເੌԀઍᓛட͍€Ꮛ௎‫آ‬Ӄᩲcġġ x௎‫آ‬yࣽ€xಣ‫آ‬y͎c >@▎ᙦМh▗̧ᣔ஛௎ಖَᔄֳၣcġġx௎ಖَyࣽ€xಣಖَy͎c ຏc >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦hຏ੅͔൴ᅲ᜿ြ೺€҈ぽੌఠ€ᏋՖәໟᗉcġġಣَ੅൴߽੐੅ᓛ€ཀྵ ᎝xຏy઻͙ኜԳcŦ >@▎⤠ՖӪ෦hຏӋᵤ෶ဧՖடَഎә€▎૊෶ဧՖடَஹәᗉcġġxຏӋyࣽ€ኜỜ Ӌ€ᵤ੐঄᮴͎c >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦h▎ᄁᎾᎫ͙ຏಖ༙୉‫ݲ‬൳€തᓛᵤ્€҈া૮௎ೲ‚ġġx͙ຏಖ༙yࣽ€ ߽ኜᎾᎫ૳᮴ட༙͎c >@▎ၘ൳྅ૅhͨ‫܈‬๻ட€ຏМਾ༛ட€͊ᦳԛͅ€ᴤఝᩲcġġxຏМਾyࣽ€ኜᵤ੐঄ ᮴டਾ͎c >@▎ग़൴ᎡӪ෦h҈᥼தা᭹ຏ̜ਾࣽcġġxຏ̜ਾyࣽ€⪮੐⛬டਾ͎c >@᯻೚ࢅhຏ᧺̧ட೚€ᄃடᦒ҈ਊಖ‫ࣽڠ‬cġġಣ‫ݳ‬෦⦁ட೚€૮͙x᧺̧ட೚y␊ಣ€ ཀྵ᎝͙xຏy઻€Պ⪮ኜ຃᮴ଁ‫͎ࣽݳ‬c >@‫ژ‬Үӣ᣶ᠠ℡hຏ᫰ࣽᬫc >@▎͓๸hㄻຏ͓๸cġġᇐഗ€ྲྀࡵኜಖ߽ࣽ҈َc ཀྵଁኜ҈ੌ߽⛬લຖடᏊࣽ€Ꮚ͙xຏyxಣy̡઻€ᱥဧ␊ᤣc >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦঩h઎ೲድட€੐ຏᵤ੐ಣcġġxຏyxಣyኜ᮴▪ଁَ߽⛬ᚾϦ͎c >@ૹҝᰝໟເ෦hᚕӨᤆ෋ࣽଁҝட௎ຏ€ᅵᵤᣈᰙᎻடເಣcġġxຏyxಣy̡઻ଁ ኜ€ટ੐੿▪ଁَલຖᚾ૟c >@⦡੅࿍ட᚟೧ो঩h͙ຒ௎ຏ€ဧୡເಣ€ᭁ˴‫ݴ‬௎ᓄடᴤ͎cġġଁኜᓌ੿c >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өh੐ຏࣽྲྀͨଁᵤ␊͎€੐ͨࣽྲྀઁடಂ͎cġġxຏyxͨyટधxຏyxಣy €ሹኜ੿▪€ࡪಖલຖ͎c >@੅᲼hᣌ្੐ຏcġġxຏy઻ᱥဧ€ࡵኜ͙᮴Ꮹϫ€⪮ເኜ଻ห઻อኜଁ␊Πࣽ€ཀྵӪ ြಣc ȉᦢ~Ჷc ȉᣠմhxຏ੅y̡઻঄˴ዼ€xຏyࣽ€xຏ੅y€⪮xຏ͔൴ycᰝ‫߉ا‬c ~xಣyxೲy‫઻ݲ‬ᱥဧ€͙ኜ੿▪҈␊ടͬࣽ€ ԛ߆ኜ଻ห઻ᩲcલ͙xເyx௎y‫€઻ݲ‬ເxເಣyxເೲyx௎ᓄyட໫€Ꮛ␊ोͬ€ฎ ੐ഗજ␊ᤣ€લֳ྽઻ࣽ€ଁ͙⬤ட͎cx௎y઻ᱥဧ€ťᔐટ৘สxເಣy€⪮ᤣጓ͎c >@‫̧߱ݳ‬hઊເೲ€ᏋМਿடᎻ⍧᪆ಖ̧҈ӷᩲcġġxઊເೲyࣽ€‫੿َށ‬டႄᗥហൾ ͎cxઊyടͬ€Ŧxເೲy€ಖो͎ͬc‫ݳ‬Πဧxઊເೲy̜ࡪ€ഗцྲྀᓌc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhເಣයຖӃ͙␊Ꮋ⬔๼cġġxເಣyટኜ੿▪҈␊ोͬ€ಖടͬᵤَ҈Ḛcഗ ц᩷xઊເೲy๫ᰗc 45

>@▎᭑Өhಖাഎ͙‫׉‬Өட‫ث‬ເಣcġġxಣyኜ੿▪ഴӟሑᏸಖᩛᎻட͍€๫෋˴ਾடࠪ ⡓͎€૮͙xເಣy‫ށ‬ኜட҈␊ोͬ€xಖাഎ͙‫׉‬Өட‫ث‬y€‫␊҈͎ڠ‬ടͬc >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hಖ‫܈‬ష⦦€ቐਾட᮳€మਾடमເಣcġġഗцᓌ੿c >@ૹҠцઢhẏફা੐ᔖᔊ҈ၟಖ௎ಣcġġx௎ಣyኜ੿▪€␊ोͬ€xಖy઻ട͎ͬc >@ੌՖເೲಖᵎ͎cġġधմxੌՖಖᵎ͎ເೲy€xເೲy̰ो͎ͬc૮લֳ྽઻€⬤َ ಖᵎཀྵՉӂc >@᯻᩷ᙬ᮷೺ᦒhຑᐘ᩷Ӌເಣᵤᗉ͎€ᐘ᩷Ӌ᪍ਾເಣட঄͎cġġ xᵤᗉy྽઻€x঄y઻ટය€xເಣy̡઻લட€ଁ͙⬤ட͎c >@⦡᯻⪮Ӫ෦hઊ૟͙ૌͅ҈͙Дᔤ€ન͛ಖதДட͎€҈Π٬ಖଁᛄட૟€ເೲࣽதᯅc ġġधմxಖਾ҈ເೲ͎ಖதᯅᩲcyxເೲy̡઻ोͬ€xࣽy઻ಖട͎ͬ€ ᩷xઊເೲyഗцໟᓌc >@ૹҠцઢhઊ͙ધ▪ட౯€ԩ൹டၟ€धੌमҠ‫ݳۍ‬ເಣ⬤͎cġġधմx͙ધ▪ட౯€ ԩ൹டၟ€҈ဧҠடम€ᇮ‫ݳ‬ட‫€ۍ‬ಖ⬤͎धເಣ͎yՉՉ€ཀྵxເಣyલֳx⬤y઻ࣽ€ଁ ͙⬤ட͎c᮴Ჷଁषҝᰝໟເ෦᩷੅࿍ட᚟೧ो঩Ӄᦢድ€Ꮛၟxເຏyx௎ᓄyટᔐဧ͎c >@ᦒ͔‫ڗ‬hӋ˻hnӂብ᭒ਾ€ӂӊ᣸߽य़€ӂၟ૑Ӌ௎ዲ඾oġġx௎ዲyࣽ€x௎ಣ ዲy͎cന˻x௎yࣽ€य़▪͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h͙௎ଁ␊€૦௎ଁ‫܈‬cġġधմx͙ເಣଁ␊€૦ເಣଁ‫܈‬y͎c >@⦡ᗥᦒhਾ᫅૳ட␊೩€௎ࣽ͛҅€᫅୯ட␊೩€௎ࣽ͛ેcġġ়ᙦմhnਾ͙᫅ᤛ૳ ␊೩€ᵤ෶೩ᯅପ૽€ເಣࣽ͛Ҡ⭶٬த͎co >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h̖ዼহ৥€㇯ҎহᲷ€ᦀ৥ᵤઅ€೰ᵤাႄ€᫅௎҈Ӄcġġ x᫅௎҈Ӄyࣽ€َx᫅೰ເಣ҈ЌӃy͎c ť~Ჷ‫ݳ‬ኜ଻ห઻€xೲyxಣyட೺ੌxᓄyx௓y҈๫x௎yc Ŧᣠմhಣxઊy઻๫ଁኜ€̰ࠌ઻€⪮ห઻͎cᰝ‫␊͙ا‬ടͬ€͔߉c૮᧿hಣxઊyટӃ Ν␊Πᰳ‫ͬ׊‬c ~‫܆‬ኜห઻▎⠣ᚾ൵h˴€ຖֳ଻bห‫͙҈઻ݲ‬ட‫ث‬ኜࣽ€Ꮛ᩷ଁኜ଻bหட઻ᓌࡪ€ ᭁ‫ث‬ኜࣽ͛᩷ଁኜໟᓌ͎c̡€ຖֳ଻bห‫␊҈઻ݲ‬ಖ⠣̧ࣽ€Ꮛᤣ੐̐ࡪ€ᭁ⠣̧̐ࡪ€⠣ ๼ⱷࡪ€̰‫܆‬⠣டဤ͎c΢‫܆‬ኜห઻ட੐ᨸࡪࣽ€͛લଁᨸԳc ~‫ث‬ኜ଻ห‫ࣽ઻ݲ‬hྲྀbᦑbᝀb⢈b⇝b࣒b˴bᚾb೫c >@‫࢞׳‬ӨhਾྲྀӃ͙␊ॎ‫‚ݲੌ€ס‬ġġxਾy଻͎€xྲྀy‫܆‬ኜห઻€ຖֳ଻҈‫ث‬ኜட€ ᓌ੐ఘࡪ€҈␊xӃyடടͬc >@‫ᦑ׳‬ӨhᎤྲྀ㏗டcġġxᎤy઻ટ‫܆‬ኜห઻͎€xྲྀy‫ث‬ኜடcፇ᩷੿ᓌc >@஥ઠ੾એhӋ̡᩷ౌ˹€ྲྀԆҊਾ঄ட€ᏋӃᩲcġġxӋ̡᩷ౌ˹y‫€଻ݲ‬ ຖ͙xྲྀy઻€ᓌ੐ᨸࡪ€҈␊x঄y઻ुͬ€૮લ᳼Գc >@ૹഥஉ⛖෦h‫َݲ‬ᗬᳵடcġġx‫َݲ‬ᗬࣽyሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻͎€xྲྀy઻ຖட€ᓌ੐ᨸࡪ€҈ ␊xᳵy઻ुͬc >@⦡ങႆӪ෦hᔯ᩷ᱥՋྲཱྀི຤Ϲཀྵcġġxྲྀy઻‫ث‬ኜ͙᮴ᚾ଻€ᓌ੐ఘࡪc >@᯻υበᖭӋᔕͭh▗ӷடೡ€ྲྀᳵ๬டcġġxྲྀy઻‫ث‬ኜ͙᮴੿▪€҈␊xᳵy઻ु ͬc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhйИྲྀ⪮͔ჹ€͙⛬࣒ᵠ€ᦑຨཹ઄ჹᏯ҈๫‫ݲ‬കcġġxйyxИyᚾં ଻€xྲྀy઻᩷xᦑy઻‫ث‬ኜԳ€҈᩷டᓌࡪc >@ૹ᧥ફґhፇᝀᙼઋ੅ц€⦦Ꮋྲྀᆏ⇞ເཀྵcġġxᝀy઻‫ث‬ኜx੆y઻€ ҈҈ᚾ઻ྲྀxᙼઋyடुͬ€ཀྵલ᳼Գ€ धմxಖፇ੅цᦑᙼઋԳcyx઻yྲྀ‫ث‬ኜx⦦Ꮋyᚾ઻c >@᯻ϣࣽ෦hಖિଁ͙ள૳ட೫€ྲྀຑਾୡ҈ຖવ͎€Ԫྲྀ᰹டcයਾᵤӃ⢈␊€ષֳ஡ପ ಖ෶͙ໟ૳͎cġġᇊ˴xྲྀy઻‫ث‬ኜx೫y઻€ຈ੐ఘࡪc͙ຖxྲྀy઻᩷x⢈y઻€ટ ኜxள૳ட೫y€ᓌ੐ᨸࡪ҈ྲྀલԳc >@᯻υበᖭӋᔕͭhੳкጥ⦔ઉൾቢঽ€ᝀᎯсଁcġġxᝀy઻‫ށ‬ኜ੿╺঵͎c >@᯻३ҋ૟ષಙhᆛ๬ᯔଁ‫ٹ‬ਾഷ€ᏨᄬӞ౫˴ཌྷԛ੿€ᝀ⥿๬ᯔણ‫ܐ‬cġġxᝀyࣽ€‫ث‬ ኜx˴ཌྷԛ੿டᏨᄬӞ౫y͎€ટЌx⥿y઻ुͬ҈લ᳼Գc >@᯻ެᓛ▗ᝬ᜻hᝀੌಖజҝບட᜿᩷ϫcġġxᝀyࣽ‫ث‬ኜӨ▪டx᜿᩷ϫy͎€૮લ ြxੌy઻€ଁ΀લಖଁᨸ͎c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h௎ಖિఉ͉҈ᣐ⦁ࣽ€ᴤ⢈͙஌᪍cġġx⢈y઻‫ث‬ኜ᮴‫␊҈€ڠ‬x஌᪍yु ͬ€૮લ᳼ࣽ€લଁᨸ͎c >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒh᳼ԩ᧓ြ૜೚€⇝‫׉ت‬Ө៛ᇆcġġx⇝y઻‫ث‬ኜ៛ᇆடཌྷ€ཀྵ੐ᨸࡪ€҈લ 46

ြx‫ت‬y઻ࣽ€લଁᨸ͎c >@᯻Ჾᣱઅடᦒh௎⇝ᵤӃຨmmġġx⇝y઻ટ‫ث‬ኜ੿▪ட૟c >@᯻ಆߢᦒຖh‫׉‬Өட‫ྡ܈‬⢵ಖલਾ؋๬€६ൾ૝྅ࣽ€࣒ᛌ᯻‫ا‬cġġx࣒y€ྲྀ͎€ጓ ᩷᮴ᓌc >@⦡ୖໟᓛ྅ૅh᪍૟๫ଁ዗⛎€˴ᣣ᪲ത‫܆‬क़cġġx˴y઻€ྲྀ͎€ᝀ͎€धմxᝀᣣ ᪲തଁ‫܆‬क़ࣽyc >@᯻᧥ᔈ੿ਾ঩hӃ᣺Ӄዧ€˴ૐြᦒcġġधմx΢Ӄ᣺Ӄዧட૟ᦑૐြᦒy͎c >@඄᲼h૮͔Ӌᛜሯ҈ᚾੌட€ೲәடଁ͙␊͔ӋᎫ͎cġġxᚾy઻‫ث‬ኜ੿▪€ฎြᨸࡪ ҈લԳc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅh͙ത೫ຨ੅ᓙᦒ͎cġġx೫y઻‫ث‬ኜxᓙᦒy€َଁຨ๫‫€͎ޞ‬ લြxຨy઻ࣽ€લଁᨸ͎c ͙੿ଁष‫܆‬ኜห઻᩷ଁኜᓌࡪࣽc ~␊଻ห‫઻ݲ‬ட⠣̧ࣽh⩹bࠪb૨b๫bੌc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hԫᓛ€‫׉‬Ө⩹஑Գcġġधմx‫׉‬Өடᓛ๫஑ြԫᓛࣽcy >@஥ͅ੾એh஡ఙಖຖ€⩹ੌᘆ͍cġġx⩹yࣽ€๫ਾ͎c >@⦡̈͊ઐґh‫ݲ‬൳Ꭱ๧Ӡ૤Өࣽ੾ፇᏢ€⩹۶ቚ᜿cġġx⩹yࣽ€੾ፇᏢடઍ๫˴Ꭱ ͎c >@ૹഥஉ⛖෦hᦑᔎ‫َࠪ૳ݲ€૳ݲ‬ᶀ€َࠪᗬcġġxࠪyࣽ€ኜ੿‫૳ݲ‬ઍੌಖਾ͎cť >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh‫ݲ‬൳૨࣭ปᨈਾࣽcġġ धմx‫ݲ‬൳டઍ૨ੌ࣭ปᨈਾࣽcyx૨y઻̐ࡪ€x‫ݲ‬൳yⱷࡪ€ध⠣̧᩷⠣๼යc >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒh⤠᛾͙ᯗட዗€૨៝౦⛅୯cġġx૨yࣽ€ኜ⤠᛾ઍੌ૨ਾ͎c >@⦡சҌ᙭ፇӪ෦h඄ਾ૨␊சҌ᙭ፇҌ຃ࣽ€͙ཀྵຨ㱚ચcġġx૨yࣽ€඄ਾઍੌ૨ਾ ͎c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hМਿ˹૨੿ᦒَຨ૲া⑔⺸͙ࣽ֔ᯊcġġx૨yࣽ€Мਿ˹ઍੌ૨ਾ͎c >@᯻⥿ᣠृӟ঩h⦁߱ድࣽ€૨ᢨᣌ࣠Ө€ூَಖᵎcġġx૨yࣽ€ድࣽઍᵤु˴ਾ͎c >@ૹ᧥ફґhໟਾ૨ᩲ€๫ເᠼໟcġġx๫yࣽ€ြଁໟ૨ਾடઍ๫ਾເᠼໟࣽc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦ḧӋଁम๫ᵤៀ‫ࣽڃ‬cġġx๫yࣽ€̈Ӌଁमடᣫ€๫˴ᣫᵤ␊ଁៀ‫ڃ‬ ͎cŦ >@ૹ᛾઄෦h̦ᜣடଁᡫ€๫ᵤᅺ໹ࣽcġġधմx̦ᜣଁᡫடཌྷ๫˴ཌྷᵤ␊ᅺ໹y͎c >@‫࢞׳‬Өh̡Ӌͨ൴ੌଁ⨟Գcġġxੌyࣽ€̡Ӌઍੌ˴͎c ͙੿ଁष‫܆‬ኜห઻ྲྀ␊⠣̧ࣽc ȉxࠪy઻€ᰝ‫̜ੌا‬൵ᵤᓌߣࢅцhಣᣫࢅೲ‫܆‬ኜห઻€~Ჷࢅೲಙ઻€~ ᲷࢅೲḈሹࠌ઻c ȉ~Ჷࢅx๫yೲఝ઻cಣᣫࢅೲห઻€⪮c ~▎ᇐ઻ဧြԩӪ‫଻ݲ‬டຖ€͙ᾫઊᓌ໫҈નӪࣽ€‫઻ݲ‬Ꮛલြᓌ໫‫€଻ݲ‬೰Ӄલֳ ˴‫€ࣽڠ‬΢ྲྀဧ␊‫ݴ‬ჺடఛҌc ᇐc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅh૮ᔢহୖᦢᇐҊᯊ€ത‫ކ‬ြૹ‚ġġxᇐy઻ຖြxୖᦢyઐ଻€ धմx΢᩷ୖᦢໟ൏டਾy͎c >@▎Ờಖ෦hೲ͙ᩑઆ᷁ќᵤࢅỜಖᇐcġġxᇐyࣽ€⪮Ờಖ˴ਾ€ཀྵَxᇐy͙ჺடc >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦h‫׉‬Өଁृ€૑᛾ᒊᇐֳ‚ġġxᇐyࣽ€᛾ᒊட໫͎c >@▎᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhәᇐதᅖᔥ࿪စ€૨ࣽҊፇᚤ€ृࣽᯊ੾ᢐcġġxᇐyࣽ€ ᵤुxәy˴ਾ͎c >@᯻␊ਾ૦షᦒhເಕᇐཹcġġጓᓌ੿c ‫ݲ‬c >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhӷເ╺ᝬ‫ࡵݲ‬ᮇ΢઄ස଻Ꮿ€๬मᏋᏯ€๬ઋᏋԛcġġx‫ݲ‬y઻‫ݴ‬ኜடఛ€ ᪍xࡵᮇ΢઄y͙‫ݴ‬ಖፇ͎cಣx‫ݲ‬y઻᳼લြ଻c >@▎hйИྲྀ⪮͔ჹ€͙⛬࣒ᵠ€ᦑຨཹ઄ჹᏯ҈๫‫ݲ‬കcġġ x‫ݲ‬y઻ટલြ଻€xകyࣽ€Ќ੿▪‫ݲ‬Ꮿଁകடᰗᯊ͎c >@▎ങႆӪ෦h‫ݲ‬षӞடᎻ€ຈ␊˴ૅcġġx‫ݲ‬y઻ᓌ੿c >@ૹẏફґhা૮‫⬔͔ੌݲ‬๼⬔๼થࣽ€ഝỞ૟cġġx‫ݲ‬y઻લြ˴‫€ڠ‬धմx΢ਾடੌ 47

͔⬔๼᩷⬔๼થࣽӃ஢ມy͎c >@⦡ഥஉ⛖෦h‫َݲ‬ᗬࣽྲྀᳵடcġġጓᓌ੿c >@▎ỜಖӪ෦hᤇព‫ੌݲ‬ඬ੐Ԛடॏ€ᵤ‫܈‬കᗥ€͛ᡥடcġġधմxᤇពઍ΢ੌඬ҈੐Ԛ டॏࣽ€ᵤᗥԳ҈͛ᡥடcy >@▎h‫ଁݲ‬᩷૛⛖€๫⪮ᣨ࿇͔⥺cġġx‫ݲ‬y઻ᓌ੿€ງ੓ြ‫€ڠ‬धմx‫ଁݲ‬᩷૛⛖ࣽc y ~ӷ΢b᧻͔᩷΢b͔იb͔Ӆb͔ᛌ͙٬হ᧻b⇝‫ྲྀ€઻ݲڙ‬ဧ͙␊‫ށ‬ჺடఛ€ટ ӃӪ‫܆ݲ‬ኜห઻c ΢c >@‫͓ژ‬Ịᤣᅤh΢૮டਾ€⩹ເή᭿c >@‫੿࢞׳‬hᎫ΢ᓌ໫ࣽ€᪍ໟ൏͎c >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦hᙬ૳̰໣⢵᧊হடἛ€΢᭐੾̡Ჽcġġx΢y઻̜ഗ€ц஡ᰗ҈ເࢅ▪ଁ Չn␊ᰒჺடͬoࣽ˴͎c >@▎᧥ફઐґh΢Ԫଁ͙૝€␊⬔୨ᙼે€⪮ੌଁ൫ೠ€๽஛cġġಣx΢y઻ટ‫ށ‬ჺட ᧵€લ᳼c >@ૹ᭑҄Ֆ෦hြೲᮯફ˻hn҄Ֆ٬М̧ྲྀ̡֔҄€ਾәᰟᨖ€̰᪍᭤ಖᔍco΢‫␊ᧈپ‬ ᭑҄Ֆcġġಣx΢y઻̰ᢐ‫ڙ‬ட͎cधմxԆ஡̡֔҄€ᢐ‫␊ڙ‬᭑҄y͎c >@᯻੿ြໟ▗ᦒhা᪪঵ӷ౔டಲٚ€΢ԆҊፇᗁ€াম̧ӷІՔ€΢Ԇೡcġġ ᚾx΢y઻ટᢐ‫ڙ‬ட᧵c >@▎൅᧲̍h૮྅டଁ΀ࣽ€˴΢ਾᴕட€Ꮛা͙␊ੌፇ€˴΢ਾьட€Ꮛা͙␊ᵤᵸcġ ġx΢ਾyࣽ€ᤣਾ͎€ᵤ੐ಣဤc >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝhཀྵ᩷ਾ᮳َ€᷇ြ੊ᣍ€ᣐਾடَ€ⳁြ֡༸cཀྵృృடϫ€ᵤຨᳯட€⪮ϫ ᵤ૊͎€ᯅᵸ๫ଁᳯࣽ€΢َ੐͎cġġx΢yࣽ€ྲྀ͎€᪍͎€΀ᗩᗊྲྀ੐ြَ͎c ᧻c >@ૹᦒ᛾‫ײ‬෦ᰒਊဧh᧻হᵤફಂ҈‫̧׉‬া␊ࣽc >@▎h˴̡ኜᝇ€த᧻হಮc >@▎h⛅୯ᵤҌ€᧻⪮ఙ๬͎c >@▎hӷြฤ߸૲€྅្ᔤ€ᓖჩ҈ᵤၟᄁ€᧻ᵤఝြҌ຃€͙␊ೲ‫ܨ‬යҌc ġġ‫ݲ‬x᧻y઻€೚ઁྲྀ৘␊x૬᧻yடx᧻y€൏નೲcťҮ૳ૅጓสx૕ఛy€धմx͔ ૕y͎c >@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿hಖଁ͙ሹӨடҊᄮࣽ€๫ᗥហ᧣ൾԳ€᧻૕ဧᣒᩀҠ᳴㆚ߝ€ᙴᙞಖӨ€ࡗಖ ؋ဧ҈ԛᩲcġġx᧻૕y̡઻€‫َ͎ث‬cઁᦒ૨ੌ⡏ဧᚾ઻ᓌ᧵ࣽ€᧥୲͙xԳ᧻yࠌ‫€ڠ‬ ጓสxহ᧻yࣽ€ન஢દᢐcᵤၟx๫y઻ຖ͔૕္͙xԳy઻€೩ຖcŦ ઁਾ͙x΢yx᧻yᇐ઻ᱥဧ€ᵤᵸ͙೩‫ށ‬ჺட᧵€ြೲക͙x͔y઻€᎝͙xহy઻€ ҈x͔იyx͔Ӆyx͔ᛌyટᨄဧᩲc ͔΢b͔૕b͔იᇐc >@⦡ஊ྅ૅh͔΢๰આ൅ӷ৉ᬞ੾౪྅cġġx͔΢yࣽ€‫ڙށ‬ட͎c >@▎ԩ৪ᦒhြೲ⤠᛾ઍૅ͙੿͔૕‫؝‬cġġx͔૕yࣽ€x͔ᾫyட᧵c >@▎ᗥᦒhӷြ᧥Ᏼ€ખੌМ੘€ഥஉ⛖ྖੌଁਐμ‫͔€ུڃ‬იྲྀᯟ੅ཀྵcġġ x͔იyࣽ€ટᩆ༕҈ᾫடடͬc >@ૹᗥᏚઢh͔‫ྲྀا‬ᓖ੅᭒૟Գcġġxიyx‫ا‬yᓌ઻c >@▎Ӌ௿෦h͔ᛌَ௿঄หૹੌ‫׉‬Өմc >@▎᙭᭑ᮇ෦h೫‫͔€َଁڒ‬Ӆ༻࣒啢͎cġġxᛌyೲ಴क़டଁ€xӅyೲ‫ށ‬ჺடᛃ€᩷ ੿षxიy઻ટଁुடᣫ€ྲྀᓌហ͎c >@▎ੑ౦ઢh‫׉‬Ө͔‫ا‬๫᧻ྲྀ࿤૱ဈᩲcġġx͔‫ا‬yx๫᧻y᩷xྲྀy઻€̜Πᓌហc઎ ೲ҈ >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿hಣಖ͔ߓ͎c >@⦡ͭ౦ᜲ෦hಣಖ͔༕͎c >@▎h͔Ꮱເಣᩲc >@ຖૹঽ၌෦h‫૽׉‬ᇒᘲӃຨ҈೩€નӃຨ҈َ͎cය͔ପ‫͔ت‬ᗊࣽᛌြൾўֳc ġġଁ΀x͔ߓyx͔༕yx͔Ꮱyx͔ପy€␊ोͬb␊ടͬࣽ€ ຈೲx͔ᾫyx͔⇝yx͔΢yx͔ీy‫ށ‬ჺட᧵c >@⦡ͭௌ୛྅ૅhәድ‫ݲ‬൳ӋੵᇊҊፇ€ྲྀ᧥Ᏼ˴☡؋әc >@ૹᦒԩફґh⦦੐ฎ̡Ҋ͙҄੿€˴☡৚ටເᣄc >@▎߱ђΩ෦hᡷ␊˴☡c 48

>@▎ᔅ൳Ӌोh੅ᆛ㆚ᖤடϫ€᝼Ηߝட᜿€᩠ੑ઄૞€᣻☡६ᖤc >@▎சැ෦hᡷΡ˻hn૮˴ೢӣࡠ঵€஛‫ݲ‬ᡷ᳐ᙋ€ᔧ᣻☡‫ت‬᳸co >@ᗥ͔᪎hা‫̧͙׉‬ӷြᥧਾ€᣻ೲྲྀ͙በத␊ઐcġġॠъմhnx᣻ೲy€ ˴☡͎co‫ଁݲ‬षx˴☡y€়ᙦጓสx˴ဤᓌ‫آ‬yࣽ€೚ઁጓ␊nᢪ‫آ‬ட૟€ເ̅☡ཌྷ€᫅ ६๝ᤗ€ᵤఙΡᏵቚ㙷oࣽ€ટੌጓสxᢪષடఛyࣽcᰙ᧿hx˴☡yࣽ€ટ‫ڙ܆‬ᩆ༕ட ᧵€ಖဧц᩷‫܆‬ኜห઻ໟ൏€ཀྵ᚝ૻԳc ȉᦊմhn᧻๫ᵤફಂ҈‫̧׉‬া␊ࣽo€೚ઁ˻hnx᧻y€͔‫͎ڙ‬con᧻⪮ఙ๬͎o€೚ ઁ˻hn૬᧻டઍ€⪮ఙ๬ட᮳շ͎oc⪮ྲྀ৘␊x૬᧻yடx᧻yc ȉ᧥୲ኜӋषடcᦊմhӋ‫ا‬Ү෦಻ͬषᬃ̧ᢙ᜿Ჽ˻hnxಖଁ͙ሹӨடҊᄮࣽ€๫ᗥហ᧣ ൾ€Գ᧻૕ဧᣒᩀҠ᳴㆚ߝ€ᙴᙞಖӨ€ࡗಖ؋ဧ҈ԛᩲcyَ๫ᗥហ᧣ൾ͙ሹӨ€̰᧻૕ဧ ᣒᩀҠ᳴㆚ߝ҈ԛ͎coᣠ〘ъ˻hnxԳ᧻yx๫᧻y€ धَx͔΢y͎coxԳyधx̰y͎€x᧻yx૕y€ྲྀ΀x͔΢y͎c ~ӈኜห઻€͛ᢐఝ઻€͙ࡵಖӈ␊ᨸఘ͎cᭁఝ઻ட๬€ੌ၅ੌ‫€ت‬၅ࣽ␊ఘ€҈‫ت‬ ࣽ␊ᨸ€ཀྵੌᨸbఘடࡪcӈኜห઻€Ќা᩷ໟb૛‫€઻ݲ‬લြఝ઻€Ќ͙ो၅ࣽ‫ࣽت‬ட␊˴ ͎c ť াc >@᫐ਾᔐ྅h઄ઈাᨉ͎€ᣪୠা౛͎cġġxাyࣽ€઄ཝᨉԚ€ᣪୠ౛Ԛ͎€͙ࡵᨉ ࣽb౛ࣽ᩷ଁᨉbଁ౛ࣽྲྀ઄ઈ͎€ྲྀᣪୠ͎cເೲ€xাྱyxা⪠yxাᑺyxাᣐy€ ྲྀಣ໫͎€ಣ␊াᶀఝ઻€߆ຖc ᮴‫ݳ‬xাy઻ԛَடᩲc ӷఝ઻ட᮴കxໟy઻€҈᩷xাy઻ࠪᢐࠪ҃ࣽ€ࡵ၅ࣽb‫ଁࣽت‬ኜᵤ˴€ཀྵੌ૛ӈட๬ ͎c ໟb૛c >@ૹᙬ᛾෦hՖതᵤ૛᳝આᏅ€ⳁໟֹcġġxໟֹyࣽ€ࡵᚾਾຏಣֹ‫͎ݹ‬c >@⦡ၕ൴ᎡӪ෦h‫آ‬ԛ‫ૹ€ݥ‬ങႆໟՕ㑹€ஹᣐ͔঄cġġxໟ㑹yࣽ€ࡵૹᎡ᩷ങႆӈໟ ఠ͎c >@᯻Ჾᣠ̧ᦒhଞ▎ᣱ᩷ग़୔ӷ҈૛ࢅ؈€ཀྵᵤຑໟ೩€ໟൾԛ๖cġġx૛ࢅyࣽ€ Ќxໟࢅy͎€xໟ೩yࣽ€xຏಣӈ೩y͎€xໟൾyࣽ€xຏಣ૛ൾy͎c >@ૹյખ෦hंநাໟᤇҌcġġಣxাໟyᚾ઻ᢐဧcxাໟᤇyࣽ€஡ਾাᤇ€▎૛ໟ ᤇ͎cЌ΀ખᇐা໽€▎ຏಣӈ໽͎c ‫̧׳‬xໟଶyxໟ‫׊‬yxໟᆵᇮy€▎xໟହyxໟฌ౰yxໟ֔᭑y‫ݲ‬Π€ྲྀಣ໫͎c ȉ೦ഥ੯ໟ઻ⱷኜ಻ဤf೩ૹΠΠц‫▪ݳ‬᭤g˴▪ߣъઍࢅhnಣસហྖӃᢙ€၅‫ت‬ᢐ˴᩷ӈ ኜᨗ␊ᵤໟ્ட̡૟cা઻ो၅‫ت‬ட␊˴€҈̡ࣽЎ᫲ြ˴த€Ꮛxӈyြതੌ‚ໟ઻ोໟ ӈ€ය͛લੌຏಣ҈ຖੌໟӈடӃَ€▎୪ຨ΀␊၅‫ت‬ᢐ˴‚ᗉxલြఝ઻y᮴㱚xা઻y̡ ઻cᓖᰝ‫ا‬ြઐᲷࢅࡵઍ▎ੌxӷఝ઻ட᮴കໟ઻mmࡵ၅ࣽଁኜᵤ˴€ཀྵੌ૛ӈட๬y‫ݲ‬Π ͎co

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Chapter 3 ᨗ઻Ꮩட̜ ఘࡪ̜ட˴ ࡪࣽ€଻ห‫઻ݲ‬ြഗ‫ڠ‬ઍᥫᣫடฎ͎cࡪੌМh˻ఘࡪ€˻ⱷࡪ€˻ᨸࡪ€˻ᓌࡪc૮ࡪಖဧ цြ஥c ~΢ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍ଻bห‫઻ݲ‬ட␊ടͬࣽ€ྲྀုఘࡪ€ԛ߆ြ᮴cᔐੌ଻઻ᵤ␊ടͬ҈ᛌ৑ఘࡪ ࣽੌ̜cť ~˴€΢ӎਾዹΠࣽc੎ҋઁΠ€଻઻ᓖࡪ҈዗€΢ӎਾட଻Ꮚ␊˴ࡪc૮டਿَ€ಖ ଻ᵤ዗ࣽ€ӎਾடࡪ€ᾫӪఘࡪc΢඗ਾ€ࠪઐ଻ࠪ▗଻๫ᤣe҈ಖฎલӎຖΠࣽ␊ཹ૨€ӎ ြຖࣽ዗ဤ͎c >@‫ݳ‬੎൅h҈૮҈ຖ€Ԫၟ஢ઊ€̧͓ġġx̧͓yࣽ€Ữ̧ӎ᭿̧ட▗଻͎c >@▎▗‫ۇ‬Ρhᖀ͎€⪮ӂଁ٬͎cġġxᖀ͎y€ਸ̧ӎ̧៤ட଻c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hಔ൅ᒊᄆ҈‫ݲ‬൳ᒢ€ᧁതֳ€ᚕӨġġxᚕӨy€▗଻͎c >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅh൷̧€Ө€६ᳯġġx൷̧yࣽ€ӎட͎c >@஥સ੾Мᮇhઊᮬ€҈᧯ുӋடஹ҈⬔ֳ‚ġġxઊᮬy€ઐ଻͎c >@஥ស̜੾̡h‫€̧׳‬Ԫ೩೚டચ҈ᵤ೩ಖ৑͎ġġx‫̧׳‬y€ઐ଻͎c >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦h▗€ໟ᩷۹ಣằြॡӨġġx▗y€▗଻͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉hᛌ෷ֳ€ՖġġxՖyટ▗଻c >@᯻˸෹ຮᦒhၗடֳ€̧ᣄ૊҈Ꮪடࣽġġxၗடy€ઐ଻͎c >@⦡ग़൴ᎡӪ෦hᛱᡥᏅ᝟€˿ु᥼c᥼ᘸ˻hnཀྵग़൴Ꭱcoġġxཀྵग़൴Ꭱyࣽ€̰ᥫዹ ட଻€धմx૝ࣽ␊ԣ‚yᥫட˻x̰ཀྵग़൴Ꭱ͎cyᭁो͎ͬc ť▪⛖Ꭻ▪՜ᚾഗߣxടͬyட᮴ྲྀੌxुͬy̡઻€ᓷයੌ߉cᣠ‫߉▟ا‬ᚧસnಣᣫ̡xु ͬy̰xोͬyட߉o€ᦊ‫ا‬ᇭъઐ๰டcന▪⛖Ө҂ࠝxᓌࡪy‫ࢅآ‬hnᓌࡪடဤੌ̡h ˴€ဧເोͬࣽo€Ќᵤᥫြಣᣫࢅोͬုఘࡪ€ ⛎ᵤᥫࢅ੐xടͬyட᮴cੌӃ෶xुͬy␊߉သ€ᗉ⩹෶ࡵc૮έ⎥xुͬy̡઻€ ᵤകxोͬy̡઻cӷြ>@͙xཀྵग़൴ᎡyᎯఘࡪ€ຈ͙nᭁो͎ͬo␊ጓ€̰ᓖಣഗ๫ട ͬ€ोͬ๫Ӄဧ€ᓖ҈ᵤӪြᓌࡪ҈᳼ಣ᩷ӎਾዹΠடͬᓌӪ͎c ~̡€΢ᾫᢨ҈ӎ٬଻઻ࣽc >@ᦒॎ୘hફ˻hn‫ߵ€ہ‬ហᘬ଼oġġxហyx଼yઐ଻€ᓖᢨ҈඗٬͎c >@‫ژ‬ဠ̍h⁇៊ͅӋġġxͅӋyઐ଻c >@஥▪˸h˻hnӎ€ມઊ€ષՖӋட‫܈‬ஹৣ҈અಾ͎coġġxມઊyࣽ€ӎ҈Їடட଻ ͎c >@⦡ങႆӪ෦hᶱ€੽઺டਾ€ఙ๫૨ఛcġġx੽઺டਾy€▗඗͎c >@⦡ᦀྖӪ෦hӑ€Ֆ€ത೩டṉ͎ġġxՖyࣽ€ᓖᢨ҈඗ட͎cť >@࿍᲼hᶱֳ€ֳ̧࿍ᓛহடೡӷᩲġġxֳ̧yટᓖᢨ҈٬டcŦ▗଻ຖ‫͙׊‬xֳy઻ ࣽ€͙⌐ᵤԩ͎c ΢௓ष඗‫࡝͙ྲྀ€଻ݲ‬ಖᐋᢨடఛ€੿Ჷଁष€ੌብӎ͙ዹΠࣽ€ಣᚾࣽடၗੌᵤᓌ͎c ȉᣠմhᰝ‫ا‬ြxՖy઻⛠ഗ€⪮ೲcxՖy̰ఝ઻x೩y઻ടͬ€⪮ӎ଻͎c ȉ~Ჷषಣဤf>౪"@gࢅx̧yᓌx⓮y€ೲᢨ઻c᩷ಣࢅ␊▗଻ᵤᓌc ~̜€΢Ꮻᦒ଻b᜻ͭࣽc >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦h‫پ‬ಖᦒ˻υΠcġġxυΠyᦒ଻€૮੐ഗઍ€᩷xಖᦒyᓌࡪc௎ന˻xυ Πy͙ഷᦒ଻€ᏋӃᗂᓌఘࡪc >@̜ᓛΥ‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂෦h‫ݲ‬ᬖ‫ا‬᭤຃࿩cॏ̡੾МmmᲽcġġಣ෦ぽͭ‫ݲ‬ᬖ‫ଁا‬᭐டᦒc >@᯻᭢ᡥᥩ᜻hᏫ˻੯ઊਾ᜻€૮‫ݳ‬ಖ▪€̰ԫઆ᥸౪ᮇc▎ಖഷ˻℡ફ̡ဥட᜻c ‫ށ‬ட€ᦒ଻b᜻͙ͭ੓ြᦒb᜻டឝࣽ€ྲྀӃᗂᓌఘࡪc

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ⱷࡪ̜ட̡ ~΢ᯊ଻ࠌဧ€҈᧵ੌⱷ̐ࣽ€Ꮛ̐ࣽຖ᳼€΀ட̐ࡪ€҈ⱷࣽલ᳼€΀டⱷࡪc ~ⱷࡪடဧ€ᵤ෶ቡ᪍cੌَ͙̐ࡪடଁᎯࣽc >@᫐⩎ંh೰Ԫॣᔄृවடᔄ҈჈൅᧲டហࣽcġġधմxවူଁੌடᔄ€ ൅᧲ଁੌடហy͎€ཀྵಖxᔄyᎯြxවူy€ಖxហyᎯြx൅᧲y͎c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h˸Ӌட̧€ફட๰᭿͎cġġधմx˸Ӌଁੌட̧€Ќફଁੌட๰᭿y͎€ટಣ Ꭿြຏட᧵c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hઊᚠᥭளடມࣽ€૲᭑ާடᢪeઽᠿ҄டᑞࣽ€ᴵౌໟடฎcġġx᭑ާட ᢪyࣽ€Ӌ൳ଁੌடᢪ͎€xౌໟடฎyࣽ€▗ౌଁੌடฎ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hවူடບ€๫⦁ၣ▪ட૟ࣽcġġ‫▪ݳ‬᩷੿ᓌc >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hҌ຃‫܈‬ᏸᯛ᭸டႄe˶‫܈‬ᨰ᪚ၐட‫؍‬cġġधմxᯛ᭸yଁᵊடxႄy€x᪚ ၐyଁੌடx‫؍‬y͎c ੌَ͙ଁੌடষᯊࣽc >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hઊ֔ާடӋ€᭑ૅட൳€Ҋ઺டՖ€૔धᤆ᠐€҈ଞᛅઊ‫ۂ‬Ꮋֳġġx֔ ާyx᭑ૅyxҊ઺yࣽ€͙ᏊxӋyx൳yxՖyx▗yᓛட͔͓͎c >@ૹӋᰟ෦h˴ऺடဈ€ᦑ৑༛ૅcġġx˴ऺyࣽ€َ͙xဈyட૨͎c >@⦡ഥஉ⛖෦h֔૱டঅ€⪮˴ԡடᖖ͎cġġx֔૱yࣽ€َxঅyட൨͎c >@ૹቈᗊ෦hට͙୐ߢடᑞ€ᖀ͙˴क़டᣍcġġ x୐ߢyَxᑞyடষ€x˴क़yَxᣍyடᯊc >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦hְલ૳͙̜݅ட̪€஑ြҊ᭑ட೚cġġx̜݅yَ͓€xҊ᭑yَ૨€ྲྀ ষᯊ͎c ੌَ͙ಖࠑ൏ࣽc >@஥ẏМhೲ̧͎€೿ᦼடಙ€҈ඕߞடᯛcġġ َxಙyເx೿ᦼy€xᯛyເxඕߞy͎c >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦h੅€ᦼߞடᓛ€ᵤӃൾ€ᵤເ๫๬cġġَx੅ᓛyເxᦼߞy͎c >@᫐ῨᲹhᔢੌ້᱓டᣒୗ෶ያ€ᮂ፠ட࣓ୗ෶ඍcġġَxᣒy͙x້᱓y€x࣓y͙xᮂ ፠y͎c >@⦡൅᧲Ӫ෦h⪮᚝᧶մட˹€շ෶၅ြຖ྅඾ġġَx˹yເx᧶մyட᧥͎c ੌَ͙ಖϫࣽc >@⦡੅ᆠᤃઐґh੅ધ▗ᆛ␶ᝨடᓒ€ᅣূ൧டϫcġġ x␶ᝨyَଁxᆛyடᓒ€xূ൧yَଁxᅣyடxϫyc >@▎ങႆӪ෦hᶱ€੽઺டਾ€ఙ๫૨ఛcġġx੽઺yࣽ€َಖᣫ͎c ΢੍⩎ଁَxᤗ൳yx᪙൳yxԫ൳yxஊ̧yࣽ€ྲྀಣ໫͎c ੌَ͙ಖ‫ࣽآ‬c >@᫐ຓ๫ੇhᥧਾੌೢ఻ட୙Ꮛያcġġxೢ఻yࣽ€َx୙yட‫͎آ‬c >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝh๬ಖृ̏டໆ€҈થߪதட໪cġġxृ̏yxߪதy€ྲَྀ‫͎آ‬c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hᤗ̜੾ೡ኎cġġx̜੾ೡyࣽ€َଁxᤗyடx኎yӃੑx̜੾ೡy€َಖ ‫͎آ‬c ⛎ੌَಖཀྵbಖ⠣bಖฃࣽc‫ށ‬ட€΢଻઻டဧ€⪮̐᧵ࣽ€ྲྀલ᳼҈␊ⱷࡪ͎c ~ⱷb̐ᚾࡪடᔐ€xடy઻ᦢ҃๫ᤣcብΠ‫܈‬ಖ྇€☬ြ˶ӗ€ཀྵⱷb̐ᚾ᩿€ᢐட ␊྇ࣽ€Ꮛᵤᦢxடy઻c΢̐ࡪ‫܈‬૦߁຃ࣽ€ᾫᦢxடy઻c >@‫▗׳‬Өh‫آ׉‬ᵤເϫ୯€ϫ୯ᵤເਾ଼cġġधմx‫׉‬ட‫آ‬yxϫட୯yxਾட଼y͎c҈ ⱷb̐஡ࡪྲྀ᩿€ᢐ҈␊྇€ཀྵᵤᦢxடy઻€☬ြ˶ӗc >@▎ඥᣆ੿hЎञ຃ୡԳŊЎञҌୡԳc >@▎ඥᣆӨhಖ૟Ꮛᤗၣԫ▪c >@▎▗உ̣੿hເ͙๛̈́᎝ળြᗧ⏗c >@▎᭑ᦊӨhՖ੾ౌᑞc ▎x‫׉‬ฎyx‫׉‬ᑞyx‫׉‬ᡑyxਾᡑyx஠ೡyxӺೡyxౕ৐yxᦘ᭚yᇐΠ€ⱷb̐઻ ᩿€ྲྀᵤᦢxடy઻c >@᫐ᥫફӋh๫␊଻Ꮁ€๫␊࣭঵€๫␊૟എ€๫␊ၟఘc >@⦡඄྅ૅh๽␊ྱ঵€๽␊ᗩ዁cġġ͙੿ଁष€ⱷb̐ᚾࡪྲྀ᩿઻͎€҈ⱷࡪடဧ€˴ເ ྽઻€ᢐြ̐ࡪ͙ͅ˴Π€ཀྵᵤᦢxடy઻͎c >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h౯டᨗ€૟്ೲ͎€ហடᨗ€๰ήೲ͎cġġx౯yxហyxᨗy̜᩿઻€ ಣَx౯ហடᨗy€‫܈‬ಖ߁຃€ཀྵᦢxடy઻c >@▎ᦑӨh࡙டᯛ€૔▪Ӌடᯛcġġx࡙டᯛy€ಖហᓌ੿c 51

>@஥ẏ੾̡hՖட᧷͎€୺டᔧ͎c >@▎hᦢட৐€൴੐ԫᎡ€Ӄຨੑֳ‚ġġಖហᓌ੿c ௎੐ഗઍ€ⱷb̐ᚾ᩿҈᩷ఝ઻b૾઻ໟࠌࣽ€ᾫᦢxடy઻͙Мடc >@‫࢞׳‬ӨhΡՖடշಖ᳥͓€⣧Ֆடշಖ᳥͔cġġxՖyxշyᚾ᩿઻€੿ࠌxΡy઻€ ᦢxடy઻͙Мடc >@▎ᖭӨh͙ήடᑞ␊ᵤហடᑞ҈ᵤੑ͎€͙ήட઺␊ᵤហட઺҈ᵤု͎cġġ xήடᑞyxήட઺y€੿ࠌx͙y઻€ᏋМ͎c >@▎▗ӨhઋᏋᨰೡடୡ҈ຖી඾ġġxೡடୡyጓᓌ੿c >@▎᭑੿h҈ုॎடẟ€⛉ॎட̧€ೲᲩ͎€⪮‫׉‬͎᩷cġġટᓌ੿c >@ૹᚾ㭦෦hᨈਾடᧅ€୺ਾட̧€਀ਾ⬔๼cġġxਾடᧅy€ ੿ᢐxᨈy઻€xਾட઻y੿ᢐx୺y઻€ྲྀ͙Мடcཀྵx਀ਾ⬔๼y˴ഗ€ԛМᩲ€ ᵤകxடy઻c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h૮ૹӋລೞ᜿҈૞€൫ਾட⠣€ᧇਾடϫcġġxਾட⠣yxਾடϫy€ᓌ ੿c >@▎றฆӪ෦hጓᐺ̧᪆ጓடඬ€᩷ਾ垴€෋டᛶ€⪮ಖഎ€஑͛ࣀடcġġxጓடඬyጓເ ੿c‫ଁ੿ݲ‬ष€΢ᦢxடy઻ࣽ€ᔢ␊྇Π‫҈€ڙ‬ટଁ͙෋̐ࡪட઻⛎␊߁຃͎c ӷ>@‫੿▗׳‬hᒟᙦட͍€౯டϦ͎€ౚշட͍€ហடϦ͎cġġधմx౯ຒઍட˴Ϧy€xហ ຒઍட˴Ϧy€͛ᦢxடy઻€̐ហਿࡵcť ▎ࠪⱷࡪ઻྇҈̐ࡪ઻᩿€᩷ⱷࡪ઻᩿҈̐ࡪ઻྇ࣽ€ᾫᦢxடy઻͙Мடcಖࠪⱷb̐ᚾࡪ ྲྀ྇ࣽટය€ᵤᦢࣽ⪮ᤣဤ͎c ⱷࡪ઻྇€̐ࡪ઻᩿ࣽc >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өh̜ίட٪Ŋ͠ίடಐŊ໿ஆடဳŊ઄ᝳடᙴŊ᜿ఢட୯c >@▎▗உ̣੿h઎Ҋ྅டຖŊᇐҊ྅டӋc >@▎ᖭ▪▗੿h̜ᮇடથ€ᤗ஌டᖋ€䊪ംடੑŊๅ᭸டព€Ꮥ࣠டઠġġᇐΠ€ᵤӃླྀᯊc >@᫐‫⦁׉‬hःਾட͍€྽ֳ‫׉‬ϫடᴪ͎€᭑ཌྷட࿶͎c >@⦡ഥஉ⛖෦h֔૱டঅ€⪮˴ԡடᖖ͎€਽὿டᇷ€⪮˴ઈடሳ͎€̜หட᚟€⪮˴˹டၫ ͎c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hᦑ౤ᰝடᏚ€ᏸҌ຃ட‫€܈‬๬؈ႀட⦁€๷֍ᘼட߱€ೲ̰ᓛૅட͔ᙲ€ਾఘ ட͔ϐ͎c >@ᤗ᲼hઊᢪᬘࣽ€᭑ཌྷட૕͎€҈‫آ‬ඬࣽ€Ҋ૟டΡ͎cġġ͙੿ྲྀᦢxடy઻͙Мட͎c ⱷࡪ઻᩿҈̐ࡪ઻྇ࣽc >@‫੿▗׳‬hઊ౯€‫׉‬டᰟᡑ͎€ਾட૊઼͎cġġx‫׉‬yxਾyⱷࡪ઻᩿€ಖ̐ࡪ઻྇€ ᦢxடy઻͙Мடc >@▎ᖭ੿ḩடή᭿€૟டᯊ੾ᮇc >@▎hઊ᧲̧ൾ͙␊ਾட്ಖήட̧€␊௎്ಖಋட्ֳ̧‚ >@▎▗Өh૮ੌ‫ت‬ਾட਺೷҈␊டཎடࣽc >@▎᭑੿hઆІྲӼਣட୘Ҡc >@▎ᐘӨhᔎᓛட͔ඍcġġ ‫ଁݲ‬षx̧டή᭿yxಋட्̧yxਾட਺೷yxਣட୘Ҡyxᓛட͔ඍy€ྲྀᦢxடy઻͙ МԳc >@஥ស̡੾╺hᎻடᅥ €ᦑၟடᩲc >@▎ѮМhଡ଼டಲ€ᰝடଁ૳c >@▎ͅ੾̜hᴋਾໆՖடஆࡽcġġᇐΠ€ટಣ໫͎c ӷ̐bⱷᚾࡪྲྀ྇ࣽટයc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh‫̧׳‬டຖથ⒭᮴થcġġx‫̧׳‬y᩷xຖથy€ⱷb̐ᚾࡪྲྀ྇€ટᦢxடy઻€ ଁ͙Ꮚ͎c >@▎▗Өhᵤ࢞ြӋ€҈ர᩷டԪ̧டᑞᡑcġġxԪ̧டᑞᡑyᓌ੿c >@▎ඥӨh֔ᤡடೡӷ€Ӄળ҈ପ͎c >@▎᭑Өh˴ዑட᮳˹mm‫׉‬Өட᮳˹c >@▎ᖭӨhု‫׉‬Өட᥼ု€અ‫׉‬Өட̐ฎ€๬‫׉‬Өட͔⦁cġġᇐΠ€ྲྀಣဤ͎c >@⦡⤠ՖӪ෦h֔ਾட࢒࢒€ᵤເ˴˹ட଩଩cġġx࢒࢒yx଩଩yಙ઻҈ဧເ଻ࣽc >@▎᯻⪮Ӫ෦h΢ࢅட఑€੐ၟ࿥ଁࢅடଁᓅcġġxଁࢅyxଁᓅyੌⱷ̐ட᧵€ဧເ଻ ઻€᮴ԛَᩲc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒh᧥Ᏼடၗ‫ॣ€آ‬ஹ͔ώc >@஥ͅ╺h̜หட૭Ӌ€ྲྀᯊҊᮇἈ‫׉‬டᑞc >@⦡ഥஉ⛖෦hഥஉ⛖‫ه‬ःਾ͎€ၟ঄྅டӅ఑c >@▎֥ᴋӪ෦h੿ᵤ෶᧤લફட▗ໟ€Өᵤ෶ႎ‫׉‬Өட؈͍c 52

>@᯻๯੾̡ཇ▪hᔢ᭑ާட▗ໟ€Ԫᵤ͙˴ೡሗߵ҈᱆͎cġġ੿षԆᲷぽ€ⱷb̐ࡪ྇ࣽ€ ྲྀᦢxடy઻c ⱷࡪb̐ࡪᔐᵤᦢxடy઻c >@⦡੾̡‫ݲ‬൳ᮇो঩h੿͔ઊ᪱වΩ€ሑ੍⩎ហ€ྖ᭐▪Գcġġᵤ˻xሑ੍⩎டហyc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhಖຖҊੌፇᮇ€҈ਸ̧‫ݳ‬⢵એᪧ෦cġġᵤ˻xએᪧட෦yc >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒh࣒ᵠᤗட͔ᦧ⑫€ਸอ᣶ᵠ͔‫ྲྀ€ۇ‬ପ૳᱖֔૱cġġᵤ˻x᣶ᵠட͔‫ۇ‬yc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅh͙ത೫ຨ੅ᓙᦒ͎cġġᵤ˻x੅டᓙᦒyc >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hਾட๫⦁€̰ᗬલફᥩᏨcġġᵤ˻xલફடᥩᏨyc >@▎ᙬ᛾෦h‫ޞ‬ᙬ૳␊垴ੑ᭶cġġᵤ˻x垴ੑட᭶yc >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦h▎٨ਾ᎞஽€࡝ਾ઺᥹cġġᵤ˻xਾட᎞஽yxਾட઺᥹yc >@⦡३ᚈ൳෦hә‫َ͔ڟ‬Ӌ؋ߓcġġᵤ˻x͔Ӌட؋ߓyc >@▎ग़൴ᎡӪ෦h᧶‫ᦒ੿܈‬ໝ‫̧׉‬Ꭱూ໹cġġᵤ˻xᎡடూ໹yc >@ૹᙬ᛾෦h␊ᑒ᦭‫€ڙ‬੐ᚾᎡ૴ႬҌcġġᵤ˻xᑒ᦭ட‫ڙ‬yŦxᚾᎡட૴Ⴌyࣽ€͔૕ ⱷb̐ࡪᢐງ€੿Ө▪઻ԛ྇ᩲ€ເകxடy઻€ ▎ᗪᯊ᩿cເx␊ᑒ᦭‫ڙ‬yx࡝ਾ઺᥹yx␊垴ੑ᭶yxຨ੅ᓙᦒyxሑ੍⩎ហyᇐΠ€ྲྀМ ઻ᩲ€ͬ᧵ྖᵸ€ཀྵᵤകxடy઻cӷເxໝ‫̧׉‬Ꭱూ໹yx‫ݳ‬⢵એᪧ෦yᇐഗ€ ᵤᔐxடy઻€Πਿ✞ঁc ᇐഗ͎€⦡ͭੌxடy઻€҈ૹᦒཀྵ⎥ઋࣽ€ኜᵤᖤᎾ€૮࿩ᯊᏋ͙Պ˴͐€᪎ࣽӃাࠒ͎c >@⦡ͭᠼ੊Ӫ෦մhઊᚕӨ͙˴ਾடᴕ҈ӣә€˴ਾட㛛҈ઋә€ә஛‫׉‬Өੌૻᔄட€ੌ͙ᨢ ᚕӨ͎c >@ૹᦒᠼ੊෦մhઊᚕӨ͙˴ਾᴕӣә€˴ਾ㛛ઋәc >@⦡ͭ▎մh೰ླྀ࿍ਾ€ᵸӨટ࿍ਾ͎€ླྀ୉ቐᵸӨட଻ြ‫׉‬Ө€ఙᵤ‫ث‬؈ >@ૹᦒᏋմh೰ླྀ᩷ᵸӨ൞࿍ਾ€෋ླྀ୉ቐᵸӨ଻ြ‫׉‬Ө€ఙᵤಢֳ >@⦡ͭசҌ᙭ፇӪ෦մhઊ͙˴඄૔๻୛€ଞ͙ᚾᵎӋ஥ናॏᯈ€҈᣿ஹӋட᳥€‫ڃ‬୛๻ ᩲc >@ૹᦒசҌ᙭ፇ෦մh҈᣿ஹӋ᳥€‫ڃ‬୛๻ᩲc >@⦡ͭ̈͊෦մhಣટ‫׉‬হ੅ட‫͎آ‬c >@ૹᦒ̈͊෦մhಣટ‫׉‬হ੅‫͎آ‬c >@⦡ͭ▎մh᙭ፇ␊൴€൴᧝ᯊ᭑ਾ€҈ᎡӠ૤டಲ€ಣଁ΀ѲಲடᎡ͎c >@ૹᦒᏋմh᙭ፇ൴᧝ᯊ᭑ਾ€ᎡӠ૤ಲ€ଁ΀ѲಲᎡ͎c >@⦡ͭ▎մhાហ‫ݞݳ‬ൾՖடᎡ͛ᔤc >@ૹᦒᏋմhાហ‫ݞݳ‬ൾᎡ͛ᔤcġġ઎ೲድட€xடy઻ക҃๫સဤ€ૹᦒ⎥ۨ⦡ͭᯊ ઻€Ꮛͅૹ▪€ಣᲤಃடᅏ͎c ௎ເⱷࡪԩӪ૨઻€઻ᯊྲྀ྇€҈̐ࡪብ˴᩿ࣽ€ᾫເxடy઻͙␊Ꮚc̐ࡪ઻྇ࣽ€Ꮛ๫ᤣ Գc ̐ࡪ઻᩿c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh΀ᅷኣb̈́ₛடಢ͎cġġxᅷኣyẍ́ₛyᚾⱷࡪԩӪ€धմxᅷኣடಢ᩷̈́ ₛடಢy͎cxಢy઻᩿҈ဧເ଻ࣽ€૮␊̐ࡪ€᮴കxடy઻͙াᏊ͎c >@▎▗੿h᳁වbᰓ̧ட؋c >@▎ᖭ੿hᵝ‫ן‬b᪁Хட⦁c >@▎h㏗ဠ▗bවူட⦁c >@▎ᖭӨhᣠॠb᱘ᦲடَ̩‫׉‬Өc >@▎ඥӨhিᵤ‫ੌ܈‬ઊbᧅb̧b๼டᎯ඾‚ >@▎࢞Өh๫٪ಐbẟ઺bશᥩb๯Ꮾடᗥc >@▎ᦑ੿hೲৢᲲੑbӉ᭽டហ͎c >@▎ᐘ੿h೒bᖔb౤b᭦டॊcġġᇐഗ€ྲྀಣဤ͎c >@⦡ԩ३ᦒh҈઄ჹbᓞ‫ܝ‬b੒௃b౵㫁டਾ€া‫̧͙׉‬ӷြ໿Ֆਣ߶ೱ€ྲྀ஡␊ர੄ள Գc >@᯻ְᘊ෦hাֹଉடห͙٬੅૟€๫ᵤ┖࿩€ᚈᵠbୟᲔb൒ໟbᵌਿb޴‫ا‬b઄Үbϫ Υb઻ᦒbᓙᣁb౪߸bҊૅb‫׉‬ਾடᦒ€̰ӷ‫ע‬ᓙb୨̧b೺ᓛடࢅ€ྲྀଁ߆ᝀc >@⦡੾̡‫ݲ‬൳ᮇो঩h٬ເᬃౌb‫̧׳‬b▗உᓒb᯻⪮டບ€஡຤຤Ⴢᆓ੍⩎ட▪͙᭐ᦒc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅh‫ݲ‬൴ྲྀ᠏ौ૱ᣍbᕏཌྷட঵⠣ட€ത਀લ৑಴੅̮ໟbຮ⦡ຐ૭bᓙᦒ᭡ டc >@▎hૹӋଁ͙೫ၟ‫׉‬Өᙞᣵbտ˶૨ृb஑ᩞடᣫ€Ꮋଁছ௡ࣽ€͙ത೫ຨ੅ᓙᦒ͎c >@஥ᙦ̡hᚰbᝳbвb⓴டְ€₥b㷓b㶍b᭯ட᫤c >@᫐੐ᨍhြೲ‫׉‬Өᆠᝁ͸ṫᯖ€҈ຖੌᗬТbỮb⦡ட๬c

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>@⦡ᗥᦒhೲ͙Ֆәb๛ԍbᰟᦩbᤇᚌட঩€Ө٬ఌᥧb᧬ᦘb̈́ᖋbẟ઺b垴ੑbᐵ ৫bથ๯ட⠣€૟ੌષ‫€ܨ‬ཌྷੌᲷ▪c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hἛ‫׉‬Ө᪍ਿ̐bᵎॐb▪᪎b༙ୡட˹c >@⦡඄྅ૅh዗ᖋᘸ᭹€͙ฟ୛b̜೘b੅b᯻டᠬc >@᯻Ჾ൳୔ᦒhӷြᗥbᏚட଻ᯊ€ᚈᵠb੽ϫb๸Քbਿᬷடᦒ€નॣ˴ຨಖᔍտcġġ ͙੿ଁष€ྲྀ̐ࡪ˴઻€҈ⱷࡪԩӪࣽ€஡ᦢxடy઻͙Ꮚ͎c ̐ࡪ઻྇c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӃ෋ಂ႙͙ᄙ੅࿍டᔥІ୯᜿ᩲcġġⱷࡪ྇҈̐ࡪМ઻ԩӪ€ᦢ͙xடy઻͙ ໟᏊc >@▎ᦑ੿hӋ̧ẟ઺b᧬ᰝb̈́ᖋ૨᩷ਾᓌcġġxӋ̧yⱷࡪ€ಖ̐ࡪ̜ኍԩӪ€▎ᵤ ᦢxடy઻ᩲc >@⦡੾̡‫ݲ‬൳ᮇो঩h͠੾̧டບ€˶ᄃಖොኜ€␊ੌଁ౾Ҍᡙb᧤៎bኈུட▪ఛ€ᵤӃ ͙ᦒ͎cġġx▪ఛy̐ࡪ઻྇€ಖⱷࡪМ઻લட€ᔐ͙xடy઻c >@᯻ᥫಆ຃‫آ‬᩷ਾᦒhᭁ⪮ᤣᅉb΢૾டೣᛐbᛅ෌͎cġġxᤣᅉy᩷x΢૾yྲྀᎯⱷࡪ ԩӪ€ᢐͅМ઻€ಖ̐ࡪટයcઍᔐxடy઻€▪ᰳਿᵤฦ͎c ҈>@ᤗ᲼hઊᯇᰝbৣ̧ᇘ⭜ୡঁ€⪮ᵎြᙀᙔb‫͎᧹׳‬cġġधմxᯇᰝbৣ̧டᇘ⭜ୡ ঁy͎€ᵤᔐxடy઻҈ഗ᧵ટࡵc >@ૹᙬ᛾෦hᵸӨઍᓛਾ€്ពbᰊ᭿ឌ஽੐ᣄસcġġᵤ˻x്ពbᰊ᭿டឌ஽y€҈Π ᰳ⛎ᵸcŧ ཀྵ̐ࡪ઻྇ࣽ€xடy઻ക҃๫ᤣ€Ӆ͙☬ြ˶ӗ␊ᏋҌc ੌᚾb̜ⱷࡪᜯໟᎯࣽ€xடy઻ᦢ҃๫સc͔‫઻ࡪݲ܆‬᩿ࣽᾫᦢxடy઻€᩿྇ᵤ˴ࣽ€๫ સဤ͎c >@ᗥᅮӞh᣶ẟ⏟டᧅடᅐடથcġġ᮴̜଻ྲྀⱷࡪ€ՃᜯໟᎯ€ಖຖ஡കxடy઻͙␊ Ꮚc҈ҮᲿઍເಣഗц€ᨗଁⲣ೩c >@‫׳‬᭑੿hᤗ૞ѦਾடΠ͎cġġधմxᤗ૞டѦਾடΠy€᮴ᚾⱷࡪՃᎯ€ ᵤᦢxடy઻c >@⦡ỜಖӪ෦hỜಖ൳ᩑᱧࣽ€ધ▪ຖ๰ή̧͎cġġधմxધ▪ຖட๰ήட̧y͎c >@▎hଁᝈቢ૨ੌ˼ׁᨸ૎‫ ڙ‬cġġधմx˼ׁடᨸ૎ட‫ ڙ‬y͎c >@ૹյખ෦h૮̮ໟဧ૟€᎛ુൾட€ᦑ዗๻͔൴Ꭱ‫آ‬ц૭cġġधմx͔൴Ꭱட‫آ‬டц ૭y͎c >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦hຨ඄ਾຓઊਾτឝcġġधմxຨ඄ਾடຓઊਾடτឝy͎cŨ >@⦡றฆӪ෦hጓᐺ̧᪆ጓடඬ€᩷ਾ垴€෋டᛶ€⪮ಖഎ€஑͛ࣀடcġġधմxጓடᐺ ட̧y͎c੿षԆᲷ€ᚾⱷࡪ᩷̐ࡪྲྀኳᜯໟᎯ€ྲྀ๫xடy઻␊ᔐ€҈ഗ᧵ટࡵ€ಣઁਾဧ Ფ᲻୬€௎૮ਾ€̐ࡪடલ͛കxடy઻€˻xધ▪ຖ๰ήட̧y€x˼ׁᨸ૎ட‫ ڙ‬y€x͔ ൴Ꭱ‫آ‬டц૭yx඄ਾຓઊਾடτឝy€xጓᐺட̧y€Ꮛ▪ᰳᩞᩲc >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hಖຖੌਾᗬ᧥ᥩળ᮴̛਌cġġधմx᧥ᥩળ᮴ட̛਌yc >@᯻சઍ̮෦ຖ⑏h▎ᵤ๦̦᭑੍૟ឝᎲcġġधմx̦᭑੍૟டឝᎲcyଁषᚾᲷ€̜ࡪ ՃᎯ€ྲྀᵤᦢxடy઻€ហ᩷੿ᓌc ΢َ‫܆‬⠣€๼ᯊⱷࡪ€̧ᯊ̐ࡪc௎๼b̧ྲྀ଻ࣽ€ᾫᦢxடy઻c๼␊଻઻҈̧␊྽઻€ࠪ ␊ห઻€᩷๼̧ྲྀ⪮଻ࣽ€xடy઻ക҃€๫ᤣဤ͎c >@‫੿▗׳‬hᒟᙦட͍€౯டϦ͎€ౚշட͍€ហடϦ͎€ఛᠲட͍€ᗥடϦ͎€ೲ⪮ட͍€ ၫடϦ͎cġġx౯டϦyࣽ€धմx౯ຒઍட˴Ϧy͎€x౯y␊๼҈xϦy␊̧€ ཀྵᦢxடy઻͙ੌᏊ͎cũፇᓌc >@⦡ങႆӪ෦hങႆਾᎤ€ᵤ෶঄ૹட˴ऺcġġxૹட˴ऺyࣽ€xૹऺઍட˴ऺy͎c >@▎h̰ጓᓜட˴⬼cġġxᓜட˴⬼yࣽ€xМᓜட˴⬼y͎cྲྀ‫܆‬⠣͎c >@ૹຐᎺઢhц˴೧டೡ€̡੾౪ೡ╺੾˴⠣ೡடМ੾̜cġġधմx೧๬ଷ⦁˴ଗ€ᢐ঄ ̡੾౪ೡ▎˴ೡ╺੾˴⠣ઍடМ੾̜⠣€Ќ΀˴ೡ⠣␊╺੾˴⠣€҈ଷ⦁˴ଗᢐ঄̡੾౪๝ ೡ€▎ೡடМ੾̜⠣y͎cxМ੾̜⠣yࣽ€ᯊ଻͎€૮␊̧€xೡy␊๼€ઍᔐxடy઻͙ Ꮚடc >@‫ᦑ׳‬ӨhᏚ̧̐€€̡டઍ€МடӨ͎cġġᚾ‫܆‬⠣€ྲྀ྽઻͎€ઍᔐxடy઻c >@▎ᖭ੿hಖᨗྲྀฌ˴͎cġġधմxฌ⠣ઍட˴y€๼̧ྲྀᯊ€ᵤᦢxடy઻c΢‫܆‬⠣̧ ๼ྲྀᯊ଻ࣽ߆ຖc >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒhೲᓒ᮴҈‫܈‬ᇆಖૅ।‫׊‬ᠬcġġxૅ।yࣽ€xૅભட।y͎cxૅy€଻҈ ๼͎€x।yࣽ€྽઻҈␊̧͎cᵤᦢxடy઻€ಖហટᓌc ▎‫܆‬⠣€๼␊଻҈̧␊‫܆‬ኜห઻ࣽ€᮴ԛ߆ᩲç␊ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻ࣽ€Ꮛxடy઻ᦢ҃๫સc ᦢxடy઻ࣽc >@஥▪੾̜h‫ڟ‬૞ਾட෶᩷ઊ̡̜ੌҝَࣽ€Ԫ᩷டલcġġx૞ਾy๼҈଻͎€x෶᩷ઊ 54

̡̜ੌҝَࣽy€ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻͎cŪधմx‫ڟ‬૞ਾઍட෶௎ೲࣽy€ઍᔐxடy઻͙␊Ꮚc >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦h҈અૂᤇਾடཀྵຑ⨟ૹ෋᮳ࣽ଻‫أ‬᭜€͙␊ૂӋcġġधմxૂᤇਾઍட᮳ ⨟ૹ෋ࣽy͎€ટകxடy઻͙␊Ꮚ͎c ᵤᦢxடy઻ࣽc >@▎ԩᎫՖӪ෦h‫܆‬᩷ੑ૎ᔍӨੌ឴ୡ▪‫ݞ‬ฟ೫̡ࣽ੾ਾแcġġधմx᩷ੑ૎ઍட̡੾ਾ แy͎€ᵤᦢxடy઻c >@▎ỜಖӪ෦h᪍‫ݲܨ‬ᩑશ઺๽Ჷ๬ࣽ€ᙼಖᎯᲿcġġधմx‫ݲ‬ᩑશ઺ઍட๽Ჷ๬ࣽyc >@▎֥ᴋ෦h᛾ਾ᩷੒ࣽળ঄҅ࣽԆҊፇਾcġġधմx᛾ਾ᩷੒ࣽઍળ঄҅ࣽԆҊፇ ਾcy >@ૹ᧥ફґhບઍ౷˹ᔧ๰ࣽ੾ፇਾcġġ धմxບઍ౷˹டᔧ๰ࣽy͎cᎫ▪ྲྀᵤᦢxடy઻€ಖఛហટᵤᓖட҈Ṉcū ȉᣠմh඄֩‫̧׳‬ъմhnϦ€ឝ͎coಣध૮ਾடَxϦٞyc ȉᣠմhx␊y૾ட€xᑒ᦭yҝͬ€x‫ڙ‬y̰ఝ઻cᰝ‫ا‬Νx␊y␊ఝ઻€xᑒ᦭y␊ⱷ ࡪ€x‫ڙ‬y␊଻઻€͔߉c ȉᣠմhx്ពyxᰊ᭿yxឌ஽ÿ̜ຈӪ€⪮΀x്ពᰊ᭿டឌ஽y͎cૹᦒᚾ㭦෦๦▪ ફͫᦒմhn്ή᭿੐ᣄસࣽ€ԛ⡓ਾ᧊ᔎco⦡ͭ᣶ു෦մhn▪ફӣฐ๰ᰊ᭿€ᰟુᎫ̧ ᖀᨖடcoೲฐᰊ᭿੐ૹடࠒc ȉᣠմhx඄ਾy̰കͬ€കͬடӨ€ဤᵤຨകxடy઻cᰝ‫߉€ࡪⱷ␊͙ا‬c ȉ>@᩷੿>@‫€ث‬ᰝ‫߉ا‬ጓxϦy઻டហ€೩੿ъťc ȉ>@x෶᩷ઊ̡̜ੌҝَࣽyೲ˴‫ࢅ€ڠ‬xሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻y᱆έೲxࣽy˴઻c ȉ>@ӷ>@‫ݲ‬ဤ⇝ࢅೲ⠣๼᩷⠣̧ᵊ൮€Ќⱷࡪ᩷̐ࡪᵊ൮€҈ຖ҂~Ჷ>@> @>@̜ဤ᩷՜ᗁଁषဤഗໟᓌ€⎈ࢅ଻ຖଁᝡட‫ڠ‬ೲകͬ€Ќᓌࡪ€᩷ಣᣫࢅೲ̐ࡪᵤᇒc

ᨸࡪ̜ட̜ ~଻bห‫€઻ݲ‬΢␊ఝ઻டुͬ᩷␊૾઻டҝͬࣽ€Ꮛ੐ᨸࡪ€ԛ߆َᩲc▎ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍ€΢ ଻઻ဧ͙ͭϫbͭ‫آ‬bͭ൨ἄbͭষ೬bͭίᯊ€໫๫૾઻␊લࣽ€ྲྀӃᗂᓌᨸࡪc૮೰᠜ࠒ ြӨc ~ͭϫடࣈੌМh˴€ଁ੐டϫe̡€๰૝டϫe̜€ଁҮடϫeМ€ଁӷடϫcť⦡ Ჿઍͭଁ੐டϫ᩷ଁӷடϫ€ᔐ๫૾઻␊લ€ཀྵଁͭடӪြᨸࡪcŦ ͭଁ੐டϫc >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦hြೲ‫̧׉‬ᆠ൵᫇ીb᫚ᚏᔵጥϫcġġxᔵጥϫyࣽ€ͭଁ൵டϫ͎€ध َx൵டြᔵጥடϫyc૮๫૾઻͙લட€xᔵጥϫyᗂᓌᨸࡪc >@▎சҌ᙭ፇӪ෦ḧ͊␊‫׉‬Өૉᵤԩ€ᦑӋ‫ݲ‬൴᮳ϫ€ດཀྵӋӋշϫcġġx᮳ϫyxշ ϫyࣽ€धَxӋடြ᮳ϫշϫy͎c >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦h೩୛෋࣒ࣽᵠẟcġġx࣒ᵠẟy€धَx೩டြ࣒ᵠẟy͎c >@▎̈͊ઐґhြೲ࿍Ꭱઓᡫ‫੾̡᧝੅܋‬ፇ᭑ਾυ૊٪᣶cġġxυ૊٪᣶yࣽ€x‫܋‬டြ υ૊٪᣶y͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉hઅட‫ࣽ…€ܪ‬ᵤఙcġġxઅட‫ܪ‬yࣽ€xઅடြ‫ܪ‬y͎c ͙੿ଁष€ྲྀͭଁ੐டϫc ͭଁӷடϫc >@⦡றฆӪ෦h٬ດᣨૄ௟ᡥ͎€ጓૅ᠐ᵤઍ೐cġġxດᣨૄ௟ᡥyࣽ€धَxດடြ௟ ᡥy͎cಣͭଁӷடϫ€ટ๫૾઻␊લc >@ૹ᧥ફґh᧥Ᏼ͙ᩃΡ␊᎛⥿ບᙸ઄cġġx⥿டြᙸ઄y͎c ಖિͭϫடࣈ€ੌ૾઻bఝ઻␊લࣽ€๫᥷ᯧ‫ݳ‬c ȉᦢ~Ჷ᩷~Ჷc ȉಣᣫဧxཀྵy઻€൏ֳn๫૾઻␊લoೲӪြᨸࡪߣᎫᓖ€Ө~~Ჷଁࢅྲྀ ᩷ಣໟᓌcന੿▪ࢅn΢␊ఝ઻டुͬ᩷␊૾઻டҝͬࣽ€Ꮛ੐ᨸࡪo€ᇊ̡ᦊfห઻ᦊg͎ ᪍ԅ೛૨ဤ̧c ~ͭ‫آ‬டࣈੌМh˴€૟ͅட‫آ‬e̡€Ў຤ட‫آ‬e̜€ഃ‫آ‬டଵeМ€ન૝ட‫آ‬c΢ಣ М‫€آ‬໫๫૾઻␊લ€ཀྵટӪြᨸࡪc >@᫐ম⁎࿍h᣶ඐ㿧ᦐ኎͠ೡ͠ઓ€ӷ୨̧டଁcġġx͠ೡ͠ઓy€ͭ߱஧டଵc >@▎ຓ๫ੇḩᵤᔄઊുட߸ਾֳ‚ઋᓛᯊೡ€೩ಖଁၟ҈᣺cઋᓛ೜೧€೩ಖଁॣ೩ြᓛ 55

ઍࣽ᣺c٬᎙ᮇ͎€೩൏ਾࣽ҈᣺ᩲcġġxᯊೡyx೜೧yx᎙ᮇyᇐΠ€ྲྀͭઋᓛଵ͎c >@஥ស̡੾╺hԫ൳੐೺੾౪ᮇᩲ€҈຀ຨԫᓛcġġx੾౪ᮇyࣽ€ͭЎ຤ӷ૮ட‫͎آ‬c >@᫐ள૳ఘh૮әட̅੾౪ᮇᩲ€ଁጓᯊ֔਺ᩲ€҈̅▄௎υ࡝ြᵺcġġx੾౪ᮇyࣽᓌ ੿cť >@ૹग़᥼෦h൴Ꭱಖ૕೚૞༔€அᲷଷᅮ€͙޻ॏಲԩࣇ⩎cġġxࣇ⩎yࣽ€‫͙܁‬ೡຖ೚ ӷடೡ͎cŦ >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hೲ‫آ‬᛾૳ᮇ̡੾ፇ€ᰒ␊ृcġġxೲ‫آ‬y᩷x̡੾ፇyࣽ€ྲྀͭ‫͎آ‬cŧ >@᫐⠮֋୉h‫ܨ‬Ҋίࣽી୧኎€‫֔ܨ‬ί̜ࣽ೧ᚳ኎cġġxીy᩷x̜೧yྲྀͭᚳ኎டଵ ͎c >@⦡ச಻ட෦hசԍᏅ૟ᮯફᤡፇcġġxᤡፇyࣽ€ͭଁ૟டଵ͎c >@ૹොᤣᇐ෦h˸ᆠઍ€࿩؋әᵤ᳥͙ϯࣽcġġx˸ᆠઍy€ͭಖ‫͎آ‬c ӷြ੍⩎டͭᮇ೧ೡ€᩷෦ઍட‫˴ͭٹ‬૟҈َxᖺyࣽ€ྲྀͭಖ‫͎آ‬c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧߱h̜ᮇੌͅŊ␊ộҊᮇŊ༻Ꮋ͠ᮇcġġᏋͭᆠߪͅ૟டଵc Ү⦡ͭ૟€ଁ੐ྲྀੌ€ྲྀ๫૾઻␊લ€ཀྵ͙Ӫြᨸࡪc ť>@x̅yຖ๫ఝ઻€x੾౪ᮇyᥫΝ␊ೲΠͬc Ŧᣠմh Ӌ‫ᦒૹا‬ᗔъषӋલላࢅմhnx޻ࣇ⩎yЌຖ྅ଁ΀xᡏ⩎ycফᦒ੶Ֆ‫‮‬෦hp˼ᝬ؋␊ ふᓼᲷষ෋€෋Ֆ‫‮‬൴᜿੏ႄ‿ᡏࣇ⩎qೲ͎co᧿hӋࢅೲ͎cᆛಣ€ Ꮛxࣇ⩎y̰ఝ઻x޻y઻டुͬ€᩷Ӝᤣͭ‫آ‬ᔐடͬᵤᓌc ŧᣠմhx̡੾ፇy̰͙ќ྽઻␊xᮇyடोͬ€⪮ೲͭ‫آ‬டͬ€ᵤ঄᩷xೲ‫آ‬yຈ‫ݳ‬c ~▎ͭϫͭ‫آ‬டΠ€૕ဧx੿yxӨyx஥yxॏyxぽyx೺yxઍyxᔐyxᠬy xྈyᇐ઻€‫ۋ‬ြϫ଻bਾ଻b‫آ‬หடӨ€ᾫ๫૾઻␊લcᭁx੿yxӨyxぽyx೺y‫ݲ‬ ઻€Ќଁ͙ห૾઻டဧ€ཀྵ੎ҋ▪઻⨟ੌಣᇐ઻ហ€ྲྀ␊૾઻c >@ૹᙬ᛾෦hုዜ᧲ઍଵ€‫૲܅‬ᗥហcġġxዜ᧲ઍy€َଁᣫடϫc >@▎hᰝ੿ຨட€૑Ӄ͙ᰝ੿сֳ‚ġġಖ˴xᰝ੿yࣽ€َಖᣫ͎c >@▎h᛾͙ಣ୉ૹԍ▗ౌᔐcġġxᔐyࣽᓌ੿c >@⦡ഥஉ⛖෦hതᵸ᳼டᢋ‫‮‬ᔐ‚ġġxᔐyࣽᓌ੿c >@▎h␊‫ڧ‬ᬍѦ೺ਊடcġġxѦ೺yࣽ€ટَᣫ͎c >@᯻சઍ̮ຖ෦⑏hฎઐ੐☞੿€ᄃடჁ҈ᣫಖӨcġġx☞੿yxಖӨyࣽ€ྲྀኜଁᣫட ฎ͎c >@ᤗ᲼hәடଁᔄ€ߗᚤட⦁⪮೚ࣽ€ᔢੌҊ᭑டᎡ€ಲடॡ੿€ᔢੌᴾᔖஊടட൴€ᣎட տぽ€֔⤀ட٪€⅚டᰟΰடᔐ€Ҋ๶ட‫€ܖ‬໹டᖽᥤட੿cġġ ˻x੿y˻xぽy˻xᔐy˻x੿yࣽ€ྲَྀಖଁ͎c >@⦡ỜಖӪ෦hଁᖀ૱᙭டᥨ᥺Өc >@▎hᎶုᬰ˼᣶઄ӨcťġġᚾَxӨy€ྲྀኜಖᣫ͎c >@▎ങႆ෦h‫̧׉‬া൴᜿ຑᠬcġġxᠬy઻ᱥဧ€ટͭϫ͎cŦ >@▎சҌ᙭ፇӪ෦h⡓ਾ‫ٹ‬ஹӋᐺ⦁ઍcġġx⦁ઍyࣽ€ኜಖᣫ͎c >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h๏ͅ૊Ֆ㜠ં੿cġġx㜠ં੿yࣽ€ͭϫ͎c >@▎ൾᡥՖӪ෦h▗̧ട␊৉൳૳᮴cġġx൳૳᮴yࣽ€ኜᣫ͎c >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦h᧝ြೱఔઠ҈҅۩டબcġġx۩டબy€َ҅டଁ͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉h࿍ட᣶ੌᎠᜑࣽc >@▎hᨰ࡝டಲੌᎠ੘ࣽc >@▎hἱᙕ⩾వடᔐc >@▎h຤೩М̧᪵ᅐ᭹ட઄€Ⲳંடᵠcġġx᣶yxಲyxᔐyx઄yxᵠy‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ኜ ಖଁ͎c >@▎ຓ๫ੇhଵᩲઊ€⩹͙ᣄਾடَᯋᾛԪՖடྈֳġġxྈyࣽ€ટኜᣫ͎c >@ૹச࡙෦h੿്ҍ৉࡙ᥟӨcġġxᥟӨyࣽ€ኜಖᣫ͎c >@▎೺ព෦h‫ᦒج‬ዹ᠊ఉcġġxዹ᠊ఉyࣽ€ͭ‫ᦒج‬டᣫc >@▎߱ђΩ෦h჻࿍டӨ€ത૦҈ᵤຨ‚ġġxӨyࣽ€ኜಖᣫ͎c >@᯻⥿ᣠृӟ঩hြ‫࢑ౌ▗آ‬ൗச€Ᏼ⦁⇝ᔍ೺cġġx೺yࣽ€ટኜಖଁ͎c >@᫐⩎ંhͨၟடࡋ੿͎cġġxࡋ੿yͭϫc >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦h˴ᤡઍ຤૝मස૎€૕ᵤमӿ̜मcġġx˴ᤡઍyࣽ€ धմxြ˴ᤡடઍy͎c >@ૹӋᰟ෦h˴ᰟடத€Ӌ᎙டᔐ€౬ᵎ౬ഽ€িᵤ⬤඾ġġx̜᎙டᔐy€ટَಖ‫آ‬ட ଵ͎c >@᫐ম⁎࿍h֔྅டຖ€ಖ͛ੌਾ᩷ਾໟੑ͎ࣽcġġx֔྅டຖyኜ൴૝ட‫͎آ‬c 56

>@᯻υበᖭӋᔕͭh૭በြযտᯊೡடᔐ€҈ਾাຨြ֧઄֔ίட೺cġġxᯊೡடᔐyᓌ ੿c >@஥ͅ౪h⪢ᅞಖᙟ҈ᵤበ٪ಐ€߹Քடᔐ€҈࿍᣸ಖ̜⇝€๫ฟ͎ઊġġ x߹Քடᔐyટᓌ੿c >@᯻⥿ಱ᮷೺঩hж।mmՉՉcġġxж।yࣽ€ᨓᤄடઍ͎cũ ͙੿ଁषxઍyx೺yxᔐyx᷁yx।y‫҈€آ͙ͭྲྀ€઻ݲ‬๫૾઻લடࣽc >@᫐⩎ંh᫐̧᩷᧷̧୉ြࡋᐘட੿cġġxࡋᐘட੿yͭϫ€҈લ͙xՋy઻␊૾c >@▎ম⁎࿍hԪΠৣ€͔ఠடઐ€͛૳ြॎ‫ס‬டᔐcġġxॎ‫ס‬டᔐyͭ‫آ‬c >@ૹ֥ᴋ෦hᘦᴑ᣿ਣြ੿᮴cġġx੿᮴yͭಖᣫc >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦h▗ໟ᩷۹ಣằြॡӨcġġxॡӨyࣽ€ኜಖଁc ͙੿ଁषx੿yxӨyxᔐyᇐ઻€ྲྀͭϫͭ‫઻૾͙⛎€آ‬લடࣽc ȉᦊմhಣ␊ૹᦒᩑᱧ෦▪€⦡ͭxӨy੿ੌxடy઻c ȉᣠմhಣxᠬy઻΀xᠬٚy€ԛ਀અͅ˴଻ͬ€ ᵤ঄᩷᚝੐଻ͬடӨடx੿yxӨyx஥yxॏyxぽyx೺yᇐͬຈ‫ݳ‬c ȉᣠմhx઄y઻᩷x᣶yxಲyxᔐyxᵠy‫਼€઻ݲ‬ᨗᵤᓌ€ᵤ঄ຈӪc ȉᣠմhx֔྅டຖy€ᓒኜ൴૝ட‫آ‬c᯻▪᩷஥෦ྲྀ⑏ԛයட૟ᨗ€ത̰մnᓌ੿o୓‚ ȉx।yೲᯊͬ€᩷x੿yxӨyᇐᵤᓌc ~΢ͭ൨ἄbষ೬bίᯊட▪€ྲྀ๫૾઻␊લ€ཀྵ͙Ӫြᨸࡪc >@᫐˼̧ਿhఉ⡿☞€ᵸ̡⠣ᛜ੐೺cġġx̡⠣yࣽ€َᵸᛜ҄೺டষ͎c >@▎⠮֋୉h‫ڟ‬ဨಖਿҊ૱cġġxҊ૱yࣽ€َဨਿட൨͎c >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦hᖀᙬ૳ᣩઍୋ᣾֔૱cġġx֔૱yَᣩ૱ଁἄட൨͎cť >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hॠᛸΡ̜๶ፇ€੄˴ᦌᛲ€ဈ̡ҊМ੾cġġx̜๶ፇyx˴ᦌy٬x̡Ҋ М੾y€΢ྲَྀষ೬͎c >@▎յખ෦hΡᕏ͠๶̜݅cġġx͠๶̜݅y€َதষ͎c >@⦡ᰓ̧Ӫ෦h૮̧Ρ╺๶€̰␊ਾླྀຮcġġx╺๶yࣽ€ટَதষ͎c >@᫐ࡃ૳hਸ̧ድြ೦ᐘ€᎛ં̜֔ല€߸ࣟМ੾ίcġġx̜֔ലyَষ€xМ੾ίyَ ᗁc >@⦡੾̡‫ݲ‬൳ᮇो঩hᤗԫ੅࿍€ಖ੐ͅဠၗ⬤€໿ࠪҊί€ࠪԆ੾ίcġġxҊίyxԆ ੾ίy€َଁ໿டίᯊc >@▎ଠফ෦h೰մઍઽỜ૔€ળ੿؋ឝᮬએԒcġġxએԒyࣽ€َଁᮬடষc >@▎ỜಖӪ෦h૳ԩ㛛஧ᵤૻᵤ᣾˴ဈcġġx˴ဈyࣽ€َଁ᣾͎cŦ >@▎౦ᜲӪ෦hা ূ͙૞ӷѲ௺€ᣪ្՚Ѧ֔ίcġġx֔ίyࣽ€َ՚Ѧடίᯊ͎c >@ૹग़᥼෦hનҟങႆ᙭Ӫ̡ίଁुcġġx̡ίଁyࣽ€̡ίፇ͎€َໟᔐடίᯊ͎c >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅh⬔ઋᗁଁcġġxᗁଁyᓌ੿▪c >@ૹࣃṔઢhં‫ܨ‬ӷࡼԩ€‫ڙ‬ચϫ੿Ԇ๶ଁcġġxԆ๶ଁyَચϫடষ͎c >@▎඄ણᓛ෦hә᮴࿐˹৑઄ป༙ઈ€͔͓એ᭑ፇቡ€ྲྀ੐ંࡪcġġxએ᭑ፇቡyَปઈ டᯊ͎c >@⦡ᦀྖӪ෦hᦀྖ␊ட˴ጀߢ਻€৐੾ᝥ€῿І੿ᰝ€͙Պ૔Ӄဧcġġxߢ਻yx৐੾ ᝥyŧࣽ€َଁੑட೬͎c >@▎͔ૂӪ෦h୪உ੐͔ૂ૞ಲӃ̡֔ίcġġx̡֔ίyࣽ€َໟઋடίᯊ͎c >@▎hⷉஏࣽӃ˴̡੾᭑cġġx˴̡੾᭑yَᯊ͎c >@▎ၘ൳྅ૅh␊ᎁሐ€‫ث‬Ҋ̡੾ᝥcġġxҊ̡੾ᝥy€ͭ೬͎c >@ૹ೺ព෦h‫ݥ‬ઓԩ᮳€ዑᮭොᏄᗫ€‫܈‬ട€ᓖ૲̈́€ᵤ෶َ€᣹୾੿੾౽҈ᤋcġġx੾ ౽yࣽ€ͭ୾ষ͎c >@▎᛾઄෦h▎␊ᙗᩯடᓳ€ᓳ᧥ᯊ੾ല€૞ҋԆί€᣶ಲ֔॑cġġxᯊ੾ലyَ᧥ষ ͎€xԆίyx֔॑y€َ᥼᧱டষ͎c >@▎h⦁᥼Ԇ੾॑€̜⤀҈ᒅcġġxԆ੾॑y᥼ষ͎€x̜⤀yࣽ€ໟᔐடষ͎c ੿ष‫َࠪ€ᦒݲ‬൨€َࠪষb೬bίᯊ€ྲྀ๫૾઻␊લࣽ€ཀྵ͙Ӫြᨸࡪc ťŦᣠմhx᣾yೲ೺ఝ઻€x֔૱yx˴ဈy̰ुͬ€ઐᵤ঄ੌ૾ͬ€ᰝ‫ا‬Ӫ৑๫૾઻␊લ ࣽ€ᵤᢐc ŧxߢ਻yᥫสxߢy€x৐੾ᝥyᥫสx੾ᝥyc ~⛎ੌ଻઻ᵤ␊ടͬ҈᳼લఝ઻€َࠪଁ૟டࣜ઎€َࠪଁဧடુ€ࠪಙࠑ൏ࣽ€ྲྀӃ ᗂᓌᨸࡪc >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦h̰঒஢ૅုcġġx঒yࣽ€ᓖx঒y҈x஢y€ 57

َx஢yடࣜ઎͎cxૅyࣽ€َଁုடᣫ€ಙಖxုy͎cx঒yxૅy̡઻€଻͎€҈஡ ੐x஢yxုyᚾఝ઻டલ€Ў⪮ടͬ€ཀྵᗂᓌᨸࡪc >@▎ၘ൳྅ૅhᚕӨ჈˹᮳ᯫ€әᇐហᵤ‫ت‬ᱝcġġxហyࣽ€َxᵤ‫ت‬ᱝyடཀྵ͎€ፇᓌ ੿c >@▎⤠ՖӪ෦hَͨ௎€Ӌ᭸ᵤެͨcġġx᭸yࣽ€Ӌଁ೩ြ҂ࣽ€͙೩ಖxᵤެy͎c >@▎ᗥᦒh̡͍ࣽᚤ€ન෶াࢧcġġx͍ᚤyࣽ€૛ᚤြ͍ઍ͎c >@᫐ၟಲ୉hཀྵ౪ᨵࣽᕟ૳€╺ᨵࣽ஦૳cġġxᕟyx஦yࣽ€َଁ๰૳͎c >@ૹ᭑҄Ֆ෦h᭑҄Ֆ͛๛ᖋ೩டcġġx๛ᖋyࣽ€َ຤೩ட્͎c >@⦡ỜಖӪ෦h̰ฃৣநュҥҌΠcġġxҌΠyࣽ€͙xҌy᩷xΠy͎c >@▎hᕽࠞ҈͍ញcġġxᕽyx͍yࣽ€ଁဧடુҝ͎c >@▎ԩᎫՖ෦h੾౪ਾໟ᩷຃Ვடcġġx຃yࣽ€ଁ͙xᲕy͎c >@▎hְ⦀஥‫ج‬ᇮರằ҈ॏ‫ج‬Ⴜ੾౪ਾ˻cġġx஥‫ج‬yxॏ‫ج‬yࣽ€ྲྀଁ͙␊૟͎c >@᯻੿ြໟ▗ᦒh‫ج‬ᅖ຃ᗂ€˶ࣙಖَ€͍ብಖហcġġx‫ج‬yx຃y᩷x͍y€ྲྀଁဧட ુҝ͎c >@▎ਖ਼൧ॲोhཀྵ⡓౾⦡҂ᔎҊᄮছ௡cġġx҂ᔎyࣽ€धத്ᔎ͎c >@▎ј᪎ጓhલ૳˶ᵤϯᵨြએᪧட▪€‫ج‬ᵤ០ᅖြҊૅட‫ۂ‬cġġx˶yx‫ج‬yᓌ੿c >@ૹ᭑҄Ֆ෦hᓖΡ୨৐ᖻᓒॲ᳥€ۨட̰ެcġġx৐ᖻyࣽ€ࠑxॲ᳥yடಙ͎c >@ૹ֥ᴋ෦hᘦ⠌͍ᵤ෶๫ृ⭵cġġx⠌͍yࣽ€َଁ͙x⭵yடཀྵ͎c >@⦡ൾᡥՖ෦h▗̧࣓Ⴒ‫׉‬Өcġġx࣓yࣽ€ଁ͙xႲ‫׉‬Өy͎ࣽc සເᎾᎫ෦டx਴㸤y€᛾‫ײ‬म੅‫ݳ‬டxᥤᇢy€᯻▪டxߥ੏yx᡾ྰyx▄⡻yxឍጓy xᝬ๾yxੇ࢑yᇐΠ€‫଻ݲ‬டલြఝ઻ࣽ€ྲྀଁ͙ಙட͎€ཀྵᗂᓌᨸࡪc

ᓌࡪ̜டМ ~΢଻bห‫ଁ઻ݲ‬ኜᓌ҈લຖຈ᳼ࣽ€Ꮛલࣽ˻᮴ࡪ€ຖࣽ˻ᓌࡪcӷ᮴ࡪbᓌࡪ€ࠪ˴ ଻͎€˴ห͎€ࠪྲྀ଻͎€ࠪྲྀห͎€ྲྀӃc ᓌࡪմࣽ€धَᓌֳ᮴ࡪࣽcᓌֳ᮴ࡪࣽ€Ќଁኜ᩷᮴ࡪଁኜ␊˴͎c΢ఘbᨸbⱷ̜ࡪྲྀӃ ␊ᓌࡪ€Ꮛྲྀຨ␊᮴ࡪc ᓌြఘࡪc >@⦡ᗥᦒhা̧Ӻ€ᔍਾட᧥᭿͎cġġx̧Ӻy␊᮴ࡪ€xᔍਾட᧥᭿yࣽ€Ќxਸᔍ᭿ ̧ட᧥ࣽy€ཀྵx᧥᭿y␊ोͬ€ટኜ̧Ӻ€̧᩷Ӻᓌ€ཀྵ˻ᓌࡪc >@᫐ࡃ૳hә€̑ਾ€ത၌டੌ‚ġġxәy␊䆹ࣽা඗€x̑ਾy€‫ث‬඗ଁ࿪ட૟cx̑ ਾyଁኜᓌֳxәy€ཀྵxәy␊᮴ࡪ€x̑ਾy␊ᓌࡪc >@ૹᙬ᛾෦hᵸӨ€ઍᓛਾcġġxᵸӨy€ӎฐ͎€xઍᓛਾyࣽ€ोಖଁাચ͎cxᵸ Өy᮴ࡪ€xઍᓛਾyᓌࡪc >@᯻ўશᨗ࿩hỲ€ሶ൧ਾc >@▎h࿪‫€ײ‬༎᭢ॢ̧᳟cġġ᩷᮴ᓌጓc >@ૹյખ෦hә€೺ᓛਾ€ᵤເખcġġᓌ᮴c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hઊ໨€ᓻਾཎΡ€ᠧ€ᨰዑᨈᐔ€ᗥሷ᭑ާ€଻ᓷ‫׉‬Ө€ি⪮͙ૄ؈‚ġġ ટ᩷᮴ᓌc >@᫐ᡩႢh᝞᩷๣̡ਾ€ໟ᩷ཎ೷҈൞হಖ೷cġġx̡ਾy᩷x᝞yx๣yᓌࡪc ͙੿ଁषྲྀఘࡪc ᓌြᨸࡪc >@࿍᲼h⦀૳̧᱔€અ␊આ̧cġġx̧y€ᨸࡪ҈␊᮴ࡪࣽ€x᱔y€ोಖଁ૳ட̧␊᱔ ͎€ኜᓌֳx̧y€ཀྵ␊ᓌࡪcťxઅ␊આ̧yࣽ€धմxઅட␊આ̧y͎€ ཀྵ᮴ࡪ␊xடy઻€ᵤَ҈Ḛ€xઆ̧yಖोͬ€҈␊ᓌࡪ͎c >@᯻Ჾ೦ᵌ઄ਾᦒh఑‫܈‬јᵸӨ෭҅ᵤఙ୯ેઋ᱆ட૮ြ๛€͙᠏๧டҌcġġx෭҅ᵤఙ ୯ેઋ᱆டਾy€കြxᵸӨyடຖ€᩷␊ᓌࡪ€҈ྲྀᨸࡪc ᓌြⱷࡪc >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦h▗̧ᐺ␊඄᧷▪Ӌ᭿ԩᎫՖઊਾcġġx▗̧ᐺy᮴ࡪ€xઊਾyಖᓌ ࡪ€ྲྀ੐ఘࡪcx඄᧷▪Ӌ᭿y᮴ࡪ€xԩᎫՖyಖᓌࡪ€ྲྀ੐ⱷࡪc >@᯻ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻ྡhᝀੌಖజҝບட᜿᩷ϫcġġxಖజyࣽ€᮴ࡪ€xҝບyಖᓌࡪ€ ྲྀ੐ⱷࡪc ťᣠմhઁਾ඗̧˻x̧᱔̧y€඗ৣ˻x̧ৣ̧yc࿍᲼x̧᱔yЌx̧᱔̧y͎cᰝ‫ا‬ ႋx̧᱔y␊̡଻€߉c

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~ᓌࡪடဧੌ̜h ˴b᧜َ͙‫ଁث‬૟͎c >@▗ẏ੾̡h᫐Ӌ്া‫ج‬ျcġġx്াyห઻€᩷x᫐Ӌyᓌࡪ€᧜َட€ ଁ͙ᴋ‫ֳث‬xျy͎c >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hಣਾ്᳐Ԫᰝcġġx്yᓌࡪ€ᨗኜxಣਾy€ଁ͙‫ث‬ಖ᳥͎c >@▎᭑҄Ֆ෦h६്ઍ⎉ল㢻€தাࡀ਷cġġxதাy‫€َث‬᩷ടͬᓌࡪ€͙ोಖધ͎c ť ̡€‫َ͙ث‬ጓ᮴▪͎c >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅhᵤ‫נ‬᭑૱டᢣ€␊᯻ໝᐡ஑੅cġġx஑੅yࣽ€xᐡyடᓌࡪ€ጓଁໝ டxᐡy͎cŦ >@⦡̈͊ઐґh᩷ૹᚤ೅ᵠ᣶€૜়ᔐcġġx૜়ᔐyᓌࡪ€ጓx೅ᵠ᣶yடଁ੐͎c >@஥Ѯ̜hᏋधੌલՖட‫ܨ‬٬‫ޞ‬ᅐᐺᑖ௎҈ਾcġġx௎҈ਾyᓌࡪ€‫ث‬ჺ͙᮴ଁ඗͎c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hӷເൾࣽ€ᓛ˹๫᳿cġġxᓛ˹yࣽ€ᓌࡪ€ଁ͙඗xൾy͎c >@ૹ᣶㭦෦hᔯ᧥ᤃફྈ઺ட̧cġġxྈ઺ட̧yᓌࡪ€xᔯyা඗€͙ࡵଁা͎c >@⦡ଠফ෦hઊ˹᧝ᦑૅਾ̧€ട˼ઍ๰Ꭱ€૊ၟ๶Ჿഹᇒcġġxૅਾ̧yᓌࡪ€ َ͙x˹᧝y௎തਾ͎c >@▎h೰մઍઽỜ૔€ળ੿؋ឝᦽᮬએԒcġġxỜ૔yᓌࡪ€͙଻xմઍઽy͎cŧ >@஥સ੾h▗ᤄᤗ൳ြᏳಖ€ᨗ઒͹cġġx઒͹yࣽ€͙̐xᏳಖyட඗͎€ᓖ᩷ᓌࡪc >@ૹങႆӪ෦hതന߽ौহᛄြ᪪ಲ૓௡๫ં௱டϫ␊‚ġġxᔤহடᦽy€͙ጓxәyட ๫Ӄ␊͎€᩷xәyᓌࡪc >@⦡३ᚈ൳෦h૮әᔤহடᦽ€തᵸ͙ᢪ͔૟ֳ‚ġġxᔤহடᦽy€͙ጓxәyட๫Ӄ␊ ͎€᩷xәyᓌࡪc >@඄᲼h૮੅€᭑ާடᓛ€ᐘટ᭑ާடᓛc൞ᆛ᭑ާடᓛ€૛ੌ඗Ӌட଻cġġᚾx᭑ާட ᓛy€஡␊x੅yxᐘyடᓌࡪ€ጓଁ͙ዹཹ͎c ̜b᮲َ͙␊᳐ᴓ͎cŨ >@᫐͔શ೚hԪ೚ֳ€Ԫ೚ֳ ᭑ཌྷ҈ᵤ␊ហ€ᩛ٬᭑྅҈ᵤ␊౯€Ρြ੿ઁ҈ᵤ␊୨€Ӽ ๦‫׉‬ϫ€౽ᓹᎤࠑ҈ᵤ␊ѿcġġᚾӎxԪ೚y€ଁ͙ᢨಢட͎c >@๣ស੾h‫ֳ׉ֳ׉‬ᓛ€̧டᓛ͎€̧തᩜြ␊Ֆ‚ġġᚾӎx‫׉‬yࣽ€ࡵಖ๫͎࢞c >@⦡ଠফӪ෦hә‫ه‬ᰙ€፲Փ៎€᳥᳥҅҅cġġᚾ඗x᳥҅y€͙᧜ྒ͎c >@▎ग़ᓄӪ෦h඄᧥˻hn‫€ֳآ€ֳآ‬ᔐᵤ٬࣭cᦐ኎‫ۑ‬ᰝ€࡜஛ຖ‫آ‬coġġ ᚾӎx‫آ‬yࣽ€͙࡝ⳁय़͎c >@‫ݳ‬લјh⁇‫׉‬થլ€‫׉‬થլġġ‫˴َث‬ഗ͙াᢨ͎c΢‫˴َث‬ഗ€ྲྀੌ᱅ᢨட᧵€ཀྵ ‫َث‬டഗટषடc >@▗ઠ੾Мhੌ͙࢞ࣽ˻hnੌ士҈⬼ࣽcoਸ̧˻hn᯼␊૝඾€᯼␊૝඾oᶀᗜᆀ ҂€ਯߴᗡcġġ‫َث‬x᯼␊૝඾y€᱅ఛ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Πূ͎hᓄਾ͎҈ੌᓄছ͎ᓄਾ͎҈ੌᓄছ͎ >@▎␊۩hਾԳ₎඾ਾԳ₎඾ġġᇐഗ€ྲྀ͙࡝ಖ᱅य़€ཀྵ‫َث‬Ҍc ťx്yx്াyxதাy੐՜ᗁ⇝ᵤᥫᜎสห઻€ᦢ~Ჷъťcཀྵᵤ᧊੐xࡪyߣᔎ Ꮻc Ŧᣠմhx␊᯻ໝᐡ஑੅y€̰x␊᯻ໝᐡြ஑੅yடय़ߓ€੐˶Π঄␊x‫ܐ‬᯻ହ஑੅ໝᐡy cᰝ‫ا‬Νxᐡy᩷x஑੅y␊ᓌࡪ€߉c ᣠմhxմઍઽy€കͬ€੐ᓌࡪ€xỜ૔y঄੐ઐࡪc ૮᧿hᰝ‫ا‬டଁ͙ࢅxỜ૔yೲᓌ ࡪ€̰ೲኒᆛස‫ܐ‬xᓌࡪyଁӨߣસហ€ස੐ઐᲷᔏͣࢅhn΢଻bห‫ଁ€઻ݲ‬ኜᓌ҈લຖຈ ᳼ࣽ€੐લࣽ˻᮴ࡪ€ຖࣽ˻ᓌࡪcn՜൵સហ€ੌ‫آ‬ᵤ⬤֭cᣠ‫ا‬Ⴖͱೲዹߣc Ũᣠմh⡏ഗ᩷ᓌࡪ๫࠻€ಣᇐဤഗ঄ಗ৑ഗ‫ݳ‬ぽc ~ᓌࡪடဤੌ̡c ˴€ဧເोͬࣽ€ಖࣈએh ~˴€΢྽઻ဧ␊ोͬࣽ€ટ੐ಣဤ€ᭁ᩷ଁोࣽᓌ͎cť >@⦡Ꮎ᛾෦hಖ▪‫€܆‬ಖఛၗ€ಖઢ୬€ಖ๬ᦀcġġଁੌx‫܆‬yxၗyx୬yxᦀyМ྽ ઻€஡ोಖടͬ҈᩷டᓌࡪԳc >@▎͔ૂ෦hຨ୪உᰝႄ€଻˻‫׉‬ᰝcġġxႄyࣽ€xᰝyடोͬc >@஥▪̡hԪ೩υੇ͔€ཀྵੇ͓cġġx͔yx͓yࣽ€xυཀྵੇyடोͬc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhཀྵ੅૞ᡥ൳€੅‫€̈́੊␊€؝‬᠐€൵‫ب‬ြΡ૊٪૞€‫ب‬ಢcġġx᠐y͙ 59

َx૞ᡥ൳y€xಢyَx‫ب‬y€ྲྀ᩷ᓌࡪc >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hཀྵ␊ೲ᪍௨᩷ۨᐝ€Ꭷ᩷ҋ၅€ᆽ䱋㐦ᄁ€⦁⛖␊˴cġġx⦁⛖␊˴yࣽ€ धմx⦁Ꮛ⛖ଁ᪍ࣽட␊˴y͎cཀྵx˴yࣽोଁ᪍ࣽடໟᓌ€ᙦ᩷ଁ᪍ࣽ␊ᓌࡪc >@‫׳‬ඥӨhԫடާ€࿍ட⏦ႁ€᪙ட੍⩎€˴͎cġġx˴͎yࣽ€ो̜⦡டໟᓌ͎c >@ૹசැ෦h૮આ᷁ᢣᴑଽಢ€ඇ‫נ‬ন౯€‫ݲ‬൳⩹ᵤᔄcġġ˴☡྽઻͙ඒxઆ᷁y€ྲྀᓌ ࡪc >@᯻Ꭻ㛛hઁடՖ̧€ಖ᣿Ԛ͎‫͙ث‬ဠ€ಖຑਾ͎჈͙‫܆‬cġġ x‫͙ث‬ဠyَ͙ઁՖ̧டx᣿Ԛyex჈͙‫܆‬yَ͙ಖxຑਾy€ྲྀ␊ोͬ€҈஡᩷ടͬᓌ ࡪc >@᯻ࣇ઄੾̡‫ژ‬঩hਾ΀ᦤ൳ಢ˹€୰؋ᓷୖ€ࣇ઄፼ऺcġġxಢ˹yोxᦤ൳y€xᓷ ୖyोx୰؋y€x፼ऺyोxࣇ઄y€ྲྀ᩷ᓌࡪcಣᏋ͙଻઻␊ोͬᩲc ťᣠմhᰝ‫ا‬᮴մhnxࡪyࣽ€ ଻bห‫઻ݲ‬ြ‫ڠ‬ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍᥫᣫடฎ͎coᏋxࡪyடᎯြ଻bห⬤ࡵcᰝ‫ا‬ಣൕӨྲྀ᪍྽઻สो ͬடဤ€ϯᵤ᪍଻bหสोͬடဤ€⪮ೲcᭁ྽઻ઐ๫ࡪ͎c૮᧿hᣠࢅೲ€࡜>@ೲ଻઻ สोͬடဤc ~̡€΢‫ݬ‬ጓடഗ€ᾫ͙x͎y઻␊္ࣽ€ಖोͬࠪ␊଻઻€ࠪ␊˴‫҈€ڠ‬ಖࡪ͛ᓌ ֳടͬcᭁ‫ݬ‬ጓࣽ€ଁ͙ࢧടbोᚾͬட␊˴͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉h᣶Ꭰࣽ€‫€͎ܝ׉‬ᤗড়ࣽ€ઢᄁ͎ࣽcġġधմx᣶ᎠЌ‫ܝ׉‬டϫ€ᤗড়Ќઢ ᄁடᦒcyཀྵx‫ܝ׉‬y᩷x᣶Ꭰyᓌࡪ€xઢᄁy᩷xᤗড়yᓌࡪc >@ᗥ͔᪎hເ☡ເ߈ࣽ€⦁᪎͎mmՉՉcġġಣྲྀ‫ݬ‬ጓட▪€ଁъࣽ͛᩷ଁጓࣽᓌࡪcť ҈▗๣̡෦€຤຤͙ᔎᲾட‫ݬ␊ڠ‬ጓcઊଁᲾ͔͛ᥫಖଁᔎ€ཀྵᲾࣽ͛᩷ᔎࣽᓌࡪc᪎ࣽӃል ᔗடc ťᣠմh঄մxઢᄁࣽy᩷xᤗড়yᓌࡪc ~̜€΢x໿yxҍyx෦yx඗y‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຖ€ᾫകx␊yxೲy‫҈€઻ݲ‬ຖࠪဧ଻ ઻ࠪဧ྽઻␊ोͬ€Ꮛಖोͬ͛ੌ᩷␊ᓌࡪࣽc >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦hᙬ૳᧝ҍᏅස␊᣶ുӋcġġxҍy઻ຖx᣶ുӋy᩷xᏅසyᓌࡪ€ಣ᩷᮴ ᚾᲷᓌហcᭁଁᔐx␊y઻€Ќဧ͙ࢧ᮴ຖᚾͬட␊˴͎c >@▎ग़൴ᎡӪ෦h᷁ ᥼ᜯ␊ᠬऺઆઽcġġxᠬऺઆઽy᩷x᥼yᓌࡪc >@▎֥ᴋӪ෦h̰ӣҍᘦ␊३ᵠઆઽcġġx३ᵠઆઽy᩷xᘦyᓌࡪc >@ૹյખ෦h‫آ‬ᮇ੾ፇᤡ€എખ␊ཇcġġxཇy᩷xખyᓌࡪc >@᯻୪‫ا‬ᥩ᜻hՌՔ€ͫဧ୪▗␊ྩ᧶ખᑞ͔ઊ€ѲᵠᎡᲷষ෋€඙ຮ෋͔ઊ€໿சᅗऺᔏ ᓛ▗cġġx␊y઻ຖ˴☡ુ଻€᩷x୪▗yᓌࡪc >@▎ͭષ٪ᙑhᙑ૞ಲੌ௃€෦ೲѮӋ௃cġġ xೲy઻ຖxѮӋ௃y᩷੿x௃y઻ᓌࡪc΢x෦yx⢵yx඗yx΀y‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຖဧx␊y઻ ࣽ€૕ྲྀເಣc >@஥ស̡੾╺hӋ૽ӟ‫ا‬٬Ӌ̧ᦼぽ⦡ഥ᲼૽ԫ൳␊൳൅cġġx൳൅y᩷xԫ൳yᓌࡪc >@᫐ၟಲ୉hᩍ৖ລൖ␊ᝬ᩿€ᝬ᩿ລൖ␊ᩍ৖cġġxᝬ᩿y᩷xᩍ৖yຈ␊ᓌࡪc >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦hઊ‫׉‬Өᢐ␊˴ૅcġġ΢xൖyxᢐy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຖੌx␊y઻ࣽᗂಣc ~М€⦡Ჿઍ຤຤ဧx͙␊y̡઻cx͙␊yੌᚾጓh˴ส΀ఛࣽ€ťᏋx͙␊y̡ ઻͛౸ဧ€˴ส͙ಣ␊ຏࣽ€Ꮛx͙␊y̡઻Ӄᄝဧ€҈x␊y઻લຖᚾΠ͛ᓌࡪc >@ᗥ▪Ӌ྅̧h‫ݞ‬Ӌዹ˻hnᬞફ᩷ͨ౪೴co▪Ӌ˻hnৣ͙␊ത͎‚oġġಣx͙␊y €΀ఛ͎€धմxৣ΀തເy͎€⪮ಣဤ͎c >@ԫΠhԫᓛੌᴤ€҈๫͙ӟᎏ␊ृ€๫͙ԫᵠ␊߽€͙͛␊ᛌcġġxृyx߽yྲྀ྽ ઻€஡᩷xӟᎏyxԫᵠyᓌࡪcx͙͛␊ᛌyࣽ€ धմx͙͛ԫᵠ␊ଁᛌடϫy€xᛌy᩷xԫᵠyᓌࡪc >@୛᲼hᵤ೬჈ᩞ€҈‫͙܈‬ᤗ␊૟cġġx૟y᩷xᤗy઻ᓌࡪc >@ૹଠফ෦hᮯફઅ€͙ফ␊࿍ໟcġġx࿍ໟy᩷xফyᓌࡪcŦ x͙␊y̡઻€Ү෦ਊ೩€዗ဧᵤ˴€ຖ߆c ťx΀ఛyЌኜੌxΝ␊yហߣఝͬc Ŧዹ>@€ᰝ‫ੌا‬ᚾ൵ᵤᓌߣጓ಻€ಣᣫࢅnx࿍ໟy᩷xফyᓌࡪo€>М"@᩷ಣဤ‫€ث‬ നຏᣫࢅx␊yੌxส␊yហ€ೲఝ઻€x࿍ໟyೲx␊yߣुͬ€ုᨸࡪc ~Ԇ€΢྽઻લຖఝ઻͙ಙടͬࣽ€ᥫ᩷ടͬᓌࡪc >@ૹ᭑҄Ֆ෦hぽ⦡ᩀ᝟ᛌcġġx᝟yࣽ€ଁ͙ಙxᩀᛌyᛌட્͎eલֳఝ઻€ ᩷xᩀyᓌࡪc 60

>@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦h⤀ઊໟᚳ୉࿠€ఔᣓᡊᐋcġġxఔᣓᡊᐋy€ྲྀྋ྽઻ဧeຖֳఝ઻€͙ ࠑ⤀ઊ୉࿠டಙ͎c >@ૹյખ෦hચ৑ඍᴸ̡੾ፇᮇ€͓͍ঀላ€નॣੌमcġġx͓͍ঀላyྲྀ྽઻€ຖֳఝ ઻€َյx̡੾ፇᮇચ৑ඍᴸyட્͎c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦ḧӋ೩ਾ᪫ᓅඇ‫َ€נ‬ΠୁୁcġġӨ╺઻ྲྀ྽઻€َ͙̈Ӌx೩ਾyட ્͎c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎӪ෦hәᒎृ૲⬔๼€ΡளήᐮcġġxृyxΡy྽઻€લֳఝ઻€ َ͙ᒎx૲yxளyட‫͎آ‬c >@▎᛾‫ײ‬෦hલӋ࿪ಣட۩€ᔥເ૱҄€๬ಣட૭€ൾເМ‫€آ‬ᆛಣட▗€๫ரເ‫׉‬ϫҌc ġġxᔥyxൾyx๫ரyྲྀ྽઻€஡ຖಖఝ઻͙ಙടͬc‫ݲ‬षଁੌ྽઻€ྲྀಙടͬ€ཀྵ᩷ട ͬᓌࡪcť ťᰝ‫ا‬ઐᲷଁӪᓌࡪ€ᰒ๫⦁͉€>@ߣx᝟yೲぽఝ઻€ᆏҕ~Ჷߣࢅц€x᝟yᥫ ೲዶภ␊ಙ઻ߣ€ᓌြ>એ"@xઅ‫܂‬டyߣxઅyeЎԛዶภ␊ಙ઻€ ☬๫ࡪӃَc᩷x᝟y઻สဧໟᓌߣ~Ჷ>@x঒஢ૅုyߣx঒yxૅy͎ೲಙ઻ ߣ€ᰝ‫ုࢅ⎈ا‬ြᨸࡪ€ ᩷ಣᓌࡪடࢅ֡ࡘc>@ߣxृyxΡyᇐ͎ೲಙఝ઻ࠑx૲yxளyߣ€ᵤᥫ‫ࡪݳ‬c ~એ€΢x΀yxَy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻€৘xೲ␊yxጓ␊yட᧵ࣽ€ᏋલຖᚾΠ€ଁࡪ͛ ᓌ€ᭁಖຖधो͎ͬc >@‫੿࢞׳‬h૳ட΀ᆁcġġxᆁy᩷xடyx૳yᓌࡪ€धմx૳΀டᆁy͎c >@▎ᖭӨhಣட΀͔⤀ઊcġġधմxಣட΀͔⤀ઊy͎c >@⦡⤠ՖӪ෦hᶀᜮட΀ಞ€ぽᗂட΀ࡵ€াᖤட΀஑cġġ̜ഗᓌ੿c >@஥᫐̡੾̡hೲ΀ድᓛடખcġġ⦡ͭ᙭ ྅ૅสxೲ␊ycཀྵxೲ΀yࣽ€ धxಣ␊y͎cxખy᩷xೲyᓌࡪcሑಣ€xଁ΀y̡઻€ហટໟᓌc >@ᗥ͔᪎hଁ΀በத੐̐ಖ͍ࣽcġġxበதy᩷xଁyᓌࡪ€҈xଁy઻᩷Ө▪xࣽy઻ ӈኜc >@஥ᙦ̜h೰ઊᚌᅙᤇ€ृᡥΡ€߽ᔐ്€υᔐ᭒€͓ക͔€֍‫؝‬ហ€ଁ΀એ⥹͎cġġ ಣxଁy઻ኜ੿▪€҈xએ⥹y᩷xଁyᓌࡪc >@ૹ᧥ફґh᧥Ᏼ␊ᩃΡ€̰͙ማॄ␊᎝€૭૦ᗬடᬈс€‫آآ‬᎝டc̰ᤇᤣ᎝€ଁ΀ᮦ‫ا‬ ᎝͎cġġಣxଁy઻€੿ኜxማॄ᎝ycxᮦ‫ا‬᎝y᩷xଁyᓌࡪc >@๻ึఛhຒَࣇ€ᗥَ᪫cġġxࣇyx᪫yᚾ઻€஡␊ोͬc >@஥ស੾Ԇhᤡմ⩎ᩲcġġx⩎y᩷xᤡyᓌࡪc >@஥ͅ੾̡hೡմ⩹ᩲcġġx⩹y᩷xೡyᓌࡪc ‫ށ‬ட€ఝ઻டຖ€ࠪ଻bห‫ࠪ€઻ݲ‬྽઻€ဧເोͬࣽ€͛᩷᮴ͬᓌࡪc ~ಖ̡€ဧເകͬࣽ€ࣈੌએc΢଻bหbఝb྽‫ଁ઻ݲ‬ኜ˴€҈๫ఝ઻͙␊౸Ꭿࣽ€ ˻xകͬyc߆ድઐᲷᖺष‫▪ݲ‬Ӄၟc ~˴€΢ુອbᓺព‫ݲ‬കͬલຖֳਾ଻ࣽ€ྲྀ˻xകͬyc >@⦡ᙬ᛾Ӫ෦hॏ̮ໟ᙭ԩᤆடcġġxॏ̮ໟyુ଻€കြx᙭ԩyਾ଻டલc >@▎̈͊ઐґḧӋ̰΀੘੍൳͔ҝᰝୖ⮫ᇐ˻cġġx੘੍൳yᓺ଻€x͔ҝᰝyુ଻€ കြxୖ⮫yਾ଻டલc >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦h૮લձඹᣠ̛€ಣඹடឝ೶଻Ӌ€൴ᘸМ֔cġġxឝ೶଻Ӌyુᓺட଻€ ᚝ြxᣠ̛yઐ଻டຖcť >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦h̰૦␊੅ໟ▪ൾ൳೦ᵤᦤৢਾcġġx੅ໟ▪ൾ൳yટુᓺட଻€കx೦ᵤ ᦤyઐ଻டલ€҈ྲྀ੐ⱷࡪc >@⦡ᦀྖӪ෦h੅டଁշ€਀ᰘᰝᖋՖ඄ᧉட̧඄ჺ␊൴ҌcġġxᰝᖋՖyᓺ଻€ കြx඄ᧉyઐ଻டલ€ྲྀ␊ⱷࡪc▎x̧yࣽԆ෯ட଻€കြx඄ჺyઐ଻டલc >@ዹhॣ᩷ಖ⬔ᧉَ᜿૟cġġx⬔yટԆ෯ட଻€കြxᧉyઐ଻டલc >@ૹ᭢ᛱ෦h෹ઍᏚᡥ൳᧥€ረኀ⛬ә€ᔯடଁা്€Ֆതുಾ҈᪍ட‚ġġಣഗകͬ€ ੌx෹ઍyુ଻€xᏚᡥ൳yᓺ଻€xረኀ⛬әyಾ଻€xᔯাଁা്y€xଁy઻കͬ€੐ ‫޴ا‬x᧥yᄮடલຖc▎xடy઻‫ث‬ኜ᮴଻€ટക͎ͬ€߆ӨcŦ >@᯻᩷ᴋໟ▗ᦒh‫׳‬டⳁଶઆ̧ৢਾቕશ೚€ཹᇮᖋ੐૞⇝€૮ԛ೺ᙼ€Үᯔ‫ૅ׳‬૟€ᵤ᣼ ເԚcġġxଶyࣽ€Ԇ෯ட଻€xઆ̧ৢਾyુ଻€കြxቕશ೚yઐ଻டલcಖુອᓺព ‫଻ݲ‬ᾫલ᳼€҈΀டകͬࣽ€ᭁ͙ઐ଻̰‫ଁ଻ݲ‬കடઐ͎c҃Ꮛ͙ຖடࣽ␊കͬ€ટ๫ᵤӃc ‫ށ‬ட€‫଻ݲ‬લຖࠌ᳼€҈ଁኜᓌࣽ€Ꮛଁࡪᓌ€ᓌᏋ͛ੌ␊டകͬࣽᩲc

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ȉᣠմhಣᲷᰝ‫ا‬⢵കͬ€xឝ೶଻Ӌyࡵೲสͬဧ€ोࡵᣠ̛ட␊തເਾࣽ€ത̰͙␊കͬ ୓‚ᭁᰝ‫΀ا‬΢ુອᓺពྲྀ␊കͬ€ཀྵପ߉Νc ȉᣠմhxረኀ⛬әyࡵೲोͬ€ᰝ‫͙ا‬ಖ᩷x෹ઍyxᏚᡥ൳yໟ໫€҈ᵤఙಖε०ᵤᓌ€ ⦀͙␊കͬ€˴߉͎cxᔯடଁা്yટोͬcᰝ‫͙ا‬xଁy␊കͬ€ ̡߉͎cᛱష⦡᧥€x᧥y̰ਾ଻€ᰝմn‫᧥޴ا‬ᄮo€̜߉͎cxடy઻ห੿଻ͬடx᧥y €̰x᪍yடुͬ€Ў⪮കͬ€ຈ⪮Ө▪ᰝ‫΀ଁا‬લ᳼˴ഗ᮴டxடy઻cᰝ‫␊͙ا‬ᓌࡪ€М ߉͎c ~̡€΢‫ͬݲ‬ໟക€ଁ඗ᔢᓌ€҈૨ຖ‫€ࣽآ܅‬ટ˻കͬc >@᯻୰؋᮷೺ᤁՖ஽ྡhፇடશή€ཀྵടုৢਾՖ€͙⦁ຒ▪᪎ข˴྅cġġxཀྵടုৢ ਾy€ťࡵಖ᮴␊ৢਾ͎€૮᩷xશήyᓌࡪ€ટ˻കͬc >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦h˴҅˴૳€̰ၟ૛ᅥ€˴᠐˴ૄ€̰ၟ૛ဂ€˴ᤇ˴ᚌ€૛ᅥ̰೩cġġಣ ͙x҅yx૳yᚾఝࣸᓌኜ˴ਾଁᎺடٚ€x᠐yxૄyxᤇyxᚌyМ྽઻ટයcŦ >@᯻Ѳ᣶঵ᓌુͭhြᶷંఘᱻ€Ꮛຨཀྵໟᓛઆ̧ᨸ૎೅ᵠᴋ▗cġġཀྵb૮ᚾુ଻€ᓌኜ ˴ਾc ȉᥫ␊xཀྵടုৢਾՖyc ȉᆏഗ᧵€x҅y᩷x૳y€x᠐y᩷xૄy€xᤇy᩷xᚌy€ྲྀ⠣ኜᚾਿ€ಣմnᓌኜ˴ ਾଁᎺடٚo€߉c ~̜€‫܆‬ኜb⛅ኜห઻€കြ଻bห‫઻ݲ‬டຖ€͙␊‫ށ‬ჺடఛࣽ€˻കͬcť >@⦡̈͊ઐґhᵤࣽ€௎Ꭿྲྀ೰␊ଁᦽcġġxྲྀy‫܆‬ኜห઻€‫ֹށ‬x௎Ꭿyଁኜ‫ݲ‬ਾ€ྲྀ ᩷ᓌࡪc >@ૹॠմ෦hଁमྲྀᓅ૟Գcġġxྲྀyࣽ€‫ث‬ኜଁमடᣫ͎c >@⦡ச᙭Ӫ෦h⩎ᩅྲྀ᧥Ᏼୡ͎cġġxྲྀyኜx⩎ᩅyଁो‫ݲ‬૟͎c >@ૹ඄᥼ૹ෦hಖຖ஑શ͔޴€ૅૅֹ␊൘ᐡcġġxૅૅyध⛅ኜห઻€⠣ኜx஑શ͔ ޴y͎c >@▎ҝᰝӹ෦hઊླྀ᩷ग़ᡥ൞ုᔍӨcġġx൞y઻‫܆‬ኜ͙੿ᚾਾ͎c >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hයᏋͨ᩷௎᩷ਾ൞ᵤ෶ໟၟ͎cġġx൞y઻ຈኜ͙੿ਾbԚ‫ݲ‬඗͎c >@඄᲼h‫؝‬඄€Ꮛ໿̡̧ࣽ஡᭑ૅட᎛˴cġġx஡yࣽ€⠣ኜ̡̧c ಣᲷӃ᩷⛅ኜb‫܆‬ኜ‫ݲ‬ᲷᦢድcŦ ťxྲྀyx൞yx஡yᇐ઻ᵤᥫᛌ৑ห઻€াᵤ͛Ν␊കͬc Ŧಣኜ~~ᚾᲷc ~М€΢લና˴૟҈ຖ⠣᙭ࣽ€ટ˻കͬc >@஥ѮМhԫੌ̜ᵤсhᓛᙴ҈૨ᰝ€ᤗ࿍૨ᴤ€ಖത๥டੌ‚ġġx̜ᵤଣy‫ށ‬ና€xᓛ ᙴyx૨ᰝyx૨ᴤyകͬ€Ꭼᯊಖx̜ᵤଣy͎c >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈ḩ͙М༻€▪๬᧣ൾcġġx▪๬᧣ൾy€ᎬᯊxМ༻y͎c >@▎લјhຒ๬€ๅѠbᴼ̧ᢺcť >@▎⢵҈ḩᵤΠᄁbୡbఠbᝬcŦ >@▎ḩଁỊَ€‫ᦒژ‬࿪ᗥcġġྲྀಣ໫͎c >@⦡᧥ફઐґh᩷⬔୨‫܆‬ц̜ᦊҌ€ஹਾࣽ҅€ᣐਾ٬ᗬი᳥cġġxஹਾࣽ҅yӷxი ᳥y€̰Ꭼᯊx̜ᦊy͎c >@▎⤠ՖӪ෦h⤠Ֆடц€ৢਾ๫ᘲࣽળடcġġᓌ੿c >@▎ग़൴ᎡӪ෦hಖсc਻⑫͔͓૟€ྲྀᵊಖ‫ج‬cŧġġલَxಖсy€Ө⑏ଁсட૟c >@▎ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦hྃ€લԩࡵपࣽсᗥmmՉՉcġġӷx͙ࡪ੄ᯆy€ྲྀᎬᯊἓ๛டྃ€ ҈xྃy઻લናc >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hଁ͙াብ€੿டᵤ෶‫᧣ݹ‬ฃൾ€ੌ᩿᲼༙ୡடᴕ€াֹࡵఘeࡪட▎ᵤ෶ᇇ ‫ޞ‬ᗔᴵ€Ⴜᵎј෶€ᓷᤨᨂட˹e೺டᵤ෶ฟ๬ഹ€ߗ٪Ѧᚤ€ੌ๏൴ᨳࢢட؋eӨடᵤ෶᱖ ೡ៝ᯘ€६ᰟુᎨᑞ€͙␊શ޴૛୉ખᨖcġġଁ⑏x੿டmmyxࡪடmmyx೺டmmy xӨடmmy€Мࣽடxᵤ෶y€ྲྀଁ͙xাብyட૟cŨ >@᯻‫͓ݳ‬؋ᵤ㫁ᦒh͓؋ᖋᰒ૨h്Ꮛഥ⬔டӨᡜ€᩷‫ܨ‬உடӨᡜ€᩷ᰊ᭿டӨᡜ€ᰟᏋ೺ Ᏼ⬔๼€ᤣᖋᏋ๰ᏴᏴ⬔๼cġġxᰒ૨y᷁€ྲྀᎬᯊx͓؋டᖋy͎c >@▎ᦤ▗஽Υྡhཀྵ૟€෋೺ᓛࣽ€ᤣᖀ൧᎛ુ੾᮷€෋͙଻੿€͙☬ಖர€‫پ‬ர๟ુcġ ġxཀྵ૟y‫ށ‬ና€͙Ө⑏ࡵಖ૟͎c

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ťxຒ๬y€ೲኜਿ҂€᧵Ќx੐ຒ๬ਿ҂mmy€᩷xๅѠbᴼ̧ᢺy⪮ᓌࡪc ŦxᄁbୡbఠbᝬyೲxᵤΠyߣुͬ€⪮ᓌࡪc ȉᦊմhग़᥼෦๫ಣΠc ȉx੿டmmyxࡪடmmyᇐೲxাብyߣुͬfᨸࡪg€᩷xাብy⪮ᓌࡪc ~Ԇ€ടͬbुͬຖ€΢Ս‫␊͙ڠ‬ጓࣽ€ટ˻കͬc >@⦡Ѳ᳞ᦒhฐ͓᳞ᅖ઄⛖⦁ࣽ€ᵤӃᖤَcġġxฐ͓᳞y€ഗடടͬ€xᅖ઄⛖⦁ࣽy €ଁ͙ጓxฐ͓᳞y͎c >@᯻೚ࢅhઁடःਾ€ಖચਾ͎߽ᩲ€ध೰๰೚҈ᔎԳcġġxઁடःਾy€ടͬ€xಖચ ਾ͎߽ᩲy€ᝡകட‫͎ڠ‬c >@࿍᲼hြೲ෋⦦ᦑ‫᧜੍ڃ‬Ֆடૅc҈ग़ᓞৣ᭿ᖺᣮ੍᧜Ֆੌத҈৑டӋଁ૳̧ࣽ€⦀અ␊ ࿍છӋ͎cġġxग़ᓞৣ᭿y€‫ڠ‬டടͬ€xᖺᣮ੍᧜Ֆੌதmmy€ᝡകட‫͎ڠ‬c >@᫐‫׉‬ਉhຏ€ਾடଁष€⪮षਾ͎cġġxຏyടͬ€xਾடଁषy€ക‫͎ڠ‬c >@஥ᦅ੾Мhᖀͨ᣶ᓻட˼€ԡ┵ଁု€ඕߞଁ៖cġġx᣶ᓻட˼y€ु͎ͬ€ᝡകᚾ‫ڠ‬ ͙ጓடcť >@⦡ୖໟᓛ྅ૅhኸऺᓛ⦦€ઈ‫ظ‬ြ▪ఛ‫ث‬ᎨΡࣽ€Ќӣᙼ␊̮ໟ⦡cġġ xऺᓛ⦦y€xኸyடुͬ€ຖക‫͙ڠ‬ጓடc ௎ಣடᯊ€ᵤӃᖤ⦁€ᦢድሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻€Ӄക߆Գc ť>@xਾடଁषyೲxຏyߣोͬ€⪮കͬc>@xԡ┵ଁုyxඕߞଁ៖yೲx᣶ᓻட ˼yߣोͬ€⪮കͬc ~એ€΢ఝ઻b଻઻Ꮊ᙭ଁ૟€ຖᝡห઻͙␊‫ֹࣽށ‬ટ˻കͬc >@᫐͔શ೚hᠱᕒᏡ€ᘠಞࡵ€ඥࠑ€ઋၟ€ᓌြ͔⦁€ಣ΀ળ᧯cġġ xᠱyxᘠyxඥyxઋy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻നَ૟€xಣyห઻͎€‫ݴ‬ኜ͙᮴М̈€҈␊ഗடടͬc >@ૹဟ࿿෦h⤀Ԇடࣃ€ᗵ᧬டં€઄ཝ៝҄€Үჹ̫ᦨ€ ઈଁ੐€ಣ॑᜿டϫ͎c᧬ᘸ̡ ᵤ঄˴cġġຖَxӞᰶyxΡ༸yx֡ვy‫ݲ‬ϫ€ഗцໟᓌcxಣy઻‫ށ‬ኜ੿▪c >@ૹᮦፑ෦hઊӃ᩷Ꮪͅ€ᴤ᩷᧻ᆠ€ಣ̰Ꭴᥧடଁ␊Ҍcġġxಣy઻‫ث‬ኜ੿▪c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hᗥហᦀ৥€ೲ΀Мࢱcġġxೲy઻‫ށ‬ኜМ଻c ~▎ࠪഗઍुͬલ᳼ഗឝ€҈ြఝ઻ຖ͙xடy઻‫ث‬ኜࣽ€ટӃ᚝ြᓌࡪடӪc͙ᚾࣽ ଁኜ˴૟€▎ᓌ˴ࡪ͎c >@஥ស̡੾╺hᙴᙛᒵᴤ€ฟॣடᩲcġġxடyኜͬ€‫ث‬ኜxᙴᙛᒵᴤy͎c଻‫ج‬xᙴᙛ ᒵᴤyЎ␊ुͬ҈᳼લഗឝࣽಣ͎cӨ▪ᓌc >@▎hૹᵠ‫ݲ‬ᒊ€࿍ᨗᦑடcġġxடy᩷੿ᓌc >@‫۩␊ݳ‬h‫̜ژ‬Ҋ€˴َ͙మடcġġxடyኜx‫̜ژ‬Ҋy͎c >@▎⢵҈hःਾ€Ԫᵤຨ҈೩டᩲcxடyኜxःਾyc >@୛᲼h҅ᰝ೰ဨடԆҊ૱€ଞ૳ᰝֳġġxடyኜx҅ᰝyc >@⦡֥ᴋ෦h͔൴Ꭱ᧶෹ઍ€੿एল҈ᗂடcġġxடyኜx෹ઍyťc >@᯻⥿᙭‫ו‬⣿Ꮘ঩hᗅჹ᙭Ꮘ€ᆠԪ೩டᣠ֧᣶ᔍӨcġġxடyኜx᙭Ꮘyc >@᯻‫ث‬በᖭӋᔕͭhಖк઄டႄ€Ց⭵டᏚ€ᔢ୨ᩲ€ເࡗ๰▗୉€૔෶␊▗ᙨடcġġ xடyኜഗឝxк઄டႄy᩷xՑ⭵டᏚy͎c >@⦡᳁ᰓӪ෦h᳁ව€྅ଁ΀ᵎә€යਸ̧͓டcġġxடyኜx᳁වyc ~઎ೲ€΢ഗઍఘࡪࠪⱷࡪલ᳼ഗឝ€҈ຖ͙xಖy઻‫ث‬ኜࣽ€ટಣဤ͎c >@⦡୨᫐Ӫ෦h᪁€Ԫၟಖ෶̬€౮€Ԫၟಖ෶୉€ᵝ€Ԫၟಖ෶ौcġġ̜xಖy઻ྲྀ␊ ఘࡪ€ᔎኜx᪁yx঒yxᵝy̜଻઻͎c >@᯻ࡗᾗጓh⬼ࣽ€Ԫၟಖ␊਺eᴩࣽ€Ԫၟಖ␊ᰝeࣼᚽඕߞ⥣૤€Ԫၟಖ␊ࣼᚽඕߞ⥣ ૤cŦġġᓌ੿c >@᫐ᡩႢhཀྵಣᯊ̧€૟୙ᵤᓌ€଻ᯛᰗ‫€پ‬ಖြᣐᆁ͙த␊ṓ€˴͎cġġ xಣᯊ̧yࣽ€⤰᳼ഗឝ€ᵤᎯӨ▪€xಖy઻੐ఘࡪ‫ث‬ኜடc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhᄪ…ႌᦘ€ಖઢ൴͙૦ੑ͎cġġxᄪ…ႌᦘy⤰૒ഗឝ€ ᩷Ө▪๫࠻€xಖy઻ⱷࡪ‫ث‬ኜடc >@‫͎ূݳ‬hᓋ͎€ಖ͍̜೧ᵤ߽౯cġġᓌ੿c >@᯻⥿ᣠृӟ঩h૮ᣠ̡᩷஌€ಖ᧵িᰗ͎ġġxಖy઻ᓌ੿c

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>@⦡ଠফӪ෦hଠফࣽ€ಖ͔⬔඄ਾ€⬔ດห€ૹೞ€ດ૊ᡥcġġxಖy઻ⱷࡪ€ ‫ث‬ኜxଠফy͎c ຖ‫ݳ‬ഗцക߆c ȉᣠմhx͔൴Ꭱ᧶෹ઍy΀ၕ᧶෹ြẟԍ͎€xடy઻Ќኜxၕ᧶yَcᰝ‫ا‬ᭁ߉Νx෹ ઍy␊ુ଻c ȉ>@Ꭻष⢵ᵤᢢ€૮ᗔc ~⛎ੌ଻bหᇐ઻ࠌᦒ҈᧵ԩӪࣽ€ᾫဧx᩷yx٬yx͙٬y␊ࠌ٬டఛ€૮᚝ͭြ ಣ€͙ԩӪ଻bห‫ଁ€઻ݲ‬ኜࠪᰗ€҈ଁࡪᦑᓌ͎cť >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬ḩⲣَ୯᩷૽᩷౯cġġx୯yx૽yx౯y̜૟ԩӪ€ྲྀᓌ␊xَyடᨸࡪ€ ҈͙x᩷y઻ࠌடc >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hයᏋͨ᩷௎᩷ਾ€൞ᵤ෶ໟၟ͎€҈ຑຏ͎؈‚ġġxͨyx௎yᚾ઻€ห઻ ͎€xਾy଻͎€૮͙x᩷y઻ࠌடc >@᯻Ꭻ⦁h౯᩷ហ␊સ଻€⦁᩷ຒ␊਼ฎcġġx౯yxហyx⦁yxຒyࠌᦒ€ ᔐ͙x᩷y઻c >@᫐⠮֋୉hਂ᩷᪎‫ٻ‬Ვட˻cġġx᩷y઻͙ࠌxਂyx‫ٻ‬yᚾ᪁cŦ >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hઊ̧டَᆁ᩷‫€⦁׉‬ᵤӃຨ҈ᔄ͎cġġxᆁyx‫⦁׉‬yᚾ଻͎€x᩷y͙ࠌ டc >@ૹҠцઢh΢ੌᡑࣽ᩷͠੾ࣽ᩷નීࣽ€ྲྀᵤ␊ႆcġġx᩷y઻͙ࠌ‫ݲ‬᭸ਾ͎c >@஥ᙦ˸h૳᫐▗٬▗ഥీcġġx٬y઻ࠌᚾઐ଻c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hਣኰ⥖€ຨᗬଡ٬ፇ৐cġġx٬y઻ଁ͙ࠌxଡyx৐y͎c >@▎hြཀྵਾ̧᭿␊⦦٬᠐ᰊ᭿€Φᢈட୥Ꭸcġġx٬y઻͙ࠌxཀྵਾ̧᭿y᩷x᠐ᰊ ᭿y͎c >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦hᢺᓖ⠣⡓ॱ෋€෋͔ૂ᥸ု͔೧‫͔ا‬Ӻ૊ᣌத৆ြ⓸໐匕٬‫ݲ‬બᓛcġġ x٬y઻͙ࠌx‫ݲ‬બᓛy͙᩷੿ԩӪடᓛ଻͎c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hඹᦽཀྵ˼٬▗˼€Ꮋଁનಹ€Ӄ̡͙֔̏੿cġġ x٬y઻͙ࠌxཀྵ˼y᩷x▗˼y͎c >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦hԩᎫՖໟ඄᧷▪Ӌ٬ધͅӋcġġx٬y઻͙ࠌଁໟடᚾӋ͎cŧ >@ૹյખ෦hᓷ٬࡙઄մা߱ೡ൫ಃcġġx٬y઻͙ࠌ๼̧͎c >@⦡̈͊ઐґhଁ͙⡓൴ઽᵊࣽ€ฟසᗬடચ৑᩷⪮ᤣ͎cġġxચਾyx⪮ᤣyสᚾ଻ ဧ€x᩷y͙ࠌட€धմxฟසᗬચ৑ட߱᩷⪮ᤣட૟y͎c >@⦡୨᫐Ӫ෦hઋ̧டᘱᰳ᩷૨‫€܈‬ဂ᭸᩷֍ઢ€ೲྲྀ๫μြ̧டதcġġ x᩷y઻͙ࠌxᘱᰳyx૨‫܈‬y͎€Өx᩷y઻͙ࠌxဂ᭸yx֍ઢy͎cŨ >@⦡̈͊ઐґh౲ஊઍੌ͔Ởມ٬થ€̈ᐘᤣ␊ါ€ᚈ͙᜿ц࿐ᗽᨸ૎٬̧᭿cġġ ᚾx٬y઻ྲྀ͙ࠌ‫͎଻ݲ‬c >@஥▪̜h੅൅ปԫ€‫ޚ‬Ѳ༗૪€६Ӌુ٬඘cġġx٬y઻͙ࠌᚾϫ଻͎c ઎ೲድட€΢ͭ૟ட▪€ᾫ͙x٬y␊ࠌ€ཀྵ஥෦b⦡bૹგဧடe҈‫ݳ‬૟ட▪€ ᾫဧx᩷y઻c >@᯻‫͓ݳ‬؋ᵤ㫁ᦒh്Ꮛഥ⬔டӨᡜ€᩷‫ܨ‬உடӨᡜ€᩷ᰊ᭿டӨᡜcġġᚾx᩷y઻€Ճ ࠌ‫ݲ‬᭸xӨᡜy͎c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hၘஐҠᥫೈ٬३ᵠߵ᣶॑᜿᩷⦦˹ர๰ࣽ€ᢐ΢᭑̡Ҋ╺੾˴ਾcġġ̜᭸ ਾ଻઻ಎΡ€Ꮛᦢဧx᩷yx٬yᚾ઻͙ࠌடc >@᯻ਸ▗஽Υྡh്ពடᵤ൑᩷เ҈ᛌࣽ€ᵤ੐૞ᙢ੐ಲᙠ€Ӄ⶷ᳯ૝຤͎cġġx᩷y઻ ͙ࠌᚾ‫͎ڠ‬c >@▎⥿ђᣫ˹঩hাုઽѲ᣶ӟ͙٬Ҋҝட࿪૟᩷Ԫి̡᎛ட͔ઊ€۩ੌଁᵤ⛖€૟ੌଁᵤ ࡵ€ᜍଁ‫҈ہ‬ᣫԳ‚ġġ̜᭸ਾ଻઻ಎΡ€Ꮛᦢဧx͙٬yx᩷y઻␊ࠌ͎c >@▎ְᘊ෦hাֹଉடห͙٬੅૟€๫ᵤ┖࿩cᚈᵠbୟᲔb൒ໟbᵌਿb޴‫ا‬b઄Үbϫ Υb઻ᦒbᓙᣁb౪߸bҊૅb‫׉‬ਾடᦒ€٬ӷ‫ע‬ᓙ୨̧೺ᓛடࢅ€ྲྀଁ߆ᝀcġġ΢Ꭼᯊ‫ݲ‬ ̈€Ꮛဧx͙٬yx٬ӷy␊ࠌ€ટ๫ᵤӃc ઁᲿઍx௎yxເyᚾ઻€ᔐหx᩷y઻͙ࠌ‫€ࣽ଻ݲ‬ය⪮ಖᤣcx͙y઻டหx᩷y઻͎อ ᩲcũ >@஥ͅ੾એhͨ௎ंәརḐ͙૟Ֆ€૨ᩲcġġधմxͨ᩷ंәy͎c >@ૹᛸཝ෦hಖᵤ૟᪎௎Ө༙٬ᵤ෶⛖˴⒓€გᳵடcġġx௎yधx᩷y͎cŪ >@᯻ᕷச᧺̧঩hයຖ୐ြ൧௎঵cġġَx൧᩷঵y͎c >@஥ᦅ੾̜h‫␊ڟ‬ᜑ௎Ꭷcġġَxᜑ᩷Ꭷy͎c >@ྃᗥዑ垴жᗥh▗ເ͔ઊ৑cġġَx▗͔᩷ઊy͎c 64

>@‫ݳ‬લјhਿએ͠੾ເԆએ੾€҈⪮ộ͎ࣽ‚ġġَx᩷Ԇએ੾y͎c >@⦡℡ౌ෦h඄Ӌ᩷ᆢӲ‫ڙ‬ட˻hnլ੅ϫതເ๽լ‚᯼ઉ‚oġġَxլ᩷๽լy͎c >@஥Ѯ࿲Ԇh΢ੌᠼ‫ا‬᩷๫€ြͨ᯼୯‚ġġಣx᩷y઻͙ࠌxੌyx๫yᠼ‫ا‬டᚾ૟͎c >@‫▗׳‬Өhຨட␊ੌᕏcġġx␊yટጓสx᩷y઻c >@᯻⥿ᣠृӟ঩h⦁બድࣽ€ટੌᢨᣌၟಖ␊ᵎ͙҃cġġx͙҃yࣽ€धմx᩷҃y͎c ȉ՜൵଻bหᇐ઻ࠌᦒ҈᧵ԩӪࣽ€ଁኜ⪮˴€ᵤᢐ~Ჷxᓌࡪyસហ€ᵤᥫӪ৑ᓌ ࡪcᰝ‫͙ଁا‬Ӫ৑ᓌࡪ€ೲᓖ␊nԩӪ଻bห‫ଁ€઻ݲ‬ኜࠪᰗ€҈ଁࡪᦑᓌ͎o€Ќ՜ಳຈӪ ͅ⠣ᣫြxᓌy˴྆xࡪycന՜൵ᓌࡪߣᾫ૬᩷Ꭻ૝ᓌࡪߣᾫ૬વᢢೲᚾᓋ૟c ȉᦊմhxਂy̰ᣇ଻€⪮᪁͎cxᚾ᪁y઻Ӄ⎥c ȉᎫสnx٬y઻َ͙ଁໟடᚾӋ͎o€૮൴xَyۨสxࠌyc ȉnӨx᩷y઻mm͎o˴ഗᎫ๫€૮ᗔc ȉ~Ჷੌ௎̤ᓌ໫ဧဤc ȉᣠմhx௎y઻xເy઻ྲྀxࠪy઻டហcૹᦒ᧥ґъմhnx௎y€xࠪy͎coᗥͭ▪ Ӌ྅̧஌մhnx௎y€ೲᵤસடఛcoಣ‫ݲ‬ဤ٬Өष‫ݳ‬ΠnເԆએ੾oடဤ€ ྲྀೲxࠪyហ€ᵤ঄๷಻␊x᩷ycx᩷y঄ြ௢▪டDQG€xࠪy঄ြ௢▪டRU€x᩷yोࠌ ٬€x௎yो߂ኸ€᧵ហ͔ᵤᓌ͎c૮᧿hx଼y໫ࠌͬ᩷xࠪy໫ࠌͬࠝцᵤᓌ€നᵤೡଁ ੌဧဤ⇝ੌᨗᴑᆁᛃᏊc

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Chapter 4 ྽઻̜டԆ ྽઻‫ݳށ‬ ~྽઻€ଁ͙ᣈ૟ཌྷடࠑࣽc ࠑࣽ€᚝૟ཌྷ҈૳c஥෦ស▗੾Ԇᮇ˻hnཌྷ૳҈ຖੌ᪇€᪇҈ຖੌќcoೲཀྵ྽઻‫ݴ‬⠣ᚾ ᔍh˻᪇྽€˻ќ྽c᪇྽ࣽ€َ͙૟ཌྷடເത͎eќ྽ࣽ€َ͙૟ཌྷடഃത͎c˻ເത€˻ ഃത€ྲྀࠑடᓷ᭐͎ࣽc᪇྽ட઻ӷ૨€ហ߆ြ᮴€௓ᵤລ๦c ~⛎ੌ͙▗଻bઐ଻bห઻bఝ઻bಙ઻ဧເ྽઻ࣽcťઊ઻๫સ໫€ೲብส▪ࣽੌ͙ ᙃ⡓டҌc͙ස໫ட઻ဧເ྽઻ࣽ€ເh xӋ⦁yxӋ۩yxәຒyxә͍yட໫€xӋyxәy̡઻ઐ▗଻͎€૮લြಖિ▗଻€Ꮛ ဧເ྽઻ᩲc ▎xᤗၣyxԫ▪yxॎᖋyx‫َס‬yடᎯ€xᤗyxԫyxॎyx‫ס‬yྲྀઐ଻€૮Ꮛဧເ྽ ઻c xԪᓛyxԪૅyxಖَyxಖ๬y‫ݲ‬Π€xԪyxಖy̡઻€ྲྀห઻͎€૮Ꮛဧເ྽઻c xጐ᭸yxຉ⪜y‫ݲ‬Π€xጐyxຉyઐఝ઻͎€૮Ꮛဧເ྽઻c ӷ>@᫐̧⠮֋୉մhᕽध຀යcġġx຀යyઐಙ઻͎€૮␊ोΠ€Ŧဧເ྽઻c ҈⦡Ჿぽx࿬࿬டᰙyxၑၑட᧣yxᛃᛃடᬈyᇐͬ€΢‫ྲَྀث‬ಙ઻͎€૮Ꮛဧເ྽઻c⢈ ᔗઁᲿ€ಖ͙ස໫ட઻ဧส྽઻ࣽ€ଁ੐ྲྀੌ€ཀྵߓ᪍˴̡͙ՊᚐҌc ȉ๰ઐᲷҟ~Ჷ€x྽઻yఘӅኜx᪇྽yc▎hᰝ‫ا‬՜ᗁႤส␊ഗ̧ͅ⠣ߣበ࿥Π ଼␊઻໫ߣ྽઻ଖ␊˴‫ن‬ԅc ȉxΠy€ᗉ␊xͬy઻ட߉c ~྽઻ੌᚾ઻ᓌហࣽ€ເh ▗᧣ ᵎॐ Ϧ᫐ ःࡵ ᛮ୉ ๰્ ૥ዲ ূᔦ ஄ථ ᡊᐋ ‫ ߽ڕ‬ะฉ घᢔ ᩿ད ᣨ⥜ ᧉ⣮ ᶻஐ ᘱ⤜ ੌᚾ઻ዹຑࣽ€ᚠଁဧ␊໫Ҍ€ເh ᨰ⛖ ૊ᯅ ‫ ࡵݥ‬ᵎႃ ▗ர ๰㙷 ᆜ໣ ᧥Ө ਿᓚ ⑴ᐸ ూ᣾ ᠧஃ Ꭸృ ΡᏵ ᣄീ ᛮफ़ ⛖ᣯ ᪇྽

⤰஌ ฾ᨺ ᆜၗ ඐᆊ ஑ᩞ

~྽઻‫ݲ‬ဧc ~྽઻લֳ଻ࣽᤣ͎cᱥ઻લࣽ€ᾫᵤകxடy઻␊ᗷc‫ੌ̧׳‬xધ̧yxඇஉyx୺ әyx⪁̧yx᥼੽yxᎤᎻyx૭ᔄyx૭ᴕyᇐΠ€ྲྀᱥ྽઻஡લြଁ᚝ட଻c >@᫐̧˼̧ਿh঄ೲ‫€آ‬धฬਾ͎cġġx᪇y྽઻€લֳxਾy͙ࡵ᩷xਾyᓌx᪇yҌc >@⦡ങႆӪ෦hᔯ‫ٹ‬૬᮴૟€ృཌྷϹཀྵcġġx᮴yxృy᩷xϹyྲྀ྽઻͎€҈લြ଻c >@ૹग़᥼෦hᛱᡥᏅ᝟€˿ु᥼€᥼ᘸ˻hnཀྵग़൴ᎡcoᏅ˻hn૮൴Ꭱ૔ᵤຨઓ๬€ തxཀྵy͎oťġġxཀྵyx૮y྽઻͎€҈લֳx൴Ꭱy€▎x൴Ꭱy଻⪮ᱥ઻€҈ᱥ྽ ઻લட€๫ക͎c >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦hြೲઆ̧ஔ૦‫׉‬Өட୯τឝc >@▎hྲྀଷ̈́᎝͙⥿டcġġx୯yxଷyᚾ྽઻ྲྀᱥ઻͎€લြ᳿઻ட଻€๫കc๫കࣽ€ Ќᵤകxடy઻␊ᗷ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh૮டᏚ€धઁடᏚ͎cġġx૮yxઁyᱥ྽઻€લြxᏚy҈കxடy઻␊ᗷ€ ⪮ᤣဤ͎c >@ૹກ⦦෦h᩷ͨூಣࣽ€ಖብॐֳ̡֔҄ġġxॐy྽઻€લြ̜઻ட଻€ટ๫ക͎c >@⦡̈͊ઐґh͔๬ᵤఙϹঀ€͔ᗥᵤఛ͓ᠲcġġx͔yx͓yxϹyᱥ྽઻€ྲྀ஡લြଁ ᚝ட଻c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hেͅ؋€᱆ᔤ૟c >@▎h⥹ࣇ᧵€ͩ ኜcġġxͅyxᔤyxࣇyx yྲྀᱥ྽઻€҈஡લြଁ᚝ட଻€๫ കc ྇ࣽટલԳ€ብᗷ͙xடy઻€௎ⱷࡪයeᵤᗷࣽอҌc 66

>@᫐ῨᲹh៵㰪டᣇ€ᣈ຾டཌྷ€⩹ᵤ૲ಖᆁcġġx៵㰪yxᣈ຾y€ྲྀ྇྽઻͎€લ᚝ြ ଻€ᔐ͙xடy઻€͙☬˶ӗ͎c >@⦡ᆠᤃઐґh૞ಁᣪᕛடϫ€಴ӅેடऺcġġxᣪᕛyxӅેy€ટ྇྽઻͎€ᓌ੿c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h૮൴Ꭱ‫܈‬᪍เᳵட᜿€ዼட୛ᔥ٪டӨcġġxเᳵy྇྽઻c >@ᤗ᲼h૮Ֆੌᛃᛃடᬈc >@▎h๫Ԧ૾டᗩࣽcġġxᛃᛃyxԦ૾yᓌ੿c >@᯻ௌᛕ଼̀‫ژ‬঩hઊ଼ԩடમࠃృ€೉௡டમӅᅏ€᳝ᐿடમᴤ̑€҈ᨰ௡டમ๻ႄ͎cġ ġМxમyடલ€஡᚝྇྽઻€ྲྀᔐxடy઻c >@᯻੿ြໟ▗ᦒhᢐӨ᪆ണṫட᩿༙€ᬿൊᘙடจຒcġġxടṫyxൊᘙy྇྽઻͎€x᩿ ༙yxจຒy྇଻͎€ᚾໟ᚝Գ€ટᦢxடyட઻͙␊Ꮚc >@ૹӋઉ෦hᯊ͙㰪ᖆட̛Ꮱ€ͩዲᯘடၻ৆€⪮ଁ͙ᢢ৉૽டશ͎cġġ᩷੿ᓌc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒh҈੘੿୛ᤗᄁ♆டਿ˹€૨⛎૝َᝬ૟ᩲcġġxᄁ♆yxਿ˹y€˴྽˴଻€ ྲྀ͎྇€҈ᦢ͙xடy઻c >@⦡ဠ೪Ӫ෦hᚕӨ਀ષ␊඄᳼ᤇ஑ໟ٬೦ຖઆ̧ंәᤀଁᓅᒢ̰Ӄcġġxᤇ஑y྇྽઻€ ᚝ြxໟy઻ᱥ଻€ᵤᗷxடy઻€ͬᰳ⛎ঁc >@᯻੿ᴋໟ▗⍗hข૬Ữ๫།ᦍ૟€␊ໝᲾฃc >@▎h᧏๫‫آܨ‬⣿ဧ€ᗵᵤ᣺␊⦦€ຨ˴૟␊଻€Ӄাᳵઋ€ᵤ᣼ເেਯԜ€ ๫˴⠣ఙᬘ͍cఙ૲͔Ֆ̧Ԧ௼᧵€ເ̫઄‫ث‬cġġxఙᬘy᩷xԦ௼yྲྀ྇྽઻€᚝ြᱥ଻ ҈ᵤᗷxடy઻ટӃc ྽઻ᓌហ҈਴౸ӷМ઻એ઻લ᚝ြ଻ࣽ€ટብ˴ᗷxடy઻҈ԛc >@᫐͔શ೚hઊॎЎԛᘥߵ͙౯ហ€҈᪉ߵ͙ೲ⪮ᩲ€ߵ൴ത͙୉ֳ֋ప॔ࡨᜯດட⠥ֳ‚ġ ġx֋పyᇐએ઻ᓌហ€᚝ြx⠥y઻€ᦢxடy઻␊ᗷc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhයᏋᄁ♆ᙗ‫و‬᫅ᢐடບাಣೞcġġxᄁ♆ᙗ‫و‬᫅ᢐy€ྲྀ྽઻͎€ ᚝ြxບy઻€ብᗷxடy઻҈ԛc >@᯻੿ૉໟᦒhᆊᅭ࠸޽༈ᴻন⛖ட˹€͛೰ॺॺԳఝಖ͍€႒Գਭಖ᎝€ြြԳ҈૝ᩲcġ ġ╺྽઻ྲྀ᚝˴଻€xடy઻ᔐᩲc >@▎hုᨰઽ‫€܆‬ટ‫ࡔੌآ‬ୈྱᮿ᩿ᄁடఛ€͙૦ၟြ‫׉‬Өcġġxࡔୈyᇐએ઻ᓌ੿c ዹຑ྽઻€ເ᚝ᱥ઻ட଻€૕ᦢxடy઻h᚝ြ᳿઻ட଻€ᾫ๫ᦢԳcੌᚾ̜྽઻໫Ꮚ҈ᓌ᚝ ˴଻ࣽટයcಖલຖᏋ͙ಖហ␊ᮬc >@ૹ᛾઄෦h੅ϫடᓒ€͔͓ட㆚€჈‫ث‬டᢪ€ಖ᩷˴ૅடૄ€˴ઊட஑€೘Ӄᖤ‫‚͎ڙ‬ġġ x͔͓yx჈‫ث‬y€ዹຑட྽઻͎€᚝ြᱥ઻ட଻€ཀྵകxடy઻͙МԳc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhૹӋଁ͙೫ၟ‫׉‬Өᙞᣵbտ˶૨ृ஑ᩞடᣫcġġx૨ृyx஑ᩞyᓌ੿c >@஥᫐੾h͓͔ட֚€ᔢᵤ෶ᨕ€͙͛ᅥcġġx͓͔yᓌ੿c >@⦡ങႆӪ෦h᳼஥ॏᵎӋ€஥ॏ͹யӋcġx஥ॏyዹຑ྽઻€᚝ြ᳿଻€ᵤᦢxடy઻c >@᯻ᢪ▗஽᜻ྡh୰સυ᭒૭ࣈ␊̜੾Ჽcġxυ᭒yዹຑ྽઻€᚝ြ᳿଻€ᵤᦢxடy઻c >@▎⥿ச⦁˹঩hச⦁˹€ᤓ᧥டᙦࣽ€⛖ઁ૮᪎€ੌ▪‫ݞ‬Ρ༙cġġxઁ૮yx▪‫ݞ‬yྲྀዹ ຑ઻€˴᚝ᱥ଻€˴᚝᳿଻€ྲྀ๫xடy઻ࣽ€ᚾഗԩӪ€ཀྵ˴ட͎c >@⦡ഥஉ⛖෦hᦉَ‫ݲ‬ཀྵंᗬ౷˹јடcġġx‫ݲ‬yxཀྵyxंy̜྽઻€ ಖ໫ᵤᓌcx‫ݲ‬yࣽ€ห઻҈ᓌເ྽઻ࣽexཀྵyxंyࣽ€᪇྽઻͎€૮᚝ြxᗬy҈ᵤ ᦢxடy઻cಖલຖ૕͙ಖហ␊ᚧc >@஥ស౪h͙ೲ᪵‫€୺ݲ‬ᱝ੐͔ઊ€ಖ௎டത‚ġġxೲyx᪵x‫ݲ‬yྲྀӃᗂᓌ྽઻€ ᚝ြx୺y઻ᱥ଻€҈๫xடy઻␊ᔐc >@‫ژ‬Үӣ᣶ᠠ℡hຏ᫰ࣽᬫc >@஥෦ၣ▗એᮇh᣽ᛁፃжcġġྲྀಣ໫͎c >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅh૮‫ݲ‬൴ྲྀᚕӨཀྵᇐ᧲cġġxཀྵyxᇐyx᧲y̜྽઻ហᏊ€ᱥဧ҈␊ोΠ ࣽcŦ ΢ᱥ྽઻ᓌ᚝˴଻€Ꮛ͙᧵டଁ‫ث‬჈ࣽ␊લຖԳc ť>@Ꭻᦒ⠣␊ᚾဤ€૮षᢢ▪ส˴ဤc ŦxोΠyᗉ␊xोͬyட߉cᣠմhxཀྵyᓒೲ྽઻€xᇐ᧲yᏋೲ଻ͬ€ध૮َxᓌᇐਾ ཌྷy€⪮ລ྽઻ᩲc ~྽઻ᱥဧເ଻ࣽ€᮴▪͛ੌ଻͙લԳc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h͙͓๻͔€ຏշၟட‚ġġx͓yx͔yᚾ྽઻€૮ᱥဧເ଻€ ͙᮴▪ੌx਺yx೷yᚾ଻੐લ€ཀྵၟx͓yx͔yଁኜட␊തc >@▎h͙˴ᖋ╺€ത͙ᰗြ࿒๥࿍඾‚ġġx˴yx╺yᚾ྽઻€૮ᱥဧເ଻€ ͙᮴▪ੌx࿍yx࿒y̡ᓛໟཹடࢅલԳ€ཀྵၟx˴yx╺yଁ᚝ட␊തc >@‫ݳ‬લјhਿએ͠੾€ເԆએ੾€૦͎␊ட€ཹ٬̜ᮇ€Ӄ෋ᵸᎻcġġ‫ݲ‬ќ྽઻ᱥဧࣽ€ࣶ 67

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‫҈׉‬ᵤਾcġġxၟyxَyྲྀఝ઻€ટ͙x҈y઻ᦢட€߆ຖcӷx‫҈׉‬ᵤਾyഗ€x‫׉‬y xਾyᚾ଻€ဧເ྽઻€ཀྵx҈y઻ᦢԳc >@⦡றฆӪ෦hᵊઍᵎᣨ€ၟ᩷ᵤၟ€ᔄಖᯛ€᠏૛᳝ጓcġġधմxᵊઍᵎᣨ€๫‫ݳ‬ၟட ࣽ᩷ᵤၟࣽyՉ€ཀྵxၟy઻ઐӃఝӃ྽઻͎€҈ಣᏋဧເ଻઻€ཀྵ͙x᩷y઻ࠌட€ᵤӃᵤ ာ͎c෋ጓເ྽઻€ᥫմxၟ҈ᵤၟy€Ꮛ᭶ጓᩲc ťxੌyᥫ␊x␊yc ŦᣠմhxΡ௎ᵤᣈy€ध୨َ̧nઊၫ௎ᰙoҌcx௎y঄৘␊xເy€ᰝ‫߉ا‬ጓc಻ͬ մhn೺ເΡࣽ€ぽᵤ൏͎coͅᣂ௢஌մhnੌ͍ᨗΡࣽ€ࠑເᵤᣈ͎co ~᪇྽ҝͬc ᪇྽ຖடҝͬ€धఝ઻ຖடुͬ€ଁ͙ᵸಖ᧵͎cҝͬੌ᣾ሹࣽ€ຨ๫૾઻€ ҃Ꮛᾫ͙xՋy઻␊૾e૾͙x͙y઻ࣽ€ᵤਊ೩͎cͭᯊ྽઻๫ҝͬc ҝͬ᣾ሹࣽc >@‫۩␊ݳ‬hࢅᨈ୥€๬ᨈᑺ€ᑞ੐ಖઍᩲcġġ xᨈy྽઻͎cଁxᨈyࣽത‚x୥y᩷xᑺy€ಖҝ͎ͬc >@᫐⠮֋୉hાਾੌ᮳␊ᵤᯉ‫ج‬டᬷࣽcġġx᮳y྽઻cଁx᮳yࣽത‚x␊ᵤᯉ‫ج‬ட ᬷy͎cx␊yఝ઻€҈␊ଁҝ͎cx᮳yຖਊဧx␊y઻cເ >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣੿h᮳␊ࢅͬc යੌҝᏊ઻ࣽc >@⦡Ѳ᳞ᦒhြೲ␊࡝᧝᭑ፇਾᨭ᳞€াἛष߮ંӷ⤠ๅӨcᢟ᮳ᤋ€̰ᚦ௃cġġxᢟ᮳ ᤋyࣽ€ᢟ๻ᤋ͎€xᤋy̰x᮳yଁҝ͎c >@ૹਸખ෦h੿‫͔߽ث‬ә̐ᢙcġġଁx‫ث‬yࣽത‚x߽͔ә̐ᢙy͎cť >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hಖฤ⛒჈๻࡝ໆcġġଁx๻yࣽx࡝ໆy͎c >@▎ୖໟᓛ྅ૅhᭁ▗␊َс⦁ᤇᠧ྽҈Ꮋাસcġġଁxᤇyࣽxᠧ྽y͎c >@᫐ᥫફӋhԪ᩷ߵЎಖ▪€નЎಖᨗ€҈ᓒຨ⦁᩷‚ġġxᓒy྽઻€धմx҈ᓒᇮԚ೩ ͙␊ຨ⦁ֳcy >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᵤ߽֔ί҈૝cġġxᵤ߽yࣽ€ᵤ͙֔ί͙␊߽͎cŦ >@ૹӋᰟ෦hࡵላଁಾ€๽͙த‫ݰ‬цcġġxࡵላyࣽത‚xଁಾyட૟͎c >@ᤗ᲼hೲཀྵ᯻Ờடଁ͙‫ث‬᩷੅ᚤ҈჈␊டә͎cġġଁx‫ث‬yࣽx᩷੅ᚤy€ ଁx჈yࣽx␊டәy͎c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦h೰ඹᦽ๻͙‫€؝ڙ‬ᔢဧ᜿ᜰཀྵ͎cġġधմxඹᦽ๻‫€ڙ͙؝‬ ᔢᜰ͙᜿y͎c >@▎᛾‫ײ‬෦h᧥ࣽᴤ፿€ᦩࣽ๻ᡥc >@᯻Ꭻ⦁hಖ␊⦁๻ࡵ€҈ಖ␊༻๻๬͎c >@⦡આ⦡▗া঩hಖᨗ๻๬€ಖఛᴤၟcġġྲྀᓌ˴ഗцcೲध >@‫ݳ‬Π̧߱h␊Ֆᴤ€␊әᵤ๻cġġᚾഗ€ჱಖ▪˻nՖᴤ␊€әટᵤ๻␊o͎€ಖហ˴ ͎c >@▎ၘ൳྅ૅh͊ᦳԛͅ€ᴤఝᩲc >@᯻Ჾᣠ̧ᦒhၟਾॎ‫ଁס‬ᴤcġġഗцᓌ᮴c ብ>@▎ᥫಆ຃‫آ‬᩷ਾᦒhಖຨં€዗ൖϊ҆€੿Өြ‫€׉‬ᵤᴤ͎cġġಣ͙xᵤᴤyᚾ઻␊ ोͬ€ເ዗ಖ▪˻xᵤᴤ੿Өြ‫׉‬y͎€Ꮛ͙᩷᮴ഗц๫ᰗc௎nၟਾॎ‫ଁס‬ᴤoഗ€ धմxၟਾட૟ॎ‫ଁס‬ᴤy͎cxଁyલxᴤy઻ࣽ€ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻டဤ€ೲເմxॎ‫ס‬ટᴤၟ ਾyc ཀྵ>@ૹ▪ґhೲ⦦੄Ԫͫᵤዲ€҈ያᎻᵤࡵ͎c >@▎ச಻ட෦h▪ફ஢᎝ॲ˻hn༻ந̧ᵤঀcoġġྲྀ͙ҝͬલ᳼€҈͙྽઻␊ो͎ͬc ҝͬ᮴੐૾઻ࣽc >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өhဠြ୯ࣽ€֐ᮇᵤ෶ஹeဠြຒࣽ€؈྅ᵤ෶ఠcġġ xဠy྽઻€xՋyᓌxՋy€૾઻€ཀྵxြ୯yxြຒy€ಖҝ͎ͬc >@▎࢞Өhᓏြ͍€၍ြ᧻҈ຖสcġġᓌ੿c >@▎▗੿h๬ੌᵤᑹြ͍Ꮛጠᩲcġġxြ͍yࣽ€xᵤᑹyடҝ͎ͬc >@▎ᖭ੿hਾ෯ࡵြ੿€͓Ꮋ്ြӨcġġxြ੿yxြӨy€ྲྀ྽઻டҝͬc >@᫐‫׉‬Өhᵤ᱖ြฤ€ᵤᲷြཌྷ€ᵤ᫅ြਾ€ᵤᅓြᎤc >@▎⠮֋୉hઊ̧ᓒ༳ြဧ͔ᩲc >@▎˼̧ਿhԪᔄઍᓛடՖ̧€ࡵֳᗥហ҈ᙟြၟਾ͍cġġxֳyટxՋy͎c >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦hࡵြсఠ€ᒠြఛ૭c >@▎⤠ՖӪ෦hᎻ឴ြ▗ᚤ€ᆴြரߢc >@ૹොᤣᇐ෦ŧhቔ҄⅚С€ϯြᇐ෯c 71

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ᵸ͎cxमyఝ઻͎cxฌုಖએy€धմxฌ⠣‫׉‬Өடૄ҈ုಖએ⠣y͎€ཀྵxಖyห઻␊ ๼€҈xએy̰ಖ̧͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π੎൅մh̜⠣‫׉‬Өੌಖ̡cġġટಣហ͎c >@᯻⥿ᥲ⦁˹঩hᾋட␊൧€੐ᤧட੿€౞ಖ᧥Ө€ຨ̜ட̡Գcġġx̜ட̡y€๼̧ྲྀ ᯊ€ઍᦢxடy઻€ᤣ͎c >@▎‫ݳ‬០߂ಙhᵤ঄૜೚Ҋ⠣ட˴c >@⦡३᣶Ӌ෦hਿ૮͔Ӌட᜿Ꭴ€ᵤ෶੾⠣ஊ࿍ட˴€‫׉‬Ө૊૑€ੌ᭑෇ြஊ࿍ட‫آ‬cġġ ᮴ᚾष๼ᯊຖྲྀ‫͙ۋ‬x⠣y઻€▎᚝͙xஊ࿍yࣽ€ྲྀ͙ઢଁ⠣͎c˻xᵤ঄y€˻xᵤ෶y €َ̧͙ᯊடᵤᵸ͎c >@᯻᭢ૅᙲ૟ષಙhಖଁ᧊ࣽМ⠣ᡓ˴cġġxᡓyࣽ€อᵸ͎€ಣટ‫܆‬⠣டࣈ͎c >@⦡֥ᴋ෦h̡ࣽ๫˴Գc >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h͙ಣᦢட€᭑ᵤ૲˴c >@᯻ਸ▗஽Υྡh῿ᜫᜦ৆€ໟᅎᬘ҅€Ҋ๫˴இc >@▎‫׉ݳ‬๹ਾጐಙh˼൵ଁ಴€੾ᵤ᧊˴cġġ˻x๫y˻xᵤ૲y˻xᵤ᧊y€ྲྀᦢြ๼ ̧ᯊઍ€ટᤣဧடࣈ͎cᭁଁَ͙‫܆‬⠣டࣈᦑᩲc >@▎᩷‫׳‬૔ᦒᦒhଁ΀᧊੾˴ြ֔Ҋ€૊੐ಖ෶ᥥເ͎‚ġġx᧊੾˴ြ֔Ҋyࣽ€ धմx᧊੾ြ֔᧊˴ြҊy͎€ЌҊ⠣ட͎cᦢ͙xՋy઻ࣽ€x᧊y઻ຖ€ೲટ˴ࣈ͎c >@⦡ச᙭Ӫ෦h೘ᵤ൉੅Ꭱ൞҅‚೰ੌ੾˴̡ໟᢢcŦ >@▎ങႆӪ෦h᧝டᠱኜࣽ੾̡̜c >@▎hૹ᜿ཌྷཀྵฌએ͠c >@▎hຨ૝இ€֔ਾ˴ᚾਾҌc >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hᖺೲણᓛ‫ࣽڙ‬ฌ̜€ઍฌԆ€ᰒຖฌ╺c >@᯻ԩ३ҋ᜻hᔧᛌ␊᪅ࣽ੾౪c >@⦡Ꭼᦒḩ˴⠣€̣̜⠣̡€ᨇ౪⠣╺€ன̡੾͠⠣੾એ€Ք╺੾˴⠣એ੾М€Љ̡ҊМ ੾̜⠣˴Ҋ̡੾╺€ഭ͠Ҋ̡੾౪⠣ԆҊ˴੾̡mmՉՉcġġ‫ଁݲ‬ष๼̧ᯊ€ ྲྀᵤᦢxடy઻ࣽc ť>@ᵤᎯြ‫܆‬⠣டဤc Ŧ>@ष⢵ᵤᢢ€ᢢ▪␊hn᫅͛ൾ€೘ᵤ൉੅Ꭱ൞҅‚೰ੌ੾˴̡ໟᢢco

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ȉಣxӉ͎y̡઻ଁኜᵤࡵ€ᗉੌͽᧇc ȉŪnx૗y˴઻␊ोͬடӉo€nx⩹yӉo€՜ᚾഗʹ᧵๾ೲh՜ᚾ྆Ӊߣടͬ⇝य़ߓ ԅ€έ॰ोͬԅc ū ੿>@षಣഗ€ࢅx␊Ֆyx␊әyೲલ᳼ߣҝͬ€᩷ಣᣫࢅೲടͬᵤᓌ€͙ಣࢅ␊ᖤc ~΢͙ोࢧᚧ˶ᰳ€ᾫ͙xೲyx⪮yx␊yxЌyx̰y‫ᦢ઻ݲ‬ြടbोᚾͬடᔐ€ ཀྵ‫଻઻ݲ‬xᚧఛycࠪ๫ᚧఛ€Ꮛ͙‫္઻׊‬ட€ࠪᚾࣽ඙ဧԳટӃc΢͙‫€ࣽ׊␊઻׊‬ಖఛᰳ ஡ᰗ€೩‫઻׊‬Ჽぽcᚧͬ€˴˻ࢧͬc ोͬຖֳടͬࣽ€ᤣ͎eલடࣽ€ብࣙᴓடഗ␊යcť ੌᚧఛᦢြടbोᚾͬடᔐc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h૟᯼␊͔‚૟്␊͔cઽ᯼␊͔‚ઽத␊͔cġġМഗ஡␊ᔎᲾ€ྲྀੌടbोᚾ ͬ€೰஡ᦢ͙x␊y઻€ଁ͙ᚧட͎cधմx‫׉‬Ө૟തࣽ␊ᰒ͔ட૟‚yᲾմxઽதட૟̰ӷ ͔y͎cӨᚾഗᓌc >@᫐⩎ંḩ⪮౮€૊ၟ౮டᏚ‚ġġx̧yടͬ€x౮y଻͎€҈␊ोͬ€ ᦢ͙x⪮y઻€ଁ͙ᚧಖᵤය͎c >@஥ស̡੾╺h೚᣾␊౷€ూ␊୨€ি੐ଵֳġġx౷yx୨yᚾ྽઻€஡␊ोͬ€x೚ ᣾yx೚ూyᚾዼŦ␊ടͬ€x␊y઻ᦢԳ€ଁ͙ࢧ͎c >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅhଁ᩷੿๰્َ‫׉‬Ө૟⬤Ꭴ€⪮‫׉‬Өଁ͙᧊হ€ཀྵᵤ᭐cġġx‫׉‬Өଁ͙᧊ হyӉ͎€҈␊ोͬcಖട̰ࣶͬ੿▪x⪮y઻€લֳोͬ€ଁ͙ࢧಖᵤೲ͎c >@▎ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦hਾә๫൴€൴Ќᶀcġġx൴Ќᶀyࣽ€൴Ќ␊ᶀ͎ࣽcxЌy઻ଁ͙ࢧ ൴ட␊ᶀ͎c >@▎ग़ᓄӪ෦hઊᓄ̰੿᭜੊̈́cġġx̰y઻ଁ͙ࢧᓄட␊੿᭜ட੊͎̈́c >@▎̈͊ઐґhᐘ⬔Ќ࿍൴̈୛cġġxЌy઻ଁ͙ࢧᚾਾட␊˴͎c >@᯻ј᪎ጓhቔᔈ᳼ᓉ€̰⠣டષcġġx̰y઻ଁ͙ࢧَԚடᔈᓉ␊⠣ଁᥫ঄͎c x␊y઻ᤣ᩷x࡜y઻ӎᥫ€ᰒਊဧcເh >@ᗥઍ᥷h࡜‫׉‬Өӷ‫␊ه‬෶ᦑಖᆁcġġधմx෶ᦑಖᆁ࡜‫׉‬Өӷ‫␊ه‬යҌcy >@▎h࡜‫׉‬Өӷः␊෶ಞࡵᤰၫc >@▎h࡜‫׉‬Өӷ‫␊ه‬෶Ү‫׉‬Өட͔Үc >@‫ݳ‬Π੎൅h࡜‫͔␊׉‬c >@▎ᵠ౦h࡜ৣ̧͓᩷ਾ␊ᴤள͎cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗцྲྀᓌဤ͎c ๫ᚧఛ€͙‫္␊઻׊‬c >@஥ស̡੾͠h‫€ᦒژ‬ហட঵͎€ᗥᏚ€ຒடᏋ͎cġġधմx‫␊ᦒژ‬ហட঵€ᗥᏚЌຒட ᏋyՉcx͎y‫္͙€઻׊‬ഗ€ଁ͙หࢧᚧட˶ᰳ͎c >@▎Ѯ੾Мhഥହ€ઁட‫ޞ‬᣾͎cġġᓌ੿c >@‫׳‬ඥӨh‫׉‬ட᧥͎€๸Քட߽͎€᫅૦ಖཀྵ€֔ᤡடೡӷ€Ӄળ҈ପ͎cġġ x‫׉‬y᩷x๸Քyടͬ€଻͎ex᧥yx߽y྽઻€ ो͎ͬex͎y઻ࢧَಖ␊ເಣcधմx‫׉‬ᔢೲ᧥€๸Քᔢೡ߽€҈෶૦ಖཀྵᏋՉՉcy >@ᗥઍ᥷h‫׉‬ϫட⦁€ᆇ͎€Ꭸ͎€᧥͎€ࡵ͎€ొ͎€ଵ͎cġġx‫׉‬ϫட⦁y˴ዼ€‫ށ‬ ဦ␊ടͬ€͙Өએ྽઻€஡‫׊‬x͎y઻€ଁ͙ࢧَಖ஡␊ເᓄ͎c >@᫐⩎ંh๫ࠑࣽ€ᯊடଁᵤ෶⠣͎€ᵤӃᓜࣽ€ᯊடଁᵤ෶ᨰ͎cġġടbोᚾͬྲྀӉ ͎€‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€ࢧᚾӉட␊˴͎c >@⦡ೡࣽӪ෦hಣઊ␊ᗬᵤᾇ֡౑͎ࣽ€ߗ҈ᵤဧஏ▄͎ࣽcġġxಣyห઻҈␊ടͬ€͙ Ө̡Ӊྲྀो͎ͬcx͎y઻␊ဧᵤ˴€҈ဧ␊ᚧఛࣽ€ŧᏋብ͙ࢧ͉டೲ⪮͎c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hಔ‫׉‬Өடৱॣૌᩲcġġx‫׉‬Өடৱy˴ዼ҈␊ടͬ€xૌyಖोͬ€ᓳ ͙xᩲy઻€ଁ͙ࢧ૟டỮ␊ເಣ͎c >@ૹ᧥ફґhᔢೡᵤậ‫€ܐ‬ᎆி୹߽ᩲcġġᓌ᮴c >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өh⦁Ꮛ᧥ᩲ€ಢᩲ€ષ௎Ց‫׉‬යcġġx⦁yടͬ€x᧥yxಢyोͬ€ ‫͙׊‬xᩲy઻€ଁ͙ࢧَಖଁ೩ட⦁␊ເᓄ͎cxᩲy઻ਊ‫׊‬྽઻ࣽ€ ଁ͙ᣈಖԛයட᪇cཀྵxᩲyَ͙૟€x͎y͙ࢧ͉€ಣxᩲyx͎yᚾ઻ட͔༕͎cಖ߆᩷ ಖᓌᰗ€Ꮛ߆ြ‫઻׊‬Ჽぽc >@⦡ೡࣽӪ෦h෶ၟᏊᵎ᩷ᵤᣈࣽᨈᩲcġġӷxࣽy઻˴Ӊ҈␊ടͬ€xᨈy઻ोͬ€ ‫׊‬xᩲy઻ࣽ€ࢧಖ૟ட͛ය͎ࣽc >@஥▪̡ḩᔢᤗः€ᵤલ⬔ੑଵᩲc >@᫐⩎ંḩᓒ⪮౮ᩲ€̧டᵤၟ౮டᏚᢢᩲc >@ૹ᧥ફґh⬔୨௡੅௕цଵᩲc >@ૹॠմ෦hәຨӨ๰ᮾᣀཹ̤୉ြϫӨᵸᩲc

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>@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hՖ൳ߪᵤᡂ⛖൳டᩘᛌြዑίࡵᩲcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗᓌ᮴cᭁxᩲy઻‫׊‬྽઻͙ࢧ ૟€␊ဧӷ᥼c >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦hಣདंᗬଡᨶ౤ᗬҌcġġxಣyห઻€ടͬ€͙Ө̜଻␊ोͬ€ ‫͙׊‬xҌy઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ࢧಣਾடέ␊ເᓄ͎cxҌy઻ੌࢧَέಣட᧵c >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬h᳁ව෗ֳ‚ġġx᳁වyടͬ€x෗yोͬ€‫͙׊‬xֳy઻ࣽ€ᗉ҈નࢧ͎cध մx᳁ව຀෗҃୓‚y >@ᤗ᲼hത੅டၫ҈઄૞டᰙ୓‚ġġxၫyxᰙyोͬ€‫͙׊‬x୓y઻ࣽ€࢑ᔎ͙ᶀࢧಖ ത␊ເᓄ͎c >@ૹ▪ફґh๫̰Ҋᄮட๰૟ြજ͙ે᪅ࣽ᪰€␊ж‫͙ی‬⣮๣ࣽ૨€એॊடੑԳࣽᎤ᩷‚ġ ġ̜Ӊྲ္ྀxࣽy઻҈␊ടͬ€x᪰yx૨yxᎤy஡␊ഗடोͬ€҈જ‫˴׊‬x᩷y઻€᣾ࠌ ͙੿̡ഗ€ଁ͙ࢧಖᗉடය͎᩷҃c >@᫐‫⦁׉‬hයᏋՖடଁ㽑ࣽ€ઁਾடᇥἮԛઊcġġxՖடଁ‫ࣽڠ‬yӉ͎€ടͬ€xઁਾட ᇥἮy˴ዼ€ोͬ€‫͙׊‬xԛઊyࣽ€ࢧَ૟ட‫␊ه‬ເᓄ͎c ᚧఛb‫઻׊‬඙ဧc >@‫▗׳‬Өh٪⪮ᵤ᧥͎€‫⪮ܝ‬ᵤⳁ͎€᜿ఢ⪮ᵤᔥ୯͎€਻ᛲ⪮ᵤ૨͎€៛҈ઋட€ೲϫ୯ ᵤເਾ଼͎cġġx٪yx‫ܝ‬yx᜿ఢyx਻ᛲyྲྀ଻͎€҈␊ടͬ€xᵤ᧥yxᵤⳁyᇐ྽ ઻€஡␊ोͬ€ᦢ͙x⪮y઻ᚧͬ€͙ࢧಖᵤය€ລ‫׊‬x͎y઻€͙ᯛಖࢧϯடఛᰳ€ଁ΀ᚾ ࣽ඙ဧ͎c >@▎▗੿h૮ਾ౬೩൷̧൴৑ြ௃€ྲྀੌ⅙቎ᒟᙦட͍€⪮ଁ͙‫ݹ‬૛ြ൷̧ட⬔๼͎€⪮ଁ ͙ӅᴕြዑᤠᏗଶ͎€⪮շಖᯛ҈ය͎cġġຖ̜ഗടࣶͬ੿€ཀྵx⪮y઻ᶀࢧ€ಖຖ̜‫ྲྀڠ‬ ␊ोͬ€္͙x͎y઻€ఛᰳ⛎␊☡ᨗcधմx೩൷̧९ᯅ҈௎ᓄࣽ€ᵤೲᬘ͙૛ಖ⬔๼ட ૟€ટᵤೲᓖ͙ຨ଻ြໟૻடਾ€⛎ᵤೲᵤᔧᜮಖӎ๧டᯛ҈␊ட͎cy>@▎▗Өhᤗౌட ฎ€ᵤ␊͓ᩲ€ᤗᖭட߱€ᵤ␊⛬ᩲcġġᾫ͙x␊y઻ࢧட€▎͙xᩲy઻‫׊‬டࣽ€ଁ΀඙ ဧ͎cጓᓌ੿c >@ૹச಻ட෦h҈Ֆ͙ц੃ட€⪮Ԫଁ͙ூḈશᥩ᧵͎cġġx⪮yx͎y̡઻඙ဧ€ध մxᵤೲԪᓅᏴட᧵cy >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦hಣ͛ೲஔᠲ͎cġġxೲyx͎y̡઻඙ဧc >@඄᲼hЌੌଁ६ࣽ€ೲ⤠᛾டਾ͎cġġᓌ੿c >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬h᥷ͻၟԪଁ΀ၟட⪮ᵤၟ؈‚ġġx⪮yx؈y̡઻ᓌဧ€ࢧଁᗉ͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hઊ᧲̧ൾ͙␊ਾட്ಖήட̧€␊௎്ಖಋட्ֳ̧‚ġġxൾ͙␊yຖᚾӉ€ ˴ടͬ€˴ोͬ€ઍᦢx␊y઻€͙ࢧಖ⛬൏ட૟€္͙xֳy઻€㒸Ωಖ͙ͬ࢑ᔎ͎cੌ ͙x␊௎yጓสxੌ௎yࣽ€Ũᭁનၟx␊y઻ட␊ഗᶅҌcxഗᶅy̡઻€ͱ▪ૅॣَட ᩲ€ಖᨗЌഗӉடΠͬҌc >@᫐͔શ೚hཀྵ᮳Ԫ૳ࣽ€̰ଁ͙᮳Ԫ͎҅cġġx̰yx͎y඙ဧ€͙᣾ࢧಖයcടbो ᚾͬྲྀӉ͎c ȉӨ๫ोͬடલြടͬடဤc ȉx೚᣾yx೚ూyᥫ␊‫€ڠ‬ᓖ␊஡ੌട଼ͬΠͬc ȉઐᲷᔏͣࢅhnࠪ๫ᚧఛ€Ꮛ͙‫္઻׊‬டo€>@Ө▎ࢅx͎y઻nဧ␊ᚧఛo€લຖ֡ ࡘc ȉᦊմhnx␊yधxੌy͎o€ࢅ೩Ү෦಻ͬᇊ̡x␊y઻ൕc ~ಙ઻લֳोͬ҈ੌࢧᚧ˶ᰳࣽ€Ꮛᚧఛb‫ྲྀ઻׊‬Ӄ⎥͎cᵤ⎥ࣽብ‫␊઻׊‬ᤣc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hઊᒅᓛᓒ͛ໟᗉடඬ€Өᯊ῿ಖ‫੿€ـ‬ᯊ᧧ಖԀ€⬤⪮ଁ͙૊੿҈ᢢӨ͎cġ ġxᓒ͛y̡ಙ઻€xໟᗉடඬyो͎ͬcधմxઊᒅᓛໟ๥€͛ೲໟᗉடඬ€ ͉ᓒය͎cyੌ‫ڠ‬สxᒅᓛᓒy␊˴ዼࣽટӃ€ብ᩷ಣ஌▪ඬੌᏊҌc૮͙xᓒ͛y̡ಙ઻␊ ᚧ€ཀྵᚧͬ€‫ྲྀ઻׊‬Ӄ๰⎥cයજഗx⬤⪮ଁ͙૊੿҈ᢢӨ͎y€x⬤yટಙ઻€ ҈x⪮yx͎y̡઻඙ဧࣽ€ᭁಣഗोͬ€̰xଁ͙૊੿҈ᢢӨyட‫ڠ‬cx⬤y઻ᵤ෶ಙ‫€ڠ‬ Ꮛဧx⪮y઻͙ᔐட€ಣഗ္ీ€Ꮛဧx͎y઻͙‫׊‬ட€૕ೲཀྵ‫ؤ‬c >@▎hཀྵ˻߂஥ॏ€ἓ‫€༻܁‬ᰒᮆcġġxᮆyोͬ€xᰒyಙட€Ќੌࢧᚧఛᰳc >@๣ស̡hԫᓛட෋ࣽ€ಖఛᦩ҈ᯗ‫͛€ث‬ᵤ☬ြ℡cġġx☬yोͬ€x͛ᵤyᚾಙ઻͙ ࢧடcӷxఛᦩ҈ᯗ‫ث‬yடӉ€xᦩyx‫ث‬y̡઻ຖြ଻઻€ྲྀ␊ोͬ€࡜͙᙭ࡵಖ␊ເത€ ຈ๫ࢧᚧ˶ᰳ͎cᓌ␊ोͬ€ੌಙ᩷๫ಙၗੌ჈‫ث‬Ҍc >@ૹ᪱වΩ෦hઊ੿டൖӨ€Өட๰੿€धକட੐࿱€࡜ୀࣽடଁ␊€ध૱ட੐࿛€࡜‫ࣽۇ‬ டଁ࿤cġġടbोᚾͬྲྀ‫€ڠ‬ઍ͙xधy઻ࠌட€ଁ͙ࢧಖੌ൏ເೲ͎cཀྵxधy઻ಙ઻ ͎€҈ટӃᗂᓌᓌఝ઻ࣽಣ͎cಣ̰ໟཹഗц€߆ြ‫ཹݳ‬Ჽぽc >@‫̧߱ݳ‬hَ͛ൾ€๬͛຀€⊮⊮ය͓ਾ඾ġġᚾx͛y઻€ଁ͙ಙಖَடൾ๬ட຀͎c 78

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Ќଁཹடᇊ̡Ϧ͎cधմxᨕશ઺‫ݲ‬ᩑடઍ๫ੌਾເᩑᱧடᵎy͎c௎๰᮴ࣈ€ᥫմx๫ਾੌ ᵎເᩑᱧࣽy€Ꮛxᵎy઻ብᣈᇊ˴Ϧ͎c΢ᚾϦໟཹ€ಖଁ͙ཹࣽ€͛ੌ˴ᙦ҈ᵤચࣽ€ಣ ͎c >@᯻੿ᴋໟ▗⍗hఙ૲͔Ֆ̧Ԧ௼᧵ເ̫઄‫ث‬cġġधմx‫ث‬ເ̫઄y͎c ťŦ>@ߣx▿▿yx௹௹y€>@ߣxຍຍy‫€َثݲ‬੐ᰝ‫઻ߣا‬໫ᏡՍઍᎯಙ઻€ଁ͙՜ ᗁࢅೲnဧເ྽઻oc ~ੌx௎yxເyxधy‫͙઻ݲ‬ᇐᚾϦ€҈๫᪇྽͙ಣࣽ€Ꮛଁཹடᅥ€͛ᙦૐြᚾϦ ᩲcເӨϦ␊Ӊ€Ꮛಣ૟͉ࣽ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€ཹਾࣽ‫͙׊‬xࣽy઻€ཹ્ࣽ€‫͙׊‬xයy઻€ ಣ͔༕͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉hᔶᢹ௎ࠊ̥€࠾‫܆‬௎ᣫடťcġġxᔶᢹyxࠊ̥yx࠾‫܆‬yxᣫ̧y஡␊ᚾ Ϧ€ᇐ͙x௎y઻€धմxᔶᢹடଷ௎ࠊ̥€࠾‫܆‬டဂ௎ᣫ̧y͎cᵤَxଷy᩷xဂyࣽ€ ᭁxᔶᢹy૔xଷy€҈xࠊ̥y␊ᰒex࠾‫܆‬yَxဂy€ ҈xᣫ̧y਀૨cཀྵxଷy᩷xဂyᙦૐြଁཹடϦ€ᵤຑᓷَ҈াࡵᩲc >@▎Ӫዯᨉhཀྵಖ᱆ហ௎ठࣽ€ಖઋហ௎ไcġġधմxཀྵੌ឴ြ␊ហᮆ௎ठ҈ᵤӃདட ਾ€Ќසೡে⡉௎ไடᵤӃ᧑ԁy͎cཀྵxಖ᱆ហyடြxठy᩷xઋហyடြxไy€ԛᙦ ૐxᮆyx⡉y‫€઻ݲ‬Ӄᵤ͛ࡵَᩲc >@‫▗׳‬Өh‫آ׉‬ᵤເϫ୯€ϫ୯ᵤເਾ଼cġġxᵤເyࣽ€xᵤᇐy͎€धմx‫آ׉‬ᵤເ ϫ୯ட␊Ӄᅞy͎cಖӃᅞடᅥ€ᵤَাࡵc >@ૹ᧥ફґhໟਾ૨ᩲ€๫ເᠼໟcġġधմxլໟਾ૨ᩲ€ન೩ਾੌເᠼໟᤇࣽy͎cᵤ َxᤇy҈੿ӨᚾϦԛᙦَடᩲc >@᯻ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻h૮೩੐ਾ⩹ເ᯻ऄcġġधմx೩੐ਾઍ๫ເ᯻ऄடᵎࣽy͎c ӨϦ␊‫͙׊€ڠ‬x͎yc >@‫▗׳‬Өh͙ᤗӋ઎ᶀ‫͎ج‬cġġधմx͙ᤗᓛட͔҈๬Ӌ⦁€๻ເਾடᶀ‫ج‬y͎cಣَ͔ ᓛ๻Ӌட͉€xᶀ‫ج‬y␊Ӊ€ཀྵ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻cӷໟཹᏸ๻ட᧵€ᙦૐြ੿ӨᚾӉ€ᵤَা ࡵc >@‫۩␊ݳ‬ḩ˻hnӃ͎€ન௎᠐҈Ꮪ€ૄ҈ႄᗥ͎ࣽcoġġಣَଁ͙ᵤ௎ட͉€೰␊Ρ Ӊ€ཀྵ‫׊‬x͎y઻c >@⦡ങႆӪ෦hಖຨૹ‫ڭ‬འ€͙ᘪ௱ፆઍ€̈́ᗎྲྀॳབྷ€͙Պᵤເ‫ۅ‬অடવ᮳͎€ຨૹੑཌྷ ྲྀઋட€͙Պᵤເ㞑ߡட☬ಢ͎cġġಣَଁཹட͉͎c >@ᓥઢ‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂෦h୺டੌਸࡵ€ध౮டੌં͎cġġಣཹಖໟ᜞ட͉c >@⦡᯻ӋൾӪ෦hླྀட๾ᛌ€ເ࣏ਾᵤ᧯ട€ᩇࣽᵤ᧯ᗂ͎cġġ ಣَᵤຨᵤ๾டᅥ͉͎c΢္x͎y઻€ᔢኜ˴૟€͛ಖ૟␊ᤣੌࣽ€๫ੌ૮ಔடᚗ€ೲᏋ૟ ͉᩷ໟᓌᩲc >@᯻⥿Ӌ‫ו‬⣿঩h⦁ြᣠ᱘୨᫐ซட᪎€҈‫܈‬டःਾட⦁€धຶᚧইϯⴷ͙⭵ӷြ੘͎cġ ġಣཹ઎؈⦁҈ᵤຨӷ̐⦁ட͉͎c >@▎⥿҄ᣫ˹h᩷டΠ⦁͉€ာઁ૮૟঄҃€‫ݳ‬ਾ᧥Ө€૟ຖ঄ͅᔤ€௎ѲࢧӨ߸҈૞ъ€ ௎ᘨᰝᯫ჈૞᱆๖߱€҈Ӌॐ⡒⬔␊டલຖ͎€௎ኁҕᯊ‫҈ڙ‬ᯉୟ͎cġġ̜x௎y઻ຖ̜ Ӊ€͙ᝯಖَ͉‫ݳ‬૟ͱਾடᵤ૲͎c ӨϦ␊‫͙׊€ڠ‬xࣽyc >@ૹ᭑҄Ֆ෦hӷԍ೩€ເᵤ෶َࣽcġġधմxӷԍ೩‫€آ‬ಖҥᛩடᅥ€˴௎ᵤ෶َட ਾy͎cxເyຖடӉ‫͙׊‬xࣽy઻€͙ཹເೲடਾ͎eଁ΀ҥᛩடᅥ€̰ଁ͙ཹᚾϦࣽ€૮ ᙦૐഗઍ€ᵤَӃࡵc >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦hြೲ▗̧અা᣿€൏௎๫ଁ્ࣽcġġधմx▗̧া᣿€ಖឱᑺடಙ€˴ ເ๫ϫ͙া્டਾy͎c ӨϦ␊‫͙׊€ڠ‬xයyc >@ᗥ͔᪎hਾடᗂԚ€ເ೩ಖᕉᔨයcġġधմxਾᗂԚடࡵ€Ӄࡃᙦၗ€˴௎೩ಖぽ᭡ட ᕉᔨy͎cᝯӉຖ္͙xයy઻ࣽ€͙ཹࡵ೩டಙ͎€ಖᨗЌ͙ಙӉぽடxᗂy઻͎c >@᫐ࡃ૳h᮳ள૳ࣽ€௎ཎ೷යeᗂಖຖࣽ҈ᘔடcġġx௎ཎ೷යy͙ಙಖள૳ட᮳͎c >@⦡ỜಖӪ෦hಖ୉ເ⬔̧යcġġxເ⬔̧යy€ཹᓌ୉டಙ͎c ੌ္͙xҌy઻ࣽ€َ͙ଁ␊ཹࣽເೲ҈ԛ͎c >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦hӷເࢅ̮ໟ୹€ເ࡝᩺Ⴒ௹Ҍcġġxເyຖ္xҌy઻€َxࢅ̮ໟ୹ட ๻€ᵤमເ࡝᩺Ⴒ௹҈ԛy͎c >@▎໿ᗸᦒhԪ‫ه‬ຨເ᭢ફ€Ԫᗂઋᧅ̧ເ㱚䚗Ҍcġġधմxઋᧅ̧๻ເ㱚ġ҈ԛy͎c >@▎֥ᘦӪ෦hᚕӨဧंәເ៝᭚Ҍcġġधմxဧਾடцᵤमເ៝᭚҈ԛcy ੌ‫͙آ‬xཹy᚝ြ˴Ϧடຖ€˴௎‫ࣽ઻׊‬යc

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>@⦡᛾‫ײ‬Ӫ෦hೲ‫آ‬᛾૳ᮇ̡੾ፇ€ᰒ␊ृcġġधմx᛾૳੐‫ݲ‬әઍᮇᰒृy͎cᵤَ᩷ ཹࣽ€Ӄ᧵ᤄ͎c >@๣▪੾˴hഥஉຨәᰒ᮳᭹ࣽcġġधմxഥஉຨәြ᭹ࣽૄᰒ␊᮳᭹ࣽy͎c >@᯻⥿‫׳‬૞Ѧ঩hૹட‫€آ‬ҝᰝӹໟເ䳭ൊᰒಖ᮳⌐͎ࣽcġġधմxૹட‫ݲ€آ‬᮳⌐ࣽட ઍ̜ਾ␊ᰒy͎cཀྵxᰒy੐ഗឝ€ဧເोͬ€͛ເಣጓ€xಖyxࣽy̡઻̰ੌ᭐௹cť >@ᰓ̧ྰᲽhᱧᰒᵤᣈ€ཀྵ᣾෋࿍ᩲcġġधմx‫ݲ‬әઍᱧᰒᵤᣈy͎cᵤَ᩷ཹࣽ€᧵া ࡵ͎c >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhͅ઄ߢ৑੘€ᰒုᤗ૞ಲᵠ€͙⡻ೡચࣈcġġधմx‫ݲ‬઄ઍͅ઄ߢ৑੘€ု ᤗᰒ૞ಲਿହᵠ€͙⡻ೡચմcyxᰒyલఝ઻€ટဧເो͎ͬcŦ >@⦡ၕ൴ᎡӪ෦hᰒ€͔൴Ꭱ᧶€΢͠ચᡫങႆmmՉՉcġġxᰒy˴઻ഗ€੿▪մx஥ ॏᚾ͔൴Ꭱ٬‫ݲ‬᝛൴଻y€Өሹಣഗ€धմx‫͔ݲ‬൴Ꭱ᝛ઍ€ ብ͔൴Ꭱ᧶͠ચᡫ๏๫ᱽ␊ᰒy͎cཀྵxᰒy᎝ഗឝ€ဧ௎ोͬයcŧ >@ૹ᯻Ӗ৉෦hᚧ͔֚‫׉␊€ڹ‬ӨᰒcġġxᰒyᓳഗᎲ€ो͎ͬ€ धմx␊‫׉‬Өઽடᰒy͎c >@᯻આᎫӋ▗ᝬ⦁᜻h۩ͅ␊‫׉‬Өઽடᰒcġġᓌ੿c >@▎ᮦ̐ઊᦒhૹ๛ਾ⩹ᵤ෶␊▪€਀ҝᰝໟເઆ⦡▗ᮦହ䳭ൊ␊டᰒcġġ x␊டᰒyࣽ€␊‫ݲ‬ਾઍடᰒ͎cxடy઻ဧ␊⠣๼€᮴َடᩲc᮴ष̜ഗᓌហ€xᰒyᓳഗ Ꮂ€ྲྀो͎ͬc Ũ ȉಣࢅ᭶ጓ€ເ͙xᰒy␊ोͬ€Ꮛxಖ᮳⌐ࣽy๫᭐௹€҈ᰝ‫ࢅ⎈ا‬hn͛ເಣጓ€xಖy xࣽy̡઻̰ੌ᭐௹coᣠմhxᰒy̰ಙ઻€ᰝ‫ا‬Ν␊ोͬ€ೲ͙␊྽઻ᩲ€⪮͎cઁਾ▪ ઻டဧಙ઻€຤຤ᵤᵏሹಖ῿ಙட઻€ເಣ▪ઐӃմxಖᰒ᮳⌐͎ࣽy€҈᯻▪⎈൴xᰒy઻ લ᳼€ಖហໟᓌc ȉ᮴ᠬެ૨ဤഗxᰒyုx␊y᮴€ᰝ‫ا‬ᵤࢅೲोͬ€>@xᰒy੐xုy᮴€⎈ࢅೲnဧ ເो૙ᖋo€ᵤӃጓc ȉಣxᰒy઻ဧцདᏊ€়ᙦࢅೲx΢‫ڙ‬y՜᧵cᰝ‫ا‬டࢅᴤ⛖c ȉ>@ӷ>@̜ဤઍߣxᰒyೲ଻ͬ€᩷੿ᠬߣxᰒyᵤᓌ€ࢅિྉೲोͬೲࢅຨमઋߣc ~̡€ᶷ඗ઊᏸࣽcЌဧxӷyx⬤yxᏸyᇐ઻€ࠪલ଻઻€ࠪલ྽઻€͙ᏸಖଁ ӷ€҈๫᩷ཹࣽໟናຈ‫͎ݳ‬c ဧxӷyc >@‫ݳ‬੎൅h੎൅ಖӃ΀ӷຒ͎ԛcġġъմhnӷຒ€΀ຒடӷᏸ€ ๫͙ລക͎ࣽcoxຒy઻€଻͎€xӷy઻લட€͙ሑَຒடӷᏸ͎€යનَതࣽ᩷ཹ҈೩ ␊ເಣ͎€ಣЌଁ΀ᶷ඗ઊᏸ͎c >@᫐⩎ંh▎ത͙ၟᦍજடᵸ͙સӷϹட൓€▎ത͙ၟ‫׉‬ϫடᵸ͙ᨰӷ͔ட٩‚ >@▎hӷᆜ๫ࠑ€ӷ͔ᵤӃᓜc >@▎ম⁎࿍hཀྵ˻ӷᗥੌᵤਾ€ӷហᵤཌྷ€ӷၟᵤ࣭€ӷ౯๫്€ӷൾᘼ૱cġġष⩎ં ഗ€xӷyલ྽઻€षম⁎࿍ഗ€xӷyલ଻઻€ྲྀᶷ඗ಖᏸ҈ຈનَ٬᩷ཹ͎ࣽc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hӷધ͎_ӷ౯͎_ӷࡵ͎_ೡઓ૬ಣӷ᯼͎_༙டᵤ⡍ӷ߽͎_ຒӷ୼͎c >@▎hઊฤӷ͔ᵤᓅ͎€ӷহᇐ͎c >@▎h҈ᗥடଁ␊ӷᴤၟ͎cġġᇐΠ€ྲྀ͙xӷy઻ࠪલ଻઻€ࠪલ྽઻€ ͙ᏸَட͎c΢ቚ㙷ૅΠ૨ᏸఛࣽ€ଁ͙࿌ச͎c ဧx⬤yc >@஥ᦅ̡੾౪hᔢ⬤ࣇຒ€ಖఱ͙കြಣᩲcġġx⬤y઻ଁ͙⬤َಖຒடࣇ͎c ૹᦒ३᣶Ӌ෦ృѮլӋᦒh˴َx⬤ࣇy€Мَx⬤ᱝy€ྲྀ͙x⬤y઻લֳ྽઻€͙ᶷَಖ ᏸ͎c ဧxᏸyxӷyc >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦h೰Ԫଁ␊ࣽᏸᴤҌcġġxᏸy઻લ྽઻€ᓌ੿c >@᯻㪣㪔ហh▎ᤣ๯⬤Ꭴ€ᢐ๯⬤ᨈ€ᏋೲઆᏴଁᎾட๯ӷृ€ଁහட๯ӷ૨cġġ ᚾx⬤y઻€ᚾxӷy઻€ྲྀલ྽઻€ᓌ੿c ࠪఝ઻€ࠪ଻઻€ຖᝡ͙xடӷyxடᏸyxடࣇy‫ݲ‬Πࣽ€΢͙ሑᏸಖӷ͎c >@‫੿▗׳‬hᨈ‫׊‬டӷ€്ពֲட€૨‫׊‬டӷ€‫׉‬Өўடcġġxᨈ‫׊‬டӷyࣽ€ሑَ‫ࣽ׊‬ட ᨈӷြಖᏸ͎cx૨‫׊‬டӷyࣽ€ሑࢅ‫ࣽ׊‬ட૨ӷြಖᏸ͎cx‫׊‬yఝ઻͎€xடӷy̡઻ᝡ ြಖຖ€ଁകடហੌເಣࣽc >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅhಣ੊̈́டᏸ€ြॐᵸᩲcġġx੊̈́y଻͎€xடᏸy̡઻ᝡட€धմx˴ ੊̈́டᚌ҈ඐӷြಣᏸ€ॐᔧᵸᩲcy >@୨̧hӷсடᏸ€ಋᓛໟ⭵cġġधմxӷс҈ӷြಖᏸ͎€Ꮛಋᓛໟ⭵yᩲc 84

>@⦡ങႆӪ෦h҈઺Ꭾடᏸ€૳ୡ͛Ꮎcġġधմx઺Ꭾட̑҈ӷြಖᏸ͎€ Ꮛ૳ୡ͛Ꮎyᩲc >@ૹ᛾ུட෦hәᔄॎ‫ס‬ःடࣇ͎cġġxःy଻͎€xடࣇy̡઻ᝡட€धմxःட๫Ӄ ःy͎c >@▎ਾᔐ྅hೲ͙ઊ૟ಖ്ࣽ€ᵤኸϫ҈૊ட€ધடӷ͎cઊ૟ಖՖࣽ€ᵤኸ૟҈૊ட€᧣ டࣇ͎cġġxધடӷyx᧣டࣇy€ྲྀሑَ᧣ધ͙ӷြಖᏸ͎c ~ᵤَxᏸyxӷy҈َx୥yx⬤ycટੌ̡ࣈh˴€ੌଁཹ҈೩ಖ୥ࣽ€̡€ᶷَ ઊ୥ࣽ€Ӆᾫ͙x୥yx⬤yᇐ઻͙࡝ࡵடc ဧx୥yc >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hြཀྵਾ̧᭿␊⦦٬᠐ᰊ᭿€Φᢈட୥ᎨcġġxΦᢈட୥Ꭸyࣽ€ຑட༕ස ਾ⛎Ꭸ͎€ᵤَଁཹ҈াࡵ͎c >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦h̰᧿َปૂ୥ᵤ☬ࣽ౔ખᇐcġġxَปૂ୥ᵤ☬ࣽy€ଁَᵤ☬༕සਾ⛎ ⬤͎€ಣટᵤࡵَଁཹ͎c >@▎൅᧲Ӫ෦hಣಖ୥͔ỳࡵ༕᭐͎ࣽcġġᓌ੿c >@ૹச࡙෦h࡙ͅ᱆᭿̧୥᭐ࣽ€३ᵠസẏ€ӷ͔ҝ⤰€࠺ऺಠᤈ€ӷृ঵౪ౌcġġx୥ ᭐ࣽyટᓌ੿c͙੿ଁषx୥y઻€ྲྀલ྽઻€ੌᱥဧࣽ€Ꮛࠪ‫͙׊‬xࣽy઻€ ࠪલ͙xಖy઻€Ӆ͙ࡵଁ୥Ҍc >@஥Ѯ˸hଞᵤൾட୥ֳࣽġġधմxᰒ␊ᵤൾட୥y͎€xࣽy઻ኜᵤൾடਾc >@᯻᩷ᙬ᮷೺ᦒh▪ᦊட୥ࣽੌ൳᣺cġġx୥ࣽyᓌ੿c >@▎⥿‫׳‬૞Ѧ঩hग़匪சᲿಖ୥͎cġġxಖy઻ኜx๰Ԫ୉ࣽy€धմxြ๰Ԫ୉ࣽடઍ ग़ச␊ᰒy͎c >@▎⥿ђᣫ˹঩h๛६˴ਾԳ⅚ಖ୥€఻६˴ਾԳ⅚ಖ୥cġġxಖy઻ટኜ੿▪€ጓᓌ ᮴c ဧxμyc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hເંμⳁ€ເୠμไc >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hц૮‫܂‬᳴€ೡμ౽ⳁcġġxμy઻લֳ྽઻€ᵤमᶷَ⛎⬤ட᧵Ҍc ੌᚾഗ஡ੌxμyx⬤yᇐ઻͙ࡵಖໟᵊடហࣽcť >@᫐ຓ๫ੇhᵤટઋਾќଵ€๾ਾќⳁֳġġxќy઻ጓᓌxμy઻€धմxඥਾட‫᧏آ‬ ଵ€Ꮛ๾ਾட૬᧏ⳁy͎cཀྵxќy઻‫ث‬ဧ€͙ࡵಖໟᵊடហ͎c xᰒy઻ટයc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬Ӫ෦h३ᚈӋӪ෦h३ᚈӋ࿍ᰒ஑€Ꮛᰒલᶀcġġधմxಖᓛᰒ஑ࣽᏋᶀ‫آ‬ટᰒ લy͎c ӷ྽઻ြ˴ഗઍဧᚾࡪࣽ€ટੌᏸཹட᧵c >@᯻‫ڠ‬ᬃ̧h‫ֳֶֶ͎ࣽا׳‬cġġxֶy઻ഗઍᔐဧᚾࡪ€ धմx‫ֶ̰ا׳‬ઍடᰒֶࣽy͎c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hᚤ҈Ҋᖤ€⪮᮳ட᮳͎ࣽcġġधմx⪮᮳ઍடᰒ᮳ࣽy͎c͙੿ଁषੌቷ ᐎԳ€ཀྵ᚝षԳc ȉӨଁ᪍ဤੌxќyxᰒy€๫xμyx⬤yc

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Chapter 5 ᨗ઻ᏙடМ ೺ఝ઻Мட˴ ఝ઻‫ݳށ‬ ఝ઻‫ݳށ‬h hぽఝ᩷೺ఝ ~ఝ઻ࣽ€ଁَ͙૟ཌྷட๬͎c ཌྷ૳҈ఝ€ཌྷடᆁ͎€ఝᓄ๬ᩲcઊ๬€⪮͛ੌাಣࡃຏட๬ХӃኜ͎€΢૟ཌྷடা๫҈ੌ€ াੌ҈๫€ྲྀੌຏಣட⠣҈Ӄ͙᧵டࣽ€ટଁ΀๬͎c๬டଁഠࣽ᥼€ཀྵఝ઻ட␊ᯊ€ӷ␊፣ ᜸€යӅᵤચֳᚾ൵€᮴Ꮩԛߓَடᩲc˴€ಖఝ҈ൿुֳぽ͎€˻ぽఝ઻e˴€ಖఝ҈᣾ሹ ֳ೺͎€˻೺ఝ઻c҈΢‫ت‬ಖ๬டଁ၅ࣽ€˻ुͬeَಖ๬ଁা࡝ࣽ€˻ടͬc▗೷෦ᙦ▗˸ ᮇմhnӺԆ೧€ᴋ൅᣸ీြहc᣸டࣽത‚oъմhnകxடyࣽ€ᔎ৘‫€ط‬ງᔎ၅ြட ␊coઊ၅ြࣽ€Ќ๬டଁ၅͎€ु͎ͬe၅ࣽ€ട͎ͬcයᏋఝ઻ட๬€ Ӄ͙x၅yx‫ت‬y̡઻ࡵடࣽ€ੌ઎ᩲc ᅐ࿩‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿ட▪€͙ぽb೺ఝ઻᩷ടbुᚾͬ⠣ъ஡઻டӨ͙ࡵடc ঄ॎட‫آ‬fͭ‫آ‬டዼgc‫׉‬Өfടͬgधનԩfぽఝgcੳંfടͬg㙷߸cᶷⅤfྲྀぽఝ ઻gြ‫׉‬Өfͭᣫடዼgc௱ઈfടͬgཡ௟fぽఝgcťᣎᵝfടͬg፣ᜲfぽఝgcԆ ๣fടͬgᵤՑfぽఝgcᣎᵝfടͬg⛉f೺ఝgਾfुͬgcᵝ‫ן‬᪁Хட⦁fടͬg ૛fぽఝgြઍᓛfͭᣫடዼgcॎfടͬg਀Ԁf೺ఝgடfुͬgc᪍f೺ఝg‫ס‬fु ͬg҈฿f೺ఝgсfुͬgԳfधմxြೲygc‫ס‬fടͬg෋f೺ఝgμfुͬg૴f೺ ఝgୠfुͬgcμfടͬgࢫf೺ఝg઄ᩛfुͬg҈༗f೺ఝgடfुͬgcᣎᵝfട ͬg⤖ᛄfぽఝgc࡙fടͬg஌f೺ఝg౪Ѳfुͬgc‫ޗ‬f೺ఝg‫ޚ‬ਅfुͬgc⸝f೺ ఝg३୻fुͬg҈ъf೺ఝgடfટหxடြy̡઻€Ŧxடyुͬ€xՋy૾઻gкfᨸ ࡪgcයfಙ઻g᷁fͭ‫آ‬gઍᓛfടͬgӃຨfྲྀ‫׊‬ఝ઻g҈ੑfಣสぽఝg͎f‫္઻׊‬ ഗ€͙ࢧ૟ட͉͎gc ཀྵ΢೺ఝ઻ᾫੌुͬ҈ಖ᧵ᆠහ€͙ಖ๬ட͛٬ֳ೺͎eぽఝ઻ྲྀ๫ुͬ€͙ಖ๬டᵤ⛖ֳ೺ ͎c >@ૹቐൊ෦hಔ̜ࣽ౯ઋ҈ಱ਼€̡୨ᛌ҈ဠᒃ€̧җ҅҈ஊহ€൵ய᧊҈㭦൅€Ԇΰ৑҈੅ ᣺€Ꮪ๡ચ҈୛ᒣcġġxઋyx਼yxᛌyxᒃyx҅yxহyx᧊yx൅yx৑yx᣺y xચyxᒣy੾̡઻ྲྀぽఝ઻€͙ብَสࣽட๬€҈ಖଁ࡝ட๬ᢢ᧊ြ࡝டࣽடぽ͎c >@▎Ӌઉ෦h෷Ꮛ∌໤‫ظ‬ൾ͙୯ࠑ€ј⧲॑෭͙ᨗӨ€̝υ݈ཀྵ͙ٗ᝞€ᦉ᧵៝ᆜ͙‫ܨ‬ᝬ€ြ ͙ள૳€িᵤΡ඾ġġx෷yx∌yx໤yx‫ظ‬yxൾyxјyx⧲yx॑yx෭y౪઻ટ ぽఝ઻€ᭁብَสࣽଁ࡝ட๬€҈ಖ๬டฃᵤ٬ြ೺͎cӷx୯yxᨗyx̝yxٗyxᦉy x៝yx‫ܨ‬yxளy౪઻␊೺ఝ઻€͙ಖ๬٬ֳ೺€ੌु͙ͬ‫ت‬ಖଁ၅ட๬͎c >@஥▪એhẏ̧ြೲֳᆠ␊ᓛ۩€ಂ૟୘€̐ц᳥€ᘼҠ֚€᪱⡵⤖€઎ᴑӅ€с᭒㜻€ઐට ᗥ€ᝡᤣಾ€ચଢ଼‫ܢ‬cġġ x␊yxಂyx̐yx᜷yx᪱yx઎yxсyxઐyxᝡyxચy੾઻€೺ఝ઻͎€ᭁಖ๬ ட၅‫ݲ‬೺€ྲྀੌु͙ͬ೩ಖฃ͎cxચy઻€೺bぽఝ઻ྲྀӃ€੐ଁᙃ෋Ҍc ťxཡ௟yೲ྽઻€⪮ぽఝ઻c Ŧxъடкyߣxкy᮴य़ߓ૾઻xՋy€ᵤ෶ࢅxடyหxடြyc

೺ఝ઻᩷ᜯͬ ~೺ఝ๬ட٬ြ೺ࣽ€ᵤु˴Ϧcुͬட೺€⛎ੌᓖ͙ᜯ٬ᏊϦࣽ€␊ಖଁᜯ٬ࣽ˻xᜯ ͬycᜯͬဤੌ૾઻͙લԳc૾઻ᵤ೺xՋyx͙yx␊yx᩷yxাy‫҈€઻ݲ‬ᜯͬ૾઻€ ˴ᗂ೺ఝட๬҈஡ᰗc ~΢೺ఝ઻டᜯͬ€َಖ๬டଁᛌ€᩷ଁହடਾ€ࠪଁ੐டϫ€Ꮛ૾͙ြ઻€҈ฎြु ͬடຖc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhӋເ၅౯۩ြᎻcġġ ˴‫€ڠ‬x၅y೺ఝ઻͎€x౯۩yಖु͎ͬ€xᎻy␊ᜯͬ€૾͙xՋy઻ࣽ€ ͙xᎻy␊x౯۩yடଁᛌ͎cxြᎻy੐x౯۩yடຖࣽ€ᜯͬຖֳु͎ͬcӨᓌc >@▎ᐘ᧷ӋӨմhӋடәੌႂಖᧅ̧ြಖଶ҈ட࿍୉ࣽcġġ˴ഗ€xႂy೺ఝ઻€xಖᧅ ̧yु͎ͬ€xಖଶyᜯ͎ͬc૾͙xՋy઻ࣽ€͙xଶy␊xႂy઻டଁᛌ͎cť >@▎▗உ̣੿մh⪮ଁ͙‫ݹ‬૛ြ൷̧ட⬔๼͎€⪮ଁ͙ӅᴕြዑᤠᏗଶ͎cġġ x⬔๼y᩷xዑᤠᏗଶy␊x૛y␊xᴕyடଁହ͎€Ŧཀྵ૾͙xՋy઻c >@▎ᖭ▪▗Өմhಖੌ؋ြ̧cġġ˴‫€ڠ‬xြ̧yࣽ€̰x؋yடଁᛌ͎cxੌy઻ဧц೥ ߆c 86

>@▎᭑ᦊ੿մhಔࣽੌឲ૳౮ြᴋ̧ભcġġ˴ഗ€xြᴋ̧ભyࣽ€َxឲ౮yடଁᛌ͎c >@▎մhҊίᜍা⺸ြ੅ள༷ࣽcġġ᧵ᓌ੿c >@▎̧࢞Өմhཀྵ‫׉‬൴ᙿ͔എြೲਾ͎cġġ˴‫˻€ڠ‬xြೲਾyࣽ€␊x͔എyடଁᛌ͎c >@஥̡ͅh͔ᓛ๛଺಻ᐻြབྷೱடϫcġġxြབྷೱடϫyࣽ€َx಻ᐻyடϫ͎c >@▎ͅ੾̜hधᔧ඲᳥ြථ▗c >@▎hථ▗ೲ͙ᵤ᣸⨞ઢြͨc >@▎hՖટᑺᗩடӖ҈‫܈‬၏ᗊြલՖ᱋ථcġġxြථ▗yxြͨyxြલՖ᱋ථy€஡␊ಖ ๬டଁହ͎cŧ >@⦡Ꮪ๡Ӫ෦hᏵᏚ๡ြ୛᧷ӋcŨġġxြ୛᧷Ӌyࣽ€َଁ͙xᏵyடਾ͎c >@ຖૹᣱᙁ෦hᚠࠑΚಁ€Ӆቁᓄ྅ြ૊૑ட٩҈ԛcġġxြ٩yࣽ€َxᓄ྅yଁቁடϫ ͎c >@᯻᪱▗๬ಙh⧲ᛌ€નॣَଁَြ੿ࣽြਾcġġxြ੿yxြਾyࣽ€َଁହxَyடਾ ͎c >@⦡୨᫐Ӫ෦hᶀ᪍‫֍ע‬டू҈കடြ؋ᨗட੿cġġxြ؋ᨗட੿yࣽ€َଁxകyடᣫ ͎c >@᯻ୖͅӋ᜻hওᶰᩁᣨਊ€៛Ԛြ᪎cġġxြ᪎yࣽ€َxԚyଁହ͎c >@▎hஇӋြ၍͙᣾᮴ॴcġġxြ၍yࣽ€َxஇӋyடϫ͎c >@஥ᙦМh٬ၕ൧ӑઅ€൴በલՖடྱြᴋ҈૦ᨖြ‫ݲ‬൳଼͙ಖᎻc >@▎ᙦԆhՖ൴‫ݹ‬Ꮋြཏཌྷ͎ࣽcġġxြᴋy€َxྱyଁᛌexြ‫ݲ‬൳y€َxᨖyଁ াexြཏཌྷࣽy€َଁx‫ݹ‬yடᣫ͎c >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h␊۩ᵤᴤ€ᵤຨ᳥ြӠ઺cġġxြӠ઺yࣽ€َx᳥y՜˴ຳହ͎cũӷເ >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆ੿h͓ᓛ͠ᮇ€͛␊۩ြ‫׉‬Өᩲc >@▎h૮͎‫܈‬๫๥ြ‫׉‬Ө҈ᵤ͙౯€ՉՉcġġxြ‫׉‬Өyࣽ€˴َx۩yடଁ੐€ ˴َx๥yடଁ੐c >@▎̧࢞Өhᔧၘ҈‫ت‬୙ြᔍcġġ˴ഗ€xြᔍyࣽ€َx‫ت‬୙yடϫ͎c >@▎ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿hѲぽ֐€ᏋಗಖᎻြѲ૞cġġxြѲ૞y€َᎻxಗy຤டϫ͎c ȉઐᲷ̐▪ࢅhnᜯͬ€َಖ๬டଁᛌo€҈>@ӨጓࢅhnxᎻy␊x౯۩yடଁᛌo€ᵤ஢ ი໺c>@Өጓࢅhnxଶy␊xႂy઻டଁᛌo€᩷̐▪டࢅ༕␊ᇒᢐcፇဤੌߣጓࢅᓌ>@€ ੌߣጓࢅᓌ>@c ȉᣠմhxՋy઻ੌोଁাࣽ€ᰝ‫ا‬ြӨᲷԛَடcಣ̡ഗx‫ݹ‬૛yxӅᴕy̡઻᧵ٚᵤᓌ€ xዑᤠᏗଶy̰xᴕyடଁাc⪮xᴕyடଁହcᰝ‫ا‬մnxᴕyடଁହo€‫ܨ‬ຨಖᶀc ȉᣠմhxधᔧ඲᳥ြථ▗y€̰΀xᔧථ▗඲ԫட᳥y€⪮΀xԫ඲ථ▗ட᳥y͎cཀྵಣ▪ ̰῿ఝഗ€xՋy઻᩷nஅ̧ନ೩‫נ‬ြၕ▗oxՋy઻ᓌcӨ▪մnථ▗ୗᜮo€ ಖࡵࠒ͎cᰝ‫ا‬n๬டଁହo€߉ᩲcx၏ᗊြલՖ᱋ථy€๻َட€঄մx๰લՖ᱋ථ၏ ᗊy€ಣ᩷᮴ൕnӅᴕြዑᤠᏗଶoഗဤᓌ€xલՖ᱋ථy঄␊๬டଁ๰€⪮๬டଁହc ȉᦊմhᏚ๡෦๫ಣΠc ȉᣠմhxӠ઺y␊x᳥yடଁা€⪮x᳥yடଁହc ~ᜯͬኜਾ€ࠪ␊ห઻€ࠪ␊଻҈઻๫म૨ࣽ€Ꮛલ‫҈ͬुݲ‬๫᥷૾Գcᜯͬኜϫ҈઻ ᯊટृࣽ€Ꮛൿຖुͬ€૾઻ᔐ⎥Գc ᜯͬኜਾલ‫ͬुݲ‬c >@‫▗׳‬Өḩ‫ݛ‬ᵤຨ᩷ਾ୛cġġxਾy଻͎€ᱥ઻x᩷y઻டᜯͬ€૮લြx୛ycx୛y €x᩷yடु͎ͬ€ᭁधմx̧‫ݛ‬ᵤຨ᩷୛ြਾy͎c >@▎hͨ‫܈‬ઍᓛ҈ᄃ‫઺̧׳‬cġġxᄃ‫઺̧׳‬yࣽ€धմxᄃ઺ြ‫̧׳‬y͎€૮x‫̧׳‬yᜯ ͬ€લֳx઺yடुͬ€ť૾઻ᵤဧc >@▎ᖭ੿h▪▗᩷டᣫcġġx᩷டᣫyࣽ€धմx᩷ုৢடᣫြຏy͎€xடyห઻҈␊ᜯ ͎ͬc઎ೲ€ >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗Өhਣ෋‫ޞ‬ட਺೷c >@▎hᵠᦼ╊ਸ̧டহ͎€҈ឲਸ̧᫠ᖔc >@▎᭑ᦊ੿hᵤ෶෋‫׉‬᩷ட‫׉‬Өc >@▎̧࢞Өh㮅ήடᴏ҈ᧇடੑc >@▎ᦑ͍Өh෶᩷ਾᎆᑽcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€˻x‫ޞ‬ட਺೷y€˻x᩷ட‫׉‬Өy€˻xᧇடੑyࣽ€ ᜯͬ␊ห઻҈લြुͬc˻xឲਸ̧᫠ᖔy€˻x᩷ਾᎆᑽyࣽ€ᜯͬ␊଻҈લြु͎ͬc >@‫͎ূݳ‬hઘ̧᩷டᛲԆީcġġx᩷டᛲyࣽ€x᩷ᛲြಖ๼y͎c >@⦡᯻⪮Ӫ෦hग़ᓄ෋ਾ‫⪮ޞ‬ᬷcġġx‫⪮ޞ‬ᬷyࣽ€x‫ޞ‬ᬷြ⪮y͎c >@᫐ӷᏚhԪ෋ҝ૽ລ૳̧ࠑ€␊̧⭜৐€ᶀ̧⬔๼bᧅ̧bᔖίbၟૻ€̧‫‚ֳ̧܈‬ġġध 87

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೺ఝ઻᩷ुͬ ~x༻yx࢞yxَyxՊy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຖੌᚾुͬ€˴ͭଁΠடਾ€˴ͭଁΠட૟cલਾ ຖ૟€๫૾઻͙Սࣽᤣ͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿h᷁᦭༻Ꮋณඨ€ᒅᪧԆ๣cġġx༻y઻ຖᚾुͬhxᎻyࣽ€ଁ༻டਾ€xณ ඨyࣽ€ଁ༻ட૟͎cલਾຖ૟€ᚾࣽຈ᳼€҈๫૾઻͙␊Ս͎ࣽc >@੅᲼hᏚ೷ᶀ҈Π؋€▪൳Պடញᦒ˴ᲹcġġxՊy઻ຖxடy€ห઻€ኜଁՊடਾ ͎€xញᦒ˴Ჹyࣽ€ኜଁՊடཌྷ͎cť >@஥ᙦ˸h▗Πடཀྵ€೰࢞டᑺcġġxΠyx࢞yᚾ઻ຖxடy€ኜ࢞Πடਾ€ ˻xཀྵy˻xᑺy€̰࢞Πட૟c >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦h੿ᔎ੿ཝᏅ‫ݲ‬ᣎᵝᱻcġġx੿ཝᏅyଁᔎடਾ€x‫ݲ‬ᣎᵝᱻyଁᔎட ૟c >@▎h੿ኜՊላઊਾυᵔ⦁˻cġġxላઊਾyኜՊடਾ͎€xυᵔ⦁yኜՊடᣫ͎c >@᳁̧М඗hව⬔ᵤ঄ᦑΠͨಔࣽੌ⦁டՖֳġġxͨyห઻€ଁΠடਾ€ಖຖ̰ଁΠட ૟c >@⦡ỜಖӪ෦ḫໟॣ෋Ჿᗊ‫ڟ‬Ờಖ٪᣶˼cġġxỜಖyଁ‫ڟ‬டਾ€x٪᣶˼yଁ‫ڟ‬ட ૟c >@᯻Ӌ‫ו‬⣿঩hઆᎫӋ⑜Պፇଁ␊▪cġġx੆yห઻€ଁՊடਾ€ಖxଁ␊▪y̰ଁՊட ૟c >@ૹӋᰟ෦hಊ੃ᰟ૗ӓ‎€⪮ញ඲᮴૟cġġxᰟyࣽଁ੃டਾ€ຖ̰ଁಊட૟c >@▎h੿ᦒͶᰟс૜గ؋ฃೡ᭐cġġᓌ੿c΢x᧤yxᕃyx᣿yx᳴y‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ᔐᓌಣ ဤc ཀྵ>@ૹᦒச಻டӪ෦h҈ԍᏅ̰঄ட᳴૱c >@▎մhԪᎯԍᏅࣽ€‫܈‬ପட޴cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€ᚾxடy઻ྲَྀଁ᳴டਾ€˻x᳴૱y€ 91

˻x޴y€Ꮛଁ᳴ட૟͎c ť>@xՊடញᦒ˴Ჹy€᩷~Ჷ>@ߣxՊடఉyֹቂໟᓌ€ය҈>@ߣxடyࢅೲ ुͬ€>@ߣxடyࢅೲᜯͬc ~x␊y઻͙ࢧೲ⪮€Ꮛ␊ᚧఛ€ԛ߆ြ᮴cx␊y઻ੌxส␊yடጓࣽ€Ꮛ␊೺ఝ ઻€ᢐြ଻઻€ َ͙ଁᣫடٚ᩷ଁสட૟␊ᤣcӷx๮yxҍyxͅyxൖy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻᩷x͙y઻ຖଁੌx␊y ઻€ဧເᚧఛࣽಖᤣ€҈ጓເxส␊yࣽ€ટᯊᴔ͎c ଻઻᮴കx␊yc >@‫▗׳‬Өh‫̧׳‬ପ␊ә҈ᛌcġġxәy଻͎€x␊y઻ᢐட€ Ќَ͙ଁᣫә̧டฎcཀྵxପ␊ә҈ᛌyࣽ€धմxఛᤗౌடฎ҈ᛌြૅy͎c >@▎hӋட␊⇝ࣽ€әၟԆਾԳcġġx⇝y଻͎€҈x␊yᢐட€xӋட␊⇝yࣽ€ध մxӋәုсೱடಾࣽcyເೲ€ >@▎ᖭ▪▗੿hੌ␊ᝬ᪅டَࣽmmᔧ‫˴ت‬ᥬ҈␊Лc >@▎ඥᣆ੿h‫␊܈‬Ֆ€ᦑՖ⦁€‫␊܈‬ә€ᦑә⦁c >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈hಖ␊ਾ͎ધ᭿c >@▎⢵҈hಖ␊ਾ͎€࡝ឪ᧯ੑc >@▎hᵤᓙ␊Ꮪடӷြᓄ͎c >@ᗥ͔᪎h␊ਾՖŊ␊ਾәŊ␊ਾ̧Ŋ␊ਾ⬔cġġᇐΠ€΢x␊y઻ᢐြ଻઻€ྲَྀ͙ಖ ଁᣫடฎ᩷ଁสட૟c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hཀྵఘ੿⨟ಖ͔әເ⨟ࣼᰝ€ຏ൴ࣼᰝা␊͎€ເ⨟ુບ€ຏ൴ુບা␊͎cġ ġxࣼᰝা␊yxુບা␊yࣽ€ Ќxা␊ࣼᰝyxা␊ુບycxࣼᰝyxુບyલֳx␊y઻ࣽ€ဧ௎ಙ઻͎€धմxԚ൴ ส␊ࣼᰝy€xԚ൴ส␊ુບy͎c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦h␊ਾ͓⦦€͛ᡥಖΡ⦦€␊ਾ੿€ᾇӨເ૞ᩝ᭚cġġx␊ਾ͓⦦yx␊ਾ ੿yࣽ€धմxਿಖᣫֳਾӨyxਿಖုြਾ੿y͎c >@▎̈͊ઐґhເ૮ਾਿ␊̅ΰ€ͨ␊౮৐€തఛ␊ġġधմxਾਿ̅ΰাᣫ€౮৐ຑ ͨ€ఛடത␊y͎c >@▎ଠফӪ෦h⬔୨തা␊ཇ‚ġġधմxதုཇಾy͎c >@▎hә⬔ཀྵ␊หໟcġġधմxә⬔Ữഎหໟடಾy͎c >@ૹ᙭ਣ෦hਣ␊ਾ࠸឴€ੌ͔᧻€૨᲼࣭€᣺᩿؋cġġx␊ਾyᓌ᮴c >@᯻ᮦ▗஽Υྡhাͨ␊ಣೱਾӃ͎€ത͛സ٪ġġx␊ಣೱਾyࣽ€ส␊ಣೱடᎻ͎c >@▎ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻hᵤቚ␊̧᭿௺⣮⨇߬૟c >@▎ᴋՖ஽Υྡhᵤ␊ᤜᤜไ€ટᵤ␊ᣲᢟ๏ϯட๬cġġ̜षx␊y઻€ྲྀੌxส␊yட ጓc >@▎Ꭻ⦁hಖ␊⦁๻ࡵ€҈ಖ␊༻๻๬͎cġġx␊⦁yx␊༻yࣽ€Ќଁ͙અ⦁࢑༻͎c ఝ઻ຖകx␊yc >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hધᮯફ̰෋෋ᇮᲷҍ⇝␊Қᔍઆઽcġġಣxҍy᷁x␊y઻Ӄጓ͙xส ␊yட᧵€xҚᔍઆઽy̰x␊yடुͬ€ฎ੐ᨸࡪ€धմxҍ⇝෋␊Қᔍઆઽடુcyť >@▎h؄⇝ӹ␊ઍᏅcġġx؄⇝y̰ടͬ€xӹy‫ت‬ఝ઻͎€x␊yӃᗂ␊ᚧఛcxઍ Ꮕy᩷x؄⇝yᓌࡪ€धմx؄⇝῿ӹ҈␊ઍᏅy͎c >@▎hΦ␊௟ᡥᏅcġġx␊y઻Ӄੌᚾ᧵c >@▎h᥼ԩᯛ␊⦁ᵤᇇ‫ޞ‬cġġxᯛyఝ઻͎€xᯛy᷁x␊y઻€ጓสᚧͬcधմx᥼ԩ டсᯛ෦␊⦁ᵤᇇ‫ޞ‬yՉc ͔ἣx๮yxҍyx໿yxΦy‫઻ݲ‬ຖx␊y઻€ጓ͙xส␊yࣽટӃ€᮴ြᓌࡪഠぽྲྀสᚧ ͬ€ြហટ⛖€҈ഗцᏋᚾ᧵ྲྀᓌc ťዹxҍ$␊%y՜໫ഗࣈ€ᰝ‫ੌا‬ᚾ൵⠣ႋc>̜"@ӨጓnҍᏅස␊᣶ുӋo‫ࢅآ‬hnx᣶ ുӋy᩷xᏅසyᓌࡪcoઐᲷ ጓ>@nҍ⇝␊Қᔍઆઽo‫ࢅآ‬hnx␊y઻Ӄጓ͙xส␊yட᧵€xҚᔍઆઽy̰x␊yட ुͬ€ฎ੐ᨸࡪcoᰝ‫ا‬੐ᚾ൵ࢅцடᔐधஔᵤࢧc ~x͙␊y̡઻€ҮᲿਊ೩cಖx␊y઻ࠪ␊ᚧͬ€ࠪ␊ఝ઻€ԛ߆ोͬᲽぽ€௓ᵤᯧ षcx͙␊y̡઻€ூੌԆጓ€૮஡षᦒ͙ࡵடc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hј࣭ࣽ૕͙␊ೲᓒᵤӃጓ͎cġġx͙␊yጓx᧵΀y͎€ಣಖ˴c >@ૹ֥ᴋ෦hәᰙ͙␊ᚕӨຨ೘ਾ€ྲྀ͙␊ႆᑐ€ᖀ๰Ꭱ҅૟ࣽૅcġġಖ˴x͙␊yࣽ€ ൿጓx᧵΀y͎cxྲྀ͙␊ႆᑐyࣽ€धմxྲྀ͙೘ਾ঄สႆᑐy͎€ཀྵx␊y઻สఝ઻ဧc >@⦡ᙬ᛾Ӫ෦h᙭ԩဧಖ‫͙̰€ڙ‬ԆҊ૱␊ܑ൳৉cġġx␊y઻€xส␊y͎€ಣಖ̡c 92

>@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦h੒ਾྲྀ͙ᤚ␊͓ਾ€҈͙▗̧␊Ρࣽ෶Ө˹͎cġġᚾx␊y઻ྲྀᚧఛ ͎c >@▎᭑҄ՖӪ෦hດಖૅΡ૊ઍពί€͙ᐺ␊ಢਾཀྵ͎cġġَxᓖᐺೲಢਾཀྵy͎cಣಖ ̜c >@⦡‫ॣ׳‬ՖӪ෦hᆠ͙ᬈ▗␊༈ය͎€૮ᗂட€̰ḍ͓⤀ઊҌcġġxᆠ͙yՉՉࣽ€ध մxᖺ͙ᬈ▗ເಣy͎€Ꮛx␊y઻̰‫ت‬ఝ઻ଁਊဧ͎€߆ӨcಣಖԆcť ťᰝ‫ا‬Ⴄx͙␊yߣဧц⠣ྋԆ໫€έೲ⠣໫ᵤ˴ପcϹ⠣ႋԆ໫€ᇊ˴໫€x͙␊yೲᗪᢐ ఝ઻€x᧵΀yហcᇊ̡໫€᮴˴ဤf>@gx͙␊yೲx෋>೘ਾ@ͅ␊>ႆᑐ@yடហ€ຖ˴ ဤf>@gx͙yx␊yೲᚾ૾઻€⠣Ꮚ૾јఝ઻x৉yߣᚾᜯͬc᮴ຖᚾဤ⠣Ꭿᚾ൵ഗࣈ€ ᵤᥫଖᓌcᇊ̜໫€x␊yสᚧఛೲ᮴ຖᚾဤଁᓌߣcന᮴ဤf>@gߣx͙yೲఝ઻€xΝ ␊yហ€᩷x␊yΆᧆeຖဤf>@gߣx͙yೲ૾઻€xᓖ␊yហ€ಖҝͬxᐺ␊ಢਾཀྵy €x͙yடx␊yᵤΆᧆc᮴ຖᚾဤ⠣Ꭿᚾ൵ᅥଞ€ᵤᥫଖᓌcᇊМ໫€ଁ᪍டဤf>@g᩷ ᇊ̜໫ߣ>@ᓌ€ᵤᥫⱐӪᚾ໫cᇊԆ໫ೲx͙y᩷x␊yߣ྇ᢐc ~x΀yxَy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຖ€ଁੌዼb‫ͬु␊ྲྀڠ‬cx΀y᩷x␊yᚾ઻€ᔢӈဧ҈ᵤ͛ ᓌጓcxՉy઻ဧᵤ˴ࣈ҈৘ጓ஡ᰗ€ྲྀ঄ࡵာ͎ࣽcť ΀ >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬ḩ΀̧ᚌc >@▎ূ͎ḩ΀වӞcġġx΀yࣽ€඗ಖਾ͎ex̧ᚌyxවӞy€̰ଁ඗ࣽ€ಖुͬ ͎c >@ဠΠh΀Ֆಖതຒட੊€͙ᡂឡட€෋๫ੌ߽ઢcġġx΀yࣽ€⢵͎€ಖຖ̰ଁ⢵ࣽ ͎c >@ᗥ͔᪎hଁ΀በத੐̐ಖ͍ࣽc >@▎hଁ΀ᤗಖૅ੐በಖதࣽcġġxଁ΀yࣽ€ ध᮴▪ଁ΀ட૟exበத੐̐ಖ͍ࣽy᩷xᤗಖૅ੐በಖதࣽy€Ќxଁy઻ଁኜ€ ҈xଁy̰x΀yடु͎ͬc >@஥̡ͅh͙೚ปਾ€⨟ಖ೚҈இ€൴΀Ֆത‚ġġx൴΀Ֆതyࣽ€ ੌմx൴ᧁՖതy͎cᰙ͙␊x੄Ֆ૽͙೚ปਾ€૮⨟ಖ೚҈இ€ೲ͍๫Ֆᩲ€ಖ൴඗Ֆ␊ത ͎ycເೲ€x΀y઻ൿᎫጓ€xՖyुͬ€҈xതy̰xՖyடക͎ͬc >@▎ͅ੾͠hՖᨗੌә҈ஹட€ಖ΀Ֆത‚ġġxಖ΀Ֆതyࣽ€x൴͙Ֆ⦁␊തy͎cŦ >@⦡ધ▪ઐґhೲ‫ث‬Ԫᵤຒ͎€΀‫׉‬Өത‚ġġَx൴͙‫׉‬Ө␊തֳ‚yಖ᧵௎˻x൴ത͙ ዹ‫׉‬Өy͎c΢ͅഗᵤ෶କြ˴ጓࣽ€໫૨௎ᓄc ␊c >@ᗥ▪Ӌ྅̧hཀྵ⬔੐ᓄ␊̧€Ֆ੐ᓄ΀டәcġġ಻ͬ΀hnᚾഗぽx␊y᩷x΀yӈ▪ ᓌጓcoҕъぽմhnx␊yӨ঄ੌxடy઻ࢅઋcoᰙ͙␊ᚾഗぽx␊yx࢑yᚾ઻঄สᎫ ጓ€ြ᧵⛎ўcᭁ⬔̧‫׉‬ৱ€΢⬔੐ᵤ෶ᵤೲಖ̧€ཀྵx␊y઻สᚧͬጓcӷՖәட෯€ᵤ௎ ⬔̧ட‫€ث‬ཀྵմՖ੐҈ຖ඗ட˻ә€ᏋͬᰳಎӲcx΀y઻ൿสx඗΀yட᧵€ ҈x␊y᷁xடy઻⪮㱚௹ࡵᩲc >@๣ẏ̡hࡘ˻hn‫ֳ׉ֳ׉‬լ๫᳥€᯼␊ࡘ҈⛆㎇ಖເֳࣽ‚o >@‫੿▗׳‬h᳁ව€Ữҋடଁᵤ␊͎€҈̧␊ͨᔧடֳ‚ġġx᯼␊ࡘyࣽ€ َx᯼΀ࡘy͎cx̧␊yࣽ€َx̧΀y͎€x␊yᓌx΀yடࢅ͎c᮴َxՖ੐ᓄ΀ட әyࣽ€x΀y̰೺ఝ઻€ཀྵx΀டyࣽधմx඗டy͎cເဧ␊‫ت‬ఝ઻€Ꮛुͬᜯͬ␊ടͬ ᩲc >@‫੿࢞׳‬h૳ட΀ᆁc >@▎ᖭӨhಣட΀͔⤀ઊc >@▎࢞੿hብ͍ட΀᩷ >@᯻Ꭻ⦁hᆇ‫נ‬ட΀౯€๬҈ષடட΀ហ€઎ೲ҈டԳட΀⦁€ᵸֳԚ๫ຑြ೺ட΀ຒc >@஥សԆh˴ட΀⬤€ಖӃӿֳ‚ >@ဠΠhઽ঵ட΀૨€೘Ӄ͎᩷‚ġġྲྀสxட΀yࣽ€ᓖुͬᜯ␊ടͬ€ཀྵxடy઻ટલ ֳx΀y઻͎c߆Ө‫ت‬ఝ઻Ჽぽc َ >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hҠြᨈᧅ€ӷြή᭿€͙ຮြૅộ€َ᪍ᓄ͍ക‫ݲ‬ຏ҈ԛcġġxَy̰৘಻ட ͬ€ཀྵxَyຖ‫ݲ‬Π€ྲྀӃ͙␊ु͎ͬcधմxଁषட‫€ژ‬ಖ᧵΀᪍ᓄ͍ക‫ݲ‬ຏ҈ԛy͎c >@▎࢞੿hЎ᝟͙ж€Ў፥͙ຒ€َ፥ֳ౯ហ͎cġġᓌ੿c >@▎ඥӨhَਾடᵤ᮳€঄ເຖᤆത‚ġġ 93

xَyࣽ€x⦁y͎€xΠy͎€xਾடᵤ᮳yಖुͬc >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦hഥஉ⛖டᙿૹ€๰ᛸ૳᭿̧Ҋፇਾcය⛖๫ଁَј€ᦉَ‫ݲ‬ཀྵंᗬ౷˹ј டcġġᚾxَy઻ྲྀx඗y͎c >@๻ึఛhຒَࣇ€ᗥَ᪫cġġઐហմxَຒ‫܈‬ಖࣇ€ ᗥ‫܈‬ಖ᪫͎cy͙xَy৘สx‫܈‬y઻€ન૊€ብഗцੌx‫܈‬y઻டហcᰙ΀xຒ͙ࣇَ€ᗥ ͙᪫َy͎cŧ ӷ‫ژ‬Ү‫ݲ‬xَy઻€ྲྀӃ৘␊Πఛ€᩷x˻y઻๫Ꮚc Չ >@▗▪̡h͔๹டೡᏵ҈մฝ€ཀྵ͙ฝᦒcಣᵤ҆டೡΡ҈๫ฝ€ཀྵ͙ᰗᦒ͎c >@ᣠ〘ъᬃ̧⪮੾̡̧षላ̧hմ෶҈ે๫෶€Ꮛఠ͎c >@ᬃ̧ᛸฃhཀྵਾ๫೚๫ц҈ၟᏋ͛␊ᗬ€឴Ꮛ͛␊ᙲ€մ෶Ꮛ͛␊ఠmmਾੌ೚ੌц҈ၟ Ꮛ⡉⛖€឴Ꮛ⡉࣓€մ෶Ꮛ⡉ͅcġġ ̜षxՉy઻ྲྀx΀y͎c಻ͬጓสxੌy઻ન૊cᭁxՉyࣽ€Ḉ੿▪҈಻ಖ᧵ட͎ͬe௎ ͙xੌ෶yx๫෶y␊Үຑ€ᨗြઐ▪ᵤ᮸͎cŨ >@ૹ᪲⭵ட෦h૮൴Ꭱᎆ书€մ௎᳁ᰓ҈෷€⦀๬ೡ᮫€ӷဠӣ̰ၘֳġġxմ௎yࣽ€ ̰xᎆ书yட᧵͎cཀྵxՉyࣽ€x΀y͎cੌส␊Πఛࣽ€૲டᩲc >@Ӫ̧ୡ૽hව⬔ட঒ছᩲ€ᵤӃ៎€մӷြ͔঒€ᏋᨈਾշֳᎯᓛ҈Ӄ‚ġġxմӷြ͔ ঒yࣽ€΀ࠪӷြ͔঒͎cxՉyࣽ€x΀y͎cಣഗੌxᏋy઻␊Ḉ€ੌዶ࢑டఛ€ᵤ͛ ͙xՉy઻஑ጓxເy઻͎€ᭁዶ࢑ఛᰳ€Ӄᵤَ҈Ḛc҈಻ͬъष >@ᗥᅮӞḩட঒ఢᩲ€ເӷֳ͔঒€Ꮛເடത‚ġġ͙ࠒxՉyสxເy઻டጓ€᨜Ꭿદ ᢐcũ >@ૹචӖ৉෦hଁ͙ᛮ୉҈ᵤἛࣽ€‫ث‬ఝ೚Ꭴ€ᯘ൴૕€ཀྵᙦ⛆҈નੌմ͎cġġxનੌ մyࣽ€xનੌଁَy͎€ᤣΠ͎c҈ੌጓ␊xનੌଁເതyࣽ€Ꮛ۱᩿ட૲cŪ >@஥ស੾Ԇhᤡմ⩎ᩲc >@▎ͅ੾̡hೡմ఻ᩲcġġxՉy᩷x˻y઻ᓌጓ€Ӄสxԛy઻ጓ€Ꮛ᩷xᩲy઻ໟ ᥫcū xՉy੐ഗનc >@஥ស̡੾౪hೲ૳̜ᢩ€ྲྀဧடᩲ€ಖમմc >@⦡ဠઐґhಖ᭸्€ಖᯛἮմc >@▎໿ᗸᦒh▪▗ࡗ௎҄մ€ြ᙭ৎಲ‡٪Ꮿடcಖᝬmm๰૞᣶૝᭤ြᏯ€Ꮛ௎ൊ೒€ಖ ᯛಱմcŬġġМषxՉy઻€ྲྀ͙ᓳഗc಻ͬ৘␊xයy઻cᰙ᧵ध‫ث‬⢵ಖଁᔄࠪ‫ث‬⢵ಖଁ ೩͎c ҈xՉӂyࣽ€Ꮛ‫ث‬⢵ಖଁᔄࠪଁ೩ᭁເಣ͎c >@▗ẏ˸hध˻๫ઋೲՉӂc >@๣ᙦ˸hध˻६டಖ๼டᡂઍ҈ஹடՉӂc >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈hৣᜍᵤ˻mmᵤၟ୨ட൴ӷՉӂcġġxՉӂyࣽ€ ‫ͭث‬ಖଁَເೲ͎cxӂyࣽ€xເೲy͎c մֳc >@▗᫐̡੾Мhᦋᛁմֳ㱨በմֳ >@‫ݳ‬ᵠᦼhᗥմᗥմ€̛ᣍմֳ඾ᏚմᏚմ€៦࿖մֳ඾ġġxմֳyࣽ€ध˻x΀ட ֳy͎cx඾yࣙᴓ͎c ೲᏋxՉy઻ྲྀӃ৘สx΀ycxՉy੐ഗឝ€ጓ಻᮴▪͎€xՉyᓳഗᎲࣽ€ ‫ث‬⢵᮴َ͎cཀྵ⢵ਾ˶ᰳྲྀ͙xՉy઻␊္ࣽ€धմx͙੿ଁ⡉ੌເಣyࣽcŭ ťx΀yxَyxՉy‫€઻ݲ‬ᰝ‫ا‬੐~Ჷࢅhn΢x΀yxَy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻€৘xೲ␊y xጓ␊yட᧵ࣽ€ᏋલຖᚾΠଁࡪ͛ᓌcoଁ᪍டဤ᩷ઐᲷ૨ଁ‫ث‬ᗪc҈ઐᲷ⎈ࢅhnx΀y xَy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຖ€ଁੌዼb‫ͬु␊ྲྀڠ‬coЎ␊ुͬ€Ꮛုᨸࡪ€᩷᮴ᓌࡪடࢅ֡ࡘc ȉᦊմh಻ͬટጓ␊xಖᧁՖതycᰝ‫͙ا‬xՖy␊xՖ⦁y€൏߉c ȉᦊषҮ෦಻ͬᏙԆմhnxَy€xՉy͎€Π͎ͬcΠَடxَy΀டxՉy€ Πͬடxَyટ΀டxՉycxຒَࣇ€ᗥَ᪫y€΀Ֆ̧ᯘᜅ€ຒࣇᗥ᪫͎cxَy€Π ͬc ȉᦊմhࢅ೩Ү෦಻ͬᏙ̜c▟߉մhnӋ‫಻ا‬xՉy␊xੌy€ೲ͎cᰝࢅ⪮co ȉᦊմh಻ͬᏙ̜մhnxՉy€धxࠪy͎cxࠪy᩷xੌy€ઁᓌᯛ҈⛖ဧ€ཀྵxՉy৘ ␊xੌy€▎৘␊xࠪyco▎մhnxՉyधxເy͎cxເy᩷xࠪyហໟ⛬coᓖषᅮ Ӟ͙ࠒӪ̧cᰝ‫͙ا‬x΀ࠪӷြ͔঒y৘xմӷြ͔঒y€൏ൿઐ಻ͬc 94

ȉᦊմhࢅ೩‫઻׊‬ာߓᏙ˴c ȉᦊष಻ͬᏙ̜մhnxՉy€Πઍ‫͎ͬ׊‬co ȉᦊष⦡ͭ᭤ጓhnࢄ˻hxՉy€ᵸഗடఛco ȉᰝ‫ا‬൴ଁੌxՉy઻⇝สఝ઻ጓࢅ€‫܅‬᪜ຕ஑c೰๰>@ҟ>@‫ݲ‬ဤߣxՉy઻ဧц͎⇝ ೲⲣ೩ߣc ~ुͬຖֳ೺ఝ઻ࣽ€ᤣ͎cብ೺ఝ઻കୗఛ€ࠪടͬ␊x⩹yx๫yť‫ݲ‬ᶷኜห઻€ Ŧಖुͬ␊ห઻ࣽ€ྲྀલఝ઻c ೺ఝ઻കxᵤyxનyx๽yc >@‫ݳ‬લјhုᏋ˻ᵤԪၟ͎cġġxၟy೺ఝ઻€കxᵤy઻͙ୗட€ಖुͬxԪy઻€ห ઻͎€ཀྵલடc >@ૹग़᥼෦hങႆ͙͛ͨ␊͔Ꭱடթ€ᵤͨᡫcġġxᵤͨᡫyࣽ€धմxᵤᡫͨy͎c >@⦡ஊઆ൅྅ૅhᠼ̧ᔢ૝€ᵤԪ᥮͎cġġྲྀᓌ੿c >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈hᵤᤆਾடᵤԚၟ€ᤆᵤၟਾ͎c >@▎ί౯hͨનட೩͎c >@▎લјhનட෶๬c >@▎̧߱hᔢᵤԪ͙c >@▎લјh๽Ԫ͙͎c >@▎᪎҈hᵤႄͩ੿҈ႄสఠࣽ€નடੌ͎c >@▎ᵠ౦hᤡᵤͨ᩷c >@▎̧ⲣhিᵤӂ๾‚ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€ྲྀੌୗఛ€ಖห઻ुͬ€Ꮛྲྀલֳఝ઻c >@ஊΠh‫׉‬௎েஊ€͛ެԪͅ҈ᵤԪᵸ͎c >@ᤗΠh᳁̧ዹ˻hnનӃ€ಋᓛનԪ്͎co >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hಣடᵤ␊€҈ఙຏடଵ๬cġġxಣடᵤ␊yࣽ€xᵤ␊ಣy͎c᩷‫ݳ‬Π▗‫ۇ‬ ΡnԪᓄடન෶ൾoഗᓌጓ€धմxԪᵤ෶ൾಣy͎cŧxடyࣽ€ࡵಖჱ▪͎€೩xடy઻ Ჽc >@஥ស͠hৣᦉ୯҈ᵤᓧ€լ६լ૦€ᵤৣ᤻ନ͎c >@▎h๫‫͓ܨ‬ᓛ€൴ᵤৣ્Գc >@▎Ѯ੾̜hೲᛃᛃࣽ҈ᵤፇ๿€ፇ͛া६டc >@▎Ѯ̡੾Ԇhතഗᵤፇ‎͎c >@▎Ѯ˸hՖ˻ፇᵤৣ⛆ஹ€ᨍৣ͙߽€ຕ⡉๬ֳ€๫‫҈ث‬᳥c >@▎ᦅ੾Мhԫᓛட૽€નೲੌ͎c >@▗ᙦ̜hલՖடᵤӂ⛅Ӄၟᩲc >@▗▪੾Мh⪮Ԫୡᵤ෶‫€͎ݹ‬ហᨗᵤӂ᣸͎cġġ‫ݲ‬षᓌ੿c >@‫׳‬ඥӨh⭵⦁҈નட೩c >@▎ᖭ੿h૮͎⬔ήҊુᵤͨᵸ͎cġġଁषҮ⦡ྲྀᓌc ΢ुͬ␊ห઻€҈ఝ઻ੌୗఛࣽ€๫ᵤલ͎c ടͬ␊x⩹yc >@‫ݳ‬ί౯hᵤᤆ⩹Ԛၟ€૦␊Ӄၟ͎cġġx⩹Ԛၟyࣽ€x⩹y␊ടͬ€ ཀྵxԚyલြxၟy͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hᔢ෋Ԇ๶ட᧺‫ܨ‬੒€⩹டࠪ‎cġġx⩹டࠪ‎yࣽ€x๫ਾ‎ຏy͎c >@஥Ѯ̡੾hᔄ஢⬔ட૽€ᵤӃ͙⩹டढ़͎€്ព␊⭶€ᵤӃ͙⩹டໝ͎cġġx⩹டढ़y x⩹டໝyᓌ੿c >@▎ស̡੾╺h˻hn⩹ፇ৆͎ԛco >@᫐⠮֋୉h҈ຖ̰૮‫ګ‬ϊ€ሚ᪆᧶‫⩹҈׉‬ட֓ᴰࣽcġġᓌ੿c >@ᗥઍ᥷hᙃ҈‫ ݲݹ‬㓫ᙶ⻗டઍ€҈⩹டၟᘼ͎cġġَx๫ਾၟଁ͙ᘼடy͎c >@ᓥઢ‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂෦h౲াཹြ᳁වᏚ๡€‫آ‬ਾ⩹டެ͎cġġَx๫˴ਾެடy͎c >@᫐ਾᔐ྅hᗊ჈ֳ͊€⩹டၟ๦€ᗩ‫ֳث‬ϫ€⩹டၟ✫cġġྲྀ᩷੿ᓌc ଻bหલ᳼€⪮ᓖੌୗఛࣽc >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦h˹ᵤ೺়€६ြੑ૎ᔍӨᵸᩲcġġxᵤ೺়yࣽ€xᵤ૦டြ೺y͎c x೺yสಙ઻ဧ€Ꮛಙ઻લఝ઻ࣽᤣ͎€ᵤ੐ಣဤc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hຒᩛহ˴ੌ€҈ྱ৆̩ြ྅cġġ xহ˴ੌyࣽ€xຒᩛ๫ੌ˴y͎cx˴yલxੌy઻€යx˴y̰‫܆‬ኜห઻€ᤣલఝ઻€⪮ ␊ੌୗఛ҈ය͎c >@▎ੑ౦ઢh෭୯ເંौӨ€Мਿহኸ͎cġġxМਿহኸyࣽ€xᵤኸМਿy͎cxМ ਿy⪮ห઻҈ટલࣽ€ͭᣫடΠ€ဧເಙ઻͎c

95

>@⦡३ᚈ൳෦h‫ه‬෶ᜮәட‫⩹€ڙ‬௎ᚾ୯҈൞᧊டcġġxᚾyx൞y̡઻€‫܆‬ኜห઻€લ ఝ઻ࣽ€ဤ͎€⪮␊x⩹y઻͎c >@᯻੿ᴋໟ▗ᦒh૊۶ᔅᬿ͙␊ரኃ€ᵤ˴̡᙭⦁cġġx˴̡yࣽ€ટ‫܆‬ኜห઻͎c >@▎சເ஽Υྡhԣடᵤເ€҈ᵤ▗ౌcġġ xԣடᵤເyࣽ€xᵤເԣy͎cxԣyલxເyࣽ€ޯᔎห઻͎€⪮␊xᵤy઻͎€ ೰ੌxடy઻€ଁ͙ࡵಖ␊ჱ▪͎cයᏋुͬடલֳఝ઻ࣽટ૨၌ᩲ€ᵤӃᵤာc ȉӨ҂षဤઍ㜏ੌടͬೲx๫yߣc ȉx⩹yx๫y€~Ჷ඗␊‫܆‬ኜห઻€ಣ▎඗ᶷኜห઻€᮴ຖᵤ˴ପc ȉ>@xಣடᵤ␊y٬‫ۇ▗ݳ‬xᓄடન෶ൾy٬>@ߣxԣடᵤເy€ ϱᎯुͬ᮴᳼ຈകxடy઻ส჌Υߣഗࣈ€᩷සဤᵤᢢᓌc ~ੌୗఛ҈ห઻ुͬᵤલ᳼€᩷๫ୗఛ҈લ᳼€ྲྀอ೩͎c ੌୗఛ҈ห઻ुͬᵤલ᳼c >@‫࢞׳‬Өh␊ಖ૟҈๫ಖ؋ࣽ€Ꮮનॣ⇟ட͎cġġᵤ˻xᏞનடॣ⇟͎yc᫐̧ຓ๫ੇ մn̫͎ᔄᵤَடَᩲ€નடॣَ€ြಣֳَடo€Ꮛմxનடॣ⇟y൏๫ᵤӃc >@ᗥઍ᥷hᤀᙦ๬ᄁ€ຖ྅ੌ⢵Գ€Ԫୗ␊டᩲcġġᵤ˻xԪୗட␊ᩲyc >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hૹ຀ᵤᡫͨᩲcġġᵤ˻xᵤͨᡫᩲyc >@᯻಻َhᔢੌᢊࣽҊਾ€ໟᓛ൴ᵤൾடᩲcġġᵤ˻x൴ᵤடൾᩲyc҈ೲᲽ▎մnᔢј ҈␊ட€ટ⩹டᜮᩲo€ഗцᓌ҈ुͬடຖલ๫સ€ය᨜͙લ᳼␊ᤣc ๫ୗఛ҈ห઻ुͬલ᳼c >@᫐Ꮛᵠhࠪட෋€⩹ட␊€ᗉடଁዶcġġधմxࠪ෋ட€⩹␊ட€ྲྀચြਾடᗉ͍€⪮ ᣄၟy͎cxࠪட෋yࣽ€xடyुͬ€๫ୗఛ҈લԳc >@஥សМhӂ៤ഠ᫟ட৑€Ӌ๯ᵤூ€๫͙ٝж€ᨈਾೲἛeѮӋ᣶๮҈ᵤລ€ᨈਾೲᔎc ġġxೲyኜ੿▪€̰x๮yxᔎyடुͬ€๫ୗఛ҈લ᳼Գc >@᯻Ѳઍ঵цୖச஽Υྡh௎ӂԪઠ€͛૦ઊ̧ྡ€ೲӂ᩷Ԫᵤ໌͎cġġ x௎ӂԪઠyࣽ€x௎ӂઠԪy͎c >@▎આො᪱▗๬ಙh‫࢜ݲ‬ᰘ͔ͨᓛடӂ͎᩷€⩹۶ᇭԳcġġx͔ᓛடӂ͎᩷yࣽ€x͔ᓛ ட᩷ӂ͎yc >@▎ԩ३ҋ᜻h˻ষ€ብߵլᓌcġġَxብߵᓌլy͎c >@▎⥿ᨰ▪hብͨἈߵ€ਾྲྀߵᑃcġġَxਾྲྀᑃߵy͎c >@▎̍ϊ൅hϊ൅ᔢ҅✸€ਾԣߵᣐcġġَxԣਾᣐߵy͎c >@▎ኸَጓhୠЎͨฝ€ੌં҈ӃขಖᆨmmંЎͨᤆ€ੌ੽҈Ӄ▦ಖ߸cġġَxୠЎฝ ͨyxંЎᤆͨy͎c‫ݲ‬षྲྀห઻ुͬ€๫ୗͬ҈લֳఝ઻€͙ໜಖഗц͎c ഗઍੌᚾୗఛࣽ€Ꮛલࣽୗಖຖࣽ€᩷๫ୗఛᓌ€҈ห઻ुͬટᵤલᩲc >@⦡ỜಖӪ෦hຖૅုΡ૊cΡ૊ઍ‫⩹▗ݲ‬ୗ඗டcġġᵤ˻x⩹டୗ඗yࣽ€ ͙x⩹yxୗyᚾ઻াໟୗ͎€᩷ഗட๫ୗఛࣽᓌ€ဧདૻԳc ~΢ुͬ␊xাy઻xໟy઻€ᾫ΀டাᶀఝ઻eťಖुͬલఝ઻ࣽ€ԛ೩ห઻Ჽぽc াᶀఝ઻ੌ̡h೺ఝ઻᮴͛കxাy઻҈ಖ᧵̰ࡃࣽ€ ເxাྱyxা⪠yxাᘱyxাቚyᇐΠ€ᭁਾ΢ੌxྱyx⪠yxᘱyxቚyட͍€͛઎ ᱆ࣹ࡝ཀྵ͎e೺ఝ઻டલക͙xাyxໟyᇐ઻ࣽ€͙ಖ␊ुͬடཀྵ͎cເxা඗yxা‫پ‬y xໟଶyxໟ⭵y‫ݲ‬Π€ᭁx‫پ‬yx඗yxଶyx⭵y‫ݲ‬ఝ઻€ᵤ͙xাyxໟyᇐ઻␊ुͬ ࣽᤣ͎cብᚾࣽဧц๫ᰗ€ཀྵᵤ␊དᏊԳcŦ ुͬ␊xাyc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hઊਾ͛াื€҈ຖਾืடeૅ͛া㛛€҈ຖਾ㛛டeᓛ͛াป€҈ຖਾปடcġ ġxাืyࣽ€ืԚ͎€xাy␊ुͬ҈લட€ཀྵxืyட๬€Ԛ၅ட҈Ԛ‫ت‬ட€΀டাᶀఝ ઻ટӃcxা㛛yxাปy৪ಣc >@࿍ΠhೲᚳᎻ୯͙া໿҈ᤲᎻ͎€೘ಢடԳ‚ >@஥ẏМh⦀ᛌӼ૽҈াሕြҝᔤc >@▎ᦅ̡੾Ԇh‫ڟ‬া▄ြᥩc >@⦡ỜಖӪ෦hỜಖࣽߴߴা᣺Ҍc >@▎⤠ՖӪ෦hাᖤட΀஑c >@▎എⅴӪ෦hச̮ໟ઎ಣা‫ׅ‬c >@ຖૹӋ͵෦hಖ㇔ ࣽ৥ᵤପ͵€ྲྀ඙؋াᎧc >@ૹநনӪ෦hੌᦀၟা൴cġġxা൴yࣽ€xাၕy͎c >@▎ҝᰝӹ෦hၑၑட᧣€ߪᵤ෶াӪcġġxাӪyࣽ€xাࡵy͎c 96

>@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦hြೲ▗̧અা᣿c >@▎h᧵ᘱԋ҈ੌা؋ட᭸cġġ‫ݲ‬षxাy઻€ྲྀ೺ఝुͬ҈લԳc͙ೲድட€೺ఝ઻ட Ӄ͙xাy␊ुͬࣽ€ᴤ⛎ᯊ͎c‫΀ଁه‬াᶀఝ઻€ເxাᑺyxাষyxাᄸyࣽ€ᭁ๫ഃ ͎c ुͬ␊xໟyc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨh፺ᨂ᙮ໟᨢ€⒭ඪໟ๰cġġ΢ఝ઻᮴കxໟy઻ࣽ€ ଁ͙ࡵಖ⪮ͅা˴ਾ͎cཀྵxໟᨢyxໟ๰y€َ᱔ৣᚾਾ€લᏋຏಣໟᨢ€ຖᏋຏಣໟ๰ ͎c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hӷсடᏸ€ಋᓛໟ⭵€೒౤டᯛໟᔄc >@ૹஊӋᡴ෦hᓌշໟ‫€׊‬ᓌႄໟၘ€ᓌᅥໟ૦€ᓌ‫܈‬ໟ෭cġġ‫ݲ‬xໟy઻ᓌ੿c ⛎ੌക˴ᜯͬ€૾͙x᩷y઻͙લடࣽ€ྲྀ͙ࡵ૛ӈட᧵͎c >@⦡໿ᗸᦒh҈᥸ຖੌ֍๬€᩷Ӌᵤໟઍcġġx᩷Ӌyࣽᜯͬ€ ҈͙x᩷y઻␊૾͎cx᩷Ӌᵤໟઍyࣽ€َx᥸ຖᵤ᩷Ӌໟຨ€҈Ӌટᵤ᩷᥸ຖໟຨy͎c >@᯻੿ြໟ▗ᦒhཀྵಖ▪ᦊَΠ€᩷૟ໟ෾cġġટَ͙xಖ૟᩷▪ᦊَΠໟᇐy͎€ྲྀ͙ َ૛ӈடᦊ͎c ཀྵ>@⦡ͭசҌ᙭ፇӪ෦hᚾਾໟ᩷␊ဢ͚૛cġġxໟ᩷yࣽ€നَᚾਾ૛ӈ҈๫⠣ຏಣ ͎c ȉᰝ‫ا‬੐೺ఝ઻Ө▎ད࢑াᶀఝ઻˴໫€ᨗ๫͛Ӆcᓖ␊ଁ΀xাᶀyடហ€૝াxাy઻€ ᩷ఝ઻ઐத๫࠻cເ൴xাy઻⎥ઋ€ಣ‫ݲ‬ఝ઻᩷˴ຳ೺ఝ઻๫Ꮚcӿࣽ€ ᰝ‫ଁا‬᪍ुͬ␊xໟyߣဤഗ€ಖઍߣxໟyϱो૛ӈហ€᩷াᶀடហᵤᓌ€୥ᵤᥫӪ৑াᶀ ఝ઻c ȉᰝ‫ا‬൴াᶀఝ઻▎⠣␊ᚾ໫h˴ೲ͛കxাy઻ಖ᧵̰ࡃࣽ€೥˴ೲੌ‫͙آ‬xাyxໟy␊ ुͬࣽc՜൵⠣Ꮚ͎೛દ஑cᓖ␊€ᇊ˴໫ߣxྱyxᘱyᇐງ⪮˴સӅകxাy઻€᩷ᇊ̡ ໫ߣx඗yᇐ๫ᏊcᚾࣽߣᛃᏊออ੐ြhxྱyxᘱyᇐೲो਋ᆜᝬᶊఝߣ€x඗yx‫پ‬y ᇐೲो਋˴ຳఝสߣc

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ເᤣ€ԛ௎ᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝட᧵€ብx␊y઻டടͬ€ᙦ೩๫સҌc >@▎⥿ђᣫ˹঩h᧏ᦂြ௓€ᵤ෶াषઋ€ᢣ̡૳͙ຑ୨c૮ྲྀ␊ੌୡࣽᧇட€ಖത෶๫૾ යြᡂ؈ġġx␊ੌୡࣽᧇடy€Ќx␊ੌୡࣽଁᧇy͎c ᰙ୰લ੅‫€ᦒݲ‬x␊yxଁy̡઻ࠌဧ͙ͅ‫ت‬ఝࣽ€ᨗຼ೩͎c ȉ‫ت‬ఝೲ೺ఝ઻ߣဧцᔎᏫ€ᰝ‫ا‬Ⴄ‫ت‬ఝ઻ส␊˴໫᩷೺ఝ઻bぽఝ઻ຈӪ€ᵤ֭cᰝ‫ا‬੐ઐ ᦊ>@Ө͎ࢅhnᓌ˴઻டӃ␊೺ఝ᩷‫ت‬ఝ͎co ~̡€ብ͙x␊y઻લြ೺ఝࣽc >@᫐‫׉‬Өh⦁၌൴␊‫׉‬Өॳcġġx‫׉‬Өॳy˴‫€ڠ‬ Ќx‫׉‬Өଁॳy͎cx‫׉‬Өy€xॳyடടͬ€ಖु̰ͬxଁy઻€ᙦ҈ᵤَcx␊y઻஡൵ ֳ‫␊҈ڠ‬ᚧͬ€ಖടͬx⦁၌y͎€ഗц᩷᮴ࣈ๫ᰗcಣᏋલ੅டᦒᤣᤣੌடc >@ᗥ͔᪎hੌᓛࣽᵤӃ͙ᵤላ€ᘼᏋ␊‫׉‬Өἁᩲcġġx␊‫׉‬Өἁyᓌ੿cብടࣶͬ੿xੌ ᓛࣽyc >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬hᵤ␊жᓏcġġधմxᵤ␊жଁᓏy͎c >@஥ស̜੾h೰Ֆॣ␊ԫՖᖀᩲcġġधմx೰Ֆॣ␊ԫՖଁᖀy͎cť >@▎ᦅ੾╺hु€൴␊̜Ꭱࡗ€ᵤु€൴६ಖࣹcġġधմx෶ुᏋอ␊̜Ꭱଁࡗy͎c >@⦡றฆӪ෦h‫͙▗ݲ‬ཀྵᱤ‫ث‬ட€᠏␊ဧcġġधմx‫▗ݲ‬᠏␊ಖଁဧy͎c >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hླྀ͙˶Π⨟⤓ಣᗩ€‫␊ث‬ዑᤠ⭶Ვcġġधմx‫␊ث‬ዑᤠଁ⭶Ვy͎c >@⦡Ꮎ᛾Ӫ෦h᜿ᆸϫಃ€হಖએऺ€த૎҅ြ੅€␊‫׉‬ӨᲕ€ಣᵤၟਾடᗩ͎cġġx␊ ‫׉‬ӨᲕyࣽ€x␊‫׉‬ӨଁᲕy͎€ಖടࣶͬ੿▪xᡂӋyc >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h‫ه‬૭ͅ૊ՖᜮᵸӨ‫€ڙ‬௎ൾࣽટԛ␊ᣎᩲcġġधմxટԛ␊ͅ૊Ֆଁ ᣎy͎cᵤَxͅ૊Ֆyࣽ€ࣶ੿▪͎c >@ᓌ෦մh҃€͛␊̡̧ଁᣎᩲcġġཀྵx␊ᣎyࣽЌx␊ଁᣎy͎c >@ᓌ෦▎մh૨૨μ᮳€ത␊␊ͨᣎ‚ġġx␊ͨᣎyࣽ€ટЌx␊ͨଁᣎy͎c >@ᓌ෦▎մh૮ᵸӨᔢা͙᩷ૹӋ␊Ꭸ૛€␊டᦑୡဧ᜿€ߪ␊டଁᣎᩲcġġधմxߪ␊ ૹӋଁᣎy͎cx␊yຖᵤဧxಖy઻҈ဧxடy઻€೩ห઻ᲽcŦ ཀྵ>@᯻▪ઽᡖմh૮ઊ૤டြஸ€⪮ᵤᦠය͔ᩲ€ය҈᧝␊டᣎࣽ€֮‫‮‬ட༙ᵤᓌ€֙ᆴட ᢣ‫͎܅‬cġġ˻x᧝␊டᣎyࣽ€Ќx␊டଁᣎy͎€૮ብઋxଁy઻Ҍc >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦h੅ட⨟൴Ꭱ€Ӄ΀ⳁᩲ€⬔๼શ޴ྲྀ␊⭶㜏cġġ َxྲྀ␊੅ଁ⭶㜏y͎cᵤَx੅yࣽ€ࣶ੿▪͎c ťx␊ԫՖᖀy᧵␊xੌຒြԫՖy€ಣxᖀyೲ଻઻€⪮ఝ઻c Ŧห઻ᦊન‫ݳ‬٬ಣc ~̜€೺ఝ઻ຖ͙xՋy઻␊૾ࣽc >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hຮਾ͙˶‫€ܐ‬ᱏንြਾcġġxᱏንြਾyࣽ€ ъմhnບ૨␊ਾଁንշo͎cንշடᅥ€၅াਾ҈‫ت‬ြഽࣽ€ ૮xഽy␊ടͬ҈ုఘࡪ€xਾyᏋ૾xՋy઻€͙ࡵಖንշடᅥଁা࡝€ཀྵxንy઻઎೺ఝ ҈ᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝᩲc͛૾xՋy઻ࣽ€ࡵ೺ఝட๬ଁা࡝͎c >@඄᲼hઊ‫؝‬ਾட᩷‫؝‬ြਾ͎€әਾட᩷әြਾ͎€িӃᓌೡ҈َட඾‚ġġ x‫؝‬ြਾyࣽ€x␊ਾଁ‫؝‬y͎€xәြਾyࣽಷಣcಣ͙x‫؝‬ਾy᩷x‫؝‬ြਾyᚾໟཹ€͙ ೩ᓌ˴઻டӃ␊೺ఝ᩷‫ت‬ఝ͎ເೲc >@▎մhਾடᅥ€૑๛ਾֳ€૑๛ြਾ͎‚ >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝմh⛖ࣽᤣಂਾ€ᨰࣽᤣಂြਾc >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿մhᯘ͍ࣽсਾ€ᯘୡࣽсြਾc >@ૹᦒ඄ણᓛ෦մh᮳ᚤࣽପਾ€ᵤପြਾc >@⦡ͭ̈͊ઐґմhԪᔄલЌಂਾ€ຖᏋ␊ਾଁಂcġġ҈ૹᦒۨմnલ࡝ಂਾ€ຖ࡝ಂြ ਾo‫ݲ‬ഗ€͙೩ᓌ˴೺ఝ઻͎€૾͙xՋy઻€Ꮛᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝ઻ᩲc >@᫐઄ંhཌྷཌྷ҈ᵤཌྷြཌྷ€Ꮛ೘Ӄຨ҈᱖؈ġġxཌྷြཌྷyࣽ€xᵤ␊ཌྷଁཌྷy͎c >@ૹյખ෦hફᮇ╺ᤡ€۩૟᣻ࢧြખcġġxࢧြખyࣽ€x␊ખଁࢧy͎c >@⦡ᦀྖӪ෦h͙឴ᰳᔄြ‫ݲ‬൳cġġxᔄြ‫ݲ‬൳yࣽ€x␊‫ݲ‬൳ଁᔄy͎c >@▗ᙦМh▗̧ᣔ஛௎ಖَᔄֳၣcġġ َx▗̧ᣔ͍஛ເೲடَࢧြၣy͎cxֳyЌxՋy͎c >@▎ស̡੾˴hા▗಻ֳ࿪€ौடၕcġġx಻ֳ࿪yࣽ€x␊࿪ࣽଁ಻y͎cť >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦hཀྵぽૺြᴋᗏ€೺‎ြசྃc >@ૹᦒ⑏෦hය҈Ꮸᵤ᛾ြ঄Ԛ€ဧᵤฃြ˴྅c >@▎᛾઄෦hය҈᜿‫؝‬ြ᙭࠻€ϫᧇြᮦ‫€ࣽا‬ത͎‚ 98

>@▎ҝᰝӹ෦hӷୈြហ͉ࣽᵤයc >@᯻ࡗᾗጓhᾗட␊ᜑѮѮ͎€ࣙြ‫ᦒ€ژ‬ြ੍⩎c >@▎਀୺঵Ֆ஽Υྡhॊြ൅⬔‫ا‬c >@▎hಖຖ੿൴ੌଁໟ€ᵤӃြᎤc >@▎ϣࣽ෦hᧅ̧᩷ྲྀளြ͎ͨࣽc >@▎᩷ၕઍ๬ᦒhਿ⬤᠐€̈́ੑြਾcġġ‫ݲ‬ष೺ఝ઻ຖ€ྲྀဧxՋy઻͙૾၅ࣽ€҈ͅ␊ ‫ت‬ఝ઻͎c ӷ೺ఝ઻ᜯͬઐ͙xՋy઻␊૾ࣽ€ぽᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝடຖ€ಖᜯͬൿ᭒€ᵤӃᗂ␊၅ࣽட૾઻cŦ >@‫࢞׳‬Өhොࢅ᪍ြᖗᲅடᔐ€ᖡҼ᪍ြ౮⑫՜ઍ€᳁᧲Ԫ᪍ြ˹€உഥⅴ᪍ြ੘€Ҋίᜍ ᪍ြ੒cġġ‫ݲ‬x᪍y઻ྲྀ‫ت‬ఝ઻€x␊ਾଁ᪍y͎€ಖຖxՋy઻€̰ͭಖ᪍டᣫ€⪮᪍ࣽ ͎€ᵤ੐ಣဤc >@▎ඥӨhជ๬َᜮ€ᣪᩛӨြᎻcġġx๬yxᜮyxӨyӋ઻€ ྲྀ‫ت‬ఝ઻€xြᎻyࣽ€xӨy઻டᜯͬ€धմx၅ᣪᩛြᎻy͎€ཀྵxᎻy⪮၅͎ࣽc >@▎࢞੿h૭ᔄ᥼ᴕ၅ြத€ଁ͙ᵤᔧਾட▪ៃ͎cġġx૭ᔄ᥼ᴕ၅ြதyࣽ€धմx͙ ᔄᴕ၅ြதyԅcཀྵxြதyࣽ⪮၅͎ࣽŧcྲྀ⪮ಣဤc ͙੿̜ࣈ€΢೺ఝ␊‫ت‬ఝ€ྲྀ೩၅ࣽட଻e͙Ө̜ࣈ€ぽੌ೩ੌᵤ೩ᩲc ťx಻ֳ࿪y€धَx๰ሕ࿪ઍ಻߬ચ૝y€x࿪y⪮၅ࣽc ȉᥫմnᵤӃᗂxՋy␊၅ࣽட૾઻oc ȉxதy᮴ߣxՋy଼xதyຖߣxࣽyᗉသc ~М€͙x೩yx῿yᇐ઻കြ೺ఝட᮴ࣽc കx೩yc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hҊᄮடᵤ೩Ἀ€␊ᵤဧဵԳcġġ xᵤ೩Ἀyࣽ€xᵤ␊Ἀy͎cxἈy᮴കx೩y઻҈ͅ␊‫ت‬ఝᩲc >@ૹҝᰝໟເ෦hલ૳▎೩૎cġġ೚ઁմhnx೩yधxӷy͎€َӷಣᓛ␊૎͎c௎૮ ਾা඗x೩ఙyx೩ዐyҌco҈ಕմnx೩yࣽ€കြͨடఛ͎o€ ⛬ೲc᧿€x೩૎yࣽ€x␊ਾଁ೩␊૎y͎c͙‫ت‬ఝጓட€⛎␊᲻ሼc >@▎h̰૮ೡ೩༻cġġَx‫༻ت‬y͎c >@⦡ᤗᅵ᧷Ӌ྅ૅh௎ᶀَૹԛ‫؝‬ᩲ€ᤗ໖Ө̜ᓛ€ᵤ೰೩ᳫcġġ x೩ᳫyࣽ€x῿ᳫy͎c >@ૹ֥ᴋӪ෦h͙᫐೩ᒢcġġx೩ᒢyࣽ€x␊ਾଁᒢy͎c >@▎hಖ೩ᓅᗥເಣcġġَx␊੿ᓅᗥເಣy͎c >@▎յખ෦h⬤೩്ൾc >@▎hᚕӨન೩૽᧥ᥩc >@▎ச࡙෦hኒَᔢ☡€धᵤ೩྆c >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦hයᏋ൴Ꭱட൘ໝ€҈୛೩ᡥடឱᙼᩲc >@᯻ᮦ▗஽ΥྡhࡵೡΪᘸ॑੾ፇიᢢហᯔ€ᢢហ᳐᣺⡻ҍᢨᣌ€‫܅‬ᵤ۶͙ᵤ೩ৢ⭵▗c >@▎಻َhᵤ೩᜾͙ᵤᣈ€ᣮᩲc >@▎ְᘊ෦hೡ೩്ᨖഎ૟c >@▎hᔢ೩᥮ে€ߪᘞᵤДcġġ‫ݲ‬षഗぽ€ఝ઻᮴͙᩺x೩y઻€Ќᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝᩲc >@ૹநন෦hԍᏅ঵⦦ᦑဧ▪⦡цຐட⦦€҈ন͙ᛸ૳੐ಖᔐ€೩΀ᵤਊ૟€ᵤ᳸ୖcġġ x೩΀ᵤਊ૟yࣽ€x␊ਾ೩͙␊ᵤਊ૟y͎cधմxনᛸ૳҈ုцຐ⦦டઍ€ਾྲྀ඗ட␊ᵤ ਊ૟y͎cཀྵx೩΀yࣽ€Ќx␊ਾଁ඗y͎c >@▎ᛀઉ෦ḫͫໟຮ⦡ᔎ͙ᦽଁ৑ऺ⦦с€ઉ೫ዹcຮ⦡͔ઊ᧝⢶ᵤ෶߆ၟ€͙ຨփᠲ€ ҈ઉ೩΀Ԁᠬ๾ಾcġġَxਾ೩ಖ␊෶Ԁᠬ๾ಾy͎c >@⦡᯻⪮Ӫ෦hଁࢅચြ␊଻᧥͎ࣽ€҈ࢅட͙Ꭸ୯€Ꮛ೩ӨᲷ҈⨟ᦩᚌ€͛ে߽ᩲcଁࢅ ચြᎨ୯͎ࣽ€҈ࢅட͙଻᧥€Ꮛ೩๫͍҈߽૟ᅥ€͛ᵤ಴ᩲcġġᚾx೩y઻€Ќૹᦒx೩ ΀yடហc >@⦡‫׳‬ᬃӪ෦hᐘ᧷Ӌᵤ຀ଁَ€Ꮛ೩͙␊♆߽҈ᔘြ૟ᅥcġġx೩͙␊yࣽ€Ќx೩␊ ເಣy͎€ཀྵຖဧोͬc >@᯻᭢ૅᙲ૟ષಙhәা᣶૝€೩ࢅкҋଁ࡝ூМҊਾcġġ x೩ࢅyࣽ€xᔄࢅy͎€ťᗉ␊ফਾਿَc >@ૹࣃ᳞ઢhެ⤠͙␊ઁࢅ౪Ѳட଻€ੌບᙋ೘ఇҼ߼€૮೩੐ͅԩ૞ખҼဳઍcġġx೩ ੐yࣽ€x␊ਾଁ೩੐ြതᣫy͎c҈x೩y઻‫ڠ‬௎x਋y઻ࣽ€ຖ྅டࢅ͎cŦ >@᯻ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻h૮೩੐ਾ⩹ເ᯻ऄcġġ x૮೩੐ਾyࣽ€x૮␊྅ଁ೩␊੐ࣽடਾyՉcŧ 99

ය>@᯻▪ј᪎ጓմhය҈ःఘᵤക‫€܂‬ૉәᵤ೩᜾€⪮ಖᣮ૟‫ؤ‬ġġಖ᧵ᭁ΀xᵤ␊ૉә ଁ᜾y͎€Ꮛx೩᜾y̡઻ᶀဧᩲ€નጓcŨ >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒhࣈതཀྵ೩᎟ြਾ‚ġġx೩᎟ြਾyࣽ€x␊ਾଁ᎟y͎cxြਾyࣽ€ ࡵx᎟yடଁা͎€᩷᮴ࣈᓌc >@▎ग़ᓄӪ෦h೰ઊәਾ᩷೩әြਾ€ಂਾ᩷೩ಂြਾ€িӃᓌೡ⦁඾ >@▎ᗥᦒhກцઽ̐ࣽ೩ืြ྅c >@᫐⩎ંhԪΡ೩Ვြ͔ਿடૅc >@⦡⤠ՖӪ෦h೰ઊੌ᧥ਾட๬ࣽ€ᓒ೩⪮ြ྅€ੌ਀ၟட᧻ࣽ€͛೩ⅴြᎻc >@▎᯻⪮Ӫ෦hಔࣽஅ̧ନ೩‫נ‬ြၕՖc >@᯻Ꭻ⦁h۲ӎ€ಖટᣮ҈ચြ̜หடຖ€ᵤ೩ᘠြ࡙ਣ▪‫ݞ‬ဠ▗ਸ̧͎€ಖટᵤᣮ҈ᵤચ ြ̜หடຖ€ᵤ೩̐ြ࡙ਣ▪‫ݞ‬ဠ▗ਸ̧͎ >@▎ј᪎ጓhය҈▗ᵤ೩ൾြਾ€ரᵤ೩ൾြଶcġġ‫ݲ‬षഗ€ြఝ઻᮴ക˴x೩y઻ũ€ ລ૾͙xՋy઻€َ͙ಖ੿டଁা࡝͎c കx῿yc >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦h࿿᧝͙῿⭶cġġx῿⭶yࣽ€x␊ଁ⭶y͎c >@▎h῿ⲱշَ҈҅cġġx῿ⲱyࣽ€x␊ଁⲱy͎c >@▎hೲ‫آ‬౪ౌ᳥҅Ќ҅€ृ῿Ҡc >@ૹசැ෦hத῿‫ث‬ಊcġġྲྀᓌ੿c >@᯻಻َḩ᮴῿َြ˴ໟ€૮ग़▗▎ໟ€̧ಖᯅ඾ġġ x῿َy€x␊ਾଁᢊy͎cxြ˴ໟyࣽ€ಖᜯ͎ͬ€⪮␊˴ໟଁَ͎€धմx᮴ੌᢊ̧ြ ˴ໟࣽy͎c >@▎‫ݳ‬३ҋ૟ષಙhଁ͙ᯊ῿ߗඊc >@▎hࠪ῿⠣ಁᚊഹcġġྲྀᓌ੿c കx᩺yx‫ت‬yc >@ૹசැ෦hᯊ᩺ဵมc >@▎ҝᰝӹ෦h‫ت‬ᄬြ᙭cġġᚾഗᏋx᩺yx‫ت‬y̡઻ക‫ݲ‬೺ఝடલ€᩷x೩y઻ᓌc ҈΢َસ␊ಕ᳥଻ࣽ€Ꮛብxળy઻cũ ೲ͙>@ૹᮯફґhિཌྷ௎ဨཀྵᚌ€ᦕཀྵᤇ€ྲྀળ᝞␊ᗬcġġxળ᝞␊ᗬyࣽ€धմxળ␊ ᝞᳥ເᗬy͎c᧿€ૹц৑᳥˻xળy€Ќસ͙ᛌ৑ത᳥͎c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hઁ͔ࣽәੌળᵤᦀ҈᥮ࣽc >@ຖૹખ‫ݞ‬ґhೱ˻hnԪಔ͙঄ͅ‫‮‬൴Ꭱᓜᦲហ€ળᵤ૳ຨ͙೩᣿ᠲcoġġᚾxળy઻ ੌጓสnᓖ͎€͎ࣜoટӃc‫ށ‬ட€ᵤ૲␊‫ت‬ఝட᧵ࣽ⛬ೲc ȉx೩ࢅyЎ␊xᔄࢅyடហ€঄⪮ो῿ఝߣc ȉᦊմh‫઻׊‬ာߓᏙМմhn▎‫ڠ‬สx਋yco▟߉մhn‫ڠ‬௎x਋y઻€ઁੌ྽઻bಙ઻̡ ဧцc⦡ͭ̈͊ґմhpᎡ๫೩኎cqૹᦒӋ௿෦մhpৎ๫೩๣cqಣ྽઻ဧц͎cૹᦒ೺ ព෦մhpந೩੐€ન҅cq٬ࣃṔઢಣ▪€ྲྀಙ઻ဧц͎cᰝ‫␊͙ا‬ຖ྅டࢅ€‫૲␊܅‬ ୰co ȉᣠմhಣဤx೩yટ঄‫ڠ‬௎x਋y€ᰝࢅ⪮ೲc ȉఝ઻ߣx೩y઻สx῿yࠝ€ೲ਼઻cᰝ‫ࠝ҈آا‬สx῿y€‫ࠝ҈آ‬สxᜎ೩y€᪍ቫᵤ સ€ೲ˴߉cૹหᔏᆠ€x೩y▎඙ੌ඗หสဧfӃᦢᜎ೦ഥ੯೩઻டኜหสဧ€೩ૹΠΠц ‫▪ݳ‬᭤g€೩ြ>@>@ᇐဤ€ᰝ‫ا‬ᵤࡵܹ՜˴ဧц€ዹြ᮴˴ဤൿ൴x೩y઻ࠝสx␊ਾଁ ೩y€ԛᎯદ஑€ዹြຖ˴ဤ€᱆έ෶ࢅೲnᏋx೩᜾y̡઻ᶀဧᩲ€નጓoԅc ȉxળy᩷x೩yx῿yᵤᓌ€᩷῿ఝហᦍ๫ᵊ൮€ᵤᥫӪ৑ಣᲷc ~Ԇ€xӃyxᵸyᚾ઻ຖఝ઻€ᾫੌ‫ت‬ఝட᧵cť കxӃyc >@‫▗׳‬Өhԫ࿍டૄ€ᵤӃ٬͎cġġधմxԫ࿍டૄ⪮␊ਾଁӃ٬y͎c͙xӃy઻લ ֳx٬y઻€x٬y઻Ќੌ‫ت‬ఝட᧵cᭁਾଁᵤӃ٬ࣽಖૄ€xૄy␊x٬yடुͬ€૮ᜯ␊ ടͬ҈ုఘࡪcӨྲྀಷಣc >@▎h᳁ව೰धᵤӃӣ€҈ଞᵤ␊᳁වֳࣽ‚ġġَx᳁වध೰ᵤӃ␊ਾଁӣy͎c >@▎▗੿h᳁වᰓ̧ட؋€Ӄລެֳ‚ >@▎ᖭ੿hᎻ૟ᵤӃӲ͎c >@▎᭑੿h‫آ‬᪍ြ੅€ၟႄ‫▗ێ‬டӃ᩷ੌ๬͎҈ໟட€Ӄ΀ᵤၫֳ‚ >@▎hཀྵՖ̧Ӄ‎͙ಖਿ€ᴤᓗ͙⪮ಖ⦁c >@▎᭑ӨhၕౌӃຨ͎c >@▎ᦑ੿hᎻӃ෋ૄ͎cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗxӃy઻Өఝ઻€ྲྀ‫ت‬ఝ͎c 100

>@஥ᙦ˸h఼௱धᵤӃᙼ€ଞՖடᨖ᭿ֳ‚ >@⦡ᠼ੊Ӫ෦ḧ‫ا‬әӃᦑ‫‚୓܂‬ >@▎໿ᗸᦒh᭢૱Ӄͅ҈ѲࢧӃᣵ€ᵤ҅டᬷӃຨ€␨ਾӃପ͎c >@ૹյખ෦hәͣӃຨ€ᛳᵤӃຨ͎c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hԪ␊▗๰ઍട€‫׉‬ӨӃᓙ͎c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hຒӃ߽၅€࣓Ӄ߽ക€҈᣾ᯊҊᗁ೺€࣓૭ᵤൾ€Ӄ␊߸ਯࣽಣ͎c >@▗᫐੾̜hӅᏩӃͩ҈ၣ▗ᵤ‎€ୖ̧Ӄᐡ҈ၣ▗ᵤྱcၣ▗டൾ€᭐ֳ‫׉‬Ө€াၱடᏩ ᆠԳc ġġ‫ݲ‬xӃy઻ຖଁੌఝ઻€ྲྀ‫ت‬ఝ͎c കxᵸyc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hႎ␊ᄕ᭸ᵤᵸᗂြ຃᩷€ᯛમᵤᵸᜮြҌ᩷€☬ᘼᵤᵸ෋૭ြ᮴᩷‚ġġ ̜xᵸy઻ຖఝ઻€ྲྀᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝcxᗂြ຃yࣽ€धմx␊຃ଁᗂy͎cፇᓌc >@▎▗ӨhӋ઎ᵸဧ␊᮳cġġَxಖᆁᴑ૔ᵸ␊ਾଁဧ͙␊᮳y͎c >@⦡ᘥ੊Ӫ෦hፇᵤᵸᰘ͎c >@▎ၘ൳྅ૅhԪብᵕ̧ᓒᵤᵸ⡓€҈▗া๬Ҍc >@੅᲼h̜ӋᵤᵸМ€Ԇᛱᵤᵸએ͎c >@᯻᪱▗๬ಙh΢ଁ࣭ᢙြ੿᮴ࣽ€ᵤᵸ⦁͎c >@▎൳᣺ј˹ಙhಣ̰੒⦁ட૟€▎തᵸᤇֳ >@▎‫ݳ‬३ҋಙhઆ઄᳦஦€નᵸ␊Ḛcġġ‫ݲ‬xᵸy઻ຖఝ઻€ྲྀ‫ت‬ఝ͎c සເxຨyx঄y‫઻ݲ‬ຖఝ઻€ટੌ‫ت‬ఝட᧵€යᵤᤣ೩c >@஥ᴼ˸hલ␊டᏸ€▎Գຨઅ‚ġġx▎Գຨઅyࣽ€ धմxઆ̧൴ത͙῿અy͎cxઅy੐xຨy઻ຖ€ੌ‫ت‬ఝ᧵c >@᯻Ჾ˸෹ຮᦒhᵸӨ᩷‫̧⬔ޚ‬൞᣾દ౸ຨᦒcġġxຨᦒyࣽ€x෶␊ਾଁᦒy͎c >@ૹյખ෦hᚕӨન೩૽᧥ᥩ€ᵤӃ͙Ḉ‫׉‬঩€੄Ᏼશᥩ€̧ҁᄮ€঄᥮cġġ x঄᥮yࣽ€ᥫ೩᥮͎cx᥮y੐x঄y઻ຖ€ੌ‫ت‬ఝ᧵c ȉઐᲷଁ‫ن‬xӃyxᵸyxຨyx঄yᇐ઻€ೲोՊӃ෶bἄຨbᥫ঄ᇐ᧵๾ߣ‫׊‬ఝ઻€ᔢය ฎြಖຖߣఝ઻ᤣ␊῿ఝ᧵ហ€ന͎ੌ⪮῿ఝ᧵ហߣ€ ᩷˴સोՊຖᠬఝ઻␊῿ఝ᧵ហߣx೩yx῿yᇐᵤᓌc ~એ€೺ఝ઻ᱥဧ€લຖ๫ക€ટӃᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝcಣᓌ̜ࣈ€ብఝ઻ຖ๫xՋy઻␊૾ Ҍc▎ᓌԆࣈ€ብఝ઻લ๫xӃy઻␊‫׊‬Ҍc >@ᗥ͔᪎hཌྷሞ҈ຖၟӷ€ၟӷ҈ຖ᧵‫҈ه᧵€ه‬ຖ͍̐€͍̐҈ຖதበ€தበ҈ຖૅᤗ€ ૅᤗ҈ຖᓛс€ᓛс҈ຖ‫׉‬Өԩcġġ ଁੌxሞyxӷyx‫ه‬yx̐yxበyxᤗyxсyxԩy‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ᱥဧ€લຖ๫ക҈ͅ␊‫ت‬ ఝ͎ࣽcť >@‫׳‬ᖭӨh⢊€ᓄӃ͙೩ᩲcġġx⢊y઻ఝဧ҈␊‫ت‬ఝ͎c >@▎ඥӨhជ๬َᜮc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hَᜮ‫ڙ‬ဧc >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦h᜿ᆸϫಃc >@᫐ῨᲹhಔࣽᮾᣀ๏€ཹ̤౼€᫈୹㱍€̧җ⣮c >@ૹᮯફґh᪅૟ᣐ€Ꮛጐடઐ͎cৣγે€Ꮛ૓டᎫ͎c >@⦡ⴱ෫Ӫ෦hᯊ෋‫ݲ‬൳€નॣᎾᱝcŦ >@୛᲼h۵̛ᕏᨙ€᧬І۫Ꮸ€ᦑ಴৑୛€͔೦᙭ြ˸௢€ཀྵౕᶀြᎺ઺€ᤗᏨ࢑ြ૑਽€ ᭛؆டὩὩြⴅᲊc >@⦡ỜಖӪ෦hઊՍ€⦀ᵤຨَ࢞‫ݞ‬૊ᚈ૟c >@᯻Ჾ˸෹੄ຮᦒhᵸӨ͙ሷ᣾᣺અ૟€᜾ᵤຨઅ๛c >@▎ј᪎ጓh൒͓᮳ࣽ૕͙࿩€଻˴ᪧࣽ๫ᵤ᥷c >@▎᩷‫׳‬૞Ѧᦒh஡͙૟દ€ᵤӃᢐງcŧ ġġ ‫ݲ‬षx๬yxᜮyxဧyxᆸyxಃyx๏yx౼yx㱍yx⣮yxᣐyxેyx෋yxᎾ ᱝyx಴yx᙭yxᶀyx࢑yxὩyxՍyx᜾yx࿩yx᥷yxદyxᢐງy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻€ྲྀ ‫ت‬ఝ͎c ҈x଻yxൖyᇐ઻ຖ‫˴ۋ‬x␊y઻€ટӃᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝட᧵c >@⦡ᙬ᛾෦h଻␊ੌ˶ဪ˹cġġx଻␊yࣽ€x␊ਾଁ଻y͎c >@᫐̧ၟಲ୉մhᩍ৖ລൖ␊ᝬ᩿€ᝬ᩿ລൖ␊ᩍ৖c >@̜ᓛΥӋᮚ෦ъմh҈ಣ‫̧ݲ‬ൖ␊ᤤ្€Ӄᗪ⦁඾ 101

xӹyxດyx໿yxҍyᇐ઻ટයc >@⦡ͭୖໟᓛ྅ૅմh٬૘⬔€લՑ€ӹ␊Ԇ͔ઊc >@▎մhҍ␊ዶ஥̮ໟc ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗྲྀ᩷੿ᓌጓcብx␊y઻ຖଁੌ଻bหb྽‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ो͎ͬ€͛᩷ടͬᓌࡪcᓌࡪᲽ ぽ᩷‫ݳ‬x␊y઻ᲷᦢድӃ͎c ȉ՜˴ഗᥫ঄᩷੿˴ഗnઁட‫ࡵࡵ܈‬ຒြ‫׉‬Өࣽલсಖᓛ€‫܈‬сಖᓛࣽᤗಖૅ€‫܈‬ᤗಖૅࣽલ በಖத€‫܈‬በಖதࣽ̐ಖ͍€‫̐܈‬ಖ͍ࣽલ‫ه‬ಖ᧵€‫ه܈‬ಖ᧵ࣽલପಖၟ€ପၟ੐ሞཌྷoࠌട ૝ᜎcᚾxሞy઻bᚾxበy઻bᚾxсy઻€⇝Ӄ͙Ν␊᮴␊೺ఝ€ຖ␊‫ت‬ఝ€xԩy઻˴ ೩€͎Ӄ͙Ν␊ೲ‫ت‬ఝ€ເᰝ‫ࢅଁا‬cx‫ه‬yx̐yxᤗy̜઻Ꮛᥫ‫׭‬Ν␊ᖺ␊྽઻ߣପఝဧ ц€ࡪ೩␊྽઻ߣઐ૝ဧцc ȉಣx෋y␊xચ෋yហ€⪮ᖺӃ෶઎x῿෋yហသ૳€നxચ෋yហЎԛ‫؜‬અ€Ќᵤ೺ᥫൿ Ν␊‫ت‬ఝ઻c ȉಣဤxᢐງy᮴ੌxӃy€ᵤᥫᔓ৑೺ఝ઻ᱥဧᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝ໫c

ぽఝ઻Мட̜ ~΢๬டၘြ၅ࣽடぽࣽ€˻ぽఝ઻cぽఝ઻ட๬ᵤ٬ֳ೺€ཀྵ๫ु͙ͬ‫ت‬ಖଁ၅€ぽட டᵤຨᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝࣽಣ͎c҈၅ࣽᓖぽఝட๬€ࠪ዗ಖᣫԳ€ࠪ᭐ಖฃԳ€Ӆᵤ෶๫͙ͬࡵட€ ೲЌଁ΀xᜯͬy͎c ぽఝ઻َઋ૝ட๬€ಖᜯͬͭᣫࣽੌМh˻๰૝டᣫ€˻ଁҮடᣫ€˻ଁӷடᣫ€˻ଁ੐ட೺ ᣫc ~˴€ͭ๰૝டᣫࣽ€ಖᜯͬᾫ͙xাy઻␊૾€҈લຖ๫ᤣc ͙xাy␊૾c >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬hԪাၕᶀ᪙€යຖᏚ̐€Ị̍஡ຨಖଁcġġxᶀyࣽ€ͭઋ૝ட๬€ぽఝ઻ ͎€ಖ๰ᶀடᣫxၕy͎€૾͙xাy઻҈લြxᶀy઻c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hੌ␊ᝬ᪅டَࣽެ๬€া࿍டᖭcġġxடyࣽ€xҟy͎€ટぽఝ઻͎€ಖ๰ ૝டᣫx࿍y͎€ཀྵ૾͙xাy઻c >@▎ᦑӨh‫̧׳‬া௴டᤗcġġᓌ੿c >@஥Ѯ͠h౪೧€▗ӷা࿍€‫׳‬ស̧঒€ᵤ෶ໟᗥcġġxা࿍yࣽ€َଁ๰૝டᣫ͎€૮ ຖြxӷy઻c >@୛᲼hြೲѮӋ␊ᙵᲅẟ҈೚டcᏚ๡াỜ຤€࿒သাᤗ຤€᪖૥া඄຤€˹᠏ࣥ୛cġ ġxা୛yxাᤗyxা඄y€ྲَྀଁ๰຤டᣫ͎€஡લx຤y઻c ͙x๰y␊૾c >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦h̏ட€੿ચઍИᄋ€ੌ˴ਾ๰ᄋӨौચ€ާᦘᰝ᳐cġġx๰ᄋӨyࣽ€ َଁ๰ौચடᣫ͎c૾͙x๰y઻҈ᵤ૾͙xাy઻ࣽ€x๰yxাyᚾ઻ᓌጓ€લြxौ ચyᚾ઻c >@⦡̈͊ઐґh๰ಣ⦁ӷԪᎡ€ᵤम̡੾ίҌcġġx๰ಣ⦁yᓌ੿c >@▎hြೲ͔ϊ๰ಲ҈ടcġġx๰ҋಲyࣽ€ َϊଁ๰ടடਿ͎cᔢલxടy઻҈ᦢ͙x҈y઻ࣽ€͙x๰yᔢဧເ૾઻€҈ಖဧ᩷ఝ઻ᓌ ؋c ઁᲿઍ͙x઎yxỞy‫ੌࣽ૾␊઻ݲ‬Գc >@‫੿࢞׳‬hසೡ€઎࿒டഎ€೩ᠼ̧€઎ԩᙬடᤗ€ᵤ೩ᄳ̧cġġx઎࿒yx઎ԩᙬy€ ͭଁ๰૝͎€ᵤ૾xাy҈૾x઎yࣽ€x઎yЌxাy͎c ~̡€ͭଁҮடᣫ€ຖֳఝ઻҈๫૾Գc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hᖭ▪▗␊྅̧€൴ட࿍€मા҈೩‫̧׳‬cġġxमાyࣽ€߱मાᓛcxાy␊ ଁҮடᣫ€ຖֳxमy઻€҈๫૾઻͙ᔐடc΢xҮyxमyx࠻yxᎺy‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ぽఝ઻ ͎€ဧ͙ᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝࣽᭁᨈc͙Үमட๬€ൿुֳ࡝ࣽடぽ€ເxमાy̰मࣽাम€ ᩷xાy๫࠻͎c˻xાyࣽ€ብ͙ͭमࣽাᎺடᣫҌc >@▎h̜मಖᔍ҈ᵤ৑cġġxमಖᔍyࣽ€ᓌ੿c >@‫ݳ‬ၗ̧h࿍΁ሹᦘᣓ҈मਸ̧˻cġġxमਸ̧yࣽ€தҮਸ̧ଁ੐டᣫ͎c >@஥ᦅ੾╺h࿍೚ปᴋ€ࡪြ౮ᡥ€ॏ೚٪੿ፆ€⦀࠻ᗅ€ࡪြ‫ۅ‬යcġġx࠻ᗅyࣽ€म ᗅં͎€ᓌ੿c >@▎ḩমᔍြ᜴ᔍ€ൾြ٪Ө҈இ€࠻ြ౮ᢋடӨ€⬤҆€٬டcġġ xြ౮ᢋடӨyࣽ€ͭ࠻Ѳடᣫ€҈⪮ଁҮடᣫ͎€ཀྵകxՋy઻c 102

>@੅᲼h൴ࢅ࿍Ӌ€߱म߮ᵠc⬔๼ᔄட€伨ẟᙼ⦁€சᏚ࢑垴€඘⡻̜੾ίcġġx߮ ᵠy€ఇ੅ଁҮ͎c >@ᤗ᲼hᦅӋઅ€˼ᱥໟடcम₩ં€ੌ୨ਾ࠻₩҈૓€ચ€ᵤ෶๬€ળြрઍcġġxम ₩yx࠻₩y€ྲَྀଁҮடᣫ͎€ຈ๫૾઻ုᔐԳc >@⦡Ԇફඒhፇॣҋӷ⤰ᵿ€ಲमҹ૤€૞ᗵြ੘€᣶‫ע‬к३ᩲcġġxमҹ૤y€x‫ע‬к ३y€ྲྀͭதҮடᣫ͎c >@᯻⥿᯻෹ຮ঩h૞ടႲ‫€ݞ‬ᜯ҈ҋ€मմ൧ဳ€ᏸြઍ‫ᙿت‬٪€ચ৑Ѳ઄ட᚟€એҊፇ ᗁc >@▎୛᣺ᩃͭhࡪಖ⦁⠥ଁҮ€াᬰ˼৑⤠߮€࠻੢ܶ€޻ૹં€୐झឝ͙⭵ਿ٪€ચௌ ᔍ€Өਓк€मଅয€੿੯ં€๬၍઄டӨ€Ởᾋ⒭ᤧ€⒵⒫ଁૅ€౮ᮾଁẟ€ᏸછџ‫ࡢۮ‬ட ድ€ષಖြ઄ંጇᔄ҈ᓧ೩͎cġġድ᮴ᚾष€ͭಖ⦁⠥ଁҮடᣫ€ྲྀ᳼ぽఝடຖເुͬය€ ຈ๫૾઻͙ᔐԳc >@▗સ╺h޻᣶䋔ᰝ҈઎ֳ‫ا׳‬cġġx઎ֳ‫ࣽا׳‬y€ ⦁Ү‫͎ૅا׳‬cଁҮடᣫ૾͙xֳy઻ࣽ€⪮ᤣဤ͎c ~̜€ͭଁӷடᣫ€ຖֳぽఝ€๫૾઻ࣽᤣ͎€යੌ૾͙xՋy઻ࣽc ๫૾઻ࣽc >@‫̧߱ݳ‬ḩ‫ܨ‬ၕc >@▎̧ⲣhԪাၕᶀ᪙c >@▎╺ⱑḩ৑આᥩc >@▎ᵠ౦ḩட‫ݞ‬٪c >@▎ၗ̧h͔೚๞‫ܨ‬ᤗcġġ˻x‫ܨ‬ၕy€˻xᶀ᪙y€˻x৑આᥩy€˻xட‫ݞ‬٪y€ ˻x‫ܨ‬ᤗyࣽ€ྲྀͭଁҟடϫ҈๫૾઻͙␊ᔐ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhӋடәੌႂಖᧅ̧ြಖଶ҈ட࿍୉ࣽc >@▎▗Өhᵤ෶⡒๛c >@▎h‫̧׳‬டԩᙬc >@▎ᖭ੿hයଶட࿒cġġ˻xட࿍y€˻x⡒๛y€˻xடԩᙬy€˻xட࿒y€ྲَྀଁ ҟடᣫc >@᫐ࡃ૳hවူ‫ܨ‬࿍€ચြཝઍc >@஥ၣ̜h▗̧ᣔເᤗ⥹ৣc >@▎ᦅ੾ťh٬᭐ূ€ছc >@▎ѮМhެ᱔ເ࿍€࿍̧ुடc >@੅᲼h᙭ᇅઋ࿍ட੅c >@୛᲼hԆೡ҈ӷᏇc >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦hഥஉ⛖ԛચẟᶀৢc >@▎h̰হઋடᬈc >@▎̈͊ઐґḧᐘട૞ᙗ€ҋಲӷસᚏc >@▎hΡ⦡ೋ஛€இौಖᎡc >@▎h๬ӷ૊ᵠ€ၘМ੾એೡᵤјc >@▎ḧ൅̰ઓᘪட࠺▗Ꭱc >@▎h࠺▗ടເলc >@▎ᘥ੊Ӫ෦h̰૕ಖୖ྇হடкઍcġġ‫ݲ‬ष΢ଁӷடϫ€ྲྀ๫૾઻c ૾͙xՋyxֳyࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhәᆠӷြٚcġġxြٚyࣽ€ଁӷடϫ͎c᮴षxӷy઻€ ଁӷடϫ๫xՋy઻␊૾€૮കxՋy઻€ટ๫ᵤӃc >@▎h߬ြ⠁؈c >@▎▗Өhᶀြ᪙c >@▎h෭⡒ြ๛cġġ ˻x߬ြ⠁؈y€xӷ⠁؈y͎cxᶀြ᪙yࣽ€xᶀᛌ᪙y͎cx෭⡒ြ๛yࣽ€Ќ੿▪ଁ Չx෭҈⡒๛y͎€ྲྀӃ๫૾઻␊૾͎c >@᫐ӷᏚhಔࣽ੘᪁ुြ᪙඘c >@▎⩎ંhў߸҈૞๬€ӷြಲ੘c >@▗᫐̜੾̡hြೲ๰ಖَ҈垴டc垴ட๫䣃‫€ا‬ӷֳӋࡼ҈҅c >@੍ၣ੾Ԇhᴋ྅̧౭ລᛌြᴋc >@஥សМhᖀͨલՖᳯ€૞ӷြ੘€ҋӷြѲ€᣶ӷြථᡥ€ಲӷြ๫ᅤc >@▎ᦅ੾hԫ൳ᒣ҈⧲€৑ြᩯc >@▎ᦅ੾˴hᤗઆ̧ખbાହṻલӷြᴋ€ᔍြ૞ᔍcಖ⩹€ԫᬃ㵭ӷြҋ඘c 103

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~ᜯͬੌͭ๬டࣜടࣽ€ᾫલぽఝ҈૾͙xাy઻␊ೲ€x๰yx઎yᚾ઻ટᔐဧԳc ťಖͭ๬டଁᓌ࡝ࣽ€ટલぽఝ҈ብx᩷y઻ೲ૾c ૾͙xাyc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h͙␊ᤆடೞাಣടᩲcġġxাಣyࣽ€xᤆyxೞyடࣜട͎€ ҈લֳxടy઻cxടy€ぽఝ઻c >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦h͔ૂடХ€೩াசᢺcŦġġxাசᢺyᓌ੿cx೩yઐ‫ت‬ఝ઻e҈␊xᓷ ೩yடጓ€Ꮛぽఝ઻ᩲc >@⦡એᓛᮇो঩hએᓛடࣇাಣᆠcġġxাಣyࣽᓌ᮴cxᆠy€ぽఝ઻͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hઊ౯۩͛াҮဳᆠc >@ૹ▪‫܃‬෦hӷ‫ݞ‬ફ‫̰€آ‬૭‫׉‬Өऺᓛྲྀઅ᪎ᇭુ€া▪‫␊܃‬டᆠմc >@▎ᛸཝ෦hཀྵ༻ൖட๬͎€⠢ឝ᮳া૜೚ᆠc >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦hᎾԩடสඥᙈ€ᭁাྱ૳͎c >@᯻⥿Ӌ‫ו‬⣿঩hཀྵ૦ድःਾட⦁€͛া‫̧׳‬ᆠc >@▎சઍ̮ຖ⑏h٪டᙶা߽ଁ⠣ᆠcġġྲྀເ᮴c ૾͙x઎yc >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦h‫ݲ‬຀᱋઎ಣೞc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hடᏋ͙␊‫נ‬๫ᮬᇐ€၅઎്ᆠcġġx઎yᓌxাy઻€ፇᓌ੿c ૾͙x๰yc >@୛᲼h૮Ӌ‫܈ه‬ପ˹€લ๰ᙵᆠcġġx๰yᓌxাy઻€ፇເ᮴cເͬࣜടடᣫ€ൿ ૾xՋy઻c>@⦡એᓛᮇो঩hཀྵ࡙ೞြҋඹ€ਣടြᩅcġġ˻xҋඹy€ ˻xᩅyࣽ€ྲྀϫ଻€࡙bਣೞടடᣫ͎c >@▎೧ो঩hයӋХடೞ€ടြᔖ௅cġġxᔖ௅yટӋХଁೞடᣫ͎€ཀྵ૾xՋy઻҈ຖ ఝ઻c ය>@એᓛᮇोմh੅டફဧূ൧ೞ€ૹடೞাᓥૹcġġxဧূ൧yࣽ€Ќx͙ূ൧y͎€ ೲxূ൧y̰x੅yடଁ͙xೞy€҈⪮xଁြೞy͎cxাᓥૹyຖֳxೞy઻ࣽ€xૹட ೞyͅ␊˴‫€ڠ‬xাᓥૹyᜯͅ˴ഗ€҈xাy઻Ꮛဧເఝ઻ᩲc ૾͙x͙yc >@▎ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦hᎫᥩട͙ᗪ⦁ཀྵcġxᗪ⦁yͭᎫᥩࣜടடཀྵ€ཀྵ૾x͙y઻c೩૾઻ Ჽc ૾͙x᩷yc >@‫׳‬ඥӨh‫̧׳‬ᵤ᩷ॏ೚َ€ॏ೚ᵤ㏗€˻hn‫ݲ‬Ֆ̧ྲྀ᩷≖َ€‫਀̧׳‬ᵤ᩷≖َ€ೲ᲻≖ ͎coġġxَy઻ຖͭଁَࣽ€Ꮛ␊೺ఝ઻e૮ᵤͭଁَࣽ€ᏋxَyสxዹΠyடጓ€҈ ␊ぽఝ઻ᩲcଁ᩷ዹΠࣽ€xॏ೚y͎€x≖y͎€ಖᜯ͎ͬ€૾͙x᩷y઻҈લԳc >@▎hॎ‫ס‬᩷ਾᓌҌcġġx᩷ਾyເ੿c >@▎hಖᧅᔎଁ᩷垴ੑࣽcġġxଁ᩷yࣽ€ᓌ垴ੑடਾ͎c >@▎᭑Өh๾᩷ዑਾᣫ€ເ͙๛̈́๛᎝ળြᗧ⏗͎c >@▎hಣԆਾࣽટੌ᱋̧டૅ€Ꮛᵤ᩷டଶᩲc >@▎࢞੿hᔢ᩷ட൞᪎€ୗ௎டᩲc >@▎ᦑ੿hઊՖ̧ଁमࣽൖ€ଁ᧊ࣽᝬ€੿Ө᩷‫׉‬ϫᓌ߸€ি˻͓ᗔட඾ >@▎ᦑӨhਾட᩷ᣠ᱘ာࣽ€ເ‫߬ٹ‬ᖔc >@▎ᐘ੿hઁடਾ᩷ᎻแᏚ€ཀྵ෶Ꮪ͎c >@▎ᖭ੿hത␊ՕՕය᩷Ҋ̑૛๻‚ >@▎ᦑ੿h‫ס‬டုⳁ઄டઍ€᩷ઈ҄ု€᩷૤ᚽ୉cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗᜯͬ€͙x᩷y઻␊૾ࣽ€ྲྀ ᩷ടͬᓌ࡝˴๬͎ࣽ€ཀྵฎલఝ઻ࣽಣ͎c >@஥ᦅ੾Мhͨ‫࢜ݲ‬垴ੑ̈́ᖋ€ᵤ᩷௺ᓌc >@▎ស̡੾╺hԫ൳ᬞ᩷࿍̧ᆆc >@▎h‫ڟ‬᩷Ֆட˹࿠c >@⦡એᓛᮇो঩h҈ථ▗በ۩€૞᧸ӷѲ€Ꮛ᩷ᤗၣԫ▪ઍᓛ൳൅෾ᩲc >@▎ᘥ੊Ӫ෦hԪᔄୖ̫૳⪮Ρࣽ€ഝ᩷⛖cġġxഝ᩷⛖yࣽ€xഝ᩷ட⛖y͎c >@▎ԩᎫՖӪ෦h‫܆‬᩷ੑ૎ᔍӨ̡੾ਾแc >@⦡⤠ՖӪ෦h▗᩷Π€ᵤাၟ䥬ட᮴ြᥤ͎c >@▎໿ᗸᦒhҊፇᤡයຖຨ᩷ᝬ⛖c >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦hઊःਾࣽ€ᵤೂଢ଼ြཌྷ€҈෶᩷྅ሑಗc >@᯻㪣㪔ᢙh૮டଁᢙ€᩷ಣ̐ᓌc >@▎ۨᬲᖋᢙh⛬หԛ૝€૟᩷ઁᰗc >@▎੿ᣱ℡࿐hಖ˴ਾࣽᏋ⩹டᔄᩲ€ᨗ᩷௺ࡉ€๬᩷‫€ֱآ‬຀᧸⧲டc 107

>@▎੿ૉໟᦒh૮ଁ͙շ̈́ੑ€ᨰᏡᢹ€⥣૤ட᩷ᣫ€⒵⒫ட᩷ု€ᓒা͙ಖதᵤ෶᩷‫آ‬๰ ўཕ໤€ཀྵච͍াϯ҈ᵤᑺԳc >@▎‫׳‬૞Ѧᦒhк֧ፇᏚ͎€᩷ᵸӨߪ€ᣮᩲcġġ‫ݲ‬षᜯ͙ͬx᩷y઻␊૾ࣽ€ྲྀલఝ ઻€ଁ͙ࡵಖ๬ட᩷ടͬᓌ࡝͎c ȉӨ҂ଁ᪍டဤઍ€ੌͭࣜടடᣫ҈૾͙xՋyᇐߣf೩>@͙ࡪМဤġg€՜ᗁ‫୾ޞ‬ԅc ȉಣဤxাy઻ຖြぽఝ€᩷᮴҂ࢅࡵnᾫલぽఝ҈૾͙xাy઻oᵤᇒc

଻઻ಙఝ઻ ~᮴‫͛ͬुݳ‬ຖఝ€҈ᜯͬᏋલຖ๫ᤣcӷ଻઻ᵤ␊ुbᜯᚾͬ€҈ብ͙ಙఝ઻ࣽ€Ꮛ͛ લଁಙcఝ઻டӃಙࣽ€ぽ೺˴͎€ಣ᩷ᨸࡪᲷଁ‫ݳ‬ᓌဤcť >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hྪᎁᏋ֔ί຤຤઄ચቫ᳼cġġَxເᓜቫட᳼y͎cxቫy଻઻€ લြx᳼y઻€͙ಙಖ෻᳼டࣈcx᳼y઻ဧ␊‫ت‬ఝ઻c >@▎̈͊ઐґḧ᫐⅚ುട᰷€̈൅ટ⅚ುട᰷€ᤣ͙தᦳమ࠺▗cġġَxதເ᪁ᦳட❸ మ࠺▗y͎cxᦳy଻઻€લxమy઻€͙ಙಖ஥ॏ❸మட્cxమy೺ఝ઻͎c >@▎ກ⦦෦h⩎஠ᏋያᎻ઄ᄕcġġَx༻Ꮋ઄ઍᄕปy͎cx઄y଻઻€લx℄y઻€͙ ಙᄕปடᣫc >@▎֥ᘦӪ෦hᘦ␊ਾᆁาृᗥ€҂໹ᵤ෶્ਾடमcġġَx঄҂໹᣿y͎€ટ͙ಙ໹᣿ டખᮯ͎c ⦡ૹ໫ಣࣽᴤ⛎ླྀᯊ͎c >@⦡ͭஊӋᡴ෦մhြೲ̰෋ઍ͔ઊᥫ᧥㽂ᖡҋӋ€๫▪ᦒ€˶ໝ˻c >@▎சҌӪ෦մhͣᤄ᲍ෙ€͙ൗᎡ᭶c >@▎౦ᜲӪ෦մhᏋਾཌྷᛌட€⍧ӷ҈໳ࣥc >@▎մh຃Ⴋ͍Ⴜ€ચᵤ߽֔ί€ᵤኸ୨ृࣽ€ढ़ૄᎨ͎c >@▎੍᧜Ֆ෦մhỜட᜿մᙕ҈ᵤ۶⊝c >@▎ᆠᤃઐґմh৑Ꮛ͍⪮€ચᏋ௅ᢙc >@▎᙭ԩ྅ૅմhઆ᷁҂ᴑ೦䫿ြ᙭ԩc >@ૹဠ൹෦մhൕ൳ᓖ෭ચ€ᮯફ຃⥿டcŦ >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦մh▗ଁ૟ࣽ೰੾ఘ€ྲྀ҂‫͙و‬ຨ്ᤇc >@▎ു྅ૅմh૮Ӌၟԫட૲‫҈€ڙ‬ᵤাၟുடम€ೲ຃‫͎ݳ‬c >@▎ௌၲӪ෦մhԪᰔࣽ຃ბடc >@▎ᙬ᛾Ӫ෦մhයૹӋടЅᓥ€ᘔᲉ‫׉‬Өc >@▎᙭ԩ྅ૅմḧӋ␊ਾ᧵ԛՓൾᢊ€͛ぽໟ‫܂‬c >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦մhӷᏋ޴‫ڃ‬兒‫ا‬ឝշ€ፇྲྀᔰᛁcŧ >@▎մhයႃ ௝ടc >@▎hఘ⬔฾Ӫ෦մhәᔄ‫׉‬Өடᤆ€੐ြ੽ᤋ€ᵤ੐ြᛛጓcઁ૮˴͎c >@▎ఇ੅Ӫ෦մh୛धߞఙ҈ᵤ෶ઝc >@▎சྃӪ෦մhᥤᇢᤣ઄டᙴ€͛໹‫׉‬Өட᧌c >@▎ఘ⬔฾Ӫ෦մhઊങႆடᆁ€ᵝᚳ҈᪁ᓉ€๰டເᆆᓸc >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մhࠌ‫˴پ‬ӎ€‫׉‬Өட˹€մᢐᜫ᭤€౮ᅉྰ᧽c >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦մh੿ુ͔ઊ᩷டᓌӪ€᠏ᨖ҈͍ેಖ෶c >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦մh௴ઍ๬‫ྲྀا‬Ꭴਾ⨟ͨ€ͨཀྵᎤਾໝடeӷြၫ൅€ᓛ˹⨟ͨ€ͨཀྵᓛ˹ໝ டc >@▎̈͊ઐґh‫ݲ‬൳⦦᧝€ާᖤ૨ႆᦽ෋டc >@ૹᦒങႆ෦մhմ၏ᥤᇢc >@▎ໟເ෦մhմ੊ᜫᓉc >@▎඄᥼ૹ෦մh೩૟ϊ૳c >@▎ҝᰝໟເ෦մh‫ݞ‬Ჷ㣵⨆c >@▎ᰝẟ෦մh҈‫ڰ‬ኜ̦ᓌc >@▎ങႆ෦մhⳁ৑ᜣᡫc >@▎ઍ઄Ӌ෦մh⭜৐ࠊ಻c >@▎᙭̈෦մh‫׉‬Өմᢐ᤬ᥫ€ᦐ኎҈ᮯ๰c >@▎͹ଲ෦մhฝᰗ࿦ടc >@▎յખ෦մh૮ंӨౕࣷc >@▎Ӌ௿෦մh̜༛ᗬᙲ঱ടc >@▎͹ଲ෦մh‫͙܈‬዇ᣵ͔ᰗcŨ 108

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>@▎ẏ੾̡hԫ೚੐ⅴ₾டᔐc >@▎hᦢட৐൴੐ԫᎡc >@▎ស੾Ԇhंә۶੐Өϊc >@᯻੿ြᦅᵠᦒhಖཀྵ੐Өடਾ᪆ಖ෶ᵤ઴౏ಖ੿€੿டਾ᪆ಖฎᵤ઴ఙಖӨc >@▎⥿‫ו׳‬⣿঩hಖӅ੐߆ኸ҈ᓒ૛டcġġ‫ଁݲ‬षx੐y઻ຖ€ࠪ␊଻€ࠪ␊‫␊ࠪ€ڠ‬ ዼ€ྲྀ๫૾઻c ૾͙xՋy઻ࣽc >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦h૊੐▗̧෶ᮆਾடᓏ͎‚ġġ धմx▗̧෶ᮆਾடᓏ੐ြത͎‚yx૊yಙ઻€ੌxြതyடጓ€ಣ␊x੐yடᜯͬc᩷ >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿hշ੐ಖ␊Ꮋ⬔๼͎‚ġġᓌ˴ഗц€xշyය઻€ટੌxြതyடጓcଁ षᚾ‫€ڠ‬஡␊x੐y઻ടͬc ӷ>@ᗥ͔᪎h͍ᵤ੐ԳcġġxԳyห઻€ጓxြಣy͎€҈␊x੐yடᜯͬc >@ૹဟ࿿෦h૊ᠬٚ€અ؋଻€੐ြॐ൴cġġxြॐ൴y€x੐yடᜯͬc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hᤇᚌ੐ြ⭜ц€Ԁ᣺੐ြ્᭸€ͅᔤ੐ြࢧᚧcġġ̜x੐y઻ຖଁੌ଻ ઻€ྲྀ͙xՋy઻૾Գc >@஥ស̡੾͠hໝ၅๧ᤆ€६࣓સᛱ€ြೲֳ੐ᩲcġġxြೲy̡઻ᔢલx੐y઻€̰ᜯ ͎ͬc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hฤ⦦டଁ఑€੐ြ̅ᲤᇜᲹc >@▎hઆ̧ட᮳€੐ြἓ‫༻܁‬᩷߂஥ॏcġġᚾषx੐y઻€ಖຖ˴␊଻઻€˴␊ఝ઻€ྲྀ ੌxՋy઻͙૾Գc >@᯻᭢ૅᙲ૟ષಙhዶເᦑஹಖਾ€ᦑຨಖϫ€੐ြᓛ‫ڙ‬ᵤ␊ੌμcġġx੐yຖ଻઻€ટ ͙xՋy઻␊૾c x੐y઻டြഗ͎€ੌᵤࡵᦒࣽc >@v੅᲼whәᔄ᠏଻ࣽြ๛€᠏୯ࣽြ੒cġġधَx੐ြ๛yx੐ြ੒y͎c >@v᫐"ࡃ૳whਾடଁ६ᰘࣽ€ᖽᥤட੿€垴ੑடᔐ€҈ᵤၟ␊டᡖࣽ€म͎cġġध մxਾடଁ६ᰘࣽ€੐ᖽᥤட੿€垴ੑடᔐyՉcಣഗຈ๫૾઻€යᏋ͛ੌᓌֳఝ઻ࣽᙦ҈ન ᦒ€ጓ͙x੐y઻€ြហᰒўc ~ಖિᓌఝ઻␊൏b໫ᇐ઻cӷເb௎ᇐ઻€ᔢ␊ಙ઻€҈ಖဧ᩷ఝ઻๫ᰗ€ટӃӪ৑ ᓌఝ઻͎cť ൏c >@‫ݳ‬ዑᤠh䭞ᰳ൏ᵤᣌࣽcġġ᥼ໜhnx൏y€x໫y͎€x᪇y͎coཀྵxᵤᣌࣽy€ Ӄ␊x൏yடोͬc >@᫐⩎ંh‫ڙ‬ઍᓛட੐੘ぽ€ᵤ൏㫂਻ட੐͔ৎֳ‚ġġxᵤ൏y̡઻€ଁ͙ࢧَ᮴ຖᚾ‫ڠ‬ டᵤໟᓌ͎c္͙xֳy઻€Ꮛ࢑ᔎ҈␊ᶀࢧடఛc >@஥ẏ੾hnἛΩ൏ৣcoዹ˻hnટ൏Ֆcoġġᚾx൏y઻ຖ€˴ห˴଻c >@⦡ୖໟᓛ྅ૅhՖ൏ᵤ٬͎cġġයᏋx൏y઻ຖࠪ␊଻઻€ࠪห઻€ࠪ‫ྲྀڠ‬Ӄ€ಣಖଁ ͙ᓌֳఝ઻͎c ໫c >@Ờ᲼hઊཌྷ૨ໟ໫҈⪮͎€છ᫥டౖ͎൏⁁€ᙸ਺ட᭢͎൏ᦼ€ଷ⭜ᗉ᪇€‫ݞ‬ઊ໫̛€ಣ ྲྀ൏ட҈⪮͎ࣽcġġَ̜x൏y઻€ᚾَx໫y઻€ྲྀੌໟฬட᧵€ཀྵᚾ઻ဧцટᓌc >@஥᫐╺h˻hn⪮Ֆ͎€ᵤ໫coġġxᵤ໫yࣽ€xᵤ໫Ֆy͎c >@ᓛ᲼hӋ໫‫܈‬૭௎␊டcġġधմxӋ൏‫܈‬૭௎␊டy͎c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hԪଁ␊€᛾ਾგલၟட€μုಖཌྷ€ೲ໫ੌ͙Ԫ࣭࢞டࣽcġġx໫ຖ˴ ‫␊͙€ڠ‬ोͬcೲᏋx໫y઻ຖࠪ଻઻€ࠪห઻€ࠪ‫ྲྀڠ‬Ӄc ය>@ૹᦒ᛾‫ײ‬෦hઊಗϊ๻ฤ€෋‫׉‬Өᓋ͍҈ዑ⦁€໫⪮ฤ⦦டଁ෶␊͎cġġx໫y઻஌ สxྲྀy઻€යጓสx൏y઻€Ꮛఛ᧵༕ᑗ€ટ๫ᵤӃc >@᯻Ჾᣱઅடᦒh⧲া६ଁ‫ڠݰ‬ட€̰໫ြⲞᛮடఛcġġx໫yຖ͙xՋy઻␊૾€ြហ ટўc ය>@೪ఌ␊᯻ࡊ஽ΥྡᏋմh␊▪ͬ€˴ೢ᩿ලᙊΡ€ᵤ໫᭒ᤣcġġ Ꮛx໫y઻ຖຈ๫xՋy઻␊૾ᩲcᭁx໫y઻ຖເՍ଻઻€Ӄ૾xՋy઻€௎‫€ڠ‬ ૾͙xՋy઻Ꮛᵤў͎c xເy઻␊ဧᵤ˴€҈สxᓌyx௎yடጓࣽ€ಖຖྲྀੌ଻bหᇐ઻͙␊ुͬ€ࠪ␊ोͬટ Ӄ€᩷ఝ઻๫ᰗ€ཀྵӪ৑ᓌఝ઻cx௎y઻ટයc

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ເc >@⦡ᘥ੊Ӫ෦hચ᱆ৢ€ႚຮ垴ੑ๰ુ€ເૹӋုcġġxເૹӋုyࣽ€x᩷ૹӋုໟ ᓌy͎c >@▎ൾᡥՖӪ෦hລᆇເཀྵcġġxເཀྵyࣽ€x᩷᮴๫ᰗy͎c >@▎᧥ફઐґh‫ه‬ເ⬔َ€ᵤ۶᧯ຒc >@▎ḧ͊෋ਾஇໝᡂӋ€ᡂӋ˻hnເ‫܆‬coġġxເ⬔َyࣽ€xᓌ⬔ଁَy͎€xເ ‫܆‬yࣽ€xҕଁ‫܆‬y͎cટੌxᤗyxᓌyட᧵c >@▎ᙬ᛾෦hઆᏅટໝເடcġġxເடyࣽ€x᩷டᓌy͎c >@▎̈͊ઐґhᯘ௡҈؋᧥ເಣ€નੌ໿൳டᣒcġġxເಣyࣽ€xᓌ᮴ଁՉy͎c >@‫͎ূݳ‬hၟடࣽᵤເႄடࣽ€ႄடࣽᵤເᏚடࣽcġġxᵤເyࣽ€xᵤᓌy͎€ཹఛ ͎cೲᏋ΢َxເடതyxເതyxເೲyᇐΠ€ྲྀಣဤ͎c ௎c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h຀௎ਾَ€‫ۻ‬ใ҅€ॐ౤૚e᧥᪁ᦑ€ॐӞ᭡e๥ᓛ‫࣭€؝‬әহc‫׉‬Өԛ સ€ͨᓒ঄૚cġġx຀௎ਾَyࣽ€x‫ه‬ເਾَy͎c >@᫐⩎ંhᔄ⦁Ҋ͙␊⩹Ԛ௎ࣽ€ͨட΀͎c >@▎h‫ڙ‬ਾடଁၟ€௎௎ಖଁᵤၟeಖ૳ட‫€آ‬ᵤ௎ન૳ட‫آ‬cġġx௎y᩷xᵤ௎yࣽ€ Ќxເy᩷xᵤເy͎cೲᏋ΢َxത௎yxຆ௎yࣽ€ϱಣᩲc ȉᰝ‫ࢅا‬hnӷxເyx௎yᇐ઻ᔢ␊ಙ઻€҈ಖဧ᩷ఝ઻๫ᰗ€ટӃӪ৑ᓌఝ઻͎o€՜ೲ ࢅ˴྆ͬӃ͙ᓌ‫آ‬Ꭿြᚾ྆ͬ໫€՜൵ࢅਜ⪮ᤣᵤ֭cເ຀ӅႤ՜ഃ྆઻⠣Ꭿᚾ྆ͬ໫€ᥫ‫׭‬ ͙ဧцᵤᓌ␊ኒᆛcເ຀િຖ҂ੌ଻bห઻fഠჺဧա଻઻ߣ‫ڠ‬gྋुͬfഠჺḈ੿य़ߓgࠪ ᜯͬ€િ᱆ೲఝ઻eເ຀િຖ҂ೲఝ઻b྽઻fഠჺજԅྏӃสx൏ߣyࠝߣxࣽy઻g€િ ᱆ೲಙ઻c

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>@஥ᴼ̡hલ␊டᏸ€▎Գຨઅ‚ŧġġxԳຨઅyࣽ€Ќxതຨ೩અ␊આ̧y͎€ ཀྵxઅy઻੐xຨy઻ຖ€ટᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝᩲcŨ ಣ͙੿َxӃyxᵸyᚾ‫׊‬ఝ઻c ȉxᔄy␊೺ఝ઻€ᵤഠჺxຨycӨ>@xӃຨੑy€ᰝ‫ا‬ጓสnxӃyxຨyᚾ‫׊‬ఝ઻ ࠌဧocೲc ȉಣഗxᜮyຖᎫ‫ކ‬xࡔy઻€૮ᗔc ȉ>@ષᎯ~Ჷc ȉ՜˴ᲷᎫ૝षဤࡪ঩ଖఠ€૮ส‫ܨ‬঄Φ๝cᰝ‫ا‬ዹ՜ಳဤഗઍఘӅఝͬߣᆁᴑ€ੌߣࢅೲ‫ت‬ ఝ€ੌߣࢅೲ೺ఝ€இ઒ྰ˴྆ぽఝ€ੌᘣྲ૝ჱઋ€ຈ೰ଁસᆁᴑ▎ᵤᦑᑂ঄c>@xᖤ ੑyxᖤဧyߣxᖤyೲ೺ఝe>@ߣടͬೲห઻xೲy€ዹြિ€xَyᵤೲ‫ت‬ఝe>@ߣ ടͬೲx଻y€ዹຑિ€x६yᵤೲ೺ఝ҈ೲ‫ت‬ఝe>@x␊Ḛyߣx␊yᵤೲ‫ت‬ఝ҈ೲଁ΀ ᚧͬfࢧͬgc ~΢ఝ઻␊෶઻ଁ‫€ࣽ׊‬ᾫ⪮‫ت‬ఝ€͙x෶y઻ࡵੌ෋යட᧵c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h᯼෶˴ட‚ġġx˴y€೺ఝ઻€ຖֳx෶y઻€ੌx෋ட␊˴yடጓc >@▎࢞Өhͨ෶␊Ֆᘼ੽ϫ€ણ঵᥵cġġx෶ᘼyx෶ણyࣽ€ྲྀੌx෋යyட᧵c >@஥ᙦ੾˴hᨈਾੌ᭿€ᵤ෶଼ᆺ€҈෋ጢಖ˶ြМਿ€ಖଞ෶ଵੌެֳ >@஥ẏ੾̡hಖՖ෶Өਾ€͛෶ൾဧಖᎻᩲc >@᫐⩎ંhӷຒࣽ€ୠୗ෶ไ€ંୗ෶޽€૓ᮮୗ෶ે€ᣎᵝୗ෶ᙲc⪮΀ಖృட͎€َᨕ ֳ૊ᯅ€૑ြᗩᗊ€ঀြઋ᱆€⩹ட෶ે͎cġġ‫ݲ‬षx෶y઻€ଁ‫ྲྀࣽ׊‬೺ఝ઻͎c >@ᗥઍ᥷h࡜‫׉‬Өӷ‫␊€ه‬෶ᦑಖᆁ€෶ᦑಖᆁ€Ꮛ෶ᦑਾடᆁcmmՉՉcġġx෶ᦑಖ ᆁyࣽ€धմx࢑ເ෶ᦑಖᆁy͎cҮ૳ૅЌ͙x෶y઻ੌዶ࢑ட᧵cᵤၟ΢ᎊሹடഗ€ࠪ‫ث‬ ⡏᮴▪€ເx෶ᦑಖᆁyட໫€ྲྀૐੌዶ࢑டΠᰳ€ᵤ͙͛ဧx෶y઻␊ය͎c >@஥Ѯ̡੾એh෶౦̧ध€␊᧥‫ا‬ຖ€ᛲԆ֔ᥣc >@᯻ԩ३ҋ᜻hլᵤ෶૟૟€ಖത͙೩ြ඘ᥩ >@▎᪱▗๬ಙhຏᵤ෶૟Ֆ€෶͙ә૟▗ֳ‚▗෶૟ຏ€҈ੌᵤ෶૟Ֆֳ‚ġġ‫ݲ‬ष‫ଁ€ڠ‬ ੌx෶mmֳy€ྲྀੌዶ࢑˶ᰳc >@▎੿சླྀ᭹ᇊ̡ᦒhј௎ਊ๖€Ꮛ๫ᯅᠱடԀ€⧲෶☬ሼ€Ꮛ஢ୈ᭹ட℡cġġҮ૳ૅ͙ ഗぽx௎yx෶yᚾ઻ӈဧ€Ќ͙x෶yጓx௎y᩷x௎෋yடࡵࠒ€ᭁ౽૪ᖡ႓ட೩͎c x࡜yx෶y̡઻ࠌ␊ᤣ€᮴‫ݳ‬x␊y઻€᧵ੌનᦑ€૮⛎ष͙ࡵடc >@ᗥઍ᥷h࡜‫׉‬Өӷः€␊෶ಞࡵᤰၟᵸ͙ੌ޻͎mmՉՉcġġ x␊෶y̡઻ໟࠌ᩷੿x࡜y઻ໟᥫ€ઍ᥷ਊဧடcᭁx␊y઻ᚧఛ͎c >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿hብ˹␊෶cġġ˴ഗ€᩷ಣ̐ᓌc >@᫐⩎ંhᔢය€ઊ໹͔ઈ€⨰͔Ꭾࣽ€࡜ͨ෶͎€ཀྵ͙Ꭴ͓ᵤᖤ␊͔ᖤ͎c␊͔ᖤࣽ€࡜ ःਾ෶டcťġġಣ᩷ઍ᥷ഗцृᰗc >@▎ၟಲ୉h࡜๫ଁᣐࣽ€␊෶᩷ਾໟ൴⡻c >@ஊΠhു‫ڃ‬ஊ€੿Ἓ੿ᓛ€ાᴋ᪙ၕ᙭᭜࿪̛டເྲྀ৑๛cઊብ෶Өಖंә͙᭤ಖ࣭ཀྵ ͎cġġᚾषx࡜yx෶yடഗ€˴ੌx␊y઻€˴๫டc ť>@ઍᚾx෶y઻€ӷृᇊ̡྆x෶y઻ᥫೲ೺ఝ઻€⪮‫׊‬ఝ઻c ~ຨc >@‫▗׳‬Өhᵤຨԛ҈டᮯ̣‫ا‬ીԳc >@▎hຨ෹ᓌ๛⬤᣺cġġxຨyጓເx෶y઻€ཀྵxԛyx෹yᚾ઻€ྲྀ␊xຨy઻ଁ‫׊‬ ͎c >@஥ẏ੾̡hᵤሼ€ᦢட৐൴੐ԫᎡ€ӃຨੑֳġġxӃyxຨyᚾ‫׊‬ఝ઻ࠌဧ€ ຈ‫׊‬xੑy઻c >@▎ᦅ̜੾˴h⣧࿪૟டᵤᔈ҈નຨ೩€▎ᵤࡗᔄ૽€નၟ೩‫آ‬c >@▎Ѯ˸h௎Ѧᖀட€ೲ៛Ֆᙝြ௱௿͎€ೲᨈ͔ઊᵤຨӪ‫͎ౌݲ‬cᵤ૑࡜ೲ€▎෋ᓟ᩺ಖ લՖ€൴ᵤຨ␊ᨈՖ୨€ಖఱ͙ລᩲc >@᯻‫ݳ‬३ҋಙh᪅ઊ०ᐔᵤຨ૊୙c >@▎๬ᴤhԪᵤ⛆्̧டᵤຨ੹ြಖ๼͎cġġxຨy઻ຖ‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ᾫ␊೺ఝ҈␊ଁ‫͎׊‬c ť ȉᰝ‫ݲࡪ͙@>ࢅا‬ဤnxຨy઻ຖ‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ᾫ␊೺ఝo€೛ͅᔎᏫc>@ߣx೩yເสxሹ ೩yࠝ€ೲ‫ت‬ఝ€>@ߣx୨yළ᭒ъสx඗୨yࠝ€ Ꮛೲぽఝ€>@ߣx੹yสx␋ႇyࠝ€ೲ‫ت‬ఝc

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>@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿hӞ౫ᵤΦ€Ꮛᦱᵤ෶͙ઍၗcġġ̜षx෶͙yྲྀᓌ੿c ຨ͙c >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦h੅͙ᵤἓસᆵఇ€૭඄᧥ຨ͙ߝઅ೘ૡ€া෋‫ڃ‬Ꮾcġġ xຨ͙ߝઅyࣽ€धմx͙ᵤἓસᆵఇடཀྵ€ ඄᧥෶ߝઅy͎cxຨ͙y᩷x෶͙yᓌጓcብxຨ͙yᚾ઻€Ү⦡ᵤਊ೩€ཀྵᵤ૨षc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉ>@xӃy᩷x͙yᵤࠌ€x͙y઻ҝͬೲxಖਿy€ᵤೲഗߣടͬc ~▎‫׊‬ఝ‫€઻ݲ‬ટӃᱥဧ€҈๫ಖિఝ઻␊ᝡࣽ€ᭁଁ‫׊‬ఝ઻ԛ೩᮴▪€ ཀྵᵤ‫َ͎ث‬c᮴▪๫ଁ‫׊‬ఝ઻҈ટᱥဧࣽ€Ꮛ⪮‫׊‬ఝ઻ᩲc xӃy઻ᱥဧc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhә㎇ಖՖӃֳ‚ġġxӃֳyࣽ€xӃ㎇ಖՖֳy͎cx㎇y઻੐᮴€ ཀྵxӃy઻ᔢᱥဧ€҈ಖຖ঄ੌx㎇y઻᧵€ᵤَ҈Ḛc >@▎ᐘ੿h˻hnത઎ၟԪӃ͎‚oġġxӃy઻ຖੌxἈᎻyட᧵c >@஥ẏ੾˴hӋ˻hn᮳඾Ԫનடᔄ͎€ᶀட€Ӄֳ‚o >@▎ᦅ̡੾͠h‫૳׉‬Ԇ༙€Ꮋງဧட€᥮˴ᵤӃc >@▎ѮԆhӃc᫅ੌಖฟ€തཀྵᵤӃ‚ >@▎સ˸h௎๰Ֆࣽ€Ꮛಫ҈ચࣽ৑Ӄ͎€ᨉ҈ચࣽ๬Ӄ͎c >@▎᫐౪h᳁᧲Ԫсြ᧥⁅€෋ໟӃ͎c >@▎ស̡੾̡h୯҈ဧட€ᙛᚔӃ͎€ᯛࣇପઢ€࿖ひӃ͎c >@᫐⩎ંhයᏋԪ͔‫׉‬ϫ҈͓ᦍજӃֳ‚ >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦h͛੅ᓛடଁ૳යຖӃc >@▎ᦀྖӪ෦h೰͙˴ᔟடཀྵ€⥹஑੅ட᳝€ᵤӃc >@▎Ꮎ᛾Ӫ෦hሑಣઢ͎€ᔢ᩷ೡ೧᠏ખӃ͎c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h૮҈ੌम€ફ૭᥮டӃ͎€⧲டӃ͎€ᖀட҅Ӄ͎€‫ڃ‬டӃ͎c௎ઊ૞ភட€ Սϝட€ᇆடҝᨉ€‫ۂ‬டບુ€ҝᨉ͓⦦€ЇᎥ҈ឧᲉட€ଣ⪮ଁ͙૭Ꭴᥧ೩͎c >@‫ݳ‬લјḩ͓⌐࿖҈ߗடӃ͎cġġ‫ଁݲ‬षxӃy઻€ࠪᓳ‫€҃ࠪ€઻׊‬๫ᵤᱥဧ€҈ଁ ‫׊‬ఝ઻Ў੐᮴▪€ཀྵᵤ‫َ͎ث‬c xᵸy઻ᱥဧᵤᤣ೩c x෶y઻ᱥဧc >@஥▪˸hn෶๬ֳ‚o˻hnᵤ෶con෶๬͔૟ֳ‚o˻hn෶coġġᚾᲾଁᔎ€˴ ˻xᵤ෶y€˴˻x෶y€x෶y઻ྲྀᱥဧcᭁ᪼ଁ‫׊‬ఝ઻Ќx๬y઻€ԛ੐᮴▪€ཀྵᵤ‫َث‬ Ҍc >@‫࢞׳‬Өhઊຓ๬ࣽ€িਾଁᵤ෶඾ġġxଁᵤ෶yࣽ€Ќxຓ๬yҌc >@஥Ѯ੾̡hn௎ᔎ߽Գ€ಖԳ෶ၟட‚oӋ˻hņ෶ֳ‚oዹ˻hn෶coġġ˴ᔎ˴ Ჾ€x෶y઻ᱥဧᓌ੿c >@੅᲼h˴ᮇடຖ€␊ફ௎ન෶€ြ͙ඍӋட␊ફੌፇcġġ xન෶yࣽ€xન෶␊ફy͎€ჱဧцc >@᫐⩎ંhᔢය€ઊ໹͔ઈ€⨰͔Ꭾࣽ€࡜ͨ෶͎cġġ᩷‫̧׳‬xຓ๬yഗᓌцc >@‫ݳ‬Πᨚᔎhઊ̧‫܈‬ᨈಖम҈ન෶͎cġġટಣဤ͎c xӃyxຨyࠌဧ᩷xຨy઻ᱥဧc >@‫▗׳‬Өh᮴ೡᔧ೩҈ᵤӃຨc >@▎ᖭ੿hයຖઍᓛӃຨ҈ੑ͎cť >@▎ᖭӨhᔢೡᄙ҈૦ಖᤗ͎€ᵤӃຨᩲc >@▎࢞Өhᓛ‫܈‬с€Ӄຨֳ‚ >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦h੅᜿ೢ఻‫ܞ‬๻ં€Ꮛᔢ‫܈‬Ρ෹ᵸӨ€িӃຨ඾ġġxӃຨyᚾ઻ࠌဧ␊ ᤣc >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬h೩೰઎ᵤຨᵦ€҈ଞຨ҈әடֳġġxຨy઻ᱥဧcብxәy␊xຨy઻ଁ ‫€׊‬ᔐ͙x҈y઻€೥ੌဤ͎c >@஥ᦅ̡੾͠h௎Ἀೲَ͎€‫܈‬ఛᗊᑞຨֳ‚ġġxຨy઻ᱥဧ€धմx෶ఛᗊᑞֳyc >@▎Ѯ̜੾˴h૟Ֆ€әடଁᵤຨ͎€۶⤖Ҡ૽ >@▎ᦅ੾Мhઊ̡̧ࣽ€ࠪ ட€ࠪሑட€‫܈‬๫৑€ຨֳġġᚾषxຨy઻ᓌ੿c ť>@xຨy‫׊‬xੑy€ᔐ͙x҈y઻€᩷Ө>@ᓌc ~xӃyxᵸy̡઻€ᔐੌဧເ྽઻ࣽ€Ꮛ⪮‫׊‬ఝ઻ᩲc >@஥ᙦ˸ḩ໿˻hnӃᩲco 117

>@▎h▗ᔄಖ᎙€˻hnӃᩲcoġġxӃᩲyࣽ€َಖ‫آ‬டӃ͎€ཀྵxӃy઻ဧເोͬc >@ૹॠմ෦hәຨӨ๰ᮾᣀཹ̤୉ြϫӨᵸᩲcġġxᵸᩲyࣽ€ટो͎ͬc >@‫࢞׳‬Өhϫ⪮ᵤᵸ͎€҈෗ြҊίcġġxᵸy઻ᔢੌ‫ت‬ఝட᧵€ť҈ဧເोͬc >@ૹ▪ફґhઆླྀ೩ᰝ‫ޞ‬ᕏᵸc >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hцເೲᵸ͎cġġᓌ੿c ȉಣxᵸy␊xણᵸyហ€๫‫ت‬ఝட᧵c ~යxӃyxᵸyx෶yxຨy‫઻ݲ‬ဧເ೺ఝ઻ࣽᤣ͎cť >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦h෋ਾӃಖ੃cġġଁxӃyࣽxಖ੃y͎€ཀྵxӃy␊೺ఝ઻c >@᯻ሪ൧ᥩ᜻hԪ൳ᔄட€ຨ๫ᵤӃြ᧵҃‚ġġ धմxԪ൳ြ᧵ຨ๫ᵤ͙ଁᔄட૟␊Ӄy͎cೲ஛ಖଁᵤӃࣽ␊ଁᔄட૟͎€ཀྵxӃy઻ुͬ ᙦૐ੿▪c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h␊ᔵචᵤᵸြ˶᩷‚჈᷇ᵤᵸြᏡ᩷‚ġġxᵸy઻ဧເぽఝ઻€ ཀྵxြ˶yxြᏡyಖᜯ͎ͬc >@୛᲼hြೲᵤ෶᎙ᮇ€֔ίடᰝӷ̜ࣽcġġxᵤ෶᎙ᮇyࣽ€xન٬᎙ᮇy͎€ ಣx෶y઻ட▎˴ጓ͎c ӷxຨy઻ட␊೺ఝ઻€Үᦒਊ೩€ᵤᖤष͎c ȉઐᲷͣ੿ࢅೲxӃyᇐᤣဧເ೺ఝ€നଁ᪍ဤઍ€>@ߣxӃy€>@ߣx෶yӃࢅೲဧ ເ೺ఝe>@ߣxӃy€>@ߣxᵸy൏ϱ␊྽઻€ᥫᎯ੿~Ჷc

๫Ꭿఝ઻МடԆ ~ఝ઻ଁ͙ͭ๬c๬͛ੌଁা€ଁাࣽ€ട͎ͬcයੌ೩ಖ๬҈⩹ૻಖଁাࣽ€ Ꮛ΀டx๫Ꭿఝ઻y€َಖఝட๫া࡝͎€΢ͭ዗€ᾫྲྀ๫Ꭿఝ઻c >@▗ᙦ౪h̜೧࡞̃€͔҆ճղc >@▎hমՔ€͔̥҆cġġx҆yxղyx̥y̜઻€ྲྀ‫׉‬዗͎€ය⩹ૻ዗டଁ઎ട€ཀྵ๫ ടͬc๫ടͬ€Ꮛఝட๬๫ଁᎯᩲc̜෦ᦒ‫׉‬዗໫ເೲc >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦hѲ᣶૲ୠ€Ӗᑚ֔ፇૅcġġx૲ୠyࣽ€ ⪮xѲ᣶૲y͎€xြѲ᣶૲y͎cཀྵx૲ୠy๫ఘ€ટͭ዗͎c >@▗ၣ̜hੌᮇcੌᮇത͙ᦒ‚͙᣺ᦒ͎c͔ੌᮇത͙ᦒ‚ટ͙᣺ᦒ͎cಣಖ˻ੌᮇത‚อ ੌᮇ͎cຏಖ˻͔ੌᮇത‚͔ᵔᮇ͎cġġxੌᮇyடxੌyટ๫Ꭿఝ઻€ ᭁᵤૻಖ␊തxੌy͎cxੌy઻຤຤๫ടͬ€ᵤอᦒ‫׉‬዗͎c᮴‫ݳ‬xੌyx๫y̡઻ԛ߆€ ௓ᵤ‫ث‬ᯧcť ťxੌyx๫y€~Ჷ඗ᓌఝ઻€ઐᲷ▎඗๫Ꭿఝ઻€൏๫સ೩c ~ੌࠌ઻ዶဧఝ઻҈๫ടͬࣽ€ટӃ΀๫Ꭿఝ઻€ťಖ߆೩ࠌ઻Ჽc >@ຖૹ೘᥼෦h‫ݴ‬ட€ਿཏ๻ᓖ€ᙴ‫ܪ‬ᴤຮcġġxடyห઻€ኜ੿▪€x‫ݴ‬y઻ुͬcය ത␊x‫ݴ‬yࣽ€Ꮛ๫ଁኜࡵ€ཀྵӃ΀ட๫Ꭿఝ઻cx‫ݴ‬டy̡઻€ဧ␊‫▪੿ֹށ‬டࠌ઻c઎ ೲ€ >@⦡Ԇફઐґh‫ށ‬டᵤඥઁ▪ࣽ⛬ೲcġġx‫ށ‬டy̡઻ટಣဤ͎cᵤདಣ͎c >@▎ᗥᦒhӷြ᧥Ᏼ€ખੌМ੘c >@ૹᛸཝ෦hӷြ࣓ẏட᚟€‫̧׳‬உౌடӪ€࣒ᣣઊ̧ட୙҈ౣ᭸டcġġ ଁ΀xӷြyࣽ€َಖ‫آ‬Ҍ€ဧ␊Ḉ੿ടӨடࠌ઻c >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hᡥᩜ҈ӷြ̡྅€‫׉‬Ө੽ᤋc >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦h˴ᤡӷ֔ፇᦊc >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hᵤӷ੾ೡ€҈ᚾ൴டͣӃପြ࿠Өc >@▎‫׳‬ᬃӪ෦hሑ҈͔ட€ӷြ๫Йc >@▎hሑ҈߽ட€ӷ‫׉‬ϫન૳€ᨤᎠᵤӃ୰҈Ꭻ͎c >@▎hයӅಖᛌ€͛ुֳ౯ហᲷ෗€Ֆә੿Өએ്ட၅c >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦hሑಣઢ͎€ᔢ᩷ೡ೧᠏ખӃ͎cġġଁषxᡥᩜ҈ӷy€ ▎x˴ᤡӷy€xᵤӷy€᩷ઊxሑ҈͔டy€xሑ҈߽டy€͙٬xӅಖᛌy€xሑಣઢ ͎y‫ݲ‬Π€ྲྀ๫Ꭿఝ઻͙␊ࠌ઻ࣽc >@▎ச಻டӪ෦h૭සᰝ€ᓒᵤᣐֳͨġġ x૭සᰝy€x࢑૭␊සᰝy͎cය҈ԣ૭x૭yட€Ꮛᵤَ͎c ཀྵxዶ૭yxዶ࢑yxᛡዶy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻€ዶ͙␊ሑᨁࠌ઻ࣽ€ટಣઢ͎c 118

ťx‫ށ‬yӷxሑyᇐ઻ࢅೲ๫Ꭿఝ઻€ೲኜ՜ಳఝ઻ဧ੐՜ಳഗ̧ᗁ๫ടͬ€ᓖ҈ೲ๫ଁᎯ€ ᩷੿˴Ჷx҆yx̥yᇐఝ઻ҕဤ๫ടͬᓖ҈੐ఝ઻ઍাͅ˴໫ᵤᓌ€ᵤᥫଖ␊˴‫ن‬cӷြࢅ ՜ಳ઻ೲዶဧఝ઻␊ࠌ઻€᱆⛎ᵤ֭ԅc ŦಣᣫੌΠ঒€έ෶ࢅxᡥᩜ҈ӷyx˴ᤡӷyxᵤӷyߣxӷy€xሑ҈͔டyxሑ҈߽ டyߣxሑymmೲ๫Ꭿఝ઻cᰝ‫ا‬๬▪຤຤੐ಣᇐᣫᵤ⬤ҕఙc

ᨗ઻ᏙடԆ ఝ઻ዶภԆட˴ ~ఝ઻Ў໫€ಖဧᵤৄ€ಖ␊Ꮱ͎๫ਿ€଻઻bห઻b྽઻bಙ઻ྲྀዶภԳc ~ੌዶ▗଻bઐ଻␊ఝ઻ࣽc >@஥ᦅ̜੾hᗉᮇ€෋டᮇcġġx෋டᮇyࣽ€x෋டাَಖᮇy͎cxᮇy଻͎€҈ዶ ␊೺ఝc >@▎Ѯ˸h‫€᧝ྲྀڟ‬াͨᆠcġġx‫᧝ྲྀڟ‬yࣽ€x‫᧝␊ۨྲྀ᧬͙ڟ‬ഹy͎cx᧝y઻ዶ␊ ೺ఝc >@▎ѮМhಖચ৑͎‫€آ‬ੑ৐டᑞ€ࠊྲྀ᩷Գcġġxಖચ৑͎‫آ‬yࣽ€xࠊடચ৑ྲྀ͙સ ‫آ‬y͎cx‫آ‬y઻ዶ␊ぽఝc >@▎ઠ੾˴hᒅԪ஽Ⴭ€ჍӃ༙͎cஊಖвֳŦġġxᒅyx༙yxвy̜઻ྲྀ଻઻͎€ ዶ␊ఝ઻cxᒅy઻ዶ␊೺ఝ઻€x༙y᩷xвy̡઻ྲྀዶ␊‫ت‬ఝ઻c >@▎ઠ੾એhၗ̡̧ࣽ€࿍ᵤᓛᩲcġġxᓛy઻ዶ␊‫ت‬ఝcŧ >@▎સ੾hਸ̫͙▗⧲€˻hn˹€᜿டco >@⦡ͭ൅᧲Ӫ෦h஥ॏ‫܈‬᜿டcġġྲྀ͙x᜿y઻ዶ␊೺ఝc >@▎Ѯ੾౪h⠢Ӄ઺ᩲcġġx઺yዶ␊‫ت‬ఝc >@▎Ѯ̡੾hፇᆠ␊ட૦˹҈ᓻ͙ຑடcġġxᓻyࣽ€xုြᓻy͎€ዶ␊ぽఝc >@▎ẏ੾̡h඄‫ۅ‬ઓӷြ࿍Ꭱ€ᥤြᎡᔍட೺cġġxᥤyࣽ€x੊ᥤ͙ຑy͎€ዶ␊ぽ ఝc >@▎Ѯ੾એhೡട‫ڟ‬ઊ਌€࿪۩ୗហ€ୗ۶ລ͎cġġxୗហyࣽ€xᵤ͙␊ហy͎€ዶ␊ ೺ఝc >@▎ᦅМhᅞಖᢊ᳾ߝ᳾҈ᵤຒြᎻcġġxᵤຒyࣽ€xᵤ၅ຒy͎€xຒyዶ␊ぽఝc >@▎Ѯ̡੾એhੌՖ̧ଷ␝⃭ᱨအ€⬤˶cġġx⬤˶yࣽ€x⬤ੌ˶ဪy͎cx˶y઻ዶ ␊ぽఝ€ટӃᗂᓌ྽઻c >@▎ᦅ੾Мhፇᵤࢅᖺᩲ€ፇԡঅ҈΍ᗏcġġxԡঅyx΍ᗏyМ઻€ᗂᓌ྽઻€ြហ༕ ўc >@▗ᙦ˸hᤗਾஹ๫ၟcത͙ᵤϫ‚ >@▎hത͙ᵤೡ‚ >@▎hത͙ᵤ‫‚ا‬ >@▎ၣ͠hຆ␊ᓛட‚ġġଁषxϫyxೡyx‫ا‬yxᓛy‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ዶ␊೺ఝ઻€ଁ͙x඗ ಖϫy€xͭಖೡy€xͭಖ‫ا‬y᩷x଻ಖᓛy͎cಣ▗೷டདᲤ͎c >@▎ᙦМhԪ␊̧˶ᙦᩲcġġx˶ᙦyࣽ€x⵩ᙦட˶ᰳy͎cx˶y઻ዶ␊೺ఝ઻€ ᩷x⬤˶yடx˶y઻ੌ‫܅‬c >@▎̡ͅh෋ཫࣽ૞༞€ೲᏋ੽ᤗ͎cġġx੽y઻ዶ␊೺ఝc >@▎᫐੾̜hୖ̧‫ج‬ು҈๰டcġġx‫ج‬y઻ዶ␊೺ఝc >@๣᫐̡੾╺hಖਾၕ€ത͎‚͙ಖਾᤗ€ᵤӃᵤਾၕ͎cġġxਾy઻ዶ␊೺ఝ઻c >@᫐ম⁎࿍h࡜ᣇ෶ᣇ€࡜ᣇ෶‫׉‬cġġ x෶ᣇyx෶‫׉‬yࣽ€x෶ўֳᣇ᩷‫׉‬டাයy͎€ዶ␊ぽఝc >@▎ၟಲ୉hཌྷཌྷࣽ᩷ཌྷ๫᚟€҈ཌྷੌ᚟ࣽ€ଁ΀ཌྷ᚟͎ࣽcġġxཌྷཌྷyࣽ€xཌྷͅಖ ཌྷy͎€ᇊ˴xཌྷy઻ጓເx⡒y઻c >@▎ম⁎࿍ḩ೘ᵤໟ᩷Ꮁ҈Ᏻட€ᑒ҈᦭டֳ‚ġġxိy᩷xᑒyx᦭yྲྀዶ␊೺ఝc >@▎೺ཌྷh೰͙卧ᦤ‫ا‬ட߸ድ૮ட྅€ઊ᯼෶ᵤ‫‚ܘ‬ġġ xᵤ‫ܘ‬yࣽ€xᵤఝy͎€x‫ܘ‬y઻ዶ␊ぽఝc >@ᤗ᲼h‫ॣ׳‬Ֆ૎ͨc >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦h▗̧̰াᘱ҈؋டc >@▎Ờಖ‫ݞ‬૊൳Ӫ෦hੌເᚾẟ๗൴Ꭱ€Ꮛᧅ̧๽໫ᩲc >@▎ச᙭Ӫ෦h᮸᧥ᇐ̰Ꮲਾ༑ਾc >@▎ၘ൳྅ૅh⬔˻hnᳯͨco >@▎̈͊ઐґhᰝ᧺҂டc 119

>@ૹॠմ෦h͓૳̰‫܈‬ໟ⦦؈‚ >@▎ြસᓛ෦h᪎˹࣒ᯛԳcŨ >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦hයྲྀᏴᎾᎫட๰્ఛ૭c >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦hᓖাॄ҂ࢧᶅ€াᳫચᖁ€⦀͙҅cġġ ଁषx૎yx؋yx๗yxᏢyx҂yx⦦yxᯛyxᏴyxॄy‫ྲྀ€઻଻ݲ‬ዶ␊೺ఝcũ >@᯻ᬈՖ஽ΥྡhՖ࿪Ӟ€ᙡ̡౫€ኜ˴౫͙ೞc >@▎ृӟग़▗஽Υྡh▗ఘᧇᙑ˼€૜గӟᇒ᎛ಁ๿ட€▗ᵤ᩷c >@▎ᩯ▗஽ΥྡhӋഥ▪ဧ૟€༙▗ட␊€᪍͙␊્൧Үߓ෋cġġ ଁषxᙡyxኜyxᇒyx༙y‫€઻଻ݲ‬ዶ␊೺ఝc᯻▪ዶภᰒ૨€ Ꭻ⦁டn⦁ಖଁ⦁o€nຒಖଁຒo€nਾಖਾ€ୠಖᦒ€ ᥹ಖုo‫ݲ‬ഗடx⦁yxຒyxਾyxୠyx᥹y஡઻ྲྀೲ͎c >@஥ઠ͠hાҊ૆ͨ€᪙ᵤӃ͙ຖાcġġxҊ૆y᳿଻€ટዶ␊೺ఝc >@▗ઠМhಖَᛌֳ࿍ത‚̧ಲẟ̧˻hnᘼ൅ԫ҈૜೚࿍͎coġġx૜೚yટ᳿଻€ᓌ ੿c >@᫐ম⁎࿍h૮͙ᰘ᮱டϹᎻ€҈ᨶᨶය‫܈‬ΰӉլြᵎਾடᔐ€ͨಖ༟டਾ؈‚ >@๣ស╺hَઊਾ͙͛ಖ‫ا‬ᄮ€َઊਾ҈ᵤ͙‫ا‬ᄮ€⪮ઊਾ͎€અપடఛ͎€⪮͎̐cઊਾ ட€ͨӃ͙ᵤઊਾடֳ‚ઊਾ᧝ᬲட€ͨӃ͙ᵤ᧝ᬲடֳ‚Ūġġxઊਾyx᧝yxᬲyМ ઻€ဧເ೺ఝ€๊᩿c >@▗ស̜੾̜hಖ΀ட੅ത‚᧲Ḱட͎c >@᯻Ꭻ⦁h‫ݲ‬൳ဧ᧲ᗥᏋ᧲ட€јြઍᓛᏋઍᓛடc >@⦡Ờಖ‫ݞ‬૊൳Ӫ෦hത␊ឝଡᚾϦ‚ū >@▎hỜಖ‫ݞ‬૊൞ႄᛸ၌€ሑ๢඄‫␊ך‬ຮ͔ઊcŬ >@▎h٬Ờಖ൳૲ඬ€ટ‫܈‬ළࣀઊषଉႶኒ૳ԩయடຖেடࣽcŭ >@▎౦ᜲӪ෦hཀྵᤗ᎝ྏ̈́ᳯ‫׉‬Өc >@▎˼ᱥӪ෦hӋṘ੊͎̈́€ហᵤಲ҂ြ୛cġġ ଁषxΰӉyxઊਾyx᧝yxᬲyx᧲Ḱyxឝଡyxሑ๢y€ྲྀ᳿଻҈ዶ␊೺ఝcӷxष ଉႶኒyМ઻€٬೺ఝ᩷ಖुͬ€ᢐடဧເ೺ఝc҈x᎝ྏ̈́ᳯyМ଻€ຈடટ␊೺ఝcxಲ ҂yᏋ˴྽઻˴଻઻€ᢐͅ҈␊ぽఝcઁਾဧ઻டᝬ€ੌ‫؍‬඾€ੌ‫؍‬඾ >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhष҈᳼ட᫐ᡀடᔐᯊᮇ€ᔢೡᄙ҈૦ಖᤗ͎€ᵤӃຨᩲcġġxᤗyઐ଻͎€ ҈ዶ␊ఝ઻c >@஥સ˴hӂ‫܈‬ஊӋֳͨ‚ġġxஊӋy྇઻ઐ଻€ዶ␊೺ఝc >@᫐ຒણᇒhຏ͎̄ࣽ҈Ӌલ૳€ಖ᩷᥷ટ߽ᩲcġġxӋલ૳y̜઻଻඗€ዶ␊೺ఝ€ ઎ೲxॎ‫ס‬ಖՖyᇐഗ€ଁဧடઐ଻€ྲྀಣઢ͎c ȉxᮇyЎᇐြxাَಖᮇy€᱆ᵤӃ෶ӿੌुͬ€ᥫ‫ࢅ׭‬ೲዶ␊ぽఝc ȉᦊմh஥෦สnஊಖহֳo€xহy⪮଻ͬ€ᰝष߉c ȉxᓛyสxᵤͅ␊ᓛyࠝ€⪮‫ت‬ఝ઻c ȉᦊմhૹᦒสn᪎੽࣒඗Գo€x඗y⪮଻ͬ€ᰝष߉c ȉx๗yઐ␊ఝ઻c ȉx᧝yxᬲyઐ␊ఝ઻€έೲಣᣫᶊဧสx඗ட␊᧝€඗ட␊ᬲyࠝc ȉxឝଡy␊ࠌ‫€ͬڧ‬ઐఝ઻c ȉxሑ๢yೲఝᨸᏵΠ€षහ␊xሑјyx᪍షyட᧵€⪮᳿଻ዶ␊೺ఝࣽc ȉxषଉႶኒy઎ᚾ྆ఝᨸᏵΠεͅ€สဧ᩷˴྆ఝͬໟᓌ€षහ␊x‫ٹ‬᨜yߣ᧵๾c⪮ዶ▗ ଻␊ఝ઻டဤc ~ੌዶห઻␊ఝ઻ࣽc >@᫐͔શ೚h೰͎ໟ᩷ԪடҌᩲ€᥷ͻၟԪଁ΀Ԫடֳ‚ġġ xԪடyࣽ€x஡ͅ␊Ԫy͎€xԪyห઻͎€҈೺ఝᩲc >@▎Ӫዯᨉhઊ⡒ཌྷࣽடໝਾ͎€ᵤໝಖਾ҈ໝಖਾட‫€׉‬ຏཀྵ෋ຏcġġ xຏཀྵ෋ຏyࣽ€धմxຏઐੌ␊᱘டኒᰳ€ཀྵ෋டͅ␊᱘Ҍy€ᇊ̡xຏyห઻͎€ ᗂสxͅຏyடጓ€Ꮛ␊‫ت‬ఝᩲcť >@ૹ᙭̈෦ඒhൾәᆜ᧝€᙭୯᜿҈ԣതcġġxԣതyࣽ€ ӎ͕૝ࣽடx␊ԣ␊തy͎c▎մxඬ஑Ꮛᵤ͛ᒣಖ␊ԣത҈ྲྀӃԣതட͎ycŦxԣyxത yઐޯᔎห઻€૮ဧເ೺ఝᩲc೚ઁմhnᔎட␊ԣ€▎Չതਾ€ಖហ˴͎oc >@᯻᪱঵Ֆ஽Υྡh઎ͨࣽԪ€ᵤͨࣽ‫׉‬cġġ xᵤͨyࣽ€xᵤ͙ͨ␊ͨy͎cxͨyห઻҈ဧເ೺ఝ͎c 120

ȉxຏyᥫೲዶ␊ぽఝ€⪮‫ت‬ఝc ȉnxԣതyࣽmmx␊ԣ␊തy͎o᩷nඬ஑mmӃԣതட͎oྲྀ⪮᭒ъ€n▎մo̡઻๫ ᭐c ~ੌዶ྽઻␊ఝ઻ࣽc >@ᗥ͔᪎h͔᪎ட⦁€੐ࡵࡵຒcġġxࡵyઐ྽઻€҈ᇊ˴xࡵy઻€ъմhnࡵ€ࡵ ட͎coxࡵடyࣽ€෋டࡵ͎€ॠъဧ͙ጓ␊೺ఝ͎c >@▎h੿୨୨Ŋ੿ΡΡc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿h୨Ԫ୨ŊౖԪౖc >@▎࢞੿hຏΡ҈ͨΡடŊຏଷ҈ͨଷடcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€ଁੌx୨yxΡyxౖyxଷy‫ݲ‬ ઻€ઐྲྀ྽઻€҈‫ݲ‬ഗઍᇊ˴x୨y઻xΡy઻xౖy઻€ ᩷xΡடyxଷடyடxΡyxଷyᚾ઻€Ꮛဧເ೺ఝᩲc >@஥ၣ੾̜h⩹ⅴ΄ြ᫚ᙈடມ€൴াဧ͎€͓͛ᳱcՖ௎ᵤᝈቢ€ಖᵤ࢑ฟֳġġ x͓yઐ྽઻€x͓ᳱyᏋဧເ೺ఝᩲcಣ᩷ >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷ӋӨh…ਾ⃾҈͓டcġġហᰗ҈цᓌc >@஥Ѯ੾̡hᤗՖᩞԪՖ€ᛌୗ૝ᩲc >@▎ઠ੾એhಖບၗடc@ >@▎ᦅ̡੾એh੿ಖ‫˻ج‬hnઊ̧␊Ӌ̧ᓛ€ᨈՖடᤇᢢ᭿coӨಖ‫˻ج‬hnಣ̧␊ᨭ໿ ঈ€ਿ٪೺ட᎛ӟ͎cԣࡗ̧‚o >@▎Ѯ੾̜h͔ᗊᵤӿ€ᾯ६ᱝԳc >@▎Ѯ̡੾МhᨈՖ͙␊Ꮹఘடཀྵ€ೲ͙ଵ̧c >@▎ᦅ੾౪h▗˻hn੐ͨ҈ԛ€o⦀૞આ̧ખc >@▎ͅ੾̜h࿍ਾշՖட̡̜ಖຒ͎€ટ૝࢞ͨ˻c >@๣ស੾hᓛ€̧டᓛ͎€̧തᩜြ␊Ֆ‚ >@▎ស̡੾̡hम҈ᵤۨ€▎ட€ೲ΀டमc >@஥Ѯ̡੾એhಖຮ˻hn▎டco >@๣សМhᤗਾࣽ€ᤗ൳͎cಖਾட€ത͎‚ြೲ‫ݡ‬ය೺ᤗ൳͎€ᵤ̐ಖ⒭ᓛ҈࿪͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉hᎤਾᛅட€ᵤટఔֳ‚ >@▎͔શ೚hຏ⛬Ԫ҅҈ͨᵤᜮc >@▎⩎ંhයᏋԪ͔‫׉‬ϫ҈͓ᦍજ€Ӄֳ‚ >@▎ࡃ૳h͛ࣇ᧝ບ҈ຖ۶ચԳc >@᱘̧૔ᵎᲽhᝯ௎‫܈‬Ꭴಖᓛட᮳᭹ຮட˹ࣽ€͛൴ૄடᤇட€ᓅடᴕட€යຖᓛட᮳᭹ ຮட˹൴Ӄຨ҈Ꭴ͎c >@ᤗ᲼hәᨶষட€Өտ̜᱔̧€̡̜͠੾˴᭑€ᵤຑ࡝ြ߽᎛€҈޻ѐட᧝ᓒ̡͙੾˴ ᭑ᩲc >@⦡Ờಖ൳Ӫ෦hաಣ€੿͛૨Ֆੌᠲc >@▎ग़ᓄӪ෦ḫໟিृͨ඾€೰ᓒͨ඾‚ >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦h‫آ‬ણ૳ᮇ͠੾ፇ€੿୨டc >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦h᧝෋੿ુ͔ઊᏵᎾᎫြ̏ᦅӋc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hଞ⩹͔‫ݲ‬൳ᢪୡ೰੾ಣࣽ㷩ġġ ଁष‫ݲ‬ഗ€xᩞyxၗyx੿yxӨyxӿyxଵyx૞yx̡̜yxᩜyx▎yx೺yx̐ yxᛅyx⛬yx͔yx͓yxࣇyxᎤyx̜yx૨yxृyxᓒyx୨yxᏵyx੾y‫ݲ‬ ઻€ઐྲྀ྽઻€૮ྲྀዶ␊೺ఝ઻ᩲc ~ੌዶಙ઻␊ఝ઻ࣽ€๫સဤcብಙ઻ଁ͙ಫఝ઻ட્€ဧເఝ઻€Ꮛुَಖ્€ཀྵ ͙␊ぽఝ઻ࣽ␊ᤣcť ‫َث‬c >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өhᵎ͙ࣽಖѮѮ෋ਾѮѮ€૮͙ಖ‫ݥݥ‬෋ਾѮѮcġġᚾَx෋ਾѮѮ€xѮ Ѯy‫€َث‬ઐಙ઻͎€૮ဧເぽఝ઻€͙ಫടͬட્cઊයc >@‫͍ᦑ̧׳‬Өhࢅ͔ਾᏋ᪵ட€ഝᗂಖᦠᦠයŊಖઢㄺㄺයc >@▎h๬ത␊ᔾᔾ‫ܙܙ‬cġġ‫ྲྀ€َثݲ‬ဧເぽఝ઻ᩲc >@᫐ᰝ‫ן‬hཀྵӷຒட྅€ಖ๬᜵᜵€ಖᗂྲྲc >@▎੐ᨍhӷ⦁டᆜ€ᨤᨤᎠᎠ€ӷ⦁டᏸ€‫ݥݥ‬ᘞᘞc >@▎ૐَh҈ࡨࡨѨѨ€҈ԣ᩷ု‚ >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦h▗ᇐ࿩࿩€ଁ΀ᓖਾͅ૟͎ࣽc >@᯻‫ث‬ᲾசᲿᦒhԪ̧ಖത⢶ពពြԪᔄଁ␊඾ 121

>@▎᩷‫׳‬૞Ѧᦒh͙Ԫ͍ட๾ᵸӨ€ၟᵸӨӘӘြԪ͎c >@▎ᩯ▗஽गྡhἛҍ℡࿐᮷೺€੐य़ᲿᲿc >@▎๯੾̡ཇ▪hԪᮇનМ੾€҈ᗂ௲௲€҈࡝ᭋᭋ€҈ᢋ‫‮‬ఝ㒸cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ‫ྲྀ€َث‬ዶ ␊྆ఝ€͙ಫടͬட્c ಖ⪮‫€َࣽث‬ટੌයᩲc >@᫐‫⦁׉‬h୨̧˻hn੐્ᣲය€҈຃‫ܖ‬ය€੐ᓊ䉴ය€҈˶ᴹය€҈ಙហය€൏ึᰝ҈ ु͎cġġxᣲyx‫ܖ‬y‫͙׊€઻ݲ‬xයy઻ࣽ€ઐಙ઻͎€૮ዶ␊ぽఝᩲc >@᯻᩷ሪઍ̮ᦒh߮ߵᦅௌެᗅ३к␊டᙈයc >@ຖૹᣱᨗ෦h੘ぽ৊伨€‫׉‬Өૌເcġġxૌເyઐಙ઻੿€xເy᩷xයy઻ᓌ؋€ ૮ዶ␊ぽఝc ӷ>@‫ݳ‬Π੎൅hᦠᦠֳಖੌͅ؋͎€ᡠֳಖੌ▪ᦊcġġ ഗઍxֳy઻᩷᮴▪xයy઻xເy઻ᓌ˴ဧц€ྲྀ͙‫׊‬ಙ઻͎c҈xᦠᦠֳyxᡠֳy૮ྲྀ ዶ␊ぽఝ€धմxಖੌͅ؋͎ᦠᦠֳ€ಖੌ▪ᦊᡠֳy€͙ಖ␊ᢨಢடఛ€ཀྵલ᳼c >@᯻⥿ᢪ‫ו‬⣿঩h૏ᨌֳᏵᦊ€୧્ֳ͔Ჽcġġᚾഗટಣဤ͎c >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦hઆොட‫ڕ€ڙ‬ೡஅଵ€͍Ὓය஛ᵤ෶͜᧢cġġx͜᧢y⡏ໜಙ઻€ટዶ ␊ぽఝc >@▎ҝᰝӅເ෦h࣓‫ݞ‬Օմ€ࢳဵг㟳€ं૳ߴߴ€ॺࢋֳਿ೺c >@ຖૹ᭜ᯢ෦hࠌ၍ࣽએᩘӆ௹€ᢐ๰ࣽᡩε߸ඥcġġ‫ଁݲ‬षಙ઻€ࠪ᳿ᯛ€ࠪ⡏ໜ€ ૮ྲྀዶ␊ぽఝc▪߂ઁᙨ€໫ಣࣽཹཹ͎c ȉ‫଼َث‬xයyxֳyᇐϱᥫ␊྽઻€ઐᲷଁ᪍டဤ€૨ೲ྽઻สोͬcᰝ‫ا‬ጓสዶಙ઻ ␊ぽఝ€ᵤ஢♆ూc ~ಖዶ␊೺ఝࣽຼᩲ€҈ဧເोͬࣽᏋਊ೩͎c ಙ઻ዶ␊೺ఝc >@᫐ᥫફӋhԪ᩷ߵЎಖ▪€નЌಖᨗcġġxЎyࣽ€َ‫آ‬டಙ઻͎cxનЎಖᨗy€ ᏋxЎy઻ဧເ೺ఝ€ය᩷ઐ઻ᰗጓcੌಙ઻ዶ␊೺ఝ҈ଁጓટᓌࣽc >@๣ᙦ˸hത⬤ֳᴋ൅‚⬤ᴋ൅டᣫ͍៝᧻€ͅြஹ͎cġġx⬤yઐಙ઻€ᏸӷடఛ€ ૮ዶ␊೺ఝ€ᓌហc >@᯻▪಻َմhᣐြᢊছ҈⬤டடఛ͎cġġଁဧx⬤y઻€Ꭻြ๣ᐘc ಙ઻ဧເोͬc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hೠಖᎻ⬤c >@▎ᐘӨhӋடႄᏚ⬤c >@▎࢞Өh᪙டಃ͎ќ⬤cġġ‫ݲ‬x⬤y઻ྲྀዶ␊ोͬ€xೠಖᎻ⬤yࣽ€धَxೠಖᎻ ӷᏸᣫy͎€ᭁx⬤y઻ଁ͙ोೠᎻட͎ٚcසx⬤y઻ᓌጓc >@▗ẏએhᜑ▗ᔄடໆ€ќ‫܈‬ஹட⬤c >@⦡Ờಖ൳Ӫ෦ḫໟَhnࣀઊૅ੐ᗅჹ€㙷⬤co >@▎றฆӪ෦hයಖা᣺␊ฆμ⬤cġġ‫ݲ‬x⬤y઻ဧцᓌ੿c >@▎᭑҄ՖӪ෦h૟ੌӃَ€䭞ਾَ॔ᏸ☡cġġx☡yઐಙ઻€૮ટဧເोͬcઊය€ >@‫ݳ‬Π⢵҈մh⬤ᩲԪᣃ͎cġġx⬤y઻ᢐxᩲy઻€ ಖ␊ो͎ͬࡵ⬤c҈xઊයyxଁ͙යy᩷xᓌයy‫ݲ‬xයy઻€ટྲྀයᩲc

ఝ઻ာમԆட̡ ~ᓌ˴઻͎€ੌᓖᰗໜ҈␊଻઻b␊ఝ઻ࣽ€ԛߓြ଻઻Ჽぽc⛎ੌ͙મᰗ҈ᛃ␊྽઻ ᩷ఝ઻ࣽ€ࠪᛃ␊ぽb೺ఝ઻ࣽ€ࠪᛃ␊‫ت‬ఝ᩷೺ఝࣽ€೰ੌᛃ␊ಖિ઻໫ࣽ€ᓉ೩ြᦒ€ᴤ ͙⢈᪍€┥᪍ເ̤͙␊ဤc ઍ ԩ‫ڠ‬྽઻͎cᦒ͔࡙ࡏhࣾ࿪ᓨઍcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€౫ઍߣ͎c⦡ဠઐґhள઎ᮑઋሪ᪯᭹ ட€Ҋ࡝Ҋઍcť‫׳‬hಖઍ⪮ӂୡ͎c ኬ ԩ‫྆ڠ‬ఝ઻€ও͎c‫͔ژ‬Ị๾ᤗhᝬᓗ‫آ‬ኬcઋ‫ڠ‬྽઻€ᵤຨઢ͎c⦡ఇ੅Ӫ෦hೲཀྵኬ ᗉ਼खc ‫ ށ‬ԩ‫͎׻€઻଻ڠ‬c‫ژ‬ӣ᣶΍೷hᤀ།Ԇ‫ށ‬c੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᢐ͎cᦒഴ৘hҊુ‫ށ‬Ԛc ⣧ ੐૞ໜ€ಙ઻€࿖ᯛ͎c‫͔ژ‬Ịᜑ਽hᴧ࿖⣧⣧c੐஠bкᚾໜ€೺ఝ઻€ἄ͎c੐ẏ ̜hᵤ⣧ᵤ௎c௎๰x䪌yᏋમℏ€ᄮ͎c‫̧׳‬ඥӨhᣀ᩺᪎᭹ြᦱc ཀྵๅ‫ૅا‬৘ੌմhnx⣧yxᣀyடᏊ€িӃ̦ᓌ‚oŦ

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ⲱ ԩ‫ڠ‬г೘☡€ᓌx㜻y€଻઻cࢅ▪մhஃંᵤ߸͎€˴˻㫣Өc‫͓ژ‬Ị੾೧ட૛h˼᧝ⲱ ௽c▎୪‫€☡ب‬೺ఝ઻€ᚦϫ͎cᗥᗥਉhⲱᰟ҈ໍ垴cઋ‫ڠ‬୪ཀྵ☡€ટ೺ఝ઻€ᑫ͎€▎ ઋҖ͎c‫ژ‬ဠ᣶ᬖҽhృⲱͨரc շ ԩ‫ޯڠ‬ᔎห઻€▎ಙ઻€ത͎cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ን͎c஥ᙦ̜hဠᴋ૛շc৑‫ڠ‬྽઻€ᵤ᮳ ͎€▎ᙟ͎c ୁ ԩ‫ڠ‬ങြ☡€ಙ઻c⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hَΠୁୁ€ૹᦒสxὺὺyc▎୪൳☡€ぽఝ઻€͓ந Πc▎⛖x੟ycૹॠဨә෦hಖᧅટ᪆ಠӅᚠ€ᯊुဨә๽ᣓୁ⦁ઍc ᶀ ԩ‫تڠ‬ఝ઻€ᚧ֚ԩᶀ͎€धմસ᧿␊ᶀᓋ͎cૹੑ౦ઢh༎ဠсட€֚ृᶀࣽc੿‫྆ڠ‬ఝ ઻c⦡᙭ᖤӪ෦h෋ࣽԆᶀc‫̧׳‬ᐘӨhᶀಖ‫ۄ‬൓cᏋဧ␊೺ఝ઻c ྱ ԩ‫઻଻ڠ‬cᗥᛸ๬h೺᪍ᵤ✫ྱcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻hྱ‫׉‬୥ਾc ᒳ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᔏ͎€˴˻‫͎੊ج‬c྅ࢅմhӋ࢜৚ᥟᒳᦒcઋ‫ڠ‬ટ೺ఝ઻€ᆏ͎c இ ԩ‫ڠ‬೘ᵊ☡€ぽఝ઻€ᶀ͎c‫͓ژ‬Ịതਾᓄhӂஇ҈৑€͍ͨ๻͎c▎೜ẏ☡€ ᓌxߧy€ટぽఝ઻͎c ᔈ ԩ‫ုڠ‬ๅ☡€଻઻cࢅ▪h᙮͎c᫐̧઄ઈhဠ൴ᣫֳ༙᩷ᵤ༙டᔈc▎തᒵ☡€྽઻€ ૊͎cૹҝᰝໟເ෦hূ્ᔈỊ⬤⇝cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ห͎c‫ژ‬ဠ̍ၣhᤃ͙ᔈடc▎ল͎c஥ ᙦ̜h҄㩓˻hn߽ᔈ്€υᔈ᭒co▎⡏͎cᦒμ᦭hᇍᜋ͙ᔈcxᔈyࣽ€⡏੃͎c લ ԩ‫઻଻ڠ‬b྽઻ྲྀ⛖ဧc୨̧h᪇ફடલcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€੐ຖ҈લட͎c๻▪َhલ‫҈׉‬ ‫׉‬ୗࡉc ᨭ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻cࢅ▪˻hᨂ͎€⛖͎c‫ژ‬ӣ᣶๬ᜦhത͙ᨭͨᎮ‚ઋ‫ڠ‬ટ೺ఝ઻€᮸͎€ࠌ ͎cૹҝᰝӹ෦h᮸ᨭҮ෦c ܽ ԩ‫ڠ‬ಙ઻€ંছ߸ಫcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ંୈ͎c⦡ᬨໟເ෦hໟເ‫ڟ‬ຨ͙͚ằ͔ܽӋᩲc Ⴋ ԩ‫ڠ‬සᓹ☡€೺ఝ઻€ฤ΀⥛ᬑ˻xႫyc▎६͎c૮ሸਾཌྷટ΀டxႫyc▎ස΍☡€ ྽઻€Ⴋࡃ͎€ᓌxൔycᬃ̧஑ᓛᲽhಖᖋᵤႫc੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ष͎€ሙ͎c⦡̈͊ઐґh ᔧ᩷ૹӋႫᚤࢧ̯ൊc Φ ԩ‫˼ڠ‬ಮ☡€೺ఝ઻€଼͎cᗥ೧૭hΦᇎᇍ፱᳙c▎ச߸☡€྽઻€๛͎c‫ژ‬ဠ᣶ߵឌh ㏪ເΦጐcְ෦մhΦ€๛͎€▎สxൻycઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€߂Φ͎c⦡੅ᆠᤃઐґhӨΦऺ᎛ ᜯᇆ᫋ᛲ᪚ಟc▎଻઻€ᙨ͎c̐઻⛖մhᎻᙨ˻Φc઎ೲxમΦyட΀Ꮪຐ€x⣿Φyட΀ ໜପ€ྲྀ଻઻͎c Ӆ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€‫͎܆‬c‫ݳ‬ᨚᔎhଵӅᵤ᧯૳ԩடَc▎૦͎€ᗽ͎cઋ‫ڠ‬྽઻€ᵏӅ͎cધ Үhલ૳ੌӷຒӅ⦁c Һ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€Һ‫͎ע‬cᦒ‫ͅݞ‬hằ߸Һႏc▎঺͎c‫ژ‬ᴋϊ␂✸hϊಖҺৣcઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ ઻€ંઍᡫའ͎c⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h᧸Һᯊ੾ೡc ၏ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€Ӆ͎€૦͎c஥Ѯ̜h၏ᗊြ͔▗cᗥઍ᥷h͓ਾ๬ᙴ͙၏ᣮc▎༱͎c‫ݳ‬ ᵠ౦hշ၏͙␊ၟમcъմh༱ਾட᧵͙␊Ԛੌ͎cઋ‫ڠ‬ટ೺ఝ઻€ກ͎cૹҊુोhઍᏅ੅ ુ€૴၏ກ૜೚cӷx୉၏y€஁᧝͎c▎x၏yጓᠬᣵ€᩷ҋ⇝ᙨடx၏⦁‫ݼ‬࿿yጓ͓⦁€ ຨ␊଻ᩲc ༇ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€೬͎c⦡ਸ̧྅ૅhॣ␊ᠼ‫€⦡ا‬༇೬ԩc▎ষ͎€͉͎€‫͎ڙ‬cဠΠh̰༇ ᎻြઆᎫc⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hՖ൳ස༇cԫᦒӋ၎ட෦hཹ঄ໟ༇͉c ઋ‫ڠ‬ເx༙༇yxཌྷ༇yx᧵༇yx‫ژ‬༇yட໫€ྲྀ଻઻͎c Ὅ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᢼ͎c‫׳‬᭑ӨhὍ෋ࣽચ‫͔ݲ‬ᔍட೺c੿ઋ඙‫ྲྀڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᓌហ€ᡫ͎€௹ ͎c‫ژ‬ӣ᣶ὍੌቈhὍੌቈc ⛒ ԩ‫઻଻ڠ‬cӂỊ಻Ꮪh͔ઈ΀டᜋ€ಖઍ΀ட⛒c஌մhಖᵤ͔ᵤ͓ࣽ଻⛒cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ ઻€ᆔ͎c⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hॣ᩷சࡪ▗൞ߗ⛒␊ंᗬc▎྽઻€ᮆ͎€჈͎cૹϫ͉ઢhাᢢԫ ‫آ‬ԛᤆಖ⛒᦮c ༻ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ฤጓx෋૭y͎€ເxᑺ༻yx઴༻yடᎯcઋ‫઻଻ڠ‬඙ఝ઻€৘͎€૭ ͎€Өଁฃц͎c๻ድhःਾ͙ᝬ⦁࢑༻c▎x༻৘yc ᯘ ԩ‫€઻଻ڠ‬ዲ͎c๻ޫhᎻ᧯ಖᯘc▎૟؋˻ᯘcᗥᛸ๬hલᯘ҈ຖᑞcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€Ꮖ ᔎ͎cᗥూᗥhՖᯘடຨҍc ଼ ԩ‫▎€઻଻ڠ‬྽઻͎c๻̤hἈᢐઆ଼cᗥઍ᥷h࡝҈ྲྀઍᲷ΀ட଼c▎‫͓ژ‬Ị᪴᪲h଼᳌ ⒥⒥c଼€ྡྷட੐ᄱ͎cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᯛໟᥫ͎c๻ઍ✛h⌐ඟ੐ᚈ€ಖ଼̧டc▎Φ͎cᗥ ᅮӞhᇎᇍฟ҈ᵤ଼cӷᗥᗥਉմhԆ‫؍‬એ଼੾̡ੑ€இໟ␊ᴑ͎cᗥᏨմh ච‫଼ت‬cᚾx଼y઻ᔢઋ‫҈ڠ‬ဧເ଻઻ᩲc ᬑ ԩ‫€઻଻ڠ‬ᬑ᭝͎c੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᡇ͎c‫ݳ‬ᨚᔎhੌᬑ㶀҈मਸ‫ا‬டᔍࣽc म ԩ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€Ү͎cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ষ͎€ു͎c๻ึఛhᲫᓜ‫׉‬ϫடൖ҈ᵤमc▎म૲ ͎€Ꮛ଻઻ᩲc ᥜ ԩ‫€઻଻ڠ‬঒͎c‫͓ژ‬ỊᲷ᣶઄h‫׉‬ਿషᥜcઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ছ᧏͎c

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ໟ ԩ‫ڠ‬ห઻€ଁኜᵤ˴͎c‫׳‬ᖭӨhચ৑ໟଶc▎଻઻€ᴑ͎c‫͔ژ‬Ịὢᇤh૱̛ಖໟcઋ ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᗂ͎c஥ᙦ੾˴hໟ‫҈آ‬ఝc▎‫͎׊‬c๻੎h༛ໟ‫׉‬ϫடષc ஑ ԩ‫ڠ‬྽઻€ᗥూᗥhМ੾˻஑҈൑c੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c᥷hࠪຕ஑҈๬டc ๬ ԩ‫ڠ‬૓Ꭲ☡€଻઻€Ӫ͎€̡੾Ԇਾ␊x๬yc▎xઍ๬yxઆ๬y€ྲྀઐ଻cതম☡€ ぽఝ઻€ਾட॑෭͎cઋ‫ڠ‬տ‫€઻଻€☡ܮ‬๬ి͎c▎h๬๬ເ͎cᏋ␊ಙ઻€Ө‫☡׳‬c▎ ␊଻઻€ເxຒ๬yxَ๬yட໫c ᩀ ԩ‫ڠ‬મඹ€଻઻€ᗊ͎c๻▪َh͛ੌፇᩀcઋ‫ڠ‬؆᧸☡€ટ৘xᗊyc҈xᯆᩀyᏋఝ ઻ᩲc ൴ ԩ‫ڠ‬ಙ઻€ᩊᆠடఛc๻ึఛhೲ͙Ֆ̧൴ੌ␊͎€൴ੌ๬͎c▎೺ఝ઻€ள͎c‫͓ژ‬Ị Мඡhᵤ❾൴⬔c⥿͎c▎ӣ᣶ᒸᯣhҊᚾ൴டc▎ᴋϊੌৣᓌ᧬hྐ̛൴൴c▎͔Ị‫ڧ‬h ᥫᔍ൴൴cྲྀಙ઻͎cઋ‫ڠ‬Ꮛ଻઻€x൴Ꭱyx൴೶yடᎯc ឞ ԩ‫ڠ‬྽઻€⛖xબy€ྈ͎cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ජ͎c ঄ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ἄ͎€എ͎c‫ݳ‬ၕᜑh঄౯ᵤᠲြ೚c▎๥͎cᗥӋಂhࡪᓛட੿ౌ€ฎ঄͔ ᓛடઍc▎⨟͎c▎ూᗥh঄ੑᵤᢨc▎᪎ͭh঄ಖӃட΀‫آ‬cઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ᢐષ͎c▎Ꮪ ͭh‫׉‬ϫў҈М‫آ‬঄c▎ચཌྷᴑဈ΀ட঄c ᡁ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᨶ͎c‫̧߱ݳ‬hಖ⬔ᡁ೷cઋ‫ڠ‬ટ೺ఝ઻€ე͎cૹ᙭ԩ෦h໴ྈეᡁ࿍Ờ டᔐc ⡻ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ਾ૝҈ሹட͎cᗥઍ᥷h⥿຤⡻૝cઋ‫ڠ‬Ꮛਾન૝҈Ҝட͎c‫͔ژ‬Ị͔ࡵh ്⡻ြИc ᥫ ԩ‫׊ڠ‬ఝ઻€঄͎c▎༇ষடఛcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€Ჾ͎€ཌྷໟᥫ͎c๻࣒h̡ᰳࡔᥫ͙ໟ ᩷c ᖤ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€എ͎€᪍͎€⸨͎c‫࢞׳‬Өhੌਾြಣ€ୡᵤ෶ᖤ˴ᛅገcઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ᖤ ᪆͎c⦡Ờ྅ૅhҊᚤҊᖤcŧ ၘ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ु͎€ᩜ͎c๻ࡣhՖ̧͙ࡵላ Ҡ҈ᵤၘ֚c࿍Πh᪍ᓛၘடc ▎ള☬͎c᫐઄ઈh࿪౨҈ၘடcᗥᛸ๬h ᝀᯊட̰ၘ⛎ླྀનӃߪ͎c੿xၘy઻ጓଵ͎cxၘ௹yx❸ၘyᓌໜcઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€០ຑ ͎cૹ඘Ꮾઢhીၘ੘੿c ޻ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᗂ͎c‫ژ‬؇ϊೡ೧hҕ޻Ө੽c▎͙ᰟӷᦩ˻޻cᗥూᗥh޻‫ݲ‬൳€ۤြੇ ᝬcઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€થᏕ͎c஥ẏ੾̡hୟ޻ြ͔ẟ€೰௅ચ᧬€ઉc എ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€঄͎c஥ស੾Ԇh‫ث‬ໆᴤഎc▎᪆͎c‫͓ژ‬Ịរொhͨഎͨిc▎଻઻€͙ဵ ໟൾ͎cဠட͔ҝບhધଶḐᒇഎ῎cઋ‫ଁ€઻଻ڠ‬᪆͎c‫ݳ‬੎൅h౯͙␊Ԛഎc ඍ ԩ‫تڠ‬ఝ઻€‫ت‬ಂ͎cૹ࣒ẏ෦hधୗ෶ඍc▎ᖤ͎€঄͎cӷ‫ଁ̧׉‬੐˻ඍ€धմ῿ඍட ϫ€Ꮛ଻઻ᩲcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ಂ͎€ᡖ͎c๻ึఛhඍᎻ␊⪮˻ហc ୢ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᗂగᔎ͎cઋ‫ڠ‬ટ೺ఝ઻€᭐ฎ͎€ᅲᆛ͎cૹẏફґh߸Ꮋা൒╺᭑ፇ ˶c▎ᙦষಖఛ˶͙ᄃਾ˻x˶ୢyc▎᙭ᣣ෦hӣ᮳ᦒ⦦੾ਾြ᮴€сரᦒॲ૜೚ཀྵਾ€ᣣ ᗻ΢˶ୢᦒ⦦€೰сय़૟€ᦒᯊҊ໿€്஌஡ੌ᧵c▎ੌ͎c᯻ј᪎ጓh൒͓᮳ࣽ૕͙࿩c ᗵ ԩ‫ڠ‬೺઻઻€ᛡ͎€ᑫ͎cૹ᪱වΩ෦hᗵᎻ͙౯c▎ぽఝ઻€߸৑͎cᦒ࡙៤h૞ᗵြ ੘cઋ‫ڠ‬ಙ઻€΢ཌྷ዗ಗຓ҈ᵤ⡉டಫc ᓧ ԩ‫ڠ‬ಙ઻€૊Ωಫcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€৚͎€ᵸ͎cૹӋ௿෦h᣸ᓧ੿ફட͍c৑‫ڠ‬ข͎€᳦ ͎c஥Ѯ̡੾એh൴͙ᓧᎤc ໢ ԩ‫͙ଁ€઻଻ڠ‬෋ϊ͎cઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ෲ෋ϊ͎c ൵ ੿‫ଁ€઻଻ڠ‬൵͎c‫͔ژ‬Ị૳Ꮋhαᙿ᣽൵cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€൵ட͎€੊͎cᦒ͔࡙ࡏh૫ ᚏࣸ൵ຒc ஛ ੿‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ᒣ͎cᗥઍ᥷h஛ᒣֳಖଁᵤᔄcઋ‫ڠ‬ટぽఝ઻€ᗉ͎€᧻͎€ෟষ͎c ᱖ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ਐ͎c⦡ஊӋᡴӪ෦hᦻ⥛㮓ᵸcx㮓yઁx᱖y઻c▎ຐᎺઢhᢪ჈‫ࣽث‬ᵤ ૲រ㮓cᏋ଻઻ᩲcઋ‫ڠ‬ટ೺ఝ઻€ࣜળ͎c஥ᙦ੾hໟ‫҈آ‬ఝ€๫᱖ຖਾcᦒࡣᯬhߪ᱖͔ ຒcԩ‫ڠ‬ᓌ᱖c‫׳‬ᐘӨh൮᱖ಖ̧᭿c඄ъմh൮᱖€धភֹ͎c೺ఝ઻c ෋ ੿‫ڠ‬૭͎€ມ͎cᗥూᗥhએ੾˻ᩓ€ኜ෋cઋ‫ଁ␊€઻଻ڠ‬෋͎cૹ᯻ൾ෦hයຖ࡝˴ ާட෋€੄Њ▎டᦒ͙෋୛c ᆠ ੿‫€઻଻ڠ‬ઐᆠடᆠ͎c๻̤h᭑ཌྷᢣᆠcૹӋ᧤෦hூብ੍⩎цԆᆠடӅcઋ‫ڠ‬ఝ઻€ ਿᆠடᆠ͎cᗥ೧૭h႞ᆠ௺Ŋ਴ᆠ⌐c ῿ ੿‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€َ‫ݳ‬ԅc‫͔ژ‬Ị▗ᮦhြ‫آ‬ΠΠcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€َ͙࢞ਾ͎c‫ݳ‬ᵠ౦hု€ ԪΠৣc ᣫ ੿‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ု͎c‫ژ‬ӣ᣶ಱಖ䚰h⩹ࠪ❾ᣫcઋ‫ଁ€͎ଁ€઻଻ڠ‬ြᣫ͎c ৣ ੿‫઻଻ڠ‬cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€͙ৣᧅਾ͎c‫׳‬ඥ੿hਯચ҈ৣြஊcᦒॎ୘hৣြ‫آ‬c ઋ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᙼ͎cᗥઍ᥷hઋᢊ߽᭸cઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ਾໟࡉ͎c ҆ ੿‫͎҆ଁ€઻଻ڠ‬cઋ‫ڠ‬๫ఘఝ઻c‫͓ژ‬Ị͔˼h҆ͨ▗˼c 125

݈ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c‫͔ژ‬Ị※ᎻhᘙᏋ݈டcઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ୁ͎c ᒅ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€൵͎cઋ‫ଁ€઻଻ڠ‬ᒅ͎c ᯊ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€‫͎ڙ‬c‫͓ژ‬Ịѿَh͍Գᯊடcઋ‫€઻଻ڠ‬ᱽᯊ͎c๻ᲷhՖ̧͙ಂᯊষᢙ ຒ๬c৑‫ڠ‬྽઻€ైᯊ͎cᗥ๯ហh๯ᵤ‫܈‬ᯊ€ᯊᏋၻc ᑺ ੿‫઻଻ڠ‬cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c̐઻⛖մh΢َਾੌᑺ⤜€ಣxᑺy઻੿ᯛ‫ڠ‬e΢َਾ෶ۨᑺ€ ಣxᑺy઻ઋᯛ‫ڠ‬c ℄ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c‫ژ‬ဠ᣶ᇢҌhᄕᄕᇢҌc▎ኸ͎cᗥ‫ݥ‬ហh‫ݹ‬ᄕᔎ଻c▎xᄕ᭸y€ྲྀ‫੿ڠ‬ ᯛcઋ‫€઻଻ڠ‬әੑೱ͎c ๦ ੿‫€઻଻ڠ‬ᮇ͎cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ާ͎c๻͔ੌh͔᧬͙๦c▎xӼ๦yxͭ๦y๰ᓌc ष ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᔏӞ͎c▎ࡂ͎c๻ึఛhष҈හடc▎ໟషࡃ˻xषycઋ‫€઻଻ڠ‬દ਺ 㮝͎c ৪ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ԩ͎cᦒઅ۩h৪ਾc▎ಷ͎c๻ึఛh๻᩷‫׉‬ϫ৪c৑‫͎ᤞ€઻଻ڠ‬c⦡ ᧥Ᏼઐґh ᧓҈ᮾๅc ⛬ ੿‫ڠ‬྽઻€ᵤ߽͎c๻ึఛh⛬६‫ݲ‬தcઋ‫€☡⦦ုڠ‬ఛ͎c‫͔ژ‬Ịॖ᧥h຤⛬Ӌజc▎ Ӡᘍ☡€്͎€⛬ட͎cᦒԆ̧டᣓhᎻӃ⛬€ᵤӃӨcᚾઋ‫ྲྀڠ‬೺ఝ઻҈ᰗហc ߽ ੿‫ڠ‬྽઻cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€߽ட͎c‫͎ূݳ‬hᓅੇᝬ҈߽டc ጀ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᯁጀ͎cᗥూᗥhጀរ๽͙ᲃcઋ‫ଁ€઻଻ڠ‬ੑ͎c ᓉ ੿‫€઻଻ڠ‬xᔈᓉyxᬷᓉyட໫cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ඥ͎€੊͎c ᮳ ੿‫ڠ‬྽઻cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€᮳ட͎c‫׳‬ᐘӨhӋເ᮳டc ᜯ ੿‫ڠ‬াᶀఝ઻c‫ژ‬ဠ᣶ᵊ߳hኳᜯᶀྈcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c΢ཌྷাᜯᏋ੿ᯛ€͙ୡᜯཌྷᏋઋ ᯛc ߂ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻cᗥᗥਉh߂ᵎ᩷෶cઋ‫تڠ‬ఝ઻c▎Ӌಂh૽ዑ‫୐€˹וݳ‬டҝບ€˻߂ ˹c▎xृ߂y€ಙ઻€‫੿ڠ‬ᯛc ႄ ੿‫ڠ‬྽઻c‫ژ‬ᴋϊৣ˻೒⌐hଚଌ੐ຮ€⩹ᵤ྽ႄcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€‫҈נ‬ᵤ಻ ͎€ႄட͎c ⡒ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€⠢͎€ส͎cᦒ͔‫ڗ‬hլ⡒‫׉‬ມcъմhլடଁส€ྲྀ‫ଁ׉‬ມ෋͎cઋ‫تڠ‬ఝ ઻€⡒᱆͎c‫͔ژ‬Ị๾ᤗḩ͓ੌ⡒cᗥӋಂh୐ြ᪎ࣽ€ᵤ੐ြҝບ€˻⡒˹c▎ぽఝ઻€ ࡠ͎€ј͎cဠᗥ⩎ુҝྃh΢Мਿடᨸ૎⡒ԳᏋ͙࢞c▎‫͔ژ‬Ị͔ࡵh⡒૪␊ᐘcࠌ૪҈␊ ᄋᐘ͙‫͎ܞ‬c ჱ ੿‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ླྀ͎€ເxϯჱyx໴ჱyட໫cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ồ͎c‫ژ‬ᤗϊ૞ਿનࡵhྲ டჱட€া▗ӣடc ஥ ੿‫ڠ‬྽઻€સฎட঩€஥Ѯॏථcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c஥ᦅ੾h‫ଁ̧׉‬ॏ€ᨈՖટॏட€ଁ஥ટ ஥டc

੿‫ڠ‬೘຀☡€଻઻€᧬ࣇᣪᏨcx৤ yࣽ€ََடᵤᦑ€ເ டᤣੌᣪ͎c▎๶ᰝ☡€Ũ೺ఝ ઻€ᓋᜯ͎cᗥྰ ͭhഥஉ‫ݞ‬ഥ๛೩ႌਾ€͙ಖ⶷ᵊ๢‫ࣽݳ‬c΀͙⶷ᨭ๢҈ᜯಖႌ͎c Ө ੿‫ڠ‬྽઻cઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ᙿ͎c ࡁ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€໴͎cဠᗥϫુಇਾh͙‫ંࡁޖ‬cઋ‫ڠ‬ҝઓ☡€྽઻€䥧͎c‫ݳ‬၍ᦒጓhϫ ๫ְᏋ␊ࡁ੽c▎x݈ࡁy␊ぽఝ઻c ໤ ੿‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€᪍ឝ⭵͎cઋ‫ڠ‬ટ೺ఝ઻€ᅞ͎€ᢣ͎c⦡ԩ৪ᦒḧ́ੑ໤‫ܐ‬᎛ુc ߬ ੿‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€୐͎c‫׳‬ඥӨhֳ߬М੘c▎ᐘӨh߬ြ⠁؈cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€⛅͎€ ে͎cᦒ‫ס‬୘h߬≖ആြᤈ઄c ੿ ੿‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€୐͎c๻᜞hմ੿ြ‫׉‬cઋ‫ڠ‬྽઻c▎▪َhઐֳ‫੿്ࣽ׉‬c ‫ڠ੿ ڟ‬೺ఝ઻€૦͎€प͎cᗥూᗥh‫ڟ‬୙Ꮛടcઋ‫੍€઻଻ڠ‬๛⩎‫͎ڟ‬c▎xӖ‫ڟ‬yᓌc ឝ ੿‫€઻଻ڠ‬๻ࢅ౗h̤␊ឝcઋ‫ڠ‬xাឝy␊೺ఝ઻cxឝହy␊ぽఝ઻cᗥ̛᭯hՖ̧ டုၽ঄տ€ᨄၽ૞ឝc ᷁ ੿‫ڠ‬྽઻c▎ဧເ଻઻c஥ၣ̡h᝞உࡃಖੌຖြ᪙ֳ‚ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ຖ͍͎c୨̧hাຖ ࣽਾલடc‫ݳ‬ၕᜑh૟Ֆᓅಖ૟҈ຖಖੑc ौ ੿‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€෭͎c▪߂ໝഎृౌᦒhઆ⦡▗਺ᰝौc࢛ᓒᲾᨸ࿠h ौટᵤഎলሲြຏӪcᚾxौy઻ጓxఓy͎€Ꮛ଻઻ᩲcઋ‫ڠ‬ছ෭͎€ટぽఝ઻c‫͔ژ‬Ị ‫ڧ‬hլ˻ੌढ़ौc‫׳‬ᐘӨhেІΩ᜿҈ौc ॏ ੿‫ڠ‬྽઻cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᓌx஥y઻c 垴 ੿‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻cဠᗥ‫⎧ુ׉‬ઊh垴ဧએ伨cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€垴ட͎cᗥᅮӞhΒ҈垴ᨈਾc ᅎ ੿‫઻଻ڠ‬cઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᅎட͎c‫ݳ‬⢵҈hూᔳ҈ᅎடc Ⅴ ੿‫ڠ‬ᣋ଻cӂỊ಻ંhⅤᣋ̐ચcઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᶷ͎cૅΠhಖѢӃ͙Ⅴᰆc▎‫ע‬ఛ૲ᨗ ͎c ೶ ઋ‫€઻଻ڠ‬x൴೶y͎c৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c๻೶hΡ̧೶೚c ౾ ๰̅क़€ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€᣾ᣐ͎c▎x౾⦡yુ଻€xቔ౾yख़͎€ྲྀ␊଻઻c৑‫ڠ‬ટ೺ఝ ઻€඀୚͎c⦡౦ᜲ෦h౾ៃ▪ᵤເජ੒ᔍc▎෿ള͎cૹ୛Ӌೢ෦hᚈ౾໽๛ԍ૟cũ▎↨ 126

͎c⦡᙭ԩ྅ૅhԩ஛€̰䚘҈න౾ෲcӷx౾y઻๰क़৑‫€ڠ‬ཇࡃ☡€྽઻€ᩮ͎cૹ༎࿻ ෦h๫ֱ౾ட͍c▎ͺцhೠᩮ๫്˻౾cӷxሙ౾yசӞᯛ€xℑ౾y౮‫ۑ‬ᯛ€ ྲྀಙ઻cŪ ૻ ੿‫͎ͭڠ‬cᦒμ᦭hᦒဧૻ඾৑‫ڠ‬Ν͎c஥ᦅ̡੾౪hເ᭒ໟૻcྲྀ೺ఝ઻c ੑ ઋ‫઻଻ڠ‬c‫۩␊ݳ‬hੌжੑc৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c ៝ ઋ‫€઻଻ڠ‬ᄳᬿ͎€ଁ͎៝c‫͔ژ‬Ị▗ᮦh̰̰៝ৎc৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ᚳ͎c๻୐h͓͙៝ ᧥͔c ચ ̐ໜմh΢ཌྷাચᏋ৑ᯛ€⪮াચ҈ચடຨઋᯛ€යટੌӈဧࣽcಣぽ೺ఝடᏊ͎cӂỊ಻ ്h᱔̧΀ᐺᑖட̧␊ચc৑‫͎઻଻€ڠ‬c ᵢ ެЎ☡€ઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€͔Ვ͎c‫ژ‬ၕϊЛhή᭿ᵤၟ€ᵢಖᲕᩲc৑‫ڠ‬ບֹ☡€೺ఝ઻€ ㅙ͎c๻ᳯhᳯᦼᎲ€ᵤᵢਾ€૚c ষ ઋ‫€઻଻ڠ‬цಂ͎c৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€࣭͎€೬͎c ᛍ ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€᳼͎cૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hઊ቟ୠᛍட៝᭚டӨc৑‫€઻଻ڠ‬Ꭷ͎҄c‫͔ژ‬Ịඟ⌐hӃ ͙␊ᛍcū ࿿ ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€᳼͎c๻ึఛh᫅࿿‫ݲ‬ϫ҈Ӄᩲc⦡ဠઐґhҠ࿿ೲ੾ፇᮇᵤဧc৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ ઻€ເx࿿ྰyx࿿ఠyx࿿‫ڮ‬yx࿿߉yடᎯcx࿿̅yࣽ€ࢅ▪մh૱‫͎ܪ‬c ☡ ઋ‫ڠ‬મ͖€ห઻€Ꭴ͎€x˴☡y€͔΢͎c৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€を͎cᗥृྃhӽ҈☡ட␊ ᕢc ᣁ ઋ‫ڠ‬ᓙཌྷ͎c৑‫ڠ‬⠣ဳ͎cྲྀ೺ఝ઻c ஹ ઋ‫ڠ‬྽઻cᗥᗥᏨhᵤᵔᵤஹc৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ຣ͎c ख ઋ‫ڠ‬ᷕᣵ͎cຖૹᩑᨚ෦hᨚᚈखᵤ෶ዹc৑‫ڠ‬Λ͎c⦡ఇ੅෦hኬᗉ਼खcઋ৑ྲྀぽఝ ઻c ᣵ ઋ‫€઻଻ڠ‬ᠬဳ͎cᗥ೧૭hൕඤᠬ᧸€વӅᣵc৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€᜵͎€ᙤ͎c▎h‫׉‬ϫᵤ ⛖€ᔅᣵ҈ͅ஠c ‫ ܆‬ઋ‫ଁ€઻଻ڠ‬Ӆ‫͎܆‬cૹᗥᏚઢhࡵຒዑсઐ‫܆‬c৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ਛक़͎€‫܆‬क़͎c▎x‫܆‬ ᮈyࣽ€ӅᏩட๦͎ͬc Ꮪ ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€᣺ႄ͎c‫͎ূݳ‬h౯ࣽᏚ઄c▎ᠼ‫ا‬hμ̜ࣽᏚc৑‫€઻଻ڠ‬ᯛમ‫଻ށ‬c▎ ぽఝ઻€᣺͎c‫׳‬ᐘӨh᩷ᎻᓌᏚ͎c ༕ ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ཹ͎c▎ಙ઻€᭐ࡵಫcૹਸખ෦h༕ය⬤ࡵc৑‫€઻଻ڠ‬ ᧬ᘸ੿ూྪ͎c‫ژ‬h‫ثؽ‬༕✸c ᪜ ઋ‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€ᬞ߁͎c‫ژ‬Ӌϊใ┥h૔ᨊ๫᪜c৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€‫͎ڒ‬c‫੿̧׳‬h෋લၟ᪜ຖ ၟc ఉ ઋ‫ڠ‬ᗔᑖ☡€xᗔyᯛฦ€଻઻€᧌͎c▎xॡಲyc‫ژ‬ၕϊ൅✸hَᒅடఉc▎ృ‫أ‬ ☡€xృyᯛΩ€೺ఝ઻€ࡉ͎€ে͎cᦒઆІhЎ຤ఉ೚Ἀட৘cಣ͙ᯛடΩฦ҈ဧᰗࣽc ೠ ઋ‫ڠ‬྽઻cᦒ੎ᰉh۶๬ೠẑc৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ೡ̤͎c‫੿࢞׳‬h˴ೡೠடc ဦ ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€Ӽ͎c▎ዶ඗͎cૹၕ᧶෦hཀྵ᧶ဦᄮ␊ၕ‫ا‬c৑‫ڠ‬྽઻€ᤛ͎c஥Ѯ̜੾ ˴hᤛဦடᎻc▎xဦዼyᓌમc ᬘ ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€๯ᬘ͎c๻͔मhᬘଷ᫟c▎xᗻᬘyxᏆᬘy␊೺ఝ઻cx᭗ᬘyᏋ␊྽ ઻c৑‫ڠ‬ಙ઻€xߞᬘy€ྰఠඥᅖಫcૹк⇝๻Ӌ෦h ᓛઍ˶Πᬘᬘ€Ŭ๫ລӷк⇝c▎xᬘ˼yᓌમc ᭹ ઋ‫઻଻ڠ‬cࢅ▪΀hӞᰶ࡝ြத҈ઍြ߽͎cᗥ᭹ហhೲཀྵઁ⇝‫̧͙׉‬᭹߽‫ݲ‬൳ౌ͔ઊ˹€ ᭹ࣽ᱔̧ட૟͎c‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬h᭹ᵤఘॄc▎xླྀ᭹yુ଻c৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻c‫ݳ‬⢵҈h᪀҈᭹ીc ▎‫͔ژ‬Ị๾ᤗh๫᭹ટἈc྽઻€ᓧ͎c ॊ ઋ‫઻଻ڠ‬c஥ស੾౪hઁࣽએॊᵤໟ␊ဧc஌մhளட˻ॊ€ဧட˻༷c৑‫ެ€ڠ‬એᶀ€ ଻઻€᩷ઋ‫ڠ‬ᓌጓc஥ၣએh΀ಖॊட͔̎᪰ќ͎c▎ᗥూᗥhᔎᥧਾடૄ€ᯊॊ͙ዹc ᚾxॊy઻஌ྲྀส৑ᯛc▎̣એ☡€೺ఝ઻€͎៝cᗥ೧૭hව⩎ட೧€̰૽ੌҝ໖Ꮋ಴ෙ€ ఑ॊ᫤c▎ぽᏋḩᐔ๫ர౦€๫ரॊc▎ु͎c‫׳‬ᐘӨhॊՖത୥‚▎ެએ☡€೺ఝ઻€ள ͎c๻೚hՖ્̧͙ᎻॊᎤcᗥᛸ๬h๻ᑞ҈ᴤॊ͎cӷx͔ॊyx͓ॊy౗଻€ੌुடហ€ મൿ̣એ☡c ข ઋ‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€᪁Ӽ஦͎cૹԆ๬ઢḫໟ঵⦡ૅ€̯೒ข̧c৑‫ڠ‬ぽఝ઻€฾͎cᗥూ ᗥhᨄ๽ขc ‫ ڠ‬ઋ‫€઻଻ڠ‬΢ҮᦒΠϯᣫ΀ഗ€Πનϯ҈ᘣட͙☬ͅӗࣽ˻x‫ڠ‬ycŭ৑‫ڠ‬೺ఝ઻€ӗᦒ ͎c ു Ӌป☡€೺ఝ઻€ষ͎€⒭͎c▎ᓛ଻cտჺ☡€଻઻cᗥᗥਉhുᥤ஌੊c▎ଌӨਸ ␊xുyc ᶊ տჺ☡€ぽఝ઻€૳͎cઁᶊ☡€ಙ઻c‫ژ‬ၕϊ̎ਾhಲ߸ᶊᶊcં߸ᯛc

127

⅚ ᫚ሙ☡€྽઻€ছ͎cᗥृྃh๽⅚૝cૹ᙭̈෦h⅚ടᚡ༞டઍc▎᫚╺☡€೺ఝ઻€ ᅆ͎€ᅕ͎c๻▪َh‫ֳ؜‬ಖᵤӃ⅚c▎੎h⅚᫟ᬉc Ꮚ ͛Ӫ☡€଻઻€᧐ᦒ͎cဠᗥ‫͓ુ׉‬ૉhᜮ඗᣿͙෦ᏊcъմhᏊ␊ᚾ€ᚾૅ஡ຨ˴͎c ▎x͔Ꮚy€઄଻c▎ာ͎€ဧເ଻cમ☬€ŮᏋ೺ఝ઻€ඥᏊ͎c ᢐ ൳ᢐ☡€˴ส೺ఝ઻€ᓌ͎c๻̤hἈᢐ଼͔c‫͓ژ‬Ịᤣ⋍hᧅ̧ႄᢐc▎ᤄԅcᗥӋ ಂhᵤ෶Ԇ੾ίࣽ€ᵤᢐြ‫̧׉‬c▎ᚳ͎c‫̧߱ݳ‬hᆠੌ€˻€᫅ᢐᩲc▎Ჾ͎c஥ẏ̡h Ўᢐ҈૝ढ़cಣぽఝ઻€๫ु͎ͬc˴ส଻઻€Ά͎c‫͔ژ‬Ị͔ࡵh‫׉‬สடᢐc⦡౦ᜲӪ෦h ⽺ూ⑫զ֔ᢐcъ΀Мࣽ჈‫ث‬૨ᨈໟΆᢐҌc▎xએᢐyxહᢐyྲྀ଻͎cᬖᢐ☡€Ꮛᦉส ଻઻cૹຐᎺઢh೬ࣽ€℧bᢐb୐bߢbᰁ͎€ଁ͙೬૨ृ͎c ȉᦊմh⦡ͭᎫ▪สn࿍ੌள઎ᮑࣽ€᮳᭹͎ࣽ€ઋሪ᪯Ҋ॑҈᭹ட€Ҋ࡝҈Ҋઍடco ȉᦊմeᙘ˸‫ݬ̧׳ا‬஌ᇭ⸺ͭմhnᆏx⣧y઻๰x㇩y€⣧᩺€⣧൅ᡥ€⣧̣⬔€⣧▗€ ྲྀృγᶀe૞ᜯ␊к€̰ృкᶀeຒ▗€˹˸€⪮ੌ̡઻͎cાਾ᥼ໜຨۨ઻สxᣀy€ృк ☡€‫̧׳€ۍ܅‬મហᓌ‫€ۍ‬ᵤӃᵤ̐cxᣀ᩺yઁᦒสx∂᩺y€Ꮛಖ઻ᵤ঄๰x䪌yӃၟ ᩲco ȉᦊմh⦡ͭᎫสnәੌҊᚤҊᖤட၌co ȉᦊմhx y઻๫x๶ᰝyમcྰͭ಻▪hnx y೘᳥ᶀ€▎೘ᛛᶀ€▎೘᳁ᶀcoಣմ๶ ᰝ☡ࣽ߉c ȉᦊմh෦▪๫ಣΠ€ᰝ‫ا‬ᜯष᥸ᔦ઻୘ପ߉c ȉx⊿y଼x౾yೲᚾ྆઻€ᵤೲ˴઻ᰗ‫€ڠ‬ᵤᥫᔓ৑c ȉᦊմh૮‫ژ‬สnӃ͙␊࿿o€಻▪մhnx࿿y͠௹ᶀ€ࢅ▪สxᛍyco૮ᰝ‫ا‬ष‫ژ‬᣾ สxᛍy€ટ߉c ȉᦊմhૹᦒสxᲿᲿy€ટᜯष᥸ᔦ઻୘҈߉c ȉ~Ჷဳࢅ̡੾̜ࢅhn΢ੌടbΠᚾͬ҈ఛ᧵નᢢࣽ˻x‫ڠ‬yo€̰ᰝ‫ᦒ˴⛖▪␊ا‬ ଁสடಆ᪎ߣસហ€ಣᣫnΠનϯ҈ᘣட͙☬ӗࣽ˻x‫ڠ‬yo€̰ዹ྅ฤဧцߣࢅࡵ€Ќ˴ຳ ೇ೚੐ᦒઍᵤകᓢ҈കᘣߣϫਿc ȉᦊմhxඥᏊyடxᏊyᵤમx☬y€ಣᭁဧ᥸ᔦ઻୘n☬৑ᯛoட▪҈㱚ઋn৑ᯛo̡ ઻c

ఝ઻ᡩӪ ~᧿Ү⦡ઍఝ઻€຤຤६ዹຑᚾ઻ࠌဧࣽ€▎६᳿઻ហᓌ೰␊᳿ᯛ⡏ໜࣽ€ť᪎ࣽᔗ ᦒ€঄াຨடc ~▎ຑᚾ઻ࠌဧࣽ€ເh ๬᭡ ೞহ ᨰ⛖ ਼̩ ▗ர ๰ࡉ ᏙΩ ј⧲ ચᣫ ᚳᓉ ହఉ ᙦᓷ ᔏᴾ ୉ᣌ ਐུ ఛ‫ت‬ ၅ໝ ᨰࡃ

‫࠸ע‬ ࿰ⳁŦ ચ৑ ‣ᙿ ⛖ᣵ ͅ㛛

ఔ᳝ ઋၘ ચ‫ݹ‬ ᶀӼ ᾇৢ சஐ

ቚ㙷 Ꮎහ สᣌ ળส ᓖఢ

૊ᯅ ႎቐ ઋ᱆ ⥹ў ᧤ᕃ

ȉઐᲷଁӪఝ઻€ಖઍੌߣ▎῿Ӫ৑Ꮚ໫ட઻ઍcເxј⧲yx⛖ᣵyxᓖఢy€▎ᛌ৑଻ ઻f೩~Ჷgexᨰ⛖yxቚ⛖yx▗ரy€ ▎ᛌ৑྽઻f೩~Ჷgex૊ᯅy▎ᛌ৑଻઻€இᛌ৑྽઻c໫൏ߣᅥଞஇੌc ȉᦊմhx࿰ⳁy⪮ዹຑ઻€x࿰yᗉxᚪy઻ட߉c ~᳿઻ᓌហࣽ€ເ ድᢸ Ց޻ ‫ٹ‬ᙫ ੟ᣓ ᆵᇮ ና᠈ ದ‫ګ‬ Ḉẏ ೜ẏ Ҧᩁ ೣᏫ ೣ೬ ⵖ࿥ ఙ╈ ‹ᶘ ॑ᙊ ඒൖ ᒅઅ ໿ᜲ Ⴜ᠈ ࿌⸝ ứᚏ ᚏ࿤ ᚏ࿛ Ძᓜ Φ០ ሧ᭡

ᄽӜ ၅␊ ୉ቐ ༕೬ ܴ਷ ш⡓ ሑ߆ ൕ᙭ ឮ᥾ 128

⍘ᩜ ཫഌ Φᢈ ୈቐ ߂ኸ ๮ป ઝ ঺‫ݤ‬ ‫ᙼ؝‬

ढ़෭ Φ଼ ࢱᇮ ࿖᰷ ᅫ⬼ ཫࡗ ᙃᙼ ൫⢥ ጌᑋ

ढ़ᘪ ᭡በ ☡߈ ኡ߶ ᶀྈ ᛃᣫ ച࿊ ᘔᲉ ဠぽ

๝ᤗ ൂͳ ⸻સ ᙭࢑ ᆵϪ

࡝ኹ ⡒᱆ ࡸᖃ ෱බ Φᣫ

͊ྃ ౼ࢧ ⤛ૺ ᨢള ᡇᬑ

ఘச क़ភ ᅳᰄ ᧤ᓷ ⠭߂

~᳿ᯛ⡏ໜࣽ€ťເh ߸ඥ 㡂㡊 ‫ࠡڵ‬ ຊᣞ ਛ‫ڧ‬ 喬ൌ ਃ‫ێ‬ ᬽহ ⡿☞ ໟ೷ ৎᆍ ᩜᗉ ರၣ ӹӖ ၘࠌ ᛮ୉ ᓖກ ህᡁ ᙬᐘ ⛠ਹ Ꭳຕ ֆମ ៅྎ ር၉ ఱॳ ᶆḶ ⨤▐ ฾ᨺ ఋ૾ ຕᓵ ᗑნ ྰ᧽ ྲჱ ರృ ߞᩮ ࿰С ය᳿ᯛ⡏ໜ‫͙ଁ€઻ݲ‬ಙ્ࣽု૨€ཀྵᾫ⛖ಙ઻c

὚ӹ ᛤప ᰄ⭵ ऒ஢ ണᅆ

๝ᬎ թᅗ ྱ⭵ ๊ᛜ ⤠‫؜‬

⠮֋ Үᯔ ޼ⓖ ଫ‫ݤ‬ ෱බ ஛ᒣ ᜷๻ ᡊᐋ ᪲ᓉ

㱚ߓ ᖮያ ᶻஐ ຬያ

࡮΁ ୀᚏ ূ્ ᆽড় ⴱ෫ ࡔᐋ ႎ၉ धஔ

ᶱ‫ڴ‬ ဠߧ ઝඥ ⃒᷂ ṫೆ է৆ ੽௒ ‫ه‬ᒙ

ȉӨӪဤ઻ઍ€ୀᚏ ဠߧ ຕᓵ ᗑნ ‫ه‬ᒙᇐ€Ў⪮᳿ᯛ€͎⪮⡏ໜc

ఝ઻ໟḈԆட̜ ~΢ഗ‫ڠ‬டͅ€͛ੌടͬbΠͬcടͬடᙦ೩€˴͙੿Өடఛᰳ␊સc҈Πͬ€Ꮛട ͬடଁ␊Π͎€ť๫Πͬೲ๫ഗ‫ڠ‬ᩲcΠَ͙ͬടͬட␊ത௎ࣽ€Ꮛ଻␊ोͬeΠ͙ͬͭടͬ ட๬ࣽ€Ꮛብఝ઻ೲ͙c੐˴ഗ˴‫ڠ‬டぽੌ̡̜ఝ઻ࠌᦒࣽ€ಖឝલ̰ࣽͭടͬட๬€଻ட˻ ળఝeಖຖఝ઻ଁ͙Ḉળఝட๬ࣽ€΀டᓉఝcᓉఝմࣽ€͙ಖ๬⪮᣾Ḉাട͎ͬcŦᅐष‫ݳ‬ Πᠼ‫ا‬Ჽ᩷᧥Ᏼ૦ᵎͫ⠣ъԳ͙ࡵடh ᠼ‫ا‬fടͬg൴fಙ઻gปfળఝ€͙ͭടͬட๬g໬᧢fxปyடुͬ€ӷಣ˴ഗgcઘੌ ᠼ߱fടͬg೩fળఝgြਸ̧fᜯͬ€ӷಣ˴‫͙ͭ€ڠ‬⢵َட‫آ‬gc˻fળఝ€ಖടͬЌ᮴ ‫€͎ڠ‬ŧᭁx˻yࣽ€⪮ԩೡடઘੌᠼ߱€̰೩ြਸ̧டઘੌᠼ͎߱cx˻yடुͬ€Ќ͙ຖ ଁ⢵டΠ€ཀྵӷಣӃߓዼgcᠼ‫ا‬fടͬg൴ੌfળఝg૟fुͬgြ໬᧢fᜯͬ€ͭᣫ€ӷ ಣྲྀx˻yடुͬgcਸ̧fടͬg˻fળఝ€ᓌ᮴gc૦fఘࡪ€ӎಖ଻͎gc๫̰fಙ ઻€͙ಙଁᗉ€᩷‫׊‬ΠŨx᩷y઻ໟᥫ€ᶀَ͙ࢧட͎gӂfടͬgೲfࢧఛ€ũ͙หഗடળ ఝ͎gमfोͬg᩷f‫€઻׊‬ӷಣ˴ഗgcઊfདኜห઻g໬᧢fఘࡪ€ဦြഗ‫ڠ‬டલ€དኜ ಖ଻€▪ඬ˴Ⴒgcಔࣽf̡઻€ಙ઻டͭ‫ࣽآ‬ŪgલӋfടͬg͙fဧ͎€ఝ઻€૮␊ળ ఝg␊fส͎€ટఝ઻€̰੿Ḉx͙y઻€ଁ΀ᓉఝ͎€धմxಔલӋဧ໬᧢␊૞᩺ఘy€ ཀྵx␊y઻᮴ੋੌx໬᧢y̡઻€͙ಖདናြഗ‫ڠ‬டલ€ཀྵᵤَ҈Ḛg૞᩺fxఘy઻டⱷ ࡪgఘfx␊yடुͬ€ເx␊y઻สxೲy઻ጓટӃ€ຨxఘy઻̰ोͬcधմxಔલӋ໿ ட␊૞᩺ఘ͎cyӷಣَཀྵட‫␊͙ଁَ€ڠ‬xᑒ᦭டәyடཀྵ͎gc೰fࠌ઻€ј˴Ꮅ€ଁ͙ ࠌ᮴‫΀᧵€ڠ‬໬᧢ட␊ᑒ᦭டә€ᵤᇊલӋ໿டடཀྵ€⛎͙x೰੐yՉՉg੐fળఝ€ಖടͬ ⤰ဦြ᮴gộ٩டઍfᜯ͙ͬͭᣫࣽgᩲf‫ࢧ͙€઻׊‬૟டԛයࣽcӷಣ▎˴‫€ڠ‬ ટَཀྵ͎cᚾ‫€ⱷ᧵ڠ‬Өഗ᧵ᢢgcೲfࢧఛ€Ӄᗂ␊ઐഗடળఝ€ಖടͬx໬᧢yԛલና ᩲgᑒ᦭fⱷࡪgடf૾઻gәfोͬg͎f‫€͎͉ࢧ€઻׊‬धմx঄ೡલӋ໿டடཀྵЎເ ຏ€ಖଁုடϫ▎ເಣ€͉঄ᗂ␊ᓛૅᑒ᦭டә͎cyӷಣഗᢢgcതfޯᔎห઻€ ̰x␊y઻ҝͬჱ᳼ြલࣽ€೩ޯᔎห઻Ჽg͙fဧ͎€สఝ઻ጓ€ಣળఝ͎€ಖടͬኜ᩷Π ࣽ€ࠪ‫ݠ‬ኜᠼ‫ا‬ટӃ€धմxЎ␊ᑒ᦭டә€ӂᇐത␊ဧปֳ‚ygปfᓉఝ઻€ ੿Ḉx͙y઻g␊f૾઻€ಖҝͬxതy઻લ᳼c௎ส␊x඾y઻ጓ€ Ꮛx͙y઻␊૾઻cxത͙ป␊yࣽ€धմx␊തปட඾‚yӷಣ˴ഗgcઘੌfടͬg ˻fળఝ€ӷಣส˴ዼgcઊ̧fടͬg‫܈‬fળఝgடfुͬcӷಣ˴ഗgcԪ̡әࣽfട ͬgྲྀfห઻gᵤfಙ઻g‫܈‬fળఝg͎f‫္€઻׊‬ഗ€͙‫׊‬ಖᶀࢧட͉gcਸ̧fടͬg ˻fળఝgcဠഎfടͬgੌfળఝgَfुͬ€ӷಣ˴‫ڠ‬g˻fળఝ€ ಖട̰ͬ᮴‫ڠ‬gc᙭fળ‫€ڠ‬ಖടͬЌ΢␊ਾәࣽ€ᵤَӃḚgୡfुͬg᱆fᓉఝ€␊ҝ ͬ€ಖ੿঄ੌx͙y઻€ӃᵤᦒࡵgӪfx᱆yடुͬ€ӷಣ˴ഗgcᵤ෶ࣽfടͬgुfળ ఝ€▎˴ഗgcᯅfળఝ€ಖട̰ͬଁໟடਾ€ᵤَ҈Ḛ€˴઻␊‫ڠ‬g҈fࠌ઻gᵤᇮfળ ఝ€ಖടͬЌໟࣽ€ु̰ͬଁໟࣽ€ྲྀᵤࡵᦒcӷಣ˴ᢢ‫ڠ‬gcྲ҈ᵤᆵfᓌ੿€धմxເఘ ਾྲ҈ໟࣽᵤᆵԳygcᏋfࠌ઻€َ͙ฃ͎g൴Գfྲྀಙ઻gဧfળఝ€ಖടͬЌଁໟடఘ ਾ͎gຏໟfुͬgᩲf‫ࢧ€઻׊‬ಖฃட঄ය͎c΢ዶ࢑ட૟ྲྀ␊‫͙€ڠ‬ಖ᧵નᢢ͎c҈঄ය 129

டฃᏋ␊ഗ€͙ಖ᧵᱗ࡃ͎€ཀྵӷಣ␊ഗgc೰ӂَfടͬgमfળఝgᩲfࢧಖԛයடَເ ಣ€ӷಣ˴ഗgcᦼᏔfടͬgચfળఝgြႭfᜯͬ€ӷಣ˴‫ڠ‬gcᯉ̛fടͬg㛛fળ ఝgြᑀઍfᜯͬ€▎˴‫ڠ‬gcೲfࢧఛ€ടͬᚾ‫ڠ‬gԣடमfोͬg᩷f‫€઻׊‬ᶀࢧ˶ᰳ€ ӷಣ␊ഗgcઘੌ˻fᓌ੿gc૮fࠌ઻€ናടgઊ໬᧢fടͬgcᓒfोͬg҈fࠌ઻g ⛬fટोͬ€ྲྀເળఝgြ᭶fҝͬ€Ꭿြx⛬y઻€ӷಣ˴ഗgc૮fಙ઻€َ‫آ‬g ᵤ६fળఝ€ടͬᏋ␊ᠼ‫ͬु€ا‬Ꮛ␊໬᧢€ྲྀᵤَ҈Ḛcಣ˴ዶ࢑ட‫͎ڠ‬gcຖ྅fകͬ€ ͭ‫آ‬g͛fಙ઻g␊fળఝģஉfⱷࡪgԀfुͬcӷಣَዶ࢑டฃ€ ͅ␊˴ഗgcਸ̧fടͬg˻fળఝgc૦fఘࡪ€ӎಖ଻͎gcՖ̧fടͬgছfળఝ€Ө ▪ྲྀಖुͬgઊfདኜห઻€᣾᮸xఛy઻gৢfળఝ€ಖട̰ͬ␊ೲَࣽ€ᵤَ҈ḚcӨ ▪x˻‫܈‬டy€ಖु͎ͬg˻‫܈‬டfྲྀxৢy઻ुͬ€धմxৢಖ‫܈‬୯டَygc҈fࠌ઻€ ੿ሹxৢy઻g͛␊fળఝ€ಖടͬ᩷xৢy઻ဧgடfห઻€ᜯͬલ᳼gఛfx␊y઻ु ͬ€धմx͛␊ఛ͙ሧ࿥ಖ‫܈‬୯ட͍ycxடyኜ੿▪€ཀྵxৢ˻‫܈‬டy˴‫€ڠ‬x҈͛␊ட ఛy▎˴‫€ڠ‬ᚾྲྀxছy઻ुͬcӷಣഗᢢgc̫͎fടͬ€ઐ଻€ຖ္x͎y઻€ ೩ຖgcᔄfળఝ€Ө▪ྲྀͭଁᔄ€ӷxᵤ૊yु€ྲྀಖुͬgੌᓛੌૅࣽf˴‫␊€ڠ‬ടͬ ͎gcᵤᤆfળఝgᨈfुͬg҈ᤆᵤϱfᓌ੿€ ӷಣ˴‫ڠ‬gcᵤᤆ᠐҈ᤆᵤ૊f▎˴‫ڠ‬cাxੌᓛੌૅࣽyӷಣᚾ‫€ڠ‬ ྲྀxᔄy઻ु͎ͬgcᭁfࠌ઻€َཀྵgϱfടͬūg๫fળఝg᠐fुͬ€˴͓ഗ€Өᓌg c଼๫ᨈc૊๫ዼf̜ԩഗ€᧵ྲྀᢢgcઊfห઻€ኜ੿▪€ടͬgເfᓌఝ€ಣ␊ળఝg ೲfुͬ€धմxଁَ‫ه‬௎ಣy͎€Ӄ␊ዼ‫ڠ‬gcŬཀྵfࠌ઻g߽ਾfടͬgᵤᖋfળఝ€ӷ ಣ˴ዶ࢑ட‫ڠ‬gcᏋfࠌ઻€ሹَ঄යட૟gበfળఝ€ಖടͬЌ΢ੌᓛࣽ€ᵤَӃၟg▪ ຒfुͬg͙f૾઻g૝fᓉఝ€ҝြ૾઻gடfx૝y઻ुͬ€ӷಣ˴ഗgcЎfࠌ઻bಙ ઻ྲྀӃg૝fળఝgடfुͬ€ಣዶ࢑ட‫ڠ‬gcᏋfࠌ઻€ሑَዶ࢑ຖᥫ␊ட૟g૊fળఝ€ ᩷੿x૝y઻€ಖടͬྲྀxੌᓛࣽygடfुͬ€ӷಣഗ᧵ԛᢢg૮fࠌ઻€ናടg઎᩷૦ ͎fടͬgcໟfળఝgઊ̧fुͬ€ӷಣ˴‫ଁͭ€ڠ‬ᣫடฎgc߽ਾfടͬgᵤᖋfળఝ€ ͭ૟டഗ€˶ᰳનવg҈fࠌ઻€͙ࠌ੿Өᚾഗໟᶀட૟gᵤ෶fળఝ€ ಖടͬ␊x઎yx૦y€ԛલ᳼g૝fᓉఝ€͙Ḉx෶y઻‫׊‬ఝg͎f‫€઻׊‬ᶀࢧ€ŭ▎͙˶ ᰳનવ€ཀྵ္x͎y઻gcộfടͬ€َộぽடᎻg⠣ᤋඥႋfМఝ઻€ྲྀ␊ળఝ€᧵ԩ҈஡ ᵤໟᎯg҈ᵤ෶ઽ͎f᩷੿ഗᓌgc҈fࠌ઻€੿▪াx߽ਾᵤᖋyӷxᵤ෶ઽ͎y‫ݲ‬ഗ€ฟ ᙭ᵤ෶ปਾட૟€ӷಣx҈y઻␊˴͔ᜯ€͙ടӨ▪g࣭fળఝ€x઎yx૦yಖട͎ͬg ఝfᓉఝ€͙Ḉx࣭y઻g̤ସfxఝy઻ुͬgြộぽfᜯͬ€ͭᣫcাx߽ਾᵤᖋyӷ ಣ€‫ݲ‬ഗྲྀԩ҂˶ᰳgcԪfടͬg஛fળఝ€͙Өӷx͎y઻€ྲྀଁx஛y͎€ཀྵ␊ुͬg ᠼஉடԀf˴ዼ€Ө▪ᚾ‫ڠ‬டടͬgᵤ੐fળఝg໬᧢fᜯͬcӷಣ␊˴͓‫ڠ‬gc҈fᶀᜯࠌ ઻g੐fળఝ€ടͬ੐᮴g᪲ඪடぽfᜯͬ€ͭᣫ€x੐y઻ຖ๫૾઻g͎fӷಣ˴‫€ڠ‬ ̰x஛y઻ुͬcx͎y઻ଁ͙ࢧَ૟͉ட͛൴ເಣ€▎္͙ुͬட‫͎ڠ‬cx૮઎᩷૦͎yӷ ಣ˴ీ€ഗ᧵̰ᢢ€҈xԪ஛yӷᎲ€ಣీઍᰒᢢடഗ€ಖિྲྀ΀ட‫ڠ‬Ӄ͎gc ȉ՜˴ഗ൏ֳႤʹࢅ៮ԅcເ຀ࢅ€n҈ടͬ€ᏋΠͬடଁ␊Π͎o€൏ֳ⛎ႄ͉ጓಳc ȉᰝ‫ا‬ဧxᓉఝyዹਁҋਿΠَઍߣxᵤસࣈy€ᵤસࣈߣဧ⠥೛᥼€ଁ͙ᰝ‫ا‬ᓉఝߣဧ⠥͎ ೛᥼€Ḉળఝட๬ࣽ€έೲᓉఝߣ˴൵€~Ჷஇ‫ن‬ҟᓉఝӃ͙สടͬbोͬbҝͬbⱷ ࡪ€՜ಳᓉఝ⇝ᵤ͛Ḉળఝட๬c ȉx˻yߣടͬ␊xઘੌᠼ߱y€ᰝ‫ࢅا‬ടͬ␊᮴‫€ڠ‬᭶ጓcӨ҂nဠഎੌَ˻o€ᰝ‫ࢅا‬ᓌ ಣc ȉxΠy঄สx઻yc ȉಣxೲy઻ࢧ⪮ࢧఛ€ Ќึͬc⪐᪎੘ઁᦒ਼઻᭤಻षӋ‫ا‬Ү෦಻ͬ಻␊xடyf͙xमy␊଻ͬgcᣠ‫͙ׯͬا‬ಣ ൵xೲy઻␊xഗઍ‫ͬ׊‬y€⛬ਾࠪጓ␊หͬfྲྀ͙xमy␊ఝͬgc ȉᯤxಔy˴઻ೲಙ઻€~Ჷ඗xಔࣽy␊ͭ‫آ‬ಙ઻nᢐြස઻͙ͅ˴Πoc ȉxϱy€ᆏ▪⛖ᏡՍᥫ␊‫€ڠ‬धմxዶເ⠣Άԩϱmmyc ȉᵊြxઊເೲy€ᢢᦒናҟ૨ࡪ€നࢅцᵤ˴c~ᲷࢅિೲnಙΠੌ␊ዼࣽoe~ Ჷࢅhnxઊເೲymm‫᧜ث‬᮴▪҈াͅ␊‫ڠ‬ᩲcoಣᣫ▎ࢅિnӃ␊ዼ‫ڠ‬o€␊ዼ ␊‫€ڠ‬ᵤക಄ᚧc ȉത΀nᶀࢧo€ᵤࡵc ᭁfടͬgťᔄfળఝ€ಖടͬЌ᧥Ᏼা΀€Ө▪ӷxͅ଻yྲྀಖଁᔄட૟€ྲྀಖु͎ͬgӋ ࣽfⱷࡪ€धմxӋࣽடઍyg⩹fห઻€ടͬ€धմxӋࣽடઍ๫ਾyg᧥fोͬ€ဧ␊ળ ఝgՋf૾઻€ဧ␊ཹ༕ࣽgဠ▪fxՋy઻ҝͬ€ଁཹட˴Ϧ€ӷಣ˴‫ڠ‬gc൅ࣽ⩹᧥ြᤗ ၣfӷಣ▎˴‫€ڠ‬᩷᮴‫ڠ‬ᓌcයᚾ‫⪮ྲྀڠ‬xᔄy઻ुͬ€Ӆྲྀ␊ຖ‫ڠ‬டടͬgcྲྀfห઻€ 130

᩷xဠ▪yxᤗၣyᓌࡪ€ဧ␊ुͬgຑfળఝgᵎਾfुͬ€ӷಣ␊।‫ڠ‬g҈fࠌ੿‫€ڠ‬Ӄ य़xྲྀy઻gŦͅfળఝg଻fुͬcӷಣ˴‫ڠ‬ᢢcཀྵxྲྀຑᵎਾ҈ͅ଻yु€̰xᔄy઻ु ͬ€᮴ᚾ‫ڠ‬Ꮛಣ‫ڠ‬டടͬcŧӷಣഗᢢgc૮fࠌ઻ናടg‫׉‬Өᵎࣽfടͬ€धմx‫׉‬Өଁੌ ᵎࣽy€x‫׉‬Өyⱷࡪgၫ෶fᚾ྽઻ोͬ€ဧ␊ળఝ€ӷಣ˴‫ڠ‬cधմx૮ೡ‫׉‬Өଁੌᵎ ࣽ€ྲྀೲၫ෶டਾycखടgcিຑfᚾಙ઻€ဧເࠌ઻gŨઁட྆fടͬ€Ө‫ੋݠ‬xၫ෶y €ཀྵಣഗ๫ળఝc΢ໟཹഗ‫€ڠ‬ಖળఝᓌ᮴€ཀྵӃ‫ݠ‬᭡͎gֳf‫€઻׊‬ᶀᔎ˶ᰳ€ ӷಣ˴ഗcधմx૮டᵎࣽટੌၫ෶டਾ€িብઁਾ␊ය඾‚ygcᤆfടͬ€धմxᵎ˹ᵤ јடᤆyg੐fഗடળ‫ڠ‬gਾఘfടͬgᵤ૛fળఝcx૛y઻␊াᶀఝ઻€ũधմxᤆ੐ਾ ఘᵤ᩷˹ໟ૛டཀྵy€x᩷˹ໟy̜઻ᵤَ҈Ḛcxਾఘᵤ૛y˴‫€ࡪⱷ␊€ڠ‬ ಖ̐ࡪxཀྵy઻€धմxᵤ૛டཀྵygཀྵfx੐y઻ुͬg͎f‫€઻׊‬ ࢧَಖ૟͛යட͉cাxᤆy઻ӷಣ˴ഗgc˹fടͬgᜍfޯᔎห઻€x઎y઻ҝͬ€લ ᳼€ဤ͎g઎f૾઻€xᓖy͎€xဧy͎g‫׉‬டᜑfҝͬgcᵎ˹͔ઊfટx͙y઻ҝͬg cસfળఝgੌfᓉఝ€Ḉxસy઻g‫׉‬Өfᚾఝुͬ€धմxᓖ‫׉‬᩷ਾ€Ԫસ‫׉‬Ө҈ੌடc ygc͙f૾઻€෋͎g␊fᓉఝ€ҝြx͙y઻g˴ૅfx␊y઻ुͬcাx͙‫׉‬டᜑyӷ ಣ€␊َཀྵட‫ڠ‬gc‫܈‬fળఝ€ಖടͬ੐᮴€ಖु̰ͬຖ‫͎ڠ‬gಖf‫ڠ‬டടͬ€ኜx‫׉‬Өyg Ρଵfोͬ€᚝ြxಖy઻€ဧ␊ળఝgc྅྅fᜯͬ€੐ᨸࡪ€͙ͭ‫͎آ‬g੄fᓉఝ€͙ ḈxΡଵy̡઻gશᥩfx੄y઻ुͬgহϯfટᓉఝ€ྲྀጓxΡଵy̡઻€धմx‫׉܈‬Өଵ Ρ€෋྅྅หห෶੄શᥩ҈ᵤϯy͎g͎f‫္͙€઻׊‬Ḉ‫ڠ‬ட␊ुͬࣽcাxಖy઻ӷಣ€ྲྀ ␊Ḉ‫€ڠ‬Ќx‫܈‬yடुͬgcᵎਾfടͬgԛfಙ઻€ͭ‫آ‬g᩷ͨfҝͬgூfห઻gԩfળ ఝgடfुͬgᩲf‫َ€઻׊‬ԛයட૟gc҈fࠌ઻€ଁ͙ࠌӨ▪xӃy઻gᵤfಙ઻g᩷ Ԫfҝͬgூ૊୯fળఝgடfुͬcাxᵤy઻ӷಣ␊˴‫␊҈€ڠ‬xӃy઻ടͬgcӃfળ ఝgֳf‫€઻׊‬ᶀᔎcӷಣ˴ഗ€धմx࿩ဧਾԛ᩷ͨԩ‫׉‬Ө€҈ᵤ᩷ͨூ૊୯ட€Ӄֳ඾‚ ygcᵎ˹͔ઊfⱷࡪ€લ᳼gੌfળఝ€๫ടͬ€ಖु̰ͬຖ‫͎ڠ‬g઴fળఝ€ಖട̰ͬӨ ▪xࣽy઻cधմxᵎ˹͔ઊઍੌເಣࣽyg๰fᓉఝ€Ḉx઴y઻gͨfुͬgறfᓉఝ€ ੿Ḉx๰y઻c̜ఝ઻਴౸ḈӨgࣽfห઻€x઴y઻ടͬ€ӷಣ˴‫␊€ڠ‬xੌy઻ुͬcཀྵ াxᵎ˹͔ઊyӷಣ€ூ␊˴ዶ࢑ட‫€ڠ‬धմx˹͔ઊઍເੌເಣடਾygcԪfടͬg ෶fળఝgᰟᓷfᚾᓉఝ€ྲྀຈḈ€x෶y઻gடfुͬcӷಣ˴ഗgc෻࢞fᚾ઻ຈ␊ળ ఝ€ಖടͬЌዹુ҈َ€ཀྵᵤَ҈Ḛ€ಖुͬЌ੿▪‫ݲ‬૟€ટᵤَࡵg‫׉‬Өfᜯͬ€धմxᵤ ࢞டြ‫׉‬Ө͎cyӷಣ˴ഗgc෋fࠌ઻€Ūَ͙ฃ͎gࡵၟfળఝ€ಖടͬЌ‫ੋݠ‬x‫׉‬Өட ਾygᔯ᧵fुͬcাx෋y઻ӷಣ˴‫͙€ڠ‬᚝᮴ഗgcຮ⦡͔ઊfടͬg೪fᓌࡪgӨfળ ఝ€ಖुͬЌ‫ੋݠ‬ಣͫ૭͎gໟᓛfᜯͬ€धմxӨடြໟᓛ͎cyӷಣ˴ഗgcໟᓛfട ͬg ൳fᓌࡪgӨ‫ݲ‬൳Ӌfᓌ੿gcຮ⦡ઍ࿪цӨऺઽf▎˴ഗ€ᓌ੿gcಖfห઻€ⱷࡪ€ धմxಖਾடઍy͎gੌfળఝ€๫ടͬ€ಖुͬЌ͙ຖட‫͎ڠ‬g᧵f‫ڠ‬டળఝ€ಖടͬЌӨ ▪xࣽy઻cx᧵y઻ဧເ‫ت‬ఝgū඗fᓉఝ€੿Ḉx᧵y઻€ጓxᢐy͎gࡵຒfx඗y઻ ुͬgࣽf္‫ڠ‬ห઻cӷಣ˴ዶ࢑ட‫€ڠ‬धմxເੌ೩඗␊ࡵຒடਾygc͛fಙ઻gதfස ᶀห઻gያfળఝ€ಖടͬЌ͙᮴ଁَxऺઽy€ಖुͬЌӃ඗ࡵຒࣽg␊டfxடyኜxࡵ ຒࣽy€૾઻ҝͬgᯫfટળఝ€ ᩷xያy઻ᓌcधմx͛தያ҈␊டᯫcyӷಣ˴ഗgc⡓fળఝ€ടͬኜxऺઽy€ुͬᓌ ੿gࡠfᓉఝ€Ḉx⡓y઻€धմx⡓டӷໟᓛ঵ygໟᓛ঵fᜯͬ€ͭଁҟடᣫgc᳸fᓉ ఝ€Ḉxࡠy઻€धմx⡓டࡠໟᓛ঵€෋ட᳸y͎g๬ហᮇf̜઻€x᳸y઻ुͬcӷಣ▎ ˴ഗुgcੌfળఝ€˴઻␊ዶ࢑ட‫€ڠ‬धմxເੌ඗ᢐࡵຒடਾy͎g҈fࠌ઻gୗَfળ ఝ€ಖടͬൿኜxऺઽyᇐ€ಖुͬൿኜಖਾcधմxເੌಖਾ҈ऺઽᵤَடြ੿yՉ€ӷಣ ␊‫ڠ‬gc᪜f‫ت‬ఝ઻€Ӄ␊ടͬgc஢fળఝ€धմx΢ୗَ҈␊ଁ᪜ࣽЌ஢cyӷಣഗᢢg cᮇ୨ᥖ঒fधմxເੌ୨ြᮇ҈঒ᥖࣽy€ᚾ྽઻ྲྀ␊ोͬ€ᢐͅ˴‫ڠ‬g€ഝ⡓f‫ऺ܁‬ઽ ͎cx⡓y઻ળఝ€ಖടͬxऺઽy€ुͬЌ୨঒டਾgc ͙੿षᦒᚾᲽ€Ո়ੌຨ€Ꮛഗ‫ڠ‬டц༕යᩲc ȉಣᣫࢅxᭁyೲടͬ€ሹ᭐▎ࢅxᔄyߣടͬЌ᧥Ᏼা΀€૭ਾᵤጓcxᭁy઻€ ~Ჷ඗ட␊ናടࠌ઻€ ຈषဧಣဤࢅhnಣ͙xᭁy઻ናടࣽocᵸ೩ᰝ‫ا‬՜ᗁଁ΀xടͬyέೲኜੌናടสဧடͬ Πcයxടͬy੐ᰝ‫ا‬ᏡՍઍೲᦉኜఘΠߣ€ಣ▎඗xടͬy€ᨗ␊ଖ੭c ȉय़xྲྀy઻டࢅ⬤ᄁ€nྲྀຑᵎਾ҈ྲྀͅ଻o€๫ಣഗцc ȉಣ‫ڠ‬டടͬ␊xဠ▪yxᤗၣy€⪮᮴ᚾ‫ڠ‬c ȉxিy␊ಙ઻€ोᶀ͸exདy€ಙ઻€อ͎€ಣᣫྲྀ๫ࠌሹสဧc ȉx૛y␊xֹ૛yட᧵€⪮াᶀఝ઻c ȉᰝ‫ا‬Ⴄx෋y⠣␊ఝ઻଼ࠌ઻ᚾ໫€ಣ೺ᢐြ~Ჷଁࢅnx෋ymmဧ͙ࡵ૟ඬ ட෋යࣽ€Ꮛ঄ᗂ␊ࠌ઻co 131

ȉಣx᧵y઻൏⪮ఝ઻҈␊଻઻c ~ઊ˻‫׊‬ఝ€͛ੌଁ‫׊‬டఝ઻␊டຖԳcຖடࣽ€ଁ΀ᓉఝ͎cයఝ઻டӃḈ͙ᓉఝ ࣽ€ᵤᦑ‫׊‬ఝය͎c΢ఝ઻ட੐ഗ‫ੌ€ڠ‬ᓉఝ␊Ḉࣽ€ᾫ␊ળఝc෋ᓉఝட๬᩷ળఝட๬€ᓌ ␊ടͬଁ࡝€Ꮛብ᳼ᓉఝຖֳળఝ҈ԛcઊເೲ€᩷‫׊‬ఝ๫ᰗcࠪᵤය€҈⛎ੌടͬԳ͙ͭಖ ๬டଁা࡝€Ꮛᦢடြળbᓉᚾఝ઻டᔐ҈⛎␊˴‫€ڠ‬ೲ˻Ḉ‫ڠ‬cြೲ€ଁ΀ᓉఝࣽ€▎␊Ḉ ‫ڠ‬டળఝᩲcḈ‫ڠ‬ടͬੌᵤࡵ೩ࣽ€͛ಖԛ೩ြ੿▪͎ࣽeᵤය€͛ಖᓷ҈๻ၟ͎ࣽ€ድြଁ षᓄࡵᩲc ઊఝ઻டӃḈ͙ᓉఝࣽ€‫̜ੌ܆‬Գc ~˴€΢ఝ઻ࢅુҝட๬ࣽ€ເҌᔄb຃೩b͍ၟb˶⢵ட໫€ ᏋੌḈ‫ଁ͙ͭڠ‬ᔄbଁ೩bଁၟbଁ⢵ட૟ࣽ€ᤣ͎cӷx˻yxՉy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຖ€ᔢྲྀ␊ଁՉ டΠ€҈ଁΠ⬤Ρ€ੌન෶͙Ḉ‫ڠ‬ᾫட͎cť >@‫੿▗׳‬h૮ਾ౬೩൷̧൴৑ြ௃€ྲྀੌ⅙቎ᒟᙦட͍cġġx೩y઻ળળఝ€xਾy઻ ട͎ͬ€x৑y઻ᇊ̡ఝ઻€੿Ḉx೩y઻€x൷̧y␊x৑y઻ടͬ€x൷̧൴৑ြ௃yએ ઻Ḉ‫€ڠ‬Ќ຃೩ட૟͎c >@▎᭑੿hԪᔄಖ͙ॎ‫ס‬ட⦁Ӆਣ€નᔄ͙ಁৈ͎cġġxಖ͙ॎ‫ס‬ட⦁Ӆਣy╺઻€Ḉ ‫͙ͭ€ڠ‬Ҍᔄட૟͎€xಖy઻␊xӅy઻ടͬ€x͙ಁৈyࣽ€धմxಖ͙ಁৈӅਣy͎€ ઐ▪ᵤ˻xಖy€ᵤ˻xӅਣyࣽ€ԛ೩ြ੿▪͎c >@▎hᵤૻ‫ס‬ᵤၟ᪇ட൴ஹԚ᩷‚ġġx‫ס‬y઻ടӷx᩷y઻ु€␊xૻy઻Ḉ‫€ڠ‬ ҈x᪇ட൴ஹԚyԆ઻€▎␊xၟyடḈ‫ڠ‬c >@▎ᖭ੿h‫⦁̧׳‬ᆁ᮳€َ͛඗ॎ‫ס‬cġġxᆁ᮳y€ଁ⦁ட૟€x᮳y€྽઻҈␊ो ͬ€ટḈ‫͎ڠ‬c >@▎ᐘ੿hਾྲྀ΀ͨ㛛ࡵॡ€㛛‫‚ݲ‬ԛֳ‚ġġxͨ㛛ࡵॡyМ઻Ḉ‫€ڠ‬ Ќਾଁx΀y͎c >@▎ᐘ੿hӋࢅ˻hn‫ژ‬Չhසਾੌ͍€լᄸষடcઊ̧ட΀͎mmoՉՉcġġ x˻yຖ‫ݲ‬ഗӷxത͎yु€ྲྀଁ⢵டΠ€া␊ഗ‫€ڠ‬ᵤຨ‫଻ݴ‬டḈ‫ڠ‬c▎x‫ژ‬Չyຖଁषட ‫˴ڠ˴€ژ‬ഗŦટයc >@▎ᐘӨh૮୛ẑಖᎻ€Ӌ຤੐Ἓட€Ꮋ͙␊൴ႈԚြંୠடઍ͎€Ჲੑ঻ᖯ͙⡻Ӌ೚c ġġx͙␊y̡઻€Ќx᧵΀y͎cxႈԚy઻੿Ḉx͙␊y̡઻€ಖട̰ͬxӋyԅc૮ᵤ ˻xᎻ͙␊Ӌ൴ႈԚyմࣽ€͙xӋy઻೩ြ੿▪€ᵤ͛‫ث‬೩͎€x൴ႈԚြંୠடઍ͎y౪ ઻␊Ḉ‫ڠ‬cḈ‫͙׊ڠ‬x͎y઻ࣽု૨c >@▎ᦑ੿hஒናட᧺€๫ᵤၟ‫נ‬ಖ്͎€٬ಖΡԅ€๫ᵤၟᓅಖή͎cġġ x‫נ‬ಖ്yxᓅಖήyྲྀḈxၟy઻cය‫ࣽנ‬᩷ᓅࣽ€ટЌၟ‫נ‬ၟᓅட᧺€ೲx‫נ‬yxᓅyட ๬ᓌ␊ၟ‫נ‬ၟᓅட᧺ଁ࡝€ཀྵx‫נ‬yxᓅy̡઻᣾Ḉxၟy઻҈ԛ€ಣ᩷‫׊‬ఝ๫ᰗc >@ஊΠhәድஊӋட᭸໫ੌ͔ԀcġġxஊӋட᭸໫ੌ͔Ԁy╺઻Ḉ‫ଁ€ڠ‬ድட૟͎c >@஥ᦅ̡੾Ԇh᣶⦡‫ا‬ᔄઆ⦡ᦑ҅€࿪᲻͙຤cᔄЎᦒᩲ€̰இcġġxઆ⦡ᦑ҅yМ ઻€xᔄy઻டḈ‫€ڠ‬xЎᦒᩲyટයcብଁ␊ᦒட૟Ԛ೩੿▪€ཀྵᵤ‫ث‬਋c >@▎ស̜੾̡hԪ೩೚டચ҈ᵤ೩ಖ৑͎c >@▎᫐੾hԪᗂಖቤఠ€⭵ಖࢢ⣮€ཀྵ⛅டc >@▎ၣ੾̜hᵤය€ઊিᵤၟઊ࿍೚டᦑ๬͎c >@᫐ᡩႢh᧵౯ហಖ⪮ਾᅥֳ‚ >@▎੐ᨍh⬤ᩲ€Ԫનၟःၟடᵤ␊ᆧᣠ㗶㘿͎€౯ហடᵤ␊ၹᄦᚦᄡ͎€ԳၟỮ⦡டᵤ ␊࿇Тࢬ౫͎‚ >@ૹ᧥ફґhәᔄўຒࣽ೪€⥹ຒࣽহc >@▎յખ෦hઋ঒ᵤἓၟ␊͔ਾ‫ޞ‬Ꮱ͎c >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒhࣈЎ੐ฎ€೩ऺᓛ૨ᵤ☬᎛ુส⑫ᎁc >@̜ग़ᓄӪ෦hষ࿍Ӌᵤᵸ૟€҈એᓛྲྀᩞ€๫Ӄ␊⠢؋ࣽc >@᯻⥿ᤗ儓Өᇊ঩hԪဧೲၟᤗ૳ຖೡ‫ه‬ॐੌҝ͎€෶ລઁ͎ࣽ€▗๫ர͎ࣽ€ၟ૽ᵤૺ ͎ࣽc ‫ଁݲ‬षળఝ€ྲྀͭુҝட๬€҈ຖྲྀ͙Ḉ‫ڠ‬Ḉட͎c ȉᰝ‫ا‬Ⴄुͬட‫ڠ‬ઍߣఝ઻͎Ӫြᓉఝ€ ണચҋਿΠَᵤસࣈఝͬᲫᓜcനᰝ‫ا‬ዹxՉyx˻yᇐఝ઻▎ᛃᏊಖຖ␊ᔐሹषΠfЌᜯ ⢵gࠪ᣾ሹषΠ€᮴ࣽ␊Ḉ‫€ڠ‬ຖࣽ⪮Ḉ‫€ڠ‬՜ೲ೛ੌ೩ૻߣc ȉ˴‫ڠ‬ኜxසਾੌ͍y€˴ഗኜxլᄸষடyc՜൵ഗࣈ€਋੐⇝Ν␊ೲᚾ྆⠣ഗ€നᰝ‫ا‬Ν ␊੐᮴ࣽ␊‫€ڠ‬੐ຖࣽ␊ഗ€Ӄᦢᜎᇊ੾ᦊc 132

~̡€΢ఝ઻ͭぽᅥଁ࡝ட๬ࣽ€ເx஛yxᒣyx۶yxໆyxᔧyx‫܈‬yட໫€ Ꮛຖੌᓉఝ͙Ḉடࣽ€ᤣ͎cብᓉఝଁͬட૟€͍‫܈‬ಖය҈஛ಖᵤයࣽ€Ꮛകୗఛ͙ಙடeଡ଼ ಖᵤය҈℡ಖࠪයࣽ€Ꮛᵤകୗఛc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh૮Ӌટ˴ໆ҈૊‫׉‬ӨடᎻ€Ꮋብ஛Ӌடᵤႄ឴͎cġġx஛y઻ળఝ€ぽᅥଁ ࡝€xӋடᵤႄ឴͎yએ઻€Ḉ‫ڠ‬cᎻᔧӋடႄ឴҈஛ಖᵤය€ཀྵಙ͙xᵤy઻c >@▎▗੿hાਾੌᴼಖொடᵤΡ҈ኽடࣽcġġxᴼy઻ળఝ€ટぽᅥଁ࡝€xಖொடᵤ ΡyԆ઻€Ḉ‫€ڠ‬ಙ͙xᵤy઻ࣽ€͍‫܈‬ಖΡ͎c >@▎▗੿h౫ਾিᵤ౯ြᝨਾ඾‚౫ਾብ஛ᵤᣐਾ€ᝨਾብ஛ᣐਾcġġx஛y઻ຖ˴ ˻xᵤᣐਾyࣽ€ᣮಖ෶ᣐਾ͎e˴˻xᣐਾyࣽ€૦ಖᵤᣐ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᨈਾᔧ૊Ḉ༻cġġxᔧyࣽ€Ӌা΀͎€xḈ༻yࣽટӋ͎cળbᓉᚾఝ€ ᓌ˴ടͬ€ூͅ˴ഗc >@▎hᔧઊ̧༛Ԫઢ€ࡵ͙༻ͨcġġx༛y઻੿Ḉxᔧy઻҈೥ੌടͬ€ཀྵ␊Ḉ‫ڠ‬cಣ ᔧಖເೲ҈๫ଁ஛͎€ཀྵᵤ͙ୗఛಙட͎c ӷ>@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣੿մh෶сಖᓛૅ€ԣ۶ืட‚ >@▎ᖭ▪▗੿մhຮࣽ೰ౚ᩷᭹ࣽཹc >@▎մhԪසೡનॣ᪎ᔎ€ႄᘪᰝ‫ݰ‬ುc >@▎ඥᣆӨմhઍ͎ளᵤઍ€⣿͎ளᵤ⣿€ཀྵਾᏚੌᵎ⬔ή͎c >@▎̧࢞Өմh૛ຨ೩ြ࿒Ֆ€Ӄ͙ዶጦ€ᔧၘ҈‫ت‬୙ြᔍcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗぽ˻x۶ืy€ ˻xౚ᩷ཹy€˻xႄᘪf᩷g‫ݰ‬y€˻xᏚੌy€˻xᔧၘy€ྲྀળbᓉᚾఝߣ˴ടͬ€ཀྵ ᾯຖલຈ᳼Ҍc >@஥Ѯ˸ḩᅐԀ̧␝ட‫܈‬ఉα͎cġġx̧␝yӷx͎y઻ु€␊Ḉ‫ଁ̰€ڠ‬Ԁட૟ ͎cᔧಖᵤය€ཀྵ๫ୗఛc >@▎ͅ੾̜h࿍ਾշՖட̡̜ಖຒ͎€ટ૝࢞ͨ˻cġġxՖட̡̜ಖຒ͎yḈ‫€ڠ‬࿍ਾ ଁշ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Πᵠ౦մhշ್டᧇॠ͎€շᴋᯛடఠỊᏚ͎€շ୯˶டӼộૅࣽcġġ ̜ഗ€xշy઻ຖྲྀੌḈ‫ڠ‬c҈շಖ‫ه‬ය͎€ཀྵྲྀ๫ୗఛc >@▎Ѯ̜੾hᖺ҈َป࿍€ԪၟಖӃ͎€҈஛ಖ෋ፇ຤͎€▎շਾடੌፇட؋͎€૮ፇ൴ াੌடᩲ€ป࿍തເ‚ġġ˴x஛y઻€˴xշy઻€ຖ஡ੌḈ‫҈€ڠ‬ᵤകୗఛࣽ€˴஛ಖࠪ ය€˴շಖ‫ه‬ය͎c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hͨᵤ‫܈‬ਾடക‫€͎ͨݲ‬Ԫટ‫܈‬๫ക‫ݲ‬ਾc >@⦡᯻⪮Ӫ෦hፇ਀ఔ᯻̧␊ࢅᴤ҈ᵤ෶া㱚Ҍc >@▎᧥ફઐґh஛૟ᵤ᱆€ຖ੅൵޴ಖૅc >@▎hਾ▎μ᣺€࡜஛࠺▗ᵤ␊੅Ӌc >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦hᎾԩছӋᜮடᵤಞ͎€ᢊ౏டమࡵ͎€؈ూடે▗͎€ਿ̐டᵤ્͎€ཀྵ Ԁ೉છ๾҈สඥᙈc >@▎hଡ଼ᣮՖட˴ხ€ฤட˴͎ۨc >@▎̈͊ઐґhᔧ൅೫َәடᵤ۶෇ຒ͎c >@ૹҝᰝໟເ෦h஛߽ଁᝳ͹ဧᩛடᎻᵤ⢈ᔄc >@▎ᣠ཰෦hයᨶኃᵸӨᵤⳁብಖߪᆠ҈Ιᚠฤடஞᴕ͎c >@੅᲼hә஛Ӌ␊әடቔუ͎c >@▗ᙦ˸h೰ເၣઅ€Ꮛ஛‫͔ݲ‬ઊடᵤ෶ໟౖՖ͎c >@Ờ᲼ḩடြ᪎ࣽ€൴ᦑ๬டֳ‚ᔧ̧டੌ͙๻଻๼͎çடြ᪎͎€൴ੌଁᵤ๬ֳ‚ ᔧ̧ட೰͙଻๼␊ຖ͎cġġ‫ଁݲ‬षxᔧyx஛yᇐળఝຖ€ྲྀ␊Ḉ‫͙҈€ڠ‬x͎y઻္ࣽ␊ ᤣc >@ஊΠh୺ᵤ۶᧯‫׉‬ฝ€ಖ۶᧯ՖӋட͔ᖀֳ >@▎ᦅ̜੾˴hᵤ۶ᇆᯗ€ટᵤ۶ೠᜦc >@▎ស̡੾╺h⪮۶͛ੌ؋€ᔧ͙ᔐ࿪ᢊ᳾ட˶c >@‫▗׳‬Өhͨ⪮ॎ‫ס‬ட⦁€ᵤ۶͙᙭ြӋ᮴cġġએषx۶y઻€ ಖຖᓉఝ᣾ͭଁx۶yட૟€ཀྵᵤ೥␊˴‫͎ڠ‬c ~x‫ڟ‬y઻டຖ€ಖḈ‫ڠ‬ടͬເ␊ଁ‫ڟ‬டਾ€຤຤᳼લx‫ڟ‬y઻cੌጓ␊ଁӎட଻ ࣽ€⪮ೲc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhӋ˻hn͔඾َᩲ€ᨈਾੌছ€ᨈਾႄ឴coዹ˻hnӋ‫ڟ‬๫ႄ͓឴coġġ धմx‫ڟ‬Ӌ๫ႄ͓឴y͎cઊx‫ڟ‬yࣽ€‫ڟଁ̧׳‬டਾ€΀xӋy͎eଁ‫ڟ‬ட૟€xӋ๫ႄ͓ ឴y͎c૮xӋy઻લြx‫ڟ‬y઻€˴௎xӋy␊x‫ڟ‬y઻ടͬᩲ€ཀྵੌ͙Ӌ␊ዹӎட଻ࣽಣ ͎€ೲᏋxӋy઻঄␊˴ዼcӷເ >@Ӌ‫ڟ‬ഝᗉŊӋ‫ڟ‬ষடŊӋ‫͔ڟ‬டġġᇐഗ€ྲྀಣဤ͎c 133

>@஥ᦅ̡੾͠hӋ˻hn಻ᤗ੅€සᓛ‫ڟ‬ໟ೩͎coġġ᮴▪մn‫ڟ‬ԫ࿍ட๰૛ໟ೩͎o €૮˻n಻ᤗ੅€සᓛ‫ڟ‬ໟ೩͎o€धմxᤗ੅ᚾᓛ೺€ ಖፇ஡ᓛ‫ڟ‬૭ಖໟ೩͎cyxසᓛy೩લx‫ڟ‬y઻ເ᮴cයಣ⪮᩷සᓛዹΠ€Ꮛxසᓛyட લx‫ڟ‬y઻€ᵤຨ͙ӎ଻෋ဤடᩲcӷເ >@▎ᦅ▗̡੾౪ᮇh‫ڟ‬ድြဠᏚc >@▎Ѯ˸ᮇh‫ڟ‬ᛜ㚝҈৑c >@▎ၣԆᮇhᴋ̧˸‫␊ڟ‬஥Ⴐ͙঄᭜ਾbၕਾ€␊ॏႰ͙঄᙭ਾc >@▎ၣએᮇhृ೚ฒ€‫ڟ‬ᩈ೚͙சடcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€ྲྀᤣဤ͎c >@੅᲼մh੅ໟᥫ൳˻hnӋഝԀ͎€‫ڟ‬૭᥮டco >@ᤗ᲼մhசྃ˻hnӋഝᤆ€‫ڟ‬૭ᳵᤗ᜿co >@᯻᲼մhᠾ൳˻hn▗๫೩Ӌᩲ€ә‫ڟ‬૭࡝᜿๧᯻coġġ҈⦡ͭ᯻྅ૅสn‫ڟ‬૮࡝᜿ ๧᯻co >@඄᲼մhြೲ੅Ӌ̰೩෋ࣽ˻hn඄ஸԩᎫՖᯊ‎ᨈਾ€඄෶ஹಣ̡ਾᏋӃ€௎ᵤ෶ ஹ€‫ڟ‬૭૕‫ݲ‬൳‫૽ت‬ᒪᖰ٪Өcoġġ͙੿ଁष€΢َx‫ڟ‬૭yࣽ€Ү૳ૅ͙␊x‫ڟ‬૮yடͽ ͎€҈͙⦡ͭઐ␊ࠒcයx‫ڟ‬yຖകx૭yடࣽ€धմx‫ڟ‬ਾᜯ૭සਾ͙␊ଁ‫ڟ‬ட૟cyᭁଁ ‫ڟ‬ட૟€Ў⪮‫ଁࣽڟ‬Ӄᦉ€ટ⪮␊‫ڟ‬டਾӃা␊€ཀྵകx૭y઻€ြហ⬤ўc௎͙x‫ڟ‬૭yۨ ␊x‫ڟ‬૮y€Ꮛଁ‫ڟ‬ட૟€൏Ќ‫ଁࣽڟ‬া␊͎cť ťᦊմhಣ઻ᓛ᲼สx૮y€ᰝ‫ا‬ಣ▪€ᭁা‫ྰᦒڠ‬ઢᜯष€નልᎫᦒcයྰઢಣ઻€ࡵՍ䚥 ౽ட߉cᎫ▪մnpmmә‫ڟ‬૭࡝᜿๧᯻q€x૭yટ঄␊x૮y€َ‫ڟ‬Ќ࡝᜿๧᯻͎c⦡ͭ ᯻྅ૅสx૮y€ೲಖࠒc΢َx‫ڟ‬૮yࣽ€ྲྀ΀x‫ڟ‬Ќy͎c඄᲼p੅Ӌ΀ִ๡˻hmm‫ڟ‬ ૭૕‫ݲ‬൳‫૽ت‬ᒪᖰ٪Өcq⦡ͭ̈͊ґp᯻ൾസുྲྀໝ˻h‫ڟ‬૮ј᜿q€ೲಖࠒ͎coӋ‫ا‬Ў ͙඄᲼᩷̈ґຈ᪍€ࠒx૭yட঄␊x૮y€Ꮛಣ▪ᵤ঄␊x૭yӃၟcᦊ‫▎ا‬մhᰝ‫ଁا‬ ՉxҮ૳ૅyՉՉ€ኜӋ૬உ‫ྰᦒڠ‬ઢᚤᓛ᲼ᇊ˴c ~x෋y઻ຖੌḈ‫ଁ͙ͭ€ڠ‬෋␊ட૟€ᤣΠ͎cයx෋yx૭y‫€઻ݲ‬ဧ͙ࡵ૟ඬ ட෋යࣽ€Ꮛ঄ᗂ␊ࠌ઻€҈⪮ఝ઻͎cӷඍ૭๫යࣽ€Ꮛဧx๫ຨyx๫૭yx๫෋yx෋ ๫y‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬঄สࠌ઻ድcx෋y઻ຖ΢ੌḈ‫€ڠ‬ಖടͬເ␊ห઻€ ဧxடy઻ࣽಖᤣ€xຏyxಖyᚾ઻ટᔐဧԳc ť x෋yสఝ઻c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hೲ෋Ꮋள૳થ҅๫ᐻ͎cġġ xೲy઻ห઻҈␊ട͎ͬ€x෋y઻ળఝ€xᎻy઻ടӷx๫ᐻyु€̰Ḉ‫͎ڠ‬c >@▎▗Өh‫ౌ␊̧׳‬ြᤗ€ચ೨ြᖭ€Ӌ෋ᭁ͔ઊӋ≖␊༛๬cġġxᭁ͔ઊyടӷx༛ ๬yु€x෋y઻Ḉ‫͎ڠ‬c >@஥ស̡੾╺hዚሳ෋ᦘΩವ҈ ⛨€࿍೚ᘪடcġġxᦘΩವ҈ ⛨yࣽḈ‫€ڠ‬Ќዚሳଁ෋ ட૟͎c >@▎ស̜੾̜hՖட᧷€ᵤ͙Ửә᮪࿖€෋ᛌ᱆ຣြ੅€ᨈՖட͙␊ຣ€҅೰ᵤ໌cġġ xᛌ᱆ຣyࣽ€xỬәy͎€x෋y઻Ḉ‫͎ڠ‬c >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hృઆ̰᷁෋෋Ḉͫ඲આ̧bᐘӋcġġx෋Ḉͫ඲આ̧yࣽ€Ќృઆ᷁ ଁ෋ட૟͎cŦ >@▎̜Ӌ྅ૅhᚕӨमᜮ€෋әઋ঒ຑ᳥๬ᔐcġġxәઋ঒ຑ᳥yࣽ€ ᚕӨଁ෋ட૟cྲྀ␊Ḉ‫ڠ‬c x෋yสࠌ઻c>@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hຏᧇಖᎻ‫€آ‬෋ᵤຨཫᐊ͙ளಖ⬔๼cġġx෋ᵤຨཫᐊyࣽ ⪮xຏy͎€̰xຏᧇᎻ‫آ‬yட૟෋ය͎ࣽ€ཀྵx෋y઻঄สࠌ઻ድ͎c >@▎h૮Ӌ࡝۩၅౯€෋‫׉‬Ө൑ࣽྲྀ‫܈‬અြӋட๛mmՉՉcġġx‫׉‬Ө൑ࣽyྲྀ‫܈‬ເೲ ࣽ€⪮Ӌଁ෶෋ය͎€̰x࡝۩၅౯yடฃ෋ය͎c >@஥ᙦ˸hಛ‫ا‬തᓧடੌ‚ᵤເἓ␊டଁ€๫෋ќ఼cġġx๫෋ќ఼yࣽ€̰෶xἓ␊ டଁyடฃ€⪮΀᫐▗෶ඍಖᵤќ఼͎cཀྵx๫෋y̡઻ᥫ␊ࠌ઻€͙ͭඍ૭ட૟͎c >@▎̡ͅhᨈՖᵤ⛆€෋ंә‫ڟ‬ြ͔ᓛ€๫૭ᦘ೚‫ܢ‬ြՖϫcġġx๫૭y̡઻€᩷x๫ ෋yᓌc >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hြೲ಻ட‫ुٹ‬આ̧bᐘӋ๫ຨ৑ᓳᔍcġġx๫ຨyટඍ૭டࠌ઻͎c >@஥ͅ੾̜hථ▗ᵤ᧯᭒ຒ€ฑͨ᧷▗ဧ෶੄Ꮾြԫcġġxฑy઻€෋૭டࠌ઻͎€ ᩷x෋y઻ᓌcŧ >@⦡ങႆӪ෦hᔧᨄ᜿mm͙૊ᠬᎻ€෋ृࣽຨͅಖΡ€୨ࣽ૊ಖᣫ€྅྅ԩᏚc >@▎hࡵ࢞‫€⦦ݲ‬෋๫᪆‫܆‬c >@ૹग़᥼෦hຖ๫͙ລ෋ᠬә€૭ૹμ჈ങႆc >@▎̈͊ઐґh૮ೡᓒࢧ҅€ᔧ␊‫ݲ‬Ֆࢧᚤ€̜͛ᖤட€␊‫ݲ‬Ֆ᠃ᓜ๏൴णࢢ€૭‫ݲ‬Ֆၟ ‫׉‬হͨ€⪮ᚤட᳥͎c 134

>@ᤗ᲼h‫ॣ׳‬Ֆ෋ਾ‫ܐ‬ಖੑဧ€๫෋Ԉc >@࿍Πh࿍டଁᨙࣽ˻ድ᭹⬔€෶ส৘ఛ͙๬૟ြ‫ݲ‬൳€෋๫͙ᨈՖ␊˶ᨗ€▎ੌ஥෋ජ ໟ€෶⦁৘୘͙⑏Ҋཌྷ€͙๛଺᱋᮳ᔤြᨈՖ€෋ᨈՖ๫᧯લӋட୙€▎෶੿Өࢅြੇᝬ€ў ⦁ಖ‫܈‬շ€෋ᝬ๫ੌྱওြ࿍ᓛcġġ‫ଁݲ‬ष˻x෋ृࣽy€˻x૭ૹy€˻x෋ຨy€ ˻x૭‫ݲ‬Ֆၟy€ྲྀ͙ࡵ૟ඬட෋ය͎ࣽc▎˻x෋๫᪆y˻x๫෋y€˻x෋๫͙y€ ˻x෋ᨈՖ๫y€˻x෋ᝬ๫y€ྲྀඍ૭ಖ๫යࣽ€ྲྀࠌ઻͎c҈ष‫ݳ‬ြಣࣽ€ ΢͙␊x෋y઻ᛃᏊ€ཀྵࠌ٬டc x෋yຖḈ‫ڠ‬ടͬ␊xடyxಖyxຏyࣽc >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦h࿇ᘤႆ€ਾடଁᤆ͎€࡜̙ᔐ಴६€෋ட⛅౮⑫⤠᛾ட୯€ࠪࠌ᧬ᘸ૛ઽ ໟcġġxட⛅౮⑫ட୯y€x෋y઻ຖḈ‫͎ڠ‬cḈ‫ڠ‬ടͬဤဧxಖy઻€૮͙xடy઻€ ࡜x෋yடຖḈ‫ੌڠ‬ය͎c >@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿h͔ᨉᏋӷ€෋டᇮᯅ٪Ꮛֲ͛€⨟๥ᣫᚤᏋ͛ಲ€ᯘ௡ၻᱝᏋ͛ढ़cġġ x෋y઻ຖટဧxடy઻c >@୛᲼hཀྵॳϫ҈໿ட€෋டຨཹֳ͓ᓛ‫ݲ‬൳cġġx෋y઻ຖḈ‫ڠ‬ടͬટဧxடy઻c >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦h⦀ᓉએᓛட๰€෋டҋ҂૟੅€؋၅ҟ૮cġġಣടͬટဧxடy઻c >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hઊ঺᭑ᵤߣ҈෋ಖাԛ͎cġġx෋y઻ຖḈ‫ڠ‬ဧxಖy઻ࣽᵤᤣc ӷ>@‫੿͍ᦑ̧׳‬մhതᵤ෋ຏ␊Ӄഃ٬҈ೡ᮶᮶͎‚ġġ˴ഗ€Ꮛဧxຏy઻ࣽ€ኜ⦁ட ᧥ಢᵤӃ٬͎cᭁxຏy઻டဧ€ࠪ᧤ࠪᕃ€ྲྀੌᵤ᩷Ԛ໫ட᧵€҈ဧ␊ᕃࣽု૨€ԛ߆ห ઻c Ũ ȉxடy઻ᵤုఘࡪ€Ќᵤสടͬ€՜ೲ͔ᎫᏋ€਋੐ࢅhnx෋y઻ຖ΢ੌḈ‫€ڠ‬ಖടͬເ ␊ห઻€ဧxடy઻ࣽಖᤣo€ᵸࠒxடyf͙٬ଁੌ଻઻bห઻g ␊x෋yடुͬ€x෋y⪮ࠌ઻c৪ಣ€x๫෋yx๫૭yx๫ຨyટ⪮ࠌ઻c ȉઆ᷁෋Ḉͫଁ඲ᵤอઆ̧€ટੌᐘӋc ȉ>@᩷੿>@ᓌcຏᣫᰝ‫ا‬඗xᛌ᱆ຣy␊x෋yடḈ‫€ڠ‬Ꮛx෋yೲఝ઻€ ૮▎඗xฑͨ᧷▗෶੄Ꮾြԫyடxฑy␊n෋૭டࠌ઻ocᚾࢅໟ༕€ ൏͙൴x෋y଼xฑyጓสఝ઻␊֭c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~̜€΢ఝ઻ͭੌࠑடఝ€ເx຤yx૝yxढ़yxᘪyடᎯ€ྲྀੌࠑХӃኜ€ಖຖ Ḉ͙ᓉఝ€͙ͭଁ␊ఝட૟ࣽ€Ꮛብ͙ᚾఝ઻લຖ᳼ட€҈ᵤ೥␊Ḉ‫ڠ‬c͙ᚾ‫ڠ‬ட๬€ᰗલຖ ҈ᵤᰗଁা͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhᮯ▗ࢅh͔ᡖြᓛ€ચৢြ඘cġġxચy઻ੌࠑடఝ€xৢyぽఝ઻Ḉட€ َ͙ଁ␊ચட૟͎cxચyࣽ€xৢyࣽ€ྲྀᮯ▗͎€ཀྵxચyxৢyட๬ྲྀᮯ▗ଁা࡝€ብ ͙xચৢy̡㲯લຖງ᳼€҈xৢy઻Ӄᵤ೥␊Ḉ‫ڠ‬ᩲc >@▎▗Өh૮঒͓᧏€෭⡒ြ๛cġġx෭yx⡒y̡઻ᓌ˴ടͬ€ཀྵࠌᦒc >@▎ᐘ੿h‫׉‬Өட‫܈‬ছಖՖࣽ€ྲྀ‫܈‬൉⏋ြӋcġġx‫܈‬ছy€▎x‫܈‬൉⏋y€ᓌ੿c >@▎ᖭ੿hੌӋࣽട€͛૝६ц€ೲ␊Ӌࣽ೚͎c >@▗ẏએhြೲ෋឴˹ಕࣽ຤ஹடc >@᫐೺ཌྷh᫐ဠૅ᠐€ཀྵ຤มᛲြОѲ൳c >@஥ͅ੾̜h੅ఉ૭ԡடᏩ҈૝૦Ꮹြͨ >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦h˹͙ಣਿᯊ֔ί᠏຤ᛌடcġġଁष˻x૝६y€˻x຤ஹy€˻x຤ มy€˻x૝૦y€˻x᠏຤ᛌy€‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຈ᳼€ྲྀಣဤ͎c ੌࠑఝ઻ຖເੌुͬࠪᜯͬࣽ€Ꮛ᚝ြຖ€҈ຖ͙ᓉఝḈட€͙ͭଁ␊ఝட૟c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hයଶட࿒€ᔎြ‫̧׳‬cġġ xடy઻ੌࠑఝ઻€x࿒y઻ಖᜯ͎ͬcxᔎyࣽ€ ଁ␊ட࿒ட૟͎cxடy઻ຖՍ͙x࿒y઻€҈ຖḈ͙xᔎy઻€ಣᓌ᮴ဤ€ብᚾఝ઻ᔐᦢ͙ ᜯͬҌc >@੅᲼h࿍ϯᤗ€ᤗ᪍᜿ป࿍cġġ x᪍y઻ੌࠑఝ઻€x᜿yࣽಖु͎ͬ€xป࿍yࣽ€ଁ␊᪍᜿ட૟͎€ಣᏋᚾఝ઻ᔐᦢ͙ु ͬҌc >@஥ស̡੾╺hાਾ෋ᔍӟຳເԫ೚࢞ᮆcġġxເyx࢞yᚾఝ઻ᔐᦢ͙ᜯͬc >@▎h⧲̜ৢᘼட€ଁ͙ໝ͎c >@⦡̈͊ઐґhૹ຀ᯊႫ࿍ᎡᚤcťġġxႫ࿍Ꭱᚤy€М઻ᓌ੿c >@▎ỜಖӪ෦hј଻˹ૅုࣽᤇடcġġx଻˹ૅုࣽy˴‫€ڠ‬xјy઻டु͎ͬ€ഗц ᓌ੿c >@▎ग़ᓄ҅෦h̰๰ᬃౌ᪎ફӋட၌cġġx๰ᬃౌ᪎yМ઻ટᓌဤc 135

xӷy઻ぽఝ͎€ಖຖḈ͙ᓉఝࣽ€⬤َ૟ඬӃӷடᏸᣫ͎c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hങႆӷ␊྇ਾฬ؄⇝€૭ᘸᘪ᭹⩹෶ઍcġġxങႆӷ␊yՉՉࣽ€ध մx؄⇝டӃᰘᒢ€⬤ӷങႆ␊྇ਾyՉc >@▎h‫̧׉‬ӷাᗂ঒€ಖ ᤇເಣcġġx‫̧׉‬ӷᗂyࣽ€धմxசਣட ᤇ€⬤ӷ‫̧׉‬ ຤ᗂಖ঒y͎c >@▎றฆӪ෦hုೱᎮӷᵤ೩ᓅ€ೲԪຒᵤበ͎c >@▎h੊̈́ᢪӷ෋൴Ꭱ␊َ€ಣಖૅᵤ᠐c >@▎౦ᜲӪ෦hॊӷဧ͹᧺ᰝ਺c >@ૹச࡙෦h࡙␊೚ොᵤᣣᜅᠲ€ӷ૦̈́᎝ଁ୉ட⦁cġġ‫ݲ‬षxӷy઻ྲྀಣဤ͎c ťxႫ࿍Ꭱᚤy€ ᧵ЌxႫఝ࿍Ꭱ෋டᦢᚤy€xႫy᩷xᚤyଁኜᵤᓌ€xႫyኜૹ€xᚤyኜ࿍Ꭱcಣဤ᩷ සဤᵤ෾c ~ᚾఝ઻᧵ԩ҈ᵤໟḈࣽ€Ꮛᔐ͙x҈y઻ࠌடcᚾ᧵ໟᶀࣽટເடc ᚾఝ઻᧵ԩࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h˻ἈᎻ҈Ӌ€⩹ட෶ຮ͎cġġxἈyxӋyᚾఝ઻€૟⠣લຖ€ᚾ᧵ԩӪ҈ ᵤໟḈ€ཀྵᔐ͙x҈y઻ࠌடc >@▎hӋળြॡ੿€ੌદ਺҈मॡӨࣽcġġxદyxमyᚾఝ઻€᧵ԩӪ҈ᵤໟḈ€ཀྵ ࠌ͙x҈y઻c >@▎ᖭӨh೰ઢ˻hnႀ๶҈᣾Ӝo€ષ௎Ӄ␊͎cġġxႀyx᣾y̡઻ટයcಣ൵ഗ ц€ᵤᖤᎾኜc ᚾఝ઻᧵ໟᶀࣽc >@‫ݳ‬ၕᜑhՖ̧ԋ҈ᵤ᠏€ं҈ᵤᤠc >@▎̧߱hՖ଼̧҈ᵤᓌ€͓ਾᓌ҈ᵤ଼cġġ xԋyx᠏y€xंyxᤠy€x଼yxᓌyએఝ઻€᧵ྲྀໟᶀ€ટ͙x҈y઻ᜯடc >@᫐⩎ંhಔࣽॎ‫ס‬ᠲ҈ફ€ட‫ݛ‬ᠲ҈ϯ€ਣ‫ݞ‬᠏҈Ӌ€ଷ▗᠏҈‫ڃ‬cġġᚾఝ઻᧵ໟᶀ ࣽ€ྲྀ͙x҈y઻ࠌடc >@஥Ѯ˸hᤗၕ᙭͔ઊ€ಖᵤ஢ֳᓛ̧หਾԀ€̧ႼᏚԀ€ᤗ̧ᔢԀୗેcઊୗ٬҈ Ԁ€᩷ӃԀ҈Ꮪ€᩷Ԁ҈ୗે€ྲྀ६Ԁட⦁͎€Ԁ͛٬டcġġ̜ဧx҈y઻€ྲྀ͙᣾ࠌఝ઻ ͎c >@▎ស̡੾̡hՖનၟᚤcঁ๥டਾ€ᚔ҈ᵤӪ€‫׉‬ඒ͎ͨcᙛ҈࿖ടட€ᵤટӃֳ‚ġ ġᚾဧx҈y઻ᓌ੿c ሑಣဤ͎€΢ഗ͙x҈ԛyᚾ઻္ഗࣽ€ટಣઢ͎cxԛyु͎€ટఝ઻͎€ध˻૟ብເೲ҈ ुc >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿˻hઊ⦁€˴҈ԛᩲc >@▎̧࢞੿մhଁ͙୰ಖ᮳ᵤ᮳ࣽ€িੌස඾‚ြԚ६ட҈ԛᩲc >@஥ᦅ̡੾͠h૟୯҈ԛ€᫅ຨઢԳ€Գဧੌൾ >@ຖૹਸՎ෦h౲๛ᤄͷዹ€Վგष̐સᢙ€▗ౌ͔ઊྲྀ⋍଻҈ԛc >@᯻ઽᡖh‫ݲ‬൳டြ‫€̧׉‬ᵤብઽ੽ϫ੄ಾ៤҈ԛ€ᓒ൴ੌ͙ሌ᪰ட͎cġġ ‫ݲ‬षxԛy઻ྲྀ␊ఝ઻€ཀྵ͙x҈y઻ࠌடc ~௎ᚾ೺ఝ઻ᦢ͙x҈y઻€ुͬᓌࣽ€ੌ̜ဤԳhť˴€ಖुͬન೩ြ੿▪ࣽ€ Ꮛ଻டြᇊ˴ఝ઻ຖ€҈ᇊ̡ఝ઻ຖห͙xடy઻c ̡€ಖुͬԛ೩ြ੿▪ࣽ€ብြᇊ̡ఝ઻ຖ᳼xடy઻͙หடc ̜€ᇊ̡ఝ઻ເੌୗఛ€ಖुͬન೩ြ੿▪ࣽ€Ꮛ଻டြᇊ˴ఝ઻ຖcुͬԛ೩ြ੿▪ࣽ€ટ ብြᇊ˴ఝ઻ຖห͙xடy઻€҈ᇊ̡ఝ઻ຖྲྀ๫കԳc ఝ଻҈ఝடc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh̰Ꭿಖᩓ୨҈࢞ட˻cġġxᎯyx࢞yᚾ೺ఝ઻€ᔐ͙x҈y઻€ಖुͬ ྲྀxᩓ୨y͎cxᩓ୨y̡઻ન೩੿▪€ཀྵxᎯy઻ຖ᣾ሹxᩓ୨y̡㲯€ ҈x࢞y઻ຖ᳼xடy઻͙หԳc >@▎▗੿hຨҊίடϫ҈Ֆட€ྲྀ෶͙๛‫ݲ‬൳€ੌ‫׉‬ӨcġġxຨyxՖyᚾ೺ఝ઻€ᦢ ͙x҈y઻€ಖुͬ˴␊xҊίடϫy€˴͙xடy઻หடc >@▎ᦑ੿hຨ‫׉‬Ө௢⣿҈༻૖ட€̜Ꮪ͎cġġxຨy᩷x༻૖yᚾ೺ఝ઻€ᓌ੿c >@▎ᦑӨhਸ̧ᵤຨઍ⦁҈᩷ட€͎͛΁ࡷֳ >@஥ẏ੾̡hӋ঒ட€࢞૭ӟ€ۨާ༔҈ಲடc >@▎ᦅ̡੾Ԇh฾ຮ‫̧͙ݞ‬೨Գ€೩ঃಛ҈ಢடc >@▗ᙦ˸hᙦΡ▎ᵎ€‫͔ݲ‬ઊႧᙦ҈અடc 136

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َੇᝬ͙ᦑਾᕏ€Ꭸ૦ҍॲ͙ரြԚ€ಣԪடଁ৥c >@๣ស੾ḩതᩜြ␊Ֆ‚ >@ᗥ͔᪎hြुၟಖଁु€Ӄ͙ਾ҈ᵤເ᪁ֳ‚ >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hઆ̧ட᮳€੐ြἓ‫༻܁‬᩷߂஥ॏc >@▎hය҈˻ᗥմᗥմࣽ€ᤇϯշြન௝€҈ട༻ြၗḍ€෋Ꮋೡӹ᮳߽┗҈ᵤাၟ͎c ġġ‫ଁݲ‬षx͙yxՋyᚾ૾઻ຖ€ಖҝͬྲྀᓉఝ͎cಖ߆Ꮛ೩ြ૾઻Ჽc ~ᓉఝဧြⱷࡪࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hཀྵӋடᵤӋ€⪮ᆳઆ઄͙ണಲ੘ட໫͎cӋடᵤӋ€ೲ໹ሳட໫͎cġġ xᆳyx໹yᚾᓉఝ઻€xઆ઄y᩷xሳy઻஡␊ಖुͬ€x͙ണಲ੘yМ઻Ꮛ▎␊xᆳઆ ઄yடᜯͬ€Ӆྲྀဧြⱷࡪ€҈x໫y઻̰ಖ̐ࡪ͎c >@▎▗Өhཀྵ൴͔ੌ␊டՖ€͛ੌଁᵤӣடәcġġx͔ੌ␊y᩷xᵤӣy€ྲྀᓉఝ઻᩷ ಖಙ઻€ྲྀ੐ⱷࡪ€͙᚝ြxՖyxәy̡઻͎ࣽc >@඄᲼hຏ੅ࣽ€েᗥហ҈੿ឝ؋டᓛ͎cġġxেyx੿yᚾᓉఝ઻€ྲྀ੐ⱷࡪ€͙᚝ ြxᓛy઻c >@᫐ῨᲹh൴␊ῨᲹ⵩ᦌ࡝ᛔடᗬ҈␊ઽฟ€Ꮛ͛ბϧᖭ€ᓒ⤚ᛢcġġ xῨyx⵩yx࡝y̜ᓉఝ઻ྲྀ੐ⱷࡪ€͙ࡵಖ␊ത␊டxᗬyc >@⦡ങႆӪ෦h‫ݲ‬षӞடᎻ€ງ␊˴ૅcġġxषӞy੐ⱷࡪ€َ͙ത␊டxᎻy͎c >@▎hḋ๬ࣗᣌӚఝட໫€⩹ᵤ᱆૊୯҈ᘼᯅଣcġġx๬yxᣌyxఝy̜ᓉఝ઻ྲྀ੐ ⱷࡪc >@ᬃ̧በதᲽh΢сᰳள͍ட၌€⩹๷઎ᗥ€⩹Ӆຨ೚€⩹ᝬ˴ႄcġġxсyxளy̡ ઻ᓌ੿c >@᫐ਾᔐ྅h҈ഃ҅டᓉਾ€▎շၟᓉઈ‚ġġxഃ҅y̡઻ဧເ྽઻€͙ोxᓉਾyட ␊തເ€ཀྵဧြⱷࡪc >@᯻சઍ̮⑏ຖhմၟᯆ᭮ߪ๫␊մચ೚᧵cġġxચ೚᧵yЌմxચ೚ட᧵y͎€ ཀྵxચy઻ટ੐ⱷࡪc >@▎᩷ሪઍ̮ᦒhॐဧা‫ॱ͙€נ‬೩యடບ੐͍c >@▎⥿᪱‫؃‬᣶঩h୛඄ઁ඗૨ࡔᐋఔᣓட˹cġġx೩యy᩷xࡔᐋఔᣓy‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬੐ⱷ ࡪ€ဧ௎྽઻ࣽයc ~ᓉఝຖᓳxࣽy઻͙ኜಖ૟டਾཌྷࣽ€ᰒ␊ਊဧ€ᭁ᩷྽઻ட᚝͙xࣽy઻ࣽ๫ ߉c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh▪Ӌடсሴ͎€ཫࣽ౪˴€൑ࣽ྅ᑞcġġ xཫyx൑yᚾᓉఝ઻ᓳ͙xࣽy઻€Ќኜཫ˼டਾ᩷ચ൑டਾ͎cಖᨗxཫࣽyx൑ࣽy஡ ␊˴‫͙҈€ڠ‬xࣽy␊ടͬ€ಖxࣽy઻Ќሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻Ҍc >@஥Ѯ̡੾͠hӺМ೧€ખขІြ┶઺҈૙ӋcӋ෋Іળြ⦁€٬ಖᔍ€ᔍᚖտᥤྲྀӋ് ͎€઒ட͙ທcౚࣽ᱋Ꮱ€ۨᖋြᔍ೺€࿪ౚࣽળ๬҈৑€࿪ທࣽ઒Ḉட€٬Ꮱ͙ໟᄃ͎cġ ġxౚࣽyјੑடਾ͎€x࿪ౚࣽyx࿪ທࣽyᚾ‫੿€ڠ‬᩷xౚࣽyዹຑ€ཀྵxౚࣽy̡઻ટ ‫͎ڠ‬c >@⦡આ⦡▗া঩hཀྵ⢵຤૟€๾૝ࣽcġġx૝ࣽyЌ૝૟͎€xࣽy઻ଁ͙ኜ૟͎c >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hәᵤ۶হ͎€ә‫ٹ‬হࣽcġġxহࣽyЌଁ⤖হடਾ͎c >@▎ୖໟᓛ྅ૅh૝ࣽྲྀ‫€َੌ܈‬ӷࣽᦢგ垴ֶ͙жcġġx૝ࣽyxӷࣽyྲྀኜ૝ಣ᩷ ӷಣடਾ͎c >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hઊ͔܏⁇ᰳ€ಖ଻␊ϊcೲ࡜๫ส€สᏋ᭑ᨵໆリ€҈਀ᵤᔄட㰘㰘ֳ઄ ཝடᰘෆ€͔ઈҊᓜடᨵᨂ€൏ᤞ€൏˶€൏Ҍ€൏㖋€൏ᓢ€෋଀€൏ᨧࣽ€൏ⲱࣽ€ୈ ࣽ€㽫ࣽ€͕ࣽ€̝ࣽ€աࣽ€㾒ࣽ€㫠ࣽ€‫€ࣽݎ‬᮴ࣽ̀ြ҈ᚠࣽ̀ṙ€‫ܬ‬ϊᏋ଼͓€଱ϊ Ꮛ଼͔€Ꭷϊ‫ޚ‬ᏋᎤᨵ␊਼c҈਀ᵤ೩டΦΦடֳ̙̙ġġಖઍଁဧఝ઻ຖ᚝͙xࣽy઻€ ྲྀኜᯛ͎c >@᯻ᦒͭhᰝ͔ࣽ౪ᛅ€ြᰝடઍ€▎ੌ੿ࣽ€Өࣽ€๬ࣽ€દࣽ€࠻ࣽ€ᙬࣽ€຾ࣽ€ ఙࣽ€⌐ࣽ€ᨄࣽ€ͽࣽ€અࣽ€ਾઅࣽ€ඳࣽ€垴ࣽ€‫€ࣽᙿ€ࣽ‣€ࣽ׿‬ᢰᩁᒅࣽ€‫ݤ‬ ࣽ€⁙ࣽ€᣺ໟ࿠ࣽ€ໆໟ䀠ㅙࣽ€ಬࣽ€ᘸࣽ€ᙊࣽ€ौࣽ€๦ᖋཌྷࣽ€๦ԡใࣽc΢ᰝட ૟̡੾ੌ͠cġġଁष΢ఝ઻ຖ᚝xࣽy઻€ྲྀኜᰝ͎cͭぽఝ઻แಖुͬ€ᓳ͙xࣽy઻€ ૨ᵤᖤͭ€ເଁषੌxᢰᩁᒅࣽy€x๦ᖋཌྷࣽy€▎ੌx᣺ໟ࿠ࣽyட໫€ྲྀ΀ட‫€ڠ‬᩷ಣ ဤᨗᓌ҈଻ᰗcť ťn᩷ಣဤᨗᓌ҈଻ᰗo€᧵๾ೲhぽఝ઻ᓳ͙xࣽy઻᩷྽઻᚝͙xࣽy઻ໟᓌ€⇝ᵤ଻␊ ‫҈€ڠ‬೺ఝ઻แಖुͬᓳ͙xࣽy઻Ꮛྲྀ΀ட‫€ڠ‬՜ೲn଻ᰗoeന̡ࣽ⇝ೲ͙ఝ઻ኜಖ૟€ ᓳxࣽy઻ኜಖਾ€՜ೲnᨗᓌoc 140

Chapter 6 ᨗ઻Ꮩடએ ಙ઻‫ݲ‬ဧએட ಙ઻‫ݲ‬ဧએட˴ ˴ ~ಙ઻€ଁ͙ಫఝ྽ட્ࣽc ಙ઻டြఝ઻€ટध྽઻டြ଻઻€ྲྀଁ͙ᣈಫ઻ட͎ࣽc΢ಙࣽ€͛લಖଁಙ€ᣒဤ͎c ~ಙఝ઻Ꮛલఝ઻c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h‫ٴ׉‬යสմ€࠺යӨ҆€Ꮛொ㝀ය᩷˴ᩲcġġx‫ٴ‬යyࣽಙ઻͎€ଁ͙ᣈxส մyடಙ€ཀྵલடcx࠺යy͙ಙxӨ҆y€x㝀යy͙ಙொடx᩷yട€ཀྵྲྀલԳc ӷ>@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌմh᧝යᔎ˻x᜵ය࿖டy᪍ೋೋයੌ᣺᭸҈ໟ࢞˻cťġġᇐഗ€ྲྀಣဤ ͎c >@⦡ⴱ෫Ӫ෦h௎Ꮧଶ૛୉€ଵᵤໟ೩€᧝යໟ⇟€᳝ය⦁ཀྵcġġx᧝යyx᳝යyᚾಙ Π€Ŧᓌ੿c ಙ઻டಙఝ઻ಖᤣ€ཀྵᵤ૨षc ȉn᧝යᔎ˻on᜵ය࿖டo੐ᐘ੿€n᪍ೋೋයੌ᣺᭸҈ໟ࢞˻o੐ᐘӨc ȉxΠyᥫสx઻y€੿x‫ٴ‬යyᇐྲྀ඗ಙ઻c ~ಙ྽઻Ꮛલ྽઻c >@᫐ম⁎࿍hಖәடᣁයၟࣽઋட€ಖપடᯈය౯߽ࣽடcġġxၟࣽyઐ྽઻€xᣁයyಙ ட€xᯈයyடಙx౯ࣽyટයcť >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦hԩᎫՖ€າາஃ྅டෆ▗̧͎cġġxஃ྅டෆ▗̧yએ઻€ဧြ྽઻€͙ ोxԩᎫՖy␊തເਾexາາy‫͙ଁ€َث‬ಙ͎€ཀྵલԳcŦ >@᫐⠮֋୉h⪮ᵤリය͔͎cġġx͔y྽઻€xリයyಙடc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhಖଁΠ€྅ฤடଁၟ͎€๫ϯ‫ࣽ܅‬cġġxϯyಙx‫܅‬y઻c >@஥ᦅ̡੾౪hᔢ⬤ࣇຒ€ಖఱ͙കြಣᩲcġġxࣇy྽઻͎€x⬤y઻ಙடc >@▎̡੾╺h᧬⬤ᩛ€ਾ͛ক€ષಖহ͎cġġxᩛy྽઻͎€x⬤y઻ಙடc >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬ḩ΀Ἕᦑಢᩲ€▎ᦑ᮳͎€΀‫ᦑݞ‬ಢᩲ€નᦑ᮳͎cġġxಢyx᮳y̡઻ྲྀ྽ ઻€xᦑy઻ಙட€҈ྲྀલԳc ȉxᣁයyಙxၟy€xᯈයyಙx౯y€xࣽy̰ຖകc ȉᰝ‫ࢅا‬xஃ྅டෆ▗̧yဧເ྽઻€᧵๾ೲဧເोͬ€‫઻ݳ‬໫ൿೲ଻઻€xາາyᥫ␊྽ ઻cᰝ‫͙ا‬xາາy␊ಙ઻€̰ሕြ΢‫ྲَྀث‬ಙ઻டͅ೩cť ~াಙટයc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hЎᵤ෶૭€▎ᵤ‫€૽ت‬ೲϯཌྷ͎cġġxЎyx▎yxᵤy̜઻ྲྀಙ઻͎€ ᚾഗxᵤy઻€˴͙xЎy઻ಙட€˴͙x▎y઻ಙட€҈ྲྀલԳcť >@▎ᐘӨhՖೲ͙ᵤ຀૝͎cġġxᵤyx຀yᚾ઻ྲྀಙ઻exᵤyಙx຀y઻€ཀྵલԳc >@▎࢞੿h૮டਾ€በಖ‫׉‬ᡑ͙Ӆਾᡑ€Ўຨਾᡑ҈েಖ‫׉‬ᡑ€Ꮛૺட⬤͎ࣽ€ߪટ͛হ҈ԛ ᩲcġġxߪyxટyx͛y̜઻€ྲྀಙ઻͎€ಙࣽ஡લಖଁಙԳcᭁ᧵΀x૮டਾເೲ͛হ ட⦁͎€ᔢበ‫׉‬ᡑટ๫ᵤহட͉€Ќࠪ྇෫‫҈⭶׉‬ᵤЌহ€ය‫⦁׉‬Ѯය€ߪટੌহட˴ೡ͎c y >@஥ѮԆh࿍Ӌࢦฒԛ⬤€̧ಖᡖ͎cġġxԛyx⬤y̡઻ྲྀಙ઻cŦ >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬h೰ৣટ͔ἓ‫ڙ‬cġġxટyx͔yxἓy̜઻ྲྀಙ઻€҈ಙࣽ஡લଁ␊ಙc >@᫐ম⁎࿍hম⁎̧ᔄட€᣶҂҈ᵤ಻යcŧġġx಻යyಙ઻͎€xᵤy઻ಙடc ȉxЎyಙxᵤ෶૭y€x▎yಙxᵤ‫૽ت‬y€ྲྀ⪮ಙxᵤy˴઻€Ө஡ဤಷಣc▎€xЎy x▎y̡઻~ᲷጓสḈሹࠌ઻€᩷ಣጓสಙ઻ᵤᓌc ȉӨ~Ჷ>@ဤ᩷ಣ‫€ث‬ຏᣫࢅx⬤yೲnဧເ྽઻҈␊ोͬoc ȉx಻යyᥫ␊྽઻€ເ␊ಙ઻Ꮛᵤຨ␊ोͬᩲc ~ᵤብಣ͎€଻઻€ห઻€ዼ͎€‫␊ྲྀ€͎ڠ‬ಙԳc ಙ଻઻c >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hᗂ‫׉‬Ө㏗҈ᛌԚ€ध௱௼͎cġġx௱௼y଻઻͎€xधy઻ಙடcťᭁ‫ס‬ᗂ‫׉‬Ө டᛌԚ€ಖᵤᵸ‫ث‬჈€⪮ᣄ␊௱௼͎€ብᗂᓌ௱௼Ҍ€ಣxधy઻டଁ͙␊ಙ͎c 141

>@▎ඥӨhՖடᗂәເ‫ج‬ᵸ€ᏋәᗂՖເᕽ͍eՖடᗂәເࣼᰝ€ᏋәᗂՖເᓛਾeՖடᗂә ເ੽௼€ᏋәᗂՖເᨉᐡcġġએxເy઻ྲྀಙ઻€҈ଁಙ▎ྲྀ଻઻c >@஥સ੾hӺ€▗ᤄᤗ൳ြᏳಖ€ᨗ઒͹cġġx઒͹yϫ଻͎€xᨗy઻ಙடc >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhࡗ˴⬼ᵝ€௎ᾗයcġġx௎ᾗයyࣽ€ੌ൏ြᾗ͎€ ⪮ᣄᾗ͎cલ͙x௎y઻€ລ͙xයy઻␊ᓳࣽ€ટᤣဤ͎cጓ೩ຖc ಙห઻c >@‫੿࢞׳‬hೲ͙௎ຏ‫͎ېې‬cġġxຏyห઻€x௎y઻ಙடc ཀྵx௎ಣyx௎ೲyxເതyxࠪಣyxࠪຏy‫ݲ‬Π€ҮᲿઍᤣᤣੌட€ྲྀಣဤ͎cŦ ಙዼc >@ૹյખ෦hઋ঒͔␊ઍ൷ဨ˼઼ႆᑐ҈ઋcġġx␊ઍ൷y̜઻€ҝͬ᩷ಖ૾઻€ೲ␊˴ ዼcx͔y઻ઐ྽઻͎€ဧເಙ઻͙ಙடcᭁઋ঒டဨ˼઼ႆᑐ€ྲྀ␊ઍ൷டཀྵ€ཀྵx͔y઻ ᵤಙxဨy઻€҈ಙx␊ઍ൷y̜઻cŧ >@▎ᓌ෦մhΡఘ͔͙ೲྱખcġġx͔y઻ટಙx͙ೲy̡઻€ᵤಙxྱy઻cŨᭁΡఘட ଁ͙ྱખࣽ€૨઎ೲҌc >@▎ҝᰝӹ෦hᵤ͙ಣ‫آ‬षࢱৱ€ᦑ๾᧻mmՉՉcġġx͙ಣ‫آ‬y̜઻˴ዼ€xᵤy઻ಙ டc >@஥સ౪hԪ๰̧ເ᠋டᘍcġġx᠋டᘍy˴ዼ€xເy઻ಙட€҈લԳc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h૟്௎Ữ̧ࣽӃ͎cġġxỮ̧ࣽy̜઻˴ዼ€x௎y઻ಙԳc ಙ‫ڠ‬c >@ᗥઍ᥷hࠪ૳҈ၟட€ࠪ᪎҈ၟட€ࠪᓏ҈ၟட€٬ಖၟட˴͎cࠪ૊҈๬ட€ࠪ୯҈๬ ட€ࠪຕ஑҈๬ட€٬ಖͅ؋˴͎cġġxࠪyಙ઻€એဧட͙ಙ‫ڠ‬Գcũ >@‫׳‬ඥӨhӋ෋ਾ兒ઊ̧€຀ੌ͙ᰗြਾֳ‚ġġxੌ͙ᰗြਾֳy€x兒y઻ຖடḈ‫€͎ڠ‬ x຀y઻ಙடc ▎€΢xብy઻ட੐˴‫ڠ‬டឝࣽ€ເh >@‫੿࢞׳‬hብૣ⩎ட␊ᜮ_ብҌટය_ብ຃ટයcġġᇐ‫␊ྲྀ€ڠ‬xብy઻ଁಙc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h͙௎ଁ␊€૦௎ଁ‫€܈‬धࣜઈ҈૦౮͎cġġxधyટಙ઻€͙ಙଁཹட‫҈ڠ‬લ Գc >@⦡றฆӪ෦hಣເўϊ҈ӎ€ᯛ⪮കছ€ಖඬୈ͎cġġxўϊ҈ӎy˴‫€ڠ‬xເy઻ಙ டc >@᫐೺ཌྷhੌ⬤Ԁᚾᙶ҈๫ଁ⤖€ 㸳ᵤຨͅ€͍௎Әြ‫׉‬ϫடᔐcġġx௎y઻ટಙ‫͎ڠ‬c >@᯻ᥫಆ຃‫آ‬᩷ਾᦒhᭁ⪮ᤣᾗ΢૾டೣᛐᛅ෌͎c >@▎hᭁ੾╺౪ᩲc >@▎hᭁ˴᪍‫˴ج‬ቔᵸடᯘ͎cġġxᭁyᩆ༕டఛ€ಙ઻͎€૮᳼‫ݲ‬ഗடឝ͙ಙԳcಙ઻ட ಙഗੌເಣࣽc ȉᣠմhxधy઻঄␊ᓌఝ઻cᰝΝ␊ಙ઻€ન૊c ૮᧿hxधy᩷xເyx௎yx൏yx໫yᓌᎯ˴໫€~Ჷԛ൴xເyx௎yx൏yx ໫yᛌ৑ఝ઻c͙Ө஡ဤઍxເyx௎yᇐ઻ᗂಣc ȉxࠪy€~ᲷጓสኜՊห઻ઍߣ‫܆‬ኜห઻€~ᲷጓสḈሹࠌ઻€ྲྀ᩷ಣጓ ␊ಙ઻ᵤᓌc ŧŨ ᣠմhx͔␊ව൷ဨyՉՉ€َಖଁဨட૨ex͔͙ೲྱખy€َྱખடⳁ€x͔y઻ൿ ಙxဨy᩷xྱy͎cᭁઁਾಙ઻€ᵤ͛ᵏሹಖଁಙட઻c ũ ~Ჷ▎षಣဤf>╺"@gࢅhnಣxࠪy઻⠣Ḉ‫͎ڠ‬mm͛૟͉⠣᪍€ ҈ຖxࠪy઻Ḉட€ਿ␊ࠌ઻co ~x⬤y઻ઐಙ઻͎€္͙ഗ‫€ڠ‬Ꮛဧເ྽઻҈␊ोͬᩲc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhӋடႄᏚ⬤€ᏋᤗᓛಖᥧഃֳġxӋடႄᏚ⬤yࣽ€धմxӋႄᏚட͍෶ӷြ ᏸy͎€ཀྵx⬤y઻ଁ͙ोႄᏚட͍͎cxӋடႄᏚy˴‫␊҈ڠ‬ടͬ€x⬤y઻ಖो͎ͬcઊ ເೲ€ >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hೠಖᎻ⬤c >@‫࢞׳‬Өh᪙டಃ͎ќ⬤cťġġྲྀಣ໫͎c >@஥̡ͅḩ௎ᵤެ€ᐡͨ͛⬤c >@▎ѮԆh࿍Ӌࢦฒԛ⬤€̧ಖᡖ͎c >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦hድᘦடَ͎ೡμ⬤c >@▎એᓛᮇो঩h੅Ўຨ᧵€ᑚ‫׉‬Ө‫ݲ€ᦒژ‬൳⦡ͭ୥⬤c >@ૹग़൴Ꭱ෦h଻ᯛચ᥼Ө߽⬤c >@⦡໿ᗸᦒh‫̧׉‬঒ౕ֧⬤cġġଁष‫ݲ‬ഗ€ྲྀ͙‫␊ڠ‬ടͬ€҈͙x⬤y઻␊ो͎ͬࣽc 142

>@⦡ỜಖӪ෦ḫໟَࣀઊૅ੐ᗅჹ€㙷⬤cġġxࣀઊૅ੐ᗅჹ㙷y͠઻€ ␊‫ڠ‬டടͬ€x⬤y઻ಖो͎ͬcੌմx㙷⬤y̡઻धَx⬤㙷y͎€ Ꮛx㙷y઻␊ोͬ€x⬤y઻ಙட҈ຖԳcಣᰗြᤣဤ€൏ᵤය͎cŦ >@ૹ᭑҄Ֆ෦h૟ੌӃَ€䭞ਾَ॔ᏸ☡cġġxᏸ☡yࣽ€ᏸӷ͎€x☡yಙ઻҈ဧ␊ो ͬc ௎ಣட໫€ᵤӃᖤͭ€ད᪍ᚐҌc ȉ>@>@ᚾဤᎫ๫ચᣫ€૮ᗔc ȉ>@ဤᥫ੐xჹy઻ຖᚧ€nࣀઊૅ੐ᗅჹ㙷o‫܅‬ᴤ়ጓc

ಙ઻ዶภએட ಙ઻ዶภએட̡ ̡ ~ಙ઻ઐ๫સ͎€຤຤ዶ࿿ස໫઻␊ಙ઻ࣽ€ය͛᳼લြಖଁಙc ~ੌዶภ଻઻␊ಙ઻ࣽ€ಣ᩷ᨸࡪᲷ᩷ぽఝ઻Ჷぽଁषᓌဤc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᥧᎻ̧૝cġġx̧૝yࣽ€ເ̧ட૝͎cx̧y଻઻€લֳఝ઻҈ͅಙ઻c >@‫׳‬᭑Өh૮҈ຖၟՖடࣼᰝॊỸcġġxࣼᰝॊỸyࣽ€ धَxॊỸເࣼᰝy͎€xࣼᰝy̡઻଻઻€᳼xॊy઻டલ҈ဧເಙ઻c઎ೲ€ >@஥෦᫐▗╺ᮇմh᭹ட€ᚽਾઅ҈‫ݏ‬c >@⦡ͭէ⦦෦մhᚾਾ૛᳝҈ή૟࡙c >@඄᲼մhຏ੅ࣽ€েᗥហ҈੿ឝ؋டᓛ͎cᢪ෋ಖ˹€ᦽ෋ಖᎻc >@ૹᦒቈᗊ෦մhཀྵ‫׉‬Өட˹€մᢐᛌૹc >@▎඄ખૹ෦մh೩૟ϊ૳c >@࢛ᓒᲾᨸ࿠մh୉ࢅடບ€ϊ ղୈc >@ૹᦒͅફґմhફӋட⦁€ೡ͙ᡥ᧲c >@▎ῒ⛖෦մhᤣ઄Ӌ੄ͣଡᨛ͙ᛌૹӋc >@▎ഥஉ⛖෦մhಣདंᗬଡᨶ౤ᗬc >@᫐̧ࡃ૳Ჽմhವઅಖઍ᧛c >@੅᲼մhযࢅ‫ݲ‬൳டఘc >@▎մhᐮώ๬ഞขc >@⦡ͭէ⦦෦մh҈౽ⳁ⦦૨␊֮‫‮‬ဧࣽc >@᫐̧Ꮛᵠմh‫܈‬շઋ᱆€ြೲᄋടc >@᯻᧏ਖ਼൧ॲोմh⪁әႃ⋍€ूုቫᣫc >@▎આᎫऺ▗ᝬ⦁᜻մhᨸሹ˹ӆઊ€᧥Өઍষc >@▎ᩯ▗஽गྡմh▗ᔷᕟ᮴ખ€૳Ρੑᣌ€ᵤඥ୘৘டぽ€຃᛭Ҍᑫ€ᵤ᪎͙෶cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ ྲྀ͙଻઻ಙఝ઻҈લԳc ~ੌዶภ྽઻␊ಙ઻ࣽc >@᫐ள૳ఘhೲ͙੾౪ᮇ҈̅▄௎υ࡝ြᵺcġġxυy઻ઐ྽઻͎€૮લx࡝y઻҈␊ಙ ઻c >@஥ᦅ̡੾͠hઢΞಖ੿€҈▗ྱடcġġx▗y઻ઐ྽઻€͙ಙxྱy઻c >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦hြೲᦅ̧͔ហடcġġx͔yઐ྽઻€͙ಙxហy઻c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h٬ᨈਾடத€૞ᔤြᤗ€mmҋથϫြ੅͠Ҋί€᣶ᱝြ࿍€ᨈਾ৥டcġġ x૞yxҋyx᣶y̜྽઻€૮લఝ઻€͙ಙಖᣫ͎c >@᯻᩷ଠી‫ᦒ▪ݳ‬h͓඗᧵€ਾટ͓ᄁடe͔඗᧵€Ќਾ͔͛ᄁட͎cġġx͓yx͔y̡઻ ᓌ੿c >@▎Ӌ▗ᝬ⦁᜻h▗ᐪಖ␊ਾ€ᵤ᣾ᗂcġġx᣾y઻ᓌ੿c ~ੌዶภఝ઻ᵤಙ઻ࣽc >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦h೰ਿಖ‫੿€آ‬෋અ‫܂‬டᏋԛcġġxઅyఝ઻͎€૮ዶ͙x‫܂‬y઻҈લԳc >@஥ઠ੾એh૳ሕ҄ᯄ҈ᔎଷ▗ட҅Գc >@▎ᙦ˸h᫐▗ᨅ૳€᳐ಛ‫ا‬c >@ૹੑ౦ઢh᳿ఝ‫܈‬యઁ€ᵤষ‫آ‬ષc >@▎ग़᥼෦h‫᥼؝‬Ꭱ€૳ຨ᥼cġġଁषx૳yxᨅyxఝyx૳yᇐ઻€ઐྲྀఝ઻€૮ዶ␊ ಙ઻ᩲc

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>@▎ᦅ▗╺ᮇմhᮍԳ໴Ӽ€๫ଁⷉ࢞c >@▎Ѯ▗Ԇᮇմh௎ድԳႄ⥹෋әc >@๻ඥմh⤴ເಖ૝ເc >@ૹᦒ⑏෦մhඐເᱝເ€ੌᅁੌዤc >@▎᧥ફґմh᧵ೕເ͎c >@▎‫ݲ‬൳Ӌᮇो঩մh҈੘ぽᰓເc >@‫ݳ‬Π੎൅մhᡠֳಖੌ▪ᦊc >@๻▪َմh‫ֳ؜‬ಖᵤӃ⅚c >@‫ݳ‬Πᵠ౦մhઊ̧᫽ӂ҈Ვ˻c >@▎લјḩ߱૕ӂ҈ዹ˻c >@▎‫͓ژ‬Ịᤃᤃࣽ௺մhએᤦ՚௎c >@๻̤մh଺቎௎c >@▗೷෦▪▗੾Мᮇմhୡ࠺௎ੌፇc >@ᗥ̛᭯մh̡ᡑ҈ََᓄcġġઊເೲ€Ꮛx௎yxᓄy̡઻ટӃᬘ͙␊ಙఛட‫׊‬Πᩲc ťxಙఛyԱហᵤࡵ€൏Ќኜಙ઻cx‫׊‬Πy঄᩷૮َxຖ‫ۋ‬yໟ঄c ~ੌ‫ࠪآ‬ဧ଻઻€ࠪဧ྽઻€⬤ࠪဧ‫͙€ڠ‬ಙ˴ໟ൏டᅥࣽ€Ꮛલԛx௎yxເyᇐ ઻€҈ລᓳ͙xයy઻ࣽ␊ᤣ€೰͛᳼ြଁಙடຖ€ಣ዗ဤ͎€ԛ೩ԩཹᲷぽcť >@‫੿▗׳‬h͛ੌ૟Գ€҈ഝ̐€͍ഝ᧯€ഝ‫׊‬Ρ͎€๫௎ાਾයcġġxાਾyࣽ€ઐ଻ ͎€ଁ͙ಙ‫׊‬Ρໟ൏டᅥ͎ࣽc૮Ꮛલ͙x௎y઻͙␊ཹ€҈ຖᓳ͙xයy઻ࣽ€Ќଁ͙ಙட ͎€҈x๫௎ાਾයyԆ઻€᳼ြxഝ‫׊‬Ρ͎y˴ഗடຖ€Ќ᳼டြଁಙடຖ͎c >@▎ᖭӨh᙭ห˻hnᵤ೩‫ݲ‬൳€ષ௎͓යcoġġx͓y྽઻͎€᳼ြx௎yxයyᚾ઻ டઍࣽ€ᓌ੿c >@▎ᦑӨh⦁Ꮛ᧥ᩲ€ಢ௎Ց‫׉‬යcġġxՑ‫׉‬y̡઻˴‫€ڠ‬Ŧጓᓌ᮴€धմx⦁ட᧥ಢ€ ಖᵤӃ٬டಙ€ເਾடՑ‫˴ࣽ׉‬ຳyՉc >@▎▗੿h૮َӋ௎๻යcŧ >@▎▗Өhլি௎ೲ͓⤀ઊය඾ >@▎hઊ̧௎ੌᵤஔ᭸යcġġ̜ഗྲྀᓌ᮴c >@▗᫐̜੾̡h෋ႂ௎͙ছ҅ය€്്ட⦁͎cġġ x͙ছ҅y̜઻˴‫€ڠ‬Ũ᳼ြx௎yxයyᚾ઻டઍ€ጓ᩷᮴ᓌc >@᯻⥿▪ཡ೚঩hᎻடᖺ૳€ᓒ௎ᣎᵝ᧲Ḱයc >@▎ᣁͭh೩டពය௎ੌࡔයc >@▎ј˹᲼ᔎh୰ಖ▪ᦊ€ಖଁ૔௎ᵤໟ߽යcġġ̜षྲྀᓌ᮴c ብ>@᯻᧏ϣࣽӋḈᗊ෦մhഎੌ͓͔€࡜ಖଁ෶€௎Ꮸ˵Գcġġ ೲᏋxԳy઻ટӃဧເxයy઻c ȉઐᲷӃ᩷~Ჷӈໟᦢҕc ŦŨ ᆏҕᰝ‫ا‬ᵊြ‫ߣڠ‬સហ€xՑ‫׉‬yx͙ছ҅y൏ϱ⪮‫ڠ‬c ŧ ಣӨ̜ဤf>@>@>@gᎫ૝ࡪ঩ᵤў€૮ۨ̐c

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>@᯻᧏᩷᙭‫ܐ‬૟ᦒմhಖຖᔕӨฎμᰟ€ള൳ြᔍඪࣽೡμјc >@▎Ჾᩑ‫ו‬⣿ᦒմhೲཀྵ᪎ͅ҈⦁μᨰ€ᮇ୨҈ၫμᓏc >@᫐̧ࢥ⬔մhਾੌᰘᓸշХ҈ઋடौࣽ€᪍ᵸ❻ᯊ҈Х❻૨c >@⦡ͭỜಖӪ෦մh‫˹ݲ‬੐Ԛட஥€ᤝ᠐ᚌ€୥μᓅ᩷࿱c >@᯻᧏ўશᨗ࿩մhഥ▪ᰒଁᵎ‫ࣽث‬ग़ᮯ෗€҈ᰒଁ΀᩿⣿ࣽ೦ђ€ཀྵᰒ੐ຖᕃcġġ‫ݲ‬ष ഗྲྀ͙xμyx᧏yx❻y‫€઻ݲ‬ᚾᚾໟཹ€͙ಙಖଁӷடⳁᚪ͎c ȉᦊ‫ا‬षᣠ〘ъhnxౘy᩷xিyᓌco ȉಣဤૹᦒnᚬoสn o€nᦉoสnィo€nᚬ␊⦦o੿๫nাo઻cᰝ‫ا‬Ꭻᦒ€ਾ଻๰ ⦡ͭ€ ȉᦊմhࢅઐᮦࣁ‫઻׊ا‬ာߓcයᮦ‫ا‬อ΀x᩿␊ᘽఁyடx᩿y€ાઐสxᰒy€ᵤ΀ྲྀ สxᰒy͎c ~Ԇ€͙ࢧ૟டය᩷ᵤයࣽcť >@‫▗׳‬ӨhཀྵՖ̧ੌᵤᚤ€ᚤ͛ᖤᩲcġġx͛y઻ଁ͙ࢧᖤட঄ය͎ࣽc >@▎h˹‫͓ه‬ਾ͎cġġx‫ه‬y઻͙ࢧಖᨗ␊͓ਾ͎c >@⦡೦ຖઐґմhӋ‫੿ऺ˴͙ه‬આ᷁€␊▗ఘਣ߶ೱ€આ᷁͛᣺c >@‫ژ‬ᴋϊഥြ˼մh߯ಢ೰౯c >@ဠΠմhಖഥ⬔ᨗᥫ೰ን€͙⪮ፇਾc >@஥෦Ѯ▗੾˴ᮇմh૮௓‫ݲ‬൳€തᨗઉ€തᨗ֐‚ >@▎ᙦ▗એᮇմhાၕᨗᴤ€ᴋത෶Գ‚ >@▎ស▗̡੾Мᮇմhᨗґৱடླྀc >@๻ึఛմh૾ເ҄Գ€૑ဧߪೡ€ᚧӃૻᩲc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷ӋӨմhՖೲ͙ᵤ຀૝͎c >@⦡ͭ᧥ફઐґմhূᢋỊᵤ‫܈‬Ꭿ࠺▗cŦ >@▎சҌӪ෦մhԪӋᨘચֳ‚ >@ૹᦒԆ๬ઢմhዑহၣ▗€๸⛅ӷϫ€ઍᓛಖॐϯᩲc >@⦡ͭଠফ෦մh੿Ўᔄᜅྖग़ཎ␊ਾ€ॐ㏗҈ᆆ᝘˻c >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhәᓒၟӋடᵤ⛆͎c >@⦡ͭԆફઐґմhᓒᴤ␊ᚪ೩ᨈᔄ⦁͎c >@ᗥृྃմhಕᓒᔧᔄ଻ြ൴૽ࣽc >@‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣմhᓒ‫׉‬ቚட൴ः€▎૨෶͎c >@⦡ͭ˼ᤗ྅ૅմh௎ઊΠԆમடґ€ൾનੌເઊ̧͎ࣽc ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗઍ€ເx‫ه‬yx߯yxᨗyxᚧyx຀yxỊyxᨘyxॐyxᓒyxൾy‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ ͙ࢧ૟ட‫ه‬ය͎ࣽc ᲾΠӃᱥဧ˴઻€ᵤ͛᚝ြස઻c >@ᗥぽᏋմh᱔࡜ৣ࢒cġġයᏋx࡜yx࢒y̡઻ྲྀӃᱥဧᩲc >@‫ݳ‬Πί౯մhỮ̧˻hn࡜co >@▎ᵠ౦hਸ̧˻hn࢒€Ԫ൴൑ᩲco >@ᗥᅮӞմhੌ̧˻hnයcoġġಣྲྀᱥဧ˴઻͙␊Ჾ͎c >@⦡ͭা⑏մh࡜࡜€҃҃€ᵤයcġġಣ‫َث‬ટଁ͙␊ᥫᲾடఛ͎c ௎͙ࢧఛᢐြ‫€઻׊‬Ꮛͅ␊ोͬᩲc >@‫ݳ‬Π̧߱մh͎͛̐଻ֳġġधմx␊۩ଁલ͛␊̐଻͎cy >@▎ᨚᔎմhൾֳઊ̧ᵤَᵤᲕᵤ६ֳ‚ >@஥෦ၣ▗੾╺ᮇմhਾ˻hn๯ව͙ၟ஢coව˻hnൾ͎co >@⦡ͭ᪙වࠌӪ෦մhυϡသᑤයᵤ㏗˻hn⁇⁇€ટઆ⬤ᩲ€લ૳டَ͎€લ૳▎շ෶෋ ੅Ӌৈ֘ᐘӋ‚o᪙වࠌ˻hnᓒ͎€Ԫ൴َடco >@▎ग़ᓄӪ෦մh᧥ᔄग़ᓄ͙␊َ€̰೩̮ໟ˻hnᵊ૞㡟ᗬ૨€૮੿ᮆμ࡝Ởсᙗᩯẟ€ ᚳ౤ᰝ๫ဧடཌྷcә‫܈‬ជ€␊ฎᚌcಣᣄՖ൳ட૟€Ֆതᵤជ‚oग़ᓄ˻hnᓒ͎€Ԫ‫َ܈‬ட ଵᩲco ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗぽྲྀ͙ࢧఛᢐြ‫␊҈઻׊‬ो͎ͬcЌເxൾ͎yxᓒ͎y€ᔢྲྀ␊ᲾΠடఛ€҈ಖട ͬЌ␊ଁᲾட૟€ཀྵ͙xൾ͎yxᓒ͎yᲾட€Ќ͙ࢧَಖ␊ເಣࣽcŧ ȉᎫᦒnԆoഠჺಙ઻டो઴સ᩷҃સࣽ€૮⠣สᚾᲷ€ઐᲷ᪍ဤ͙ो઴઻ࣽ␊ᚗ€ो҃સࣽ ೩ӨᲷc ȉ᭤ጓषᖋ⦔˻hnxỊy€xཀྵy͎coఇཝ˻hnxỊy€xᤀy͎coཀྵಣဤᥫᎯ~ Ჷnͭ૟ͅட‫ࣽآ‬oc 149

ȉಣᣫଁࢅxࢧఛy€ኜ᧵੐઴સߣ઻ᶅ€⪮ึͬட΀c▎€x͛yxൾyxᓒyᇐЎ␊ो ͬ€᱆ᵤೲಙ઻҈ᥫೲ྽઻ԅc ~ಙ઻டࢧᵤයࣽᨗ૨€૮஡߆டc ~xᵤy઻ဧြ྽઻bఝ઻bಙ઻டલ€͙ࢧ૟͉ட๫ࣽ€ᤣΠ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h᭑६֔Գ€֔६ҊԳ€ᵤ␊ᵤ૨ᩲ€᫅␊ຖហ҈લ୯€ᵤᧇᵤ᳨cġġ Мဧxᵤy઻€˴લx૨y઻€྽઻͎€ፇྲྀલֳఝ઻c▎xᵤ␊ᵤ૨yࣽ€َ૟͉ட঄යࣽ ͎cxᵤᧇᵤ᳨yࣽ€ࢧ؋ฃட঄ය͎ࣽc ӷ>@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷ӋӨմhᵤ௎᩷ਾc >@▎մh૮͎ᵤයc >@▎▗உ̣੿մhᔢੌၫᯒ€ᵤເຑ‫آ‬cġġ̜ഗ€x௎yxයyxເy̜ྲྀಙ઻xᵤy઻ લட€ྲྀଁَ͙૟͉டເಣ͎c ብxᵤy઻લြ྽઻€ເxᵤ౯yࣽxᵤᵎyࣽᇐΠ€Ꮛᚾ઻ᢐͅ˴Π€ጓ೩྽઻Ჽぽ€ຈ⪮ ᬘ͙ࢧ૟͉ட঄ය͎c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h੄Њ๶டᦒ€ೠಖଁΡြ୛€୛͛ᵤ۶ᵤᜮ๰c >@ૹ᧥ફґhೢೡᵤӃᵤἓ૝ॲc >@▎Ӌ᣽෦hਾᅥᵤ෶ᵤੌमᮬ€ષӃᔘߓ€૭ᦑୡࣽੌଁያcġġଁषഗぽ€ ⡏ဧᚾxᵤy઻€୙ԛӈໟዹ࿊€๫ᰗ̐ࢅ€යଁࢧࣽൿ␊૟͉ட঄ය͎c >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մh᣾ᵤҊ॑Ҍc >@᯻᧏⥿ᣠઝ෋঩մhᔢੌ૙ட͙ᠼ‫ا‬டૄ€ᵤ˴ೡၘ͎cġġᚾഗxᵤy઻ྲྀલ଻઻€൏ ੋ˴ఝ઻cᇊ˴ഗधմx᣾ᵤौҊ॑Ҍy€ᇊ̡ഗधմxᵤᔧ˴ೡၘ͎yc൏ಣட໫€ҮᲿ‫آ‬ ੌ€යનӃሕસ␊ଁੋത઻€‫͙ށ‬Ӄጓ␊Ӆc xᵤy઻ੌหx⪮y઻ࣽc >@ᗥઍ᥷մh᫅ᵤӷຒ€ӷ⦁ᵤೂԳc >@▎մh᫅ᵤᓒಞࡵःၟ‫׉‬ຒࣽ€ಖ᯼෶ၟட‚ >@᫐̧ᠲӋᲽմhલ૳ᵤ‫€ت‬িᵤ૽୓ġġ᮴ष̜Ჷぽ€ଁՉx᫅ᵤy€ጓ͙x᫅⪮y༕ ўcଁՉxিᵤy€ጓ͙xি⪮y༕ўc >@͔ಠᗥӋَᲽմh᱗᪀˼ᢞடຨ€ᵤ͙̩ẟ઺͎eἛෙြҊᄮ€⪮͙ણ঵᥵͎c >@᱘̧⪮૽Ჽh੿டଁᣒ€૽ᓒ೰ᣒ€⪮ᵎཀྵᣒ͎c੿டଁ᳴€૽ᓒ೰᳴€ᵤೠཀྵ͎᳴cġ ġ᮴ष̡Ჷぽ€xᵤyx⪮yᚾ઻ӈဧ€಻ͬष␊ໟหடࠒc xᵤy઻ੌหx๫y઻ࣽc >@ૹ‫ݞ‬Ԇ̧෦ඒhᵤ˴ೡ҈๫᜿c >@▎ቡ૫෦h΢Ӄ‫ࣽڠ‬ᵤ̡੾Ჽcť >@‫ژ‬Ӌϊhᵤೡᵤ೧c >@ဠુ͔ҝᰝh௎೚ᵤ؋€Ꮛᓧ҈੄ఘ᧬cġġ‫ݲ‬xᵤy઻ྲྀӃጓสx๫y઻€͙ಖલֳ଻ ઻ཀྵ͎cཀྵ಻ͬ΀ >@‫ݳ‬Πલјhਾᵤᔈြಖ⬔๼ᰊ᭿டَcġġxᵤᔈy঄สx⪮ᔈyࣽ€ ૲டᩲ€Ŧ͙xᔈy઻␊ఝ઻ཀྵ͎c ಻ͬጓxᵤyxӊy̡઻€ੌጓ␊Πͬ€ੌጓ␊࡝ᯛࣽc >@ᦒҋ൅⸺ఌմhͨ૳ᵤੌ૽੐‫׉‬c >@▎Ֆ‫‮‬մhӊᓷ඾ŧ >@⥜ဠᦒ௞ॐઊմhŨᵤಖఠӂc >@‫͓ژ‬Ịᤣᅤմhᖱᵤ c >@▎͓Ị⁎⤷մh‫ت‬ᗊᵤ‫ے‬c >@▎͔Ị▪Ӌմhᵤᓷટ྅cġġᇐഗ€ྲྀጓสΠͬ๫ጓcᰙ᧿€൏ಣഗц€ൿጓสxি ᵤy␊ўc ཀྵ>@‫ݳ‬Πᵠ౦մhᵤ˻ᔥֳ‚ġġधմxᔄடਾিᵤ˻ᔥֳcy >@஥෦ẏ▗Мᮇմh௎ⅴ‫ا‬டੇ€ᵤಖጠ҈cġġधմxিᵤጠ҈y͎c >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣੿մhԪᵤ៵ԳcġġधմxԪিᵤ៵Գy͎cũ ȉᦊմhૹᦒสxҊy€ᰝ‫߉ا‬षc ȉᦊմh ಻ͬᇊ੾ጓಣഗմhnَਾ๫ੌ⪮ಖ⬔๼ᰊ᭿டَ͎coᭁ͙x๫y಻xᵤy€x⪮y಻xᔈ y€⪮͙x⪮ᔈy಻xᵤᔈy͎cᰝ‫߉܅ا‬c

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ȉᦊմhxӊy઻ઁનੌ৘xᵤyࣽ€ᰝ‫͙ا‬xӊᓷyสxিᵤᓷyጓ€൏߉c ȉ௞ॐઊ̰⥜ဠᦒᲽ଻cᰝ‫ا‬Ꭻสx௞ॐઊ‫ژ‬y€ ߉c૮᧿hx‫ژ‬y઻̰࠻Өx‫ژ‬Չy҈߉fᲽ଻̰ᇭъઐଁകgc ȉ>@>@Ꭻ๫xधմy̡઻€૮കc ~xનy઻͙ࢧ૟டम‫€ࣽآ‬ᤣΠ͎c >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hৢጦનસcġġxનસyࣽ€َ‫آ‬૔નસ€ཀྵᵤ૝͎c >@▎ඥӨhᎻન঒࠻᩷cġġधմx⅕ᐘ٬‫آ‬Ӄ⛖€Ꮋ๫঒࠻ட‫͎آ‬cy xનy઻ੌ᩷xॣy઻ໟิࣽcເh >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆӨմh҈નॣੌᓷࣽ૝c >@▎̧࢞੿մhਾ೩ಖ‫␊͙€͎ېې‬નॣੌ༙Գc >@⦡ͭଠফӪ෦մh૮Ԫ౲ጀ€᧵નॣᵤ੐Ӡ૤͎c >@ૹᦒᛸཝ෦մhӷြ᧣әધ̧டᲽ€નॣᵤ␊ӋᶀӼӗட͎cġġxનॣy̡઻€ྲَྀԛ ຤ட๫ಖ૟͎c҈xનॣᵤyࣽ€धմx຤‫آ‬લᵤເಣy͎c xનy઻ຖြxधy઻ࣽ€َ૟டੌ٬‫͎آ‬c >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆӨմh‫€ס‬ਾ͎€ͨ€ટਾ͎€‫␊ס‬цြ‫׉‬Ө€Ӄ෦ြຖ྅€ͨ઎ન஢␊ዑਾ ͎cġġx઎નyࣽ€धմxᓌ␊ਾ€҈ͨ٬‫آ‬૔ᵤເೲy͎cť >@஥෦ស▗̡੾Мᮇմh௎धન͎€▎൴٬ᴤcġġxधનyࣽ€धմx٬૮૔๫ၟy͎c ӷ>@๣ᐘᙦ˸ᮇմh௎ᙦࣽ€Ӄ΀჈֔ާடᓛ€Ձ⦁Ꮛન͎c >@஥෦▪˸ᮇմhՖடᢋન͎cġġᚾxન͎yྲྀxधનyட᧵c ҈>@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өմhࠪᔎhnያᤗป୛€ੌ‫‚ݲ‬o˻hnન͎ocġġಣxન͎y᣾ೲ๫ ఛҌcxન͎yடxનy઻€ဧເोͬ€҈⪮ಙ઻ᩲc ȉx઎yᓌxधyc ~xഝyx๽y̡઻€ඍᡖடͬc >@‫ݳ‬લјhԚଁᵤ‫€܈‬ഝ၅ြਾc >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өhഝᗂಖᦠᦠයc >@஥▪▗˸ᮇh૙к᫩҈ഝᓅ͎c >@▎̡ͅh⪮ᗥ͎€ഝᲿc >@Ͷ▗‫ۇ‬h๽͙᩷ӂಋίዑֳ >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hᦩட€๽⬤᧥‫ݳ‬c >@▎඄྅ૅh๽዗҈ষ€๽ᰗ҈᧻€ᔥઽ˴͍€͙㛊҈྅ >@ૹӋᰟ෦hᵎ␊੿€๽͙ૄcġġଁषxഝyx๽y‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ඍुடఛc x๫y⛖x๽y€ટඍुடఛc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӋ๫᳥ᤡc >@▎࢞੿h๫ֳࠪӋடᵤၫ͎c >@᫐ຒણᇒḩ๫̰඗c >@▎ਾᔐ྅hཀྵцَ˻€෦ಖᤣᅥ€๫෦ಖࢋَ€ᏋഃֳᢢcġġМषx๫y઻€ྲྀᡖఛ ͎c ᔢය€xഝyx๽yx๫y̜઻ੌ๫ඍᡖட᧵ࣽcເh >@‫ݳ‬Πᨚᔎh‫נ‬ட෶ഝᯘֳ€᧣Գ෶ഝֳࣘ‚ġġᚾഗᚾxഝy઻c >@▎ๅѠh⪮ᗥഝᗂ€⪮ᗥഝᜮ€⪮ᗥഝَ€⪮ᗥഝఝcġġМഗМxഝy઻c >@▎̧ⲣh๽᧵€๽͛€๽ᓒ€๽ͨcġġМx๽y઻c >@▎᪎҈h᠐҈๫౏€ૄ҈๫ᘱcġġᚾഗᚾx๫y઻cྲྀ᙭⢵டఛ€҈๫૽ᡖட᧵cť >@஥෦ᦅ▗̡੾Ԇᮇմh૮͔ᓛ૨ᯊոᩲ€௎๫൫͓€ത͙ӷԳ‚ >@▎Ѯ▗̜ᮇմhಖ‫נ‬டເ⬔๼€҈ᛌடເ߸ં€‫܈‬๫ࡗᎻ€൴Գᘼட‚ ġġᚾᲷぽx๫y઻ྲྀหxᵤy઻c஥‫▪ا‬໫ಣࣽ⬤૨c ӷ>@ӂỊ಻৘մhഝ૬€ഝ᧯͎cġġಐ݂ъ˻hഝ૬€૬͎c >@‫͔ژ‬Ị▪Ӌմh๫૬ӂᏴcġġ෦˻h๫૬€૬͎c >@஥෦ᦅ▗̡੾౪ᮇմh೰લՖ҈ੌၟ͎€๽૑ઊਾ€҈Գဧ୨ә‚ᖋ⦔ъ˻h๽૑€૑ ͎c ġġ൏ಣடഗ€Ү૳ૅྲྀ͙xഝyx๫yx๽y̜઻␊࡝ᯛ҈๫ጓࣽ€Ŧ஛નᦑය͎cᭁઁᦒ ຤຤ੌय़▪ᚾ઻ງส˴઻ࣽ€᩷ಖ‫ݞ‬ᚧ҈஑ጓ€๽૑ၟଁय़ֳ‚ ȉ>@Мxഝy઻̰ඍᡖடఛc૮᧿h>@>@>@̜ဤᰝ‫ا‬ष▪᲻ߓ€૮ᗔᢢc ȉᦊմh೩Ү෦಻ͬc 151

~‫ݳ‬Π▗‫ۇ‬Ρ̐ហմhnxୗyࣽ€xᵤyடⳁ͎co᩷xᵤy઻๫ᰗ€ ብ༕xᵤy઻ఛᰳ⛎⢶Ҍc >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hୗເ͎€Ԫ᩷ৣୗເ͎cġġᏸَಖᵤເட⬤€ੌᵤຑ๾়҈ᮆ⢶َடடಙcཀྵ ‫͍ᦑ̧׳‬ӨᎬᯊ͔ਾடᦠᦠࣽ€Ќ⢶ᚧட˻hnͨຨઢ€ୗ␊͎coӷ͙ຖ‫َށ‬ᵤᵸᰘட͉€ Ꮛဧxᵤy઻€ཀྵ˻hn੐ຏࣽ€ྲྀͨଁᵤ␊͎co >@஥෦ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմhᴋਾያᚤ€ୗ۶๰͎e࿍ਾ૦ͅ€ୗ෶ႄ͎cġġᚾxୗy઻ဧ͙ⳁ ᣿€ટജ⢶˶ᰳc ~x⣮yxఱyxᓗyxᛒyx෷yc >@⦡ͭԩ৪ᦒմhা᧥૥‫ا‬ட᮴૔ᩲ€⣮ຨ҈ͭմcġġx⣮y઻ጓᓌxᵤy઻c >@஥෦▪▗੾͠ᮇմhᔢ͓ͨᓛ€Ꮛఱ͙मடᩲcġġ xఱy઻ጓᓌx๫y઻҈␊ఝ઻cᭁxఱ͙yधx๫͙y͎c xᓗy઻xᛒy઻€ࠪጓເx๫y઻€ࠪጓເxᵤy઻€Ꮛ␊ᦒ‫ᦉژ‬ဧட઻c x⪮yx๫y̡઻ட␊ఝ઻€ԛ೩᮴ᩲc සເxၗy઻€x҃y઻€⪮ಣᣫଁᥫጓc x෷y઻ጓสxഝy઻€̰ਿَ͎c ~એ€͙෦ᗉᴤᵤસடಙࣽc ~΢ᗉᴤட૟҈␊଻઻€Ꮛੌޯᔎห઻͙ोட€ᗉᴤட˶ᰳ€Ꮛੌ‫͙઻׊‬෦ட€௓ᅐ ᵤ‫ݳ‬cᇊ‫ݳ‬ᗉᴤடಙ઻ᢐြఝ઻€͙ᣈಖᐎᢙᑇᑱடಫҌcᗉᴤಙ઻€ੌ᩷ޯᔎห઻ᓌ઻҈ᵤ ᓌဧࣽ€ເxതyxԳyx೘yx୪yxຆyx૊y‫઻ݲ‬cӷເxিyxͻyx᥷yᇐ઻€ብ ဧ␊ಙ઻Ҍcಖࠪᚾห઻ဧ␊ಙ઻€Ꮛᵤᓌហcť തc >@‫ݳ‬લјhઊ̧ത̀઎͎‚ġġधմxઊ̧␊ത̀઎͎‚yx␊y઻ᵤَ€ᱥဧxതy઻ᢐ ြఝ઻€ཀྵ␊ಙ઻c௎xതy઻␊ఝ઻டुͬ€Ꮛ▎␊ห઻ᩲc >@‫ݳ‬Πલјմhᓋത۶҅‚ >@▎մhത͛‫‚ᦒڠ‬ġġᚾxതy઻ྲྀಙ઻͎c >@⦡ͭ᧥ફઐґմhೲതсẟ઺मষ͎ >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦մhത͛ៀத௡ࠑ€‫͙܈‬૦ໝᦅ̧€ᵤટᴤֳ‚ġġ ᚾxതy઻ੌx␊തyࠪxതཀྵyடጓc ‫ށ‬ட€΢xതy઻ᱥဧ҈หᜯͬࣽ€ŦᏋ␊ಙ઻e௎␊ुͬ€␊ोͬ€᩷␊ҝͬࣽ€Ꮛห઻ ᩲc ΢xതy઻ᢐ྽઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ಙட͎€ཀྵ␊ಙ઻c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧߱մhതᰓ͎‚ >@஥෦ઠ▗̡੾Ԇᮇմhതᔵ͎‚ >@ૹᦒ૞ਿᒎ෦մh‫ت‬ᖀᵤຑͫ€ത๫ᗥ͎⅚ುಁ৐€᣻തಙ͎ಁடᵤ૨€▎തᦀ͎ ᛌ‫ޞ‬ϹՖ€▎ത౯͎ġġ‫ݲ‬xതy઻धմxതಖy€ᢨᰗடఛ͎cx๫ᗥy̡઻ᢐဧ€᩷྽ ઻๫ᰗc >@⦡ͭᙬ᛾෦մhത૬டⳁ͎ġġxതyᔢᵤᵏ⮸xⳁy઻€යᨗᕈxⳁy઻c઎ೲ€ >@▎̈͊ઐґմhೲത࿍ਾட૨͎ >@ᤗ᲼մhത੅டၫ҈઄૞டᰙ୓ŧ ġġྲྀಣ໫͎c Գc >@‫ݳ‬Πલјմhન෶૟ਾ€Գ෶૟ੇ‚ >@▎▗‫ۇ‬ΡմhԳຨᘙ‚ >@஥෦ᴼ▗̡ᮇhඟᨗੌᑞฎ€ፇԳ෶ᚤ‚ >@⦡ͭѲ᳞ᦒմhᵊぽᏋ༛᳞ᜑၩೲ͎€Գࢅ̜Ѳடϫ඾‚Ũ >@᯻᧏Ჾग़ϪᦒմhԳᵸ͙ၟೲ೰⪮؈‚ġġ‫ݲ‬xԳy઻ྲྀᢐ‫׊‬ఝ઻͙ಙடc ೘c >@‫ژ‬؇ϊೡ೧մh೘෶ੌસ >@᫐̧ম⁎࿍մḩ೘ᵤໟ᩷Ꮁ҈Ᏻட€ᑒ҈᦭டֳ >@ૹᦒ᛾‫ײ‬෦մh೘ᵤဧட३᣶‫ޚ‬ಲ‚ඬᵤӃ͎c >@⦡ͭ᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅմh૮Ֆ೘ᵤ૨ဨ˼ϫ€ᚌ᱃ม͙াⲱ€੿͍̰૊c

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>@ຖૹᴋᣂ෦hা⪮ҍᓛՖட૽€ᔎ޴്டԀ€Ꮃᓅឌ஽€ድय़Ѧཌྷ€೘ॣᆵ⶷ચᔍֳġ ġԆषx೘y઻€ྲྀ␊ಙ઻c ୪c >@੅᲼մh੅୪෶᩷ᤗӘ၍ >@࢛ᓒ૞⇝ᙨh୪⇟͔ૹடմ␊ֳġġᚾx୪y઻ဧເಙ઻c ӷ>@‫੿͍ᦑ̧׳‬մhုշ੐‚ >@▎᭑ᦊӨմhշֳષֳ‚ >@‫ݳ‬Π᪎҈մhਾԳ₎඾‚ġġxշy઻᩷xԳy઻ᔢ␊ᗉఛ€ය͙ޯതᣫࣽ€⪮͙ಙधஔ டᅥ͎ࣽc ຆc >@ᦒರমઍմhຆẑᔯᎻ‚ >@▎ӣ‫ڗ‬մhຆಖᧁതୗᓅ‚ġġᚾxຆy઻ྲྀጓxതཀྵy€ᤣΠ͎c ӷ>@ᬃ̧஑ᓛᲽմhຆ௎ೲ҈Ӄ͙ᇮᓛֳ‚ġġxຆy઻ጓสxিy઻ç⦡‫ݲ‬Ჿ€ဧสເ ಣጓࣽ€຤຤ੌԳc ૊c >@⦡ͭ३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մh૊෶၉၉ଵုಣֳ‚ >@ૹᦒյખ෦մh૊ຨ‫ͫޞ‬໿̧̜૟‚ >@ૹᦒᙬ᛾෦մh̰▗ုᰝ੿ຨட€૊૟‫‚ᦒژ‬ ġġ‫ݲ‬x૊y઻€Ү૳ૅྲྀጓสxതy઻€ཀྵ >@஥෦ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմhೠ҈ᵤᏑ€૊෶Ἀ͔‚धੌԫ੐€Գຨસ؋‚ଁࡉᎻ‫܈‬ध૨€Ꮋത૊ Գ‚ġġಣx૊yxԳyxതy̜઻ࠌဧጓӈဧடࠒcብଁषx૊y઻€ᔐӃጓสxিy઻c ҈‫̧ݲ‬Ჿぽx૊y઻ੌᏊጓࣽ€௓ᵤ٬‫͎ݳ‬c ȉഗ᧵ᵤࡵc൏ೲᚾ྆ᓌហห઻ဧสಙ઻Ꮛᵤᓌហடហ€ന๫ဤࠒc ȉ՜ᗁଁࢅxᜯͬyኜxതy੐ఝͬ᮴สx␊തyxതཀྵyࠝ՜൵ဧцc ȉ~Ჷ>̡"@nത̜หடՖੌ⦁டΡ€҈੅๫⦁டೠ͎o>̡"@nത̧૦ϯட⡉ ͎o᩷ಣ>@nೲത࿍ਾட૨͎o>@nത੅டၫ҈઄૞டᰙ୓oߣxതyဧцໟᓌ€ ҈ຏᣫࢅxതy੿ोͬ€ᛌ৑ޯᔎห઻€ಣᣫ⎈Ӫ৑ಙ઻c ȉᦊմhᆏಣ▪೩ૹᦒநন෦ๅ೚ઁъ€⦡ͭ๫டc૮᧿h೚ઁъέnᵊぽᏋ༛᳞ᜑၩoએ ઻षাѲ᳞ᦒ€ፇ␊ๅ‫ا‬Πc ~xিy઻€᥼ໜմhnx૊y͎€xԳy͎€xỮy͎coੌสx૑y઻ጓࣽc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhি෶਀Ꮪ඾‚ġġxিy઻สx૊y઻ጓc௎ዶ͙ໟཹ€ ᩷xເyx௎yxଞy‫઻ݲ‬ໟᢐ€ᏋӃጓสxതy઻ᩲc >@‫ݳ‬Πၗ̧մh೰҈᩷ಖ๰ᘼਾட˹͎€ি௎๰᜷྅ட˹඾‚ġġ xি௎yࣽ€xത௎y͎c >@ૹᦒ᛾‫ײ‬෦մhিເ૮સҮಂ€૭ՖՖәә€੿Өੌᮬ€⬔̧એ്€஡ຨಖષ‚ġġxি ເyࣽ€xതເy͎c >@ຖૹ┥Ӗ෦hઊ͙ખ‫ݞ‬டःຒ€ᱤખட᧥ᵎ€Ֆәᢐ⦁€૔ᙿಣ዗€িଞᚕӨ૮ଁ്ᣮ€ ͙ᚌ␊ᤇ€͙ᦩ␊ᰟ඾‚ġġxিଞyࣽ€xതଞy͎c ӷ>@ૹᦒୟࣈ෦մhૅিੌ᎟€‫َ܈‬૟ֳ‚ >@▎ҋ᣶᧲෦մh‫ٹ‬ድઆશ᜵ቢᏅฐ€িઁଁ΀Ⴜ᠈͙ᗥ€ᡂ߽͙ຒࣽ඾‚ġġᚾxিy઻ ྲྀનસடఛc >@ஊΠ˻h‫׉‬ӋিᱝΚட‚ >@᫐̧೺ཌྷᲽ˻hՖিੌ୐ߢடં҈ᶊͨ඾‚ġġᚾxিy઻สxಖy઻ጓcxিy઻ட ဧ€ጓᔢᵤ˴€යྲྀဧເಙ઻c ~xͻy઻€᥼ໜմhnxিy͎co᩷xӠyx᳞yx⢶yxӠyxСy⛖c >@౔͓ԩᦒ᧥ફґմh࠺▗ᵤલ‫؝‬ᵊઍ᜿€▗Ӡ෶৑ֳ‚ġġ⦡ͭ̈͊ઐґสn▗ি۶৑ ֳ‚oཀྵxӠy᩷xিyᓌጓ҈ӈဧ͎c >@ஊΠմhಣઢ͎€ি⢶᧯ြ‫ݲ‬൳டҌֳ‚ >@ᬃ̧̐‫ݳ‬hೲিӠၟ೩ืட␊ᵤᱝ඾‚ >@⦡ͭᙬ᛾෦մh෋ͨုઍᓛ€ത᳞ᵤ௎ૹ‚ 153

>@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մh᥷ͻၟԪଁ΀ၟட⪮ᵤၟ؈‚᥷ͻၟԪଁ΀ᵤၟட⪮ၟ؈‚ >@⦡ͭசྃӪ෦մh೰ఇՖ੐€ྃ૑᳞෶ֳġġ˻xি⢶y€˻xিӠy€˻xത᳞y€ ˻x᥷ͻy€˻x૑᳞y€ྲྀ‫˴َث‬ហ҈ԛc >@஥෦᫐▗੾Мᮇմḩྃ੐ฎ੾Мᮇᩲ€҈࣭ӣՖࣽ€᥷⪮ߛֳ‚ >@ૹᦒ᣶ുӋ෦մhᔢӋடᓛ€᥷਀୯ֳ‚ġġᚾx᥷y઻ຈx૑yxিyடఛc >@ᬃ̧ੌળᲽմhৣ᥷૊ၟԪᵤຨட⁎௹டӨ‚ >@஥෦ᦅ▗੾Ԇᮇմh൴᥷തᛌġġx᥷૊y€x૊y͎ex᥷തy€xതy͎€ྲྀ‫َث‬ ͎c >@ຖૹᣠީ෦մhᭁᴋᦥ૝҈ᓛఠ€Мഽ߬҈Ꭴᖋ€͙ಣድட€્Ӄ⛬ֳ‚ġġ x્y⛖x᥷y€ટxিyఛ͎c >@▗೷ොઠ▗੾МᮇմhજᵤટᏚֳॎ‫ס‬டၟՖ̧͎ġġxજᵤટyधմx๫ટy€ ಣxજy઻ટᗉఛ͎c xಖy઻ੌᐎᢙᵤસட᧵ࣽ€ટಙ઻͎c >@ᗥઍ᥷մh‫ס‬ಖ͔ધ͎᩷ >@▎մh๫Ԁࣽಖብ▪Ӌֳ >@‫ݳ‬Π᪎҈մhಖ‫ݲ‬ᰗֳਾட૦ட᩷ť >@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մeਾட૳͎ᓒ௎ೲுֳ€ಖͨ਀ு҈ਾટੌᵤுֳࣽ >@஥෦ស▗̡੾̜ᮇմhԫ▗̧ੌ̜Գ€‫׉‬ಖࠪࣽ൴⠢‫ݲ‬ >@‫ݳ‬Π␊۩մhಖࠪ୔ဠࣽ€ᔢҊ྅Ӄၟ͎cġġ΢षxಖy઻€ ྲྀનસட͎ͬ€xಖࠪy‫َ͎ث‬c >@஥෦ᙦ▗੾˴ᮇմhԪ̧உಖӼহடᵤậ€҈ଞ෶῱Ꮾެֳ >@‫ݳ‬Π␊۩մhಖത͙๬ட඾ġġᚾषxಖy઻€Ӄጓสx൴y઻€ટಙ઻͎c ťxಖ‫ݲ‬yࠌဧ€ੌ‫آ‬ो౞ষΠᰳ€ੌ‫آ‬ဧြታኸᔎഗ€▗೷෦ࡃ઺͠೩€‫ݳ‬Πอಣ˴೩€ಖ િલ੅ઁᲿⲣ೩c ~๻▪َ˻hnࠪடࣽ€ᗉட͎co >@஥෦ઠ▗˸ᮇմh૮ᮇぽஊᵤເम€҈ു͔ြृ᥸€ࠪ൴ᵔட€ᵤટᴤֳ‚ >@▎Ѯ੾̜ᮇմhাઁ͙૝€નடࠪ૲͎cġġᚾxࠪy઻ຈᗉͬc >@๻ึఛմhՖ̧ட⦁€ࠪચࠪᣫ€ࠪᘞࠪΠc >@ᗥઍ᥷hࠪ૳҈ၟட€ࠪ᪎҈ၟட€ࠪᓏ҈ၟடc٬ಖၟட˴͎cࠪ૊҈๬ட€ࠪ୯҈๬ ட€ࠪຕ஑҈๬ட€٬ಖͅ؋˴͎c ġġ‫ݲ‬xࠪy઻ྲྀఛடનસ␊˴͎ࣽ€ཀྵྲྀಙ઻cť ᦢ~ᲷъŦc ~ Ữc >@ஊΠմhുỮᵸ͙␊੐℡ֳ‚ >@ᴼ▗̡ᮇ▗೷෦մh࢑͙ᤗ६᪙€Ữᵤ᩷೚€ບَ͙҈ԛᩲcť >@‫ݳ‬Π╺ⱑմhỮ΀੎઄ᵤເཝֳ߬ >@▎લјմhԪ̧͙␊ᰗடᔎ€Ữ઎᩷૦டᔎŦ ġġ‫ݲ‬xỮy઻€ࠪ৘x̰y€ࠪ৘xᏋy€ࠪ৘x૑y€᥼ໜ৘xিy␊xỮy€ ᏋxỮyટӃ␊xিyᩲcࢅ▪˻hnxỮy€ͬடΩ͎coᭁधஔட͎ͬc >@ᴼ˸ᮇ▗೷෦մh᫐▗᧊ட‫€آ‬ᏚỮ֍ြẟઍcġġxỮyधxॣy͎€ͭ‫آ‬டಙ઻͎c ťŦ>@ߣxỮᵤ᩷೚yೲx᲻᣾ᵤဧચ᜿yߣ᧵๾€>@ߣxỮ઎᩷૦டᔎyೲx㜏෰ҟ ผᔎߣೲ઎᩷૦yߣ᧵๾€՜ᚾ྆xỮy઻⇝ᵤೲधஔடͬc ~એࣽྲྀᱥ઻ಙ઻͎c⛎ੌͭ‫آ‬᩷ͭᣫಙ઻ᢐြස઻͙ͅ˴Πࣽ€ಣ൵ͅΠ€ᾫฎഗ‫ڠ‬ டឝ€⪮௎ᱥ઻ಙ઻ட͛લֳఝ઻͎cӷͭᣫͭ‫آ‬டΠ€ ૕ဧx੿yxӨyx஥yxॏyx೺yxઍyxᔐyᇐ઻€‫ۋ‬ြϫ଻ਾ଻‫آ‬หடຖ€᩷ઊͭ൨ ἄbͭষ೬bͭίᯊ‫ྲྀ€઻଻ݲ‬Ӄ଻␊ಙఛ€ԛ߆ြᨸࡪᲷᩲc >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өh␊ᔈᵤဧ€Ꮛ᫟ᣵடᩲcġġxᔈyಙ઻͎€x␊yఝ઻͎€ᚾᢐԳ͙ͅ˴ዼ€ ᳼‫ݲ‬ഗឝc >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦hု̏€ລ๰ಲਿ૝෦َ˻cġġxုyఝ઻͎€ᢐြx̏y઻€▎˴ዼc ብఝ઻ᢐಙ઻␊ዼ€ເxု̏yx␊ᔈyட໫ᵤᾫ೩c྽઻ᢐಙ઻€ເxॐଵyᇐટⲣ೩cਊ ೩ࣽ€ಙ઻ᢐြxடy઻᩷xࣽy઻͎c 154

>@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hଵட€▪ફ඗᮳c >@▎h̏ட€આ̧᩷ᐘԆூ᧬৑๛c >@▎ୖໟᓛ྅ૅhᔐட€‫َଁੌ܈‬cġġ˻xଵடy€˻x̏டy€˻xᔐடy€ ྲྀ᩷xடy઻ᢐ͙ͭ‫ࣽآ‬c >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hଁ͙াብ€੿டᵤ෶‫᧣ݹ‬ฃൾ€ੌ᩿᲼༙ୡடᴕ€াֹࡵఘeࡪட▎ᵤ෶ᇇ ‫ޞ‬ᗔᴵ€Ⴜᵎј෶€ᓷᤨᨂட˹e೺டᵤ෶ฟ๬ഹ€ߗ٪Ѧᚤ€ੌ๏൴ᨳࢢட؋eӨடᵤ෶᱖ ೡ៝ᯘ€६ᰟુᎨᑞ€͙␊શ޴૛୉ખᨖcМࣽ๫˴⛅€᫅ᢐ६્€๫ଁᏵΡடฃ€Ӄ೩ြಣ ᩲcġġଁՉx੿டyxࡪடyx೺டyxӨடy€ྲྀ͙Ꭼᯊϫฎ€Ӫ␊ಙΠ€Ꮛ‫ݲ‬xடy઻ ๫ጓ҈ੌጓᩲc ཀྵ>@᯻▪јዦԩ३ҋ᜻▪ोಷடմh૮ͬ᪎ட௢€ଁ੐঱Ӫ€ᛸશ▪೚€ӆ௹ໟ⭵c೺டᏋ ૉໟ▗ౌཇુᆇ˹€ぽடᏋሌཝඍૌ୉‫ن‬෹๰டә€ᵤӃ˴̡⢶ᯊ€ӣ҈෋ட€๫ੌᵤӃcġ ġଁՉx೺டyxぽடyࣽ€ટ͙Ꭼᯊ͎cᛒ᣾ಣ͎€ >@ᤗ᲼մh๫ᤗ€ᔢ ᬈட٪ҟြ‫€׉‬धட๫μ͎cġġxधடyմࣽ€धմx᩷੿▪౮૲ ંཹ€ध๫μy͎cxடy઻ᵤ␊ហ€ཀྵxधடyટಙΠ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Πॎ˻hधட᩷ਾ͎cġġហᓌc >@⦡ୖໟᓛ྅ૅh̰ࣽͨ෋ជՖ͎c >@ૹ▪ફґhᔐࣽ‫ݲ‬೦ဧ૟ᅲᢪc >@▎ᣠ཰෦h̏ࣽᵸӨඥ᭒੽€޻૊સc >@▎Ờಖ෦h૮ࣽ▎᩷ઊੌᔀc >@᯻ᲾசᲿᦒh᧏ᆠࣽ⭵೩Ԫ̧ြਾਾடઍ€ᓖੌᰗԳc >@▎h⛬ࣽॣੌ᧵Ԫ̧டᴵԳ๫َcġġ x̰yxᔐyx̏yx૮yxᆠyx⛬y‫઻ݲ‬ᢐxࣽy઻€ྲྀ͙ͭ‫͎آ‬cಷಣဤࣽ⬤૨€ ເxೡࣽyx᮴ࣽyxಔࣽyட໫c >@ૹᦒյખ෦մhᵤࣽ೰ੌ͔ᤆc >@⦡ͭ̈͊ઐґմhᵤࣽ௎Ꭿྲྀ೰␊ଁᦽcġġxᵤࣽy᩷xᵤයyx⪮යyࣽ€ྲྀಙΠட ␊ዼࣽ€ϱ੐ಣဤc >@‫ݳ‬Πલјմh૮͎Ꮛহcġġ˻x૮͎y€Ꮛಙ઻ᢐြx͎y઻ᩲc

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Chapter 7 ਼઻Ꮩட͠ ૾઻ ~΢਼઻ဧ͙ࠌᨗ઻ໟᵊடហࣽ€˻૾઻c ૾઻մࣽ€ध␊ᨗ઻ட૾ѱҌcઊ଻bห‫€઻ݲ‬લֳఝ઻ࣽ␊ఘࡪ€ຖֳఝ઻ࣽ␊ᨸࡪcය҈ ᨗ઻ໟᵊடហ€ੌચֳఘbᨸᚾࡪட೺ࣽc੎ҋ▪઻€௎‫ڰ‬ᖎᇨ̂€ြఘbᨸᚾࡪட೺€⛎અ Мࡪ€͙ᦑᨗ઻ໟᵊடᅥ዗€ཀྵ଻bห‫઻ݲ‬஡዗એࡪcઍᓛ▪઻๫዗͎€̰͙૾઻‫ޚ‬ಖᨰc▪ ͍ᓹᮾᦊഗੌմhnxடyx҈yxՋyx͙yࣽ€໦ഗட᭒Ꮱcox໦ഗy͎ࣽ€ᭁ͙␊ᨗ ઻ட૾ѱҌc ૾઻ਊ೩ࣽ€˻xடy€˻xՋy€˻x͙y€˻x᩷y€˻x␊y€ூԆ઻cԆ઻டဧ€લ ଁ૾ࣽᤣ͎c

ட઻டဧ͠ட ட઻டဧ͠ட˴ ˴ ~xடy઻৘␊ห઻€৘␊ఝ઻€ԛ߆ြ᮴c৘␊૾઻€Ꮛᵤ␊ហ€ཀྵ˻਼઻cҮ૳ૅ ৘xடy઻մhnَடᔐ͎coxடy઻ଁᔐடَᵤ˴c ~˴€͙૾ြᚾ଻઻டᔐࣽcᚾ଻ໟᝡ€᧵ੌⱷ̐€ⱷࣽલ҈̐ࣽຖ€ⱷb̐டᔐ€ᾫ ૾xடy઻cයનӃକ͎€͔ი͙ᚾ଻઻ட᩿྇␊६ሆ€‫ࡪݳ‬Ჽԛឍ᙭டᩲc▎͙᧵ட჈‫ث‬ ␊xடy઻ட६ሆࣽ€ẏ▗̜ᮇ๣ᐘ෦մhn੍Ӌ̐೧€඘€਺ட˶ᣐcxட˶yӲఛ͎€ᣐ া਺ส͎coೲᏋxடy઻ക҃€Ќ␊ఛӲᮆடᏊc஌಻͙␊௴‫ଁا‬षᏊဤ€ಖ͉♆α€҈ᵤ ᦑය͎c௎͙Ӳᮆ̡઻͙ጓ᧵ட჈‫€ث‬൏ੌӃጓடᣫc ੅ૹ▪਼઻ᰒृࣽ⩹௎ૹᦒcૹᦒ‫ݲ‬Ჽͭ૟ᰒΡࣽ⩹௎յખ෦cො▪઻‫܆‬એ֔€ ଁဧxடy઻€ଁဧxடy઻ᔐြᚾ଻ࣽூ‫€̡੾ڙ‬ເմh અृ̧€Ֆ๬ဠ▗ட૟Ŋ٬⬔̧ຈ␊൴Ꭱ€ੌዓᩯઍẟட‫ث‬Ŋ൴Ꭱ௎෶๬ಣ€ ટૹடഴӟ͎Ŋ૮ೡடᢙ€ᵤຨߧᛷŊҁᄮட૽€੐ြ൴ᎡŊᖋ๏ᠴহఔઠட͍ŊԆᘼடᎯ€ ⩹͔ᵤધŊ೪ೱंә€ળহ༛᩸ட‫ײ‬Ŋ੐ਾடॏ€Ꭴ͛ેடŊዑ෋ᗊࢅຨ๬€Ꮛᓛহॳ੽ચᡑ ட᭶€әহ⥹ఠ‫ڃ܂‬டᔤŊյ‫ا‬டᗩ€௝ြ᠋ާcť ‫ݲ‬ഗぽଁᔐxடy઻€ྲྀ␊᧵டଁ‫⎥€ث‬டᏋᵤఛᩲc҈‫ݲ‬ഗဧц€᩷‫ࡪݳ‬Ჽ஡ဤӃӈࠒ͎c Ŧ ȉᦊմhᆏյખ෦ઍ૔ੌx೰ૹட෦ͺᤣ␊ધࣽy€xઁࣽ߬᥮டਾ€Ꮆြ߽ਿy€xዑ෋ᜮ ૎டَy€xᤇూ⤴ດ᭚ட᲼€෋ု෮࡝༠᪔டॏy‫ݲ‬xடy઻€ᵤुଁ᪍ட੾̡઻͎c૮ ᧿hᦊ‫ଁا‬ᗔடဤઍ€x߬᥮yxూ⤴ດ᭚y⪮଻઻c▎᧿hᰝ‫ଁا‬᪍டဤઍ€xఔઠyx༛ ᩸yxॳ੽ચᡑyx⥹ఠ‫ڃ܂‬yટ⪮଻઻c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~̡€͙૾ြ྽઻b଻઻டᔐࣽc >@v஥wѮએᮇhध૦ः᯹ட੿€ࡵᨕடુ€᧣ൾடΡ€ඇ᧷ட೚€ᎻြೲֳӃഎ෋͎҈ᵤ૳ ᗩఠcġġxः᯹yxࡵᨕyᇐྲྀ྽઻ட྇ࣽ€҈ଁ᚝଻઻஡ྲྀᱥ઻€ཀྵᦢxடy઻͙Мட€ ಣဤԛ೩྽઻Ჽcť ᯊ຃྽઻ட␊⠣ᯊࣽ€ࠪ๼␊଻҈̧␊ᯊࣽ€ເh >@vૹᦒ"ຐᎺઢwՉh˴೧டೡ̡੾౪ೡ╺੾˴⠣ೡடМ੾̜cġġx╺੾˴⠣ೡyࣽ€๼ ͎€xМ੾̜yࣽ€̧͎€ᔐ͙xடy઻c ▎ࠪ๼̧൞␊ᯊࣽ€ເh >@஥෦▪▗੾╺ᮇմhြ‫͔ס‬؋̡੾ட˴͎cġġx̡੾y᩷x˴y€๼̧ྲྀᯊ͎€ ટᔐxடy઻c҈ᵤᔐࣽ€ເxฌ˴yx᭑˴yட໫c ΢َ⠣ᯊ€xடy઻ക҃€ྲྀԛᓉ೩ြห઻᩷྽઻ᲽᩲcŦ ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉಣኜ~Ჷ଼~Ჷ€ന᮴˴Ჷଁ‫⪮ن‬n๼̧൞␊ᯊ€՜൵ᅥଞ€͎㜏ੌ࠻٬n xடy઻ക҃oߣᔎᏫc҈~Ჷજჱ࠻٬ಣc ~̜€͙૾ြห઻b଻઻டᔐࣽcť >@⦡੅࿍ட᚟೧ो঩hা૳Ꮋ͙૝€નᆠੌ‫૽ت‬௎ᓄடᵦ͎cġġx௎ᓄyࣽ€ኜՊห઻͎€ Ŧxᵦy઻ᱥ€ཀྵകxடy઻͙ᵸԳc >@▎h͙ຒ௎ຏ€ဧୡເಣ€ᭁ˴‫ݴ‬௎ᓄடᴤ͎c 156

>@▎൅᧲Ӫ෦hՊ‫׉‬Ө‫ث‬Ꮸ€Ӌ͔ࣽ‫€ݴ‬෦‫׉‬Ө௎ᓄடᴤ͎cġġx௎ᓄடᴤy€ᚾഗᓌ€ຈ ᓌ੿c >@ૹങႆ෦hཀྵનᖋட‫€آ‬ᯘ೚߽ߗ€໴ᓛਲ਼౦€ขᎱ߸ằ€‫؝‬ᔥ⅚๥€ເຏடᴤ͎cЎᖋட ຖ€Ꮖషቢກ€૛ሹᕶ‫࣓ྃ€ޞ‬ཕ໤€ເಣடฟ͎cġġxເຏyxເಣyຖ‫͙ۋ‬xடy઻€ ྲྀ͙xᴤyxฟyᚾ྽஡␊ᱥ઻ཀྵ͎c >@ૹᦒҠцઢմhઊ͙ધ▪ட౯€ԩ൹டၟ€धੌमҠ‫ݳێ‬ເಣ⬤͎c >@⦡ͭ३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մhಖᵤၟᓧᵸເೲ⬤͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧߱մhَᵤӃ͙௎ೲಖഃ͎c >@ૹᦒҠцઢմhੌՖ௎੿ಖᵎ͎cŧġġଁषМഗ€᩷᮴ᓌ˴ഗц€҈xເಣ⬤͎yxເೲ ⬤͎yᚾഗ€ᵤകxடy઻ex௎ೲಖഃ͎yxເೲಖᵎ͎yᚾഗ€ ๻͙xಖy઻cೲᏋxடyxಖyᚾ઻டക҃€᩷▪ហ๫࠻͎c >@▎᛾‫ײ‬෦մh௎ઊᩀᣒ͙ያ᮳€Ҡ͙᳴ຬշ€લӋ࿪ಣட۩€ᔥເ૱҄€๬ಣட૭€ൾເ ‫€آ‬ᆛಣட▗€๫ரເ‫׉‬ϫҌ€িఙᵤဧ඾ġġxಣyኜՊห઻͎€ຖകxடy઻€ᵤ␊ ហ€ध˻xಣ۩yxಣ૭yՉӂcය೰കxடyࣽ€ଁ͙МடҌcಣ൵ഗцⲣ೩c ӷಖᲽજੌմnಣடᵤ␊oࣽ€xடy␊ห઻€⪮ಣဤ͎c ȉᣠմhx଻઻y঄สx྽઻ycӨ▪մnxᴤyxฟyᚾ྽஡␊ᱥ઻o€ᵸࠒᰝ‫ا‬ઐ΀ห྽ டᔐ͎cಣᭁ౽ઐட߉c▎᧿hᰝӨष᛾‫ײ‬෦͙xಣட۩yxಣட૭yࠌ‫▎€ڠ‬൏΀ห଻ட ᔐ€‫܅‬᪜Ӄᗉc ȉxᓄy␊ኜՊห઻€ᵤᥫࠌx௎y઻੐ぽc ȉ~Ჷषಣဤf>̡"@g€ࢅxಖyೲሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻€ส‫ߣڠ‬ఘࡪ€᩷ಣࢅᰗc ~М€͙૾ြ଻઻bఝ઻டᔐࣽ€▎Ꮚ̜ࣈh ~ಖ˴€ᓉఝ઻ဧြⱷࡪ€҈଻઻੐̐ࡪࣽ€૕ᔐxடy઻͙ࡵடc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h٬આ̧Ў᎝ͅਾ€஢ြἈොடᱤ€Ꮛੌͭमட⦡€ၖᖅடૉ€ј᮳டျ€ࠞញட ઈ€۶ជட࿖cġġxͭमyࣽ€ఝ઻٬ಖु͎ͬ€xૉy€଻઻͎€ઍᔐxடy઻€͙ࡵ ⱷb̐டࡪcӨഗᓌጓc >@▎඄ຖ෦h̰ᶀӼᇭय़€ぽೠᜦர୛€Ξⲱલફ໴ૺடम€ֹͅᨖપ⅖ᒈட‫૲⬤€܂‬ᵎः߽ ೩டࡵ€⥹᪆લફԀᓛட᧵c >@▎hᵤය€⤰෋ញᢙ€੿٬઄ᡥ€Ө߸ຖ྅€߽ᔄҊዜ€⛬੊੘ぽ€ ⬤⪮લફႂຖட᧵͎cᭁધ̧᮳⢵⬔டઢ€᮳ͅਾட૟€ťብᚕӨय़ᨕġġषぽ‫ݲ‬ഗ€ ͙xमyx‫܂‬yxࡵyx᧵yxઢyx૟yએ઻␊္઻ࣽ€ྲྀಣဤ͎c‫ݲ‬ഗఝ઻ဧເ଻઻€҈ ̐ࡪ଻઻▎ྲྀ᳿઻€ཀྵ͙x͙y઻Мட͎cಣဤԛ߆ြᓉఝட␊ⱷࡪᲷᩲcŦ ȉx⢵⬔டઢy᩷xͅਾட૟y€⪮ᓉఝ઻ဧြⱷࡪடဤcx⬔டઢy␊x⢵yߣुͬ€xਾ ட૟y␊xͅyߣुͬc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~ಖ̡€΢‫ڠ‬ြടͬbળఝடᔐ€ᔐ͙xடy઻€˴௎Ӳಖఛᰳࣽයc▎΢‫␊ڠ‬ട ͬ€␊ुͬ€ྲྀӃᔐ͙xடy઻c‫ڠ‬๫ടͬ҈‫܈‬ᔐ͙xடy઻ࣽ€͛ੌ઻͙લಖળఝ€ଁ͙ ␊xடy઻Ӄᔐடϫ͎c‫ੌڠ‬xଁy઻લֳળఝࣽ€ເᔐxடy઻€Ꮛᵤલળఝ҈લxଁy઻ ԳcӅட€‫ڠ‬๫xடy઻ࣽಖᤣ€҈ੌxடy઻ࣽ€͛‫⪮€͎ڠ‬ഗ͎c ‫⪮ڠ‬ടͬbुͬc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᎻ⭵ட€௎͔๹ட⭵մᜡ͎cġġx͔๹ட⭵մᜡy€ଁ͙ཹட‫͎ڠ‬cx͔๹yട ͎ͬ€x⭵yળఝ͎€ઍᔐxடy઻€Ӳఛ͎cཹ‫ڠ‬ᾫ͙x͎y઻‫׊‬டc >@▎ඥ੿hᎻடᛌ౯͎€धંட᱆Ө€ᵝடौ᠁͎cġġ̜‫̜ڠ‬xடy઻஡͙ᦢြടͬbળఝ டᔐ€΢ଁ␊ཹࣽ᩷ଁ͙ཹࣽྲྀ‫€ڠ‬ो͎ͬcxधyx௎y‫€઻ݲ‬ဧ௎ᚧͬ€ଁ͙ࢧಖӃཹட ͉c >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦hઊᵎ˹டᣫ྅͎€ᝯ௎ྦடᣫᦌઍ€ಖજઅ೩cġġᚾཹ‫ྲྀڠ‬ᔐxடy઻c >@‫੿࢞׳‬hເੌ෶ൾடࣽ€Ꮛᵤ߽੅࿍ட߱€␊ኜடᵤ௎ਾ͎cġġx␊yَཀྵடࠌఛ͎€ ཀྵx␊yຖட‫ڠ‬ᔐ͙xடy઻c >@஥ẏ੾̡h͙ᤡட⪮‫€آ‬᱋ᣎடનӷ€۶᱋‫ݲ‬๰ࣽcġġᚾ‫ڟَڠ‬᱋டཀྵ€ᔐ͙xடy઻€ ఛᰳ˴ᨁc >@⦡ၕ൴Ꭱ෦hাỜಖ‫ݞ‬૊டᎨᨸ૎€‫̧׉‬ᤣ☡ᢋc >@ஊΠh␊෋ࣽட๫߽͎€୺ဧ്ᜮြఴᲆட೺cġġᚾ‫ڠ‬ટَཀྵ͎c >@ૹങႆ෦hૹᙉᘸ൴Ꭱடચห̡֔ፇᗁ€᩷஥ᵎӋሹᚤ€ૹ᜿ຨ೘ឝᦽ΢͠᭑ፇԒc 157

>@᫐ள૳ఘhᆠәடጓ਺ட‫ଁ€آ‬೩๫⪮਺ࣽcġġᚾषྲྀͭ‫آ‬ட‫͎ڠ‬c ӷ>@஥෦ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմh࿍ட๫շ€ᙼฟ҈Ꮹ€തུြႄ‚௎͙շ૝€ੌฟᵤᔤc >@▎ͅ▗̡ᮇմh͔ઊடެ€ᨈਾடᔧ͎e௎ಖᵤެ€ટ൴೩͎c >@▎ស▗̡੾̜ᮇմhᨈՖட͙␊⭶€҅೰ᵤ໌e௎๰Ֆ᧷҈஢ட€̜ᮇ€൴ҍՖᖀcġġҮ ૳ૅྲྀ΀ଁष෦Π஡Ჷ€ឝഗྲྀᔐxடy઻€҈Ө͙x௎y઻ዹட€ཀྵxடy᩷x௎yӈ▪ Ҍcᵤၟ΢ടͬbળఝੌxடy઻␊ᔐࣽ€ྲྀ‫͎ڠ‬c҈΢‫ڠ‬ᎊሹ੿▪ࣽ€‫ੌآ‬ዶ࢑ட᧵€ᵤ͛ ͙xடy઻କጓ␊x௎y઻͎c⪮යࣽh >@ᦒರম੿մhộட᝞€ብৣᎤộடᵤ᝞€ብլ˴ਾੌෘ᳴c >@▎૱ᖭմhӂடެͨ€ͨಖ͙ᔟ᩷∯ᛌกӂ૽c >@▎ੳᲫմhәடੌสᗊส̛࣓ੑ€ಖેြӂૅ€֐ြ҈ᓛcġġ΢‫ੌڠ‬xடy઻ᔐࣽ€ྲྀੌ ዶ࢑ட᧵€҈ዹഗຈ๫x௎y઻͙␊ӈ▪͎€Ꮛ▎തࢅ‚͙੿ଁष‫ڠݲ‬டੌxடy઻␊ᔐࣽ€ ྲྀ⪮ടͬ᩷ुͬட‫͎ڠ‬c ‫␊ڠ‬ടͬc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h̜หடຨ‫׉‬Ө͎͙౯€ಖ૲‫׉‬Ө͎͙ᵤ౯cᓛடଁ͙᥮᩷᧊হࣽટයcġġx̜ห டຨ‫׉‬Ө͎y€‫ڠ‬ட␊ടͬࣽ€ཀྵᔐ͙xடy઻€೰૕͙x͎y઻‫׊‬ட€ଁ͙‫׌‬ᨁಖఛᰳ͎c xᓛடଁ͙᥮᩷᧊হࣽy€ટ‫ڠ‬ட␊ട͎ͬࣽexடy઻લֳxଁy€સဤ͎c >@▎h૮‫׉‬Ө޽ᩲ€ઊ̧டᵤᄛ€ത͎‚ġġxઊ̧டᵤᄛy€ᔎഗடട͎ͬ€๫x͎y઻␊ ‫€ࣽ׊‬ာఛ‫܈‬ಖᮆ͎c >@▎ᐘ੿hષֳҊᄮட΀ͨ‫͎נ‬ġġxҊᄮட΀ͨ‫͎נ‬y€̰xષy઻டട͎ͬ€धմxҊ ᄮட΀ͨ‫͎נ‬ષ඾y >@▎▗੿hԎடઋ‫€̂ݞ‬નଵ͎c >@▎h೰Ӌࣽடᵤส€નੌ஌ြಣ‫͎ࣽآ‬eᎻடᑮᑕẑ۩€નੌ⬤ြಣ‫͎ࣽآ‬cġġxԎடմ ‫̂ݞ‬y€ટടͬட‫͎ڠ‬cຖഗधմx೰Ӌࣽடᵤส஌ြಣ‫ࣽآ‬નੌ͎cyཀྵxӋࣽடᵤสyԆ ઻€̰x஌y઻டടͬ€҈x஌ြಣ‫ࣽآ‬y€▎xੌy઻டु͎ͬ€ Өഗಷಣcť̜ഗྲྀ๫x͎y઻␊‫€ࣽ׊‬Ŧ͙⢵૟டఛ‫܈‬ಖᮆ͎c‫̧͠׳‬Ჽ€ ‫ڠ‬ட‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽᵤӃᖤᯊ€ᭁ‫̧׳‬ட▪‫܈‬ಖ஌ཡཀྵҌc >@᫐⠮֋୉hվடດြ᣶Ꭰ͎€ંᡫ̜֔ίc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈hઊ̧டӷြೲộ͎€͛ᔄಖ۩cŧ >@ᤗΠhಔࣽःӋடс‫׉‬Ө͎€ᦢಖᓛ҈എಖᓻc >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hຏᵎਾடဧ‫׉‬Ө͎€ᦉဧ‫׉‬Ө‫ܨ‬Ԛ҈ԛᩲc >@▎ச᙭Ӫ෦h੅ட‫͔ڃ‬ᐘ͎€சҌૅ೺᭢c >@▎⤠ՖӪ෦hԆΰ͔ઊடໟ੅͎€ᯘᵤળާ€ᮮᵤசᭁc >@ᓥઢ‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂෦ඒh‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂ட␊ໟᓛ͎€ቢҊᄮ€Պྃཏ€‫ુ܆‬ಾ€๰ᢪಂ€ᔏ‫€͍ه‬෻▗ ⦁cġġூषᦒ͠ࡪ€ಖ‫ڠ‬ட␊ടͬ€஡ᔐxடy઻҈‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽ€ྲྀ͙ͭᓌ‫آ‬ட૟͎c Ũເվடંᡫ̜֔ί€ྲྀಖດ᣶Ꭰ‫آ‬ட૟͎cፇӃ໫ሑc >@ૹ͔ૂ෦hૹடᕶ‫ޞ‬Ӌᕏཌྷ€ᵤӃᖤَc >@⦡ೡࣽӪ෦hಣட␊ຒ€ি᣾ᯊ੾Ҋဈ඾‚ >@࿍᲼h࿍ӋடᤇᣮՖ€ᔢή᭿ᵤເc >@ᗥઍ᥷h᣺ໆઠᏚடન࡝€΀டઍc >@ૹᪧ▪ઢh౯ட᩷ហ€ᓅட଼᩷€ໟᶀ҈ྲྀໟ͎ͅcġġଁष‫ੌྲྀ€ڠݲ‬xடy઻␊ᔐ҈ ๫x͎y઻␊‫͙€ࣽ׊‬ᢢ‫઻ڠ‬ហྲྀ␊ടͬ€ཀྵ᣾ሹળఝ€๫૭‫઻׊‬ໟᔐ͙Ӳఛᰳ͎c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦h௎ઊ୛டဧᏚ๡€੅டഎग़ᓄ€೼ੑಖடӨᤗ€ࢅ๬ເ߸€ూ๰ເ਌€ଁ‫͛܈‬ ຨ€؋௎̫઄€੘ぽસ€ᓛૅ૊€ೲ⨟ಖ‫͎آ‬c >@ᗥ͔᪎hઁட‫ࡵࡵ܈‬ຒြ‫׉‬Өࣽ€લсಖᓛc >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦h੅டާᖤມ‫ݲ‬൳€ᭁએ྅ᩲc >@▎ᘥ੊Ӫ෦hͨட६‫׉‬Ө€Ӄ͙Ҋᢢc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h੅Ӌட‫܈‬ᰟશᥩb૊̧உ€᩷ਣ‫ݞ‬ᓌcġġଁष‫€ڠݲ‬ብᔐxடy઻€͙‫ڠ‬டട ͬટЌળఝடടͬ€ཀྵᵤ‫׊‬x͎y઻€෋ఛᰳ༕᣾ሼҌcxઁட‫ࡵࡵ܈‬ຒြ‫׉‬Өࣽy˴‫€ڠ‬ಖ ടͬЌ␊xࣽy઻€҈ລ᎝͙xઁy઻ࣽ€‫܈‬xடy઻ੌӃᔐடϫ͎c ӷ>@᫐̧⩎ંմhԆફடଁࠌ€̜Ӌடଁ᠏€౯ਾடଁԀ€എ˹டଁᯘ€ᦑಣᩲcġġМ ‫ଁڠ‬ᔐxடy઻€ྲྀલxଁy઻c ‫ͬु␊ڠ‬c >@‫׳‬ඥӨhԪ൴╊ॐਾடଁட͎cġġxॐਾடଁட͎yࣽ€‫␊҈€͎ڠ‬x╊yடुͬcᔐ ͙xடy઻€᳼લxଁy઻€‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€ֹഗ͎c >@▎᭑੿h۶ᔎ᱊‫؂‬ட⪮әເത‚ġġx᱊‫؂‬ட⪮әyࣽ€xᔎy઻Ḉ‫ڠ‬᩷€ũᵤ‫׊‬x͎y઻ ࣽ€⪮ֹഗ͎c 158

>@▎hၟ℡▗டᵤӃជ҈ઋட੅€ᮇԛ͠੾ᩲ€Ữᵤၟ͙ੑ਺̤੅ථ▗ட␊ⲱ͎cӃ΀ၫֳ‚ ġġx℡▗டᵤӃជyࣽ€xၟy઻Ḉ‫€͎ڠ‬x͙ੑ਺̤੅ථ▗ட␊ⲱ͎yࣽ€ટxၟy઻Ḉ ‫͎ڠ‬cᚾ‫ྲྀڠ‬ᔐxடy઻€҈x͎y઻Ꮛ˴‫€ࣽ҃˴׊‬ጓᓌ੿c >@▎࢞੿h඄‫׳‬டଁᤇ€඄‫׳‬෶ᚌடc >@▎࢞ӨhՖ̧டଁ␊€Ꭴਾᓒᵤૻ͎cġġᚾ‫ੌྲྀڠ‬xଁy઻€҈xடy઻લԳcᚾ‫ྲྀ▎ڠ‬ ␊ुͬ€҈᳼લြഗe˴Ꮛ␊xᚌyடुͬ€҈ລ͙xடy઻‫ث‬ኜࣽ€ଁ͙྇xᚌy઻€೰̐ َ͎c˴Ꮛ␊xૻyடुͬ€҈ᵤລ‫ث‬ኜࣽ€xᵤyಙxૻy઻€ԛ྇ᩲ€▎ᶀَ͎c >@▎h૮டଁ΀ॐә€ઁடଁ΀Ꮋᙲ͎cġġᚾ‫␊˴ڠ‬ടͬ€˴␊ोͬ€ ྲྀੌxடy઻લֳxଁy઻€҈ᚾ‫ڠ‬டടͬ€ ஡͙x૮yxઁy̡઻หட€Ūଁ͙␊ᔐxடy઻டϫ͎c >@஥෦ស▗Мᮇմhᵤ℡Ֆட࠻Ԫϫ͎€തཀྵ‚ >@੅᲼մh˴ᮇடຖ€␊ફ௎ન෶€ြ͙ඍӋட␊ફੌፇc >@୛᲼մh૮Ӌ෋෋ࣽᯊட᳥€ә஛෹ຮࣽடᵤᨕલӋடଁ͙ॊ෤әட͉€҈▎ᵤଷြәடଁ ͙૟લӋட͍€ཀྵ۶͙ᦒዹc >@ૹᦒਸખ෦մhੌଁషᘼ€࡜஛ಖਾடᔄၟc >@඄᲼մh॔Ֆடଁ෋டc >@⦡ͭ᳁ᰓӪ෦մhၟ᩷ட␊६€۩ட͎ᨗc >@▎͔ૂӪ෦մh͔ૂᔄૹடጥᕏ€‫⛖܈‬ᵤຨc >@▎୨̧᯻⪮Ӫ෦մh΢ࢅட఑€੐ၟ࿥ଁࢅ՜ଁᓅ€҈‫ڃ‬ಖଁ̣c >@▎⤠ՖӪ෦մh▗᩷Π€ᵤাၟ䥬ட᮴ြᥤ͎c >@᫐̧Ꮛᵠմhਾྲྀᰟಖၟடଁၟ€҈⩹ၟᅞಖၟடଁᵤၟ҈ຖၟ€Ӄᵤ΀͔ᗉֳ‚ >@᯻⥿‫׳‬૞Ѧ঩մh௱ઈட๫ᯛ€ϊሂட⌐eંட๫ᯛ€ϊపட⌐cūġġଁष‫ु␊ྲྀ€ڠݲ‬ ͬ€҈஡ੌxடy઻ᔐԳ͎ࣽc ▎૾઻ຖ€‫ڠ‬ட␊ҝͬࣽ€ટੌxடy઻ᔐட€᩷‫ڠ‬ட␊ुͬࣽᓌcᭁҝͬbुͬ€ᚾྲྀᨸࡪ ͎c >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆ੿մhᵤ͙‫ס‬டଁ͙૟ॎ૟Ֆ€ᵤᓅಖՖ͎ࣽeᵤ͙ॎடଁ͙сᎻсᎻ€ᙲಖᎻࣽ ͎cġġx‫ס‬டଁ͙૟ॎyࣽ€‫͎ڠ‬exॎடଁ͙сᎻyࣽ€ટ‫€͎ڠ‬Ŭᚾ‫ڠ‬ຖֳx͙y઻€ ҈␊ಖҝͬ€ྲྀੌxடy઻ᔐடc ȉᰝ‫ا‬ቁఛ้ဠ€ ᥫմhx஌ြಣ‫ࣽآ‬yᢐ੿xӋࣽடᵤสy␊xੌyடुͬcnӨഗಷಣoኜxᎻடᑮᑕြẑ ۩નੌ⬤ြಣ‫ࣽآ‬yc ȉn̜ഗoኜ>@˴ഗ€>@ᚾഗ€ಖടͬட‫ྲྀڠ‬๫x͎y઻␊‫׊‬c ȉxடy઻သ€ᰝ‫૲اᦊ€ͭ߉ا‬ᇭc ȉ‫ڠ‬Ўͭᓌ‫آ‬ட૟€Ꮛೲဧເಙ઻€ᵤᥫસ␊ടͬc ȉxᔎyߣḈ‫ڠ‬ᥫೲx᱊‫؂‬ட⪮әເതyc ȉn͙x૮yxઁy̡઻หடoߣ᧵๾ೲဧx૮yxઁy̡઻᜵⤰c ȉx௱ઈட๫ᯛy˴‫€ڠ‬ᵤೲुͬ€xϊሂட⌐yߣxடyหx௱ઈy€ᵤห‫ڠ‬cxંட๫ ᯛ€ϊపட⌐yᓌಣc ȉ>@ጓࢅઍ€x‫ס‬டଁ͙૟ॎyຖᎫᦒ࠻੿߉သx૟Ֆy̡઻€xॎடଁ͙сᎻyຖ߉သx сᎻy̡઻€૮⎥c ~ಖ̜€΢ुͬલֳఝ઻ࣽ€ჱ▪͎cເఝ઻ࠪੌୗఛ€ࠪ␊ᗉఛࣽ€ ૕ᔐxடy઻eఛᰳ‫€ࣽ☡؜‬ᔐᦢxೲy઻c ଻઻␊ुͬલ᳼ᦢ͙xடy઻c >@‫ݳ‬ί౯hઁَࣽடᵤચ€৥൥டᵤ⡍͎cġġ xઁࣽyഗடടͬ€xᵤચyಖળఝ͎€xَyᏋxચyடु͎ͬc૮ुͬલ᳼€ ҈xચy␊xᵤy઻ଁಙ€ཀྵᔐxடy઻͙ࡵԳcť >@▎▗‫ۇ‬ḩ˻hnԪᓄடન෶ൾcoġġxൾyࣽxԪy͎€ଁൾࣽxᓄy͎€x෶y̰‫׊‬ ఝ€҈␊xનy઻ଁಙ€ཀྵxᓄyલ᳼҈ᔐxடy઻cӷఝ઻ੌୗఛࣽ€ಖुͬᎫӃલ᳼cཀྵ ಣഗӃ๻մxԪનட෶ൾy€▪ហᔢᓌ€҈ఛᰳ⨿ᰗc௎մxԪનᓄ෶ൾy€▎ᵤఛᩲcཀྵ ͙xᓄy␊ห઻€ᔐ͙xடy઻€Ꮛᝬᅥ൹යᩲc᪎ࣽಖᨘာடc >@▎ᵠ౦hઁࣽᎻੌ̜ছ€૮͎ࠪೲடহ͎cġġधմx૮͎ࠪহೲ͎yc >@▎hજட͎ԛ€ത͛▗઄‫ا‬டட͎‚ġġधմxത͛ட▗઄‫͎ا‬yc >@▎લјhԪ̧͙␊ᰗடᔎ€Ữ઎᩷૦டᔎcġġधմxԪ͙␊̧ଁᔎடੌᰗ͎€̰ଁᔎࣽ઎ ᩷૦Ҍy€ᭁྲྀᗉఛ͎cŦ ӷ>@‫ݳ‬Π␊۩մh⬔๼࡜ಖছடԀcġġ˴ഗ€๫ୗఛ€๫ᗉఛ€҈ટᔐxடy઻ࣽ€ 159

ᭁੌx࡜y઻લட͎cເ >@‫੿̧̧࢞׳‬մhብૣ⩎ட␊ᜮc >@᫐̧ࡃ૳մhᔢ‫׉‬ϫட͔€᭑ཌྷட૨€҈࡜ਂᦳடၟc >@᯻Ꭻ⦁մhብᄁட‫܈‬ᔄc >@▎᩷ᣱंᦒմhृ࿭ੑ҈๾᧻€ብಣட⭵c >@▎⥿ग़ᔧ঩մhടု๫‫€آ‬ብ‫ܨ‬ட૊c >@▎Ჾग़Ϫᦒմhብ᙭َட఑ઋcġġ͙੿એष€ྲྀੌxብy઻લԳcઊxடy઻͙ᔐჱ▪€ ಣ൵ഗц€஥‫ݳا‬Πᰒଁਊ೩cຖᏋ᯻▪ᯟဧࣽᰒ૨c >@஥෦᫐▗̜੾̡ᮇմhល૨‫ܙ‬ຒ€ಖത੽ட෶ຨ‚ >@▎ͅ▗੾͠ᮇմhᵤය€িಖ҅டᵤ῎€҈‫ت‬๥෋ֳ‚ >@▎Ѯ▗̜੾˴ᮇմhՖ᩷டᛌ€˴ᒑடᵤ⛆€҈ߪதᒑֳ‚ >@▎մhᨈՖಖ᳥ட஛€۶᩷ၟ᪙ᓛடᴤ‚ >@▎ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմh⪮̧ட૦҈᫚ட‫€נ‬᪱ᩛட᫚€ӃᖤЎֳ‚ >@▎ស▗੾ԆᮇմhՖহடᵤ῎€҈ंәೲԀ€᧷டӷ͎c >@▎ၣ▗੾̜ᮇմh͔ઊಖ⪮Ꭴட΀€ಖ΀Ֆቢ͓Ꮋ͙ൾ€৘‫ݲ‬ҝ͙ຒ€҈࣓⩹ⅴ͙Ҡ͎c >@▎ᙦ▗˸ᮇմhಛ‫ا‬തᓧடੌ‚ >@‫ݳ‬Π̧சմeઊ̧Գᵤ᪎€҈ટതᤣ೚டੌ‚ >@▎⢵҈մhຒடᵤበ€᪎டᵤࠝ€ᔄហᵤ෶ດ€ᵤ᮳ᵤ෶ۨ€ೲԪԀ͎c >@⦡ͭ℡ౌӪ෦մh඄೰হ€ത੅டᓙֳ‚ >@▎̈͊ઐґմh඄᪍҈੅஑€തැடḈ‚ >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦մh঄‫␊آ‬ೲ€തઁடцֳ‚ >@᯻▪ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻մh‫˻̧׉‬hn͔әᵤӃ͙ᮮ๬€ಖ⩎டຑo >@▎ਸ▗஽Υྡh੘⦁͙ᮇ‫ڙ‬຤ລ€ത೧டሕ‚ >@▎Ԇ᱿մhፇֳ€Ֆ̧டে҈͓ਾடᛌֳ >@▎ઽᡖմh᧹૖டᵤᡖ€᧺̧டᵤሷ€᪙೒டᵤ᎙€ു೒டᵤઝcġġ͙੿ଁष€ྲྀ଻઻ ட␊ुͬࣽલ᳼€҈ࠪੌୗఛ€ࠪ␊ᗉఛ€ཀྵᔐ͙xடy઻cŧ ⛎ੌḈఝલ᳼ࣽc >@஥෦ស▗͠ᮇմhᴋ൴Ӽহடᵤậ€ি۶ᵤᒣ‚ġġxӼহyఝ઻͎€ ͙Ḉxᵤậyࣽc૮ჱ᳼Գ€धմxᴋ൴ᵤậြӼহy͎c >@▎ᦅ▗̡੾МᮇմhධᔄՖ̧Ρᓛૅࣽ€⪮๫ᕺடᤆ€҈๫૭଻டᴤcġġधմx⪮ᤆ๫ ᕺ҈ᴤ๫૭଻y͎c >@᯻ᴋ૔ᦒ঩մh٬Ўӷ€͔঵೶લ৑ᆛጦ€೶ઽᎶ€௎൴෭৑ҍযட␊ࣽcġġधմx௎ ൴෭৑␊ҍযࣽyc͙੿̜ष€ྲྀḈఝલ᳼€҈ᔐ͙xடy઻ࣽ€ᭁ⪮ୗఛЌᗉఛҌc ӷ૾઻ຖҝͬ€ᔐટલ᳼҈ᦢ͙x͙y઻ࣽc >@‫ݳ‬લјh⪮ઊਾட␊ᑢ҈ԣ␊‚ġġx␊y૾઻͎€xઊਾyಖҝ͎ͬ€धմx⪮␊ઊਾ ᑢ€൴␊ԣֳ‚y >@஥ᙦ੾˴hᨈਾட෋Ԫ̧ᣫಣ€ᵤ࡜ެᓛட␊€ટಮ͙ᓒԪᓟ͎cġġधմxᵤ࡜␊ެ ᓛy͎c >@ുΠhಔԪલՖ€ᓒဠ઺டᵤ̧͎ͅ€ཀྵᢂြ૞੘டᙧ€៣ᯉ౮↑ட᩷ᣫ€҈‫׶‬Ꭳட᩷ᓌ ‫ޙ‬cġġधմx᩷៣ᯉ౮↑ᣫ€҈᩷‫׶‬Ꭳ‫ޙ‬y͎c >@೪ఌ੿ૉໟᦒմh૮ଁ͙շ̈́ੑ€ᨰᏡᢹ€⥣૤ட᩷ᣫ€‫ۼ‬⒫ட᩷ု€ᓒা͙ಖதᵤ෶᩷ ‫آ‬๰ўཕ໤€ཀྵච͍াϯ҈ᵤᑺԳcġġधմx᩷⥣૤ᣫ€᩷‫ۼ‬⒫ုy͎cᎫಖഗцடଁা€ Ꮛ᫐̧ম⁎࿍ੌnᅣᙣட᩷ု€ᘒ૴ட␊෋of᧿h೩>@gᚾഗ€ᆠၟx␊yx᩷yᚾ૾ ઻€ಖҝͬલ᳼€҈Ӄᔐ͙xடy઻͎c ᵤ૑࡜ೲ€ಙ઻͛લଁಙ€ᤣ͎c҈ >@᫐̧ள૳ఘմhሲҮ઴⭦டનॣ€҈ଞ͔ ֳġġxનॣyᚾ઻€ଁ͙ಙxҮy઻͎€૮ ຖ᳼Գ€धմxሲનॣҮֳ઴⭦y͎cࠪմxሲҮࣽ⭦ࣽનॣ͎y€ટ⛖cᏋxનॣyᚾ઻ဧ ເोͬ€҈xሲҮ઴⭦yᏋ␊‫ڠ‬ᩲ€ટ๫ᵤӃc >@ૹᦒ᛾‫ײ‬෦մhઊਊ᩷̐ਾုடᵤ෶๽̐€ध૳Ρြᤗᵤ෶ᵤᤗَ͎eਊ᩷ᵤ̐ਾုடᵤ ෶๽ᵤ̐€ध૳Ρြ࿍டϫᵤ෶ᵤ࿍َ͎cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗぽଁ΀xਊ᩷̐ਾုடyࣽ€धմxਊ᩷ ̐ਾုࣽy͎cxடy঄ጓເxࣽy઻€ြហe༕ўcŨ xடy઻டဧ€ੌ‫آ‬ᵤ␊ហ€҈ብ͙ᵸස઻டΠᰳࣽ€ ເx̏டyxଵடyx੿டyxӨடyᇐΠ€೩ಙ઻ᇢᎲ˴Ჷc͙੿‫ݲ‬ष€ྲྀ͙xடy઻␊ᔐ ࣽc ुͬલ᳼ᦢ͙xೲy઻c

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>@஥ស੾Ԇhᩀᴋ˻hnᢔជࡉୟ€ᓒᔤೲ૦€▎ത⤖Գ‚oġġधմxՖடᢔជࡉୟࣽ€ ᓒብ͙૦ᔤ͎y€ཀྵxᔤy␊x૦yடुͬ€૮લ᳼Գ€҈Πᰳᮆ☡€ᔐ͙xೲy઻€ᤣ௎ੋ ੌxብy઻டហc >@▎hᨈਾட๰Ֆ҈ҋ͎€ટԫடᏹೲࣆ€ি۶͙ӷ‚ġġधմxಣ๬͎€ટብᨗࣆӂᓛਾ டᏹᬞ҈ԛcyxᬞy઻̰xࣆyடुͬ€૮લ᳼҈ᔐ͙xೲy઻€ટੋੌxብy઻டហc >@▎h೦ऄ˻hnՖহடᵤ῎҈ंәೲԀ€᧷டӷ͎€൴௎Ֆത‚oġġधմxՖᵤ῎ಖத டহ€҈ብԀंә€᧷டӷ͎cy˴ᔐxடy઻ࣽ€͙x῎yᢐxᵤy઻€ԛ྇ͅᩲe˴Ꮛᔐ ͙xೲy઻ࣽ€ហੋxብy઻€Π༕ᮆ☡ཀྵ͎cũයᏋ >@஥෦ស▗̡੾МᮇմhᙼՖடշ€࡜ୡೲᗂcġġᚾഗࡵဧx࡜y઻ࣽ€͙xୡೲᗂy̜ ઻ᵤ෶ഗ͎c ཀྵ>@▎ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմh඄ᓌ˻hn૕೚͙૝€࡜๥ೲ૦co >@▎ͅ▗੾̜ᮇմhፇᔢ᩷ԫચ৑€ፇ࡜୯ೲᗂc >@▎մhᨈਾ೶͙ᜮ૽€࡜ႄೲ૦cġġᇐഗ€ྲྀಣហ͎c >@▎ᙦ▗̜ᮇմhՖਾࣽ൴ᗩೲ఑ઋ€҈⡉ட€๫̰ᵤӃֳ >@▎ͅ▗̡ᮇմh࡜Ԫ̧࢜᧬ೲ୯€๫ఙ੽ષ€ಖ๫̰⪮લӋட૽ֳ͎ >@▎ᦅ▗੾Мᮇմhᬃ฾૭˻hn೒۲҈ᯫ€ᣵ௃᧲Έ€࡜ፇᰝឝೲᢸco >@▎ᦅ▗̡੾˴ᮇմḩ␊ҝᨉ€൴ᗬೲ఑ઋ€௎டതᵤ෶‚ >@▎ស▗Мᮇմhᤗ൳˻hnিᵤ๣ೲ␊‚લՖடႄೲ୔€᩷ᵤ๣ᓌႄ€തເ‚o >@▎ᦅ▗╺ᮇմh്ͨ๫ͅ€ᓻͨೲ‫€܈‬ᵤӃ๰͎c >@▎Ѯ▗̡੾̜ᮇմh૮੽ᯊո҈Ꮗೲ٪€ᵤટᴤֳ >@▎մh૮ஊೲᒣ҈٪ြᏇ€ઽԛ͓ᩲc >@▎Ѯ▗̡੾˴ᮇմh಻Ֆ҈әೲ‫€׊‬๫̰ᵤӃֳ >@▎ᦅ▗̜੾ᮇմhӋ̧ໟ࿍ᓛ€൴᮳ೲ໿ᜲ€҈ẑட€ೲᗩᓛ͎c >@▎Ѯ▗౪ᮇմh▪‫᥸ͅݞ‬ட⠢๼᭿͙᪰Ꮆဠ€ટಖ᥮ᚊೲ␊€িເ੓ᴂ҈ᓖ͙བྷட‚ >@▎ស▗Ԇᮇմh൴លೲ‫€ڃ‬ത‫נ‬ြ℡‚ >@▎ᦅ▗̜੾˴ᮇմh௎નॣՑ᧬᭹ຮ€Ꮛᔤ‫כ‬᳦Ӽೲᒣ€തậ๾ࡗ‚ >@આ⦡▗⦡ͭা঩մhཀྵ˻hःਾᵤ໌€‫آ‬዗ೲઽc >@᯻▪੿ြᦅᵠᦒմh᧏૮ࣽብ๛଺᪚਻ླྀ᮹டᢣೲᮆc >@▎੿ሪઍ̮ᦒմh‫ᦒژ‬ᗥᏚೲਊ€౯ហೲበ€цষೲक़c >@▎⥿҄ᣫ˹঩մh෋͔ઊ๫‫أ‬ြ౏َ€ብલ૳ೲᜮc >@▎๯੾̡ཇ▪մh٬Ρ€ᵤय़ଁᆋ€ብήᐮೲළc >@▎⥿᙭ૌ঩h૮൴๻ಖ୙҈̜ᗥೲਊcġġଁष‫ݲ‬ഗぽᔐ͙xೲy઻ࣽ€ྲྀಣဤ͎c ብ>@஥෦ᦅ▗౪ᮇմhা૮ೡЎᏩடຖ€ᴋᓛ҈ᵤ࡜ੌᗥ᩷஑Ӄ͙࣑Ꮋࣽೲ๰€҈۶ੌᰗઢ ࣽ€ટເடcġġधմxᴋᓛເᵤ๰ੌᗥ᩷஑෶࣑Ꮋடਾ€҈۶ੌᰗઢࣽ€ટເடcyೲഗੌ ୗͬ҈ટᔐ͙xೲy઻͎cᭁഗΡ҈x࡜y઻Πᰳࠪ஛ᵤᵸ͎c ȉ~Ჷࢅx૮ࣽyxಔࣽyட໫ೲಙΠடͭ‫€ࣽآ‬xઁࣽyᆁᴑᥫໟᓌ€ යᏋxَy⪮xચyடुͬ€҈␊‫ڠ‬டടͬᩲc ȉxỮy⪮ᗉఛc~Ჷ඗xỮy␊nधஔடͬocᦢᜎ‫׭‬ᲷъŦc ȉ>@ߣxಖ᳥ட஛y€>@ߣxಖ⩎டຑy€>>@ߣxՖ̧டেyx͓ਾடᛌy€ྲྀ๫ୗఛ ๫ᗉఛ҈ᔐ͙xடy઻ࣽc ȉಣဤઍᚾxடy઻੐‫ߣڠ‬ടͬ᩷Πͬடᔐ€ടͬ᩷Πͬྲྀఝ઻டዼ€ᰝ‫΀ଁا‬ᓉఝcᰝ‫ا‬ ጓxடy␊xࣽy€ન૊c೰ເᰝ‫€َا‬Ꮛxடy⪮૾઻€തຨष͙␊ဤ‚ ȉហੋxብy઻€⪮͛͜കxೲy€ટӃകxடy€ઐᲷ>@ӷ>@͠ဤ€ྲྀ␊xብmmடm myࣈc

ြ઻டဧ͠ட ြ઻டဧ͠ட̡ ̡ ~xՋy૾઻͎€౸‫ۋ‬ᨗ઻͎€҈␊ဧᵤ˴c ~ဧြཹ༕€Ꮛ͙ोໟᮬடហcxՋy઻ဧ͙ोໟᮬடហ€ԛ߆ြ‫ཹݳ‬Ჽᩲcť >@‫࢞׳‬Өh૱‫ث‬ြ͊ࣽ€ি΀˴࿰૱᩷˴ᦘ͊ட΀඾‚ġġx૱y᩷x͊yཹ‫€ث‬ोಖໟᮬ டហࣽ€xՋy઻͎€҈౸‫ۋ‬ಖଁཹࣽ€ટxՋy઻͎c >@▎hϫ⪮ᵤᵸ͎€҈෗ြҊίc >@▎h͵டсં͎᧏ြ࡙c >@▎▗ӨhཀྵՖ̧⩹ֳ͔᩷ਾ␊᮳cġġଁषᓌ੿€xֳy઻ᔐหxՋy઻c >@੅᲼hՖᯅြ᱖஦҈ᵤ৉ြ๛૳c 161

>@ૹ៤࡙෦hಖြ዗྅๻ฤ€Φ଼ᚈᵠ€ᚏ‫ۇ‬᭑ཌྷ€ൖ̐‫׉‬Ө€๻ြࢧ߸ႎᚊcġġᚾषཹ Π€ྲྀᓌဤ͎c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~ဧ᚝྽઻€Ꮛ͙Սଁҝடͬc྽઻ຖ຤຤᚝ੌҝ͙ͬᵸಖហࣽ€҈ଁ͙౸‫ۋ‬ҝ͙ͬ᚝ ြ྽઻ࣽ€૕ဧxՋy઻c߆೩྽઻Ჽぽcť >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦hઊ‫ੌن‬ᝍြ຃€ቯြҌ€‫ۍ‬ြ͍҈☬ြதࣽ€ࠪੌࢅြ຃€ўြҌ€ቲြ͍ ҈㛛ြ๬ࣽ€⪮ੌࡵӋःఘ€᯼෶ᜮட‚ġġ΢╺ဧxՋy઻€ྲྀ͙౸‫ۋ‬ҝ͙ͬ᚝ြ྽઻͎c >@᫐̧ᡩႢᲽhฒြຒŊฒြᆁŊᡩြࡵŊᡩြဪŊሳြ‫ج‬Ŋሳြ౯Ŋ૨ြಞc >@‫ݳ‬Π⢵҈hᆛြຒ€ළြ౯€୉ြᪧc >@▎੎൅h᩷ြ‫€ژ‬અြᗥ€ͅြᏚcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€ྲྀ͙౸྽઻டҝ͎ͬcť ȉӃᦢ~Ჷຖ।࿐c ȉ>@ߣxᆛyxළyxறy€>@ߣx᩷yxઅyxͅyྲྀఝ઻€⪮྽઻c ~ဧ᚝ఝ઻€Ꮛ͙૾ᜯ٬டͬc೺ఝ઻ြुͬட೺€ੌᜯَ͙ͬಖ๬டଁᛌ᩷ಖ๬டଁ াࣽc▎ੌぽఝ઻ᔢ๫ुͬ€҈ੌᜯَ͙ͬಖ๬டଁହ᩷ಖ๬டଁ੐ࣽ€ྲྀԛ߆‫ݳ‬ြぽ೺ఝ઻ ‫ݲ‬Ჽᩲc ૾೺ఝ઻டᜯͬc >@‫࢞׳‬Өhཀྵ‫׉‬൴ᙿ͔എြೲਾ͎cġġxᙿy೺ఝ઻€x͔എyಖु͎ͬ€ ҈xೲਾyᏋxᙿ͔എyடଁᛌ͎€xՋy઻ଁ͙૾ᜯ͎ͬc >@▎ᐘ੿hَ᪍ᓄ͍ക‫ݲ‬ຏ҈ԛcġġxകy೺ఝ઻€xຏy␊ಖᜯͬ€҈x‫ݲ‬yหxட ြyᚾ઻€xடy઻ಖु͎ͬ€xՋy઻ଁ͙૾ᜯ͎ͬc >@▗ᙦ̜h᩷᧲ລ˻hnલՖடଁ␊ᵤ᩷әᓛ҈‫ݹ‬ᓛֳՖࣽ€͙ՖӃ͙␊શᥩᑒ᦭ఘ͎c૮ Ֆ⛅Ֆட̡઻҈൴ପᓛֳ᩷᧲€ಣ⪮લՖட᧵͎coġġx‫ݹ‬ᓛֳՖy€xପᓛֳ᩷᧲y€ഗ цᓌ੿cxֳyหxՋy઻c >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h૮͎͓ᓛ೚͔ᓛ҈৥‫૽ت‬Գ€ೲध᭿̧҈৥‫૽ت‬ြલ೚͎cġġx‫૽ت‬yࣽ€೺ ఝ઻᩷ಖु͎ͬ€xြલ೚yࣽ€َx‫૽ت‬yடଁা͎c >@▎h⣧᩺᪎᭹ြᦱ€ᦑᦱட⦁cġġxြᦱyࣽ€ટَx᪎᭹yடଁা͎c΢xՋy઻َ ଁাࣽ€͙xֳy઻หࣽᭁᨈcť >@▎▗Өh६‫ݲ‬ਾ͙␊᮳€ೲ᩷ਾ␊᮳͎ࣽcġġx‫ݲ‬yหxடြyᚾ઻€ᓌ੿c >@ૹቐൊ෦hઊᬨલ૳಴؋ြᦊ਽€Мֺᄕඐြ᣶઄€▗உ๊୙ြ૱ᰝ€ᙉᘸ࡝Хြ཈ࠌ€ ҝᰝΡౌᨶ೐ြṫ‫€ا‬૞ਿᒎಁ৤ြϹՖ€ླྀ‫ه‬ᵤ෶᩷ಣᯊ▗ࣽຈ€ཀྵᘞය਀ઽԪઆᣂcġġ એဧxՋy઻€ྲྀଁ͙૾೺ఝ઻டᜯͬ€ੌَଁ੐ࣽ€ཀྵຈ٬Գc ૾ぽఝ઻டᜯͬc >@‫׳‬ඥӨh‫ࡵס‬ြᥧཌྷ€ᨕြਾ෯cġġxࡵyxᨕyᚾสぽఝ઻€૾͙xՋy઻€ ͙ोxࡵyxᨕyடଁହc >@▎ඥ੿hᵤຨ്ֳ€ᵤӃ͙␊ਾeᵤў്ֳ€ᵤӃ͙␊̧cġġxֳyหxՋy઻€᩷੿ ᓌc >@▎ඥӨh‫૳ס‬ြ‫ݲ‬ଠ€ӹြ᪆Ӻ€᧝ြ۲ൕ€૞᧲டਾ͎cġġ̜૾xՋy઻͙ͭଁ੐ ͎c ҈>@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿մhԪᔄચြછ͹€ӹြᝁཝઈࣽ€નᔄӨᝁઈ҈৑ြછ͹ࣽcġġxચ ြછ͹yࣽ€xՋy઻َ͙ଁা€धմxચাછ͹y͎c͙ຖ˴ဧxՋy઻€˴ဧxՋy઻€ ྲَྀଁӷ͎c >@᯻ᎫੇhᎻੌ႐ြ‫ࡉੌ€׉‬ြ‫᧧ੌ€آ‬ြཌྷ€⥹ြ෯҈ࡔြᰳ€ြೲֳੇੌࠑြࠑ€ੌᗻ ြᯛ€͙ᥫட҈Ө‫ـ‬ᗩԳcġġ͠ဧxՋy઻€ੌَಖ๬டଁ੐ࣽ€ଁହࣽ€ଁ‫€ࣽت‬ᔗࣽӃ াာடc ぽ೺ఝ઻ຖ૾xՋy઻␊ᜯͬࣽ€஡߆ઐᲽc ȉಣࢅન͛යcӨ~Ჷ>@ߣxຨֳ̫Ꮋyxຨֳ‫̧׉‬y€>@ߣxᅆடֳᨸ૎ட ઍy€>@ߣxચֳᔋyᇐ€ྲྀxֳyोଁাடဤc ~ဧ᚝‫ت‬ఝ€Ꮛ͙ࡵ๬டଁা࡝c΢೺ఝ઻டुͬ዗␊ടͬ€ೲЌ೺ఝ઻டᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝ ᩲcӷ೺ఝ઻டടͬᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝ€Ꮛੌᦒੌᵤᦒࣽ€ಖᦒࣽ຤຤૾͙xՋy઻ࣽ€ࡵಖ๬டଁা ࡝͎€ԛ߆ြ‫ت‬ఝ઻Ჽᩲcť 162

>@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hཀྵ˻ࠪᯘ͍€ࠪᯘୡ€ᯘ͍ࣽсਾ€ᯘୡࣽсြਾ€сြਾࣽੑਾ€сਾࣽੑြ ਾ€‫׉‬Өட⛖ហ͎cġġ˻xсਾy€˻xੑਾy€Ꮛ೺ఝ઻᩷ಖुͬeӷᜯ␊‫ت‬ఝ€ Ꮛ˻xсြਾy€˻xੑြਾy€૾͙xՋy઻ࣽ€َ͙xсy᩷xੑyட๬ଁা࡝͎c >@஥̡ͅhϜ᣸ᣐြ౫€߸ằ٬ᳯ€નϯ࿖મcġġxᣐြ౫yࣽ€x␊౫ଁᣐy͎c ȉಣኜ~Ჷ ~͙੿xՋy઻டဧ€Ӆྲྀ‫ۋ‬ြଁ᚝டຖc௎xՋyடҝͬ␊᧵டଁ‫€ࣽث‬ᏋӃલଁ᚝ Գcxੌyx๫yᚾఝ઻ເੌᜯͬ€َ͙ଁြੌbଁြ๫ࣽ€຤຤લԳc ૾೺ఝ઻டᜯͬc >@‫ᦑ׳‬ӨhԪြ‫€ͅݞ‬६̡̜᲼҈ԛᩲcġġx६y೺ఝ઻€xြ‫ͅݞ‬yࣽ€᚝ြx६y઻ ҈␊ᜯ͎ͬc͙ಖ␊᧵டଁད‫€ࣽث‬ཀྵ᳼ြఝ઻டલc >@▎࢞੿h᭑᛹Ꮛᵤာᗥហ҈‫ت‬ட€᭑᛹ြͨതകԳ‚ġġxകy೺ఝ઻͎€xြͨyࣽ€ ಖᜯ͎ͬc >@᫐ຓ๫ੇhಖြᵤԚ௎ࣽᵤཹடcġġxြᵤԚ௎ࣽy€xཹy઻டᜯ͎ͬcť >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦h૮̰ြְલ૳҈૲ட͎cġġxြְલ૳yࣽ€x૲y઻டᜯ͎ͬc >@᯻੿சླྀ᭹ᦒhብ᧏ြ࿪૟͎€Ӄ͙ಣਿјcġġxြ࿪૟y͎ࣽ€xјy઻டᜯ͎ͬc >@▎಻َhೲ̜ࣽ€ြ๥͙Ө‫ت‬ட€ષ͙തໝ‚ġġxြ๥͙Өy€x‫ت‬y઻டᜯ͎ͬc͙ ੿ଁष€ᜯͬӅྲྀ᚝ြ೺ఝ઻€͙ಖ␊᧵டଁ‫€ث‬ཀྵ᳼લြଁ᚝Գc ૾ぽఝ઻டᜯͬc >@‫ݳ‬ᵠ౦hြৣ૊ֳġġx૊yぽఝ઻͎€xြৣyࣽ€᚝ြx૊y઻҈␊ಖᜯͬ€͙ಖ ␊᧵டଁ‫€ث‬ཀྵલடc >@ᗥ͔᪎hਾடಖଁ്‫҈נ‬ᘼԳ€டಖଁᚌշ҈ᘼԳ€டಖଁᰘᓅ҈ᘼԳ€டಖଁઠԋ҈ᘼ Գ€டಖଁⅴᑳ҈ᘼԳcġġx᜷y€ぽఝ઻͎€xடyหxடြyᚾ઻€ ԛ೩ห઻ᲽcŦཀྵxਾடಖଁ്‫נ‬yࣽ€Ќxਾடြಖଁ്‫נ‬y͎€̰x᜷yடᜯͬc >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅhಣ੊̈́டᏸeြॐᵸᩲcġġxᵸyぽఝ઻͎€xြॐyࣽ€ಖᜯ͎ͬc͙ ੿ଁषᜯͬ€Ӆྲྀ᚝ြぽఝ઻€͙ಖ␊᧵டଁ‫€ث‬ཀྵલ᚝Գc ૾྽઻டҝͬc >@ૹ᧥ફґh͔Ӌલຨ੅Ӌ€સᵊઍ€ြ‫׉‬Ө؋ᰒ૨cġġx૨y྽઻͎€xြ‫׉‬Өy€᚝ ြ྽઻டҝ͎ͬc૮ҝͬ᳼લ྽઻ࣽ€͙ಖ␊᧵டଁ‫͎ث‬c >@⦡℡ౌӪ෦h૮҅҈ᐔਾ␊டাஹ̡ࣽਾ€௎ೲࣽഃಖြΡࣽృ҈ြᐔਾᎨ͎cġġxြ Ρࣽyxြᐔਾy€xృyxᎨyᚾ઻டҝ͎ͬc >@᫐⠮֋୉hಖြખ͎€ᵤટᴤֳġġxᴤy྽઻€xြખyಖҝ͎ͬc >@̜ᓛΥ‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂෦hය⥂⣿ြс࢜␊Ρ€᩿࣭␊ᏵcġġxΡyxᏵyᚾ྽઻€xြс࢜y xြ᩿࣭yಖҝ͎ͬc >@᯻ਸՖ஽ΥྡhՖြ␊ហ௎۱ຯ€឴ᵤఙ᮴ຖeြ୯᩷ᑞ€Ꮛᰘ✫⧲ᣫເᆴઊcŧġ ġ͙੿ଁष€ྲྀҝͬ᳼લြଁ᚝ட྽઻€͙ࡵಖ␊᧵டଁ‫͎ث‬cŨ යᏋぽb೺ఝ઻டᜯͬ€྽઻டҝͬ€ྲྀӃલಖଁ᚝cብ‫ت‬ఝ᩷ᮬཹᚾϦ€ଁੌxՋy઻␊૾ ͙‫ۋ‬ြಖຖࣽ€Ꮛન೩ੌલֳଁ᚝͎ࣽc ӷxੌyx๫yᚾఝ઻ຖ€ಖᜯͬ຤຤᳼લଁ᚝ࣽc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hઊَ̧ட€ြ͍ͨੌពពԳcġġxြ͍ͨy€xੌy઻டᜯ͎ͬcधմxੌព ពြ͍ͨy͎c૮લ᳼ࣽ€ટ͙ࡵ᧵டଁલ͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh‫̧׳‬ዹ˻hnြ෦ੌடcoġġᓌ੿c >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦h೰ᗑỜӋ૭ᧇԫᓻ᜿͙๧඄€ြ඄Ꮛੌ؋ᩲ€ြỜᏋન␊᧣ә͎cġġ xြ඄yxੌ؋yᓌ੿c >@᯻ઽᡖhલ૟҈๾€Ꮛಖြᗩ͎ੌᔐᩲc >@▎ຓ฾Ӌᥩ᜻h‫׉‬ြ༑ᘽடٞ€⪮ⱷੌᎨృ€၅౯᩷ೠடໝাයᰗ͎c >@ૹ▪ફґh͙˶೬ϫ€ಖြઁधੌፇc >@‫ݳ‬લјhᓋ͎€⪮‫€͎ࣽͨ׊‬ြԪَ๫ଁᵤࢅcġġxြԪَy€x๫y઻டᜯ͎ͬcፇ ᓌ੿c >@ૹ᧥ફґhԪြ‫׉‬Өᵎ˹؋ә€Ӄ΀হ᪆ᩲcġġxহyᓌx๫yc >@᯻᩷ᣱंᦒhጓᵤጓြԪᣱՖ๫ଁུμ͎c >@▎ᩑ▗஽Υྡhাᆠ٬ߪ€ြ▗๫ଁᑺ⭵€ੌຏಣَࣽc >@▎‫ݳ‬ᅿᙲ๬ᣒोhәြ࢞ᙲடਾ€ઐ๫ဵហc >@▎⥿തᔥ঩hြಖᵤຨఙ҈ᛌ€ಖӃ͙๫َ؈‚ ġġ΢xੌyx๫yᚾఝ઻ຖ€ଁੌᜯͬྲྀલ᳼Գࣽ€ᭁྲྀ␊᧵டଁલ͎c ੌདಣ͎€೺ఝ઻டुͬ€ᔐੌ૾͙xՋy઻҈લԳࣽcಖुͬட‫€҃ث‬ 163

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͙᩷ͨଶ‚oġġx͙ฎyx͙ຒyࣽ€धմx᧿ฎyx᧿ຒy͎€x᧿yટxᓖy͎c >@᫐⩎ંh͙⦁ድட€ཌྷ๫ᤇᚌ€͙ཌྷድட€াᤇ҈ໟᚌc >@▗ᙦ˸hઅ‫͙ܨ‬Ρᵤ͙ᵎ€અ̧͙ᤇᵤ͙Ρc >@ૹ᧥ફґhዑࣽઊਾந̧ྲྀ͙Ֆc >@▎᣶㭦෦hᔯ͙Ӌᦒᳵ൴Ꭱᆇᚈ൳c >@᳿ᙬ᛾෦h͙૎๰᧥Ᏼસ‫׉‬Өc >@▎ச࡙෦h࡙ᔢૅု€͙དј␊‫̧׉‬೚c >@⦡᭑҄ՖӪ෦hધᮯફᠼᮇ€᭑҄Ֆ͙੿͔ઊᑞᛌ୨ြૅ€͙ᤡ‫␊آ‬๛әc >@▎ၕ൴ᎡӪ෦h൴Ꭱ▗உⅴ€ហ᳞ਾ€͙ཇ૟‫ݞ‬ફc >@▎ԩᎫՖӪ෦h̰‫˴͙܈‬ᲕடཀྵஹԪಢਾc >@᯻ᬰ˼̮Ꮲͭhဤ͙ᑃᵤӃ҃૟c >@▎ᵤߛम‫ݳ‬hြೲုᙟ௅͙ପಖ‫€ه‬࿭˴৬͙૦ಖઢ€ᵤ͙ૄᤇᅙಖ⦁€ᵤ͙ᙦ‫܆‬๻ಖ ͍cġġ‫ଁݲ‬षഗぽ€x͙y઻ߣҝྲྀ଻઻€ť΢َ͙ଁᓖ͎c ‫ݴ‬ድᚾᲷ€x͙y઻ҝͬᾫલఝ઻€ಖੌຖֳఝ઻ࣽ€ᏋҝͬΡ€ᵤᏋΠ᧵નϯ͎c೩೺ఝ઻ Ჽc ť>@x͙yଁҝxΡyxᵎyxᤇy€>@x͙yଁҝxᑃy€>@x͙yଁҝxૄᤇyx ᙦ‫܆‬yϱ⪮଻઻c ~ಖҝᓉఝ઻ࣽ€Ꮛ͛ຖֳಖિఝ઻€΢َ͙ଁହ͎cťx͙y઻ᔐੌӃय़ࣽc ဧx͙yc >@‫׳‬᭑੿hԫਾ͙ᛜፆடᔟ᩷Ꮎભடާ€ዶ⦁ြ℡͙ปលcġġᇊ˴x͙y઻ҝ଻઻€ ጓxဧy͎cx͙ปលyࣽ€xปy೺ఝ઻€xលyಖुͬ€ྲྀ␊x͙y઻ଁҝ€ ૮ຖֳxዶy઻ࣽ€َ͙ଁ␊xዶ⦁y͎€Ќዶ⦁டᖺ᧵͎cಣx͙y઻͙౸લຖఝ઻டц€ ೩ြᦒࣽ€ଁ੐ྲྀೲc >@⦡ೡࣽӪ෦h྅ྲَྀ˻hnઊୟࣽ૨َ‫ݫ‬ᱤ͙ຨਾᅥ€਼᧥ਾᑞ૽͙ࢅਾઢ€ᅲَᗩฝ͙ ᣐਾ͍€ᗑَੇᝬ͙ᦑਾᕏ€Ꭸ૦ҍॲ͙ரြԚcoಣԪடଁ৥€ཀྵ΀டᦩⲱ͎c >@᳿ങႆӪ෦hᔧᨄ᜿€෷˹᧝€ளᰝ€ᙼ᮴૟€ລཀྵ‫͙€܆‬૊ᠬᎻ€͙ᥫᆠઁc >@ஊΠh‫ڟ‬Ӌᓵ˹͙ᧈಖᏗඬ€ያட͙᧥ฎ‫ث‬ॊ€ฟҠ⭶͙ᱝಖᵤᓵࣽcġġଁषx͙yຖ ᓉఝ઻€ྲَྀಖ᮴ఝ઻டଁହ͎c य़x͙yc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hጓ̈́̈́ͨ€ሑੑੑͨcġġधմẍ͙́ͨyx͙ੑͨy͎€ ૮य़x͙y઻cཀྵᓌ෦Ө▪Ќմ€ẍ͙́ͨಖ̈́€ੑ͙ͨಖੑcy >@▎᳁ᰓӪ෦hጓ஥᠋ᙳடcġġधմx͙ᙳடy͎c >@ૹഥஉ⛖෦hィَ‫ݲ‬ཀྵंᗬ౷˹јடcġġx͙јடy͎c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hᡫட஛ᵤ෶ᣐે€‫ܨ‬෋લձຨ၅ຒြⲣඹ€ᔥಖ‫€܆‬ᢐಖᤠcġġx͙ᔥಖ ‫܆‬ᢐಖᤠy͎c >@▎ࣃṔઢh๹Ꮛᔏ૞ਿӨંᔍᶑଡ଼൧€ંᏋᔏҋਿ᧥ᔍ⠣Ѳ߸cġġx͙ᶑଡ଼൧yx͙⠣ Ѳ߸y͎c ͔იvૹᦒwय़x͙y઻ࣽု૨c ȉᰝ‫ࢅا‬x͙y઻ຖ҂ߣఝ઻ೲિߣҝͬ€้֭cເ຀՜ᗁߣx͙y઻ੌҝͬ€ ๫૑ࢅೲx͙y઻᮴҂ߣఝ઻f٬ಖुͬg€Ө▪~Ჷ>@ဤ̐ೲ՜መࢅࡵߣcᰝ‫▎ا‬ ࢅhnಣx͙y઻͙౸લຖఝ઻டцof೩>@ဤߣࢅࡵg€ᵤናxҝͬy€༕␊ᨗ᚟c ~x͙y઻લֳఝ઻€ᔐࣶ੿▪҈ᵤَଁҝ€‫׊‬ఝຖx͙y઻€͙͛␊ဤc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨh᫅๬Ӌ۩€М੘டぽ€ྲྀ᪍ឝ҈⭵ட€‫␊͙܈‬Ֆcġġx␊yఝ઻͎€x͙y઻ લட҈ᵤَଁହcᭁx͙y઻ҝͬЌ๬Ӌ۩டՖ€ԛ೩੿▪€ཀྵ᩺҈ᵤᦒc >@▎ᐘӨh૮୛ẑಖᎻ€Ӌ຤҈Ἓட€Ꮋ͙␊൴ႈԚြંୠடઍ͎cġġಣx␊y઻สࢧఛ ဧcťx͙␊y̡઻ᵤ˴ಖጓ€ԛ೩ोͬᲽぽcŦ >@▎h‫̧׳‬ዹ˻hn֐ᮇጐᤡ€ՖடᎻ୨ᩞᜯֳࣃᯩ€౷ࣽᓉ҈டМਿࣽഃ֔ਾᩲc҈Ֆட ৎ᥶ᨗ€঵᥵ણ€ੌҝ⩹͙࢞coġġधմxੌҝઍ๫͙᮴૟࢞ࣽcy >@▎ᖭ▪▗੿մḩୡ๬ட€ટ͙υ̧டᓛc >@▎▗உ̣Өhͨ⪮ॎ‫ס‬ட⦁€ᵤ۶͙᙭ြӋ᮴cġġ ‫ݲ‬ഗxυyx᙭yᚾఝ઻᮴x͙y઻€ྲྀᵤَଁହ€ಖҝͬྲྀࣶ੿▪c ӷ‫׊‬ఝຖx͙y઻ਊဧಣဤ€ԛ೩‫׊‬ఝᲽᩲc 167

>@ᗥ͔᪎xଁշyᲷぽh๽͙෋ӨŊ๽͙૟੿Ŋ๽͙લຖŊ๽͙๰᮴Ŋ๽͙૛ြ஥Ŋ๽͙૛ ြॏcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗx͙y઻ྲྀಣဤ͎c >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦h᙭ᖤട઄૞€෋͙ࣽᔄc >@▎ଠফӪ෦hಖᎡ੒౵€ᦑ͙ᴢ˹᧝c >@ૹᣠ೘ᇐ෦hઊᎨᬲ‫ه‬হμြ҅ࣽ€҈ฤਾ༹͙ໟ᧥c >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦h඄Ӌଁ␊€૎გ͙ໝәc >@஥ស̜੾̜hᨈՖட͙␊⭶€҅೰ᵤ໌c >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦h୨๼੐€۩தન۶͙ެਾ͎cġġ‫ݲ‬x͙y઻ຖҝͬྲྀࣶ੿▪҈ᵤᦒc ȉ~ᲷỮषಣဤf>Ԇ"@gࢅhnx͙␊y̡઻€Ќx᧵΀y͎€oΝ␊ೲ˴྆ ͬ€᩷ಣᣫx͙y઻ҝࣶͬ੿҈य़டࢅᵤ˴ପc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~x͙yҝxതyxೲyᚾห઻€ჱ᳼␊ᤣeҝxடyxಣy‫઻ݲ‬Ꮛ҃c ത͙c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhӺ‫˻ݮ‬hnԪఘᵤ୉€Ԫത͙෷‚ԪӋᵤஔ€Ԫത͙‫‚׊‬oġġ x͙yҝxതy઻҈ຖ᳼Գc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hຖੌ͔ࣽ€ത͙കட‚ġġxത͙yࣽ€धx͙തy͎c ೲ͙c >@஥Ѯ੾̡h࿍ೲ͙๫⠣€҈ຏྲྀੌc >@᫐‫⦁׉‬hೲ͙๬ᮇ͠੾҈୨⃾ႌc >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hእಖᵤͅ€ೲ͙᱆ᏸҠ҈๫῔᭸c >@஥ស੾Ԇh̜၅҈๫ໝ€ೲ͙૝͎cġġषഗぽxೲ͙yࣽ€धx͙ೲy͎cxೲ͙yྲྀ ᎝ഗឝ€යເx࿍ೲ͙๫⠣yഗ€Ꮛxೲ͙y᳼ြടͬடຖ€ટўc >@ૹᦒᣠӋஉ෦մhԪೲ͙ᤙᬲ€൴͙ᗑ྅͎cġġᓌ˴ഗцc ͙டc >@᯻Ꭻ⦁hೲཀྵ͙ட␊Ԛ€Ꮛў҈ᐍe͙ட␊ਾ€Ꮛ‫▗҈נ‬e͙ட␊͍€Ꮛ଼҈ԩe͙ட␊ ‫׉‬Өᓛૅ€๫ଁᣫ҈ᵤ঄c >@▎᩷ଠીᦒhයᴼಖেฤ૔҈๰ြ૏ᨒட⦁€͙ட᠏଻ြ‫͎آ‬c >@▎੿சླྀ᭹ᇊ̡ᦒh٬͙டᘪ۪ြࡽ€ప㒸ಖ͍ᖨ€Ⴒሂಖ⭜ᇘ€ᰳᵤ٬ચ৑€ौᵤ٬њ ߧ€߽̜ࣽМᮇ€⛬ࣽ˴̡ᮇ€๫ᢢᰝᩲcġġଁषᦒぽ€એَx͙டy€ྲྀເᤣဤcx͙ டy̡઻€ҮᲿⲣဧc ͙ಣc >@஥សМh͙ಣᎤᚤ€ťԣ෶ຮட‚͙ಣߗ٪€ത٪ᵤ᣸‚ >@᯻᩷ᣱंᦒh͙ಣ҈ሑட€͙ಣ҈ষட€‫ه‬ၟᵸӨચं⅚᫲€๫΀ླྀത๰҈ຨட͎ġġ ଁषx͙ಣyᚾ઻€ટનჱ᳼c >@ᗥ͔᪎ੌմhಣ͙㜏྅ᵤ᧯͎cġġ ೲxಣy␊x͙y઻ଁҝ҈લடࣽcᵤၟಣഗ‫ݠ‬ᝨxଁy઻€धմxಣଁ͙㜏྅ᵤ᧯͎y€ԛ ೩ห઻ᲽᩲcŦ ȉxಣy੐xᎤy᮴€ုⱷࡪ€⪮x͙yடҝͬc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc>̡"@ဤ᩷ಣ>@ဤ‫ث‬c ~x͙yҝxଁy઻€Ꮛ͛ຖԳc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿h᪎Ꮛ̜หூட€ྲྀଁ͙ࡵਾ෯͎cġġxଁyኜ੿▪x᪎y઻€x͙y઻ҝட҈ ຖԳc >@▎ᦑӨhਾ঒ৢಖ˼҈ഌਾட˼€ଁ૦ြਾࣽ‫͙ଁ҈ث‬াഎࣽ჈cġġ xଁ͙yᓌ੿€xଁyኜxࣽy઻c >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hଁ͙࿥ຖẟ€ણӨ᙭€㈬͍᧵€ࢅҌ຃ࣽ€͛ચြ੅යຖӃc >@஥ᦅМh૤۲€Ֆଁ͙᣽ᨈՖ͎€۶ᵤҍ᣽eМඡ€Ֆଁ͙ᯘ෋ә͎€۶ᵤ‫ث‬ҍ >@୛᲼hә஛෹ຮࣽடᵤᨕલӋடଁ͙ॊ෤әட͉€҈▎ᵤଷြәடଁ͙૟લӋட͍€ཀྵ۶ ͙ᦒዹc >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒඒhਣ‫ݞ‬Ḉཙ๻዗€෋Ꮋᵤเ€஡උඋඋଁ͙␊сcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗぽxଁ͙yᚾ઻€ ྲྀx͙yຖြxଁy€ಣᦒઍᰒਊဧࣽc

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170

>@஥᫐̡੾╺hᕶ೺ᏏᐘԆ᩷૞ᵊᏏԆcġġੌմӨxᏏy઻သ€঄สx૞ᵊԆycᭁ૞ᵊ Ԇᇊ̡€೩ြૹᦒઁ૮ਾो͎ࣽcཀྵxᐘԆy٬x૞ᵊԆyྲྀ␊x೺Ꮟy€ྲྀଁ঄xᕶyࣽ ͎€ཀྵ౸͙x᩷y઻c ť~Ჷ੐>Ԇ"@ጓࢅઍࢅhn‫ݲ‬ഗᜯ͙ͬx᩷y઻␊૾ࣽ€ྲྀ᩷ടͬᓌ࡝˴๬͎ࣽ€ ཀྵฎલఝ઻c ~౸ֳ᩷ఝ઻؋ဧࣽc >@‫׳‬ඥӨh‫ݲ‬Ֆ̧ྲྀ᩷≖َ€‫਀̧׳‬ᵤ᩷≖َ€ೲ᲻≖͎c >@▎h᩷ಖપΣಖॐਾ€҈ໟ࣠ြઍযc >@▎ඥ੿hߣ‫܈‬᩷டᚳட€ଁշഝ၅ӂ͎cġġଁषx᩷y઻டҝͬ€ࠪ଻઻€ࠪห઻€҈ ฎྲྀલֳఝ઻ࣽ€ᭁྲֳྀ᩷ఝ઻ட๬͎c >@᫐ຒણᇒh෋ೡઓ๫⎈҈᩷ཌྷ␊੍c >@୛᲼hફࣽ᩷೚ᣫ€Ӌࣽ᩷ଶᣫ€ᛱࣽ᩷әᣫ€হᓛ᩷ມᣫc >@ૹ᛾઄෦hਾ᩷ட␊ມ€ૅ᩷ட␊ᐡc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hᵸӨ᩷̈Ӌੌཀྵ€തᵤᶀૹ᩷࿍ࠌ଼‚ >@▎ԩᎫՖӪ෦h‫܆‬᩷ੑ૎ᔍӨ̡੾╺แc >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦h੿ુ͔ઊ᩷டᓌӪ€᠏ᨖ҈͍ેಖ෶c >@▎̈͊ઐґhಣ⢊ᩲ€ә‫ڟ‬৑€᩷டᓌ૽c ġġଁषx᩷y઻ҝͬ€ࠪ଻઻€ࠪห઻€ྲྀલఝ઻c΢ఝ઻ੌแᓌட᧵€Ꮛ͛ੌ᩷ᓌࣽ€ཀྵ ૾͙x᩷y઻c˻xࠌ଼y€˻xแy€˻xᓌӪy€˻xᓌ૽y€ྲྀੌแᓌட᧵c ఝ઻᮴ੌӈኜห઻ࣽટයc >@ᤗΠhഹடਾ€๯Ꮾᓌᗊ€҅થᓌ῎€ᗩฝூட€ਾ᩷ਾໟ‫ૅ€ڌ‬᩷ૅໟ‫ڌ‬c྅ᓌု€ृ ᓌ୉c >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hઊླྀ᩷ग़ᡥ൞ုᔍӨ€ᤀ⪮ໟ᮳͎cġġx൞ုyxໟ᮳yᓌ੿c >@᯻੿ြໟ▗ᦒhཀྵಖ▪ᦊَΠ€᩷૟ໟ෾c >@▎ᢪ▗஽᜻h᮴ຖ୰ᇊј˹€٬যଁ᲼‫€˹ݰ‬ᛷໟӀ␊ૉໟࡃુ€᩷▗ໟલຖcġġ΢ षഗぽఝ઻᮴ੌxໟyx൞y‫ݲ‬ӈኜห઻ࣽ€ྲྀੌx᩷y઻લட᩷c ~΢Ꭼᯊ‫଻ݲ‬b‫ݲ‬ห઻᩷ዼb‫ڠ‬டဧເ଻ࣽ€Ӄᦢဧx٬y઻cx᩷yx٬yᚾ઻ӈ▪ ͎€೩ᓌࡪᲷcť >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hਣᰉ˻hn‫آ‬ೡຆથ‚լ٬ৣแহcoġġxլyxৣyห઻€x٬y͙౸டc >@ૹੑ౦ઢh̰ೈᎻ෶৑ႆᑐ€ຨ͙ߪதລ€␊ཇਐට€٬৑೷␊ཇ€ᆠြಣc >@᯻ລ੿ૉໟᦒhହ੿ᦒ٬ଁ᭐▪ຖ€ຑ૽΢੾ੌ౪ೡc >@▎h೰૮Ჷষድᨕ෋٬ᡏዯᯔ˼‫͓ݲ‬෋ᇐ€૔ຨা᪍಄ુ€๫ᔐြԛഎનഎࣽc >@⦡ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦h⦀᩷ଁἛ̜੾ਾҋ€٬੿஥ॏ␊᪎ࣽ€᩷ಖ᭿̧Ҋፇਾ€␊‫ڧ‬ᬍѦ೺ਊ டcġġ̜ዼc͙x٬yx᩷yᚾ઻౸டc >@᯻Ꭻᆁhઊᆠ᮳҈јշ€᩷ᆠշ҈ј᮳€᩷ᆠ͎ଖ҈૮͎᮳շ€ྲྀ᪍ಖઍ҈‫ޞ‬ಖ੿Өࣽ ͎€ຨಖ˴҈૲ಖ̡͎ࣽc >@஥Ѯ˸hઊୗ٬҈Ԁ€᩷ӃԀ҈Ꮪ€᩷Ԁ҈ୗે€ྲྀ६Ԁட⦁͎c >@⦡એᓛᮇो঩hಣ͙᩷Ҍੑ๫ᰗc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hઆ̧ட⦁€੐ြἓ‫༻܁‬᩷߂஥ॏc >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬h᩷̈́ԡชࣽઅ҈ᵤ৥ࣽ€ಖ઎͎᩷ >@᯻੿ᴋၘઽ⍗h٬೩‫ݲ‬๰૟ࢅ€Ꮛ͓᩷ਾଁ⭵ൾࣽृ൏ֱᩮcġġଁषዼb‫€ڠ‬ ੌ౸͙x٬y઻ࣽ€ੌ౸͙x᩷y઻ࣽ€Ӄ᩷ᓌࡪᲷᦢድc ȉಣኜ~ ~ഗцੌᚾࣽໟ༕€Ꮛ͙ଁ᩷ࣽ␊ಣc >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦h೰ઊәਾ᩷೩әြਾ€ಂਾ᩷೩ಂြਾ€িӃᓌೡ⦁඾‚ >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h⪮ᰙြ℡҈ၫြ੅᩷€ဧ᩷ᵤဧ€ᜮ᩷ᵤᜮ͎cġġᚾषx᩷y઻€ྲྀ͙ ౸ໟཹ᩷c >@੅᲼hઊ६̜ԫடᖁ᱕€᩷ચ᜿҈ᒣಖᵤᶀ᩷€᯼୯‚ġġx᩷y઻͙౸ᚾཹட૟cx᯼ ୯yࣽ€ᚾࣽடઍത␊୯͎c >@੅᲼h૮ೡ᯻Ờ᯼᩷ᆠ஑‚ġġधَx᩷ᆠ᯼஑y͎c߆ޯᔎห઻ᩲc >@ૹᦒ᧥ફґմh૮ಕட୙ଁ᱆᯼᩷ව૨‚ġġᓌ˴ഗцc

171

>@೦‫⩎੍ا‬ᤇ᣾Ჽh᩷Ԫຨఢ᧬֔ާ͎€ᵤເᔄ๬ਾኁमட˴َcġġಣ͙x᩷y઻␊ཹ ࣽc Ќ>@‫ݳ‬Πၗ̧մh೰ӂ᩷ಖ๰ᘼਾட˹͎€ি௎๰᜷྅ட˹඾ >@ᗥ͔᪎մh᩷ಖੌᚳෙடә€૑ੌᗬә‚ >@ૹᦒᮦໜ෦մhതᏋ‚᩷ಖम҈᥮ட͎€૑म҈અடc >@᫐̧͔શ೚մh᩷ಖᴕॎ҈⪮࿇€ᵤເᚾ᧯҈ൖಖ⦁c >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մh᩷ͨᣫḻ༞டઍ€઎ೲ͙Ꮪॎ‫ס‬ட⦁€Ԫি௎ြԪத്೩ட඾‚ >@᯻▪ዹ࡙ᔎմh᩷ಖ෦ᵤຨःਾ҈᠏೰ఠ€᯼௎෦‫‚̧ݲ‬ᔢᵤຨᵎ€धӃઽцcġġ‫ݲ‬ षഗцྲྀᓌcť ብ>@஥෦ᴼ˸ᮇմhधੌ૭଻€᩷ಖ٬͎cġġᚾഗჱ᳼c >@ૹᦒҝᰝӹ෦մhዶ૭ླྀขц‫€܂ت‬௎౪਺˴ְ€᩷ដ᡾തᰗ‚҈྅▎ᵤ᩷෶҅Ჷࣽཹc ġġಣཹͬடଁ͙౸͙x᩷y઻͎cੌմx҈྅▎ᵤ᩷෶҅Ჷࣽyϯഗ€ ͙x᩷y઻ጓสx΀y઻€धմxᵤ΀ͨ෶҅Ჷy͎€ᭁનၟxཹy઻டហҌc ȉ>@ӷ>@‫ݲ‬ဤઍx᩷y᩷x᩷ಖyྲྀࠌ઻€ᦢ~Ჷc ~x᩷yҝxԣyxതyᚾห઻€ຖଁҝࣽᤣ͎c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hᚕӨᔢᵎ€ԣ᩷Ϊಣ‚ >@▎૞ਿᒎ෦hલ૳াᗂത᩷ཹ඾‚ >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhӋԣ᩷␊᮳‚ġġଁ΀xԣ᩷yxത᩷yࣽ€ Ќx᩷ԣyx᩷തy͎cx᯼᩷y̡઻€ᵤ੐ಣဤcx᯼᩷y̡઻ଁҝ೩੿cť ҝxଁy઻Ꮛ͛ຖԳc >@‫ݳ‬ዑᤠh቏ଁ᩷અcġġx᩷yҝxଁy઻҈ฎြಖຖc >@‫׳‬ඥӨhಖᧅᔎଁ᩷࿭ੑࣽc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h⪮ൾ๫ଁ᩷‫ڙ‬૟ࣽc >@ૹյખ෦h࡝ຮ঵૱ဈ̅ು̛Ꮸᄕ‫€ڭ‬ᣒᖀଁ᩷୉࿠ࣽc >@᯻ሪ̧Ꭸ஽Υhଁ᩷୉€ྲྀ঄྅଻ਾcġġषഗぽxଁ᩷y̡઻€ྲྀҝࣽຖြଁҝc ຖြ଻઻ࣽᵤᤣcx᩷yҝ଻઻҈ჱ᳼ࣽ€͛ᔐxடy઻€ԛ೩xடy઻ᲷᩲcŦ >@᫐ম⁎࿍hᅣᙣட᩷ု€ᘒ૴ட␊෋cġġधմx᩷ᅣᙣုy͎c >@᯻੿ૉໟᦒh⥣૤ட᩷ᣫ€⒵⒫ட᩷ုc >@஥Ѯ੾Ԇhԫုⳁ઄€࢜Ḱட᩷ಋc >@ുΠhӋஉ̧€ಔԪલՖ€ᓒဠ઺டᵤ̧͎ͅ€ཀྵᢂြ૞੘டᙧ€៣ᯉ౮↑ட᩷ᣫ€҈‫׶‬ Ꭳட᩷ᓌ‫ޙ‬cġġଁषഗцᓌ੿€ྲྀᔐxடy઻cಖᵤᔐࣽ€Ꮛብ >@‫ݳ‬Πၗ̧մhԪ⪮ᓄਾடບ᩷҈ԣ᩷‚ġġَxԪ⪮᩷ᓄਾடບ҈᩷ԣy͎cx᩷y೺ఝ ઻͎c ȉಣഗ᭶ጓ€ᥫմhx᯼᩷yဧဤ೩੿c ȉᦢ~Ჷcຏᣫட>@>@ဤ᩷ಣᣫட>@>@ဤ‫ث‬ચc ~x᩷yલఝ઻€ಖଁҝੌ᩺᮴▪҈ᵤᦒࣽc >@‫׳‬᭑Өhୗ᩷ூ‫׉‬ฎ͎€ୗ᩷с‫׉‬ಾ͎€ୗ᩷ੑ‫׉‬ᑞ͎cġġधմxԫԩ▗ୗ᩷ૡফூ‫׉‬ ฎy͎cxૡফy੐᮴€ཀྵᙦ҈ᵤᦒc >@ૹᙬ᛾෦hၘ᩷࿭ᯊ೧c >@▎յખ෦hषぽ೪ೱ๰ુᠠૉુႆ̡Ҋፇਾ€ᤣ᩷ုඍᴸぽⅴ࿠c >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦h̰ӣ᧥࣭᩷૟c >@ૹ᯻Ӗ৉෦hᓖ᩷ᢙસᐵ৫થ๯ྃೣcġġ‫ݲ‬षഗぽx᩷y઻ҝͬྲྀ੐᮴▪€ཀྵੋ҈ᵤ ᦒc ~x᩷y઻ြ‫׊‬ఝຖ€๫ҝͬࣽᤣ͎c >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬ḩ˻hnӃ᩷ூ᪎€નӃ᩷‫⦁ܨ‬eӃ᩷‫€⦁ܨ‬નӃ᩷અeӃ᩷અ€નӃ᩷ᢪco ġġxӃ᩷ூ᪎yࣽ€َxӃ᩷டூ᪎y͎€xடyࣽ€͙ኜӃ᩷ூ᪎டਾ€ӨᓌcxӃy€ ‫׊‬ఝ͎cಣᇐഗц€ఝ઻຤຤ጓ␊‫ت‬ఝc >@▎᪎҈hᖀ͎ᆠӃَ᩷‫ژ‬ԛᩲcġġ َxӃ᩷ᖀ‫ژݳ‬ᩲy€xᖀyҝͬ҈␊ടͬcཀྵxӃyxَy‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ྲྀӃᗂᓌ‫ت‬ఝcťੌ΀ >@ᗥઍ᥷մhӃ᩷৑ຒᩲc >@‫ݳ‬Πᵠ౦մhᓻઊӃ᩷૟Ֆ͎᩷඾ >@๻ึఛմhೲཀྵӃ᩷߀ߠ€Ӄ᩷൐ᝬᩲc 172

>@⦡ͭঽકӪ෦մhપఘিӃ᩷ᓌળ඾ġġ‫ݲ‬x᩷y઻สx͙y઻ጓc҈ष >@⦡ͭ౦ᜲ෦մhೲཀྵಖၫᵤᵸ᩷ᢪ዗€឴ᵤᵸ͙ࢧᚧ€౯ᵤ෶͙६լc >@ૹᦒቐൊ෦մh⠢⦁ຒ͙␊೚€ଶ౯ហ᩷␊Ꮧc ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€͙x᩷yx͙yᚾ઻ӈ▪␊ࠒcᵤၟઁਾဧ઻ᵤ᫅€ಖᰗဧࣽ̐஡ੌಖហҌcଞ‫׊‬ ఝຖ€x᩷y઻ᨗੌઐጓcເ >@ૹᦒᙬ᛾෦մhുઍ๫ᵸ᩷Πcġġ௎մx๫ᵸ͙Πy€Ꮛᵤͬᩲc ᦒᲿઍx᩷y઻຤຤ੌᵤӃጓடᣫ€಻ͬଁᐎடጓ€ྖӃ಻ᗉ€යᵤ۶ᆛ␊સ‫͎ݳ‬c ȉ~ᲷࢅhnxӃyxᵸyᚾ‫׊‬ఝ઻ຖ€ଁᝡಖિఝ઻€ᾫੌ‫ت‬ఝடጓcoಣᣫᏋᵤ നxӃy઻€ࠌxَyᇐఝ઻ટӃᗂᓌ‫ت‬ఝcᚾࢅໟ༕€᮴ࣽ␊ᖤ€ຖࣽᗉੌ߉c

␊઻டဧ͠டԆ ~x␊y€૾઻€͙౸઻͎€ጓxᓖy͎€x‫׊‬y͎c▎΢͍ହಖਾ˻x␊ycӅட€΢ ๬ఝଁ͙ੌࣽ˻x␊y€ཀྵx␊y͛લֳఝ઻c҈x␊y␊ఝ઻€ጓxส␊y͎ex␊y␊ࠌ ઻€ጓxᓖ␊y͎€ྲྀ᩷ಣᰗc ~x␊y઻ҝ଻ࣽಖᤣc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hཀྵ␊Ѡ౮ࣽ€ੜ͎€␊ᩬᙃᡑࣽ€ጶ͎€␊ਣ‫ݞ‬ᙃᎻࣽ€࿇᩷Ԏ͎cġġ xੜyடଁ͙xᙃ౮yࣽ€x␊Ѡy͎€ཀྵx␊Ѡyࣽ€ ̰xੜyடଁ͙xᙃ౮y͎cx␊y᩷ҝͬલֳxᙃy઻ࣽ€ಣ͎c >@▎࢞੿hዑ␊த҅҈ੌ‫€ت‬૮␊ẟ઺டಢ␊டeዑ␊த҅҈ᵤ‫€ت‬૮␊ᧅપட੄␊டeዑ ␊த҅҈ᵤ‫€ت‬૮␊ଁૻᨰԈࣽຨͨ҈␊டcġġએx␊y઻ҝͬྲྀલఝ઻€ ҈x␊டyடx␊y€ఝ઻͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉hடਾ͎€டຒ͎€൴‫؟‬㩻᭑ཌྷ͙␊˴྅ᬯֳఠ€᯼ཙཙԳ͙‫׉‬Ө␊૟‚ >@੅᲼ḩ਀ᵤӃ͙᧣␊̧ఘ‫͙€ڙ‬ಖፇ␊ᨈਾֳ‚ >@▎h૮әடᵎᵤ٬Ữ̧€҈Ӌடൾә▎ᵤ௎Ữ̧ட๼͎€ᗉәࣽᵤ‫̜ܨ‬ਾ€ә஛Ӌ␊әட ቔს͎c >@ૹᙬ᛾෦h␊‫׉‬Ө᩷୯ᙼેc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hԪ␊▗๰ઍട€‫׉‬ӨӃᓙ͎c >@▗ᙦ˸hཀྵ΢ᙦடઅ€␊ၣઅ͎c >@᫐ၟಲ୉hઊ⦁⁴යᴤਿ඾‚൴␊ߵَಖᣲߓc >@᯻ជซ⭜ोh᣾͙ᮇᵔਾᏚ€ഀਾட͍€␊૜⇝˹ᥧ࢑ࡢᰗடድ€࿠Ոட೫Ҍc ġġ‫ݲ‬षഗ€x␊yடҝͬྲྀલఝ઻c ය>@‫̧̧࢞׳‬Өմhᵤၟ͙ࣽ␊␊৐͎€ಖၟ͙ࣽ␊␊๫ᗥ͎c >@▎᭑ᦊӨմh൑⪮␊᠐͎€҈ੌ‫␊ֳآ‬᠐cġġ‫ݲ‬x␊y઻டҝͬ€ྲ္ྀ͙ഗ€҈ຖ๫ఝ ઻ࣽ€Ꮛ͙ྲྀ␊ഗடो͎ͬcťཀྵx␊৐yࣽ€̰ᵤၟࣽ૗ষਸ̧ଁ␊ᵤ㫁᱓҈๬᩷cසഗᓌ ಣc ȉ՜˴ഗߣ᧵๾ೲh᮴஡ဤߣx␊mmyฎြఝ઻ட᮴€ೲఝ઻ߣበ࿥Π€ຖ̡ဤߣx␊mm yຖ҂㜏ੌఝ઻€ᓖಣᵤೲఝ઻Ჷߣበ࿥Π€҈ೲഗ̧ߣोͬc ~ҝห઻€Ꮛxடy઻ု૨c >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhਣ෋ᩅᎤ຤␊டཫcġġx␊டཫyࣽ€x␊ᬖཫy͎c >@▎ඥ੿hଞြ␊ட஑ᚤ‚ >@‫ݳ‬લјh҈૦͎␊டᚳෙ҈᚝μடc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h૮ᵸӨᔢা͙᩷ૹӋ␊Ꭸ૛€␊டᦑୡဧ᜿€ߪ␊டଁᣎᩲc >@᯻੿ၘઽᴋໟ▗ᦒh␊ಖΡࣽ€૊ຨᵤ͓ପ␊டட᧵ֳ‚ġġଁषx␊ட஑ᚤy€x␊ட ᚳෙy€x␊டᦑୡy€x␊டட᧵yྲྀ૾઻͎cӷx␊டᣎyࣽ€धմx␊ଁᣎy͎€ᵤ੐ ಣဤ€೩ห઻Ჽcť >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hཀྵ␊ೲ᪍௨᩷ᐝ€Ꭷ᩷ҋ၅€ᆽ䱋㐦ᄁ€⦁⛖␊˴cġġ xೲyห઻€x␊y઻ଁҝcಖિห઻டଁҝࣽ€߆ห઻ᲽcŦ ȉห઻Ჽぽέੌ~Ჷ‫ݳ‬٬x␊டmmyߣሞࣈ€നxடy઻ྲྀ଻઻€᩷ಣᰗcᰝ‫ا‬ ࢅxடyုⱷࡪcብ~Ჷ‫تݳ‬ఝ઻€Ữष>@ဤ€᩷ಣᣫ>@ဤໟᓌcᰝ‫␊ͭ߉ا‬ห઻ Ჽc ȉห઻Ჽ๫ᦉᔍ‫ݳט‬x␊yҝಖિห઻ߣ▪઻€έੌ~Ჷ‫ن‬ҟx␊yҝxাy઻c 173

~ҝxଁy઻͛ຖடc >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦hଁ␊૝‫܂‬ឝշࣽ๼ᨈ€๼ᨈͣԛӷcġġx␊yҝxଁy઻҈ຖԳc >@▎ဠ೪Ӫ෦hᚕӨଁ␊ᵤᏚ€⪮␊඄Ӌᮇृ҈ពઊਾ᩷೦ຖੌ⎈؈‚ >@▎̈͊ઐґh‫␊ଁ͙܁‬ട͔૟c >@▎᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅh੿ଁ␊ᯊᔎՖࣽ€ᰘՖ໴ఝᵊઍc >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦h‫̜ژ‬ҊᲽ€͔‫ا‬ᵎः࡝ឪடଁ␊ส͎cġġМxଁ␊yᓌ੿c ~ҝޯᔎห઻ટය€೰Ӄᄝ᳼Գc >@‫ݳ‬લјh⪮ઊਾட␊ᑢ҈ԣ␊‚ >@▗ᙦ˸hຆ␊લَӋ҈ຖَ̐೧‚ >@‫ݳ‬લјh઎டଌ€ᜍ␊ြ̫டᔍ‚ >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h૮ᚤ҈ᖤட€ᤗட।Ӄຨ€ത␊ु‚ġġ˻xԣ␊y€˻xຆ␊y€ ˻xᜍ␊y€˻xത␊y€ྲྀx␊y઻ຖြޯᔎห઻͎c >@⦡ச᙭Ӫ෦h૮ྱ᧥ᏴᱝͨӋ€ཀྵ‫܈‬ஹட€ത̰㜻Ӌ␊ֳ‚ġġَx̰ത␊㜻Ӌֳy͎c x␊yxതy઻€લຖᄝ᳼c >@▎֥ᴋӪ෦hത̰६᧥ᤃફ‫܆‬क़Օ⛎ட␊‚ġġَx̰␊ത६᧥ᤃફ‫܆‬क़҈Օ⛎டy͎c ӷ>@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մhͨത͙ਣடಝᯗ␊඾‚ >@▎ᖭ▪▗Өմhշဧೲࣽ␊඾‚ >@᫐̧⠮֋୉մhᜍ͙ட౪᭑ί҈᣶␊‚ >@࿍ఛࢥ⬔Ჽմhതཀྵⳁ๾᧥᪍€া૭߬␊‚ >@஥෦ស▗̜੾̜ᮇմh੅Ꮛ๫ᗥ€ത၅ட␊‚ >@▎Ѯ▗੾̜ᮇմhᓛᵤ༹ટᡥ€തᓛட␊‚ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗぽxതyx␊yᚾ઻ࠪឝᎲᄝ᳼€ࠪ ᔐ͙x͙y઻cයx␊y઻ੌጓสΠ‫׊‬ᵤ␊ហࣽ€ੌጓสxੌy઻ࣽcӷጓสᚧͬ€Ꮛ೩ޯᔎ ห઻Ჷcť૮ྲྀጓส૾઻ટ⛖€Ŧӷᓖଁጓ҈મໜੌᏊࣽ€ྲྀຖਾ␊டc᯼ೲ᯼⪮€નੌ‫؜‬ ࠒc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉᣠմh᫐̧մnլ๫ଁဧ‫׉‬Ө␊o€ຈ๫xതy઻੐ഗઍ€ಣၟᰝ‫ଁا‬ष⦡ͭ᫐̧‫̧׳‬࿍ఛ டx␊yྲྀ‫€઻׊‬᩷xതy઻ᵤໟᵊࠌ€ಖ⪮૾઻ࡵᩲc஥෦̡x␊y઻ྲྀೲఝ઻€⪮૾઻c ~લֳఝ઻€ಖଁҝӃ᩺᮴▪҈ᵤᦒc >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦h˴໴҈‫׉‬Өဧцྲྀ␊჈‫ث‬cġġxྲྀ␊჈‫ث‬yࣽ€َxྲྀ␊˴໴டཀྵ҈ੌ ჈‫ث‬y͎cx˴໴y੐᮴▪€ཀྵx␊y઻ຖᵤ‫੿҈َث‬᩺Գc >@▎‫׳‬ᬃӪ෦hাເ‫ܧ‬ြᏞ͙Ө€ྲྀ૽˻Ӫ͔ઊ€␊ᔏᇊ᥸᫐ட‫᧥€ܖ‬ᔍ͔Ꭾ€ᰟᨖடc >@ૹᛏ၍෦hәᛏ೩͔඲டຖ€ႃ؈ᵤ␊ᣃुc >@᫐ள૳ఘhᔢය€౲ӷြ޴€Ԫ೩ಖᴤ␊c⅙ය␊ᡖ€ᗂ␊ु€๬␊ᩜc >@੅᲼hᧅᵤӨ㭼€ᐮᵤ␊ሣc >@᯻Ӌ▗ᝬ⦁᜻h▗਀य़ᔎ€␊‫ڙ‬ষ‫ݳ‬ᢙ€᣾ಖ᎟c >@⦡ग़൴ᎡӪ෦h๫୨౷€ྲྀ␊ᛜਯc >@᯻ᬈՖ஽ΥྡeᎡ೶‫ݞ‬ਾ€Ֆ␊สᦒ੃€‫ڠ‬ᵤૻഗ€෦˴᪪͙␊Ვ€ᵤ␊዗cġġ‫ݲ‬षఝ ઻᮴x␊y઻€ಖҝͬྲྀ᩺᮴▪҈ᵤᦒ͎c ઁᲿઍx␊y઻ੌᴤጓࣽ€಻ͬ‫€ᦒݲ‬έ஌ጓಖഗហҌ€҈x␊y઻டᣄጓનຨcເೲഗц€ Ў⪮ᯊᴔ€ཀྵᵤӪԳc

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>@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hത઎ၟԪӃ͎‚ġġಣҝxଁyxതy‫҈઻ݲ‬ຖடࣽc x઎yடҝͬ€ੌᙦૐࣽc >@ૹ▪ફґh૮цੌࠞញ㼬َட᳥€ೲ෋Ꭴәᵤ۶ᦑᅥ€҈੿๫઎ᔄम૲͎c >@▎Ҡцઢh૮ਾੌम€༻ન၅҈ҠԛകԳ€ࠪ‫ۨ܈‬๬␊᮳҈⦁হỞӷcġġधմx੿๫ଁ ๰ᔄम૲y͎€x⦁๫ଁ๰ӷy͎cxỞy⛖x઎y€ຈ৘x๰yc ~ဧ€᥼ໜմhnx͙y͎co૾઻€ҝ଻઻ᵤᤣcҝxೲyxಣyxതy‫€઻ݲ‬Ꮛຖ Գcલఝ઻€ᏋҝͬӃय़c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hဧᦀ␊૭⦡c >@᯻ᴋ▗ᝬ⦁᜻h▗ட␊ҝᰝ€ဧনᦀԩ̐ຨ⦦˹͍c ġġxဧyx͙y͎cଁҝྲྀ྽઻҈଻ဧࣽ€ҝ଻઻ⲣ೩€҃᩷଻઻๫ᰗᩲc >@ૹᣠ཰෦hᵤ᧵঄ລဧಣ␊ഃᢙ͎c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hྱೲဧ‫ڰ‬c >@஥ͅ੾̜hḰᥫ೰ን€ೲဧ࢞ͨc >@▎hೲဧẏடc >@▎hᓄೲဧও͍ছឝc >@ᦒ͔࡙ࡏh௓ဧᵤͩੌҝc >@⦡ു྅ૅhӋ᮴‫܈‬ปᤗ€᮷஑ជcԛ҈ੌ؋€ဧೲᶀྱӋcġġ ಣxဧy઻டҝxೲyxಣy‫҈઻ݲ‬ฎြຖࣽcŦ >@ຖૹ౔ᮭ෦hതဧဧ⪮ླྀ؈‚ġġಣҝxതy઻ࣽc >@஥ស̡੾એhͨབྷೱဧᵤ۶Ἀᚳc >@ဠΠhᎻဧ⩹ᵤճఝ€ሟ᪫ြ᪅c >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhೲ͙Ќ૟ဧ‫ڰ‬cġġଁषxဧy઻€Ќxဧೲy͎€ᵤَxೲyࣽ€ࣶ੿▪ ͎c >@⦡‫ݲ‬൳ᮇो঩h᰻᥼஑ᥧ⪁€͙ᝈቢМ੘€ဧḈၕ‫̧͎׉‬cġġxဧyҝᓉఝ઻€ ᩷x͙y઻ᓌ€ಣ✫‫ث‬Ҍc ȉಣഗୗጓ€ᗉxҝ଻઻ⲣ೩҃yએ઻␊သ▪c ȉ>@xဧyฎြxಣy᮴€>@xဧyฎြxೲy᮴c ~ၗ€⪮͎€૾઻€ብҝ଻઻€᳼ഗ᮴Ꮛ␊ዶ࢑டఛಾc ၗc >@᫐̧˼̧ਿh̫டြ⦁͎€ಖधẺ೒᩷ၗઊ̧ட࡝Ԫᳯ͎€Ԫᵤၟ‫׉‬ϫட͔ᢢ͎cġġ xၗઊ̧yࣽ€x⪮ઊ̧y͎c >@‫ݳ‬Πᨚᔎhၗ᳁ව€Ԫಖ῿࡝஥┽ᩲcġġᰝъմhťnxၗy€x๫y͎coન‫؜‬c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hၗ൴Ꭱ€ԣᵤᏚಣࣽ‚ġġເմx๫൴Ꭱy€Ꮛ૲டᩲc >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hၗ඄Ֆ€ഃ␊̮ໟଁᦕc >@᯻ᲾᣱઅடᦒhၗᵸӨ€๫͙࡝Ԫட΁َc >@▎൅᧲̍hၗ̡̧€ఠәᙲ̧€ሹХြຖ྅ᩲc >@஥ઠ੾એhၗ̡̧ࣽ€࿍ᵤᓛᩲcġġଁषxၗy઻€ྲྀӃห͙x⪮y઻€೰ྲྀ᎝ြഗ ឝ€͙␊ዶ࢑டఛc ⪮c >@ᦒ͔࡙ࡏմhᎤ⪮˸ຖതಠ‚ຖ⪮Ꭴᓗ᩷ઽộc >@஥෦ស▗МᮇմhՖ⪮ᒊ€ုᵤ૊c ৢc >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өմhৢͨಖԣ͎‚ġġx⪮yxৢyᚾ઻€᩷xၗy઻ᓌ᧵€ટӃᗂᓌ૾ ઻cŦ ȉxᰝy΀ᰝՎc ȉઐᲷဤഗઍߣxၗyx⪮yxৢy⇝ᥫΝ␊ఝ઻€ᰝ‫ا‬સ␊૾઻๫ણ⠣͉઎c

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~া€ӂỊ಻‫ط‬մhnx઎y€x๰y€xাy͎co૾઻€ҝ଻઻€ҝห઻€ੌჱ᳼ ࣽ€ੌᢐxՋyxӷy‫€ࣽ઻ݲ‬ťӅྲྀ᩷ဧ␊ࠌ઻ࣽᰗc >@‫ژ‬ᵊ߳঩h᣶€َൖাಲ҈᣶͎cġġxাಲyࣽ€َxൖyଁা૝͎c >@᫐ຒણᇒhাಖᰗࣽᗥட€ᔨᡎ࿍ു͎cাಖᓌࣽᗂட€᭑ཌྷྲྀ˴͎cġġᚾxাy઻€ ྲَྀᓌᰗட઎€ᚾ‫ڠ‬ဧເ଻c >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬h˴َ᩷␊̡€̡᩷˴␊̜cাಣ͙຤€ѿᎺᵤ෶ຨcġġ͙੿ҝ଻bห‫€઻ݲ‬ ྲྀલြଁҝ€ᤣဤ͎c >@஥ᙦ̜hᘱᧉ֍ෘ€ଁা؈͎c >@⦡ଠফӪ෦h⬔୨തা␊ཇ‚ >@▎ၘ൳྅ૅh૮▗തা๰Ԫந୉ֳ‚ġġಣҝxଁyxതyᚾ઻€҈ฎြຖࣽc ӷ>@஥෦ͅ੾̜ᮇմh᥸▗€ͨடাચcġġَx᥸▗ચাͨૅy͎c᥸▗€ԫऄ͎cჱ᳼ ࣽ€xடy઻ᔐட͎c >@᯻੿ြໟ▗ᦒhা᪪঵ӷ౔டಲٚ€΢ԆҊፇᗁcাম̧ӷІՔ€΢Ԇೡc >@ᗥ͔᪎hা‫̧͙׉‬ӷြᥧਾc >@஥ѮМhা૽ઊ૽ᐔӷြ୨ছ€๫ᵤ‫ࠊت‬c >@᯻ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻hাೲޭ▗ட๛૜೚€࿲ੌ˴ᮇ€⩹۶ੌ᳝ੂա‫پ‬ြ٪ಐࣽc >@⦡ᗥᦒhা‫̧׉‬඗‫€پ‬Өӷන෉٬ẟ઺ુ଻€ृଁ዗ۨcġġଁषxাy઻ຖ˻xӷy€ ˻x͙ӷြy€˻xӷြy€˻xޭy€˻xӨӷy€‫઻ݲ‬ᓌ˴ഗц€ྲྀাಣ͙຤Ꮊ⑏டఛc >@᯻ᕷᣱລ൧঩h෭ौட⦦€াΡ⦡ҝᰝԛӨᯊ੾ਾc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hຏা̮Ꮕ͙੿⢈᳼ரਾcġġଁषxাyຖḈ͙xԛӨyx͙੿y€ ᩷᮴षxাಣ͙຤y▎˴ഗц€ྲྀᎫᆠ҈‫ݴ‬ჺடఛc ӷ>@᯻▪Ჾᮦ̐ઊᦒմhӅ௎ੌҝᰝໟເઆ⦡▗ᮦହቐൊடບચ€͛াြಣ€ᵤাြກᤣட ບ͎cġġxাြy̡઻ࠌဧ€ટ৘x๰y͎€x઎y͎c ȉᥫմhnੌ᩷xӷyxӷြyxޭyᇐ઻ᢐဧࣽc ~‫ށ‬ட€૾઻ဧц᩷೺ఝ઻͔༕ໟ൏€ཀྵ೺ఝ઻ੌဧເ૾઻ࣽeᶀೲ€҈૾઻ဧເఝ઻ ࣽ€ટੌடc >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦hᦼᓢᣯઊ€๰બหᏅዹ੿ଁᔎᣎᵝᱻ⬤ᝀcġġx๰y€ ઐఝ઻͎c˻x๰બy€Ꮛ͙౸xબy᩷xหyடᨗ઻ᩲcཀྵx๰y઻ဧເ૾઻c >@▎hੌ˴ਾ๰ᄋӨौચcġġx๰ᄋӨy€Ꮛ͙౸xᄋy᩷xौyடᨗ઻͎c >@⦡᧥ફઐґh▗ᇐྲྀઋ€Ԫટ๰ಣ⨆ᩲcġġx๰ಣyࣽ€xাಣy͎c >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦hᏋඥẟᏊድબ€ᦑ൵᫚ᚏ᫇᫼ᏸ⭵cġġxᏸy€ટఝ઻͎c˻xᏸ⭵y€ Ꮛ͙౸x⭵y᩷x᫚yx᫇yᩲ€΀␊૾઻€ટ๫ᵤӃc >@ૹ᧥ફґh᮴ੌ͔ώ঄๷cġġx঄y€ఝ઻€૮౸xώyx๷yᚾ઻c >@๻ึఛմh๻ட͎᩷€ಖ঄ಱடજ྅€ဠடࣇຒ؈঄▪Ӌ᩷Ԏட૟؈ >@⦡ͭ̈͊ઐґմh঄ೲ‫€آ‬࿍᜿᎝‫ݲ‬൳cġġᚾx঄y઻€ྲྀဧເ૾઻c ⦡Ჿઍ͙ఝ઻ဧເ૾઻ࣽ€ଁ੐҈ੌ€᪎ࣽӃাຨடcӷ૾઻ဧເఝ઻ࣽ€ࢅ೩ӨᏙx҈y઻ ᦊぽc

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Chapter 8 ਼઻Ꮩட╺ ࠌ઻‫ݳށ‬ ~΢਼઻ဧ͙ናḈሑᜯ઻ഗࣽ€˻ࠌ઻c ཀྵࠌ઻ဳࢅ€ࡵ⠣ೲશh˻ናട€˻Ḉሹ€˻ᜯⷖ€˻ሑᎳcМશࠌ઻€ಖᵤ␊ហ҈ੌ঄਼઻ ட඗ࣽᭁᨈcᭁྲྀዶภఝ઻bಙ઻͙␊ဧc

ናടࠌ઻ ~ࠌ઻ဧ͙Ꮞͣናടࣽઐ๫સ઻€҈ೇ೚຤຤͙xઊyx૮yx೰yxᭁyМ઻␊ናട࡝ Ϧடఛ€૮ᅐൿடc ~ӂỊಐ⑏hnઊӂỊࣽ€o੶஌մhnxઊyࣽ€࡝Πఛ€ટኜՊΠcoધҮជԷᦊ ‫ݬ‬஌մhnxઊy€࡝َடϦcoᮦ㦁մhnxઊyधx΢y͎coť҈x΢yટห઻cයᏋ ઁਾ͙xઊy઻␊࡝Πடͬࣽ€ટ⪮સ‫ݳ‬c‫ށ‬ட€ઊ઻͙᎝ഗឝࣽ€ྲྀ͙̌Ḉ੿▪€‫ث‬અυ ហ€ཀྵ͙xઊy઻ད␊ࢅࡵcೲᏋxઊy઻ൿ␊ኜՊห઻€҈⪮ບ␊࡝Πட਼઻͎c >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hઊᓛՖႄ౯€‫׉‬Ө๫๥c >@▎hઊਾ͛াื€යຖਾืடeૅ͛া㛛€҈ຖਾ㛛டeᓛ͛াป€҈ຖਾปடcġġ ᚾxઊy઻€ྲྀ̌Ḉ੿▪€‫ث‬ሑ˴ហ€҈͙xઊy઻ད␊ཻࡵҌc >@஥ᙦМhઊ൧ӑ€ᙛ᜿҈૊⛆cᙛ᜿๫Ꭴ€૊⛆๫്cᎤἸ്ඥ€ᴤ͙‫ޚ‬ᩲcઊ᜿€धୠ ͎€ୗᏑ€൴া༗͎cઊ൧ӑ€㎇ಖՖ҈ẑဧಖᎻ€ြೲֳᵤ఑૭ຒ҈‫͙܈‬ఠͅ€͛ᵤ஢ᩲc ġġࠌဧ̜xઊy઻€ྲྀ̌Ḉ੿▪€དኜಖਾಖ૟͙␊ሑ‫ݳ‬Ҍcཀྵxઊy઻͛ဧြ‫ݳ‬૟ட▪ ࣽ€ಣ͎c >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦hઊ͙͔൴Ꭱੌ቏૎€ᶀᵤ‫ث‬؈ >@▎ग़ᓄӪ෦hઊᓄ̰੿᭜੊̈́€ᔖ௅டᘟឝc੿ᵤၟಖᯇӨ€⦀ᅆӷಣc >@▎ச᙭Ӫ෦hઊ‫׉‬Өᓌ͍҈௡੅ଵᩲc >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦hઊःਾࣽ€ᵤೂଢ଼ြཌྷ€҈෶᩷྅ሑಗc >@⦡̈͊ઐґhઊ῿ᔥ࿪စ€ហᵤເ▗eળ҈ਉ᲼€▗ᵤເហc >@ᗥઍ᥷hઊၗடᓷ€‫ه‬டᵤӃሧ€ເಣઊġġ͙੿ଁषxઊy઻€ࠪ᎝ዼ€ࠪ᎝଻€ࠪ᎝ ഗ‫͙ྲྀ€ڠ‬དኜಖਾಖ૟҈␊⛎અ˴ហடϫҌc ȉᦊմhъઐสnҮ඗xઊyੌએԳ€ᭁ࡝َடϦ͎coᰝ‫ا‬ᭁष‫઻׊‬ာߓࣽc૮᧿hᦊषᢢ ഗ€ೲ͎€สxъyᏋ⪮€ᥫմx੶஌ycᮦ㦁€᣶ᤗਾ€᣶ᤗᦒੌ෦€Չhnᛸ᪎᎝ြ঄ ‫آ‬co ~૮€ಙ઻͎c▪ઍ຤຤લ⑏ස૟€҈ຖࢅҟઐᏫ€Ꮛဧx૮y઻cೲx૮y઻⪮͙Ꮚ ‫͙̰€͎آ‬ኜ೩‫ݳ‬ட૟Ҍcx૮y઻‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽ€ટਊ೩Գc ૮c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh૮୛ẑಖᎻ€Ӌ຤҈Ἓடcġġ੿َਣἛᬖ€૮ࢅҟઐᏫᤗป୛€ཀྵ͙x૮y઻᎝ டc >@▎ᖭ੿h૮ᖭϯΡᗔᏵ€൴Ԇ੾ί͎€धӃ͙␊᮳ᓛcġġ੿َਾྲྀӃ␊‫€ס‬૮ࢅҟсᖭટ යc >@஥▪੾╺h૮๬⬔ᔢનࡗ˴ઉਾ€ઋ˴֐ᩲ€ြ‫ס‬ட؋€̡੾ட˴͎€ᥧഃ஢ြᩮֳ >@▎̡ͅh௎ၟᵤ෶€Ꮛເ๫ચe૮Ў⨟ᩲ€ᵤເᚤ͎c >@▎h૮Ԫ̧ஆ͉‫ݲ‬൳€҈˻ᦑ૞ಖ༞҈ԛc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h૮௃ᔺட⦁€᧬ᵤຨਿཏ€ᘸᵤຨͅӪc >@ᤗ᲼hઁடԆફ̜ӋԆ൅டป͎€ปᵤ⦁ࣽe૮੅டป‫׉‬Өᵤයc͛‫܈‬ᶀட€ఘ͛҅ᱝ€Ꮋ ͛҅ᦽc૮᯻ᐘட຃નॣ̤€҈ᤗ‫਀ا‬ᵤ͎c⪮ᤗ്҈᯻ᐘ஌͎€ᤗ߽੅҈᯻ᐘ⛬c૮ᤗ൴⛬ ᩲc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅh૮᪲തનॣੌѼᰝடᯘ€ບᇮ▪᱘ᢙ‫€ݳ‬ᵤᚤ€ఙᶀုәᇐ੿€ത͎‚ġġ ‫ݲ‬षx૮y઻€ྲྀḈ੿▪҈༂ҟઐᏫ͎cᓛ᲼ࢅ˹€ൕ᙭୯ે€ᶀӼᝯḚ€ຖ௹ҟઐፃ€Ꮛ ဧx૮y઻͙ടഗc⛎ੌເଁषᤗ᲼டࠌဧx૮y઻͙६ඬࣽc

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૮͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh૮͎ᵤයcġġ੿षઁ૟€௹ҟ૮‫€آ‬x૮y઻ຖ‫͙׊‬x͙y઻€Ꮛఛ༕␊ᮆ☡c >@▎ඥ੿h૮͎͓ᓛ೚͔ᓛ҈৥‫૽ت‬Գcġġ‫׊‬x͎y઻€▪ඬ˴ዼ€ੌᗉͰடఛc >@▎ඥӨh૮͎␊ә€ជᏋᵤ๬€َᏋᵤᜮ€ᣪᩛᵤӨြᎻcġġx૮͎yᓌ੿c ӷ>@‫੿̧̧࢞׳‬մhዑ␊த҅҈ᵤ‫€ت‬૮␊ẟ઺டಢ␊டeዑ␊த҅҈ᵤ‫€ت‬૮␊ᧅપட੄␊ டeዑ␊த҅҈ᵤ‫€ت‬૮␊ଁૻᨰԈࣽຨͨ҈␊டc >@᫐̧ૐَմhᎤᓗᚾᔎြᮯ˻hn௎ହ͎ཕ҈૮͎໤€ହ͎ჺ҈૮͎῿࡝€ହ͎ળ҈૮͎ ട€ହ͎๬҈૮͎ु€ത͎‚oġġᚾᲷྲྀ͙xହyx૮yᚾ઻ዹຑ€ Ꮛَ‫آ‬ᩲcxዑyxହyᓌc ~೰઻᎝ြഗឝࣽ€ᵏ̌੿▪€ӿј˴Ꮅ͎cટੌ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽcx೰y઻੐ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍ ࣽ€ᵤ˴ಖហ€҈⪮ࠌ઻͎c x೰y੐ഗឝ␊ࠌ઻c >@‫੿▗׳‬h೰͙▪Ӌடຒ€Ҋᮇ҈ຖᤋ€धન‫ܫ‬ြ‫׉‬Өcġġ̌੿▪͙ᤗ๻ӋடӃૺ€Ќ▪Ӌ ੌຒடଵ҈‫€ݳ‬ध૔ເಣՉՉ€ཀྵx೰y઻⛎ј˴Ꮅ€͙ࡵଁૺடೲc >@‫ݳ‬ᠼ‫ا‬h೰ӂَमᩲcġġ੿᣿̡̧঄ជ€Ө൴᣿̡̧ုฎᵤઋ€ᵤຨఛಖ᣿€ ཀྵ͙x೰y઻јࢅ͎c >@▎ၗ̧h೰҈᩷ಖ๰ᘼਾட˹͎€ি௎๰᜷྅ட˹඾‚ >@ᤗ᲼h೰ๅલ૳᩷ᨈਾ୉€ੑ͛આ૆€ચ͛ާ᧬€ᧅ̧̈́ᖋ᪞⇝c >@᫐ਾᔐ྅h೰᫅␊㏗ᵎ҈շᵤᣈ€շဧ҈૦ੌ͙ᰗc >@▎͔શ೚h೰ߵᬞ␊᪁҈Ꭷֳ‫€׉‬ᬞ␊౮҈㜏ြѠ€ᵤૻ૮டَࣽ€ಖ᪜ֳࣽ€ᬞֳࣽ‚ġ ġ‫ݲ‬x೰y઻ட੐ഗឝ€ྲྀ̌ሹ᮴▪€⛎ј˴Ꮅࢅc x೰͎y੐ഗឝc >@᫐̧͔શ೚մh೰͎ໟ᩷ԪடҌᩲ€᥷ͻၟԪଁ΀Ԫடֳ‚ >@▎ਾᔐ྅h೰͎௎᩷լ͎ྲྀཌྷ͎€ᧁത඾ಖໟཌྷ͎‚҈ഃ҅டᓉਾ€▎շၟᓉઈġġᚾ մx೰͎y€ហ᩷ᱥဧx೰y઻๫Ꮚc x೰y઻ྰഗચઍࣽ€␊ហᵤ˴€੐ྲྀಙ઻͎€૮᚝ઢԳc >@ૹଠফ྅෦ḫໟຮ⦡ᚾ൴Ꭱ€ྲྀ͙␊Ꮋਿ಴ෙ‫€آ‬નӃ૨࡝€᭑ਾ੏ઽட೰ᵸc >@ຖૹଠ໗෦hↀᇐᔄફӷ€ྲྀা䌙᪆፯ፏ€൴ಖᎤ‫ڟ‬᳥€ફ೰඲டcġġ˻x೰ᵸy€ ˻x೰඲y€ງೲxಮ೰yxᅐ೰yடఛc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h೰ਾշடc >@▎▗Өhය೰ӷc >@▎h᳁ව೰धᵤӃӣc >@ຖૹਸՎ෦hᔢ๫୨ͅਾ€೰ੌ୘Ҡcġġ‫ݲ‬x೰y઻€ྲྀx೰धyடጓc >@⦡੅ઐґhᨸ૎ंә€ੌ෶ચ᩿‫ڙ‬஑੅ࣽ€Ԫ೰ᰟુ᩷ட⠣અc >@▎̈͊ઐґhᵤࣽ€௎Ꭿྲྀ೰␊ଁᦽc >@ૹ༎࿻෦h࿻̧٬ᰊ᭿ઝᎯӷ̡֔҄ࣽ€೰੾ਾcġġ‫ݲ‬x೰y઻€धմx൴೰y͎c >@ᤗ᲼h᪍᯻‫ا‬६ಖϫ€೰‫׉‬Өட।c >@᯻᩷ሪઍ̮ᦒh਌ᨉட೚€ଣ೰੾᭑cġġᚾx೰y઻€xഃ೰y͎c >@‫ژ‬؇ϊhߪϊ೰㕢c ᚾx೰yࠌဧc >@ૹ඘Ꮾઢh᭢ફ೰ᚤ೰᪎␨c >@▎ဟ࿿෦hᙴ⦁໴ω€೰ᘪ೰᭹c >@▎ग़ᡥ෦hᡥ೰ᚤ೰ष᣶c >@ંҮъh೰˼೰ᑑcġġ‫ݲ‬x೰y઻€x▎೰y͎c΢ᚾx೰y઻€ྲྀᚾ఑டͬ€َਿ೰ເ ಣ€▎ລເຏc಻ͬष >@▗ᙦ˸h೰ເၣઅ€Ꮛ஛‫͔ݲ‬ઊடᵤ෶ໟౖՖ͎c >@▎ᙦ̜h೰෋̧҈Ӄ⛅€ᏋલՖಖ⛅әᩲc >@୛᲼h୛᣶᚝࿍Ꮛ࿍‫€ث‬ҋ᚝੅Ꮛ੅‫€ث‬ઍ᚝᯻ỜᏋ᯻Ờ‫ث‬c೰᫅ଁ᚝டᓛ‫€ث‬ಣ͛෋Ӌ‫ث‬ ᩲcġġ΀̜x೰y઻ྲྀภ͎€௎͎€ዶ࢑டఛ€ᵤၟଁष̜Ჷ€xເyx෋yx᫅y̜઻€ ஡ੌዶ࢑டఛ€ᵤ͙͛x೰y઻␊ጓc̜x೰y઻ྲྀḈ੿▪҈೥᧜˴ហடࠌ઻͎cઁਾဧ઻€ ஡ੌ஡ហ€ᵤӃદଖc೰ዶ࢑டͬ€ੌᵤ͛ᦒࡵ҈ఛᰳԛᙦૐࣽcເ಻ͬष>@೦‫⩎੍ا‬ၟ˹Ჽ ᮈಫာᲾẏӋ˻hӋਿ␊આ̧ட‫€آ‬ာ΀྽ಐՖ˻hnઆ̧டᵤ౯€म ҹᗂ€ᵤ௎ఢઆ̧€⛎ 178

અၕᒊᱧநᇭ೚co྽ಐՖ‫˻҈ސ‬hnᵤӃ€Ԫୗ⛆␊͎co೰྽ಐՖᜮာ҈␊ட͎€͛๫૮ ೡடᤆ͎c >@▎ઋ୥Ჽ˻h๚டཀྵц€␊Іॢ͙ᣍ€▗ᣌՓ΀๚Ֆ˻hnᵤ௎͙ε€΢Іடଁ͙␊ᓒࣽ€ ͙৚ᨵ͎c૮ᨵ৚ᩲ€҈എୡࣽ।Ҍc೰εᏋᵤය€ᨵ৚ᏋᦑഎୡᩲcoġġᚾᲷ€΀x೰྽ ಐՖyմࣽ€ᤗ᲼x೰yสx௎y€҈x೰εᏋᵤයyࣽ€ટ᩷x௎yᓌហcᵤၟx೰྽ಐ Ֆy˴ഗ€Ꭻೲዶ࢑ட૟€҈x೰εᏋᵤයyࣽ€᧜ࡵ૟͉€ຈ๫ዶ࢑ட᧵€ത͙஑ጓ␊඾‚ ೰ዶ࢑டఛᰳ€ੌ‫آ‬ᙦૐြഗ‫҈€ڠ‬ᵤ͛ࡵَࣽc ӷx೰y઻੐ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍ€ᨗ๫ហடӃጓࣽ€Ү⦡ଁⲣ೩€҈ટ‫ྰآ‬ચြ‫̧ݲ‬டᦒc ~ᭁ઻€ધҮ‫̐ᦊ̧׉‬ហմhnᩆ༕டఛcoᮦᇱմhnᩆ༕€धၺᾫcߓ᙭ເಣ€ન ෶᨜᧸͎coťᮦ㦁մhnᵤߪᦑடఛcoයᏋxᭁy઻ဧ␊ಙ઻ࣽ૨€҈ဧ௎ናടࠌ઻᎝ြ ഗឝࣽ€ᨗⲣ೩͎c xᭁyဧြഗឝc >@ૹ᧥ફґhᭁᔄӋࣽ⩹᧥ြဠ▪€൅ࣽ⩹᧥ြᤗၣ€ྲྀຑᵎਾ҈ͅ଻cġġಣ͙xᭁy઻ና ടࣽcයϹՈಣͫᢢ▪̰ၟ᧥ફᕱઍ€લੌс‫׉‬Ө͛᩷ᵎਾூடட᧵€ཀྵ͙ઁ␊ࠒ€ ҈͙xᭁy઻ടடcೲxᭁy઻ൿੌx͔૕yxᩆ༕yடហ€҈⪮ບ͙࡝Π͎ࡵᩲc >@▎᪱වΩ෦‫׉‬ਾ᲼ᇊ̡ടఝhᭁᔄ℡‫ס‬ட‫آ‬c >@ᇊ̜ടմhᭁᔄ᮳َ‫ੌ͛€ࣽ׉‬Ἓြਾcġġ ᚾ᲼டട͙xᭁy઻ࣽ€Ŧ᩷૦ᵎͫxᭁy઻cŧ ⦡ͭਊဧ͙෦ᗉ€ເ >@͔ૂӪ෦մh޻͔ᩛ๫ᣲ€ᭁ̰ಲ੘մc >@౦ᜲӪ෦մhᭁ‫׉‬Өَс૳Ᏼଷઌ€ଷઌಖੌଁ‫ݰ‬ᩲc >@୨᫐Ӫ෦մhᭁ୨̧Ҋੌએ੾ፇᤡ€َ̡ࠪҊፇᤡ€͙ಖበ⦁҈ள৉͎c >@໿ᗸᦒմh੿ੌଁᣮӋઊਾcઊਾ᧝€ृ‫͙܃‬ਿ€ᭁઓପӋઊਾ٬Έੇடಫմc >@೺ព྅ૅմhၕᤃ᷁€઻̧ઊ€૳ၗᩲcᭁಖૅ‫˻پ‬ၕ‫ا‬cġġಣᭁ੿▪ଁَ‫ݲ‬૟€ᵤӃኒ ᨜€ཀྵ౲մxᭁy͙ᗉடcಣЌᩆ༕ட᧵͎c xᭁy઻ੌဧြഗઍࣽc >@⦡ဠઐґմhҋ൅ᭁЌฎԆ੾ᮇc >@▎൅᧲Ӫ෦մhፇՑ᲍઄€ಖ੿ᭁੌެ઎᎞մc >@▎ԩᎫՖӪ෦մhᨸ૎ᭁӷࣽᯊ֔ਾcġġ‫ݲ‬xᭁy઻ᔢ੐ഗઍ€ហ᩷᮴ᓌ€ൿᵤ೺ᩆ༕ၺ ᾫᵤસட᧵c ȉᦊմhಣᚾഗ೩‫઻׊‬ာߓ€ᰝ‫␊߉ا‬ᮦᇱΠc૮᧿h▪⛖ಣᣫᢢष‫઻׊‬ာߓ€҈‫઻׊‬ာߓ ष▪ੌ߉c̐ហᎫ▪␊hn᧿ਸ෦մhpxᭁyࣽᩆ༕டఛcqᮦᇱմhpᩆ༕€धၺᾫ͎m mqᮦ㦁մhpxᭁyࣽ€ᵤߪᦑடఛmmcqᤃ൚մhpߓ᙭ເಣ€ન෶᨜᧸qೲ͎co ȉᦊմh̡Πྲྀ␊‫ݞ‬ફ᲼ᔎടΠ€⪮‫׉‬ਾ᲼ടΠ͎c ȉxᭁy઻Өᗉᧇxᓌy઻c ~ӷxઊy઻ᢐx૮y઻˻૮ઊ€ᢐx೰y઻˻೰ઊࣽ€ྲྀ஡ກઐហ€ຈ๫Ꮚጓ͎c ૮ઊc >@ᗥઍ᥷մh૮ઊ‫׉‬Ŋ૮ઊϫŊ૮ઊ઄Ŋ૮ઊંcġġḈ੿▪஄ࢅ€҈x૮yᏋ⠣ናМ͎̈€ xઊyኜ⠣ናடཌྷ͎c >@ૹᦒ࿒ᵠ෦֚ઍ੿ᦒմh૮ઊ‫׉‬Ө੊̈́ᨰုட˹€த੐᠐ᩈ€ᔢ᩺ॎ‫ס‬ட၌€ᆳഴ᳁டဪ€ ᡂᮾᣀཹ̤ட᧵€҈ᤀ๫ኒთட્€ᔢञᆜᝬ‫܈‬ᔏ᧣ြ঄྅டՖ€Ꮛਾఘ͛ᯟᆏುໟҿடХ ᩲcġġಣᲷ͙x૮ઊyടࣽ€x૮yࢅҟઐਾᣵ˹€xઊyኜட€ੌୈᰏᡊᐋடᰳc ཀྵ>@᯻▪ሪ̧Ꭸ஽Υྡੌմh۲ӎ˹ᨰ̰೩Ჷហc૮ઊԩုί௅ໟయ㏗€жੑ୉࿠ໟἛ⛅€ ΜΜ஑Ვ͙ໟ६Ө€Ⴌ‫ج‬ચᕉᔨໟՊ€ኜ‫׉‬ೡਯ࣠€ᰉ૳҅ᵤໟሚ᪆€ᣄ௎Ӄൾc˴ೢ޻͓୯ ે€อເְᛦཹ€ᶀᶅ௎ᵤໟૻ€௹ᙶ⻗ᵤ˴ष‫ج‬๧€ᶀሊட▎Ө҄Գࣽྲྀೲ͎cġġಣీ▪ ᰳ€᩷᮴Ჷໟᓌc‫ݴ‬ድଁष€x૮yxઊyᚾ઻€ྲྀ஡ກઐហc ೰ઊc >@ૹᦒဟ࿿෦َᠬ఑ᦒմh೰ઊട᜿҈ᵤၟಖ㆚€ᚤᏋ␊ਾᣎ€੏Ꮛ᧝៝҅cġġଁՉx೰ ઊyࣽ€x೰y઻̌੿▪҈⛎ј˴Ꮅ͎€xઊyᏋ‫ث‬ኜಖ૟Ҍc >@᫐̧⠮֋୉մh೰ઊંட͎៝ᵤᎨ€Ꮛಖ᪆͔૪͎๫ୡc 179

>@Ờ᲼մh೰ઊ‫܈‬ᛳࣽ€ీ̧̤͎€Ӌᓖ෋டಁϫc‫܈‬ϫࣽ€੅͎€҈Ӌᓖ෋ட‫ت‬ᛳcઊ‫܈‬ᛳ ࣽಂϫ€੐‫܈‬ϫࣽಂᛳ€ಖඬ͛๫Ờᩲc೰ઊႃәᓒྲྀ‫͙܈‬ϫ૟੅c͙ϫ૟੅€ᝯध቟᭚҈๧ ୠ͎€᭚ᵤᦑᏋୠᵤुc૮Ӌடϫੌᦑ€҈੅ட૦๫ᨰ€ೲ᭚ୠடࢅ͎c >@ૹᦒങႆ෦մh೰ઊ᮴྅িᏚ໴๫೬ட᭶€ມ๫᳥டਾ€ቲ͍ြߞ⭵டಲ඾‚͙␊ᵤ᣻ᯘࣽ ᵤଵෘ€ᵤ൭᭶ࣽᵤଲ૑€ೲ͙⛆Ҋ᭑ட೚€͙ᅺຉᦼடࣗ€ਉ঵᥵டᕏ€᜵᥹઄டᯩ҈ᵤᑺ ͎cġġଁष‫ݲ‬Ჷ€͙x೰ઊyᚾ઻ടࣽ€ྲྀ஡೫ઐហc҈ੌಣ˴ና€▪ᰳટ␊˴Ⴒc ೲᏋxઊyx૮yx೰yxᭁyМ઻€ ઁનੌ͙␊࡝Ϧடఛࣽcብ͙̌Ḉ੿▪҈੓ြഗ‫ڠ‬Ҍcብය€҈଻␊ናടࠌ઻͎Ӄcᵤය€᩷ Ḉሹࠌ઻തᰗ‚

Ḉሹࠌ઻╺ட Ḉሹࠌ઻╺ட̡ ̡ ~Ḉሹࠌ઻ࣽ€ଁ͙Ḉሹ੿Өட▪€҈ᾫ၅ြഗ‫ڠ‬டઍ͎cḈሹࠌ઻€ብx҈yxᏋyᚾ ઻€ҮᲿઍᰒਊ೩cҮ૳ૅ͙x҈yxᏋyᚾ઻டᏊ€ብ੐▪ᰳடӲᮆc੿Ө▪ᰳӲࣽ€ࠌ ͙x҈y઻€ᮆᏋࠌ͙xᏋy઻cᭁᇊ‫ֳ؍‬x҈yxᏋyடમໜ€ཀྵ␊ಣ‫ע‬ᶷடࢅҌcᔢය€ ᚾ઻ட␊ဧ⬤᥼€ཀྵ⠣஌ြӨc ~҈઻ட␊ࠌ઻€ᵤብဧ͙Ḉሹ€҈ဧ␊ሑᜯࣽટਊ೩Գcයಣྲྀ੿Ө▪ហ␊டcᵤ ၟx҈y઻ᵤ዗டဤ€ብဧ͙␊ఝb྽‫઻ݲ‬டमՃҌ€ೲधx᩷yx٬yᇐ઻டဧ͙౸଻bห ‫͎઻ݲ‬c ~x҈y઻ဧ͙मՃఝ઻ࣽc ᮴ຖᚾఝ઻€ઍᔐx҈y઻͙ࠌடcťಣ൵ഗц€ੌা̜઻͙ӷ͠╺઻€ᯊ੾઻ࣽ€┥⠣ष டc ̜઻ഗc >@᫐⠮֋୉hໆ҈̬cġġxໆyx̬yᚾఝ઻€ઍᔐx҈y઻€͙ࡵxໆyx̬yᚾ૟લຖ मՃடᅥc >@▎⩎ંhಔࣽॎ‫ס‬ᠲ҈ફ€ட‫ݛ‬ᠲ҈ϯ€ਣ‫ݞ‬᠏҈Ӌ€ଷ▗᠏҈‫ڃ‬c >@࿍᲼hᙔြೲ∌҈គ€හ҈⌐€ᯛࡃြ‫€׉‬௎ચ૱҄ᯛࣽ€ത͎‚ġġଁषഗઍ€x҈y઻ ྲྀᦢᚾఝ઻ᔐc ӷ੿Өᚾఝ઻˴ᶀ˴̐҈ͅ␊М઻ࣽcເh >@‫ݳ‬Π╺ⱑմhᵊ߳Ꮪ҈ᵤ֍€ઠ҈ᵤᣐc >@▎̧߱մhՖ଼̧҈ᵤᓌ€͓ਾᓌ҈ᵤᢐc >@஥෦ᦅ▗̡੾౪ᮇմh␊டᣓ̍€˻hnӷᩲ඾᣾҈ᵤา€ూ҈ᵤᎾ€ԁ҈ᵤ⛉€߽҈ᵤ ᠈€ӹ҈ᵤ֍€ລ҈ᵤᓧ€ઠ҈ᵤ೉€ඐ҈ᵤᬽ€ဧ҈ᵤᛔ€᥼҈ᵤẏ€၅҈ᵤ᭶€६҈ᵤ ᤛ€ᣫ҈ᵤপ€๬҈ᵤ߸cԆᯛ଼€╺ϊԩ€Ჷੌষ€ઽੌ঩€ࣇຒடଁᓌ͎coġġಣ൵ഗ ц€Ү෦ੌᵤᖤषࣽc ▎᮴ຖఝ઻€ಖᇊ̡ఝ઻ੌxடy઻␊ुͬࣽ€ઍᦢx҈y઻€ટͅМ઻cເh >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өմh਌҈ߗடŊ៛҈ઋடc >@▎᭑ᦊ੿մhլЎৈ҈ੑடc ͙٬ᇊ˴ఝ઻␊ੌࠑХӃ೩ࣽ€ຖḈಖિఝ઻€૕͙x҈y઻౸ட€Ӄͅ␊М઻ࣽcເ >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆӨմh▎ఙ҈டසŊ໤҈๾டc >@▎ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿hᶀ҈૦டc >@᯻▪சઍ̮෦ຖ⑏hድࣽ೩ಖය€๰҈୥டc >@‫ݳ‬Πၗ̧մh෭҈ᘼட€ᵤຨ᩷டَc >@஥෦ᙦԆᮇմh̜ᮇ҈с᜿€৑҈Ⴒࡣ€ᛌ҈垴ӷ€͙ᯊᎡᨗcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗྲྀ߆ြఝ઻ໟḈᲽ ᩲc >@ૹᦒᙬ᛾෦մhᚕӨ૊ຨ҈ੌட‚ >@▎ങႆ෦մhಖ྅෦ᵤӃຨ҈ࡪc >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մhࣇຒட˹€Ֆᵤຨ҈ә€⬔ᵤຨ҈̧c >@᫐̧ᥫફӋմḩடલ૳ᵤᤗ€Ԫ๫ຨ҈ໟԳcġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ‫׊‬ఝxຨy઻ຖ᣾Ḉᓉఝ€຤຤ᔐ ͙x҈y઻€ટ዗ဤ͎cŦఝ઻ໟḈᲽぽન๦€૮ᗔઢԳc ӷԆ઻ഗᰒઁ€૮Ꮛઁ▪ૅဧͅⅤᰆᩲc >@‫ݳ‬ๅѠhઊࡃ͎ࣽ€ᴑ᣾҈ႄហ€ᨕَ҈ድ᭸€᧻͙Өਾc੐ộ͛ࡃ€੐ૅ͛ࡃcġġxᴑ ᣾yࣽ€଻઻᩷ಖो͎ͬc҈xႄហyxᨕَyxድ᭸y̜ࣽ€ ྲྀఝ઻แಖु͎ͬcઍᦢx҈y઻€ಖцᵤႦc >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬h്്҈౯Ꮋ€౯Ꮋ҈‫נ‬ཌྷcġġМಥྲྀఝ઻᩷ಖु͎ͬc 180

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̰াీឝx೰ઊyട᣾᮸ӷxಖ␊ᗩ͎ᵤટᴤᩲyഗु€x҈y઻㙷ᡇ᮴ຖМ੾╺઻cಖМx ҈y઻€Ꮛ੿Өᚾಥ஡એ઻€x҈y઻ࠌடcಖԆx҈y઻€੿ಥ౪઻€Өಥ੾̡઻€ ઍᔐx҈y઻͙ᜯԳcಖએಖ͠ᚾx҈y઻ટය€Ӆྲྀ͙␊੿Өಥ‫ݲ‬ఝ઻டमՃ͎cཀྵ࿩ಣ ీ€͙೩x҈y઻ဧцடᵤᨰc ȉಣᣫմn᮴ຖᚾఝ઻o€നषဤઍྖੌ྽઻€ເ>@>@ྲྀೲc▎€ଁ΀nᚾఝ઻o€૨ࠌ ྏടͬbुͬbಙΠ‫ڙ‬৑ഗц઻ᯊc ȉnxຨyຖ᣾Ḉᓉఝ€຤຤ᔐ͙x҈y઻o€՜൵ᅥଞຈᵤ⇝ೲМ઻ഗ€ເ>@ߣxຨ҈ ࡪy€>@ߣxຨ҈әyxຨ҈̧y€>@ߣxຨ҈ໟy€ྲྀέ̜઻c ~x҈y઻ဧ͙मՃఝb྽‫ࣽ઻ݲ‬c ‫ݲ‬྽઻᚝଻҈ੌᚪⳁዹຑடᏊࣽ€ᾫᦢx҈y઻cx͙yx೰yᚾ઻€ટᔐဧԳ€ԛ߆྽઻Ჽ ᩲcಖࠪఝb྽ᚾ൵઻લຖᦢဧ€҈ហੌໟᵊࣽ€ટ͙x҈y઻␊मՃԳc >@ᗥઍ᥷hՖ̧ட⦁€ࠃ҈ᵤᓧ€᲻҈▪€ђ҈͉cġġxࠃyxᓧyx᲻yx▪yxђy x͉yએ྽઻€̜ኍ€஡␊ዹຑ€͙ᣈՖ̧ட⦁€ཀྵᦢ͙x҈y઻€͙ࡵಖໟᵊடហc >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈ḩђ҈Ꭷ€࣓҈ᵤ֙€᪫҈૊c >@஥ၣ˸ᮇh຃⥹҈⥿ட˻hnಢ҈ℯco >@▗ᙦ˸hၣౖ҈ᤇ€ᙦΡ҈ᦩ€ಖ␊ᰟᦩ͎ၗ€ᓛਾ⩹ၟc >@஥᫐МhӋᑞᦑᩲc̩҈ప€‫׉‬ட⦁͎c >@ૹ஌᥼෦hᵎ҈૨ᕏ€Ꮛུಖઢcᰙ҈૨ᕏ€Ꮛμಖमc >@᯻ј᪎ጓh๻᩿҈ц€‫҈̐ژ‬ᬢc >@▎ರ͹঩hᨤ҈ⳁ€ᥥಖੌ્cٛ҈ూ€ເ຤҈ລcġġଁषx҈y઻€ྲྀᦢ੿Өᚾ྽઻ ͙␊मՃࣽcӷເ>@▎ರ͹঩ੌմhᣋච҈੽ᔵŊ઼છ҈ඬᙛŊᠧᯛ҈☬Ꮱ€‫ו‬೺҈᧷ઍc ġġМഗ€ឝᚾഗ྽઻ຖြᎻ€ຖᚾഗᏋ྽લԳ€ઍ͙x҈y઻౸டࣽ€΢͙␊྽઻͎c >@᛾‫ײ‬म੅‫ݳ‬մhಣМՖࣽ€ྲྀࡵၫ҈᧣ൾ€নᎨ҈‫נ‬ਾ€ᰟᵎ҈‫˹ث‬cġġಣ̜ഗ€ឝഗ ੿Өಥྲྀ␊྽઻€ઍ˴ഗ੿ಥ྽઻€Өಥఝ઻€ᇊ̜ഗᏋྲྀఝ઻ᩲcසઐᇊ̜ഗ๫x҈y઻c >@᯻Ჾᩑ‫ו‬⣿ᦒhᵸӨᮇृ⣿จ€ఛỊ҈ᰳစc >@▎h૮̰ާᵤ౞ட૪€৑๫ਾடϫ€͙ໟ๰▪ᦊ␊૟€தዲ҈૟஥€ఛ‫ڙ⪮€܆ڟ҈ث‬ட ຨ͎c >@▎᩷ြᦅᵠᦒhྈᔄᢐӨ€቟ᵤ྅ட⣿€དઅ҈਀๬€⦁ਿ҈૟ᨗc >@▎Ჾ೘૳ᦒhઢⳁ҈Ḛ☡€ᓖ૟͙᙭ఛcઁடสࣽ€̐ເೲӂc >@▎᩷ᙬ᮷೺ᦒhϫృ҈ᙨ૨c >@▎h▪᪞҈๾ⳁc >@▎h஑Υ҈ᑗ્€଼ԩ҈ੌઅc >@▎hಖ␊ਾᵎ҈ੌ༙€ઢᘙ҈ᰳ଼c >@⦡඄྅ૅh▗̧ᦊ஑౷҈ઢᘱ€ᤠᎤ҈‫€͔܈‬ଣੌரֳġġଁषྲྀԆ઻ഗ€੿Өಥ྽઻ ᚝଻઻ࣽု૨€ಖྰဧఝ઻ࣽટੌԳc >@ᗥઍ᥷hᰙ҈ႄাဧ€ᚌ҈ႄাᦉc >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hଵ҈ᓅடc >@▎hፓ҈ႄ᪎c >@஥ᙦ̜hઊᨖ҈ᵤᘱ€ᘱ҈෶ᙿ€ᙿ҈ᵤᐻ€ᐻ҈෶㧪ࣽ€ຼᩲc >@▎ᦅ̡੾౪h᥼඾€ᔦᔦֳ€ూ҈ੌ᣾Ꮱc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hᵤ߽֔ί҈૝c >@᯻Ꭻ⦁h۲ӎಖટᣮ҈ચြ̜หடຖ€ᵤ೩ᘠြ࡙ਣ▪‫ݞ‬ဠ▗ਸ̧͎cಖટᵤᣮ҈ᵤચ ြ̜หட᮴€ᵤ೩̐ြ࡙ਣ▪‫ݞ‬ဠ▗ਸ̧͎c >@▎h઎ဠ▗҈੿€੿҈␊Ֆ€ཀྵಖ૟๬c઎ဠ▗҈Ө€Ө҈␊ә€ཀྵಖࢅΡcġġ੿ष‫ݲ‬ ഗ€ྲྀ˴྽˴ఝ€҈͙x҈y઻␊ᜯ໹ࣽcӃၟఝb྽ᚾ໫઻€ઁਾြ⡓ͬ⡒ഗ€ᗂᓌ˴ຐ€ ຈ๫ⱷ‫͎ث‬c ӷ>@‫ݳ‬Π␊۩մhԪ੾ੌԆ҈ઢြ᪎€̜੾҈અ€М੾҈ᵤૺ€Ԇ੾҈ၟ‫€૽׉‬એ੾҈Ҍ ў€͠੾҈๰͍ଁ‫€܈‬ᵤ⒭ᑽc >@▎̧ⲣմhМ੾Ԇ੾҈๫ᔄԳc >@⦡ͭা঩մhᮇ੾ᤡᏋӗઁ▪€̡੾҈᣶୉к३cġġ‫ݲ‬ഗぽເx੾ੌԆyx̜੾yxМ ੾yxԆ੾yxએ੾yx͠੾y▎x̡੾y€ྲྀќ྽͎cӨࠌx҈y઻ࣽ€Ꮛ͙નҮَࡵଁᯊ டᤡҌ€ᵤ੐ಣဤc ೰΢َ‫آ‬ட઻€๫‫઻଻␊ݳ‬bห઻b྽઻€ྲྀӃᗂᓌಙ઻€Ŧಖဤ߆Өc ȉᦊմh⦡ͭૹᦒϱ๫x҈y઻€ಣළ▪߂c 182

ȉಣxಙ઻yᨗԛുચ઻໫Ძᓜ€҈᩷૮xಙΠyໟ঄ᩲc ~ᵤདಣ͎€x҈y઻ટӃဧ␊ಙ઻᩷ఝb྽‫઻ݲ‬டमՃࣽc ಙ઻Ꭻ͙ᣈఝb྽டಫ€᩷྽઻๫Ꮚcઁਾြ྽઻bಙ઻€‫͙ݴ‬྽઻଻டc૮͙ᚾࣽ␊ဧᵤ ˴€ཀྵདᏊԳc >@‫׳‬᭑੿hᆠৢட€ᓟᓟԳ€ृᏋॺॺԳ€คය҈⨆cġġxคයy€ಙ઻€ଁ͙ᣈ൴⨆ட ્cӨሹx҈y઻€͙ࠌx⨆y઻ࣽ€Ꮛxคයy⪮x⨆y‫آ‬ட્€̰x⨆y᮴ட્͎c >@▎hᔢය€‫܈‬ᤣᤣ҈೩ட€ཀྵѢѢ҈૝cġġເೲ€xᤣᤣyᚾ઻€ᵤ᣾ಙx೩y઻€ᭁ धմx‫܈‬೩டᤣᤣy͎cxѢѢ҈૝yࣽ€धմxཀྵಖ૝டѢѢy͎cઊය€ >@᫐ၟಲ୉h෋ͨೋೋය҈Ꮪ᩷€Ꮪન᱗͎€ઠ▎୔டc >@⦡ങႆӪ෦h຤຤҈ᚳࣽ€Ҋੌፇ࢜c >@ᗥઍ᥷hཀྵՖ̧ட⦁€‫ݠ‬ය҈ೡᦊe͓ਾட⦁€ߣය҈ೡহc >@‫ݳ‬લјḩ߱૕ӂ҈ዹ˻c >@᫐ຒણᇒhͨርය҈ໆ€҈‫ܨ‬લ૳டଁ€Ꮛ᥮ය҈ᶀc >@⦡ೡࣽӪ෦hા᧣᛾‫ײ‬Ꮨය҈ხ€ᢞਭ̐ᗱᯅળ˻c >@᯻⛖ጓh௎යࣽ€‫׉‬Өடਾ€ฦฦය҈᠏€ກກය҈ഽ€஄஄ය҈ᡷ€ಖതᒣ҈ᵤ␊඾ ġġଁषഗぽ€ಙ઻ຖ͙x҈y઻Ḉடࣽ€ࡵಖ᩷Өಥ‫ݲ‬ఝ઻಄␊ᚾ૟͎ťc ӷ>@ᗥ͔᪎մh೩Ֆ̧҈ຖᓧයcġġxᓧයyࣽ€x೩Ֆ̧yຖட્͎c ΢ಙ઻َ‫€ࣽآ‬᩷⪮ಙ઻҈ટͭ‫ྲྀ€ࣽآ‬Ӄা␊੿ಥ҈͙x҈y઻Ḉட͎c >@஥ᙦ˸hЎ҈આഥ૽ҋᓻಲᓻߛြԚcġġxЎy€َ‫€آ‬ಙ઻͎€૮␊੿ಥ€ ຖ͙x҈y઻Ḉடc >@⦡ͭ᳁ᰓӪ෦մhԛ҈૟ᤗ▗̧͓ଷc >@▎մhЎ҈ᛌ€ಖᧅ‫ڟ‬ઋc >@ૹᦒ᛾‫ײ‬෦մh૮҈ੌम€ફ૭᥮டӃ͎€⧲டӃ͎€ᖀட҅Ӄ͎€‫ڃ‬டӃ͎c >@▗೷ᦅ̡੾౪ᮇմh૮௎ೲ⧽҈᩷ᠼ̧ᓛ€ᠼ̧धᵤ‫͎ت‬c >@▎ၣ▗̡ᮇմhӷֳϫட᩷ਾᏋᵤය€໥҈Ӄ͙␊ಖੌᩲc >@ૹᦒ࢛ᐲპ෦մhᆠ␊ृ෋€ϔ҈͔ᣮcġġ ೚᣸մhnxϔy᩷x໥y⛖coଁ΀xЎyxԛyx૮yx⧽yx໥yࣽ€ྲَྀ‫آ‬ಙ઻͎€ ૮ྲྀা␊੿ಥ€҈͙x҈y઻Ḉடc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhߪೡ҈ᵤࡗ˴ᣎc >@▎h˴๛҈ࡗ੾ᣎcġġxߪೡyx˴๛y€ྲྀ଻઻͎c૮ͭ‫€آ‬Ꮛা␊੿ಥुై૕҈ሹ ͙x҈y઻ᩲc ཀྵx>@᪙Πմh˹๛‫ت‬୙€᣹҈᮸⛖€଺҈ਊລ€ઓ҈‫ڙ‬म๫ᐻ€҈ຖЌ૊cġġ x๛yx᣹yx଺yxઓy€ྲྀ଻઻டͭ‫€ࣽآ‬૮ဧເಙ઻c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hә஛ᓛૅԀ᱖Ở੾ᮇᯊ€ᵤ̡̜ᤡ҈ԛc >@୛᲼hᨈਾি۶˴ೡ҈᧯൴Ꭱட؋඾ >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦hᤡፇ҈ચཪឰࣽએ᭑ਾc >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦hಖຖҊએ੾ੌ͠ᮇ҈ஊੌᦉ‫ݲ‬ட૟c >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬Ӫ෦hಣ‫␊܈҈آ‬с૊€ᔢॎ‫ס‬ᵤсc >@▎h঄ೲ‫҈آ‬ᚕӨЌ‫̧׉‬ฎ€෶া૊ֳ‚ >@඄᲼hᆠ͙લ૳␊᥷ਾ€Ԫ̰૮ೡ҈ၟલ૳␊‫׉‬Өட˹͎c >@᫐ຓ๫ੇh̜ᮇ҈ᓛਾ඗டcġġ˻xᵤ̡̜ᤡy€˻x˴ೡy€˻xᤡፇy€˻xҊએ ੾ੌ͠ᮇy€˻xಣ‫آ‬y€˻x঄ೲ‫آ‬y€˻x૮ೡy€˻x̜ᮇy€ྲྀќ྽᚝଻઻҈ͭ‫ࣽآ‬ ͎cŦཀྵ᮴षnԪ੾ੌԆ҈ઢြ᪎oᇐഗ€ብَᯊ҈ᵤَᮇᤡ€ಖᨗྲྀಣဤ͎cӷເ>@‫̧׳‬ ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhය҈ᵤӋࣽ€નடੌ͎cġġ˴ഗ€xයy€ಙ઻˴ዼ€ኜ੿▪€x҈y઻ᜯ Ө€ཀྵ঄⠣‫߆€ڠ‬ຖc >@᫐̧ຒણᇒմh೰҈̯ൊᢐֳ᮴€ೲ͛ੌᰗֳਾ͎ࣽcġġx೰yટಙ઻€x೰yຖሹ ͙x҈y઻€᩷xය҈yᚾ઻ᓌဤ€යᵤᯊᴔcxයyx೰yᚾ઻ྲྀಙ઻€ᔢᵤͭ‫€آ‬ટӃা ␊੿ಥ€҈͙x҈y઻ᜯሹ€ੌເೲࣽc ȉᰝ‫ا‬஑Φx҈yட᮴ຖᚾ̈n಄␊ᚾ૟o€᧵੐ोࡵ᮴ࣽᵤಙຖࣽcᨗᏋᵤය€ ଁष‫ݲ‬ဤx҈y᮴ͅ⠣૨Ӄᗂ␊x҈yຖͅ⠣டಙΠc ȉxᤡፇyxಣ‫آ‬yx঄ೲ‫آ‬yx૮ೡyᇐ⪮nќ྽᚝଻઻oc ~▎Ӄဧ␊૾઻᩷ఝb྽‫઻ݲ‬டमՃࣽ€ťብᵤᤣҌc૾઻ᙼxடy઻೺€ಖઐហྲྀ ဧເఝ઻€x᩷yx͙yᇐ઻ೲ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π␊۩մhᗂಖଁ͙c 183

>@▎લјմhᏋത͙඾‚ >@▎ᵠ౦մhᓻઊӃ᩷૟Ֆ͎᩷඾‚ >@๻ึఛմhೲཀྵӃ᩷߀ߠ€Ӄ᩷൐ᝬᩲcġġଁषx͙y઻ྲྀสxဧy઻ጓ€ ଁषx᩷y઻Ӄส‫ت‬ఝድc ཀྵx͙yx᩷yᚾ઻€ဧ␊ఝ઻€᩷ઐហ๫ᰗcብxடy઻ட␊ఝ઻€ Ꮛጓx຤y͎€xӷy͎€᩷ઐហ߽ᩲc▎xဧyx઎yᇐ઻€૾bఝᚾဧࣽ€຤຤҈ੌcઊ ය€૾઻ЎӃᗂᓌఝ઻€Ꮛ͙x҈y઻␊मՃࣽ€⪮ࠌ૾઻͎€ࠌఝ઻͎ࡵᩲc >@ဠΠh͙㛅டૅ҈ఘध‫€כ‬ᒣནᠼஉடྱ͎cġġx㛅டૅy€x͙y઻டҝ͎ͬcӨ ࠌx҈y઻€Ꮛ᧵ј˴Ꮅcधմx͙㛅டૅ྅ເಣ€҈ૅఘधাً‫€כ‬ᒣནᠼஉྱy͎c΢ ͙x͙y઻␊੿ಥ€҈ຖࠌ͙x҈y઻ࣽ€ྲྀᥫ‫ڠث‬c‫€ڠث‬Ꮛੋੌఝ઻ட᧵c >@᫐ম⁎࿍h૮͙ᰘ᮱டϹᎻ€҈ᨶᨶ‫܈‬ΰӉլြᵎਾடᔎ€ͨಖ༟டਾ୓ >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦h૮ᚕӨ͙ᣯઊ˶ဪ҈ണӹட€ә஛‫׉‬Өᚠϊ⣮⣮€᠏␊˶ဪ҈๫ಖᨗc >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦h‫͙܈‬ᛅઊບौடਾ҈ണ౪ౌடॏ€⪮ଁ͙‫ث‬ᓛૅ҈ᰟᑒ᦭͎c >@⦡றฆӪ෦hಣྲྀ᪎˹ଁ΀ੌ⦁౯ਾ͎€धය⤓ಣ₩€ଞ͙ઍ༙҈࠻ఠ྅டજ߸ֳ >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦hઊᵎ͙ࣽࡔ✔Ẉࣄட᧵҈്ൾᨰ፼டਾ€҈۩਀૊ຨắය҈ԛֳ‚ >@᯻᲼h೰ઊ͔Ӌடϫੌᦑ€҈੅ட૦๫ԛcઊ͙ੌᦑடϫ҈⥹๫ԛட૦€ಣଁ΀੒ྱ҈᛾ ᗩ͎ࣽ€ᵤᚤ҈ϫԛಃᩲc >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦h͙˴ྃ҈঄ૹઍϫ€ә‫ڟ‬຤ເ࿍cġġ͠षx͙y઻€⩹ᵤሹ͙x҈y઻ ࣽ€ྲྀલ൴੿ಥዼᵸ€␊x҈y઻‫׌‬ј˴Ꮅϫ॑cઊዼᵸ੿ಥ€Ꮛx͙y઻ҝͬ೺€͛ੌ௎ఝ ྽ᇐ઻ੋ҈ન᧜ࣽடፇમᩲc᪎ࣽӃՈ়҈ຨட͎c ಖፇ૾઻ட␊੿ಥࣽ€ᭁᵤᯊᴔc >@Ờ᲼hಣ̧̜ࣽ€ྲྀ੊▪᱋ட˹͎cᡂໆન࡝€෷ῴᙿြ‫€׉‬᩷ә҈൴Мᩲcġġx᩷ әyᚾ઻€૾઻᩷ಖҝ͎ͬc >@᫐ῨᲹh൴␊ῨᲹ⵩ᦌ࡝ᛔடᗬ҈␊ઽฟ€Ꮛ͛ბϧΎ€ᓒ⤚ᛢ€ಣ྅ฤடଁ΀ၟ͎c >@▎hය҈˼̧ͅ˴ೢஹᤗՖ҈ᗬಖᓛ€ଁᗬࣽি਀ಖᓛ؈‚ງ᩷ಖःၟடц҈ᗬடcġġ x൴␊yՉՉࣽ€x␊y૾઻͎€ ᷁xᗬy઻ಖҝ͎ͬc▎xຈ᩷yՉՉࣽ€x᩷y૾઻€xцy઻ಖҝͬcຖྲྀࠌ͙x҈y઻ cಖ͙x␊yx᩷yᚾ૾டҝͬ␊੿ಥࣽ€ટ͙␊ዼᵸຖ‫׌‬ј˴Ꮅϫ॑cधմx൴␊ເೲ᮳ᗬ டᗬ҈␊ઽฟyՉ€▎धմxଁᗬࣽᵤብಖᓛ€ຈ᩷ಖсᓛᰒःᰒၟட᮳ц҈˴☡ᗬடy͎c ȉಣଁՉn૾઻oഠჺಖҝͬ€धடଁՉnఝb྽‫઻ݲ‬oഠჺुͬbಙΠᇐc ~௎x҈y઻ட᮴௎ຖብੌ଻઻ࣽ€Ꮛಖ଻͛ዶ␊ఝb྽઻ᩲcᵤය€Ꮛੋੌఝb྽ ட઻͎ࣽcᵤය€Ꮛဧ௎ಙ઻͎ࣽc ଻઻ဧ௎ఝb྽઻c >@⦡է⦦Ӫ෦hಖ֮‫҈ᦼ⦦‮‬᎝cġġxᦼyx᎝yઐྲྀ଻઻€૮xᦼyဧເ྽઻€ ҈x᎝yဧເఝ઻€ཀྵ͙x҈y઻ᦢԳc >@஥ᦅ੾Мhፇᵤࢅᖺᩲ€ፇԡঅ҈΍ᗏcġġxԡঅyx΍ᗏyᚾ଻઻€૮ዶ␊྽઻c >@᫐Ӫዯᨉhઁடਾ€‫҈׉‬ᵤਾcġġx‫׉‬yxਾyᚾ઻€ྲྀዶ␊྽઻c >@஥ͅ౪h᣶᎝҈⓲ࣽԣ͎‚ġġx᣶᎝yࣽ€x᎝᣶ਿட᎝y͎€ဧເఝ઻c >@▎ស੾Ԇhә҈ᵤә€๬൴Գ৑‚ġġᚾxәy઻ዶ␊྽઻cť >@ૹቡާ෦hઊፄፄ҈඗ட€ӷ҄͛ᮬ€݅݅੐ষட€ӷ⤀͛मcġġxፄyx݅yᚾ઻‫ث‬ َࣽ€౲ட͎c౲டࣽ€Ꮛྲྀဧເఝ઻ᩲcŦයᏋ΢଻઻டဧ␊ఝb྽઻ࣽ€ટఝb྽઻͎€ x҈y઻ᦢடc >@‫੿▗׳‬hਾມ҈৥␊ມ€઎Ӟਾ҈৥␊Ӟ€౫ਾ҈৥␊౫͎cġġxਾມyxӞਾyx౫ ਾy̜଻͎€҈া␊੿ಥࣽ€ᭁ੿ಥ঄‫€ڠث‬धմxЎ␊ਾມ҈৥␊ਾມyՉՉ€ཀྵxਾມy xӞਾyx౫ਾyᔢা␊੿ಥ€҈ಖ᧵ੋੌఝ઻͎ࣽc >@▎ᐘ੿hᵎࣽ҈ຖᏚಣ€ᵤᵎࣽᔢੌಣᵤᏚ͎cġġxᵎࣽy€྽઻҈ͅ␊଻઻͎cŧध մxብᵎ͎ࣽ҈ຖ෶Ꮪಣy͎cӷເ >@ᗥ͔᪎hӃ͙ਾ҈ᵤເ᪁ֳ‚ >@▎ઍ᥷hՖ̧டઍ᥷͎€Ֆ̧҈‫آ‬ઍ€͓ਾடઍ᥷͎€͓ਾ҈๫Փᒢ͎c >@‫۩␊ݳ‬hਾ҈๫ൾ€ᵤၟಖӃ͎c >@▎⢵҈hՖ҈ၟᗥ€᯼ᵤၟᗥ‚ >@᫐ຒણᇒḩ҈ࢅ̧ட࿪۩҈ຖਾ͎ࣽc >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦hૂ͓ᓛ҈ᵤ෶Ө€Ꮛ͔ӺடᎯ჈ૹ€҈ૂᰝ᮳ϯᵤ૝€୪உ૯ͣ๻௡࡫෋ ᩲ€␊೺ᓛᲕc >@▎ग़ᓄӪ෦h⬔҈ᖀ̧҅€૊ဧລ‫‚ڟ‬ 184

>@஥ᙦ੾˴hӋ઺҈Ўᦩᩲ€ဠட̧உ€ೡ૲ಖ঩cġġଁष‫€઻଻ݲ‬௎xਾy€௎xՖ ̧y€௎x͓ਾy€௎xՖy€௎x̧y€௎x͓ᓛy€௎x⬔y€௎xӋ઺y€஡␊੿ಥ€ ྲྀ঄‫ث‬ዼ€ᏋӨሹx҈y઻€ᝬᅥ‫ۑ‬යᩲcੌ΀ >@஥ᦅ̡੾౪h೰લՖ҈ੌၟ͎€๽૑ઊਾ€҈Գဧ୨ә‚ >@▎Ѯ̡੾એhຖ྅௎ृᑳ€᙭‫҈ا‬ᵤহ€Ꮛᓛಖᓛ͎ԛcġġxલՖy᩷x᙭‫ا‬y€ྲྀা ␊੿ಥ€ଁሹx҈y઻঄สx௎y઻ጓ€೰͙ઐ▪ཹ€Ꮛᦅ▗̡੾౪ᮇ˴Ჷ€ಖ᮴▪ੌnલՖ ௎ੌၟ͎o˴ഗ€Ѯ▗̡੾એᮇ˴Ჷ੿▪nຖ྅௎ृᑳo€ ሹմn᙭‫҈ا‬ᵤহocೲx҈yx௎yᚾ઻ӈဧடࡵࠒcઊx҈y઻ጓເx௎y઻டហટ⛖€ ය൴ᚾ੿ಥ‫€ڠث‬ሹ͙x҈y઻€ಖ਼ᝬൿ੐cເմn೰લՖᔢ҅҈ࠪੌၟ͎o€▎ເմn᙭ ‫ا‬ட␊᙭‫€ا‬ӷຖೡ҈ൿઊহ͎o€ೲ൴ፇ‫؍‬ూഠட઻ᗔચ€Ꮛx҈y઻ൿᵤ૲␊ఝb྽‫઻ݲ‬ டमՃ͎c҈ଞx௎yx҈yഗࣽ€Ү⦡຤຤҈ੌcເ࿪͙x҈yx௎yᚾ઻ӈဧ␊ጓ€⨟ ੌx҈y઻҈๫x௎y઻ᣫࣽ€▎൴ത͙াጓ͎‚Ũ >@‫ݳ‬Π⢵҈մhૄ҈Ӄ૦͎€ᔢ࿪ᘔட˹€Ԫટ␊டcġġ͛൴xૄy઻‫ث‬ዼ€҈մxૄட ␊ૄ҈Ӄ૦͎y€ᏋӨഗxᔢy઻ԛ‫ۑ‬යᩲc >@஥෦ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմh೰Ֆ҈⤖ә€௎ᑒ᦭ത‚ġġधմx೰␊˴ᓛடՖ҈⤖әyՉ€ເೲ ੿ಥዼᵸ€ᏋӨಥ‫׌‬ј⛎ੌୡc௎ብxՖ௎⤖әyՉՉࣽ€Ꮛ๫ፇમᩲc >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մhᛅઊ҈ੌ‫׉‬Өࣽ€ຒ͛௎‫̧׉ੌ▎҈€࡙ס‬షடࣽcġġಣഗ‫ث‬੐xᛅ ઊy€ཀྵ঄‫ڠث‬cधմx͙ᛅઊடϯ๫ᗻᬘ҈෶ੌ‫׉‬Өࣽ€Ꮛಖຒ͛௎‫࡙ס‬yՉՉc ଻઻ဧ௎ಙ઻c >@‫׳‬᭑੿h‫ס‬᣶҂҈અ€ॎ೶‫ݲ‬൳ಲ҂҈๛ட€᱊‫؂‬ટಲ҂҈๛டcġġ˴َx᣶҂y€ᚾ َxಲ҂y€஡␊੿ಥ€Ḉ͙x҈y઻ࣽ€ྲྀͭᣫ͎€᩷ಙ઻ᓌ؋c >@▎hਸ̧ᵤ㏗ြ᪙ၕ€⤓ાၣҝᰝ€൴Ӆ҈ஹட€ၗᖋ҈मાcġġxၗᖋyࣽ€્ͭ ͎€ટಙ઻͎cӷເh >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өմh֔ί҈೩Ӌ€ᵤ⨟ཀྵઋc̜ી҈ຖચ᣹€ೲത᛭ଢ଼͎ġġ ˻x֔ίyࣽ€ͭଁҮடϫc˻x̜ીyࣽ€ͭଁᎺட‫ྲྀ€آ‬ಙ઻͎c >@▎ඥᣆӨմhՖ̧டᩛ€Ԇ྅҈ຖ౯€͓டடᩛ€Ԇ྅҈๏c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧߱մhເੌӋࣽ€͛྅҈ຖ౯cġġ˻xԆ྅y€˻x྅y€ྲྀͭ‫͎آ‬c >@▗೷▪▗੾̡ᮇմhѲూ஌ᩲ€Ѳ֔ί҈˴ూ͎cġġ˻x֔ίy€ͭଁᎺடᣫc˻x˴ ూy€ͭଁ߸ட્€ྲྀᗂᓌಙ઻€ྲྀӃ͙x҈y઻ࠌடc >@ുΠմhፇᔢ ය҈ਾ҂඾€Ԫधᣎᵝ͎€▎૊ၟೲ㽓㽓ֳࣽġġx යy€ ಙ͎ͬ€xਾ҂y€્͎ͭ€᩷ಙ઻ᓌ؋€ཀྵᦢ͙x҈y઻c ȉᇊ˴xәy઻൏ൿ␊଻઻c ȉxፄፄyx݅݅y␊x҈yຖఝ઻டಙΠ€ᵤᥫࢅೲဧເఝ઻c ȉxᵎyೲ྽઻€xᵎࣽyೲເဧ଻઻ட‫€ڠ‬n྽઻҈ͅ␊଻઻͎o€‫܅‬ᑃੋଖc ȉ՜˴ీʹ‫ݠ‬᭹Ү෦಻ͬᇐᦒ€ӃᦢҮ෦಻ͬx҈y઻ൕc ~ห઻ᱥဧ␊੿Өᚾಥࣽ€ብޯᔎห઻Ꮛය€␊ಖ␊ो͎ͬcೲᏋx҈y઻ட੿Ө ಥ€๫‫␊઻ݳ‬ത໫€ය͛ဧ௎ఝb྽઻ࣽය€҈ຖx҈y઻̰␊டमՃ͎cಣᵤ዗டဤ͎cť >@஥ស̡੾МhఘԫᏮࣽ€⪮Ֆ҈ԣ‚ġġxԣy€ޯห઻͎cึြx҈y઻டຖ€ धմx⪮Ֆ҈൴␊ԣy͎cཀྵxԣy␊ोͬcЎोͬᩲ€Ꮛᗂᓌ྽઻€ཀྵx҈y઻ဧ͙␊x⪮ Ֆy᩷xԣyடमՃҌc >@▎ઠ੾એh࿍ᓛᇊ€ͨ҅€૭ӟҝᰝ⪮ᖤ҈ԣ‚ġġx҈ԣyᓌ੿c >@‫׳‬᭑੿hᜍ҈ᵤၟ͎‚ġġxᜍy€ޯᔎห઻€ટो͎ͬ€ཀྵᱥဧ€͙x҈y઻Ḉட€ध մxത␊҈ᵤၟy͎c >@ᤗ᲼h᳁୛ຨ᳥ᤗӋ€΀ಖ஥ॏ˻hņ᯼҈᩷ͨ൉‫ݲ‬൳ֳ‚oġġx᯼y€ޯᔎห઻€ ो͎ͬcx̧yࣽ€඗ட͎c >@஥෦Ѯ▗Мᮇմh਺΀ഥஉhn೩ව҈ത‚oġġधմx೩ව҈തເy͎c >@ᤗ᲼մh࣓Ӌᵤᥫ€҈ಣ̜ࣽcġġx҈ಣࣽy€Ќx҈ເಣࣽy͎cᚾषྲྀӃᗂᓌಙ ઻c ӷ>@᫐̧ਾᔐ྅մh෋լ͎҈ੌဧ€೰ຨੌಣ͔͎؈ġġxլyኜ଻ห઻€ ૮ᱥဧx҈y઻Ḉடࣽ€xլy઻ᥫ‫€ڠث‬धմx෋լட␊լ҈೩ဧြ྅y͎մcཀྵxլy̰ ଻઻€⪮ो͎ͬ€ᵤ੐ಣဤc ‫ݴ‬ድಣᲽଁषx҈y઻€લຖᚾಥ€Ӆྲྀᵤ૲ੌఝb྽‫઻ݲ‬ட᧵ࣽ⛬ೲcයᏋ΀x҈y઻ብ͙ मՃఝb྽‫€͎઻ݲ‬ൾයc ȉᰝ‫ا‬࿪᭐ြx҈y઻᮴ຖྲྀఝ઻b྽઻՜መ˴྆nᵤ዗டဤo€ዹ௎̤ဤഗߣࢅࡵᓷຨ⪮ᤣ 185

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190

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>@᫐‫׉‬ϫhઊຨࣽᓏ€Ӄ͙␊ຨֳ‚Ꮛ‫ٮٻ‬ட੐ြ᲋͎€ટӃ͙␊ຨᩲc >@᯻‫ڠ‬ᬃ̧hᏋൊࣽ€ટःਾடບ᩷ġġଁषxᏋy઻€ྲྀࢧَଁሑட͉€᩷੿▪๫ᰗ ͎€࡜˶ᰳੌᶀ̐டာҌ€᪎ࣽ঄ᨘடcብය€ ҈>@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhයᏋ͓ᓒᵤӃ͙঄͔€ᨈᓒᵤӃ͙๥Ꭴ€ᩞᓒᵤӃ͙๥஑cġġ̜ ഗ€xᏋy઻ટሑ‫ݳ‬டͬ€xයy઻‫ث‬ኜ੿▪˴ዼ€xᏋy઻Ḉடc Ү૳ૅਊ೩Ү⦡ઍxයᏋy̡઻ࠌဧ€Ќ͙ᚾ઻ᓘᓓᚧ␊ሑ͉டͬ€ ᭁᵤ๾ட⬤͎cᔐੌઋxᏋy઻҈ብဧxೲy઻͙ࢧଁሑட͉ࣽcເh >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մhೲ๫ហ๫૽͎c >@▎᭑ᦊӨմhೲ‫҈̧׉‬ଶᛅઊ͎c >@᯻▪Ꭻ⦁մhೲટ᣿஠டঅࣽ˻€ՉՉc >@▎๯ၝ౮▪մhೲߪᵤ઴ດ͎€ೲᵤੌ౾⦡€ᜮ๰ಖَ͎cġġ‫ݲ‬षxೲy઻€ྲྀ‫؜‬ኜଁ ሑட͉͎c ▎ҮᲿઍਊ͙xതᏋyᚾ઻ࠌဧcᵤၟxതy઻ሹ੿▪҈࢑␊ᔎࣽ€ो͎ͬcxᏋy઻Ḉட€ ଁ͙᧜َಖཀྵ€͙Ჾxതy઻டᔎcԛ೩ห઻Ჽᩲc >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦ඒhതᏋ‚઄ҋ‫ં׉‬ᚡҋ૊સಲϫ€ᣫ㆚⢊⛬ඹ೘€Ꮋฤበਊᚤฟ€᧥੿឴ୡ ᓇᰝᘸ᭹c >@▎ᮦፑ෦hហᔢໟᶀ€धຈ᳼டcതᏋ‚᩷ಖम҈᥮ட͎€૑म҈અடc >@ᬃ̧ᨍળhҊലட઄€എ᪆᧬ՑԳcതᏋ‚ᡥᩜཀྵ͎cġġxᏋy઻ຖྲྀࢧَಖཀྵ€Ќ͙ Ჾxതy઻டᔎ͎€धो͎ͬ€ཀྵૻԳc xᏋy઻⛖ဧ€ᵤ೺ೲᩲc ȉᰝ‫ࢅا‬hnxᏋy઻ຖྲྀ␊ोͬ€o‫܅‬ᑃ‫€ܮ׳‬ဤഗઍ⬤૨xᏋy઻ຖ⪮ఝ઻Ќ‫ڠ‬c ȉಣᣫቁఛᵤ⬤‫€☡؜‬՜ᗁ๫ଁ΀੿Ө▪߆ߓค⠣€έೲੌ௎̤૟ཌྷӃ͙ໟናງ‫€ݳ‬xᏋy઻ ட᮴ߣͬΠोՊxᏋy઻டຖߣ૟ཌྷ੐ۚ˴ᘣ੿fฎ᳼bਿ҂bဧ⠥ᇐgӈໟᛃᏊࠪዹຑc ȉ՜ᗁଁࢅxᎯࡪyᥫЌⱷࡪc ȉ>@᩷>@‫ث‬ᗪ€ᰝ‫ا‬൴ᓌ˴ဤᛌ৑ᚾ̈ઍ€નϹᨘc ~҈Ү⦡ઍxᏋy઻€ಖᵤӃ͙ᤣጓጓࣽμᨈcᓄbЌᚾ઻ੌဧເxᏋy઻ࣽc xᏋy઻Ꮚጓc >@ᦒੳᲫhৣᏋੌ͔ᗉc >@඄᲼hຏᏋ٫ය҈␊ફc >@୛᲼hᏋᵤӃ€ᓖ҈౾ஹடc >@⦡᧥Ᏼઐґh૮Ꮛ૝€࠺▗஛ᵤຨੌಣَcġġҮ૳ૅጓМxᏋy઻€΀x௎y͎€ዶ࢑ டఛ€▪ហ༕ўcxᏋy઻ᤣጓ€ࢧ͎ͬ€ଁ͙ᵸഗ͎€ຖֳ‫͎ࣽڠ‬c૮МxᏋy઻ྲྀ᚝ြ ‫€ڠ‬Ꮛ⪮ᤣጓࡵᩲc೰ઁ▪͙xᏋyxЌyᚾ઻મᓌӈဧ€҈xЌy઻ੌጓสx௎y઻€ ཀྵxᏋy઻๰ᓌcӷҮᲿઍಖિxᏋy઻€ Ӆ⩹⤖ֳ͙੿̜ࢅc҈Ү૳ૅੌ͙ጓสxಖy઻x҈y઻x̰y઻ࣽ€ᕠࢅ͎c ᓄc >@‫̧ݳ‬சhଁ΀અடᓄઅ€⦁டᓄ๬€Խடᓄ૝€ఝடᓄ଼c >@▎ዑᤠh⶷ࣽચ€ᓄચᩲc >@▎⢵҈hͨ‫܈‬౯€ᓄ౯ӷᩲc >@‫ᦑ׳‬ӨhᥧᎻೞ€ᓄ๫؈᳾ᩲcġġМxᓄy઻ྲྀӃสxᏋy઻ጓc᧿‫ݳ‬Πட͙xᓄy઻ ጓสxᏋy઻ࣽ€ध⦡ͭடဧxЌy઻ࣽ€ಣӃ͙ຜ྅หடᏊc Ќc >@⦡̈͊ઐґh▗ຓ๬Ќ஢҅€ছ๬Ꮛ٬ᗩc >@▎ങႆӪ෦h૮ᱥՋ෶€Ќ᮴᩷ૹᚤ€‫̧׉‬া൴᜿ຑᠬcᱥՋЌᵤ෶€ Ќ᣶҂҈әြૹcതຑ߽ौহᛄြঋಲ૓௡๫ં௱டϫ‚๽␊͎c >@▎ᠼ੊Ӫ෦h͙ᠼ੊டᵎ€҈ૹ૦டᮆເಣ€ಣᵤಲौ೘€Ќ᣶ौുҌcġġ͙੿ଁष€ ᙼxᱥՋЌᵤ෶y˴‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬ӃสxᏋy઻ጓc ҈>@⦡ͭ̈͊ઐґմh▗ຓ๬Ќ஢҅€ছ๬Ꮛ٬ᗩc >@ૹᦒ̈Ჿ෦Ꮛմh๬ຓ๬Ꮛ஢€ছ๬Ꮛ٬ᗩcġġྲྀสxᏋy઻c යੌ⦡ͭสxᏋy઻҈ૹᦒสxЌy઻ࣽcເh >@⦡ͭ᧥Ᏼઐґմh࠺૮‫܂‬૭€ኸ᭿̧Ӄઅࣽઅட€͙ᥫ‫ݲ‬൳€Ꮛૅ઺વc >@ૹᦒ᧥ફґ̰մhኸӃઅઅட€͙ᥫ‫ݲ‬൳€Ќૅ઺વc ‫ށ‬ட€xᏋyxЌyᚾ઻ᔢӃӈဧ€҈ఛᰳੌӲᮆடᏊ€᪎ࣽଁ঄ာ͎c 194

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>@▎સ˸h௎๰Ֆࣽ€Ꮛಫ҈ચࣽ৑Ӄ͎€ᨉ҈ચࣽ๬Ӄ͎c௎ӻ͎€ᏋՖၟಖચ͎҈નၟ ಖ৑͎cӻ൴⤖͎cġġଁषx௎y઻€᩷x௎ઊyᓌ᧵c ٬ӷb٬ಖbເಖc >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿մh٬ӷᬲc >@‫੿͍ᦑ̧׳‬h٬ಖᔄ˴᮳َ€೩˴᮳๬cť >@ૹᦒҝᰝӹ෦մh٬ಖ੐⻗዇டઍ€㒸Ꮂ҈૦ੑcġġ˻x٬ӷy€˻x٬ಖyࣽ€ྲྀᓖ ᮴૟҈‫܅‬ຖட▪͎c >@‫ݳ‬ΠલјմhເಖᗥᏚcġġ˻xເಖyࣽ€ટಣઢ͎c ť~Ჷ▎षಣဤf>@g€൴x٬y᩷xಖy⠣ᔏ€ࢅx٬yೲͭ‫آ‬டࠌ઻€᩷ಣ ࢅx٬ಖyೲḈሹࠌ઻ᵤᓌ€൏༕ಣ␊Ρc ~⪮mmᏋeᵤmmᏋc >@᫐⩎ંhԪ⪮ӷြ̧டᔍᏋଣᩲcġġx⪮yxᏋy̡઻ໟ␊ടḈ€▪ඬᰒᵏc ཀྵ>@ૹᦒ᛾‫ײ‬෦۩૟஌ぽ€ᆠմh˻૊೰сࣽ€⪮ᰙᏋ‫و‬c >@୔մhӷြᓫ᝘டଁ€⪮ᝥᏋᮂc >@▎մhә͙␊ᵤ‫ކ‬Ꮛ໹c >@ߪմhଁਊࣽ⪮๏᪉ਾᏋ᧲ਾட̜޴͎cġġࠌဧட͙ഇᜮ͎c >@᯻ᚬᵠ૳ઠఛhಖિ‫آ‬᩷ᦥඥ€૕ᵤᎺᤡ€ಗ‫آ‬Ꮛ͛ᢐcť >@▎ௌᛕ଼̀‫ژ‬঩hӷ௎Ӌ▗ᤇਾ€ᰳ৚ઢຨ€⪮ᆁ෶҈ႄட€Ꮛᵤậ͙␊c >@▎⥿ᴋ૔ᦒ঩h⪮ੌ▪‫࣓ݞ‬ϊၟ͔ᏡӃᰘൾࣽ€Ꮛᵤᣮ຤຤ੌ૟c >@‫ݳ‬ၕᜑhᵤ᫐͙⋏ட€ᏋᎻᵤᓅc ġġxᵤmmᏋmmy᩷x⪮mmᏋmmyᓌcԆषഗΦ஡Ꮚ€҈ଁ͙ӈ␊ടᥫᏋᓌc ಖ͙⪮mmᵤࠪᵤmmᵤᚾ઻ໟ␊ടᢐࣽ€▪ඬટঁc >@᫐⩎ંhઊ೸ €࡝ြ᣶੘҈̬ြಲ੘€⪮ႅካᵤु€⪮ٗᨗᵤੑ€⪮݄ᣋᵤ垴c >@⦡‫ݞ‬૊൳Ӫ෦hׁ͙ᕉᖨ␊૜೚ໟ€⪮ও໹Ჷ͙ᗥ‫ظ‬ட€‫׉‬Өᵤ৊c >@ૹ᧥ફґh૮̰૟ृఘ€⪮ᦑ޴ೲ€‫׉‬Өᵤ૊c >@⦡౾૎Ӫ෦h⪮ੌͫӣᵤຨ੿c >@▎̈͊ઐґh૮‫܈‬᪍͔૟€൴⪮ಖਾᵤӃc >@‫ݳ‬ዑᤠh⪮๯৐ᵤҍc >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦hӷເᘦ೩€੿ᵤ᎝ᵤ೩͎c >@ૹग़᥼෦hԈϯᣫ೩ં€˹᧝ᵤᦑ垴ᵤ⛬ં€ᵤᦑᯁᵤॣੑc >@⦡⤠ՖӪ෦h୯ᵤҊᵤ዗ц€؋ᵤ੾ᵤ๻Ꮸc >@ૹങႆ෦h͙␊ᵤ᣻ᯘࣽᵤଵෘ€ᵤ൭᭶ࣽᵤଲ૑c >@ᗥઍ᥷hੌୗ᪎€᪎டୗ෶ୗቁ͎c >@᯻ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻hයᵤ˴㒠ण€ᵤᵸ૭ճ䋒cġġx⪮yxᵤyࠪxᵤyxᵤyட੐ഗ‫ڠ‬ ͎€ઐྲྀಙ઻€҈षӪြࠌ઻ࣽ€͙ಖໟ␊ӎᥫ€҈ഗ‫ڠ‬Ꮛ઎ೲ҈ࠌc ť>@xᤡy઻ຖ‫ڠ‬ᚧ€xᏋyḈxಗ‫آ‬y€⪮᩷xᵤyໟᥫc ~ಖḈ੿҈᧜Өடఛ€Ꮛብཀྵ઻cxཀྵy€ઐ଻͎€ ҈ዶ␊ࠌ઻c▎€x͙yx␊yᚾ઻€૾઻͎€҈ટዶ␊َཀྵடͬ€ብ᩷xཀྵy઻ဧц஡ᰗc >@‫࢞׳‬Өhཀྵ‫׉‬൴ᙿ͔എြೲਾ͎€͛લ௡ಖ͍ઢ€ᯘಖᇘ⭜€ຉಖᏡᢹ€⤰Ԉಖத€๬ቯ ఠಖଁ␊cġġxཀྵyࣽ€Ḉ੿▪‫ݲ‬ਾྲྀടাᯘᚌ€҈᧜َӨ▪‫׉‬டᯘ௡ೲਾ͎cཀྵxཀྵy઻ ͛ኒ੿▪c >@‫׳‬᭑Өhཀྵᔄ൅᧲டϊࣽ€̖ઊᦀ€ᐑઊੌઅઢc >@▎ᐘ੿hཀྵӋடᵤӋ€ᵤ␊͎€⪮ᵤ෶͎c >@᫐⠮֋୉hཀྵ౪᭑ί€Ꮛϊᓄ੐Өᩲc >@▎ຒણᇒhੌਾடࠑ€๫ਾடᅥcੌਾடࠑ€ཀྵंြਾc๫ਾடᅥ€ཀྵೲ⪮ᵤຨြதc >@ஊΠhઊᓒၟՖӋடᭁ࣓͙ႄᖤ͎€ཀྵᑗ‫܆‬ಖఛ͙๰⥜Ӌઢ€෋֍Ꮪᏸ૳ఔြ‫ݲ‬Ӻடᓛ͙ াᣐ͎c >@▗ស੾͠hၣ▗ॣੌ୔ϯ᧊হட؋€ཀྵՖ̧␊ட៎͎c >@▎ᙦ̜hӋߛြល€ᴋ൅ྱӋ€Ӌ˻hn๫டcoཀྵဠᴋ૛ᴑc >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hཀྵә͙␊ᵸӨ͛ૹӋடᵤᯅԚ€ટ߉ᩲcġġଁषxཀྵy઻ྲྀḈ੿▪҈᧜ َட͎c ҈ҮᦒᏋxཀྵy઻᮴ਊകxೲy઻˻xೲཀྵy€˴௎ኜࡵ᮴૟͙␊Ө▪டཀྵࣽයc >@ᗥ͔᪎մhೲཀྵՖ̧લላֳຒc >@୔մhೲཀྵᕏᚳᏋᎻᓉc 197

>@▎մhೲཀྵَᝍ҈ચࣽ€ટᝍ҈৑c >@ߪմhೲཀྵՖ̧ੌ͔⦁cՉՉcᗥઍ᥷ટයcᗥͭᏋᵤᖤᯊ͎c >@๻ึఛմhೲཀྵઊ᪇€ःਾੌ͙೩‫׉‬Өட᜸€҈ᐎ‫ݲ‬ಖࠑ્€᪇ಖཌྷષ€ೲཀྵ΀ட᪇cġ ġӨxೲཀྵyೲࣜ੿டఛ€੿xೲཀྵyᏋ࡝Πடఛc >@ᗥూᗥմhཀྵՖ̧ࣈ᭢ᛦcġġᴋъ͙␊n࡝ഗَxཀྵy€ࡵಣᎤᲽྰఛ͎coᭁಣഗ▪ ហ᩷੿ᵤᎯ€ཀྵ͙␊࡝Πఛc҈ᗥҮઍടഗَxཀྵyَxೲཀྵyࣽ€ଁ੐҈ੌc ~ብഗடੌxཀྵyࣽ€Ꮛَxཀྵyடᓒය€҈ಖxཀྵyடଁ͙ය€ Ꮛ຤຤ዶx͙yx␊yᚾ઻͙ࡵடcཀྵxཀྵyடَᓒයࣽ€Ꮛ␊ഗ€ᓳြຖࣽᤣ͎e҈x͙y x␊yடَଁ͙යࣽ€Ꮛ␊‫€ڠ‬᳼ြલࣽಖᤣ€҈᳼ြຖࣽᏋᜯ␊ഗᩲc x͙y᳼ြલc >@‫੿࢞׳‬h͙ಖ඘ြ͔ᓛ͎€ᮂᝥปட€Ӄ͙␊ಢֳ‚ġġx඘ြ͔ᓛy€̰‫ت‬xปyடଁ ͙ය€ཀྵ᎝x͙y઻҈લԳc >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦h͙ՖடᵤஹᲕῖࣽ€͙Ֆ␊‫נ‬᭸҈ᚌ˹€˹ЌઋҌc >@▎֥ᴋӪ෦h͙ᯊ☡ជ€ᵤຨଵၘぽc >@▎ൾᡥՖӪ෦h঄ೲ‫ݲ€آ‬൳͙▗̧ᵎ૨૎€ᵤ۶ക᜿࣭Ờ੾ፇᮇc >@▎ᙬ᛾෦h͙ႄ‿˼ϫ᮳€Ӄ͙ૅԳc >@▎ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦h੅͙ᵤἓસᆵఇ€૭඄᧥ຨ͙ߝઅ೘ૡ€া෋‫ڃ‬Ꮾcġġଁषx͙y઻ྲྀ ͭӨ▪ଁ͙යடཀྵ€ࠪલ᳼€ࠪᦢ᳼€ఛᰳનવ€ཀྵ␊‫ڠ‬c x␊y᳼લc >@‫׳‬᭑Өh␊ಖ૨ᔄ͎€Ꮛ‫̧׉‬ᵤӣ೚€҈ଞ‫ݲ‬൳ֳ‚␊ಖᵎ͎€ᏋԪનᔄ‫܈‬೩ᵎ҈ӣட ͎c >@ૹ૞ਿᒎ෦h‫׉‬ᵤ␊ਾடշ૓҈ሗಖ஠€ϫᵤ␊ਾடշᙴ҈ሗಖ᥼€Ֆ̧ᵤ␊͓ਾடങങ ҈๻ಖ๬c >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬h᭹ᵤఘॄ€␊ୡᵤᓌಆ€ઁட⦁͎cť >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦h‫␊̧׉‬ಖϯ߽€⪮ਾଁᏚ຤€ᜮಖَլᲷc >@ԫΠh␊ಣ๬͎€ௌᔤͨ€‫ݲ‬൳͛ἸடcŦ >@ஊΠh␊෋ࣽட๫߽͎€୺ဧ്ᜮ૽ြఴᲆட೺cġġx␊y઻ဦ‫َ͙€ڠ‬Ө▪டଁ͙ය ष€᩷x͙y઻ᓌc ಖ᳼ြຖࣽc >@‫੿▗׳‬hͨཀྵ˻̧࢞નॣၟហ€͙ಖ೺ட͎c >@ૹյખ෦hલફᎯ൴Ꭱ͙୺ౖ€૒൴Ꭱ͙‫׉‬Ө€͙൴Ꭱ᧣ᵎ€෶૊ᮦ‫͎ا‬c >@⦡ᘥ੊Ӫ෦h‫ݲ‬൳᜿ྲྀ͙ᖋᎯ࿍ࣽ€͙੊ᯊ͙ृᔤᎤ͎c >@▎୨̧Ӫ෦hᭁ୨̧Ҋੌએ੾ፇᤡ€َ̡ࠪҊፇᤡ€͙ಖበ⦁҈ள৉͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hයᏋ˴͊டᵤ᪍€␊ᵤဧୡԳeᦘ᭚டᵤ೩€␊ᵤဧࡵԳeҊᄮடᵤ೩Ἀ€␊ᵤ ဧဵԳc >@⦡ச᙭Ӫ෦h൴Ꭱḥ຃சᡎ€ચ᭑҅ᵤఙ˴૳ட‫׉␊€ڙ‬Өᙼៀ͎cŧ >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦hය۩ଁ͙᩺ⲱᱝােြ੒ᙙடᔐࣽ€␊୨๼ᣮ๫᮵€પનᐵ͎c >@ૹੑ౦ઢhःӋ੐੿҈Ꮋᵤࠋጐࣽ€⪮෶ཫ҈ੑட€०҈̈́ட͎€␊ᔏಖᢣᕏட⦁͎cġ ġଁषx͙yx␊yᚾ઻டഗ€ྲྀຖ᳼€҈َ͙੿▪டଁ͙ය€᩷લ᳼ࣽ๫ᰗcය˴Ꮛલष€ ⑏⢵ட˶ᰳ͎e˴Ꮛᓳ᷁€Ꮛࢧᚧடఛဂ͎cཀྵ˴␊‫␊˴҈ڠ‬ഗ€ಣಖᰗ͎c ȉ>@x␊ୡᵤᓌಆyຖ᳼€ᥫᛌӨnಖ᳼ြຖࣽöc ȉᦊմhҮ෦಻ͬᇊ̡մhnx␊y€धxເy͎cዶ࢑ட͎ͬcَxເಣ๬͎€҈ௌᔤͨ€ Ꮛ‫ݲ‬൳͛Ἰட͎cyo ȉx␊‫׉‬Өᙼៀyߣx␊yೲ૾઻€᩷>͠"@␊‫׉‬Өೞ୯ᙼેyᓌ€ᰝ‫⪮€઻ࠌ␊͙ا‬c ~ӷເਿb঄bᩊbাbཹb٬bᤄᇐ઻€ͭ‫آ‬டࠌ઻͎€҈ྲྀዶြఝ઻cಖ␊ហ஡ Ꮚ€҈ဧ͙ሹઊ੿Ө▪Ꮛᓌc ਿc >@⦡೺ព྅ૅhೲ‫͊̈آ‬ਿ᩷ૹӋໟС೅ᵠc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hਿ૮ட㆚€ത͙ᰗཹ‚ >@ᥣ̧઄ઠк᣶ᙨh‫̧׉‬ਿ⎥‫€ᦒژ‬સᗥᏚc 198

঄c >@๻ึఛh๻டೞ͎€ಖ঄ಱடજ྅€ဠடࣇຒ୓‚঄▪Ӌ᩷Ԏட૟୓ >@⦡̈͊ઐґh঄ೲ‫€آ‬࿍᜿᎝‫ݲ‬൳cġġxਿyx঄yᚾ઻€ྲྀ̐ἄடఛcťᭁͭࣽ⑏̐ ૟Ўޭ€҈▎⑏ᓌ‫آ‬ட૟€˻xਿ૮ட㆚y€˻x঄ೲ‫آ‬y€΀␊๫ఘఝ઻͎Ӄ€Ŧ΀␊૾઻ ͎ટӃc ᩊc >@ᓥઢ੅ᥞ෦hᩊ‫܈‬ᚦ়̛҄€౼ῇ૦۵c૮̰ᚠ଼Ⴙය€ੌເπೡcġġxᩊ‫܈‬yࣽ€ਿ ‫܈‬ເത҈૔નເത͎cxᩊy઻ͭ‫€آ‬ᵤ೩ြဠ੅‫€ᦒݲ‬ӷຖ྅ᆠဧcය͛ᗷ͙x‫܈‬y઻€ ˻xᩊ‫܈‬yeᗷ͙x̰y઻€˻xᩊ̰ycᱥَxᩊy઻€Ꮛብಙ઻cŧ >@ૹᦒͅެຖ෦մh૮⦦ᩊ‫ͭڠͫت‬cġġೲ͎c াc >@⦡ᦀྖӪ෦hাᒪᖰᓜጓԆᮇ€҈୛ဧᛁᕽட࣭c >@▎ᎾᎫӪ෦hাᎾᎫ࠸ⅨᳱຖҊੌፇᮇ€ૹੌ᛾૳c >@▎̈͊ઐґhাͨ␊ߵૅᐔ€નॣᔄߵલઁடੌᤇࣽc ཹc >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhཹಖᶀ͎c >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦hཹӷ၉ͅ€˹ӷࣽᵤमᯊ֔cġġxཹy€x٬y͎€ဧ͙Ϊ‫€ڠ‬Ꮛ␊ࠌ ઻c ௎>@ᗥ๯ហմhཹ‫آ‬೫ཌྷcġġxཹ‫آ‬y€x٬‫آ‬y͎€Ꮛ␊૾઻c >@▎Ӌಂմhཹᮇ˴͓ಝcġġxཹᮇy€x౲ᮇy͎€Ꮛ␊ห઻c ҈>@ૹᦒੑ౦ઢմhᐘᓛԩᎫऺ€ཹᮇᣐંฝcġġxཹᮇy€xైᮇy͎€ Ꮛ␊྽઻cಣxཹཹyடଁ͙ጓເxైైy͎c ٬c >@ᗥઍ᥷h٬ಖӷ͎€ᨕֳ‫׉‬ϫc >@‫੿ᦑ׳‬h٬ಖᔄ˴᮳َ€೩˴᮳๬c >@஥᫐̡੾╺h٬᙭டᖺহ͎€᙭ၣ̧ᆠ͔ြᤗc >@⦡͔ૂӪ෦h٬‫׉‬ᰝ૨€೺ᓛ෋૝Ꭴ€ᏋඥẟᏊድબᦑ൵᫚ᚏ᫇᫼ᏸ⭵c >@᯻੿ြໟ▗ᦒh٬ӷ޻੎઄டӘᣲ€ᨢӠ੘ட᳐౟€⩹ᵤᚤᅵᒢᛁ€‫҈ૺٿ‬া૲c >@ஊΠh٬ԪधӃ͙ᚤ͎€␊͆ୗᅺ€␊ώ൴௎ത‚ ᤄc >@⦡̈͊ઐґhᤄಖໆ€ᵤ۶᱋€▗␊ͨ᱋டc >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hᤄ๰૞੿૝€▎⢊ᚌ૟c x٬yxᤄyᚾ઻€ྲྀͭᚾ૟டໟἄ͎c҈x٬y઻ਊဧ€xᤄy઻ⲣ೩€යဧ͙Ϊ‫␊҈ڠ‬Ḉ ሹࠌ઻Ꮛ˴͎c ȉᣠմh೺ព྅ૅbઠк᣶ᙨ̡xਿy઻̰ͭ‫آ‬டಙ઻€᛾‫ײ‬෦xਿy઻٬ึఛb⦡ͭ̈͊ઐ ґடx঄y઻ྲྀ૾઻cᰝ‫ا‬Ν␊ࠌ઻€▎͙␊ఝ઻€ྲྀ߉c ȉ~Ჷᦉ‫ݳ‬๫Ꭿఝ઻€ಣx๫ఘఝ઻y€Ќ๫Ꭿఝ઻c ȉᣠմhᓥઢxᩊ‫܈‬yடxᩊy€ટͭ‫آ‬டಙ઻͎cᰝ‫ا‬સᱥဧࣽ␊ಙ઻€ᢐဧࣽ␊ࠌ઻€⪮ ೲc

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▎ੌ˴Ჷぽᚾဧxᔢy઻ࣽc >@ૹᦒ඄ણᓛ෦մh൴Ꭱಖष᜿☬⦁ҋຈј€ᔢᵤໟ٬€෋ᦽᔄ૞ਿಲਿ᜿ຈ૝€⠣ᓉಖ͍ ᧵€ඥಖᤠ᩷€ᔢᵤ෶Δ‫€ڃ‬঄ੌᛛጓࣽc >@᯻▪ᚬᵠ૳ઠఛմhᦥᔢનຨฎ€ಖ଻ᯛ߸ြਾਾ€ಖຒ๬ൾြᏗଶ€ᔢᦥ᩷ಖ⬔๼ྲྀӃ ๫ᐻ͎cġġᚾᲷᚾဧxᔢy઻€ྲྀ͙Ϊ‫€ڠ‬ᜯ໹⠣ࡵc ȉᦊմhಣᚾഗළ▪⛖€ૹᦒ๫xఓy઻xடy઻c૮᧿hಣҝᰝӹໝഎृౌᦒઍΠc ȉᦊմhҮ෦಻ͬᏙએմhnx࡜yxᔢyઁ઻⛖co▎Ꮩ╺մhnࢅ▪xᔢy઻͙x࡜y␊ ᯛ€ཀྵxᔢyӃ⛖สx࡜y€x࡜yટӃ⛖สxᔢyoc ~ເb௎b᫅b૭bЌb຀b‫ه‬b࢑bዶb᱆b෋‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬૟டનය҈ዶ࢑டఛ€ટ␊ ሑၭࠌ઻€ብ͙ࠌ‫҈ڠ‬ԛc҈‫઻ݲ‬ᱥဧ€લຖֳടͬࣽᵤᤣc ເb௎b᫅c >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӋເၟಣ€Ꮛ๫⭵Ꮋட૨ြಋᓛ͎c >@▎hӋ௎ᙦಖ๫᳥҈᱆҅ϫ€Ꮛ਺೷തኸԳ‚ >@▎h᫅෶ણட€ᵸ͙ἈМ੘e᫅ᵤણட€ᵤᵸ͙૟⬔๼cġġ ̜Ჷぽଁੌxເyx௎yx᫅y̜઻€ྲྀዶ࢑டఛ€ဧ͙ࠌ‫ࣽڠ‬cxເyx௎yᚾ઻€ྲྀຖ ֳxӋy઻€xӋy̰‫ڠ‬டട͎ͬcx᫅y઻᎝‫€ࣽڠ‬๫ട͎ͬcཀྵ࢑ఛᱥဧຖֳടͬࣽᤣ ͎cť >@஥ᙦ੾˴hᨈਾ௎๛ြᬈ€ᵤ۶᩷‫ݲ‬എᢋcՖ௎ᱝᙝᨈਾ€Ꮛᔧ͙ᖭՖ␊‫ڟ‬c >@▎h௎ᨈਾຨ㜏ြϫ€‫׉‬ಖ͙ᗥᑺᗩြެ€๫૑௓ެ▗ລ੄ಖᑒ᦭c >@▎ស͠h௎Ֆઋட͙␊ͅ€͙ͨᴋ␊ぽә€Ֆટ๫ଁᵤ୯Գc ġġଁषМx௎y઻€ྲྀ͙ࠌ‫҈€ڠ‬ᚾຖടͬ€ᚾલԳc ૭ >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦h૭සᰝ€ᓒᵤᔤᣐֳͨ‚ Ќ >@▎˼ᩑӪ෦hЌẟ᧬ᰓᯫ€⪮͔Ӌઅ঄ԣ඾‚ ຀ >@▎඄྅ૅhೲ͙ःਾ຀Ӄ͙୯ಖᓛ€ᵤ˴ಖဧe຀Ӄ͙☬ಖ૟€ᵤᓌಖᗥc ‫ه‬ >@▎೦ຖઐґhӋ‫੿ऺ˴͙ه‬આ᷁€␊આ᷁ਣ߶ೱ€આ᷁͛᣺c ࢑ >@▎˼ᩑӪ෦hಣ‫آ‬ફ੐Ќ࿩࿩c࢑Ҋᤡຖ€ೲᎯ૑ລੌӃൾֳࣽ‚ ዶ >@ᬃ̧⪮੾̡̧Ჽhዶ૮ட྅€࿥؈ࢅ€▪ႃَ€͙᪂ఠ‫׉‬Ө€‎ૺᰙᎤ€‼હᤊ̲€෋‫׉‬ Өଖයᵤၟೲ⪮сఠடଁ᧊ࣽ€ੌਾᩲc ᱆ >@Ờઢ૥͑෦h᱆᩷உᮦᵤԩ€ᵤम૭Ԫᵤส̜▗҈ԛc ġġଁष‫࢑ݲ‬ఛ€ྲྀ͙ࠌ‫ڠ‬cxЌy઻ᚾष€˴લടͬ€˴ຖԳcx૭y᩷xዶyᚾ઻€ྲྀલ ടͬcx຀yx‫ه‬yᚾ઻Ꮛຖடcx᱆y઻๫ടͬ€ཀྵલ‫ڠ‬Գc ብx෋y઻͛લടͬc >@⦡ᦀྖӪ෦h෋඄ᵤ൴ჺЌԛ€௎͛൴ட€‫؝‬඄Ꭱࣽ͛ჺ͎c >@▎ԩᎫՖӪ෦h෋⦀⛷ຨᣫᦌઍ€̰ᘊ㱚҈ચ€⪮དಖજ೩҈ԛc >@▎ỜൾᡥՖӪ෦h෋੅‫͔؝‬ᐘ҈᧲લӋடશᥩ€▗̧঄ത҂຃೩‫׉‬Өֳ‚ >@᫐ၟಲ୉h෋ͨೋೋය҈Ꮪ᩷€Ꮪન᱗͎€ઠ▎୔டc ġġ‫ݲ‬x෋y઻ྲྀ੐ടͬடલcᭁx෋y઻ᔢ࢑ఛ€҈ੌ෋૭ட᧵€ཀྵྲྀલടͬcයᏋx૭y xዶyᚾ઻঄๰ᓌ᩷‚ ࠌဧᚾ઻ࣽ€Ꮛલടͬ€҈๫ੌຖԳࣽc࢑ఛ຤຤ภဧᚾ઻ࣽc 204

>@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhዑ෋᪙Ֆᨕြಣ዗€ષহಣેcŦ >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hହ෋МՖ⎈૎҈ᵤぽ€஌˹҈ᵤဧ€ೲ෋ᓛ๫ૄ୯டᨗ€҈੅๫஑͔ட଻ ͎c >@ຖૹச၍෦hହ෋෶ᢸ᮴ఙຖ€ᄛ࿶াᴪ€Ꮛതᙶြ֐ᤆֳ‚ >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hዶ࢑ᚕӨုᤗၣடᣫ€൴ᵤᢐ‫ݲ‬൳҈ᛏ‫׉‬Өֳ‚ >@▎ҝᰝӹ෦hዶ૭ླྀขц‫€܂ت‬௎౪਺হ˴ְ€᩷ដ᡾തᰗ‚ >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦ඒhයዶ૭᯻ൾ᪎⦁ᜅᠲ€ᵤปԚ؋€ᵤԋಖ෶€Ꮛᥧഃ඾ြૹૅᓺӃ͙ ཹဠӣઆ▗டບ€ຖ྅ằੑᩲc >@᫐͔શ೚hᛡዶ҈ൖլட஥ᴏ͙␊೒€լᓖ͙૦‫آ‬ઓc >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦h૮ᗬશᥩᏨ҈޴ட€ੌເ᭑⠣ட˴€ዶ૭ᰙᎻ६Ρᡥ˴὎੽€ᚕӨത͙ക ಖцֳ‚ >@▎ỜಖӪ෦hੌເᚾẟ๗൴Ꭱ€Ꮛᧅ̧๽໫ᩲc >@▎றฆӪ෦h‫ه‬෋ዑూடฆ€լᠼࡪᎫᨚཹᢪ೬ୡ€ฃ؋ြ঄྅€ᵤᓌೡ҈‫ݳ‬ᩲc ġġ‫ݲ‬षぽଁੌ˻xዑ෋y€˻xହ෋y€˻xዶ࢑y€˻xዶ૭y€˻xᛡዶy€˻xੌ ເy€˻x‫ه‬෋y€ྲྀࠌဧᚾ઻€҈ྲྀલֳ‫ڠ‬டടͬcxᛡዶyຖḈ͙x҈y઻ࣽ€ᭁဧເ๫ ఘఝ઻҈ዶ␊ࠌ઻͎ࣽc▎ச಻ட෦մxੌເ᭑⠣ட˴yࣽ€҈ລَxዶ૭yࣽ€‫࢑␊ث‬ఛ͙ ៎ட͎c ‫ݴ‬ድ‫ݲ‬ष࢑ఛ€ྲྀሑᨁட‫ڠ‬c‫ڠ‬Ꮛఛ᧵ન᱗€ཀྵ͛ੌ಴ഗ͙␊ᥫࣽc҈಴ᥫடഗ€ ੌḈ͙xᏋy઻x͛y઻xટy઻ࣽ€ੌ္͙xᩲy઻x͎y઻x҈ԛyࣽ€ੌ๫Ḉ๫္€҈ ഗ᧵ໟᥫࣽc߆ድ‫ݲ‬ष€ᔗࣽӃাຨடc ࢑ఛடຖ€ລੌ͙xᔢy઻ᨁ‫€ࣽ׌‬ટਊ೩͎c >@ᗥ͔᪎h͍‫ه‬૦ட€ᔢᵤઍᵤ߽ᩲcġġx͍‫ه‬૦டyࣽ€࢑ఛட‫͎ڠ‬cxᔢᵤઍyࣽ€ ‫׌‬ј˴͎॑cxᵤ߽ᩲyഗ€Ꮛ໹಴ᩲc >@▎ઍ᥷h຀෶ಣ⦁ᩲ€ᔢᰙ͛ࡵ€ᔢឡ͛஑c >@‫ݳ‬ๅѠḩ᫅டᵤ‫€܈‬ᔢᣒடᵤᨶc >@▎hൾເՖᵤՖ€әᵤә€⬔ᵤ⬔€̧ᵤ̧€ᔢੌᛲ€Ԫຨ҈ੑ‫‚ݲ‬ >@⦡ச಻டӪ෦h෋ಖઍੌӃ‫€ࣽ܈‬ᔢᎍ᣶઄€धੌϜe෋ಖઍ๫Ӄ‫€ࣽ܈‬ᔢ๫҄ኣ€▎ത ពԳ‚ >@ૹቈᗊ෦hཀྵ‫ه‬෶ഝ૲ಖჁ€‫׉‬Өᔢੌᵤў€⩹۶፲ಖ࿦c >@⦡᳁ᰓӪ෦hዶ૭ᰓ̧҈੐€ፇᔢ␊ட࿪ᘔ€ଁცయԳc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hᰔ૭ቕ೼ܑࣀᆛᯊ੾٪҈Ӌ€૮ᔢ͙ៀহӃ͎c૭ൾുட෯Ӫ␊ၖ൳҈ု€ᔢ ӷ૮᧊Ӄ͎c >@୛᲼h᫅Ӄ͙ࡵՖடហ€ͅՖட᧥€ᔢഎշ଻€ᵤᴤ‫͎ت‬c >@᯻੿சླྀ᭹ᦒh᫅ເೲ€ᔢೡ‫֔ت‬૱டᖀ€˴ᤡ౪ӹಖુ€ࡔဵᏋੌடᩲ€൴͙඗ြ‫׉‬Ө ˻ၟԚၟԚ€Ꮛન͎c >@▎Ჾᮦ̐ઊᦒh௎ྲྀ᩷྅‫€࠸ע‬ᵤাᒅઅ€ᔢᵤ␊঄‫ଁآ‬ᄁ€ટ͛๫ຖ྅ட෦͎c ġġ‫ଁݲ‬षᲷ€ᆠᏋ͙࢑ఛ˴ሑ€୔͙xᔢy઻˴‫҈€׌‬ຖ໹಴ઐ᧵cഗцᦑᓌ€ᰒ␊Ӄцc ȉઐᲷᔏᆠࢅhnዶ࢑டఛmm‫઻ݲ‬ᱥဧ€લຖֳടͬࣽᵤᤣo€ಣ▎ࢅn࢑ఛᱥဧຖֳടͬ ࣽᤣ͎o€᮴ຖᵤᇒc ȉᦊմh᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅ๫ಣΠc ~ಖፇࠌ઻ဧ͙༕೬ࣽ€Ꮛ͙xधyx૔y᩷xଞyxᐩyᇐ઻€▎͙x᩷x᩷xিy x૑yx᯼yᇐ઻ӈ␊ӎᥫcť धmmଞc >@஥ẏ੾̡hᓏᵝधᘆ€ଞᓛໟֳġġxधy઻ർ˴Ꮅཹ€xଞy઻‫׌‬৑ੌඬcxଞy઻ ຖനੌxᓛໟy˴଻઻€ຈ๫ఝ઻ໟᝡ€൏ᵤͅഗcᵤၟxଞy઻ຖ΢␊ଁཹࣽ€ᾫྲྀᵤَ҈ Ḛcಣᣫ␊ଁཹࣽ€⪮ບxᓏᵝy᩷xᓛໟy͎€̰͙ᓏᵝட૔ߢᗷચ̧̛டລᐡ͎c૮ᵤَ ࡵ€ಣଁ΀᧵ԛҟ҈Ფનҟ͎c ੌ‫آ‬xଞy઻੿▪ᔢ๫xधyx૔yᇐ઻€҈๰ർ˴Ꮅࢅ€ Ќ੐xधyx૔yᇐ઻டІᗁᩲc▎xଞy઻᮴ੌക͙x҈y઻x▎y઻ࣽ€ଁ͙‫׊‬ᜯ໹ட ඬcxଞy઻ຖᗷ͙xՋy઻xֳy઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ࡵཹြடហcӅடြഗцᏋྲྀ᩷ᱥੌxଞy઻ ࣽ๫Ꮚc >@஥ស੾Ԇh▗˻hn˴ઊᵤӃ΄€ଞᓛֳo >@▎ͅ╺h឴ઊ‫ث‬ᔅ€ଞᓛֳ

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>@‫੿ᦑ׳‬hӋ̧ẟ઺᧬ᰝ̈́ᖋ€૨᩷ਾᓌ€҈Ӌ̧௎ຏࣽ€ಖု෋டය͎€ଞု‫׉‬Өட᥼ု ֳࣽ ġġ̜ष੿▪€ྲྀ๫xधyx૔yᇐ઻͙␊ӎട€നྲྀ๰ർ˴Ꮅࢅ€Ꮛ᩷ᦒࡵࣽ๫ᰗᩲc >@‫▗׳‬Өh᳁ව೰धᵤӃӣ€҈ଞᵤ␊᳁වֳࣽ‚ >@๣ស੾એh҄䏌೰धᦑಖఛ€҈ଞြਾֳ >@⦡౦ᜲ෦hઊ֔ާடӋ€᭑ૅட൳€Ҋ઺டՖ€૔धᤆ᠐€҈ଞᛅઊ‫ۂ‬տடᎻֳġġ ġġ̜षxଞy઻€ྲྀകx҈y઻c >@᯻⥿‫ו׳‬⣿঩h᫅ເೲ€ಖြ᧥ᡑ€धᚖ҈ᰎॡ€▎ଞಖϹࣽ؈ >@▎ᦈཇᢙh͔΢ಂষடۨ€۩૭ட዗€୯ြಖ᭒€ᵤฌᏋᵤӃ␊ԛ€▎ଞᵤເಖ᭒඾ ġġಣxଞy઻᮴ക͙x▎y઻ࣽc >@‫▗׳‬Өh౯ၫ€ဠ▗નடᦑ͎€҈ଞြӋֳ >@▎᭑Өhଞֳ͙ᵤᵎਾடႼႼᵎਾֳ >@ૹசැ෦hઊ͓ᓛઍՖ€धੌᧈᵤఙதடә€ଞြࡵ‫ֳ̧׉‬ ġġಣxଞy઻ຖ͙xֳy઻xՋy઻␊ᗷࣽc ‫ݴ‬ድ‫ݲ‬ष€΢xଞy઻டੌകြ᮴€ੌᗷြຖ€᩷๫ക๫ᗷࣽᓌ˴ഗцc ཀྵ>@ૹᦒ᙭ਣ෦մhઊࣼᰝੌᯘြਾ€૔കረᭁடໝ€ଞᓛட؋әࣽ඾ >@඄᲼մhਾఘட̧͎€⭜৐ட്͎€धᵤ෶ᅞ๫؋டᰟ€๫ᯘட੄€҈ઽ૱̛ட‫҈€͎ث‬ ଞਾәֳ >@⦡ͭຐᦒմhাੋằಠ⬼டᵝ€೩ͩᏋᇭ€҈ଞြਾᡂႄշ᣺ໆடᰳ >@▎ᗥᦒմhা̧Ӻ€ᔍਾட᧥᭿͎€धմચ೩Օ௺ࣇ᪞҈㏗€৑ᔄઊ̧ட⦁҈Ꮪ€̡͍ࣽ ᚤ€ન෶াࢧ€҈ଞઍ᥷͙Ө€ᗵᠺြ૲༻€῿ᖋြͅฤֳġġ‫ଁݲ‬षྲྀᢐဤc xଞy઻ຖഗΡࣽ€ੌ൴␊ଁཹࣽࢅࡵ͙ᵸఛᰳࣽc >@஥෦Ѯ͠ᮇմhᛅઊᛅᐔ஑҅€ಖۛἮध෶ଠළြਾ€͙␊֍Ꭷ€ଞॐᜧ€ͨલՖථ▗ட ᨀ€̧ॐடஉ€̧Ҍட̧€བྷೱடౌ€๰۩̜྅ᩲcᴋᔢ๫ᕫ€ႎ‫˻ݮ‬nᬍӂᓛo€҈̜྅࿪ ಖჁcಖဧཌྷ͎୹ᩲ€ಖ६ᆜ͎૨ᩲ€ಖ޴ಖ͔€ଁଠᎨᩲ€҈஑҅€෶␊ੇ€ᵤટષֳ‚ġ ġಣᲷxଞy઻ຖМဧxᩲy઻€˴ဧxᔢy઻€ྲྀ‫€͎ڠ‬᣾ӷx෶␊ੇᵤટષֳy€ਿ੿ ሹxଞy઻டഗcເಣΡഗ€ເᵤ൴x෶␊ੇyናࡵ€Ꮛఛᰳᵤ᮸ᩲc ᐩ€ӂỊ಻َմhnଞ͎coҮ⦡ᵤਊ೩€೩ြᦒࣽᰗጓcŦ >@‫͔ژ‬ỊపႎմhᐩӃ᭹๾cġġហᓌc >@᯻▪ṯਾዹੌմhᐩ⪮ೲ҈‫ڰ‬஢ᇆֳࣽ >@▎⥿᪱‫؃‬᣶঩մhᐩ୛඄ட˹ચֳಖᆁࣽ඾ġġಖဧцᓌxଞy઻c ͙᩷઻สཹఛ҈ຖᥫ͙૑઻cເh >@‫ݳ‬Π╺ⱑմh᩷ಖᧉ͎€૑෗c ͙٬ᥫ͙ি઻cເh >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մh᩷ͨᣫḻ༞டઍ€઎ೲ͙Ꮪॎ‫ס‬ட⦁€Ԫি௎෋ೲՖ␊ॎ‫ס‬டՖ඾€Ԫি ௎෋ೲᎻ␊ॎ‫ס‬டᎻ඾€Ԫি௎ြԪத്೩ட඾ ▎ࠪᥫ͙᯼௎ᇐ઻cເh >@᯻▪⥿ग़ᔧ঩մh᩷ಖੌᴕြ᮴€᯼௎๫㛛ြಖຖ‚᩷ಖੌᏚြத€᯼௎๫Ԁြಖ͍‚Չ Չcġġྲྀԛ೩x᩷y઻Ჽぽcŧ ȉಣᣫଁӪ‫€઻ݲ‬xিyᥫ␊xি௎y€x᯼yᥫ␊x᯼௎y€x᩷yટ͙x᩷ಖy␊ᤣ೩c ▎€x᩷y᩷xিyடᔐᎫᧇx᩷y઻€૮കc ȉᦊմhᦒ͔࡙ࡏhnᐩ௓ੌொo€ව͆ட‫ڗ‬hnᐩլடຒَೲᜮᔄo€෦ຈմhnxᐩy€ xଞy͎coಣմn೩ြᦒࣽᰗጓo€ન߆c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~ဧ͙Ճјࣽ€Ꮛ͙ႎb൴b૑ᇐ઻␊ޯ⤠டఛ€ ▎͙ࠪx⪮ብyxᵤብy᩷xટyxႎyxລyᇐ઻␊ᒌᜯடఛcťӅட€ಣ൵ࠌ઻€ྲྀ๰ዶ ภ҈૝€ઐ๫સࣈc҈Ү⦡຤຤ᬘ͙ሑᨁ▪ᅁ€ཀྵ᠜᪍Գc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈h૦ட᩷€ႎ᩷ட᩷‚ >@ᗥઍ᥷h᣶ਿட஑᩷€ಲਿட஑᩷€ႎ҈஑᩷‚ >@‫▗׳‬Өh૦ཎ᩷᪚҈ᵤຨ€Ꮛᶀ‫ݲ‬ಖਾֳ€ႎટઅ҈ᗂಖ҅᩷‚ >@੅᲼h‫ه‬঒ֳ€᧵ટ๾ֳ‚ġġ̜षxႎy઻€ྲྀ͙Ϊടј⤠டഗࣽ€‫ݠ‬ૐᜯ᧵cଁष੅ ᲼ഗぽ€x᧵yᓌxႎy઻c >@஥෦᫐એᮇմh௎ᵤ๰̜ә€ႎᑒ᦭ᨗᵤằੑ€҈ՖԳ६ፇ‚ >@▎Ѯ˸ᮇմḩ␝ൾಢᩲ€ႎ̧᣶ઊ͎c

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>@᯻▪᩷ᣱंᦒhಖᆜ ӠϹ€ચ৑ࡵṈ€ᔢᵤᦑૻ€ႎᵤӃ΀ᵤ࠻ಖ߸͎ࣽc ġġ̜षxႎy઻€ྲྀᜯ໹டఛc >@᯻⥿‫׳‬૞Ѧ঩ḩ̜ࣽட⌐ൾ᮳ᩲ€ႎᵤၟ‫׉‬൴଼ಖᯛ҈෋⌐ᓛૅடࣇ୓€ႎ൴ᨰຉಖ த€๾೉ಖ͍ᖁ҈෋া⌐ಖᵤᣮ؈‚ >@᫐⩎ંhಣᯉࣽ€૑ಖ҅␊ၘ⭜҈ᤇֳ‚૑ಖ૳҈ΩᎲြ‫ܪ‬ઍֳ‚ >@࿍ఛୟုhԪ૑ᒙᒙ࿬࿬ᇤ͙᧣ֳ€൴⥿຤ᯘ૝ᓄ๫ᨰֳ‚ >@⦡‫ॣ׳‬ՖӪ෦hਾ૳‫૽ت‬ြ‫€ֳ׉‬൴‫૽ت‬ြտ؈‚ġġ‫ݲ‬षഗઍᚾ⤠டఛ€ ੌྲྀဧx૑y઻ࣽ€ੌx૑yx൴yᚾ઻␊લຖӎᥫࣽ€ੌᱥဧx൴y઻€ ▎ੌx൴yxႎyຈဧࣽ€Ŧྲྀ๫સࣈ€࡜ಖೲӂc Ү⦡ぽြᚾ⤠டഗ€ੌ͙ಖ઻Ϊടࣽc >@஥෦Ѯ੾ᮇմh୺๏Գ੐ᣃκடઍ€ಖ͙᣽ᖋ೩€Ꮛથᗥન᱗eಖ͙֐ᖋ೩€ೲ‫تث‬೨ ͎c͔ઊ൴௎டത‚ >@᯻▪Ჾ೦ᵌ઄ਾᦒմhಖԛͅ๖ֳ€൴͙␊ଶ͎eಖનͅ๖ֳ€൴͙ࠝઋಖ⪮҈෭ಖೲ Ҍ ೰ >@⦡ͭỜ྅ૅᏋմhૄᤇࣽᘱਾֳ‚೰᠐ᚌࣽᘱਾֳ‚ġġೲxಖy઻ட೺€▎͙x೰y઻ ӿ⤠ࣽ€ᅐ࿩ட€͙೩▪ட᮳዗c ȉᰝ‫ا‬඗ட␊Ճјࣽ€૮΀ட߂ኸeᰝ‫ا‬඗ட␊ᒌᜯࣽ€૮΀டՃјc ȉnx൴yxႎyຈဧo൏ኜ>@€ය҈ಣഗ͙ᨗᚾxႎy઻␊ӎᥫ€x൴y઻൏␊ो‫ߣآ‬ ಙ઻€⪮ࠌ઻c ~⪮ብb⪮਀ᇐc >@‫׳‬᭑Өh⪮ብҊާடૅ␊ය͎€ᔢ͓ᓛடՖટੌடc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦h⪮਀ᆁᰗਾ͎€ટࠑ㆚ය͎c >@஥ᙦ੾˴hᨈਾட෋Ԫ̧ᣫಣ€ᵤብެᓛட␊€ટಮ͙ᓒԪᓟ͎c >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒh⪮਀೷͎€сᎻટधೲ͎c >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦h⪮਀۩෶͎€̰ಖᐺટࢫৣ͎c >@᯻㪣㪔ᢙh૮˴๛ӹட€িብਾᜮᗉૺ€ႎ஛̡Ᏼடᜑ€ዐఙළᩜ€ᵤЌᴢြӨᓛ͎c >@▎̜੿ૉໟᦒhᵤብᵤᵎြဠ▗҈ԛ€িລੌᵎြ‫آ‬Ҋ࿪૟ࣽ඾‚িລੌଁ‫ڙ‬ᢙ෶ᗔြဠ ▗டൖࣽ඾‚ >@▎ઽᡖh‫ݲ‬൳டြ‫€̧׉‬ᵤብઽ੽ϫ€੄ಾ៤҈ԛ€ᓒ൴ੌ͙ሌ᪰ட͎c ġġ‫ݲ‬षᲷྲྀ˴ሑ˴ᜯ€͙xᵤብyx⪮਀yxিብy␊ᒌࣽ€ Ќ͙xટyxႎyxᓒyxລyᇐ઻␊ᜯc҈ᾫ္͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ᵸ಴ᜯடඬ͎cટधᚾ ⤠டఛ€္͙xֳyx᩷yx୓yᇐ‫͙ଁ€ࣽ઻׊‬ᨔಖᐎষடᅥ͎c ಖિࠪዶಙ઻€ࠪዶఝ઻€͙␊ࠌ઻ࣽ€፣ᵤᝀ๦c᪎ࣽᅖᔗ຤Ჿ€঄াຨடc

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Chapter 9 ਼઻Ꮩட౪ ‫ݳށ઻׊‬ ~΢਼઻ဧ္ֹ͙ᨗ઻᩷ഗ‫઻׊˻€ࣽڠ‬c ▪͍ᓹᮾᦊഗմhnxֳyx඾yxᩲyx͎y€ટ⥿જடᤣಆcox⥿જyմࣽ€Ќ္ֹᨗ ઻᩷ഗ‫ڠ‬ட΀͎cཀྵઁਾ΀‫␊઻׊‬Πԛடఛ€ଁ͙Ꮚြࠌ઻␊ഗϦடఛ͎c੎ҋ▪઻€Ꭻြ☡ મ€ཀྵᓖᯛ͙೩᧵€΢˴☡ఝ઻டᎲમ€ᏋᚠΠᰳ҈␊ட዗cઁ‫ڰ‬ᖎ᩷ᇨ̂▪€ಖఝ઻ੌ዗ӷ એ͠੾ࡪ҈Ꮂમ஡ᵤᓌࣽc૮ಖਿَ዗ц€஡াᵤᓌ€҈͙௢▪␊ᰒ᲻cብಖఝ઻டੌ዗€ཀྵ ๫‫˴઻׊‬ᔍc‫ޚ͙ଁ€਀ଁ▪௺€ࣽ઻׊‬ઊఝ઻ᵤ዗டᨰc ઻͙ࡃ᧵c᧵டᨗᣫ€াੌఝb྽‫઻ݲ‬ᨔடcಖ਼ᣫ€௎Πᰳட჈‫̾˶€ث‬டᗉ൏€ఝb྽ட ઻๫ೲ͎€Ꮛብੌ‫઻׊‬෦டc ‫ଁ઻׊‬෦டΠᰳੌ̡h˻ൾ€˻ᗉcཀྵ‫ੌ઻׊‬෦ൾࣽ€ੌ෦ᗉࣽc̡ࣽᓒᵤᵸ͙ᾫ‫઻׊‬டဧ€ ҈͔༕Ꮛයᩲc෦ൾ‫␊€઻׊‬x͎yxᩲyxҌyxԛyᇐ઻€ࢧఛ͎c෦ᗉ‫␊€઻׊‬xֳy x඾yx୓yx‫ؤ‬yᇐ઻€͸͎ͬcઁᲿઍᦢဧx✸yxಳyxέyx೰y‫€઻ݲ‬යྲྀဧ␊ੌ ໜட▪€҈⪮ଁ၅ြઁ▪ఛ͎€ཀྵᵤ๦c ‫઻׊‬ઍብx͎yxᩲyᚾ઻ᰒਊဧ€҈␊ဧ஡Ꮚcťx͎y઻ଁ͙‫ݳ׊‬ᚧடఛᰳexᩲy઻ብ ͙‫ࢅ⑏׊‬டఛᰳcཀྵ΢ഗ᧵ட␊঄යࣽ€x͎y઻ֹடeԛයࣽ€xᩲy઻ֹடcଁ΀঄ය ࣽ€ࢧೲ⪮€ᚧӃ҃Ҍcଁ΀ԛයࣽ€᙭ಖ૟€͛ಖฃ҈ԛc΢ಣྲྀ͙␊ഗ͎€҈જᆠَ‫ڠ‬c Ŧ௓લषҮᲿઍ‫ݲ‬ഗੌx͎yxᩲyᚾ઻ຈဧࣽ€͙ࡵಖଁ͙஡Ꮚடࢅ€҈ຖ⠣஌Գc >@‫ݳ‬લјḩ˻hn઎͎ᰎॡᩲ€ન৑ြ઺͎coġġxᰎॡy̰ԛ೩ࣽ€ཀྵ္xᩲy઻c઺ டન৑€ઊ̧ᚧட€ཀྵ္x͎y઻c >@▎ᠼ‫ا‬hԪᔄಖΠᩲ€ન೩ಖਾ͎cġġxΠyxᔄy੐ಔ€xᩲy઻္டcಖਾન೩€ᚧ াြ૮€x͎y઻္டc >@▎ᨚᔎhՖ̧҈ᵤ౯ࣽੌᩲઊ€નੌ͓ਾ҈౯͎ࣽcġġՖ̧҈ࠪ౯€૟டӃੌ͎ࣽ€Ꮂ ͙xᩲy઻c͓ਾ҈౯€͉டଁ͛๫͎€ᚧ͙x͎y઻c >@▎╺ⱑḩ΀Ἕ€ᦑಢᩲ€▎ᦑ᮳͎c΀‫ᦑ€ݞ‬ಢᩲ€નᦑ᮳͎cġġἝ‫ݞ‬டᦑಢ€ԛ೩ࣽ ͎€ཀྵֹ͙xᩲy઻c҈Ἕடᦑ᮳᩷‫ݞ‬டનᦑ᮳€˴ೲ˴⪮€̰સ‫ݳ‬ြ຃᮴͎€ ཀྵ္͙x͎y઻c >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h૮‫׉‬Ө޽ᩲ€ઊ̧டᵤᄛ€ത͎‚ġġ‫׉‬Өட޽€ԛ೩͎ࣽ€္xᩲy઻cᵤᄛட ͸€͸ಖཀྵ͎€္x͎y઻c >@ᗥઍ᥷h⦁டᵤ๬͎€ͨၟடᩲ€ၟࣽमட€ᰙࣽᵤ٬͎c⦁டᵤࡵ͎€ͨၟடᩲ€ᵎࣽम ட€ᵤᣈࣽᵤ٬͎cġġ⦁டᵤ๬᩷ᵤࡵ€ԛၟட૟€ֹxᩲy઻€ᵎbၟடम€ᰙbᵤᣈட ᵤ٬€ŧᚧಖཀྵ͎€ֹx͎y઻cӷxᵤ๬͎y᩷xᵤࡵ͎yᚾx͎y઻္‫€ڠ‬ᵤ੐ಣဤc >@᫐ள૳ఘhәடଁႄࣽ€⦁͎€јֳሲᩲcġġxଁႄࣽ⦁y€ࢧಖೲ͎€ཀྵ္x͎y઻c xјֳሲyࣽ€َԛ⡒ட͎ٚ€ཀྵ္xᩲy઻c >@஥ၣ╺h‫׉‬ઋಖছᩲ€ᚠનӃ᣸͎c >@ဠΠhୠ๛๟ᩲ€⦁ễᵤӃ๬c >@ஊΠhઊᮬ൴҅€෋ਾࢅြ̧җ˻hn෋҅ࣽ๫ၟᏋԛᩲ€௎ಖੌၟ€Ԫത҂຃͙೩᮷ ͎‚o >@⦡ग़᥼Ӫ෦hઍ҄㜏౫€ᗂட͎҄cසೡ᭹ட€ߪᵤ෶৑ᩲc >@▎ൾᡥՖӪ෦hြ඄Ꮛੌ؋ᩲ€ြỜᏋન␊᧣ә͎c >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦hೲ΀៛৐঄ຉᦼடᝲ͎€ᗩ͛ᵤႲᩲcᔢੌ᳁ᰓ€ᵤ෶␊ட࣭͎c >@ૹ᪲⭵ட෦hැฟᣏ̡̈́੾ፇᮇ€ॣᔄ┗ਾᙳᩲ€નᔄᗬᙲട͎c >@̜ᓛ‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂෦hઐ‫܈‬᩷൴ᎡூᓙӋᛱட୙ࣽ€͙ಣਿ݅டϫ͎c૮ԛ૲୨๼€ਿ݅ఠᩲc >@᯻Ꭻੇh˻hnੌࠑ҈๫ᯛࣽ€ཌྷடੌᩲ€੽҄ೲ͎cੌᯛ҈๫ࠑࣽ€ཌྷੌடᩲ€ϊᜣೲ ͎coġġଁष‫ݲ‬ഗ€΢ࢧ૟ཌྷடԛයࣽ€ྲ္ྀxᩲy઻c΢ࢧಖ঄යࣽ€ྲ္ྀx͎y઻c >@஥෦ͅ▗੾એᮇմhӋ˻hn᝼҈஥ॏ€ ത͎‚o˻hnӣᎡ⦦͎conྲྀᚳြઍᎡᩲco˻hnᢐ࣭͎conச᪪ᩲco˻hn⦔ୟ ြલՖ͎conၖ᪪ᩲco˻hn൴࡝૽͎con⬤ᱦ೰স੿ᩲco˻hn൴ᣵ௃᧲Έ҈␊๬ ͎conྲྀާᩲ€஥ॏ࿪᜿҈Өᩲco˻hnᜮᰉ͎conᚤֳ‚o˻hnનӃၟ͎conާ ҈஥ॏྲྀӨᩲco˻hnᚤᗖ͎coġġ˴Ჷ€΢ഗ⢵ଁ೩ட૟ࣽ€္xᩲy઻e΢Ჾಖ૟ட ଁ␊ࣽ€္x͎y઻cઊය€x͎yxᩲy˴઻டଁᏊ€ಖ͔༕ເೲ͎c ȉഗឝx‫઻׊‬y᮴ᗉᥫੌx෦ൾy̡઻c ȉnનᆠَ‫ڠ‬o€᧵Ќ൭ᵤ‫ߣڠ္ن‬x͎y᩷xᩲyc 208

ȉxᵎyxᰙyxၟyxᵤᣈyᥫ␊xᵎࣽyxᰙࣽyxၟࣽyxᵤᣈࣽyc

෦ൾ‫઻׊‬౪ட ෦ൾ‫઻׊‬౪ட˴ ˴ ~᥼ໜմhnx͎y€Π‫€͎׊‬ఛடߪ͎coๅ‫ૅا‬৘ᦒࠒᲽટՉhnx͎y€Πԛ٬‫׊‬ ഗடఛcoයಣᵤᵸ͙ᾫx͎y઻ட዗cઁਾੌ΀x͎y઻̜ဧ€ੌဧြഗજࣽ€ੌဧြഗઍ ࣽ€ੌဧြ඗΀ࣽ€ᭁ᪼⛬டᩲcťᰙ΀x͎y઻ଁ‫̜ੌ׊‬h˻‫׊‬ഗ€˻‫׊‬ఝ€˻‫׊‬ᨗ઻€͙ ᗂଁ΀̜ဧࣽ༕␊Աᭁc >@᫐̧‫⦁׉‬մhःਾட྽͎€⪮˻྽͎€᮳€ཀྵ྽͎e᭑ཌྷ๫ᵸ͙ጿ͍ࣽ€ཀྵ྽͎cġġᲷぽ ᇊ˴x͎y઻€‫␊͙ଁ€ڠ׊‬ዼᆸ͎cᇊ̡x͎y઻€‫׊‬ᨗ઻€ ଁ͙‫͎઻׊‬cᇊ̜ᇊМx͎y઻‫׊‬ഗ€ଁ͙ो‫ݳ‬ᚧ͎cx͎y઻டဧ€ᦑြೲᩲ€ཀྵલ␊ᚐ᪍ Գc ȉಣኜ‫઻׊‬ာߓc ~͎ ઻‫׊‬ഗ€ ͔ი‫ݳ׊‬ᚧடఛᰳҌc҈ഗடੌຑြ‫ݳ‬ᚧࣽ€͙ोͬடഗ␊ᰒc‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€ଁ͙ᚧടͬ᩷ ोͬட␊ೲ␊⪮͎cᚧಖ␊ೲࣽ€ᚧͬӃय़c Ꮩ̜ोͬᲷぽմhn΢ࢧᚧ˶ᰳ€ᾫ͙xೲyx⪮yx␊yxЌyx̰y‫ᦢ઻ݲ‬ြടͬbोͬ டᔐ€҈΀டᚧͬcࠪ๫ᚧͬ€Ꮛ͙‫္઻׊‬ட€ࠪᚾࣽ඙ဧԳટӃcoťብഗੌोͬ€ ္x͎y઻͙ࢧಖೲࣽ€ᾫ๫ᚧͬᦢடcಖࣈᵤ˴c ť՜ీष▪€઻ഗ᩷~ᲷᎫ▪ߓੌચ৑c ~ੌ͙଻઻␊ोͬࣽc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hၖࣽ€ၖ͎e‫€ࣽ׊‬ᬘ͎c >@▎h᥻ࣽ€ள͎cᇭࣽ€༻͎c঩ࣽ€᭹͎cġġଁषोͬྲྀ଻઻€҈x͎y઻္ட€͙ᚧ ടbोᚾͬ઻ហட␊˴€҈๫x␊yxೲy‫ݲ‬ᚧͬடകԳcಣ৘‫ط‬டࣈ͎c >@▎h᙭ॐ€࿍ભ͎c >@▎᭑੿hҊίᜍ€℡ਾ͎c >@⦡൅᧲ഥᤗӪ෦h൅᧲ഥᤗ€୺ማՖட̡̧͎c >@▎᳁ᰓӪ෦h᳁ව᧲Ԫࣽ€ᗅ੿ਾ͎c >@▎hᰓԩවᱧࣽ€௽ட᧲ࢱਾ͎cġġಣ෦ͭடࣈcፇᓌ੿c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hՖ̧டຒ€ϊ͎c͓ਾடຒ€௱͎c >@▎ඥ੿hཀྵ␊Ѡᙃ౮ࣽ€ੜ͎c␊ᩬᙃᡑࣽ€ጶ͎c␊ਣ‫ݞ‬ᙃᎻࣽ€࿇᩷Ԏ͎c >@▎࢞Өh‫܈‬჈டြॎ‫ס‬ட⦁ࣽ€͔ช͓ช͎c‫ث܈‬டြॎ‫ס‬ட⦁ࣽ€͔࿇͓࿇͎c >@஥ͅ੾એh൒ட˻hnᒊᄮ€ೡ͎cᰗᄮ€೧͎c͛࿍Ӌ͎co >@▎ស౪hnത΀᧣୤‚oዹ˻hn▗ૅட୯€ၟ๫ᵤ␊€᧣͎€⥿຤૟ု€ኍ൞๫័€୤ ͎co ġġଁषྲྀ଻઻␊ोͬ€္͙x͎y઻€҈๫ᚧͬᦢԳ͎ࣽc ӷြห઻␊ोͬ҈‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽ€ᾫྲྀޯᔎห઻cҮᲿਊੌxത΀͎yxത͎yxԣ͎yᇐ ഗೲ͎c ~྽઻␊ोͬ€္x͎y઻͙ࢧಖೲࣽ€ཹཹྲྀೲc >@ᗥઍ᥷h‫׉‬ϫட⦁€ᆇ͎€Ꭸ͎€᧥͎€ࡵ͎€ొ͎€ଵ͎c >@‫ݳ‬ᠼ‫ا‬h૳҈ၟடࣽ€੿͎c᪎҈ၟடࣽ€ࡪ͎cᓏ҈᪎ட€▎ಖࡪ͎c >@‫׳‬ඥӨhલःຖः€ಖႍ˴͎c >@▎ᦑ੿h๬ட҈ᵤ᭐Գ€ਊᩲ҈ᵤᨕԳ€ߪத઎ட҈ᵤၟಖ⦁ࣽᎤ͎c >@▎▗Өh᮴ೡடᵤ‫ت‬ೲ€Ꮛ૮ೡட‫͎⪮ت‬e૮ೡட‫ت‬ೲ€Ꮛ᮴ೡடᵤ‫͎⪮ت‬c >@஥▪˸hՖடᢋન͎c >@᫐੐ᨍh‫׉‬Ө൴૊ಖᆁ૽டᅥ€ட╺ࣽ€᧊Ӄ͎€হӃ͎c‫׉‬Ө൴ᵤ૊ಖᆁ૽டᅥ€ட╺ ࣽ€̰ᆠ᳍Ꮩህᦌ҈ఠ‫׉‬Ө͎c >@▎ࡃ૳hਾடଁ६ᰘࣽ€ᖽᥤட੿€垴ੑடᔈ€҈ᵤၟ␊டᡖࣽ€म͎c ġġ ଁषxᆇyxᎨyx᧥yxࡵyxొyxଵyx੿yxࡪyx˴yxᎤyx⪮yxનyxӃy xमy‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ဧส྽઻҈္͙x͎y઻€͙‫׊‬ಖࢧᚧ˶ᰳ€ཀྵ๫ᚧͬᦢԳc᮴ष‫ݲ‬ഗ€ಖട ͬ໫ྲྀ␊‫ڠ‬cť ⛎ੌ͙Ρీဧເടͬࣽcເૹᦒ඄ણᓛ෦੿ၘ੏੾̡☬€౲ీֹഗ€ 209

஡͙ᯊ຃྽઻␊ोͬ€x͎y઻္டcເx˴͎yx̡͎y͙ӷx੾̡͎y␊ु€ᭁधմ஡ీ ଁ‫☬̡੾̰€ࣽݳ‬டx˴͎yx̡͎yՉՉc⦡ͭၘ൳྅ૅͭசॐภᲃ᳗᲼€ಖᵤӃ໿એᓛຖ ੌ╺૟€˻hnಖᵤӃ˴͎mm̡͎mm̜͎coӷᇊМᲷ€Ꮛ˻hnಖᵤӃМᩲco᣾ӷᇊ ╺Ჷ€ྲྀ͙xᩲy઻␊္ࣽ€ᭁ᮴̜Ჷட૟€‫آ‬૔Ӄ␊͎€ཀྵ္x͎y઻€ຖԆᲷட૟€Ꮛ‫آ‬ ԛᵤӃ␊ᩲ€ཀྵ္xᩲy઻cයಣ̰ూ␊டࢅ€⪮ᨗហ͎cҮᲿઍx͎yxᩲyᚾ઻€ੌ‫آ‬ઐ Ӄӈဧࣽ€ಣಖࠒ͎c▎૾઻Ჽ‫ݳ‬xடy઻Өଁष>͠"@⦡ͭ੅࿍ட᚟೧ो঩մhn͙ຒ௎ຏ€ ဧୡເಣ€ᭁ˴‫ݴ‬௎ᓄடᴤ͎o€Ŧxᴤy€྽઻€҈္͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ ଁ͙ࢧ෦‫׉‬ӨடᴤcಣᲷ‫ݲ‬ष€Ӄ६ድ͎c ӷ྽઻᮴຤຤μ͙xடy઻ࣽ€ଁ͙Мட͎c >@஥▪̜hՖ̧ೲ͙ၟ੅ථ▗ட␊Ֆ͎€᪍ਾடဠ͎€᩷ਾட᣻͎c >@▎ᦅ̡੾౪hःਾட୹͎€҈धੌᒑຒ€ःਾடᴤ͎cġġxဠyx᣻yx୹yxᴤyྲྀ྽ ઻ட᩿͎ࣽ€μ͙xடy઻€Ꮛ྇ᩲcࢅ೩᮴c >@⦡ͭசҌ෦մhതዑࣽໟయဧட‫€ه‬ຖໟ෇டᩮ͎ >@᯻▪੿ြᦅᵠᦒմhതಖໟ͜டಱ҈ໟ⨟ட‫‚͎ؿ‬ >@஥෦ᦅ̡੾౪ᮇմhᵤය€തԀட߽͎‚ġġ ಖഗц᩷᮴ໟ൏cයϹ‫؍‬ಖ▪€x͎y઻္xതy઻€ᵤ္྽઻€धմhxዑࣽໟయဧட‫€ه‬ ຖໟ෇டᩮ€ത͎‚yԛ೩ޯᔎห઻cŧᵤය€xതy઻঄ဧເಙ઻ᩲ€ଁⲣ೩͎c ⛎ੌ͙ಙ઻␊ोͬ€္͙x͎y઻€ଁ͙ࢧಖ્டເೲ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Πዑᤠմhቇቇເ͎Ŋ൚൚ເ͎Ŋᵉᵉເ͎ġġᇐഗ€ྲྀೲ͎c >@ૹᦒ᭑҄Ֆ෦մḩஉᖤ᎝ࣽ੐ྈ€ᔢ୛ု͛᎝€᧜᧜ເ͎€៟ླྀೋೋເ͎€࡜ঀcġġྲྀ ಣဤ͎c ȉ>@᩷>@ߣടͬ⪮‫ڠ‬c ȉ೩~Ჷ>͠"@ဤc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~ੌ͙ዼ␊ोͬ€္͙x͎y઻€͙ࢧಖೲࣽc >@‫࢞׳‬ӨhԆᛱࣽ€̜Ӌட᳥ਾ͎e૮ட‫ݲ‬൳€Ԇᛱட᳥ਾ͎e૮ட͔ઊ€૮ட‫ݲ‬൳ட᳥ਾ ͎cġġ‫ݲ‬ಣोͬ€ྲྀੌⱷࡪલԳc ोͬဧ္ֹ͙˴ీ€຤຤͙xಣyxೲyᚾห઻␊ടͬ€͙ኜ᮴▪͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hಣ‫׉‬Өட⛖ហ͎cġġxಣyኜ੿▪ᯘ͍ᯘୡࣽடଁ͙сਾ᩷сြਾ͎c >@ૹ᛾ཱིட෦hਾᅥ⩹്⬔๼€⩹Ꮪઊᐔ€ӷᐵᧅᦕ̧€цᵤ෶ඍ€ហᵤ෶ु€ಣᑒ᦭டԀ ͎c >@ૹᦒဟ࿿෦َ᜿૟ᦒh஡ీடજ€ੌմhಣ॑᜿டϫ͎ŊಣΡ༸டϫ͎cՉՉġġ ‫ݲ‬xಣy઻ྲྀኜ੿▪c >@‫࢞׳‬Өh๫ස€஌ட͎c >@▎h๫ස€ពட͎cġġx஌yxពyᚾ೺ఝ઻€xடy€ಖुͬ€ᢐடͅዼ€҈␊ഗடो ͬc ੌલ͙xೲy઻ኜ੿▪҈ࡵଁሑட͉ࣽc >@‫▗׳‬Өh๫ᣫ҈ឲட€ೲ౦ட͎cġġxೲ౦ட͎yഗ€Ќَ͙ଁሑ੿▪ட͉͎c >@▎ඥ੿hЎᵤ෶૭€▎ᵤ‫€૽ت‬ೲϯཌྷ͎c >@▎ᐘӨh૮▎෇ϫ҈ᵤ๬౯۩€ೲఝ‫׉‬Өட᜿͎c >@⦡℡ౌӪ෦h੅͙ಖୡߗಖଁᵤ෶६€เ҈ᛌ€Ӌ▎͙ಖୡடଁᵤ෶६͙⥿ட€ೲ‫੅׊‬াߗ ͎cġġ̜षᓌ੿cxೲy઻᩷xೲᏋyᓌ˴ဧцcಣ൵ഗц€Ү⦡ਊ೩€ཀྵᵤ૨षc ~ੌ͙‫␊ڠ‬ोͬ€္x͎y઻͙ࢧಖೲࣽcť >@‫׳‬ඥ੿hՖᵤ๬౯۩҈ૄட€ྲྀেြਸ̧͎ࣽcġġ धմxເೲྲྀ␊ਸ̧ଁেடਾcyxࣽy̰ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻c΢‫␊ڠ‬ोͬ€໫ੌሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻ࣽ€ಖᤣ ͎c >@‫׳‬ඥӨh͔ਾࣽ€ᵤ૲ಖ्̧ட͍͎ࣽc >@▎hॐਾࣽ€ଁ໤⭵҈ߪத͎c >@஥᫐̜੾̡hᝬ€ಞࡵ̐᣾҈᣻͎ࣽc >@▎ ̡hઊ೶೚€ᦉ๬࣭€ᰉᎡࡣ€Ֆ᩷ᓛ۩டଁᓙ͎c >@▎ၣ╺hᠼᐘ‫ڟ‬Өட€ୗެ҈ຖᚤ€ଁ͙ໆͨ҈੉ᨉ͎cġġଁषᓌ੿c ‫␊ڠ‬ोͬ€҈ੌxಣyxೲyᇐ઻લடࣽ€ྲྀ͙಴क़੿▪ࠪኜଁሑட͉͎c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨhಣᛅઊட឴€๥˴ਾ͎ࣽc >@▎ᖭӨhೲ૕‫׉‬Ө҈͎߱c 210

>@▎࢞ӨhಣᏋⴱ ଁᵤૻ͎c >@▎ඥ੿hೲ‫׉‬Өட⬔ᛌட͎c >@▎ඥӨhಣಖ␊᳨ᵸட⦁͎c >@஥ᙦ̜h௎েຒᵤᠲ€ೲ᥮લՖட᪍͎c >@᫐ӷᏚh૮▎዗҈ட҅€ೲໟ᩷␊੍Ӻ⩎஠М‫آ‬๬͎c >@ૹῒ⛖෦hයᏋඇ⬔ધ̧€൴᠏ሹ▄ြ▗டᕽ€͙ລಖྱ҈ͅಖ؋଻€ಣ⛖டଁ͙೨͎ࣽc ġġ߆ድषഗ€΢ੌxೲy઻␊ឝࣽ€໫๫ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻␊டຖԳc ᔐੌ͙xଁ΀yxಣ΀y‫ݲ‬Π␊લ€҈္͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ટ੐ಣဤcᭁxଁyxಣyᚾ઻ຖ€ ಖ୔டࣽࠪ଻ࠪ‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬᩷ᓌࡪ҈␊டो͎ͬࣽc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hຏଁ΀ᣨྂட˹͎cġġxଁyኜxຏy€҈xᣨྂட˹y᩷xଁy઻ᓌࡪ€ ͙x͎y઻္ட€ଁ͙‫ݳ‬ᚧಖເೲ͎c >@▎ඥ੿hَ⪮ᗥហ€΀டাೠ͎€Ԫதᵤ෶ု౯઎ហ€΀டাে͎cġġᚾxடy઻஡ኜ᮴ ▪€xাೠyxােy€஡੐x΀y઻ຖ€᩷xடy઻ᓌࡪc >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦h▗ᇐ࿩࿩€ଁ΀ᓖਾͅ૟͎ࣽc >@ૹῒ⛖෦h௴ᵠ૭લӨ€҈தૄᤇ€͛ໟ૕҈ᙿ€धເ‡੿ौ଴͎cಣәଁ΀෦ᒁ҈֔ίસ ͎ࣽc >@▎ᣌઊ൥෦hᓖӨಖᎡ‫ݲ‬൴Ꭱ€૭ങႆ૎ᔄԳ€Ꮛೲଁ΀੿᜿ป࣭€ಖࡪป૛͎ࣽcġġष ぽxᓖਾͅ૟ࣽy€x෦ᒁ҈֔ίસࣽy€᩷ઊx੿᜿ป࣭ಖࡪป૛ࣽy̜‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬xଁy઻ᓌ ࡪ€xಣy઻̰஡ഗடടͬ€҈x͎y઻ଁ͙ࢧಖೲ͎c ઊය€҈xಣட΀yxࠪட΀yxࠪ΀டy‫ݲ‬Πடxடy઻€ટኜ᮴▪€̐ಣဤ͎c ť>@x૕‫׉‬Ө҈߱y€>@x᥮લՖட᪍y€>@xໟ᩷␊੍Ӻ⩎஠М‫آ‬๬yྲྀ⪮‫ڠ‬c ~⛎ੌཹᐎடഗ€૕͙x͎y઻␊္€͙ࢧଁཹட‫ه‬යࣽc >@‫׳‬ඥ੿h‫ס‬ᵤ࢞҈৫€␊๫ຖ͎€Ֆ̧͙␊ध͎࢞c >@▎hᗂ‫׉‬Ө㏗҈ᛌԚ€ध௱௼͎c >@஥ᙦМhઊ᜿€धୠ͎c >@⦡ԩ৪ᦒh⪮਀೷͎€сᎻટधೲ͎cġġଁ΀xध࢞yxध௱௼yxधୠyxधೲyࣽ€ ྲྀཹᐎட઻€ť૕္x͎y઻€͙ࢧಖଁཹடᵤ‫ۍ‬c >@‫੿࢞׳‬hਾᆁட๫⠣ြ᮳ᵤ᮳͎€धંட๫⠣ြ૞ҋ͎c >@▎h૮ட␊౯ࣽ€ध͙˴ໍં๧˴᧬᭚டୠ͎c >@஥ᙦМh͙ఠ€धс།҈Ỻட͎c >@▎ᦅ̡੾౪h˻hnຒӷᩲ඾͔ᩲ€ເ‫׉‬ட๫ᵤᅋ͎€ເϫட๫ᵤ๦͎co >@᫐ᥫફӋhಖြс‫׉‬Ө͎€ध࠻੘ᚦѲ҈෋呧᪆઄͎c >@⦡ग़ᓄӪ෦hઊਾ૳ု྅ᔐ͎€ᝯध᝼એᙔमࢧ᙮͎c >@᯻⥿҄ᣫ˹঩h᩷டΠ⦁͉€ာઁ૮૟঄҃€‫ݳ‬ਾ᧥Ө€૟ຖ঄ͅᔤ€௎ѲࢧӨ߸҈૞ъ€ ௎ᘨᰝᯫ჈᧬᱆๖߱€҈Ӌॐ⡒⬔␊டલຖ͎€௎ኁҕᯊ‫҈ڙ‬ᯉୟ͎c ġġଁषཹᐎட‫္ྲྀ€ڠ‬x͎y઻cಖ္͙ࠪxҌyxֳyᇐ઻€ࠪ๫‫€္ࣽ␊઻׊‬ટ‫آ‬ ೩Գcයߪન೩ੌ္͙xᩲy઻ࣽc ȉಣx઻yષสxఛyc ~ᚧ␊⪮ࣽ€္͙x͎y઻€੐͙͛x⪮y઻લԳcोͬடഗ€ࢧ␊⪮ࣽ€ ࣈટᵤ˴cੌ␊଻ࣽ€ੌ␊ዼࣽ€ੌ␊‫┥€ࣽڠ‬஡া዗೬Ꮛ͙ࡵடc ोͬ␊଻b␊ዼc >@‫੿▗׳‬h઎ೲድட€๫ᒟᙦட͍€⪮ਾ͎€๫ౚշட͍€⪮ਾ͎€๫ೲ⪮ட͍€⪮ਾ͎c >@▎ඥ੿hཀྵ˻‫ه‬ಐᵤવ€᜿Іᵤ૨€⪮ᓛடฝ͎€˼Ѧᵤᘼ€౦ᕏᵤᚳ€⪮ᓛடે͎c >@▎hਸ̧˻hn૦€⪮Ԫບ͎co >@▎᭑Өḩ๾͙␊ౕ৐෋Ԛླྀླྀӂᵦҍ͎€⪮ளՖ̧ட⦁͎c >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hᔢ੐ࡱϝடઍ€⪮ಖ᳥͎c >@஥ၣ̡h઱᧜€‫ݹ‬ြ͔ᥩ€⪮ᗥ͎c >@▎ઠ੾˴hᵤᎯࣽ€⪮᪙ਾ͎c >@⦡३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h೰ᚕӨଁ΀‫׉‬ᄃ€⪮ਾୡ͎c >@ૹ඄ણᓛ෦hಣਾәᵤ᧣ட୯€⪮ࡵఘᑒ᦭டᗊ͎c >@▎ᣌઊ൥෦hဪ˹೩˴Ϧ€ࠪ૗͙᧵෦᭐๸Ꮊ€਼⡒ങႆ୪உҋඹடᴤ€࣭ఝ̤ସ€࢑␊ᢪ ዗€⪮ᥫ‫׉‬ட⦁͎c ġġ͙੿ଁष€ಖֹഗࠪ␊଻€ࠪ␊ዼ€ྲྀ஡͙᩺x⪮y઻҈္͙x͎y઻€ੌເಣࣽc ोͬ␊‫ڠ‬c 211

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>@▎մh૮ᔧᨶੌ‫͎ڟ‬c >@▎ඥᣆӨմhլનຨ␊ਸ̧ບ͎cլரଽ‫ݲ‬ਾ͎c >@ᤗ᲼մhᐘ෋̜ᶀ€‫ॣ׳‬Ֆᓒఛᵤ຤͎c >@஥෦ᦅ̡੾એᮇմhᖺ€࿍ഹᦢ᩷᭜આ೚̧๛ଶ€ಖ̧ഹ᪍ြᯛ̧ໟ᮳͎c >@▎մh࿍೚჈ᨣ€๻ճᦺ͎c ġġ‫ݲ‬षഗぽઐ๫‫׊‬ఝbᓌఝட઻€҈ଁͭࣽࠪЌ␊َࣽᓌ‫آ‬ட૟€͙ࠪࡵَ͍ࣽઍடᔧ€ֹ ͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ࢧಖ‫ه‬ເೲ͎c ᚾୗఛࠌဧࣽc >@‫੿͍ᦑ̧׳‬մhஒናட᧺€๫ᵤၟ‫נ‬ಖ്͎c٬ಖΡ͎€๫ᵤၟᓅಖή͎cġġᚾഗટಣ ဤ͎cᭁx๫yxᵤyᚾ઻€ྲྀୗఛ͎€ࠌဧໟш€ᓌֳ̐᧵cᵤය€঄ӪӨᲷᩲcೲᏋ >@஥෦સ▗˸ᮇմḩૅ̧ᵦَြͨ€નॣᵤઍԪઢ͎c >@ૹᦒଠফ෦մh૮Ԫ౲ጀ᧵નॣᵤ੐Ӡ૤͎c >@▎ᛸཝ෦մhӷြ᧣әધ̧டᲽ€નॣᵤ␊ӋᶀӼӗட͎c >@⦡ͭা঩մhයಖ̐଻ᨗ€ᵤӃᵤᨕ͎c >@▎մh௎ઊⷉ଻᣿ᨗ€ᦢഹᵤ૲€ಣᵤӃᵤᨕ͎c ġġ‫ݲ‬षֹ͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ࢧಖය͎c҈ഗぽxનyxᵤy᩷xᵤyxᵤyᚾୗఛӈш€̐ಣ ဤ͎c ťxੌyx๫y᮴ЎԛӪ␊ᓌఝ઻€૮▎΀n␊‫׊‬ఝo€๻ќ߉ጓc ~ੌᚧಖᵤයࣽc ಣᲷᶀֳ᮴Ჷ€͙ಖଁഠࣽ᥼€ཀྵᏊ␊ᚾᲷҌcཀྵ΢ഗடળఝ҈␊‫׊‬ఝட઻€ੌୗఛલԳࣽ€ ྲྀ੐ಣဤc ‫׊‬ఝͬ␊ળఝࣽc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hᎻ૟ᵤӃӲ͎c >@‫▗׳‬Өhԫ࿍டૄ€ᵤӃ٬͎c >@ဠΠh͔ཌྷಖનӃ͎ۨc >@஥ᦅ̡੾౪hो૞੘ࣽ€ಖઆ▗ֳᓛનӃ೬͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hಲਿட᪎ࣽ€ન෶ࠪடલ͎c >@‫׳‬ඥӨhᔢધ̧ඇஉ€Ҋ྅ᵤ෶͎ۨc >@஥ѮԆh૮۩૭੐ૅ€ᵤ෶६͎eੌ̧ૅ䕻€ୗ෶ဧ͎c >@⦡া঩h௎ઊӪՖә⬔̧டᗥ€঩ઊᐔΡౖடᏊ€ᔢҊૅୗ෶๻͎c >@ૹੑ౦ઢhᎻເ᪁ᵝ€ᔢੌ᧥٪ⳁ‫€ܝ‬ᱤц‫ث‬Ҡ€धᵤ෶ඍ͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhլিႄာ඾‚լᵤຨԛ͎c >@‫׳‬᭑੿hΠմhࣇຒட˹€Ֆᵤຨ҈ә€⬔ᵤຨ҈̧͎cť >@ᤗ᲼h૮ੌ˴⥖€નຨ᧥ᅎ҈̷͎c >@ૹങႆ෦h᧝ಖଁ͙㱚ࣽ€྅⩹ຨ҈َ͎c >@᯻᲼h͙᯻᧝ட឴€῿ᔥІ€Тঁᰶ€ྏ୯ು€˴ਾ঄Ҋ€ᵤᵸَ͎c ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗட͙xӃyx෶yxຨyxᵸy‫׊ݲ‬ఝ઻␊ળఝ€ ҈લட͙x⩹yxᵤyxୗyxનyடఛࣽ€ྲ္ྀx͎y઻€ଁ͙ࢧಖᵤය͎c ᓌఝ઻␊ળఝࣽc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhය҈ᵤӋࣽ€નடੌ͎c >@ᗥ͔᪎hનੌ᪎ள̧҈ຖᐵ͎ࣽc >@୛᲼hাԆ൅͙૝€؋નੌ٬લӋ͎ࣽc ġġxੌy€ᓌఝ઻͎cxનੌy̡઻ໟࠌ€ࠪ᎝ഗឝ€ࠪᔐഗઍ€੐ᔐ͙xடy઻€͛᳼ြ જcಖᓳ͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ᚧட͎€ಣӃ᩷ᓌఝᲷᦢድcŦ ӷഗઍੌxᵤyxનyxୗyx๫yx⩹yx⪮y‫ݲ‬ୗఛ€҈္͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ྲྀଁ␊ᚧಖᵤ ය҈‫׊‬ಖࢧයடఛᰳ͎c ᮴ੌୗఛࣽc >@‫▗׳‬Өhଁ͙া␊€ᏋԪᵤၟ͎c >@஥ᦅ̜੾˴ḩॄ˻hnᔧ€Ԫ‫נ‬ட€ᵤԪἸ͎co >@ஊΠh‫׉‬௎েஊ€͛ެԪͅ҈ᵤԪᵸ͎c >@஥સМhᵤය€▪‫᥸ͅݞ‬ட൅ध૨€҈ᵤࡗೲ⠣͎€࡜ᵤ૔ᮇ͎c >@▗ẏએhՖ൴෋ͨஹ̧€Ԫᵤ⛆ஹ̧͎c >@‫▗׳‬Өh౯ၫ€ဠ▗નடᦑ͎c >@‫׳‬᭑੿h⪮ಖហ͎€⪮ಖ⦁͎€ᑞட͙‫׉‬Ө€ୗఙ͎cึᰝ֔ᘨ€ୗᗂ͎c >@஥ᦅ̡੾એhषΪ᣶⭵˻hnᥧഃ඲ፇo€ટୗᓙ͎c >@஥ᦅ̡੾౪hಢ඾ಖϹԛ⬤€Ꮋୗ⸨͎c 213

>@஥Ѯ̡੾̜h᫅ᵤ෶ၕ€٪๫μ͎c >@੅᲼hಖ⦁௎൴ୗ๬€Ꮛଵၘә๫␊͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hԪશᓛ᪙લՖ⩹ட๬€ԪલՖટ⩹ட๬͎c >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬h⛬҅ட͍€⩹෋ລᵠ͎c >@᫐⩎ંhஇ㷶᱌᩷ಆߢ€⩹Ԫ෶௎͎c >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hઊླྀ᩷ग़ᡥ൞ုᔍӨ€ᤀ⪮ໟ᮳͎c ġġ‫ݲ‬षഗ€ྲྀੌୗఛ€ಖᓳ͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ᵤடட⬤͎c ȉᦊմh‫̧׳‬Ꭻ▪๫x͎y઻c ȉᦢ~Ჷc ~ੌᚧಖଁ͙යࣽc΢َཀྵடഗ€ྲྀ໫ြಣcᓳx͎y઻ࣽ€ࢧദ໖ಖཀྵட‫ه‬ය͎c >@‫▗׳‬Өḩடఛᜑ̫҈‫˹ڟ‬೚€൏͎€␊ಖӃَ͙͎c >@▎ඥ੿h‫ס‬ᵤ࢞҈৫€␊๫ຖ͎c >@▎ඥӨh‫˻̧׳‬hnઍ͎ளᵤઍ€⣿͎ளᵤ⣿€ཀྵਾᏚੌᵎ⬔ή͎co >@஥ស̡੾╺h̜೧ᛀഭ€৑ୖ€ᯊட€͙ಖᵤဧស᪆䕻҈ާ້̜ࣽҊਾ͎ťc >@▎ᦅ੾Мh࿪⪢▗̧఑ᣆ€͙ಖ⛖࿍෋͎c >@▗ᙦ˸hཀྵ΢ᙦடઅ€␊ၣઅ͎cŦ >@୛᲼hઊ୛டଁ͙ᵤͩᨉ῿᜿ࣽ€͙඄ட␊మြ᣶͎c >@੅᲼hәચ€͛ཀྵட࿍€͙ўӋ᩷ྃட᲼€҈ࡵәட࿍᩷ᵤ͎ŧc >@▗ᙦ̜hલՖடଁ␊ᵤ᩷әᓛ҈‫ݹ‬ᓛֳՖࣽ€͙ՖӃ͙␊શᥩᑒ᦭ఘ͎c >@᫐ၟಲ୉h᭢ફ˻hnຏಖᣄೲ͎€͙ಖᵤၟ͎eಣಖ൏ட͎€͙ಖ᧯ட͎eլ᩷௎ߪᵤ ⛬͎€͙ಖၟட͎co >@⦡சҌӪ෦h⡓ਾઅએᓛຖ€া␊ᒅᤠ€␊੅μ๥͎cŨ >@஥ᦅ̡੾౪hಖચಝ͎€⛖ᏜՖ͎c >@ૹҝᰝӹ෦hଁ͙ᙦ⛆᫅ᶊ€ᝨᤤ੽டઍ҈ᵤఛࣽ€ॐர͍ੌଁᵤᦑ€ᓻ㜏྅҈▪℄ᵤो ြຖ͎c >@▎յખ෦hಣ᎛ુ‫ث‬આ᷁€ཀྵᵤ᧸͎c ġġଁषَཀྵடഗ€ੌx␊yx͙yxཀྵy஡઻੓ြಖឝࣽ€ੌ๫ࠌ઻ࣽ€Ӆ͙ഗ᧵␊ఘcཀྵ ΢ੌxೲᏋyxೲཀྵy᩷xೲyxಣy஡઻᎝ഗឝ€҈ሑ‫͙ଁݳ‬යࣽ€ྲྀ੐ಣဤcಣᇐഗц€ ͙x͎y઻␊‫␊ࣽ׊‬ᤣc ӷx͙yx␊yᚾ઻ଁ᎝ࣽ€ੌഗb‫ڠ‬ட⠣c >@஥෦ᙦ੾˴ᮇմh␊ಖृཀྵ͎€Ԫ൴ᄃடᩲc >@ᤗ᲼մh஥ॏ͙Ֆᚌட͎€ੑ͙௱೫cġġᚾष€˴␊x␊y€˴␊x͙y€ଁ᎝ࣽྲྀલ ြ̐ഗ€Ꮛ␊‫€ڠ‬ӷ᮴▪ଁष€Ꮛ␊ഗcಖ߆ԛ೩ࠌ઻Ჽᩲcũ ▎ଁ͙යடཀྵ€ੌᬘᔎᲾடഗ͙ࡵடࣽ€ᾫ͙x͎y઻ࢧடc >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿h᭑ᦊᔎ˻hn‫ס‬຤ြ˼€‫࣠پ‬ြ⃌‫€׉‬ത␊ಖ‫‚͎࣠پ‬o >@▗ᙦ˸h▗ത͙ᵤَЌฎ‚ͅ▗᧵͎c >@▎hຆ␊᧤ட‚␊ಖ᩷▗Ꮹ͎c >@๣ᙦ˸hՖடᵤ६␊▗€ത͎‚൴͙ᠲၣ͎c >@▎᫐͠hಖᵤ˻ၽ๸டᕾ€ത͎‚ͨၟၽ๸டᵤ೩҈ᵤၟಖᕾ͎cġġ▗๣ᚾ෦€ྲྀ࢑␊ ᔎᲾ͙ጓҮc๣ᐘᏋᔎᲾᚾഗ€ᾫᓳx͎y઻€҈▗೷ᏋᓳြᲾഗࣽ␊ᤣ€ ಖᔎഗ္͙x͎yࣽ€નட೩͎cಣટಖᲤц෋යҌc ȉಣഗટӃ͙x͙y␊૾઻€षјxᯊyடᜯͬ€ᣠ൅‫ހ‬લ૳੍⩎஥෦ъЌสಣጓ€൏༕ᖤc ȉ~Ჷषಣဤ>͠"@͙x␊y␊૾઻€᩷ಣࢅ␊ࠌ઻ࣽᰗc ȉಣഗx͙yᆏ▪⛖ᏡՍᥫ␊૾઻€ᦢ~Ჷc ȉx␊੅μ๥yடx␊yᓷයೲ૾઻€⪮ࠌ઻c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~ੌᚧಖ൴යࣽc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhᄪ…ႌᦘ€ಖઢ൴͙૦ੑ͎c >@▎ඥ੿hᔎੌፇ€˻hnহᩲco൴͙ᗪј͎c >@▎᭑੿hլ€‫׉‬Ꮋடલ᪜͎ࣽ€լ൴͙ᓄ⦁᪜ᓄᎻ͎cġġ̜षજഗ္x͎y઻ࣽ€ྲྀ͙ ͛൴૝ட૟͎c >@஥Ѯ͠h˻hnՌ̧€ፇ൴ஹྏ͎cࡵᮇՌᨇ€ፇ▎൴ஹీ͎co >@▎ស̡੾̜hຨઢြ‫ݲ‬൳҈‫܂‬๫ᗥ€ୖಖឝ͎cť 214

>@▎ၣ੾̜h⩹ⅴ΄ြ᫚ᙈடມ€൴াဧ͎c >@᫐ম⁎࿍h֔྅டຖ€ಖ͛ੌਾ᩷ਾໟੑ͎ࣽc >@ૹഹ῿෦hಔ̧җជஊӋ€ஊӋᵤဧ€̰˻hnә૮೩ᩂ૤୉ᅐఇட਽͎co૮әટ൴೩ ẟઍ૳ௌፆ€ᜦߴ͎̈́c ġġଁषഗ္x͎y઻ࣽ€ྲྀ͙ᚧಖ൴ය͎c ȉಣဤxಖy઻Ӄੌᚾጓhࠪ␊ोሑΠᰳட‫␊ࠪ€ͬ׊‬หͬ€ห῿‫܂‬ட‫ݲ‬൳€xୖಖឝ͎y€ ᧵␊ୖ൴ឝલ῿‫܂‬cᰝ‫ا‬ᄕ६᮴˴൵ጓ಻c ~҈‫܁‬ட෋ය᩷ඍಖᵤයࣽટ᚝Գc ‫܁‬ட෋යc >@஥ស੾Ԇh೰࢞ட˻hn୺ᔢᛌ€ᱝᑒ᦭ᩲ€ಖୟߛᓟ͎co >@▎▪˸h֊ᤈ˻hn૙к ҈ഝᓅ͎co >@▎ઠ੾̡hஊᔢ๫⦁€धᵸ͙ᤆၕ€຤͎c >@▎ស̡੾̜hಛ˻hn๬͎cᡂ᩷૊€ᨗᔤ଻co >@▎Ѯ̜hՖಖ຤͎c᫅ੌᨈՖ€੐࿍ध੐ԫ͎cġġԆष෦▪€‫܁‬૭டഗ€ྲ္ྀx͎y઻ ࣽ€͙ಖଁ‫ྲྀ܁‬൴૝ட૟͎c ඍಖᵤයc >@⦡ୖໟᓛ྅ૅhය๫َԪ࢞௎͎c >@▎h͙ᤗ֚੒␊૒€ላഝე͎c ġġᚾषඍ૭டഗ€ટ္x͎y઻€ᭁଁඍࣽટન૝ட૟͎c ੌඍ੐຃᮴҈ટ္x͎y઻ࣽc >@‫ݳ‬Πલјմḩ˻hn͙Ԫ˴ೡΡֳӂ€๽Ԫ͙͎co >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊӨմhӋ൹ය዗ֳ᭸c˻hnӋഝᰗ͎coġġ˻x๽Ԫ͙y€˻xӋഝᰗy€ ྲྀ঄‫آ‬૟€҈္x͙y઻ࣽ€ᭁ͙‫׊‬ಖඍ૭டఛᰳҌc යੌ‫܁‬ඍடഗ๫‫␊઻׊‬ᓳࣽc >@ૹᦒ᧥ફґմhಖ͙࠺␊ᔯਣ߶ೱc >@᫐̧઄ઈմhृՖட᭶€ᨈՖட‫€܈‬ᔢ๫኎҈̰ᵸcՖಖ࠻ြк҈‫ע‬ြ੘c >@⦡ͭ౾૎Ӫ෦մḩಖা␊‫ڙ‬c >@᯻▪ԩ३ҋ᜻մh˻hnষ€ߵಖ຤̈́ᖋ垴ੑլ˹€๫૓๫ጐ€͙Ўᓨ૟co >@▎մhᵤӃ᨜‫€ݞ‬լಖृᣌc ġġ͙੿ଁष‫܁‬૭டഗ€ટન૝ட૟€ብલ͙xಖy઻€͙ಙಖᎯ⭵டఛᰳ€ ҈ഗજ๫x͎y઻␊ᓳ͎c ӷඍ૭டഗ€Ꮛ͙͛x๽yxഝyx๫y‫઻ݲ‬લடcເh >@ૹᦒச಻ட෦մhᦩட€๽᥷⬤᧥‫ݳ‬c >@▎ॠմ෦մhഝ๻cᓖ҈རட€͙ျ᣾әc >@⦡ͭ३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մhൾ̰૭Ꭱઍ€๽ஹ᥼‫ݞ‬Ֆc >@ૹᦒӋᰟ෦մhᵎ␊੿€๽͙ૄc >@▎ҝᰝӹ෦մhᴵයଵᵤໝ€ᣮഝमc >@᯻▪ԩ३ҋ᜻մh΢௓ԍә€ߵኸা๰€ብಖᵎ෶€๫ᒢ͔⦦c ġġ͙੿ଁष€ಖഗજྲྀ๫x͎y઻␊‫͎׊‬c >@஥෦ ̡ᮇմhhྲྀ˻n෋ඟo >@ૹᦒग़᥼෦մh૭˻hn᮴નҟങႆ᙭̡ίଁुco >@▎յખ෦մhઆ᷁˻hnु␊ਾә̧€Ӄ঄ᝍఠເೲ؈o ġġ̜ष˻x෋ඟy€˻x᮴y€˻xुy€ብ͙ఝ઻͙‫܁‬ಖය€҈લຖຈ๫ස઻␊ᗷ͎c ӷ>@᫐̧⩎ંմh຤ᩲ€Ԫ൴ΩᎲြ‫ܪ‬ઍcġġಣ‫܁‬ಖ຤҈‫͙׊‬xᩲy઻ࣽ€ᣮಖ⡉຤૝ ͎c ᦒҮ‫܁‬૭டഗ€૕ᗷx඾y઻€ເx࿻඾yx຤඾yxә඾yxಋ඾yட໫€ଁ͙ᘜட͎cಣ ᓖ૽ᡖடఛੌ္x͎y઻ࣽ€ཀྵ٬டc

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෦ൾ‫઻׊‬౪ட ෦ൾ‫઻׊‬౪ட̡ ̡ ~͎઻‫€ڠ׊‬ಖ␊ဧ͎€ᶀֳಖ‫׊‬ഗ͎c‫׊‬ഗֹ͙੿▪€҈‫ڠ׊‬Ꮛ͙ട੿▪cಖടӨ▪ ͎€ଁ␊ዼᨁ६ඬ͎cᭁ‫ڠ‬bഗໟᝡ҈ͅ▪€ᤆಖ⃸͎€‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€ Ꮛఛᰳ␊டΩᎳᩲcઊ‫ڠ‬ட␊ࣈ€ӷᵤ˴ᩲ€҈ಖӃᗷx͎y઻ࣽ€‫ੌڙ܆‬Мh ~ಖ˴€‫ڠ‬ட␊ട͎ͬ€ťੌ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽc ‫ڠ‬ᔐ͙xடy઻ࣽc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿h೰‫׉‬ட૳ཌྷ͎€෋ட˴ઐe҈᧲̧̡ઐཀྵ͎cġġx‫׉‬ட૳ཌྷy˴‫␊҈€ڠ‬Ө ▪டടͬ€x͎y઻‫׊‬ட€҈ఛᰳ˴ᨁcx෋ட˴ઐyࣽ€ഗ͎cx૳ཌྷy҈x෋டy€ ‫ڠ‬bഗᚾࣽ‫آ‬ᓌ€૟ᓌ€҈؋ဧ▎ໟ⛖͎cಣx͎y઻‫ڠ׊‬ட⛖ဤ͎cടͬட‫ڠ‬ᓳxࣽy઻ ࣽ€Ꮛብَടͬ␊തເடਾཌྷ€҈᩷Ө▪ட؋ဧੌϯᵤໟ࠻ࣽᩲcಣx͎yxࣽyᚾ઻ଁ͙‫׊‬ ‫ڠ‬டᏊ͎c >@‫࢞׳‬Өh᪙டಃ͎ќ⬤c >@▎ᖭ੿hᎻட␊⦁͎€ੌၽભࣽੌၽ͍€๫ၽભࣽ๫ၽ͍c >@▎ඥӨhϫடໟઋ͎€֔ੌፇᗁe྅டໟຖ͎€֔ੌፇᤡc >@‫ݳ‬ᵠ౦hઁட΁͎٫€૮ட΁͎పc >@᫐ਾᔐ྅h΢ࢋட໫૗€૗Ꮛಖൾட͎⩹c >@▎⠮֋୉hվடດြ᣶Ꭰ͎€ંᡫ̜֔ίc >@஥ᦅ̜੾˴ḩભட๰۩͎€ኸ෶҈෋டc >@▎ઠ੾˴h̡̧டᵤ‫܈‬ᚤ͎ષc >@ဠΠhಔͨલӋடੌ‫׉‬Ө͎€ᎆਿ֔ί€͙␊ేᖋ€͙ൗ੿ફဧჹҊᝬடᏮ€͙ฟҊᄮగ Ꮋடဧ€͙ຑᵤযᵤ℡டᤆc ġġଁष‫ྲྀ€ڠݲ‬ᓳx͎y઻€҈ઍᔐxடy઻ࣽ€᩷x͎y઻ໟ␊ዼᆸࣽcӷເ >@‫ݳ‬Πί౯մhՖ̧டြ‫׉‬Ө͎c >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhᨈਾடြᓛ͎c >@▎᭑ᦊӨhԫԩ▗டြૡফ͎c >@ဠΠմhલӋடြᎻ͎c ġġ‫͙€ڠݲ‬xடြy̡઻␊ળఝŦ€૕ྲྀ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€҈▎␊ടͬட‫€ࣽڠ‬ᤣ͎€ԛ೩૾ ઻Ჽᩲcŧ ‫͙ڠ‬xಖy␊ടͬࣽc >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆӨմhಖଆ͎Ӄઅ҈ຑ͎c >@஥෦ᙦ˸ᮇմhಖᏚ͎ՎՎŊಖᏚ͎ДДc >@▎Ѯ͠ᮇմh٬ಖ൴͎҅€ӣಖ͔ઊ˻c >@▎մhಖூ͎ເೲc >@᫐̧⠮֋୉մhಖাᗂ͎€ટ௎ಣᩲc >@▎ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մhಖ⠣͎͎ͅ€ಖ͎ͅ㛛͎c >@▎˼̧ਿմhಖជ͎ͨ൏̧€ಖ⦁͎ͨ൏⬔€ೲ͙ᢨ͎c ġġ‫͙ྲྀڠݲ‬xಖy઻␊ടͬࣽ€ཀྵ๫xடy઻ᗷԳc ΢྽઻ੌ‫͙׊‬xᩲyxֳyx඾y‫ࣙ␊͙઻ݲ‬ᴓࣽ€Ꮛಖടͬட‫͙׊€ڠ‬x͎y઻ࣽ€ᾫຖ᳼ Գc >@‫ݳ‬⢵҈h⬤ᩲ€Ԫᣃ͎ġġxԪᣃ͎yࣽ€‫ڠ‬ட␊ട͎ͬ€x⬤ᩲyࣽ€ಖो͎ͬc૮ Ꮛടͬჱ᳼ြोͬடຖ€ಣᢨఛடᤣဤ͎c⪮ᢨఛ€Ꮛടͬட‫ڠ‬લ᳼c ಣ>@v‫▗"̧׳‬உ̣Өwଁ͙մhයᏋ̧ட૲ഹ͎ટ૨ᩲc >@▎࢞Өhᓒ඾€᧥୸ட␊‫͎ژ‬ >@‫ݳ‬੎൅hᦠᦠֳ€‫࡙ס‬டੌ‫׉‬Ө͎ >@▎h͔඾ॎட␊Ֆ͎ >@஥ၣ˴hᰗ඾€Ֆட଻̧͎ >@⦡֥ᴋӪ෦h⬤ᩲ€֥ᘦட㑅͎ >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hᵤટ᮳ֳ€੐ᔎட͎‚ >@▎੐ᨍh⬤ᩲ€‫׉‬Өடૺ͎ি᣾म͎੐ઋட؈ġġྲྀᓌ੿c >@▎͔શ೚մhઁடᣄਾ€ಖಙហ҈ᵤᏗ€௎ᵤᵸ҈ᵤḈcֳ᩷ಖᰀ҈ᵤᔥ͎€சֳಖ਼҈ ᵤ௺͎€ṰṰֳಖ൏᣺ֳ€ᣱֳಖᵤຨԛֳ€⁘ֳјͨ᭸͎€ֳ᩷ुͨຒ͎€Ꭷֳಖ൏྅ֳ€ ₻ֳಖનӃಂ͎€ࠌֳಖ൏ႄᔅ͎€㏟ֳ᧯ಖَ͎c >@᯻⥿ᤗ儖Өᇊ঩մhཀྵ੿டਾ๬ઢኸ‫€ײ‬ϼֳಖ๫ԀြӨ͎cӨடਾ᣸Ԛላ๬€‫ֳ؜‬ಖ๫ ૺြ੿͎c ġġଁषxֳ᩷yxசֳy͙٬xϼֳyx‫ֳ؜‬yྲྀᓌ੿€Ӄᗂᓌोͬc͙␊ಙͬ€Ꮛ᎝ြ˴ ‫ڠ‬டឝ€൏⪮ಖଁc 216

▎ੌ᩷ಣ൵ഗцໟ൏ࣽc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhເடതಖ෋ᎻᓄᎻጐ҈͎҅‚ġġ धմxಖ෋ᓄᎻጐ҈͎҅ເடതy͎c >@▎̧࢞Өh௎ೲֳᵎࣽட๫μြᓛ͎c >@▎ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿hષֳҊᄮட͙ͨ␊‫͎נ‬ >@▎hշ੐ಖ␊Ꮋ⬔๼͎‚ >@஥෦̡ͅᮇմh௎டതಖ͙঒ᔤՖட͔૟͎‚ >@᯻▪Ꭻ⦁մhᧁடതᎻᵤᨰ೰ᗬ͎‚ ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗ€ྲྀಣ໫͎c ੌടͬՍ͙˴‫ࢧ␊҈ڠ‬ఛࣽ€Ũટ੐ಣဤc >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦h伨€ᨈᐔ͎€෶ઽಖ୙€ဧᕏাၕ€ᵤ೩൫ͩc >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅhᘥ੊€‫׉‬Ө֙൴͎€᮳ဧ᜿c >@ૹᣠ཰෦hૅઐ੅͎€෶␊੅ᯛcᐔ€඄ৣ͎€Ị᮳࿖ଌc >@▗ẏએḩ€͔ઊ͎€‫܈‬ᗂட€Ꮛ᱆҈ᗂடc ġġ˻x伨y˻xᘥ੊y˻xᐔy˻x̧y€ྲྀ଻ட␊ട͎ͬ€ũ˻xᨈᐔ͎y€˻x‫׉‬Ө֙ ൴͎y€˻x඄ৣ͎y€Ū˻x͔ઊ͎y€Ꮛྲྀക‫ࢧ␊҈ڠ‬ఛc >@᫐̧⠮֋୉մhѦᰝ͎€স‫૳€͎ۃ‬ཌྷட͙ᣌໟ঺͎cġġ˴Ჷ€᩷ಣ̐ᓌcxѦᰝ͎y €▗଻␊ടͬ€҈‫͙׊‬x͎y઻͎cxস‫͎ۃ‬y€ക‫€͎ڠ‬Ө␊ोͬடഗc ‫ݴ‬ድ͙੿‫ݲ‬ष€Ӄ೩‫␊ڠ‬ടͬட዗ुᩲc ȉ>@xಖ൴͎҅y˴‫ڠ‬᮴ੌx٬y઻€⪮ടͬc ȉ~Ჷࢅhn΢‫ڠ‬ြടͬbળఝடᔐ€ᔐ͙xடy઻€˴௎Ӳಖఛᰳࣽයo€᪍>͠" @n౯ட᩷ហ€ᓅட଼᩷mmo␊ဤ€͙ຏဤಣ€Ꮛಣᣫέᥫ͙xՋy␊ળఝ€ᵤࠌxடy઻ ‫ڙ‬৑ળఝடぽc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉ੿Π‫܅‬ᑃદ஑c͙>@␊ဤ€Ўԛ͙x伨y␊ടͬ€Ꮛxᨈᐔyᱥ਀ᵤͅ˴‫€ڠ‬ ᢐ੿x伨y઻ਿͅ˴‫€ڠ‬നࢅಣ‫ڠ‬ೲx෶ઽಖ୙yᇐᇐடടͬ€Ꮛ▎ᴤ⛖cӨ̜ဤಷಣc▎€ ಣᣫଁࢅxࢧఛy€ಖ᧵⛬ြ਋੐டx಄ᚧഗy€᩷~Ჷߣxࢧͬyᵤᓌc ȉŪx˻ᐔy᩷x˻඄ৣ͎yᎫᧇ€ᭁಣဤຖക€᧯੐ጓࢅઍᗔ৑c ~ಖ̡€‫ڠ‬டͭ‫ͭآ‬ᣫ͎€ੌ‫׊‬x͎y઻ࣽc >@‫▗׳‬Өh٬ಖ⛎͎€Ꮋྲྀ໤டcġx٬ಖ⛎͎yࣽ€ͭ‫آ‬ட‫͎ڠ‬c >@▎h঄੐ા͎€լ൴ੌ߽๬cġx঄੐ા͎yࣽ€ͭᣫட‫͎ڠ‬c൏ಣഗц€Ү⦡ᰒਊဧ டc >@஥ស̡੾̡h٬ಖનЎ‫ڟ€͎ޚ‬ᡫடc >@▎Ѯ͠h٬ಖ൴͎҅€ӣಖ͔ઊ˻c >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦h੅டᔤ͎€ᣨྂྲྀ᠏६૱̛€҈എ‫਀ا‬ᨯৎᛲc࿍ૹໟС೅ᵠ͎€Ꮋᵤຨཫ ൵€਻҄ӷ᭑€҈ᣨྂ૱̛ᦑᛌഎ‫ا‬c >@ஊΠh٬ԪधӃ͙ᚤ͎€␊͆ୗᅺ€␊ώ൴௎ത‚ >@‫ݳ‬ၕᜑhုೲộ͎€૟ಖ͔ઊடᵎࣽ€ଶಖ˹ட౯ࣽc >@஥ស̜੾hәட౷͎€धᵤເਾc >@▎ᙦМhાᡜ▗டЌฎ͎€▗̧ଠચढ़ᴋc >@᯻சઍ̮෦ຖ⑏h঄̡▗டᖺઽ͎€૑෶ၟਾட᧝ᵤ๧€ে٪҈⥹⛨c᫅ಣᵤ෶ઽ€ᔢ✫ டසᣫ€തμ‚ ġġ‫ݲ‬षઍͭ‫ုࣽآ‬૨c ~ӷَཀྵட‫׊ੌ€ڠ‬x͎y઻ࣽcເh >@‫੿̧̧࢞׳‬մh͙ಖ඘ြ͔ᓛ͎€ೢೢ҈ปட€Ӄ͙␊ಢֳ‚ť >@஥෦̜੾̜ᮇմh␊Ԫ̧ட൴๬͎€ᴋடੌᎫᓑ€ध੅டੌ೫ᓡ͎cԪ̧६ಖ⥣૤͙ᔐབྷ ೱ€௎ത‚ ġġx͙y᩷x␊yྲྀ␊ࠌ઻€͙ಖଁࠌࣽఛᰳનવ€ཀྵ␊‫ڠ‬c௎᳼ຖ͙␊ᓳ€Ꮛͅ␊ഗ€ԛ ߆ြ᮴cŦ ȉ‫੿̧̧࢞׳‬մhn͙ಖ඘ြ͔ᓛ͎€ᮂᝥปட€Ӄ͙␊ಢֳ‚o▎մhnಖଁ͙߬ಖॐ͍ ࣽ€ટधᮂᝥடြઈ͎€ೢೢ҈ปட€Ӄ͙␊ಢֳ‚oᰝ‫߉ا‬ᢐ␊˴ഗcᦊ‫૲ا‬ᇭc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc

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~ಖ̜€‫ڠ‬ட␊Ә࢑͎€ੌ‫׊‬x͎y઻ࣽc >@‫׳‬᭑੿h⪮ಖហ͎€⪮ಖ⦁͎€ᑞட͙‫׉‬Ө€ୗఙ͎€ึᰝ֔ᘨ€ୗᗂ͎c⪮ಖហ͎€⪮ ಖ⦁͎€˴૾ᵤ͙᩷ਾ€˴૾ᵤ͙६‫ݲ‬ਾcġġx⪮ហyx⪮⦁y€ྲྀӘ࢑டఛc >@‫׳‬ᖭӨh⤀ઊட᎝͎€⬔૽டcৣ̧டᐵ͎€๼૽டcġġ࢑␊x᱔᎝yxৣᐵy͙᧜ಖ ᗥ͎cť >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մh‫ه‬ເೲ͎c >@▎᭑ᦊ੿մhൾᓄَ͎cġġྲྀዶ࢑ட‫͙׊҈ڠ‬x͎y઻͎c >@஥ၣԆh᫅া๧͎€ᑒ᦭๫ᕾ€૨ᩲc >@Ờ᲼hເәடᚌ͎€૮ਾੌ΀ә˻hn৑ᵤ౞டѠ҈͛ચcᵤચ€‫˴͙ڟ‬ଡឝ␊ߵṓࣽc oә͛ᵤ␊͎c >@᫐˼̧ਿhၗઊ̧ட࡝ԪӼ͎€Ԫᵤၟ‫׉‬ϫட͔ᢢ͎c >@▎ຓ๫ੇhϊடमѲ͎€ੌུԳeೡடमѲ͎€ੌུԳe‫ڟ‬έϊ᩷ೡໟ᩷ઽѲ€҈Ѳ͙␊ નᆠಖዌ͎€ᅞѢ҈຤͎ࣽcŦ >@᯻Ꭻ⦁hໟ‎͎€␊டᇒᛳߢᰁᢪ၍͙ൾடeໟᧇ͎€␊ட٪ಐІ᜿͙ઽடc >@▎๯੾̡ཇ▪hൾ͎€Ԫήடࣇຒ҈֓ಖᏜֳ‚ߵட᜴ࡵ҈ᵤ᣸᩺ಖᩛֳ‚ृࣽ஑ࣽ҈֓ 㛊€Ρࣽᣃࣽ҈᧊ᢢֳ‚નӃ͙␊ൾ͎c >@ᤗΠմhઊೲཀྵᎻྲྀຕ␊᮳c᩷ಖ␊᮳ြዑ͎€ᵤເ␊᮳ြᗁe᩷ಖ␊᮳ြᗁ͎€ᵤເ␊ ᮳ြૅcġġx᩷ಖyՉՉࣽ€࢑ᝯட‫€͎ڠ‬ཀྵટલ᳼c >@▎សԆᮇմh೰℡෶്ြၣ᫐ֳ€ಖ‫נ‬ட͎‚ġġ‫҈͎ڠ‬ຖ᳼€ટ΀டჱ▪cයഗ‫ڠ‬ᔢ ჱ€҈ఛ᧵ᵤ὘€୰டઁᲿ€ટอ೩ᩲc ȉᣠմhx᎝yxᐵyଁ͙ͭ‫␊⪮€آ‬Ә࢑c঄Ꭿြ੿ൕͭ‫آ‬Ჷઍc ȉxϊடमѲ͎yxೡடमѲ͎y€ྲྀͭ‫آ‬ட‫ڠ‬c ~‫͙׊ੌڠ‬x͎y઻҈Ḉ͙x҈y઻ࣽ€ᜯ໹டഗ͎cť >@‫׳‬᭑Өh‫ݲ‬൳շಖેԚ͎€҈ྲྀઋಖᲿcġġxેԚ͎y˴ዼ€x҈y઻Ḉᜯ˴໹c >@▎࢞Өhϫ⪮ᵤᵸ͎€҈෗ြҊίc >@஥ᦅ̡੾౪hःਾட୹͎€҈धੌᒑຒ€ःਾடᴤ͎c >@੅᲼h૮̜ჹဠ઺€‫׉‬Өட੒๛͎€҈Ӌᵤ᠏Գc >@᫐⠮֋୉h‫׉‬ӨЌԛс͎€҈ͨधห̧c >@▎ຒણᇒhຏ͎̄ࣽ€҈Ӌલ૳€ಖ᩷᥷ટ߽ᩲc >@▎‫⦁׉‬hಔ̧ࣽӎͨ਺͎€҈΀ட਺eӎͨᰝ͎€҈΀டᰝc >@▎੐ᨍh૮྅‫ࣽ҅܅‬ໟᅎ͎€ᆧᣠࣽໟሑ͎€Ҡຣࣽໟ⭵͎€҈ᛸ᱘̰ᆠඥḋᡁᴏֳၹᄦ டᔐc >@ᬃ̧ያ᪎hዶᦘᰝࣽ€⪮୯ᵸ͎€҈ପ֔ίcዶ૪ኑࣽ€⪮෶ં͎€҈ϯкѲc >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hઊԦᣯᇘୡ€с૳ட̐⦁͎€҈ૄࣽ͛ဧ᩿ᖤc >@▎hᦕᖯ͓୙͎€҈ச‫֔ا‬᭑eࢃಃృሲ͎€҈؄‫ౕا‬ੑc >@▎ग़ᓄӪ෦hԪ⪮ᵤជ͎€҈ᵤԪᜮ͎c >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦h▗ଁု€‫׉‬Өᆜ᜿ᣫ͎€҈▗€ᚕӨடൾ෤ә͎cਾَ▗டֲ€ᚕӨ͛ᵤ ൾc ġġ‫ݲ‬षx͎y઻ຖሹ͙x҈y઻€๫⪮␊ዼᆸ▪ඬҌcဧ᚝ြಣ€͙೩x͎y઻‫ڠ׊‬ட␊ဧ ᵤᨰੌເಣࣽc ť>@>@⪮ᜯ໹ഗc ~ಖМ€‫ڠ‬டḈఝ઻͎€ੌ‫׊‬x͎y઻ࣽcť ఝ઻ໟḈᲽぽَ€΢ఝ઻ࠪͭુҝட๬€َࠪぽᅥଁ࡝ட๬€ᾫḈ͙‫͙҈€ڠ‬x͎y઻␊‫׊‬ ࣽ€ᤣ͎c >@‫▗׳‬Өḥ೩Ӌடᓅ̧͎€ન೩ଁ͙ᓅӋ͎cġġx೩yࣽ€ ຃ଁҝ͎cxӋடᓅ̧yࣽ€x೩y઻டḈ‫͎ڠ‬c‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽ€ࢧَଁ೩ட‫ه‬ය͎cಖ̡ ഗᓌಣcብḈ‫ڠ‬᳼੐ഗຖ€ᵤ௎᮴̜ࣈட‫ڠ‬ட͛લ᳼͎c >@▎ᖭӨhੌ࿍͔ઊြಣ€‫܈‬ಖ̧டᤗΠ͎c >@▎ඥӨhԪ൴兒ॐਾடଁட͎c >@▎ᦑӨhਸ̧˻hnշ൏҈⪮ࣽcշ᫥€஛ಖఠொ͎eշഽ€஛ಖఠហ͎eշ୯˶€஛ಖ ఠൾ͎eշᴋᯛ€஛ಖఠᏚ͎eշዑᔧ€஛ಖఠຒ͎c >@஥Ѯ˸ḩᅐԀ̧␝ட‫܈‬ఉα͎c >@▎ẏ੾̡hԫਾᒣ̡̧டໆ࿍೚͎€෋ ᧬⥹டc >@▎Ѯ̜੾hፇၟಖӃ͎€҈஛ಖ෋ፇ຤͎c 218

>@▎ᙦ౪hຏບͨ᧬€ᒣಖ൫༅͎ͨc >@▎ၣ੾̜hᵤය€ઊিᵤၟ࿍೚டᦑ๬͎‚ >@▎ស̡੾Мhᴋ൅ྱ᧷Ӌட৑҈ᵤ᩷Ꭷ▗ᡑ͎€▎ྱᦅӋட᩷ၕⴱ͎€ཀྵᵤᜮӋ૽҈࿪̡ ̧c >@▎ᦅ̡੾˴h཈ᒣಖ‫ݲ⏋€͎ט‬ẏ̧˻c >@▎hẏ̧ᰘಖ૨˹͎€ൾடc >@ૹச᙭෦hԛᔄಣᚾਾỜட଻˹͎c >@⦡ൾᡥՖӪ෦h੅ᯊ෋ᶀᔐ€ ᯆ▗̧ຨઅỜӋન͎c >@▎Ჾग़Ϫᦒh᧏டଁ␊€ᵤাၟಖӷधન͎c ġġ‫ݲ‬षḈ‫׊ྲྀ€ڠ‬x͎y઻€Ӄ᩷ఝ઻ໟḈᲽᦢድc Ŧ ȉಣᣫx͎y઻‫׊‬ᢢഗ€⪮อ‫੿׊‬Ḉఝ઻ட‫ڠ‬c ȉᦢ~Ჷc

x͎y‫׊‬ᨗ઻ ~x͎y઻‫׊‬ᨗ઻c΢ᨗ઻டъ᧵ࣽ€ᬘ‫׊‬x͎y઻€Ꮛఛᰳᵤ᣾Ө€҈ಖ઻ੌ௎ད␊ட ཻચᩲc‫઻׊‬ઍட‫׊‬ᨗ઻ࣽብx͎y઻€ፇέ‫׊‬ഗb‫҈ڠ׊‬ԛc҈ᨗ઻ᬘ‫׊‬ြx͎y઻ࣽ€ᵤ ˴ಖ໫c ~▗଻ੌ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽc >@‫▗׳‬Өhઊ˹͎ટ๫Ӌ૽҈ர‫ت‬டြ̧€ᏋӃֳ‚ġġx˹y▗଻€҈‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€˴ ዼ€͙ኜъ᧵டଁ੐c଻઻Ჽԛَடᩲcť >@▎ᖭӨhಖ๼ஹೲၚ͎€᩷டੑடcŦ >@஥᫐̡੾╺hલՖ͙ೲ᰷͎€ਊ࢜ฟ͎c >@▎ស̡੾╺hՖ̧΀ೲᏩ͎ൾ€΀ԫြೲມ͎෶͙ຒߗcŧ >@▗សМh࿍ੌӋࣽᏋຖᖋ€๫ӋࣽᏋલἸc᧲Ḱ͎҈ᵦ঒ઍᓛc >@᫐⠮֋୉hೲ᪁͎€੘ਉᏋ൴ດြ᣶Ꭰc >@▎hடਾ͎€ཌྷ⩹டᣐc͔ᛡ෫‫҈׉‬ᵤ޽€͔๹૱҄߸੽઄෮҈ᵤไc >@▎‫⦁׉‬hႌ⧫˻hnә͎͙әட૟ድடco ġġ‫ݲ‬षぽ€˻xၚy€˻x᰷y€˻xᏩy€˻xມy€˻x᧲Ḱy€˻x᪁y€˻xਾy €˻xәy€‫׊ྲྀ଻▗ݲ‬x͎y઻€ᬘಣ˴ዼ€དϫኜચ€ਿሹӨ▪€ ಣଁ΀ዼรടӨ͎c΢x͎y઻‫ྲྀ€઻׊‬ಣហ͎c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉx͎y઻‫׊‬xಖ๼ஹೲၚy€⪮อ‫׊‬xೲၚyc ȉᇊ̡x͎y઻‫׊‬xԫြೲມy€⪮อ‫׊‬xೲມyc ~ઐ଻ੌ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽc >@‫ۇ▗ݳ‬hᖀ͎€⪮ӂଁ٬͎c >@▎લјh૮઎᩷૦͎€Ӄ΀೫әᩲc >@▎hᓋ͎€⪮‫͎ࣽͨ׊‬c >@‫׳‬᭑Өhය҈ၲ͎ॣᔄಖߓ͎c >@஥ᦅ̡੾˴h௎டതಖ͙ᦼ͎েᑒ᦭‚ť >@▎ᙦ੾˴hԪ൴෋ᢈ͎‫׊‬Ԫ̧cŦ >@▎Ѯ̡੾╺hԪ͎᩷࢜᎛€ਾಖ͙ͨ␊ᤠֳ >@▎ઠ੾˴h͎͜ᩞc >@▗ᦅ̡੾౪h垴ੑ͛Ᏻ˻h‫׉‬᫅ੌஊᓛ€૔⡉ੌᑺြլதcཀྵप͎҅€ፇ๯͎અcፇ๯͎ ҅€᧲‫͎أ‬અc᧲‫€͎҅أ‬Ꮛᓛષடᠼ̧͎ࣽcᠼ̧෋҈হԳc >@▗᫐̜੾̡h᪙˴૳˴٬€Ֆԛၟடᩲcᩀ⬔͎᧊c >@᫐͔શ೚h̫͎‫ڟ‬๰҈ຖ͎cġġ‫ݲ‬ઐ଻ຖ€‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€᩷▗଻‫׊‬x͎y઻ࣽᓌហc ଻઻‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€঄‫€ڠث‬Ү૳ૅЌጓ͙ዶ࢑டఛcᵤၟ઻Ү‫€ڠث‬Ꮛ▪ඬ˴ዼ€Ќੌੋ҈ નහட᧵cಖੌዶ࢑டఛࣽ€ඬ͎€⪮઻͎c >@஥෦▪▗͠ᮇմhಣ̧͎⣿€Ԫ‫̧ت‬டᖀeᵤ⣿€Ԫ࡜̧டྱcġġx̧y€▗଻͎€‫׊‬ ͙x͎y઻҈Ḉ͙x⣿y઻€‫ڠ‬ட€া᪜ੌੋ᧵નහࣽᩲc >@▎ẏМᮇմhዓ͎ၟ۩€̰⡉๬ᩲ€๫٬ြᴤġġxዓy€ઐ଻€‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€ហᓌ ੿c ▎΢x͎y઻ଁ‫€׊‬ಖଁኜட૟€ᵤ੐঄᮴€Ќ੐൴૝€๰નੌ‫׊‬ઊԛ຤ட૟ࣽc‫׊‬ԛ຤ࣽ€ 219

ብxᩲy઻␊යc᮴ᚾष€˴˻xಣ̧͎⣿y€˴˻xዓ͎ၟ۩y€ྲྀኜ൴૝ட૟€धմxಣ ̧ᰗೡ҈᧸⣿y͎€धմxසೡዓເၟ۩y͎Չӂc ťŦ>@>@઻ଁ‫⪮€ڠ␊׊‬อ‫׊‬xᦼy᩷xᢈyc ~ಖፇᨗ઻€ੌ‫׊‬x͎y઻ࣽ€Ӆྲྀᬘ͙០ዼ҈षടӨ▪͎cx͎y઻‫׊‬྽઻ࣽ€ብ␊ ‫ݳ‬ᚧಖೲ⪮҈ԛc >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆӨੌմhઍ͎ளᵤઍ€⣿͎ளᵤ⣿cġġxઍyx⣿yᚾ྽઻€҈‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ ࣽ€ೲधմp̧᭿டຒઐઍ͎€҈͙ᵤઍளடeಖ෶ઐ⣿͎€ ҈͙ᵤ⣿ளடy͎cťೲᏋx͎y઻ൿੌ‫ݳ‬ᚧಖ␊xઍy␊x⣿yட˶ᰳcයᏋx͎y‫׊‬྽ ઻€ᵤ␊‫€ڠ‬ᵤ␊ഗ€҈ብ͙‫׊‬ಖ០ዼடඬࣽ€નட೩͎c x͎y઻‫׊‬ห઻€Ү⦡ઍอ೩c >@᫐̧ਾᔐ྅մh෋լ͎҈ੌဧ€೰ຨੌಣ͔͎؈‚ġġxլy€ኜ଻ห઻€ ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€ଁ͙ዼร҈ടӨ͎cයಣ̰อ೩டഗcޯᔎห઻‫׊‬x͎y઻ࣽ€xതy઻҈ ԛcŦ߆೩ޯᔎห઻Ჽcŧ x͎y઻‫׊‬ఝ઻€ଁ͙᣾ኜಖఝ઻ட๬€ಖ␊ဧ͎ᓌֳ଻c >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿մhઊᶍ͎€⪮␊ਾᶍcġġxᶍyぽఝ઻͎cxᶍ͎yࣽ€ଁ͙ጓಖఝ઻ ட๬€҈ဧເ଻઻ட␊ട͎ͬc >@‫ݳ‬ၕᜑhཫ͎ጠ੐ಖઍᩲ€᪎͎ᑞ੐ಖઍᩲc >@᫐ள૳ఘhԪ૳͎ੌਜ€҈ၟ͎๫ਜc >@▎ၟಲ୉h૳͎҅டບ€͎҅૳டᆠc >@᯻Ԇ᱿h๬͎๫؈€َ͎๫ྖc >@▎€๰͎␊ཹ€ৢ͎␊൘cġġ‫ݲ‬षぽఝ઻€‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€ྲྀӃᗂᓌ଻઻c x͎y઻ੌ‫׊‬྽઻҈ͅ␊ಙ઻ࣽcເx૮͎yxಔ͎yட໫cŨ >@᫐̧઄ઈմhହ͎ᵤໆ҈૮͎ໆ€ହ਼҈૮͎ᨗc ӷ>@‫ݳ‬Πh͎͛෋๫Ͷֳc >@▎ূ͎h͎͛ःֳcġġଁ΀x͎͛y€ટᗂᓌಙ઻c >@஥෦Ѯ੾̡ᮇմhවူ˻hnઁ͎ੌઢco >@‫ݳ‬Πᵠ౦մhઁࣽᎻੌ̜ছ€૮͎ࠪೲடহ͎cġġᓌ˴xઁy઻€˴‫׊‬x͎y઻€˴ ‫׊‬xࣽy઻€҈ੌᵤӃӈ๻ࣽ€ᭁ‫׊‬x͎y઻ੌർ๲ࣙᴓட᧵€҈‫׊‬xࣽy઻Ꮛብ᣾᙭ಖԛ૟ ҈ԛcӷᢨ૮ೡடহ€ཀྵ▎‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽ€ಣ͎c ȉᦊմh඄ሴ‫̧׳‬ъմhnઍࣽ€ᳯઍ଼டᰳଁ૳€΀டᵎc⣿ࣽ€ೲ΀ਾடੌจ⣿ࣽcੌಣ ᵎࣽ€঄͙ள૖༻ࣘᵤ෶€јட͙᮳€ཀྵᏚ⬔ήடᵎ͙ளԚ͎coᰝ‫ا‬ጓ߉c ૮᧿hxઍyx⣿y՜ᗁ⇝ဧส଻઻€ኜ⦁ຒᴑ೬ႄߣਾ଼ੌ⣿෶ߣਾc ȉޯᔎห઻Ӄ‫͙׊‬x͎y઻ࣽᵤอxതy઻€xԣy઻ટੌಖဤ€ເ஥෦ͅ▗౪ᮇhn᣶᎝҈ ⓲ࣽ€ԣ͎‚o໫ಣࣽઁᲿઍᤣ೩c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉx૮͎y€ಣᣫጓสnx͎y‫׊‬྽઻҈ͅ␊ಙ઻ࣽo€᧵Ќx૮y␊྽઻€x૮͎yਿೲಙ ઻c ന~Ჷմx૮ynӃӪ␊ಙ઻o€~ᲷટՉx૮ࣽy␊nxࣽy‫׊‬ಙ઻oc

෦َ‫઻׊‬౪ட ෦َ‫઻׊‬౪ட̜ ̜ ~ᩲ€෦ൾ‫͎઻׊‬cࢅ▪΀டnΠடఛo€҈ሪ൧▎΀டnࢧఛo€Ꮛ᩷‫ݲ‬෦ൾ‫઻׊‬๫ Ꮚcxᩲy઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ࢧ૟͉ԛයட˶ᰳ͎cԛයட˶ᰳ€ฤᔐଁ΀xԅy઻͎c΢xᩲy઻ ட‫׊‬ഗ‫ྲྀ€͎ڠ‬Ӄ͙xԅy઻ጓடc xᩲy઻ட‫׊‬ഗ᩷‫͎ڠ׊‬๫સࣈ€ብᗂଁ‫ࣽ׊‬டଁ᳼Ҍcଁ‫ࣽ׊‬᳼‫ݲ‬᮴€ఛ᧵નᵸ€Ꮛન‫€ڠ‬ ᳼‫ݲ‬ຖ҈ఛ᧵ԛવ€Ꮛ␊ഗc ~xᩲy઻‫׊‬᪇྽઻͙ͅഗࣽᓒ૨€҈͙‫␊ڠ‬ടͬࣽ€୥ਊ೩͎c >@‫▗׳‬Өh▗உ̣˻hnᤗౌடฎ€ᵤ␊͓ᩲ€ᤗᖭட߱€ᵤ␊⛬ᩲcoġġx͓ᩲyx⛬ ᩲyࣽ€धմxౌฎட⪮͓᩷ᤗᖭட⪮⛬€ ટЎᦊᦊࡵᩲcyಣଁ΀ԛයட˶ᰳ͎cx͓yx⛬yᚾ྽઻€ྲྀ‫׊‬xᩲy઻c >@▎ඥӨhઊӟ▗டස€Ϧਾ͎€ಖ६ଶ͛Ϧᩲc >@‫̧߱ݳ‬hᆠੌ€˻n᫅ᢐᩲcoृੌ€˻n᫅વᩲcoૄੌ€˻n᫅ಢᩲco >@஥Ѯ˸h͓⃌ட᧝ᦊ€᮳ᩲc >@▎hᮦ̧˻hnಢ඾࡙؋€ࡵຒ߽ᩲco 220

>@๣ស੾hԪՖԛ୨ᩲ€ԛ‫ݥ‬ᩲc >@᫐ၟಲ୉h๫ᆠ˻hnᵤၟ€ⳁᩲeၟட€ܽᩲeୗၟ€ぽᩲeၟட€೺ᩲco >@⦡᳁ᰓӪ෦h૮ࣽપድಖઢ€ઢ૬ⳁᩲc ġġ‫ݲ‬ष‫׊‬xᩲy઻ࣽហᓌ੿c҈ಖଁ͙ྲྀͅ␊ഗឝࣽ€͙ಖ᳼ြഗજ€҈ఛᰳԛᵸཀྵ͎c ~͙‫␊ڠ‬ടͬࣽc >@‫੿▗׳‬h˻hn௎ೲ€Ꮛઊ̧म‫߽᧹׳‬ᩲcoġġx߽ᩲyࣽ€္ഗ͎cx߽yࣽത͎‚ xઊ̧yடxम‫᧹׳‬y͎€ಣ‫ڠ‬ட␊ട͎ͬc >@▎▗ӨhයᏋ̧ட૲ഹ͎ટ૨ᩲc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈hಖ␊ਾ͎ધ᭿€҈ႄͩ੿ࣽຼᩲc >@▎ί౯h͙‫૲܆‬டࣽຼᩲc >@஥ઠ̡੾Ԇhೲੑَ૨ᩲc >@▎੾˴h᪙டं઺Ꭴြᤗட᜿᧬€˴઺๥᧬€ᛮᩲc >@᫐઄ઈh⥿Ֆࣽྲྀাᣲ҈ᶀ€Ֆাಣ߽ᩲcť >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬h‫׉‬Өட๫⦁͎ଵᩲc >@⦡᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅhઊ੿᩷࿍ໟСԆᤡ€ᤣ૲ᎡহᎤ€⤖த⛨ࣽᯊᩲcය᪲തᤣ๰ᵊઍ⡓Ꭱᗔ ಖᣫc⪮੿ଁͫ૭ӣ€҈ᯊ᭑Ꭴᤄ੿டԈϯࣽᯊᩲc >@ૹசැ෦hԪ␊ೲ▗ᦑୡ૨ᩲc >@⦡ၕ൴ᎡӪ෦hਾႆட૳€ຨ๽ᲉᎥЌᵸᩲc >@▎ೡࣽӪ෦h෶ၟᏊᵎ᩷ᵤᣈࣽᨈᩲc >@▎ൾᡥՖӪ෦hԪଁ͙ຑ൳૳ࣽ€ฟᩲc >@▎̈͊ઐґඒh٬͊ఉᵊᡂ࿍€߬⛅ហફ҈াઅ€ྱӋ൳ἸԚ€ᴤᩲc >@▎hத҅૞٪€૔ᵤ᪜ᨊ€҈ᵤা᣿€मᩲc >@▎Ԇફඒh᪎ࣽ૨඗Ԇફ€૔ᩲc >@▎hಖ࡝ࡵԆફຒ€ફՍᄮ€ᦊᩲc >@੅᲼h૮Ӌ෇ᯊᙴ€๬֔ί҈ߗட€ᴤᩲc >@᯻‫੿ث‬சླྀ᭹ᦒh͙ᡫ۪૟ជ࿪૟ࣽ૨ᩲc >@▎hයᏋ۪டેြਾ͎ࢧᩲc ġġ‫ݲ‬षྲྀ᪇྽઻€္͙xᩲy઻␊ϯഗ€҈ಖടͬᏋ๫˴ட⪮‫͎ڠ‬cಣ൵ഗц€΢͙␊‫ݳ‬ᢙ ͎c ȉಣഗടͬ␊xՖy€⪮xՖাಣy€ཀྵടͬ⪮‫ڠ‬c ~xᩲy‫ࡔ׊‬ᢨഗc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈hຼᩲ౯ġġधմx౯ຼᩲy͎c͙ಖ␊ࡔᢨடഗ€ཀྵჱடc >@᫐̧˼̧ਿմh߽ᩲᢢຒடՖ̧ >@ᦒҮཎᰉմh⣻ᩲҋ੽டਾġġᚾഗྲྀಣဤ͎c ಖ͙‫␊ڠ‬ᢨഗடടͬࣽ€୥ᯊ೩͎c >@▗೷᫐▗੾̡ᮇմh⬤ᩲ᪙൳டଽ€᪙൳டಢ͎ġġಣဤԛ᮴೩ᩲcť ‫઻׊‬ぽብxᩲyx඾yxֳyx‫ؤ‬yМ઻ੌဧಣࣈࣽc ȉ೩~Ჷ>@٬>@͙ࡪ‫ݲ‬ဤc ~͙੿xᩲy઻ட‫׊‬᪇྽€ྲྀ᳼ഗજ€ཀྵ΀டഗc҈ᓌ˴‫€͎׊‬᳼ြલࣽᏋ␊‫ڠ‬c >@஥Ѯ̜hಛ޴ᩞᩲ€҈ ൴ᆠ೪cġġxᩞᩲyࣽ€᪇྽ட‫͙׊‬xᩲy઻͎€ Ḉ͙x҈y઻€Ꮛ᮴ಣࣽఛᰳનવ€ଁ΀‫͎ڠ‬c >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝhཀྵՖ̧ࣽൾᩲ€҈ટ‫܈‬ਾடൾԚ͎c >@஥ᦅ੾Мh‫ଁ̧ݞ‬၅㜏ᩲ€҈⃨டྱᨗᦊc >@▎Ѯ͠hಖဧཌྷ͎୹ᩲ€ಖ६ᆜ͎૨ᩲcಖ၅▎͔€ଁଠᎨᩲ€҈஑҅€෶␊ੇ€ᵤટષ ֳ >@▎Ѯ੾ԆḩટΡᩲ€҈੐Өฎ€ᱝ͛૦ட€Ԫ‫ڟ̧׊‬c ġġ‫ݲ‬षxᩲy઻ຖḈ͙x҈y઻€ྲྀᓌ੿c ~xᩲy઻‫׊‬ќ྽઻͙ͅഗࣽ€ť΢͙ͭ‫آ‬டଵ൭€͙ࠪͭᯊடເ̤͎c >@‫ݳ‬ᠼ‫ا‬hᑞடઋ▗઺€Ԇ྅ᩲ€۩⡍ြ͔ઊ€М྅ᩲcġġxԆ྅yxМ྅yࣽ€ͭᎺ‫آ‬ டᯊ͎€္͙xᩲy઻ࣽ€ࢧԛයட˶ᰳ͎cಣ൵ഗц€ͭ‫ࣽآ‬૨c >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh౷ࣽᓉ҈டМਿࣽ€ഃ֔ਾᩲc 221

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૟ᓌ‫آ‬o€‫้܅‬ዱΒ€ಖ᧵ଣ␊ᚾ૟ᓌᎯमઋc ~ӷഗ⪮᮴ဤଁᾫ€҈ટ‫׊‬xᩲy઻ࣽ€Ӆᵤ೺xԅy઻ட˶ᰳ͎c xԅyࣽ€ᦑ҈๫ፇடఛc҈ಖ␊˶ᰳ͎€ੌxԛԅyடxԅy€Ꮛxᩲy઻ட‫׊‬྽઻҈␊ϯ ഗ͎€᩷‫׊‬ഗ‫ڠ‬ட⢵຤૟͎hੌx͛ԅyடxԅy€Ꮛxᩲy઻ட‫َ׊‬ฃடഗ͎c೺ಣ€‫ݲ‬ഗ ட‫׊‬xᩲy઻҈ᵤ␊᮴ဤଁᾫࣽ€ટЌಣxԛԅyx͛ԅyட˶ᰳ͎cೲᏋxᩲy઻ଁ‫׊‬ட ഗ€๫ᵤӃ͙xԅy઻ጓடᩲc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈h⬔੐€ድಖઢe⬔㜏€ድಖ๬c̜ᮇ๫ۨြ⬔ட⦁€Ӄ΀ધᩲcġġxӃ΀ધ ᩲyࣽ€धմxЌಣԛӃyட΀͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π⢵҈մhःਾԪᵤຨ҈೩டᩲ€ຨ೩Ֆ̧ࣽᓄӃᩲcġġधմx೩ःਾЎԛᵤຨᩲ€ ҈ຨ೩Ֆ̧ࣽટӃy͎c >@⦡ၘ൳྅ૅh൷̧Ӄ༻ᩲc >@▗ẏએhᔢය€ԪટᵤӃລ೩ԪՖᩲc >@ૹग़᥼෦h೰᥼ᮇએ੾ፇ€ߪᵤ෶ລዹ̅Ფட⦦ᩲc >@஥ ˸hઆ̧ᵤຨઅᩲc >@᫐⩎ંh૮ӂચြᣲᷨ€ድြ͔੘€̰ၟӂ̣€ӂ൴Ӄ᩷Π͔͉ᩲc >@▎ຓ๫ੇhᔄਾᵸમకය҈᣺ᩲc >@඄᲼h‫҈࡝ڟ‬ဧட€Ꮛੌፇྪᩲc >@ૹ᛾‫ײ‬෦hઊ᧊হட዗€сఠட዗€ಖӅ੐ೲᩲc >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬h㪣াЎࣀ҈຤ࣽ€Ԫᵤ‫܈‬ድடᩲc ġġ‫ݲ‬षഗ€ળఝࠪ␊xӃyx෶yxຨyடԅఝ઻€ࠪ␊xੌyx੐yடᓌఝ઻€ ࠪ␊x᣺yx‫܈‬yட೺ఝ઻€҈ྲྀ͙xᩲy઻‫׊‬டࣽ€ᭁ૟⪮ԛम€҈ಖ͉ඬԛ˴સ҈๫ລੌ ዗ᩲcಣટӃ΀ࢧಖ͛ԅட˶ᰳ͎c >@‫ݳ‬ᵠ౦hਸ̧˻hn࢒€Ԫ൴൑ᩲcoġġxԪ൴൑ᩲyࣽ€धմxԪடચ൑ြ൴૝€ԛ Ӄ͛ြ૮ೡy͎cြ൴૝ட૟҈‫׊‬xᩲy઻ࣽ€ଁ΀ࢧಖ͛ԅட˶ᰳ͎c >@஥ស̡੾╺h૮ೡ͛๫ԫᩲc >@▎ᦅ੾╺h೚⡉҈ছ€ߓ͎€൴⧲ᩲc >@▎ᦅ╺hা૮ᴋᓛᵤМԆᮇ€ୗຨ૑ᩲc >@ുΠhՖӋຕட€әᵤລ৑ുᓛᩲc >@Ờ᲼hઝ᎙˻hnӋᮆӣՖ€Ֆᵤ๬€ằܽՖᗱᩲco >@▎hᡂໆન࡝€෷ῴᙿြ‫€׉‬᩷ә҈൴Мᩲc >@஥សԆh˻hn℡ᵤᖎᩲc੐ಣ๬͎€ԫᵤ⛎᪍ᩲco >@▎ស̡੾Ԇhૼચ˻hnᎫ൴ᙿᩲco >@▎Ѯ̜hಣᠼ‫€͎ا‬Ԫୗၟ€ᤗಖ␊᙭‫ا‬ᩲc >@▎Ѯ੾̡hӋચ€Ԫ▄൴๏ᩲc >@▎hᤗՖᩞԪՖ€ᛌ€ୗ૝ᩲc ġġ‫ݲ‬षഗட‫׊‬xᩲy઻ࣽ€ಖ૟ᏋᎯ൴૝€҈ಖ͉ඬԛӃࢧಖເೲ҈͛๫ස዗ᩲc ▎‫ݳ‬ᢙட▪€xᩲy઻຤຤੿ࠌx҈ԛyᚾ઻ࣽ€ଁَ͙‫ث‬ட͎c >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhઁடਾଁ͙͔मਾࣽ๫සԳ€᮳ሑಖଁ␊҈ԛᩲcġġx҈ԛᩲyࣽ€ ुಣ҈๫ፇடఛ͎c΢Πԛఛࣙᴓⳁӷ€Ꮛఛᰳιፇ҈Ρ€ଁ΀‫ث‬⡏َட͎cເಣഗц€ᵤϯ ြᦒc ය>@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մhເ͙ఛ҈ԛᩲ€մૹட‫˻ژ‬hnဠፇఌᎻ€⣮ੌ֜‫ޞ‬coൾᓄَ͎€ೲ ဠ๫‫ޞ‬Ꮋ͎cġġಣx҈ԛᩲy€᩷੿ហᓌ҈ဧᏊ€ᭁᚾx҈ԛᩲy€ಖఛᰳᏋुಣ҈๫ፇட ហ͎c҈ຏ␊ϯഗ€ఛ᧵ԛᢢ€ಣ␊ട‫€ڠ‬ᶀടӨ▪cಣ̐ଁ΀xᩲy઻ட‫׊‬ഗ᩷‫͎ڠ׊‬๫સ ࣈ€ብᗂଁ‫ࣽ׊‬டଁ᳼Ҍc Ү૳ૅ΀ҮᲿぽੌx͎yxᩲyᚾ઻ӈໟหဧࣽc >@‫ݳ‬Πલјմh๰ͨြ᙭᭜ࣽ€ྲྀᵤ٬ᔍ͎cġġ͙␊x͎yหxᩲy઻c >@‫ݳ‬Πί౯մhշᵤ౯ࣽ€ಖ␊౯ᩲ€ᵤ෋ᵤ౯ࣽകֳಖதcġġ▎͙␊xᩲyหx͎y઻ டࠒc᩺΀xྲྀᵤ٬ᔍ͎yࣽ€ࢧَᓌ‫آ‬ட૟€x͎y઻␊ષcӷxಖ␊౯ᩲyட‫€ڠ‬ઊ̧া ᢨન೩ႄ౯ࣽடᣄշᵤ౯ࣽ€ཀྵ‫ٹ‬ᇵᣄշᵤ౯ࣽடỮԛ␊౯ட‫€آ‬᣾෋ᵤ౯ࣽᵤຨകֳಖத մcಣ൏‫ͭٹ‬ԛ૟€‫׊‬xᩲy઻␊ષcઊxᩲyx͎yᚾ઻ྲྀࢧఛ€ੌ‫ଁآ‬Ꮚ⬤ၗc௎⪮ϹՈ ੿Ө▪ហ€ບ͙˴‫ڠآ‬டў˶€Ќᆛ␊સ‫€ݳ‬ಣҮ૳ૅનỮᬞ೩▪⛖ࣽ€ટതᄁಖӂ͎‚

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ࣽ ~ӷ‫҈ڠ׊઻׊‬ᵤ‫׊‬ഗࣽ€Ꮛብࣽ઻cxࣽy઻€ࢅ▪΀nᏊ૟ͬo͎cӋ‫ا‬ጓ΀nࠪኜ ಖ૟€ࠪኜಖཌྷ€ࠪኜಖਾo͎€ଁ΀ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻͎€೩ห઻Ჽcxࣽy઻ੌ‫׊‬ઐ଻ࣽb▗଻᩷ ྽bఝ‫€ࣽ઻ݲ‬ድಖଁ‫׊‬஡઻€ટྲྀੌኜཌྷbኜ૟bኜਾடᏊԳcಣટᓉ೩ြ஡Ჽᩲcಖ‫׊‬ಙ ઻͎€ເx૮ࣽyxಔࣽyxᵤࣽyx೰ࣽyᇐΠ€ྲྀ๫ଁኜ€ᬘ͙ዼรടӨ҈ԛc௎⪮ห઻ ҈ᓳ‫ڠ‬Գ€ટብ͙ሑᎫ૟͉͙૦ಖཀྵҌ€ԛ೩ห઻Ჽcಖ‫׊‬ዼ͎€ᓌֳ଻c >@ᗥ͔᪎մhເ☡ເ߈ࣽ€⦁᪎͎eເҦເᩁࣽ€াበ͎eଌ✸ず✸ࣽ€ቇᛁ͎eຍ✸‫✸ݐ‬ ࣽ€࣓͎ྃeੌ⪎Ֆ̧ߪᵤӃ⑓✸ࣽ€⦁ࣇຒӷ᮳€Ꮋடᵤ෶᧯͎cġġ΢ྲྀ‫ث‬ष᮴▪€‫׊‬ ͙xࣽy઻€˴௎൴᮴▪ຈͅ଻઻€͙☬‫ׯ‬ጓ͎c ᮴▪ੌъ᧵ட઻ഗ€‫ث܈‬षԳ͙᧜ಖྃ€Ꮛલ‫׊‬x͎y઻€ລ‫ۋ‬xࣽy઻c >@ᗥઍ᥷մhઍ͎ࣽ€‫׉‬Өட͔ઐ͎e଼͎ࣽ€‫׉‬Өடࡃ⦁͎c >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊӨմh૱ᯛட͎ࣽ€ᆠൕ͉͎e̛Ⴒட͎ࣽ€ߪൕ͉͎cġġ ‫ݲ‬ഗྲྀ͙x͎ࣽyᚾ઻⡏‫׊‬᮴▪҈␊ட᧜ጓ͎c ‫ށ‬ட€xࣽy઻ட‫઻׊‬b‫ڠ׊‬b‫׊‬ዼ€୙ԛᓉ೩ြ᮴€҈▎ਊ೩ြҮ⦡€ᓒ๫૟ᆇष␊͎c⢈ ୰ઁᲿ€xࣽy઻๫‫׊‬ഗࣽc҈Ү᪎ૅੌ͙ >@‫ݳ‬Πၕᜑ▗h૟ಖ͔ઊடᵎࣽc >@▎ᨚᔎhՖ˻hn࢞ઊ̧̜ࣽco >@஥෦ᙦ▗Ԇᮇh▗൴ເঃድ౮ࣽcġġ̜xࣽy઻΀␊Πԛఛ€ᵤၟx૟ಖ͔ઊடᵎࣽy €धմx૟ಖộ͔ઊઍடᵎࣽy͎ex࢞ઊ̧̜ࣽy€धմxಖ࢞‫ଁݲ‬඗␊̧̜ࣽyexເঃ ድ౮ࣽy€धմxເঃ͙ድࢥਾy͎c̜xࣽy઻ဧ͙‫׊͙⪮€઻׊‬ഗ͎cť ብӷফਾ஌ಙ€΢षཔፃޭ€Ꮛ͙xࣽyᵸடc >@᯻೪ఌ‫ݳ‬዗⑫ц૟ષಙhॏ੄པ€൴዗⑫ц€૟ᤇᆜ߆€ષ૭әᇐ஡᙭୯ેӃ҃ᔄ੃ࣽc ġġાࡵᓖடc૮Ꮛԩ๬▗૟▪Ꮂ€᩷Ꮋᔐ᧐റ€ᾫ͙xࣽy઻␊္ࣽ€ಣଣଁ΀xࣽy઻‫׊‬ ഗ͎c૦டઁ▪€Ꮛનட೩c ෦ൾ‫€઻׊‬x͎yxᩲyxԛyxҌyxӂyxԳyxࣽy€⇝‫ᦑ઻͠ڙ‬ᩲc҈ਿَᵤ᩷Գc

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ȉಣᣫଁสጓ಻ዹxᵎࣽyᢐ‫€ܨ‬ዹx̧̜ࣽyx౮ࣽyᵤ⬤ᢐ‫ܨ‬c೰௎สເಣጓ಻€ Ꮛxࣽyᥫ␊ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻€ᵤออnဧ͙‫઻׊‬oc ෦ᗉ‫઻׊‬౪டԆ ෦ᗉఝ઻એhxֳyx඾yx୓yx᩷yxઊyx‫ݲ‬yೲ͎cಖ␊ဧੌ̜h˴Ꮛੌᗉ҈ဧ͙࢑ ᔎࣽe˴Ꮛ๫ᗉ҈ဧ͙ᐎᗉࣽe˴Ꮛᵤᗉ҈ဧ͙ࣙᴓࣽc̜ࣽဧហᔢੌᵤᓌ€Ӆ͙x෦ᗉy̡ ઻඗Գc એ઻ଁ‫€ࣽ׊‬ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍடఝ઻Ҍc҈˴☡ிᐎb೬ষ€᩷ઊႎቐb຤ລடᝬᅥ€อᅞ‫ੌ€઻׊‬ᴤ ᦑ෦ࣽ€Ꮛ຤຤ᗂഗ‫ଁڠ‬᎝ಙ઻டў⥹€͙␊᧵டᶀ̐Չӂcಣಖ͔΢͎c ~ֳ઻€ࢅ▪΀nΠடፇo͎cᗥᅮӞ̐ហմnᗉఛo͎c Πፇࣽ€‫͎઻׊‬eᗉఛࣽ€෦ᗉ͎cᢐᚾࢅ҈धմ෦ᗉ‫҈€͎઻׊‬᨜નᝀಖဧc xֳy઻ṡમ€ᓚ৚ᰳᵸ€΢૟͉Ӄ᣾َ҈ᵤ͛ᑗ᙭ࣽᏋဧடc ~xֳy઻ட‫࢑׊‬ᔎடഗࣽ€ಖᤣ͎c΢࢑ᔎடഗ€ྲྀᴑَ͎cᴑَ€Ꮛഗឝᾫ๫ಙ઻ લடc >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬hࠪ˻hn᳁ව෗ֳ‚o >@▎hයᏋ᳁වၟᗥֳ‚ >@▎ዑᤠh ༗€̧⧲๛€˻hnᣐਾֳ‚o >@▎ᨚᔎḩᔎ▗ഥ▪̧ြ▗ࡵ᛾˻hnൾֳ€ઊ̧ᵤَᵤᲕᵤ६ֳ‚o >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hӋ˻hn୸ᵤ߽֔ί҈૝€ટ൴ੌ͙୯Ԫᓛֳ‚o >@▎ᐘӨhᤗẏӋᔎ˻hn૛ಋᓛੌ⦁ֳ‚o >@▎hਾྲྀ΀ͨ㛛ࡵॡ€㛛‫€ݲ‬ԛֳ‚n >@▎h˻hn௎ೲಖֳ͔‚n >@▎▗੿h▗உ̣ᔎ˻hnઊ̧঄߱ြᤗ€᳁වᰓ̧ட؋€Ӄລެֳ‚o >@▎▗Өh‫̧׳‬டԩᙬ€΀ಖ͔ઊ˻hņடᇮ༸ட˹€˴ೡ҈̜૲ഹ€Ꮛઋடֳ҃‚o ‫׳ݳ‬ᔎഗ€ಖ‫׊‬ᾫဧxֳy઻ੌເಣࣽc‫ݲ‬षഗଁᔎட૟€Ў๫Փ៎€xֳy઻ᰒષc҈΢ᔎ ഗ‫͙׊‬xֳy઻ࣽု૨€ස઻ᵤ௎͎cᔎഗᵤဧxֳy઻€຤຤͙ޯᔎห઻หடcເxເതy xത͙yx௎டതyᇐΠ€ಣ΢ဤ͎c▎ଁषᔎഗ€ྲྀ๫ಙ઻᎝டࣽ€ᭁЎᗉ҈ᔎ€ᴑَட҈ ԛ€ᜍậࣜ࿥඾‚ >@஥▪˸h֊ᤈ˻hn෶૟‫‚ֳݲ‬o˻hnᵤ෶con෶๬ֳ‚o˻hnᵤ෶con෶๬͔ ૟ֳ‚o˻hn෶co >@▎ᦅ̡੾̡h૭ӟடᵤ෶€ӂଁၟ͎cᓛ൴‫ט‬Գ€ӂုֳ‚ >@▎hЎᬲ€ಖບ˻hn๬ֳ‚o >@▎h˻hnයᏋәӋֳ‚o >@▎ѮԆh௎Ԫ͙᯻ട␊ᴴ€͙೷̪ᾧ␊ҝુ€ᵸ͙ᱝԫ€Ԫટຨઢᩲ€Ӄֳ‚ >@▎ᦅ̡੾એhઊ਀๫޴ᒇֳ‚ >@▎સМh௎ᔄ᭜൴લၕ€ൾֳ‚ >@ૹ᭑҄Ֆ෦h௎෶๰ֳͨ‚ >@▎ୟࣈ෦hૅিੌ᎟€‫َ܈‬૟ֳ‚ġġ‫ݲ‬षᔎഗ€ᝀ᩷੿ᓌc͙੿‫ݲ‬ष€ྲྀ૟டᨗੌӃᗉ ࣽ€ཀྵ࢑ᔎ͙͸டc ӷ>@࿍᲼մhӋ਀ᵤ೩ઊּϓֳ‚ >@੅᲼մḩ਀ᵤӃ͙᧣␊̧ఘ‫͙€ڙ‬ಖፇ␊ᨈਾֳ‚ >@᫐̧ਾᔐ྅մhߵᵤၟઊْ⸍ֳ‚ >@▎մhߵᵤၟઊளᦼֳࣽ‚ >@᯻᧏᠏ә‫ݳ‬մhᵠ̧൴␊ᑞ൑ֳ‚ġġଁष‫ݲ‬ഗ€ྲྀ⪮Ӄᗉட૟҈ీ᮴࢑ᔎ€ӎടӨ▪͙ ᥫடc͙ಖഗцᓌ੿€ཀྵ᚝ြಣc ~xֳy઻ੌ‫׊‬ᐎᢙடഗࣽcઊᐎᗉடഗ€ઐ๫ӃᗉடϦ€҈๬▪ટ๫ഗഗ໰ࢅடц€ ຤຤ൾࣽᗉட€҈ຖൾࣽ᧏ൾᩲcብ˴☡༕೬‫ڙ‬ষடᝬᅥ€ੌอᅞxֳy઻෦டࣽ€ટੌ඙ဧ ᗉᴤᵤસடಙ઻ࣽc҈ഗ᧵᩷ಙ઻຤຤ੌᶀཹဤԳc ဧᗉᴤᵤસடಙ઻ࣽc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈ḩ˻hn᪎҈‫آ‬ਊட€ᵤટࢅֳ‚ੌᏗা߽ਿ૝€ᵤટᏚֳ‚ਾᵤၟ҈ᵤ῔€ᵤ ટՖֳ̧‚oġġधմx᪎҈‫آ‬ਊ€‫ه‬Ӄ㏗͎cᏗ૝߽ਿ€߯ᵸᏚ͎cᵤၟᵤ῔€Ֆ̧ਾ͎c yཀྵଁष஡Ჷ€੿Өໟᵊட͉€ઐ๫ᗉ͎cብಖ๫ᗉ͎€ཀྵ‫͙׊‬xֳy઻€҈લകxᵤટyಙ ઻€൏᩷ઐ᧵ໟᶀ€ಖᨗಙ઻᩷xֳy઻ӈໟӎᥫ€҈̐᧵ႂચԳcཀྵഗ᧵̐ࣽ€ಙ઻ୗடe ҈ഗ᧵ᶀࣽ€ୗఛᶀᵤകԳcಣଁ΀ᶀཹဤ͎€ટЌ᮴ଁ΀ᗂഗ‫ଁڠ‬᎝ಙ઻டў⥹€͙␊᧵ட ᶀ̐Չӂ͎cӨྲྀಷಣ€ᵤ‫ث‬ᯧԳc 235

>@੅᲼ḩᤣẏَหͨໟ੅€িੌಣֳ‚ >@ૹ᧥ફґh࠺▗ᵤલ‫؝‬ᵊઍ᜿€▗Ӡ෶৑ֳ‚ġġधմx̧ᤣடَ€๫ಣࢅ͎cyťx࠺ ▗ᵤલ‫؝‬ᵊઍ€▗ᵤ෶৑ᩲcyཀྵᚾᲷட᧵€ઐ␊ᶀࢅ͎€҈ଁകಙ઻€ुੌxিyxӠyᚾ ઻€᩷xֳy઻ໟӎᥫ€ຈ๫ୗఛடകԳcಣଁ΀ഗ᧵ᶀࣽ€ୗఛᵤകೲ͎c઎ೲ€ >@‫ݳ‬ᨚᔎḩ˻hnцΠடَ€෶๫๰ֳۨட␊ᤇcᾥ᩷டَ€෶๫ࢅֳ‚਄ட␊ᤇco >@▎ๅѠḩ˻hn␊டᴤ€َடຨ๫㼫ֳ‚o >@஥ઠ˸h૮ஊᵤເम€҈ു͔ြृ᥸€ࠪ൴ᵔட€ᵤટᴤֳ‚ >@ဠΠhಖ๫̰᥮લӋட৘€҈Ӌഃዼֳ‚ >@ૹ៤࡙෦hਿ૮‫׉‬Өጲ፭€Ӄহ͔াུ‫͙ڹ‬๧ட€඗‫‚ֳ᧵׉‬ >@▎ᦅ̡੾Мhੌᮑ๫្€๫ટೲ఑ֳ‚ >@‫੿࢞׳‬hӷြ͍€਀๫ଁᓌයֳ‚ >@᫐⩎ંh‫ڙ‬М੘ட੐‫׉‬ϫடᔐ͎€ᵤ൏㩿⤰ட੐͔ᩛֳ‚‫ڙ‬Мᓛட੐੘ぽ€ᵤ൏㫂਻ட੐ ͔ৎֳ‚ >@⦡ԩᎫՖӪ෦hድಣᵕ̧€̰‫˴͙܈‬Ვடཀྵ€ஹԪಢਾ€ᵤટ⬤ֳ‚ >@̜ᓛΥஉᢪ෦ъhౌႄြᎤઍ҂ជ€ࠪ૲ᗥᓅ€૑ᰘᮾᅉֳ‚ġġ‫ݲ‬ഗぽເx෶๫yxຨ ๫yxᵤટyx๫̰yxӃহyx๫ટyx਀๫yxᵤ൏y᩷x૑yᇐୗఛಙ઻€ྲྀ͙ӎടഗ ઍ̐᧵͎cx૑yधx૑ᵤy͎c >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhೲ૔␊෶ણಖ໫ֳ͎‚ >@▎▗੿h౯ਾᓒເೲֳ‚ >@▎ᖭ੿hઊ᧲̧ൾ͙␊ਾட്ಖήட̧€␊௎്ಖಋட्ֳ̧‚ >@ૹᣠ཰෦hি᧵ຨᢢឝΪ€ລ੄લਾட̫஽ֳ‚ >@⦡ᘥ੊Ӫ෦hਾໟͨ঄Ҡ҈Ӌ€ഃೲֳ‚ >@ஊΠh͔ઊᜍ ြു€ുỮᵸ͙␊͔℡ֳ‚ >@⦡ӋᮍӪ෦h൴Ꭱᔢ঒€਀⛆েᨈਾֳ‚ >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦hԪিӃ͙ዑ୯෇ហֳ‚ >@▎⤠ՖӪ෦hՖடᯅ௎๛ᜦ€૔൴‫܈‬Ӗᮇμ৉ֳ‚ >@᱘̧⪮ᏚᲽhය€Ќ঄␊டឦӠ᛹€ᡫ⌐࿖€౨ଚଌ€঺ᇎᇍ҈ቐြព€Ꮋ̈́ੑட༙€൴ ૊Ӄຨ҈೫ֳ‚Ќ͙ͨ␊ન͛ය͎cŦ >@඄᲼hᔢ஑͔ᵤ෶ຨடြ͓ᩞ€҈͓ᩞఙ෶ຨட஑͔ᩲġġ ‫ݲ‬ഗぽ€x૔yxᓒyx௎yŧxিyxౘyxỮyx਀yxিyx૔yx૊yxఙy‫ݲ‬ಙ ઻€ྲྀ͙ႂચഗ᧵டᵤය͎c ͙੿‫ݲ‬ष€ྲྀ͙ᗉᴤᵤસடಙ઻᩷xֳy઻ໟΆ€͙‫ڭ‬ચᐎᢙடᝬᅥ͎c ಖᵤဧᗉᴤᵤસடಙ઻ࣽc >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hःਾடԀᎻເಣ€҈ậཫֳ‚ >@▎▗Өhເ෋լ‫€ૄ܈‬ఛ੾᭑҈‫ت‬᭑€ೲ␊‫‚ֳૄ܈‬ >@▎▗Өh᳁ව€Ữҋடଁᵤ␊͎€҈̧␊ͨᔧடֳ‚ >@▎᭑Өh▎૔‫ઁݳ‬டਾ€̍ಖ‫ڠ€ژ‬ಖᦒ€ᵤၟಖਾ€Ӄֳ‚ >@▎࢞੿hೢೢ҈ปட€Ӄ͙␊ಢֳ‚ >@๣ẏ̡h඄ࡘ˻hn‫€ֳ׉€ֳ׉‬լ๫᳥€᯼␊ࡘ҈⛆㎇ಖՖֳࣽ‚o >@ૹҝᰝໟເ෦h೰ઊᤗ࿍ட૟€▎୪ᵸ⦁ֳ‚ >@⦡றฆӪ෦hጓᧁത̰๰ස᎛ᧇਾೱઍᵎ͔ઊᢪֳ‚ >@▎է⦦Ӫ෦h᮴ఘଁೲ᭐␊ຐ€ຖఘଁೲ஌␊૭€঄‫␊آ‬ೲ€തઁடцֳ‚ġġଁष‫ݲ‬ ഗ€ᵤകᗉᴤಙ઻€Ũ҈ഗ᧵ൿයᶀࢅ͎cເx҈ậཫֳyࣽ€धմxᵤậཫy͎cxೲ␊‫܈‬ ૄֳyࣽ€Ќxᵤ␊‫ૄ܈‬y͎cx҈̧␊ͨᔧடֳyࣽ€Ќx҈̧Ӄၟͨடᵤᔧy͎cxӃ ֳyࣽ€ЌxᵤӃy͎cಖፇधմxࡘᵤ⛆㎇Ֆࣽy͎€xᵤᵸ⦁y͎€xጓᵤ‫ᧇ܈‬ᢪy͎€ xઁᵤᵸцy͎c‫ݲ‬ഗ‫͙׊‬xֳy઻€Ꮛᵤ໰ࢅ҈ᲤӨᴌᶊ€ಖഗ᧵Ꮛᙦය๫ᗉᩲc ȉᣠմh̡Π␊௴ࡨᔎ᭜ᩛடఛ€x̧y€ࡨ඗ᩛ͎cᰝ‫΀€಻߉ا‬ಣ␊๫ᗉᶀᔎடఛ€͔ ‫ۍ‬c૮᧿€ઁxᤣyxॣy⛖ဧ€̧ᤣ⪮ਾ଻c ȉᦊմh᱘̧๫x҈೫y̡઻€ಣළҮ෦಻ͬᏙ̡ᗔ৑€Ӌ‫΀ا‬x૊yधxြೲy͎€َ̈́ੑ டᕏ൴ြೲӃຨ҈೫͎c ȉx௎yᥫ␊xൾyc ȉᆏҕ▪⛖ᏡՍ€>@டx୪y€>@டxᧁതyೲᗉᴤಙ઻€>@டxതyೲޯᔎห઻c

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~΢૟Ꭿ೬ষᚾ⤠€Ӄ᣾᙭๫ᙦࣽ€ಖ⡏ഗࠪྲྀဧxֳy઻‫׊‬ட€ࠪឝഗဧxֳy઻҈ ຖഗဧස઻ࣽcብഗឝੌᵤဧࠌ઻ࣽ€ ੌ⡏ဧx૑y઻ࣽc͙ࠪx૑yxႎy᩷x૑yx൴y஡઻ໟ␊ӎᥫࣽcӅ͙ᣈಖᗉ൏ᵤસட ಫҌc >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿մhᖭ€͓ᓛ͎€ᔐြᤗ࿍€૟ᤗֳ‚૟࿍ֳ‚ >@▎̧࢞੿մh‫˻̧׳‬hnᓅഥ⬔ֳ‚ᓅ᭿ֳ‚oġġᚾषྲྀ๫ࠌ઻લட€҈⡏ဧxֳy઻ ͙ᚾ͸ࣽc઎ೲ€ >@ᤗ᲼մhӋ͙‫׉‬Ө␊ᰟ੅ֳ‚೰ᰟᤗֳ‚ >@⦡ͭỜ྅ૅմhૄᤇࣽᘱਾֳ‚೰᠐ᚌࣽᘱਾֳ‚ >@‫̧̧࢞׳‬Өմḩ͙␊ੌӋࣽส€Ꮛ᪙੐ଁֳུ‚੐ଁμֳ‚ġġ̜षᓌ੿€ᔢੌx೰y xᏋyḈሹࠌ઻␊Ϊ€҈⪮x૑yxႎy໹ᜯ‫͎઻ࠌݲ‬cť >@ുΠմh᯼෋ͨ⛷๛҈ᰓᳵࣽ€⪮ஊֳ‚᩷ͨ᠏̜кԆ֧ட୯ࣽ€⪮ஊ୓‚ġġᚾഗટԩ Ӫc >@஥Ѯ̜੾hᵤၟ‫׉‬൴͙␊ẑֳ‚෋ᮍથஊᓛ҈໿͔ᰗᄮֳ‚ಖႎટ൴᧝͙ᑟஊֳ‚ >@᫐⩎ંhಣᯉࣽ€૑ಖ҅␊ၘ⭜҈ᤇֳ‚૑ಖ૳҈ΩᎲြ‫ܪ‬ઍֳ‚ >@೦‫⩎੍ا‬ᤇൾᲽhՖ૑҅҈▎ֳ҅‚ಖ૑૳҈▎૳ֳ‚ >@▎‫נ‬໫Ჽh͛ຨા̰ߗடֳ‚হಖᵤຨા೰ᵤហधߗடֳ‚ >@඄᲼h੅டߗ඄͎€เ҈ᛌֳ‚হಖୡ૔෶ј€‫נ‬Ӌ҈ᵤߗֳ‚ >@੅᲼h‫ه‬঒ֳ‚᧵ટ๾ֳ‚ ġġએष⡏‫׊‬xֳy઻€҈ഗឝ͙xႎyx૑yxহyx᧵y‫€઻ݲ‬Ŧࠪӎᥫ€ࠪᜯ໹€ྲྀ͙ ᨔಖᐎᢙનસடᅥcཀྵ࿍ఛୟု͠⡏xֳy઻€౲⡏ឝഗ͙x૑y઻€ࡪഗ͙x൴y઻Ϊட€ ྲྀ͙ᨔಖ᧣‫נ‬၉ႎடᅥ๾͎c >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өմh૦ཎ᩷᪚҈ᵤຨ€Ꮛᶀ‫ݲ‬ಖਾֳ‚ႎટઅ҈ᗂಖ҅᩷‚ >@ဠΠմh۶ᔎ‫‚ֳ⦁׉‬ႎਾཀྵ͎‚ >@඄᲼մhਾடᅥ€૑๛ਾֳ‚૑๛ြਾ͎‚ >@⦡ͭ‫ॣ׳‬ՖӪ෦մhਾ૳‫૽ت‬ြ‫‚ֳ׉‬൴‫૽ت‬ြտ؈‚ >@᯻▪๬ᴤմhಕடҗ€ಕட⤠€ಖຨഎ᩷࠯͎ੌ઎ֳ‚ႎੌ᳥ᵤᵸഎ҈࠯ட؈‚ ‫ݲ‬Ჷ€ឝഗ‫͙׊‬xֳy઻€҈ຖഗᏋ஡͙x᩷yx؈yx͎yᇐ઻␊‫׊‬cӷḈᜯࠌ઻€Ꮛध ೲxႎyx૑yx൴yᇐ઻͎cӨഗଁဧ‫€઻׊‬Ꮛድಖഗហட਼ᨗ␊સc ȉಣഗxᔢy઻ᗉ߉€ࠪ␊xሑy઻c ȉxহyᥫ␊xহಖyc ~▎ੌ͙xֳy઻⠣‫׊‬ᚾഗ€ཀྵ࢑ᚾᴤ€҈ຖ஡␊டጓ͙઒ચᣄហࣽ€Ꮛಖ೬ষӘឮட ಙ€া߸ᜦြ๬ᔐᩲc >@ஊΠh൴Ꮹ€ുӋ▎෋‫ݲ‬෫Ꮗఛ˻hn͙Ꮹ␊ੌμֳ‚᮴Ꮹ˶ằનན€ᵸֹ͙ൾᩲc͙Ꮹ ␊๫μֳ‚ՖӋৢІ᜿ட࣓͙޻෋ட€҈೘‫ث‬ြੇᝬ҈া჈͎‚o >@୛᲼hᨈਾᔢᵤᣈֳ‚નເಱԎடఠ͎cՖᔢᵤຨ᧵ֳ‚નເ⤠્᲍̧ட᱖͎c >@ૹੑ౦ઢhцဈᵤઅ€⦦ᮆ҈᣻ட㷩‚Ꮛ͔␊ၻ௕҈ୡᵤ෶ᖤcቚ੐ୗ˿㷩‚Ꮛ੒٫ᰗ ဧ€ဈ▪͔ఠc >@᯻Ჾ೦ᵌ઄ਾᦒhಖԛͅ๖ֳ‚൴͙␊ଶ͎cಖનͅ๖ֳ‚൴͙ࠝઋಖ⪮҈෭ೲҌc >@▎‫ث‬ᲾசᲿᦒh‫׉‬ᵤ‫܈‬෋௓ਾੌၟֳ‚ᏋԪட૽ᵤӃ᎙cເ෋௓ਾੌၟֳ‚⪮ͨಖԣ඾‚ ġġԆषྲྀা࢑ᴤ҈াᲾட€ᶀ̐઒ߗ€ᣄហ‫ۑ‬ය€▪Ფ㒸Ω€๫❻ᓄࣽcᲾசᲿᦒМഗ€Ќ া‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣn‫׉‬ட൴થᓄ▪͎o˴ీḃચ€‫ݳ‬Πᚾናഗ€‫͙׊‬x͎y઻€᯻▪Ꮛ‫׊‬xֳy઻€ ҈ഗΦ๫ᏊcಣӃၟxֳy઻⪮ບ␊‫׊‬ᔎఛ͎ࡵᩲc >@᫐̧⠮֋୉մḩс‫׉‬Ө€‫׉‬ӨЎԛс͎€҈ͨधห̧€Ԫ൴␊଻ֳ‚଻ࣽᨗடᨸ͎€Ԫ ൴␊ᨸֳ‚ġġಣᏋલጓຖᔎ€ટधલᔎຖጓ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Πί౯մhੌ෶˴ೡဧಖୡြ౯ᩲֳ‚ͨન೩ୡᵤᵸࣽcġġಣᱥናᱥᥫடഗ€ൿૐੌ ༕೬டᅥ€ཀྵ᚝ૻԳcઊເೲ€ >@‫ݳ‬ί౯h෶͙ᗥᠲ␊ᓛֳ‚തੌ >@᫐‫׉‬ϫh᩷டΆ‫‚ֳ׉‬ຏ೰ާਾ҈๫‫׉‬c >@▎hઊຨࣽᓏ€Ӄ͙␊ຨֳ‚Ꮛ‫ٮٻ‬ட੐ြ᲋͎€ટӃ͙␊ຨᩲc >@୛᲼h᫅᩷ਾடᰗ€շ຤҈ᵤᘠֳ‚ध೰ᘠֳ૑ြཀྵᓛӂc >@᫐‫⦁׉‬hःਾட͍྽ֳ‚‫׉‬ϫடᴪ͎€᭑ཌྷட࿶͎c >@ᬃ̧̧⦁Ჽḩ៤ચ€΀̧߱˻hnৣ΀ઊ̧␊ੌଁᵤၟֳ‚ઊ̧ບ๫ଁᵤၟcoġġྲྀ ᱥናц€ᓌ੿c

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>@᫐̧‫׉‬ਉմh‫׉‬ಖਉֳ‚ϫಖᣫֳೡ೧ಖ᠏ြଁֳ᯼ఘசೲ‚᯼ࢱৱೲ‚᯼ု๫૟ሑ ҈๬ೲ‚ >@▎մhմࣽ␊ֳ҆‚҆ࣽ␊մֳ‚᯼ ၅ೲ‚᯼ု๫૟֍Ꮪ҈ያೲ‚ġġಣᏋ̜ና̜ᥫ€ ᩷ᚾናᚾᥫ‫ݲ‬⡏ഗྲྀᓌហ€ೲधᱥናᱥᥫ͎c >@‫੿̧࢞׳‬մh㮅ήடᴏ҈ᧇடੑᏋຨੑ€ᵤ㮅Ꮛᵤຨੑ€Ꮛ൴㮅டֳ‚⒭૞ૅඪ҈ᆣಖᣫ ̧Ꮛຨᧅ€ᵤᆣᏋᵤຨᧅ€Ꮛ൴ᆣடֳ‚ġġᚾీ࢑ᝯ€લᏋᶀ̐࢑ᴤ€҈ຖ઒ચᔎഗ€ц᩷ ᮴டલጓຖᔎᓌc࿩ட€͙ᏸxֳy઻டဧட዗c ~xֳy઻ட‫ࣙ׊‬ᴓடഗࣽ€⪮ಖᤣcᭁxֳy઻ṡમ€৚˶᣾ӎ€ન෶ੋࣙᦑପcᔢ ය€xֳy઻ଁ‫׊‬டഗ€ੌ᎝͙xಖy઻ࣽ€ੌΆಙb྽ᇐ઻҈લ᳼ࣽ€ੌᢐ▗଻bઐ଻҈ӎ ࢞ࣽ€ಣᭁَࣽྲྀੌଁᴤ࢞டᙦ€ཀྵᬘ͙᧜ಖࣙᴓՉӂc ᎝͙xಖy઻c >@‫׳‬ᖭӨhೲཀྵਸ̧˻hnၟͨࣽಖብ੍⩎ֳ᳥ͨࣽಖብ੍⩎ֳo >@▎ᐘӨhӋடႄᏚ⬤€Ꮛᤗಖᥧഃֳġġਸ̧ட˴᣺˴ᒣடⳁ᧻€᩷‫̧׳‬ᣮӋ૦сடⳁ ᅥ€ྲྀ๰xֳyxಖyᚾ઻ிચc >@๻ᓏhᓏ҈ᵤ૲ಖଁ૚€ಖ࡜Ֆֳ̧ >@▎ລhລಖ೩‫׉‬ϫடֳ͍ >@▎ึఛhၟ዗ൖட⦁ࣽ€ಖၟᝬடଁ␊ֳ >@ᗥᅮӞhᣓ˻hn੎઄ಖ·ֳᐘઈಖ٨ֳ᯹ਾಖ᪬ֳo >@஥សԆh˴ட΀⬤€ಖӃӿֳ >@▎ᦅ̡੾౪hᏚ‫ا‬കԳ€ಖ͙ા୐ᙿֳ >@▎ઠ˸h⧲҈࢞ਾ˻hnു੾ᮇ૳ᚳ€҈੾ᮇ༻৘€̡੾ᮇட೺€ஊുಖ␊вֳoġġ એषᓌ੿c ᎝͙ࠌ઻c >@‫͍ᦑ̧׳‬Өմh҈ଞြ്৤டֳࣽ‚ġġ˴ഗ€΢xଞy઻᎝ֳഗឝ€ ຤຤‫͙׊‬xֳy઻€ᭁഗぽྲྀੌੋᬿடΠcಣधմx҈ଞြ്৤டࣽ€ಖᧈട঄തເֳcyཀྵ ੌ๫ᚗⳁᅥ€᭗ြഗぽ€Ӫြࣙᴓடഗ€൏๫ᵤӃcብ൏ಣடഗ€ԛ߆ြࠌ઻Ჽぽcť௓ብཻ ҈ચட€ᵤᯧषᩲc Άಙb྽઻c >@‫׳‬ᖭ੿hਸ̧˻hn͔඾ॎட␊Ֆ͎ብ‫€͔␊׉‬ብॎᏋட€పపֳᎻ๫෶଻ԳՖ඾ॎ ͎ᦠᦠֳੌ‫׉‬Ө҈ᵤ᩷Գoġġx͔඾yxՖ඾y€ಖ␊ࣙᴓடఛᓒᩲcxపపֳyxᦠ ᦠֳy᩷டԩӪ€ಖ␊ࣙᴓடఛ€ટ๫ᗉᩲcಣxֳy઻‫׊‬ಙ઻લ᳼€҈ಖຖட‫␊΀€ڠ‬ടఛ Ӄ͎cŦ >@᫐ள૳ఘhᆽᆽֳಖြ୉▄͛ੌፇϫᩲc >@ᗥᅮӞhਸ̧˻hnҍ҈ຖ෫ᓊ€·ֳಖў͎෫ᓊ҈ຖҍ€பֳಖӷ͎o >@‫ⲣ̧ݳ‬hእֳԪ೩ಖј͎€ન೩ಖु͎c >@᫐⩎ંhᱤֳ௎ᓛடੌՖಖ๫ரຒcỞỞֳ௎๯டੌᑒಖ๫ரᗊcᶷᶷֳಖ௎Мਿட ๫ᨰಖ๫ଁۤ٩c >@▎hᘞᘞֳѲ൅ৣշၟᤇᚌடᔍ€͓͔டૅ‚ >@᯻⥿ᤗ儖Өᇊ঩hཀྵ੿டਾ€๬оኸ‫€ײ‬ϼֳಖ๫ԀြӨ͎Өடਾ€᣸Ԛላ๬€‫ֳ؜‬ಖ ๫ૺြ੿͎ġġଁषྲྀxֳy઻‫׊‬ಙb྽଻઻€લ᳼ഗឝ͙␊ࣙᴓ͎ࣽc ‫઻଻׊‬ोࡔᢨc >@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մhՖֳ€ཎֳᓒ඾ġġಣxֳy઻‫␊͙଻▗׊‬ᐋᢨࣽc >@▎͔શ೚մhԪ೚ֳ€Ԫ೚ֳ >@๣ᐘស▗੾ᮇմh‫ֳ׉ֳ׉‬ġġx೚y᩷x‫׉‬yྲྀ▗଻€xֳy઻‫׊‬ட͙⡏ӎࣽc >@‫ݳ‬Πί౯մḩ˻hnᦢֳԪ⦁˴͙᮸டco >@஥෦ẏ▗੾͠ᮇմhӣ▪̧˻hn⸥ֳԪᔄடcoġġxᦢyx⸥yᚾઐ଻€xֳy઻ ‫׊‬ட€ଁ͙ӣ࢞ࣽc ೲᏋx୪ֳyxᶱֳy‫ݲ‬ᢨఛ͙᚝ಣဤ€ଣ๫ᵤӃc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉxടఛyᥫ␊xടͬyc

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>@▎ങႆ෦մh೰ઊ᮴྅িᏚ໴๫೬ட᭶€ມ๫᳥டਾ€ቲ͍ြߞ⭵டಲ඾͙␊ᵤ᣻ᯘࣽ ᵤଵෘ€ᵤ൭᭶ࣽᵤଲ૑cೲ͙⛆Ҋ᭑ட೚€͙ሑຉᦼடࣗ€ਉ঵᥵டᕏ€᜵᥹઄டᔥ҈ᵤᑺ ͎c >@▎ቐൊ෦մh࡜ಖਾடᢽၟ඾ટᤄಖ‫آ‬டӃ␊͎cġġ᯻▪຤຤ဧட€ ᪎ࣽӃልᔗ͎cઊx඾y઻‫׊‬ഗ˴ና€㒸Ωੌ॒€ᐎᢙடಙ€ᵤَ҈Ḛc ~ੌԩ⡏ᯊഗ€ྲྀ‫׊‬x඾y઻ࣽ€Ꮛੌᐎᢙᅥಙ€▎඙ੌࣙᴓட᧵ᩲc >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿ੌմhͨത͙ਣடಝᯗ␊඾ͨি௎ᣫḻ༞டઍ€઎ೲ͙Ꮪॎ‫ס‬ட⦁඾ >@▎մh᩷ͨᣫḻ༞டઍ€઎ೲ͙Ꮪॎ‫ס‬ட⦁€Ԫি௎෋ೲՖ␊ॎ‫ס‬டՖ඾Ԫি௎෋ೲᎻ ␊ॎ‫ס‬டᎻ඾Ԫি௎ြԪத്೩ட඾ġġឝषᚾഗ€⡏៓ဧx඾y઻€ຖष̜⡏€ಖ˴൵ ༕೬຤ລடᅥ€ࢋြَोᩲc ௎>@೪ఌຖ̡੾౪ೡລ੿ૉໟᦒմhಖଁ૦ј೩ட˹€িລੌᵎြဠ▗඾ᵤብᵤᵎြဠ▗ ҈ԛ€িລੌᵎြ‫آ‬Ҋ࿪૟ࣽ඾িລੌଁ‫ڙ‬ᢙ෶ᗔြဠ▗டൖࣽ඾ġġಣᏋ͙x඾y઻‫׊‬ ഗखട€෋Ө▪‫׌‬ᯘఝἈᢈ€ཀྵ̜⡏x඾y઻€ଁ͙⛉ӷᦑͣ€҈ຖ໹ᜯຨඬcཀྵ‫ݲ‬⡏ഗྲྀা ␊೬ষ҈ԛ€ຈ๫ࣙᴓடᅥ͎c▪઻டᵤӃሕြ˴ࢅ͎ເᓄcብເ >@ૹᦒҝᰝӹ෦մhᶱֳ€ᶱֳເླྀ૔തَ඾€૔തَ඾ >@‫ݳ‬Π␊۩մhਾԳ₎඾€ਾԳ₎Գ >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մhຨಖଁ඾€ຨಖଁ඾ >@ૹᦒग़ᓄӪ෦մḫໟিृͨ඾€೰ᓒͨ඾ġġಣᏋࠌ⡏ᚾഗ€ࠪᓌ઻€ࠪᓌࣈ€ಖ␊ ࣙᴓடഗ€াᵤຑَᩲc ӷᵤ⡏ഗ҈ⳁຨࣙᴓடᝬࣽ€ᏋብᗂಖໟΆட઻҈ԛc >@‫۩␊ݳ‬h͔᧬๫ €͓᧬๫ €ಖത͙๬ட඾ >@ᗥ͔᪎hⁿ෶્ட€͙෶Ἀ̧ͨஉఌᎻ€૔ટੌ୯඾ >@‫׳‬ᐘӨh᝞‫ا‬ட̧€Գ෶෋լᵤ⨟඾ >@ຖૹग़մ෦h௎ઊႂཌྷ೩ᅥ€ᓖ▪๦ፃ€෋َடࣽ๫᳥€ᔄடࣽᵸ͙াᡖcᤇ੐ြ᧵ࡃَ ๰€͉ᛌֳ̐€ຆಖ‫଻ͅܗ⑔͙੿᥾ͪם‬඾ >@஥ᦅ̡੾Ԇh୪ֳ‫΀ଁژ‬nͨ൥ᵤࢅ€ᤃ῎ͨຖoࣽ€૑ࣽӃ΀ᵤ῎ಖຖᩲ€൴Ӄֳ ඾ >@‫▗׳‬Өhຏ͙ಖૄ€͙ͨԪ౯€ຏ͙ಖᡑ€͙ͨԪហ€Ԫതᑹֳ඾ >@੅᲼hਾ૳྅੿€ඬฎૄᤇ€ᭁӃ౭ֳ඾ >@‫ݳ‬ᵠ౦hᓻઊӃ᩷૟Ֆ͎᩷඾ġġଁषx඾y઻஡ഗ€ ᩷Άட઻Ꮛੌxಖyx૔ટyxԳyxຆಖyxതyᇐΠ੐લ€͙٬xֳ඾yx᩷඾yᢐ‫ݲ׊‬ ઻͙ᓳ᷁€҈ࣙᴓடᝬ€াૐಖઍc යx඾y઻ଁ͙ᰒ඗ࣙᴓடഗࣽ€Ꮛብ੐ᱥ‫׊‬ఝb྽ᇐ઻Ҍc >@‫ݳ‬Π╺ⱑմh᳁වடᏨ͓඾ >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆ੿մh‫ڕ‬૊઼҈ୗု€ৢ̐߱҈ᵤ઎€ઠ඾ġġᚾषx඾y઻€˴‫׊‬྽઻€˴ ‫׊‬ఝ઻€ྲྀ͙ᓳഗc ҈ເೲഗц€લ᳼ࣽု૨€ಖടͬᏋ␊଻b␊ዼb␊‫ੌྲྀڠ‬Գc >@ᗥઍ᥷h͔඾ःਾட⦁ >@‫ⱑ╺ݳ‬h͔඾ᔎ >@▎ๅѠhૄ඾ֳَ >@▎̧߱hѦ඾઎͎ >@▎લјhધ඾ ̧ᢺ >@▎̧߱hੌೲ඾̧ட♆͎ť >@▎h͓ਾ඾ቕ͎͜Ŧ >@▎੎൅h͔඾ॎட␊Ֆ͎ >@‫ᦑ׳‬Өh͔඾ုֳ >@▎ᐘӨh᮳඾ᔎ͎ >@ᗥᅮӞhச୨˻hnಢ඾ႌԳಢ඾᭷Գo >@஥ᦅ̡੾͠h૔ᩲ඾€෶ፑᝬਾ€ષಖખ༛ԆՖ͙␊Ꮹఘ͎ >@▎h඄‫˻׳‬hn᮳඾€Ꮋடఘ͎oŧ >@▎ᦅ̡੾౪h೩᰷͔‫˻€ࣽݞ‬hnಢ඾€ဠடࣇ͎ಖ௎ಣֳoŨ >@▎h␊டᣓ͔Ị€˻hn᥼඾€ᔦᔦֳూ҈ੌ᣾Ꮱ€ಖ▪Ӌடຒֳo >@▎h␊டᣓফ€˻hn๾ⳁ඾ಖੌᚏফ‫ا‬ட‫ޞ‬Ꮋֳo >@᫐ਾᔐ྅hᧁത඾ಖໟཌྷ͎ >@▎੐ᨍh᧵€৆඾␨␨ֳᛌᩲũ >@᯻ቕѱ⢵஽Υྡh૨ᩲ඾ઁનॣੌ͎Ūġġ‫ݲ‬षx඾y઻€஡‫˴׊‬ᨗ઻€ઐो͎ͬ€ 240

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୓ ~୓઻€ઁᓌx؈ycๅ‫ૅا‬৘મఛᲽ˻hnનસடఛo€ೲ͎cᭁx؈yՍ‫‮‬મ€ᯛ ચᏋ˶ᔏ҈ᵤ෶ᢐcҮᲿဧ͙‫࢑׊‬ᔎࣙᴓடഗࣽ€Ꮛᵤᾫ೩e҈ဧ͙‫׊‬ᐎᢙનસடఛᰳࣽ€Ꮛ ਊ೩͎c ~‫࢑׊‬ᔎc >@᫐‫⦁׉‬hᔎၣ▗˻hn۶ᔎ▗டଁ‫ࣽڠ‬തَ؈‚o▗˻hnःਾடَ͎co >@▎೺ཌྷhဠᔎட˻hnጴ౮€૝̧ത␊ࣽ؈‚o >@▎⩎ંhѲ൅˻hnයᏋതᤇြ⦁؈‚o ġġ̜षx؈y઻‫׊‬ഗ€൏ྲྀ࢑ᔎடఛcᵤၟଁ͙ᔎࣽ€੐xതy઻͎cx؈y઻੐Мᦒ஥෦ ᵤ૨೩€াΠ᲼‫̧ݲ‬ᆠဧடcx؈yՍ࿍મ€ಣᚤᓛ‫آ‬᣶᪎ᗵಲடࠒc >@᪙Πh᪙ಖহֳ€෋៟̧ฟુ҈નடᔄ୓ >@ૹյખ෦hՖન‫܁‬᮴ᣁ᧵؈‚ġġᚾषੌ൏࢑ᔎ€යَࣽ᧵ઍԛ๫ᗉᩲ€҈ન☬ᴑَ€ཀྵ ચ͙ᐎᢙடఛᰳҌc ~ಖ‫׊‬ᐎᢙடഗцᓌxֳy઻c >@ૹỜಖ෦h‫׉‬Өਿੌᮆ€Ӌஉ૑Ӄ͙ᠲ؈‚ >@⦡౦ᜲӪ෦hઊ໨€ᓻਾཎΡc伨€ᨰዑᨈᐔcᗥሷ᭑ާ€଻ᓷ‫׉‬Ө€ি⪮͙ૄ؈ >@▎ச᙭Ӫ෦hಣટ஡‫܈‬᣶҂҈Ӌ€ি‫ౌ␊܈‬ໟߪԛ؈‚ >@⦡໿ᗸᦒhಣিଁ΀๫ಖຒ҈ဧ૟ࣽ؈‚ >@▎ஊӋᡴ෦ඒh๽␊ᢪឝ€ᶀ‫ت‬ಖ⮫€িક࿿؈‚ >@▎̈͊෦ඒh͊িಖொ᣷؈‚ >@᫐͔શ೚h᥷ͻၟઊ⡒ཌྷࣽடᵤᣌͨᘥ҈ᗔͨ᪉€෋ͨާ͙ͅᚠલ૳؈‚ >@᫐ᗬТhሪӨᠼ˻hn૮ࣽᴵයᯊೡᵤ೩€᧬ᰝੌ๬᭸€ຨၗ຤೩Т؈‚o >@Ờઢђᆽ෦hຨ๫঄ຨ௪‫␊ޚ‬сઍ؈‚ >@᫐ຒણᇒh๫֢Π୨୑˻hnਸ̫டြӷਾ€ಖન؈‚ຏതᨸᨸ͙᪎̧␊‚ຏ೰ᬯ͙㽔ࡢ βᄁட଻ᔄ€ᵤၟӷਾட͙ೲ␊Ԛၹᄦ؈‚o >@᫐ຒણᇒḩЎ௎ೲᩲ€ध᩷ॎ᠏᮳€‫̧ڙ‬டຒᵤᵸ͙াᶀ؈‚ >@ૹॠմ෦h͓૳̰‫܈‬ໟ⦦؈‚ġġ‫ݲ‬षx؈y઻ଁ‫׊‬டഗ€ ஡ੌx૑yxিyx᥷ͻyxຨၗyxᵤၟyᇐ઻લட€ť᩷xֳy઻ଁ‫׊‬ᐎᢙடഗᓌ€҈̐ ᧵ᶀࢅbᶀ᧵̐ࢅટᓌc ᵤ૑ብೲ€x؈y઻‫׊‬⡏ഗ͙␊ᚾ⤠ࣽ€ଁဧࠌ઻ટ᩷xֳy઻ᓌc >@᫐‫׉‬ਉh᧵ࣽಖੌᅁϧ҈ᵤຨԛ؈‚᧵ࣽಖਉᜯ҈ᵤ෶াु؈‚ >@੅᲼h᧵ࣽәᰙ҈ᵤᴾြӋ͍؈‚হಖَәࣽ൴ᚌ҈ᵤᵸᜮ؈‚ >@඄᲼hᵤૻ̜ᓛடን੅҈‫נ‬ᡂ؈‚হಖንᡂ҈‫੅נ‬؈‚ >@᫐೺ཌྷhႎᓒᩒ୓‚হಖߓୗ٬؈‚ >@᫐ᗬТhၟᵤᵸ؈‚᧵ၟ҈ୡᵤ෶๬؈‚ >@஥Ѯ̡੾એhᵤၟ‫׉‬டে᪙؈‚ႎ᪙Ֆੌ᳥ြੇᝬ؈‚ >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hᔢය€ॣ‫َݰ‬டh᥷ͻၟԪଁ΀ၟட⪮ᵤၟ؈‚

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᥷ͻၟԪଁ΀ᵤၟட⪮ၟ؈‚ġġषぽଁဧx᧵ࣽyxহಖyx᧵yxႎyx᥷ͻyᇐ઻€ ྲྀxֳy઻‫׊‬⡏ഗଁဧ͎ࣽc ▎ੌલᔎຖጓடഗટᓌc >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝᲽh൴͙␊ၫ؈‚ຨᰙ⩹͔Գc൴͙␊୯؈‚Ꮛે⩹͔Գc >@⦡ᘥ੊Ӫ෦h෋തຨ೩€َட҈ೲ؈€ೲ͔Ӌଁ‫܈‬ᔄ͎eَட҈⪮؈€෋തᇐ̡੾ਾขᮂ ᴑ३᣶੒€͙ࡵӋ෇ૹ҈᩷࿍͎cŦ >@᫐੐ᨍhা̜ห͙Өࣽ€ങങԳߪ͙ᣒ᳴␊૟€ຏതậ૊ಖᆁ૽டᅥ඾‚҈೰ࢅࡵ؈€ೲ ֍ြ᭸͎eࢅಞ؈€ೲ֍ြᯛ͎eࢅ౯؈€ೲఠြຒ͎eࢅហ؈€ೲᝍြ͉͎eࢅᗥ؈€ೲໟ ြሲ͎eࢅᏚ؈€ೲໟြ֍͎eࢅः؈€ೲໟြᪧ͎eࢅၟ؈€ೲໟြ᤻͎c >@▎ࡃ૳h᭿̧˻hnᵤයcஉ̧டଁَೲ؈‚લ૳டଁَ⪮؈‚⪮ᓒᵤ෶ૺೲcஉ̧ଁَ ⪮؈‚લ૳ଁَೲ؈‚ຏᓒૺ҈૝ᩲ€▎ᜍ᳥Գ‚ ӷલጓຖᔎࣽ€Ꮛເh >@᫐̧ૐَմhੌ͙ໟᥫ͎€௎டതಖ๫ੇ؈‚๫͙ໟᥫ͎€௎டതಖੌੇ؈‚ >@▎ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մeЎ෋ͨ᩷௎ဪᩲ€௎ᖤͨ€ͨᵤ௎ᖤ€௎຀ೲ͎€ͨ຀⪮͎؈‚ͨᖤ௎€௎ ᵤԪᖤ€ͨ຀ೲ͎€੐຀⪮͎؈‚ಖࠪೲ͎€ಖࠪ⪮͎؈‚ಖ൞ೲ͎€ಖ൞⪮͎؈‚ġġ⡏ ဧx؈઻္ഗ€ឮ᥾೬ষடఛᰳ€া߸ᜦြ˶̾ᩲc ཀྵ>@᯻▪ϣࣽ෦մhԪ͙ೲድட€⪮ଁ΀ੑԳ੉ಖ૟҈ຨ‫ࣽـ׉‬؈‚⪮஑͍͙ၫ҈ᵤᵸ€ᵤ ኸಖ⣿ட඗҃҈ဦடࣽ؈‚⪮૨๬Ӄឱ€ၟಖᵤӃ҈஑␊டࣽ؈‚൴ૄᤇᴤઽ€ృ؋੐Ꭸᴢட ࣽ؈‚ႎᵔᑕੌ‫˴€آ‬ઋ˴૝҈ᵤӃᤣࣽ؈‚ġġ⡏ဧԆx؈y઻€া␊⤠ষ€҈ࡔᢨடᅥࢋ ြَो€Ӄ᩷࿍ఛୟုᲽຖલ䬅ಢᩲc ȉ>@>@๫x૑yxিyᇐ઻લடc ȉ>@>@டx؈yဧц᩷~Ჷடx͎y␊⛬€᩷සဤx؈y઻ဧцಎᰗc ~x؈y઻‫ࣙ׊‬ᴓடഗ€ટ‫ੌྏآ‬ᐎᢙட᧵c >@๻ึఛhན‫ޅ‬ಖ๻டᔍ؈ >@▎hᧅಖӃຨ೩؈ >@▎hြ෫ಖ໫€ಖᣃ྅ட᧵؈ >@᫐⠮֋୉h‫׉‬டᭋᭋ€ಖ̐᭸؈ಖ߽҈๫ଁӷᏸ؈ >@ᬃ̧஑ᓛᲽhය҈᎛ட͙Ӌࣽட؋଻€Ꮛะะයಖᵤ٬߽ᩲcೲത͎‚Ꮛಖଣ๫ᛸ؈ ‫ݲ‬षྲྀੌxಖy઻᩷x؈y઻ໟᥫ͙␊ࣙᴓࣽc ௎>@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մhᮯ˻hnԪੌຑ҈යࣽ؈Ԫଁᇮ▎ੌຑ҈යࣽ؈Ԫຑώ㸈 ਂᦳ؈o >@▎ၟಲ୉մh૞ಐ̧ᔎြ᫐̧˻hnଁ΀⦁€շֳ੐‚o᫐̧˻hn๫ଁᵤ੐co૞ಐ̧ ˻hn᎙҈ຖӃco᫐̧˻hn੐ដ᡾co˻hnതಖӨ؈o˻hn੐㫂ᝅco˻hnതಖ ᧏Ө؈o˻hn੐ᛛᴉco˻hnതಖ᧏⬤؈oġġᚾᲷ⡏ဧx؈y઻€ࣙᴓಖ᧵€ᐎᢙ ಖಫҌc >@ૹᦒյખ෦մh␊ਾә̧€঄ᝍఠເೲ؈‚ >@▎⩎ંմh໤੐ᗂட˻hn੤o૮̧‫̧͙܈‬டᐘᓛ҈੤ͨ؈ġġ ᚾषᔢᵤ⡏ဧx؈y઻€҈ྲྀૐࡔ৻ட᧵c˴Ꮛᢨಖᵤ඗ฎ€˴Ꮛᢨಖᵤᵸ␧ҌcයᏋ >@ᤗ᲼մhᴌ؈€༑؈€ร⠢ூࣽ૎؈ >@᫐͔શ೚մh⬔؈€๼؈ >@▎੐ᨍմh‫᧯׉‬ᔯ؈‫᧯׉‬ᴋ؈ >@⦡ͭ൅᧲Ӫ෦մh઎ಣድட€ྱ؈€⪮؈‚ ġġଁष⡏ഗ€΀டࣙᴓӃ€΀␊ᐎᢙટӃcଁ΀x؈y઻ဧြᐎᢙᰒ඗ࣽಣ͎c

‫ؤ‬ ~‫ઁ€઻ؤ‬ᓌx᩷yc̛Ჽ˻hnx‫ؤ‬y€Πજఛcoᤃ൚஌˻hnx᩷yࣽ€Πᵤસ டఛcoť᥼ໜጓᓌ̛Ჽcਐໜ˻hnᗉఛ͎coጓᓌᤃ൚c‫ށ‬ட˻෦ᗉ‫઻׊‬Ҍcx᩷y઻ட મ€᩷xֳy઻ໟߪᆠcxֳyṡમ€મடᆠex᩷yးમ€ મடߪcಖဧцટ͔ᓌcx᩷y઻͙‫࢑׊‬ᔎb͙‫׊‬ᐎᢙࣽಖᤣ€҈͙‫ࣙ׊‬ᴓ€ Ꮛᵤ௎x඾y઻cብ͙ಖમடιຓ€ཀྵ΢ଁ‫€ࣽ׊‬ᵤ௎xֳy઻டӃ͙ᴑَ͎c ȉᦊմhಣՍᜯषҮ෦಻ͬᏙМc಻ͬઐสᤃ൚‫ݳ‬Π᪎҈Ჽ஌c

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~‫࢑׊‬ᔎc >@‫ݳ‬᪎҈h૦ட᩷‚ႎ᩷ட᩷‚ >@▎લјhයᏋೡ᧏᩷‚ >@▎ၗ̧hೲ᪙ਸ̫᩷‚ >@▎hೲ᪙ਸ̫டບ᩷‚ >@ᗥઍ᥷h᣶ਿட஑᩷€ಲਿட஑᩷€ႎ҈஑᩷‚ >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿hයᏋ᥮᮪᛹᩷‚ >@▎hႎӋೞІ᜿€ᯅ˹ә€ቂྱြ‫ݲ‬൳€යຖቲြ͍᩷‚ >@▎hӋடଁ͔‫€܈‬Ӄຨᔄ᩷‚ >@▎hӋ˻hn௎ೲಖ⬤᩷‚o >@▎▗੿hᏋ▪Ӌᵤᵸц᩷‚ >@⦡ᎾᎫӪ෦ḩ⪮̜ᔖ͔ઊ᩷‚ >@▗ၣ౪h੍⩎ੌᡙ⬔୨̧ห๰۩ࣽ€Ꮛઊၟಖ␊੐ᤗ᩷€ୖ᩷‚ >@᫐ள૳ఘhೲതਾ͎‚շֳ૾͎‚‫׉‬᩷€ಖਾ᩷‚ >@▎ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hതಖ๫དᾇ᩷‚ġġ͙੿ଁषx᩷y઻‫׊‬ഗ€ྲྀᗉ҈࢑ᔎࣽcť ť>@>@>@>@ϱोᚾ⤠€ષᛌ৑Ө~Ჷc ~‫ࣙ׊‬ᴓc >@‫ݳ‬ᨚᔎhೲၟಖᵤӃ҈␊டࣽ᩷ >@▎̧ⲣhΠட҈ᵤᑳࣽ€ಖᓋ͎᩷ >@▎ᨚᔎh̫ത␊ೲ⍘⍘ࣽ᩷‚ť >@▎ၕᜑh๫␊҈цࣽ€ಖ‫͎ס‬᩷ >@▎h᝞▪වಖᨶฎࣽ᩷ >@ᗥઍ᥷h‫ס‬ಖ͔ၟ͎᩷ >@▎h‫ס‬ಖ͔ધ͎᩷ >@‫੿▗׳‬h᳁වᰓ̧€धᵤᵸ␊᩷ >@᫐೺ཌྷhઊ߸⛨டઢ€ࢧϯட๬€⁇€ಖ⪮ӷၟᎨຒடഎ᩷ >@▗ၣએḩ▗೷̧˻hಖ‫͙ݲ‬঒ၣ᩷ >@▎᫐੾̜hୖ̧˻hn٪٨᳦᧸€Ֆᵤᓙ᩷o >@Ờ᲼h૮Ԫ͙੾෇டϫ‫᥼ڟ‬ြՖ€҈Ֆ⥹ᨈਾࣽ€჈ᨈਾ᩷ >@᯻៎ာhสцಂ͙ࣽ‫׉‬Өࣽ€⪮ဠ▗ਸ̧‫ؤ‬ġġ‫ݲ‬षx᩷y઻‫׊‬ഗ€ࠪੌxಖy઻੐ લ€ࠪੌx⪮yxᵤyᇐ઻ᶀࢅ€൏ੌࣙᴓடᝬ€҈ᨗੌᐎᢙட᧵cŦ ӷ௎x᩷y‫઻̡˴׊‬᳼ြഗઍ€˴ເxእֳyx͔඾yடࣈcເh >@஥෦ស▗̡੾̜ᮇմhಖਾ෶‫ࣽڦ‬᩷ੌഃ‚ġġधմxੌഃਾ෶‫ࣽڦ‬᩷y͎c >@▎ᦅ▗̡੾౪ᮇմhೲᏩ͎€ಖ᩷ഃത‚ġġधմxಖഃത᩷y͎c >@ുΠմhເᨈਾࣽ€૊᩷ၟ৥‚ġġधմx૊ၟ৥᩷y͎c >@ဠΠմh௎᧩ಖ˶€ಖ᩷෶ഃത‚ġġधմxಖ෶ഃത᩷y͎c >@▎մhፇ˴ਾಖ߸ᘼြ᣷੽€തఛட᩷ੌġġधմxੌതఛ᩷y͎€ࠪधմxതఛட ੌ᩷y͎c >@ԫΠմhহਾതᓛட᩷ੌġġधմxതᓛடੌ᩷y͎c >@ᗥᅮӞմhၗ᩷€ಖᶱ͎Ӄઋ€ಖॲ͎Ӄᢢcġġधմxಖᶱ͎Ӄઋ€ ಖॲ͎Ӄੑ᩷y͎cxၗy€x๫y͎cx๫yxহy⛖c˴☡x᩷y઻€੐ഗઍࣽ€ຈྲྀዼ ᆸடఛ€ཀྵြࣙᴓ␊⛬c ӷ>@‫ݳ‬Π▗‫ۇ‬Ρմhြլ᩷ത‫܂‬Ŋြլ᩷ۨೲc ೲध >@͔ಠᗥԆફຒᲽմhԪ‫͙܈‬ๅ᭸६ਾ€ြ‫ࡵڃ‬؈ۨடeԪ‫͙܈‬Πَ६ਾ€ြլ؈ۨடe Ԫ‫્͙܈‬ಫ६ਾ€ြ೚؈ۨடcġġᏋ‫ݳ‬Πᚾഗ€धఝxြլത‫܂‬᩷yxြլۨೲ᩷y͎cઐ ഗჱ▪᩷᮴षᓌហ€ᭁⳁ᣿҈ᢨடடఛ͎c ȉ>@x᩷y‫࢑׊‬ᔎ€ᥫᛌ৑੿Ჷc ȉࣙᴓ଼ᐎᢙ€▪⛖˴ຳ⠣ͅᚾ໫€੿ष‫ݲ‬ဤ€ੌᵤोࣙᴓ҈ोᐎᢙࣽ€ເ>@>@> @‫ݲ‬ဤ€ᥫᎯӨᲷc ~x᩷y઻ဧ͙‫׊‬ᐎᢙடഗࣽc ‫׊‬ᚾ⤠ഗc >@‫׳‬ᐘ੿h˻hn␊ᔵචᵤᵸြ˶᩷‚჈᷇ᵤᵸြᏡ᩷‚ႎ␊ᄕ᭸ᵤᵸᗂြ຃᩷‚ᯛમᵤ ᵸᜮြҌ᩷‚☬ᘼᵤᵸ෋૭ြ᮴᩷‚o >@᯻੿ૉໟᦒhಖ൴຤҈ᢢட᩷€ႎ൴૊҈ᵤ๧᩷‚ 243

>@▎๬ᴤhલ૳டଁ΀ᵎࣽ€͔ᵎ‫€ؤ‬ႎᵎြਾடᵎ‫‚ؤ‬ >@▎▗Өhව̧ଁုட઺€൅᧲டଁᲅ᩷€ႎટᗬТடଁᲅ᩷‚ଁੑடᛲ€൅᧲டଁᒅ ᩷€ႎટᗬТடଁᒅ᩷‚ >@▎h૮ੌ‫ت‬ਾட਺೷҈␊டཎடࣽ€Ꮛ͛␊ட૦ཎ᩷᪚᩷‚૦ཎ᩷᪚҈ᵤຨ€Ꮛᶀ‫ݲ‬ಖ ਾֳ€ႎટઅ҈ᗂಖ҅᩷ >@▗ઠ੾МhᏋનၟಖ␊ೲ᩷€ಖ‫ݲ‬Ֆ̧Ꮪ⦁ॎ‫ס‬ட⦁᩷‚ >@ᬃ̧በதᲽh൴͙ᨰ๫ᨰ€⛅๫ᏸ᩷€᧵ટੌଁुட᩷‚ >@᱘̧ࡵੇᲽhিৣ␊ட᩷᧵༜␊ட᩷‚ >@͔ಠᗥ‫ݞ‬ӋࣆᑟᲽh᭢ફ໬̗ட⦁᧊ֳ€᧵ટ౭ᵤӃຨ೩᩷‚ >@᱘̧⪮ߗᲽh␊ಖ੿ઍ‫׉‬ட୯€҈ઍઍੇட୯€҈Өઍਾட୯€ཀྵᴕட᩷€᧵হ⪮␊ಖ ੿ઍ‫׉‬ட୯€҈ઍઍੇட୯€҈Өઍਾட୯€ཀྵᴕட᩷‚ >@▎⪮૽Ჽhᵤૻಔ͎̜หடः᮳ਾ᩷€᧵হಔ̜หடೠᵤᣈਾ᩷‚ >@᫐ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬hᵤၟဠடᬞ␊೘৞᩷€೘৞டᬞ␊ဠ᩷‚ >@೦‫⩎੍ا‬ᨘ␊hՖ൴ዝடֳ€হಖᵤ᩷‚ġġଁषྲྀᚾ⤠டഗ€᩷xֳy઻ଁ‫ࣽ׊‬ᓌ ࣈc ᩷xিyᇐໟΆc >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өմhি΀ೲ᩷‚ >@᯻▪ઽᡖմhѦਾᓻઊ෶ட€҈Ӌ▗͔ਾᶀᵤ෶Գ€ি༙ୡ␊ੌᵤᵸ‫‚ؤ‬ >@‫׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿h૮ဵᵸ͙٬ᣎᵝ€҈؋ᵤӷြҊᄮࣽ€਀ത᩷‚ >@▎ᖭ▪▗੿hයᏋс‫׉‬Ө€਀Ӄཫ೰␊᩷‚ >@▎ᖭ▪▗ӨhՖ̧ட␊⦁͎€ಖઢટ൴͙૦ੑ᩷‚ >@▎࢞੿h‫˻̧׳‬hn૳ட΀ᆁ͎€धଷட΀ଷ᩷‚o˻hnයconଷ͊டଷ͎€धଷ ̥டଷ€ଷ̥டଷ€धଷ̛டଷ᩷‚o >@‫ݳ‬ΠๅѠմḩ˻hn᮳඾ᔎલ૟ຖຨ€⪮ᤈຒ᩷‚ߗಖշ€๫ߗਾடշ€⪮በ᳾ ᩷‚˴๛ட✔€᧯ಖத͙٬ಖ്€⪮ૺ᩷‚o >@᫐̧ࡃ૳մhᏨடଁ͙ᗉᝬࣽ€ಖೲ᩷‚ >@▎˼̧ਿմh̫டြ⦁͎€ಖधẺ೒᩷‚ၗઊ̧ட࡝ԪӼ͎€Ԫᵤၟ‫׉‬ϫட͔ᢢ͎c >@▎ၟಲ୉մhਉ೬᭑ཌྷ҈ᵤᛔ€ᏋՖ̧ட⦁€ຏಖ೺᩷‚᭑ཌྷྲྀ຤ᢣԳ҈ᵤᛔ€ಣಖ⦁ ᩷‚ť >@▎մh઄ཝ᩷‚૫្᩷‚෋ͨೋೋය҈Ꮪ᩷‚ ġġ‫ݲ‬षഗ€x᩷y઻ଁΆட઻€धೲxিyx਀yx൴yxಖyᇐ઻€Ŧ᩷xֳy઻ଁဧࣽ ᓌ€ብఛᰳ༕␊ᑗᜯҌcಣx᩷yxֳyᚾ઻டၗᰗ᩷ ȉxຏಖyxಣಖyடxಖy€~Ჷጓ␊ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻c ȉ>@>@>@൏๫᩷x᩷yໟΆட઻c

‫ݲ‬bઊ ~x‫ݲ‬y઻€᥼Ị˻hnxՋy͎co᥼ໜ˻hnxடy͎coೡၟ࿩Ꮛᢐَட˻hn xடြy␊x‫ݲ‬y€xடֳyટ␊x‫ݲ‬yco xઊy઻€ધҮជԷᦊ‫ݬ‬஌մhnxઊy€࡝َடϦcoӂỊಐ⑏ੌhnઊӂỊࣽco੶஌ մhnxઊyࣽ€᩷Πఛ€ટኜՊΠcoᚾጓ˴೩ြࠌ઻Ჽ€ť˴೩ြห઻ᲽᩲcŦብ඄ሴъ ‫̧̧࢞׳‬Ჽ˻hnxઊy€ᢨఛ͎co੐ഗજࣽ€ಣЌଁ΀෦ᗉ‫͎઻׊‬c඄ሴ͙xઊy઻੐䈖 જ€ᦉጓᢨఛ€ᵤၟxઊyx‫ݲ‬yᚾ઻ட␊‫€઻׊‬ൿᵤ૲ੌห઻ட᧵cᭁ෦ᗉ‫઻׊‬டੌಣᚾ ઻€ೲध෦ൾ‫઻׊‬டੌxԳyxӂyᚾ઻€ྲྀ஡቟ಖઐጓ҈␊‫͎ࣽ׊‬c xઊyx‫ݲ‬yᚾ઻ட෦ᗉ͎€મ̡€ࠑ̡€҈ᢐடु˴઻டဧcx‫ݲ‬y઻Ρြ࢑ᔎ€xઊy઻ ̑ြࣙᴓcӷx‫ݲ‬y઻டᵤ෶ࣙᴓ€ೲधxઊy઻டᵤ෶࢑ᔎ͎c௎ᐎᢙ€Ꮛᚾ઻ྲྀ඙Գcಣ ࠑમ̡҈ဧ˴டࢅ͎c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉಣኜ~Ჷ᩷~Ჷc ~‫ݲ‬c >@‫ݳ‬Πલјմḩ߱ᔎhnᔄᓄ๬‫‚ݲ‬oġġधմxᔄᓄ๬டֳy͎cxடyኜଁᔄ͎c >@▎ᠼ‫ا‬մh૦᮳൨҈‫‚ݲܗ‬ġġधմx‫ܗ‬டֳy͎cxடyኜxಢ̛y͎c >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷ӋӨմh▪Ӌடᓡਿ͠੾ί€ੌ‫‚ݲ‬ġġधմxੌடֳy͎cxடyኜ᮴▪ ͎c 244

>@▎մhਾྲྀ΀ͨ㛛ࡵॡ€㛛‫€ݲ‬ԛֳ‚ġġधմx㛛டֳ€ႎᵤ㛛டֳyՉc >@ᗥᅮӞմhᦒմhn᧥શ̜ᮇᵤَ€َ̰≕coੌ‫‚ݲ‬ ġġ͙੿ྲྀx‫ݲ‬y઻ட‫࢑׊‬ᔎഗ͎c >@‫ݳ‬ΠๅѠմhᔢੌᛲ€Ԫຨ҈ੑ‫ݲ‬ġġ धմxԪຨ҈ੑடֳy͎€xடyኜxᛲycಣ೬ষடఛ͎c >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗Өմhੌ࿍͔ઊြಣ€‫܈‬ಖ̧டᤗΠ͎€Ꮛසᤗਾ෦‫€ݲ‬෋࿍ਾ෦‫‚ݲ‬ġġ ಣᚾ⤠டఛ͎c >@஥෦Ѯ▗̡੾ᮇմhহ᧏ြ҅€લ‫‚ݲ‬ġġಣ‫ڙ‬ᢙடఛ͎c >@ᗥᅮӞմhԪշֳᏕ‫‚ݲ‬ >@᫐̧ᥫફӋմhਾ᯼۶ᵤᜮ҈ൖ‫‚ݲ‬ġġಣᐎষடఛ͎c >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣ӨմhӋເۨ‫€ݲ‬Ꮛ͛ᶀլcġġಣଡ଼ᣮடఛ͎c >@᯻▪ग़▗஽Υྡմh▗๬ᥫྡц€̧▎ᗥᬲ€۶ᵤ࢒҈ྡ‫‚ݲ‬ġġಣસᐎடఛ͎c Ӆྲྀ‫ށ‬ட˻ᐎᢙடఛc ӷ>@‫ݳ‬Πূ͎ଁՉh઄ჹಖৢ‫ݲ‬Ŋॎ‫ס‬ಖध঒‫ݲ‬c >@஥෦ស▗̡੾̜ᮇଁՉh‫׉‬ಖࠪࣽ൴⠢‫ݲ‬c >@ᗥ▪Ӌ྅̧ଁՉhՖӋಖߪቢ‫ݲ‬cġġટྲྀᐎᢙடఛ€ ҈ྏੌࡔᢨடᅥӂc͙੿x‫ݲ‬y઻€หxடֳyᚾ઻€ಖ˴☡xடy઻ྲྀੌӃኜࣽc ੐x‫ݲ‬y઻ੌ๫ጓ҈ብ␊ఛࣽcເh >@஥෦▪▗̡ᮇմh૫ᚏযᔥ€ᵤᏮ౭‫ݲ‬ >@‫ژ‬؇ϊೡ೧մhೡု೧‫ݲ‬ġġx‫ݲ‬y઻௎หxடֳy€Ꮛxடy઻๫᭐c >@ᗥ๯ហੌմhഝഝ‫ݲ‬ಖ‫܈‬ಖᴢட͎ġġx‫ݲ‬yสಙ઻€ጓເxයy઻€Ꮛx౭‫ݲ‬yટ Ӄጓເಙ઻cx೧‫ݲ‬yࣽ€ְ෦ጓ␊xֳy઻€ᅐૻြಣc ~ઊ઻ੌ੐ഗᎲࣽc >@஥෦ᙦ▗̜ᮇմhઅථ▗€ಖ̧ᴢட€૽͙ហઊ >@▎ͅ▗̡ᮇմhԣု€ຖடਾ͛ੌഎೲઊ >@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մhߵᔄਾ᲎҈નᔄϫ᲎€ߵᔄϫ᲎҈નᔄ‫׉‬᲎ઊġġ ଁष̜Ჷ€xઊy઻ᓳഗ€ྲྀੌ೬ষ˶ᰳc೰xઊy઻˴ዼ€ ੌᶀኜઐഗட૟ட᧵cཀྵxઊy઻‫ث‬ᯛ‫€ڠ‬Ꮛᯛᅥຈચᩲc΢xઊy઻␊‫ྲྀ€ࣽ׊‬ຐಣc >@๻ึఛմhઁடಞࡵᤰၟᝬ‫҈ݞ‬ᵤஹࣽઊ >@ᗥᅮӞ੿մhӂ᣿ြਾ€ߪ๫ԛઊ̜ᮇடથ€ટԛଵᩲઊ >@᫐‫⦁׉‬մhයᏋՖடଁ‫ઁ€ࣽڠ‬ਾடᇥἮԛઊ >@▎⠮֋୉մhᏋઊ̧धੌ⩾ட͍͎ઊ >@஥෦ͅ▗੾એᮇմh‫׉‬ᔤ࿍͎ઊ ͙੿ଁष‫ݲ‬ഗ€xઊy઻ྲྀ᩷ස઻ᢐ‫€׊‬ເxࣽઊyxᩲઊyxԛઊyťx͎ઊy€ಖ␊ࣙᴓ ᵤَ҈Ḛc▎‫ݲ‬षxઊy઻ྲྀ੐ഗᎲc ಖ੐ഗઍࣽ€ੌ᩷x͔඾yᓌࣈ€Ꮛಖ␊ࣙᴓ͎⛎๫ᗉᩲc >@‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣմh⨆ࣽເᓄઊ€ᵤሆ᣹ઓc >@஥෦Ѯ▗੾Мᮇմh˻ហ͎ઊ€Ӄ΀᣾ᩲc >@ᗥᅮӞմh౯ઊ▗̧‫ث‬Ҍ >@᫐̧ຓ๫ੇմhଵᩲઊ⩹͙ᣄਾடَᯋᾛԪՖடྈֳ >@᳁̧ᛱࠑմhၣ▗ᗂ᳁වմhnᏚઊව⬔o >@ૹᦒҝᰝໟເ෦մhၗઊᓄட␊ᇒ͎ġġधմx౯඾yxᏚ඾yxၗ඾y͎cŦ ӷ>@⦡ͭ൅᧲Ӫ෦մhᤨᨂட˹€໖ৢੌ‫€آ‬௎ಣ໫଻Ҵ‫҈ڃ‬ᵤ඗€ఔֳ >@᫐̧઄ઈմh೘Ӄຨ҈ֳ͛඾‚ఔֳ >@ᤗ᲼մhೲ͙൳Ӌ඗x୺yxᨈyxᵤ๣y€ೲಖᚌடઐ᩷€⪮ઊġġᏋxઊy઻ᓳ ഗᩲ€҈᩷੐ഗઍࣽᓌࣈ€▎ᓌ␊ࣙᴓடఛc ȉ>@டxԛy␊ఝ઻€⪮‫઻׊‬cx๫ԛy€๫෷ु͎cᦢӨ~Ჷဤ>@ࢅࡵc ȉಣഗ⠣Ꮚጓ>@>@>@̜ဤ€ન٬ಖፇ̜ဤ€൏อ␊஌୾€ ⪮΀ຏ̜ဤᵤ෶๻xઊy␊x඾y͎c໫ಣᅥࠑ€▪⛖ᤣੌc ೲᏋ‫઻׊‬෦ൾࣽએ€෦ᗉࣽએ€ઁ૮▪ଁ⛖ဧࣽᦑடᩲc೺ಣ€‫ݳ‬Π᩷஥‫˴€ا‬ဧx҈y઻c >@‫ݳ‬Πၗ̧մhԛ҈ԛ҈€૮ட๰۩ࣽଣ҈ >@஥෦ẏ▗Мᮇմh௎ⅴ‫ا‬டੇ€ᵤಖጠ҈ġġೲ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣմhⱷಖᶀ҈Ŋ઺ೲ߽҈cġġष‫ژ‬ഗ͎c ӷ‫ژ‬ட‫€઻׊‬ 245

˻x✸yx‫ؽ‬yxέyxुyx๾yxՉyx᮷yx೰yxಖyxՓyx‫ۅ‬yࣽ€ ᱥ‫͎઻׊‬c˻xֳ҈y˻xέ೰y˻x͎೰yࣽ€ᢐ‫͎઻׊‬c᩷Ⴜۛடxಳy઻€ ͔Ⴜடxέy઻€͔ი६ಖમΡ͙ᨔಖೋពఔࡔட᧵€ೲྲྀઁ▪ͬଁᵤ६€ཀྵᵤ࿩c

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යᏋ᳿ᢐ‫€઻׊‬஡ྲྀ͙ಖઐ᧵␊‫€׊‬ᔗࣽা␊ΪᤄԳҌc ȉ඗x͎y␊xᚧͬy€๻᩷~Ჷໟ঄ြึͬடxᚧͬyଖ੭cᏡᤄᰝ‫ا‬ઐ᧵€ಣଁ ΀xᚧͬy€᩷૨ࡪና٬டxࢧఛyໟ൏€ྲྀኜोՊ಄ᚧΠᰳட‫઻׊‬c ȉxӂyЎጓ௎x҈ԛy€Ќᵤ෶ᓌ‫آ‬ጓ௎xເಣycxԳӂyடΠᰳᥫ᩷xԳҌyᓌc ~ੌ͙෦ൾ‫ᦢ઻׊‬ᢐ͙‫׊‬ഗࣽ€Ꮛብ͙xᩲy઻␊ᓳc΢͙෦ൾ‫␊઻׊‬ᓳࣽ€๰ન೩ ੌᦢ͙෦ᗉ‫ࣽ઻׊‬c ͎ԛᩲc >@‫ݳ‬Π੎൅մḩ˻hn੎൅ಖӃ΀ӷຒ͎ԛᩲco >@▎hဠடຒ€ಖӃ΀ӷຒ͎ԛᩲcġġx͎ԛᩲyࣽ€ᦢᢐ‫͎઻׊‬cಖᨗx͎yᕈxӷ ຒy€҈xԛᩲyᚾ઻€ൿጓເ᮴€‫ࢧَ͙ث‬ಖ૟டԛસ҈๫Ӄृᗉ͎cೲᏋൿ΀ட᳿ᢐ‫઻׊‬ Ӄ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣմhࢅ҈ᵤ਄€๰҈ᵤۨ€Ԫજເடത͎ԛᩲc >@▎ၕᜑ▗hᵤ˻ເடതເடതࣽ€Ԫજເடത͎ԛᩲc >@▎લјhટ஡َಖઢ͎ԛᩲc >@▎ๅѠhӃ΀ࡵ͎ԛᩲŊӃ΀߽͎ԛᩲcġġԆഗྲྀᦢᢐ‫€઻׊‬ጓᓌ੿c ԳҌᩲc >@ᗥᅮӞ੿մhഝடੌᑺԳҌᩲc >@▎๯‫ݴ‬մhઊྡࣽ€᣻඗҈੿ӨྲྀຨԳҌᩲcġġxԳҌᩲyࣽ€ ટᦢᢐ‫͎઻׊‬cxԳy€ఛடዼᆸ͎cxҌᩲyࣽ€धx҈ԛᩲy͎€ហྲྀᓌ᮴cብ‫̜઻׊‬ ⡏€ಖࢯᴓఔࡔடᅥ€஡ੌଁ૒€ᓄ␊ᵤᓌҌc >@‫ݳ‬Πᵠ౦մhᵤੌᆇૣֳࣽ‚␊ட€धᵎֳԛcġġxֳԛyࣽ€ੌ൏ᗉൾᚾ‫׊‬டᢐ ဧcᵤၟᚾ઻ྲྀ⪮‫␊˴€઻૾␊˴€઻׊‬ఝ઻€ཀྵx␊டधᵎֳԛyࣽ€धմxಖ␊ᆇૣ͎€ धᵎြಖᔈု҈๫ଁ␊y͎cxԛyࣽ€xुy͎c ~ಖ͙෦ൾ‫઻׊‬᩷෦ᗉ‫઻׊‬᳿ᢐ␊‫€ࣽ׊‬Ꮛብ෦ᗉࣽᓳഗ€ᓳ͙xֳyx඾yᚾ઻ࣽ ಖᤣ€ᓳ͙x᩷yxઊyᚾ઻ࣽੌԳ€҈ᓳ͙x؈y઻ࣽอᩲc ᩲ඾c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧߱մḩ˻hᥧᩲ඾ġġxᩲ඾yࣽ€᳿ᢐ‫͎઻׊‬cxᩲy€‫઻׊‬ட෦ൾࣽ€ x඾y€෦ᗉࣽcxᥧy€྽઻€xᩲy‫׊‬xԳy€ᤣဤ͎€ᓳ͙x඾y઻ࣽ€ᢨఛ͎c >@▎ၕᜑ▗մhႄ๬͓ᯒ€ᴤᩲ඾ >@▎ᵠ౦h፥ੑߪೡ€๫ଁဧ͍€ᴤᩲ඾ġġྲྀಣဤ͎c Ҍ඾c >@ᤗ᲼մh௎̰ຨઋᵤᣈࣽ҈␊ᵎࣽ౤€িདዝಖᕹ҈ࢍடҌ඾ġġxҌ඾yࣽ€ धx҈ԛֳy͎c ͎඾c >@᫐̧ਾᔐ྅մḩತ˻hnಣതઈ͎඾‚ಣ͛ੌᰗ༙ઊco >@‫੅ژ‬ϊߪ᣶մhಖՖ͎඾ġġx͎඾yࣽ€x͎y઻‫׊‬ഗ€കx඾y઻͙␊೬ষࣙᴓ ͎c͙੿ଁष᳿ᢐ઻€ྲྀલ͙෦ൾ‫҈઻׊‬ຖᓳ͙x඾y઻ࣽc ᩲֳc >@ᗥઍ᥷h⬔๼ಖўᩲֳġġxᩲֳyࣽ€᳿ᢐ‫͎઻׊‬cxᩲy‫׊‬྽઻€‫׊‬૟டԛ຤ࣽ ᩷ੌฃࣽ€ྲྀᤣဤ͎cxўᩲyࣽ€َฃ͎€xֳyᢨఛ͎c >@▎մḩ˻hnੇᝬட␊ຒ€ಖࣇᩲઊo >@▎մḩ˻hn‫ݞ‬Ӌဠ▗€ಖࡃધᩲֳo >@▎մḩ˻hnӋ‫׉‬Өੌ̜‫ث‬Գ€ಖᨈमᩲֳo >@▎ᅮӞӨմhਸ̧˻hnӖᡥᠼ̧டြᗥ͎€ಖᢐᩲֳoġġଁषxᩲֳy€ྲྀ᮴ઢ ͎c ብ>@‫ݳ‬Πί౯մhੌ෶˴ೡဧಖୡြ౯ᩲֳ‚ >@▎ᵠ౦hৣ␊ဠ᣶ӣ᣶ᩲֳ‚ġġᚾxᩲֳyடហੌᰗ€xᩲyࣽ€ ԛҮ͎€xֳyࣽ€ ࢑ᔎ҈ᐎᢙடఛ͎cᚾഗधմxເԛဧୡြ౯ֳy͎€xৣԛ␊ಣ‫ֳژ‬y͎c

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ֳ͎c >@஥෦ͅ▗̡ᮇմh๫␊€Ԫ⭵ӂֳ͎ġġx͎y္͙ഗ€xֳy͙࢑ᔎ€ហᓌxᩲ ֳy€ብx͎y‫׊‬ᓌ‫آ‬ட૟Ҍcಣ᳿ᢐ઻€લ͙෦ൾ‫҈઻׊‬ຖᓳ͙xֳy઻ࣽc ͎᩷c >@ᗥઍ᥷մḩ˻hn‫ס‬ಖ͔ધ͎᩷oġġx͎᩷yࣽ€᳿ᢐ઻͎cx္͎ഗ€ കx᩷y઻͙ࣙᴓ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣմḩ˻hnΠட҈ᵤᑳࣽ€ಖᓋ͎᩷o >@▎ᨚᔎḩ˻hn⦁ட൴๬͎᩷૽͎c⦁ட൴᥮͎᩷૽͎co >@▎ᵠ౦hਾ҈ᵤ␊ဠ᣶ӣ᣶€ಖध̐ඪ҂҈અ͎᩷ >@▎ḩ˻hn᭸Ꭷ҈ぽ₣€ᝯ‫͓ݲ‬ਾ€ಖधᨭᨲடᗬ͎᩷o >@ᗥᅮӞ੿մhỮ̧˻hnᆠ҅டᮼ€ಖፇᔕ͎᩷oġġ‫ݲ‬x͎᩷yྲྀᓌ᮴ហcಣ͙ᓳ ͙x᩷y઻ࣽc ᩲઊc >@‫ݳ‬Πূ͎մḩ˻hnՖ̧ᆇ᪎ြ▪€‫܆‬ட͙ᗥ€ટӃ͙ୗֲᩲઊoġġ xᩲઊyࣽ€᳿ᢐ‫͎઻׊‬cxᩲy္ഗ€ध᮴ဤ͎€xઊyࣙᴓ҈ᓋኜ᮴▪͎c >@▎ᨚᔎմhՖ̧҈ᵤ౯ࣽੌᩲઊ >@▎ၕᜑ▗h૮হᩲઊ >@ᗥᅮӞ੿մhઊ̧˻hn઎€ӂ᣿ြਾ€ߪ๫ԛઊ̜ᮇடથ€ટԛଵᩲઊoġġ ‫ݲ‬xᩲઊyᓌ੿cᅮӞഗぽxߪ๫ԛઊyடxԛyสఝ઻ጓc ť ͎ઊc >@᫐̧͔શ೚մhය҈ӷಣᏸࣽ€૽͎ઊ >@‫ݳ‬Πᨚᔎմh⩹ͨၟ͎ઊġġx͎y္ഗ€xઊyᢨఛ€ ኜ੿▪c͙੿ྲྀᓳ͙xઊy઻ࣽc ͎؈cᓳx؈y઻ࣽᵤᯊ೩c >@᫐̧ਾᔐ྅մh೰ຨੌಣ͔͎؈ġġx͎y‫׊‬ഗ€x؈yᐎᢙடఛ͎c ͙੿‫ݲ‬ष€ྲྀ͙ᚾ൵‫઻׊‬᳿ᢐ€҈ብ͙෦ᗉ‫␊઻׊‬ᓳࣽc ȉᅮӞ੿˴ဤ€ᦊ‫ا‬੐ಣႋส̡ဤ€⪮c੿~Ჷ>@᩷ಣ‫€ث‬έส␊˴ဤc▎€␊ ☬ြ͉ጓ€‫ࣽۂ‬੐જഗ᮴കxᅮӞഗぽyМ઻c ~ੌብ͙෦ᗉ‫઻׊‬᳿ᢐ␊‫€ࣽ׊‬Ꮛብ͙xֳ඾yᚾ઻␊ᓳc >@‫ݳ‬ΠๅѠմh␊౯઎Ԛ€҈઎ਾֳ඾‚ġġಣഗӃ͙xֳy઻္ഗմx҈઎ਾֳy€ᝡ ͙x඾y઻ࣽ€␊ࣙᴓ͎c >@▎ၕᜑ▗մhَᵤ᧣ൾ€๬ᵤᵡᓅ€ᔢ൧ᗁ๬ֳ඾‚ >@▎ᵠ౦մḩ˻hnᗥմᗥմ€̛਋ᣍմֳ඾‚ᏚմᏚմ€៦࿖մֳ඾‚o >@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մhᎻᩝᨄᏋᙡছ€ⱷ҅€ᆤයֳ඾‚ઈᣫᏋ៵ᛁቇᒣ€⒵അයֳ඾‚ >@ᗥᅮӞ੿մh૮˴ೡ҈̜๏Ⴆ҈ԛ໿€૔๬ઊ̧டઢֳ඾‚ >@▎մhԪቚ૳๫μြਾ€ԪӃ͙҅ેြਾֳ඾‚ >@▎ᅮӞӨմhઠ඾҅ࣽ҈ဧ૳ࣽடᏨ͎€ᵤଣြဧṓֳ඾‚ >@▎մhԪຨԛֳ඾‚᪙ਾ͙ᧅͨc >@⦡ͭ‫׳‬ᬃӪ෦մhಖ୉‫ݲ‬൳೩ᰟᗥເಣ€ᭁ᩷වူ᫤᭸᙭᭜€‫׳‬ၲᓏြᤗᐘᓌֳ඾‚ >@‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣմhՖ̧૨ֳ඾‚ġġ‫ݲ‬xֳ඾yྲྀᓌហc ~ಖ͙ᚾ൵‫ᦢ઻׊‬ᢐ␊‫€ࣽ׊‬ટብ͙x඾yxֳyᚾ઻␊ᓳc ֳ͎඾c >@஥෦ᦅ▗̡੾Ԇᮇմhಖਾ˻hnֳ҅‚o˻hn਀ԪՖֳ͎඾€Ԫ͎҅co˻hn๬ ֳ‚o˻hnԪ᳥ֳ͎඾€Ԫহ͎‚oġġxֳ͎඾yࣽ€ ᦢᢐ‫͎઻׊‬cx͎y္͙ഗ͎€xֳy͙াᔎ͎€x඾y͙ࡔᢨ͎c ͎᩷඾c >@‫ݳ‬Πᵠ౦մhᓻઊӃ᩷૟Ֆ͎᩷඾ >@ᗥᅮӞӨմhͨ೨͎᩷඾ġġx͎᩷඾yࣽ€ ટᦢᢐ‫͎઻׊‬cx͎y͙‫׊‬ഗ͎€x᩷y͙ᐎហ͎€x඾y͙ᐋᢨ͎c 248

ԳҌֳc >@‫ݳ‬Πূ͎մhৣຨਾԳҌֳ‚ġġࠪสxԳӂֳy€ྲྀᦢᢐ‫͎઻׊‬cxԳy੐ഗઍ€ଁ ͙ዼᆸ͎€҈ટੌြಣட᧵cxҌyxӂyᚾ઻€ൿጓxुಣy᩷xເಣy͎cxֳy͙ᗉᔎ ͎c ӷ>@‫ݳ‬Π▗‫ۇ‬Ρմhԛᩲઊ€Ԫન೩෶೩ಖम҈ぽাͶ͎ࣽcġġ xԛᩲֳyࣽ€xԛyఝ઻€⪮‫͎઻׊‬c ‫ށ‬ட€ᢐ‫׊‬ட઻€஡቟ઐ᧵€ᬘ͙᱗ࡃഗઍଁ᝖டఛᰳҌc‫઻׊‬டᅏ€ብઁਾ෶ဧட€ဠ੅͙ Ө๫୔டࣽcxࣽy઻டຖ€΢‫ྲྀ઻׊‬Ӄ‫€͎׊‬ເx͎ࣽyxࣽᩲyxࣽҌyxֳࣽyxࣽ ඾yxࣽ؈yட໫cයxࣽy઻டӃӪ␊‫͙€ࣽ઻׊‬ಖӃᓳઊഗ‫҈ڠ‬ᵤ␊ස઻ଁᓳcxࣽy઻ લֳ‫€ࣽ઻׊ݲ‬ເx͎ࣽyxࣽᩲyᇐΠ€ྲྀ␊ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻€҈ᵤ෶͙‫઻׊‬຃டcЎ⪮‫€઻׊‬Ꮛ ⪮ᢐ‫׊‬ᩲ€ཀྵᵤ๦€᪎ࣽಖልᔗԳc ᢨ઻ ~΢਼઻͙⌐͍ઍᵤԩࣽ€˻ᢨ઻c ઊَࣽ€͍டᯛ͎e҈઻ࣽ€ଁَ͙͎ͭcြೲَͭ‫׉‬Өட૟ཌྷࣽ€Ꮛੌใ઻€ੌห઻eَͭ ૟ཌྷ๬ुடಙࣽ€Ꮛੌ྽઻€ੌఝ઻eَͭ૟ཌྷடඥᢐֳఝ྽ࣽ€Ꮛੌ૾઻eَͭఝ྽டӈໟ ࢱึࣽ€Ꮛੌࠌ઻e҈َͭఝ྽டβ዗€෋ੌ͙૒ಖᝬ҈ᨔಖᅥࣽ€Ꮛੌ‫઻׊‬c΢௓‫ྲྀ€઻ݲ‬ ଁ͙͍ͭઍடᯛ€࡝ြ˶҈␊َ͎ࣽe҈ଁ͙͍ͭઍடࡔ€౫‫␊҈˶ݲ‬ᯛࣽ€Ꮛብᢨ઻cᢨ઻ ࣽ€ଁ͙͍ͭઍᵤԩட⌐͎c ᣺ໆઠᏚடન࡝€͍ӷԩ͎cੌࡔ҈ᥫ€͍ᓄ‫ܘ‬ᩲ€‫€ܘ‬ᓄᵤԩᩲcಖࡔட჈ࣽ€͍ੌఘԳ€ ြೲᓖଁࡔ҈ͅ᧵€ಣ‫઻ݲ‬டଁ͎ͭcࡔட֙ࣽ€͍๫ఘԳ€ြೲᚠଁࡔ҈␊ᯛ€ಣᢨ઻டଁ ⌐͎cᢨ઻ࣽ€ଁ͙⌐͍ઍ‫ؼ‬යடࡔ࡝€҈␊ᵤ٬ᜯ૬டᯛ͎cᓄᯛ͎€ਾ᲎͎€ᦑਾଁᓌ€ ๫ᔐֳਿَ€๫Ꮚֳઁ૮€๫ᛃֳઍ೺c̰બ୰੎ҋ€೩૮௢ц‫ݲ‬ᓛடਿَ€੿෫ಖᳱᰝ‫ڰ‬ᖎ டઁΠ€ಖᢨ઻͔იx̊yx˿yxۚyட໫€ᔏ˶ᯛ͎c҈ઍᓛഴઁ͙૝€ ಖᢨ઻ᵤચxӎyxӑyxᶱyx‫ہ‬yடમ€ᔅ˶ᯛ͎cයᯛੌᔏᔅட⠣€҈ଁ͙⌐ಖᝍ࡝ட ᅥᏋᓌc ᢨ઻ߪြᱥમ€҈ᏸြ̜મ€ӷᩲcಖ࡝҈␊ᢨಢb␊ᣐওࣽ€ࠪમᓌ҈઻ᰗ€ࠪ઻ᓌ҈ᅥ ዗€ଁ΀ᚠ૟೩ᅥ€ᓖᯛᐎ઻€ᵤӃሕ͎cӷᥫᲾ˿᣿ட઻€ੌᯛ๫ហ€ટ᚝ૻԳc xՋy€ᢨఛ€ക˴َᏋ˻xြֳy€ࠪสxြ࿠y€▎สx⌐ӎy€ಖហ˴͎cx⁇y€ᢨ ᯛ€಻▪x⁇yสx᧵ycť >@ᗥᅮӞӨhᓛѮ̧˻hn⁇oġġᴋъ␊nᵤᨅடᯛco >@▗೷෦ઠ▗੾Мᮇḩ˻hn⁇oġġതъ␊n‫ݍ‬ᶱಫco >@‫ݳ‬Πલјḩ˻hn⁇oġġഠъ␊nওᣐடᯛco >@‫͓ژ‬ỊᲷ᣶઄੾೧˻hႎಣᤃ⬔c >@▎͔Ịపᢸヅh࿄ᓨ᯹ᐔcġġᲧ΀xႎyx࿄yྲྀᓌx⁇yŦ€҈˴Ꮛছӎᯛ€˴Ꮛও ᣐᯛcೲᏋx⁇yx᧵yxႎyx࿄yຈྲྀ઻ᰗ҈ᓌમ€҈ᅥᏋᚠ૟҈ੌ዗͎c x៊y€ᢨᯛc >@ᗥᅮӞ੿hઊ̧˻hn៊oġġᴋъ␊nఔኃடᯛoc >@▗೷෦ស▗˸ᮇhᩀ⬔ᔄட˻hn៊oġġതъ␊n࡝ওΠឝடᯛoc >@͔ಠᗥृᔈᲽh▗˻hn៊oġġ᥹ဪъ␊nᢨᣌடᯛco >@᫐̧ள૳ఘᲽสx៊yh▪᧷Ֆ˻hn៊o >@Ờ᲼สx‫׮‬yhỜӋ˻hn‫׮‬o >@⦡ͭ̈͊ઐґสx‫צ‬yh‫צ‬ᵕ̧ᵤᵸ࣭᩷c >@ૹᦒᦲហ෦สxᔦyhᔦ€ͨ૬൷̧cġġೲx៊yx៊yx‫׮‬yx‫צ‬yxᔦyԆ઻€ ຈ઻ᰗ҈ᓌ᧵cፇᓌ੿c xӑy€ᢨᯛ€᩷xӎy⛖c >@஥෦▪▗˸ᮇ˻hӎ€ມઊġġࢅ▪΀xӎy␊n᳐Πoc >@ᗥᅮӞ੿hỮ̧ᔄட€Ꮨය˻hnӎoġġ಻▪สxӑy€̐ហ΀nᔄ᧺̧டَ̰⛎ ᳐ᙋo͎c x⓮y€ࢅ▪΀x y͎c᥼ໜhnx⓮ᶱy€Ԁᯛ͎coੌჱสxᶱ⓮yࠪxᶱ௓y€⛎ੌ สxᶱ̧yࣽc >@᳁̧͓඗Ჽ˻hᶱ௓ֳःਾடَΡֳ඾ >@੅᲼˻hᶱ⓮ֳҝ⤰ᰝ >@࿍᲼˻hᶱֳֳ̧࿍ᓛহடೡӷᩲ >@ᦒ͔෦˻hᶱֳ̧ಣᭁԪલՖ▪‫ݞ‬டϊ͎ઊ >@ࢅ௫ᤇຒᲽ˻hᶱ⓮ֳ€ͨᨰ͛ᩲc҈ְ෦΀ 249

>@‫ژ‬ফϊਃ‫ێ‬ḩ✸̧✸cġġध˻xᶱ௓y͎c͙੿‫઻ݲ‬ટྲྀᓌમ҈ᰗ઻c▎x yࣽ€ ࢅ▪΀nx⓮y͎ocӂỊ˻hnxᶱy€ ͎ocཀྵx yxᶱyx y‫ށ‬ຈᓌc >@‫ژ‬ဠ̍ә̑ә̑˻hᶱᶱә̑cġġᲧ΀‫َࣽث‬nಢᢨடⳁ͎oc >@‫ژ‬ဠ᣶ᾗ֢˻hြᶱᾗ✸cġġxြᶱyᓌxӑᶱy€ટᢨఛcයᏋ€‫ݴ‬ድ‫ݲ‬ᢨఛ€ࠪ ᱥમ€ࠪ᳿મ€મӷြ̜ӷᩲ€๫मடࣽcӷ௎ >@ᦒ͔‫˻ڗ‬hԛլብ̧͓cġġਸ෦΀xԛy␊n࡝Ϧᢨఛoc >@᫐̧⩎ંմh໤҈ᗂட€˻hn੤oġġ஛டடᯛ͎c >@⦡ͭ೺ព྅ૅմh‫ݞ‬ફӨ᧬࣠˻hnṍ͔ᐺ€ത᭡டⳁ͎oġġ ̐ហጓxṍy΀n᳐ᴓಫoc >@ૹᦒ૞ਿᒎ෦մhᒎᲕட˻hn‫˶ݍ‬๫ְ€ᯛ₻₻coġġx‫ݍ‬yࣽ€࿠կடᯛ͎c >@ຖૹᦒঽ୷෦մh୷ᠱᰝ€ఙ˻hn‫€ݍ‬நमͨ€ͨ෶ૄᤇߵcoġġx‫ݍ‬yࣽ€ໆ͕ டఛ͎cଁ΀઻ᓌ҈ᅥᰗ͎c >@⦡ͭ᙭࠻྅ૅմh῝ᙓ࠻ட␊Ӌ࠸࠸ࣽcġġxെy€࿍મ€ ૨͎cૹᦒय़xᙓy઻cᭁx῝ᙓyࣽ€᳐ᴓடᯛ€ੌᯛ๫ហcxെyடፇᯛЌ␊xᙓy€ಣ ૹᦒଁ͙⎥ઋ͎cੌxᙓy઻ᏋᯛΩ€๫ᏋฦҌc ӷᦒடx⇝yxᤝy€ᗥடx࡜yxᤝyxයyx࢒y€ຈೲᥫᲾடᯛc >@඄᲼մh͕ᶱ҈๼ᑐ͎cġġx͕ᶱy€ໆ͕டᯛ͎c >@ૹᦒ᯻ൾ෦մḧӋ᧵୪‫ؼ‬ᶱ€֔ਾྲྀ᥮cġġ x᧵୪y⦡ͭสxؔ y€x‫ؼ‬ᶱyधx‫ݍ‬ᶱy͎€ྲྀໆᯛ͎c >@೦‫⩎੍ا‬ᢪᓺᲽḩᶀ͕˻hn೐⧲€ж͎coġġx೐yᓌxヨy€˿᣿͎cය Ꮛx͕ᶱyx᧵୪yx‫ؼ‬ᶱyx೐yxヨyຈྲྀໆ͕டᯛc ͙੿‫€઻ݲ‬ຈྲྀੌᯛ๫ហ€҈͙ಖྲྀࡔြᅥ҈࡝͎€ཀྵ٬டc ȉᦊմh಻ͬᏙМմhnx⁇yᢨᯛ͎c‫˻៊⁇ژ‬hp⁇៊ͅӋcq෦մhx⁇y€ ᢨ͎€x៊y€଼͎c಻▪x⁇yสx᧵ycommӋ‫ا‬ᭁ΀಻▪x⁇៊ͅӋyสx᧵៊ͅ Ӌy͎cᰝ‫ا‬ઐಣ҈⎥ಖष‫ژ‬ഗ٬ְ෦ட▪€อ᧊n಻▪x⁇yสx᧵yo˴Π҈᧵Ṉᩲc ૮ ᧿h಻▪΀ᙬຒࡵҮ୘಻▪c ȉᦊմhಣࢅટઐ಻ͬᏙМc಻ͬषΠ੾೧˻hnxႎಣᤃ⬔y€Ყ˻hpxႎyடَx⁇y €x⁇ೲᤃ⬔y€ছ҈ӎடcqo▎षᢸヅ˻hnx࿄ᓨ᯹ᐔy€Ყ˻hpx࿄y€ੌଁওᣐ டᯛ͎cqx⁇yx᧵yx࿄yxႎy€ ຈ઻ᰗ҈ហᓌcoᰝ‫΀ا‬nᲧ΀xႎyx࿄yྲྀᓌx⁇yo€‫ژ‬Ყᨗ๫ಣΠ͎c ~ᢨ઻Ўࡔᅥ҈࡝€ཀྵ๫સฎடӃሕc੐ഗឝࣽಖᤣ€੐ഗઍࣽટੌட€ഗߪࣽᵤᾫ ೩Գc ੐ഗឝc >@ᗥ͔᪎ष‫ژ‬ՉhՋࡻᔦᓅुြ࿠᮴Ӌᵤ᧯c >@඄᲼մh៊ટઆ⬤ᩲ€લ૳டَ͎ >@᫐̧੐ᨍմh᧵৆඾␨␨ֳᛌᩲc >@▎ম⁎࿍մhԛͨ૊⤖ಣ҈Ӄ >@⦡ͭങႆӪ෦մhᶱ˹઺டਾ€ఙ๫૨ఛc >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մhᶱֳ᎟඾૚͎ >@▎ᦀྖӪ෦մhӑത೩டṉ͎ >@᫐̧ਾᔐ྅մhշ€շӃ >@஥෦સ▗╺ᮇմh๰ࣽ˻hn៊⡉ᯫo >@᯻▪౴ໟ੹մh⁇ટᰗட͔ࣽcġġ͙੿‫ݲ‬षᢨఛ€ྲྀ੐ഗឝࣽc ੐ഗઍc >@ᗥᅮӞ੿մh᪙ઠ▗࠯ਸ̫hn‫׉‬ᵤ‫ޞ‬ᩓ୨€⩹ໟլฎԳ€۲ӎઠ඾ူ⬔o >@᫐̧ຓ๫ੇմhᡖட඾€ᶱֳ€๫͙ߵ᭸ᘱਾ඾ >@᯻▪ᠲྃᗥմhእֳԪᵤ٬ಖ‫€آ‬ј⧲቏ᠲြಖᔐ€۲ӎࣇ඾ >@▎ᦒசઍ̮෦ຖ঩մhᔢӷᰙࣽᵤ⛆␊€۲ӎ҈΀߽டᵎ҈␊ட؈‚ġġ͙੿ଁषᢨ ఛྲྀ੐ഗઍࣽc >@‫ژ‬Ӌϊઍ͹ੌ㵗մhതᶱ٬ᩲcġġxᶱy੐ഗઍ€ᢨఛ͎c ੐ഗᎲc >@‫͓ژ‬ỊᲷ᣶઄Ჷ᣶઄մhᎻَ๫᣽€㐥⩹ຬᶱcġġَ੐ฎࣽ๫ଁຬ͎€ཀྵᶱᢨಖເ ಣcxᶱy੐ഗજ€ᢨఛ͎c 250

>@᫐̧͔શ೚մhᶱ૝⁎տֳᶱ૝⁎տֳ҈ԛᶀಖᣄ€҈ͨध␊ਾ€‫ؽ‬ġġ x‫ؽ‬yࣽ€ટഗજடᢨᯛ͎cť ઁਾ΢ဧᢨ઻€ྲྀᓖಖᅥடଁࡔ€ੌᵤຨᵤ࡝டඬ€▎᥷Ӄ͙ഗឝഗઍഗજ͙ဤட‚ཀྵಖဧட ͎ᨈ€҈ฎட͎঄c૮ட␊▪ࣽ€⨟ੌֹक़ናᔏमᖛᣫ€๫Ӄᜯࣽ€გဧᢨ઻€Ꮚᔏᢙ‫ݳ‬cཀྵ ˴Ჽடઍ€຤຤ᵤ˴ဧࣽ€҈▪ᰳટᓖ͙ृᩞԳc⁇ ȉᦊմh಻ͬ಻ಣx‫ؽ‬y␊x✸͎yc

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Chapter 10 ‫ݳ‬ഗ‫ڠ‬Ꮩட੾ ឝᏙဳࢅੌَ˻hn΢ੌടͬbΠͬ҈ఛ᧵ԛᢢࣽ˻ഗ€નੌࣽ˻‫ڠ‬coടͬࣽ€Ќଁઢட૟ ཌྷ͎eΠͬࣽ€૟ཌྷடఝ྽͎cཀྵ‫܈‬ၟഗ‫ڠ‬டଁ͙ͅ€঄લၟടͬbΠͬட␊തcြೲԳᇊ̡ Ꮩட‫઻଻ݳ‬bห઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ၟടͬடଁ๰ચ͎cຖМᏙட‫ݳ‬ఝ઻b྽઻ࣽ€ଁ͙ၟΠͬடଁ૳ ͎c͠Ꮩட‫␊€ࣽ઻૾ݳ‬ઊടͬbΠͬட᧵ࠪੌᵤᵸ͎€Ꮛၟଁ͙ᵸட͎ࣽc╺Ꮩட‫઻ࠌݳ‬ ࣽ€␊ઊΠͬ᩷ΠͬடࠪໟḈ͎€Ꮛၟଁ͙ࢱึட͎ࣽc౪Ꮩட‫␊€ࣽ઻׊ݳ‬ઊΠͬఛᰳடੌ ᗉbੌൾ͎€Ꮛၟଁ͙෦ட͎ࣽe‫€ࡔଁੌؼ‬Ꮛఛᰳᵤ٬෦€҈࡝҈␊ᯛࣽ€ ᚝͙ᢨ઻ߪԳc઻⠣౪໫€΢ଁ͙␊ടͬbΠͬࣽᦑᩲcӷј‫ݳ‬ઊടbΠᚾͬடͅ␊ഗbͅ␊ ‫€ࣽڠ‬ೲᏋಣᏙடଁ઎ส͎cයಣᏙଁ‫ੌ€ࣽݳ‬ԛᓉ೩ြ᮴ࣽ€ੌન೩ࣽc૮Ꮛᓉ೩ࣽ‫ށ‬ட€ ન೩ࣽᗔடcઝ⠣Ჷጓ€લৱຖ຃cৱ͙᭧ட€຃͙Սடc

᭧˴ ~΢ഗ‫ڠ‬஡ੌടͬc␊ടͬࣽ€଻bหbўb‫ڠ‬Мࣽྲྀਊ೩Գc ഗ͎€‫͙ଁྲྀ€͎ڠ‬Πࠪఝࠪ྽டᅥ͎€ଁ΀Π͎ͬc҈ఝ྽டᅥ€ᵤ෶ᵤੌଁ๰࡝cಖଁ๰ ࡝ࣽ€ട͎ͬcයᏋടͬࣽ⪮͎€Ќଁ࡝ఝ྽டᅥட૟ཌྷ͎€ಣടͬଁ͙␊ഗ‫͛ଁڠ‬᜞͎c␊ ടͬࣽ€଻઻᩷ห઻€ᓒԛe҈ዼ᩷‫ڠ‬᮰ဧເ଻઻ࣽ€ಖ␊ടͬટਊ೩͎c >@‫͎ূͬݳ‬մḩ೩᣶̧€̧߱ᵤࢅcઊ̧౫ட˻hnլଁ҃ࣽ€‫͔׉‬ᓧட€‫׉‬ᓧடoġġ ಣᲷએഗ€ťྲྀੌടͬcᇊМഗடടͬ€ห઻͎cᇊ̡ഗடടͬ€ઐ଻͎cසഗྲྀ͙▗଻␊᩷ ͬc >@஥෦ᙦ▗̜ᮇմhᴋ‫▗ݞ‬᫐▗␊ԩӋౌ˹cӋߛြលcᴋ൅ྱӋcӋ˻hn๫டcoཀྵဠᴋ ૛ᴑcӋ̧ԡ␊ᴑြᴋcᴋ▗̧౭␊ᴑြဠcӋᤋ€ဠਾ൴僅ល▗۩cМ೧€ᴋ๯ᵸ೶೚६ђ ட᧮c⩎€▎६ͅဠட⁁cဠᴋ૛շcġġூ੾̡଻€ぽብx⩎€▎६ͅဠட⁁y˴ഗടͬࠌ ੿€සഗྲྀੌടͬc >@‫ݳ‬Π᪎҈մhੌ̧˻hnಖ␊ਾ͎€ધ᭿҈ႄͩ੿ࣽຼᩲcᵤႄͩ੿҈ႄสఠࣽ€નடੌ ͎cՖ̧఑ઐ€ઐઅ҈⦁૳cધ᭿͎ࣽ€ಖ␊౯டઐ᩷oġġಣᲷഗ᩷‫ڠ‬ூ‫੾ੌڙ‬cxੌ̧ ˻yᇊ˴␊ഗ€xੌ̧yಖട͎ͬcxಖ␊ਾ͎yᇊ̡␊‫€ڠ‬xಖyห઻€ട͎ͬcxધ᭿҈ ႄͩ੿ࣽyᇊ̜␊‫€ڠ‬xࣽyห઻€ട͎ͬ€xຼᩲyᇊМ␊ഗ€xધ᭿҈ႄͩ੿ࣽyட‫€ڠ‬ ̰ಖട͎ͬcxᵤႄͩ੿҈ႄสఠࣽyᇊԆ␊‫€ڠ‬xࣽyห઻€ಖട͎ͬcxનடੌ͎yᇊએ ␊ഗ€ᇊԆ‫̰ڠ‬ಖु͎ͬcxՖ̧఑ઐyᇊ͠␊ഗ€xՖ̧yടͬcxઐઅ҈⦁૳yᇊ╺␊⤛ டഗ€xઐy᩷x⦁yಖട͎ͬcxધ᭿͎ࣽy˴ዼ€ઐഗடടͬ€xಖ␊౯டઐ᩷yᇊ╺␊ ഗcಣᲷட␊ടͬ€ੌ‫ੌ€ڠ‬ዼ€҈ഗ‫ڠ‬ટ஡ੌടͬ€᪎ࣽӃՈ়͎c >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗Өմhਸ̧ᒣ€ส੍⩎c੍⩎€‫̧׉‬ட૟͎cೲཀྵਸ̧˻hnၟͨࣽ€ಖብ੍⩎ ֳ᳥ͨࣽ€ಖብ੍⩎ֳoġġಣᲷഗ‫╺ੌڠ‬cxਸ̧ᒣy˴€‫€ڠ‬xਸ̧yಖടͬcxส ੍⩎y̡€ഗ€ᇊ˴‫€ڠ‬ಖട͎ͬcŦx੍⩎€‫̧׉‬ட૟͎y̜€ഗ€x੍⩎yടͬcxೲཀྵ ਸ̧˻yМ€ഗ€xਸ̧yടͬcxၟͨࣽyԆ€‫€ڠ‬xࣽyห઻€ ട͎ͬcxಖብ੍⩎ֳyએ€ഗ€ᇊԆ‫ڠ‬ಖട͎ͬcx᳥ͨࣽy͠€‫€ڠ‬xಖብ੍⩎ֳy╺€ ഗ€ྲྀᓌ੿c >@⦡ͭ౦ᜲӪ෦մhೲ͙๫ᕏสୡ€ृੌᘆၫ€Ўጥ᠏‫آ‬cġġ̜ԩഗ€ടͬ␊x๫ᕏyxृ ੌyxЎጥy̜ዼc >@▎ԩ৪ᦒմhઽᔖᔊࣽੑᐙ৐€␊⦦ࣽΡ̧உ€ုુ͙ࣽ␊ᄮ‫پ‬cġġ̜ഗ€ടͬྲྀ‫͎ڠ‬c >@஥෦ᴼ̡ᮇմhぽᨖຈຖ€೺ᨖ̡۩€Ꮟ̧Ά‫⇝͔€ܨ‬ኍᓛ€ఠடઐ͎cġġಣᲷឝ̜‫€ڠ‬ ಖടͬྲྀ␊ዼ€જഗ€Ꮛ᮴̜‫̰ڠ‬ಖട͎ͬc >@▎ᦅ▗╺ᮇմhབྷೱடᎤ€ઊᐔ᱔ৣ€ᵤ❾⍗ᣫ€͙ໟ๧͎cġġ˴ഗ€xབྷೱடᎤy˴ ዼ€ട͎ͬcxઊᐔ᱔ৣy▎˴ዼ€᩷᮴ዼᓌࡪc ȉಣᣫᰝ‫ا‬નᣣҕাԚᏡՍ⠣Ꮚഗ᩷‫˴€ڠ‬ᾫ඗ட␊ഗ€ਿੌએഗc ȉxส੍⩎yடടͬᥫೲxਸ̧y҈⪮xਸ̧ᒣyc ȉx̜‫ڠ‬yϱᥫสxМ‫ڠ‬yc

252

Ս˴ ~ᢙ૟‫⦁ݳ‬டഗ‫€ڠ‬ടͬӃय़cť >@‫ݳ‬Π᪎҈մḩ˻hn⦁֔ާடᓛ€ᓅ૟҈ൾ€Ჷဧ҈‫נ‬ਾ€෋Ꮋ͙‫آ‬coġġМᱥഗྲྀ๫ ടͬ€ᭁᶷ‫ݳ‬сᓛ€ടͬЌсᓛடਾ͎c▎ᵎᵎ๻᭸ᦊྲྀ๫ടͬ€ᭁ‫ݳ‬અதட⦁͎cසເൾ⛬ ြហᦊb᠐҈๫౏ᦊb␊۩͙ຒᦊ€▎᪎҈ᦊ€͔ი‫ݳ‬ᢙഗ‫ྲྀڠ‬ᶷኜ€ཀྵ๫ടͬcŦ ಣᏋ௺▪ଁ਀͎c੎ҋઁ૮ਿَ€΢ഗ‫ڠ‬નੌ๫ടͬࣽc >@⦡ͭ३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մhᭁᔄ‫׉‬᩷ୗ६€ᶀ‫ت‬ಖ⮫e‫آ‬ӷᵤ๬€ᶀ‫ت‬ಖ‫ـ‬cġġМഗ€xୗ६y xᵤ๬yࣽԣ€x‫⮫ت‬yx‫ـت‬yࣽ▎ԣ€ྲྀનኜࡵ€ᭁ▗‫͎ݳ‬c >@๣ᐘស▗̡੾̡ᮇ෦մh෇Ꮛߗ€๥Ꮛᚤ€ृᏋઽcġġ̜ԩഗ€๫ടͬ€‫ݳ‬с᜿͎c >@஥෦ស▗੾Ԇᮇմhઁ͔ࣽ૟͛ާಖભcġġxާyࣽ␊ԣ€ᵤَӃၟc >@᫐̧Ꮛᵠմh᭒ᓛ᭒⇝€⭵டཡයcᔢ෋̫ᡥ௱ઈட਑€৑டࣽ੾౪€धடཡයcġġഗ ઍx⭵டyࣽԣ€નࡵَ͎cଁषྲྀᓌ੿c⦡Ჿ΢ᢙ૟‫€⦁ݳ‬ಖഗ‫ڠ‬ᾫ๫ട͎ͬc >@᫐̧ῨᲹടഗЌմh൴␊ῨᲹ⵩ᦌ࡝ᛔடᗬ҈␊ઽฟ€ՉՉc >@᯻▪⥿᧥ᔈ੿ਾ঩ടմh᫅Ӄ͙ૐಖѿၫ€ՉՉcġġᚾᲽടഗЌ๫ടͬ€Ⴒടੌඬc ȉ▪⛖Ꭻ▪␊nᢙ૟‫⦁ݳ‬டഗ‫€ڠ‬ເዹΠය€ടͬӃय़co૮⠣␊ᚾᲷ€ቁͬΒۨc ȉᰝ‫ا‬નϹ͍ᅜዹ€ᵎᵎ๻᭸ᦊજഗnᔢ˻ન᪎€Ԫ͛΀ட᪎ᩲ€oൾ⛬ြហᦊnൾ⛬ြហ€ َӃລ͎c᪫⛬ြᏡ€߽৥ᱝ͎o€᠐҈๫౏ᦊnᖀ͎€ᆠӃَ᩷‫ژ‬ԛᩲo€ ಖઍߣxԪyxൾyxَyx᪫yxᖀyྲྀടͬc ~ዹΠடഗടͬӃय़c >@‫ݳ‬Π▗‫ۇ‬Ρմḩ˻hn᧣ᩲco˻hn౯ᩲֳ‚o˻hnનၟ€Գຨ౯‚oġġ x᧣ᩲy᩷x౯ᩲֳy€ྲྀዹΠᲾᔎடഗeടͬ੐੿€ཀྵઐഗӃ⎥c >@▎⢵҈մh৑˻hn൅᧲ഥᤗതਾ͎‚o˻hnઁடᵎਾ͎co˻hnྱֳ‚o˻hn૦౯ ҈ຨ౯€▎തྱ‚oġġಣટዹΠᲾᔎ͎c >@▎▗‫ۇ‬ΡմhๅѠᠼ߱෹ç˻hnᭁ஡َӂઢ‚o̧߱˻hnᔧ᧬ᰝmmoๅѠ˻hnᔧ ๫ป᮳mmoġġಣટᔎᲾடఛc >@஥෦ᙦ▗˸ᮇմh‫܈‬͔᩷ഥ€ә‫ڟ‬૟டe௎ୗ᩷€Ꮛ‫ᙼڟ‬ட€๫૳Ꮋ͍cġġ ˴Ჷ€x᩷y҈xୗ᩷yࣽ▗͎cዹΠ€ཀྵᵤَc >@▎h▗˻hn๫᥷€൴া٬coġġᲾఛ๫ടͬc >@▎ᙦ▗̜ᮇմh௎েຒᵤᠲ€ೲ᥮લՖட᪍͎€ি˻෶ᵎġġ˴‫ڠ‬ᚾഗ€ྲྀ๫ടͬ€ť▗ াَ͎c΢ᔎᲾடഗ€ടͬੌ๫๫સ€˴ᗂఛ᧵டଁў҈ԛc >@᯻▪Էә‫ݳ‬մhᔎಖુ€Ꮛ˻ជᢙ͎eᔎಖᑞ€Ꮛ˻Ө͔ઊடට͎cġġᚾᲾྲྀ๫ടͬc >@஥෦ͅ▗੾એᮇմhn᝼҈஥ॏ€ ത͎‚o˻hnӣᎡ⦦͎conྲྀᎤြઍᎡᩲco˻hnᢐ࣭͎conச᪪ᩲco˻hn⦔ୟ ြલՖ͎conၖ᪪ᩲco˻hn൴࡝૽͎con⬤ᱦ೰স੿ᩲco˻hn൴ᣵ௃᧲Έ҈␊๬ ͎conྲྀާᩲ€஥ॏ࿪᜿҈Өᩲco˻hnᜮᰉ͎conᚤֳ‚o˻hnનӃၟ͎conާ ҈஥ॏྲྀӨᩲco˻hnᚤᗖ͎coġġ╺ᔎ╺Ჾ€ྲྀ๫ടͬ€ଁኜԛࡵ€ᵤَӃၟc ȉxೲ᥮લՖட᪍͎y˴ഗ€௎͙xೲy␊ห઻€Ꮛೲടͬc

Ս̡ ~૽ᡖடഗ€ടͬӃय़c >@‫ݳ‬Πূ͎մḩ˻hn๽€͙᩷ӂಋίዑᤠֳoġġಣඍुடఛ€x᩷yࣽതਾ€ᵤࡵ َ€ಖᨗधዹΠࣽයc >@஥෦ᦅ▗੾Мᮇմh૝€ಛ࢜‫ا‬ >@▎ᦅ▗੾╺ᮇմhु€൴␊̜Ꭱࡗeᵤु€൴६ಖࣹcť >@▎ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմhјட >@▎ᦅ▗̡੾̜ᮇմh౫٬ՖᎮ€҅ட >@๣ᐘស▗੾ᮇմh৑াࡵ >@᫐઄ઈմhृՖட᭶€ᨈՖட‫€܈‬ᔢ๫኎҈̰ᵸcġġ͙੿ଁष€ྲྀ⪮ᡖЌ૽டఛ€҈ྲྀ๫ ടͬ€ເዹΠࣽයc ▎€΢ੌଁ␊ൕ‫ࣽي‬ટයc >@‫̧̧࢞׳‬Өմhᖺ૽˻hn‫܂‬ᵤધ€๫๻ᒅ̧€๫͙પ␊ᧅcoӿ૽˻hnᰟᵎ€૖⣿€͙ ỳੌຒcoՉՉc >@⦡ͭ⤠ՖӪ෦մhᵤ࢞ႃࣽᙡ๏c࢞ႃࣽ᩷๏๥ឝᓌᣒcᛄႃࣽ᩷ᙿ๥ᓌ᳴cᎻੌ̡᱔͙੿ ᵤ⠣ᰗࣽ€෇ಖᙨ€ՉՉcġġᚾष˴Ꮹ˴‫ݲ€ي‬ഗཹ‫ث‬๫ടͬcŦ 253

ȉಣೲᢙ‫ݳ‬ഗ€⪮૽ᡖഗ€ᥫಗ৑~Ჷc ȉ>@xᵤ࢞ႃࣽy˴‫€ڠ‬xࣽy␊ടͬ€ᢢ‫␊ڠ‬xᙡ๏yടͬcፇ̡ഗᓌಣc

Ս̜ ~‫ڠ‬ເલഗ€ഗடടͬԛ᩺‫ڠ‬ᩲ€Ꮛᵤລ᳼c >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhᨈਾடြᓛ͎€ᦑ͍ԳҌᩲcġġxᨈਾடြᓛ͎y˴‫€ڠ‬ဦӨഗcxᨈ ਾyടͬ€ԛ᩺‫ڠ‬ᩲ€Өഗxᦑ͍ԳҌᩲyடടͬ€Ӄᵤ‫ث‬ናc >@‫ݳ‬Π̧ⲣմhԪृ͎ᚌcġġxԪyห઻€Ў␊xृ͎y˴‫ڠ‬டടͬ€▎␊xᚌy઻˴ഗட ടͬc҈xԪy઻ԛֳ᩺‫€ڠ‬ᏋӨഗᵤລናᩲc >@஥෦ᦅ▗Мᮇմhಔဠ૥Іட␊͔⦡͎€૽Ҋુ€ુ᱿Ӌᴵcġġ˴‫˴ڠ‬ഗ€xဠ૥Іy᩺ ‫␊҈ڠ‬Өഗடടͬc >@ಖ̡੾˴ᮇմhြೲ཈ᜍ୨ᩲ€ᔄட€ާ䊻҈೩ẏ̧cġġx཈ᜍy̰‫ڠ‬bഗடടͬc >@⦡ͭᙬ᛾Ӫ෦մh૮ᵸӨᶀ‫׉‬ᆁ€ে᎝ྏ€‫͙܈‬ᛃᛃடു€᩷‫̧׉‬ሷ၍␊๥ᓛc >@▎ഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦մhഥஉ⛖ၟ੿μᓧட͎€ࢅ੿˻cġġᓌ੿c઎ೲ€ >@▎ỜಖӪ෦ḫໟ৑੃૟€ળΠಗೡc >@▎֥ᴋӪ෦մhᘦ᪎᭢୨டَ€сુ͉Ꮋ€ႄᠧ྽c >@ૹᦒ᧥ફґմh᪲ୖᇐྲྀ▪⦦া‫€נ‬஛૟ᵤ᱆€ຖ੅൵޴ಖૅ€ᡢᠲ᧥Ᏼc >@⦡ͭ३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մh૮ᵸӨಠճఘட࣓€ᆳᵤᣒட؋€ᛌ࿍€࿍ਾᵤൾeᛌૹ€ૹਾճ஛c >@ૹᦒ᛾ཱིட෦մh૮ᚕӨᵤ⛆㏖㏖ட✔€‫܈‬ᙃ˹Ꭴሊட੐੘டઍ€ቲ͍છᎠடϫ€⪮ଁ͙๧ ‫׊‬ጲ፭€Ἀᢢ˸˸͎c >@⦡ͭग़ᓄӪ෦մhೲ͙આ઄ᵤᠲ੽្€ཀྵ෶ͅಖ͔eѲ੘ᵤኸϹ߸€ཀྵ෶᱆ಖⳁeӋࣽᵤ⎈ Ꭴᥧ€ཀྵ෶ࡵಖຒc >@ဠΠմhಔͨલӋடੌ‫׉‬Ө͎€ᎆਿ֔ί€͙␊ేᖋ€͙ൗ੿ફ઄ჹҊᝬடᏮ€͙ฟҊᄮగ Ꮋடဧ€͙ຑᵤযᵤ℡டᤆc >@᫐̧ᥫફӋմhӷਾடဧ͍௎࿶€ᵤ൴ᵤ⡻€ᥫ҈ᵤ᭡c >@᯻▪⥿ಱ᮷೺঩մh૮ਾ‫ܨ‬ᯊҊί€ચᔍᒛᒛ€ੌඥᏊӃቀட᭸€ᇮ῿৑᣾੐य़€̂૑ఙᑐ ̧Π€౾౾ᵤ෶෷c૮̧෋᭑ᗁ೺ᓛ€਀๫ഃၗચَ҂€িᵤၟ჈‫⤀͔ث‬ઊ඾ ġġ‫ଁݲ‬षྲྀᓌ᮴c␊‫ڠ‬ഗடࣈ૨዗͎€ཀྵ፣षԳ€෋ᔗࣽੌଁՈ়͎c

ՍМ ~ഗ‫ڠ‬ടͬЎ೩ြલ€҈▪ඬ᣾᮸€Ӄᵤ‫ث‬೩c >@‫ݳ‬Π̧சմḩச˻hn˹೩ᯅପ૽€೩ຨ๾ហ€๯๾ᓅ€થᎻઠ€ಖӃԛᩲcoġġx̧ ச˻yຖ΢Ԇഗ€ྲྀ͙x˹y␊ടͬc҈Ў೩ြឝഗ€͙ಖ▪ඬ᣾᮸ӷߪ€ཀྵx˹y઻ᵤລӿ ೩ᩲc >@ᗥ͔᪎մhதੌଁ✔㐷€Ꮛᵤຨಖ̐eੌଁ஛ᒣ€Ꮛᵤຨಖ̐eੌଁႄᏚ€Ꮛᵤຨಖ̐eੌ ଁԀᤆ€Ꮛᵤຨಖ̐cġġூ‫ڠڙ‬М€ഗМ€ྲྀ͙xதy␊ടͬ€҈xதyέ೩ြឝഗ€ຖᏋ ᵤລ೩ᩲc >@▎մhਾடಖଁ്‫҈נ‬ᘼԳmmġġூ‫ڠڙ‬Ԇ€ഗԆ€ᓌ੿€ྲྀ͙xਾy઻␊ട͎ͬc >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝᲽմhຏᩍட҈ࢎြᤞ€ॣட҈චြ˶€ੑட҈૊ြᏡ€Ꮛ⩹ᵤেಣ҈६ຏᩲcġ ġூ‫€̜ڠڙ‬ഗМ€ᙼ಴ഗ೺€ྲྀ͙xຏyห઻␊ട͎ͬc‫ݳ‬Πዑᤠ˴ᦊ€ብᇊ˴ഗͭxਸ ̧y€͙Ө΢ͭਸ̧ட๬૟€ྲྀ๫ടͬ€҈˴َxՖ̧ᵤ͙ࠗᚸ࿥y€˴َ€x̧⧲๛y҈ ԛcť ᵤདಣ͎€▎΢ഗ‫ڠ‬ടͬଁኜட઻€๫‫ݳ‬ಖ␊ടͬ€␊ुͬ€Ўԛલ೩ᩲ€Ꮛ▪ඬ᣾Ө€͙ຖ ടͬྲྀᵤӃናc >@஥෦ស▗̡੾Ԇᮇմhԫ൳๛Ӌ€mm‫€⚊ڟ‬ୗެcmm᩷டᵠቕђᎫቧ᫟ட˼cġġூМ ഗ€xԫ൳๛Ӌyഗ€xԫ൳yടͬ€xӋyु͎ͬcx‫⚊ڟ‬yடടͬxԫ൳y͎exୗެy டടͬxӋy͎€x᩷டyடടͬટxӋy͎c͙xԫ൳y᩷xӋy˴␊ടͬ€˴␊ुͬ€Ў ԛલ೩ᩲ€ཀྵ͙ຖ‫ݲ‬ഗடടͬ€ྲྀનӿ೩ࣽಣ͎c >@▎᫐▗╺ᮇմh᎙ঈ€▗ᔎᵤӷc‫ڟ‬ห€ୗެ€ཀྵ࣭สఠc >@▎մhᶀ€‫܂‬ᳯြບਾ᭶€Ŧୗຨ€ᘔட೩ằcौચ€⨟ᙲြᔍc >@▎Ѯ▗̡੾╺ᮇմh⧲๛€ຑြযcឲ৑€ӣடcཹ᳼€̜ᢨcЎੑ€෋ળc >@▎ઠ▗੾એᮇմh̰๰ଷ▗҈೩டc᩷டَ€ࢅc࢞டཀྵ€ఛcḈட͙ು€ᵤఝcġġ‫ݲ‬ष ྲྀᏵഗ౮᮸҈Ө€҈౲˴ടͬᵤ˴€යЎ೩ြલ€ཀྵᵤລ᳼c >@᫐̧‫׉‬ਉմh೰̧਀ᵤ೩ઊᆌ∖ֳࣽ‚षடᏋཕ€ৢடᏋ໤cຏ€ਾடଁष€⪮षਾ͎€ཀྵ ཕ໤҈ᵤຨ᳥ြਾcġġூ‫€̜ڠڙ‬ഗԆ€ᭁxषடyxৢடyᚾ‫ڠ‬ട̰ͬxᆌ∖ࣽy€xᏋ ཕyxᏋ໤yᚾഗടͬЌxᆌ∖y͎cxਾடଁषy€▎˴‫͎ڠ‬cຖᚾഗ€Ꮛ͙xຏy઻␊ട ͬᩲc 254

ȉ‫ݳ‬Πዑᤠᦊઍ€ഗੌടͬࣽ૔ੌnಖ੐શᥩ๛ԍ€☬☬َ€࡜ঀӂo€n̫નࡃ€ᵤ۶ॣo €xಖyx̫yྲྀടͬc ȉxບਾyᭁx෹ਾyட߉€ᦢ~Ჷъťc

ՍԆ ~๫Ꭿఝ઻€ઐ๫ടͬcxੌyx๫yᚾ઻€ᔐટᓌԳcಣ೩ೲᇊМᏙ๫Ꭿఝ઻᩷ᓌ ఝ઻Өc

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256

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Ս̜ ~⸝๬ഗ‫€ڠ‬ળఝᓌࣽ€˴೩҈ԛ€ӨഗӃय़c΢ぽ೺ఝ઻€َ͙ടͬடᅥࣽ€˻ળ ఝc >@஥෦ស▗੾Ԇᮇմhԫ൳ެᕶઍ͔ઊ€Ў҈ྲྀఉடeᕶ੅൅͙Ѳ೺Ӫ٪Ԇ€૞ᦑលߓ€᣶ ٬௺઄€ぽ٬ጓᐘ٪€Ў҈ᵤ᩷cġġxԫ൳ެy̜઻€xԫ൳yട͎ͬ€xެyળఝ͎cଁ ެࣽ€xᕶઍ͔ઊy᩷xᕶ੅൅y͎€҈xᕶ੅൅yடળఝ઻␊xެy઻ᓌֳឝഗ€ཀྵ⎥டc >@‫̧׳‬᭑ᦊ੿մhԪᔄಖ͙ॎ‫ס‬ட⦁Ӆਣ€નᔄ͙ಁৈ͎cġġxԪᔄyຖᚾ⸝‫€ڠ‬ળఝ઻ ЌxӅਣy͎cཀྵᇊ̡‫ڠ‬ぽ⎥ઋcť >@஥෦ᙦ▗˸ᮇմhલӋடಂ€͔⇝ᵤमᦢᓛட˴€ઍԆட˴€͓౪ட˴cġġೲधմx͔ ⇝ᵤमᦢᓛட˴€ઍ⇝ᵤमԆᓛட˴€͓⇝ᵤम౪ᓛட˴y͎c૮͙̜ഗᓌࣈ€ཀྵຖ̡ഗ€΢ ᩷ឝഗᓌࣽᦑ⎥ᩲc >@▎ᦅ▗̡੾˴ᮇմh௎͔ᗬ€ᗥԳ͙Ֆᅐᐺ᩷ಖ͔ೱ€ಖࡪᣏཎᦘᰝ€ಖ͓ࣽ̈́ॢುྏ€ ೲᣒᗬ͎cġġ̜‫ڠ‬ળఝྲྀxᗥԳy€೺ఝ઻€ཀྵέ˴೩c >@⦡ͭা঩մhᮇ੾ᤡ€Ꮛӗཀྵ▪€̡੾҈᣶୉к३cġġᵤ˻xᮇ̡੾yࣽ€xᮇy઻ԛ લ೩͎c >@ૹᦒ᧥ફґմh೦ຖ೫َhn૎ੌमໟ̧๼€ྲྀ͔ᤇoc᧥Ᏼᔎ€˻hnન߽co̰‫ٹ‬ ٬€ᔎ୨⬔c୨⬔˻hnዑࣽઊਾந̧ྲྀ͙Ֆcoġġधմxྲྀ͙Ֆᤇy͎cᵤَxᤇyࣽ€ ԛ೩ြ᮴͎c >@⦡ͭஊӋᡴӪ෦մh෶๏ᅿ͔൴ࣽ€ᖀ૱Ԇ֔ᝥ€໿᭑տ€Ӫ൴̜֔ᝥ€໿Ԇ֔տ€᝛൴ ̡֔ᝥ€໿̡֔տ€̡֔҄֔ᝥ€໿֔տ€֔҄ԆҊᝥ€໿ԆҊտ€ྲྀ␊Ӫ൳cġġឝഗx෶ ๏ᅿy̜઻€‫ڠ‬டળఝ͎cxᖀ૱y€ឝഗடળఝ͎€ྲྀ˴೩Ҍ€ຖ๰⎥c >@⦡ͭᎾᎫӪ෦մhྃ᩷Ӌ‫܆‬એί€ᵤᔄએҊίcġġय़˴x‫܆‬y઻cŦ 257

>@᫐̧ম⁎࿍մh〈੒ਾடᵸ€Ꮛఛ͙߬ᮒ€ήᏋ͙ᒧ€്͔Ꮛԛᩲcġġᇊ˴‫ڠ‬᩷ᇊ˴ഗ ྲྀᢢ€͙ຖᚾ‫ڠ‬ᚾഗ€΢ᓌࣽྲྀ⎥ᩲcᵤ⎥Ꮛմx〈ήடᵸ€Ꮛఛ͙ᒧ€〈്͔டᵸ€Ꮛᵤఛ ᩲycເಣഗц€Ꭻᵤᾫ೩€௓᪍ᯊᏋ͙ՊᚐҌc ▎ଁ΀ળఝࣽ€Ќഗ‫ڠ‬டΠ͎ͬc ť>@xԪᔄyຖέੌ˴‫€ڠ‬Ќxಖ͙ॎ‫ס‬ட⦁Ӆਣy€೥˴‫ڠ‬x͙ಁৈyᏋ੐xનᔄyட ຖc▎€ળఝ઻ೲxӅy€⪮xӅਣyc Ŧ>@xᵤᔄyຖय़x᩷Ӌ‫܆‬y̜઻€⪮อ˴x‫܆‬y઻€ έೲӃ͙έ‫ث‬ચx‫܆‬y઻҈ᵤ‫ث‬ચx᩷Ӌy҈ԛc

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ՍԆ ~ഗ‫ڠ‬ोͬ€຤຤͙଻bหbዼb‫␊ڠ‬டࣽ€҈ടbोᚾͬடᔐ€๫ᚧఛ␊ᔐࣽ€ᤣ ͎cಣટᓉ೩ြ᮴Ꮩᩲ€҈ད߆ြ̜ᏙடोͬᲽc >@஥෦ᙦ▗˸ᮇմh▗˻hnಂ€ᤨೱ͎coġġxᤨೱyઐ଻҈␊ो͎ͬ€ťxಂyಖട ͎ͬcઍ๫ᚧఛເx␊yxೲyxЌyட໫€ብx⪮y઻ᵤय़c >@▎մh૮૜ᵤষ€⪮ಂ͎cġġxಂy▗଻҈␊ोͬ€കx⪮y઻͙ࢧಖᵤයc >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣੿մh▎˻hnᇮಖઢ€๫ೠಖᰳࣽ€ത͎‚oġġxതy€ޯᔎห઻҈␊ो ͬ€ടͬ˴‫€ڠ‬๫ᚧఛᔐԳc >@஥෦ᙦ▗੾˴ᮇմhͨ€ဠடୟ͎̐cġġxͨyടͬ€xဠடୟ̐y€ⱷࡪடዼ€ोͬ ͎€ઍ๫ᚧͬᦢԳc >@▎ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմhઊ‫€ݞ‬ඍೠbᏑ᜿bἈ͔bસ؋b૊Ꮋb଼Ꭴbᵔᕏ͎ࣽcġġ x‫ݞ‬y˴઻ടͬ€Ө͠ఝ઻᩷ಖुͬ஡␊˴ዼ€ᓌ␊ो͎ͬc >@▎ᴼ▗̡ᮇմhઊ೶೚€ᦉ๬࣭€ᰉᎡࡣ€Ֆ᩷ᓛ۩டଁᓙ͎€⪮̧͔ட૟͎cġġಣഗ ട̜ͬዼ€ोͬ˴‫€ڠ‬ઍ๫ᚧͬ␊ᔐcજഗxઆ̧ட૟y˴ዼ€ोͬᔐ͙x⪮y઻€ࢧಖᵤ යc ೲᏋ଻bหbዼb‫ڠ‬டӃ␊ोͬ҈๫ᚧఛകԳࣽ€ድଁष҈ԛࡵc᮴Ꮩ໫ಣࣽ૨ᩲ€Ӄልᔗ Գcብଁष໫ྲྀੌ‫ࣽ઻׊‬c૮ᅐषोͬட๫‫઻׊‬๫ᚧఛ͙ࣽ␊Ꮛc >@‫ݳ‬Πલјմhຒ๬€ๅѠ€ᴼ̧ᢺ€ઘ൅਺€වӞcَΠ€ૉͨ€̧៤c >@▎╺ⱑմhಖ᠏͎€Ֆ̧c >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өմhၟಖ᳥ࣽ€ብਸС͍c >@஥෦ᦅ▗̡ᮇմh஢ᨈਾ€࡜̡̧̜c >@᳁̧ዤَᲽᇊ੾̡մhೡμட҈ᤆृ€ብ᧣€ೡུட҈ᤆ૨ࣽ€ብ‫܈‬c ġġ‫ݲ‬षोͬ€๫‫׊‬๫ᚧcകxብy઻ࣽ€ᦉఛ͎c 258

xᤨೱy⪮ઐ଻c

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>@▎ਸ▗஽Υྡմh▗ᱏَ€߽ਾ€ᮆடᏋእᆁ૽ໟ੏ᚳ␊ᨉ€ӲடᏋাໟྱኃ҈ᓉcಣᣎ ᵝҌ€നӃা‫ڙ‬୯ે€ᵤᵸ᩷‫ݳ‬ೲ⪮c >@▎ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻մhಣᎡ€ҝບଁᒅ€͛ኸಖ⭜৐␊˹᧝ଁయ᰹ࣽൂடc >@▎ᚬᵠ૳ઠఛմhᦥட૟୙▪ᦊ€ग़ἱЎ␊ட෦€ཀྵสઠఛ€͙Ωፇઠ€͙෦ြຖ€͙‫ޞ‬ ಖ⬔๼€҈ጓಖఔઠ€͙᧝ᦥઢմc ġġ‫ݲ‬षྲྀᓌࣈc ੌ͙xಣy઻एឝ€҈ຖ͙xடy઻‫ث‬ኜࣽc >@๣ᐘស▗̡ᮇմhಣઍၟ͙੿̰෶᧻ட€ә༇℡Ֆઍၟ͙Ө͎c ⛎ੌ͙xಣy઻หxடy઻͙␊‫ث‬ኜࣽc >@Ờ᲼մhઊᆳ஑੅டඬ͙ぽඊಖఘ€᳥๫मಣࣽcġġxಣyኜ᮴ዼc යᵤ௎xԳyหxடy઻ட␊ਊ೩͎c >@஥෦ស▗̡੾̜ᮇմhԫᴋᓌ෡€ಖ्̧᭿€ᓒ൴ᗥԳcġġxԳyኜx̧᭿yc >@▎մḩৣ̛ᣍ€ᏋՖੌட€ְ͊ᢋఢ€ᏋՖϫ૳ԳcġġxԳyኜ੿М઻€᩷xடy઻ ӈ▪€ଁ͙ᓳഗ͎c >@⦡ͭ३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մh΁ઊடَ€ःਾኸԳc >@▎඄྅ૅմh΁ઊடᏚ€ၫࣽઠԳeᰙࣽଁᲕ€ᵎࣽᨕԳc >@᯻▪಻َմ ̡▗ࣽ€ԪՖ๛଺ͷԳ€͙␊۩ြ‫׉‬Ө҈ড়આԩடсc ġġ‫ݲ‬ಣषྲྀ͙xԳyหxடy͎c ಖੌୗఛ҈ᵤ‫ث‬ኜࣽh >@‫ݳ‬Πલјմḩ˻hn㎇⬔᩷Ֆ€ટᵤ๰͎coġġ ଁxᵤ๰yࣽ€x㎇⬔᩷Ֆy͎€xᵤy઻ಙԳ€ཀྵᵤ‫ث‬ኜc >@▎⢵҈մh௎ः᩷౯€ᏋԪি۶‚ġġxি۶yᚾ઻€ᶀࢅடఛ͎c >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣੿մhઊः€ਸ̧ᵤုc >@▎մhᚔ᩷ᵤ᪫€Ֆ̧ᵤ઎͎c >@▎̧࢞੿մh˴Ჲੑ€˴Ӊ᭽€ຨடᏋ૳€ୗຨᏋ҅cġġྲྀ᮴ઢ͎c >@▎᭑ᦊ੿մhΠմhnࣇຒட˹€Ֆᵤຨ҈ә€⬔ᵤຨ҈̧coġġಣഗ᩷nःਾ€Ԫᵤ ຨ೩டᩲoᓌࣈ€҈xடy઻Ꮛ˴๫˴ੌࣽ€Πᰳ෋යc >@஥෦ᙦ▗੾˴ᮇմh΢ӂᏨဧᕏᕶ€๫⓸ြެc >@▎ស▗͠ᮇմhઊ‫ݲ‬൳டᤄ€ಖຒҠᗥហ€๫ᓛᵤͭc >@▎ẏ▗੾Ԇմhᔢය€٪ӨடᏩ€ੌ͙ᓛᖴ€ᵤ෶๰͎c >@࿍Πմh௎ઊ ᱦடಢ€࿍ᔢዜ᧲€ᵤ෶͎ᨗc >@⦡ͭা঩մhࡵఘᵎՖ᧣ә҅ហட˹€ፇ␊આ⦡҈ୗ‫ݳ‬๦€᥮‫׉‬Өட⦡▪€ፇ⬤ᒣԳc >@ૹᦒ᙭ਣ෦մh͔Ӻடҋ€͙␊஑ૹᵤ෶ә͎c >@▎᧥ફґմhᮇ୨ᥖ঒€ഝ⡓c >@᯻▪೚ࢅմhԄᵌᏚ೚Ҋ̑டਾ€Ֆ̧ᵤᢋc >@▎Ჾ൳୔ᦒմhাԆҮட೺€Ҋ‫ا‬டᦒ€નੌᔄ҈ᵤ૦€ຨ҈ᵤድࣽc ġġ‫ݲ‬षఝ઻€ੌୗఛ␊ಙ€ࠪഗ઻ԛ྇€Ꮛᵤລകห઻͙‫ث‬ኜᩲc ಖകࣽᏋ͙ห઻લఝ઻€᩷Өဤᓌ€ଁᰗࣽ€Өဤ๫ឝएடΠҌcŧ >@‫ݳ‬Πၕᜑ▗մḩ˻hnΰӉட૟€ᏋॣᔄடᩲeᎡࡣட૟€નட᪎͎coġġ ಖ̡ഗxનட᪎͎y€xடy̰x᪎y઻ुͬ€‫ث‬ኜ᮴ዼ€૮͙લֳx᪎y઻ࣽ€Ꮛxનy઻ டཀྵ͎c >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣Өմh౯ၫ€ဠ▗નடᦑ͎c >@▎ᖭ▪▗੿h‫ݲ‬൳டᗥ€Ԫનட᪎͎c >@஥෦ស▗̡੾╺ᮇմh࿍Ֆட᧷€નட۶᧯€ೲ͙੐ಣc ġġ‫ݲ‬षྲྀੌxનy઻␊ಙ€ཀྵ͙‫ث‬ኜห઻લֳಖ೺ఝ઻͎c͙੿‫ݲ‬ष€ಖएឝࣽ€ ଻bหbዼ̜ࣽ҈ԛc ҈લட͙‫ثͬु͙▎€ڠ‬ኜࣽ€ટಣဤ͎c >@ᗥઍ᥷մhཀྵದࣽ‫ګ‬ட€໴ࣽӼடcġġxದࣽyx໴ࣽy⤴ട€ੌ൏˴‫€ڠ‬xடy઻ኜ டc >@‫ݳ‬Π̧சմhӃࣽ᩷ட€ಖᵤӃࣽႰடc >@▎▗‫ۇ‬Ρմh୨ࣽ૊ட€Ꮧଶൾட€ृࣽᡂடc >@‫̧׳‬᭑੿մhԆ੾҈యࣽ€լြ͔‫ס‬೩டᩲc >@▎ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մh๫ၽભ҈ੌၽ͍ࣽ€ብ˹␊෶c >@▎ᦑ͍੿մhՖ̧ုೲᓛ͎€ಖՖဧட€Ꮛ૊ૄᰟඐcŨ >@஥෦ᦅ▗̡੾એᮇմh͔ઊ⥹ြ᧸ࣽ€࿪ಖ‫҈ج‬᩷டَ€⦁⥹ࣽা᧬቏ட€⥹ြᔍࣽ€໋ ட҈ԛc >@⦡ͭഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦մh‫َݲ‬ᗬࣽ€ྲྀᳵடc 260

>@▎֥ᴋӪ෦մhᢐԚࣽ€᮳ຑடeᵤᢐԚࣽ€ᵤ෶⛆೩c >@ૹᦒ߱ђΩ෦մhَ̐ࣽ€΀டࠞញ€▦मࣽ€΀டᏹَc >@᯻▪ެᓛ▗ᝬ⦁᜻մhাԪజ㛊€Ԇఠြࡥࣽ€Ԫொᬥ҈࡝ኡடഃᦑcයᵤ˴㒠ण€ᵤᵸ ૭ճ䋒c >@▎᩷ၕઍ๬ᦒմh᧊ֳԚࣽ€Ԫ൴ຕடe᧊ֳ‫ֳ᧊׉‬ਾࣽ€Ԫ൴എຏ҈ᵤဧԪୡԳc >@▎੿சྃ᭹ᦒմhಖଁᵤ෶€ᵤ஑෋␊c ġġ‫ଁݲ‬षྲྀ͙‫ڠ‬લടͬ€҈Ө▪ुͬӃኜԳcಖᵤኜࣽ€ੌୗఛ͎cũ‫̧׳‬nብ˹␊෶o˴ ഗᵤ‫ث‬ኜࣽ€x෶y઻டલԛੌx␊y઻€ཀྵઍ᥷մn࡜ःࣽ෶டo᩷ಣᓌ҈ᰗࣽ€⪮᩷‚ ӷ>@ૹᦒᚾ㭦෦մh്ή᭿੐ᣄસࣽ€ԛ‫ޞ‬ਾ᧊ᔎcġġಣ๫ୗఛ҈ᵤ‫ث‬ኜࣽ€ ͙x᧊ᔎy̡઻ԛ྇ᩲ€കxடy઻͙ᦢட€Ꮛᵤ☬ӗᩲ€ଁ΀ᯛΦࣽಣ͎c ᔐੌ͙ᜯͬલ᳼ࣽc >@஥෦᫐▗౪ᮇմḩԤ€്͎€‫ڟ‬Ֆ‫ט‬டc᳁ӣ€ᐡ͎€‫҈تڟ‬ච͍Գcġġᇊ˴ഗ€ᤣ ဤ͎cᇊ̡ഗxච͍Գyࣽ€धմxච͍ြ᳁ӣy͎€ೲx᳁ӣy␊ᜯͬ€૮લ᳼€ ҈͙xԳy઻‫ث‬ኜடc >@▎Ѯ▗੾̜ᮇմhഥହ˻hn‫ݲ‬൳ᵤӃ͙ᵤՊ࣓coġġधմxᵤӃᵤՊ࣓ြ‫ݲ‬൳y͎c x‫ݲ‬൳yલ᳼€ຖ๫‫€ࣽث‬ᵤఛಙ͎c >@୛᲼մhઊᵤԀҊίடᤆ҈‫֔ث‬ίட೺€‫ڙ‬๫मြಣࣽcġġxြಣyࣽ€ᜯ͎ͬ€‫ث‬ኜ ᮴ዼc >@‫ݳ‬Π੎൅մhỮ̧˻hn͙෶ᔎြᵤ෶€͙૨ᔎြᨈ€ੌ௎๫€ᨗ௎਼€ͩ҈ᵤᇭ€ಔࣽ Ԫଶॣ๰૟ြᓄᩲcoġġxြᓄyࣽ€ᜯ͎ͬ€ኜ᮴Ԇዼc ಣဤ೩ြᓌࡪᲷ҈ન߆€Ū͙ಖ␊สૅଁ‫€ث‬ཀྵᆇष͙ᦑಖ዗c ȉಣഗ᧵΀h೺ఝ઻᮴ੌ҃સͬ€ເੌห઻␊ुͬ€Ꮛฎြ೺ఝ઻᮴c ȉ>@ुͬᥫೲx㪣াЎࣀ҈຤ࣽy€ᵤέೲx㪣y˴઻c ȉn᩷Өဤᓌ€ଁᰗࣽ€Өဤ๫ឝएடΠҌo੾Ԇ઻੐ಣ᭶ጓ€ ᗉೲ࿿᲻cӨဤxᎡࡣட૟yᇐྲྀឝएடΠc ȉ>@ઍxடy઻‫ث‬ኜxՖ̧y€⪮ኜxՖ̧ုೲᓛ͎y˴‫ڠ‬c ȉxୗఛyᎫ߉สxᵤఛyc ȉಣኜ~Ჷ€നຏᣫέ‫ݳ‬٬ुͬલ᳼€ન٬ᜯͬલ᳼c

Ս̡ ~΢೺ఝ઻ಙ͙ୗఛ€ࠪടͬ␊x⩹yx๫yᇐ઻€ಖुͬເ␊ห઻ࣽ€ᾫฎֳ೺ఝ டલc⪮ห઻҈લԳࣽᭁᨈc ~೺ఝ઻ੌୗఛ€ࠪടͬ␊x๫yx⩹yᇐ઻€ťಖुͬ௎␊ห઻€ฎ੐೺ఝ઻ட લ€ಣဤԛ߆ြᏙடМ೺ఝ઻ᲽᩲcŦ௓ᅐӿা዗೬Ꮛ͙ࡵடc ೺ఝ઻ੌୗఛc >@஥෦ᦅ▗੾ᮇմhፇ஛ఠ૽€͙ᵤৣ߽cġġx߽y઻೺ఝ€ಖुͬxৣy€ห઻€ཀྵલ Գc >@▎Ѯ▗੾̡ᮇմh૮ᴋਾᤛ᰹ಖ˼€҈ᵤͨ᩷€ͨ௎૦ட€ಖֳ᩷ͨ‚ >@▎ઠ▗એᮇմh̜ห૽Ꮾ€๯ᵤു⭵cкૹ߳ᦊ€࿍ட⭵͎€ᗩᗊடӷ€ᵤೲम͎c >@▎ᦅ▗એᮇմḩప᭹̧ⲣடᔍ€˻hnഃೡ҈ᵤͨ๰co >@᫐̧ၟಲ୉մhԪᔎ΁Ꮎ€΁Ꮎઍ‫҈ͨ࢞܈‬ᵤͨ࢞€⪮ᵤͨ࢞€ઍ‫᧯҈࢞܈‬ட͎c >@▎ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մhͨᖤ௎€௎ᵤԪᖤ€ͨ຀ೲ͎€҈຀⪮͎؈‚ >@▎ӷᏚմhԪድઊฤடᏚ᪍ं໖ࣽ€

යເ൴ᵤຨԛ€҈ྲྀ˻Ꮪࣽ€ԪનடᏚ͎€ટનட ᵤᏚ͎cġġ‫ݲ‬षुͬห઻લֳಖఝ઻ࣽ€͙ఝ઻␊ୗఛଁಙ͎c ടͬ␊x⩹yc >@ᤗΠմhཀྵ‫׉‬Ө͓ᓛ‫ݲ‬൳Ўެၣ▗€⩹ட۶ఉcġġx⩹ட۶ఉyࣽ€x⩹۶ఉடy͎c x⩹y␊ടͬ€xடy̰લԳc >@஥෦સ▗Мᮇմhᤄᓌᴤ€ខੌၻَ€⩹டс͎€ಖ෋Ᏻฐ๰c >@▎ᦅ▗̡੾͠ᮇմhઊ͙ൾӣਾ€҈͙ඵ‫ޚ‬ட€͛⩹ட͎᩷c >@ಖ̡੾╺ᮇմhઊ̧ᢔ€⩹டु€͛ᵤચcġġ̜षྲྀ͙x⩹y઻␊ടͬ€ुͬଁ͙લ ͎cልᔗᏙМ೺ఝ઻€Ꮛക߆Գc ȉӨ๫ടͬ␊x๫yߣဤഗc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc

261

~ुͬ⪮ห઻҈ੌલԳࣽc >@஥෦Ѯ▗̡੾Мᮇմh୨ઊಖᓛૅᵤ෶῎€۶٬Ӌ઺‚ġġ धմx୨ઊᵤ෶῎ಖᓛૅy͎cxᓛૅy଻઻€҈ટલԳᩲc >@▎ᙦ▗੾˴ᮇմhᨈਾ࡜ೲ˴̡⬔ή€ᵤ෶ூෟ€ಖ۶͙ެা␊؋ֳ‚ġġधմxᨈਾ࡜ ᵤ෶ூෟೲ˴̡⬔ήy͎c >@⦡ͭ̈͊ઐґմhә҅೰ᵤ✫€℆ж૊ᵸఛ‚ġġधմxә೰ᵤ✫҅€૊ఛ℆жy͎c >@᛾̧३ᴤᲽմhᚕӨြ३᣶Ӌ€ᵤӃ΀ృᩲcġġය҈३᣶Ӌ‫̧׉‬டцЊฦ҈ୗဧ͎eᤃ ફட૽ЊႶ໴҈ᵤ๬͎cġġxЊy઻€಻ͬጓເxᏋy઻cx‫̧׉‬டцy€xᤃફட૭yᚾ ुͬલ᳼c ᵤདಣ͎€ >@ᦒ᭜වட૽մh߆̰ᗂᜮ€ᓗ͙ྈَۨᓨষ€Ꮛլ˴ਾ€ߵ᣽cġġxߵ᣽yࣽ€x᣽ ߵy͎€xߵyᔢห઻€҈x᣽y๫ୗͬ€ટલԳᩲc >@▎Ֆ‫‮‬մh૮૽ӂլᦳ€สᔰᔳ͍ᯞcġġxլᦳyࣽ€xᦳլy͎€ᓌ੿c >@ᬃ̧በதᲽմhೲ๫િཀྵԳ€ࠪ␊ட€ࠪᵤ␊ӂcġġ᥹๰մ˸౽€ Ջxᵤ␊yӨਐxடy઻€ंᦒсӅ๫xடy઻€ྰΥ΀nxடy઻ࣶ੿҈य़͎o€ೲ͎c҃ Ꮛᥫմxࠪᵤட␊ӂy͎cť ȉx᥹yኜ᥹▪ẵ€⛖๬੾̧ᢢᦒઐᬃ̧଻␊ॲ᛿ᇭઐ€ᨗચ᥹▪ẵ‫ج‬cxྰΥyኜӋ૬உߣ ‫ྰᦒڠ‬Υc

Ս̜ ~ޯᔎห઻␊ुͬ€Ꮛલಖఝ઻e␊ҝͬ€Ꮛલಖ૾઻cಣဤ߆̡Ꮩޯᔎห઻Ჷcť >@‫ݳ‬Π̧߱մḩ൴ᜍલ‚ġġxᜍyुͬ€૮લxલy઻€ޯᔎห઻͎c >@▗೷ẏ▗એᮇմhઊ୩ຆ␊ચֳᔋ‚ġġxຆ␊yࣽ€x␊തy͎cxຆyલ૾઻€ટޯ ᔎห઻͎c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc

ՍМ ~ुͬલֳఝ઻ࣽ€ჱ▪͎cఝ઻ເੌୗఛࠪੌᗉఛࣽ€૕ᦢxடy઻eఛᰳ‫☡؜‬ ࣽ€ࠪᦢxೲy઻cಣဤ߆͠Ꮩxடy઻Ჷcť >@஥෦ស▗੾ԆᮇմhՖহடᵤ῎€҈ंәೲԀ€᧷டӷ͎cġġधմxՖᵤእಖহ҈ብԀ ंәy͎€ྲྀჱ▪͎c˴ੌୗఛ€Ꮛᦢxடy઻€˴ੌᦉఛ€ŦᏋᦢxೲy઻c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉxᦉఛyኜxብy઻ᇐ€ᰝ‫ا‬Ν␊ಣᣫᙦੋxብy઻c

᭧М ~΢ᜯͬึြఝ઻ࣽ€ಖલຖடฎ᩷ଁဧ૾઻€˴͙ଁՍఝ઻ட໫␊Ꮚc˻ఝ઻€Ꮛ ぽb೺ఝ઻᩷‫ت‬ఝྲྀ᪍Գc೺ఝbぽఝ᩷‫ت‬ఝடᜯͬ€ಖฎடલຖ᩷ଁဧ૾઻€ԛ߆МᏙcť ೺ఝ઻ᜯͬc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhӋເ၅౯۩ြᎻcġġx၅y೺ఝ઻€xြᎻyᚾ઻ຖடࣽ€ಖᜯͬ ͎c >@▎ᦑ͍੿մhሪӨ᧷ᵤ͙̜▗๻ಖ૾cġġx๻y೺ఝ઻͎cx͙̜▗y̜઻લடࣽ€ಖ ᜯ͎ͬc >@▎̧࢞੿մhःਾ᩷ͨᓌ໫ࣽcġġx᩷ͨyᚾ઻લֳxᓌy઻c >@੅᲼մhә஛Ӌ␊әடቔუ͎cġġx␊әyᚾ઻લֳxቔy઻c >@஥෦ᙦ▗˸ᮇմh▗Πடཀྵ€೰࢞டᑺcġġxΠyx࢞yᚾఝ઻ຖଁੌxཀྵyxᑺyᚾ ઻€ྲྀᜯͬ€ຈ๫૾઻␊૾cŦ͙੿ଁष€೺ఝ઻டᜯ͎ͬc ‫ت‬ఝ઻ᜯͬc >@ᬃ̧ඐᱝᲽմh⛖ࣽᤣಂਾ€ᨰࣽᤣಂြਾcġġxಂyఝ઻€xြਾyࣽ€‫ت‬ఝடᜯͬ ͎cಣ‫ت‬ఝ‫ࣈݲ‬ட˴c ぽఝ઻ᜯͬc >@⦡ͭ⤠ՖӪ෦մhᤣਾ૊ြཀྵฤ€᪎ࣽ޽ြଁᔄcġġx૊yx޽y̡઻€ぽఝ͎€ಖᜯ ͬ૾xՋy઻҈ຖԳc >@‫̧׳‬ᖭ▪▗੿մhઊ౯۩€͛াҮဳᆠcġġxᆠyぽఝ઻€ಖᜯͬ૾xাy઻҈લԳc 262

>@஥෦ស▗̡੾╺ᮇմhԫ൳ᬞ᩷࿍̧ᆆcġġxᆆyぽఝ઻€ಖᜯͬ૾x᩷y઻҈ટલ Գc͙੿‫ݲ‬ष€ぽఝ઻டᜯ͎ͬc ӷ‫ݲ‬ᜯͬଁᣫલຖடฎ€ಖᤣಖ዗€ྲྀ߆МᏙc ȉӃ⠣Ꮚᦢᜎ~~~஡Ჷc ȉ~Ჷࢅhnx༻yx࢞ymm‫ݲ‬ఝ઻ຖੌᚾुͬ€˴ͭଁΠடਾ€˴ͭଁΠட૟c oຈ᪍ಣഗ␊ဤմhnxΠyx࢞yᚾ઻ຖ€xடyኜ࢞Πடਾ€˻xཀྵy˻xᑺy̰࢞Πட ૟coӃ೩ೲ͙xཀྵyxᑺy␊ुͬ€᩷ಣᣫࢅnxཀྵyxᑺyᚾ઻ྲྀᜯͬoᵤᓌc

Ս˴ ~ͭᣫᜯͬ€ੌੌ૾b๫૾டᏊc ᮴Ꮩ‫ͭݳ‬ᣫᵤ˴ಖᣫ€᚝ြぽఝ઻ࣽ€Ꮛ߆ြМᏙぽఝ઻Ჷe͙ͭಙ઻ࣽ€Ꮛ߆ြ͠Ꮩಙ઻e ͙ͭ଻઻ࣽ€Ꮛ߆ြ̜ᏙடᨸࡪᲷcಣՍଁ‫ݳ‬๫૾઻ࣽ€ᓌᨸࡪᲷ€ፇᓌぽఝ઻Ჷc >@஥෦᫐▗̡੾╺ᮇմh࿍▗̧˸ᛌাปᴋ€҈ᣫӋẟcġġxাปᴋyࣽ€َ๰૝டᣫ ͎c >@▎ស▗̡੾̜ᮇմhચြԆ૤€ᯄੑြѦਾcġġᚾxՋy઻€ટَଁা͎cය΢َ๰૝ டᣫ€ᾫ͙xাy઻␊૾€҈᳼લြಖఝ઻cť >@⦡ͭӋફඒմhԪॣҋӷ⤰ᵿ€ಲमҹ૤€૞ᗵြ੘€᣶‫ע‬к३ᩲcġġxमҹ૤yx‫ע‬ к३y€ͭଁҮடᣫ€๫૾઻c >@▎౾૎Ӫ෦մhખᨶᵤা೺€َᵸӨӨઆ̧͎€ᔧᵸӨमઆ̧ြẟcġġxြẟyࣽ€َ આ̧ଁ੐டᣫ͎cxमઆ̧yࣽ€ଁҮ೩டਾ͎€Ꮛ๫૾઻c >@஥෦ᙦ▗˸ᮇմhԆ೧€૥̣€આഥચढ़ூcġġxூyࣽ€ढ़ӷடᣫ͎€๫૾઻c >@▎ស▗МᮇմhᖀͨલՖᳯ€૞ӷြ੘€ҋӷြѲ€᣶ӷြථᡥ€ಲӷြ๫ᅤcġġ Мxӷြyَଁӷடᣫ͎€Ꮛੌ૾઻ᩲc >@▎ỜಖӪ෦մhỜಖॲ঒€Ꮆုᬰ᱔᣶઄டӨcġġxᬰ˼᣶઄Өy€ͭଁ੐டᣫ͎€҈ ๫૾઻ࣽc⦡ૹَଁ੐டϫ€૾઻ᾫ๰⎥͎c >@஥෦᫐▗̡੾╺ᮇմh࿍૭ӟ̧˸‫▪ᦗ܈‬ઊਾ€␊ጦြಖẟྈ€҈Ⴒ᭑Գcġġxြಖẟ ྈyࣽ€ͭଁ੐டᣫ€҈૾͙xՋy઻͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π▗‫ש‬Ρմh੾઺டೱ€͛ੌ᧣ൾເ̫ࣽԳc >@஥෦ᙦ▗˸ᮇմh͔⚊டઍ€ಖᏚ͎ՎՎ€͔⚊ட೺€ಖᏚ͎ДДc >@▎ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմh٪ँடມ€ԫ೚̜ೡ๣€▪▗धੌԀ᭸cŦ >@᫐̧⩎ંմh⩎ં‫آ‬ӷ€ҊჹࣀѲ€й߸ட͔€ᚾᷨ‫ޙ‬ᣲடᔐ€ᵤာ਺ᰝc >@▎ࡃ૳մhਾடଁ६ᰘࣽ€ᖽᥤட੿€࿭ੑடᔐ€҈ᵤၟ␊டᡖࣽ€म͎c >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷ӋӨմhәᔄ඘ᵊடぽ€ੌᓡਿМ੾ίc >@஥෦ᙦ▗੾˴ᮇմhᴋ൅෋ެ͔ઊҊί੄ެഥ͙ုެ૞ⱷc ġġଁषぽੌ͙xೱyxઍyx೺yxມyxᔐyx੿yxぽyxⱷyᇐ઻͙ͭᣫࣽ€Ӆટ߆ ြ̜ᏙடᨸࡪᲷ€Ӄልᔗ͎cŧ ȉ~Ჷմhnͭ๰૝டᣫࣽ€ಖᜯͬᾫ͙xাy઻␊૾€ ҈લຖ๫ᤣco᩷ಣᣫࢅn΢َ๰૝டᣫ€ᾫ͙xাy઻␊૾€҈᳼લြಖఝ઻oᵤᦑໟᓌc> @͙xাy␊૾᳼ຖြఝ઻xᛌyc ȉ٪ँ␊ϫ଻€നx٪ँடມy⪮ϫ଻€᧵Ќx੐٪ँடມ‫آ‬y€ ␊ͭ‫آ‬ᜯͬcࡪᲷ>@ဤx᫚٪டມyᰝ‫ا‬ᛌ৑ͭ‫آ‬ᜯͬc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc

Ս̡ ~ͭ‫آ‬ᜯͬ€ᾫ๫૾ͬ␊૾c >@஥෦ស▗̡੾Мᮇմh᫚٪டມ€Ֆ૽˴ી€ৣЌӷc >@ಖМᮇմhᒊ⓸‫ݲ‬ẟએೡ€▗ӷ€৆҈᱋டc >@▎ᦅ▗੾ᮇմhྏಖᚧ͙ഀြᎡ̜ೡcġġx˴ીyxએೡyx̜ೡy€ྲྀͭഃ‫آ‬டᔐ ͎c >@▎ស▗̡੾̜ᮇմh̡ͨ੾Ԇᮇᩲ€▎ເೲ҈ᐵ€Ꮛ᱆ઈԳc >@‫͍ᦑ̧׳‬Өմh઎ਸ̧҈૝€ӷြ૮€ҊੌፇᤡcġġᚾषྲྀͭЎ຤ӷ૮ட‫͎آ‬c >@஥෦ͅ▗੾╺ᮇմh̡̧̜ဧͨ૮ೡ€҃ટ૮ೡc >@‫ݳ‬Πዑᤠմhઉೡ€͛๛ᖋ҈๛cġġᚾष€ͭ૟ͅட‫͎آ‬c >@஥෦ઠ▗˸ᮇմhു੾ᮇ૳ᚳ€҈੾ᮇ༻৘€̡੾ᮇட೺€ஊಖ␊вֳ >@ૹᦒဠ൹෦մhՖຖ̜ᤡ҈൳€൳╺ᤡ␊൴ໟcġġಣͭન૝ட‫͎آ‬c 263

΢ͭಣМ‫€آ‬໫๫૾઻␊૾€යߪᵤ૲ੌ૾઻டហ€ཀྵ͙Ӫြᜯͬ€ಖ߆Ꮛ೩‫̜ݲ‬Ꮩடᨸࡪ Ჷcӷͭ‫҈آ‬ᗷ͙xઍyxᔐyᇐ઻ࣽ€ટ߆ೲᲷcť ȉಣኜ~ ȉಣኜ~~ ~ ~ Ჷc

Ս̜ ~΢ͭ൨ἄbষ೬bίᯊbСষட▪€ྲྀ๫૾઻␊૾c >@⦡ͭ‫ॣ׳‬ՖӪ෦մhಣ‫ॣ׳آ‬Ֆੌ˴ԡଷঅ€᣾֔૱c >@᫐̧⠮֋୉մh૎ᔄட€‫ڟ‬ဨಖਿҊ૱cġġx֔૱yxҊ૱y€ͭ൨͎c >@஥෦Ѯ▗̡੾એᮇմh᭹ட€ઍὖᛛ€ỞᏥࢦൻ€τ৑̜ࣽ݅c >@‫ݳ‬Πዑᤠմh͛ੌᨄ̈́€Ρ˴தੌ।cġġx̜݅yx˴தੌ।y€ͭষ೬͎c >@⦡ͭग़൴ᎡӪ෦մh᮴નҟങႆ᙭̡ίଁc >@஥෦સ▗੾Мᮇմhᴾ᥹ᣐ൴ኜ€६ಖ˴ᳮஇ€᧝ြᔺ€ઋίग़͠ίc >@᯻▪୪‫ا‬ᥩ᜻մh૔ᦒΪଁ࿐᜿€ᣵಖ⦁€䩾Ꭻ᱖҄€‫ڧ‬МҊί€ⳁ᧥ྲྀ̜⤀cġġ̜ष ྲྀͭίᯊ͎c >@஥෦ઠ▗˸ᮇմh࿍̧ᓜ᭜€ໝ༑᪍͎cᗁ҈ದ€᥼⤀€᧥෇cġġxᗁ҈ದyࣽ€ َxС᭜٪˴ί҈ᖗᲅy͎€x᥼⤀᧥෇y€َষ͎c >@ૹᦒ᛾઄෦մh⦁᥼Ԇ੾॑€̜⤀҈ᒅcġġx̜⤀҈ᒅyࣽ€َxᒅᒅ஡С̜⤀y͎€ ಣͭСষ͎c ಣ͙੿ྲྀ๫૾ࣽ€ຈ೩̜ᏙᨸࡪᲷcť ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ~҈ͭ૟டଁ͙bଁ␊ࣽ€Ꮛ૾૾઻c >@‫̧׳‬ඥᣆӨմḩભᜮᴋᓛட۩€͙ಖާᦘ‫ޚ‬ਾြ‫߷ܦ‬c >@஥෦Ѯ▗̜ᮇմh͙ૅ೬ม€҈͙▗೬಴டcġġ˴षଁ͙x‫ޚ‬yࣽ€ ˴षଁ͙xมy᩷x಴yࣽ€ྲྀͭଁ͙͎c >@⦡ͭग़൴Ꭱ෦մh᥼๬६ᱩநӞ€᭹ஹ‫ٹ‬ᘸ€͙ཀྵຨ㱚c >@▎றฆӪ෦մhጓ੊̈́€␊എฆ๬ᢪ€͙Ẉࣄஹਾc >@஥෦᫐▗੾Мᮇմh᭜ઠ൳␊᫹ཀྵ€ଉᣌ ͙Π࿍̧c >@▎ᦅ▗੾౪ᮇմhዚᡂ̧˻hnಖ␊ન᧝૟ြᤗཀྵֳ͎‚oġġМषྲَྀཀྵ€҈͙x͙y x␊yᚾ૾઻Գc ΢ੌ૾઻᩷ҝͬ€ྲྀӃ‫଻ݴ‬ட˻ᜯͬcᜯͬடဧட̐዗€ྲྀ߆ြ͠Ꮩ૾઻c

᭧Ԇ ~΢ഗ‫ڠ‬ઍ€઻҂ृΡ҈ఛᰳᥫृรࣽ˻xዼycxዼyࣽ€ଁ͙☬ӗ‫€ڠ‬ြഗ‫ڠ‬டហ ๫࠻͎cයടͬbुͬbᜯͬ€᩷΢˴☡കͬ€ಖΡᏵட዗€ၗዼ൴૊ᛌԳ‚ ཀྵઅ᭧Ԇ‫ݳ‬ዼcዼட␊ࣈᵤ˴c ~˴€ടͬੌ␊ዼࣽc ⱷࡪடዼc >@੅᲼մh঄ಣட‫׉€آ‬Өட͔€᭑ᎻடᎤ€Ӌ൳ட࣓€࣭әடᢪ€ྲྀ‫ࢧ܈‬ఇ੅ட᲼cġġ ടͬ⸝ዼМ€౲ዼྲྀ͙଻␊ⱷࡪԳc >@஥෦Ѯ▗̜੾˴ᮇմh௎ᒵᴤಖத€͙ᙴᯅ͔ਾ€҈ੌ଻ᦊၖ€ߗᴤட˹€൴ढ़ौடc௎ ᨶೱἸՖ€͙၏͔୯҈๫଻€ᤛဦடᎻ€൴⓸ୡԳcġġxߗᴤட˹yࣽ€ട͎ͬ€ ˴ዼcxߗᴤyࣽ€೺ఝแुͬ҈␊ⱷࡪ͎cxᤛဦடᎻyࣽ€ട͎ͬ€˴ዼ€Ꮛ͙྽઻᚝ ட€௎ⱷࡪԳ͎cť >@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մh઄ཝடᰘෆ€͔ઈҊᓜடᨵᨂ€൏ᤞ€൏˶€൏Ҍ€൏ᾆ€൏ᓢ€൏଀€ ൏ᨧࣽ€൏ⲱࣽcġġឝഗͭᣫ€˴ዼ͎eᇊ̡ഗടͬટⱷࡪடዼ͎e͙ຖ⸝ዼ€ྲྀ␊ोͬᵤ ࡃ᧵€͙ोᨵᨂடࠑ͎cಣ͙੿ടͬ€ྲྀ͙ⱷࡪடዼ␊டࣽc ⸝๬டዼc >@஥෦ᙦ▗Мᮇմhြೲ᙭᭜ਿḐြၕ€ཀྵા▗b᙭൳b᭜ਾbၕਾปᴋ€ᓜಖ૞ᔍcԆೡ ҈இcġġᇊ̡ഗടͬ€Мઐ଻ྲྀ஡␊ዼc΢⸝๬͛ዼc >@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մhҊ⹽b౪ᨵbએ᭡€ᚂ҈᧊Գcġġട̜ͬཌྷ଻€ટ஡␊ዼ€⸝๬ཀྵ͎c

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>@▎մh᣺ໆ€ઠᏚ€᧻ᢨ€዗㐙€ᐁෘ€⍗ဂ€Ꮪચ਼€᫠ͅ௶cೡઓໟหֳ᮴€҈⩹ၟ ಖଁ௝cġġxໟหyடടͬ€Ќ᮴x᣺ໆyᇐ੾̡઻c౲ዼ̡઻€ூએ⸝c͙੿ടͬ€ྲྀ͙ ⸝ዼ␊டࣽc หb྽᚝଻டዼc >@஥෦ᙦ▗Мᮇմhಣ̡ਾࣽ€ᨗ㎇ᨈՖ€۶Ќᓙடcġġxಣ̡ਾࣽy˴ዼ€଻઻᮴കኜ Պห઻€҈ᓳ͙xࣽy઻€͙␊ട͎ͬc >@᫐̧˼̧ਿմh௎ઊਾࣽ€຃ᡫ҈⦁᧊ᩲc >@ஊͬմhചࣆ‫ڟ‬Ꮹ€˴૾ᑌৣ€࿪᲍ᜈ͙䵴ᄮՋӋẟe˴૾ᑌ᱔€੄ರ‱͙ᚠ‫ݲ‬ຮc >@஥෦ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմhಖනલ≆€ᘙᢔᵤ౯€Պ઴ဧ૽cಖ̜೶ࣽ€ᦉ๬ᵤࡗcġġ ଁՉx௎ઊਾࣽy€x˴૾ᑌৣyx˴૾ᑌ᱔y€xಖනલ≆y€xಖ̜೶ࣽy€Ԇዼྲྀടͬ ͎cೲྲྀ͙ห઻྽઻᚝ြ଻઻҈͎ࣽͅc ఝ઻ᢐुͬbᜯͬடዼc >@஥෦ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմhปἸ€Ҡ͎€ឡᖋ€ຒ͎cġġxปἸyxឡᖋyᚾዼ€஡␊ടͬ€ ౲ዼྲྀ͙೺ఝแಖुͬ␊டc >@▗೷ၣ▗੾˴ᮇմhஹਾ͙া૳€হਾ͙া᧊€Ֆ̧ᵤ␊͎cġġടͬᚾዼc >@஥෦ᙦ▗Ԇᮇմhཀྵࠝ૟͙ষཏ೬€΀டཏe६༙͙ᦊཌྷᄕ€΀டཌྷcᵤཏᵤཌྷ€΀டఠ ۩cఠ۩ᵦ๬€ଁ͙ᔤ͎c ġġ஡ഗടͬ€ྲྀ␊˴‫ڠ‬c͙੿ଁष€ടͬடዼ€ྲྀ͙ᓉఝ᩷ಖुbᜯடͬ␊டࣽcಖ߆೩Ԇ ᏙᓉఝᲷcŦ ಖિடዼc >@๻ึఛմhೲཀྵઊ᪇€ःਾੌ͙೩‫׉‬Өட᜸€҈ᐎ‫ݲ‬ಖࠑ્€᪇ಖཌྷષ€ೲཀྵ΀ட᪇cġ ġಣᲷឝxೲཀྵઊ᪇y˴ዼ€ੌ௎ടͬය€͙␊Ө▪ଁኜ͎c᭧˴ட͠Ս€Ќಣઢ͎cཀྵಣᵤ ᯧc ▎ടͬ຤຤␊᧵டଁ‫€ث‬ና᳼ြલ€‫آڠ‬ᥫߓዼࣽc >@⦡ͭᬨໟເӪ෦մh͔Ӌ͛‫܈‬ᮆә€әͣ€૮᩷ᔟ൞ᜰᩲcġġxәͣy˴ዼ‫€آ‬ᒲϫੌ ᯛcເմn૮әͣ᩷ᔟ൞ᜰᩲo€Ꮛᩞᩲc >@▎३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մh૮ә€ᔤহடᦽ€തᵸ͙ᢪ͔૟ֳ‚ġġx૮әy˴ዼੌୡ€xᔤহட ᦽyᓌࡪ€▎˴ዼ͎c >@ᬃ̧ᢙ᜿Ჽմhத€᫅ᵤ΁ૺ㑅ᙟ€ԣ⇟ೲ҈ᵤ͎ۨ඾‚ġġxதy˴ዼc >@஥෦ઠ▗੾˴ᮇմh೰̧ᠼஉ€௎‫܈‬๬҈ц€Ꮛဠ▗ட୘੐e௎‫܈‬᫅҈๬€▎തͷԳ‚ġ ġx೰̧ᠼஉy˴ዼc >@᯻▪⥿ᴋ૔ᦒ঩մh▗ౌ͔ઊ˹€᫅෶‫࣒€ࣽژ‬ໟ૕␊‫͙ژ‬ಢ๛۩€͙Ꮖ▗᣶๬ட๾cġ ġx▗ౌ͔ઊ˹y˴ዼ€⪮ടͬ€̰ⱷࡪ͎cᭁⱷࡪ҈␊ዼࣽ€धմx▗ౌ͔ઊ˹டઍ€᫅ੌ ෶␊‫ࣽژ‬y͎cಣ೩̡Ꮩ‫܆‬ኜห઻cŧ >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣੿մh੒€ᥬ҈ᵤἛŊᵊ€ᡙ҈ᵤἛŊᥬ€๫ઊᗁட੊cġġ x੒yxᵊyxᥬyྲྀส˴ዼ‫ڠ‬c >@஥ᙦ੾˴hᗥ€Үᓛૅ€સᑒ᦭€঩Ꮋਾ€୯ຖᏜ͎ࣽcġġxᗥyᯤ઻˴ዼc >@⦡ͭഥஉ⛖Ӫ෦մhྃ€લԩࡵ€पࣽсᗥ€ՉՉcġġxྃy‫ށ‬ဦ˴ዼcଁष஡ዼ€੓ ‫ݲ‬ഗឝ€௎ടͬය€ཀྵ᚝ૻԳc ȉn͙྽઻᚝டoᥫ␊n͙྽઻᚝଻o€ᭁ΀͙xᤛဦy᚝ြxᎻy͎c ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉಣኜ~Ჷ€▎Ӄᦢ~Ჷજc ~̡€Πͬੌ␊ዼࣽc ΢˻Πͬ€Ꮛఝ઻᩷ಖଁՍࣽྲྀ᪍ԳcයЎ˻Πͬ€Ќഗ‫ڠ‬ᩲ€ത͙ዼ␊‚ᭁᱥ๬Πͬட␊ഗ ‫€͎ڠ‬ᓒᩲeੌ‫آ‬ΠͬᏵ҈૨ӷ̜М⸝ࣽ€ӗ‫ृ͛آ‬รԳ€ಣಖଁ͙␊ዼ͎c >@ૹᦒᛸཝ෦մh૮ᚕӨѮӷຒ€ᔏ͔ࡵ€Ά‫׉‬ϫ€ઐਾ෯€ያ᪎᩷ᗥ€ᤈൖᎧᵎ€͙ϊМ ਿ€આԩடᎫ͎cġġxᚕӨy᷁€̜઻ࣽМ€М઻̡ࣽ€Ӆྲྀ␊Πͬ€΀ட␊ዼ͎Ӄ€΀ட ␊ഗ͎ટӃcť >@▎ᛏ၍෦մhષ⦀‫ڃ‬ẟ઺டষ€य़ᩂ᪞ட࿥€୰ಂষ€በ೺ぽ€⛬᧣̐€߽ѿഽ€߬ᴋ ၕ€јỊ̍€᪍ᰗ༙€ᔏ᣾َ€എђॐடਾ€⧲౽ృட⦦€ᓷ⃆ଷட˹€Ѯ๫‫܈‬ட߱€ᗼએ⒓ ட᧵€ᨕ੿྅ட఑€ࡵাයட⦁€ᆇ଼Ḑடൖ€͙ᤈӷ౯€ᛏ૲ฤ€๻Ꮋᗂ€૭੘ぽѮය࣒೩ ઐ๛டଁᤇcġġ⸝๬Πͬூ‫╺੾ڙ‬ዼ€ᓌ੿c >@஥෦Ѯ▗̜੾̡ᮇմhԚ̣€˹அᩳᯔͅဠ€‫⤀ڙ‬ᯊ€ឮ᧥ᦩ€ষᎨృ€ലࣃṔ€ཌྷ੽ ਿ€ᢙ߽அ€೬૟᎙€‫ڙ‬ບ᥷€᧻ᕏဧ€ᦒ≃኎€͙૭ມြ‫ݲ‬൳cġġ‫˴੾ڙ‬ዼc

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᭧એ ~΢ੌടͬbΠͬ҈ఛᰳનᢢࣽ€˻x‫ڠ‬yc‫ڠੌڠ‬டࣈ€ੌ‫ڠ‬டဧc‫ڠ‬டࣈੌ̡€˻ ͭ€˻ฎc ~ͭੌ̜c ~˴€ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻͎c >@▗೷᫐▗੾̡ᮇմh‫׉‬Ө‫ݲ‬൳€ષ␊Ֆࣽ€࡜᪙൳ӂcġġxષ␊Ֆࣽy˴‫␊҈ڠ‬ടͬ ͎cxࣽy઻€ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻͎c΢ੌሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻ࣽ€ᓄ␊‫ڠ‬c >@஥෦ͅ▗̡ᮇմhᵤӃ€Ꮛᜮ૎டଁ␊cġġx૎டଁ␊yࣽ€ु͎ͬ€ ˴‫ڠ‬cxଁy઻€ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻͎c >@᫐̧⩎ંմh๫ࠑࣽ€ᯊடଁᵤ෶⠣͎eᵤӃᓜࣽ€ᯊடଁᵤ෶ᨰ͎cġġᚾഗ€ഗ᭤ᚾ ‫€ڠ‬ടͬட‫ੌڠ‬xࣽy઻€ोͬட‫ੌڠ‬xଁy઻c >@▎ਾᔐ྅մh᧊ြԚࣽનસ€തậೠਾடଁ๬‚ġġᚾഗ€ᇊ˴ഗടͬxࣽy઻␊‫€ڠ‬ᇊ ̡ഗुͬxଁy઻␊‫ڠ‬c >@▎մhᓋᔄၕՖ€ಖᮇ౷€ಖ๬਀€჈ဧಖᓛ҈ᵤ೩ಖमcġġxಖᮇ౷yxಖ๬਀y€ ᚾxಖy઻ኜxၕՖy҈ုⱷࡪ€ଁ͙Ϊ‫͎ڠ‬c >@⦡ͭ୨᫐Ӫ෦մḩଁَࣽ€ಖਾ᩷⭜ྲྀ͙໌ᩲ€਀ಖَ੐Ҍcġġxಖਾ᩷⭜yᓌ੿c >@᫐̧⩎ંմhಣಖཹ᭑ཌྷ͎€ᵤ൏ᣨજட੐ြᰝᏡֳ‚ġġxಖyሹxಣy઻€‫ڠ‬டട ͬc ͙੿ଁष€ྲྀԛ߆Ꮩ̡ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻ᩲcཀྵሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻ࣽ€̰ଁ͙␊‫ڠ‬ட͎ͭc ▎xಖy઻ኜ଻€ဧြఘࡪ€ࠪᱥဧ€ࠪ᩷ࠌ઻ຈဧ€ଁ᚝ࣽብ‫҈ڠ‬ԛ€ટ೩Ꮩ̡ኜ଻ห઻c >@᫐̧ᤗཌྷ‫ݳ‬մhಖ࡝௎ᅁშ€ಖҝೲ⪮ட΀͎eಖၘເͼᏩ€ಖઽᖤட΀͎cġġ ᚾဧxಖy઻€ኜ଻ห઻€ྲྀ␊‫ڠ‬டടͬc >@஥෦Ѯ▗̡੾ᮇմhᔢಖ᮳Ᏻ€ি෶ᖤෟగਾடͼ‚ġġ xᔢಖyᚾ઻€xᔢyࠌ઻€xಖyടͬc ཀྵ΢‫ڠ‬டടͬੌဧห઻␊ኜࣽ€ᾫ␊xಖy઻cೲᏋᓌ˴xಖy઻€ࠪሹ‫ࠪ€ڠ‬ኜ଻€ಖ␊ဧ Ꮛ˴cಖฎᏋᵏሹଁኜ€҈ᤎြഗઍࣽ€ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻͎h֋ᥫଁኜࣽ€ኜ଻ห઻͎c߆ድᏙ̡ห ઻டੌ࠻ֳxಖy઻ࣽ€ၟଁᛃᏊᩲc xࣽy઻டଁ͙␊ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻ࣽ€͙ಖ␊‫ڠ‬டടͬ҈ੌଁኜ͎cᵤᏋ€xࣽy઻ብ␊္‫ڠ‬டဧc >@⦡ͭ᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅմhӋೠ̈́ᜦᭁ€ᯊ෋෋ᯘ௡Ֆࣽ€ੌᗉՖ͍͎c >@▎̈͊ઐґմh‫׉‬Өങങᯊᤡࣽ€ບ͙ԪᚾਾҌcġġᚾषxࣽy઻€҈ᚾ‫ڠ‬டടͬྲྀ͙ ฟ੐€Ꮛxࣽy઻ட๫ଁኜ͎ࡵᩲcಣԛ೩‫ݲ‬Ꮩ̡ሹ‫ڠ‬ห઻ᩲ€▎೩‫ݲ‬Ꮩ౪෦ൾ‫઻׊‬ᩲcŦઊ ເೲ€ >@▎᪲ໟᓛ྅ૅմh੿ೠᜦြ೺€҈Ֆઽြઍ€⪮῿౫҄ட૟€҈μՖ໿᳼ၕࣽ€͙૮ࣽ३ ᚈ൳υᶀြઍ€ᗉՖ͎ᩲc >@▎ၘ൳྅ૅմhಔࣽਣป࿇҈໿ಖຖြ໎ࣽ€ষ෶ಂ࿇ட҅૽͎c >@ૹᦒᛸཝ෦մh᙭࠻ടᛅઊ€ᙃ‫ܨ‬ঈ͙અ‫€پ‬ᵤ৚ᤡ҈‫ڃ‬হ€ಖ૟ӷၗᚪ€ය҈╙ׂલ૳ ᪆ᗥᏨ຤៛ᴑ␊әࣽ€ത͎‚͙੅ඍಖ୙€៝ྱ҈࡝ឪြ᙭Ӌ͎c >@ᤗ᲼մh‫ॣ׳‬Ֆ␊ໟᯊ੾ᮇ€๫Ԧ૾டᗩࣽ€ଠւட‫͎ڙ‬c >@̜ᓛΥ‫ݲ‬ᬖ⥂෦մh˹͔ઊᚠ͔Ӌଵዲ௡ࣽ€ટຯ⭵๶݅ட؋€ເ᜴َҌc >@▎մhය෹ၕடә€ᵤᒒြぽ€᧣ઢட˹€᧯தြ೺ࣽ€ᭁ‫ٹ‬લફட‫܈€⨟܅‬ໝடြᚕӨ ͎c ġġᎺष‫ݲ‬xࣽy઻€Ў⪮ടͬ€▎๫ଁኜ€ᭁብဧ္͙‫ࡵ͙€ڠ‬ఛᰳடનવ҈ԛc ȉಣኜ~~ᚾᲷc ȉಣኜ~Ჷ᩷~Ჷc ~̡€ടbΠᚾͬடᔐᦢ͙xடy઻͎cಣဤ߆‫͠ݲ‬Ꮩxடy઻Ჷcť >@‫▗̧׳‬உ̣੿մhಲẟᙇடள឴͎€ᵤᢹሂ€ᵤ຃⤖c >@▎ᦑ͍੿մh߸ંட␊ཌྷ͎€ᵤ̩ಆᵤ๬eՖ̧டઢြ⦁͎€ᵤͅᦊᵤࡃc >@▎ᐘ᧷Ӌ੿մhཀྵᎻட๰ட͎჈c >@▎ᐘ᧷ӋӨմhԪடᵤ⨟᪙൳€‫͎׉‬c >@▎̧࢞੿մhᵤၟ̧⇝டᑈࣽ€๫຃͎ࣽc >@᯻▪சઍ̮෦ຖ⑏մh‫נ‬᜕մட឴೰౷€ᵤᜮಖΠc >@⦡ͭ३ᚈ൳Ӫ෦մh‫ݲ‬൳ட೩̈Ӌӹ⛅ហફ᳼к᣶€ટྲྀᛌ⛅ಖఘ҈াӋ᮳ϫc >@▎մhൾடӨỜ‫؝‬ห€ૹგ෋ਾ಴ಖᆜ᜿€ࡠ೅ᵠ͙С࿍c 269

>@▎া঩մhͨ‫܈‬๦ட⤰َ€ᵤເ೩டြ๬૟டⳁ☡᭐ࡵ͎c >@஥෦ᦅ▗̡੾౪ᮇմhઊ̧ட੐ಣ͎€ध୛டᯣြ᪪੿c >@᯻▪ϣࣽ෦մhᔢය€ಖᵎြ྅டᤆᵤຨட҈ᤆ૲டࣽ€Ŧ͙‫ޚ‬ಖ૳ட‫€܈‬ᤛ؈҈হ⦁͙ થಖதࣽ€ಖટ߽ᩲc ġġᎺष‫␊ࠪ€ڠݲ‬ടͬbुͬ€ࠪ␊ҝͬ€ಖടͬbળఝடᔐ€ྲྀੌxடy઻ᦢԳcŧཀྵᦢ ͙xடy઻ࣽ€̰ଁ͙␊‫ڠ‬ட͎ͭc ȉಣኜ~Ჷc ȉx྅y᩷xᤆᵤຨட҈ᤆ૲டࣽyடᵊ൮␊ⱷࡪ᩷̐ࡪடᵊ൮€xடy⪮ᦢြടbΠᚾͬட ᔐc ȉಣഗ᮴ຖ̡xടͬy€ଁኜᵤᓌc᮴˴xടͬyኜಣ‫␊ڠ‬ഗfࠪ೥˴‫ڠ‬gடടͬ€ຖ˴xട ͬyኜಣ‫ڠ‬ぽ࿐டͅ⠣c ~̜€੓‫ڠ‬டࠌ઻͎c ΢ࠌ઻ட͛੓ֳ‫€ࣽڠ‬ብሑᨁࣽ␊යcx͙yx␊yᚾࠌ઻લֳഗ€Ꮛଁ੓ࣽ‫ڠ‬e ຖᏋ␊ഗc΢ಣྲྀ߆ြᏙ╺Ꮩࠌ઻ᩲcť x௎yxЌyᇐ੓‫ڠ‬c xy஥෦ᙦ▗੾˴ᮇմhᨈਾ௎๛ြᬈ€ᵤ۶᩷‫ݲ‬എᢋeՖ௎ᱝᙝᨈਾ€Ꮛᔧ͙ᖭՖ␊‫ڟ‬c >@⦡ͭỜಖӪ෦մhЌẟ᧬ᰓᯫ€⪮͔Ӌઅ€঄ԣ඾‚ >@▗೷ẏ▗੾̡ᮇմhՖເԋಣથਾ€ྥடᵤְடϫ€෋೶˴̡ᩔ୨҈ԽԳ€‫࡜ڟ‬ՖӋட ૽c >@ૹᦒቈᗊ෦մhཀྵ‫ه‬෶ഝ૲ಖჁ€‫׉‬Өᔢੌᵤў€⩹۶፲ಖ࿦c >@᯻▪Ჾ‫׳‬૔ᦒᦒմh᩷டΠ€ᔢᵤᦑጓ€Ӆাᕱઍ๫ଢ଼୮c >@▎մhᔢය€෋ಖ⦁઎᧏҈໣෦€ᔢ‫€҅ڃ‬᭑᭑๫ኃc >@⦡֥ͭᴋӪ෦մh೰ԛ੐ಖฎ€ቚ‫נ‬த€ᧁᱝ๛ԍത‚ >@ૹᦒ૞ਿᒎ෦մh෋ఇ੅சྃ᩷ླྀຈ૳ြ૮ட྅€Ữᵤຨ૴ཀྵ€૊۶⭵ᤣ෹ཇֳ‚ ġġ‫ݲ‬षぽ€ੌx௎yxЌyxເyxເyxᔢyx෋yx๰yxỮy‫€઻ࠌݲ‬Ŧྲྀଁ͙␊‫ڠ‬ டͭ€ཀྵଁ੓ࣽྲྀ‫͎ڠ‬c x͙yx␊y੓‫ڠ‬c >@ஊΠմh␊෋ࣽட๫߽͎€୺ဧ്ᜮ૽ြఴᲆட೺c >@⦡ͭԩ৪ᦒմhᴋ঄‫␊آ‬Иᑑ᳞ᓋ߽€ᚦ᣾᳞€াΡ૊ӷ௺ᚈ€สࣽᯊ᭑ਾc >@▎֥ᴋӪ෦մhઊ͙͔൴Ꭱੌ቏૎€ᶀᵤ‫ث‬؈‚ >@ૹᦒᚾ㭦෦մhᔯ͙Ӌ൳⦦ᵤ಻டཀྵ€ᵤຨᵤઅ€૮Ќฎcġġᚾषx␊y઻€ ᚾषx͙y઻€͙ಖલֳഗ͎€ఛᰳનવ€ཀྵଁ੓ࣽ␊‫ڠ‬c x͙yx␊y੓ഗc >@▎ೲੑ౦ઢմhःӋ੐੿҈Ꮋᵤࠋጐࣽ€⪮෶ཫ҈ੑட€०҈̈́ட͎€␊ᔏಖᢣᕏட⦁ ͎cཀྵॎ࡙ੌ౪ᮇடં€ਣੌ͠ᮇட๹€҈ᓛহཱིᤲࣽ€͙ॊ៝૨҈ฟલ೫͎cġġଁष⠣ᚾ ీ€౲ీྲྀੌֹक़டഗcᇊ˴ֹक़€x␊y઻Ϊட€ᇊֹ̡क़€x͙y઻Ϊட€ Ꮛx␊yx͙yᚾࠌ઻€ଁ੓ࣽ▎␊ഗᩲcಣx͙yx␊yᚾࠌ઻டଁ੓ࣽ␊‫␊ڠ‬ഗ˴ᗂಖฎ ட΀͎c ȉಣኜ~~஡Ჷc ȉxỮy⪮ࠌ઻€ᣠ‫ׯͬا‬સ␊ॱͬ€Ќಙ઻€ೲc ~ฎટੌ̜c ~˴€‫ڠ‬લֳഗ€҈ੌ‫␊઻׊‬ᓳࣽc ‫ڠ‬டᓳ͙x͎y઻ࣽ€ᰒଁਊ೩e҈xᩲyxҌyxԳy‫ݲ‬෦ൾ‫઻׊‬᩷xֳyx඾yx୓y‫ݲ‬ ෦ᗉ‫ྲྀ€઻׊‬Ӄዶ္͙‫€ࣽڠ‬ԛᓉ೩ြ౪Ꮩ‫઻׊‬ᩲc௓␊஡᪍˴̡ဤ͙Պᚐc ͎c >@஥෦▪▗̜ᮇմhՖ̧ೲ͙ၟ੅ථ▗ட␊Ֆ͎€᪍ਾடဠ͎€᩷ਾட᣻͎e‫ࡵ׳‬டә͎€ ಖᵤጓ͎€෶ᒣ๾͎ȩ⁎ட᧣͎€ಖၟਾ͎€෶᪍᮳͎cġġ౪x͎y઻္‫ࣽڠ‬Ԇ€ྲྀલֳ ഗ€္ഗࣽМ€ྲྀຖֳ‫ڠ‬cť >@ᤗ᲼մhཀྵᘙԩடៀ͎€ઍᩳடᠱ͎€᭢٪டᚊ͎€ፆࣃடᑚ͎€ಣྲྀ⪮඄Ờட‫͎܈‬c 270

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᭧͠ ~΢ੌടͬbΠͬ҈ఛ᧵ԛᢢࣽ˻xഗycឝᏙဳࢅட੾˴˻hn΢઻ໟΆ҈ఛ᧵ԛᢢ ࣽ˻xഗycoᭁᖺઅဳࢅ€ടbΠᚾͬधન‫ׯ‬ጓ€ཀྵ͙n઻ໟΆo̜઻ᙦடҌcଁ΀nఛ᧵ ԛᢢoࣽ€ЌࠪብੌടͬbΠͬ҈Π᧵ԛࡃࣽ€ႎࠪԛੌᚾͬ҈ଁ᜞͙ࡃ᧵ເᜯͬbዼb‫ڠ‬ட 278

Ꭿ€ྲྀ஡ฟ೫ட΀͎cೲᏋഗட␊ഗ€൏Ӄ⠣␊ᚾ̈h˴Ꮛ᩷‫ڠ‬ໟ౸ࣽ€˴Ꮛৢ‫਀ڠ‬અࣽcӷ ᵤ᜞‫҈ڠ‬ብ᜞ዼ᩷ᜯͬࣽ€ᏋଁᏊ⬤Ϲ€ᵤ⛎␊໫Գc ~ઊ᩷‫ڠ‬ໟ౸டഗ€ԛ೫೩ြ‫ڠݳ‬Ჷᩲc૮ລা዗೬Ꮛ€҈ြഗ‫ڠ‬ӨъࡵԳ€ฑᔗࣽ ၟଁᛃᏊԛҌcť ⦡ͭ౦ᜲӪ෦մhଷઌ€ဠਾ͎cmm෶ృ࿭ੑc⛆۱ຯcᲷ̈́ᖋc᩷ဧ૟៟ླྀᓌ௡Ꮪfӷಣ ˴ഗgc෭‫آ‬௎֙ᵝ๞᪁ட࡝fཹ‫ࠌ€ڠ‬x෭‫آ‬y␊˴ഗgc ඄᲼մhీᎆជ˻cᵤӃfᲾഗgcઊၫ൅ட␊ਾ͎f‫€ڠ‬ടͬgcႄ୯҈ᯖລf྽‫ڠ‬gc૝ ‫ڟ‬ϫfഗgcᵤ᩷fಙ‫ڠ‬gc͛ക᜿ြ᯻ᩲfഗgcՖಖ᩷டfഗcg ᩷டcຏ΄fಙ‫ڠ‬gc▎൴‫ڟ‬ϫြසᓛfഗgcසᓛᵤᜮfಙ‫ڠ‬gc͛ዑட͙᜿fഗgcයᏋ ᯻Ӄ͙஢ြᤆᴤ҈ຑ૟ட዗fഗgcૹᦒҝᰝໟເ෦մh૮໿ஆடぽfዼ€ͭᣫgc᎝ྏட ෯fዼ€ടͬgc࣒ࡗ᣽Ᏹfഗgc⣮ੌᴵ‫ޞ‬ᩲfഗgc҈᧲Ḱ‫܅‬ฤடᓛcࡇϯᰗᤠட٩fᚾ ዼ€ࠪͭᣫ€͙ࠪϫหਾ€␊ഗடടͬgc૪᧬ᵤ⛖cਾХⲣӷfᚾ‫€ڠ‬ َᣫgc۩༻નകc߸ϊधၗfᚾಙ‫ͭ€ڠ‬ᅥᮯgcぽடᏋͩហ൫ᗥြᠬٚc೺டᏋ؈๬㙷 สfᚾಙ‫€ڠ‬ब੿ᚾ‫ڠ‬gc߬ஹಖ੿cՖә๻ฎcᰟᦩ૲঩c⬔ήᵤᩆcౖ୺␊ႆᦽfԆಙ ‫َ€ڠ‬ぽఠgcՍ㮓‫࣠پ‬f྽‫€ڠ‬ᕈടͬgcぽହ҈ྱfӷಣ˴ഗ€धմxઍᓛЎ‫ت‬Ᏹᩲy€ ˴‫€ڠ‬x҈᧲Ḱடᓛ€નੌ༻ൖ€ᵤඍぽହ҈ྱy€˴ഗcg ૹᦒҝᰝໟເ෦մhഴ੿ઁடᖺཋfዼ€ͭ‫آ‬gcাᓶᨦ✸૳Ꮋf‫€ڠ‬ടͬgcᎺ߂Ӫᘼc͙ ⨄ֳ੅fഗgc૕ԁࣽf྽‫€ڠ‬ടͬgᛷ‫ݞ‬c⣻ᜮࣽϊᯛfᚾಙ‫ڠ‬gcՕ᬴ٟ᫒fዼ€્َg cℂ‫҈ڃ‬ᵤ඗ࣽf྽‫€ڠ‬ടͬgcᵤӃᖤᯊ͎fഗgc୔ѮӺcᤈ‫پ‬ͺfᚾಙ‫ڠ‬gcߓӃ⦁ ࣽf྽‫€ڠ‬ടͬgc͠੾ੌ̡Ֆfഗgcᓗ௎ଽ҈ᵤ೪c‫҈૲⥹ڌ‬෶᧊fᚾ⤛ഗ€ԩӪgcૹ ᦒசැ෦մh๛әષੌࡵَ˻fዹଁَᏋ␊ഗ€ዹᢢᲷᏋ␊‫ڠ‬ŦgcᚕӨ᧤ᨖ͔൴Ꭱ͙ໝ؋ ຒf‫€ڠ‬ടͬgcᵸᩲf᱆ଁ‫ݳ‬Ꮛ␊ഗgcᔐࣽ༛ә໬۩cᤇពઆࣇcՖәட⠣ᵤ઴f̜‫€ڠ‬ َཀྵgc‫ڟ‬fഗடળఝ€᮸Өgᳵյ‫̜ا‬൳ྲྀ᱆ᇊc٬ၕ൴Ꭱச૊྅ષᖀౘ⶷ᛌ෷c‫᧊آ‬ᔎӣ ೩c͙Ӫ൳␊‫̧׉‬೚f̜‫ڟଁྲྀڠ‬டुͬ€ӷಣഗु€ಖᨗx๛әyӷಣ€ ␊˴ዶ࢑ட‫ڠ‬gcࡵ͙ͫဵᵤᜮcंә͙ហᓒ᠏҈ຖެf▎ᚾഗ€ಖᨗӷಣྲྀዶ࢑ட‫€ڠ‬ຖ̰ َฃgc‫׉‬Ө͙͛ᚕӨ␊ᵤ᧯؋ຒc҈๛ә␊ၟᗥf˴ഗ€َᚾฃgcյ‫ا‬྅྅๫ଁᤆ௡f▎ ˴ഗ€َฃᲷᢢgcૹᦒᮦໜ෦մh຤ࣽ‫ۋ‬᪎ட˹fዼ€ടͬgcᵤ๾᥮ϯடᴵf‫ڠ‬gc᫅ᓖ ᙟ᱆ᨈc⠣▪ႋ઻cၻَᜰఛf̜Ᏽഗgc᪎ࣽᳵ୨f྽‫ڠ‬gc೰ᵤ෶᨜ಖ˴ᪧfഗgcൾ˶ ࢅ҈ఉ෦ͭcೲજ೚҈⪮຤ઁfᚾԩഗ€ሹ੿gcӷြᓛૅ൴ੌ͔૟fಙ‫ڠ‬gc௎અ᜷ূ໿ᗸ ☞‫ݩ‬டྃfዼ€ጓ͔૟gcᏋછᎠ҈⩹ၟಖᎫfഗgcध‫܈‬Ἀៀઽ‫ކ‬ŧfಙ‫ڠ‬gcᆳ஛೩‫؝‬ட ர᧵c҈๫๰᮳ᖋហட▗͍fᚾഗ€ ᶀ̐gcࠪᡂ⅖ᐪf‫ڠ‬gcᵤ୰ᅥᨗfഗgc̦ᓌໟ๰cᚠᯛೲ⪮fᚾಙ‫ڠ‬gcႎಣ̜᪎fഗ gc͙૔ᦒ␊ᵤฟc΀஥‫␊ا‬ᵤ෦੍⩎fᚾԩ‫▗€ڠ‬Ḉ੿ഗgcিᵤઠ඾fֹഗgcૹᦒᮦହ ෦մh૮͙ᚕӨࡵၟf‫ڠ‬gc‫ⳁه‬๾‫׉‬ϫட͍Хcᨕᚾድட‫܂‬fᚾዹ‫ྲྀ€ڠ‬ዶ࢑͎gcᗼ҃੎ ட౗cድ̥҆ட‫ژ‬fᚾዹ‫ڠ‬gcᨕဠফடଁјfुͬட‫ڠ‬g͙␊цfᜯͬgcᎫ੎᪙டଁш͙ ␊ᡖfᚾዹ‫ڠ‬gc୰ᐍᥫடᗊcय़ฝᰗடᗩfᚾዹ‫ڠ‬gc͙ႍ঄྅ட዗fᜯͬ€ࠌ੿€ᚾ‫ଁڠ‬ ூgc߽߬ഽ؈டᤠc٨ᓉᙴ‫م‬டᚳc༎ᔅंႀடᔍc᥼ᔏᎤ̐ட߱fМዹ‫ڠ‬gcࢧᚧԡᗉc ⠣Ꮚधஔf▎ᚾዹ‫ڠ‬gc෋ೲ⪮ႹයӃၟfඍ૭ட‫␊€ڠ‬᮴ᚾ‫ଁڠ‬ூcӷಣ‫੾ڙ‬М‫€ڠ‬ ྲྀ␊x‫ه‬y઻ଁࠌ€‫ࣈڠ‬Ԇ዗gcᏋҊᰗш‫ڃ‬c҈Ꭴᐍຈӷfᚾԩഗ€َฃgcઆԩடᮑc᭑ ྅ட୯͎f‫€ֹށ‬ᚾࢧഗgc ᯻▪ជซ⭜ोմh૮ᔄfഗடળఝgᚕӨ૭ंཱྀ⡻ซ⭜ြᎷᙕcຮᆢ͙ድcᦪ৑͔ぽc▎૭‫ݲ‬ ᧡Ճ⡻ൗளfМ‫ͬु€ڠ‬cӷಣഗुgcәᔢӷᰙf྽‫ڠ‬gc͛ၟᚕӨᵤૺြซf྽‫€ڠ‬ ᕈxᚕӨygcสಣᤈ੄͙Ᏸᗊᐍ͎f˴‫€ڠ‬xၟyடुͬ€ഗुgc᣾͙ᮇᵔਾᏚf‫َ€ڠ‬ ཀྵgc⑞ਾட͍f‫ڠ‬gc␊૜⇝˹ᥧfዼ€ᜯͬg࢑ࡢᰗடድc࿠Ոட೫Ҍfഗgc૊ੌःࡵ ௎ಣf྽‫ڠ‬g҈઴ൾಣᇐ૟f‫€ڠ‬xੌyடुͬg඾fࠌ੿x૊ੌyᚾ઻␊ഗgc ᯻▪ᴋ▗ᝬ⦁᜻▪մh▗᩷ᨸ૎Ꮧ୉࿭жf‫ͭ€ڠ‬ᣫg͛ᏸ᝟fഗgcቔ঻ᆇૣᨰೡઓfഗg c௎Ꮪ҈ᵤᓧࣽfཹ‫ڠ‬gcԩု⑞᳂ᔕᆛഃf‫ͭ€ڠ‬ᣫgcߪೡᵤၟੌਾfഗgcᏊা‫پ‬ଷմ ‫܃‬fഗgc଻ਾ༈˹᜿fዼ€⠣๼€xຼyடⱷࡪgcຼᵤ᩷᮳fഗgcႄᏚຖјfഗgc٬ ᔍሹषf‫ڠ‬gcྲྀੌဵ᧵fഗgc▎ঽ‫ا‬લᥩ᜻մh▗ብf‫ڠ‬டળఝg Ữ͔⬔b͔⬔bᤃ୰fടͬgཹ̜྅fዼ€ ᓌࡪgc᧊ᵤ͔ઊੑc㛊๯੐̧உfᚾ‫ڠ‬gc࡜f▎˴ળఝg൴ໟ෶ପฟཌྷc྅அ߽cᗥᏋμ ᵤ٬f̜‫͙ଁَ€ڠ‬x࡜yઅ؋டཀྵgc੐ላຒ๬୙сcᓙ؋๦ഗc͙ຑ੿Ӄfᚾ‫˴€ڠ‬ዼ€ ӷಣَ͙ଁxብyເೲཀྵgc๫Ϲ͔f྽‫ڠ‬gc๫۶ᵤᓅᰘfഗgc๫ἓઓc๫۶ᵤ๾fᓌ ੿gcͅြૅcјြ೺c͙અြ๛fᚾഗ˴‫َ͙€ڠ‬ಖฃc͙੿ྲྀ͍ઍଁxብyࣽ€Ө͙ᨗ Ἓgcা෹ຮ෋Ꮊ̑࿐᮷೺ཇbᏯ࿐ཇઍbជᢙ͔ઊb૔ᦒ஥̮b௺൧౾෋b૱Ԫ͔൴Ꭱf͠ ዼ€ 279

ᓌࡪgc઎ᦩ҈Ӡf‫ڠ‬gc⩹ᵤુ඗fഗgc⦀␊ૉໟc͙ඒာᦊcൿᇮᲷ൴ᓥИᦅௌf▎ᚾ ഗ€̌੿x൴ໟy̡઻gcߓఄѲ઄cටՑᑞૄfᚾ‫ڠ‬gc͙ੌᥩᏮfᜯͬ€ӷಣ␊Өഗடട ͬgc೫ເಖઢfഗgc▎ᛜᓷ౽c͙༻๫᧯f▎˴ഗc‫ڠ‬ഗ⠣̌੿▪xᓙ؋yx๦ഗyᚾ ૟gcӃ΀͔ધc ▎᩷ঽໟ▗ᦒմhᢐӨฉष҈ପடf‫ڠ‬᚝ടͬgcૌകૻᨕfಙ‫ڠ‬gcੌृᵤເ᧵f‫€ڠ‬ ̰xૻᨕyुͬgc᧏␊‎ᓗ͔Ֆ̧fഗgc☬ષຨেϯட᳥ြᔍӨfӿᵸ˴ഗgc‫ه‬ᵤ⛆f ಙ‫ڠ‬g᩿ᨗ㙷ে⦁ྈf‫€ڠ‬x⛆yடुͬgc҈ᢐӨᲹᑀfዼ€ ടͬgc૔ੌृᴵᵤ৚டᣫf▎˴ಙ‫ڠ‬gcधᵸ⛎્f‫€ڠ‬x⛆yடुͬ€᩷x᩿ᨗy˴‫€ڠ‬ ྲَྀ͙ཀྵ€ಖᨗাx‫ه‬ᵤ⛆yӷಣ␊˴̐‫ڠ‬gcგဦَடfഗ€͙xᵤ⛆yடཀྵ€ཀྵxဦَ டy͎gc ▎੿ᴋ૔ᦒ⍗մh ᧏ᣮ⬤f྽‫ڠ‬gc̜ຨ␊Ꭿ⦦fഗgc๛଺ᵤඥᔍӨf‫ڠ‬gcચ৑Ԇᮇf‫آَ€ڠ‬cgᨶা‫ڙ‬ ༕f‫ڠ‬டળఝcg‫ت‬᩷ໝfዼ€Ө‫ڠ‬டടͬcg ᵤષ੐ᔍӨ‫ݲ‬๰૟ຖfुͬட‫ڠ‬cাx‫ڙ‬༕yӷಣु€␊َཀྵட‫ڠ‬cgཀྵfࠌ઻€˴ዼg૟ੌ ঄َf‫ڠ‬gcનॣ۶ᵤَfഗgcੌᵤ☬ြԚf‫ڠ‬gcგ݈ரᅥfഗgcᢐӨଁષቀ͎fֹ ഗ€धմxಣ̰ᢐӨଁષቀ͎ycཀྵ྽‫␊ڠ‬ोͬgc Ꮊष‫€ᦒݲ‬⠣ъ‫ڠ‬ഗᛃᏊ€ࠪੌનॣ€ၟଁᴤ஢€҈͔ପ௎ೲc᪎ࣽ‫ه‬ૌകᨕૻ€Ꮛ‫ڠ‬᩷‫ڠ‬᩷ ઊഗ‫ڠ‬டଁ͙ໟ༛҈෶ᵸಖఛᰳࣽ€ၟ੎।ᩲcᓖ⛎ष೪ఌᢢ঩͙ࡵடc ⥿᧥ᔈ੿ਾ঩մh᫅Ӄ͙ૐಖѿၫfዶ࢑ಙ‫ڠ‬gc෋ᅁᥫြ͍cᵤᆸᰳf‫€ڠ‬x෋y઻ࠌ੿g cᏋᝬવ҈ઽᓒfഗ€َฃgcᔢ೺ཌྷӷfᨁ‫ڠ‬gcᵤᖡြ͍fᵸഗgcॎ‫࡙ס‬ਣс‫׉‬Өfࠌ Ө‫ྲྀ€ڠ╺ڙ‬ടͬgcளഥс᭹c঴̂с਺c೚‫ڕ‬сમᯛc⧫ᒸс঒fԆ‫ڠ‬ᓌࣈgc෉டြ ଴c⩎டြૣc൅෯டြжf̜‫€ࣈ˴▎€ڠ‬ ூ‫ڠ╺ڙ‬gcᏚடߪதᵤᓧfഗgcᜍậ೺యfᵸ˴ഗgcઊ೺యດ୙ࣽf‫€ڠ‬ടͬgcྲྀᵤ ⡒ಖॡcᵤㅕಖ᯲ࣽf‫€ڠ‬ोͬg͎fഗ€ᚾ‫ڠ‬᭤ͅgc຤‫آ‬சῄ᮳௱ᦒf‫€ڠ‬ᕈടͬgcᵤ сසෂfഗgc᣺ໆẓᨰfዼgcԀఔᐿෘcྱኃ๾యcͧ᝟๫ಮᵤԩfூ‫ڙ‬Мዼ€ྲྀ⠣๼ⱷ ࡪ€धմx‫ݲ‬ᅥடઍy͎€Ө▪̰մxເੌఝြ͍ygcੌఝြ͍fӷಣ˴ಙ‫ڠ‬gc͛ြ௱ᦒ Գ࡝டfഗgcድြཌྷfഗ€ᎊሹ᮴▪gc೩f‫ڠ‬டળఝg઄ંᣲ͹f˴ዼ€x೩yடुͬ€ Өᓌgc᪁ᵝᣇ౮c௱ઈட௑ᨗcೡ೧Ӫ๸cϊ҆ંୠc̦ᜣհᜓcᣓ᰷ᚤᘆfூ‫ڙ‬Ԇዼgc ‫׉‬ϫ૟ཌྷட዗fዼ€‫ށ‬᮴ԆዼgcӃ᣺Ӄዧfोͬ€ᕈ᮴ዼ€ࠪմx΢‫׉‬ϫ૟ཌྷட዗டӃ᣺Ӄ ዧࣽ€ྲྀૐြᦒ͎ygc˴ૐြᦒfഗgcཀྵῄடᦒfዼ€ ടͬgc዗ఝधੇᝬcᵤӃϦ൓fഗgc͙ಣߪಖத҈଻ຖ྅fഗgc૮ᔈடြ௱ᦒfዼgc ੌῄட͍඾fഗgcᵤຨಖ͍҈⛅ಖХfಙ‫ڠ‬gcન೩ಖ෶ῄ͎fഗgc␊ῄੌ⦁fഗ€ና ടgc୯ે͛ࡵf‫ڠ‬gc๫‫ޞ‬ೖፄfഗgcᅥड़ြઍc୯ຯߢјfᚾ‫ڠ‬ԩgcੌຨੌથc൹ය ᵤ಻fᚾ‫ڠ‬Ḉ੿gcයຖ˴ࢧြᦒc҈ຖῄӃഃ͎fᚾഗੌલຖgc૮ᔈ೚‫ע‬ᳫ‫ا‬fዼ€ᓌ ࡪgc˴҅૳cጓ೺ᖡf‫ڠ‬gcೲಖ␊͍f‫ڠ‬gc͛‫ܛ‬ය๫ଁടfഗgcಖြ྅c͛ࠃය๫ଁ ۱fഗ€ᓌ੿gc‫ܛ‬᩷ࠃໟ⤓fಙ‫ڠ‬gc·ᠱ៛⣮fዼಙgc᠃ᔤᵤӃ಴ᇇf‫€ڠ‬ ᵸ੿‫ڠ‬gcᏋಖြᦒcຨ๫᪇டයֳfഗgcයԪᔄ‫ע‬ᳫਾ᮳βf྽‫ڠ‬gc૨ෂ෶f྽‫€ڠ‬ӷ ಣഗुgcᔈເ⛖ಖ၌fಙ‫ڠ‬gcᏋԪᵤ෶ၟᩲfഗgc ȉᰝ‫ଁا‬ъxഗyx‫ڠ‬yxͬyxዼy͙٬ಖિ଻຃€ྖੌᴤြ়ጓ̰ӷᓷය࿿߉ࣽ€ᵤລ߆ ‫ݬ‬c ȉᆏҕnዹଁَᏋ␊ഗ€ዹᢢᲷᏋ␊‫ڠ‬oߣࢅц€์⠣x‫ڠ‬y଼xഗy᱆㜏ੌ‫؜‬સߣ჌᧓ԅc ȉᦊᇭhxἈyᎫ߉x቟yc ~ӷৢ‫਀ڠ‬અடഗ€⪮΀ഗட᮴ຖྲྀ๫‫€͎ڠ‬ብഗ᩷ഗࠪাໟ౸Ꭿ€҈᮴ຖடࠪੌ‫ڠ‬ Գ€ટᵤ௎ഗ‫ڠ‬࿿᳼ࣼ‫ࣽ‮‬ය͎cᎫઊഗட␊ഗ͎€ӷ␊፣᜸€Ӆ๫સဤடӃກc૮‫܈‬ᢣ␊‫ݳ‬ ࢅ€‫ݰ‬Ꮚಖࣈ␊Мc ~˴€⸝ഗ҈᧵๫້ၷࣽc ΢ੌᯊഗ€ಖ઻ᯊߓᓌ€҈ഗ᧵▎ໟ໫€ࠪ⸝ᚾഗ€ࠪ⡏ᯊഗ€ҮᲿઍᰒਊဧ͎c >@‫ݳ‬Π᪎҈hỮ̧˻hnԪೡ̜य़Ԫதġġ␊ਾ࣭҈ᵤ᧣ֳ‚᩷Ꮧଶ૛҈ᵤൾֳ‚෦ᵤਊ ֳ‚oġġຖ̜ഗ␊⸝ഗ€␊ಖഗ઻bഗ᧵⛬൏ཀྵ͎c >@▎hՖ̧ੑ๫૦፥€ု๫૦૊€ፓြ૟҈ላြَ€᱆ੌ⦁҈̐Գ€Ӄ΀ႄ᪎͎ԛcፇເ >@‫ݳ‬Πί౯hՖ̧Ḛြហ€͓ਾḚြ୯c >@▎▗‫ۇ‬Ρhᓋ͎ᔄ˴͙ၟ੾€ᖀ͎ᔄ˴͙ၟ̡_໌ઈᵤӃᓹ͎€ᤤ੽டඪᵤӃϣ͎c >@▎੎൅hỮ̧˻hn᪁ட൴҅€ಖ۲͎ઠeਾட൴҅€ಖَ͎᮳co >@▎લјh᎝ࣽԆએਾ€᧺̧એ͠ਾc४ֳջ€ϊ᰷ֳ᜚€ࣙ҈ᛌc 280

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>@᫐̧ຒણᇒմhຏ೰ᬯ͙㽔ࡢβᄁட଻ᔄ€ᵤၟӷਾட͙ೲ␊Ԛၹᄦ؈‚ >@๣ᐘᙦ▗˸ᮇմh௎ᙦࣽ€Ӄ΀჈֔ާடᓛ€Ձ⦁Ꮛન͎c ͙੿‫ݲ‬ष€੿Өഗហໟఉ€҈๫ࠌ઻␊ᜯ͎cx૮y઻ဧြᲷឝ€຤຤͙หᜯⷖࠌ઻e҈ᦢြ ഗઍࣽ€ᔐੌයᩲc >@‫੿̧̧࢞׳‬մhዑ␊த҅҈ᵤ‫€ت‬૮␊ẟ઺டಢ␊டeዑ␊த҅҈ᵤ‫€ت‬૮ᮇぽ␊ᧅપட ੄டeዑ␊த҅҈ᵤ‫€ت‬૮␊ଁૻᨰԈࣽຨͨ҈␊டc >@▎̧࢞Өմhೲཀྵ࡙͙М੘␊ᯩ€૮Ԫ̧͙ಋᓛ␊ᯩc >@‫ݳ‬Πূ͎մhୡᵤᵸࣽ€ઍ⦁҈᥮€૮ৣᣁcġġ̜षx૮y઻€ဧ͙ኜ‫҈€آ‬ટᬘ͙␊ ᜯ͎cಖ੐ഗឝࣽ€ᓛ᲼ᰒਊ೩͎c >@‫ݳ‬ΠલјմhԪ̧͙␊ᰗடᔎ€Ữ઎᩷૦டᔎc >@‫̧׳‬ᐘ᧷ӋӨմhᨈਾ⪮෶ႄલӋடᏚ͎€᣾ႄ྅ฤடᏚҌcġġᏋ͙xỮyx᣾yᚾಙ ઻␊ᜯᩲc ཀྵᶀ̐டഗ€ଁဧ͙␊ᇶᜯட઻ࣽ€ᴤ͙ቡ᪍€යߪ͙xයyxႎyx҈y٬xය҈y‫઻ࠌݲ‬ ␊ᤣ€ཀྵᵤᒢӿা዗೬Ꮛ͙᨜ಖဧc xයy઻ᇶᜯc >@ૹᦒҝᰝໟເ෦մhႍᓨଁ˸€ߪ⇝ค᧝€નੌ‫܅‬୥ϯХӃ୰ြ૮͎ࣽcයधӀᐘᩊ€Ց આ઄€⠢ᓷ‫€پ‬၅ᰟ଻c >@▎඄ણᓛ෦մhዜ᧲ਊฤᔢ‫܅‬ြᗥហடᓛ€යಖ‫ે✫܈‬᱆୯€‫്נ‬ព€ᰘ҅হ€˴͎c xႎy઻ᇶᜯc >@஥෦ᦅ▗̡੾͠ᮇմh᮳඾€Ꮋடఘ͎ႎ‫͎ݞ‬ᵤᵸ͙঄டc x҈y઻ᇶᜯc >@஥෦ẏ▗੾˴ᮇմhદ਺͙ᝲࣽ€ൾੌ᳥ᩲ€҈ᧇட਺€᳴ԛ‫ث‬ᩲc >@੅᲼մh๫౾˴ᦼடᯘ€҈ੌ౾ᚾᦼட଻c >@ᤗ᲼մh૮᯻ᐘட຃નॣ̤€҈ᤗᎻ਀ᵤ͎c >@୛᲼մhઐຯ⭵͙␊ࡵᨈਾடృ€҈ՖᵤຨᎨeቐᨈਾடᱝ€҈Ֆᵤຨඐcಣ˴᪍҈ᚾ૲ ͎c >@Ờ᲼մh੅ન়ಖӨ€҈Ӌฃಖ੿€Ӄֳ‚ >@ૹᦒҝᰝໟເ෦մhઊᵤўࣽԛ‫␊҈€܂‬᮳ࣽનᣒ€ཀྵ⡓ઍཇ൴຤ᣒடc >@᯻▪Ჾ᙭⤠ᦒմh૮᪍ј˹ြಣ྅€૦ᑞ୯๬⦁ြಣ྅€҈␊▪͛෋˴྅ਾᵤႄ€ຨ๫᩷ ᾇଌઅᤗᔍࣽཹ᩷‚ >@▎આ᪎ᆇ˹ग़Ֆ஽Υྡմhፇᵤၟᖋੑࢅাത྅ട€ஹਾᵤӃ‫҈€ڙ‬྅య૔டμӷ€ಣಖ ૺ͎c xය҈yᇶᜯc >@ૹᦒങႆ෦մhাೲடຖ€ങႆճᑆ€μ૦଼ͮcය҈ન઴඗ә͎c >@⦡ͭ˼ᤗ྅ૅմhᶶᣪፆཁ€ଁ͙␊ⴱ͎€ය҈ᵤ෶ਉਿᨭc >@᯻▪ቕѱ⢵஽Υྡմh˻h૨ᩲ඾ઁનॣੌ͎cය҈͛ચြԚ€ᵤᯟՁ᮴ਾ˴َ˴ഗ€ ▎തಖᴤ͎͛ચ৑౯ហ€ಖૄ௎૳ᬿ€᭑ཌྷ͛೫€੘ᝨϫ᪆€߬॔㙷๰๫ଁ‫ݴ‬ґ€ය҈ᵤၻ ြଉಃ҈াᢐ͎c xᵤයyxයຖyxདyᇶᜯc >@஥෦ᦅ▗੾ᮇմh˻hnೲ࢛ᨗ೚€ᵤය€᣸ᩲco >@᯻▪㪣㪔ᢙմh૮ⓡલ᪍๰ᢙட⪮€යຖ᧜ࡵಖࢅc >@▎੿சླྀ᭹ᇊ̡ᦒմhಖኜӅ⪮͙ස૟೺ཌྷદषໟཹ͎€ད͙ᡫ۪டᔐட૟ࡵடҌc ፣ष‫ݲ‬ഗ€ྲྀᶀ̐ໟ૳€▪Ფ߸ఝ҈ᵤႦଢ଼€᪎ࣽଁᰒ঄६Ꮛ͎ࣽc ȉᦢ~ӷ~஡Ჷc ȉषഗ๫ᶀ̐டហc ~МࣈЎસ€΢໫ೲࣽ€᪍Ӄ⋍ԳcብषМࣈ€Ӆྲྀ၅ြీ௹டઍcӷເీ௹ଁੌட ֹഗbടഗ€⨄๫સᏋ€යӅᵤുࠌ઻b‫઻׊‬ᚾᏙଁषഗࣈட೺€᪎ࣽᤇድಖᤄ⛖Գc ੎ҋਿَட‫ݳ‬ഗц͎€Мࣈட೺€ക˴ໟᓖடഗ€Ќ΀੿Өடഗੌໟᓖட͉€َࠪᓒය€َࠪ ଁ͙ය͎c҈ಣࣈြᇊ̡ࣈ᧵ੌᚪⳁடഗ€᩷ᇊМࣈᶀ̐டഗ€ྲྀӃᛌԳc ཀྵ>@ૹᦒ඄ણᓛ෦մhᚤ҈Ҋᖤ€⪮᮳ட᮳͎ࣽ€ཀྵલ␊ᵤӃᖤ͙ຑ๥டӃᖤc >@▎ങႆ෦մh͙␊ᵤ᣻ᯘࣽᵤଵෘ€ᵤ൭᭶ࣽᵤଲ૑€ೲ͙⛆Ҋ᭑ட೚€͙ᅺຉᦼடࣗ€ ਉ঵᥵டᕏ€᜵᥹઄டᯩ€҈ᵤᑺ͎c

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Ҋᄮᴢಖ୯fഗgcӷြଁमf‫ڠ‬gc຤຤षಖંcμဧᶑ˼‫ڌ‬ட᳞͙᭑ෟ‫ڙ‬fഗgcය⩹ᵸ ᯊ͎fഗक़gc ⦡͔ͭૂӪ෦մhাᆇ⭵൳ᔏ೺ᓛ⦁͙ᰟᤇf‫َ€ڠ‬ཀྵgcಖຖ๰⦦᧝fዼ€ടͬgྲྀ᠏੿ ᦒcَ೺ᓛ᩿ᄁ୯ેf‫ͬु␊€ڠ‬gc૦෋fዼ€Ќx͙૦෋y͎cӷಣഗुgc‫␊̧׉‬ಖϯ ߽f‫َ€ڠ‬ཀྵgc⪮ਾଁᏚ຤f‫ڠ‬gcᜮಖَcլᲷfഗ€ ᚾ⤛gcೈ⦦Ꮋfഗgc๽ᔎf‫ڠ‬g ଁ๰૝f▎˴‫ڠ‬gc␊೫ฟਾᎤ⡓டfഗgc͙᥼ಖ⦁fዼ€াxೈ⦦Ꮋyӷಣ€ഗुgc૝ இᵤ෶๽൫ᗬᯗཌྷf‫ڠ‬gc٬෋૲ኜf‫ڠ‬gc‫␊̧׉‬ಖਊடf‫ڠ‬gcგӼ᧿ପ‫ث‬᳥fഗgc͙ ୈໆfዼg૭ᙳcລ૦෋fዼຖட‫€ڠ‬ӷಣ€ഗुgc෋Ϧ๫ᨰc҈჈ͩцfഗ€ᚾ⤛gcಖ ⦦᧝ટგລࣇሑfഗg೺ᓛଁੌf‫€ͬु␊€ڠ‬ഗुgcَ͔ࣽf‫ڠ‬gլᲷfഗgcَ͓ࣽ␊ ॱfᓌ੿gcཀྵ૗َ๫๬டບfዼ€ടͬgྲྀ᠏ฃடfഗgcಖ෋fዼgྲྀ᠐ਾ̧f‫€ڠ‬ो ͬgcர᎛ુᤘཌྷf‫ڠ‬gc‫܈‬ᚌ੒͙ரಖ୯೺ᓛfഗgc೺ᓛટᓧૹ෋f‫ڠ‬g ਾਾੌَ჈‫ث‬fഗgcষૹ᜿߽ᵤ෶ӷf‫ڠ‬gc҈ඍಖੑཌྷc͙௡ૹ෋fዼgcૹ෋Ԉϯ f‫ڠ‬g៝ྱcӷໟߗᡫfഗgc ᯻▪ўશᨗ࿩մhtᵠu٪fዼg€ ઻૘શf‫ڠ‬gcಲԩਾfഗgcห␊ૃ޴fഗgcႄ᪎fഗgc᠐ᵤ෶ຨᦒf‫َ€ڠ‬ཀྵgc̰ ૦৑᭤ᵎ␊ᦒᨔ⦦f‫ڠ‬gcᨶુᦒ‫ڠ‬டfഗgcᣁઓᵤચf‫ڠ‬gcҮએᮇf‫ڠ‬gc⦀๫fഗg ଁᵤ⛖f‫ڠ‬Ḉ€ഗुgc̰ઋࠂ൧ઍൕ઄Өfഗgc߽⛬యಖຒ๬f‫ڠ‬gc૝᪎ࣽf‫ڠ‬gໟ୔ ြ⦁fഗgcᔖίੌ᠏ࣽf‫ڠ‬gcᵤࡠુ঵fഗgcࡠ٪͙ࢧடfഗgcग़ф␊ໟf‫ڠ‬gc᪍ ␊ជᢙ͔ઊfഗgcҍુᵤఛfഗgcનӷ૜೚f‫ڠ‬gcਾྲྀ෰⭵ϊ℄fഗgcՉfഗgc٪ ઄ਾfዼgc෶া௡౽cᵤᏚ଻୯fᚾ‫ڠ‬gc͛ជԷ҅ಾfഗgcӨ࣒ᰘᒢடfഗgcЎӷf ‫ڠ‬gc‫ݲ‬ជુՕՕَ૟f‫ڠ‬gcϹᜰ๫ᵤᔄࡃfഗgc‫̧׉‬μᓧ௡டfഗgc҈٪ਿ᩷ಖ̡᭿ ᩳb્fዼg ࠌઓও࿭fഗgcਾ⩹෶ᨢಖ᧵fഗgcੌᡂ౾ᡙடࣽf‫ڠ‬gc൴⡒٪҈ᔎடfഗgcŧ٪ឮ ၟಖ᧵f‫ڠ‬gcგ஑᩷жfഗgc૎ࠪ‫آ‬લ᝟f‫ڠ‬gcླྀᥤ੿f‫ڠ‬gcࠪ‫آ‬લ᝟f‫ڠ‬gc̷૎ ᡂઍf‫َྲྀ€ڠ‬ཀྵgcᵤ෶ᜮ૎Πfഗgc‫܆‬ಖ̡᭿f‫ڠ‬gՉfഗgcԪଁຨ೧฀f‫ڠ‬gcߵ Ӄষf‫ڠށ‬ળఝgԪૅੌഃ˶fḈ‫ڠ‬gc೧ੑ਻঄ഃതfḈ‫ڠ‬gcဨ᭚᫤⑫਻fዼgc΢ဧഃ ဈfḈ‫␊ྲྀ€ڠ‬xষy઻ଁᎯgcલ೫டfഗgcಖፇᝀ͙⥿ж႘fഗgc๫ၘ͎fഗgcન ॣੌfഗgଁᕝ៝f‫€ڠ‬ഗुgcᔢಖଁᖋဧf‫ڠ‬g ☡ᮆᵤӃᴵࣽf‫ڠ‬gc૎඗ಖཌྷӃ‫נ‬f‫࢑€ڠ‬ఛgc٪გ᣺f‫ڠ‬gc᪍҈ᄃடfഗgc᙭᫈ ࣽfዼgc໽f‫ڠ‬gಖᆠ‫ڟ‬೧฀fḈ‫ڠ‬gcᤣ຤඗ಖဈᣍடಢfഗgc೧ੌࡗԳfഗgc ȉnഗᖤြ‫ڠ‬oᵤၟതጓcເಖ᧵␊ഗ૨ြ‫€ڠ‬᪍ဤଁъ▎൏ᵤයcଁъഗ‫ڠ‬ટੌᴤြ͉ጓ ࣽ€ເѲ᳞ᦒx̰ᥭ̡᳞yຖъnഗoexಲ๦ட᧥ϫyຖъn‫€ڠ‬xषy઻ुͬoe͔ૂӪ ෦xಖ⦦᧝ટგࣇሑyຖъnഗoeўશᨗ࿩x⦀๫yຖъnഗoc ȉxᴤyᎫ߉สxᔢycઍ௺ᦒ᱐ઐ⦡ͭสxᴤy€ૹᦒࣃṔઢટสxᴤyc ȉᦊմhxடy€૞Ịॡઐสxࣽy€ъմhn૮ᆏಣ̡ഗટသ˴ഗ€ᗉટ͙በۨ‫ث‬ᗪ҈߉ ͎c૮঄ಃઋxᡙடࣽ൴yМ઻co

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CHINESE - ENGLISH CHARACTER GLOSSARY

ૹ௢઻ᮋ ◊ stupid, ignorant ◊ secret, clandestine, stealthy ◊ hidden 4--low ᳇ àn ◊ dim, dark, obscure ◊ secret, clandestine, stealthy, hidden ◊ vague, unclear 1--very high [adj] Ṹ àn ◊ traditional long narrow table ◊ long board serving as a table or counter ◊ {law} (legal) case, law case ◊ record(s) ◊ file(s) ◊ plan, proposal, draft (submitted for approval) ◊ bill (proposal for a new law) 1--very high [n] 唟 àn ◊ dim, dark, dusky, gloomy; obscure, vague, hazy, unclear 3--medium [adj] জ áng ◊ I, me ◊ (used like áng ᰲ) lofty, high, soaring, high-priced, expensive (alternate reading "yǎng") ◊ Ang (surname) 5--very low [sn] ⳾ àng ◊ abundant, brimming, full, overflowing, plentiful, rich ◊ {archaic} basin, pot, bowl ◊ {art history, bronze} ancient large-bellied small-mouthed vessel 3--medium [adj,n] ᮆ áo ◊ (used like áo 䚘) ramble, roam, stroll, saunter ◊ (used like Áo 䳎) Ao (capital of ancient China during the Shāng ୶ Dynasty [16th-11th century BCE], located northwest of Zhèngzhōu 䝝ᐎ/䜁ᐎ in present Hénán ⋣ই Province; also written Áo ೫/೓, Áo 䳎, and Áo ೲ/೓) ◊ Áo (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] ⦂ áo ◊ big fierce dog, mastiff 3--medium [n] 㘡 áo ◊ spread the wings and fly, take flight, soar, hover 3--medium 䅧 ào ◊ (variant of 䅨) a joke 5--very low 䚘 áo ◊ ramble, roam, stroll, saunter 4--low [v] ლ ǎo ◊ {written} woman ◊ old woman 4--low [n] ᤇ ǎo ◊ {dialect, colloquial} bend ◊ twist and break (like an iron wire into segments) 3--medium [v] ྕ ào ◊ deep, profound, mysterious, obscure, abstruse ◊ southwest corner of a house ◊ the innermost recesses of a building ◊ (short for Àodìlì ྗൠ࡙/ྕൠ࡙) Austria ◊ {physics, unit of measure} oersted (Oe, the physical unit of magnetic field) ◊ the Olympics ◊ Ao (surname) 1--very high [adj,mw,n,sn] 僌 ào ◊ fine horse, steed ◊ proud, arrogant, haughty 4--low [adj,n] *㘦

A 䱯 ā ◊ {regional} dear...(name prefix, used to form terms of endearment; prefix before a kinship term) ◊ Afghanistan (short form for Āfùhàn 䱯ᇼ⊇) ◊ A (surname) 1--very high [pref,sn] ૰ āi ◊ sorrow, grief, mourning ◊ condolence, compassion, pity 1--very high [n] ହ āi ◊ {interjection} Yes(, I hear you)! (expressing responsiveness) ◊ {interjection} Oh no! What (bad luck)! (used to express commiseration) ◊ {interjection} What! (used to express surprise) 2--high [exclam] 㭬 ǎi ◊ (of vegetation) thick, dense, luxuriant, lush ◊ friendly, affable, amiable 3--medium [adj] ⡡ ài ◊ love, like, be fond of... ◊ have deep affection for... ◊ cherish, treasure, hold dear ◊ have the habit of doing sth, like to do sth, be apt to do sth ◊ Ai (surname) ◊ whether or not (used with bù н "not" in front of the same verb to indicate free choice, e.g., àixìn-bùxìn ᝋؑн ؑ/⡡ؑнؑ "believe it or not", or àiyào-bùyào ᝋ㾱н㾱/⡡㾱н㾱 "take it or leave it") 1--very high [v,n,sn] 㢮 ài ◊ {bot} Chinese mugwort, Artemisia ◊ end, stop ◊ handsome, pretty ◊ Ai (surname) ◊ -ai- (used in transliterations for the syllable "ai") 2--high [n,v,adj,phon,sn] 䳈 ài ◊ a pass (at a mountain or narrow spot) ◊ narrow ◊ strategically located and difficult to access3--medium [n,adj] ᆹ ān ◊ peace ◊ peaceful, quiet, calm, tranquil ◊ stabilize, calm (down) ◊ be content, satisfied ◊ safe, secure, healthy ◊ find a place for, place in a suitable position ◊ install, fit, fix ◊ bring a charge against, claim credit for ◊ be up to sth, harbour (certain intentions) ◊ An (surname) ◊ where ◊ how (as rhetorical particle) ◊ {physics} ampere (short for ānpéi ᆹษ) 1--very high [n,v,sn] የ àn ◊ bank, shore, coast, beach ◊ land along a body of water (river, lake, ocean, etc.) ◊ {written} tall, high ◊ arrogant, haughty 1--very high [n,adj] ᤹ àn ◊ according to, on the basis of, in accordance with, in compliance with, accordingly ◊ push down, press (with hand or finger) ◊ leave aside, shelve ◊ control, restrain, hold back, suppress (one's anger, etc.) ◊ grip, hold tight, keep a good grip on ◊ check, refer to ◊ {literature} comment, note (by an author, compiler, editor, etc.) 1--very high [adv,v] Ძ yǎn ◊ (variant of ᳇) dim, dark, obscure

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plain, blank, pure ◊ in vain, for nothing, futile, fruitless ◊ free (of charge), gratis ◊ (politically) white (symbolizing a counter-revolutionary or other undesirable political orientation) ◊ funeral ◊ give sb an unfriendly look ◊ {ethnology} the Bai national minority ◊ Bai (surname) ◊ say, state, explain ◊ {theatre} spoken parts (in a Chinese opera, etc.) ◊ {linguistics} (of Chinese text) written wrong or mispronounced ◊ dialect ◊ spoken (language), vernacular ◊ colloquial (vs literary) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ֠ bǎi ◊ hundred (more complex version of the number bǎi Ⲯ "100", usually written on cheques, receipts, etc., to prevent forgery) ◊ {history} leader of 100 people 3--medium [num] ᷿ bǎi ◊ {bot} cypress, fam. Cupressaceae; cedar, gen. Cedrus ◊ Bai (surname) 3--medium [sn,n] Ⲯ bǎi ◊ hundred, 100; hundredfold ◊ numerous, all kinds of, all sorts of ◊ Bai (surname) 1--very high [num,adj,sn] ᤌ bài ◊ greet respectfully ◊ pay one's respects, make a courtesy call (like at New Year's, for sb's birthday) ◊ visit, call on ◊ acknowledge sb as one's teacher, etc. ◊ appoint (to an official post) ◊ (particle used before a verb to indicate politeness or reverence) ◊ Bai (surname) 1--very high [vt,sn] 䍕 bài ◊ beat, defeat; be defeated, fail ◊ spoil, ruin (a situation, one's appetite, etc.) ◊ counteract (like to a poison), relieve (like from inflammation) ◊ (of leaves, etc.) wither, decay ◊ cause the decline/ruin of 1--very high [v] ぇ bài ◊ {bot} barnyard grass, barnyard millet, Echinochloa crusgalli ◊ {written} insignificant, trivial ◊ fine rice or grain 4--low [adj,n] ᢣ bān ◊ pull, turn ◊ re-gain/win back sth that was lost, reverse ◊ make up for (a setback or lost point in the past) ◊ draw level 5--very low [v] ⨝ bān ◊ (of school) class, grade ◊ (of airline) flight ◊ shift, duty, work period ◊ squad (of soldiers) ◊ troupe, company (of performers) ◊ {measure word} a group of... (used for groups of people) ◊ {measure word} (used for scheduled trains, buses, etc.) ◊ (of a train, bus, plane, etc.) scheduled, regular ◊ recall, move, withdraw, redeploy (like troops) ◊ distribute, give out ◊ Ban (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,adj,v,sn] 㡜 bān ◊ sort, kind, manner ◊ (after a noun, often in the pattern rú... bān ྲ…㡜) like... 1--very high [n] ᶯ bǎn ◊ plank, board, plate ◊ shutters (of a shop, etc.) ◊ printing block ◊ blackboard ◊ {music} clappers (traditional Chinese musical instrument) ◊ time, measure, accented beat ◊ paddle used in certain sports (like ping-pong) ◊ {IT} circuit board (in a computer) ◊ stiff, rigid, inflexible, unnatural ◊ hard (like a board) ◊ look stern,

B ‫ ޛ‬bā ◊ eight, 8 (note on pronunciation: when followed by a word in the fourth tone, the reading of bā ‫ ޛ‬changes to bá [second tone]) 1--very high [num] ᐤ bā ◊ long for, hope for, wait for ◊ cling (like to a wall), stick (like to a cooking pot) ◊ crust (like on a cooking pot) ◊ {colloquial} be close to, be next to ◊ open ◊ {physics} bar (unit of pressure) ◊ {transport} bus ◊ {grammar} (final particle used for emphasis) ◊ Ba (ancient state in present-day Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) ◊ the Ba people (ancient ethnic group in Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) ◊ eastern Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province ◊ (short for ᐤंᯟඖ Bālèsītǎn) Palestine ◊ (short for ᐤสᯟඖ Bājīsītǎn) Pakistan ◊ Ba (surname) 1--very high [vi,n,sn] ᤄ bá ◊ extract ◊ pull out or up ◊ draw out, suck out (pus, air, etc.) ◊ pick, choose, select (mostly people of talent, athletes, etc.) ◊ raise, lift ◊ surpass, stand out ◊ seize, capture ◊ {steel production} drawing (of metal rods, bars, etc.) ◊ {regional} (of bottled, canned, etc. drinks) cool by keeping sth in (ice) water 2--high [v] 䏻 bá ◊ cross mountains (on foot) ◊ {literature} postscript, postface, epilogue (of a book, article, etc.) ◊ {written} step on, tread ◊ fall, stumble ◊ Ba (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᢺ bǎ ◊ {grammar} take... (and do sth with it) (auxiliary verb used to introduce the direct object of a sentence in front of the main verb) ◊ hold, grasp, grip ◊ hold (a baby out to relieve itself) ◊ grab, control, monopolize ◊ {sports, colloquial} guard, watch (like a goal) ◊ {colloquial} be close to ◊ hold sth together ◊ {regional} give, offer ◊ handlebar (like of a bicycle) ◊ bunch, bundle, handful ◊ {measure word} (used for tools and other things with a handle, like key, scissors, umbrella, sword, etc., or for things that can be grasped [chair], or for certain abstract things [years, strength, effort], a movement of the hands [like a push, a helping hand]) ◊ "approximately" (when following numerals/measure words, like bǎi bǎ nián Ⲯᢺᒤ "approx. 100 years") ◊ refers to sworn brotherhood (as in bàibǎzi ᤌᢺᆀ "become sworn brothers") 1--very high [v,n,mw] 䵨 bà ◊ {history, written} feudal overlord, hegemon ◊ chief of the feudal princes ◊ despot, tyrant ◊ hegemonistic power ◊ occupy forcibly, seize ◊ lord it over, dominate, rule by might rather than right ◊ Ba (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] 㖒 bà ◊ stop, cease ◊ dismiss, remove from office, relieve of a duty ◊ {regional, colloquial} (as a verbal complement) finish, complete ◊ (followed by a one-syllable noun or verb) go on strike (e.g. bàgōng 㖧ᐕ/㖒ᐕ㸪bàkè 㖧䃢/㖒 䈮) 1--very high [v] ⲭ bái ◊ (of colour) white ◊ (of daylight) bright, light ◊ (of facts, the truth, etc.) clear ◊ 290

grave ◊ put on a grave or serious expression 1--very high [n,adj,v] ⡸ bǎn ◊ printing block, printing plate ◊ edition (of a book) ◊ page (of a newspaper) ◊ {measure word}... edition(s) of... (used for books, newspaper pages, records, disks, etc.) ◊ household register, census register ◊ plank, board 1--very high [n,mw] ൲ bǎn ◊ (variant of ൲) hillside, slope (the variant 䱚 is used in the name of the Japanese city Osaka བྷ䱚) 3--medium [n] ॺ bàn ◊ half ◊ semi-, hemi- ◊ in the middle ◊ mid- ◊ a little ◊ partly, partially, about half (as a prefix indicates "semi-", not to a full degree) 1--very high [adj,pref] ࣎ bàn ◊ do, manage, attend to, handle ◊ establish, set up, operate, run ◊ get sth ready ◊ purchase for, do the shopping for ◊ punish 1--very high [v] ᑞ bāng ◊ help, assist ◊ (of a bucket, ship, etc.) the side ◊ (of a shoe) the upper ◊ (of a head of cabbage, etc.) the outer leaves ◊ gang, clique ◊ business association of people from the same province ◊ {measure word}... group(s) of... (used for groups of people, etc.) 1--very high [v,n,mw] 䛖 bāng ◊ nation, country, state ◊ Bang (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ῌ bǎng ◊ posted list of names, roster ◊ publicly posted roll of successful examinees ◊ {archaic} placard, announcement, (public) notice ◊ horizontal board with inscription 2--high [n] ⻵ bàng ◊ {unit of measure} pound (weight) ◊ (platform) scale ◊ weigh (on a scale) ◊ {printing} point (measurement of type) 2--high [tw] ‫ ڽ‬bàng ◊ approach, draw near, be close to (a certain location) ◊ toward, near, almost (of time; in this meaning, the Taiwan pronunciation is bāng) ◊ {derogatory} sb who relies/depends on a wealthy or influential person ◊ Bang (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] 㲼 bàng ◊ clam, mussel, oyster 3--medium [n] 䉔 bàng ◊ {written/literary} slander, vilify, defame ◊ attack sb viciously ◊ criticize, faultfind 3--medium [v] व bāo ◊ wrap ◊ bundle, package ◊ bag (general term, e.g., could be used for suitcases), sack ◊ {measure word}... pack(s) of...,... bundle(s) of...(used for objects in packages, packets, wrapped bundles, etc.) ◊ protuberance, swelling, lump ◊ surround, encircle ◊ include, contain ◊ undertake responsibility for the whole thing ◊ assure, guarantee ◊ hire, charter ◊ Bao (surname) 1--very high [v,n,mw,sn] 㤎 bāo ◊ bud (of a flower) ◊ ear (of ripening grain) ◊ (of vegetation) luxuriant, thick, profuse ◊ {bot} bulrushes, Scirpus triangulatus 3--medium [adj,n] 㽂 bāo ◊ praise, commend, honour, cite ◊

extol ◊ citation ◊ big, great ◊ (of clothing) loose ◊ Bao (ancient state in the area of present Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province) ◊ Bao (surname) 2--high [v,n,adj,name,sn] 㽂 bāo ◊ praise, commend, honour, cite ◊ extol ◊ citation ◊ big, great ◊ (of clothing) loose ◊ Bao (ancient state in the area of present Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province) ◊ Bao (surname) 5--very low [sn] ‫ ؍‬bǎo ◊ protect, safeguard, defend ◊ preserve, maintain, keep, retain ◊ guarantee, ensure, insure ◊ cover (a certain type of loss) ◊ recommend ◊ servant, waiter ◊ guarantor ◊ Bao (unit of ten households in the Bǎojiǎ ‫ ⭢؍‬system) ◊ Bao (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᇍ bǎo ◊ treasure, jewel ◊ treasures, precious objects ◊ treasured, precious, rare ◊ your ◊ money ◊ seal of the Emperor ◊ {formal} form of address when referring to members of another's family ◊ Bao (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 価 bǎo ◊ full, satiated (after eating) ◊ having eaten one's fill ◊ full, rounded, plump ◊ satisfy, please 2--high [adj,adv,v] ᣕ bào ◊ report, announce ◊ respond, reciprocate ◊ repay, requite, recompense ◊ newspaper ◊ periodical ◊ bulletin (like news bulletin), report ◊ telegram ◊ {Buddhism} retribution 1--very high [v,n] ᣡ bào ◊ hug, embrace, hold in one's arms ◊ have (a child) for the first time; get (a grandchild) for the first time (i.e., become a grandparent for the first time) ◊ adopt (a child) band together (as a group) ◊ (of shoes, clothing) fit nicely ◊ harbour, cherish, have (e.g., hope, a certain attitude, etc.) ◊ {measure word}... armful(s) of...(used for sth one can wrap the arms around, like an armful of firewood, clothes, etc.) ◊ Bao (surname) 1--very high [v,mw,sn] ᳤ bào ◊ sudden and violent, fierce ◊ savage, ruthless, cruel, brutal, tyrannical ◊ short-tempered, ill-tempered ◊ stick/stand/bulge out, protrude ◊ expose, reveal ◊ {written} spoil, wreck, ruin 1--very high [adj,v] 䊩 bào ◊ leopard, panther ◊ Bao (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 劽 bào ◊ abalone ◊ dried fish ◊ salted fish ◊ Bao (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ঁ bēi ◊ low ◊ lowly, inferior, mean ◊ despise, scorn ◊ humble ◊ Bei (surname) 2--high [adj,adv,v,sn] ᛢ bēi ◊ sad, sorrowful ◊ compassion, pity 1--very high [adj,n] ᶟ bēi ◊ cup, glass; cup (as a trophy) ◊ {measure word}... cup(s) of...,... glass(es) of... (used for the quantity of liquid which a cup or glass can hold) 1--very high [n,mw] *ẞ ᶟ bēi ◊ (variant of ᶟ) cup, glass; cup (as a trophy) ◊ {measure word}... cup(s) of...,... glass(es) of...(used for the quantity of liquid which a cup or glass can hold) 3--medium

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[n,mw] ⻁ bēi ◊ stone tablet, stone monument, stele 2--high [n] े běi ◊ north ◊ go north ◊ toward the north, northward ◊ be defeated 1--very high [n] ‫ ؽ‬bèi ◊ ... times, -fold ◊ double, redouble ◊ join ◊ variant of... 1--very high [n,adj,v] ༷ bèi ◊ prepare, make ready ◊ make preparations, take precautions (against) ◊ have, be provided or equipped with, possess ◊ equipment, gear ◊ completely, fully, in every possible way ◊ perfect, complete 1--very high [v,n,adj,adv] ᛆ bèi ◊ be contrary to, go counter to ◊ perverse ◊ confused 3--medium [v,adj] 㛼 bèi ◊ back (of the body) ◊ turn the back (on sb), abandon, desert ◊ turn away, leave, desert ◊ hide sth from sb, do sth behind sb's back ◊ with one's back toward ◊ behind ◊ memorize, learn by heart/rote, recite from memory ◊ violate, act contrary to, break ◊ out-of-the-way, remote ◊ {colloquial} unlucky ◊ be hard of hearing 1--very high [n,v,adv] 㻛 bèi ◊ (as passive prefix) be... ◊ by (followed by a verb: indicates passive voice, used directly before the verb without mentioning the doer of the action) ◊ {new usage} (used before a verb or noun in a sarcastic or jocular way to indicate that the word is at odds with the facts, or that sb was forced to do sth) ◊ quilt ◊ {written} cover (with) ◊ suffer, meet, encounter 1--very high [pref,n,v] 䃆 bèi ◊ obstinate ◊ disorderly ◊ perverse 3--medium 䖸 bèi ◊ generation ◊ class, series of a kind, people of a certain kind ◊ lifetime ◊ {archaic} row of carriages 1--very high [n] 䛦 Bèi ◊ Bei (ancient state in the area of present Hénán ⋣ই Province) 4--low [n] ྄ bēn ◊ walk fast, run, rush, hurry ◊ flee, run away ◊ {IT} Pentium (short for Bēnténg ྄ 偠/྄㞮) ◊ Ben (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ᵜ běn ◊ book ◊ {measure word}... volume(s) of...(used for books, scripts, reels of film, etc.) ◊ root, stem (of a plant) ◊ origin, basis, foundation ◊ {finance} capital, principal ◊ original ◊ one's own, native, home ◊ present, current, this ◊ originally ◊ edition ◊ script (of a play) ◊ memorial to the Emperor 1--very high [n,mw,adj,adv] ⮊ běn ◊ {regional} dustpan ◊ scoop up (dirt, etc.) with a dustpan 4--low [n,v] ፙ bēng ◊ collapse, crumble, fall ◊ burst (like of a bubble) ◊ (of negotiations) break down, fail ◊ be hit by sth exploding ◊ bump off (with firearms) ◊ (of the Emperor) die ◊ {med} metrorrhagia 2--high [v,n] 䙬 bī ◊ (variant of bī 䙬) force, compel, pressure, press, coerce, demand, extort ◊ ap-

proach, draw near, close in ◊ harass, annoy ◊ {written} cramped, narrow 3--medium [adj,v] 啫 bí ◊ nose ◊ start, beginning ◊ hear 1--very high [n] ‫ خ‬bǐ ◊ so that, in order to ◊ cause, enable 3--medium [adv,v] ॅ bǐ ◊ {archaic} spoon ◊ metal arrowhead 3--medium [n] ᖬ bǐ ◊ that, those, the other, another ◊ the other person or side 1--very high [pron] ∄ bǐ ◊ compare ◊ than ◊ to (in a score, e.g., sān bǐ èr й∄Ҽ "3 to 2") ◊ emulate, compete, match ◊ gesture, gesticulate ◊ ratio, proportion ◊ draw an analogy (with), liken (to), compare ◊ copy, model after ◊ {regional} aim at, direct towards ◊ {classical} close to, next to ◊ {classical} cling to, collude with ◊ {classical} recently 1--very high [v,n,conj,adv] ㅄ bǐ ◊ pen ◊ writing brush ◊ {measure word}... sum(s) of... (used for sums of money) ◊ {measure word}... piece(s) of... (used for works of art, e.g., paintings, writing, calligraphy) ◊ {IT} {measure word} (data) record 1--very high [n,mw] 䝉 bǐ ◊ mean, low, vulgar ◊ my ◊ despise, look down upon ◊ remote place ◊ Bi (unit of five hundred families during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty) 2--high [adj,n,v] ໱ bì ◊ wall, cliff ◊ rampart ◊ fortress, encampment ◊ side, aspect ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Bi (one of the twenty-eight Lunar Mansions) 1--very high [n] ႒ bì ◊ servant girl, slave girl, maidservant ◊ {archaic} your servant (humble self-designation used by females) 3--medium [n] ◊ dote on, favour ◊ enjoy favours ◊ ᅆ bì a favourite, person who receives favours 4--low [n,v] ᐱ bì ◊ money (bill, coin), currency ◊ gift, present (like of silk) 1--very high [n] ᒷ bì ◊ shield, shelter, protect 3--medium [v] ᔺ bì ◊ disadvantage, harm, drawback ◊ corrupt practice, fraud, malpractice ◊ exhausted, tired ◊ inferior, bad 2--high [n] ᗵ bì ◊ surely, certainly, necessarily ◊ must, have to ◊ obstinate, stubborn ◊ if, in case ◊ act resolutely ◊ silk rope ◊ Bi (surname) 1--very high [adv,v,n,sn] ᜾ bì ◊ willful, obstinate, stubborn 4--low [adj] ᮍ bì ◊ shabby, tattered, worn out (like clothing) ◊ my ◊ Bi (surname) 3--medium [sn] ∉ bì ◊ die (of people, mostly derogatory) ◊ execute by shooting 2--high [v] ☎ pì ◊ {onom} water gushing in ◊ the Pi river (in Yúnnán 䴢ই/Ӂই Province Province) 292

3--medium [n] ⫗ bì ◊ round and flat jade piece with centre hole (used in ceremonies) ◊ beautiful jade, fine jade 3--medium [n] ⭰ bì ◊ give, grant; confer/bestow upon; gift, present 3--medium [v] ∅ bì ◊ end, finish, conclude, accomplish ◊ completely, fully ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Bi (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions) ◊ net used in hunting ◊ Bi (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 㟲 bì ◊ arm ◊ upper arm ◊ handle of a bow or crossbow 2--high [n] 㭭 bì ◊ hide, conceal, cover, shelter ◊ summarize, generalize 2--high [v] 㼘 bì ◊ {written} advantage, benefit 4--low [n] 䈀 bì ◊ argue, debate ◊ biased ◊ (of character) eccentric 5--very low [adj,v] 䍢 bēn ◊ {written} adorn, decorate ◊ {music} large hand drum ◊ big, large, great, grand ◊ three-legged tortoise ◊ run quickly, dash (used like bēn ྄ "run, dash") ◊ beautiful ◊ angry, irate 4--low [v,adj,n] 䒴 bì ◊ fall down ◊ lame (in both legs) 5--very low [v] 䚯 bì ◊ avoid, shun, evade ◊ repel, keep away ◊ prevent 1--very high [v] 䰝 bì ◊ shut, close ◊ obstruct, block (up) ◊ inaccessible ◊ close, conclude (a meeting, etc.) ◊ Bi (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] 䲋 bì ◊ steps leading to Imperial Palace or Altar 3--medium [n] 僰 bì ◊ thigh ◊ thighbone ◊ buttocks ◊ sundial 4--low [n] 㕆 biān ◊ weave (a basket, etc.) ◊ organize, arrange ◊ compile, edit ◊ write (lyrics, a play, etc.), compose ◊ fabricate, make up ◊ Bian (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 䗩 biān ◊ side ◊ border, edge, fringe ◊ trim (as decoration) ◊ border, boundary ◊ location, place ◊ Bian (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ䷝ biān ◊ a whip ◊ iron rod (as a weapon) ◊ anything resembling a whip ◊ string of small firecrackers ◊ bamboo root 2--high [n,v] ᡱ biǎn ◊ flat ◊ squat (like of handwriting) ◊ {TW usage, colloquial} beat (sb) up ◊ {TW usage, obsolete} Chen Shuibian (short for Chén Shuǐbiǎn 䲣≤ᡱ/䱸≤ᡱ) 2--high [adj,co] 䍜 biǎn ◊ demote (esp. of officials in former times) ◊ lower (the price or value) ◊ censure (in contrast to praise, commend, honour) ◊ reduce, devalue, depreciate 2--high [v] ‫ ׯ‬biàn ◊ then, thus, in that case (consecutive particle, used similar to jiù ቡ, but more formal) ◊ (forming a hypothetic concession) even if ◊ convenient, handy, easy to... ◊ when the opportunity arises, when it is convenient ◊ ordinary, plain, informal ◊ urinate, defecate, relieve oneself; urine, excrement 1--very high

[conj,adj,adv,v,n] ᔱ biàn ◊ {archaic} ceremonial hat worn by males ◊ low-ranking military officer ◊ place in the front-most part (like a preface) ◊ urgent ◊ trembling with fear ◊ fight (with the hands) 3--medium [n] ⊤ Biàn ◊ Bian (name for Kāifēng 䮻ሱ/ᔰ ሱ, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 3--medium [n] ਈ biàn ◊ change ◊ change into, turn into ◊ cause change, transform ◊ changeable, variable ◊ sell off (like property) ◊ major turn of events 1--very high [v,n] 䗘 biàn ◊ distinguish, discriminate, differentiate 2--high [v] 䗙 biàn ◊ debate, dispute, argue ◊ administer, rule 1--very high [v] 䙽 biàn ◊ everywhere, all over ◊ {measure word} (for repeated actions, preceded by a numeral) once through, one time (through) ◊ all the way through, thoroughly, through and through 1--very high [adv,mw] ᪭ biào ◊ fall ◊ beat, strike, hit ◊ tie, bind/link together, fasten ◊ link arms, arm in arm ◊ {derogatory} be (too) close together, be dependent on, cling together (all the time) 4--low [v,adj] ḷ biāo ◊ mark, sign, symbol, label, standard, quota ◊ label, tag ◊ prize ◊ symptom, outward appearance (in contrast to the basis or foundation of sth) ◊ tender, bid ◊ treetop ◊ biao (military unit during the late Qīng ␵ Dynasty) 1--very high [n] ⤻ biāo ◊ rapid, fast 5--very low 䮣 biāo ◊ bit (of a bridle) ◊ {weaponry} dart 4--low [n] 仧 bī ◊ whirlwind 5--very low 㺘 biǎo ◊ surface, exterior; external, outside ◊ show, express, manifest ◊ form, table, list ◊ watch ◊ meter, gauge ◊ relationship between the children of a brother and a sister or of sisters ◊ gnomon (needle) of a sundial ◊ ornamental/ceremonial columns (erected before palaces or tombs) ◊ {historical} memorial (to an emperor) ◊ model, example ◊ {Chinese med} bring out/cure the cold with medicine 1--very high [adj,n,v] 匆 biē ◊ {zool} soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx sinensis or Amyda sinensis ◊ turtle-shaped ◊ {bot} Chinese Brake fern, Pteris ◊ wine vessel 3--medium [n] ࡛ bié ◊ other, another, different ◊ depart, leave, separate ◊ {regional} change, turn around ◊ distinguish, differentiate ◊ distinction, difference ◊ category, type ◊ stick into, obstruct (sb/sth) ◊ trip (sb), cause to stumble ◊ block (another bike or other vehicle with one's own) ◊ (contraction of the prohibitive bùyào н㾱) "don't...!" ◊ Bie (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] ┘ bīn ◊ water's edge, bank, shore ◊ be near, border on (a sea, river, etc.) ◊ Harbin

293

2--high [n,v] 䊣 Bīn ◊ Bin (ancient town in the area of present Xúnyì ᰜ䛁 county, Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province) 4--low [n] ᇮ bīn ◊ guest ◊ Bin (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ‫ ޥ‬bīng ◊ weapons, arms ◊ warrior, soldier, common soldier, private, troops, army, the military ◊ attack ◊ kill (with weapons) ◊ harm, injure ◊ {Chinese chess} Privates/Soldiers (on the red side; equivalent to the Pawns in Western chess) 1--very high [n] ߠ bīng ◊ ice, frost, icicles ◊ ice (up), cool with ice ◊ refrigerate ◊ ice-cold 1--very high [n,v,adj] ṏ bīng ◊ Mandarin orange, tangerine (like in bīnggān ṏḁ "Mandarin orange, tangerine") ◊ {bot} hemp palm, Trachycarpus fortunei 5--very low [morph] щ bǐng ◊ bǐng (third of the ten tiāngān ཙ ᒢ "Celestial Stems") ◊ third (in a series) ◊ fire ◊ Bing (surname) 2--high [sn] ᱪ bǐng ◊ bright, luminous, brilliant ◊ glorious 5--very low [adj] ᷴ bǐng ◊ handle (of a knife, etc.) ◊ stem (of a flower, etc.) ◊ {figurative} handle (like as a basis to ridicule or attack sb) ◊ wield power ◊ power, authority ◊ {measure word} (used for things with a handle) 2--high [n,v,mw] ⛣ bǐng ◊ bright, brilliant ◊ remarkable, outstanding ◊ ignite, light ◊ obvious, evident ◊ Bing (a personal name) 3--medium [adj] ⿹ bǐng ◊ grasp, hold (in the hand) ◊ control, be in authority ◊ power, authority ◊ {archaic} bing (measure of capacity) ◊ Bing (surname) 2--high [sn] 䛤 Bǐng ◊ Bing (county during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in present-day Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Bing (surname) 4--low [sn] ᒦ bìng ◊ and (also), at the same time, equally, simultaneously ◊ entirely, completely ◊ on the same level with, even, equal ◊ (emphatic when followed by a negation) (not) at all ◊ {written} (used like lián 䙓/䘎) (not) even... ◊ place together, place side by side ◊ merge 1--very high [conj] ᒦ bìng ◊ on a level with, even, equal ◊ and, and also, or, at the same time, equally, simultaneously 4--low [conj,adv] ⯵ bìng ◊ ill, sick ◊ disease 1--very high [adj,n] ࢕ bāo ◊ peel (off), strip (off), (remove the) shell/skin ◊ (the) peel, shell, skin 2--high [v,n] ᤘ bō ◊ move, stir, poke (with the hand, a stick, etc.) ◊ assign, allocate ◊ turn round ◊ {measure word}... group(s) of... (used for people in groups) 2--high [v,mw] ᫝ bō ◊ spread, broadcast ◊ disperse, scatter ◊ sow (seeds) ◊ move, migrate ◊ abandon, gi-

ve up 1--very high [v] ⌒ bō ◊ wave, ripple (on water), (ocean) breaker ◊ (electromagnetic) wave(s) (like radio waves) ◊ undulation; undulate ◊ fluctuation; fluctuate ◊ affect, involve, implicate, entangle ◊ unexpected turn of events ◊ {dialect} run, rush ◊ {dialect, phonetic} ball 1--very high [n,v] ⋺ bó ◊ (cast) anchor, moor, berth, lie at anchor ◊ stop, stay ◊ {colloquial} park (a car) ◊ tranquil, quiet ◊ {physics} poise 3--medium [adj,v] ӣ Bó ◊ {archaic} Bo (national capital during the Shāng ୶ Dynasty) 4--low [n] ՟ bó ◊ {kinship} uncle (father's elder brother) ◊ eldest (of several brothers) ◊ {nobility rank} count (third of the five ranks of nobility in feudal times) 1--very high [n] ‫ ܠ‬Bó ◊ {ethnology} Bo (ancient ethnic group in southwest China) 4--low [n] ࣳ bó ◊ suddenly, quickly ◊ prosperous, thriving, vigorous, exuberant 2--high [adj,adv] ঊ bó ◊ abundant, plentiful, ample, rich ◊ (of garments) wide, big, loose ◊ knowledgeable, well-informed, learned, erudite ◊ win, achieve, gain; gamble ◊ barter, exchange ◊ great, grand ◊ Bo (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] ᑋ bó ◊ silks (collectively) ◊ Bo (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ᨿ bó ◊ wrestle, fight, struggle ◊ beat [of the pulse, etc.], throb, pulsate 2--high [v] ⎑ bó ◊ {archaic} burst forth ◊ rise ◊ vigorous 5--very low [v] ⑔ bó ◊ (of a body of water) surge, swell ◊ (Bó) the Bo Sea (Bó Hǎi ⑔⎧) 3--medium [n] 㡦 bó ◊ large ocean-going vessel 2--high [n] 㮴 báo ◊ thin, meagre, slight, small ◊ frail, not strong, not solid ◊ unkind, mean, frivolous, not generous ◊ (of emotions, treatment of others, etc.) cold ◊ light, weak (like of wine) ◊ (of land) infertile ◊ look down upon, despise, belittle, diminish ◊ {written} approach, draw near ǁ (the literary pronunciation is "bo", which is used in certain formal words/phrases; "báo" is the colloquial pronunciation, used in expressions from everyday life) 1--very high [adj,v] 䭸 bó ◊ {archaic} large bronze bell (as a musical instrument) ◊ hoe, spade 5--very low [n] 傣 bó ◊ barge, lighter; transport by barge or lighter ◊ extend/widen a shore or dyke ◊ contradict, refute ◊ piebald, parti-coloured (horse, etc.)2--high [adj,n,v] 䘻 bū ◊ run away, flee ◊ {finance} be in arrears, owe 4--low [v] ঌ bǔ ◊ practice divination, divine ◊ predict, forecast ◊ choose, select ◊ grant, bestow ◊ {measure word} (used for trees) ◊ Bo (surname) ◊ (alternate reading "bo") 3--medium 294

[sn] ᦅ bǔ ◊ catch, seize, arrest ◊ bailiff ◊ Bu (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 㺕 bǔ ◊ mend, patch, fix, correct ◊ supplement, make up for ◊ take a restorative to improve one's health ◊ help, benefit ◊ appoint to office ◊ embroidery on official garments 1--very high [v,n] н bù ◊ not ◊ no 1--very high [adv] ᐳ bù ◊ cloth ◊ (used like bù ո/ᐳ) spread, circulate, disseminate ◊ declare, announce, state to the public ◊ arrange, deploy ◊ donate, give (like to a charity) ◊ Bu (surname) 1--very high [n,vt,sn] ᙆ bù ◊ be afraid ◊ {classical} intimidate 2--high [v] ↕ bù ◊ step, pace ◊ (in a process) step, stage ◊ situation, condition ◊ {measure of length} bu (unit of length equal to five chǐ ቪ [Chinese feet], a Chinese foot being approx. 0.3 metres) ◊ {measure word}... step(s)...,... move(s)... (used for steps in walking and moves in chess) ◊ walk ◊ step on, tread ◊ pace off, measure by pacing ◊ Bu (surname) 1--very high [n,meas,mw,sn] *↘ ㉯ bù ◊ note-book, account book (to be filled in, like for accounts, registration, writing exercises, etc.) ◊ documents ◊ {history} tablet held at the chest by an official during the Imperial Audience 3--medium [n] 䜘 bù ◊ department, ministry (or similar organizational or administrative unit) ◊ part, section ◊ headquarters (esp. military) ◊ unit, force, troops ◊ category, class ◊ (under one's) command ◊ {measure word} (used for films, books, vehicles, machines, laws, regulations, rules) ◊ Bu (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] 佄 bū ◊ dinner (time) 4--low

coffin 1--very high [n] ᡽ cái ◊ {grammar} just (now) (indicates sth has just happened) ◊ only, only then (indicates sth happening later than expected) ◊ only in this case, only under such a condition (indicates sth happens only under a given condition) ◊ only after... (indicates sth new has happened) ◊ barely, hardly, only (indicates sth/sb is comparatively small/weak) ◊ definitely, by all means (used for emphasis/assertion, usually followed by the sentence-final particle ne ઒) 3--medium 㻱 cái ◊ cut out (like paper, cloth) ◊ cut (down), decrease, reduce (like staff, armaments) ◊ (in art, literature) approach, style ◊ decide, judge ◊ control, check, sanction ◊ {archaic} commit suicide by slitting one's throat 1--very high [v,n] 䍒 cái ◊ wealth, money, riches, possessions 1--very high [n] 䟷 cǎi ◊ pick, pluck (flowers, etc.), gather ◊ mine, extract ◊ collect (samples) ◊ select, choose ◊ (of measures, etc.) adopt ◊ (now rarely) drag ◊ beckon, take notice of 3--medium [v] 㨌 cài ◊ vegetables, greens ◊ canola, rapeseed (oil) ◊ dish, course (of a meal, on a menu, etc.) ◊ meal, dishes; food 1--very high [n] 㭑 cài ◊ {archaic} large tortoise (with shell used in divination) ◊ {history} Cai (state during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty in the area of present Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Cai (surname) 2--high [n,name,sn] ৲ cān ◊ join, participate (in) ◊ consult, refer (to) ◊ visit to pay one's respects to, pay homage to ◊ {history, admin} impeach an official at the imperial court ◊ understand, grasp ◊ {math} parameter ◊ {Buddhism} seek to understand 1--very high [v] 佀 cān ◊ eat, dine ◊ meal, food ◊ {measure word} (for meals) 1--very high [v,n,mw] 僆 cān ◊ {archaic} the outside two horses (one on the left, one on the right) in a harnessed team ◊ a three-horse harness team 4--low ᜝ cán ◊ feel ashamed 2--high [adj] ↻ cán ◊ injure, mutilate, damage, harm, cripple, kill ◊ incomplete, fragmentary, deficient ◊ crippled, mutilated, disabled, handicapped ◊ left over, remaining ◊ remnants, remains ◊ cruel, ferocious, fierce, savage, barbarous 1--very high [v,adj,n] ᜘ cǎn ◊ (used for cǎn ឈ/᜘) tragic, pitiful, miserable, wretched ◊ cruel, savage, brutal ◊ (of degree, extent) serious, disastrous ◊ dark, gloomy, dull ◊ extremely..., terribly... 5--very low ㋢ càn ◊ bright, radiant, beaming ◊ with a beaming smile ◊ polished rice of the highest quality 4--low [adj,v] ԃ cāng ◊ warehouse, storehouse, depository, storage facility ◊ grain storage, grain elevator

C ⥌ cāi ◊ guess, speculate, conjecture, surmise, estimate ◊ be suspicious, suspect ◊ be doubtful, doubt ◊ be jealous, cunning, crafty 2--high [v] ᡽ cái ◊ talent, ability, gift ◊ talented (or capable, gifted) person, talent ◊ Cai (surname) ◊ (used like 㓄/᡽) {grammar} just (now) (indicates sth has just happened) ◊ only, only then (indicates sth happening later than expected) ◊ only in this case, only under such a condition (indicates sth happens only under a given condition) ◊ only after... (indicates sth new has happened) ◊ barely, hardly, only (indicates sth/sb is comparatively small/weak) ◊ definitely, by all means (used for emphasis/assertion, usually followed by the sentence-final particle ne ઒) 1--very high [n,adv,sn] ᶀ cái ◊ timber ◊ material (like building material) ◊ data, material (like teaching material) ◊ talent, ability ◊ talented or capable person ◊ 295

◊ Cang (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 㣽 cāng ◊ blue (colour of the sky, the sea) ◊ green (colour of grass, plants) ◊ (of vegetation, growth) lush, dense, luxurious, abundant ◊ gray, ashen ◊ {written} sky, the heavens ◊ Cang (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] 㯿 cáng ◊ hide, conceal ◊ store, hoard, collect, lay in ◊ Cang (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ᫽ cāo ◊ hold (in the hand), grasp, wield ◊ do/operate/handle (sth) ◊ speak (a language or a dialect) ◊ a drill, exercise ◊ one's conduct, behaviour, morality, principles ◊ Cao (surname) 2--high [sn,v] ᴩ cáo ◊ {grammar, written} people of a certain kind (used as suffix to indicate the plural) ◊ group, crowd ◊ couple, pair ◊ {history} section (as a division of an office) ◊ Cao (state in the area of present Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) ◊ Cao (surname) 2--high [sn] ╅ cáo ◊ transport grain by water (esp. tax grain to the capital) ◊ Cao (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㷜 cáo ◊ grubs (in fruit) (like in qícáo 㹀 㷜/㴤㷜 "grubs", "scarab larva") 4--low [phon] 㥹 cǎo ◊ grass, herbs ◊ straw (like rope, sandals) ◊ {archaic} wilderness, the country ◊ {colloquial} female (of certain domestic animals, like cǎomǎ 㥹俜/㥹傜 "mare") ◊ sloppy, hasty, careless ◊ (of pieces of writing) rough draft ◊ draw up, draft (a document) ◊ {calligraphy} cursive script, cursive hand, running style 1--very high [n,adj] ‫ ח‬cè ◊ side, flank; lateral ◊ incline, tilt, lean, slant ◊ lie prostrate 1--very high [n,v] ޼ cè ◊ book, volume (often within a series) ◊ {measure word} (of books) volume, copy ◊ {history, administrative, written} confer a (feudal) title 2--high [n,v,mw] ৅ cè ◊ toilet, bathroom, lavatory, WC, restroom ◊ {written} pigsty, hogpen ◊ be mingled with, be involved in 2--high [n,v] ⍻ cè ◊ measure, gauge, survey, fathom ◊ estimate, infer, predict, conjecture, judge 1--very high [v] ㆆ cè ◊ scheme, strategy, plan ◊ strips of bamboo or wood (as writing medium) ◊ {history, admin} essay on political or economic matters (as part of the imperial exam) ◊ {written} plan, engineer, arrange ◊ horse whip, riding crop ◊ whip (a horse on with a riding crop), urge on ◊ {written} crutch(es) ◊ Ce (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ᴮ céng ◊ previously, formerly, some time ago, before, once (adverb indicating a past action or situation) 1--very high [adv] ቲ céng ◊ layer, stratum; dimension, tier, storey, floor, level, part (in a sequence); layered, piled up ◊ {geosciences} layer, bed, horizon, for-

mation ◊ {biology} stratum ◊ {measure word}... layer(s)...,... floor(s)... (used for storeys of buildings, things in layers, outer coverings, feelings, thinking, etc.) 1--very high [n,adj,mw] ᐞ chà ◊ differ (by), be different ◊ lack, be/fall short of ◊ no good, substandard, poor, inferior ◊ wrong, mistaken, erroneous ◊ fault, mistake 1--very high [v,adj] ৹ chā ◊ (pick sth up with a) fork, work with a fork 3--medium [v] ᨂ chā ◊ insert, stick in ◊ interpose, interject 1--very high [v] ሏ chá ◊ examine, scrutinize ◊ inspect, look into ◊ observe, notice, see ◊ know clearly and in detail ǁ ሏ is short for Cháhā'ěr ሏ૸⡮/ሏ ૸ቄ "Qarhan" or "Chahar," formerly a province (now incorporated into Hebei and Shanxi) 1--very high [v] ḕ chá ◊ check, examine, inspect ◊ investigate, look into ◊ consult (a dictionary, etc.), look up (e.g., a word in a dictionary) 2--high [v] ◊ (tear) open (like a letter, parcel) ◊ ᣶ chāi take apart (like padded clothing for washing), disassemble (like a machine) ◊ demolish, dismantle 3--medium [v] Ḥ chái ◊ firewood ◊ {regional} (of overcooked meat, etc.) stringy, dry ◊ {regional} bony, emaciated ◊ {regional} shoddy, inferior, of poor quality ◊ Chai (surname) 4--low [sn,n] 䊪 chái ◊ jackal 4--low [n] 㲯 chài ◊ {zool} the scorpion 4--low [n] 㿷 chān ◊ spy on, observe ◊ survey (as a surveyor) 4--low [v] ‫ ݣ‬chán ◊ obstinate, stupid ◊ uneven ◊ mix 3--medium ᔋ chán ◊ {archaic} lot, plot, land on which a house is located ◊ house of a commoner's family ◊ market, marketplace ◊ a hundred mu (equal to 733.50 square yards) of cultivated land 4--low [n] ◦ chán ◊ still water ◊ placid, tranquil 3--medium ⾵ chán ◊ {Buddhism} meditation, contemplation ◊ dhyana (prolonged and intense meditation) ◊ Buddhist, pertaining to Buddhism ◊ Chan Buddhism (a school of Buddhism with emphasis on meditation, better known under its Japanese reading Zen) 2--high [n,adj] 㕐 chán ◊ wind (around), twine ◊ entwine, entangle ◊ pester ◊ {dialect} deal with, cope with ◊ {astronomy} course of a celestial body ◊ Chan (surname) 2--high [sn] 㵹 chán ◊ {zool} cicada, fam. Cicadidae ◊ thin silk resembling cicada wings 2--high [n] 䉇 chán ◊ slander, defame ◊ slander, defamation 3--medium [v,n] 䣻 chán ◊ {weaponry, archaic} short spear 5--very low [n] 296

raid, invade, loot ◊ search for and confiscate ◊ copy (sth from), plagiarize ◊ take (a shortcut) ◊ fold one's arms (in the sleeves) ◊ Chao (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ❟ chāo ◊ (as a cooking/cleaning method, or to remove fishy/meaty smell) scald; dip/submerge in boiling water 3--medium [v] 䎵 chāo ◊ surpass, exceed ◊ super-, ultra-, extra- ◊ transcend, go beyond ◊ {written} jump/leap over ◊ Chao (surname) 1--very high [v,pref,sn] 䫎 chāo ◊ bank note(s), bill(s), paper money in circulation during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties) 2--high [n] ᵍ cháo ◊ towards, facing... ◊ court (of emperor, king, etc.) ◊ dynasty ◊ {history} capital (from which the emperor rules the empire); reign of an emperor; pay respects, have an audience with; spring audience with the Emperor (during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) ◊ North Korea (short for Cháoxiǎn ᵍ凞/ᵍ勌) ◊ Chao (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,n,sn] ౢ cháo ◊ ridicule, deride, scorn, sneer, mock 2--high [v] ᐒ cháo ◊ nest (of birds, bees, ants, etc.) ◊ den ◊ {figurative} hideout ◊ Chao (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᱱ cháo ◊ {zool} sea turtle, ocean turtle ◊ Chao (surname) 5--very low [sn] 䖖 chē ◊ vehicle, car ◊ implement or machine containing rotating elements (like a spinning wheel, water wheel, windmill) ◊ machine, turn on a lathe ◊ draw/lift water with a water wheel ◊ {dialect} carry (away) in a vehicle ◊ {dialect} sew sth on a sewing machine ◊ turn (one's body) ◊ Che (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ᖫ chè ◊ penetrate, pervade ◊ penetrating ◊ thorough(ly), complete(ly), to the end, to the bottom 1--very high [v,adj,adv] 䜤 Chēn ◊ (short for Chēnzhōu 䜤ᐎ) Chenzhou (prefecture in Húnán ⒆ই Province) ◊ Chen (surname) 3--medium [sn] ቈ chén ◊ dust ◊ this (mortal) world ◊ trail, trace ◊ contaminate, pollute ◊ {Buddhism} the senses ◊ Chen (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] Ი chén ◊ (early) morning; daybreak ◊ (of a rooster) announce the dawn 1--very high [n] 㠓 chén ◊ {archaic} court official, official under a feudal ruler, subject, courtier (mostly of the Chinese Emperor) ◊ "I", your vassal (used by court officials for themselves when addressing the Emperor) ◊ Chen (surname) 2--high [sn] 䗠 chén ◊ chen (fifth of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. (one of the traditional 12 two-hour periods that make up a day) ◊ two-hour period (any one of the traditional 12 two-hour periods of a day) ◊ occasion (as in dànchén 䃅䗠/䈎䗠 "birthday") ◊ time, day ◊ {astronomy} celestial body/bodies 2--high

࡜ chǎn ◊ (variant of chǎn 䨏/䬢) {tool} spade, shovel; remove with a shovel, level off, trim, pare down 5--very low ӗ chǎn ◊ give birth to, bear ◊ produce, manufacture, yield; product, produce ◊ estate, property, possessions 1--very high [v,n] 䈴 chǎn ◊ flatter, toady, fawn on ◊ be deferential, servile, subservient 4--low [v] 䆷 chǎn ◊ flatter ◊ suspect, be uncertain 5--very low 䱀 chǎn ◊ explain, clarify, elucidate, expound, elaborate on ◊ Chan (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in the area of present Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 2--high [v] ᰼ chāng ◊ prosperous, flourishing, thriving ◊ prosperity ◊ {written} (of speech) proper ◊ fair ◊ Chang (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] 䮯 cháng ◊ long; length ◊ (one's) strong point(s), forte ◊ be good at sth, be strong in sth ◊ surplus, spare, extra (in this meaning, formerly pronounced zhàng) 1--very high [adj,n] ‫ گ‬cháng ◊ repay, pay back, compensate, redeem, make restitution, make up ◊ fulfil, satisfy, meet a demand/requirement 2--high [v] ቍ cháng ◊ taste, try (the flavour of sth), sample ◊ experience, taste, come to know ◊ ever, once 2--high [vt,adv] ᑨ cháng ◊ common, normal, ordinary ◊ constant ◊ frequently, often, usually, always ◊ {written} morality, code of conduct, rule of behaviour, principle ◊ Chang (surname) 1--very high [adv,n,sn] 㛐 cháng ◊ intestines ◊ sausage 2--high [n] 㣼 cháng ◊ {bot} the Chinese Gooseberry or Kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis (as in chángchǔ 㨷 ᾊ "Chinese Gooseberry or Kiwifruit") ◊ Chang (surname) 4--low [sn] ൪ chǎng ◊ (gathering) place ◊ stage ◊ {theatre} scene (within an act) ◊ {measure word} (used for physical activities, athletic events, performances, dreams, exams, speeches, disasters, e.g., yī chǎng diànyǐng а๤䴫ᖡ/а൪⭥ᖡ "a (theater showing of a) movie") ◊ {physics} field (magnetic, etc.) 1--very high [n,mw] ᮎ chǎng ◊ (of a room, courtyard, wagon, etc.) spacious, roomy ◊ open, uncovered 2--high [adj] ّ chàng ◊ initiate, promote, advocate ◊ (used like chàng ୡ) sing, lead in singing ◊ play music ◊ lead, guide 2--high [v] ୡ chàng ◊ sing ◊ call or cry out ◊ song, the words to a song ◊ singing part of a Chinese opera ◊ Chang (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ⭵ chàng ◊ unrestrained, unimpeded, smooth, uninhibited, to one's heart's content ◊ long ◊ really, truly ◊ Chang (surname) 2--high [adj,adv,sn] ᕘ chāo ◊ {written} bow; slack bow string; loosened bow 4--low ᢴ chāo ◊ copy, transcribe ◊ plagiarize ◊ 297

[n] 䱸 chén ◊ display, exhibit, lay out ◊ explain, narrate ◊ old, aged, stale ◊ Chen (state during the Zhou Dynasty near Huaiyang, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Chen (557-589, one of the Southern Dynasties) ◊ Chen (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,name,sn] 㺜 chèn ◊ put (paper, lining, etc.) underneath; (of clothing) lined; lining (of clothing) ◊ set off, contrast, provide a background for ◊ give alms, make a charitable contribution ◊ reveal, expose, make evident ◊ help, assist 2--high [n,v] 喰 chèn ◊ (of small children) lose the milk teeth and get permanent teeth; begin growing permanent teeth 4--low [n,v] 〠 chēng ◊ call (sb by name) ◊ call oneself, be known as ◊ a name ◊ say, state, announce ◊ weigh ◊ {written} praise, commend ◊ {written} lift, raise (as in chēngshāng zhùshòu ち䀤⾍༭/〠䀎⾍ሯ "raise the glass to toast sb") 1--very high [v,n] ᫁ chēng ◊ prop up, support, brace ◊ maintain, sustain, keep up ◊ push (a boat forward) with a pole, punt ◊ fill/be filled to the point of bursting ◊ unfurl, open (an umbrella, etc.) ǁ (in Traditional characters, ᫁ is a non-standard variant of ᫀ) 2--high [v] ю chéng ◊ assist, aid; help, assistance ◊ {archaic} magistrate; assistant, aide, deputy; prime minister 3--medium [v,n] ҈ chéng ◊ ride (in a vehicle, in a boat, on a horse, etc.) ◊ take advantage of, avail oneself of (the opportunity) ◊ {Buddhism} one of the main divisions of Buddhism, vehicle ◊ {math} ...times... (multiplying numbers) ◊ Cheng (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ෾ chéng ◊ city wall ◊ wall (like the Great Wall) ◊ city, town (in contrast to xiāng 䜹/ґ "village, countryside") ◊ Cheng (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᜙ chéng ◊ punish, penalize ◊ {written} warn, admonish, guard against; suffer from 2--high [v] ᡀ chéng ◊ become, turn or change into ◊ fully developed, fully grown ◊ successfully finished ◊ be all right, okay ◊ achievement, fruits (of work, etc.) ◊ able, capable ◊ in considerable numbers or amounts ◊ ready-made, established ◊ 10% (e.g., sān chéng йᡀ means "thirty percent") ◊ Cheng (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ᢯ chéng ◊ hold, bear, support ◊ undertake, contract (to do a job), accept, assume (a task, responsibility) ◊ {formal} be obliged, be indebted (for a favour, kindness, etc.) ◊ continue, carry on, follow, inherit ◊ stop, resist ◊ Cheng (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 〻 chéng ◊ journey, trip; stage of a journey, distance traveled ◊ rule, regulation, law ◊ process, procedure, order, sequence, rate, limit ◊ pattern, formula ◊ measure, calculate, estimate ◊

Cheng (ancient state in the area of present Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province) ◊ Cheng (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 䈊 chéng ◊ sincere, honest; sincerity, true feelings ◊ really, indeed ◊ if really, if indeed 1--very high [adj,adv] 䙎 chěng ◊ show off (one's talent, power, etc.) ◊ carry out, succeed; achieve one's (evil) purpose ◊ indulge, leave unrestrained 3--medium [v] 傻 chěng ◊ gallop (of a horse) ◊ give free rein to 3--medium [v] 〔 chèng ◊ scales (for weighing); steelyard, balance; weigh (sth) 3--medium [n,v] შ chī ◊ {written} ugly, hideous, unsightly 4--low [adj] 㳙 chī ◊ ignorant, idiotic ◊ cheat, bully ◊ {zool} a caterpillar 4--low [adj,n,v] 呡 chī ◊ {zool} owl, ord. Strigiformes ◊ type of wine vessel 4--low [n] ᕋ chí ◊ relax ◊ unstring (or loosen the string of) a bow ◊ postpone ◊ weaken ◊ spoil, damage 3--medium [v] ᤱ chí ◊ hold (in one's hand), grasp ◊ hold, be of (an opinion) ◊ hold (a passport, etc.) ◊ support, maintain ◊ manage, handle, run ◊ hold under control or duress ◊ confront, oppose1--very high [v] ⊐ chí ◊ pool, pond ◊ enclosed space with raised sides (like a flower bed, orchestra pit, etc.) ◊ front section of a theatre; orchestra ◊ moat ◊ Chi (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ㈚ chí ◊ {music} ancient wooden wind instrument; eight-holed flute 5--very low 㳣 chí ◊ {zool} ant eggs4--low 䘏 chí ◊ slow, tardy ◊ late, delayed ◊ Chi (surname) 2--high [adj,adv,sn] 傠 chí ◊ (usually of cars, horses, etc.) go fast, race, rush, speed, gallop ◊ {admin} promulgate, spread ◊ {written} crave, desire, aspire to 2--high [v] ָ chǐ ◊ extravagant, excessive, wasteful, immoral ◊ boast, exaggerate 3--medium [adj,v] ቪ chǐ ◊ {unit of measure} Chinese "foot" (0.3 meters) ◊ ruler (measuring instrument) ◊ drafting implements (like a T-square); drawing tool(s) ◊ sth shaped like a ruler1--very high [n] 㙫 chǐ ◊ shame, humiliation, disgrace ◊ shame, humiliate, disgrace 2--high [n,v] *㜓 䉹 chǐ ◊ fermented soybeans (as in dòuchǐ 䉶䉹 "fermented soybeans") 3--medium [n] 喯 chǐ ◊ tooth, teeth ◊ {mechanical engineering} tooth-like part of an object, tool, machine, etc. (like a comb, saw, sprocket, etc.) ◊ (of gears, cogs, etc.) toothed ◊ {written} one's age ◊ {written} speak of, mention 2--high [n,v] ᮅ chì ◊ {archaic} Imperial edict or decree ◊ {religion} Taoist magic 3--medium 298

ਡ chì ◊ {written} scold, shout at, rebuke/denounce loudly 3--medium [v] ᣦ chì ◊ {written} beat, flog, cane, whip 5--very low ᯕ chì ◊ blame, scold, reprimand, reproach, denounce ◊ drive out, oust, repel, exclude, dismiss ◊ expand, open up ◊ big, great, in large numbers, numerous ◊ {written} pay, spend ◊ {written} reconnoitre, scout ◊ {geosciences, written} saline soil 2--high [v,adj,adv,n] *ᶈ ⛭ chì ◊ ablaze, burning, in flames 3--medium [adj] 䎔 chì ◊ red ◊ vermilion ◊ revolutionary, Communist ◊ loyal, faithful, devoted ◊ (of the body) bare ◊ empty ◊ (of gold, etc.) pure 2--high [adj] ߢ chōng ◊ flush, wash away, rinse ◊ take a shower ◊ pour (boiling) water on (as in making tea), mix (like medicine) with water or wine ◊ (of film) develop ◊ {accounting} offset, cancel out ◊ surge, rush forward (of water) ◊ rise vertically into the air ◊ Chong (surname) ◊ pound (with mortar and pestle) ◊ {dialect} plateau in hilly land 1--very high [v,n,sn] ‫ ݵ‬chōng ◊ full, ample, sufficient ◊ fill, charge (like a battery) ◊ act as, serve as ◊ play the part of, pose as ◊ Chong (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] 㠲 chōng ◊ pound (grain to remove the husk); grind (like rice, medicine, etc., with mortar and pestle) ◊ knock against ◊ imprisonment 4--low [vt] ጷ chóng ◊ high, lofty ◊ esteem, revere, venerate ◊ full ◊ increase ◊ gather, accumulate ◊ decoration ◊ decoration on a flag ◊ Chong (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] 㲛 chóng ◊ insect(s), bug; worm ◊ (as a word suffix) person with the stated undesirable quality, e.g. lǎnchóng ᠦ㸢/᠂㲛 "lazy person", hútuchóng ㋺ງ㸢/㋺⎲㲛 "muddle-head" ◊ {classical} animal ◊ Chong (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᇐ chǒng ◊ dote on, favour, spoil, make a pet of ◊ revere, venerate 2--high [v] ᣭ chōu ◊ take out from (in between), pull out (like a letter from an envelope) ◊ suck out, draw out, pump out ◊ take (sth from a whole) ◊ (of certain plants, trees) put forth (buds, etc.) ◊ draw (like blood, or smoke from a pipe, etc.) ◊ shrink ◊ strike, whip, lash 1--very high [v] ⣘ chōu ◊ panting of a cow; grunting of an ox ◊ stand out; stick out, protrude 5--very low ӷ chóu ◊ enemy, foe, adversary, rival; a (perfect) match ◊ enmity, hatred, grudge, antagonism, hostility 1--very high [n] ᑡ chóu ◊ bed curtain; carriage curtain 5--very low [n] ᜱ chóu ◊ worry, be anxious/sad/grieved/gloomy ◊ sadness, sorrow 2--high [n,v]

⮤ chóu ◊ farmland, arable land ◊ category, kind, division ◊ {physics} domain, field (like of magnetism) 2--high [n] 䴐 chóu ◊ {literature} compare texts, collate ◊ (used like chóu ӷ) enemy, rival, opponent, foe, adversary ◊ enmity, hatred, grudge 4--low [v] с chǒu ◊ {theatre} clown, jester, comedian ◊ chou (second of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ chou (1:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m., one of the twelve two-hour periods of the day) ◊ Chou (surname) 3--medium [sn] с chǒu ◊ ugly, hideous (in contrast to měi 㖾 "beautiful, pretty") ◊ unpleasant, disgusting, contemptible, abominable, scandalous ◊ {dialect} bad (as in píqi chǒu 㝮≓䟌/㝮≄с "badtempered") 2--high [adj,n] ◊ smelly, foul, stinking ◊ detestable, 㠝 chòu odious ◊ {colloquial} have a bad reputation ◊ (of skills, etc.) lousy, inferior, poor ◊ severely, relentlessly, mercilessly ◊ {weaponry, dialect} dud (shell or round that fails to detonate) 2--high [adj,adv,v,n] ࠪ chū ◊ go out, exit, come out, come from ◊ give out, issue, offer ◊ occur, happen, arise, emerge, show, appear ◊ produce, turn out, yield ◊ publish ◊ vent (like one's anger) ◊ expend, pay (out), spend ◊ {measure word} (used for theatrical or acrobatic performances, plays, readings, etc.) ◊ {regional} (suffix indicating direction of movement) ◊ (as verb ending) out 1--very high [v,mw,co] ࡍ chū ◊ (at the) beginning of, (during the) first part of, (during the) early stage of ◊ first, initial ◊ beginning/early part of ◊ first (in order) ◊ initially, just ◊ elementary ◊ for the first time ◊ rudimentary, elementary, beginning ◊ original ◊ primitive ◊ the first ten day period of a lunisolar month ◊ Chu (surname) 1--very high [n,adv,sn] ኰ chū ◊ (variant of chū ࠪ) go out, exit, come out, come from ◊ give out, issue, offer ◊ produce, turn out, yield ◊ occur, happen, arise ◊ emerge, show, appear ◊ publish ◊ vent (like one's anger) ◊ expend, pay out, spend ◊ {measure word} (used for theatrical or acrobatic performances, plays, readings, etc.) ◊ {regional} (suffix indicating direction of movement) 3--medium ࠽ chú ◊ hay, fodder ◊ cut, mow (grass) ◊ feed (hay to draft animals) ◊ bundle/bale of hay 4--low [n,v] 㫝 chóu ◊ to cut grass ◊ hay ◊ fodder ◊ (alternate reading "chù")5--very low *䎾 䒷 chú ◊ step on, trample on ◊ hesitate, waver, shilly-shally 2--high [morph] 䲔 chú ◊ besides, except (for), in addition to (usually chú 䲔... wài ཆ) ◊ eliminate, remove, get rid of, abolish ◊ {math} divide(d) ◊ {written} offer/confer (an official position, etc.) ◊ {written} doorsteps, the steps leading to a house

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1--very high [v,adv,n] 䳿 chú ◊ the young, newborn (mostly of birds); nestling, fledgling ◊ infant 3--medium [n] ༴ chù ◊ place, location ◊ department, office ◊ {measure word} (used for places, location of buildings, etc., e.g., liǎng chù fángzi ‫ޙ‬㲅ᡯ ᆀ/є༴ᡯᆀ "houses in two locations") 1--very high [n,mw] ۘ chǔ ◊ stockpile, store up; save and preserve ◊ heir apparent ◊ wait, await ◊ Chu (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ᶥ chǔ ◊ pestle (used with a mortar) ◊ wooden club (used to pound clothes when washing them) ◊ poke, pry (with sth long and thin) 3--medium [n,v] ᾊ chǔ ◊ {written} neat, clean, clear ◊ suffering, pang (of pain) ◊ {bot} Chinese chastetree, Vitex negundo ◊ Chu (name for the region of Húběi ⒆े Province and Húnán ⒆ই Province, esp. Húběi ⒆े Province) ◊ Chu (ancient state during the Western Zhou Dynasty in northern Húběi ⒆े Province) ◊ Chu (one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties [Wǔdài ӄ ԓ, 907-960 CE]) ◊ Chu (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ᾞ chǔ ◊ {bot} paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera ◊ paper 4--low [n] 㽊 zhǔ ◊ silk floss, silk wadding, silk clothing ◊ pad with silk wadding ◊ bag, satchel, sack ◊ {written} red cloth placed over a coffin 3--medium [n,v] ⮌ chù ◊ livestock, domestic animals 3--medium [n] ᩀ chù ◊ {med} twitch, have a tic; jerk, have spasm 4--low [v] ↌ chù ◊ {written} furious, in a rage, wild with anger ◊ conceited, haughty, overbearing 5--very low ⓰ chù ◊ (of water) accumulate; form a stagnant pool; stagnate ◊ congeal 4--low [v] 㓼 chù ◊ insufficient, inadequate, not enough ◊ sew, stitch 3--medium [adj] 䀖 chù ◊ hit, bump into, butt, ram; (of a horned animal) ram with the horns ◊ touch, come into contact with ◊ touch, move (emotionally), stir up sb's feelings ◊ offend, violate ◊ Chu (surname) 1--very high [sn] 䇾 qū ◊ shorten ◊ bend ◊ surrender ◊ Qu (surname) 4--low [sn] 唌 chù ◊ dismiss, remove (from office); demote 3--medium [v] ᨓ chuǎi ◊ {written} measure, weigh ◊ calculate, reckon ◊ guess, suppose, surmise, conjecture, estimate ◊ try, probe (for possibilities); put out a feeler ◊ Chuai (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] ᐍ chuān ◊ river, stream ◊ plain, level land ◊ (short for Sìchuān ഋᐍ) Sichuan Province 1--very high [n] ク chuān ◊ penetrate, pierce (through) ◊ pass

through, go through, cross ◊ wear, put on (clothing), have... on, be dressed in ◊ to thread, string (like pearls, beads, etc.) ◊ {grammar} (verbal complement used after certain action verbs to indicate that the action was thorough and complete [e.g., kànchuān ⴻク "see through"]) 1--very high [v] Ր chuán ◊ pass on, hand down, convey, transmit, circulate, hand to, perpetuate ◊ spread, popularize, teach ◊ conduct (like electricity, heat) ◊ propagate, transmit (like radio waves, a contagious disease) ◊ summon (like to court) ◊ {med} infect, be contagious ◊ it is reported/rumored that... 1--very high [vt,v] 㡩 chuán ◊ ship, boat, vessel ◊ Chuan (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㡋 chuǎn ◊ {written} error, mishap, setback ◊ violate, run counter to3--medium [n,v] Ѣ chuàn ◊ string together, connect ◊ {measure word}... string(s) of...,... bunch(es) of... (used for a number of things arranged in a cluster, a bunch, on a string, on a skewer, growing closely together or otherwise closely attached to each other, a sequence of sounds, etc.) ◊ conspire with, collude with, league together for some evil purpose, gang up ◊ get things mixed up, cross up ◊ make the rounds, roam about ◊ {theatre} play a role ◊ pour from one container into another ◊ {dialect} whore around 2--high [n,v,adv,mw] ᒺ chuáng ◊ bed, couch, bench ◊ appliance or implement shaped like a bed ◊ chassis ◊ ground in the shape of a bed (like a seedbed, riverbed, etc.) ◊ {measure word} (used for bed covers, such as quilts, blankets, bedding, mattresses, etc.)1--very high [n,mw] ࡋ chuàng ◊ start, establish, initiate, create, achieve (sth for the first time) 1--very high [v] ੩ chuī ◊ blow, puff (with the mouth) ◊ (of the wind) blow ◊ play (a wind instrument) ◊ brag/boast (about); praise, tout, exaggerate/overstate the merits of sth/sb ◊ (of plans) fall through; (of boy/girl friends) break off/up ◊ flatter 1--very high [v] ⚺ chuī ◊ cook a meal 2--high [v] ඲ chuí ◊ hang down, droop, dangle ◊ bequeath (to posterity), hand down ◊ nearing, approaching, being on the verge of ◊ {grammar, written} towards (sb of lower status or position; honorific auxiliary word, as in chuí'ài ඲ᝋ/඲⡡ "your kind concern for me") 2--high [v,adj,adv] ᦦ chuí ◊ beat, pound, strike (with the fist, a club, etc.) 3--medium [v] ἠ chuí ◊ {written} cudgel, short wooden club, cane, wooden mallet; beat with a cudgel or club, flog with a cane, cane (sb) 3--medium [n,v] ᱕ chūn ◊ spring, springtime ◊ a year's time, a year ◊ courtship, love, lust ◊ life, vital energy ◊ Chun (surname) 1--very high [n,sn]

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⒫ chún ◊ {written} (same as chún ␣) pure, honest, clean, clear, simple 5--very low 㓟 chún ◊ pure, clean, unadulterated, unmixed ◊ skilful, well-versed, familiar with, fluent in ◊ net (profit, etc.) ◊ sincere, honest ◊ great (happiness, etc.) ◊ silk 1--very high [adj] ଷ chún ◊ lip; the lips 3--medium [n] 䞷 chún ◊ {written} strong alcoholic beverage, liquor ◊ (of wine) mellow and pure, unadulterated ◊ {chem} alcohol 2--high [adj,n] ᡣ chuō ◊ poke, stab, jab ◊ {regional} get (one's ankle, wrist, etc.) sprained ◊ {regional} stand (sth) on end, stand (sth) upright ◊ stamp; put a stamp on, postmark 3--medium [v] ஌ chuò ◊ {written} drink, eat; sip, suck up (like tea, porridge, etc.) ◊ sob, weep 3--medium [v] ← chuò ◊ sip, drink, suck (up) ◊ (thick) soup, porridge, liquid food 5--very low 㔠 chuò ◊ {written} spacious, ample ◊ abundant, plenty, (more than) enough 2--high [adj] 䖽 chuò ◊ stop, halt, cease; suspend, discontinue 3--medium [v] 喺 chuò ◊ dirty, filthy; (of behaviour, language) gross, base, sordid; petty, narrow-minded (as in wòchuò 喧喚/喼喺 "dirty, filthy, gross", etc.)3--medium [phon] ⯥ cī ◊ flaw, defect, fault, blemish 3--medium [n] ᝸ cí ◊ kind, compassionate, loving ◊ {written} (mostly of senior persons) love, kindness, affection ◊ paternal love ◊ a (loving) mother ◊ Ci (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ⾐ cí ◊ {ancestor worship} ancestral temple ◊ offer sacrifices to ancestors or the gods ◊ springtime offerings or sacrifices 3--medium [n,vo] 䇽 cí ◊ words (of a speech, song, etc.) ◊ wording, language ◊ {linguistics} word, character compound, expression ◊ {literature} ci (form of classical Chinese poetry dating from the Tang dynasty; distinguished by lines of differing lengths; originally set to music; reached its peak in the Song dynasty) 1--very high [n] 䗎 cí ◊ word(s), speech, expression, phrase ◊ diction, phraseology ◊ take leave ◊ resign, hand in one's resignation ◊ dismiss, discharge ◊ decline, refuse to accept ◊ dodge, evade, shirk ◊ (used like cí 䂎/䇽) words (of a speech, song, etc.) ◊ wording, language ◊ {linguistics} word, character compound, expression 2--high [n,v] 䳼 cí ◊ {zool, bot} female ◊ feminine 2--high [adj] ↔ cǐ ◊ this ◊ here ◊ now 1--very high [pron] ⌊ cǐ ◊ {written} dip one's brush in ink (before starting to write) ◊ clear, bright, brilliant ◊ sweat, perspire 5--very low [v]

ࡪ cì ◊ stab, prick, pierce, prod ◊ (of an irritant liquid, smell, etc.) irritate, bite, stimulate ◊ assassinate ◊ criticize, satirize ◊ pry (into), make (secret or roundabout) inquiries, spy (on sb) ◊ thorn, splinter, sting ◊ {written} visiting card, calling card 1--very high [v,n] ⅑ cì ◊ order, sequence, position (in a sequence),... times ◊ arrangement ◊ the following, second, next ◊ sub- (as in cìdàlù ⅑བྷ䲨/⅑བྷ䱶 "subcontinent") ◊ second-rate, inferior, shoddy, substandard, of low(er) quality ◊ {written} stopover, lay-over ◊ among, between, in the middle of ◊ {measure word}... time(s) (following a numeral, used for number of occurrences/times/occasions) ◊ Ci (surname) ◊ {chem} hypo1--very high [n,adj,prep,mw,sn] 䎀 cì ◊ (of superiors to subordinates, or seniors to juniors) grant, bestow, confer, reward ◊ {formal/polite, written} (of the person that is addressed to the writer) grant (e.g., a reply), favour (me with your attention, etc.), would you have the kindness to... ◊ Ci (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ᷎ cōng ◊ fir ◊ Cong (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㚚 cōng ◊ {written} the faculty of hearing, the hearing sense ◊ a keen/acute sense of hearing ◊ intelligent, clever, bright 2--high [n,adj] 㪡 cōng ◊ scallions, green onions; leeks ◊ green (colour) 2--high [n] ы cóng ◊ grow/crowd together, clump, overgrow ◊ thicket, clump, bush(es) ◊ {measure word} patch(es) of (grass, plants, leaves etc.), grove (of trees) ◊ a collection; crowd, group ◊ Cong (surname) 2--high [v,n,mw,sn] Ӿ cóng ◊ from ◊ through, since, by ◊ ever (before negation, e.g., cóng méiyǒu ᗎ⋂ᴹ/Ӿ⋑ ᴹ) ◊ always (usually followed by н㸪⋂/⋑㸪 ᵚ etc. to mean "never") ◊ follow, accompany ◊ comply, conform, follow, obey ◊ act in a certain way (e.g., cóngkuān ᗎሜ/Ӿᇭ "treat with leniency") ◊ attendant, footman, follower ◊ secondary ◊ cousin (relationship based on having the same paternal ancestor) ◊ Cong (surname) 1--very high [prep,v,sn] ࠁ còu ◊ collect, gather (together), pool, scrape together (funds etc.) ◊ happen to be, avail oneself of, take advantage of (like an opportunity) ◊ press near, move close to, approach 2--high [v] ㋇ cū ◊ thick, wide (in contrast to xì ㍠/㓶 "thin, narrow") ◊ in large particles, coarse (like sand, gravel) ◊ gruff, husky, hoarse (voice) ◊ rough, crude, coarse (in contrast to jīng ㋮ "fine, refined") ◊ rude, vulgar ◊ careless, negligent ◊ brief, sketchy 1--very high [adj] ‫ ׳‬cù ◊ be short of time ◊ pressed for time, in a hurry ◊ pressing, urgent ◊ urge, promote, spur, hurry ◊ {written} near, close 1--very high [v] ⥍ cù ◊ sudden, abrupt, unexpected 4--low [adv] 301

䒉 cù ◊ {written} pressed for, short of ◊ (of one's brows) knit, wrinkle ◊ frown 3--medium [adj,v] 亓 cù ◊ {written} frown, knit one's eyebrows 4--low ⡘ cuàn ◊ prepare meals, cook (a meal) ◊ (earthen) cooking stove ◊ the Cuan people (ethnic group living in southwest China) ◊ Cuan (surname) 4--low [sn] ㈑ cuàn ◊ usurp (power) ◊ seize (wrongfully, illegally) 3--medium [v] ፄ cuī ◊ {written} (of mountains) lofty, towering (as in cuīwēi ፄᏽ "lofty, towering") ◊ Cui (surname) 2--high [adj,sn] ᪗ cuī ◊ break, destroy, annihilate, devastate (e.g., enemy forces) ◊ push (aside/away/out) ◊ pull, drag ◊ be ruined, perish ◊ squeeze (out), put under pressure ◊ obstruct, hinder, thwart, prevent ◊ cause a setback, frustrate ◊ slander, disparage, vilify, speak ill of, ridicule, dishearten ◊ arrive ◊ go/proceed to ◊ go to the end, do sth thoroughly ◊ grieve, be anxious/troubled 2--high [v] ῡ cuī ◊ {written} rafter 4--low [n] 㕎 cuī ◊ {archaic} funeral garment, mourning outfit (made of coarse linen) ◊ strip of coarse hemp (worn at the breast during the three year heavy mourning period) 5--very low [n] ⪰ cuǐ ◊ {written} the lustre of gems ◊ glitter, shine ◊ bright, lustrous, brilliant, dazzling, resplendent (both literally and figuratively) 3--medium [phon] ᛤ cuì ◊ {written} haggard, emaciated, thin and pale; worn out; (of plants, flowers, etc.) withered (as in qiáocuì ោᛤ "haggard, emaciated, thin and pale, worn out; [of plants, flowers, etc.] withered") 4--low [adj] ∣ cuì ◊ {written} fine body-hair (on the skin of humans, animals, but excepting armpit/pubic hair) ◊ lanugo ◊ down (on birds) ◊ fragile, delicate, frail 4--low [n] ⰱ cuì ◊ {written} tired out, overworked, worn-out, exhausted 3--medium [adj] ㋩ cuì ◊ pure, unadulterated ◊ the essence, quintessence ◊ the best, the cream of the crop 2--high [adj,n] 㘐 cuì ◊ (emerald) green ◊ kingfisher, Alcedines ◊ {mineralogy} jadeite2--high [adj,n] 㜶 cuì ◊ brittle, fragile ◊ (of food, fresh vegetables, etc.) crisp, crispy, crunchy ◊ (of sound, voice, etc.) clear and crisp, clear and sharp ◊ {regional} tidy, neat, clear-cut, straightforward 2--high [adj] 㨳 cuì ◊ {written} (of grass, vegetation) grow thickly/densely ◊ assemble, gather together ◊ assemble, come together, congregate ◊ assembly/gathering (of people) ◊ collection (of things) ◊ Cui (one of the Bāguà ‫ޛ‬খ "Eight Trigrams" in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes", used for divination according to Taoist beliefs) ◊ Cui (surname) 2--high [sn]

ᆈ cún ◊ exist, live; survive ◊ keep, store, preserve ◊ gather, collect, accumulate ◊ deposit (money) ◊ check sth in, leave sth behind (to be claimed later, like one's hat and coat, car, baggage) ◊ keep, reserve, retain ◊ (of merchandise) be in stock ◊ {figurative} (of feelings, hopes, intentions, etc.) harbour, cherish 1--very high [v] ࠼ cǔn ◊ {written} amputate, cut off 5--very low ረ cùn ◊ {unit of measure} inch (the Chinese inch = 3.33 cm) ◊ very short/small ◊ {med} one of the three pulse-points (cùnkǒu ረਓ) at the wrist ◊ {dialect} just right (as it is), co-incidentally right ◊ Cun (surname) 2--high [sn] ⻻ cuō ◊ grind (ivory tusks/horns/bones into utensils or other objects) ◊ polish ◊ consult, talk over, deliberate 3--medium [v] ⱕ chài ◊ {written} heal, be cured (from a disease), recover (from an illness) 4--low [v] ্ cuò ◊ put, place, lay ◊ place a coffin in a temporary shelter before permanent burial ◊ whetstone ◊ {TW usage} home, house (from Taiwan Minnan dialect) 3--medium [n,v] ᥛ cuò ◊ defeat, frustrate ◊ lower, deflate, subdue, break ◊ a setback ◊ a method of holding the brush in Chinese calligraphy 2--high [v,n] ᧚ cuò ◊ arrange, handle, manage, conduct ◊ use, apply ◊ plan, make preparations 1--very high [v] 䭉 cuò ◊ wrong, mistaken, erroneous ◊ mistake, error, fault ◊ interlocking, inlaid, intricate ◊ stagger, alternate (like office hours, shifts) ◊ (preceded by a negation like bù н) bad (bùcuò н䥟/н䭉 means "not bad", or "very good") ◊ {regional} except, with the exception of, but for... ◊ {written} inlay (with gold, silver, etc.) ◊ {tool} a grindstone for polishing jade ◊ polish jade 1--very high [adj,adv,v,n]

D ㆄ dá ◊ reply, respond, answer; return (a visit, banquet, etc.), reciprocate; repay (a favour) ǁ (pronounced "dā" in certain compound words, e.g., in dāshàn ㆄ䁅/ㆄ䇚 "say sth to smooth things over") 1--very high [v] ㆄ dá ◊ reply, respond, answer ◊ return (a visit, banquet, etc.), reciprocate ◊ repay (a favour) ◊ {bot} small bean ◊ thick 5--very low 䗮 dá ◊ reach, extend to ◊ achieve, attain, amount to, reach/up to (a certain number), arrive at ◊ for as long as (a stated amount of time or distance) ◊ grasp completely, understand thoroughly ◊ express, communicate, convey ◊ distinguished, prominent, illustrious, eminent ◊ Da (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,adv,sn] བྷ dà ◊ big, large, great ◊ greatly, to a large extent, in a major way ◊ major, important, main ◊ general ◊ strong, heavy ◊ loud, high (like 302

volume of sound, or sb's voice) ◊ (of persons) old (i.e. of a certain age) ◊ the oldest (among two or more) ◊ adult, elder ◊ (as emphatic prefix) even on...(followed by a time expression, as in dà Xīngqīrì བྷᱏᵏᰕ "even on Sundays") ◊ (as honorific prefix) your... ◊ (used for transcription of the syllable -da- in foreign names) ◊ Da (surname) 1--very high [adj,co,sn] ԓ dài ◊ for/in place of/on behalf of (sb else) ◊ replace, take the place of, act on another's behalf, be a substitute for ◊ substitute, acting, temporary ◊ era, age, period, dynasty ◊ generation ◊ Dai (surname) 1--very high [adv,adj,v,n,sn] ዡ Dài ◊ Mount Dai (name for Tài Shān ⌠ ኡ "Mount Tai" in Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium [n] ᑖ dài ◊ carry, bring, take (along) ◊ belt, girdle, band, ribbon, tape, magnetic tape ◊ {automotive} tire ◊ zone, area, belt ◊ {med} whites, Leucorrhoea ◊ do sth incidentally ◊ show, bear, have ◊ hold, contain; include, (of an item for purchase, an apartment, etc.) come with (accessories, furniture, etc.) ◊ with (sth attached) ◊ lead, supervise (like students) ◊ bring up, raise, look after (like children) ◊ promote, provide momentum to 1--very high [v,n] ᖵ dài ◊ wait (for), await ◊ need, require ◊ be about to, going to, planning to ◊ treat, deal with ◊ host, entertain (guests) ◊ when, by the time... 1--very high [v,adv] ᙐ dài ◊ idle, lazy ◊ lax, slack, remiss, negligent, indolent ◊ neglect, slight, diminish (sth) ◊ treat coldly, cold-shoulder 3--medium [adj] ᡤ dài ◊ wear, don, put on, (like a hat, eyeglasses); be dressed in ◊ support, uphold, honour, esteem ◊ Dai (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ↶ dài ◊ {written} danger, peril ◊ nearly, almost ◊ practically, virtually 3--medium [adj,adv] 䍧 dài ◊ {finance} loan, credit ◊ borrow (money) ◊ lend (money) ◊ shirk/shift (a responsibility) ◊ have mercy, pardon, forgive 2--high [n,v] 䙞 dài ◊ to, till; reach ◊ before (sth happens), while (sth lasts) ◊ seize, arrest, take into custody 2--high [v] 唋 dài ◊ {archaic} black eyebrow colouring (used by women) ◊ a woman's eyebrows ◊ black (colour) 3--medium [adj,n] ѩ dān ◊ red, vermilion, cinnabar (red) ◊ {Chinese med} a pill, a (medicinal) powder ◊ {Taoism} the Pill of Immortality (as concocted by Taoist alchemists) ◊ Dan (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ܻ dān ◊ (used like dān ᬄ/ᣵ) carry a load on one's shoulder ◊ shoulder a responsibility ◊ Dan (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] অ dān ◊ single, one (alone) ◊ only, exclusively ◊ odd, odd-numbered (in contrast to

shuāng 䴉/ৼ "even, even-numbered") ◊ {grammar} singular ◊ alone ◊ weak, thin ◊ {clothing} unlined, unpadded, single-layer ◊ slip, list, bill, sheet, order 1--very high [adj,adv,n] ᣵ dān ◊ carry with a shoulder pole ◊ shoulder, take on (responsibility, risk) 1--very high [v] ⇊ dān ◊ {written} exhaust, use up; dedicate, devote 4--low [v] ⭄ dān ◊ {pottery/porcelain} jar, bottle, vase, flask 5--very low ㇚ dān ◊ bamboo pot (round bamboo food container used in ancient China) 4--low [n] 㙳 dān ◊ {physiology} long dangling earlobes 4--low [n] 㙭 dān ◊ delay, hold up, postpone ◊ {written} indulge in, be addicted to, abandon oneself to ǁ (Traditional 䓝 is a non-standard variant of 㙭) 5--very low [v] Ӧ dǎn ◊ really, indeed, truly 4--low [adj] ᕩ tán ◊ shoot, catapult, fling, bounce ◊ {textiles} fluff, tease (like cotton, wool, silk) with a bow ◊ flip, flick (like marbles with a finger, or ash from a cigarette) ◊ {music} play, pluck (the piano, a stringed instrument, etc) ◊ elastic, resilient ◊ spring back into the original shape after being stretched ◊ impeach, accuse, lash out at 1--very high [v,adj] ն dàn ◊ but, on the other hand, nevertheless ◊ only, merely, just ◊ Dan (surname) 1--very high [adv,conj,sn] *೚ ᜞ dàn ◊ {written} dread, fear, be afraid of, hesitate to do3--medium [v] ᰖ dàn ◊ {written} daybreak, dawn ◊ day (like New Year's Day) ◊ {theatre} (female role traditionally played by males in the Chinese opera) ◊ {textiles} denier (measure of thread) 1--very high [n] ␑ dàn ◊ (of food, drinks, etc.) weak, light (opp.: nóng ◳/⎃ "thick") ◊ bland, tasteless (not salty enough) ◊ (of liquid, gas, air, fragrance, etc.) thin, light ◊ (of colour) light, pale ◊ indifferent, cool, unenthusiastic ◊ (of business) slack, slow, stagnant ◊ insignificant, meaningless, trivial ◊ Dan (surname 1--very high [adj,sn] 䈎 dàn ◊ birth; be born; birthday; absurd, preposterous, fantastic 2--high [adv,n,v] ᖃ dāng ◊ as... ◊ be equal, match ◊ equal ◊ should, ought to, must ◊ at, in front of, in the presence of, confronting, facing, to sb's face ◊ (just) at (that very time, that very place) (as in ⮦…ᱲ/ᖃ…ᰦ dāng... shí "at the time when...") ◊ become, serve as, work as, act as, be ◊ deserve, accept, bear ◊ be in charge of, direct, manage ◊ {written} stop, obstruct, prevent ◊ ought to, should, must ◊ {onom} ding-dong, etc. (used like dāng ಩/ᖃ "ding-dong", etc., for the sound of bells) 1--very high [adj,adv,v] ‫ ފ‬dǎng ◊ (political) party ◊ [D-] the (Chine303

se Communist) Party ◊ clique, faction ◊ {written} be partial to, favour, take sides ◊ {written} relatives, kin ◊ partner, confederate, associate ◊ {admin, historical} group of five hundred families ◊ Dang (surname)1--very high [n,v,sn] ᇅ dàng ◊ {written} delay, put off, shut down, procrastinate ◊ unrestrained, unbridled ◊ a quarry 3--medium [v] ⸰ dàng ◊ stone with decorative pattern ◊ overflow ◊ vast, extensive ◊ Dang (county in Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province)4--low [n] 㦑 dàng ◊ swing, sway, wave ◊ undisciplined, of loose morals, licentious, lascivious; debauchery ◊ shallow lake, marsh, marshland ◊ (used for dàng ࠬ) pond, pool, pit 1--very high [adj,n] ࠰ dāo ◊ knife, or any kind of cutting tool; sth shaped like a knife ◊ sword, sabre ◊ {archaic} knife-shaped coin ◊ {measure word} (used for a quantity of 100 paper sheets) ◊ {colloquial, measure word} dollar (esp. used by Chinese living overseas) ◊ Dao (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ࠲ dāo ◊ knife ◊ radical 18 4--low ሬ dǎo ◊ guide, lead ◊ give guidance, guide, instruct, teach ◊ {electrical} conduct, transmit ◊ {theatre} direct (like the production of a play, movie) 1--very high [v,adj] ዋ dǎo ◊ island 1--very high [n] ⾧ dǎo ◊ {religion} pray ◊ {formal} (in correspondence) entreat, beg, look forward to... 2--high [v] 䑸 dǎo ◊ {written} step, tread ◊ stamp (the feet, as in dancing); jump; move up and down (like the limbs in dancing) 2--high [v] ‫ ق‬dào ◊ turn upside down, reverse, invert ◊ throw out, discard, dump ◊ upside down, inverted, reverse, backward ◊ move backward ◊ pour (a liquid), dump ◊ {grammar} nevertheless, on the contrary (expressing a result/outcome opposite of the expected); although...(indicating contrast); but, still (indicating concession); quickly...! (indicating impatience) 3--medium [v,adv] ࡠ dào ◊ (from...) to, up until, up to...; as of ◊ arrive, reach ◊ (preceding a location) (go) to, leave for ◊ successfully..., succeed in...(verbal suffix indicating success of the verb's action, as in kàndào ⴻࡠ "get to see, notice") ◊ thorough, thoughtful, considerate ◊ Dao (surname) 1--very high [v,prep,co,suf,sn] ᛬ dào ◊ grieve, mourn 2--high [v] ⴇ dào ◊ rob, steal, burglarize; robber, thief, burglar 2--high [n,v] に dào ◊ {agriculture} rice (the plant or its edible seed) ◊ rice paddy 2--high [n] 䚃 dào ◊ way, path, road ◊ line ◊ method ◊ morality, virtue, ethics ◊ {philosophy} doctrine, principle (of learning/religion/ethics), course, (the right) orientation, justice; Daoism (Taoism) ◊ superstitious sect ◊ {measure word} (used for narrow long shapes like rays, lightning, scars,

door(way)s; for walls, instructions, [math] problems, [test] questions, courses or dishes of a dinner, steps in a procedure, coats of paint, times, repetitions, etc.) ◊ speak, say ◊ suppose, think ◊ Dao (surname) ◊ {admin} (during the Táng ୀ Dynasty) prefecture; (in Japan) prefecture (like Běihǎidào े⎧䚃 "Hokkaidō"); (in North Korea) province ◊ {unit of measure} used for hūmǐ ᘭ㊣ "centimillimetre, one hundredth of a mm, cmm" 1--very high [n,vi,mw,sn] ᗇ de ◊ {grammar} (as structural particle between verb/adjective and a following complement) able to...; to the degree of...(used after certain verbs to indicate ability, possibility, or achievement to a certain degree, e.g., wǒ kàn de hěn qīngchu ᡁⴻᗇᖸ␵ᾊ "I could see it clearly") 1--very high [adv] ᗧ dé ◊ virtue, morality, good character, ethical character ◊ heart, mind, soul ◊ favours, acts of kindness ◊ {suffix} (indicates ethics or morality of the preceding noun,like yīdé 䟛ᗧ/५ ᗧ "medical ethics") ◊ (short for Déguó ᗧ഻/ᗧ ഭ) Germany, German ◊ De (surname) 1--very high [n,name,adj,sn] Ⲵ de ◊ {grammar} (as an attributive suffix) "of a certain quality" (like xīn de fángzi ᯠ Ⲵᡯᆀ "a new house") ◊ (as a possessive suffix) "of" (like tā de zìxíngchē ԆⲴ㠚㹼䓺/ԆⲴ㠚㹼 䖖 "his bicycle") ◊ (as a noun-forming suffix) "the... ones" (like yǒu niánqīng de, yǒu lǎo de ᴹ ᒤ䕅Ⲵ,ᴹ㘱Ⲵ/ᴹᒤ䖫Ⲵ,ᴹ㘱Ⲵ "there were young ones and old ones") 1--very high [suf] ⲫ dēng ◊ climb, ascend, scale, mount ◊ publish, print (as in a newspaper) ◊ register, record, enter, be entered (as in a roll of honour) ◊ (of grain) ripen; ripe and ready to be taken to the threshing ground ◊ step, tread, pedal (with the foot) ◊ wear, put on (like shoes, pants, etc.) ◊ immediately, at once 1--very high [v,adj,adv] ㅹ děng ◊ wait (for), await ◊ until, by the time when..., by the time that... ◊ {measure word} (used for grade, rank, class, degree) ◊ a (certain) kind, type, sort ◊ equal (to), similar ◊ {grammar} (plural suffix) ◊ and so on/forth/etc. ◊ {grammar} (used to indicate the end of an enumeration of items in a series) 1--very high [v,suf,mw] 䛃 Dèng ◊ Deng (ancient state in the area of present Deng County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Deng (county during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in the area of present Yancheng, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Deng (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period south of present Wenhe, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Deng (surname) 1--very high [name,sn] վ dī ◊ low (i.e. a small distance from the ground, in contrast to gāo 儈 "high") ◊ below (the) average ◊ (of rank, grade, position, profile) low ◊ (let) droop, hang down, lower (like one's head) 1--very high [adj,v] 304

ced "de") 1--very high [n] ᑍ dì ◊ {history, admin} supreme ruler, emperor ◊ (short for dìguózhǔyì ᑍ഻ѫ㗙/ᑍഭ ѫѹ) imperialism ◊ {religion} Supreme Being, Creator, Divine (as in Tiāndì ཙᑍ "supreme ruler of heaven", or Shàngdì кᑍ "God") 1--very high [n] ᕏ dì ◊ younger brother; younger brotherin-law; male cousin ◊ {modest/humble} (in writing a letter) "I" ◊ Di (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⿈ dì ◊ {ancestor worship} the ritual in ancestor worship ◊ the Emperor's ancestor worship of Heaven (at the beginning of the New Year); imperial ancestor worship ◊ (used like dì 䄖/䉋) {written} look at sth carefully, attentively; fully understand the meaning/significance; ascertain, scrutinize, obtain a thorough understanding 5--very low ㅜ dì ◊ number...(followed by a numeral, to form ordinal numbers) 1--very high [pref] 䑦 dì ◊ {written} (of horses) kick (with the hoof) ◊ paw (the ground) 5--very low 䙂 dì ◊ hand over, transmit, deliver ◊ sequentially, in order, in succession ◊ {archaic} a post coach 2--high [v,adv,n] 仐 diān ◊ the top (of the head) ◊ the top, peak, summit (of a mountain) ◊ jolt, joggle, bump ◊ fall, topple, turn over ◊ run (about, off); be on the go (all the time) ◊ (used like diān Ⲣ) mentally ill, insane 2--high [n,v] ި diǎn ◊ {literature} canon, law; classic, standard (work of scholarship); literary allusion ◊ ceremony, rite, ritual, celebration ◊ be responsible for, be in charge of ◊ lease, mortgage, pawn (with real estate as security) ◊ Dian (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,v,sn] ⛩ diǎn ◊ point, dot, spot, stain ◊ drop (of a liquid) ◊ {math} (decimal) point ◊ {measure word} a little (of sth), some, a bit of... ◊ {measure word} point (also used for counting abstract items like proposals, comments, reasons) ◊ incline one's head, nod ◊ drip, administer in drops ◊ stain, tarnish ◊ {agriculture} dibble, plant in holes ◊ hint, point out, indicate ◊ ignite, light, kindle ◊ adorn, embellish ◊ choose, order (like a dish) ◊ point, spot (location) ◊ selected spots (in contrast to miàn 䶒 "the whole area") ◊ metal bell or clapper to announce the hour; hour, o'clock ◊ {grammar} (a bit) more... (shortened form of а ⛩ used after an adjective, e.g., kuài diǎn ᘛ唎/ᘛ⛩ "faster") ◊ cakes, refreshments, snacks ◊ {printing} point (size of type, approx. 3.5 mm) ◊ point to ◊ touch lightly and very briefly ◊ {IT} click (=diǎnjī 唎᫺/⛩ࠫ) 1--very high [v,n,mw] ྐ diàn ◊ found, establish, settle ◊ {ancestor worship} make offerings of food and wine to the spirits of the dead ◊ offer, present 2--high [v] ⇯ diàn ◊ hall, palace, temple ◊ {military}

๔ dī ◊ dyke, dam ◊ embankment (along a river, lake, etc.) 2--high [n] 捩 dī ◊ black stone ◊ Di (surname) 4--low [sn] ᄑ dí ◊ {archaic} of/by/pertaining to the (real/legitimate) wife (in contrast to shù ᓦ "of/by/pertaining to the concubine") ◊ of direct descent, directly related ◊ authentic, proper, orthodox 3--medium [adj,adv] ᭼ dí ◊ enemy, foe, adversary, rival, opponent ◊ have opposed interests, be opposed to, be of the enemy camp, inimical; oppose, stand up to, resist ◊ match, rival, be equal in strength/power ◊ be a match for 1--very high [n,v] ⏔ dí ◊ {written} wash, cleanse, purify ◊ sweep clean ◊ remove, eliminate ◊ {religion} a place for raising animals for sacrifice (in ancient times) 2--high [v,n] ⣴ dí ◊ {ethnology} the Di people (living in northern China) ◊ {derogatory} the northern barbarian tribes; a savage enemy ◊ {history, admin} the lowest rank of officials ◊ wrongdoing, wickedness, evil, injustice ◊ a horse relay station ◊ pheasant feathers ◊ {clothing} a dress with a pattern of pheasant feathers ◊ fast, quick ◊ Di (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 㦫 dí ◊ {bot} Amur silvergrass, Miscanthus sacchariflorus (a kind of reed) 3--medium [n] 㯻 dí ◊ (alternate reading "diào") 5--very low 㿼 dí ◊ {written} see, meet 4--low [v] 䮍 dí ◊ {weaponry} an arrowhead ◊ an arrow 4--low [n] ᓅ dǐ ◊ bottom (of a pot, well, the sea, etc.) ◊ real situation, the origin of sth, the whole story ◊ rough draft, concept draft ◊ foundation, base, background ◊ end of a year ◊ end of a month ◊ toward the end of a month or a year ◊ {math} (short for dǐshù ᓅᮨ/ᓅᮠ) base number ◊ {written} end up in/with, come to... ◊ Di (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᣥ dǐ ◊ {written} arrive at, reach ◊ support, prop up, maintain ◊ withstand, resist, keep out ◊ compensate for, make good/up for ◊ {financial} a mortgage ◊ set off (against), balance, counteract ◊ match, be equal to 1--very high [v] ⹕ dǐ ◊ whetstone ◊ curling stone ◊ whet, sharpen ◊ flat, even 3--medium [n,v,adj] 䇻 dǐ ◊ {written} slander, speak ill of, defame, calumniate, vilify 4--low [v] ൠ dì ◊ earth, ground, land, floor, soil, field(s), farmland ◊ place, locality, site, area ◊ situation, position ◊ background (of a painting, calligraphy, etc.) ◊ (following specification of distance) a distance of... (e.g., shí gōnglǐ dì ॱ‫ޜ‬䟼 ൠ "a distance of 10 km") ◊ (suffix, forming an adverb from an adjective, e.g., gāoxìng 儈㠸/儈 ‫" ޤ‬happy" + dì ൠ yields gāoxìngdì 儈㠸ൠ/儈 ‫ޤ‬ൠ "happily"; in this function often pronoun305

at the rear ◊ Dian (surname) 2--high [n,adv,sn] ⧧ diàn ◊ a flaw, defect (in jade or figuratively in a person's character) ◊ blemish, tarnish, disgrace, besmirch 4--low [n,v] ⭨ diàn ◊ {archaic} the suburbs of the capital ◊ open country outside the towns ◊ pasture, grassland (often used in place names, like Huàdiàn ⭨/ẖ⭨ in Jílín ਹ᷇ Province, or Kuāndiàn ሜ⭨/ᇭ⭨ in Liáoníng 䚬ሗ/䗭ᆱ Province) ◊ agricultural produce ◊ rule, govern ◊ remove, take out 2--high [n] ⭥ diàn ◊ electricity, (electric) power ◊ lightning ◊ receive an electric shock ◊ {IT} telegram, cable ◊ send a telegram/cable 1--very high [n,v] ࠱ diāo ◊ sly, cunning, crafty, tricky ◊ cause difficulties intentionally, create obstacles, make things difficult, drag one's feet ◊ {dialect} take sth away by force, seize ◊ Diao (surname) 3--medium [adj,v,sn] 䴅 diāo ◊ carve, engrave ◊ carving, sculpture 2--high [v,n] *啖 䈳 diào ◊ melody, tune, air ◊ accent, intonation, tone ◊ view, argument, tone (of sb's words) ◊ {music} key ◊ shift, transfer, move ◊ investigate 1--very high [n,v] ਺ diào ◊ condole, mourn ◊ pay a visit to inquire after a person's health ◊ {history} one thousand cash (a monetary unit of 1,000 qián 䥒/䫡 "cash" used in ancient China) 3--medium [mw,n,v] 䫃 diào ◊ fish, angle (with a hook and a line) ◊ {figurative} fish for, angle for, hunt for, seek, be after (fame and fortune) ◊ a fishhook ◊ Diao (surname) 2--high [v,sn] 䏼 diē ◊ stumble, lose one's footing, trip over ◊ fall, tumble (down) ◊ (of prices, water level, etc.) fall, drop ◊ pass, overtake ◊ surpass, exceed ◊ differ, err, commit an error, make a mistake ◊ hurt one's foot ◊ the sole (of the foot) 2--high [v] ⢂ dié ◊ {admin} official document, certificate ◊ credentials ◊ genealogical records ◊ a bed plank 3--medium [n] ਐ dié ◊ hoard, stockpile, pile up, accumulate ◊ repeat, duplicate ◊ fold (up) ◊ thick ◊ make a plait, crease (in clothing) ◊ fear, be afraid ◊ be filled with, swell with ◊ break, snap ◊ flourish, be in high spirits ◊ a pile (not too high, like sheets of paper, banknotes) ◊ {measure word}... pile(s) of...,...ream(s) of...,...wad(s) of...,...stack(s) of...(used for a stack of flat objects, mostly made of paper, e.g., sheets of paper, newspapers, banknotes) 2--high [v,n,mw] 㔆 dié ◊ {archaic} a hempen band worn around the head or waist by mourners 5--very low [n] 㘻 dié ◊ {written} seventy or eighty years old ◊ old age ◊ advanced in age 3--medium [n]

㠧 zhì ◊ (alternate reading "dié") 5--very low *㤥 䈽 dié ◊ spying, espionage, intelligence ◊ spy, (intelligence) agent 3--medium [n] 䘝 dié ◊ alternate, change, replace, repeat ◊ repeatedly, time and again ◊ in time 2--high [adv,v] б dīng ◊ a man, male adult ◊ family member; population ◊ (as a suffix, denoting a person with a specific occupation) -worker (as in yuándīng ൂб/ഝб "gardener") ◊ ding (the 4th of the 10 Tiāngān ཙᒢ "Celestial Stems") ◊ 4th (in a series) ◊ {food/cuisine} diced or cubed pieces of meat or vegetables ◊ {written} meet, encounter ◊ Ding (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 䪹 dīng ◊ a nail ◊ follow closely, tail, trail, shadow ◊ press, urge (sb to do sth) ◊ keep asking/reminding sb ◊ (used like dīng ⴟ) stare at, gaze at, fix one's eyes on 2--high [n,v] 亦 dǐng ◊ top, peak, crest ◊ crown (of the head) ◊ carry on the head ◊ push up against, push from below upward or from behind forward ◊ go against ◊ prop up, block (like a door) ◊ very, most, extremely ◊ cope with, stand up to, be equal to ◊ substitute, take sb's place, replace ◊ sub-lease (like an apartment) ◊ {measure word} (used for things on top or covering sth, like hats, caps, helmets, etc.) ◊ {Internet} support; agree with (sb) ◊ {regional} at the time specified 1--very high [n,adv,mw,v] 唾 dǐng ◊ {archaic} cooking vessel (mostly a tripod with two handles) ◊ {regional} pot, pan, wok ◊ {written} state power, the throne, imperial power ◊ just when; right at the time of ◊ {divination} Ding (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 2--high [adj,n,v] ᇊ dìng ◊ set (a date or deadline) ◊ decide, fix, determine, stipulate, establish ◊ settle, calm down; calm, stable, still ◊ (used like dìng 䀲/䇒) order, subscribe to, book ◊ {written} definite(ly), sure(ly), certain(ly) ◊ Ding (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,sn] 䇒 dìng ◊ book/reserve (a seat for travel, a ticket, etc.), order (merchandise, etc.), subscribe to (a periodical) ◊ work out, draw up (an agreement, treaty, etc.), agree on, conclude ◊ correct/revise/collate (text) ◊ staple together 1--very high [v] ߜ dōng ◊ winter ◊ Dong (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ь dōng ◊ east ◊ owner, master ◊ host ◊ Dong (surname) 1--very high [adv,n,sn] ៲ dǒng ◊ know, understand (like a language, what has been said, etc.) ◊ comprehend 1--very high [v,co] 㪓 dǒng ◊ {written} direct, supervise, superintend, oversee ◊ a trustee, director, manager, 306

with, contend with, contest ◊ accuse and denounce at a meeting ◊ fit together, come together, piece together, join 1--very high [v] ⶓ dū ◊ look (closely), scrutinize, investigate, watch, observe ◊ superintend/direct, oversee, supervise ◊ think, consider ◊ lead, guide ◊ advance, promote, push forward ◊ middle, centre ◊ Du (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ὏ dú ◊ {written} wooden case or box, casket ◊ case or box to store valuables ◊ food container 4--low [n] ∂ dú ◊ poison, toxin ◊ poisonous, toxic, noxious ◊ narcotics, drugs ◊ {figurative} bad influence, anything bad for the mind ◊ cruel, malicious, malevolent ◊ kill with poison, poison 1--very high [adj,n,v] ⡽ dú ◊ {archaic} slips of wood/tablets/boards (used to write on) ◊ official documents, archives ◊ correspondence, letters ◊ be familiar with, be close to ◊ {music} "dú" (a musical instrument made from bamboo, with holes at both ends and standing upright) 3--medium [n] ⤜ dú ◊ one, single ◊ by oneself, alone, solitary ◊ on one's own (esp. of Taiwan, short for dúlì ⦘・/⤜・, "independence" or "become independent") ◊ only, just ◊ selfish, egoistic and intolerant ◊ unique ◊ old people without offspring ◊ the old and childless ◊ Du (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,n,sn] 䈫 dú ◊ read aloud ◊ read ◊ study (a subject in school), attend (school) 1--very high [v] ๥ dǔ ◊ stop up, block up, plug up ◊ be stifled, feel suffocated ◊ {figurative} feel oppressed ◊ {written} a wall ◊ {measure word} (used for walls) ◊ {regional} keep off, ward off ◊ (of traffic) congested ◊ Du (surname) 2--high [v,n,mw,sn] ⶩ dǔ ◊ see ◊ look at, gaze at ◊ observe, witness 2--high [v] ㄳ dǔ ◊ sincere, earnest, faithful, loyal ◊ be seriously/critically/terminally ill 2--high [adj] ᓖ dù ◊ {unit of measure} degree (like of temperature, angle, latitude) ◊ kilowatt-hour ◊ (a certain) degree/extent ◊ {measure word} ... times (used for the number of times an action is repeated, occasions, occurrences) ◊ standard, rule, criterion ◊ bound, limit ◊ magnanimity, tolerance, open-mindedness; bearing, attitude ◊ consider, think of ◊ spend, pass (time) ◊ {Buddhism, Taoism} convert ◊ Du (surname) 3--medium [n,v,mw,sn] ࿂ dù ◊ (be) jealous, (be) envious, envy; jealousy, envy 4--low [adj,v,n] ᶌ dù ◊ block, forestall, prevent, stop ◊ {bot} Birchleaf Pear, Pyrus betulaefolia (the tree and its fruit) ◊ Du (ancient state in present Xi'an 㾯ᆹ, Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province) ◊ Du (surname) 2--high [sn] ⑑ dù ◊ go across, cross (a river, etc.) ◊ ti-

superintendent ◊ hard ◊ (used for dòng अ/ࣘ) move ◊ Dong (surname) 2--high [v,n,adj,sn] ࣘ dòng ◊ move, budge ◊ get moving, move into action, stir, act ◊ touch, displace, alter the position/shape of ◊ motion, movement (in contrast to jìng 䶌/䶉 "still, calm") ◊ alter, change, modify ◊ use, put into use, make use of ◊ touch, move, sway, stir up, excite, arouse (like feelings) ◊ consume (food or drink) (mostly used with the negative) ◊ frequently, often, at every turn, easily 1--very high [v,n,adv] ᚛ tōng ◊ disease, illness, pain 4--low ḻ dòng ◊ {construction, written} ridgepole ◊ {figurative} pillar, mainstay (of society, etc.) ◊ {measure word} (used for houses/buildings) 2--high [n,mw] ⍎ dòng ◊ hole, cavity, cave ◊ deep valley, canyon ◊ hollow, void ◊ {written} (used like dòng 䘥) go through, arrive, reach, pierce, penetrate ◊ (of water, liquids) flow (down) rapidly, gush out ◊ {med} diarrhoea ◊ thorough(ly), penetrating(ly), clear(ly), deep(ly) ◊ (when saying digits over the phone) "zero" (used like líng 䴦/噘 "zero") 1--very high [n,adv,v] ⒙ zhòng ◊ milk, cream ◊ turbid, muddy, milky 5--very low 䜭 dōu ◊ all, both, every, in every case ◊ (when preceding shì ᱟ, indicates the cause of sth that happened) it's all because of... ◊ (following a stressed subject, or in the pattern lián 䙓/䘎 … dōu 䜭 … ) even..., already... (as in Dōu shíyī diǎn le! 䜭ॱа唎Ҷ/䜭ॱа⛩Ҷ㸟 "It's eleven o'clock already!") ◊ (used in a question with an interrogative pronoun to ask for a plural answer, e.g., Nǐ dōu mǎi shénme le ֐䜭䋧⭊哬 Ҷ/֐䜭ҠӰѸҶ? "What things did you buy?") 1--very high [adv] ‫ ތ‬dōu ◊ pocket (in clothing) ◊ (small) bag ◊ wrap up in a piece of cloth, wrap up or hold as in a bag, etc. ◊ go in a circle, make a detour ◊ {military} surround, encircle, besiege ◊ solicit, canvass ◊ have doubts about ◊ take upon oneself, assume responsibility for ◊ disclose the whole inside story, disclose all the details of the matter ◊ facing, confronting ◊ (used like dōu ㈬) wicker/cane/bamboo basket; bamboo sedan chair (for one person carried on two poles by two men) 2--high [n,vi,vt] ブ dòu ◊ hole, cavity ◊ aperture, opening, orifice ◊ {physiology} sinus, antrum ◊ Dou (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䉶 dòu ◊ beans, peas, legumes, pulses ◊ something resembling a bean or pea ◊ {archaic} cup, bowl; vessel for holding sacrificial food ◊ Dou (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䙇 dòu ◊ stay, stop over, sojourn ◊ tease, play with ◊ attract, entice ◊ {regionalism} funny, amusing ◊ (used for dòu 䆰/䈫) short pause during reading a sentence 2--high [v,adj,n] ᯇ dòu ◊ fight, struggle, combat ◊ make animals fight (as a spectacle or game) ◊ compete 307

de over, get through, pull through, make it ◊ a ferry; a ferry landing; ferry across ◊ a ferry crossing (used in place names) 2--high [v,n] 㹩 dù ◊ insects/moths/worms eating into wood, books, clothes, etc. (used figuratively of corrupt officials) ◊ (of insects/moths/worms) eat into... 3--medium [n,v] ㄟ duān ◊ end, tip (of an object) ◊ extremity ◊ beginning, start, foundation, source (of a matter, affair) ◊ cause, occasion, reason, pretext ◊ item, point, aspect ◊ proper, upright ◊ hold or carry sth level with both hands (like a tray) ◊ Duan (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ⸝ duǎn ◊ short, brief (of distance or time, in contrast to cháng 䮧/䮯 "long") ◊ shorten, make short ◊ be insufficient, be inferior/second to, compare unfavourably with, be/fall short of, lack, owe ◊ fault, deficiency, weak point, shortcoming, mistake ◊ disfigurement, deformity, disability ◊ {written} lose one's younger brother through death; die at young age 1--very high [adj,v,n] ᯝ duàn ◊ break, interrupt ◊ cut up (into smaller sections), cut off, sever ◊ abstain from, stop, quit (like smoking) ◊ section, paragraph, (text) passage ◊ judge, decide ◊ absolutely, definitely (often followed by a negative, as in duàn wú... ᯧ❑/ᯝᰐ... "absolutely not...") 1--very high [v,n,adv] ⇥ duàn ◊ {measure word}... section(s)/passage(s)/piece(s) (of)... (used for things that can be divided into sections, pieces, parts, time intervals, etc.) ◊ rank/level (in competitive games) ◊ {admin} section (as in a factory or mine) ◊ Duan (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] 㞦 duàn ◊ dried meat spiced with ground ginger 5--very low *乗 ‫ ށ‬duì ◊ exchange, change, convert (esp. money, or sth old for sth new) ◊ cash (a cheque); honour (a bill) ◊ barter ◊ add (like water) ◊ pour liquid from one container to another, mix ◊ straight ◊ cave ◊ {divination} Dui (one of the Bāguà ‫ޛ‬খ "Eight Trigrams" in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes", used for divination according to Taoist beliefs) 2--high [v,n] ሩ duì ◊ toward, to, facing, regarding ◊ be directed at, confront, treat, cope with ◊ opposite ◊ couple, pair (usually a man and a woman) ◊ {measure word}... pair(s) of... (used for things that come in pairs, like shoes, or for abstract dualities, as in yī duì máodùn аሽ⸋⴮/аሩ⸋⴮ "a contradiction") ◊ agree, fit ◊ compare, identify, check ◊ set, adjust, synchronize (like clocks) ◊ pair up, fit together, coordinate ◊ correct, right ◊ adulterate, mix with, add, dilute (like wine with water) ◊ split in half (like profit) ◊ {literature, poetry} couplet 1--very high [adj,n,mw] ⻃ duì ◊ (treadle-powered) rice-huller ◊ stone mortar 3--medium [n]

䱏 duì ◊ line-up (of people), queue ◊ {sports} team ◊ {music} band; orchestra ◊ {military} troop, column of soldiers ◊ {measure word}... column(s) of...(used for troops, and groups of people lined up in rows) 1--very high [n,mw] ᛷ dūn ◊ sincere, honest ◊ solid, sound ◊ emphasize, value ◊ diligent(ly), tireless(ly) 3--medium [adj,adv,v] ᮖ dūn ◊ urge, encourage ◊ honest; sincere and magnanimous ◊ get angry, fly into a rage ◊ lush, luxuriant ◊ Dun (surname) 3--medium [adj,v,sn] *㵣 ⴮ dùn ◊ {weaponry} shield; be shaped like a shield ◊ {economics} (used to transcribe certain units of currency) Dutch Guilder; Indonesian Rupiah; Vietnamese Dong, etc. 1--very high [n] 䙱 dùn ◊ run away, flee, escape ◊ evade, avoid ◊ hide, lie low, disappear ◊ deceive, conceal 3--medium [v] 䙱 dùn ◊ run away, flee, escape ◊ evade, avoid ◊ hide, lie low, disappear ◊ deceive, conceal 3--medium 亯 dùn ◊ pause, stop temporarily ◊ handle, arrange, manage ◊ {measure word} with a frequency of... (used for the number of occurrences of certain actions, number of meals, times scolded, etc.) ◊ {calligraphy} pause in writing to reinforce the stroke begin/ending ◊ {formal/humble} bow, kowtow (as in the polite closing formula of a letter dùnshǒu 乃俆/亯俆 "I bow my head" or "Yours humbly") ◊ stamp one's feet (like from grief, as used in dùnzú-chuíxiōng 乃䏣 ᦦ㜨/亯䏣ᦦ㜨 "stamp one's feet and hammer one's breast [in grief]") ◊ suddenly; immediately ◊ tired, fatigued ◊ Dun (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,mw,sn] ઴ duō ◊ {interjection, written} Tut! (or similar expression indicating amazement, scorn, criticism, etc.) ◊ scold, criticize, berate 4--low [interj] ૶ duō ◊ {descriptive} shiver, tremble, shake (as in duōsuo ૶ఖ "shiver, tremble, shake") 3--medium [phon] ཊ duō ◊ many, much; more, further; in excess, extra, exceeding (the intended/normal/original number or amount) ◊ a lot, ample ◊ (following a numeral) more than..., over (the number/amount stated) ◊ far more, much more ◊ mostly, for the most part ◊ (in questions asking about number, size, etc.) how (much, big, etc.)? ◊ (in exclamations) how...! ◊ Duo (surname) 1--very high [num,adj,adv,sn] ཪ duó ◊ take by force, seize, wrest ◊ force one's way into ◊ strive for, compete for, contend for ◊ take away from, cause to lose, deprive ◊ surpass, defeat, overwhelm ◊ {written} lose, miss ◊ decide ◊ {literature} omission (in a text) 1--very high [v] 䑡 duó ◊ stroll, pace, walk slowly; walk in

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a leisurely manner ◊ walk barefoot 2--high [v] 䫾 duó ◊ {archaic} large bell (used in ancient China as an alarm in times of war, or to announce government proclamations) ◊ {crafts} Aeolian bell 3--medium [n] ๅ duò ◊ fall, sink, drop ◊ {figurative} sink low, degenerate 2--high [v] *ໟ ᜠ duò ◊ neglect, be negligent (of one's duties, etc.) ◊ (be) lazy, idle, inactive ◊ (be) indolent, indiscreet, disrespectful ◊ belittle, underrate, slight, hold in light esteem 3--medium [v]

stress, hardship 5--very low 侯 è ◊ be hungry (in contrast to bǎo 伭/価 "satiated") ◊ starve (esp. of animals) 2--high [vi,v] 䈦 ē ◊ {interjection} Hey! Hey there! (calling sb's attention; also pronounced ēi) 3--medium [interj] ᚙ ēn ◊ kindness, favour, benevolence, grace ◊ gratitude ◊ of or pertaining to Imperial favour ◊ En (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ‫ ݯ‬ér ◊ child, baby, son (written as "r" when used as a suffix, indicates smallness [e.g., màor ᑭ‫ނ‬/ᑭ‫" ݯ‬hat"]; after a verb/adjective turns it into a noun [e.g., chīr ਲ਼‫ނ‬/ਲ਼‫" ݯ‬eatables, food"]; added to a concrete noun turns it into an abstract noun [e.g., ménr 䮰‫ނ‬/䰘‫ݯ‬ "work"]; added to a noun to change its original meaning [e.g., báimiànr ⲭ哥‫ނ‬/ⲭ䶒‫ ݯ‬means "heroin", while báimiàn ⲭ哥/ⲭ䶒 means "white flour"]; used as suffix to certain verbs [e.g., wánr ⧙‫ނ‬/⧙‫" ݯ‬play"]) 1--very high [n,suf] ṝ ér ◊ {construction} support brackets for the eaves at the top of a post ◊ {bot} fungus growing on rotten wood 3--medium 㘼 ér ◊ (joining two adjectives)...and... ◊ (indicating a sequence or consequence)... and thus..., therefore ◊ (indicating a contrast)...but... ◊ (indicating a transition)...to... ◊ (indicating sth happens at a certain time) at..., when... ◊ (indicating sth happens under a certain condition) if... 1--very high [conj] ቄ ěr ◊ you; your ◊ like this/that ◊ this/that ◊ only, merely, just ◊ (used to transliterate final /r/ in foreign loan-word syllables) 1--very high [pron,adv] ⨕ ěr ◊ ear-rings made of jade or pearl 3--medium [n] 㙣 ěr ◊ ear ◊ {pottery, bronze} loophandles (on both sides of a vessel, tripod, etc.) ◊ ear-like on both sides, flanking ◊ {written} only, just ◊ Er (surname) 1--very high [n,adv,sn] 䘙 ěr ◊ {written} near(by), close 4--low [n]

E ‫ ״‬É ◊ Russia ◊ Russian ◊ [é] shortly, presently, very soon ◊ suddenly 1--very high [n,adv] ጘ é ◊ high, lofty 3--medium [adj] 㴮 é ◊ moth ◊ {figurative} beautiful eyebrows, beautiful woman (short for éméi 㴮ⴹ) ◊ E (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 䇩 é ◊ wrong, mistaken, erroneous ◊ extort, blackmail ◊ change, transform ◊ move about, stir 3--medium [adj,v] 仍 é ◊ forehead ◊ (inscribed) tablet/board ◊ specific number, fixed amount 1--very high [n] 呵 é ◊ goose, Anser domestica 2--high [n] ᚦ è ◊ evil, wickedness, guilt ◊ vicious, fierce, ferocious, bad 1--very high [n,adj] ঴ è ◊ difficulty, hardship, adversity ◊ be in distress, be stranded ◊ yoke (for a team of horses) 3--medium [n,v] ᝅ è ◊ surprised, stunned, astonished, astounded 3--medium [adj] ᢬ è ◊ (variant of è ᢬) grasp, grip, clutch (like the throat) ◊ control, guard, defend 3--medium [v] 䙿 è ◊ check, hold back, restrain, curb 3--medium [v] 䜲 È ◊ E (name for Húběi ⒆े Province) ◊ limit, boundary ◊ {archaic} E (state during the Western Zhou Dynasty, in the area of present Nanyang, Hénán ⋣ই Province); E (state during the Western Zhou Dynasty and Warring States Period in the area of present Echeng, Húběi ⒆े Province); E (city during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in the area of present Xiangning, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ E (surname) 3--medium [name,sn] 䰿 è ◊ {written} block, obstruct ◊ sluicegate, floodgate 3--medium ঴ è ◊ strategic place (like a narrow pass) ◊ distress 3--medium 䱨 è ◊ be clogged/blocked/stopped (up); be obstructed ◊ hinder, impede, obstruct ◊ press (sb for sth), urge, force ◊ dangerous ◊ trouble, di-

侥 ěr ◊ cakes, pastry ◊ (for fishing, etc.) bait ◊ {written} lure, entice, tempt, try to seduce (with offers, promises, etc.) 3--medium [n,v] Ҽ èr ◊ two, 2; second; double; dual; binary ◊ second in charge/command, etc., sub-, vice- ◊ {colloquial} slow-witted, flaky ◊ comparable ◊ peer, equal ◊ different ◊ doubt, hesitate ◊ change 1--very high [num,adj,v] ⁢ èr ◊ {bot} jujube (Red Date or Chinese Date), Ziziphus zizyphus, synonym Z. jujuba (the tree and the fruit) 5--very low [n] 䍠 èr ◊ {numeric} two (the complicated "long" form of the number two, written to prevent alteration, forgery, etc.) ◊ {written} change one's allegiance, turn one's coat ◊ Er (surname) 3--medium [num,v,sn] 䬂 Ěr ◊ {chem} Erbium (Er) 4--low [n]

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tree growth, the forest, etc.) dense ◊ propagate, multiply 3--medium [adj,v] ᐶ fān ◊ {naval} sail ◊ {written} sailboat 5--very low [n] ࠑ fán ◊ ordinary, common, commonplace; usual(ly), general(ly) ◊ all, every, any, everything, everybody, whenever ◊ {written} in all, altogether, all inclusive ◊ {written} an outline; the gist of... ◊ {Chinese music} fan (note in the Chinese musical notation gōngchěpǔ ᐕቪ䆌/ᐕቪ 䉡) 1--very high [adj] › fán ◊ fence (made of bamboo, twigs, etc.); hedge ◊ bird cage ◊ {figurative} barriers, restrictions ◊ Fan (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ✖ fán ◊ be annoyed, be vexed ◊ be tired of, fed up with ◊ superfluous and confusing ◊ bother, trouble 1--very high [adj,v] ⠄ fán ◊ {written} burn, set on fire ◊ roast, bake 4--low [v] 㑱 fán ◊ complex, complicated (in contrast to jiǎn ㉑/ㆰ "simple") ◊ busy ◊ numerous (and various) ◊ (of livestock, etc.) procreate, multiply 5--very low [adj,v] *㱙 ৽ fǎn ◊ oppose, counter, be against ◊ rebel against, revolt ◊ opposite (or different) from the expected, inverse, inside out, in reverse ◊ (as a prefix indicating opposition or reversal) counter-, anti-, contrary ◊ turn over, reverse ◊ return ◊ reactionaries, counterrevolutionaries ◊ (used like fǎn'ér ৽㘼) on the contrary, instead ◊ argue/reason by analogy, analogize, infer, draw inferences (from another case) 1--very high [v,adj,pref,n] 䘄 fǎn ◊ return, come back, go back 1--very high [v] ụ fàn ◊ Buddhist (from the Sanskrit word "brahma") ◊ of or pertaining to ancient India ◊ "Fan" (according to Buddhist scriptures, the creator of written language) ◊ {Hinduism} Brahman; the Supreme Being ◊ Fan (surname) 3--medium [adj,n,sn] ⌋ fàn ◊ {written} float, drift ◊ cover, spread, emerge, emit ◊ general, extensive, unspecified, non-specific ◊ {figurative} shallow, superficial ◊ flood, inundation; inundate, flood ◊ pan-... (like fàn-Měi ⌋㖾 "pan-American") 1--very high [v,n] ⣟ fàn ◊ violate (the law, a prohibition, etc.), offend (sb), encroach upon; go/act against, attack, infringe upon, break the law; commit (a crime, mistake, etc.) ◊ offender, criminal, culprit ◊ (of mistakes, sth bad, an illness, etc.) happen (again), (re)occur 1--very high [v,n] 㤳 fàn ◊ pattern, standard, norm ◊ model, example ◊ scope, range, bounds ◊ Fan (surname) 1--very high [n] 䍙 fàn ◊ (of a merchant, peddler) buy for resale; buy and sell merchandise ◊ traffick ◊ peddler, monger, (street) vendor (often derogatory) 2--high [v,n]

F ਁ fā ◊ issue, send out, distribute ◊ launch, discharge, shoot ◊ produce, generate ◊ leave for, set out for ◊ (preceding an adjective denoting a feeling like lǎn ᠦ/᠂ "lazy", ruǎn 䔏/䖟 "soft", rè ⟡/✝ "hot", etc.) feel..., grow..., get... ◊ (before an adjective of colour, taste, smell, etc.) appear..., be... -ish, be... -ly, be on the... side (like fāzǐ Ⲭ㍛/ਁ㍛ "be purplish", fāchòu Ⲭ㠝/ਁ㠝 "be smelly", fātián Ⲭ⭌/ਁ⭌, "be on the sweet side,", etc.) ◊ speak, utter ◊ become rich ◊ diffuse, disperse ◊ expose, open up ◊ start/begin (an action) ◊ {measure word}... round(s) of...(used for ammunition: shells, cartridges, rounds, projectiles, etc.) 1--very high [v,mw] ѿ fá ◊ lack; be lacking, wanting; be short of ◊ tired, fatigued, weary ◊ {dialect} exhausted, worn out, spent; useless, worthless 1--very high [v] Հ fá ◊ fell, cut down (trees) ◊ attack, send out a military expedition (like the Northern Expedition, Běifá ेՀ [1926-1927]) ◊ boast, brag ◊ meritorious deeds 2--high [v,n] 㖊 fá ◊ penalty, fine, punishment ◊ punish, fine, penalize ◊ forfeit 2--high [v,n] ⌅ fǎ ◊ law ◊ method, way, style ◊ model after, pattern after, follow ◊ model, standard ◊ {Buddhism} dharma ◊ tricks, magic ◊ (short for Fǎjiā ⌅ᇦ) the Legalist school (of thought) ◊ (short for Fǎguó ⌅഻/⌅ഭ) France; French ◊ {physics, unit of measure} Farad ◊ Fa (surname) 1--very high [n,v,phon,sn] ᐶ fān ◊ {naval} a sail ◊ {written} sailboat 2--high [n] ⮚ fān ◊ {measure word} (used for an act, talking, thought/mood, experience, or process that takes time/effort; e.g., tā zhè huà Ԇ䙉 䂡/Ԇ 䘉 䈍 "these words/remarks of his"; zuòchū yī nǔlì ֌ࠪа ࣚ࣋ "make an effort"; used mostly after yī а "one", zhè 䘉 "this", nà 䛓, or jǐ ᒮ/ࠐ "several") ◊ {measure word} time, time through (used as a verbal complement, similar to huí എ or biàn 䙽); times (used after the verb fān 㘫 "to double (an amount)", e.g. fānle yī fān 㘫Ҷа⮚ "(some amount) doubled"; with lower numbers (esp. 2 and 3), the increase implied is often in a geometric sequence, so that fān liǎng fān 㘫є⮚ = to quadruple, i.e. double (the amount) and then double the result again) ◊ foreign, non-Chinese ◊ barbarian, aboriginal, savage ◊ kind, type, style ◊ replace (in turn), rotate 2--high [adj,mw] ◊ turn (over, around, upside down, 㘫 fān inside out, etc.) ◊ translate, interpret ◊ look/rummage through, search ◊ change, overturn, overthrow, reverse; take back ◊ go over, go across, cross (mountains, hurdles, etc.) ◊ {colloquial} have a falling-out, quarrel, break up (a relationship) ◊ change, suddenly turn hostile ◊ double (an amount) 1--very high [v] 㭳 fán ◊ (of vegetation) lush, luxuriant; (of

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依 fàn ◊ meal (usu. with rice); cooked cereals (mostly rice) ◊ {figurative} means of livelyhood; living 1--very high [n] ᯩ fāng ◊ square (in shape) ◊ direction ◊ upright, honest ◊ side, party ◊ direction, place, locality, region ◊ method, way, means ◊ {pharma, Chinese med} prescription, recipe ◊ (as an adverb, same meaning as cái 㓄/᡽) only, just at that time, then ◊ just (now) ◊ {measure} (short for píngfāng ᒣᯩ "square metre", or for lìfāng ・ᯩ "cubic metre")... square metre(s),... cubic metre(s) (used for area or volume) ◊ {math} power (of) ◊ Fang (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,mw,sn] 㣣 fāng ◊ fragrant, aromatic ◊ (of conduct, reputation, etc.) good, fine, virtuous ◊ flowers and plants ◊ {respectful, written} your ◊ Fang (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ൺ fáng ◊ workshop, shop 2--high [n] ࿘ fáng ◊ hinder, interfere with, impede, obstruct, disturb, hamper ◊ impair, harm ◊ hindrance, obstacle 2--high [v,n] ᡯ fáng ◊ house, building ◊ room, chamber ◊ any house-like structure (like a bee-hive) ◊ branch of a family; wife ◊ {measure word} (used for members of an extended family) ◊ shop, store ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Fang (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions) ◊ Fang (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䱢 fáng ◊ guard against, take precautions against, be on the alert, prevent ◊ defend, guard, protect ◊ dike, embankment ◊ Fang (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 劲 fáng ◊ {zool} Triangular Bream, Megalobrama terminalis 4--low [n] ԯ fǎng ◊ imitate, copy, follow the example of, use as a model ◊ a copy, replica, model (like for practicing calligraphy) ◊ resemble, be similar, be like 3--medium [n,v] 㓪 fǎng ◊ spin (yarn) ◊ thin, light silk 1--very high [v,n] 䇯 fǎng ◊ (pay a) visit, call on ◊ gather (information), seek out, investigate, interview ◊ Fang (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ᭮ fàng ◊ release, set free, let go, let out ◊ put, place (in, on, etc.) ◊ let oneself go, give way to ◊ put in, add ◊ put (livestock, horses, etc.) out to pasture ◊ turn on, play (a movie, etc.) ◊ banish, exile, send away ◊ set off (like firecrackers) ◊ ignite, light, set fire to ◊ lend at interest ◊ (of clothing) let out, make larger ◊ (of blossoms, flowers) open, bloom ◊ keep (for future use), put aside ◊ fell, cut down (trees, etc.) ◊ (starting an imperative sentence) Be more...! ◊ (preceding 㪇...н.../⵰...н...) neglect/refuse (to do sth) 1--very high [v] ླ fēi ◊ {archaic} imperial concubine ◊ wife of a king, crown prince or marquis 3--medium [n] 㨢 fēi ◊ (of flowers, herbs and other plants) lush/luxuriant and fragrant ◊ {chem} phe-

nanthrene ◊ (short for Fēilǜbīn 㨢ᖻ䌃/㨢ᖻᇮ) Philippines 2--high [adj,n] 䶎 fēi ◊ no, not ◊ (in compound words, as a prefix indicating negation) non-, un-, in- ◊ in no way ◊ wrong (in contrast to shì ᱟ "right") ◊ wrongdoing, evil ◊ negate ◊ not in accord with, not conforming to ◊ oppose, blame ◊ (often in the structure fēi...bùkě 䶎…нਟ) must, have to; be bound to ◊ insist on ◊ {written} degenerate, deteriorate ◊ (short for Fēizhōu 䶎⍢) Africa, African 1--very high [adv,pref] 伎 fēi ◊ (of birds, airplanes, etc.) fly ◊ hover, soar or flutter in the air ◊ swiftly, quickly, rapidly ◊ volatilize, be vapourized ◊ (of disaster, misfortune, examination) unexpected, sudden, random; (of slander) baseless, unfounded ◊ {colloquial} throw (sth) at (sb) ◊ {regional} (of a bicycle) free-wheel 1--very high [v] 㛕 féi ◊ fat ◊ (of soil) fertile ◊ ill-gotten gains ◊ loose (of clothing, in contrast to shòu ⱖ "tight") ◊ the Fei people (a nationality originating from Taiyuan, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) ◊ Fei (a state during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period) ◊ Fei (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] 㞃 féi ◊ {physiology} calf (of the leg) ◊ withered, wilted ◊ shelter 3--medium [n,adj] ग़ fěi ◊ {derogatory} bandit, thief, rebel ◊ bandit-, rebel- (term for a government considered illegitimate) ◊ {written} (used like fēi 䶎) not 2--high [n,adj] ᯀ fěi ◊ (of literature, style, etc.) elegant, graceful, written by sb with great talent ◊ {linguistics} phi (Greek letter) 3--medium [adj,n] 㵊 fěi ◊ {zool} cockroach ◊ aphid ◊ {mythology} wild horned animal similar to a cow, with a tail like a snake 4--low [n] ੐ fèi ◊ (of a dog) bark, yelp, yap 3--medium [v] ᓏ fèi ◊ abandon, give up, abrogate, throw away; abolish, terminate ◊ decline (from neglect, etc.), lie waste ◊ useless, unused, wasted ◊ disabled, crippled, maimed 1--very high [v,adj] Ⱑ fèi ◊ (variant of fèi Ⱑ) {med} prickly heat, sweat rash, Miliaria rubra 4--low [n] 䍩 fèi ◊ cost, fees, expenses ◊ spend/consume/expend too much, waste; expend (too) quickly ◊ Fei (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ࠶ fēn ◊ separate, divide, split, part ◊ distribute, assign, allot ◊ distinguish, differentiate, tell (the difference), make a distinction ◊ (of an organization, company, etc.) branch ◊ fraction; one-tenth of the whole, ten percent ◊ (as a unit of length) approx. 1/3 cm ◊ (as a unit of area) approx. 67 square metres ◊ (as a unit of weight) approx. 1/2 gram ◊ (as a unit of Chinese currency) 1/100 of a Yuan ◊ (as a unit of time or degree) a 311

minute ◊ (as interest rate) percent ◊ (in a marking system) a mark/point ◊ {measure word}... part(s) of...,... tenth(s) of... (used for parts or tenths of the whole, and for abstract items like vigour, toil, hope, etc.) 1--very high [v,n,mw] 㓧 fēn ◊ numerous, profuse, many and various ◊ in disorder, chaotic, confused, tangled ◊ streamer at the top of a flag 1--very high [adj,adv,n] 㣜 fēn ◊ fragrance, aroma ◊ beautiful sound ◊ fine reputation, noble conduct ◊ numerous, profuse 2--high [n,adj] ඏ fén ◊ tomb, grave 2--high [n] Ἤ fén ◊ confused, jumbled, tangled ◊ ridgepole, ridgebeam ◊ stately mansion 4--low [adj,n] ⊮ Fén ◊ Fen River (in Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 3--medium [n] ◶ fén ◊ {written} water's edge; waterside, lakeside, riverside; high bank along a river;bank, shore 3--medium [n] ❊ fén ◊ burn, set on fire, destroy by fire 2--high [v] 㳑 Fén ◊ Fen (surname) 5--very low [sn] ཻ fèn ◊ do sth in a vigorous or energetic manner, put effort into, exert oneself ◊ raise, lift, take up ◊ shake, vibrate; (of birds) flap the wings, fly 1--very high [v] ᘯ fèn ◊ anger, fury, resentment, indignation ◊ be/get angry, furious, etc. ◊ hate sb, bear sb a grudge ◊ brim with, be full of, be replete with2--high [n,v] ሱ fēng ◊ seal, close; envelope; {measure word} (used for letters, messages and other mail items) ◊ (under the feudal system) confer (a title, land) upon; install (as a member of the nobility); (short for fēngjiànzhǔyì ሱᔪѫ㗙/ሱᔪѫѹ) feudalism ◊ Feng (surname) 1--very high [v,n,mw,sn] 㴲 fēng ◊ bee, honeybee ◊ wasp ◊ {figurative} (move or converge on sth) in swarms, in an uncontrolled manner 2--high [n,adv,v] 㴲 fēng ◊ (variant of fēng 㴲) wasp; bee, honeybee ◊ {figurative} (move or converge on sth) in swarms, in an uncontrolled manner 5--very low [n,adv,v] Ѡ fēng ◊ rich, abundant, plentiful ◊ big, thick ◊ great (like achievements) ◊ bumper harvest ◊ luxuriant, flourishing ◊ enrich ◊ fill, make full ◊ {divination} Feng (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ {archaic} pedestal for a wine container ◊ Feng (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,n,sn] 䬻 fēng ◊ (of a knife, sword, etc.) sharp edge, cutting edge, pointed end ◊ (mostly of troops) vanguard, forefront 1--very high [n] 仾 fēng ◊ wind, gale, breeze ◊ put out to dry, winnow, air-dry, air ◊ speedily, swiftly ◊ custom, practice, atmosphere ◊ style, attitude ◊ information, news, rumour, hearsay ◊ {literature}

(as a genre in the Shījīng 䂙㏃/䈇㓿 "Book of Odes" section Guófēng ഻付/ഭ仾 "Airs of the states") folk song, ballad ◊ {med} used in the names of certain illnesses (e.g., zhòngfēng ѝ付/ѝ 仾 "stroke", "apoplexy") ◊ Feng (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ༶ fēng ◊ resist 4--low 䙒 féng ◊ meet, encounter, come upon, come across ◊ Feng (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ߟ Féng ◊ Feng (surname)2--high [sn] 䇭 fěng ◊ satirize, mock, ridicule ◊ chant, intone 2--high [v] ཹ fèng ◊ hold (respectfully) in one's hands ◊ present, give (respectfully with both hands) ◊ receive and/or follow (orders, instructions, etc. from a superior or sb senior) ◊ respect, esteem, revere, adore, worship, have faith in, believe in (a religion, etc.) ◊ care for, wait upon, serve (one's parents, etc.) ◊ {honorific} (I hereby) respectfully...(verb prefix indicating that one does sth for sb) ◊ Feng (surname) 2--high [v,sn] 㕍 féng ◊ sew, stitch 2--high [v] ࠔ fèng ◊ {mythology, art} phoenix (in art designs of the Qīng ␵ Dynasty on porcelain, etc., the symbol of the Empress) ◊ Feng (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ੖ fǒu ◊ deny, negate; veto ◊ no, nay, not so ◊ ... or not (used after certain verbs like shì ᱟ, néng 㜭, kě ਟ, huì ᴳ/Պ or at the end of a sentence to form an alternative question) 1--very high [v,adv] 㕫 fǒu ◊ pottery, earthenware 5--very low ཛ fū ◊ adult man; husband ◊ man doing manual labour ◊ {archaic} conscripted labourer, corvée labourer 1--very high [n] ᮧ fū ◊ apply, put on (powder, cream, a poultice, etc.) ◊ spread, lay (like pipes, tracks) ◊ be sufficient, be enough ◊ Fu (surname)2--high [v,sn] ᷾ fū ◊ {bot} calyx (of a flower) ◊ leg or foot of a drum/bell stand or rack 5--very low [n] 㛔 fū ◊ skin ◊ superficial, shallow ◊ {written} (of achievements, etc.) fine, admirable, great, outstanding, extraordinary ◊ finely diced meat 2--high [adj,n] 䠷 fū ◊ {agriculture} hay chopper, straw chopper, fodder chopper 5--very low Կ fú ◊ bend down or over, lean over ◊ lie or fall prostrate ◊ hide, lie in ambush ◊ fall, subside, go down ◊ admit, acknowledge (guilt, etc.), accept, submit (to punishment, etc.) ◊ the dog days of summer (any of the three hot ten-day periods during the summer) ◊ (of birds, poultry) hatch, brood (eggs) ◊ {unit of measure, electrical} (short for fútè Կ⢩) volt; voltage ◊ Fu (surname) 2--high [vo,n,sn] ֋ fó ◊ Buddha; Buddhism; statue/image of Buddha; Buddhist scripture/sutra 1--very high [n] ؈ fú ◊ take prisoner, capture, seize ◊ pri312

soner, captive; prisoner of war (POW) 2--high [n,v] સ fú ◊ oppose 5--very low ᆊ fú ◊ inspire faith, trust or confidence in sb ◊ trustworthy, faithful, sincere 3--medium [v,adj] ᕇ fú ◊ {written} not ◊ do not, must not 2--high [adv] ᢦ fú ◊ support with the hand, hold on for support ◊ straighten up, hold up, prop up ◊ help, assist, lend a hand ◊ Fu (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ᣲ fú ◊ stroke, caress ◊ whisk, flick ◊ defy, go against (another's wishes) ◊ chop, hack (like with a sword) 3--medium [v] ᴽ fú ◊ clothing, garments ◊ wear, put on (clothes) ◊ take (medicine) ◊ assume (a post), serve (in the military, a prison sentence, etc.) ◊ submit oneself to, obey ◊ cause to accept, convince ◊ be used to, accustomed to ◊ Fu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ⎞ fú ◊ float, emerge ◊ {dialect} swim ◊ on the surface, superficial ◊ movable, portable, not fixed; temporary, transient, provisional ◊ frivolous, superficial ◊ hollow, without substance, empty; inflated ◊ surplus, redundant, extra; exceed2--high [v,adj,adv] ⾿ fú ◊ good fortune, blessing, happiness, luck ◊ {archaic} (of women) make a curtsy (with the hands crossed on the chest) ◊ (short for Fújiàn ⾿ᔪ) Fujian Province ◊ Fu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ㅖ fú ◊ {history} a tally (given to an envoy as a credential); a symbol, sign ◊ tally with, fit, conform to, comply with ◊ a Taoist magical figure or drawing (for invoking/expelling spirits, bringing good/ill fortune, etc.) ◊ Fu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ㎽ fú ◊ rope 4--low 㖈 fú ◊ a net for catching birds ◊ wire netting under the eaves of a house for guarding against birds ◊ {archaic} a wind screen outside the door 3--medium [n] 㤰 fú ◊ (of a way, road, path, etc.) overgrown with weeds, vegetation, and tangled/bushy grass (and thus making passage difficult) ◊ (of vegetation) dense, lush ◊ happiness, good fortune ◊ the front screen of a carriage or cart 5--very low 唫 fú ◊ {archaic} decorative black and green pattern on ceremonial robes ◊ ceremonial/sacrificial robe 4--low [n] ‫ ؟‬fǔ ◊ bow, lower (the head) ◊ bend down, come down ◊ look down upon ◊ {document style} deign, condescend 2--high [v] ં m ◊ have not ◊ there is not 4--low [v] ᓌ fǔ ◊ prefecture ◊ seat of government; government office ◊ {archaic} local government archives; treasury of the local government ◊ mansion, official residence ◊ {honorific} your home, your house ◊ Fu (surname) 1--very high

[n,sn] ᣺ fǔ ◊ {written} clap (hands); pat, tap ◊ comfort, console [also written as fǔ ᫛/ᣊ] 4--low [v] ᣊ fǔ ◊ console, comfort ◊ foster, protect, nurture, raise ◊ stroke (with the hand), caress, press gently ◊ take, hold in one's hand 2--high [v] ᯗ fǔ ◊ {tool, weaponry} device for chopping sth, axe, hatchet 2--high [n] ⭛ fǔ ◊ just, only, just now ◊ begin, start ◊ (added after a male's given name as a polite form of address) courtesy name ◊ Fu (surname) 2--high [adv,adj,name,sn] 㞀 fǔ ◊ rotten, putrid, stale; rot, decompose ◊ {food/cuisine} bean curd 1--very high [adj,v,n] 㞁 fǔ ◊ {physiology} the bowels, entrails, internal organs ◊ {Chinese med} (certain) internal organs (general term for the internal organs stomach, gall, intestines and bladder, in contrast to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys which are summarized under the collective name zàng 㠏/㜿) 3--medium [n] 䖵 fǔ ◊ assist, help, complement, supplement ◊ the cheekbone ◊ {archaic} area surrounding the capital ◊ wooden poles attached to the outside of a cart or carriage wheel (in ancient times, two per wheel to add strength for heavy loads) ◊ Fu (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] 䠌 fǔ ◊ {archaic} cauldron, kettle, pot 3--medium [n] 唬 fǔ ◊ {archaic} black and white embroidered ceremonial robes worn by officials in ancient China 4--low [n] Ԉ fù ◊ give, hand over, turn over, deliver, commit ◊ pay ◊ {measure word} (used like fù ࢟)... set(s) of...,... pair(s) of... (used for things in pairs like spectacles, or things in sets) ◊ a (certain) look/expression (used to indicate a certain facial expression) ◊ Fu (surname) 1--very high [v,n,mw,sn] ‫ ڵ‬fù ◊ {written} teach, instruct ◊ teacher, instructor, tutor ◊ {history} assist the ruler in governing the country ◊ {written} attach, put on; adhere/stick to ◊ Fu (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ࢟ fù ◊ {admin} assistant, deputy, vice-, under-; assistant position ◊ auxiliary, secondary, subsidiary, second-in-command, complementary (when prefixed to an occupation or sb's office title, indicates secondary or assistant status) ◊ comply with, fit, correspond to ◊ {measure word}... set(s) of...,... pair(s) of... (used for things in pairs like spectacles, or things in sets) ◊ a (certain) look/expression (used to indicate a certain facial expression) 1--very high [n,adj,v,mw] ྷ fù ◊ married woman, wife ◊ woman 1--very high [n] ᇼ fù ◊ rich, wealthy (in contrast to pín 䋗/䍛 "poor", or qióng マ/ェ "poor") ◊ riches, wealth, resources, property ◊ enrich ◊ rich in... ◊

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abundant, plentiful, sufficient, ample ◊ Fu (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ༽ fù ◊ turn over, turn around; return ◊ reply, answer ◊ resume, restore, renew; recover (like one's health), recapture ◊ retaliate, take revenge ◊ repeatedly, again ◊ {divination} "Fu" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Fu (surname) 3--medium [v,n,adv,sn] ⡦ fù ◊ father ◊ male family member or relative of an older generation 1--very high [n] 㕊 fù ◊ tie up, truss up, tie fast, bind fast 2--high [v] 㞩 fù ◊ stomach, belly, abdomen; {figurative} belly (of a jar, pot, etc.) ◊ one's heart, one's feelings; embrace, clutch in one's bosom, be wholehearted ◊ the inside, inner part; thick, protruding (belly-like) 2--high [n,v,adj] *㳩 㾶 fù ◊ {written} cover, engulf, envelop ◊ {written} overturn; turn around/over, capsize ◊ (used like fù ᗙ/༽) reply, answer 2--high [v] 䍏 fù ◊ carry, shoulder, bear, take up (a burden or responsibility) ◊ a burden ◊ carry on one's back or shoulder ◊ rely on, count on, have at one's back ◊ suffer, sustain (like an injury) ◊ have, enjoy (like a good reputation) ◊ be indebted, have an obligation, owe ◊ turn one's back on, betray, disappoint, fail (in one's obligation/duty) ◊ be defeated, lose (in a game, fight, etc; in contrast to shèng ऍ/㜌 "win") ◊ {math, physics, electrical/electronics} negative, minus (in contrast to zhèng ↓ "positive", "plus") ◊ {written} (used like bù н) no, not 1--very high [v,n,adj] 䍻 fù ◊ grant, bestow, vest/endow with ◊ {archaic} land tax, agricultural tax ◊ {literature} Prose Poetry, the Prose Poem (a literary form that developed from the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties Period featuring a combination of prose and verse and a highly descriptive vocabulary) ◊ write/compose (poetry) 2--high [v,n] 䎤 fù ◊ go to, be bound for ◊ attend, participate ◊ swim (as in fùshuǐ 䎤≤ "swim") 2--high [v] 䱌 fù ◊ {written} earthen mound; hill ◊ abundant (of goods, materials, etc.) ◊ big, plump, fleshy 3--medium [adj,n] 䱴 fù ◊ attachment ◊ attach, add, append, enclose ◊ approach, draw near, get close; close by, near ◊ agree to, yield to, comply with, depend on, attach oneself to 1--very high [n,v] 劻 fù ◊ {zool} Crucian Carp, Carassicus auratus 4--low *ᲀ

◊ be sb's turn to... ◊ deserve, merit ◊ most likely, probably, in all probability, be expected that... ◊ (used emphatically in exclamatory statements) certainly is...! must be...! ◊ {regional} be on shift, be on duty (in turn) ◊ owe (money), be indebted to... 1--very high [pron,auxv] 䍵 gāi ◊ include, combine ◊ complete, comprehensive 4--low [adj] 䲄 gāi ◊ (flight of) steps, landing ◊ layer, level ◊ earthen ridge between fields 4--low [n] ᭩ gǎi ◊ change, transform, alter, convert ◊ change to, switch to ◊ revise, polish, modify, reform, improve ◊ correct, remedy, put right, amend ◊ Gai (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ᾲ gài ◊ general, approximate ◊ all, without exception, categorically, absolutely ◊ the manner, deportment, the bearing/carrying of oneself ◊ {written} the circumstances, scene, situation 1--very high [adj,adv,n] Ⓓ gài ◊ {agriculture} irrigate, water 4--low [v] ⴆ gài ◊ lid, cover, cap ◊ shell, carapace ◊ canopy (of a carriage) ◊ cover (over), put over or on (like a cover, lid, blanket, etc.) ◊ affix (an official seal) ◊ overwhelm, surpass, drown out (a sound) ◊ build, put up (a structure with a roof) ◊ {regional, slang} excellent, terrific, great ◊ {agriculture, tool} rectangular harrow ◊ Gài (surname) ◊ for, because, in fact ◊ {written} about, around, approximately 1--very high [n,v,adj,adv,sn] ᒢ gān ◊ dry, arid ◊ (let sth) dry; dried up, dried out; (of food) dried or preserved ◊ dried food ◊ hollow, empty, exhausted, all gone ◊ useless, to no avail, in vain, futile ◊ {regional} impolite, rude, blunt; (of behaviour, remarks, etc.) embarrassing, offensive; cold-shoulder, ignore 2--high [adj,adv,v] ᒢ gān ◊ (variant of gān Ү/ᒢ) dry, arid ◊ (let sth) dry; dried up, dried out; (of food) dried or preserved ◊ dried food ◊ hollow, empty, exhausted, all gone ◊ useless, to no avail, in vain, futile ◊ {regional} impolite, rude, blunt; (of behaviour, remarks, etc.) embarrassing, offensive; cold-shoulder, ignore 5--very low [adj,adv,v] ⭈ gān ◊ sweet, pleasant (in contrast to kǔ 㤖 "bitter", "unpleasant"); (of words, etc.) honeyed ◊ willingly, readily, of one's own accord, voluntarily, with dedication ◊ (short for) Gānsù ⭈ 㚵/⭈㚳 Province ◊ Gan (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] 㲧 gān ◊ worm ◊ (alternate reading "hán") 5--very low ᝏ gǎn ◊ feel, sense, perceive, be aware of ◊ affect, move, touch (emotionally) ◊ be/feel grateful, thankful, obliged ◊ {Chinese med} be affected, be sensitive (like to cold) ◊ feeling, sense, sensation, impression, perception ◊ (of film, etc.) sensitive (to light) 1--very high [v,n,adj]

G 䈕 gāi ◊ the abovementioned..., the aforesaid..., the said...; this..., that... ◊ should, ought to

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ᮒ gǎn ◊ dare (to do sth); daring, bold, brave, courageous ◊ be sure, be certain ◊ {regional} surely, certainly; perhaps, probably ◊ {humble/polite} venture, dare, take the liberty (to ask, etc.)1--very high [v] 㓰 gàn ◊ dark purple, prune purple, dark red 3--medium [n] ࡊ gāng ◊ just (a moment ago) ◊ exactly, just, precisely ◊ barely, just ◊ just when...; hardly... when...(often in combination with jiù ቡ expressing "... when...") ◊ hard, firm, strong, staunch ◊ Gang (surname) 1--very high [adv,adj,sn] ޸ gāng ◊ ridge (of a hill) 2--high [n] 㓢 gāng ◊ rope ◊ headrope, headline (of a fishing net) ◊ {figurative} the main point, guiding principle, key link, outline, program ◊ {biology} a class, the class ◊ {history} transport convoy moving certain goods in large quantities (like tea, salt, granite, etc.) 2--high [n] ⑟ gǎng ◊ port, harbour ◊ branch (of a river) (character often used in place names, like Xiānggǎng 俉⑟ "Hong Kong") ◊ [G-] (short for Xiānggǎng 俉⑟) Hong Kong 1--very high [n] ℌ gāo ◊ {weaponry, written} a case for bows, arrows (for protection, storage) ◊ store away 4--low ⲻ gāo ◊ {written} a (shallow) lake, marsh, wetlands; a rice field ◊ the high land beside the water ◊ Gao (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㗄 gāo ◊ lamb, kid, fawn ◊ {zool} black sheep 3--medium [n] 㞿 gāo ◊ grease, fat, oil; cream, paste, ointment ◊ {agriculture} (of soil) fertile 2--high [n,adj] 儈 gāo ◊ high, tall (in contrast to dī վ "low"); height ◊ (of quality, etc.) above average, top, superior, advanced ◊ of high(er) rank/degree/level ◊ (of sound) (too) loud/sharp/high ◊ {honorific} your, his/her, their (opinion, etc.) ◊ old, aged ◊ expensive, dear ◊ {colloquial, new usage} tipsy/drunk, "high" (on alcohol or drugs) (a literal translation of English "high") ◊ {chem} (of a chemical compound) "high-oxygen"; containing one more oxygen atom (as in gāoměngsuānjiǎ 儈䥣䞨䡰/儈䭠䞨䫮 "potassium permanganate") ◊ {math, geometry} the altitude (like of a triangle) ◊ Gao (surname) 1--very high [adj,co,sn] 㕏 gǎo ◊ thin raw white silk (used for mourning garments, etc.) ◊ white (colour) 4--low [adj,n] ῱ gǎo ◊ straw, hay ◊ dry, withered ◊ a withered tree 3--medium [n] ੺ gào ◊ tell, inform, notify, report ◊ tell on (sb) ◊ {law} seek legal action against, accuse, sue, bring a case against ◊ request, solicit, ask for ◊ announce, declare ◊ announce/declare the completion (of a task, project, etc.) 1--very high [v]

䈠 gào ◊ {history, admin} inform, notify (subordinates); enjoin, order ◊ {history, admin} written admonishment or exhortation ◊ {history, admin} Imperial edict, Imperial mandate 4--low [vt] 䜌 gào ◊ Gao (state during the Zhou Dynasty and city during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Chengwu, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡ ь Province) ◊ Gao (county during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Fushan, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ Gao (surname) 3--medium [sn] ࢢ gē ◊ cut (off), sever ◊ divide, separate, give up, cede (territory) 2--high [v] ᠸ gē ◊ {weaponry} a halberd; an axespear used as a weapon ◊ Ge (a state in ancient China) ◊ Ge (surname) 2--high [n,sn] *ᡃ ⅼ gē ◊ song ◊ sing, chant 1--very high [n,v] Ṭ gé ◊ {geometry} square ◊ {cinema} frame ◊ (of cloth, squared paper, etc.) checkered; (of a cabinet, etc.) divided ◊ pattern, standard, rule ◊ style, character, manner ◊ {grammar} case ◊ {written} hinder, impede, obstruct, resist ◊ examine, investigate ◊ {written} study sth thoroughly, delve into, probe into ◊ strike, hit, attack ◊ Ge (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,v,sn] 㪋 gé ◊ {bot} kudzu vine, Pueraria lobata, syn. P. montana, P. thunbergiana ◊ {textiles} poplin, tabinet 2--high [n] 䰱 gé ◊ a Chinese-style (two-storeyed) pavilion ◊ {admin} a cabinet (group of ministers, advisors, etc.) ◊ {history} a woman's chamber, boudoir ◊ {written} a shelf, rack 2--high [n] 䳄 gé ◊ separate, stand/lie between, divide, partition ◊ at an interval of, at a distance 1--very from, spaced at (a certain distance) high [v,adj,adv] 䶙 gé ◊ leather, hide ◊ change, alter, reform, transform ◊ dismiss, remove (from office) ◊ get rid of, expel, kick out ◊ Ge (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 䶸 gé ◊ (alternate reading "jiá") 4--low 兢 lì ◊ {archaic} ancient tripod cooking vessel (with hollow legs and round mouth) 4--low [n] њ gè ◊ {measure word} (usually pronounced in the qīngshēng 䕅㚢/䖫༠ "light tone") (used before a noun not having a dedicated measure word of its own, e.g., sān gè xīngqī й‫ػ‬ᱏᵏ/йњᱏᵏ "three weeks", liǎng gè wèntí ‫୿ػޙ‬乼/єњ䰞仈 "two questions/problems") ◊ (contraction of yī gè а‫ػ‬/ањ, used between a verb and its object) a... ◊ (pronounced with full fourth tone) individual 1--very high [mw] ਴ gè ◊ each, every, all ◊ respectively, variously ◊ the various..., the different... 1--very high [adj,adv] 315

{mythology} the Heavenly Palace; residence of the Immortals ◊ residence of a head of state (as in Báigōng ⲭᇞ/ⲭᇛ "White House") ◊ {Chinese music} gōng (1st note in the traditional Chinese musical scale gōngchěpǔ ᐕቪ䆌/ᐕቪ䉡) ◊ {Chinese chess} Palace/Fortress (3x3 square point and file centered on the back ranks, marked with diagonal lines) ◊ Gong (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᐕ gōng ◊ work, labour; worker, labourer ◊ (construction/engineering) project ◊ industry ◊ (short for gōngchéngshī ᐕ〻ᑛ/ᐕ〻ᐸ) engineer ◊ man-day ◊ craftsmanship, workmanship, skill ◊ be expert at, be good at, be versed in, be skilled in (like the arts) ◊ excellent, exquisite ◊ {Chinese music} "gōng" (3rd note in the traditional Chinese musical scale gōngchěpǔ ᐕቪ䆌/ᐕ ቪ䉡); musician 1--very high [n] ᕃ gōng ◊ a bow (for shooting arrows) ◊ sth bow-shaped ◊ {unit of measure} wooden bowshaped dividers (used for measuring land, equal to 1.6 meters) ◊ bend, arch (one's back, etc.) ◊ Gong (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᚝ gōng ◊ respectful, reverent, courteous, polite ◊ submissive, subservient, deferential 2--high [adj] ᭫ gōng ◊ {military} attack, assault, go onto the offensive ◊ charge, accuse ◊ specialize in, study ◊ skilled in, good at ◊ Gong (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] 䓜 gōng ◊ personally, in person ◊ bend (the body) forward, stoop down, bow ◊ Gong (surname) 2--high [adv,v,sn] 嗊 Gōng ◊ Gong (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᤡ gǒng ◊ (as a salutation) cup one hand in the other across the chest; salute with joined hands ◊ surround, encircle; encompass ◊ arch, hunch up/hump up (one's back) ◊ (of people) push (with one's body); elbow one's way through; (of pigs and other animals) dig (with the snout); (of worms) wriggle through... ◊ (of plant shoots) sprout up through the soil ◊ Gong (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ‫ ޡ‬gòng ◊ together, collectively ◊ common (with), general, universal; share, have or do in common; in common, in all, altogether, total ◊ (short for Gòngchǎndǎng ‫⭒ޡ‬唘/‫ޡ‬ӗ‫ )ފ‬Communist Party 1--very high [adj,adv] 䍑 gòng ◊ {history, admin} tribute; high quality (good enough for tribute); select (talented people), recommend (talented people) to the imperial court ◊ [G-] (short for Xīgòng 㾯䋒/㾯䍑) Saigon ◊ Gong (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ⋏ gōu ◊ ditch, drain, trench, channel, narrow waterway ◊ rut, groove, gutter, furrow, cleavage, gap ◊ gully, ravine 2--high [n] 䫙 gōu ◊ hook (on a steelyard, fishhook, etc.) ◊ {calligraphy} the hook stroke (in Chinese characters) ◊ check, mark, tick off ◊ hook (onto sth or sb), fasten with/like a hook ◊ baste, sew

㔉 gěi ◊ give, hand (to), present, grant ◊ (after a verb indicating transfer) to, toward; for, for the benefit of ◊ let, allow (also used as an emphatic particle, mainly in passive-voice sentences) 1--very high [v,adv,prep] ṩ gēn ◊ root (of a plant) ◊ (one's ethnic, cultural, etc.) roots ◊ {math} root; solution to an algebraic equation ◊ {chem} radical, root, base, foundation ◊ origin, source, cause ◊ (male) offspring, progeny ◊ entirely, totally, thoroughly, completely ◊ according to, on the basis of ◊ {measure word} (used for long, thin objects, e.g., sticks, scallions, candles, matches, hairs, string, rope, etc.) 1--very high [n,adv,mw] 䐏 gēn ◊ heel (of the foot, a shoe, etc.) ◊ follow (close behind) ◊ (of a woman) marry sb ◊ {grammar} (as a preposition indicating the recipient of an action) together with, to, toward, from; (as a preposition indicating comparison) as, like; (as a conjunction joining items) and, with1--very high [n,v,conj] 㢞 gěn ◊ {regional} (of character, speech, etc.) straightforward, blunt, brusque, direct ◊ (of food) tough, leathery, hard 3--medium [adj] ᓊ gēng ◊ geng (seventh of the ten Tiāngān ཙᒢ "Celestial Stems") ◊ (of a person) the age; be... years old ◊ Geng (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㗩 gēng ◊ {food/cuisine} a thick soup or broth, custard 4--low [n] 㗩 gēng ◊ {food/cuisine} a thick soup or broth, custard 3--medium [n] 㙅 gēng ◊ {agriculture} till (the soil), plough, cultivate ◊ make one's living, do sth for a living, earn one's livelyhood 2--high [v] 㔐 gěng ◊ {written} well rope (for drawing water) 3--medium [n] ᴤ gèng ◊ more, still more, even more ◊ furthermore, further, what is more... 1--very high [adv] ‫ ׋‬gōng ◊ supply, provide, furnish (funds/material) ◊ (provide/furnish) for (sb) to (use, refer to, etc.) ◊ make regular payments on a loan for (a house, car, etc.) ◊ (mortgage or auto loan) payment 1--very high [v] ‫ ޜ‬gōng ◊ public, collective, governmentowned, state-owned; make public ◊ general, common ◊ official (affairs/business) ◊ fair, just, impartial, equitable ◊ (of measure units) international, metric ◊ (of animals) male (in contrast to mǔ ⇽ "female") ◊ duke (the highest of the five titles of nobility in feudal times) ◊ Gong (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ࣏ gōng ◊ accomplishment, achievement, feat, good result; success, merit, meritorious deed/service, contribution (in contrast to guò 䙾/䗷 "mistake, fault, error") ◊ skill, technique ◊ {physics} (technical) work 1--very high [n] ᇛ gōng ◊ palace; temple (often as part of the palace's/temple's name: "the... Temple") ◊

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with large stitches ◊ crochet ◊ try to find out, investigate, search after, explore ◊ {tool} sickle ◊ Gou (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ⤇ gǒu ◊ dog, Canis lupus familiaris ◊ {abusive} damned (person, etc.); lackey 1--very high [n] ㅡ gǒu ◊ a bamboo-basket fish trap 4--low [n] 㤏 gǒu ◊ casual, careless, negligent ◊ indifferent (to right or wrong) ◊ {grammar} if, in the event of, provided ◊ Gou (surname) 2--high [adj,conj,sn] ි gòu ◊ {written} dirty, filthy, soiled, stained; dirt, filth, staining ◊ (used like gòu 䂜/䈏) shame, humiliation, disgrace, insult 3--medium [adj,n] ᕰ gòu ◊ {archaic} (equivalent to gòu ཐ/ཏ) enough ◊ {classical, archery} draw a bow to its utmost ◊ {classical} bowshot ◊ {classical, figurative} sphere of influence ◊ {classical} skilled at archery ◊ {archery} draw a bow to its utmost ◊ shoot (an arrow with a bow) ◊ aim, target, mark; bull's eye, centre target ◊ good, fine 4--low [adj,v] ᶴ gòu ◊ construct, compose, build, form ◊ make up, fabricate, invent ◊ frame, building, structure ◊ a piece of writing, literary composition ◊ {bot} paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera 1--very high [v,n] 㿿 gòu ◊ meet, encounter ◊ be generated, come into existence ◊ join; get married ◊ {divination} "Gou" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 4--low [v] 䈏 gòu ◊ reprimand, scold, abuse verbally, denounce angrily ◊ {written} disgrace, shame, humiliation 4--low [v,n] 䍝 gòu ◊ buy, purchase, procure 1--very high [v] 䳺 gòu ◊ {phonetic} the crowing of the male pheasant 5--very low ခ gū ◊ {kinship} aunt (father's sister) ◊ sister-in-law (husband's sister) ◊ {written} mother-in-law (husband's mother) ◊ nun, priestess ◊ girl, unmarried woman (in general) ◊ {grammar} tentatively, for the moment, for the time being 1--very high [n,adv] ᆔ gū ◊ (of a child) fatherless; orphaned ◊ alone, solitary, isolated, all by oneself ◊ disappoint, be ungrateful ◊ {archaic} "I" (a self-designation used by the king or emperor) 1--very high [adj,n,v,pron] ⋭ gū ◊ buy, sell ◊ Gu (a name for Tiānjīn ཙ⍕) 3--medium [v,n] 䀊 gū ◊ {archaic} (a long-stemmed, broad-lipped) wine vessel (with a funnel-shaped wide opening, for ceremonial purposes); a goblet, beaker ◊ a corner, edge ◊ {geometry} square; a square ◊ a law, rule ◊ {archaic} a wooden writing tablet ◊ (used like gū ᆔ) alone, solitary (etc.) 4--low [n] 䞔 gū ◊ light/clear/thin wine ◊ sell (wine)

◊ buy (wine) 4--low [n,v] ਔ gǔ ◊ ancient, old, age-old, archaic ◊ ancient times ◊ {literature, art} of ancient style, classical (like classical-style poetry) ◊ {written} simple, honest, sincere ◊ Gu (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] ῆ gǔ ◊ {bot} the paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera ◊ {written} good, lucky ◊ {history, admin} an official's salary 4--low [adj,n,v] ⊙ gǔ ◊ {written}(of running water) gurgle 4--low [phon] ⷭ gǔ ◊ {med} blind ◊ {archaic} blind musician (also as an official title) ◊ foolish, stupid ◊ {figurative} insensitive (to others), not understanding 4--low [adj,n] 㗆 gǔ ◊ {zool} a ram (male sheep or goat) 5--very low [n,v] 㛑 gǔ ◊ thigh, upper leg ◊ (organizational unit of an office, enterprise or organization) section, department, branch ◊ (of a rope, cable, etc.) a ply, strand ◊ {economics} (of stock, capital, property) a share ◊ part of sth ◊ {math} the longer leg of a right triangle ◊ {measure word}... strip(s) of...,... strand(s)... (used for sth long and narrow, like ropes, streams, roads, etc.) ◊... gust(s)/whiff(s)/puff(s)/column(s) of... (used for wind, gas, smell, smoke, strength, etc.) ◊ {measure word, derogatory}... bunch(es)/gang(s)/horde(s) of... (used for groups of people) ◊ Gu (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ◊ {mythology} the surviving poiso㳺 gǔ nous insect who, according to legend, remained from a group of poisonous insects put together in a basin ◊ {med} parasites in the human stomach ◊ {figurative} entice, tempt, lure; an enticer, tempter ◊ {divination} "Gu" (one of the sixtyfour hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 3--medium [n] 䇲 gǔ ◊ {linguistics} the exegesis of ancient language or dialect words in modern language 4--low [n] 䉧 gǔ ◊ valley, gorge, ravine, canyon ◊ Gu (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ⇲ gǔ ◊ (of a wheel) hub ◊ cart, carriage, vehicle 4--low [n] 僘 gǔ ◊ bone 1--very high [n] 啃 gǔ ◊ {music} a drum ◊ sth shaped like a drum ◊ beat, strike, drum ◊ blow/blast (air), work with a bellows (as in the steel mill term gǔfēng 啃付/啃仾 "blast [air into a furnace], work with a bellows") ◊ (of things that are too full) swell, bulge 1--very high [n] പ gù ◊ hard, solid, firm, strong ◊ solidify, strengthen, consolidate ◊ {written} ignorant, superficial ◊ (of diseases, character, etc.) stubborn, tenacious, deep-rooted, ingrained ◊ persistently, resolutely ◊ {written} originally, in the first place, as a matter of course ◊ assuredly, admittedly ◊ tentatively, for the time being ◊ Gu (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,sn] ᭵ gù ◊ incident, happening, event, happe-

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ning, accident ◊ reason, cause ◊ intentionally, deliberately, on purpose ◊ {grammar} hence, therefore, consequently ◊ former, previous, old ◊ friend, acquaintance ◊ (of a person) die, pass away 1--very high [n,adv,v] 䭒 gù ◊ {metallurgy} repair/fill (cracks) with molten metal ◊ {written} confine, imprison, hold in custody, hold in prison 4--low 亮 gù ◊ (turn the head and) look at ◊ pay attention to, take care of, attend to, take into account ◊ pay a visit, call on ◊ a customer, client, patron ◊ {grammar, written} however, but, nevertheless ◊ instead, on the contrary, in lieu ◊ Gu (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ࡞ guā ◊ scratch, scrape, shave ◊ spread, smear with, rub with ◊ rob, plunder, extort, fleece ◊ {dialect} scold 2--high [v] ⬌ guā ◊ melon, gourd, fam. Cucurbitaceae (the plant or fruit of various kinds of melons or gourds such as a watermelon, pumpkin, white gourd, cucumber, etc.) 2--high [n] ሑ guǎ ◊ few (in contrast to zhòng 㹶/Շ "a crowd", or duō ཊ, "many"); scant, scarce, rare ◊ (of drinks) tasteless, thin, weak, bland ◊ widowed ◊ {archaic} I, we (self-designation used by a sovereign or other members of royalty) 2--high [adj,pron,v] খ guà ◊ {divination} the Eight Trigrams (the ancient divination symbols Bāguà ‫ޛ‬খ "Eight Trigrams" in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 3--medium [n] ҆ guāi ◊ (of a child) well-behaved, obedient, well-mannered, "good"; clever, bright, smart, "sharp" ◊ {written} unreasonable, odd, strange, eccentric, abnormal, perverse; violate, go against 2--high [adj,v] ཛྷ kuài ◊ parted ◊ fork ◊ certain 4--low [n] ᙚ guài ◊ strange, unusual, odd, peculiar, eccentric, weird, queer ◊ wonder at, find strange, be surprised ◊ {colloquial} rather..., quite... ◊ a demon, evil spirit, monster ◊ blame/reproach sb ◊ Guai (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,v,sn] ᇈ guān ◊ {admin} government official, military officer; office holder ◊ public, official, government-operated, state-owned ◊ {physiology} organ (of the body) ◊ Guan (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] Ἢ guān ◊ coffin 2--high [n] 㿲 guān ◊ see, look, observe, view ◊ a sight, view ◊ {figurative} outlook, concept, view ◊ {divination} "Guan" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 3--medium [v,n] ‫ ޣ‬guān ◊ close, shut (a door, window, etc.) ◊ turn/switch off (the lights, the TV, etc.) ◊ shut in, lock up, confine (a bird in a cage, a person in jail, etc.) ◊ close down (a store, business, etc.) ◊ guard/defense post, mountain pass (or other place of strategic importance); the area outside the city gate ◊ bolt, bar (of a door or gate) ◊ customs

house, checkpoint, barrier, juncture ◊ key, crucial ◊ {figurative} crucial point ◊ involve, concern, implicate ◊ {history} pay (wages) ◊ Guan (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,n,sn] ㆖ guǎn ◊ (used like guǎn ㇑) tube, pipe, duct ◊ {music} wind instrument ◊ {electrical/electronics} valve, tube ◊ {measure word} (used for pens, long-barreled guns, toothpaste tubes and other tube-shaped things) ◊ {admin} manage, run, administrate, control ◊ be responsible for, have jurisdiction over, be in charge of, exercise discipline over sb ◊ take an interest in, concern oneself with, care about, mind ◊ provide, guarantee ◊ {grammar} (in the construction guǎn ㆖... jiào ਛ...) call sth... (used as an auxiliary verb to introduce the direct object that is being called..., like bǎ ᢺ) ◊ {regional} from; to, toward ◊ {regional} whoever, no matter who/what/if... ◊ Guan (surname) 3--medium [sn] ㇑ guǎn ◊ tube, pipe, duct ◊ {music} wind instrument ◊ {electrical/electronics} valve, tube ◊ {measure word} (used for pens, long-barreled guns, [toothpaste] tubes and other things in the shape of long hollow cylinders) ◊ {admin} manage, run, administrate, control ◊ be responsible for, have jurisdiction over, be in charge of, exercise discipline over (sb) ◊ take an interest in, concern oneself with, care about, mind ◊ provide, guarantee ◊ {grammar} (in the construction guǎn ㇑... jiào ਛ...) call sth... (used as an auxiliary verb to introduce the direct object that is being called..., like bǎ ᢺ) ◊ {regional, Beijing} from (e.g., shì tā guǎn wǒ yào de ᱟԆ㇑ᡁ㾱Ⲵ "He asked me for it") ◊ to, toward ◊ {regional} whoever, no matter who/what/if... ◊ Guan (surname) 1--very high [n,v,mw,sn] 侶 guǎn ◊ guesthouse, hotel ◊ embassy, consulate ◊ shop, place of business (like a restaurant) ◊ library, museum, exhibition hall, gymnasium (and other buildings serving cultural/sports activities) ◊ {archaic} old-style private school 1--very high [n] ߐ guān ◊ {clothing} a cap, hat ◊ (of a tree, tooth, king, etc.) a crown ◊ (of a bird, rooster, etc.) a comb, crest 1--very high [n] ♼ guàn ◊ {agriculture} irrigate, water, flood (a field) ◊ pour (into/down), fill into, cram/force into ◊ {IT} record (sound or video on tape, disc, or other media) ◊ Guan (surname) 2--high [v,sn] 䍟 guàn ◊ go/pass through, pierce, penetrate ◊ be linked/connected, follow in succession, (go ahead) one after another, go ahead successively ◊ {finance, historical} a string of 1,000 cash ◊ one's native place, ancestral home ◊ {written} a precedent, model case ◊ Guan (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ‫ ݹ‬guāng ◊ light, ray; the shine (from a light source) ◊ scenery, sight, view ◊ glory, credit, honour ◊ benefit, advantage ◊ {formal, honorific} you, your (presence, patronage, etc.) ◊ bring glo-

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ry/honour to, glorify, shine upon ◊ shiny, bright; smooth, glossy, sleek ◊ (as a verb suffix) empty, exhausted, used up, finished ◊ bare, naked ◊ only, solely, merely ◊ Guang (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,v,suf,sn] ⍨ guāng ◊ {written} glistening rushing water; martial; (used in the name of the town Hánguāng ⎋⍨ in Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province) 4--low [adj,n] ᒯ guǎng ◊ (of area, space, scope) broad, wide, vast, extensive ◊ many, numerous ◊ extend, expand, spread ◊ Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province ◊ Guangzhou ◊ Guang (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,sn] ൝ guī ◊ {archaic} a jade tablet held by nobility at ceremonies ◊ a sundial ◊ {archaic, unit of measure} a small-volume dry measure of grain 3--medium [n] ᖂ guī ◊ return (from somewhere), go home, go back, come back ◊ give back, return (sth to sb) ◊ converge, merge, group together, come together ◊ turn over (responsibility) to ◊ turn over to sb's care, put under sb's care ◊ be in sb's care/charge ◊ belong to, be owned by ◊ {math} (on the abacus, dividing with a one-digit divisor) be equal to ◊ despite, notwithstanding (between two identical verbs, indicates that the action does/did not change the conclusion or result in the following clause [which often contains ҏ, ফ/ত, 䚴ᱟ/䘈ᱟ, etc.], as in wánxiào guī wánxiào ⧙ ㅁ↨⧙ㅁ/⧙ㅁᖂ⧙ㅁ "Joking aside,...") ◊ Gui (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,sn] ൝ guī ◊ {archaic} a jade tablet held by nobility at ceremonies 4--low ⪠ guī ◊ {written} a jade-like precious stone; a gem ◊ rare, precious, beautiful, magnificent 2--high [adj,n] 㿴 guī ◊ {geometry} compass, divider (device for drawing a circle) ◊ rule, convention, regulation ◊ urge, advise, exhort, admonish, counsel ◊ plan, devise, scheme ◊ {unit of measure} gauge (like wire gauge) ◊ {unit of measure} gui (unit of farmland measurement) ◊ Gui (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 䰪 guī ◊ {written} woman's room (like a boudoir) ◊ arched gate or entrance (as in a palace) ◊ women's quarters of a palace 3--medium [n] 嗏 guī ◊ {zool} turtle, tortoise (order Testudines) ◊ {colloquial} a cuckold; cuckold sb 4--low [n] ᚁ guǐ ◊ to change ◊ to alter ◊ to accommodate oneself to 5--very low Ⲩ guǐ ◊ gui (the 10th of the ten Tiāngān ཙᒢ "Celestial Stems") ◊ Gui (surname) 3--medium [sn] ㈻ guǐ ◊ gui (an ancient round-mouthed food receptacle with two handles) 4--low [n] 䈑 guǐ ◊ sly, cunning, crafty, tricky, deceitful ◊ {written} strange, weird, odd ◊ violate, transgress 2--high [adj]

䖘 guǐ ◊ {transport} (of a railroad, subway or trolley) track(s), rail(s) ◊ {figurative} way, convention ◊ {astronomy} orbit, course ◊ {written} obey, abide by, adhere to, comply with ◊ {mechanical engineering} the ends of an axle or shaft 2--high [n,v] 公 guǐ ◊ ghost, spirit, apparition, phantom, devil ◊ {derogatory} an (alcohol/tobacco, etc.) addict (a person with a certain vice or other problem) ◊ awful, horrible, terrible (like the weather, an unpleasant place, etc.) ◊ secret, clandestine, in the background ◊ a dirty trick, plot ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Guǐ (one of the Èrshíbā Xiù Ҽॱ‫ޛ‬ ᇯ "28 Lunar Mansions of the Chinese zodiac") 1--very high [n,adj] ࡯ guì ◊ stab, wound, cut 3--medium [v] Ṳ guì ◊ the Chinese cassia tree, Cinnamomum cassia ◊ Gui (name for Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") ◊ Gui (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 䍥 guì ◊ expensive, costly, high-priced ◊ valuable, precious ◊ noble, of high status, of high rank, honorable ◊ {formal, honorific} your (surname, company etc.) ◊ (short for Guìzhōu 䋤ᐎ/䍥ᐎ) Guizhou Province ◊ Gui (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] 䖺 gǔn ◊ {mechanical engineering} a roll, roller, shaft 3--medium [n] 䜝 guō ◊ the outer wall of a city (in ancient times) ◊ the outer covering, outer part, frame, rim ◊ Guo (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ഭ guó ◊ nation, country, state ◊ national, representing the state ◊ Chinese, of China ◊ the best in the country ◊ {archaic} fiefdom ◊ region (of a country) ◊ capital (city) ◊ Guo (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㲒 Guó ◊ {history} the Dukedom of Guo (a state during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty [1122-256 BCE], in the area of present Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 and Hénán ⋣ই Provinces) ◊ Guo (surname) 4--low [sn] ᷌ guǒ ◊ fruit(s); nuts ◊ result, effect, consequence, outcome ◊ decisive, resolute, strongwilled, determined ◊ as expected, really ◊ if indeed ◊ Guo (surname)1--very high [n,adv,sn] ἱ guǒ ◊ an outer coffin (guān Ἢ means "inner coffin") 4--low [n] 䗷 guò ◊ go past, pass (by), go through, cross ◊ exceed, go beyond ◊ mistake ◊ blame or criticize sb for a mistake ◊ transfer (like money), adopt (like a child) ◊ read, go over, recall, call to mind ◊ {written} visit, stop by ◊ {regional} pass away, die ◊ {grammar} outperform, or fail (following dé ᗇ or bù н after a verb) ◊ {chem} per-, super- ◊ {regional} be contagious, infect ◊ Guo (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,co,sn]

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ble ◊ {classical} hate; hatred, enmity 2--high [v] ᫰ gǎn ◊ roll (dough with a rolling pin) ◊ {regional} polish, shine (glass, etc.) 3--medium ᰡ hàn ◊ drought, dry spell; suffer a drought ◊ dryland (in contrast to wetland) ◊ parched land ◊ {transport} on land, overland (in contrast to "by water") 2--high [n,v,adj,adv] ⊇ hàn ◊ perspiration, sweat 1--very high [n] ≹ Hàn ◊ China, Chinese ◊ Han nationality (majority ethnic group in China) ◊ man ◊ Han (a dynasty, 206 BCE-220 CE) 1--very high [n] ✺ hàn ◊ {metal} weld, solder 3--medium ⵵ hàn ◊ {written} wide-open and protruding eyes ◊ big-eyed 5--very low 㘠 hàn ◊ {written} a writing brush ◊ writings, letters 2--high [n] 仄 hàn ◊ {physiology} the chin ◊ nod the head 4--low [n,v] 㡚 háng ◊ {naval} a boat, ship ◊ navigate (a ship or aircraft), sail, fly ◊ {military} pontoon bridge on tied-together boats 1--very high [n,v] *෣ 㫯 hāo ◊ {bot} artemisia (also wormwood, mugwort, sagebrush, sagewort), fam. Asteraceae ◊ giving off steam, steaming ◊ consume, use up 3--medium [n] 㮵 hāo ◊ weed; pull up (weeds) ◊ {colloquial, northern} grab hold of; grab (sb) by the (collar, neck); swoop up ◊ pull out (hair, etc.), pull up (seedlings) 4--low [v] క háo ◊ {phonetic} (of a wolf, jackal, etc.) howl ◊ the roaring of wild beasts ◊ howl, wail, bawl 4--low [v] ☐ háo ◊ a moat ◊ a trench, ditch 3--medium [n] 䆩 háo ◊ shout, roar, terrify ◊ swiftly 5--very low 䊚 háo ◊ an outstandingly talented person ◊ a person of extra-ordinary powers/talents/endowments ◊ bold, daring, unrestrained ◊ tyrannical, despotic, coercive ◊ rich and powerful ◊ {zool} a quill, spine (of a porcupine) ◊ Hao (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ྭ hǎo ◊ good, nice, fine ◊ good to (eat, etc.) ◊ be well, in good health ◊ (before a verb) easy to... ◊ (as a verb complement, indicates finishing or finishing satisfactorily) be done...ing, finish...ing ◊ in order to, so that, for the purpose of ◊ {regional} may, can, should, ought to ◊ (emphasizes the meaning of adjectives) very, quite, pretty much... ◊ (used before adjectives to inquire about quantity or degree) how...(long, far, etc.)? 1--very high [adj,co] *᳔ ⳃ hào ◊ (spotlessly) white ◊ light, bright,

H ૸ hā ◊ exhale (with the mouth open) ◊ {onom} ha (or similar sound of laughter) ◊ interjection indicating triumph, delight, etc. ◊ bend (like at the waist) ◊ {TW usage, slang} be dying to (do sth), yearn for/to ◊ be crazy about (sth), have a crush on (sb), love/admire, be a... buff, be a...-phile (like Japanophile, Koreaphile) (from Taiwan Minnan dialect hah4) 1--very high [exclam,phon,v] 僨 hái ◊ {physiology} the bones (of the body); the skeleton ◊ the shinbone ◊ the body 3--medium [n] ⎧ hǎi ◊ ocean, sea ◊ (large) lake (like Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧ Province) ◊ {astronomy} (on the moon) sea, "mare" ◊ many people or things converging (like a sea of humanity) ◊ very big, very large, of high capacity ◊ foreign, from overseas ◊ {dialect} (often followed by "le" Ҷ) numerous, countless ◊ aimlessly, randomly, everywhere, all over ◊ {dialect} without limit or restraint, to one's heart's delight ◊ (short for Shànghǎi к⎧) Shanghai) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,sn] 䟒 hǎi ◊ {food, written} a paste of minced fish or meat ◊ cut to small pieces ◊ {history} hacking to pieces (as a form of punishment) 4--low [n,v] ӕ hài ◊ hai (twelfth of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ hai (the time between 9:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m., one of the twelve two-hour periods in one day) ◊ Hai (surname) 2--high [sn] ᇣ hài ◊ harm, injury, damage ◊ disaster ◊ harmful, injurious, destructive, damaging ◊ impair, damage, cause trouble to, harm sb, kill or murder sb ◊ contract a disease or illness, suffer from ◊ be, feel (afraid, shy, etc.) 1--very high [n,v] 傷 hài ◊ frighten, astonish, shock, alarm ◊ be frightened, astonished, shocked, alarmed, amazed ◊ a frightened horse 2--high [v,adj,n] ࠭ hán ◊ case, container, envelope, sheath ◊ letter, correspondence ◊ contain, include ◊ Han (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] ਜ਼ hán ◊ hold in the mouth ◊ include, contain, hold, bear, imply, suggest ◊ cherish, harbour, nurse (as intentions, feelings, ideas, etc.) 1--very high [v] ሂ hán ◊ cold, chilly, frigid ◊ poor, impoverished ◊ tremble with fear, be terror-stricken ◊ humble, my humble... ◊ Han (surname) 1--very high [sn,n] 丙 hán ◊ well railing ◊ [H-] (South) Korea (short for Hánguó 七഻/丙ഭ) ◊ Han (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㖅 hǎn ◊ rare, seldom, hardly ◊ a bird-catching net ◊ Han (surname) 2--high [adv,n,sn] ᚽ hàn ◊ brave, bold, courageous, intrepid ◊ fierce, ferocious, unreasonable 3--medium [adj] ៮ hàn ◊ regret; feel regretful; be regretta320

luminous 3--medium [adj] Ⳏ hào ◊ bright, brilliant, luminous 5--very low Ⳏ hào ◊ bright, brilliant, luminous 5--very low ਧ hào ◊ name, title, style name, assumed name, alias, literary name, sobriquet ◊ firm, business house ◊ sequence, kind, sort, type ◊ person of a certain type (as in bìnghào ⯵㲏/⯵ਧ "person on the sick list") ◊ number ◊ (after numerals) number..., day of the month, street number, house number ◊ {measure word} (for large numbers of people, transactions, deals, etc.) ◊ put a mark on, number, give a number to ◊ sign, signal ◊ size (of shoes, clothing, etc.) ◊ count, measure (as in hàomài 㲏㜸/ਧ㜹 "feel the pulse") ◊ indicates the name of a ship, spacecraft, etc. (as in Qǐyè hào Աᾝ㲏/Աъਧ the "Enterprise") ◊ horn, trumpet, bugle ◊ bugle call1--very high [n,mw] 䝇 Hào ◊ Hao County (during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in Héběi ⋣े Province) ◊ Hao (town during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period in Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 5--very low ୺ ā ◊ {interjection} What? Oh! Wow! (exclamation expressing surprise, astonishment or admiration) 2--high [interj] ் hē ◊ drink ◊ drink alcoholic beverages 3--medium [v] 䇳 hē ◊ scold 3--medium [v] օ hé ◊ (in questions or rhetorical questions) what? which? who? why? how? ◊ He (surname) 1--very high [qu,sn] ࣮ hé ◊ expose, bring to light (like sb's crimes, misdeeds) ◊ impeach ◊ impeachment, indictment 4--low [v] ਸ hé ◊ combine, unite, join ◊ shut, close ◊ the entire/whole... ◊ {written} be appropriate, proper ◊ suit, agree, fit, comply/conform with ◊ add up to, be equal to ◊ {measure word}... round(s) of...,... bout(s) of... (in fights, contests, sports, etc.) ◊ {astronomy} conjunction ◊ {music} he (note in the Chinese scale gōngchěpǔ ᐕ ቪ䆌/ᐕቪ䉡, corresponding to 5 in numbered musical notation) ◊ He (surname) 4--low [v,n,auxv,mw,sn] ઼ hé ◊ and; with ◊ together with ◊ kind, gentle, mild; (be) on good terms with, harmonious; harmony, peace ◊ {sports} (of the result of a competition) a draw, a tie ◊ Japan, Japanese ◊ He (surname) 1--very high [conj,adj,n,sn] ᴧ hé ◊ {written} why, why is it ◊ why, for what reason ◊ why, why not ◊ is it 4--low [adv] ⋣ hé ◊ river ◊ {astronomy} the Milky Way ◊ (short for Huáng Hé 哳⋣/哴⋣) Yellow River, the Huang He ◊ {Chinese chess} the River (divides the two sides, between the fifth and sixth rank) ◊ He (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⏨ hé ◊ dry up ◊ run dry 3--medium [adj]

⳽ hé ◊ why not! 4--low [adv] ⿮ hé ◊ {agriculture} grain on the stalk (esp. paddy rice) ◊ {bot, historical} foxtail millet, Setaria italica ◊ He (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 㦧 hè ◊ carry on the back, carry on the shoulder ◊ carry a load on a shoulder-pole ◊ {written} bear, take on (responsibilities, etc.) ◊ burden, duty, responsibility ◊ {written, formal} (in letters) be grateful, be obliged 1--very high [n,v] 䊹 háo ◊ {zool} raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides 3--medium 䱆 hé ◊ {written} the whole, entire (family, town, etc.) ◊ close, shut (a door, etc.) ◊ door, gate 3--medium [adj,v] 喱 hé ◊ {written} bite, gnaw 5--very low [v] ༁ hè ◊ gully, big pool ◊ ravine, gorge 3--medium [n] 㽀 hè ◊ {clothing, written} coarse cloth or clothing ◊ the coarse clothing of the poor ◊ a poor person ◊ brown (colour) 2--high [n,adj] *䅎 䍪 hè ◊ congratulate, wish the best, celebrate ◊ He (surname) 2--high [v,sn] 䎛 hè ◊ outstanding, grand, magnificent ◊ bright red ◊ become angry ◊ split, dismember ◊ {unit of measure} hertz ◊ He (surname) 2--high [adj,v,n,sn] 咔 hè ◊ crane, fam. Gruidae (symbol of longevity in China) 2--high [n] ౯ hēi ◊ {interjection} Hey! Hi! (or similar expression used as a greeting, or to get sb's attention, indicate satisfaction or surprise, wonderment, etc.) 2--high [interj] 唁 hēi ◊ (of colour) black, dark ◊ secret (often illicit), shady, unlawful, clandestine ◊ evil, wicked, sinister, vicious ◊ unethical, reactionary, counterrevolutionary ◊ {colloquial} do sth unethical or unlawful ◊ (short for Hēilóngjiāng 唁喽 ⊏/唁嗉⊏) Heilongjiang Province ◊ Hei (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] ᖸ hěn ◊ very, quite (often used as a rhetorical prefix to an adjective, with little or no intensification of the adjective's meaning) 1--very high [adv,pref] ⤐ hěn ◊ cruel, ruthless, relentless ◊ control one's emotions, harden oneself against, be resolute ◊ determined, resolute 4--low [adj,v] ᚘ hèn ◊ hate or resent (sth or sb) ◊ regret, remorse ◊ feel regret/remorse 1--very high [v,n] Ә hēng ◊ progress smoothly, go well ◊ prosperous, favourable ◊ {electrical} henry (unit of electrical measurement) ◊ Heng (surname) 2--high [v,adj,n,sn] ᚂ héng ◊ permanent, enduring, lasting, eternal, everlasting ◊ perseverance, constancy ◊ common, usual ◊ {divination} "Heng" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Heng (surname) 3--me321

dium [sn] ⁚ héng ◊ from east to west, latitudinal ◊ horizontal ◊ across, trans-, transverse, at a right angle (to sth) ◊ from east to west; from west to east ◊ traverse, put crosswise, criss-cross ◊ in profusion, without restraint, in disorder ◊ violently, forcibly, fiercely, flagrantly (as in héngjiā ₛ ࣐/⁚࣐ "deliberately, wilfully, forcibly, flagrantly") ◊ {calligraphy} the horizontal stroke in a character ◊ {dialect, interjection} anyway, anyhow, in any case ◊ {dialect} most likely, probably ◊ Heng (surname) 3--medium [adj,sn] ⨙ héng ◊ {archaic} the top horizontal jade piece of a pendant worn at the waist (by officials and nobility in ancient China) 3--medium [n,phon] 㺑 héng ◊ {instrument} the scaled arm of a steelyard; scales (or any other weighing device) ◊ a weight; weigh ◊ {figurative} weigh, judge, consider ◊ Heng (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] 㯘 hōng ◊ (of a Duke, Prince or high government official, esp. during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty) die, pass away 4--low [v] 䖠 hōng ◊ {onom} bang, boom (or similar loud, sudden noise) ◊ (of thunder, vehicles) a rumble ◊ (of cannons) roar, go off, boom ◊ (of bombs, explosives) explode 2--high [phon,v] ᆿ hóng ◊ great, grand, magnificent ◊ wide, vast, extensive ◊ {IT} macro ◊ Hong (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ᕈ hóng ◊ (often written as hóng ᆿ) great, grand, magnificent, vast ◊ enlarge, expand, increase ◊ Hong (surname) 3--medium [adj,sn] ⍚ hóng ◊ big, vast ◊ a flood, inundation ◊ Hong (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] 㓒 hóng ◊ red (colour) ◊ {informal} be popular, be "hot", be in great demand ◊ red cloth (hung to symbolize festive occasions, success, happiness, good luck, etc.) ◊ {figurative} (politically) "red" (i.e. Communist, socialist-minded, revolutionary) ◊ {economics} dividend, bonus ◊ (symbol of success) ◊ Hong (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] 䰣 hóng ◊ {written} the gate of an alley or lane ◊ {written} great, vast, grand ◊ Hong (surname) 4--low [sn] 呯 hóng ◊ the swan goose (or Chinese goose), Anser cygnoides ◊ a letter, written message ◊ great, grand ◊ Hong (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] ‫ ן‬hóu ◊ {history} marquis (the second of the five ranks of nobility in feudal times); nobility; nobleman ◊ beautiful, pretty ◊ {archery} target ◊ Hou (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] ⥤ hóu ◊ monkey ◊ {dialect} clever person; (mostly of children) clever, smart, mischievous, naughty ◊ squatting on one's heels (like a monkey) ◊ spinning top, spintop 2--high [n,v,adj] ‫ ى‬hòu ◊ wait, await, expect ◊ visit, inquire after ◊ {dialect} treat, pick up the cheque ◊ time,

period, season ◊ (of an ongoing process, or a situation in flux) condition, state ◊ {Chinese calendar} pentad (a period of five days, three of which constitute a jiéqi ㇰ≓/㢲≄ "solar term") ◊ {admin, archaic} official in charge of protocol ◊ {archaic} frontier lookout post 1--very high [v] ৊ hòu ◊ (of a wall, book, etc.) thick, (of snow) deep; (of cloth/clothing) thick/heavy ◊ (of feelings) deep, profound ◊ kind, magnanimous ◊ (of profits, rewards, remunerations, a gift) large, substantial, generous, handsome ◊ (of flavour) rich or strong ◊ treat favourably, give sb preferential treatment, enrich, make better ◊ Hou (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] ਾ hòu ◊ after, behind ◊ back, rear ◊ afterwards, later ◊ last, in the back, at the end ◊ offspring, progeny ◊ {Chinese chess} at the rear (the piece at the rear, relative to the player) ◊ Hou (surname) 3--medium [adj,suf,sn] 䛸 Hòu ◊ Hou (a county during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE], in present Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Hou (surname) 5--very low [sn] Ѿ hū ◊ {grammar, written} (question particle, used like ma ௾/ੇ, ne ઒, or ba ੗) ◊ (after a verb, used like yú ᯬ/Ҿ) in, at, compared to ◊ (used after verbs/adjectives for purposes of rhythm) ◊ {interjection} Oh! Alas! (or similar emphatic expression) 1--very high [qu] બ hū ◊ {onom} exhale, breathe out ◊ shout, call or cry out ◊ call (like sb by name, on the phone, etc.) ◊ pant, be short of breath ◊ Hu [v,sn] (surname) 1--very high ᘭ hū ◊ neglect, ignore, overlook ◊ suddenly ◊ swift, rapid ◊ {written} eliminate, wipe out ◊ {unit of measure} one hundred thousandth of a unit ◊ minute, fine ◊ Hu (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,adv,sn] 㲆 hū ◊ cry ◊ shout ◊ howl 5--very low ᕗ hú ◊ {math} an arc ◊ a wooden bow 3--medium [n] ᯋ hú ◊ {unit of measure, archaic} (for grain) a volume dry measure (equal to ten dǒu ᯇ [approx. a hectolitre], later five dǒu ᯇ [approx. half a hectolitre]) ◊ Hu (surname) 3--medium [sn] ⒆ hú ◊ lake ◊ (short for Húnán ⒆ই) Hunan Province ◊ (short for Húběi ⒆े) Hubei Province ◊ (short for Húzhōu ⒆ᐎ) Huzhou (now renamed to Wúxìng ੣㠸/੤‫ޤ‬, in Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province) 1--very high [n] ⤀ hú ◊ fox ◊ Hu (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 㑐 hú ◊ {written} wrinkly gauze, crepe gauze 5--very low 㜑 Hú ◊ {ethnology} the Hu nations (a general term for the peoples living in northern and western China) ◊ (things) from the peoples living 322

in northern and western China, or from outside China ◊ (speak or act) indiscriminately, recklessly, wildly, or in a nonsensical manner ◊ Hu (an ancient state during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in the region of present Ānhuī ᆹ ᗭ Province) ◊ why? ◊ Hu (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,name,sn] 㪛 hú ◊ bottle-gourd (calabash gourd, birdhouse gourd), Lagenaria siceraria 2--high [n] 作 hú ◊ porridge, congee, gruel 3--medium 呴 hú ◊ swan, Cygnus ◊ (of colour) white ◊ Hu (town in Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 4--low [n,adj,name] 㱾 hǔ ◊ tiger, Panthera tigris ◊ brave, mighty ◊ {regional} put on a fierce look ◊ Hu (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,v,sn] ӂ hù ◊ mutual, reciprocal, each other ◊ {archaic} a frame from which pieces of meat were hung 1--very high [adj,adv,n] ᙉ hù ◊ {written} rely on, depend on, count on 4--low [n,v] ᡧ hù ◊ door; family, household ◊ one's family status ◊ bank account ◊ {regional} capacity for liquor ◊ {measure word}... family/families of...,... household(s) of... (used for households, families, etc.) ◊ Hu (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ᡸ hù ◊ {written} a retinue ◊ stop, restrain ◊ Hu (an ancient state, in the area of present Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province) ◊ Hu (surname) 3--medium [sn] ⬐ hù ◊ edible gourd/calabash (the plant or its fruit) 4--low [n] ㄿ hù ◊ {archaic} a jade, ivory or bamboo tablet (held at the chest by officials when they were in audience with the emperor) (as in cháohù ᵍㄿ "a jade, ivory or bamboo tablet [held at the chest by officials when they were in audience with the emperor]") 3--medium [n] ᣔ hù ◊ protect, guard, defend, shelter, shield ◊ {metaphor} be partial to sb, be on sb's side 1--very high [v] 䝐 Hù ◊ Hu (county in Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province; now written as Hù ᡧ) 5--very low [n] *䴭 㣡 huā ◊ spend, expend (money, energy) ◊ spend, take (time) ◊ flower, blossom ◊ flowering plant ◊ sth resembling a flower (like sparks, snowflakes, fireworks) ◊ fireworks ◊ design, decorative pattern ◊ flowery, florid, colourful ◊ multi-coloured, variegated ◊ ornate, showy ◊ unevenly coloured, patchy ◊ (of eyes) blurred (in vision) ◊ (of worn clothes) threadbare ◊ attractive but unreal or insincere ◊ (of men) promiscuous ◊ {metaphor} pretty young woman ◊ prostitute ◊ having to do with prostitution ◊ cotton ◊ small grains, pieces, or drops ◊ {med} smallpox ◊ wound, battle scar ◊ Hua (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn]

━ huá ◊ slip, slide ◊ slippery, smooth ◊ crafty, cunning, slippery ◊ Hua (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ॾ huá ◊ splendid, magnificent, radiant, glorious; splendour, magnificence, radiance, glory ◊ (of the sun, etc.) corona ◊ flourishing, prosperous; prosperity ◊ the best, the cream ◊ extravagant, flashy, sumptuous, luxurious ◊ a time, years (in sb's life) ◊ grey, grizzled (as in huáfà 㨟 儞/ॾਁ "gray hair") ◊ {written, formal} your ◊ {geosciences} mineral sediments in spring water ◊ [Huá] China; Chinese (language) ◊ Hua (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ॆ huà ◊ change, transform; be changed/transformed ◊ enlighten, civilize (like through the moral influence of the emperor) ◊ influence, persuade, convert ◊ melt, thaw, dissolve ◊ digest ◊ remove, eliminate ◊ burn (up), incinerate ◊ (short for huàxué ॆᆨ/ॆᆖ) chemistry ◊ (of monks, priests) die, pass away ◊ (as a suffix) -ize, -ization (like xiàndài ⨮ԓ/⧠ԓ "modern" becomes xiàndàihuà ⨮ԓॆ/⧠ԓॆ "modernize; modernization") ◊ {religion} (of Buddhist monks, Taoist priests) beg for alms ◊ Hua (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,sn] ⭫ huà ◊ draw, paint ◊ drawing, painting, picture ◊ decorate with drawings, paintings or pictures ◊ draw (a line, etc.); mark (like with a cross) ◊ stroke (of a Chinese character) ◊ {calligraphy} horizontal stroke ◊ Hua (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 䈍 huà ◊ words, talk (spoken or written) ◊ talk about, discuss ◊ speech, language ◊ tell, instruct 1--very high [n] ᘰ huái ◊ the chest, breast, bosom, mind, heart ◊ think of, long for, yearn for ◊ conceive, be pregnant ◊ cherish, harbour, nurse, have in mind ◊ be inclined to ◊ Huai (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ␞ Huái ◊ (short for Huáihé ␞⋣) the Huai River (flowing through the three provinces Hénán ⋣ই, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ and Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿) ◊ Huai (surname) 2--high [sn] ൿ huài ◊ bad, wicked, evil ◊ defective, broken down, not working, dysfunctional ◊ break down, go bad ◊ become spoiled/ruined, rot ◊ (as an intensifier after certain verbs)... to the extreme, badly, awfully, very (as in èhuài le 佃༎Ҷ/侯ൿҶ "very hungry") ◊ (dirty) trick; evil idea 1--very high [adj,adv,n,co,suf] ⅒ huān ◊ happy, joyous, merry ◊ sweetheart, lover; (term of affection used by females when speaking of their lover) ◊ {dialect} lively, vigorously, in full swing, with a vengeance, with great drive ◊ Huan (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] 䇉 huān ◊ hubbub, clamour, uproar5--very low ⅒ huān ◊ Huan (surname) ǁ (used like huān ↑/⅒) happy, joyous, merry ◊ a sweetheart, lover; (a term of affection used by females when speaking of their lover) ◊ {dialect} lively, vigo323

rously, in full swing, with a vengeance, with great drive 3--medium [sn,adj,adv,n] 䘈 hái ◊ still, yet ◊ still more, even more ◊ also, as well, too, in addition, furthermore ◊ (when preceding an adjective indicating acceptable quality) passably, fairly, rather... ◊ (in rhetorical questions) even..., if... ◊ in spite of (sth unexpected, a difficulty, etc.) ◊ (to express emphasis) really, very ◊ (as a particle indicating grudging acceptance or unexpectedness) well then... 1--very high [adv] ገ héng ◊ (alternate reading "huán") 5--very low ẃ huán ◊ {bot} soap-berry shrub (or its nut), Sapindus mukorossi ◊ {history} pillar or post (for marking rest stations, hotels, government buildings, etc.) ◊ engraved pillar (as a decorative structure in front of a palace, tomb, etc.) ◊ big, great ◊ Huan (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ⧟ huán ◊ ring, ring-shaped object, loop, hoop ◊ link, connection ◊ surround, encircle ◊ {archery} ring or point (on a target) ◊ {chem} cyclic..., cyclo- ◊ Huan (surname) 1--very high [n,v,adj,sn] ⬋ huán ◊ {archaic} sceptre ◊ jade ornament 5--very low 㩁 huán ◊ dense vegetation, thicket ◊ grass or reed used for making mats ◊ (short for Huánfú 㩁㤫) a hiding place for robbers (a thickly overgrown marsh area where it is easy for outlaws to hide) 4--low 㕃 huǎn ◊ slow, sluggish, leisurely, tardy ◊ relaxed, unhurried ◊ postpone, delay, slow down 1--very high [adj,adv,v] ི huàn ◊ {written} numerous, many; plentiful, abundant ◊ (of writing, speech, etc.) brilliant, bright 3--medium [adj] ᇖ huàn ◊ government official ◊ serve as an official, hold public office ◊ {history} eunuch (as an official) ◊ vassal ◊ servant ◊ Huan (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᒫ huàn ◊ unreal, imaginary, illusory, visionary, hallucinative ◊ an illusion, hallucination ◊ changeable ◊ a trick, dupe ◊ magic 2--high [adj,v] ᛓ huàn ◊ trouble, disaster ◊ worry, anxiety, distress ◊ suffer from, contract (an illness) 2--high [n,v] ᬀ huàn ◊ {written} (of clothing) wear, put on 4--low [v] ⏓ huàn ◊ scatter, disperse, vanish, dissipate ◊ {divination} "Huan" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 4--low [adj] ❅ huàn ◊ bright, shining, glowing, radiant 2--high [adj] 䊒 huàn ◊ feed, raise (domestic animals) ◊ keep, exploit (people) 3--medium [v] 㦂 huāng ◊ {agriculture} (of land) lie in disuse, lie waste, go uncultivated ◊ waste, barren, desolate, wild ◊ a crop failure, famine ◊ wasteland,

uncultivated land ◊ {figurative} neglect, be/get out of practice ◊ a shortage (of food, water, resources, etc.) ◊ absurd, unreasonable ◊ {written} indulge in, be addicted ◊ {regional} unverified, uncertain 1--very high [v,adj,n] ▒ huáng ◊ {written} a pool, pond ◊ dye or colour paper 4--low [n,v] ⫌ huáng ◊ {written} a jade pedant (in the shape of a half-circle) 3--medium [n] ⲷ huáng ◊ the emperor, monarch, sovereign ◊ royal, imperial ◊ great, grand ◊ beautiful ◊ splendid, glorious ◊ Huang (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ㇱ huáng ◊ a bamboo grove ◊ bamboo 3--medium [n] ㉗ huáng ◊ (of certain musical instruments) a reed ◊ (of a clock or other springloaded device) a spring 3--medium [n] 㶇 huáng ◊ {zool} locust, fam. Acrididae 3--medium [n] 䚁 huáng ◊ leisure 4--low [n] 哴 huáng ◊ (of colour) yellow; gold ◊ (of an egg) the yolk ◊ {figurative} pornography; pornographic ◊ {colloquial} (of a plan that fell through, a party that was cancelled, etc.) fall through, fizzle out, be off ◊ (short for Huáng Hé 哳⋣/哴⋣) the Yellow River ◊ {mythology} (short for Huángdì 哳ᑍ/哴ᑍ) the Yellow Emperor ◊ Huang (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ᗭ huī ◊ badge, emblem, insignia ◊ flag, banner ◊ rope, cord ◊ tie, bind ◊ good, fine, glorious ◊ (short for Ānhuī ᆹᗭ) Anhui Province 2--high [adj,n,v] ᚒ huī ◊ extensive, broad, immense, vast ◊ expand ◊ complete, perfect ◊ recover, regain (one's health) 1--very high [adj] ⚠ huī ◊ ash; ashes (from a stove) ◊ coal ◊ powder, dust ◊ lime, mortar ◊ gray, ashen (colour) ◊ dejected, discouraged, disheartened ◊ {Yangzhou dialect} trash, garbage 1--very high [n,adj] 㘊 huī ◊ {written} fly in circles, hover, soar ◊ wield, wave ◊ a multicoloured pheasant mentioned in ancient texts 4--low [n,v] 䳣 huī ◊ damage, ruin, destroy 4--low [v] 哮 huī ◊ {military, historical} commander's flag or standard ◊ {written} command (an army) 4--low [n,v] എ huí ◊ return, go or come back ◊ wind around, circle/turn around, look back ◊ answer, reply ◊ report (to a higher authority) ◊ go contrary to, cancel, dismiss, decline (an invitation, offer, etc.) ◊ {measure word}... times (for the number of occurrences, times, occasions, etc.); {measure word} (used for chapters, sections, sessions [of books, etc.], matters, occasions) ◊ the Hui (Muslim) nationality ◊ Hui (surname) 1--very high [v,co,mw,sn] ᛄ huǐ ◊ repent, regret 2--high [v] ⇰ huǐ ◊ destroy, demolish, ruin ◊ {regio324

nal} (of clothing, etc.) refashion, make over, refurbish 1--very high [v] 㲪 huǐ ◊ {zool} viper, adder, Ancistrodon blomhoffii (poisonous snake mentioned in ancient texts) ◊ Hui (surname) 4--low [n,sn] Պ huì ◊ meeting ◊ meet with ◊ can, could ◊ understand, know (like a language) ◊ be able to ◊ will, be likely to, be possible, possibly ◊ moment, short while ◊ Hui (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ௉ huì ◊ (of birds and other animals) a beak, bill, snout ◊ (of humans) the mouth ◊ pant or gasp for breath 3--medium [n] ూ huì ◊ sharp ◊ small, tiny 5--very low [adj] ≷ huì ◊ collect, gather together, assemble ◊ collection, assemblage 3--medium [v,n] ᚊ huì ◊ {written} resentment, enmity, hatred, grudge ◊ a hostile attitude 4--low [n] ᜐ huì ◊ a favour, benefit, kindness ◊ be kind (to sb), benefit (sb) ◊ (an honorific particle used in polite expressions) ◊ a three-pronged spear ◊ Hui (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] Ზ huì ◊ {Chinese calendar} the last day of a lunisolar month ◊ dark, obscure, gloomy, dim ◊ evening, night ◊ hide, conceal 3--medium [adj,n,v] ◺ huì ◊ vast, expansive, deep ◊ dirty ◊ (alternate reading "huò")4--low 〭 huì ◊ dirty, filthy ◊ ugly, immoral ◊ {agriculture} an overgrown field; a field out of cultivation 3--medium [adj,n] 㔈 huì ◊ draw, paint ◊ depict, portray 2--high [v,n] 㦏 huì ◊ (of vegetation) lush, luxuriant, dense ◊ (of buildings) deep and dark ◊ misty, enveloped in mist 3--medium [adj] 䈢 huì ◊ teach, instruct ◊ words of instruction 3--medium [v,n] 䇣 huì ◊ a taboo, forbidden word ◊ avoid as taboo ◊ {history} the name of a deceased Emperor, high official, family elder, etc. (taboo in former times) 2--high [n,v] 䍯 huì ◊ property and money; valuables and riches ◊ bribe (sb); a bribe 2--high [n,v] ᜋ hūn ◊ confused, bewildered, muddleheaded, in oblivion, in a stupor ◊ cheat, dupe ◊ go astray, get lost 4--low [adj] ᰿ hūn ◊ the dusk ◊ dark, dusky, dim, murky ◊ confused, muddled, dizzy ◊ faint, lose consciousness, fall unconscious ◊ die at young age 1--very high [adj,n,v] 䰽 hūn ◊ {written} keep the gate/door ◊ a gate (mostly of a palace) 3--medium [n,v] ⎁ hún ◊ muddy, turbid, murky ◊ stupid, foolish, confused ◊ simple, natural ◊ whole, entire, full ◊ (covered with sth) all over ◊ Hun (surname) 2--high [sn] 兲 hún ◊ the soul, spirit ◊ a feeling, mood ◊

(of a nation, people, army, etc.) the spirit 2--high [n] ␧ hùn ◊ mix, mingle, confuse ◊ pass off as, pass for ◊ {colloquial} muddle through, drift along, muck about ◊ get along (with sb) ◊ irresponsibly, thoughtlessly, at random 3--medium [v] 䉱 huò ◊ open-minded, understanding ◊ exempt 3--medium [adj] 偎 huō ◊ {written, onom} crash! slash! (describes a crashing or slashing sound; the sound of sth being smashed; the sound of sth being cut open with a knife) 5--very low [phon] ⍫ huó ◊ (be) alive, living ◊ (of a doctor, etc.) save lives ◊ keep alive, feed ◊ movable, flexible ◊ lively, active, vivid, quick ◊ really, exactly, simply ◊ job, work, project (mostly involving manual labour) ◊ (finished) product 1--very high [v,adj] Չ huǒ ◊ meals, food, board; mess, dining hall ◊ partner, companion, mate, friend; partnership ◊ {measure word}... group(s) of...,... band(s) of...,... gang(s) of... (used for groups of people or crowds) ◊ unite, join together, combine 3--medium [n,v,mw] ⚛ huǒ ◊ fire ◊ firearms, ammunition ◊ {Chinese med} internal heat ◊ (of colour) red as fire, flaming red ◊ urgent, pressing ◊ anger, fury, rage, temper ◊ {colloquial} (of business, a sales item, etc.) brisk, flourishing, thriving, popular, "hot", all the rage (as in shēngyì hěn huǒ ⭏᜿ᖸ ⚛ "business is booming", or mài de tǐng huǒ 䌓 ᗇᥪ⚛/আᗇᥪ⚛ "[some product] is selling like hotcakes") ◊ Huo (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ಴ huō ◊ {interjection} oh! (or similar exclamation indicating amazement, surprise, etc.) 4--low [exclam] ᜁ huò ◊ be confused, puzzled, baffled, doubtful ◊ mislead, delude ◊ be in doubt (about sth) ◊ {Buddhism} worry, vexation 2--high [v] ᡆ huò ◊ or ◊ perhaps, probably, maybe ◊ (in the pattern ᡆ……ᡆ……) either...or... ◊ {written} someone, somebody, some person, some people ◊ {written} (usually with negation) (not even) a little bit, slightly 1--very high [conj,adv,pron] ᬝ hù ◊ lay out, spread (a blanket, bedding, etc.) 5--very low 㧧 huò ◊ catch, capture, seize ◊ get, obtain, receive, gain, win 1--very high [v] ⾨ huò ◊ misfortune, calamity, disaster ◊ bring disaster on (the nation, etc.) ◊ ruin, damage, wreak havoc 2--high [n,v] 䍗 huò ◊ currency, money ◊ goods, products, commodity ◊ {written} sell ◊ {slang, abusive} (as an extremely derogatory way to refer to a person) Idiot! Slut! (in terms like chǔnhuò 㹒䋘/㹒䍗 "Idiot!", or jiànhuò 䌔䋘/䍡䍗 "You despicable person! You slut!") 1--very high [n]

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tions, etc.); cherish ◊ give (as a present)5--very low [v] 呑 jī ◊ chicken ◊ rooster ◊ {slang, Beijing} prostitute ◊ [Jī] Ji (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 侕 jī ◊ famine, crop failure ◊ hunger 2--high [n] 㯹 jí ◊ book, record, registry 2--high [n] ӏ jí ◊ {written} urgently, immediately, without delay ◊ anxiously, earnestly 3--medium [adv] Ի jí ◊ "ji" (a character used in personal names) 3--medium [name] ণ jí ◊ approach, be near, be close to ◊ undertake (a responsibility), assume (office), ascend (to the throne) ◊ at present, presently, immediately, promptly; impending; prompted by the occasion ◊ namely, is, i.e., that is ◊ even if, even though, although ◊ Ji (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,adj,sn] ৺ jí ◊ and; up to... (conjunction joining two nouns or phrases, with the second being of less importance) ◊ reach, attain, come up to; be equal to, match ◊ in time ◊ {written} take into consideration/account ◊ Ji (surname) 1--very high [conj,v,adv,sn] ਹ jí ◊ lucky, propitious, auspicious, good ◊ (short for Jílín ਹ᷇) Jilin Province ◊ Ji (surname) 1--very high [adj,name,sn] ჹ jí ◊ (be) jealous, envious ◊ hate, detest, despise 3--medium [v,adj] ᙕ jí ◊ impatient, hasty, anxious (to...), impetuous ◊ be worried, be anxious ◊ become angry, be irritated, be annoyed ◊ in a hurry, rapid, swift; sudden, violent ◊ urgent; urgency ◊ urgent matter, emergency ◊ be eager to come to the aid of 1--very high [adj,adv,n] ᡒ jí ◊ {written} hide, conceal ◊ restrain; put away (weapons, arms, etc.) ◊ Ji (surname) 4--low [sn] Ἀ jí ◊ {bot} sour jujube, or spiny zizyphus, or wild zizyphus, Zizyphus spinosa ◊ thorn bushes, brambles (collectively) ◊ puncture, prick (causing injury) ◊ spine, quill ◊ Ji (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ᾛ jí ◊ {written} an oar, paddle ◊ row a boat 4--low [n] ᶱ jí ◊ the farthest point, the extreme ◊ very, extremely, utterly, exceedingly ◊ ultimate, highest, last, furthest, final ◊ {physics, geosciences} a pole, the pole (like North/South, positive/negative, etc.) ◊ {construction} ridgepole 1--very high [n,adj,adv] ⊢ jí ◊ draw (water) ◊ Ji (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] ⯮ jí ◊ (acute) illness, sickness, disease ◊ pain, suffering, distress ◊ hate, detest, abhor, loathe ◊ fast, vigorous 2--high [n,v,adj] ⱐ jí ◊ {written} (of people, animals) thin and weak, skinny, emaciated ◊ {agriculture} (of soil) poor, infertile, unproductive, barren

䴽 huò ◊ quickly, suddenly ◊ the foothills around mountains ◊ Huo (an ancient state near Huo County, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ {written} (of birds, used like huò 䵳) fly, flutter ◊ Huo (surname) 2--high [adv,n,v,sn]

J ส jī ◊ base, foundation (of a building, road, etc.) ◊ fundamental, primary, basic, rudimentary, cardinal ◊ {chem} base, group, radical 1--very high [n,adj] လ jī ◊ {archaic, complimentary} beautiful woman (a complimentary term for a woman in ancient China) ◊ {archaic} concubine ◊ {archaic} professional female singer/entertainer ◊ Ji (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ࠫ jī ◊ strike, hit, beat, knock ◊ attack, assail, raid ◊ kill, assassinate ◊ collide with, bump into, come in contact with (sb or sth) 1--very high [v] *ᶵ ᵪ jī ◊ a machine, engine ◊ an aircraft, plane ◊ an opportunity, chance, occasion ◊ {chem, food} organic ◊ important business/affairs (like affairs of state) ◊ an intention, idea ◊ smart, clever 1--very high [n,adj] ◰ jī ◊ dash, splash, surge (like of water, waves, etc.) ◊ (cause to) become ill after being cold and wet; catch a cold ◊ chill, ice (foods, etc.) ◊ incite, arouse, stimulate, excite ◊ (of feelings, etc.) stirred, touched, moved ◊ fierce, violent, drastic, radical ◊ (of colour) bright ◊ Ji (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,adv,sn] ね jī ◊ examine, investigate, scrutinize ◊ dispute, argue ◊ delay, procrastinate ◊ Ji (surname) 2--high [v,sn] 〟 jī ◊ accumulate, gather, store up, amass ◊ long-standing, long-pending, accumulated, deep-rooted ◊ {Chinese med} indigestion ◊ {math} product (of multiplication) 1--very high [v,adj,n] ㇅ jī ◊ dustpan ◊ winnowing basket/fan ◊ (fingerprint) loop ◊ stretch out the legs (when sitting on a mat) ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Ji (one of the Èrshíbā Xiù Ҽॱ‫ޛ‬ᇯ "28 Lunar Mansions of the Chinese zodiac") ◊ Ji (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㖱 jī ◊ {written} a bridle, halter (for a horse) ◊ restrict, restrain, control ◊ bind up, tie up ◊ tie, fasten, button up ◊ stay over, be detained ◊ live or lodge away from home; a person living or lodging away from home ◊ a girl's hairstyle 3--medium [n,v] 㖱 jī ◊ {written} a bridle, halter (for a horse) ◊ restrict, restrain, control ◊ bind up, tie up ◊ tie, fasten, button up ◊ stay over, be detained ◊ live or lodge away from home; travel ◊ sb living or lodging away from home; a traveler 5--very low 䇕 jī ◊ ridicule, mock, deride, satirize 2--high [v] 䍽 jī ◊ harbour (thoughts, feelings, inten326

4--low [adj] ㉽ jí ◊ book, written record ◊ roll, register, list of names ◊ sb's native place, birthplace, home town ◊ membership (in an organization, etc.) ◊ nationality, citizenship (as in Měiguó jí 㖾 ഻㉽/㖾ഭ㉽, or short Měijí 㖾㉽ "[of] US citizenship") ◊ affiliation ◊ place of household registration (e.g., ेӜ㉽) ◊ Ji (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㓗 jí ◊ grade, level, rank, class ◊ (of schools) year, grade, class, level ◊ (of stairs) a step ◊ {academic} degree ◊ {measure word}...step(s)/stage(s)/storey(s) of... (used for steps [of stairs], stages [of rockets], storeys/levels [of towers], etc.) 1--very high [n,mw] 䗁 jí ◊ compile, edit ◊ volume, part (of a set of books, documentary series, etc.) 1--very high [v,n] 䳶 jí ◊ collect, gather, assemble ◊ a (rural or small town) market or fair ◊ collection (of writings), anthology ◊ part, volume, sequel (of a book, film, etc.) ◊ a set ◊ {written} (of a flock of birds) perch (in a tree) ◊ Ji (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᐡ jǐ ◊ self, oneself; personal ◊ ji (sixth of the ten Celestial Stems) 1--very high [pron,n] ࠐ jǐ ◊ How many? ◊ a few, several, some 1--very high [num] ᡏ jǐ ◊ {weaponry} a halberd (an axespear used as a weapon) ◊ excite, stimulate 3--medium [n,v] ᥔ jǐ ◊ pack (tight), crowd (together), cram, squeeze, press (people, things or situations) ◊ push, jostle, squeeze ◊ milk (a cow, goat, etc.) ◊ squeeze (toothpaste from a tube, etc.) ◊ {figurative} squeeze out, exclude 1--very high [v] 㜺 jǐ ◊ {physiology} the spine, backbone; a vertebra (of humans or other vertebrates) ◊ spine- or backbone-like things (like the ridge of a mountain or a roof, the spine of a book, etc.) ◊ a key point, critical juncture ◊ the proper order/arrangement 2--high [n] Ծ jì ◊ talent, skill, ability, trick ◊ {archaic} a female song and dance entertainer (in ancient times) 3--medium [n] ް jì ◊ hope, long for ◊ [J] Ji (another name for Héběi ⋣े Province) ◊ Ji (a state during the Jin Dynasty in the area of present Shānxī ኡ 㾯 Province) ◊ Ji (surname) 2--high [sn] ࡲ jì ◊ small piece of kneaded dough ◊ adjust, regulate, equalize ◊ cut ◊ {pharma, chem} pharmaceutical or chemical preparation ◊ {measure word}... dose(s) of... (used for doses of medicine, in particular for concoctions of herbal medicine) ◊ {chemical engineering} an agent ◊ -jì (ending used in terms for chemical agents or pharmaceutical preparations for a given purpose) 1--very high [n,v,mw] ଌ jì ◊ sip, taste 4--low [v] ᆓ jì ◊ season (of the year) ◊ season (like

a period with certain characteristics, such as rainy season, dry season, etc.); a crop, an agricultural season ◊ the end of a period of time (like the end of a dynasty) ◊ the last month of a season (of the year) ◊ (of brothers) the youngest, or the fourth in line ◊ Ji (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᇴ jì ◊ send (by mail), mail (sth) ◊ entrust, place (like hopes on), deposit (sth with sb) ◊ depend on, rely on, attach oneself to ◊ (be) adopted 1--very high [v] ᗼ jì ◊ envy, be jealous of ◊ fear, dread ◊ avoid, shun ◊ give up, quit, abstain from, refrain from (sth because one thinks it inappropriate) ◊ the death anniversary (of a parent or other esteemed person) 2--high [v,n] ᛨ jì ◊ (of the heart due to fear) palpitate, throb ◊ (of a ribbon, etc.) hanging, dangling 3--medium [v] ᢰ jì ◊ skill, ability, method; know-how, trick 1--very high [n] ᰒ jì ◊ both (in "both...and...," paired with ৸ yòu or ҏ yě) ◊ since, now that 1--very high [conj] ᳘ jì ◊ {written} and, with, as well as... ◊ {written} to..., up to... (a certain time) ◊ Ji (surname) 3--medium [sn] ⍾ jì {literary} ◊ cross (a river, etc.) ◊ help, aid, relieve, benefit ◊ be of help ◊ accomplishment, achievement, benefit ◊ Ji (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ⾝ jì ◊ offer sacrifices to ancestors/gods ◊ hold a memorial service (for) ◊ use, wield (a magic weapon, magic wand, as mentioned in old stories [literally or figuratively]) 2--high [v] で jì ◊ harvest god, the god of grains (worshipped by ancient emperors) ◊ {bot} proso millet, Panicum miliaceum (a glutinous millet), common millet, broomcorn millet ◊ {ancient China} millet (said to have referred to a non-glutinous millet; sometimes also used in ancient books to refer to Chinese sorghum) ◊ {admin} an official in charge of agricultural matters ◊ Ji (surname) 3--medium [sn] ぺ jì ◊ (of plants, etc.) dense, close 5--very low 㓚 jì ◊ discipline (as in the military) ◊ record, write down ◊ written record, annals, historical account ◊ {archaic} twelve-year period or cycle ◊ age, era, epoch, period ◊ Ji (ancient state in the area of present Jitaicun, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡ ь Province) ◊ Ji (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] 㔙 jì ◊ spin or twist hempen thread ◊ achievement, accomplishment, merit 1--very high [v,n] 㔗 jì ◊ continue, carry on, succeed, follow ◊ then, subsequently, afterwards ◊ (in the pattern jì... [zhī] hòu 㔗……[ѻ]ਾ/㒬……[ѻ]ᖼ) following, after, since 1--very high [v] 㤽 qì ◊ {archaic} be circumspect, cauti327

ous 3--medium 㬏 jì ◊ {bot} setose thistle, Cirsium setosum Willd. ◊ Ji (place during the Zhou Dynasty in Beijing) ◊ Ji (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 㿺 jì ◊ {written} hope for, look forward to ◊ try to get (sth) 4--low [v] 䇑 jì ◊ count, calculate, compute ◊ metre, measuring device, gauge ◊ idea, plan, strategy ◊ design (sth), make plans, scheme ◊ concern oneself with, consider, care of/about, bother (about) ◊ account book ◊ Ji (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 䇠 jì ◊ remember, recall (to mind) ◊ record (in writing), write down ◊ (a) note, record, account, chronicle (often used in book or essay titles) ◊ (a) mark, sign (used in the names of shops, restaurants, etc., after the name of the proprietor) ◊ birthmark ◊ {measure word, regional} (used for a hit [on the face], slap, punch, blow, etc.)1--very high [v,n,mw] 䘩 jì ◊ a track, mark, trace (like a footprint) ◊ (of historical buildings, events, etc.) remains, ruins, vestiges ◊ indication, outward sign 1--very high [n] 䱵 jì ◊ border, boundary ◊ inside, within (one's mind, heart, etc.) ◊ between, among, inter◊ time, occasion, moment ◊ at the time of, on the occasion of ◊ sb's circumstances, (life) experiences, lot 1--very high [n,adj,adv] 䴱 jì ◊ {meteorology} clear up after rain or snow ◊ {metaphor} calm down after being angry ◊ Ji (a personal name) 3--medium [v] 僕 jì ◊ {written} a thoroughbred horse ◊ {figurative} a competent person ◊ worthy and able 3--medium [n] 冶 zī ◊ fish 5--very low [n] խ jiā ◊ {unit of measure, physics} "jial" (short for Galileo, the CGS unit of acceleration, defined as 1 cm/s squared) 3--medium [n] ֣ jiā ◊ good, nice, fine, beautiful, excellent ◊ a distinguished one, a top one (used after a numeral, like shí jiā zhī yī ॱ֣ѻа "one of the top ten...") 2--high [adj,n] ࣐ jiā ◊ add, append, put in ◊ {math} add; ...plus...(adding numbers) ◊ increase, raise, augment ◊ impose ◊ (used between a one-syllable adverb and a two-syllable verb to indicate that the action is directed towards sth or sb mentioned before or understood) ◊ Jia (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] హ jiā ◊ fine, good, nice, excellent ◊ laud, praise, commend ◊ Jia (surname) 2--high [adj,v,sn] ཀྵ jiā ◊ press from two sides, pinch, squeeze ◊ clip (paper, etc., together) ◊ carry under one's arm ◊ place/stay in between ◊ intersperse, mix, mingle ◊ clip, clamp, holder, folder 2--high [v,n] ᇦ jiā ◊ family, household; home, residen-

ce ◊ (as suffix) expert/specialist in a certain field (like zuòjiā ֌ᇦ "writer") ◊ {philosophy} school (of thought) (like rújiā ݂ᇦ "the Confucian school") ◊ party, side ◊ {humble} my... ◊ {regional} (of animals) tamed, broken, domesticated ◊ {measure word} (used for families, companies, hotels, stores, etc.) ◊ Jia (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ⍳ jiā ◊ soak through, penetrate (of sweat, etc.)4--low [v] ⯲ jiā ◊ {physiology} scab, crust 3--medium [n] 㪝 jiā ◊ {agriculture} the young shoot of a reed 4--low [n] 䛿 Jiá ◊ Jia (town during the Chūnqiū ᱕ ⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in present Jia County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Mount Jia (Jia County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Jia (surname) 4--low [sn] ‫ ٷ‬jiǎ ◊ false, fake, artificial, pseudo- ◊ hypocritical ◊ borrow, take advantage of ◊ suppose, presume ◊ if, supposing ◊ Jia (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,adv,sn] ◊ {bot} the Chinese catalpa or tea   jiǎ tree, Catalpa ovata 5--very low [n] ⭢ jiǎ ◊ jia (first of the ten Tiāngān ཙᒢ "Celestial Stems") ◊ first (place, etc.) ◊ shell (like tortoise shell) ◊ nail (like fingernail) ◊ armour ◊ soldier ◊ jia measure of land equal to 0.97 hectares ◊ Jia (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䍮 gǔ ◊ merchant, trader, businessman ◊ do business, trade ◊ {written} buy; sell ◊ attract, incur, invite (sth negative, like disaster, animosity, etc.) 2--high [n,v] ԧ jià ◊ (of goods) price, value, worth ◊ {chem} valence 1--very high [n] ჱ jià ◊ (of a woman) marry ◊ shift (blame, trouble, etc.) to sb else 2--high [v] ぬ jià ◊ plant, sow (grain) ◊ cereals, crops 2--high [n,v] 傮 jià ◊ drive (a vehicle), pilot/fly (a plane), sail (a boat) ◊ ride ◊ control, master ◊ harness (a draft animal to a cart, plow, etc.), yoke ◊ {formal, respectful} you; your honourable self ◊ {classical} cart, carriage ◊ {classical} "the (emperor's) carriage"—the emperor 2--high [n,v,pron] ެ jiān ◊ concurrently, simultaneously ◊ hold (more than one post) concurrently, simultaneously serve as ◊ annex (territory, etc.) ◊ double, twice 1--very high [adv,v] ඊ jiān ◊ hard, strong, solid, firm ◊ a fortification, fortified place, stronghold ◊ firmly, resolutely, determinedly, steadfastly ◊ Jian (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,n,sn] ྨ jiān ◊ illicit sexual relations ◊ adultery 3--medium [adj,n,v] *ဗ ❾ jiān ◊ pan-fry (like fish, bean curd, eggs, in shallow oil) ◊ simmer (in water), decoct (like medicinal herbs) ◊ {measure word}...times decocted (used for the number of times medici328

nal herbs have been decocted) 2--high [v] ⴁ jiān ◊ supervise, control, inspect, watch ◊ a jail, prison 1--very high [n,v] ㅪ jiān ◊ annotation, commentary ◊ writing paper, note paper, notepad ◊ letters, correspondence 3--medium [n] 㔴 jiān ◊ {written} seal, close (a letter, etc.) ◊ letter, correspondence ◊ cord, string (etc., for binding or sealing sth) 4--low [v,n] 㛙 jiān ◊ the shoulder ◊ shoulder, take on, bear (like responsibility) ◊ {regional} carry on the shoulder 2--high [v,n] 㢠 jiān ◊ difficult, hard, arduous ◊ treacherous, sinister ◊ hardship 1--very high [adj,n] 䰤 jiān ◊ among, between ◊ interval; within a defined time/space ◊ room ◊ {measure word} (used for rooms) 1--very high [prep,n,mw] ‫ ؝‬jiǎn ◊ thrifty, frugal, economical 2--high [adj] ࢚ jiǎn ◊ cut off, sever ◊ {tool} scissors, shears, clippers ◊ scissor-shaped instruments (like fire tongs) ◊ cut or trim with scissors ◊ annihilate, exterminate, wipe out 2--high [v,n] ᤓ jiǎn ◊ choose, pick, select ǁ (used like jiǎn ᫯/ᦑ "pick up, gather, collect") 2--high [v] ᧳ jiǎn ◊ {written} cut off, sever, separate 3--medium [v] Ḝ jiǎn ◊ a note, letter, card 2--high [n] Ự jiǎn ◊ inspect, check, examine ◊ restrain oneself, be careful (about one's behaviour, speech, etc.) ◊ (used like jiǎn ᫯/ᦑ) pick up, gather, collect ◊ Jian (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ߿ jiǎn ◊ {math} subtract, deduct ◊ decrease, reduce ◊ diminish, weaken ◊ {math} ...minus... (subtracting numbers) ◊ Jian (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ㆰ jiǎn ◊ simple (in contrast to fán 㑱 "complex") ◊ (of Chinese characters) simplify; simplified ◊ {archaic} bamboo strips used for writing ◊ a letter, correspondence ◊ choose, select (like people of talent) ◊ Jian (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,n,sn] 㥗 jiǎn ◊ cocoon ◊ {med} callus, blister, callous skin 3--medium [n] 㘖 jiǎn ◊ (used like jiǎn ࢚) cut off, sever ◊ {tool} scissors, shears, clippers ◊ scissor-shaped instruments (like fire tongs) ◊ cut or trim with scissors ◊ annihilate, exterminate, wipe out ◊ Jian (surname) 3--medium [sn] ​ kǎn ◊ threshold, doorsill 3--medium [n] Ԧ jiàn ◊ {measure word}... piece(s) of..., item (used for clothing items, pieces of luggage, implements, utensils, matters, law cases, incidents, etc.) ◊ letter, document, piece of correspondence ◊ case (of bundled goods, such as soft drinks) ◊ {pottery/porcelain manufacturing}

(standard measure for clay, used for measuring the size of vases) 1--very high [n,mw] ‫ ڕ‬jiàn ◊ strong, robust, healthy, in good physical shape/condition ◊ strengthen, toughen, fortify, invigorate ◊ be adept at, be good at, be strong in ◊ Jian (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,n,sn] ‫ ܝ‬jiàn ◊ {written} overstep, usurp (authority), take over (illegally) ◊ assume (a false identity, etc.) ◊ fake, falsify 4--low [v] ࢁ jiàn ◊ sword, sabre 2--high [n] ᔪ jiàn ◊ build, construct, erect ◊ establish, found, set up, create ◊ propose, suggest, advocate ◊ straight, erect ◊ (short for Fújiàn ⾿ᔪ) (of or pertaining to) Fújiàn ⾿ᔪ Province ◊ {Chinese astronomy} the handle of the Big Dipper ◊ Jian (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,n,sn] ⑀ jiàn ◊ gradually, little by little, step by step ◊ the beginning, the initial stage ◊ become worse (of an illness) ◊ {divination} "Jian" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 1--very high [adv,v,n] ⏗ jiàn ◊ gorge, ravine, gully, canyon ◊ mountain stream 3--medium [n] ⒵ jiàn ◊ splash, spatter 3--medium [v] 㦀 jiàn ◊ recommend sb, introduce sb ◊ {written} devote oneself to, sacrifice oneself to ◊ {written} grass, hay, straw ◊ straw mat ◊ frequently, repeatedly ◊ offer, present 2--high [v,adv] 㿱 jiàn ◊ see, perceive ◊ be exposed to, come in contact with, meet with, call on ◊ show evidence of, appear/seem to be ◊ view, opinion, understanding ◊ {written} (as a particle, when preceding a verb indicates the passive voice, or the request towards sb to do sth for the writer) 1--very high [v] 䄃 jiàn ◊ {written} be eloquent ◊ be a good talker ◊ flatter 5--very low 䈿 jiàn ◊ remonstrate, admonish, criticize frankly (a superior, friend, or in former times the feudal ruler) ◊ Jian (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䍡 jiàn ◊ inexpensive, cheap (in contrast to guì 䋤/䍥 "expensive") ◊ lowly, common, lowclass, humble (in contrast to guì 䋤/䍥 "noble") ◊ low-down, mean, base, despicable ◊ hold in contempt, look down upon, despise ◊ {self-deprecating, humble} my (humble)... ◊ Jian (surname) 2--high [adj,v,sn] 䐥 jiàn ◊ trample on, step on, tread on ◊ fulfill, carry out, act on, implement, execute, keep (a promise, one's word, etc.) ◊ go to, arrive at ◊ a sovereign, monarch ◊ arrange in order ◊ follow, be obedient 2--high [v,n] 䢤 jiàn ◊ (variant of jiàn 䪁/䢤) mirror (both literal and figurative) ◊ {history} ancient bronze mirror ◊ reflect, mirror ◊ examine, scrutinize, inspect, survey ◊ warning, lesson ◊ {written, formal} (at the beginning of a letter) please 329

read (the following); allow me to draw your attention to... 2--high [n,v,phr] ሶ jiāng ◊ will, will be ◊ be about to... ◊ take (auxiliary verb before direct object of sentence, similar to bǎ ᢺ) ◊ {regional/archaic} (used between a verb and its directional complement, e.g., tiào jiāng chūlái 䐣ሷֶࠪ/䐣ሶࠪᶕ, "jump out") ◊ Jiang (surname) 1--very high [auxv,sn] ‫ ܥ‬jiāng ◊ fall forward ◊ stiff, rigid, immovable ◊ (of relations) be at an impasse, be uncomfortable ◊ still ◊ stalemate, deadlock, impasse ◊ corpse ◊ stop smiling and become serious 2--high [v,adj,n] ⊏ jiāng ◊ river ◊ [J-] (short for Cháng Jiāng 䮧⊏/䮯⊏) the Yangtze (River) ◊ {history} Jiang (ancient state during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty, near Zhèngyáng ↓䲭/↓䱣 County in Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Jiang (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⍶ jiāng ◊ thick liquid ◊ starch ◊ beverage, drink 2--high [n,v] ⮶ jiāng ◊ boundary, border ◊ end, limit ◊ (short for Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū ᯠ⮶㏝੮ ⡮㠚⋫॰/ᯠ⮶㔤੮ቄ㠚⋫४) Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ◊ Jiang (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ဌ jiāng ◊ ginger, Zingiber officinale (the plant or its rootstock as a spice) ◊ Jiang (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ྆ jiǎng ◊ praise, laud, encourage ◊ prize, award, reward ◊ aid, give assistance 1--very high [v] 㪻 Jiǎng ◊ [J-] Jiang (ancient state in the area of present Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Jiang (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䇢 jiǎng ◊ speak, say ◊ discuss, talk about ◊ explain ◊ attach importance to, stress, be particular about ◊ lesson, lecture 1--very high [v] 䱽 jiàng ◊ fall, drop, go down (in contrast to shēng ᰷/ॷ "rise, ascend, hoist") ◊ (of an airplane) land ◊ reduce, lower, curtail ◊ Jiang (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ॐ jiàng ◊ craftsman, artisan ◊ skilled person ◊ skill, art, trade ◊ accomplish what has been planned 2--high [n,v] ༵ jiàng ◊ to descend ◊ to come down from heaven. to send down 5--very low 㔋 jiàng ◊ deep red (colour) 3--medium [adj] 䞡 jiàng ◊ paste or sauce made from fermented beans or flour ◊ pickle (vegetables) in sauce or soy, cook (meat) in soy ◊ pickled vegetables ◊ paste or sauce-like foods (like sesame paste, peanut butter, jam) 2--high [n,v] Ӕ jiāo ◊ hand over, deliver, give ◊ meet, come together ◊ intertwine ◊ make friends with, interact with friends ◊ friendship, social intercourse ◊ (of humans) have sexual intercourse; (of animals) mate ◊ mutual(ly), reciprocal(ly) ◊ transaction, business deal 1--very high

[v,n,adj,adv] ဓ jiāo ◊ beautiful, pretty, graceful 3--medium [adj] ὂ jiāo ◊ various hot spice plants (like Chinese prickly ash, chili pepper) ◊ summit (of a mountain) ◊ Jiao (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ❖ jiāo ◊ burned, scorched ◊ coke ◊ anxious, worried ◊ joule ◊ {med} burner ◊ dark yellow, brown ◊ reef ◊ Jiao (a state in Shan County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Jiao (surname)1--very high [sn] ⟻ jiāo ◊ a torch ◊ scorch, burn, scald 5--very low 㜦 jiāo ◊ glue, gum ◊ jelly (ointment) ◊ gluey, sticky ◊ rubber, plastic ◊ firm, secure, solid ◊ cheat, deceive ◊ {archaic} college (during the Zhou Dynasty) ◊ Jiao (name for Qingdao, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Jiao (surname) 2--high [n,v,adj,sn] 䛺 jiāo ◊ suburbs ◊ offer a sacrifice to heaven 2--high [n,v] 傴 jiāo ◊ proud ◊ arrogant, conceited, overconfident in oneself ◊ fierce (like the summer sun) ◊ strong, sturdy (like of a horse) 2--high [adj] 勋 jiāo ◊ shark ◊ dragon 4--low [n] 䀂 jiǎo ◊ (of an ox, etc.) horn ◊ (as a musical instrument) horn, bugle ◊ corner ◊ {math} angle ◊ {written} 1/10 yuan (unit of Chinese currency, or 10 fen) ◊ {measure word}... quarter(s) of... (used for quarters of cakes, etc.) ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Jiao (the first of the Èrshíbā Xiù Ҽ ॱ‫ޛ‬ᇯ "28 Lunar Mansions of the Chinese zodiac") 1--very high [n,mw] ֬ jiǎo ◊ beautiful, handsome ◊ cunning, crafty ◊ Jiao (surname) 4--low [sn] ⒛ qiū ◊ pool, pond 4--low [n] ⤑ jiǎo ◊ crafty, cunning, sly ◊ hurt, harm ◊ young and good-looking ◊ strong, robust ◊ puppy 2--high [adj,v,n] Ⲿ jiǎo ◊ pure white, bright white (of pearls, jade, moon light, etc.) ◊ white colour ◊ pure, clean ◊ clear, distinct, shining ◊ Jiao (surname) 3--medium [sn] ⸛ jiǎo ◊ correct, rectify, remedy, straighten out, fix ◊ brave, powerful, strong ◊ feign, pretend, fake, counterfeit ◊ act as an impostor, take unauthorized action (in another's name) ◊ Jiao (surname) 2--high [sn] 㔎 jiǎo ◊ twist (several strands into one) ◊ entangle ◊ wring (dry) ◊ hang (by the neck) ◊ wind, crank (like a windlass, capstan) ◊ {metal works} reaming ◊ {measure word}... hank(s) of... (used for hanks/skeins of yarn, knitting wool, etc.) 2--high [mw,v] 㝊 jiǎo ◊ foot (of humans or animals) ◊ (of a wall, hill, etc.) foot, base ◊ of or pertaining to the use of legs ◊ transport, take along (as in shāojiǎo ᥾㞣/᥾㝊 "pick up sth or sb on the way, give sb a lift) ◊ dregs (like of tea, wine) 1--very high [n] ਛ jiào ◊ shout, yell, cry ◊ call out to, greet, 330

address ◊ hire (like a taxi), order (a meal, dish, etc.), get ◊ name, call, designate, summon; be called/named ◊ ask, order, make (sb do sth), order, ask ◊ allow, permit, let ◊ by (particle used to indicate the passive voice) ◊ {regional} male (animal or fowl) 1--very high [v,adj] ಝ jiào ◊ bark, howl ◊ call, shout ◊ cry, weep ◊ the mouth ◊ (used like jiào ਛ) call (out) ◊ eat 5--very low ᗬ jiǎo ◊ {classical} beg (sb), request 4--low [v] ᮉ jiāo ◊ teach, instruct (in most compound words pronounced jiào) 1--very high [v] テ jiào ◊ (store things in a) cellar, pit 3--medium [n,v] 䖳 jiào ◊ compare ◊ than, compared to ◊ comparatively, fairly, relatively ◊ obvious, clear ◊ argue, dispute 1--very high [v,adv,conj] ఏ jiē ◊ sigh, lament 3--medium [v] ᧕ jiē ◊ come in contact with, touch ◊ connect, join ◊ catch (like a ball) ◊ receive (a guest, a letter, etc.) ◊ welcome, meet ◊ take over, succeed ◊ Jie (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ᨝ jiē ◊ take off, peel off, tear off, remove ◊ take (the lid) off, uncover ◊ expose, lay bare, unmask, reveal (some unpleasant truth) ◊ bring to light, make public ◊ raise, hoist, hold high ◊ Jie (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ἴ jiē ◊ to graft 5--very low Ⲷ jiē ◊ all ◊ universal ◊ together 1--very high [adv] 䱦 jiē ◊ stairs, (flight of) steps, step ◊ degree, class, rank (like official, military) ◊ rely on, depend on ◊ {geosciences} stage 1--very high [n,v] *友 ‫ ٸ‬jié ◊ brave, valiant 3--medium [adj] ᶠ jié ◊ hero ◊ outstanding, prominent or eminent person ◊ outstanding, prominent, remarkable ◊ Jie (personal name) 1--very high [n,adj,name] ࣛ jié ◊ rob, loot, plunder, take by force ◊ coerce, compel, force 5--very low ࣛ jié ◊ rob, plunder; coerce, compel ◊ calamity, disaster, misfortune (either natural or man-made) ◊ {Buddhism} a predestined disaster, trial or calamity (from the Sanskrit word "kalpa") 2--high [v,n] ᡚ jié ◊ cut, sever ◊ cut, slice ◊ {measure word}... segment(s) of...,... section(s) of...,... slice(s) of... (used for sections cut from a longer piece, like from a pipe, a rope, a cucumber, etc.) ◊ stop, stem, intercept ◊ by, up to (a certain time) 2--high [v,mw] ᦧ jié ◊ win, be victorious ◊ victory, triumph ◊ the fruits of victory ◊ quick, nimble ◊ "jie" (a measure of weight) ◊ (previous) Czechos-

lovakia ◊ the Czech Republic ◊ Czech (language) ◊ Jie (surname) 2--high [v,sn] Ṱ jié ◊ wooden perch or roost ◊ outstanding, prominent ◊ lift, pick up ◊ dismemberment (as a form of punishment) ◊ fierce, brutal ◊ Jie (the last ruler of the Xia Dynasty, considered a despot) ◊ Jie (surname) 3--medium [n,adj,v,sn] ⌱ jié ◊ clean, pure, clear 1--very high [adj] ⻓ jié ◊ stele, stone tablet 3--medium [n] ㄝ jié ◊ exhaust, use up ◊ carry, bear ◊ dry up (of a river, pool) 2--high [v] 㢲 jié ◊ festival, holiday ◊ knot, joint ◊ {measure word}... section(s) of... (used for sections, lengths of sth, periods, paragraphs, etc.) ◊ moral integrity, chastity ◊ abridge, shorten ◊ economize, save, restrain, exercise restraint ◊ economical, frugal ◊ item, issue ◊ {unit of measure} knot (sea speed) ◊ Jie (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,v,adj,sn] 㔃 jié ◊ tie, knot, weave, knit ◊ tie a knot ◊ form, congeal, freeze, forge, associate ◊ settle, finish, end, conclude, finalize, wind up, wrap up ◊ summarize ◊ written statement or guarantee ◊ affidavit ◊ {IT} junction ◊ {physiology} node 1--very high [v,n] ㎌ jié ◊ (used like jié ⌱) clean, pure, clear 4--low 䇖 jié ◊ expose sb's shortcomings or dark secrets 4--low [v] 䈈 jié ◊ interrogate, question, investigate 3--medium [v] 䀓 jiě ◊ divide, separate, split ◊ dissolve, disintegrate ◊ unfasten, untie, undo, unbutton ◊ relieve, alleviate, remove, dispel, dismiss ◊ explain, interpret, construe, clear up ◊ understand, comprehend ◊ relieve oneself, go to the bathroom ◊ {math} solution, solve 2--high [v,n] ӻ jiè ◊ lie between, be situated between ◊ act as intermediary ◊ an intermediary ◊ mind, take offense ◊ armour ◊ shell ◊ shelled aquatic animal ◊ (used with words denoting persons) a, an ◊ honest and just, upright ◊ {theatre} (in old drama scripts, word indicating motion or action) 1--very high [v,n,adj] ُ jiè ◊ borrow ◊ lend ◊ take advantage of, use ◊ excuse, pretext ◊ on the pretext of, using... as an excuse ◊ on the occasion of... 1--very high [v,n,adv] ᡂ jiè ◊ guard against, avoid ◊ warn, admonish ◊ give up, abstain from ◊ religious discipline (of Buddhists) ◊ finger ring ◊ order, command 2--high [v,n] ⭼ jiè ◊ boundary, border ◊ limit, extent, domain, range, scope ◊ group, circle(s), community (a certain group in society, e.g. kēxuéjiè 、 ᆨ⭼/、ᆖ⭼ "scientific circles, the scientific community") ◊ realm, kingdom (like animal kingdom, etc.) ◊ {geosciences} division, group ◊

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{math} bound 1--very high [n,adj] 㣕 jiè ◊ {bot} (leaf) mustard, Brassica juncea ◊ a slight and trifling thing; a triviality 3--medium [n] 䈛 jiè ◊ warn, admonish ◊ exhortation, injunction 2--high [n,v] Ӻ jīn ◊ today ◊ this (year, day, etc.) ◊ present-day, modern, contemporary ◊ now, at the present 1--very high [adv] ᯔ jīn ◊ {unit of weight} jin (equivalent to approx. one pound, or half a kilogram) ◊ character added to certain nouns to indicate weight ◊ pound ◊ {archaic} axe 1--very high [n,mw] ⍕ jīn ◊ saliva ◊ moisten; benefit, help ◊ ford, ferry crossing ◊ Tianjin 1--very high [n,v] ⸌ jīn ◊ have compassion, show sympathy, pity sb ◊ be conceited, brag about oneself, sound one's own horn ◊ prudent, cautious, reserved, restrained 3--medium [v,adj] ㅻ jīn ◊ muscle ◊ tendon, sinew ◊ veins (esp. those visible under the skin) ◊ sth resembling a tendon or vein 2--high [n] 㾏 jīn ◊ front of a jacket or robe; lapel ◊ brothers-in-law, husbands of sisters ◊ heart, mind 2--high [n] 䠁 jīn ◊ metal ◊ money ◊ ancient percussion instruments made of metal (like gongs) ◊ gold ◊ honoured, valuable ◊ golden, gold coloured ◊ the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) ◊ Jin (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,name,sn] 䠯 jīn ◊ (alternate reading "yín") 5--very low ӵ jǐn ◊ only, merely, barely, hardly, just 1--very high [adv] ቭ jǐn ◊ to the utmost, to the maximum, to the greatest possible extent/degree ◊ within the (prescribed) limits ◊ give priority/precedence (to people or things) ◊ (preceding a word of direction/location) utmost, furthest, farthest ◊ {dialect} continue or persist in doing, keep on doing 3--medium [v,prep,adv] ৚ jǐn ◊ a hut, shack ◊ a little; a small quantity or number 4--low ื jǐn ◊ yellow loam, clay ◊ time, season ◊ few ◊ (also used as a botany term jǐn 㨛 "violet, Viola mandschurica") 3--medium [n] ᔁ jǐn ◊ {written} only, merely 4--low ㍗ jǐn ◊ tight ◊ urgent, pressing ◊ financially tight 1--very high [adj] 䉘 jǐn ◊ careful, cautious, prudent ◊ respectful, solemn (thanks, etc.) 2--high [adj] 䭖 jǐn ◊ brocade ◊ colourful, bright, beautiful ◊ Jin (surname) 2--high [sn] ࣢ jìn ◊ strength, energy ◊ vigour, zeal, spirit ◊ manner, air ◊ interest, gusto 1--very high [n] ⎨ jìn ◊ gradually, step by step, little by little, bit by bit 3--medium ᩒ jìn ◊ insert, stick in ◊ shake 5--very

low [v] ᱻ jìn ◊ advance; enter; promote (in rank or position) ◊ [Jìn] the Jin Dynasty (265-420 CE) ◊ the Later Jin Dynasty (936-946 CE) ◊ Jin (ancient state in Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ Jin (name for Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ {divination} (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃ 㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Jin (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ⎨ jìn ◊ soak, immerse, dip, steep ◊ be soaked, immersed ◊ flood, inundate, irrigate ◊ (of liquids) ooze (out), leak 2--high [v] ቭ jìn ◊ finish, end ◊ use up, deplete, exhaust ◊ reach the end/limit/extreme ◊ do/perform (one's duty, etc.) to the best of one's ability, fully carry out, exert (effort) to the maximum ◊ extremely ◊ {written} die, perish ◊ all; entire, whole ◊ all, completely ◊ {colloquial, northern} keep (doing sth); (do) nothing but... 1--very high [adj,adv,v,suf] ⾢ jìn ◊ {superstition} an evil or inauspicious spirit ◊ a sinister atmosphere ◊ vigorous, energetic 5--very low [n] ⾱ jìn ◊ forbid, prohibit, ban ◊ take into custody, imprison, detain, put behind bars ◊ taboo, what is forbidden (by law, ethics, custom, etc.) ◊ (as forbidden area) Imperial grounds 1--very high [v,n,adj] 䘁 jìn ◊ near (in time or space, in contrast to yuǎn 䚐/䘌 "far, distant") ◊ close, intimate ◊ simple, easy to understand ◊ nearly, approximately 1--very high [adj,adv] 䘋 jìn ◊ advance, move forward/ahead (opposite of tuì 䘰) ◊ enter, come/go in ◊ take in, bring in, receive ◊ recruit, admit ◊ submit, present ◊ eat, drink, take ◊ (as verb ending) into, in ◊ {measure word} (of an old-style residential compound with an inner courtyard or multiple linked courtyards) a courtyard and its associated rooms ◊ {sports} goal (in soccer) ◊ {Chinese chess} advance (a number of points) 1--very high [v,n,co] 䶣 jìn ◊ decorative leather harness used on carts to connect shaft-horses at the chest ◊ be stingy ◊ mock, ridicule ◊ Jin (surname) 3--medium [sn] Ӝ jīng ◊ (national) capital ◊ (jīng) Beijing ◊ ten million ◊ high hill ◊ vast, great ◊ Jing (surname) 1--very high [n,name,sn] ‫ ޒ‬jīng ◊ fearful, cautious, wary 3--medium [adj] ᯼ jīng ◊ {literature} make known, praise, commend (sb's great deeds, virtues, etc.) ◊ {history} an ancient banner adorned with ox tails and multicoloured feathers and hoisted on a mast ◊ flags and banners 3--medium [v,n] ⌮ jīng ◊ (of a river) gush straight through ◊ a ditch ◊ menstruation 3--medium [v,n] ㋮ jīng ◊ clever, sharp ◊ refined, choice ◊ extract, essence ◊ excellent, best ◊ fine (in contrast to cū ㋇ "rough, crude, coarse") ◊ skilled, 332

proficient ◊ vigour, energy ◊ sperm ◊ {med} essence (of life, reproduction, etc.) ◊ polished white rice 1--very high [n,adj] 㓿 jīng ◊ through ◊ go through, pass through ◊ regular, frequent, constant ◊ the classics, the scriptures ◊ {physiology} menses ◊ hang oneself ◊ Jing (surname) ◊ {Buddhism} sutra ◊ the warp (in fabric, in contrast to wěi 㐟/㓜 "woof") ◊ longitude ◊ lengthwise alignment 1--very high [v,n,sn] 㥶 jīng ◊ {bot} Chaste Tree, Vitex agnuscastus (used in Chinese medicine for gynecological conditions) ◊ flogging staff made of chaste tree twigs (used to administer punishment) ◊ modest reference to one's wife ◊ Jing (ancient name of the State of Chu during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) ◊ Jing (surname) 2--high [sn] ᛺ jīng ◊ be frightened/startled/alarmed/shocked ◊ be alert, be vigilant ◊ be startled and stampede (like of horses) ◊ surprisingly, alarmingly 1--very high [adj,adv] Ӆ jǐng ◊ a well ◊ mine shaft, pit ◊ neat, tidy, well kept ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Jing (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions) ◊ area of land ◊ Jing (one of the Bāguà ‫ޛ‬খ "Eight Trigrams" in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes", used for divination according to Taoist beliefs) ◊ Jing (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] ܶ jǐng ◊ warn, admonish ◊ guard against, take precautions 4--low [v] Ჟ jǐng ◊ scenery, view, sight, landscape ◊ condition, circumstance, situation ◊ scenery/setting (of a play, etc.); scene (of a play) ◊ Jing (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䱡 jǐng ◊ hole ◊ pitfall, trap 4--low [n] 䆖 jǐng ◊ be on guard, be on the alert ◊ warn, put on the alert ◊ alarm (like fire alarm) ◊ police 1--very high [v,n] 亸 jǐng ◊ neck ◊ sth resembling a neck (like the neck of a vase) 3--medium [n] َ jīng ◊ strong 4--low ຳ jìng ◊ boundary, border, frontier ◊ area, place ◊ condition, circumstances ◊ fortune (good or bad) 1--very high [n] ᖴ jìng ◊ narrow path ◊ means (of reaching one's objective) ◊ directly, straightaway ◊ diameter, radius 1--very high [adv,n] ᮜ jìng ◊ respect, esteem, honour ◊ respectfully ◊ offer, serve or present respectfully ◊ drink on sb's health ◊ Jing (surname)1--very high [adv,v,n,sn] ㄏ jìng ◊ complete, finish, end ◊ throughout, from beginning to end ◊ finally, in the end ◊ unexpectedly, surprisingly, incredibly ◊ go so far as to ◊ have the nerve to 1--very high [v,adv] ㄎ jìng ◊ compete, vie, contest ◊ strong, forceful (wind, etc.) 1--very high [v,adj] 䮌 jìng ◊ a mirror ◊ lens, glass, glasses ◊ Jing (surname) 1--very high [n,sn]

䶆 jìng ◊ peace ◊ pacify, put down (a rebellion) ◊ respectful ◊ plot, scheme ◊ tiny ◊ Jing (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] 䶉 jìng ◊ still, calm ◊ quiet ◊ clean ◊ Jing (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] ᡳ jiōng ◊ bolt for closing a door from the outside ◊ bolt, close, shut (a door) ◊ door 4--low [n,v] ޿ jiǒng ◊ light ◊ bright 4--low ト jiǒng ◊ bad off, in dire straits ◊ embarrassed ◊ embarrass 2--high [adj,v] 䘕 jiǒng ◊ distant, far ◊ far apart, separated, (totally) different 3--medium [adj] ウ jiū ◊ study in detail, investigate ◊ after all, actually 1--very high [v] 㓐 jiū ◊ entwine, entangle ◊ join together ◊ correct (an error, deviation, etc.) 2--high [v] 呐 jiū ◊ pigeon, turtledove ◊ gather, assemble ◊ peaceful ◊ jiu (measure of land) ◊ small cart 3--medium [n] ѵ jiǔ ◊ long, for a long time, of long duration (in contrast to zàn ᳛/Ჲ "for a short time") ◊ for a specific period of time 1--very high [adj,adv] ◊ nine, 9 ◊ {Chinese calendar} any ҍ jiǔ of the nine-day periods starting the day after the winter solstice ◊ many, numerous 1--very high [num] 䞂 jiǔ ◊ alcoholic beverage, wine, liquor ◊ Jiu (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 丝 jiǔ ◊ scallion, leek 3--medium [n] ા jiù ◊ fault, blame ◊ blame, punish ◊ misfortune, calamity ◊ resent, hate 3--medium [n,v] ቡ jiù ◊ then, in that case ◊ on the subject of, with regard to, concerning, regarding, in connection with, as far as (sth is concerned) ◊ approach, move towards ◊ take up, enter upon, start doing (sth) ◊ comply with, yield to ◊ avail oneself of (sth at hand) ◊ at once, right away, in a moment ◊ (adverb indicating that a preceding number/quantity/time is relatively small/few/early) as early as, as long ago as, as soon as, as much/many as ◊ exactly, precisely ◊ only, merely, just, nothing (or no one) else than ◊ even if ◊ accomplish (sometimes used as a verbal resultative ending) 1--very high [conj,adv,v] ᮁ jiù ◊ long 4--low ᮁ jiù ◊ save, rescue ◊ relieve ◊ help, aid ◊ stop, prevent ◊ control (like hunger) ◊ Jiu (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 㠬 jiù ◊ mortar (for hulling rice, mostly made of stone) ◊ Jiu (surname)3--medium [sn] 㠵 jiù ◊ uncle (mother's elder or younger brother) ◊ brother-in-law (wife's elder or younger brother) ◊ father-in-law (husband's father) 2--high [n] ᰗ jiù ◊ old, past ◊ former, previous 1--very high [adj] 333

ት jū ◊ live, dwell, reside, sit still ◊ house, dwelling, residence ◊ be in, occupy, hold (like post, position, ranking) ◊ claim, assert, style oneself as ◊ collect, amass ◊ stop, stay ◊ stationary, standing still ◊ Ju (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᤈ jū ◊ arrest, detain, take into custody ◊ restrain, constrain ◊ adhere to rigidly ◊ restrict, limit, bound 2--high [v] ᧜ jū ◊ hold with both hands 3--medium [v] ⤉ jū ◊ monkey mentioned in ancient texts ◊ be on the watch for 3--medium [n,v] 㖍 jū ◊ net for catching rabbits 5--very low 㤤 jū ◊ straw (shoe) insole ◊ (of cloth, etc.) coarse, rough 4--low [n] 䳾 Jū ◊ Ju (a personal name and surname) 4--low [n] ䷐ jū ◊ rear, raise ◊ young, immature ◊ bend (as in bowing) ◊ destitute, poverty-stricken ◊ warn, admonish ◊ leather ball ◊ Ju (surname) 3--medium [v,adj,n,sn] 傩 jū ◊ colt ◊ foal ◊ spirited youth 3--medium [n] ተ jú ◊ part, portion ◊ {admin} bureau, department, office (e.g., post office, telephone office) ◊ shop ◊ {measure word}... game(s) of... (used for sports events like ping-pong, ball games, games of chess, etc.) ◊ chessboard ◊ chess game, state of play in a chess game ◊ game, set, inning ◊ situation, position, state of affairs ◊ breadth of mind, magnanimity, tolerance ◊ gathering, party ◊ ruse, trap, trick ◊ restrain, constrain, restrict 1--very high [n,v,mw] ₈ jú ◊ tangerine, orange (the tree or its fruit) 3--medium [n] ⋞ jǔ ◊ stop, prevent, obstruct ◊ destroy, ruin ◊ {figurative} spoil (like one's mood) ◊ fear, be afraid of ◊ frighten, terrorize ◊ doubt ◊ surpass ◊ leak (out) 3--medium [n] ⸙ jǔ ◊ (carpenter's) square, ruler ◊ rule(s), regulation(s), law(s) ◊ {physics} momentum (of force, inertia, etc.) 2--high [n] Ѯ jǔ ◊ raise, lift ◊ action, move, movement ◊ start, begin ◊ choose, elect ◊ recommend ◊ point out, cite ◊ entire, whole 1--very high [v,n,adj] 㧂 jǔ ◊ taro (so called by the people of Qi) ◊ Ju (surname) 3--medium [sn] ‫ ء‬jù ◊ all, everything, complete ◊ together, in the company of, accompanied by ◊ the same, alike ◊ Ju (surname) 2--high [sn] ٘ jù ◊ arrogant, haughty ◊ slightly bent or twisted ◊ squat 4--low [adj,v] ާ jù ◊ have, possess (some abstract quality) ◊ tool, implement, utensil ◊ state, declare ◊ present, provide, furnish ◊ talent, ability ◊ {measure word} (used for instruments, machines, coffins, dead bodies) ◊ Ju (surname) 1--very high [v,n,mw,sn]

ࢗ jù ◊ play, opera, drama ◊ acute, severe ◊ vigorous, fierce ◊ difficult ◊ swift, quick ◊ very, extreme ◊ Ju (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,sn] ਕ jù ◊ {grammar} sentence ◊ line of verse ◊ {measure word} (used for sentences, sayings, proverbs, complaints, jokes, allegations, lines of verse, etc.) 1--very high [n,mw] ኖ jù ◊ {archaic} hemp or straw sandals ◊ tread on 4--low [n,v] ᐘ jù ◊ huge, gigantic ◊ the most, the extreme ◊ {young people's slang} extremely, ultra◊ Ju (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ᜗ jù ◊ fear, be afraid of, dread 2--high [v] ᤂ jù ◊ resist, ward off ◊ refuse, reject 1--very high [v] ᦞ jù ◊ according to, based on ◊ depending on ◊ rely on, depend on ◊ occupy, seize, hold ◊ proof, evidence 1--very high [prep,v] ポ jù ◊ poor, impoverished 4--low [adj] 㚊 jù ◊ assemble, gather ◊ collect, accumulate ◊ village, hamlet ◊ {chem} poly1--very high [v] 䇥 jù ◊ rhetorical question particle ◊ if 4--low [adv] 䐍 jù ◊ distance (between, from) ◊ spur (on legs of certain birds) ◊ go to 1--very high [n,v] 䑎 jù ◊ crouch, squat ◊ sit, occupy 3--medium [v] ◊ hastily, suddenly, abruptly ◊ alar䚭 jù med, scared ◊ post cart ◊ thereupon 3--medium [adj,adv] 䭟 jù ◊ {tool} a saw ◊ to saw ◊ {ancient law} cut off the feet (as a form of punishment in former times) 3--medium [n,v] 䩫 jù ◊ bell-stand ◊ {music} ancient drum made of wood 5--very low [n] ၏ juān ◊ beautiful, graceful 2--high [adj] ᦀ juān ◊ give up, abandon ◊ contribute, donate ◊ tax, duty ◊ purchase an official title or post ◊ carriage ring (through which the reins are passed) 1--very high [v,n] ধ juǎn ◊ (used like juǎn ᦢ/ধ) roll (up), furl, curl ◊ carry away, sweep along (like by a wave, the wind) ◊ end, cease to exist, become extinct ◊ a roll, sth shaped like a roll ◊ {measure word}... roll(s) of... (used for rolls, spools or similar cylindrical objects) ◊ Juan (surname) 1--very high [v,n,mw,sn] *ฒ ٖ juàn ◊ be tired, be weary ◊ squat 2--high [adj] ᚱ juàn ◊ get angry ◊ be sad, worried, irritable, nervous, impatient, in a hurry ◊ right, upright, correct 5--very low *Ṻ 334

lance ◊ Jun (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] *咿 ‫ ׺‬jùn ◊ handsome, pretty, good-looking ◊ (person of) extraordinary wisdom and ability 2--high [adj,n] ጫ jùn ◊ high, lofty, towering (of mountains) ◊ severe, stern, strict ◊ great, outstanding (like in virtue) 2--high [adj] ⎊ jùn ◊ remove sediments (from water, a waterway, etc.) ◊ dredge (a river, harbour, etc.) ◊ deepen (a canal, etc. by dredging it) ◊ clean (a well from silt) ◊ {figurative} take away (resources, possessions) ◊ deep ◊ filter, strain, percolate ◊ wait 3--medium [v] ⮟ jùn ◊ official in charge of agricultural affairs (in ancient times) 4--low ㇈ jùn ◊ fine bamboo 4--low 䜑 jùn ◊ prefecture 3--medium [n]

⤧ juàn ◊ rash ◊ honest and straightforward 4--low [adj] ⵧ juàn ◊ family members, family dependents ◊ be fond of, care for 2--high [n,v] 㿹 jué ◊ feel, think, sense ◊ sensation, perception ◊ wake up, awake ◊ become awakened, come to realize, find out, discover, become aware (of), become conscious (of) 2--high [v,n] ৕ jué ◊ lose consciousness ◊ {med} syncope ◊ cold limbs ◊ his, her, its, their 3--medium [pron,v] ೬ jiáo ◊ chew, munch, masticate 2--high [v] ០ jué ◊ feign ◊ act as a hypocrite 4--low ᧈ jué ◊ dig, excavate 2--high [v] ᭛ jué ◊ seize, grab ◊ snatch with claws (of a bird) 3--medium [v] ầ jué ◊ square rafter 4--low ₋ jué ◊ wooden peg or stake ◊ wooden bit (mouthpiece of a bridle) ◊ beat, strike ◊ measure word for a short length of wood 4--low [n] ߣ jué ◊ decide, determine ◊ certainly, definitely (when preceding a negative) ◊ execute a criminal ◊ (of a dike, etc.) burst, break ◊ {history} bone or ivory thumbguard worn by archers ◊ part, bid farewell ◊ knack, trick of the trade 1--very high [v,n] ⡍ jiào ◊ (alternate reading "jué") 5--very low ⡥ jué ◊ title, rank (of nobility) ◊ threelegged wine vessel with handle and open spout 2--high [n] *⯖ 㔍 jué ◊ cut off, sever, break off (relations, etc.) ◊ depleted, exhausted, used up ◊ no way out, hopeless ◊ unique, peerless ◊ extremely ◊ absolutely (when preceding a negative) 1--very high [v,adj,adv] 䀆 jué ◊ dissatisfied, displeased, discontented ◊ look forward to, hope for 5--very low [v] 䨽 jué ◊ a clasp (on a trunk) 5--very low ੋ jūn ◊ sovereign, monarch ◊ {formal} you (a form of address) ◊ you (a form of address by a wife to her husband) ◊ Jun (surname) 1--very high [sn] ൷ jūn ◊ equal, even, balanced ◊ average ◊ all, without exception ◊ harmonious ◊ potter's wheel ◊ tuning device 1--very high [adj,n] 㧼 jūn ◊ mushroom ◊ fungus ◊ germ, bacterium 2--high [n] ߋ jūn ◊ armed forces, the military ◊ army, corps ◊ largest garrison post during the Táng ୀ Dynasty ◊ military area during the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty ◊ army (as largest military unit, theoretically 12,500 men) 1--very high [n] 䫗 jūn ◊ {unit of weight, archaic} jun (equal to 30 jin ᯔ, approx. 15 kilograms) ◊ {formal} you, your ◊ potter's wheel ◊ harmonize, ba-

K ᔰ kāi ◊ open, open up, reclaim ◊ turn on (a light, the TV, a switch, etc.), be on ◊ operate, run (a machine, etc.) ◊ boil (water), boiled (water) ◊ lift (a restriction, ban, etc.) ◊ (of troops) move (in...) ◊ start, begin, set up (like a restaurant, shop, etc.) ◊ hold (a meeting, party, etc.) ◊ write, make out (like a prescription, receipt) ◊ pay (wages, a salary, etc.) ◊ (of a waterway) thaw, become navigable ◊ {regional} kick out, sack, fire ◊ (as a verb suffix)... far and wide; start (doing sth) ◊ rough percentage, approximate proportion ◊ {printing} folio (unit of paper size) ◊ Kai (surname) 1--very high [v,co,sn] ម kǎi ◊ indignant, roused ◊ deeply touched, moved (emotionally) ◊ generous, liberal 2--high [adj] ᾧ kǎi ◊ model, example, pattern ◊ regular script (like in kǎishū ᾧᴨ/ᾧҖ, a style of calligraphy) 3--medium [n] ⅜ kài ◊ cough 3--medium [v] ࠺ kān ◊ publish (a periodical) ◊ publication, periodical ◊ edit, correct (a publication) ◊ carve, engrave (printing blocks) ◊ cut 1--very high [v,n] ई kān ◊ collate, proofread and correct ◊ survey, investigate 2--high [v] ๚ kān ◊ can, may ◊ bear, endure, withstand ◊ Kan (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ֳ kǎn ◊ {classical, written} upright and straightforward, sincere; amiable, cheerful, joyous ◊ {colloquial, from Beijing dialect} chat idly, shoot the breeze, boast, rant3--medium [adj,v] Ⅿ kǎn ◊ discontented ◊ sad ◊ gloomy 5--very low [adj] ⴻ kàn ◊ look, see, read ◊ think, view (the situation) ◊ visit, call on (friends, etc.) 1--very high [v] ⷠ kàn ◊ look down at, overlook ◊ gaze into the distance 4--low [v]

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䱊 hǎn ◊ {onom} the roar of a tiger 3--medium ᓧ kāng ◊ healthy, in good health ◊ Kang (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] Ӓ kàng ◊ high, lofty ◊ haughty, conceited, arrogant, overbearing ◊ very, extreme, excessive ◊ {Chinese astronomy} kang (the second of the Èrshíbā Xiù Ҽॱ‫ޛ‬ᇯ "28 Lunar Mansions of the Chinese zodiac") ◊ Kang (surname) 3--medium [adj,n,sn] ᣇ kàng ◊ resist, fight ◊ refuse, oppose ◊ Kang (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ቫ kāo ◊ the buttocks 3--medium [n] 㘳 kǎo ◊ test, examination ◊ take (and pass) an entrance examination ◊ check, examine, inspect ◊ inquire into, investigate, study ◊ {formal} one's deceased father 1--very high [n,v] ḟ kē ◊ {bot} the Tan Oak, Lithocarpus ◊ branch, stem, stalk ◊ axe handle ◊ Ke (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 、 kē ◊ branch (of study) ◊ section, department (of a larger administrative unit) ◊ pass judgment, sentence ◊ laws, regulations ◊ class, rank ◊ {biology} family, class ◊ {Chinese opera} stage directions; action parts ◊ Kuwait (short form of 、ေ⢩ Kēwēitè) ◊ Ke (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 㤋 kē ◊ harsh, severe, rigorous, strict, exacting ◊ excessive, over-critical ◊ tedious 2--high [adj] 䖢 Kē ◊ Ke (personal name, like of Mèng Kē ᆏ䔫/ᆏ䖢 "Mencius"[Mèngzǐ ᆏᆀ]) 4--low [name] ༣ ké ◊ (hard outer) shell (of an egg, nuts, insects, crustaceans, etc.); husk; covering; crust ◊ housing, casing ◊ (of snakes) slough 4--low [n] ਟ kě ◊ may, can, -able, be allowed to... ◊ possibly ◊ approve, agree ◊ need (to do), be worth (doing) ◊ {regional} do as much as possible, make the most of ◊ {written} recover, get well ◊ but, yet ◊ {grammar}(as an emphatic adverb used in an exclamatory sentence) really, indeed, finally; (expressing emphasis in a rhetorical question)...on earth...?; (expressing doubt in a question) really, actually? ◊ fit, suit, be agreeable to ◊ Ke (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,sn] ⑤ kě ◊ thirsty ◊ longingly, eagerly 2--high [adj,adv] ‫ ݻ‬kè ◊ {written} be able to, can ◊ control, restrain, overcome ◊ {unit of weight} gram ◊ ke (Tibetan unit of weight, about 12.5 kg) ◊ {unit of land} ke (Tibetan unit of land, equivalent to the Chinese mǔ ⮍/ә, about 1/6 of an acre) 1--very high [v,n] ࡫ kè ◊ engrave, carve, cut, chisel ◊ quarter of an hour; short period of time, moment ◊ cutting, biting ◊ the utmost ◊ mean, harsh 1--very high [v]

ᇒ kè ◊ guest, visitor ◊ traveler, passenger ◊ stranger ◊ {history} retainer (at a feudal court during the Zhou Dynasty) ◊ itinerant retainer (seeking status as political advisor) ◊ Ke (surname) ◊ {regional, measure word} (of food or drinks in a restaurant, etc.) an order 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ᚚ kè ◊ scrupulously and respectfully; reverently and cautiously ◊ Ke (surname) 3--medium [adv,sn] 䈮 kè ◊ lesson, class ◊ {measure word} (for a lesson, unit of a textbook, etc.) ◊ administrative unit in certain organizations ◊ taxes ◊ levy, collect (taxes) 1--very high [n,mw] ූ kěn ◊ cultivate, reclaim (land) ◊ harm, damage 2--high [v] 㛟 kěn ◊ be willing to ◊ consent to, agree to ◊ {regional} often, frequently ◊ {classical} flesh attached to bone 1--very high [auxv,n] ඁ kēng ◊ pit, hole in the ground, shaft ◊ latrine, privy ◊ tunnel ◊ bury alive ◊ trap, trick, frame, cheat, rip off ◊ harm, injure ◊ Keng (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] ⢬ kēng ◊ man 5--very low オ kōng ◊ empty, hollow ◊ the sky, the heavens, air ◊ in vain, futile ◊ {Buddhism} emptiness, vacuity, non-existence, sunyata ◊ Kong (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ᆄ kǒng ◊ opening, hole, orifice ◊ big, great ◊ profound, far-reaching ◊ very, extremely ◊ peacock ◊ of or pertaining to Confucius ◊ Kong (a surname) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,sn]   kǒng ◊ fear, dread, be afraid ◊ terrify, scare, frighten, intimidate, terrorize ◊ perhaps, I dare say, I'm afraid... (not necessarily of sth bad) 1--very high [v,adv] ᧗ kòng ◊ control, command, dominate ◊ limit, restrict, curb ◊ prop up, suspend (like a leg to prevent swelling) ◊ turn sth upside down and let the liquid drain out from it ◊ {popular} complex (usu. in the sense of a perverse fondness for sth; sound borrowing from Japanese Ȼɻ (kon), 1--very high from English "complex") [v] ਓ kǒu ◊ (of humans/animals) the mouth ◊ one's taste ◊ an opening, outlet ◊ people, population ◊ (of a container with an opening, a river, etc.) mouth, exit, entrance, pass ◊ a cut/crack/hole ◊ department (overall term for administrative units of a certain sector) ◊ blade, sharp edge of a knife, sword, etc. ◊ {measure word} (used for knives/swords, ponds, pigs, persons, bites, mouthfuls, drags [from a cigar/cigarette/pipe], language) ◊ Kou (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ਙ kòu ◊ knock (like on a door) ◊ kowtow ◊ ask, inquire 3--medium [v] ᇷ kòu ◊ invade ◊ invader ◊ bandit, thief ◊ enemy, foe ◊ Kou (surname) 3--medium [v,n,sn] ࡣ kū ◊ hollow out, dig out 4--low [v]

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kind, type ◊ name of the sender or recipient inscribed on a painting or work of calligraphy presented as a gift; mark on bottom of pottery/porcelain vessel (used with reign title, e.g., Kāngxī ᓧ ⟉) ◊ sincere ◊ receive, entertain (a guest) ◊ {classical} leisurely, slow 1--very high [adj,v,n] ॑ kuāng ◊ correct, revise, rectify ◊ help, come to the aid of ◊ rough estimate ◊ Kuang (surname) 3--medium [sn] ㆀ kuāng ◊ square bamboo basket ◊ tray ◊ small hairpin 2--high [n] ⣲ kuáng ◊ mad, crazy, insane ◊ violent, fierce ◊ wild (like with joy), unrestrained (emotion) ◊ arrogant ◊ mad dog 1--very high [adj,n] ൩ kuàng ◊ coffin pit, grave, tomb ◊ open country ◊ vast, spacious ◊ long ago 4--low [n] ᰧ kuàng ◊ spacious, vast, wide, open ◊ carefree, worry-free ◊ neglect (one's duties, like of a student skipping school, a soldier deserting the military) ◊ loose (of clothing, things that should be tight, like screws, etc.) ◊ Kuang (surname) 2--high [sn] ߥ kuàng ◊ situation, condition ◊ compare ◊ moreover, furthermore ◊ Kuang (surname) ◊ silk wadding, silk floss 1--very high [v,adv,n,sn] 䍦 kuàng ◊ give, grant 4--low [v] フ kuī ◊ peep (through a small hole, etc.), spy ◊ look out 3--medium [v] ҿ kuī ◊ lose (money, etc.), have a deficit ◊ be deficient, be short of, lack ◊ treat unfairly ◊ luckily, fortunately, thanks to ◊ (used to scold sb when the speaker thinks the person's words or behaviour are unexpectedly incompatible with his/her qualifications, status, etc.) some (expert you are), what kind of (man are you), have the nerve to (say that, ask such a question, come up with such an idea) ◊ (of the moon) wane 2--high [v,adv] ང Kuí ◊ Kui (state during the Chūnqiū ᱕ ⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Húběi ⒆े Province) ◊ kui (mythical one-legged monster) ◊ kui (spirit inhabiting a mountain forest) ◊ kui (legendary large cow-like animal mentioned in the Shānhǎijīng ኡ⎧㏃/ኡ⎧㓿) ◊ Kui (a personal and surname) 3--medium [n] ᧶ kuí ◊ guess, conjecture ◊ measure, standard, principle ◊ administer, manage ◊ {TW usage} (used after a surname) Premier (chief of the Executive Yuan) 3--medium [n,v] *ᱶ ⶭ kuí ◊ separate, part ◊ go against, be contrary to 4--low [v] 㪥 kuí ◊ {bot} herbaceous plants with large flowers (like high mallow, hollyhock, sunflower) 3--medium [n] 也 kuí ◊ cheekbone 5--very low 共 kuí ◊ chief, leading (like criminal) ◊ chief, leader ◊ (of physique) tall and big, of strong and sturdy build ◊ {Chinese astronomy}

ଝ kū ◊ cry, weep 1--very high [v] ะ kū ◊ cave ◊ pierce a hole 3--medium ハ kū ◊ hole, cave ◊ lair, den (for thieves, gamblers, opium addicts, etc.) 3--medium [n] ᾋ kǔ ◊ {written} coarse, crude, shoddy, of inferior quality 4--low 㤖 kǔ ◊ bitter (in contrast to gān ⭈ "sweet") ◊ hardship, suffering ◊ cause hardship or suffering ◊ suffer from, be disadvantaged by ◊ painstakingly, diligently ◊ cut off or waste too much 1--very high [adj,v,n,adv] 㔄 kù ◊ (same as kù 㽢/㼔) pants, trousers, panties ◊ {archaic} fine silk trousers (as worn by flamboyant rich men's sons/playboys) 3--medium 㼔 kù ◊ pants, trousers, panties 2--high [n] 䞧 kù ◊ "cool" (sound-borrowing from English; metaphor for sb who is good looking, natural and unrestrained, or sth which is excellent, etc.) ◊ cruel, tyrannical ◊ very, extreme(ly) ◊ (of criticism) harsh ◊ (of wine) mellow ◊ (of fragrance) strong 2--high [adj,adv,phon] ཨ kuā ◊ exaggerate, boast, brag, talk big ◊ praise, commend 2--high [v] 㫟 kuǎi ◊ {bot} woolgrass bulrush, Scirpus cyperinus ◊ ladle out ◊ Kuai (a place in Luoyang, Hénán ⋣ই Province during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) ◊ Kuai (surname) 4--low [sn] ଉ kuài ◊ swallow 4--low [v] ඇ kuài ◊ piece, lump ◊ {measure word}... piece(s)/lump(s) of... (used for money, things that come in a piece, and various thin and flat objects) ◊ "Yuan", "Dollar", etc. (unit of Chinese currency) ◊ {colloquial, business/administrative jargon} area, matter, aspect (e.g., wǎngshàng xiāoshòu zhè yī kuài ㏢к䣧୞䙉а๺/㖁к䬰୞ 䘉аඇ , "the area of online sales") 1--very high [n,mw] ᘛ kuài ◊ fast ◊ hurry up ◊ soon, shortly ◊ keen, sharp (-witted, etc.) ◊ content, happy ◊ Kuai (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ⍽ Huì ◊ Hui river (flowing through Hénán ⋣ই and Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Provinces) 4--low [n] 㜽 kuài ◊ minced meat, minced fish 4--low [n] 䜀 Kuài ◊ Kuai (state during the Western Zhou Dynasty in Mi County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 5--very low [n] ᇭ kuān ◊ wide, broad (in contrast to zhǎi ゴ "narrow") ◊ width, breadth ◊ relax ◊ extend ◊ lenient, tolerant ◊ well off ◊ love ◊ Kuan (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,v,sn] 僻 kuān ◊ the hip3--medium [n] Ⅾ kuǎn ◊ paragraph, section of an article (of a law, treaty, etc.) ◊ sum of money, fund ◊ model (e.g., of car), style ◊ {measure word} 337

the four stars in the bowl of the Big Dipper ◊ soup spoon ◊ hillock ◊ blood clam 2--high [adj,n] फ़ kuì ◊ deficient ◊ be short of, lack 3--medium [adj,v] ᝗ kuì ◊ ashamed, conscience-stricken 3--medium ᝗ kuì ◊ ashamed, conscience-stricken ◊ shame 2--high [adj,n] ᝖ kuì ◊ muddle-headed, confused, befuddled 4--low [adj] ㈁ kuì ◊ bamboo basket for carrying earth 4--low [n] 侸 kuì ◊ give (a present), present (a gift) 3--medium [v] ඔ Kūn ◊ Kun (one of the Bāguà ‫ޛ‬খ "Eight Trigrams" in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes", used for divination according to Taoist beliefs; Kun represents the earth) ◊ feminine, female ◊ southwest 3--medium [n] ᰶ kūn ◊ elder brother ◊ descendants, offspring 2--high [n] 儑 kūn ◊ shave the head as punishment ◊ prune 5--very low ᚳ kǔn ◊ sincere, honest 4--low [n] 䰳 kǔn ◊ threshold ◊ boudoir, woman's inner chamber ◊ threshold of outer city gate 3--medium [n] ഠ kùn ◊ be hard pressed, stranded ◊ surround, besiege ◊ deprived, poor, weary, tired, exhausted ◊ {divination} kun (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 1--very high [v,adj,n] ᔃ kuò ◊ broad, wide, extensive ◊ an outline, a silhouette ◊ expand, enlarge ◊ clean up ◊ city wall 2--high [adj,n,v] ᤜ kuò ◊ contract (the muscles, etc.), tighten (up) ◊ tie up (one's hair) ◊ include, comprise ◊ brackets, parentheses; put in brackets 1--very high [v,n] 䱄 kuò ◊ wide, broad (area) ◊ rich ◊ ostentatious, extravagant, lavish ◊ long separated 2--high [adj]

ximately ◊ (verb suffix) ◊ Lai (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 㧡 lái ◊ {bot} Lambsquarter Goosefoot, Chenopodium album ◊ fields lying fallow in turn ◊ wasteland ◊ weed ◊ Lai (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ㉱ lài ◊ {archaic} musical pipe ◊ sound 4--low [n] 䎆 lài ◊ rely on, depend on ◊ tarry, linger ◊ deny one's error, disclaim responsibility ◊ accuse falsely ◊ blame ◊ no good ◊ Lai (surname) 2--high [v,adj,sn] ◌ lán ◊ large waves, billows ◊ water in which rice has been washed 2--high [n] 㬍 lán ◊ blue (colour) ◊ {bot} indigo plant, Indigofera tinctoria ◊ Lan (surname) ◊ {music} blues 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ‫ ޠ‬lán ◊ {bot} orchid, cymbidium, Cymbidium goeringii; fragrant thoroughwort, Eupatorium fortunei; {historical} lily magnolia, Magnolia liliflora ◊ weapons rack ◊ Lan (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㿸 lǎn ◊ look, see ◊ read ◊ Lan (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ┕ làn ◊ flood, overflow ◊ excessive, reckless, unrestrained 2--high [v,adj] ⛲ làn ◊ soft (from long cooking, high concentration of water, spoilage, etc.) ◊ rot, decompose (literally or figuratively) ◊ rotten ◊ (of a wound) fester ◊ (of clothing, etc.) tattered, worn out ◊ scrap (like paper, metal) ◊ chaotic, disordered, messy, in disarray ◊ thoroughly, utterly ◊ {written} bright, shining ◊ {TW usage} bad, low, underhanded 2--high [v] ᓺ láng ◊ corridor, porch, veranda 2--high [n] ⤬ láng ◊ wolf, Canis lupus ◊ Lang (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ⨵ láng ◊ variety of white carnelian ◊ white, pure ◊ Lang (surname) 3--medium [n,adj,sn] 䛾 láng ◊ gentleman, man (used to form terms for persons of a certain category, usually male, like xīnláng ᯠ䛾 "bridegroom") ◊ Lang (surname) ◊ dear (used by a woman in addressing her husband/lover, as in qíngláng ᛵ䛾 "boyfriend, lover") ◊ {archaic} (your) son 2--high [n,sn] ⎚ làng ◊ a wave ◊ sth resembling a wave (like wheat in the wind) ◊ unrestrained ◊ take a stroll ◊ Lang (surname) 1--very high [sn] ࣣ láo ◊ work, labour, toil ◊ (preceding a request) "may I trouble you..." ◊ fatigue ◊ service, meritorious deed ◊ Lao (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ⢒ láo ◊ pen, fold, enclosure (for domestic animals) ◊ sacrificial animal ◊ prison, jail ◊ firm, durable ◊ worried, depressed ◊ Lao (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 䟚 láo ◊ unclear wine, wine with dregs ◊

L ࡼ lā ◊ "la" (used in transliterating, as in the Taiwan expression dàlālā བྷࡼࡼ "casual", etc.)3--medium 㝺 là ◊ {religion} sacrifice to the gods during the twelfth lunisolar month ◊ the twelfth lunisolar month ◊ cured (fish, meat, chicken, duck, etc. mostly prepared during the twelfth lunisolar month) ◊ double-edged sword ◊ La (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᶕ lái ◊ come, come hither ◊ arrive (of seasons, etc.) ◊ arise, crop up (of problems, etc.) ◊ cause to come, let come, I'll have... (used in ordering in a restaurant) ◊ cause to arrive or take place ◊ for the past (amount of time) ◊ in order to (take some action) ◊ (following numbers) appro-

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fine wine 4--low [n] ▖ lǎo ◊ heavy rains ◊ inundation following a heavy rain ◊ flooded streets, puddled streets 4--low [n] 㘱 lǎo ◊ old, aged ◊ senior person, elderly person ◊ experienced, veteran, seasoned ◊ of long standing, old ◊ old-fashioned, outdated, obsolete ◊ former, original, same ◊ always, constantly, frequently ◊ overgrown, tough, stringy (like of vegetables that were too mature when picked; in contrast to nèn ᄙ "tender") ◊ tough, leathery, overstewed, overcooked (like of overcooked meat, well-cooked eggs, etc.) ◊ {chem} deteriorate, age, change in quality ◊ always, constantly ◊ (prefix to names to indicate affection, respect or familiarity) ◊ the venerable... (title used following a surname to indicate respect for an elderly person of superior achievements) ◊ long, for a long time ◊ very, extremely, awfully, terribly ◊ {regional} (followed by certain colours) dark... ◊ (euphemism, always followed by le Ҷ) die ◊ Laozi (short for Lǎozǐ 㘱ᆀ, the Taoist philosopher) ◊ Lao (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,n,pref,sn] 䞚 lào ◊ semi-solid food products made from cow, ewe, or mare's milk (like cheese) ◊ jelly ◊ sweet nut paste ◊ junket (milk-based dessert) ǁ (TW pronunciation: luò) 3--medium [n] Ҁ lè ◊ happy, joyous, cheerful ◊ joy, happiness ◊ be glad to, take delight/pleasure in, enjoy ◊ be amused, laugh ◊ Le (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,sn] Ҷ le ◊ already (aspect particle indicating change) ◊ (aspect particle for new situation; verb suffix indicating an action has happened or is about to happen) 1--very high [asp,suf] ं lè ◊ {written} bridle, halter, headstall ◊ rein in ◊ coerce, force, compel ◊ {military} command (an army, etc.) ◊ carve, inscribe, engrave ◊ {physics, unit of measure} lux ◊ {calligraphy} the horizontal stroke in ancient Chinese calligraphy ◊ Le (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] 㗨 léi ◊ thin, weak ◊ tired, weary ◊ bare tree 4--low [adj] 䴧 léi ◊ {meteorology} thunder ◊ {weaponry} a mine (land-, sea-, etc.) ◊ Lei (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䴧 léi ◊ (original form of léi 䴧) {meteorology} thunder ◊ {weaponry} a mine (land-, sea-, etc.) ◊ Lei (surname) 5--very low [sn] ۛ lěi ◊ tired, exhausted ◊ surname 5--very low ෂ lěi ◊ build by laying bricks or stones or by piling up earth ◊ rampart, bastion ◊ (athletics) base ◊ Lei (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ⻺ lěi ◊ a pile of rocks ◊ great, huge 3--medium [n,adj] *⽘ *㎛ 䈄 lěi ◊ eulogize (esp. of a superior to a

subordinate) ◊ eulogy (written tribute to the deceased, esp. of a superior to a subordinate) 4--low [n,v] ㍟ lèi ◊ tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary ◊ fatigue, weariness, strain ◊ work hard, toil 3--medium [adj,n,v] ㊫ lèi ◊ kind, type, class, group, category ◊ similar, resembling ◊ analogize ◊ rule, model ◊ generally, for the most part ◊ good ◊ partial, prejudiced ◊ Lei (surname) 1--very high [n,adv,adj,sn] Ộ lí ◊ pear (the tree or its fruit) ◊ old 2--high [n] ⢱ lí ◊ a plow ◊ plow ◊ black, dark ◊ coming, approaching ◊ Li (surname) 3--medium [n,adj,v,sn] 㰌 lí ◊ {bot} Lambsquarter goosefoot, Chenopodium album 3--medium [n] 㹑 lǐ ◊ wood-boring insects ◊ (of wood, trees) worm-eaten, full of wormholes ◊ (of utensils, tools, etc.) corroded or worn out from long use ◊ Li (personal name) ◊ Li (county in Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium [n,adj] ◊ distance (between, from) ◊ (follo⿫ lí wing distance measure)... distant (from) ◊ leave, go away ◊ lacking, without ◊ Li (one of the Eight Trigrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ cut, sever ◊ meet with, encounter ◊ set out, display ◊ experience ◊ bright ◊ {musical instrument} li (large qín ⩤ [guitar/zither]) ◊ Li (surname) 1--very high [n,v,prep,sn] 傺 lí ◊ pure black horse ◊ side by side (like harnessed horses) 3--medium [adj,n] 哾 lí ◊ {written} multitude ◊ black, dark ◊ [Li] (state in Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ Li (surname) ◊ (used in transliterating foreign words, e.g. in Líbānèn 哾ᐤᄙ "Lebanon") ◊ Li (ethnic group in Hainan) 1--very high [n,adj,name,sn] *ጋ ᵾ lǐ ◊ plum, Prunus (the tree or its fruit) ◊ judicial ◊ official ◊ Li (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⨶ lǐ ◊ texture, grain, vein ◊ reason, logic ◊ natural sciences ◊ physics ◊ manage, administer ◊ put in order, straighten up ◊ (mostly used in the negative) pay attention to, acknowledge ◊ matchmaker ◊ judicial official ◊ Li (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ⽬ lǐ ◊ rite, ceremony (like wedding, funeral) ◊ courtesy, etiquette, protocol ◊ gift, present ◊ the Lǐjì ⿞䁈/⽬䇠 "Book of Rites" ◊ Li (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䟼 lǐ ◊ in, inside (as a postposition) 1--very high [adv,suf,postp] 䟤 lǐ ◊ sweet wine ◊ sweet spring water 3--medium [n] 䟼 lǐ ◊ {unit of measure} li, Chinese "mile" (approx. 500m) ◊ neighbourhood ◊ native place, hometown ◊ {TW usage} li, ward, borough (urban administrative unit between the neig339

hbourhood and township levels) ◊ {archaic} li (unit of twenty-five families) ◊ Li (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 勔 lǐ ◊ carp, Cyprinus carpio ◊ letter, message 2--high [n] ֻ lì ◊ example, case, instance ◊ pattern ◊ precedent ◊ instance, case, occurrence ◊ rule, regulation ◊ regular, ordinary, routine 1--very high [n] ࡙ lì ◊ (of a blade) sharp ◊ advantageous, beneficial, favourable ◊ advantage, benefit ◊ profit, interest ◊ Li (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ࣋ lì ◊ force, power, strength, ability ◊ physical strength ◊ do with all one's might ◊ contribution, service ◊ conscripted laborer ◊ Li (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ࣡ lì ◊ urge, encourage ◊ Li (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] হ lì ◊ strict, rigid, stringent ◊ stern, harsh, violent, severe ◊ epidemic ◊ the ends of a sash or belt that hang down ◊ place to ford a stream ◊ disaster, calamity ◊ cruel, oppressive ◊ evil spirit, demon ◊ whetstone ◊ Li (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ਿ lì ◊ government official, mandarin (in former times) ◊ petty official, Yamen runner 3--medium [n] ᡮ lì ◊ offense, crime, sin ◊ perverse, unreasonable, recalcitrant ◊ fierce, violent ◊ stable, quiet ◊ arrive, reach ◊ blow-dry 3--medium [adj,n,v] ṇ lì ◊ chestnut, Castanea mollissima (the tree or its nut) ◊ solid, firm ◊ solemn, serious ◊ Li (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] শ lì ◊ experience, undergo ◊ all past (occasions, etc.) ◊ all, each and every, one by one ◊ calendar (like lunisolar calendar) ◊ choose, select 3--medium [v,adv,n] ⴝ lì ◊ cruel 5--very low ・ lì ◊ stand ◊ stand up, set up ◊ erect, vertical ◊ establish ◊ Li (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] 㦵 lì ◊ arrive ◊ be present 4--low 䁸 lì ◊ abuse, curse 4--low [v] 䜖 Lì ◊ Li (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䳦 lì ◊ be subordinate to ◊ person in servitude or bondage (like a servant, a slave) ◊ yamen runner ◊ "scribe style" of Chinese characters ◊ Li (surname) 2--high [sn] ѭ lì ◊ {written} (of a person) pretty, good-looking, beautiful ◊ (of the weather, etc.) nice, beautiful ◊ adhere to, attach oneself to, rely on 1--very high [adj] ᓹ lián ◊ honest, upright, clean ◊ low-priced, cheap, inexpensive ◊ side of a main room or hall ◊ examine ◊ Lian (surname) 2--high [adj,v,n,sn] ᙌ lián ◊ pity, sympathize with, have compassion for ◊ love, have tender affection for 2--high [v]

ᑈ lián ◊ curtain, screen (of bamboo, cloth, etc.)2--high [n] 㚄 lián ◊ connect, join, link ◊ relate, be associated with ◊ ally (oneself) with, unite with ◊ federation, league, union (used in names of organizations, short for liánhé wěiyuánhuì 㚟ਸင଑ ᴳ/㚄ਸငઈՊ, liánhéhuì 㚟ਸᴳ/㚄ਸՊ) ◊ joint; jointly, in coordination ◊ {poetry} (antithetical) couplet (two-line Chinese poem employing parallelism) ◊ {measure word} ( ‫ނ‬/‫ ݯ‬r) copy (of a receipt, voucher, etc., in duplicate or triplicate) ◊ {history} lian (administrative designation of ten families during the Zhou Dynasty) 1--very high [v,n,mw,adj,adv] 䘎 lián ◊ (as grammar particle, in the split structure lián 䙓/䘎...yě ҏ) even... ◊ join, link, connect ◊ continuous, successive, one after another, repeatedly ◊ including ◊ {military} a company ◊ Lian (surname) 1--very high [v,n,adv,sn] ᮋ liǎn ◊ stop, check ◊ restrain, refrain ◊ collect 3--medium [v] ⛬ liàn ◊ {metallurgy} smelt metals, forge, temper ◊ {figurative} refine, polish (writing, wording, etc.) 1--very high [v] 㓳 liàn ◊ white silk ◊ boil and scour raw silk ◊ practice, drill, train, exercise ◊ skilled, experienced ◊ Lian (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ằ liáng ◊ main beam, roof beam ◊ a bridge ◊ ridge (like of the nose, of a mountain, etc.) ◊ Liang (relocated capital of the Wei Kingdom during the Warring States Period at Kaifeng, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ the Liang Dynasty (502-557, one of the Southern Dynasties) ◊ the Later Liang Dynasty (907- 923, one of the Five Dynasties) ◊ Liang (surname) 1--very high [n,name,sn] ㋞ liáng ◊ grain, cereals, food, provisions ◊ {archaic} grain tax paid in kind 1--very high [n] 㢟 liáng ◊ good ◊ good people (esp. in contrast to bandits, prostitutes, etc.) ◊ very ◊ fine, exquisite (like porcelain) ◊ pleasant ◊ my husband (form of address for wife to husband) 1--very high [adj,n] є liǎng ◊ two, both (sides, parties, etc.) ◊ liang (Chinese ounce, equal to 50 grams) ◊ tael (unit of silver) ◊ liang (unit of 25 soldiers) 1--very high [num] Ӟ liàng ◊ bright, luminous, light ◊ shine ◊ shining ◊ resonant, sonorous ◊ enlighten, be instructive ◊ show, manifest ◊ transparent 1--very high [adj,v] 䈵 liàng ◊ excuse, make allowances for, forgive ◊ expect, presume ◊ honest, sincere ◊ Liang (surname) 2--high [v,adj,sn] 䟿 liàng ◊ capacity, capability ◊ quantity, number, amount, volume 1--very high [n] ‫ ܊‬liáo ◊ government official ◊ Liao (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 340

tion} "Lin" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ {archaic} war chariot ◊ Lin (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 䛫 lín ◊ neighbour ◊ neighbouring, adjacent ◊ {admin, history} lin (unit of five families during the Zhou Dynasty) 2--high [adj,n] 匎 lín ◊ scale (of a fish, etc.) ◊ resembling scales ◊ scaly animals ◊ fish 3--medium [adj,n] ◊ large male deer 2--high [n] 哏 lín ᔚ lǐn ◊ granary ◊ store, stockpile ◊ government-supplied rations, provisions 4--low [n] ੍ lìn ◊ stingy, miserly, sparing of, closefisted; parsimonious ◊ stint, spare ◊ shame, disgrace 3--medium [adj,v,n] 㭪 lìn ◊ {bot} rush, Juncus effusus ◊ Lin [n,sn] (surname) 3--medium 䍱 lìn ◊ rent, hire ◊ hired labourer 3--medium [v,n] 噘 líng ◊ zero 3--medium [num] ߼ líng ◊ insult, bully ◊ rise high, soar, tower above ◊ Ling (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] 䫳 líng ◊ a bell ◊ sth shaped like a bell ◊ {bot} cotton bolls and cotton buds 2--high [n] 䲥 líng ◊ hill, mound ◊ mausoleum, Imperial tomb ◊ insult 2--high [n,v] 䴦 líng ◊ zero, 0, nought, nil ◊ fragments, remnants ◊ fragmentary, fractional ◊ odd (number, amount, etc.) ◊ (on a thermometer) zero (degrees) ◊ (of leaves, etc.) wither and fall ◊ light rain ◊ Ling (surname) 1--very high [n,num,v,sn] ⚥ líng ◊ nimble, clever ◊ soul ◊ spirit, fairy ◊ miraculous ◊ magic ◊ of or pertaining to the spirit world ◊ efficacious, effective ◊ witch, sorceress (esp. in the Chǔ ᾊ region) ◊ good, beneficial (like rain) ◊ Ling (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] 喴 líng ◊ age, years ◊ number of years, length of time, seniority 1--very high [n] ዝ lǐng ◊ mountain range ◊ ridge, peak (of a mountain) 2--high [n] 亶 lǐng ◊ collar (of a garment) ◊ neck ◊ outline, essentials ◊ lead, guide ◊ possess, control, have jurisdiction over ◊ receive, draw (like pay) ◊ accept ◊ comprehend, grasp ◊ {measure word} (used for mats, robes, upper garments, etc.) 1--very high [n,v,mw] Ԕ lìng ◊ {admin, military} give/issue an order, command, decree; an order ◊ cause, make (sb do sth or be a certain way) ◊ season, time of year ◊ {formal, written} your (father, mother, etc.) ◊ {admin, history} a magistrate ◊ Mora (a finger-guessing game, like Rock-Paper-Scissors, commonly played on drinking occasions) ◊ {poetry} short poem or song ◊ Ling (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn]

ሕ liáo ◊ few, sparse ◊ silent, deserted ◊ the vast expanse of the heavens or the sky 2--high [adj] ሞ liáo ◊ hut ◊ small window 3--medium [n] 㕝 liáo ◊ twine, wind ◊ sew (a seam, hem, etc.) with slanting stitches 4--low [vi,vt] 㙺 liáo ◊ tentatively, for the time being ◊ somewhat, slightly ◊ chat ◊ ringing in the ears ◊ Liao (surname) 2--high [v,adv,sn] 䗭 liáo ◊ far, distant (of space, time) ◊ the Liao Dynasty (916-1125) ◊ Liáoníng 䚬ሗ/䗭ᆱ Province ◊ the Liao River 2--high [adj,n] 㬬 liǎo ◊ {bot} knotweed, Polygonum ◊ hard (work) ◊ Liao (state during the Chūnqiū ᱕ ⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in present Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Liao (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᔆ Liào ◊ Liao (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᯉ liào ◊ material, stuff ◊ ingredients, makings ◊ data, information; content, material ◊ anticipate, expect, suppose ◊ deal with, attend to, take care of ◊ (grain) feed, fodder ◊ person with an aptitude for... (used in "shì (do sth) de liào" ᱟ (do sth) Ⲵᯉ "have the makings of...,; or [bù] shì zhè kuài liào [н]ᱟ䙉๺ᯉ/[н]ᱟ䘉ඇᯉ [not] have what it takes) ◊ {measure word} (for pills of Chinese medicine) prescription ◊ {regional, agriculture} crop 1--very high [n,v,mw] ࡇ liè ◊ arrange in order, line up; list, enumerate, tabulate ◊ list, place (on a list, etc.) ◊ row, rank, line ◊ {measure word} (used for trains or things/people in a row) ◊ {formal/written} type, kind, sort ◊ each and every ◊ various ◊ numerous ◊ Lie (surname) 1--very high [v,n,mw,sn] ᦙ liè ◊ twist, turn 3--medium [v] ⛸ liè ◊ blazing (fire) ◊ fiery, strong, violent, vehement, fierce, ardent ◊ upright, stern ◊ die for a just cause, die a martyr's death ◊ achievements, exploits ◊ illustrious, glorious ◊ {classical} row, file (equivalent to ࡇ) 1--very high [adj,v] ⤾ liè ◊ hunt ◊ hunt for, seek ◊ experience 2--high [v] 㻲 liè ◊ split, crack, rupture, rend, break ◊ silk remnants ◊ cut/tear open ◊ {bot} stoma (tiny opening or pore on the under-surface of a plant leaf)1--very high [n,v] 兓 liè ◊ mane (of a horse, lion, etc.) ◊ fin (of a fish) ◊ hair on the temples ◊ tip of a broom ◊ pine needle4--low [n] *✞ ᷇ lín ◊ woods, forest, grove ◊ group, circles, world ◊ forestry ◊ numerous, abundant ◊ Lin (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,sn] Ѥ lín ◊ look out on, overlook ◊ come, arrive, be present ◊ on the point of, just before ◊ copy (a painting or calligraphy model) ◊ {divina341

ਖ lìng ◊ another, separate, other 1--very high [adj] ࡈ liú ◊ kill, massacre ◊ an axe ◊ Liu (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ⍱ liú ◊ (of liquid) flow ◊ wander, drift, spread, circulate ◊ class, grade, quality 1--very high [v,n] ⮉ liú ◊ stay, remain behind ◊ cause/persuade to stay on ◊ study abroad ◊ take care, be careful, pay attention, concentrate on ◊ keep, retain, reserve, save ◊ accept, take (like a gift) ◊ let grow, wear (like a beard, hair, etc.) ◊ leave (like a note, a message, an impression, an inheritance, etc.) ◊ Liu (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ḣ liǔ ◊ willow tree ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Liu (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions) ◊ pendant on funeral carriages ◊ large ox-drawn cart ◊ Liu (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ‫ ޝ‬liù ◊ six ◊ {music} Liu (a note on the Chinese musical scale gōngchěpǔ ᐕቪ䆌/ᐕቪ 䉡) ◊ Liu (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] 㗿 liáo ◊ (of birds) fly (at) high (altitude), soar ◊ (used like liáo 仲) sound of the wind 5--very low ⱳ lóng ◊ infirmity (according to ancient texts) ◊ hunchbacked ◊ {med} retention of urine 4--low [adj,n] ⹫ lóng ◊ rice huller; hull rice (with a rice huller) 4--low [n,vt] ㅬ lóng ◊ cage, coop, basket (made of bamboo, twigs, wire, etc. used as a cage for insects, birds, etc. or as a container) ◊ food steamer (made of bamboo, wood, metal, etc.) ◊ {regional} insert arms in opposite sleeves 2--high [n,v] 㙻 lóng ◊ deaf ◊ hard of hearing ◊ muddled, lacking common sense 2--high [adj] 䲶 lóng ◊ grand, magnificent, solemn ◊ prosperous, flourishing, thriving ◊ deep (like winter); extreme, intense (like feelings, friendship, etc.) ◊ stick out, stand out, protrude, bulge, swell ◊ enlarge ◊ Long (surname) 2--high [adj,v,sn] 嗉 lóng ◊ {mythology} dragon (which in Chinese tradition has good connotations) ◊ symbolic of the Emperor; Imperial ◊ Long (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䱷 Lǒng ◊ Long (name for Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province) 3--medium [n] ‫ ګ‬lǚ ◊ {written} bent (back), humpbacked ◊ bent, crooked ◊ {written} instantly, immediately, at once 4--low [adj,adv] ဴ lóu ◊ weak, (physically) debilitated ◊ overripe and spoiled (like of melons) ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Lou (one of the Èrshíbā Xiù Ҽॱ‫ޛ‬ ᇯ "28 Lunar Mansions of the Chinese zodiac") ◊ a sow ◊ Lou (surname) 3--medium [adj,n,sn] ᾬ lóu ◊ floor, storey ◊ multi-storeyed building; tower ◊ Lou (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ຯ lǒu ◊ small mound 5--very low

ᨲ lōu ◊ gather up, rake up, rake together (with the hands, a rake, etc.) ◊ roll up, tuck up (like a gown, one's sleeves) ◊ grab/extort (money) ◊ {regional} pull, squeeze (the trigger) ◊ compute, check/calculate (accounts) 2--high [v] ┿ lòu ◊ leak (literally, like water, gas or figuratively, like information) ◊ water clock, clepsydra, hourglass ◊ leave out, omit ◊ entice, seduce ◊ avoid, escape (like classification as a rich landlord) ◊ {med} (internal) bleeding, hemorrhage 2--high [v,n] 䭲 lòu ◊ carve, engrave ◊ hard steel (that can be engraved) ◊ a hole 3--medium [v] 䱻 lòu ◊ ugly, unattractive ◊ humble (residence) ◊ vulgar, vile ◊ shallow, limited (knowledge) ◊ despise, look down on ◊ lowly (position) 2--high [adj] ᓀ lú ◊ hut, cottage ◊ Lu (surname) ◊ Lu(used in place names) 2--high [n,sn] ঒ lú ◊ Lu (name of a place in Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) ◊ Lu (surname) 2--high [name,sn] 㓁 lú ◊ to soften hemp by boiling ◊ thread 5--very low [n] 㜚 lǚ ◊ {religion} (name of sacrifices to mountains, like to Tài Shān ⌠ኡ "Mount Tai") 3--medium [n] 㡫 lú ◊ bow or prow of boat 4--low [n] ₩ lǔ ◊ a large shield ◊ a watchtower ◊ a war chariot 3--medium [n] 㱿 lǔ ◊ capture, take prisoner ◊ captive, prisoner of war ◊ contemptuous reference for foreign peoples ◊ slave, servant 3--medium [v,n] 励 lǔ ◊ slow, dull ◊ crude, rash ◊ Lu (state during the Zhou Dynasty in area of Qufu, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Lu (name for Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Lu (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] 䵢 lù ◊ dew ◊ beverage distilled from flowers, leaves or fruit ◊ outdoors, in the open air, exposed ◊ reveal, show; betray1--very high [n,v,adj,adv] ۷ lù ◊ insult, humiliate, treat with contempt ◊ kill, slaughter ◊ (as adverbial particle) just, merely, a bit, rather 3--medium [v] ᡞ lù ◊ kill ◊ join forces, unite 3--medium [v] ⾴ lù ◊ official's salary (in ancient times) ◊ blessing, happiness ◊ Lu (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ㉜ lù ◊ fine bamboo (which is ideal for making arrows) 4--low 䍲 lù ◊ present with valuables ◊ bribe (a present of valuables) ◊ valuables, riches 3--medium [n,v] 䐟 lù ◊ road, path, way; means, approach 342

◊ line, train (like of reasoning, thought) ◊ route, line ◊ Lu (administrative region during the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties) ◊ Lu (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᖅ lù ◊ record, write down ◊ record (audio, video) ◊ record, collection (like of quotations, reminiscences) ◊ take on, hire ◊ arrest ◊ sequence, order 1--very high [v,n] 䥢 lù ◊ copy 3--medium 䱶 lù ◊ land ◊ road, overland route ◊ Lu (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 咯 lù ◊ deer ◊ granary ◊ foothill ◊ Lu (surname) 2--high [n,sn] Ṯ luán ◊ {bot} the Goldenrain tree, Koelreuteria paniculata ◊ {architecture} curved wooden piece at the top of a column ◊ the two corners of a bell ◊ Luan (town Zhao County, Héběi ⋣े Province) ◊ Luan (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㝄 luán ◊ small slice of meat ◊ slice, carve 4--low [n] 呮 luán ◊ {mythology} luan (a phoenix-like bird) ◊ cart bell 3--medium [n] থ luǎn ◊ egg; ovum; spawn 2--high [n] ҡ luàn ◊ chaotic, in disorder, messy, jumbled ◊ (of society) turbulent ◊ chaos ◊ upheaval, (social) disorder (like war, rebellion, anarchy, mutiny) ◊ confuse, throw into disarray ◊ (of one's mind) in turmoil, troubled, perturbed, confused ◊ indiscriminately, at random, arbitrarily, in an unwarranted manner ◊ (of sexual relationships) promiscuous, illicit, improper 1--very high [adj,adv,v,n] ᧐ lüè ◊ plunder, pillage ◊ pass over gently and swiftly ◊ beat, flog ◊ comb (the hair, etc.) ◊ long "pie" stroke (in Chinese calligraphy) ◊ take up, hold in the hand 2--high [v] ⮕ lüè ◊ brief ◊ summary, outline ◊ slightly, somewhat ◊ omit, leave out, simplify, abbreviate ◊ plan, stratagem ◊ seize, capture (mostly territory) ◊ {classical} border, boundary 1--very high [n,adj,adv] ԁ lún ◊ logical sequence ◊ coherence 2--high [n] Ֆ lún ◊ human relations (like the Wǔcháng ӄᑨ "Five Constant Virtues", or the Wǔlún ӄٛ/ӄՖ "Five Cardinal Relationships") ◊ class, category ◊ proper order, logical sequence ◊ peer, equal, match, rival ◊ Lun (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⋖ lún ◊ sink into (depravity, etc.) ◊ fall to (like the enemy), be reduced to (poverty, etc.) ◊ rippling, eddying (water) 2--high [v] 䖞 lún ◊ wheel; sth resembling a wheel ◊ steamboat ◊ in order, by turns, by rotation ◊ fishing equipment ◊ {measure word} (used for sth shaped like a wheel, e.g., sun, moon) ◊ {measure word}... round(s) of...,... cycle(s) of... (used for a round, a cycle of events like matches, performances, talks, etc.) 1--very high [n,adv,mw]

䇪 lùn ◊ discuss, talk about, comment on ◊ discussion, discourse (written or spoken) ◊ theory, doctrine ◊ mention, speak of, regard, consider ◊ judge, measure, appraise, decide on, determine ◊ by (a certain unit of measure), in terms of (the attributes of a thing) ◊ Lun (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 㖇 luó ◊ bird net ◊ catch (birds) with a net ◊ collect, gather, recruit ◊ spread out, arrange, display ◊ a sieve, sifter ◊ sieve, sift ◊ silk gauze ◊ meet with (disaster, misfortune, etc.) ◊ a gross (twelve dozen) ◊ Luo (ancient state in Yicheng) ◊ Luo (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ٞ luǒ ◊ bare, naked, uncovered 4--low [adj] 㼨 luǒ ◊ bare, nude, naked 3--medium [adj] 㫿 luǒ ◊ the fruit of a melon plant mentioned in ancient texts 5--very low [n] 㼨 luǒ ◊ bare, nude, naked 2--high [adj] 䓦 luǒ ◊ bare, nude ◊ undress, strip 5--very low 㩭 luò ◊ fall, drop ◊ (of the sun) set, sink ◊ (of an airplane) descend, land ◊ (of a chess piece) put down, set down ◊ decline, deteriorate ◊ fall/lag behind, fail ◊ stay (behind), remain ◊ settlement, community ◊ belong to, rest with, fall onto ◊ (sb's) whereabouts ◊ get, receive ◊ write/put down 1--very high [v] ⍋ Luò ◊ Luo He (name of rivers, one in Shaanxi and the other mostly in Henan) ◊ Luo (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ╟ tà ◊ (of water) accumulate; stagnate (as in chùtà ⓰╟ "[of water] accumulate; form a stagnant pool; stagnate; congeal") ◊ Ta river (old course of the Huánghé 哳⋣/哴⋣ "Yellow River", at present south of the Yellow River) 4--low [n] 㔌 luò ◊ net, sth net-like ◊ {Chinese med} subsidiary channels, collaterals (branches or channels through which blood, vital energy, etc. flow) ◊ secure with a net (like one's hair in a hair net) ◊ twine, wind, coil ◊ Luo (surname) 1--very high [n,v] 䴂 luò ◊ black horse with white mane ◊ Luo (surname) 4--low [sn] ੅ lǚ ◊ {Chinese music} "lü" (the six even-numbered notes) ◊ {archaic} (used like lǚ 㞲) spine; spine-shaped ◊ Lü (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] ኑ lǚ ◊ repeatedly, again and again 2--high [adv] ን lǚ ◊ shoes ◊ walk on, tread on ◊ (foot)step ◊ fulfill, carry out, put into effect ◊ {divination} "Lü" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 2--high [v,n] ᯵ lǚ ◊ travel, journey ◊ {military} brigade ◊ troops ◊ together ◊ set out, display ◊ order, sequence ◊ multitude (of people) ◊ lü (name of sacrifices to mountains, e.g., to Mount Tai) ◊ {di343

vination} Lü (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Lü (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 㕅 lǚ ◊ thread-like things (like lock of hair, strand of hemp, wisp of smoke, etc.) ◊ thread ◊ detailed ◊ ◊ measure word for thin thread-like things 2--high [adv,mw,n] ⦷ shuài ◊ lead, guide ◊ command (troops) ◊ cursory, rash ◊ candid, frank, straightforward ◊ follow, observe ◊ usually, generally, for the most part ◊ (of handwriting, movements, etc.) graceful, beautiful ◊ net for catching animals ◊ Shuai (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,adv,sn] ᖻ lǜ ◊ law, statute, regulation, rule ◊ code (of laws) ◊ lü (bamboo or metal pitch-pipe) ◊ {music} temperament ◊ restrain, control, keep under control ◊ rank (of nobility) ◊ Lü (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 㲁 lǜ ◊ ponder, think over ◊ thought, idea ◊ be concerned, worry ◊ concern, worry, anxiety ◊ plan ◊ trouble, bother ◊ probably ◊ tie with a rope ◊ Lü (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 㔯 lǜ ◊ green (colour) ◊ green (environment) ◊ {bot} hispid arthraxon, Arthraxon hispidus ◊ {obsolete} chlorine 1--very high [adj,n]

ᛇ mán ◊ (alternate reading "mèn") 3--medium 㴞 mán ◊ uncivilized, unreasonable ◊ peoples from south China ◊ very, rather, quite 2--high [adj,adv,n] 䉙 mán ◊ deceive, cheat, hoodwink ◊ tell lies, lie ◊ disavow; boast, exaggerate 3--medium [v] ┑ mǎn ◊ full (of), filled with ◊ feel satisfied ◊ proud, haughty ◊ reach (a certain time limit); expire ◊ entire, whole ◊ completely, entirely ◊ Manchu, Manchurian, Man ethnic group ◊ Man (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,n,sn] ធ màn ◊ slow (in contrast to kuài ᘛ "fast") ◊ postpone, defer ◊ haughty, arrogant, rude ◊ smear, daub ◊ {archaic} Man (name of a melody during the Tang and Song dynasties) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,n] 㕖 màn ◊ unpatterned silk, plain silk ◊ slow, placid ◊ cover, wrap 4--low [n] ᘉ máng ◊ (be) busy ◊ hurriedly, hurry to, hasten to ◊ Mang (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ≃ méng ◊ the common people 2--high [n] ⴢ máng ◊ blind ◊ illiteracy; (as a suffix) an illiterate ◊ blindly, rashly, aimlessly ◊ dim, dark 2--high [adj,adv] 㣂 máng ◊ awn, beard ◊ Chinese silvergrass, Miscanthus sinensis ◊ point, edge (of a knife, sword, etc.) ◊ ray of light ◊ ignorant ◊ Mang (surname) 2--high [sn] 䛉 Máng ◊ Mount Mang (Hénán ⋣ই Province) 4--low [n] 㧭 mǎng ◊ thick growth of grass ◊ rash, careless ◊ grass ◊ big, large ◊ bamboo 2--high [adj,n] ⥛ māo ◊ cat (domestic cat, house cat, Felis silvestris catus) ◊ {dialect} hide, go into hiding 2--high [n,v] ᯴ máo ◊ {archaic} a yak tail ornament (on a banner) ◊ old (of age) 4--low [n] ∋ máo ◊ body hair; fur; feathers ◊ wool ◊ mildew ◊ coarse, unfinished ◊ gross (weight, profit, etc.) ◊ (of a child) small ◊ (of currency) depreciate ◊ careless ◊ scared, panicky ◊ get angry, fly into a rage ◊ one-tenth of a yuán ‫ ◊ ݳ‬without, not have ◊ Mao (surname) 1--very high [n,tw,meas,sn] ⸋ máo ◊ spear, lance ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Gamma of Bootes 1--very high [n] 㤵 máo ◊ {bot} cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (a kind of grass used in thatching) ◊ Mao (an ancient state in Jīnxiāng 䠁䜹/䠁ґ County, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Mao (surname) 2--high [n,name,sn] ট mǎo ◊ mao (the fourth of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ mao (time from 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m., one of the twelve two-hour periods of the day) ◊ fixed date, set ti-

M 哫 má ◊ hemp, flax (and other fibrous plants) ◊ sesame ◊ rough, rugged, coarse, lusterless ◊ pockmarks; pockmarked, speckled, spotted ◊ feel a prickling/tingling sensation; prickle, tingle, be numb, dead ◊ prickling sensation, tingling, numbing (in Chinese cooking, usually refers to the hot tingling taste of Sichuan peppercorns) ◊ hempen mourning garments ◊ Ma (surname) 1--very high [n,v,adj] ⧋ mǎ ◊ {mineralogy} agate ◊ cornelian 2--high [phon] 傜 mǎ ◊ horse ◊ {Chinese chess} Horses (on the black side; in some traditional sets also used for the red side) ◊ big, great ◊ Ma (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] *們 Ҡ mǎi ◊ buy, purchase 1--very high [v] 㜹 mài ◊ {physiology} arteries and veins (in general); the pulse ◊ veins (of a leaf, etc.) ◊ blood-vessel-like things linked or connected into a system (like a mountain range, ore veins) 2--high [n] আ mài ◊ sell (opposite of mǎi 䋧/Ҡ "buy, purchase"); sell out, betray ◊ outgoing, not holding back ◊ show off ◊ {measure word} (used for an order in a restaurant) 1--very high [v,mw] 䗸 mài ◊ take a step ◊ old ◊ mile ◊ overstep, surpass 2--high [adj,mw,phon,v] 哖 mài ◊ wheat ◊ barley, oats, rye (etc.) ◊ {electrical, unit of measure} Maxwell (unit of magnetic flux) ◊ Mai (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 344

me ◊ {woodwork} mortise 3--medium [n] ߂ mào ◊ emit, give off (like smoke, sweat) ◊ brave, risk, dare ◊ rashly, recklessly ◊ falsely, fraudulently ◊ Mao (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,sn] ៻ mào ◊ assiduous, diligent ◊ luxuriant, lush ◊ merry, joyful ◊ Mao (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㘴 mào ◊ eighty or ninety years old ◊ old, old age ◊ confused, befuddled 3--medium [adj,n] 㤲 mào ◊ luxuriant (vegetation) ◊ abundant and excellent ◊ Mao (surname)2--high [sn] 䊼 mào ◊ looks, appearance, countenance ◊ appearance, shape, form ◊ polite, respectful ◊ {classical} portray, depict ◊ {surname} Mao 2--high [n] Ѹ me ◊ (a suffix, as in shénme ⭊哬/ӰѸ "what?") 4--low [suf] ⋑ méi ◊ not exist, not have, not be there, be without ◊ there is not ◊ not as... as ◊ not... than ◊ scarcely ◊ less than ◊ not yet ◊ did not ǁ (used like méiyǒu ⋂ᴹ/⋑ᴹ) 1--very high [v,auxv] Ⴢ méi ◊ go-between, matchmaker ◊ intermediary ◊ medium, media 2--high [n] ᷊ méi ◊ {measure word, written} (used for objects like coins, medals, badges, rings [for fingers], stamps, bullets, mortar shells, bombs, rockets, missiles, etc.) ◊ {history} wooden gag (resembling a chopstick, used in ancient times to keep troops from talking when on stealth maneuvers, as in xiánméi 䣌᷊/㺄᷊ "hold a piece of wood in the mouth [to prevent making noises during a stealth mission]") ◊ {history} tree trunk ◊ {history} horse whip ◊ Mei (surname) 2--high [n,mw,sn] ẵ méi ◊ plum, Prunus mume (the tree, its blossoms or its fruit) ◊ Mei (surname) 1--very high [sn] ⴹ méi ◊ eyebrow ◊ top margin of a page ◊ Mei (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ⇿ měi ◊ each, every ◊ every time, whenever ◊ Mei (surname) 1--very high [adj,pref,sn] 㖾 měi ◊ beautiful, pretty ◊ beautify ◊ good ◊ [M-] America ◊ the USA ◊ American 1--very high [adj,v,n] ࿩ mèi ◊ younger sister ◊ younger female cousin ◊ female relative of the same generation but younger than oneself 1--very high [n] ჊ mèi ◊ flatter, curry favour with, fawn on ◊ charming, engaging, attractive ◊ love, be fond of 2--high [adj,v] ሀ mèi ◊ sleep 3--medium [v] ᱗ mèi ◊ be unsure about, not know, be ignorant of ◊ hide, conceal ◊ dim, dark, obscure ◊ bold, rash 2--high [adj,v] 㺲 mèi ◊ sleeve 3--medium [n] 䰘 mén ◊ door, entrance, gate ◊ switch, val-

ve ◊ hole/opening in human body ◊ family ◊ school (of thought), (religious) sect ◊ a teacher's or master's entrance hall ◊ means, method, key ◊ category ◊ {biology} phylum (of animals or plants) ◊ -gate (used by the media to create new words referring to a scandal, after the pattern of Shuǐmén [Shìjiàn] ≤䮰 [һԦ]/≤䰘 [һԦ] "Watergate") ◊ {measure word}... course(s) of..., ... subject(s) of..., ... skill(s) of... (used for school courses, skills, branches or subjects of knowledge, etc.) ◊ {measure word} (used for cannons) ◊ {measure word} (used for relatives, marriages, families related by marriage, etc.) ◊ Men (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ᠁ mèn ◊ be sick at heart, sorrowful, sad 4--low [adj] ⴏ méng ◊ alliance, league ◊ sworn (brothers) ◊ swear an oath when signing a treaty ◊ league (administrative unit in autonomous regions in northern China, such as Nèi Měnggǔ zìzhìqū ‫ޗ‬㫉ਔ㠚⋫॰/޵㫉ਔ㠚⋫४ "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region") 2--high [n,v] ⷒ méng ◊ dim-eyed, of dim eyesight ◊ {figurative} be worried ◊ be ashamed 4--low [adj] 㨼 méng ◊ bud, sprout, germinate ◊ start, beginning ◊ hoe ◊ the common people (mostly nonnative) ◊ {Web lingo} (esp. of a young woman or a pet) cute, adorable (borrowed from Japanese via Japanese comic books) ◊ Meng (surname) 2--high [v,n,adj,sn] 㫉 méng ◊ cover (like sb's eyes) ◊ meet with, incur, suffer, encounter ◊ ignorant; ignorance ◊ {divination} Meng (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Meng (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ⥋ měng ◊ violent, fierce, vigorous, strong, forceful ◊ abrupt(ly), sudden(ly) ◊ Meng (surname) 2--high [adj,adv,sn] Ỗ mèng ◊ dream, vision, illusion ◊ dream of ◊ visionary, wishful (like thinking) 1--very high [n,v] ᆏ mèng ◊ first month of a season ◊ first, beginning ◊ eldest (mostly brother) ◊ diligent, industrious, hardworking ◊ great, grand ◊ Meng (surname) ◊ Mencius 2--high [sn] ᕕ mí ◊ full ◊ fill, cover ◊ (even, still) more ◊ long (like time) ◊ Mi (surname) 2--high [adj,adv,v,sn] ⾒ nǐ ◊ {ancestor worship} ancestral temple ◊ (a term used to refer to one's deceased father after his tablet has been placed in the ancestral temple) 3--medium ㌌ méi ◊ {bot} broom corn millet, Panicum miliaceum L.3--medium [n] 㑫 mí ◊ nose rope (for an ox) ◊ tie up, bind up 4--low [n,v] 㖉 mí ◊ enter deep into, penetrate deep into ◊ risk, brave, venture, defy, dare 4--low 䘧 mí ◊ be confused, be unable to judge ◊

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be infatuated with, be fascinated by ◊ fan, enthusiast ◊ bewitched, confused 1--very high [v,n] 䶑 mí ◊ be wasteful (with money), extravagant, be a big spender ◊ scatter, disperse 2--high [v,adj] ᕝ mǐ ◊ stop, remove, put an end to ◊ pacify, placate ◊ ends of a bow ◊ unadorned bow ◊ Mi (surname) 4--low [v,n,sn] ㊣ mǐ ◊ (hulled) rice ◊ {unit of measure} metre ◊ Mi (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ᇃ mì ◊ quiet, peaceful ◊ Mi (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᇶ mì ◊ dense, thick, close ◊ close, intimate ◊ meticulous ◊ secret, confidential ◊ code, cipher ◊ {textiles} density ◊ Mi (place near Lingtai, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province) ◊ Mi (place near Mi County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Mi (surname) 1--very high [adj,n] ⋼ bì ◊ water flowing fast ◊ water flowing thin ◊ spring; water coming out of a spring ◊ spring water 2--high [n] 〈 mì ◊ secret ◊ keep secret ◊ secretary (in diplomatic corps) ◊ close, block 1--very high [adj,v,n] *㭔 㿵 mì ◊ seek, hunt for (like for food) 2--high [v] 㔥 mián ◊ silk wadding, silk floss ◊ cotton wad, wool ◊ soft, downy ◊ be continuous (in space or time), consecutive ◊ soft ◊ (of disposition, temper) meek, gentle 2--high [adj,n,v] ؋ fǔ ◊ bow, lower (the head) ◊ bend down, come down ◊ look down upon ◊ {document style} deign, condescend ǁ (same as fǔ ‫)؟‬ 5--very low [v] ‫ ݽ‬miǎn ◊ exempt, excuse/free sb from sth, dispense with, spare from ◊ dismiss/remove from office, relieve ◊ escape, avert, avoid ◊ may not, be prohibited from, be not allowed to ◊ {dialect} need not 1--very high [adj,v] ߅ miǎn ◊ crown, ceremonial cap 3--medium [n] ࣹ miǎn ◊ make an effort, exert oneself ◊ exhort, urge ◊ try to do more than one is able to ◊ Mian (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ⑾ miǎn ◊ stone-drunk 4--low [v] ⴴ miàn ◊ {written} cast a sidelong glance at sb ◊ look sideways at sb 4--low [v] 䶒 miàn ◊ face (toward); face, surface ◊ aspect ◊ the whole area (in contrast to diǎn 唎/⛩ "selected spots") ◊ {regional, slang} habitually slow (of a person) ◊ {measure word} (used for things with a flat surface, like walls, mirrors, etc.)1--very high [v,n,mw] 㤇 miáo ◊ seedling ◊ young of certain animals (like small fish or fry, piglet) ◊ vaccine ◊ the masses ◊ descendants, progeny ◊ the Miao nationality ◊ Miao (a place in Jiyuan, Hénán ⋣ ই Province during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) ◊ Miao (surname) 2--high

[n,sn] ⑪ miǎo ◊ vast, expansive (of water) ◊ vague, remote and indistinct ◊ tiny, insignificant 2--high [adj] ⴷ miǎo ◊ blind in one eye ◊ blind ◊ small, tiny 4--low [adj,v] 㰀 miǎo ◊ small ◊ look down upon, slight 4--low [adj,vt] 䚸 miǎo ◊ faraway, distant, remote ◊ slight 3--medium [adj] ࿉ miào ◊ excellent, wonderful ◊ ingenious, subtle 1--very high [adj] ᓉ miào ◊ temple, shrine (for the worship of gods, Buddha, or sages) ◊ ancestral shrine 2--high [n] ⚝ miè ◊ go out (of a fire, light, etc.) ◊ extinguish, put out, turn off ◊ drown ◊ wipe out, exterminate, destroy 1--very high [v] ◊ disdain, slight ◊ none, without ◊ 㭁 miè destroy, exterminate ◊ impaired vision (from injury) 2--high [adj,v] ᰫ mín ◊ fall, autumn ◊ the heavens, the sky 3--medium [n] ≁ mín ◊ the people, populace 1--very high [n] 㕇 mín ◊ {history} string used for copper cash ◊ {measure word}... string(s) of cash (used for strings of copper cash) ◊ fishing line ◊ Min (surname) 4--low [sn] ⒓ mǐn ◊ posthumous title conferred 5--very low [n] ᛟ mǐn ◊ pity, have sympathy for ◊ sorrow, grief 3--medium [v] ᭿ mǐn ◊ nimble, quick, agile ◊ keen, sharp, perceptive 2--high [adj] ⌟ mǐn ◊ vanish, perish, die out 3--medium [v] 䰥 mǐn ◊ confused, muddled ◊ valiant, intrepid ◊ urge, encourage ◊ Min (surname) 3--medium [adj,v,sn] 䰭 Mǐn ◊ Min (name for Fújiàn ⾿ᔪ Province) ◊ of or pertaining to Fújiàn Province 3--medium [n] ߕ míng ◊ dark, dim ◊ deep, profound ◊ stupid, dull-witted ◊ hades, the netherworld ◊ night ◊ Ming (surname) 3--medium [sn] ਽ míng ◊ (personal) name ◊ fame, reputation ◊ famous, well-known ◊ {measure word} (used for persons of a certain category, profession, etc.) 1--very high [n,adj,mw] ᰾ míng ◊ bright, clear, evident ◊ open, overt ◊ tomorrow; next (year) ◊ know, understand ◊ Ming (dynasty, 1368-1644) ◊ Ming (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] 㷏 míng ◊ {zool} snout moth, Crambus agitatellus (esp. as larva) 3--medium [n] 䬝 míng ◊ inscription (mostly engraved or cast, recording meritorious deeds, etc.) ◊ inscribe, engrave (in commemoration, etc.) ◊ engrave on the mind 2--high [n,v] 呓 míng ◊ cry of a bird or insect ◊ make a sound, sound, ring ◊ express, voice (feelings, 346

ideas, etc.) 2--high [v,n] ભ mìng ◊ life ◊ destiny, fate, luck ◊ an order, a command, a decree ◊ assign, order, name 1--very high [n,v] 䉜 miù ◊ false, erroneous ◊ Miu (surname) 2--high [sn] ᪨ mō ◊ feel ◊ touch (gently) ◊ caress, stroke ◊ grope/fumble (for sth); feel one's way; grope in the dark ◊ sound out, feel out, try to find out 1--very high [v] ᪙ mó ◊ touch, feel with the hand, rub, scrape ◊ caress, stroke ◊ {figurative} mull over, study, fathom ◊ {physics, unit of measure} (short for mó'ěr ᪙⡮/᪙ቄ) mole (unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a chemical substance) 2--high [v,n] ᪩ mó ◊ trace, copy (characters, painting, etc.)3--medium [v] ⁑ mó ◊ (same as mó ⁑) a model, standard, pattern ◊ copy, imitate, pattern after ◊ (of a person or thing) exemplary 5--very low ⼘ mó ◊ rub (off), wear (off) ◊ grind, whet, sharpen, polish ◊ (of illness, etc.) wear (sb) down, torment ◊ pester, plague ◊ obliterate, erase ◊ waste time, procrastinate ◊ fall into oblivion, die out 2--high [v] 䉏 mó ◊ scheme, plan ◊ be without 3--medium [n,v] ໘ mò ◊ ink ◊ {philosophy} the Mohist School ◊ (short for Mòxīgē ໘㾯କ) Mexico ◊ Mo (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᵛ mò ◊ end/tip (of sth long) ◊ end (of a period) ◊ end (in contrast to běn ᵜ "origin, basis, foundation") ◊ final, last ◊ nonessentials ◊ powder, dust (like coal dust) ◊ finely minced bits (e.g., of meat, garlic, etc.) ◊ {Chinese opera} mo (a role mostly played by middle-aged and older males, as in mòní ᵛቬ or mòní ᵛ⌕) 1--very high [n,adj] ↱ mò ◊ die, perish ◊ death ◊ dead 4--low [v] ⋛ mò ◊ froth, foam ◊ saliva 2--high [n] 〓 mò ◊ fodder ◊ feed animals 4--low [n,v] 㧛 mò ◊ no one, nothing ◊ no, not ◊ do not ◊ can it (be), would it (be) ◊ peace, stability ◊ urge, exhort ◊ Mo (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 䱼 mò ◊ east-west path between fields ◊ street ◊ {archaic} mo (unit of currency in former times equal to one hundred coppers cash) 2--high [n] 唈 mò ◊ silent ◊ write down from memory ◊ dark, dim ◊ graft, corruption 1--very high [adj,v,n] ׄ móu ◊ equal, on the same level or plane 4--low [v] *ᙸ ⢏ móu ◊ try to get/gain/obtain ◊ seek (profit) ◊ {onom} moo (or similar sound made by a cow) ◊ burden, prey upon (the people) ◊ Mou

(surname) 3--medium [v,sn] 㕚 móu ◊ (in this pronunciation used in the word chóumóu ㏒㑶/㔨㕚 "sentimentally attached", and in the expression wèiyù-chóumóu ᵚ 䴘㏒㑶/ᵚ䴘㔨㕚 "take preventive measures") 3--medium [n] 䈻 móu ◊ seek, pursue, strive after ◊ plan, scheme, stratagem, plot ◊ Mou (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] Ḁ mǒu ◊ a certain..., some (person/place/thing) 1--very high [adj] ࿶ mǔ ◊ housemaid ◊ nanny ◊ mother ◊ {unit of measure, electrical} mho (the unit of 2--high electrical conductance; "siemens") [n] ᣷ mǔ ◊ the thumb ◊ the big toe 3--medium [n] ⇽ mǔ ◊ mother ◊ female elders ◊ female (of animals, in contrast to gōng ‫" ޜ‬male") ◊ nut (for bolt, screw) ◊ origin ◊ Mu (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⢑ mǔ ◊ (of animals) male (in contrast to pìn ⢍ "female") 3--medium [n] ә mǔ ◊ mu (Chinese acre, measure of land equal to 0.0667 hectares) ◊ ridge in a field 2--high [n,mw] ए mù ◊ raise (money) ◊ recruit (soldiers) 2--high [v] ໃ mù ◊ grave, tomb 2--high [n] ᒅ mù ◊ curtain, screen ◊ theatre curtain, movie screen ◊ tarpaulin ◊ a tent ◊ an act (of a play) ◊ {measure word} (used for acts of plays, comedies, etc.) ◊ {history} general's or military governor's office ◊ {history} armour worn on the legs or arms 1--very high [n,mw] ច mù ◊ admire, long for ◊ Mu (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ᳞ mù ◊ evening, dusk, sunset ◊ late (like spring), end (like of the year) 2--high [n,adj] ᵘ mù ◊ tree, wood, timber, lumber; wooden, made of wood ◊ Mu (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ⋀ mù ◊ wash the hair ◊ take a vacation ◊ rice water ◊ moist ◊ Mu (surname) 3--medium [sn] ⢗ mù ◊ herd, graze, tend, put out to pasture ◊ pasture, grazing land ◊ slave-herdsman (in ancient times) ◊ govern the people ◊ local magistrate (in ancient times) ◊ inspect ◊ Mu (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ⴞ mù ◊ eye ◊ mesh, eye, hole ◊ {classical} look, consider, regard ◊ item, article, number ◊ {biology} order ◊ list, catalogue ◊ {classical} name, title ◊ (in weiqi or go) eye 1--very high [n] ⶖ mù ◊ harmonious, peaceful ◊ Mu (surname) 3--medium [sn] ぶ mù ◊ solemn, reverent, respectful ◊ peaceful, serene ◊ calm, soothe ◊ Mu (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] 㤌 mù ◊ {bot} alfalfa (syn. Lucerne, Purple Medick, Trefoil), Medicago sativa (as in mù347

xu 㤌㬯 "alfalfa")

4--low

continuing) ◊ well,... ◊ but (on the other hand)...(interjection used to pause a sentence, often to indicate a contrast) 3--medium [qu,interj] 侱 něi ◊ hungry, famished ◊ dispirited, discouraged ◊ decayed, rotten [fish, etc.] 3--medium [adj] ޵ nèi ◊ (as a postposition) in, inside, within ◊ the inside, interior ◊ wife (pertaining to one's wife or her relatives) ◊ {Chinese med} the internal organs, the heart ◊ (pertaining to) the imperial palace ◊ female (members of the family) 1--very high [postp,adv,n] 㜭 néng ◊ can ◊ be possible ◊ capable ◊ energy (such as in yuánzǐnéng ৏ᆀ㜭 "atomic energy") 1--very high [auxv,n] ٚ ní ◊ young ◊ haughty, arrogant ◊ I, we ◊ Ni (surname) 3--medium [sn] ቬ ní ◊ Buddhist nun 1--very high [n] ⌕ ní ◊ mud, mire ◊ things that have been mashed (like mashed potatoes) or made into paste (like ink paste for seals) 1--very high [n] 䊾 ní ◊ lion ◊ wild beast ◊ wild horse 4--low ֐ nǐ ◊ you (second person, singular) ◊ one, anyone, a person 1--very high [pron,n] ᤏ nǐ ◊ intend, plan, propose ◊ to draft, draw up (like a plan) ◊ imitate ◊ guess, conjecture 2--high [v] ९ nì ◊ hide, conceal, not let another know 2--high [v] ᛴ nì ◊ long for ◊ hungry 4--low ⓪ nì ◊ (be/get) submerged (in water), drown ◊ {figurative} be in peril, indulge in, be addicted to (like fame, greed, etc.) 3--medium [v] ⶘ nì ◊ look askance at, cast a sidelong glance ◊ inclined to one side 3--medium [v,adj] 䘶 nì ◊ in the opposite direction, contrary to, against ◊ disobey, go counter to 2--high [adj,adv,v] ᒤ nián ◊ year ◊ yearly, annual ◊ age ◊ period of life (like childhood, middle age) ◊ age, period (of history) ◊ harvest ◊ New Year, lunisolar New Year season ◊ (of special items) for the (lunisolar) New Year (like cakes, painting) ◊ (of friendship, etc.) between those who passed the Imperial examinations in the same year ◊ Nian (surname) 1--very high [n,tw,mw,sn] 䖷 niǎn ◊ human-drawn cart ◊ Imperial carriage ◊ pull a cart ◊ transport, ship ◊ capital (city) 4--low [n,vt] ᘥ niàn ◊ read (aloud) ◊ read (books), study 3--medium [vt] ᔯ niàn ◊ twenty2--high [num] 䞯 niàng ◊ ferment, brew (liquor, beer, wine, vinegar, etc.) ◊ make honey ◊ (as a cooking method) stuff peppers with ground meat and cook/fry/steam them ◊ breed, bring about, result

[n]

N ᥀ nǘ ◊ pull, drag ◊ be delayed, be prolonged, drag on ◊ fall into disorder, get confused ◊ (used like ná ᣿/᤯) take ◊ Nü (personal name) ◊ Nü (surname) 3--medium [sn] ଚ nǎ ◊ (as interrogative particle, mostly followed by a number or measure word) which (one)? what? any ◊ (as a rhetorical question particle) how can...! how could...! 1--very high [qu] 㓣 nà ◊ admit, receive ◊ accept, take ◊ pay (taxes, etc.) ◊ enjoy (as in nàliáng ㌽⏬/㓣 ߹, enjoy the cool air [on a hot day]) ◊ bring (into line, etc.) ◊ sew close-stitch (over a patch, on cloth shoe soles, etc.) ◊ the Na People (self-designation of the Nàxī ㌽㾯/㓣㾯 nationality) ◊ Na (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 䛓 nà ◊ that (one) ◊ then, in that case 1--very high [pron,conj] ѳ nǎi ◊ be, become ◊ thereupon ◊ only if, only then 1--very high [v,adv] ླྀ nài ◊ to no avail (rhetorical question particle) ◊ how can (rhetorical question particle) ◊ do sth to sb, deal with sb 2--high [v] 䳮 nán ◊ be difficult/hard ◊ cause sb difficulty, put sb in a difficult position ◊ unlikely, hardly possible, uncertain ◊ hard on sb, unpleasant to (the ear, eye, etc.) 1--very high [adj,v] ই nán ◊ south ◊ Nan (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⭧ nán ◊ man; male ◊ son ◊ baron (title in European nobility) ◊ baron (the fifth of the five ranks of nobility in feudal China of the past) ◊ Nan (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ೺ náng ◊ bag, sack, pocket ◊ anything resembling a bag ◊ {physiology} (used for bag-like organs or parts of the body) -bladder ◊ Nang (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᴙ nǎng ◊ former, past, previous 3--medium [n] દ náo ◊ talkative ◊ clamour ◊ hubbub 4--low [phon,v] ᥐ náo ◊ scratch (an itch) ◊ hinder, impede ◊ submit, yield ◊ mix, blend 2--high [v] 䬉 náo ◊ {music} a large cymbal ◊ {military} a hand bell (used by troops on the march) ◊ disturb, harass 4--low [n] ␆ nào ◊ {written} mud, mire ◊ mud-hole ◊ sth mushy or slurry (like porridge, etc.) ◊ soften, soft, weak ◊ Nao (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䇧 nè ◊ slow of speech, mumbling 3--medium [adj] ઒ ne ◊ is it so? isn't it? how about...? and...? (question particle used at the end of a question) ◊ surely, certainly (sentence-final particle giving emphasis to a statement) ◊ -ing (at the end of a statement expresses that the action is

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in (upheaval, a tragedy, etc.) 2--high [v] 呏 niǎo ◊ bird 2--high [n] ᥿ niē ◊ squeeze between the fingers, pinch ◊ knead, mold, shape (with the hands) ◊ make up, fabricate, concoct 2--high [v] ఛ niè ◊ speak haltingly, hem and haw, hesitate in one's speech (as in nièrú ೱವ/ఛವ "speak haltingly, hem and haw" [also rúniè ವೱ/ವఛ]) 3--medium [phon] ஞ niè ◊ (variant of niè 喗/ஞ)(of rabbits, rodents, etc.) nibble, gnaw, bite ◊ wear down, erode 3--medium [v] ᆭ niè ◊ evil, sin ◊ crime ◊ evildoer ◊ misfortune ◊ son of a concubine ◊ disobedient, disrespectful, not loyal 3--medium [n,adj] ㌥ niè ◊ fermenting grain ◊ grain which has sprouted ◊ yeast 5--very low 㙲 niè ◊ whisper into sb's ear ◊ Nie (surname) 2--high [sn] 㱆 niè ◊ tiller, shoot 5--very low 䒁 niè ◊ soft, light (steps) ◊ follow ◊ step, tread 4--low [v] ࠍ níng ◊ congeal, coagulate ◊ fixed, concentrated (i.e. attention, thought) 2--high [v,adj] ᆱ nìng ◊ (would) rather/better... ◊ {written} could it be that...? ◊ Ning (surname) 1--very high [adv,sn] ᤗ níng ◊ twist, wring (dry) ◊ pinch, tweak 2--high [v] ֎ nìng ◊ person given to flattery ◊ flatter ◊ able and wise 4--low [adj] ⢋ niú ◊ ox, cow, bull ◊ cattle, bovine animals ◊ stubborn, obstinate ◊ {new Beijing slang} powerful; formidable, impressive; superior, brilliant; arrogant, cocky ◊ {physics} newton ◊ {Chinese astronomy} the Ox Constellation (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions, see Niuxiu) ◊ Niu (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ᘨ niǔ ◊ see "niǔní" ◊ be accustomed to 4--low [phon] ⣳ niǔ ◊ be bound by, be shackled by (custom, prejudices, etc.) ◊ be accustomed to, be used to ◊ poor, impoverished ◊ serve as, act as ◊ animal's foot 5--very low [v] ߌ nóng ◊ agriculture, farming ◊ farmer, peasant ◊ farm ◊ diligent, hardworking ◊ official in charge of agriculture 1--very high [n,adj] ᔴ nòng ◊ play with, fiddle with ◊ do, handle, fix ◊ get, fetch ◊ play (like tricks) ◊ play music ◊ act, perform 1--very high [v] 㙘 nòu ◊ {agriculture, tool} a small, handheld weeding hoe ◊ weed (i.e. remove weeds) 4--low [n,v] ྤ nú ◊ slave ◊ {new usage, pejorative or humorous} person who has lost a certain kind of freedom (esp. sb who has to work hard to repay a loan) ◊ I, me (self-deprecatory term, later used by women, mostly seen in early vernacular writings) ◊ treat as a slave 2--high [n]

傭 nú ◊ {written} a worn-out horse ◊ an inferior horse ◊ (of persons) incompetent 4--low [adj,n] ᕙ nǔ ◊ crossbow, bow ◊ {calligraphy} vertical stroke 3--medium [n] ⹞ nǔ ◊ arrow-tip 5--very low ᙂ nù ◊ anger, rage ◊ forceful, vigorous, fierce ◊ exert oneself, rouse oneself 2--high [n,adj,v] ᳆ nuǎn ◊ warm, genial ◊ warm (literally or figuratively) 1--very high [adj] 㲀 nüè ◊ cruel, harsh, oppressive ◊ torture ◊ {written} disaster, calamity 3--medium [adj,n,v] ᠖ nuò ◊ weak, timid, cowardly ◊ soft, lithe 4--low [adj] *᠗ 䈪 nuò ◊ promise, agree ◊ {classical} (say) yes 2--high [v] ྣ nǚ ◊ woman, female ◊ girl, daughter ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Nü (Nǚ Xiù ྣᇯ "Nü constellation", one of the Èrshíbā Xiù Ҽॱ‫ޛ‬ᇯ "28 Lunar Mansions of the Chinese zodiac") 1--very high [n]

O ⅗ Ōu ◊ {phonetic} Europe ◊ {unit of electrical resistance} Ohm ◊ Ou (surname) 1--very high [phon,sn] 䇤 ōu ◊ sing ◊ folk song 4--low [n,v] ‫ ڦ‬ǒu ◊ idol, image (made of wood, clay, etc.) ◊ even (number) ◊ match, pair ◊ spouse ◊ accidental, occasional, fortuitous ◊ Ou (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] અ ǒu ◊ {onom} vomit, throw up, barf 2--high [v] 㙖 ǒu ◊ two people plowing together ◊ even (number) ◊ match, pair ◊ spouse ◊ Ou (surname) 3--medium [sn]

P 㪙 pā ◊ flower ◊ magnificent, gorgeous 4--low [n] ᣽ pāi ◊ clap, pat, pound, beat, slap ◊ take (a photo), shoot (video, television), make (a film) ◊ send (a telegram, etc.) ◊ {colloquial} lick sb's boots, fawn on ◊ (of waves) beat, lash ◊ (of a bird) flap (the wings) ◊ {sports} racket, paddle ◊ {weaponry, historical} battering ram ◊ {music} beat, time ◊ auction (verb, short for pāimài ᣽䌓/᣽আ) 1--very high [vt,n] ᧂ pái ◊ line up ◊ arrange, put in order ◊ rank, be ranked (e.g., first, second, third) row, line, collection ◊ {military} platoon ◊ {measure word} ...row(s) of... (used for things lined up in a row, like houses, trees, marching columns, teeth, seats, etc.) ◊ rehearse (like a play or other performance) ◊ raft, floating bridge ◊ exclude, eliminate, reject, drain (water, etc.) ◊ push (open) ◊ {phonetic} pie 2--high [v,n,mw]

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4--low [n] 䝽 pèi ◊ distribute according to plan, apportion ◊ match, combine, set off, harmonize with, be in harmony with, agree with ◊ make a match, join in marriage ◊ spouse, mate ◊ to mate (of animals) ◊ mix, blend (colours, medicine, etc.), compound ◊ find/make sth to fit or replace sth else ◊ deserve, qualify, suit, be worthy of ◊ exile, banish 1--very high [v] ௧ pēn ◊ spurt (out), gush (out), spray, sprinkle ◊ scold, revile 2--high [v] ⳶ pén ◊ basin, tub, pot 2--high [mw,n] ✩ pēng ◊ boil, cook ◊ quick-fry in oil and add sauce ◊ bluff ◊ {archaic} boil to death (as a form of punishment) 2--high [v] ⹠ pēng ◊ {onom} the sound of sth being struck or falling to the ground 2--high [phon] *俽 ᖝ Péng ◊ Peng (town during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) ◊ Peng (surname) 2--high [name,sn] ᴻ péng ◊ friend ◊ form a party, clique, etc. ◊ in groups ◊ together ◊ rival, equal ◊ peng (form of currency) ◊ Peng (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ◊ {bot} bitter fleabane, Erigeron 㬜 péng acris ◊ (of hair, leaves, etc.) dishevelled, loose, fluffy ◊ {measure word} bunch, clump (used for a clump or bunch of flowers, grass, bamboo, etc.) 2--high [n,adj,mw] 呿 péng ◊ huge mythical bird (often translated as roc) 2--high [n] х pī ◊ great, grand ◊ Pi (surname) 3--medium [sn] ծ pī ◊ a crowd 5--very low [adj] ᢩ pī ◊ go over (a document from a subordinate) and write comments on it, reply officially to a petition; go over and correct (homework) ◊ give written approval and instructions, approve, grant ◊ criticize ◊ wholesale ◊ {measure word}... batch(es) of..., ... stack(s) of..., ... group(s) of... (used for batches of goods, books, documents, and for groups of people of the same kind) ◊ {colloquial} untwisted fibres of cotton, flax, etc. in thin strips ready to be drawn and twisted ◊ {literary} slap, smack, box (the ears) 1--very high [n,mw,v] ᣛ pī ◊ drape over the shoulders, wear, hang (like decorations) ◊ open (like a book, map), spread out, unroll ◊ split (like bamboo, wood) ◊ scatter, disperse ◊ browse, peruse 2--high [v] 䛣 Pī ◊ Pi (surname) 4--low [sn] 䫽 pī ◊ {med, written} long acupuncture needle ◊ long spear, lance 3--medium [n] ∇ pí ◊ adjoin, be adjacent to ◊ aid, assist ◊ harm, damage 3--medium [v] Ⳟ pí ◊ skin, rind, peel, surface tissue ◊ leather, hide, fur ◊ (often pír Ⳟ‫ނ‬/Ⳟ‫ )ݯ‬cover, wrapper ◊ (often pír Ⳟ‫ނ‬/Ⳟ‫ )ݯ‬surface ◊ (often

ᬰ pān ◊ climb, clamber (like hand over hand up a rope or tree) ◊ hold (on to), grasp, cling (to) ◊ curry favour of those in power, seek connections in high places, be a climber ◊ implicate, involve 2--high [v] █ pān ◊ {written} whirling water ◊ water that is white from washing rice ◊ Pan (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ⴈ pán ◊ plate, dish, tray, platter ◊ plate- or tray-shaped object ◊ {IT} disk, drive (as in CD, DVD, hard disk) ◊ market situation, quotation, current price ◊ check, examine, interrogate ◊ transfer, sell (e.g., the ownership of a business) ◊ move, transport (goods) ◊ coil, wind, twist, entwine ◊ construct (a brick kang or stove) ◊ {measure word} coil of (e.g., wire); (for cassette/video tapes); plate of (food); {measure word} game/set of...(cards/chess/tennis) ◊ {history} washbasin (in ancient times) ◊ Pan (surname) 1--very high [v,n,mw,sn] ࡔ pàn ◊ differentiate, distinguish, discriminate ◊ manifestly (different) ◊ judge, decide ◊ sentence (for punishment) 1--very high [v,adv] ਋ pàn ◊ betray, turn against 2--high [v] ⮄ pàn ◊ bank, side (of a river, road, etc.) ◊ boundary between fields ◊ confused, chaotic ◊ betray, turn against 2--high [n,adj,v] ⓲ pāng ◊ (of water, rain, etc.) surging, rushing, gushing, torrential 4--low [adj] ᯱ páng ◊ side ◊ other, else ◊ {Chinese linguistics} radical (on the side/top of a Chinese character) ◊ wide-ranging, extensive 1--very high [n,adj] 䘴 páng ◊ see "pángpáng" ◊ Pang (surname) 4--low [sn] ᓎ páng ◊ huge, enormous, gigantic ◊ numerous and disorderly ◊ messy ◊ the face ◊ Pang (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ᓆ páo ◊ kitchen ◊ cook, chef 4--low [n] ⛠ páo ◊ roast, broil ◊ bake 4--low 㺽 páo ◊ Chinese-style gown or robe ◊ front of a Chinese-style jacket or robe 2--high [n] ษ péi ◊ train (people), cultivate, foster, educate ◊ bank up, earth up (plants growing in the ground, or a dam) 1--very high [v] 㼤 péi ◊ the appearance of long flowing clothing ◊ Pei (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䲚 péi ◊ accompany, keep company ◊ assist 2--high [v] ֙ pèi ◊ wear (on the belt or at the waist) ◊ respect, esteem, admire ǁ (used like pèi ⨞/֙ "pendant or similar adornment [worn at the waist in ancient times]) 2--high [v] ⋋ pèi ◊ abundant, copious, full ◊ rapid, swift ◊ marshland ◊ fall prostrate 2--high [adj] 䗄 pèi ◊ reins and bit, bridle (for a horse) 350

dain, etc.) ◊ {calligraphy} diagonal/slanting stroke ◊ {measure word} (used for things shaped like slanting strokes, e.g., eyebrows, moustache) 2--high [v,mw] *傎 㹉 pín ◊ oyster 5--very low 䍛 pín ◊ poor 1--very high [adj] 仁 pín ◊ frequently ◊ frequency ◊ critical, desperate ◊ knit the brows ◊ side by side 1--very high [adj,adv,v] ૱ pǐn ◊ article, product, commodity ◊ class, grade, rank ◊ quality ◊ variety, type, kind ◊ moral character ◊ size up, appraise, comment, criticize ◊ taste (sth with discrimination), tastetest, sample, savour ◊ {written} play (wind instruments, esp. the vertical bamboo flute xiāo ㉛/㇛) ◊ Pin (surname) 1--very high [n,v] 㚈 pìn ◊ engage, invite ◊ hire (a professional) ◊ go on a diplomatic mission (in ancient times) ◊ betroth ◊ marry off (a girl) 2--high [v] ቿ píng ◊ shield, screen; protect, guard, shield, hide ◊ set of hanging scrolls (mostly four) 2--high [n] ቿ píng ◊ (same as píng ቿ) screen ◊ set of hanging scrolls (mostly four) ◊ hide, shield 5--very low ᒣ píng ◊ flat, level, even, smooth ◊ flatten, level, smooth out, make even ◊ be on the same level, at par ◊ equal, impartial, fair, just ◊ calm, peaceful ◊ suppress, quell (an uprising, rebellion, etc.) ◊ average, common, usual, ordinary ◊ {Chinese chess} traverse (from one file to another) ◊ Ping (surname) 1--very high [adj,co,sn] ࠝ píng ◊ depend/rely on ◊ on the basis of, by, with (sth as proof/documentation/grounds) ◊ by, by virtue of, on the strength of, with (the help of some quality/attribute/power); (going) according to, going by, with (sth as a guide for one's action) ◊ no matter (how, what, where, when, etc.) ◊ proof, evidence ◊ {written} lean on/against, prop/support oneself on ◊ Ping (surname) 1--very high [conj,n,prep,v] 㤩 píng ◊ apple, Malas pumila 2--high [n] 䇴 píng ◊ comment, criticize ◊ judge, assess, evaluate 1--very high [v] ⌬ pō ◊ sprinkle, splash ◊ rude and unreasonable ◊ bold, vigorous ◊ {abusive} (you) villain, scoundrel 2--high [adj,v,n] 亷 pō ◊ lean to one side ◊ inclined to one side, oblique, partial ◊ very, rather, quite 1--very high [v,adj,adv] Ⳕ pó ◊ white (colour) ◊ portly, corpulent ◊ old, elderly ◊ elderly person 4--low [adj] ⹤ pò ◊ broken, damaged ◊ break, damage ◊ tear ◊ split, cut ◊ break, change (money) ◊ destroy, eradicate ◊ defeat (the enemy) 1--very high [adj,v,n] 䘛 pò ◊ force, compel ◊ urgent, pressing ◊

pír Ⳟ‫ނ‬/Ⳟ‫ )ݯ‬thin sheet ◊ hard, tenacious ◊ (of crisp food) become soft/soggy (from dampness) ◊ naughty ◊ (after being repeatedly scolded or punished) hardened, no longer care ◊ rubber ◊ {math} pico- ◊ Pi (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,v,sn] 䱲 bēi ◊ pond, pool ◊ water's edge, bank ◊ mountain slope 3--medium [n] ३ pǐ ◊ be equal to, be a match for, match, rival ◊ {measure word} (used for horses, mules, camels, etc.) ◊ {measure word}... bolt(s) of... (used for bolts of textile material like silk, cotton cloth, etc.) ◊ alone, single, independent 2--high [v,mw] ३ pǐ ◊ {measure word} (for a bolt of silk or cloth) 4--low [n,mw] ‫ ܫ‬pì ◊ out-of-the-way, remote, secluded ◊ odd, eccentric, unorthodox ◊ rare, uncommon (like word, character) 2--high [adj] *ᄃ ⭃ pì ◊ a brick4--low [n] 䆜 pì ◊ metaphor, analogy, example ◊ give specific instructions 2--high [v] 䗏 bì ◊ {written} sovereign, monarch ◊ dispel, eliminate, remove ◊ keep away, ward off ◊ (used like bì 䚯) avoid, shun, evade, repel, keep away, prevent ◊ {history} be summoned by the sovereign to be rewarded and appointed to an official post 2--high [n,v] ‫ ٿ‬piān ◊ leaning, inclined to one side ◊ be biased or prejudiced ◊ {formal} have already (eaten, had tea, etc.) ◊ just out of spite, deliberately, contrary to expectation ◊ it would have to happen that..., it's the hard fact that..., as luck would have it ◊ remote and deserted ◊ {historical, military} a military unit of twenty-five chariots or foot soldiers in ancient times 1--very high [adj,adv,v] ㇷ piān ◊ essay, written work ◊ sheet of paper (with writing on it) ◊ {measure word} (used for writings like essays, articles, manuscripts, etc.) ◊ {measure word}... sheet(s)/page(s) (used for a sheet or page of a book, etc.) 1--very high [n,mw] ὴ pián ◊ block 4--low 傸 pián ◊ side by side, parallel ◊ team of two horses harnessed to a carriage ◊ Pian (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Linqu, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 4--low [adj,v] ࢭ piāo ◊ rob, seize, plunder ◊ nimble, agile, swift 4--low [adj,v] ┲ piāo ◊ float, drift ◊ stay afloat ◊ shake, rock ◊ (of wind) blow 2--high [v] 伈 piāo ◊ flutter, float (like flags, snowflakes) ◊ whirlwind ◊ ◊ [P-] Gone With the Wind (1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell and 1939 film based on the novel) 1--very high [v,n,adj] ⬒ piáo ◊ gourd ladle, wooden scoop 3--medium [n] ᪷ piě ◊ throw, toss, cast, fling ◊ pout the lips (as a sign of disapproval, displeasure, dis351

urge, press ◊ approach, be close to 1--very high [adj,v] 兴 pò ◊ soul ◊ spirit, vigour, vitality 2--high [n] ࢆ pōu ◊ cut open ◊ dissect ◊ analyze, explain 2--high [v] ᦺ pǒu ◊ attack ◊ split, cut open 4--low [v] ἃ bàng ◊ (wooden) club, bat, flail ◊ beat, hit, strike ◊ mistletoe (or similar parasitic plant) 5--very low Ӷ pú ◊ domestic servant ◊ your humble servant ◊ I, me ◊ drive a carriage ◊ official title for servants, coachmen, etc. (dating from the Zhou Dynasty) ◊ Pu (surname)2--high [sn] ☞ Pú ◊ {ethnology} the Pu people (an ethnic group in southwest China) ◊ Pu (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ⫎ pú ◊ jade embedded in a rock ◊ uncut or uncarved jade 3--medium [n] 㫢 pú ◊ {bot} cattail, club grass, reed mace ◊ Pu (place in Changyuan, Hénán ⋣ই Province during the Chunqiu period) ◊ Pu (place in Xi County, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province during the Chunqiu period) ◊ Pu (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ള pǔ ◊ garden, cultivated field ◊ gardener 3--medium [n] Პ pǔ ◊ universal, general, widespread, common ◊ wide, vast ◊ Pu (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] ᵤ pǔ ◊ plain and simple, honest, unadorned, sincere ◊ bark (of a tree) ◊ uncarved or unworked wood ◊ original nature, inherent quality 2--high [adj,n,phon] 䉡 pǔ ◊ chronological table, record, register ◊ a guide, manual (like a chess manual) ◊ {music} music (score) ◊ compose, set to music ◊ certainty, confidence ◊ airs, pose, pretense 2--high [n,v] 䬪 pù ◊ store, shop ◊ (plank) bed ◊ {archaic} station (for couriers to rest and change horses); (used in place names, like Sānshílǐ Pù й ॱ䟼㡆/йॱ䟼䬪 "Thirty Mile Station") 3--medium 䬪 pū ◊ spread out, lay out, unfold ◊ lay (a road, railroad) ◊ make (a bed) ◊ {measure word, dialect} (used for a kàng ⛅ [the brick bed warmed by a fire underneath, common in northern China]) 1--very high [v,mw]

(of a project) ◊ scheduled time, set time ◊ {measure word}... issue(s) of...,... class(es) of... (used for things produced periodically, like issues of a magazine/newspaper, and for classes of students) ◊ set up/schedule (an appointment, etc.) ◊ expect, await, hope (for), anticipate, look forward to ◊ Qi (surname) 1--very high [n,v,mw,sn] Ṇ qī ◊ (of birds) perch, roost ◊ stay, dwell 2--high [v] Ⅺ qī ◊ deceive, cheat ◊ bully, humiliate, take advantage of 2--high [v] ┶ qī ◊ lacquer, paint ◊ to paint ◊ black ◊ Qi (surname)2--high [n,v,adj,sn] 䃶 qī ◊ (used like qī Ⅺ) cheat, deceive 5--very low ަ qí ◊ his, her, its, their ◊ he, she, it, they ◊ that, such ◊ this... ◊ Qi (surname) 1--very high [pron,sn] ൫ qí ◊ border, boundary ◊ area of land 1,000 "li" square 4--low [n] ཷ qí ◊ strange, odd, queer, unusual ◊ extraordinary, astonishing, wonderful, rare ◊ unexpected, surprising ◊ very, awfully 1--very high [adj,adv] ዀ Qí ◊ Qi (surname,name) 3--medium [sn,name] ᰇ qí ◊ flag, banner, pennant ◊ of or pertaining to the Eight Banners (Bāqí, of the Manchus) ◊ banner (county level administrative division in Nèi Měnggǔ Zìzhìqū ‫ޗ‬㫉ਔ㠚⋫॰/޵ 㫉ਔ㠚⋫४ "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region") ◊ Qi (surname)1--very high [n,sn] ↗ qí ◊ fork, branch (of a road) ◊ different 2--high [adj,n] ⏷ qí ◊ river in Hénán ⋣ই Province 3--medium [n,phon] ⭱ bì ◊ (original form of bì ⭰) give, grant; confer/bestow upon; gift, present 5--very low ⮖ qí ◊ {agriculture} sections of land (mostly rectangular) in a garden set off by ridges ◊ a vegetable bed 3--medium [n] ỻ qí ◊ chess (or any game similar to chess) 3--medium [n] ⽱ qí ◊ very, extremely (like of the coldness of winter) ◊ Qi (surname) 3--medium [adv,sn] ㏖ qí ◊ very, extremely ◊ dark green ◊ shoelace ◊ footprint ◊ Qi (surname) 4--low [adj,adv,n,sn] 㘶 qí ◊ (of a person) more than sixty years old ◊ brutal, tyrannical 3--medium [n] 㮢 qí ◊ request, implore ◊ Chinese angelica, angelica sinensis (used in Chinese medicine) ◊ bit (of a horse's bridle) ◊ Qi (surname) 4--low [sn] 䏲 qì ◊ stand on tiptoes4--low [v] 亰 qí ◊ tall (of the body) 4--low [adj] 僁 qí ◊ ride (astride, like on a bicycle, horse) ◊ junction, meeting point of two things ◊

Q г qī ◊ seven, 7 ◊ {Buddhism} sacrifices held every seven days after death until the fortyninth day ◊ rhyming prose ◊ Qi (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] ࿫ qī ◊ wife 1--very high [n] ᡊ qī ◊ a relative ◊ halberd, axe-spear used as a weapon ◊ Qi (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᵏ qī ◊ term, period of time ◊ phase/stage

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cavalry horse ◊ cavalry soldier 2--high [v,n] 喀 qí ◊ even, neat, in (good) order ◊ (at) the same level or height ◊ the same, equal, identical ◊ together, at the same time, in unison ◊ ready, complete ◊ make even, even out, come up to ◊ {history} Qi (state during the Zhou Dynasty in the area of present northern Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province and southeastern Héběi ⋣े); Qi (the Southern Qi Dynasty [479-502 CE]); Qi (the Northern Qi Dynasty [550-577 CE]); Qi (kingdom established through the peasant rebellion of Huáng Cháo 哳ᐒ/哴ᐒ toward the end of the Táng ୀ Dynasty [618-907 CE]) ◊ {metal} alloy (in this meaning originally pronounced jì) ◊ Qi (surname) 1--very high [adj,vt,sn] Ҏ qǐ ◊ beg (for alms, etc.) ◊ Qi (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ੟ qǐ ◊ open ◊ begin, initiate, start ◊ enlighten, inform ◊ inform, state ◊ note, short and informal letter ◊ character used with one's signature at the end of a letter ◊ right flank (of a military formation) ◊ Qi (surname)1--very high [v,n,sn] ᶎ qǐ ◊ the Chinese wolfberry, Lycium barbarum, syn. Lycium chinense ◊ goji berries (the fruit of this plant, used in Chinese medicine and cuisine) ◊ Qi (ancient state in Qi County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Qi (surname) 3--medium [n,name,sn] ㏞ qǐ ◊ {textiles, written} silk of extremely fine texture, delicate silk ◊ wooden tally resembling a halberd carried by officials when traveling ◊ halberd cover/sheath 5--very low [n] 㔞 qǐ ◊ figured or patterned silk ◊ beautiful, elegant 3--medium [n,adj] ኲ qǐ ◊ {grammar} a rhetorical question particle ◊ an emphatic particle when issuing an order 2--high [adv,n] 䎧 qǐ ◊ rise, stand up ◊ (as a verb suffix) begin to..., start to... ◊ give rise to (e.g., change) ◊ exert (e.g., influence) ◊ give (a name) ◊ {measure word}... case(s) of...,... instance(s) of... (used for criminal cases, lawsuits, disputes, fires, accidents, murders, burglaries, etc.) 1--very high [vi,v,co,mw] ಘ qì ◊ instrument, tool, implement, utensil ◊ {physiology} organ ◊ talent, ability ◊ tolerance, patience, magnanimity, forbearance ◊ {regional} think highly of (a subordinate/junior) 1--very high [n,v] ཱྀ qì ◊ {written} engrave, carve (characters), chisel; engraved or carved characters, inscription ◊ agree, be in accord ◊ agreement, contract ◊ {history} instrument used to fire a tortoise shell for use in divination ◊ {ethnology} (short for Qìdān ཱྀѩ) the Qidan (Khitan, a Tatar people) 2--high [n,v] ᔳ qì ◊ abandon, discard, throw away ◊ forsake, forget ◊ put aside ◊ Qi (a personal name) 1--very high [v,name] ≄ qì ◊ gas, air ◊ power ◊ vigour, spirit ◊

weather, climate ◊ thin clouds ◊ make angry ◊ get angry ◊ fate, destiny ◊ {Chinese philosophy} formative or creative spirit ◊ {Chinese med} qi, vital energy; functions (of internal organs); symptom (of a disease); nutrition 1--very high [n,v] ⌓ qì ◊ sob ◊ tears 2--high [v,n] ⸼ qì ◊ build with bricks or stones ◊ steps 2--high [n,v] 㪪 qì ◊ thatch a roof ◊ repair a house ◊ pile up, stack up 4--low [v] 䇛 qì ◊ settle, conclude, complete ◊ end, conclusion ◊ to, until 4--low [v] 䗴 qì ◊ to, until ◊ all along, up to now 2--high [adv] ᚠ qià ◊ proper, suitable, appropriate ◊ just, exactly, precisely1--very high [adj,adv] ◊ thousand, 1,000 ◊ thousands, greॳ qiān at many ◊ kilo- ◊ Qian (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] ᜶ qiān ◊ fault, transgression, violation ◊ miss, let slip or pass (like a time limit) ◊ noxious disease 4--low [v,n] ᩤ qiān ◊ seize ◊ lift up (a skirt, curtain, etc.) ◊ Qian (surname) 3--medium [sn] ⢥ qiān ◊ pull, lead (a person or draft animal by the hand, etc.) ◊ involve, draw in ◊ sew together: Qian (surname) 2--high [v,sn] 㢺 qiān ◊ exuberant and vigorous foliage 3--medium [morph] 䉖 qiān ◊ modest, humble, unassuming 2--high [adj] 䗱 qiān ◊ move, migrate ◊ change, transform ◊ banish, exile ◊ separate, scatter ◊ transfer (of an official, mostly as a promotion) 2--high [v] 䱑 qiān ◊ footpaths running north and south between fields ◊ path leading to a grave3--medium [n] 僎 qiān ◊ raise high, hold high ◊ seize ◊ lift up (a skirt, curtain, etc.) 3--medium [v] ࡽ qián ◊ in front ◊ forward, ahead ◊ front, first ◊ before, ago ◊ previous, preceding ◊ {Chinese chess} at the front (the piece at the front, relative to the player) 1--very high [adj,adv,suf] ▌ qián ◊ hidden, latent, concealed ◊ secretly, stealthily ◊ submerge, sink into water ◊ Qian (surname) 2--high [adj,adv,v,sn] 㲄 qián ◊ reverent, sincere 3--medium [adj] 䫡 qián ◊ money; cash ◊ coin ◊ {unit of weight} qian (approx. equivalent to 5 grams) ◊ Qian (surname) 3--medium [n,meas,sn] ఋ qiǎn ◊ (same as qiàn ⅹ) insufficient, lacking ◊ {physiology} the jowls of a monkey, an ape's or rodent's jaws ◊ (of apes, rodents, birds, etc.) hold (food) in the mouth ◊ {zool} a fourhorned sheep (as in qiǎnyáng ఋ㖺 "four-horned 353

◊ pole (suspended from a branch, etc. that is weighted on one end and has a bucket on the other end, used to draw water from a well) ◊ crossbeam ◊ tall ◊ Qiao (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㦎 qiáo ◊ {bot, Chinese med} Beijing euphorbia, Euphorbia pekinensis (the root of which is used in Chinese medicine) 3--medium [n] ᐗ qiǎo ◊ skillful, dexterous ◊ intelligent, clever ◊ be opportune, happen at a good time; be a coincidence; coincidentally ◊ deceitful, cunning, crafty ◊ the seventh day of the seventh lunisolar month 1--very high [adj,adv] ソ qiào ◊ hole ◊ orifice, aperture ◊ key, crux, knack 3--medium [n] 㘈 qiáo ◊ lift, raise (the head) ◊ become dried out and warped (like boards, sheets) ◊ the long tail feathers of a bird ◊ an ornament worn by women 2--high [v,n] *䒸 ф qiě ◊ for now, for the time being, for the moment ◊ just, now ◊ now...(to introduce a new thought) ◊ moreover... ◊ and also... ◊ even... ◊ {regional, including Beijing} (in the pattern ф... verb... ઒) for a long time, for quite some time ◊ Qie (surname) 1--very high [adv,sn] ࠷ qiē ◊ cut, slice, chop ◊ {math} tangent 1--very high [v] ࿮ qiè ◊ concubine ◊ female servant ◊ your servant (self-designation used by women in former times) 3--medium [n] ᙟ qiè ◊ cowardly, timid, nervous ◊ (sound used by the people of Beijing to mock other dialects) ◊ uncouth, crude, rustic ◊ be afraid, fear ◊ weak, frail, in poor health 2--high [adj] ᤸ qiè ◊ lift, raise ◊ take or bring along 4--low [v] コ qiè ◊ secretly, stealthily, covertly ◊ steal, pilfer, filch ◊ thief, pilferer ◊ I presume to, I take the liberty 2--high [adv,pron,v] ㇗ qiè ◊ small case, box, chest or case 4--low [n] 䎴 qiè ◊ slanted, sloped, inclined 4--low [adj] 䛴 qiè ◊ Qie (surname) 4--low [sn] ‫ ץ‬qīn ◊ invade, encroach upon, intrude into, violate ◊ erode, corrode ◊ approaching, advancing (gradually) ◊ famine year ◊ Qin (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 䫖 qīn ◊ respect, admire ◊ by the Emperor personally ◊ Qin (surname) 2--high [sn] Ӣ qīn ◊ parent ◊ relative, kin ◊ blood (relation) ◊ intimate, close, near and dear ◊ personally, in person ◊ marriage, match ◊ bride ◊ in favour of, supporting, pro- ◊ kiss1--very high [adj,n,v] औ qín ◊ industrious, diligent, hardworking ◊ often, frequently, regularly ◊ attendance, on duty ◊ duty, service ◊ aid, assist ◊ Qin (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ⩤ qín ◊ {music} seven-stringed plucked

sheep") ◊ {zool} (same as qiǎn 啨) a hamster (subfamily Cricetinae); a mole 3--medium [n] ⍵ qiǎn ◊ (of water) shallow ◊ {figurative} shallow, superficial, not familiar ◊ easy, not difficult, simple ◊ for a short while 2--high [adj] 䉤 qiǎn ◊ denounce, censure, punish ◊ {written} remove a delinquent official from office ◊ Qian (surname) 2--high [v,sn] 䚓 qiǎn ◊ send, dispatch ◊ exile, banish ◊ eliminate, dispel ◊ cause, make 2--high [v] ໽ qiàn ◊ moat around a city. a channel 5--very low ፼ qiàn ◊ inlay ◊ inlaid, set (like with pearls) 2--high [n,adj] ᝺ qiàn ◊ {written} sorrow, regret, hate, resentment 4--low [adj] ⅐ qiàn ◊ owe ◊ not enough, lacking, wanting ◊ a yawn ◊ raise (a part of the body) slightly 2--high [v] 㥌 Xī ◊ Xī (personal name, or part of a personal name, mostly used for phonetic transcription of non-Chinese female's name) 3--medium [name] ᷚ qiāng ◊ rifle, gun, firearm ◊ small arms; hand gun ◊ spear, lance ◊ sth shaped like or functioning like a gun (like electron gun, welding torch) ◊ take an examination as a ringer; serve as a substitute for sb at an examination or contest (under false representation as to identity) ◊ Qiang (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 㖼 Qiāng ◊ Qiang (Chinese nationality originally from Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧ Province) ◊ Qiang (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᄡ qiáng ◊ {archaic} lady-in-waiting ◊ female palace official 4--low [n] ້ qiáng ◊ (same as qiáng ⡶/້ or qiáng ໫/້) wall 5--very low ᕪ qiáng ◊ strong, powerful, mighty, firm, staunch ◊ be demanding, be resolute, excel ◊ by force, forcibly ◊ strengthen, enhance ◊ {informal} (in comparisons) better, superior (better off, in better condition, or more capable) ◊ a little more than, a little over, -plus ◊ Qiang (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] ້ qiáng ◊ wall 1--very high [n] ᣒ qiǎng ◊ rob, plunder, loot, snatch, seize ◊ vie to be first, grab ◊ rush, hasten 1--very high [v] 㽱 qiǎng ◊ string of copper coins 3--medium 䒫 qiāo ◊ lift, raise (a leg, finger) ◊ on tiptoe ◊ stilts ◊ {dialect} hobble, limp (along) 5--very low ‫ ט‬qiáo ◊ live away from home, sojourn ◊ foreign nationals, aliens (esp. Chinese living outside of China) ◊ tall 2--high [v,n,adj] ҄ qiáo ◊ tall, lofty (of trees, mountains, etc.) ◊ disguise ◊ Qiao (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ẕ qiáo ◊ bridge ◊ sth shaped like a bridge 354

musical instrument ◊ (general name for certain musical instruments, e.g., gāngqín 䤬⩤/䫒⩤ "piano"; ሿᨀ⩤ "violin"; húqín 㜑⩤ "huqin", a two-stringed bowed instrument; yángqín ᨊ⩤/ᢜ ⩤ "dulcimer"; fēngqín 付⩤/仾⩤ "organ"; shǒufēngqín ᡻付⩤/᡻仾⩤ "accordion"; mùqín ᵘ⩤ "xylophone") ◊ (another name for gǔqín ਔ ⩤) old style (seven-stringed) zither ◊ Qin (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⿭ qín ◊ birds ◊ poultry ◊ birds and beasts ◊ Qin (surname) 2--high [sn] 〖 Qín ◊ Qin (a state in present central Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 and eastern Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 that unified China under the Qín 〖 Dynasty) ◊ the Qín 〖 Dynasty (221-207 BCE) ◊ Shǎnxī and Gānsù (esp. Shǎnxī) ◊ Qin (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ል qǐn ◊ sleep ◊ bedroom, inner chamber ◊ tomb, mausoleum (for the Emperor) ◊ stop, come to rest ◊ ugly (face) 2--high [n,v,adj] ⊱ qìn ◊ seep, ooze (of a liquid, fragrance, etc.) ◊ head drooping down 3--medium [v] ‫ ٮ‬qīng ◊ lean, incline ◊ favour, be prejudiced toward ◊ inclination, tendency, deviation ◊ overturn, topple; collapse ◊ respect, admire ◊ empty, pour out ◊ waste, ruin, destroy ◊ exert oneself 1--very high [n,v] য qīng ◊ minister, high-ranking government official (in ancient times) ◊ form of address used by the Emperor for a minister ◊ term of endearment or respect ◊ Qing (surname) 2--high [sn] ␨ qīng ◊ clear 4--low ␵ qīng ◊ clear ◊ clean ◊ still, quiet ◊ honest, impartial ◊ eliminate, get rid of ◊ simple, plain ◊ completely, entirely ◊ clean up, eliminate undesirable elements ◊ pay off (a debt), settle (an account) ◊ [Q-] the Qīng ␵ Dynasty (1644-1911 CE) ◊ Qing (surname)1--very high [adj,v,n,sn] 䖫 qīng ◊ light (of weight, in contrast to zhòng 䟽 "heavy") ◊ light (like cavalry, artillery) ◊ small, minor (as in number, severity) ◊ light (like music) ◊ unimportant ◊ gentle, soft ◊ rashly, hastily ◊ look down upon, despise ◊ not take seriously, underestimate 1--very high [adj,adv,v] 䶂 qīng ◊ blue, (dark) green (or similar colour of sky, grass, eye pupils, etc.) ◊ young ◊ Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧ Province ◊ Qing (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] ᛵ qíng ◊ feeling, sentiment, affection, emotion ◊ passion ◊ situation, circumstances, condition 1--very high [n] 唕 qíng ◊ tattoo the face (form of punishment, or later done to common soldiers to prevent them from deserting) ◊ tattoo 4--low [n,v] 䈧 qǐng ◊ request, ask ◊ please ◊ invite; treat (sb to dinner, etc.) ◊ engage, hire, retain (a teacher, nurse, lawyer, fengshui consultant, etc.);

send for (a doctor, etc.) ◊ {archaic} buy (incense, candles, and various other accessories for religious worship) ◊ call on, pay one's respects 1--very high [v] 产 qǐng ◊ qing (one hundred mǔ ⮍/ә, 6.667 hectares) ◊ {written} in an instant, in a moment ◊: just now 2--high [adv,mw,n] ᒶ qìng ◊ congratulate, celebrate ◊ occasion for celebration ◊ award, reward ◊ happiness, benevolence ◊ Qing (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ⼜ qìng ◊ "qing" (stone or jade chime used as a percussion instrument) ◊ "qing" (inverted bell used as a percussion instrument by Buddhists) 3--medium [n] ォ qióng ◊ dome, vault ◊ the sky, the heavens ◊ big, tall ◊ deep 3--medium [n] ェ qióng ◊ poor, destitute, impoverished 1--very high [adj,v] ш qiū ◊ mound, hillock, knoll ◊ grave, grave mound; transient burial (like covering the coffin with earth and rocks prior to burial) ◊ {measure word, historical}... plot(s) of... (used for farmland) ◊ Qiu (surname) ◊ Qiu (Confucius' given name) 2--high [n,mw,name,sn] ⿻ qiū ◊ fall, autumn ◊ harvest season ◊ year ◊ a period of time (mostly bad) ◊ Qiu (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㩙 qiū ◊ artemisia mentioned in ancient texts 3--medium [n] 䛡 qiū ◊ earthen mound, hillock, knoll ◊ Qiu (surname) 3--medium [sn] 勵 qiū ◊ {zool} loach, fam. Cobitidae (as in níqiū ⌕刽/⌕勵 "loach") 4--low [n] ഊ qiú ◊ incarcerate, imprison, confine (in a prison or jail) ◊ prisoner, convict, captive 2--high [n,v] ≲ qiú ◊ beg, request, beseech ◊ ask (for), demand ◊ seek, strive for ◊ demand ◊ Qiu (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ⨳ qiú ◊ ball, sphere, globe ◊ {sports} ball, ball-like objects used in sports (like soccer ball, basket ball, ping-pong ball, hockey puck); ball games ◊ the world, the globe ◊ ball-shape things (like snowball, blood corpuscle) ◊ {slang, vulgar} "the balls" (as a term for the testicles) 1--very high [n] 㼈 qiú ◊ fur garment ◊ Qiu (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䀙 qiú ◊ strong 5--very low 䚂 qiú ◊ strong, forceful ◊ approach, draw near ◊ gather, assemble 4--low [adj] ४ qū ◊ area, region, district, zone ◊ department (as in a shop, department store, etc.) ◊ differentiate, distinguish 1--very high [n,v] ቸ qū ◊ bend, bow, flex, crouch ◊ yield, submit, surrender ◊ be in the wrong ◊ wrong, injustice, wrongful treatment ◊ subdue ◊ rule, govern ◊ droop, sag ◊ revive, regain consciousness ◊ Qu (surname) 2--high [sn,v,n] ᴢ qǔ ◊ {music, literature} song, tune, 355

melody (esp. in opera, drama) ◊ music (of a song) ◊ qu (type of song originating from folk ballads, which emerged during the Southern Song Dynasty and reached the peak of its popularity during the Yuan Dynasty, therefore also called Yuánqǔ ‫ݳ‬ᴢ "Yuan verse") 1--very high [n] ⾋ qū ◊ dispel (illness, doubts, evil spirits, etc.)3--medium [v] 㜐 qū ◊ trunk (area of the body from the armpit to the waist) ◊ right flank (of a military formation) ◊ pry open 5--very low [n,v] 䎻 qū ◊ hurry, hasten along ◊ tend towards, tend (to become) 2--high [v] 䓟 qū ◊ the (human) body 2--high [n] 傡 qū ◊ drive (a car, cart, horse) ◊ run fast ◊ drive out, expel ◊ advance, move forward ◊ {IT} (for a computer) driver 2--high [v,n] ᵀ qú ◊ warm 3--medium ⑐ qú ◊ ditch, canal, channel ◊ chief, leader ◊ outer rim of a wheel ◊ a shield 2--high [n,pron] *㮆 㱗 qú ◊ pleasantly surprised ◊ {bot} the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera (the plant or its flower) ◊ Qu (surname) 4--low [sn] ਆ qǔ ◊ take, get, obtain ◊ pick up/collect; withdraw (money) ◊ seek, court ◊ select, choose ◊ adopt, assume ◊ verb complement added to certain verbs (i.e. tīng 㚭/ੜ, kàn ⴻ, etc.) to indicate realization of the action expressed by the main verb ◊ Qu (surname) 1--very high [v,auxv,suf,sn] ၦ qǔ ◊ (of a man) marry, take a wife 2--high [v] ৫ qù ◊ go (to), go away, leave, depart ◊ get rid of, remove ◊ (verb suffix indicating movement to a place) 1--very high [vi,v] 䏓 qù ◊ interest, excitement, delight, amusement ◊ interesting, pleasant, amusing ◊ bent, inclination, purpose 1--very high [n,adj] സ quān ◊ circle, ring, hoop ◊ {figurative} circle (like of friends), group, crowd ◊ encircle, enclose, fence off ◊ draw a circle around (a word, name, etc.) ◊ {measure word}... ring(s) of... (used for things or people arranged in a circle) ◊ round (in Mahjong, with each player having a turn as banker) 1--very high [n,v,mw] ‫ ޘ‬quán ◊ complete, total ◊ whole, entire, all ◊ completely, totally, entirely ◊ Quan (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ᵳ quán ◊ power, authority, right, privilege ◊ privileged or advantageous position/status ◊ tentative(ly), for the time being, provisional(ly) ◊ {written} sliding weight of a steelyard; counterpoise ◊ {written} weigh, consider ◊ {written} expediency ◊ means to an end ◊ Quan (surname) 1--very high [n,adv,v,sn] ⋹ quán ◊ spring, fountain ◊ mouth of a spring ◊ a coin ◊ the netherworld ◊ Quan (surname) 2--high [n,sn]

⢧ quán ◊ one-coloured cow or ox ◊ perfect 5--very low 䈐 quán ◊ annotation, exegesis, explanatory notes ◊ truth 3--medium [n] ⣜ quǎn ◊ dog, Canis lupus familiaris 2--high [n] ࡨ quàn ◊ certificate, coupon, voucher ◊ ticket ◊ {classical} contract; deed 2--high [n] ࣍ quàn ◊ advise, try to persuade/urge (to do sth), make recommendations ◊ encourage, foster, admonish 2--high [v] 㕪 quē ◊ be short of, lack ◊ defective, incomplete ◊ be absent, be missing ◊ vacancy, unoccupied post 1--very high [v,adj,n] ত què ◊ yet, but, however ◊ step back, move backwards ◊ repulse, drive, push or beat back ◊ reject, decline, refuse ◊ (particle used to introduce a story) 1--very high [adv] ᛛ què ◊ sincerity, honesty ◊ modest 5--very low [adj] ⺿ què ◊ coloured 5--very low [n] ⺞ què ◊ true, authentic, real ◊ solid, firm, reliable ◊ precise, literal, concrete 1--very high [adj] ◊ (used like quē 㕪) error, mistake, 䱉 quē fault, deficiency, flaw ◊ Que (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䳰 què ◊ sparrow ◊ small bird 2--high [n] 呺 què ◊ {zool} the (Green) Magpie, Cissa 3--medium [n] chinensis 㼉 qún ◊ the skirt of a lady's dress ◊ petticoat 5--very low 㗔 qún ◊ (variant of qún 㗔) crowd/group (of people or animals, things, islands, etc.) ◊ {measure word}... group(s) of...,... swarm(s) of...,... flock(s)...,... herd(s) of...,... range(s) of... (used for people, animals, insects, birds, islands, volcanoes, etc.) ◊ congregate, gather together 4--low [n,mw] 㗔 qún ◊ crowd/group (of people, animals, islands) ◊ {measure word} group, swarm, flock, herd ◊ congregate, gather together 1--very high [n,v,mw] 㼉 qún ◊ skirt ◊ dress ◊ sth resembling a skirt (like an apron) ◊ edges of turtle shell 2--high [n]

R ❦ rán ◊ (be) so, (be) like that, (be) that way ◊ (as a suffix to adjectives) in that manner (like gōng ‫" ޜ‬public" becomes gōngrán ‫❦ޜ‬ "publicly, openly") ◊ (be) correct, accurate, right ◊ however; but, yet, nevertheless ◊ ignite, light (a fire) ◊ Ran (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,sn] 償 rán ◊ whiskers, beard ◊ person with long beard 3--medium [n] ޹ rǎn ◊ slowly, gradually, little by little ◊

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supple, soft, tender, frail ◊ the edges of a tortoise shell ◊ Ran (surname) 2--high [adv,adj,n,sn] ḃ rǎn ◊ dye, colour ◊ catch, contract (like a disease), soil, contaminate, pick up (like bad habits) ◊ soya bean milk, fermented soya beans ◊ Ran (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ゠ rǎng ◊ thriving, flourishing ◊ Rang (place in Deng County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 4--low ༔ rǎng ◊ soil, earth ◊ earth, ground ◊ area, land, territory ◊ Rang (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᭈ rǎng ◊ resist, reject, get rid of ◊ seize, grab3--medium [v] 䇙 ràng ◊ let, allow ◊ have or make (sb do sth), cause ◊ yield, give in, give up ◊ yield for, give (the right of) way to (e.g., another vehicle, pedestrians) ◊ let sb else have sth ◊ {sound transcription} Jean (French given name) 1--very high [v] ẑ ráo ◊ oar 4--low [adj,n] 侦 ráo ◊ bountiful, abundant, plentiful ◊ forgive, pardon, have mercy on, let (sb) off ◊ Rao (surname) 2--high [adj,v,sn] ᢠ rǎo ◊ trouble, disturb, harass ◊ (a word used in polite expressions to express one's gratitude to one's host ◊) invade and harass 2--high [adj,v] ✝ rè ◊ hot ◊ ardent, fervent ◊ crave, be envious ◊ popular, in demand ◊ fad, craze, rage ◊ thermal ◊ {med} hot (one of the Eight Principal Syndromes, see Bā Gāng ‫ޛ‬㏡/‫ޛ‬㓢) 1--very high [adj,n] Ӫ rén ◊ person(s), human being(s), people, man ◊ somebody else, the others ◊ Ren (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ӱ rén ◊ benevolence, humanity, kindheartedness (esp. as the key Confucian virtue in former times) ◊ concerned, sensitive ◊ humane, compassionate ◊ kernel, nut, core, pip (of fruit, nuts, etc.) ◊ Ren (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ༜ rén ◊ ren (ninth of the ten Tiāngān ཙᒢ "Celestial Stems") ◊ great, grand ◊ north ◊ craft, cunning ◊ Ren (surname) 3--medium [num,adj,n,sn] ᗽ rěn ◊ endure, bear ◊ enduring, tough ◊ have the heart to, be cruel enough to ◊ restrain, control 1--very high [v,adj] 㥿 rěn ◊ {bot} the Common Perilla, Perilla frutescens ◊ weak, cowardly 4--low [adj] Ԏ rèn ◊ ancient measure of length (about seven or eight Chinese inches) ◊ measure depth 3--medium [mw] ԫ rèn ◊ appoint, assign, engage ◊ let, permit, allow ◊ assume office, hold office, take up a post ◊ an official post, office or duty ◊ bear, face (sth) ◊ {measure word}... term(s) of... (used for the term of an official position) ◊ no matter (how/what/if...) 1--very high [v,n,mw] ࠳ rèn ◊ blade, point, edge (of a knife or sword) ◊ knife, sword 2--high [n,v]

㓤 rèn ◊ weave, spin 5--very low 㺭 rèn ◊ lapel ◊ hidden lapel of coat 5--very low 䇔 rèn ◊ recognize, know, distinguish ◊ admit, acknowledge ◊ adopt ◊ enter into/establish a relationship 1--very high [v] 䁂 rèn ◊ hesitate to say, be reluctant to speak 4--low ӽ réng ◊ still, yet ◊ {written} remain ◊ {written} frequent 1--very high [adv] ᰕ rì ◊ sun ◊ day, daytime ◊ daily, on a daily basis, every day ◊ the days, time ◊ (short for Rìběn ᰕᵜ) Japan; Japanese 1--very high [n,adv,tw,adj] 俩 rì ◊ a post horse, relay horse 5--very low ᇩ róng ◊ hold, contain, accommodate ◊ tolerate ◊ permit ◊ countenance, facial expression ◊ looks, appearance, capacity ◊ form, shape ◊ perhaps, maybe ◊ Rong (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ◊ (alternate reading "hóng") ᏶ róng 5--very low ᠾ róng ◊ military affairs, armed forces ◊ weapons ◊ war, military campaign ◊ Rong (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 㦓 róng ◊ flourish (of vegetation) ◊ flourishing, thriving ◊ honour, glory ◊ {bot} the Chinese parasol tree, Firmiana simplex ◊ Rong (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,n,sn] 㥨 róng ◊ (of grass) newly grown, fine and soft, downy; fine embroidery-floss ◊ {Chinese med} young pilose antler, Cornu cervi pantotrichum (deer horn with a mild medicinal nature for treating disorders in the liver and the kidney channel) 2--high [adj,n] 㶽 róng ◊ melt, thaw ◊ merge, mix together, fuse ◊ circulate (of money) ◊ light, bright ◊ Rong (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ⟄ róng ◊ melt, smelt, fuse ◊ casting mould 3--medium [v,n] ߇ rǒng ◊ superfluous, redundant, trivial ◊ unnecessarily detailed; a busy schedule, duties, occupation, business 3--medium [adj,n] Ḅ róu ◊ soft, supple ◊ soften ◊ soft, gentle, mild ◊ pacify ◊ Rou (surname) 2--high [adj,v,sn] 㚹 ròu ◊ meat, flesh ◊ (of fruits) pulp, flesh ◊ {dialect} (of melon) pulpy, not crisp 1--very high [n] ݂ rú ◊ Confucianism ◊ Confucianist ◊ meek, gentle, timid ◊ scholar ◊ philosopher ◊ Ru (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] ྲ rú ◊ like, as, as if ◊ according to ◊ be as good as, equal, compare with (often used in the negative) ◊ such as, for example ◊ if ◊ {written} go to ◊ and, or ◊ Ru (surname) 1--very high [adv,v,conj,sn] ᆪ rú ◊ child ◊ blood relatives ◊ familial harmony ◊ ru (surname) 4--low [sn] 㥩 rú ◊ eat ◊ vegetables (collectively) ◊ attached, continuous (like the root to the plant) ◊ 357

soft ◊ conjecture, speculate ◊ putrid, foul smelling ◊ Ru (surname) 3--medium [sn] ң rǔ ◊ breast, nipples ◊ milk, milk-like liquid or sap (of milkweed, rubber tree, etc.) ◊ suckle ◊ suckling ◊ give birth to ◊ hatch ◊ young, newly-born 2--high [n,v] ⊍ rǔ ◊ you ◊ Ru (surname) 2--high [sn] 䗡 rǔ ◊ disgrace, shame, humiliation 2--high [n] ‫ ޕ‬rù ◊ enter; join, become a member of (a group, club, etc.) ◊ income, receipts, earnings ◊ conform to, agree with 1--very high [v,n] 㘾 ruǎn ◊ weak, pliable, soft, yielding 5--very low 䱞 ruǎn ◊ {music} round-bodied lute with four strings and a long neck (also ruǎnxián 䱞૨) ◊ Ruan (place during the Shang Dynasty in Jingchuan, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province) ◊ Ruan (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㒐 ruǐ ◊ hang 5--very low ⊝ ruì ◊ confluence of two rivers, bend where rivers converge5--very low ⪎ ruì ◊ auspicious, lucky ◊ jade keepsake ◊ Switzerland (short for Ruìshì ⪎༛) ◊ Sweden (short for Ruìdiǎn ⪎ި) ◊ Rui (surname) 1--very high [adj] ⶯ ruì ◊ farsighted ◊ wisdom, intelligence 3--medium [adj] 㣞 ruì ◊ small ◊ wadding ◊ silk ribbon tied to a shield ◊ Rui (state in Shǎnxī during the Zhou Dynasty) ◊ Rui (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䭀 ruì ◊ sharp, keen, acute ◊ spirit, zeal, vigour ◊ small, tiny 2--high [adj,n] ⏖ rùn ◊ smooth, moist ◊ moisten, lubricate ◊ embellish, polish (mostly writing) ◊ benefit, profit ◊ rain water 2--high [adj,n,v] ᕡ ruò ◊ weak (physically), feeble (in contrast to qiáng ᕧ/ᕪ" strong, powerful") ◊ young ◊ inferior, not equal to ◊ lose (due to death) ◊ (when following a fraction or decimal, indicates an amount less than the number given) ◊ frightened, afraid 1--very high [adj] ⠷ ruò ◊ light, burn, set on fire ◊ scald ◊ hot 5--very low [v] 㤕 ruò ◊ if, like, as if ◊ you ◊ obey, follow ◊ choose, select ◊ how ◊ {bot} pollia, Pollia japonica ◊ Ruo (surname) 1--very high [adv,v,n,sn]

high [v,n] й sān ◊ three, 3 ◊ several, numerous, many (the character ৱ is also used in Simplified character mode, to avoid forgery) 1--very high [num] ᮓ sǎn ◊ fall apart, break up, come loose ◊ scattered, loose, apart ◊ {med} medicinal powder, medication in powder form ◊ San (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ẁ sāng ◊ {bot} the white mulberry, Morus alba ◊ Sang (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 仑 sǎng ◊ {physiology} the forehead ◊ kowtow 4--low [n] ї sàng ◊ lose; be deprived of ◊ be disappointed 2--high [v] 㟺 sào ◊ shy, bashful, coy 4--low [v] 僊 sāo ◊ harass, disturb, upset, disrupt ◊ poetry and prose, literary writings; (short for Lí Sāo 䴒偧/⿫僊) of or pertaining to the poem Li Sao (written by the poet Qū Yuán ቸ৏ [ca. 340 BCE-278 BCE]) ◊ flirtatious, coquettish ◊ obscene ◊ (used like sāo 㟺) pungent/foul urinal smell ◊ {dialect} male of certain domestic animals 2--high [adj,n,v] ჲ sǎo ◊ sister-in-law (elder brother's wife) ◊ {formal} sister (form of addressing a married women of one's own generation) ◊ a middle-aged married woman ◊ (following a job designation) middle-aged female worker/employee in the job designated 2--high [n] ᢛ sǎo ◊ sweep, clear away (with a broom, etc.) ◊ {figurative} eliminate, wipe out, get rid of ◊ (of the eyes, a glance, etc.) move or pass over quickly ◊ put together ◊ paint, apply (like makeup to the eyebrows)1--very high [v] อ sào ◊ broom ◊ sweep, clear away 4--low [n,v] ஜ sè ◊ miserly, stingy, parsimonious ◊ thrifty, frugal4--low [adj] ⪏ sè ◊ {music} the Chinese large zither (a twenty-five or sixteen string zither-like musical instrument with a straight fixed bridge at each end and a movable tuning pillar beneath each string) ◊ numerous ◊ majestic, dignified ◊ bright, clear 2--high [n,adj] 㢢 sè ◊ colour ◊ look, expression, countenance ◊ kind, type, sort ◊ scene, sight, view ◊ (of merchandise, gold, etc.) quality, purity ◊ (mostly of women) good looks, attractive appearance ◊ sex, eroticism 1--very high [n] ‫ ܗ‬sēng ◊ Buddhist monk (from the sanskrit word "sangha") ◊ {Buddhism} assembly, society ◊ Seng (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᵰ shā ◊ kill, slaughter ◊ fight, go into battle ◊ abate, reduce ◊ hurt, smart ◊ counteract ◊ extremely (particle used after a verb to indicate action of the verb in the extreme)3--medium [v] ⋉ shā ◊ sand ◊ sandy place (like desert, beach) ◊ granulated ◊ (of voice) hoarse ◊ tsar, czar ◊ pico- (one trillionth) ◊ Sha (surname)

S Ԙ sā ◊ {colloquial} three (mostly not followed by a measure word) 3--medium [num] ⍂ sǎ ◊ sprinkle, spray (like water) ◊ sprinkle, scatter ◊ Sa (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ຎ sāi ◊ fill, stuff, cram ◊ squeeze in, stuff in, fill in ◊ stop ◊ stopper, plug, cork 1--very

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1--very high [n,adj,num,sn] ➎ shà ◊ very, extremely ◊ demon, evil spirit, devil, goblin ◊ {TW usage} SARS (in this meaning usually pronounced "sà" to match the pronunciation of English "SARS" and to associate it with the Taiwan Minnan pronunciation and meaning of the word soah4 ➎ "mysterious and evil influence [like possession by ghosts]") 2--high [adv,n] ⅳ shà ◊ suck, sip 4--low [v] ࡐ shān ◊ delete, cut out, strike out 2--high [v] ኡ shān ◊ hill, mountain ◊ sth resembling a hill/mountain ◊ {geosciences} a massif ◊ bushes where silkworms spin their cocoons ◊ gable, wall (of a house) ◊ Shan (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㤛 shān ◊ straw mat 3--medium [n] ழ shàn ◊ good, charitable (in contrast to è ᜑ/ᚦ "evil") ◊ good, fine ◊ perfect, make successful ◊ friendly ◊ be skilled in, be expert in ◊ properly ◊ be apt to, be liable to ◊ express approval ◊ Shan (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,sn] ໐ shàn ◊ {archaic} flat area used for sacrifices ◊ level ground for holding rituals 4--low ᅇ shàn ◊ change, transform, evolve 4--low [v] ᡷ shàn ◊ a fan ◊ leaf, panel (of a door, screen) ◊ {measure word} (for doors, windows, screens) 2--high [n,mw] ᫵ shàn ◊ do on one's own authority, do without authorization ◊ be good at, be skilled in, excel at 2--high [v] 㟣 shàn ◊ meals, board, food ◊ eat, have one's meal ◊ cook 3--medium [n] 㸪 shàn ◊ earthworm 5--very low 䇚 shàn ◊ mock, ridicule ◊ slander ◊ embarrassed, awkward, shamefaced 4--low [adj,v] 䎑 shàn ◊ support, provide for the daily needs ◊ abundant, plentiful ◊ Shan (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㟣 shàn ◊ meals, provisions, board5--very low Ք shāng ◊ wound, injury ◊ hurt, injure (literally or figuratively) ◊ hinder, impede ◊ grieve, be saddened ◊ be sick of, have one's fill of 1--very high [n,v] ୶ shāng ◊ confer, consult, discuss ◊ commerce, business, trade ◊ commercial ◊ merchant, businessman, trader ◊ profiteer ◊ {math} quotient ◊ [Sh-] Shang Dynasty (16th-11th century BCE) ◊ Shang (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ↷ shāng ◊ die young, die prematurely ◊ war casualty 3--medium [v] 䀎 shāng ◊ wine vessel ◊ propose a toast 4--low [n] 䍿 shǎng ◊ reward, grant, bestow ◊ compensate ◊ a reward, award ◊ appreciate, enjoy ◊ appreciate, recognize ◊ Shang (surname) 1--very

high [v,sn] к shàng ◊ on, on top of... ◊ last, the previous (like shàng [gè] xīngqīwǔ к[‫]ػ‬ᱏᵏӄ "last Friday") ◊ first (in a series) ◊ go up, go up to ◊ mount, board (a vehicle) ◊ go to, leave for ◊ submit, send ◊ bolt, lock (a door, etc.) ◊ (used after a verb as a resultative ending to indicate the amount or extent reached) 1--very high [v,co,postp] ቊ shàng ◊ still, yet ◊ proceed ◊ honour, esteem ◊ the remote ages ◊ of or having to do with the Emperor ◊ marry (a princess) ◊ protect and aid ◊ Shang (surname) 1--very high [conj,v,adj,n,sn] 㼣 cháng ◊ {archaic} skirt ◊ clothing 2--high [n] ✗ shāo ◊ burn ◊ cook (general verb) ◊ cook in sauce, stew after frying, fry after stewing (like eggplant, mutton) ◊ roast (like duck or chicken) ◊ have a fever, run a temperature ◊ fever, high temperature ◊ (of plants because of over-fertilization) wither, die ◊ {slang, phonetic} shopping (from the sound of the English word) 1--very high [v] 〽 shāo ◊ a little, slightly ◊ grow gradually 1--very high [adv] प sháo ◊ {archaic} spoon, ladle 3--medium [mw,n] 並 sháo ◊ beautiful ◊ the music of the legendary Emperor Shun ◊ Shao (surname) 3--medium [sn] ቁ shǎo ◊ few, little, less, scant, not enough ◊ seldom ◊ missing, lacking ◊ owe (money, etc.) ◊ a (little) while, a minute 1--very high [adv,v,num] 㓽 shào ◊ introduce ◊ continue, carry on ◊ pertaining to Shàoxīng ㍩㠸/㓽‫ ޤ‬city or county (Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province) 1--very high [v,adv] 䛥 Shào ◊ Shao (surname)2--high [sn] ྒ shē ◊ extravagant, luxurious, wasteful ◊ excessive, inordinate ◊ exaggerated ◊ She (surname) 3--medium [adj,sn] 㠼 shé ◊ tongue ◊ sth resembling a tongue (like peak of a hat, tongue of a flame) ◊ tongue, clapper (of a bell, etc.) ◊ sharp words, verbal battle, language 1--very high [n] 㳷 shé ◊ snake, serpent 2--high [n] 㠽 shě ◊ abandon, give up, discard ◊ give alms, contribute to/dispense charity 3--medium [v] 㠽 shè ◊ house, dwelling ◊ hut, shed ◊ pen, barn (for animals) ◊ she (ancient distance measure of thirty lǐ 䟼) 1--very high [n] ሴ shè ◊ shoot, fire (like an arrow/bullet/ball) ◊ jet, emit (under pressure), discharge, eject ◊ emit, radiate (like light, heat, rays, etc.) ◊ insinuate ◊ archery (as one of the six Confucian skills) ◊ {classical} seek, pursue 1--very high [v,n] ᩴ shè ◊ absorb, take in, assimilate ◊ take a photo ◊ {written} conserve (like one's health, 359

energy) ◊ act in place of/on behalf of/for ◊ capture, kidnap ◊ frighten 1--very high [v] ↉ xī ◊ breathe, inhale ◊ wrinkle one's nose (at), sneer (at) ◊ (used like xī 㘅) {written} amiable, agreeable, docile; furl, contract, fold, close ◊ put together, unite, combine, connect 3--medium [v] ⎹ shè ◊ ford, wade ◊ experience, go through, undergo ◊ involve ◊ move (like the pen) ◊ She (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ⽮ shè ◊ society, organization, association ◊ community ◊ commune ◊ sacrifices to the God of the Land, the seasons, the sun, etc. ◊ God of the Land ◊ village, local (school, granary, etc. in former times) ◊ she (a measure of land) 1--very high [n] 䇮 shè ◊ establish, set up, set ◊ plan, arrange ◊ suppose, presume ◊ if, suppose 1--very high [v] 䎖 shè ◊ remit, pardon ◊ She (surname) 3--medium [sn] ը shēn ◊ stretch out, extend, straighten, hold out (like one's arms, legs, etc.) ◊ redress (a wrong, an injustice) ◊ Shen (surname) 1--very high [v] ␡ shēn ◊ deep ◊ profound ◊ dark (of colour) 1--very high [adj] ⭣ shēn ◊ state, explain ◊ report (to a superior) ◊ shen (ninth of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ shen (3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m., one of the twelve two-hour periods in a day) ◊ Shen (name for Shanghai) ◊ Shen (state during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty) ◊ Shen (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 㓵 shēn ◊ gentry ◊ girdle or belt worn by officials and literati ◊ bind 2--high [n] 㧈 shēn ◊ long (in shape) ◊ many, numerous, multitudinous ◊ Shen (name of ancient states in several parts of China) ◊ Shen (name of towns in several parts of China) ◊ Shen (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䓛 shēn ◊ (one's) body/life/person/character; oneself ◊ the frame, body (as of a car) ◊ {measure word}... suit(s) of... (used for suits of clothing) ◊ all one's life, one's lifetime 1--very high [n,mw] Ӱ shén ◊ various, miscellaneous ◊ a group of ten (soldiers, etc.); ten 2--high [adj,n] ⭊ shèn ◊ {formal} very, extremely ◊ more than 1--very high [adv] ⾎ shén ◊ deity, god ◊ supernatural being, spirit ◊ supernatural (skill, etc.) ◊ soul, mind ◊ energy ◊ expression, look ◊ {Beijing} incredible, magical, marvelous ◊ Shen (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ૲ shěn ◊ smile, sneer at 3--medium [v] ᇑ shěn ◊ careful, thorough, circumspect ◊ examine (thoroughly), read or look over ◊ interrogate, cross-examine, try (a case in court) ◊ {written} know, be familiar with, be aware of ◊ {written} really, indeed ◊ Shen (surname)

1--very high [adj,v,sn] ⊸ shěn ◊ (short for) Shěnyáng ☻䲭/⊸䱣 (city, Liáoníng 䚬ሗ/䗭ᆱ Province) ◊ {classical} liquid, juice ◊ Shen (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ⸗ shěn ◊ furthermore 4--low [conj] ᝾ shèn ◊ be careful, be cautious ◊ do not, be sure not to ◊ Shen (surname) 2--high [sn] 㴳 shèn ◊ clam 3--medium [n,v] ॷ shēng ◊ rise, ascend, hoist (in contrast to jiàng 䱽 "fall, drop") ◊ {unit of measure} litre ◊ sheng (dry measure for grain equal to one litre) ◊ sheng (measuring device holding approx. one litre) ◊ ripe, mature ◊ sheng (diagram in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Sheng (surname) 1--very high [v,n,adj,sn] ⢢ shēng ◊ domestic animals ◊ animal sacrifice 2--high [n] ⭏ shēng ◊ give birth to ◊ live ◊ life ◊ unripe ◊ raw ◊ bear, deliver ◊ generate ◊ be born ◊ (of plants, roots, etc.) grow, emerge ◊ unripe ◊ raw, undercooked ◊ not cooked ◊ unprocessed, unrefined ◊ unfamiliar, unacquainted ◊ student (bound form, as in nǚshēng ྣ⭏ "female student", zhèngshìshēng ↓ᔿ⭏ "regular student") ◊ suffix for various kinds or groups of people (like yīshēng 䟛⭏/५⭏ "medical doctor") ◊ Sheng (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,sn,n] ⭕ shēng ◊ nephew (sister's son) ◊ husband's sister's son 3--medium [n] ㅉ shēng ◊ {music} the reed pipe (a reed pipe musical instrument with many reeds) ◊ a bamboo mat 3--medium [n] ༠ shēng ◊ sound, voice ◊ make a sound ◊ announce, state, declare ◊ reputation, renown ◊ initial consonant (of a Chinese character) ◊ {linguistics} tone (of a syllable in spoken Chinese) ◊ music ◊ {measure word} a sound of... (only preceded by the numeral yī а "one", for utterances and sounds, like a shout, command, thunderclap, etc.)1--very high [n,v,mw] 㔣 shéng ◊ rope, string, cord ◊ {written} correct, restrain, restrict, take sanctions against ◊ {written} continue ◊ carpenter's inked plumb line ◊ criterion, gauge, law, rule 2--high [n,v] ⴱ shěng ◊ save, economize ◊ omit, leave out, delete ◊ (of terms, expressions) short form ◊ province ◊ provincial capital ◊ (in Japan) ministry (of the government) 1--very high [v,n] ࢙ shèng ◊ be left over, remain ◊ surplus, remainder, leftover(s) 1--very high [n,v] 㜌 shèng ◊ win ◊ victory, triumph, success ◊ be victorious, win over ◊ surpass, be superior/better, get the better of ◊ beautiful, wonderful, superb (like scenery) ◊ be equal to, come up to (like to a responsibility or task; in this meaning pronounced "shēng" in Taiwan) ◊ Sheng (surname) ◊ {archaic} ornament for women's hair 1--very high [n,v,sn] ⴋ shèng ◊ abundant ◊ flourishing, thriving ◊ 360

prosperous ◊ vigorous, exuberant ◊ grand, magnificent ◊ deep, profound ◊ popular, prevalent, widespread, extensive ◊ highly, deeply, greatly ◊ Sheng (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ൓ shèng ◊ holy, sacred ◊ outstanding, unequalled (skill, intelligence) ◊ sage ◊ {formal} Emperor (respectful term) ◊ {religion} saint 1--very high [adj,n] ཡ shī ◊ lose (in contrast to dé ᗇ "obtain, get") ◊ miss, let slip, lose out ◊ fail to achieve one's objective ◊ mistake ◊ change (from the norm) ◊ break (like a promise), neglect (like one's duty), fail to do 1--very high [v] ቨ shī ◊ corpse, dead body 2--high [n] ᐸ shī ◊ teacher, master ◊ example, model ◊ model (oneself after), imitate ◊ professional, skilled or specialized worker (like doctor, engineer) ◊ {military} division ◊ troops ◊ multitude of people ◊ (various official titles) ◊ {divination} Shi (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ᯭ shī ◊ execute, carry out ◊ grant, bestow, give ◊ exert (like pressure), apply (like fertilizer) ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ⒯ shī ◊ wet, moist, damp, humid ◊ humidity 1--very high [adj,n] 㫽 shī ◊ alpine yarrow, achillea alpina (the stalks of which were used in divination) 4--low [n] 䈇 shī ◊ poetry, poem, verse ◊ the Shījīng 䂙㏃/䈇㓿 "Book of Odes" 1--very high [n] ॱ shí ◊ ten, tenth ◊ complete ◊ perfect 1--very high [num] ᇎ shí ◊ (variant of shí ሖ/ᇎ) real, true, authentic, actual, honest, sincere ◊ solid, full ◊ reality, truth, fact ◊ surely, for sure ◊ goods, materials ◊ wealth, riches 4--low [adj,n,adv] ᇎ shí ◊ real, true, authentic, actual, honest, sincere ◊ solid, full ◊ reality, truth, fact ◊ surely, for sure ◊ fruit, seed ◊ {Chinese med} excessiveness (one of the bāgāng ‫ޛ‬㏡/‫ޛ‬㓢 "eight principal syndromes") ◊ goods, materials ◊ wealth, riches ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,adv,sn] ᰦ shí ◊ time ◊ when, at (a certain time) ◊ o'clock (written form) ◊ current, present ◊ at that time ◊ occasionally, now and then; at times, sometimes (in the pattern ᱲ…ᱲ…) ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [n,postp,sn] ⸣ shí ◊ stone, rock, pebble ◊ stone inscription ◊ {Chinese medicine} stone needle (used in ancient times in acupuncture) ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 䇶 shí ◊ know, recognize, understand ◊ knowledge, experience 1--very high [v,n] 伏 shí ◊ eat ◊ eating, dining ◊ meal, food

(for humans) ◊ (animal) feed ◊ (used like shí 㶅/㲰) lose (money, capital, etc.) ◊ eclipse (of the sun or moon) ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ֯ shǐ ◊ cause, make (sb do sth); enable ◊ use, make use of, employ, apply ◊ send, dispatch (sb to do sth) ◊ messenger, envoy, ambassador ◊ supposing, if, provided 1--very high [v,n] ਢ shǐ ◊ history ◊ Imperial Record Keeper ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ࿻ shǐ ◊ begin, start ◊ beginning, start (in contrast to zhōng ㍲/㓸 "end") ◊ first, earliest ◊ can only, only then ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ⸒ shǐ ◊ arrow ◊ vow, swear, take an oath 2--high [n,v] 䊅 shǐ ◊ pig, boar, sow 4--low [n,v] ц shì ◊ world, society ◊ generation, life, lifetime ◊ {geosciences} epoch, age, era ◊ the secular world, this (mundane) world ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] һ shì ◊ affair, matter, thing ◊ incident, event ◊ accident, trouble, untoward event ◊ business ◊ work, function ◊ job, occupation ◊ concerned with, involved in, responsible for ◊ serve, attend to ◊ do, carry out, be engaged in 1--very high [n,v,adv] ԅ shì ◊ {admin, archaic} be a public official, hold public office (esp. in Imperial China) ◊ investigate, examine ◊ {Chinese chess} Advisors/Guards (on the red side; also known as guards or ministers, less commonly as assistants, mandarins, or warriors) 3--medium [n,v] լ sì ◊ similar, alike, resembling ◊ seem, appear ◊ compared with, more and more, increasingly 1--very high [adj,v] ֽ shì ◊ serve, wait upon ◊ servant, attendant ◊ your servant 2--high [v,n] ࣯ shì ◊ power, influence ◊ tendency, momentum ◊ physical appearance ◊ action, situation, circumstances ◊ sign, indication ◊ (political, military, etc.) situation 1--very high [n] ఌ shì ◊ like extremely (to eat or drink, etc.), be addicted to 2--high [v] ಜ shì ◊ bite ◊ swallow 3--medium [v] ༛ shì ◊ (suffix referring to certain skilled personnel, e.g. hùshi 䆧༛/ᣔ༛ "nurse") ◊ (commendable) person (suffix used in certain polite terms for people, e.g., lièshì ⛸༛ "martyr") ◊ soldier ◊ (in feudal China) scholar ◊ (in the Shang, Western Zhou, and Chunqiu) gentry scholar (member of the lowest aristocratic class, between the high officials and common people) ◊ {classical, ancient Chinese} unmarried man ◊ {Chinese chess} advisor, guard (on the black side ◊ also known as minister, less commonly as assistant, mandarin, or warrior) ◊ noncommissioned officer (a military rank in certain countries,

361

under wèi ሹ) ◊ {Japanese} samurai ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᇔ shì ◊ room, chamber ◊ house, building ◊ office, section, department (as part of a larger organization, like reference to room of a library) ◊ household, household possessions ◊ sheath, scabbard ◊ one of the 28 Lunar Mansions ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᐲ shì ◊ city, municipality (like Beijing, Shanghai) ◊ market, marketplace ◊ {economics} market ◊ trade, business ◊ purchase, buy ◊ administrative area or unit ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ᔿ shì ◊ style, type, fashion ◊ model, pattern, form ◊ ceremony, rite, ritual ◊ formula, equation ◊ {linguistics} mood 1--very high [n] ᕂ shì ◊ to kill one's superior 3--medium ᙳ shì ◊ rely on, depend on (take unfair advantage of) 3--medium [v] ᤝ shì ◊ wipe away ◊ rub 3--medium [v] ᱟ shì ◊ be, am, is, are (equating two things) ◊ right ◊ yes (response when called on) ◊ {classical} this ◊ {classical} correct, right ◊ (in the pattern ᱟ…ᱟ…) is it...or is it...? ◊ "Yes!" ◊ "Right!" 1--very high [auxv,v] ∿ shì ◊ by the (family) name of... ◊ (used after a well-known person's surname, like an inventor, scientist, etc.) ◊ Shi (surname) 2--high [sn] ⽪ shì ◊ show, display ◊ instruct, demonstrate 1--very high [v] 㷛 shì ◊ stinger (of a bee, wasp, scorpion, etc., as in shìzhēn 㷛䠍/㷛䪸 "stinger") ◊ poison (from an insect sting) ◊ angry, furious 4--low [n,adj] 㿶 shì ◊ look at, view, examine ◊ regard, consider, treat as, look upon as ◊ inspect, observe, watch, contrast, compare ◊ model oneself on, follow the example of ◊ {physics} apparent 1--very high [v,adj] 䈅 shì ◊ test, try, experiment ◊ test, trial, experiment ◊ try, attempt ◊ taste, try ◊ take up a post, assume an office ◊ use 1--very high [v,n] 䃃 shì ◊ take an oath, swear, pledge ◊ oath, pledge, vow 2--high [v,n] 䉕 shì ◊ confer posthumous titles3--medium [v] 䍣 shì ◊ rent, loan ◊ buy (or sell) on credit ◊ pardon, treat with leniency ◊ Shi (a place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Cao County, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium [v,name] 䖬 shì ◊ {archaic} a horizontal wooden board on the front carriage body (used as an armrest, and to lean on when greeting/bowing); lean forward against this board (bowing) as a gesture of respect to the person addressed 3--medium [n]

䙍 shì ◊ pass, flow (of time, water, etc.) ◊ pass away, die 2--high [v] 䘲 shì ◊ fit, suitable, proper, appropriate ◊ opportune, just right ◊ comfortable, at ease, well ◊ go, move towards, follow ◊ {written} (of a woman) marry, get married 1--very high [adj,v] 䟺 shì ◊ interpret, explain, elucidate ◊ eliminate, dispel ◊ let go, lay down ◊ release (from prison) ◊ emit, send out ◊ Sakyamuni (abbreviation for Shìjiāmóuní 䟻䘖⢏ቬ/䟺䘖⢏ቬ) ◊ Shi (surname) 1--very high [v,sn,name] 侠 shì ◊ decorate, adorn (literally or figuratively, like of writing) ◊ decoration, adornment ◊ play the part of 2--high [n,v] ᭦ shōu ◊ receive, accept ◊ collect ◊ harvest, gather in, bring in (crops)1--very high [v] ᆸ shǒu ◊ guard, protect ◊ keep watch, look after, inspect ◊ heed, observe ◊ nearby, close ◊ Shou (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ᡻ shǒu ◊ hand ◊ personally, with one's own hands ◊ person engaged in a certain task; person with a particular skill ◊ {measure word} (used for skill, dexterity, etc.) 1--very high [n,mw] 俆 shǒu ◊ the head ◊ leader, chief, boss ◊ foremost, supreme ◊ first (of all); (be) the first (to do sth) ◊ bring charges against sb, charge sb with... ◊ {measure word} (used for songs, stanzas, poems) ◊ Shou (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,mw,sn] ਇ shòu ◊ receive, accept, get ◊ bear, stand, endure, tolerate ◊ suffer, be subjected to, undergo, sustain, be affected by; (when preceding a verb indicates the passive voice) be...-ed 1--very high [v,auxv] ሯ shòu ◊ long life, longevity ◊ age, life ◊ birthday (mostly of an elderly person) ◊ (prepared) for burial (like of a coffin, graveclothes during one's lifetime) ◊ Shou (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ᦸ shòu ◊ give, award, confer, vest ◊ teach, give instruction ◊ Shou (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ⤙ shòu ◊ hunting (esp. as done by the Emperor in winter) 3--medium [n] ޭ shòu ◊ beast, (four-legged) animal 2--high [n] ਄ shū ◊ uncle (father's younger brother) ◊ uncle (form of address to a male of one's father's generation) ◊ brother-in-law (husband's younger brother) ◊ the third in a family of four brothers ◊ the later part, the end (of a dynasty, period, etc.) ◊ gather, harvest ◊ Shu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ᣂ shū ◊ express, convey, voice (feelings, etc.) ◊ scoop or spoon out ◊ vent (frustrations, etc.)2--high [v] Җ shū ◊ book ◊ letter, document ◊ calligraphy style, script ◊ write ◊ {literature} the Book of Documents (short for Shàngshū ቊᴨ/ቊҖ, or 362

in the area of eastern Sichuan, Yunnan, northern Guizhou, and Shaanxi) 2--high [n] 哽 shǔ ◊ {bot} proso millet, Panicum miliaceum (a glutinous millet), common millet, broom corn ◊ shu (ancient wine vessel) ◊ shu (unit of weight in ancient times, 1/2400 of a li[n] ang ‫ޙ‬/є) 3--medium 啐 shǔ ◊ rat, mouse 2--high [n] ᓦ shù ◊ numerous, myriad, multitudinous ◊ {history} (of offspring, descendants) of/by/pertaining to the concubine (in contrast to dí ᄑ "of/by the [real] wife") ◊ {written} in order to, so as to, in the hope that ◊ {written} the masses, the common people, the populace ◊ Shu (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᚅ shù ◊ forgive, excuse, pardon ◊ {formal} beg your pardon ◊ {Confucianism} the golden rule, forbearance, tolerance 2--high [n,v] ᠽ shù ◊ defend, guard (like borders, the frontiers) ◊ garrison, frontier post ◊ garrison troops, frontier troops 3--medium [v,n] ᮠ shù ◊ number, figure ◊ {math} number ◊ {linguistics} number (i.e. plural, singular) ◊ several, a few ◊ fate, destiny ◊ (following a number) about, around, approximately 1--very high [n,adj] ᶏ shù ◊ tie, bind, bundle ◊ control, restrain ◊ {math} pencil ◊ beam, bundle (of light, etc.) ◊ {measure word}... sheaf(s) of...,... bundle(s) of...,... bunch(es) of...,... bouquet(s) of... (used for things that are tied together in bunches, like straw, flowers, vegetables with stalks, etc.) ◊ Shu (surname) 1--very high [vt,mw,sn] ṁ shù ◊ tree ◊ plant, set up, establish (mostly of abstract things) ◊ screen, partition ◊ {measure word} (used for trees) ◊ Shu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ᵟ shù ◊ art, skill, technique, craft ◊ method, trick, tactics, stratagem ◊ learning, knowledge ◊ {archaic} road through the center of a town 1--very high [n] 䘠 shù ◊ state, narrate, mention, enumerate ◊ follow, abide by ◊ shu (cap ornament)1--very high [v] 㺠 shuāi ◊ decline, wane, weaken 2--high [v] ᐵ shuài ◊ {military} commander-in-chief ◊ {Chinese chess} Marshal/General (on the red side; equivalent to the King of Western chess) ◊ graceful, beautiful (of handwriting, movements, etc.) ◊ command, lead ◊ handsome, elegant ◊ Shuai (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] ৼ shuāng ◊ two, both; a pair of... (in contrast to dān ௞/অ "one, single") ◊ {measure word}... pair(s) of... (used for things in pairs, like hands, gloves, socks, shoes, eyes, etc.) ◊ even, evennumbered (in contrast to dān ௞/অ "odd, oddnumbered") ◊ Shuang (surname) 1--very high [num,mw,sn] 䵌 shuāng ◊ frost ◊ things resembling frost (li-

Shūjīng ᴨ㏃/Җ㓿) 1--very high [n,v] ᷒ shū ◊ door hinge ◊ center, hub, pivot 2--high [n] *₮ ↺ shū ◊ different, not alike ◊ special, outstanding ◊ very, extremely ◊ break off, cut off ◊ die 1--very high [adj,adv,v] ␁ shū ◊ (of women) kindhearted ◊ fine, fair, virtuous 2--high [adj] ⮿ shū ◊ neglect ◊ careless, lax 3--medium ⮿ shū ◊ scattered, thin, sparse ◊ distant (of a relationship) ◊ neglect, be careless about ◊ inadequate, deficient ◊ scatter, disperse, thin out ◊ memorandum making a proposal or request to a superior ◊ exegesis, annotated commentary ◊ Shu (surname) 2--high [adj,v,n,sn] 㡂 shū ◊ unfold, stretch, extend ◊ slow, leisurely ◊ serene, composed ◊ Shu (state during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Shucheng, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province) ◊ Shu (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,adv,n,sn] 㨭 shū ◊ beans 4--low [n] 㭜 shū ◊ vegetables, greens 2--high [n] 䗃 shū ◊ transport ◊ contribute, donate ◊ lose (in contrast to yíng 䌿/䎒 "win") ◊ {colloquial} input (=shūrù 䕨‫ޕ‬/䗃‫)ޕ‬ 1--very high [v] ຮ shú ◊ private school, family school (in former times) ◊ anteroom, vestibule (in ancient times) 3--medium [n] ᆠ shú ◊ who, which, what 3--medium [qu] ⟏ shú ◊ ripe ◊ thoroughly cooked, done ◊ processed, refined ◊ familiar, acquainted, wellknown (to sb) ◊ experienced, skilled, versed (in sth) ◊ deeply, soundly, profoundly 1--very high [adj,adv] 䍾 shú ◊ redeem (sth pawned) ◊ ransom (a kidnapped person) ◊ atone for (crimes, sins) 2--high [v] ኎ shǔ ◊ belong to (the category of...) ◊ be subordinate to, be under or within (e.g., the jurisdiction of), be attached to ◊ be born in the year of the... (followed by one of the animals represented by a dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branch") ◊ be ◊ class, category ◊ {biology} genus ◊ family members, dependents, relatives 1--very high [v,n] ᳁ shǔ ◊ heat (in contrast to cold) ◊ hot weather, the heat of summer 2--high [n] 㖢 shǔ ◊ public office, government office ◊ prepare for, make arrangements for ◊ serve as proxy or deputy ◊ sign (one's name) 2--high [n,v] 㴰 Shǔ ◊ Shu (name for Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) ◊ {history} the state of Shu (during the Zhou Dynasty in the area of present Chengdu, Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) ◊ (short for Shǔ Hàn 㴰 ╒/㴰≹) the Kingdom of Shu Han (221-263, founded by Liu Bei, one of the Three Kingdoms 363

ke powdered covering of dried persimmon, salt efflorescence) ◊ white ◊ noble and pure ◊ age 2--high [n,adj] ⡭ shuǎng ◊ bright, clear ◊ fresh, crisp ◊ frank, straightforward ◊ feel well ◊ feel good, feel exhilarated ◊ err, deviate ◊ harm, spoil ◊ silent, speechless ◊ {TW usage} high (on drugs) 2--high [adj,v] 䈱 shéi ◊ who? ◊ anyone 1--very high [qu] ≤ shuǐ ◊ water ◊ (preceded by a name) ... River ◊ rivers, lakes, seas; a flood ◊ liquid ◊ additional income; extra cost ◊ (of clothing, etc.) times being washed ◊ Shui (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 〾 shuì ◊ tax, duty, revenue ◊ Shui (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᾟ dùn ◊ (used like dùn ⴮) {weaponry} shield ◊ be shaped like a shield 4--low [n,v] *ⷊ 㡌 Shùn ◊ Shun (name of a legendary Chinese emperor, said to have ruled from 2255-2205 BCE) ◊ wise, good 3--medium [n] 亪 shùn ◊ favourable, according to one's wishes ◊ along with, follow, in the same direction as ◊ smooth, lucky, without a hitch ◊ put in order ◊ obey ◊ {colloquial} walk off with, steal ◊ Shun (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,sn] 䈤 shuō ◊ speak, say, talk ◊ explain, give an explanation ◊ theory, doctrine, views ◊ scold, criticize ◊ act as go-between or matchmaker, introduce ◊ refer to, hint, indicate ◊ point to 1--very high [v] ᵄ shuò ◊ new moon ◊ first day of a lunisolar month ◊ north ◊ start, begin ◊ Shuo (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䫴 shuò ◊ melt (metal) ◊ become weak 4--low [adj,v] ਨ sī ◊ be in charge of, oversee ◊ control, manage, operate, supervise ◊ bureau, department ◊ official in charge of a (government) department ◊ Si (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ৞ sī ◊ servant ◊ fellow, guy ◊ each other, together ◊ divide, separate 3--medium [n,adv,v] ᙍ sī ◊ think, consider, ponder ◊ think of, remember fondly, long for ◊ hope, wish, desire ◊ (train of) thought, thinking 1--very high [v,n] ᯟ sī ◊ (used to transliterate the "s" sound in foreign words) ◊ this ◊ then ◊ here ◊ {phonetic, physics, measurement} slug (unit of mass) ◊ Si (surname) 1--very high [pron,n,sn] ⿱ sī ◊ private, personal ◊ selfish ◊ secret, confidential ◊ illegal, illicit, smuggled ◊ have an illicit love affair ◊ show favouritism ◊ everyday clothes ◊ private parts, genitals ◊ Si (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,v,sn] э sī ◊ silk, silk fabric(s), silk thread ◊

sth threadlike resembling silk (like copper wire, cobweb, etc.) ◊ {measure word} (used for sth very thin, like hair[s], light beam[s]) ◊ {food/cuisine} shreds (of meat, vegetable, etc.) ◊ {measure word} (used for abstract items like illusions, feelings, impressions, hope, etc.) ◊ one ten-thousandth of certain units of measure ◊ {unit of weight} 0.5 mg ◊ {unit of length} 3.3 micrometres ◊ a tiny (little) bit, very small quantity 1--very high [n,mw] ↫ sǐ ◊ die; dead ◊ the end, death ◊ the utmost ◊ deadly, mortal (like an enemy) ◊ fixed, rigid ◊ closed, allowing no passage 1--very high [vi,adj,adv,co] ժ cì ◊ wait upon, serve, attend, please ◊ look after (a patient, etc.) 3--medium [phon] ؏ sì ◊ {written} wait 3--medium [v] ‫ ޅ‬sì ◊ animal mentioned in ancient texts (perhaps some kind of rhinoceros) 4--low [n] ఓ sì ◊ inherit, succeed ◊ offspring, descendant, heir 3--medium [v,n] ഋ sì ◊ four, 4 ◊ Si (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] ሪ sì ◊ temple, monastery (usu. Buddhist) ◊ mosque ◊ government office ◊ eunuch 2--high [n] ᐣ sì ◊ si (sixth of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ si (9:00-11:00 a.m., one of the twelve two-hour periods in a day) ◊ Si (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ⌇ Sì ◊ the Si River (in Shāndōng 3--meኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ nasal mucus dium [n] ⏈ sì ◊ water's edge 3--medium [n] ⽰ sì ◊ offer sacrifices to, worship ◊ year 3--medium [v,n] ؏ sì ◊ wait for, wait until, as soon as 4--low 㚶 sì ◊ unbridled, wanton, unrestrained ◊ four (the number so written to prevent alteration, forgery, etc.) ◊ shop (like wineshop) ◊ market place ◊ display a corpse in the market place (as a form of posthumous punishment) ◊ display, exhibit ◊ delay, put off ◊ stretch, extend ◊ very, extremely ◊ Si (surname) 2--high [sn] 傧 sì ◊ team of four horses ◊ horse 4--low [n] ᎙ sōng ◊ (same as sōng ᎙) high, lofty (of mountains) ◊ Song (surname) 3--medium [adj,sn] ᎙ sōng ◊ high, lofty (of mountains) ◊ Song (surname) 3--medium [adj,sn] ᶮ sōng ◊ loose, slack ◊ lax (not strict) ◊ light (and flaky or fluffy), soft ◊ loosen, slacken, relax ◊ untie, unfasten, loosen ◊ dried minced meat 3--medium [adj,n,v] ㄖ sǒng ◊ respect, admire 4--low [adj,v] *倧 364

ᆻ Sòng ◊ the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty (960-1279 CE) ◊ the Song (Chinese character) typeface/font ◊ Song (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 䇬 sòng ◊ litigate ◊ sue ◊ take to court ◊ argue 2--high [v] 䈥 sòng ◊ chant, read aloud ◊ recite ◊ state, relate ◊ chantable poems and songs 2--high [v] 䘱 sòng ◊ give as a present ◊ send, deliver ◊ accompany (like a guest to the door) 1--very high [v] 亲 sòng ◊ praise, laud, extol ◊ extend good wishes ◊ ode, song ◊ Sacrificial Songs (as a section of the Shījīng 䂙㏃/䈇㓿 "Book of Odes") 2--high [n,v] ᓻ sōu ◊ hide, conceal ◊ official title 4--low [v] ᩌ sōu ◊ search, seek, look for ◊ ransack, rummage ◊ {onom} the sound of a fast-moving object 2--high [v] ⓢ sōu ◊ urinate4--low [v] ਏ sǒu ◊ an old man ◊ (a form of address to male elder) ◊ Sou (name for the Kingdom of Shǔ 㴰, of the Three Kingdoms Period) 3--medium [n] మ sǒu ◊ instigate, incite 4--low [exclam,v] ⶽ sǒu ◊ blind ◊ blind person 4--low [n,v] 㯞 sǒu ◊ shallow lake overgrown with grasses ◊ lake, large pond ◊ gathering place for people or animals 4--low [n] 㣿 sū ◊ [S-] Jiangsu ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 (province) ◊ [S-] Suzhou ◊ [S-] Soviet Union ◊ [S-] Soviet ◊ revive, regain consciousness ◊ {bot} purple perilla, Perilla frutescens var. crispa ◊ [S-] SU (Soviet Sukhoi aircraft-designator followed by digits) ◊ Su (surname) 1--very high [n,v,name,sn] ؇ sú ◊ custom, habit, social convention ◊ common, popular ◊ commonly, colloquially ◊ wish, desire ◊ crude, vulgar, in poor taste ◊ secular, lay, worldly 1--very high [n,adj] ᇯ sù ◊ lodge or stay overnight (like at an inn) ◊ {written} long- (like long-standing, longcherished) ◊ (of a scholar, general, official, etc.) old, experienced, veteran ◊ Su (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ཉ sù ◊ early ◊ old, long-standing ◊ Su (surname) 3--medium [adj,sn] 䇹 sù ◊ accuse ◊ sue ◊ inform ◊ narrate 3--medium ㋏ sù ◊ millet ◊ unhusked millet ◊ grain (in general) ◊ official's salary ◊ Su (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ㍐ sù ◊ white (colour) ◊ plain, solid (colour) ◊ vegetable (dish, in contrast to hūn 㪧/㦔 "non-vegetarian") ◊ native, fundamental (disposition, etc.) ◊ element, factor ◊ usually, always ◊ nominal (either having a position but no title or having a title but no actual position) ◊ white silk 1--very high [adj,adv,n]

㚳 sù ◊ respectful ◊ solemn, serious ◊ eliminate, wipe out ◊ bow, pay respects ◊ respectfully ◊ enter, go in (respectfully) ◊ wither ◊ nimble, quick ◊ Su (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] 䇹 sù ◊ tell, inform ◊ speak one's mind ◊ unburden oneself ◊ complain ◊ {law} accuse, sue, take to court ◊ appeal (like to a higher court) 1--very high [v] 䙏 sù ◊ speed, velocity ◊ fast, rapid, quick 1--very high [n,adv,adj] 䞨 suān ◊ sour, tart, acidic ◊ {chem} an acid ◊ grieved, sad, heartsick ◊ sore, aching ◊ priggish, pedantic, hidebound (esp. used to ridicule a scholar) 1--very high [adj,n] ㇇ suàn ◊ calculate, figure ◊ count, include ◊ plan, plot, calculate ◊ infer, think ◊ regard as, consider as ◊ count, be important ◊ {colloquial} (when followed by le Ҷ) drop it, forget it ◊ (in the patterns "Verb + duōshao suàn duōshao ཊቁ ㇇ཊቁ", "Verb + dào nǎr suàn nǎr ࡠଚ‫ނ‬㇇ଚ ‫ނ‬/ࡠଚ‫ݯ‬㇇ଚ‫"ݯ‬, etc.: "just 'Verb' as much [or far, etc.] as one can", "see how much [or how far, etc.] one can 'Verb' [and then call it a day]") 1--very high [v] ⶒ Suī ◊ Sui (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㔕 suí ◊ peaceful, well ◊ pacify, appease ◊ strap in a carriage to help one board ◊ retreat ◊ flag or banner 3--medium [adj,v,n] 㲭 suī ◊ though, although ◊ even if, even though 1--very high [adv] 䲻 Suí ◊ {history} the Sui Dynasty (581618 CE) ◊ Sui (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䲿 suí ◊ follow ◊ comply with, go along with ◊ listen to, let (sb do as he pleases), leave it up to (sb) ◊ with, along with, in compliance with ◊ in passing, as one pleases, at one's convenience ◊ {colloquial} look like, resemble, take after ◊ (used before two verbs or verbal phrases to indicate that the first action is immediately followed by the latter) as ◊ {divination} Sui (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Sui (ancient state during the Western Zhou Dynasty in Sui County, Húběi ⒆े Province) ◊ Sui (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in Jiexiu, Shānxī ኡ 㾯 Province) ◊ Sui (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,adv,n,name,sn] ኱ suì ◊ year ◊ years (old), years of age ◊ the year's harvest 1--very high [n,mw] ⺾ suì ◊ in pieces ◊ in form of powder or dust ◊ loose 1--very high [adj] 䙲 suì ◊ fulfil, satisfy, gratify, succeed ◊ then, thereupon ◊ path, road ◊ recommend, advance ◊ Sui (ancient state in the area of present Féichéng 㛕෾ County, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 2--high [v,adv,name] 䳗 suì ◊ tunnel, underground passageway ◊ road ◊ revolve, rotate 3--medium [n,v] 365

ᆉ sūn ◊ grandson ◊ of the grandchild's generation and below ◊ second growth, new growth ◊ Sun (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ᦏ sǔn ◊ decrease, lose ◊ harm, damage, injure ◊ spoil, damage, undermine ◊ {colloquial} mock, satirize ◊ {colloquial} sarcastic, caustic, bitter, nasty, mean 1--very high [adj,v] 㕙 suō ◊ shrink, contract, be reduced, get smaller ◊ recoil, draw in or back, shrink back, withdraw, retreat ◊ Suo (surname) 2--high [sn,v] ᡰ suǒ ◊ place, location ◊ (suffix indicating office, institute, etc., e.g. yánjiūsuǒ ⹄ウᡰ "research institute") ◊ {measure word} (used for houses, schools, hospitals, etc.) ◊ {grammar} (particle used between subject and verb to indicate a doer-action-receiver relationship: (a) in a clause modifying a noun, e.g., tā suǒ xiě de shū ԆᡰማⲴᴨ/Ԇᡰ߉ⲴҖ "the books he wrote"); (b) used in the structure "sth ᱟ sb [verb] Ⲵ" ◊ (used after a phrase with bèi 㻛 or wéi ⛪/Ѫ "by" and before the verb, e.g., wéi tā suǒ yòng ⛪ Ԇᡰ⭘/ѪԆᡰ⭘ "be used by him") ◊ {written} used before a verb to form a noun phrase, e.g., jìn zìjǐ de suǒnéng ⴑ㠚ᐡⲴᡰ㜭/ቭ㠚ᐡⲴᡰ 㜭 "do all one can, do one's utmost" 1--very high [n,conj,mw] ⩀ suǒ ◊ trivial, petty ◊ {onom} tinkling of jade ◊ carved jade ring on a door or window ◊ a door ◊ palace gate ◊ Suo (surname) 2--high [sn] ㍒ suǒ ◊ large rope or chain ◊ search, seek ◊ demand, exact ◊ alone ◊ dull, uninteresting ◊ exhausted, finished ◊ law ◊ Suo (place in Xingyang, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Suo (place in Hanshou, Húnán ⒆ই Province) ◊ Suo (surname) 1--very high [n,sn]

䑻 tà ◊ step on, tread on ◊ stumble, slip 3--medium [v] 㛾 tāi ◊ embryo, fetus ◊ {measure word}... litter(s) of... (used for newborn babies, or the young of animals) ◊ source, origin of sth ◊ {phonetic} tire (on wheel) 2--high [n,mw] ਠ tái ◊ (used like tái 㠪/ਠ or tái ⃟/ਠ) platform, raised stand, stage, terrace, tower ◊ a stand, support ◊ broadcasting station ◊ table, desk, bench, counter ◊ station, service ◊ {measure word}... set(s) of...,... -performance(s)/-show(s) (used for performances, parties, plays, dramas, certain machines and equipment such as scales, pumps, cranes, TV sets, motors, sewing machines, microscopes and similar apparatus) ◊ [T-] (short for Táiwān ਠ⚓/ਠ⒮) Taiwan ◊ Tai (surname) 3--medium [n,mw,sn] ਠ tái ◊ platform, raised stand, stage, terrace, tower ◊ a stand, support ◊ broadcasting station ◊ table, desk, bench, counter ◊ station, service ◊ {measure word}... set(s) of...,... -performance(s)/-show(s) (used for performances, parties, plays, dramas, certain machines and equipment such as scales, pumps, cranes, TV sets, motors, sewing machines, microscopes and similar apparatus) ◊ (short for Táiwān ਠ⚓/ਠ⒮) Taiwan ◊ Tai (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] 勀 tái ◊ mackerel 4--low [n] ཚ tài ◊ too, excessively ◊ so, extremely (used in an exclamatory clause) ◊ greatest, highest ◊ Tai (surname) 1--very high [adv,adj,sn] ᘱ tài ◊ form, shape, appearance, condition ◊ bearing, attitude ◊ {physics} state, mode 1--very high [n] ⊠ tài ◊ eliminate 2--high [v] ⌠ tài ◊ peaceful, secure, safe ◊ extreme, utmost ◊ {written} excessive, too... ◊ Tai (one of the 64 hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ {history} tai (wine vessel) ◊ (short for Tàiguó ⌠഻/⌠ഭ) Thailand ◊ (short for Tàiyǔ ⌠䃎/⌠䈝) Thai (the Thai language) ◊ Tai (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ᩺ tān ◊ spread out, display ◊ (vendor's) stall, booth, stand ◊ {measure word}... pool(s) of...,... puddle(s) of... (used for liquid spread out in puddles, like water, mud, a pool of blood, etc.) ◊ {measure word} (used for abstract items, like a job, work, etc., in this meaning only preceded by the numeral yī а "one") 2--high [v,n,mw] 䍚 tān ◊ avarice, greed ◊ graft, corruption ◊ be greedy for, lust after ◊ covet, seek 2--high [n,v,adj] උ tán ◊ {worship} altar, raised platform ◊ religious rally/procession ◊ {agriculture, gardening} terrace; raised plot of land for growing plants (like a flower bed) ◊ world, circles (like the art world, literary circles) ◊ forum (like literary forum) 2--high [n] ▝ tán ◊ deep pool ◊ pond ◊ pit, hollow

T Ԇ tā ◊ he, she, it ◊ him, his (personal pronoun, prior to the May Fourth Movement [1919] used for all genders; now generally only used in reference to males, in cases when no gender differentiation is necessary, or when the gender is unknown; this is also the standard usage in Taiwan) ◊ other, another (as in tārì Ԇᰕ "on another day") 1--very high [pron,adj] ᆳ tā ◊ it (third person singular, neuter) ◊ other, another 1--very high [pron] ⦝ tǎ ◊ otter 3--medium [n,v] ᥎ tà ◊ flog, whip, beat ◊ swift, rapid 3--medium [v] Ύ tà ◊ long, narrow and low bed, couch 3--medium [n] ⋃ dá ◊ a pile (not too high, like sheets of paper, banknotes) ◊ {measure word}... pile(s) of...,... ream(s) of...,... wad(s) of...,... stack(s) of... (used for a stack of flat objects, mostly made of paper, e.g., sheets of paper, newspapers, banknotes) 3--medium [n,mw]

366

2--high [n] 㾳 tán ◊ {figurative} deep (in thought, etc.) ◊ reach, spread to ◊ Tan (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䈸 tán ◊ talk, chat, speak (about), discuss ◊ talk, sth talked about ◊ Tan (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 䉝 tán ◊ talk, chat ◊ talk, sth talked about ◊ Tan (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] 䜟 tán ◊ see "Tánchéng" ◊ Tan (state in Tancheng, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Tan (surname) 4--low [sn] ඖ tǎn ◊ level, flat, smooth ◊ candid ◊ calm ◊ Tan (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] ∟ tǎn ◊ blanket ◊ rug, carpet 2--high [n] 㻂 tǎn ◊ leave the upper body uncovered ◊ be stripped to the waist ◊ have one's shirt unbuttoned ◊ shield, shelter, be partial to 3--medium [v] ਩ tàn ◊ sigh (mournfully) ◊ exclaim in admiration; acclaim, praise ◊ recite (poetry) with a cadence; chant 3--medium [v] ᧒ tàn ◊ seek, explore ◊ a scout, a spy ◊ visit, call on ◊ stretch or lean (the head, upper body) forward ◊ in advance, beforehand ◊ be concerned with, take an interest in 1--very high [v,n,adv] ⊔ tāng ◊ hot water, boiling water ◊ water in which sth has been boiled (like dumplings) ◊ (when occurring in a place name) hot spring ◊ soup, broth ◊ {Chinese med} decoction or liquid preparation (of medical herbs) ◊ Tang (surname) ◊ Tang (short for Chéngtāng ᡀ⒟/ᡀ⊔, founder of the Shāng ୶ Dynasty [c. 17th-11th century BCE]) 2--high ୀ Táng ◊ the Tang Dynasty (618-907) ◊ the Later Tang ᖼୀ/ਾୀ Dynasty (923-936, one of the Five Dynasties) ◊ China ◊ Chinese ◊ vast, big ◊ pompous ◊ futile, in vain ◊ the approach to a temple ◊ Tang (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,sn] า táng ◊ main room (of a house), main hall ◊ hall (with a specific use, like ancestral hall, memorial hall, dining hall) ◊ {history} law court, main hall of yamen ◊... Hall (used in hall's/shop's names) ◊ {kinship}... on the paternal side (used for relatives with the same paternal grandfather or great-grandfather) ◊ {measure word}... set(s) of... (used for things in sets, like furniture); ... class(es) of... (used for periods of school class);... session(s) of...,... -appearance(s) (used for court appearances, sessions of a trial);... -scene(s) (used for stage scenes, mural paintings, etc.) ◊ Tang (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ἐ táng ◊ {bot} birchleaf pear, Pyrus betulaefolia (the tree or its fruit, as in tánglí ἐỘ "birchleaf pear") ◊ Tang (the name of various places during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) ◊ Tang (surname) 3--medium [sn]

*䰋 ‫ و‬tǎng ◊ if, supposing 4--low [conj] ᑁ tǎng ◊ state treasury ◊ the funds in the state treasury3--medium [n] 东 tāo ◊ bow case ◊ scabbard ◊ sheathe 3--medium 㔖 tāo ◊ silk ribbon 4--low [n] ṳ táo ◊ peach, Prunus persica (the tree or its fruit) ◊ sth resembling a peach ◊ peach-coloured ◊ walnut, Juglans (the tree or its nut) ◊ [Táo] Tao (a place in the state of Lǔ 冟/励 during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) ◊ Tao (surname) 2--high [sn] 䘳 táo ◊ run away, escape ◊ dodge, evade, shirk ◊ become a fugitive, flee and go into exile 1--very high [v] 䲦 táo ◊ pottery, earthenware ◊ make pottery, tiles, etc. ◊ mould, form, educate, nurture, cultivate ◊ happy, content ◊ Tao (surname) 2--high 䇘 tǎo ◊ ask for, beg for, demand ◊ marry (a woman) ◊ incur, invite, court ◊ send armed forces to quell/suppress ◊ send a punitive expedition against ◊ denounce, condemn ◊ discuss, study ◊ {written} rule, govern, administer 1--very high [v] ྇ tào ◊ sheath, case, cover ◊ cover with, encase in, slip over ◊ overlap, interlink ◊ a set, suite, series, combo ◊ {measure word}... set(s) of... (used for sets of books/stamps, suits of clothes, apartments, suites of rooms, and abstract items like methods, systems, organizations, abilities, etc.) ◊ {measure word} {colloquial} stuff, nonsense, game (as of behaviour/words, as in Nǐ shǎo lái zhè yī tào ֐ቁֶ䙉а྇/֐ቁᶕ䘉а྇ "Don't give me that nonsense") ◊ convention, formula ◊ model/pattern (one thing on another), apply (a formula), copy, imitate ◊ coax (a secret, etc.) out of (sb), trick sb into telling (sth) ◊ purchase by fraudulent means ◊ knot, loop, noose ◊ river bend, curve in a mountain ◊ traces, harness (for connecting a draft animal to a vehicle, etc.) ◊ hitch up an animal to a cart ◊ cut the thread (of a screw) with a die or tap ◊ {regional} cotton padding/wadding ◊ batting ◊ {regional} pad a quilt or jacket with cotton or silk floss 1--very high [n,v,mw] ឍ tè ◊ evil, wicked ◊ disaster, calamity 4--low [n] ⢩ tè ◊ special, particular, exceptional ◊ specially ◊ {colloquial, regional} very (much), really; especially ◊ {written} only, but ◊ Te (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] *䋓 ┅ téng ◊ surging, gushing ◊ Teng (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㑒 téng ◊ bind, restrain ◊ seal ◊ leg wrappings 5--very low 㞮 téng ◊ gallop, run, jump, prance ◊ rise, ascend ◊ make room, vacate, clear out ◊ (used after a verb indicates repeated action of the verb)... again and again,...repeatedly ◊ Teng (surname) 367

2--high [v,adv,sn] ஬ tí ◊ give forth sound, make noise ◊ cry, wail ◊ call, crow (of birds) ◊ howl (of wild animals) 3--medium [v] ᨀ tí ◊ carry (sth with a handle, rope, etc. in the hand with one's arm hanging) ◊ hold, lead by the hand (like an adult holding a child's hand when walking) ◊ lift (with the hand), raise, promote ◊ move up (in time), advance ◊ mention, bring up, refer to, put forward ◊ extract, take out, withdraw (like money from a bank account) ◊ take out (a convict) under escort ◊ {automotive} dip-stick ◊ ladle ◊ Ti (surname) 2--high [v,sn] 〺 tí ◊ {agriculture} tares; weeds in the grain 4--low 㔘 tì ◊ {textiles} blended silk-cotton fabric 3--medium [n] 䑴 tí ◊ hoof (including foot) ◊ leg (of pork, etc.) 2--high [n] 仈 tí ◊ forehead ◊ topic, subject ◊ title, heading ◊ write, inscribe 1--very high [n,v] փ tǐ ◊ body ◊ substance (like solid, liquid) ◊ style (of writing or of Chinese characters)1--very high [n] ٌ tì ◊ uncommon, out-of-the-ordinary, outstanding, unusual 4--low [morph] ᚼ tì ◊ love and respect one's elder brother 4--low [v] ᜅ tì ◊ cautious, careful, alert ◊ fast, quick, rapid 2--high [v] ᧖ tì ◊ to take up ◊ to put by 5--very low ᴯ tì ◊ replace, substitute for, take the place of ◊ for, in place of, on behalf of ◊ decline, wane, deteriorate ◊ stop, discontinue 1--very high [prep,v] ⏅ tì ◊ tears ◊ weep ◊ snivel, nasal mucus 2--high [n] 㯉 tì ◊ weed ǁ (used like tì ࡳ "shave") 4--low [v] 䙆 tì ◊ far, distant 4--low *儴 ཙ tiān ◊ day ◊ sky ◊ weather ◊ the heavens ◊ Tian (surname) 1--very high [n,tw,mw,sn] ປ tián ◊ fill, even off, stuff ◊ fill (like a vacancy), add to ◊ write, fill out (like a form) ◊ {onom} the sound made by a drum, etc.2--high [v] ᚜ tián ◊ quiet, calm, tranquil, peaceful ◊ unperturbed, indifferent, not care about 3--medium [adj] ⭠ tián ◊ field, farmland ◊ go hunting ◊ Tian (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] *⻼ ᘍ tiǎn ◊ {formal} be unworthy or undeserving of the honour 4--low [v] 㝶 tiǎn ◊ be ashamed ◊ rich, fine ◊ stick out (like the chest) 3--medium [adj,v] 伲 tiǎn ◊ to obtain by hook 5--very

low ֫ tiāo ◊ frivolous, flippant, loose, given to philandering 4--low [adj] ᥁ tiāo ◊ choose, select ◊ carry with a shoulder pole 1--very high [v] ⾗ tiāo ◊ become heir to ◊ ancestral temple or hall ◊ temple to remote ancestors 4--low [v] ᶑ tiáo ◊ {measure word} (used for long, thin objects) ◊ {measure word}... item(s) (used for certain items, such as news, certain people, etc.) ◊ long narrow piece ◊ twig ◊ article (e.g. of a law), clause; condition ◊ string, stripe, slip ◊ long and narrow in pattern; streak ◊ order; in good order 1--very high [n,mw] 㵙 tiáo ◊ cicada 4--low [n] 䘒 tiáo ◊ far ◊ distant 2--high [adj] ◊ slender ◊ quiet and modest, charm ヅ tiǎo 4--low [morph] 䂲 tiǎo ◊ (used like tiǎo ᥁) instigate, stir up, foment ◊ challenge, defy ◊ strive, contend ◊ make advances to/take liberties with (a woman), tempt ◊ play with, have fun with, sport, frolic 5--very low ㋌ tiào ◊ sell grain 4--low 䍤 tiē ◊ attach, paste, stick, glue ◊ keep/nestle close to, cling to ◊ help out (financially), finance, subsidize; subsidy, grant, allowance ◊ {measure word}... strip(s) of...(used for band-aid, sticking plaster, etc.) 1--very high [v,n,mw] 䫱 tiě ◊ iron ◊ ironclad ◊ hard or strong as iron ◊ fast/tight (friends) ◊ Tie (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] છ tiè ◊ lick, taste ◊ whisper 4--low ঵ tīng ◊ hall (for gatherings, ceremonies, receptions, etc.) ◊ office (as part of a large organization) ◊ department or bureau of a provincial government ◊ {history} administrative unit (established for new territories opened up during the Qīng ␵ Dynasty) 1--very high [n] ੜ tīng ◊ hear, listen ◊ obey, heed, comply with, take sb's advice/suggestion ◊ administer (affairs of state, justice), manage ◊ allow, permit (formerly pronounced "tìng") ◊ sb's ears/informer ◊ {measure word, phonetic}... tin(s) of...,... can(s) of... (from the English "tin"; used for items in tin containers or cans, like biscuits, cigarettes, beer, etc.) 1--very high [v,mw] ӝ tíng ◊ pavilion, stall, stand, kiosk ◊ balanced ◊ (of a person's figure or posture) erect, upright ◊ well-balanced, well-proportioned ◊ in the middle ◊ even 2--high [n] ‫ ڌ‬tíng ◊ cease, stop, halt, discontinue ◊ stop, lay or stay over ◊ park (a vehicle), anchor (a boat) 1--very high [v] ᓝ tíng ◊ large hall (like for public gatherings) ◊ front courtyard of a Chinese-style house ◊ court of law 1--very high [n] ᔧ tíng ◊ royal or Imperial court ◊ royal or Imperial government ◊ courtyard ◊ fair, impartial 2--high [n] 368

fit in with, agree with, be congenial to ◊ approaching/before (dawn/dusk) ◊ Tou (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ཤ tóu ◊ head ◊ chief, head, boss ◊ (used before a numeral or measure word) first..., the initial... ◊ leading ◊ side/aspect ◊ top, tip (e.g., of a pen), end (e.g., of a rope, the street) ◊ beginning, end ◊ remnant, leftover, end ◊ (before tiān ཙ or nián ᒤ) the previous (day or year) ◊ head (as a measure of height, like "taller by a head") ◊ {measure word} ...head(s) of... (used for animals, like cattle, mule, sheep, pigs, lions, etc.) ◊ {measure word} head, bulb(s) of... (used for the bulbs of certain plants, like a head of garlic) ◊ (suffix to certain nouns) 1--very high [n,mw] ケ tū ◊ charge forward ◊ suddenly, abruptly, unexpectedly ◊ protruding, projecting ◊ chimney 1--very high [v,adj,adv,n] മ tú ◊ picture, drawing, illustration, chart, map, diagram ◊ intention, plan, scheme; seek, covet, pursue ◊ law, standard ◊ TU (Soviet Tupolev aircraft-designator followed by digits) ◊ Tu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ⎲ tú ◊ apply, spread (on), paint, smear ◊ scribble, scrawl ◊ erase, delete, cross out, blot out ◊ {written} mud, slush ◊ tidal land, shoal ◊ road, way 2--high [v,n] ◊ butcher, slaughter (livestock) ◊ ነ tú kill, massacre ◊ butcher ◊ Tu (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ᗂ tú ◊ on foot ◊ empty, bare ◊ in vain, to no avail ◊ apprentice, disciple ◊ follower, believer ◊ {derogatory} person ◊ imprisonment 1--very high [adv,n] 㞟 tú ◊ fat (of a pig) 5--very low 䙄 tú ◊ way, road 1--very high [n] ੀ tù ◊ vomit, throw up, retch ◊ give up against one's will, give unwillingly, cough up, disgorge 2--high [v] ൏ tǔ ◊ soil, earth, dust ◊ ground, land, territory ◊ local, native, indigenous ◊ unrefined, home-made, rustic, uncultured, crude ◊ (raw) opium ◊ Tu (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ‫ ބ‬tù ◊ rabbit, hare 2--high [n] 㨏 tù ◊ {bot, Chinese med} the Chinese dodder, Cuscuta chinensis 3--medium [n,phon] ⑽ tuān ◊ rapid (of current) ◊ rapids, swiftly moving waters 4--low [adj,n] ࢨ tuán ◊ {written} cut/chop (off) ◊ cut up, cleave, cut meat ◊ {history} decapitate, behead 5--very low ᖆ tuàn ◊ hog ◊ hedgehog, fam. Erinaceidae; porcupine, fam. Erethizontidae 4--low [v] ᧘ tuī ◊ push, shove ◊ cut, mow, pare, plane ◊ push forward, promote, advance ◊ turn a mill/grindstone, grind ◊ postpone, delay, put off ◊ elect, recommend, choose ◊ praise highly, hold in esteem ◊ infer, deduce, extrapolate ◊ decline,

㧋 tíng ◊ stem, stalk (like of wheat) 4--low 䴶 tíng ◊ thunderclap, thunderbolt3--medium [n] ᥪ tǐng ◊ stiff and erect, straight ◊ stand erect, stick out (like the chest), straighten (like the back) ◊ bear, endure (like pain) ◊ support (e.g., a candidate) ◊ extraordinary, outstanding, prominent ◊ very, quite, rather ◊ {measure word} (used for machine guns) 1--very high [v,adj,adv,mw] ẳ tǐng ◊ a club, cudgel ◊ (of a door, window) the frame ◊ {dialect} (of a flower, plant) a stalk, stem 4--low [n] 䬔 tǐng ◊ {written} (walk or run) fast, quickly 4--low [adv] 䙊 tōng ◊ (go/put/come/poke, etc.) through, open (up) ◊ go/lead to ◊ communicate, link, connect ◊ inform, notify, tell ◊ know/understand thoroughly, be an expert/authority ◊ make sense, be logical/coherent ◊ common, popular, ordinary, general ◊ all, entire ◊ {written, measure word} (used for letters, documents, notices, telegrams, phone calls, etc.) ◊ Tong (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,mw,co,sn] ਼ tóng ◊ with, together (with) ◊ identical, the same ◊ be the same as ◊ similar, alike ◊ Tong (surname) 1--very high [conj,adj,sn] ጂ dòng ◊ the up and down of a mountainous outline ◊ (used like dòng ⍎) cave, cavern; deep valley, canyon; a hollow, void ◊ {ethnology, archaic} the Dong (mountain people) (term for the inhabitants of China's south-west mountainous regions, mainly the Miáozú 㤇᯿ "Miao nationality") 5--very low [n] ᖔ tóng ◊ {written} bright red, vermilion ◊ Tong (surname) 3--medium [sn] ㄕ tóng ◊ child ◊ virgin ◊ bald, bare ◊ hornless bull or ram ◊ benighted ◊ Tong (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 䬌 tóng ◊ copper1--very high [n] 㔏 tǒng ◊ system ◊ continuum or order of interrelated things ◊ genealogy ◊ unify (esp. of Taiwan and mainland China, short for tǒngyī ㎡ а/㔏а "reunification") ◊ unify ◊ all, entirely, together, as a whole ◊ lead, command, control ◊ part of clothing that is tube-shaped (like the sleeve of a shirt) 1--very high [n,v,adv] ᚨ tòng ◊ extreme sorrow ◊ weep bitterly 4--low [n,v] Ⰻ tòng ◊ pain, ache ◊ sorrowful ◊ extremely, deeply, thoroughly ◊ hate, detest 1--very high [n,adj,adv,v] ‫ ڧ‬tōu ◊ steal, pilfer, filch ◊ secretly, stealthily, surreptitiously ◊ find or make time (for a break, rest from work, etc.) ◊ be involved in an illicit love affair ◊ drag out, go on perfunctorily ◊ be malicious and mean 1--very high [v,adv] ᣅ tóu ◊ throw, toss, fling ◊ put in, insert ◊ input, invest ◊ send, submit ◊ project (e.g., moonlight), cast (e.g., a shadow) ◊ join, enter, go to ◊ 369

reject ◊ refuse on a certain pretext 1--very high [v] 㬧 tuī ◊ {bot, historical} the motherwort (or Lion's Ear, Lion's Tail), Leonurus cardiaca 4--low 仃 tuí ◊ collapsing, ruined ◊ decadent, in decline ◊ dispirited, listless ◊ strong wind ◊ reverent and submissive ◊ water flowing downwards ◊ bald 3--medium [adj] 养 tuí ◊ bear 5--very low 䘰 tuì ◊ retreat; cause to move backward or retreat; withdraw, resign, quit ◊ decline, recede (like of the tide) ◊ return (goods, money, etc.) ◊ cancel (an agreement, etc.), break off (a wedding engagement) ◊ soft ◊ {Chinese chess} retreat (a number of points) 1--very high [v,adj] ੎ tūn ◊ swallow ◊ annex ◊ envelop, engulf ◊ Tun (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ኟ tún ◊ accumulate, collect, gather, store up ◊ post (troops), station (troops), quarter (troops) ◊ "village" (often used in place names) ◊ earthen mound ◊ Tun (surname) 2--high [sn] 䊊 tún ◊ suckling pig ◊ pig 3--medium [n] ᤆ tuō ◊ pull, tow, drag, haul ◊ hang down (of an animal's tail, a girl's braids, etc.) ◊ mop ◊ delay, procrastinate 1--very high [v] 㝡 tuō ◊ (of hair, skin, etc.) shed, lose ◊ come off ◊ (of clothing, a hat) take off ◊ extricate oneself, get out of, escape ◊ break free/away from ◊ omit ◊ {written} neglect, slight, not take sth serious ◊ {grammar, written} if, in case, supposing that ◊ Tuo (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,sn] ᢈ tuō ◊ entrust, commission, consign, leave with, deposit ◊ rely on, depend on ◊ give as a pretext, use as an excuse, plead ◊ ask, request ◊ send (a message) indirectly 3--medium [v] և tuó ◊ {written} carry on the back ◊ (used like tā Ԇ) other ◊ peaceful, calm, tranquil ◊ beautiful, graceful, elegant ◊ wrong, injustice ◊ Tuo (surname) 3--medium [v,n,adj,sn] ₀ tuó ◊ a bag or sack ◊ a bellows ◊ {onom} the thumping sound of footsteps ◊ the thudding of leather boots 4--low [n,phon] 䏾 tuó ◊ slip, stumble, falter ◊ vacilate 4--low [phon] 䱰 tuó ◊ hillock3--medium [n] 冰 tuó ◊ snakefish 5--very low 唽 tuó ◊ Chinese alligator 3--medium ࿕ tuǒ ◊ satisfactory, appropriate, proper ◊ ready, prepared ◊ safe, secure 2--high [adj] *剆 ᤃ tuò ◊ open up (new lands, roads, etc.) ◊ push (with the hand) 2--high [v] ୮ tuò ◊ saliva ◊ spit (esp. to indicate contempt) 3--medium [n,v]

㩊 tuò low [n]

◊ fallen leaves, fallen bark5--very

W ⍬ wā ◊ low-lying ◊ low-lying area, depression 2--high ズ wā ◊ pit, vault 5--very low [adj,n] 唳 wā ◊ {zool} (edible) water-frog 5--very low ⬖ wǎ ◊ tile ◊ earthen, made of baked clay ◊ (short for wǎtè ⬖⢩) watt (unit of electric power) 2--high [mw,n] 㻌 wà ◊ socks, stockings 2--high [n] ཆ wài ◊ outside, foreign ◊ except for, other than (often preceded by a phrase with chú 䲔……) ◊ unofficial (like history) 1--very high [adj,suf] 㵯 wān ◊ creep, crawl 3--medium [v] Ѩ wán ◊ small round object ◊ pellet ◊ bird's egg ◊ knead into a small ball or pill ◊ {med} pill ◊ {measure word}... pill(s) of... (used for pills of Chinese medicine) 2--high [n,v,mw] ᆼ wán ◊ finish (the action of the preceding verb) ◊ Wan (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ⧙ wán ◊ play ◊ play with ◊ have fun, relax, enjoy oneself ◊ gaming 1--very high [v] ၹ wǎn ◊ tactful (in speech) ◊ gentle, meek ◊ beautiful, graceful ◊ brief, concise 3--medium [adj] ᇋ wǎn ◊ winding, twisting ◊ small, tiny ◊ as if, just like ◊ Wan (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᥭ wǎn ◊ hold (on bent arm) ◊ pull, draw (a bow) ◊ roll up (the sleeves, etc.) ◊ reverse, retrieve ◊ catch up2--high [v] ᲊ wǎn ◊ night, evening ◊ late (later than is proper/desirable), belated, delayed ◊ late, later in time ◊ junior; succeeding ◊ {formal} your humble junior (self-deprecatory term used in correspondence) ◊ {formal} in the latter part of one's life, in old age ◊ Wan (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,sn] *㏙ 㔮 wǎn ◊ coil, wind (like the hair) 3--medium [v] 㞅 wàn ◊ wrist ◊ arm 2--high [n] з wàn ◊ ten thousand, 10,000 ◊ a large number, myriad of... ◊ (emphatic, followed by a negation) absolutely, on any account, by all circumstances, by all means ◊ Wan (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] ⊚ wāng ◊ (of a body of water) vast and deep ◊ (of liquid) collect, accumulate ◊ a pool, puddle (like of blood) ◊ {dialect} a pond, pool ◊ (of stagnant water) foul smelling ◊ {onom} woof, bowwow (the sound of a dog's bark) ◊ Wang

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(surname) 2--high ӑ wáng ◊ escape, flee, run away ◊ lose, be lost ◊ die, perish, pass away ◊ dead, deceased ◊ the late ◊ subjugate, subdue, conquer ◊ fall 1--very high [v,adj] ⦻ wáng ◊ king, sovereign, monarch, prince, duke ◊ head, chief, lord ◊ largest/first of its kind, strongest, best ◊ {written} senior, grand ◊ Wang (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ᖰ wǎng ◊ go, go to ◊ towards, in the direction of ◊ past, former, previous, earlier 1--very high [v,adj,adv,prep] ᜈ wǎng ◊ feel disappointed, feel frustrated, feel discouraged 3--medium [adj] ᶹ wǎng ◊ crooked (literally or figuratively) ◊ twist, pervert (like the law) ◊ wrong ◊ in vain ◊ condescend, deign 2--high [adj,adv,n,v] 㖄 wǎng ◊ no, not ◊ deceive 3--medium [adv,v] ྴ wàng ◊ absurd, preposterous ◊ unreasonable, presumptuous, overstep normal bounds ◊ rashly, recklessly, wildly 2--high [adj,adv,v] ᘈ wàng ◊ forget ◊ neglect, overlook ◊ omit, lose 1--very high [v] ᵋ wàng ◊ look or gaze into the distance, look far ahead ◊ visit, call on ◊ hope, expect, look forward to ◊ prestige, renown ◊ towards, in the direction of ◊ (of age) approaching, near, almost ◊ resentment, enmity ◊ shop sign (on a flagpole) ◊ full moon ◊ the fifteenth (occasionally sixteenth or seventeenth) day of a lunisolar month ◊ Wang (surname) 1--very high [v,n,prep,sn] ড wēi ◊ dangerous, perilous, risky; danger, crisis, risk ◊ Wei (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ေ wēi ◊ awe-inspiring power or strength; prestige ◊ by force ◊ dignity, honour ◊ shock, astonish ◊ Wei (surname) 1--very high [n,adv,v,sn] ᗞ wēi ◊ tiny, minute, few ◊ slightly, a little ◊ micro- ◊ adjust, conceal ◊ Wei (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] 㮷 wēi ◊ {bot} royal fern, Osmunda regalis 3--medium [n] ୟ wéi ◊ only, alone, solely; because of, on account of, although (an often untranslated particle used to introduce a clause or sentence) 1--very high [adv] ത wéi ◊ surround, encircle, enclose ◊ all around, surrounding ◊ defend, guard ◊ fort (made of wood, etc.) ◊ pen (for animals) ◊ {measure word} (for circumference as measured by the outstretched arms enclosing sth) 1--very high [v,n,mw] ᎜ wéi ◊ lofty, towering 4--low [adj] ᑧ wéi ◊ curtain3--medium [n] ᜏ wéi ◊ only, alone ◊ but, though ◊ a particle preceding day, month or year ◊ thought, thinking 2--high [adv] ⺉ wèi ◊ {dialect} (stone) handmill ◊ mill-

stone ◊ grind ◊ break apart 5--very low 㔤 wéi ◊ tie together, hold together ◊ maintain, preserve, safeguard, protect ◊ thought, thinking ◊ dimension ◊ large rope ◊ Uygur national minority ◊ vitamin (used in the name of a vitamin, e.g., wéi C ㏝C/㔤C; short for ㏝⭏㍐) 1--very high [v,n] 䘍 wéi ◊ disobey, violate, defy ◊ be apart, be separated ◊ avoid, evade ◊ evil, wicked 1--very high [v] 世 wéi ◊ leather ◊ violate, contravene ◊ weber (unit of magnetic flux, see wéibó ䷻՟) ◊ measure word for circumference ◊ Wei (surname) 2--high [n,mw,sn] Տ wěi ◊ great, big ◊ grand, magnificent ◊ Wei (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] ՚ wěi ◊ false, fake, counterfeit, bogus, pseudo ◊ {pejorative} a collaborator, puppet, quisling 2--high င wěi ◊ appoint, entrust, commission, delegate ◊ (short for wěiyuán င଑/ငઈ) committee member ◊ (short for wěiyuánhuì င଑ᴳ/င ઈՊ) committee ◊ discard, cast aside, throw away ◊ shirk, shift (like blame, burden, etc.) ◊ indirect, roundabout, not to the point ◊ the end (of sth) ◊ gather, accumulate ◊ depressed, dispirited, dejected, listless ◊ {written} indeed, actually, definitely, certainly 1--very high [v,n,adj,adv] ቮ wěi ◊ tail, rear (end) ◊ remainder, remaining part, remnant ◊ {measure word} (used for fish) 1--very high [n,mw] ⍗ wěi ◊ name of a river in Hénán ⋣ই Province 4--low [n] ⥕ wěi ◊ numerous, miscellaneous ◊ trivial ◊ base, obscene, indecent, vulgar ◊ salacious, lewd, lascivious ◊ illicit ◊ {onom} sound of a dog barking 4--low [adj,n] Ⱟ wěi ◊ flaccidity (due to sexual impotence) 4--low [n] 㨾 wěi ◊ (of plants) wither, wilt ◊ fade ◊ decline 2--high [v] *㪽 䈯 wěi ◊ shift [the blame, the burden] 3--medium 䳇 wěi ◊ steep, precipitous, high ◊ Wei (ancient state during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770476 BCE], in present Húběi ⒆े Province) ◊ Wei (surname) 4--low [sn] ս wèi ◊ {measure word, formal/polite}... lady/ladies/gentleman/gentlemen (used for persons) ◊ place, position, location ◊ status, situation, position ◊ be located ◊ throne ◊ {math} digit, place ◊ {physics} potential ◊ Wei (surname) 1--very high [n,v,mw,sn] ણ wèi ◊ taste, flavour ◊ smell ◊ interest, fun ◊ savour and appreciate ◊ {measure word} (used for ingredients of Chinese medicine) 1--very high [n,v,mw] ሹ wèi ◊ stretch by applying heat ◊ (as the ancient form of wèi ហ) console, soothe, comfort ◊ {archaic} ancient title for a military official ◊ 371

{military rank} junior officer (ranking between warrant officer and major) ◊ Wei (surname) 3--medium [v,n,sn] ហ wèi ◊ comfort, console ◊ be relieved, have one's mind put at ease 2--high [v,adj] ᵚ wèi ◊ has not (done sth), did not, not yet ◊ not (as in wèibì ᵚᗵ, "not necessarily") ◊ wèi (8th of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ Wei (surname) 1--very high [adv,sn] ⑝ wèi ◊ Wei River (in Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province) 3--medium [n] Ѫ wéi ◊ be, mean ◊ serve as, act as ◊ become, turn ◊ do, act ◊ seem, appear ◊ by ◊ Wei (surname) 1--very high [v,auxv,sn] ⭿ wèi ◊ fear, dread ◊ respect, revere ◊ scare, frighten ◊ commit suicide out of fear2--high [v] ছ wèi ◊ guard, protect, defend ◊ sentry, guard ◊ garrison station for troops (Míng ᰾ Dynasty) ◊ arrow feathers ◊ Wei (state in southern Héběi ⋣े and northern Hénán ⋣ই Provinces during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty) ◊ Wei (name for the city of Tiānjīn ཙ⍕) ◊ (used for transcription of syllables sounding like -wei- in foreign names) ◊ Wei (surname) 1--very high [v,n] 䉃 wèi ◊ say, speak ◊ call, name ◊ meaning ◊ tell, inform 1--very high [v,n] 兿 Wèi ◊ Wei Kingdom (220-265, the first of the Three Kingdoms) ◊ Wei (state during the Zhou Dynasty in the Hénán ⋣ই Province, Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯, Shānxī ኡ㾯 and Héběi ⋣े Province area) ◊ palace gate observation tower ◊ Wei (surname) 2--high [name,n,sn] ⑙ wēn ◊ warm, lukewarm ◊ temperature ◊ warm up (like wine, water) ◊ review (like one's lessons) ◊ {med} acute communicable diseases ◊ Wen (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,n,sn] ᮷ wén ◊ script, writing, inscription, composition, article ◊ literary language (in contrast to vernacular) ◊ (as a discipline) humanities, liberal arts ◊ {history} ritual, ceremony, formalities, etiquette ◊ culture ◊ refined, cultured ◊ civil, civilian ◊ tattoo, pattern ◊ various natural phenomena (like astronomy) ◊ Wen (surname) ◊ cover up, explain away, gloss over, paint over (faults, etc.) ◊ {measure word, historical} (used with qián 䥒/䫡, like yī wén qián а᮷䥒/а᮷䫡 "one [ancient] cent") 1--very high [n,adj,v,mw,sn] 㓩 wén ◊ pattern ◊ design ◊ pattern of lines in wood, marble, meat, etc. 2--high [n] 䰫 wén ◊ hear ◊ smell (sth) ◊ news ◊ famous, well known ◊ reputation ◊ {med} auscultation and olfaction ◊ Wen (surname) 1--very high [v,n,adj,sn] 㲹 wén ◊ variant of 㲺 , a mosquito, gnat 5--very low ࠾ wěn ◊ cut one's throat 4--low [v] ੫ wěn ◊ (of humans) lips; touch with the lips, kiss, a kiss ◊ (of animals) snout, muzzle 2--high [n,v]

㌺ wěn ◊ disorder, confusion 3--medium [n] 䰞 wèn ◊ ask, inquire ◊ send one's regards, inquire after (sb's health etc.) ◊ Wen (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ⊦ Wèn ◊ the Wen River (in Shāndōng ኡ [n] ᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium 㗱 wēng ◊ old man ◊ father ◊ father-in-law ◊ neck feathers of a bird ◊ husband ◊ Weng (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ⬞ wèng ◊ earthen jar ◊ Weng (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㵇 wō ◊ {zool} snail(s), Gastropoda 3--medium [n] ᡁ wǒ ◊ I, me; my ◊ {written} we; our ◊ {written} our country (usu. referring to China); our country's ◊ self ◊ Wo (surname) 1--very high [pron,sn] ᨑ wò ◊ grasp, hold ◊ make a fist1--very high [v] ⊳ wò ◊ irrigate ◊ fertile, rich ◊ pour liquid on, sprinkle water on ◊ Qūwò ᴢ⊳ (county, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province, see Qūwò ᴢ⊳) ◊ Wo (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] ⑕ wò ◊ moisten, wet ◊ thick, dense 2--high [adj,v] গ wò ◊ lie, recline ◊ (of animals) crouch, sit ◊ place for sleeping (like bedroom, sleeping berth) 2--high [n,v] ઌ wū ◊ {onom} the sound of crying or sobbing ◊ {onom} toot (or similar sound of a whistle) ◊ {onom} whoosh, zoom (or similar sound of a fast moving object) ◊ alas (or similar interjection indicating regret, etc.) 2--high [phon] ൜ wū ◊ trowel (for covering cracks in walls with mud or plaster) ◊ apply mud with a trowel to repair cracks in a wall 4--low [n,v] ቻ wū ◊ house ◊ room 1--very high [n] ᐛ wū ◊ witch, wizard, sorcerer ◊ Wu (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ⊑ wū ◊ filth, dirt, pollution ◊ filthy, dirty ◊ stagnant water ◊ corrupt ◊ defile, smear, shame ◊ decline, wane 3--medium [n] ⍯ wū ◊ stagnant water ◊ impure, filthy 4--low Ѽ wū ◊ crow (the bird) ◊ black, dark ◊ {written} how, what (mostly in rhetorical questions) ◊ Wu (surname) 2--high [n,adj,qu,sn] 䈜 wū ◊ accuse falsely, slander, calumniate ◊ deceive, cheat ◊ wrong, injustice 2--high [v] ੤ Wú ◊ Wu (state during the Zhou Dynasty) ◊ Wu (222-280, a kingdom during the Three Kingdoms Period) ◊ Wu (892-937, one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties Period) ◊ Wu (the area of China south of Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 Province and north of Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province) ◊ shout, make a loud noise ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [n,name,v,sn] 372

astern China)5--very low [v] ‫ ܆‬xī ◊ happiness, joy, delight ◊ Xi (surname) 4--low [sn] ‫ ޞ‬xī ◊ (exclamatory particle used in poetry to indicate a pause) 3--medium [part] *ক *র ੨ xī ◊ inhale, breathe in ◊ absorb ◊ suck up ◊ attract, draw (into) ◊ smoke (tobacco, etc.) ◊ {classical} drink 1--very high [v] ౫ xī ◊ (interjection indicating surprise, wonderment, etc.) ◊ (the sound of laughter) 2--high [interj,phon] ཅ xī ◊ sunset ◊ evening ◊ dusk ◊ slanting, oblique 2--high [n,adj] ྊ xī ◊ where, what, how, why ◊ slave ◊ Xi (surname)3--medium [qu,n,sn] ᄹ xī ◊ {written} play, have fun 3--medium [v] ᐼ xī ◊ hope ◊ rare, scarce ◊ pander to, cater to, silent ◊ Greece ◊ Greek ◊ will you please ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ᗟ xī ◊ wait, await 5--very low [n] ᚟ xī ◊ breath ◊ news, information ◊ stop, cease ◊ rest, take a break ◊ interest (on a loan) ◊ dividend (on shares) ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ᚹ xī ◊ all, entire ◊ know, learn about ◊ detailed, thorough ◊ receive and note (a letter or telegram) ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] ᜌ xī ◊ cherish, treasure ◊ spare, stint, begrudge ◊ pity, feel sorry for 1--very high [v] ᱄ xī ◊ former times ◊ dried meat ◊ Xi (surname) 2--high [sn] ᲎ xī ◊ dry ◊ dawn, daybreak 3--medium [n,v] Რ xī ◊ clear, distinct 2--high [adj] Რ xī ◊ fair ◊ white ◊ clear ◊ discriminate 4--low ᷀ xī ◊ divide, separate, split ◊ analyze ◊ chop firewood ◊ Xi (ancient state in Xixia County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [v,name,sn] Ⅷ xī ◊ the sound of sighing 4--low [morph] ⏵ xī ◊ wash rice ◊ washed rice 3--medium [v] ⓚ xī ◊ small (mountain) stream, creek, brook, rivulet 2--high [n] ➴ xī ◊ put out, extinguish 2--high [v] ⟉ xī ◊ bright (of the sun) ◊ sun, expose to the sun ◊ prosperous, flourishing ◊ splendid, glorious ◊ genial, mild 2--high [adj,v] ⟩ xī ◊ light, bright ◊ see "xīwēi" 3--medium [n]

੮ wú ◊ I, we ◊ Wu (surname) 2--high [pron,sn] ⇻ wú ◊ no, not ◊ Wu (surname) 2--high [adv,sn] ᰐ wú ◊ not have; there is not, not exist ◊ not ◊ {classical} do not; must not ◊ {classical} no matter if, irrespective of ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [adv,v,sn] ӄ wǔ ◊ five, 5 ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] Խ wǔ ◊ five (the number "wu" so written to prevent alteration, forgery, etc.) ◊ company, associates ◊ unit of five men (the smallest military unit) ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [num,n,sn] ‫ מ‬wǔ ◊ bully, slight 2--high [v] ॸ wǔ ◊ noon ◊ wu (seventh of the twelve dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ wu (11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., one of the twelve two-hour periods of time) ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᓁ wǔ ◊ {written} side building or room in a traditional Chinese compound house ◊ side room in a house ◊ penthouse ◊ wing (of a large building) ◊ a big house 4--low [n] ᘔ wǔ ◊ obstinate, disobedient ◊ contrary, uncongenial 3--medium [v] ↖ wǔ ◊ martial, military ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] 㡎 wǔ ◊ a dance ◊ to dance ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ࣑ wù ◊ affair, business ◊ treat with priority ◊ be engaged in, pursue ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] य wù ◊ {written} do not, must not, no (usu. used in imperative sentences) ◊ {classical} not ◊ {archaic Chinese} (modal particle, no meaning) 2--high [adv] ሔ wù ◊ awake 3--medium [v] ᛏ wù ◊ realize, understand, grasp 2--high [v] ᠺ wù ◊ wu (the fifth of the ten Tiāngān ཙᒢ "Celestial Stems") 3--medium [n] ⢙ wù ◊ thing, matter, object ◊ people or things other than oneself 1--very high [n] 䈟 wù ◊ error, mistake; (followed by a verb) erroneously..., by mistake...; unintentional(ly) ◊ delay, impede ◊ cause harm, make suffer 1--very high [n,v] 䴮 wù ◊ fog, mist ◊ mist, fine spray 2--high [n] 和 wù ◊ duck (either wild or tame) ◊ chick, fledgling 4--low [n]

X ‫ ۂ‬xī ◊ see "xīxìng" ◊ Xi (a personal name) ◊ {abusive} Xi (people from Jiāngxī ⊏㾯 Province) ◊ Xi (ethnic group that lived in northe-

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3--medium [v] ⧪ xǐ ◊ Imperial seal ◊ Xi (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䓗 xǐ ◊ sandal 5--very low ㌫ xì ◊ system, series, line ◊ department, faculty (at college, university) 1--very high [n] ૕ xì ◊ {onom} "hahaha" (the sound of loud and long laughter) 4--low ᠿ xì ◊ play, have fun, sport ◊ joke, make fun of ◊ {theatre} a drama, play, opera, acrobatic show ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 㓶 xì ◊ thin, narrow (in contrast to cū ㋇ "thick, wide") ◊ in small particles, fine (like sand) ◊ thin, thready (like voice) ◊ fine, delicate ◊ careful, attentive, meticulous ◊ fine, minute, trifling 1--very high [adj,adv] 㠴 xì ◊ {zool} (same as què 厢/呺 or què 沣) the (Green) Magpie, Cissa chinensis ◊ a shoe with a thick multi-layer sole 5--very low [n] 䳉 xì ◊ crack, crevice, fissure ◊ gap (of space, time) ◊ loophole, opportunity ◊ rift (between people) ◊ border on, adjoin 2--high [n,v] ‫ א‬xiá ◊ heroic and chivalrous person; knight-errant, defender of the weak or the cause of justice; person adept in martial arts with chivalrous conduct; chivalrous swordsman; chivalry; chivalrous ◊ Xia (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] ॓ xiá ◊ small box, case, casket 3--medium [n] Ჷ xiá ◊ leisure time, free time, spare time 2--high [n] ḉ xiá ◊ (wooden) box, case, cabinet ◊ {archaic} cage (for wild animals or prisoners); confine (in a cage), control ◊ {archaic} (refers to a tree with fragrant blossoms) 4--low [n] ⣾ xiá ◊ take liberties with (mostly a member of the opposite sex) ◊ be familiar with, be intimate with ◊ slight, treat improperly ◊ change, alter ◊ crowd, squeeze 4--low [v] ⤝ xiá ◊ narrow (opposite of guǎng ᔓ/ᒯ) 2--high [adj] ⪅ xiá ◊ flaw in jade ◊ flaw, defect ◊ ruby red ◊ crack, chink ◊ Xia (surname) 3--medium [sn] ⾛ xiá ◊ {ancestor worship} the triennial sacrifice to one's ancestors 4--low 䚀 xiá ◊ far, distant ◊ for a long time ◊ far off ◊ how, what 3--medium [adj,adv] *䲯 ੃ hè ◊ threaten, intimidate ◊ scare, frighten ◊ {interjection} Humph! (or the like, expressing resentment, disapproval, etc.) 2--high [v] л xià ◊ under, below, underneath ◊ the later, latter, last in a series ◊ the last part (of a work) ◊ next ◊ down, downward ◊ descend, go down ◊ (of rain, snow, etc.) fall ◊ send down (like documents); issue, deliver (like an order, an

⢰ xī ◊ rhinoceros ◊ sth made from rhinoceros horn ◊ sharp, incisive 3--medium [n,adj] ⢪ xī ◊ {religion} a one-coloured ox (or other animal of pure colour, used in sacrifices) 2--high [n] 〰 xī ◊ rare, scarce, uncommon, unusual ◊ sparse, scattered ◊ thin, diluted, watery, of low viscosity (in contrast to chóu ぐ "thick, of high viscosity"); sth thin, watery (like porridge, syrup, etc.) ◊ (when preceding certain adjectives) totally, completely, extremely (as in xībalàn 〰ᐤ⡋/〰ᐤ⛲ "smashed to pieces", "broken to smithereens") 2--high [adj,adv] 㘅 xī ◊ {written} amiable, agreeable, docile ◊ furl, contract, fold, close, shut ◊ (of birds) fly up ◊ rise, get up 4--low [adj,v] 㛨 Xì ◊ Xi (a personal name) 5--very low 㟍 xī ◊ knee 2--high [n] 㾯 xī ◊ west; western, occidental; the West, the Occident ◊ {phonetic} (Xī) (short for Xībānyá 㾯⨝⢉) Spain; Spanish ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 䊘 xī ◊ pig, hog 5--very low [n] 䑺 xī ◊ footpath, (mountain) trail ◊ footprint, track ◊ step on, tread on 3--medium [n,v] 䜇 Xī ◊ Xi (county during the Zhou Dynasty in Qinyang, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Xi (surname) 4--low [sn] 䭑 xī ◊ {chem} tin, stannum (Sn) ◊ {written} bestow, grant ◊ fine cloth ◊ Xi (surname) 2--high [n,v,sn] ᑝ xí ◊ mat, seat, place (like at a table) ◊ seat (in a legislative body) ◊ banquet, feast ◊ {measure word} (used for talks, conversations, meetings, seats, banquets, etc., can only be preceded by the numeral yī а "one") ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] ‒ xí ◊ a type of hardwood 5--very low Ґ xí ◊ practice, exercise ◊ be used to, be familiar with ◊ practice, custom, habit ◊ hover, circle (in flight) ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᑝ xí ◊ mat (made of straw, etc.) ◊ loosefitting 3--medium [mw,n] 㻝 xí ◊ raid, surprise ◊ carry on (like tradition) ◊ {measure word} (for a suit of clothing) ◊ Xi (surname) 2--high [n,v,mw,sn] 䳠 xí ◊ low-lying wetlands, marsh ◊ newly cultivated land ◊ Xi (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Linyi, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Xi (surname) 4--low [sn] ௌ xǐ ◊ be happy, be delighted ◊ happy event ◊ blessed event, pregnancy ◊ like, be fond of ◊ Xi (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,n,sn] ᗉ xǐ ◊ move (one's home), migrate 374

ultimatum, etc.) ◊ leave/exit (from) ◊ put in ◊ play (board games) ◊ take away, dismantle ◊ (of animals) give birth to, lay (eggs) ◊ defeat, capture ◊ yield, give up, give in ◊ get off/finish (one's shift) ◊ {measure word} (used for the number of occurrences) ◊ {measure word}... glassful(s) of... (used for fillings of containers like glasses, bowls, etc.) 1--very high [v,co,postp,mw] ༿ xià ◊ summer ◊ great, grand ◊ large building ◊ [Xià] the Xia Dynasty (2070-1600 BCE) ◊ Xia (name for China) ◊ Xia (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 㓔 xiān ◊ fine, minute, tiny ◊ fine-textured silks and satins ◊ fibre ◊ refine 2--high [adj,n,v] ԉ xiān ◊ Taoist super-being, transcendent, immortal 3--medium ‫ ݸ‬xiān ◊ first, early, earlier, in advance ◊ for the time being ◊ deceased, late ◊ ancestors, forefathers, previous generations ◊ Xian (surname) 1--very high [adv,sn] 䞠 xiān ◊ {chem} acyl 3--medium [n] 勌 xiǎn ◊ rare, seldom ◊ few, little, less ◊ Korean (nationality) 1--very high [adj] ჼ xián ◊ suspicion ◊ detest, loathe, dislike, mind ◊ grudge, resentment, hard feelings, ill will, enmity ◊ complain (about/of) ◊ be too...; excessively... (followed by an adjective) 2--high [n,v,adv] ᕖ xián ◊ bowstring ◊ string (on a musical instrument) ◊ watch spring ◊ quarter (of the moon) ◊ {geometry} hypotenuse ◊ {med} taut pulse ◊ Xian (ancient state in Xīshuǐ ⎐≤, Húběi ⒆े Province) ◊ Xian (surname) 2--high [n,name,sn] ⷧ jiàn ◊ {written} peep, spy on, steal a look ◊ a stealthy look 5--very low 䍔 xián ◊ virtuous, worthy, talented ◊ worthy, virtuous and talented person ◊ polite form of address to a person of the same or elder generation ◊ more than, better than ◊ hard work 2--high [adj,adv,n] 㺄 xián ◊ hold in the mouth ◊ harbour (resentment, etc.) ◊ rank, title ◊ bit (for a horse) 2--high [v,n] 䰢 xián ◊ idle, leisurely 3--medium [adj] ૨ xián ◊ salty (taste); salted 2--high [adj] ⤍ xiǎn ◊ autumn hunting ◊ kill, slaughter 3--medium [n] 䲙 xiǎn ◊ (of terrain) dangerous, perilous, treacherous ◊ narrow strategic pass, natural defensive position (of difficult access, treacherous topography) ◊ danger, peril, risk ◊ dangerous, risky ◊ sinister, vicious, treacherous, evil ◊ nearly, almost ◊ insurance (short for bǎoxiǎn ‫؍‬䳚/‫؍‬䲙) 1--very high [adj,n] ᱮ xiǎn ◊ appear; apparent, evident, obvious, noticeable ◊ show, reveal, manifest ◊ {IT} display ◊ illustrious and influential ◊ Xian (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn]

‫ ܙ‬xiàn ◊ courageous ◊ martial ◊ dignified 5--very low ᇚ xiàn ◊ statute, law, decree ◊ constitution, charter ◊ follow the example of, model oneself after1--very high [n] ⥞ xiàn ◊ offer, present ◊ show, display ◊ Xian (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ⧠ xiàn ◊ appear, become visible/manifest, manifest (itself), be revealed ◊ present, current, concrete; now ◊ at the time, extemporaneous ◊ ready, on hand (like cash) 1--very high [v,adj,adv] 㓯 xiàn ◊ line, thread, wire, string ◊ {math} line ◊ sth shaped like a line or thread ◊ ray ◊ route, line (of a bus, subway, etc.) ◊ {figurative, political} line ◊ boundary, demarcation line, dividing line ◊ verge, brink ◊ clue, lead, thread ◊ {measure word} (for abstract things indicating the slightest degree, or a tiny amount/chance [like of hope, preceded by the number yī а]) 1--very high [n,mw] ৯ xiàn ◊ county, district, subdivision ◊ the Imperial domain, China ◊ (in Japan) prefecture, ken 1--very high [n] 㗑 xiàn ◊ envy (in a positive sense), admire ◊ surplus ◊ surpass ◊ overflow ◊ Xian (surname) 2--high [sn] 䲀 xiàn ◊ limit, restrict ◊ separate, demarcate ◊ threshold, door-sill ◊ {figurative} threshold, limit 1--very high [v,n] ◊ trap, pitfall (literally or figurative䲧 xiàn ly) ◊ get stuck (in mud, routine, etc.) ◊ sink, be depressed (of the eyes, cheeks, etc.) ◊ frame, entrap ◊ fall (of a city, etc.) ◊ defect, shortcoming 2--high [n,v] ⴨ xiāng ◊ mutually, reciprocally, each other, one another ◊ (indicates an action from one to another) towards ◊ Xiang (surname) ◊ take a closer look at, see and evaluate (esp. a potential bride/groom for suitability) 1--very high [adv,v,sn] ⒈ Xiāng ◊ Xiang (other name for Húnán ⒆ ই Province) ◊ Xiang River 2--high [n] 㽴 xiāng ◊ help, aid, assist ◊ raise, lift up ◊ high ◊ eliminate, get rid of ◊ harness (a horse) ◊ Xiang (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] ґ xiāng ◊ village, countryside, rural area ◊ sb's native place, home town, home village ◊ {history} rural administrative unit of 12,500 families (dating from the Zhou Dynasty) ◊ administrative unit under a county 1--very high [n] ᓐ xiáng ◊ village school (esp. during the Yin Dynasty)4--low [n] ⾕ xiáng ◊ lucky, propitious, auspicious ◊ auspicious omen ◊ [X-] Xiang (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] 㘄 xiáng ◊ fly in circles ◊ stretch out both arms while walking 2--high [v] 䈖 xiáng ◊ detailed (in contrast to lüè ⮕ "brief") ◊ details, particulars, explanation ◊ for details see... ◊ know, be clear ◊ be cautious, pay 375

careful attention ◊ fair, just ◊ {document style} reporting to a superior 1--very high [adj,n] ӛ xiǎng ◊ enjoy (happiness, good fortune, etc.) ◊ receive (a sacrifice) 1--very high [v] ᜣ xiǎng ◊ think (of); intend; be keen on sth ◊ want to, would like to ◊ long for, recall with fondness, miss, think of ◊ desire 1--very high [v] ૽ xiǎng ◊ make a sound, make a noise ◊ be loud/noisy/resounding ◊ (of a bell, alarm, etc.) sound, ring, go off 1--very high [v,adj] 优 xiǎng ◊ entertain with food and drink ◊ sacrificial ceremony ◊ a variant 3--medium [v] 侧 xiǎng ◊ entertain (with food, drink, etc,) ◊ pay (for soldiers, police, etc. in former times) ◊ present as a gift 3--medium [n,v] ‫ ۿ‬xiàng ◊ similar to, like ◊ picture, image, likeness ◊ seem, look or be like, resemble ◊ supposing, for instance 1--very high [v,adj,adv,n] ੁ xiàng ◊ to, towards, from, against, towards ◊ side with, favour, take sb's part, be partial to ◊ (have) always, all along (literary equivalent of xiànglái ੁֶ/ੁᶕ "[have] always, all along") ◊ {archaic} Xiang (ancient state during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty [1100-256 BCE], in present Jǔ Xiàn 㧂㑓/㧂৯ "Ju County", Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Xiang (surname) 1--very high [prep,v,adv,name,sn] ᐧ xiàng ◊ alley, lane, small back street 3--medium [n] 䊑 xiàng ◊ elephant ◊ elephant's tusk, ivory ◊ imitate ◊ appearance, image ◊ sign, indication ◊ symbolize ◊ phenomenon, manifestation ◊ {Chinese chess} Ministers/War Elephants, Elephants (on the black side) ◊ xiang (dance) ◊ Xiang (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 亩 xiàng ◊ item ◊ {measure word} (used for things that can be itemized or enumerated, like activities or competitions, agenda items, tasks, measures, achievements, rules, decisions, contents, documents, policies, sports activities, sums of money, etc.) ◊ nape (of the neck) ◊ Xiang (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] પ xiāo ◊ angry voice ◊ vast, spacious 4--low ీ pāo ◊ {pejorative} empty talk, lies 5--very low ೓ xiāo ◊ clamour, hubbub, din 5--very low [name] ⎸ xiāo ◊ disappear, vanish, melt (away) ◊ cause to vanish, eliminate, remove, dispel ◊ while/idle away the time, pass the time in leisurely way ◊ need, require, take (when preceded by bù н, zhǐ ਚ, hé օ, as in bù xiāo shuō н⎸䃚/н ⎸䈤 "needless to say") ◊ {classical} enjoy, benefit from ◊ {classical} melt (metal) 1--very high [v] ⛻ xiāo ◊ boast, brag 5--very low

㩗 xiāo ◊ bleak, dreary, desolate ◊ troublesome ◊ Chinese mugwort ◊ Xiao (state during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Xiao county, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province) ◊ Xiao (surname) 2--high [sn] 䴴 xiāo ◊ clouds ◊ the sky 3--medium [n] 呞 xiāo ◊ owl 4--low [n] ሿ xiǎo ◊ small, little ◊ my dear...(when used as [endearment] prefix, it can partially or totally lose its original meaning of "small") 1--very high [adj] ᲃ xiǎo ◊ dawn, daybreak ◊ know, understand ◊ tell, make known 1--very high [n,v] ṑ xiào ◊ school ◊ {military} military camp; field officer ◊ Xiao (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ◊ effect ◊ efficiency ◊ results ◊ be᭸ xiào nefit ◊ to result ◊ imitate ◊ emulate 1--very high [n,v] ᆍ xiào ◊ filial piety ◊ mourning ◊ mourning dress ◊ Xiao (surname) 2--high [sn] ㅁ xiào ◊ smile, laugh ◊ ridicule, deride 1--very high [v] 㛆 xiào ◊ look like, resemble, be like, be similar ◊ good ◊ small ◊ law, rule, regulation 2--high [v] Ӌ xiē ◊ few, several, some (unspecified amount) ◊ somewhat, slightly ◊ (as a postposition, used to indicate plurality) ◊ {measure word} (used for an indefinite number of people or things, can only be preceded by the numeral yī а "one") 1--very high [adv,mw] ‫ څ‬xié ◊ together with ◊ take along ◊ universal, widespread ◊ harmonious 3--medium [v] *ེ ᥏ xié ◊ hold under the arm ◊ clasp under the arm ◊ compel, coerce, force sb to yield ◊ harbour or bear (a grudge, resentment, etc.) 2--high [v] *ᩊ ᩪ xié ◊ bring, carry, take along ◊ hold/take by the hand 2--high [v] 㛱 xié ◊ {physiology} the area of the body from the armpit to the waist; flank, ribs, armpits ◊ threaten, coerce, force, menace ◊ contract, close 2--high [n,v] 䉀 xié ◊ harmonious ◊ reach an agreement (after consultation) ◊ humorous 2--high [adj] 䛚 xié ◊ evil, perverse; perversion ◊ heresy ◊ strange, abnormal, irregular ◊ {Chinese med} evils, external noxious factors causing diseases ◊ {superstition} of or pertaining to sorcery; evil sprits that cause disasters 2--high [adj,n] 䶻 xié ◊ shoes ◊ boots 5--very low 亹 xié ◊ {classical} (of birds) fly up, fly high, soar ◊ {classical} figured silk fabrics ◊ Xie (surname) 3--medium [v,n,sn] 376

߉ xiě ◊ write, compose ◊ draw, paint, sketch ◊ portray, depict 1--very high [v] ኁ xiè ◊ bits, scraps, crumbs, fragments ◊ trifling, trivial, insignificant ◊ be above doing (with a negative) ◊ thin, flimsy2--high [adj,n,v] Ỡ xiè ◊ tool, implement, instrument ◊ weapon ◊ (instruments of torture or punishment including) fetters and handcuffs, shackles, etc. 1--very high [n] ⋴ xiè ◊ let out, release (water, air, etc.) ◊ ejaculate ◊ divulge, let out, leak (a secret, news, etc.) ◊ vent (one's anger, etc.) ◊ Xie (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ⑛ xiè ◊ eliminate, get rid of (like dirt) ◊ scatter, disperse ◊ muddy, turbid ◊ come to an end ◊ Xie (surname) 4--low [sn] ⌫ xiè ◊ flow swiftly, rush down in torrents ◊ have diarrhea 2--high [v] ⠞ xiè ◊ harmonize, be in concert ◊ Xie (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㓱 xiè {classical} ◊ a yoke (for horses, dogs, etc.) ◊ a leash ◊ reins ◊ a rope (for leading livestock, tying up animals, criminals, etc.) ◊ a string, cord ◊ jail sb ◊ fasten, tie (up), bind 3--medium [n] 㸩 xiè ◊ crab 2--high [n] ӥ xiè ◊ profane, treat with irreverence ◊ indecent (language, etc.) ◊ underwear, informal clothing ◊ be impolitely intimate with 3--medium [adj,v,n] 䉒 xiè ◊ thank ◊ apologize ◊ decline (an invitation, etc.) ◊ take one's leave ◊ fall (of leaves, flowers) ◊ wither and fall ◊ die of old age ◊ Xie (city in Tanghe, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Xie (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 値 xiè ◊ drum ◊ (alternate reading "hài") 5--very low ᗳ xīn ◊ heart ◊ mind, feelings ◊ centre, middle, core ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Xin (one of the Èrshíbā Xiù Ҽॱ‫ޛ‬ᇯ "28 Lunar Mansions of the Chinese zodiac") ◊ {physiology} heart (as one of the wǔzàng ӄ㠏/ӄ㜿 "five vital organs") 1--very high [n] ᘫ xīn ◊ enlighten, inspire ◊ see ◊ Xin (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᯠ xīn ◊ new ◊ modern, contemporary ◊ recently married ◊ newly, recently, lately ◊ Xin (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ⅓ xīn ◊ glad, happy, joyful ◊ love, cherish ◊ Xin (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] ⅶ xīn ◊ admire, envy ◊ rejoice in the fragrance of offerings to (a spirit) ◊ serve refreshments to guests, make offerings to a spirit ◊ move, surprise 3--medium [v] 㯚 xīn ◊ firewood, fuel ◊ salary 2--high [n] 䗋 xīn ◊ hot, spicy, pungent, bitter ◊ toilsome, laborious ◊ pain, suffering ◊ xin (8th of the ten Tiāngān ཙᒢ "Celestial Stems") ◊ Xin (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn]

ؑ xìn ◊ letter, mail ◊ believe ◊ believe in (a religion), profess faith in ◊ faith, trust, confidence, reputation ◊ message, news, word, information ◊ signal ◊ at will, at random, without plan ◊ token, sign, evidence ◊ (same as 㣟) fuse, wick ◊ (same as 㣟) forked tongue (of a snake) ◊ {literary} true, truthful ◊ {literary} trustworthy, faithful ◊ Xin (surname) 1--very high [n,v,adj,sn] 㝚 xìn ◊ erysipelas ◊ sloughing of an ulcer 5--very low 㹵 xìn ◊ dispute, conflict, quarrel, row ◊ seam, gap, crack ◊ easy to excite, impetuous ◊ {religion} consecrate sacrificial vessels with blood 3--medium [n] ◊ {astronomy} star ◊ heavenly boᱏ xīng dy (which emits or reflects light) ◊ bit, particle ◊ Xing (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions) ◊ xing (musical instrument of two small copper cymbals) ◊ Xing (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⥙ xīng ◊ orangutan ◊ scarlet, blood red 3--medium [n,v] 傽 xīng ◊ brown (the colour of a horse) ◊ red 5--very low [adj] 㹼 xíng ◊ go, walk; travel ◊ trip, journey ◊ be all right, will do ◊ be capable/competent ◊ do, carry out, implement, perform (an action) ◊ behaviour, conduct, actions ◊ be current, circulate ◊ running script ◊ temporary, improvised, makeshift ◊ {written} soon, shortly ◊ {literature} ballad, song ◊ {written} (of medication) take effect ◊ Xing (surname) 1--very high [v,n,interj] ࡁ xíng ◊ {law} punishment, penalty, (jail/prison) sentence ◊ {history} corporal punishment, torture ◊ Xing (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ᖒ xíng ◊ shape, form, appearance ◊ substance, entity ◊ look, appear ◊ compare 1--very high [n,v] 䛒 Xíng ◊ Xing (ancient state in the area of present Héběi ⋣े Province) ◊ Xing (surname) 3--medium [name,sn] 䱹 xíng ◊ gorge ◊ mountain pass 4--low [n] 䟂 xǐng ◊ recover consciousness (after being drunk, under anesthesia, in a coma) ◊ be sober (not drunk) ◊ wake up (from sleep) ◊ realize, wake up to ◊ clear, distinct ◊ striking (to the eye) 1--very high [v,adj] ‫ ޤ‬xīng ◊ thriving, prosperous, flourishing ◊ thrive, prosper, flourish ◊ become popular/fashionable ◊ start, begin, found ◊ mobilize, call into action ◊ {literature} stand up, get up, rise ◊ {regional} allow, permit, let (mostly used with the negative) ◊ {regional} perhaps, maybe, probably ◊ Xing (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ဃ xìng ◊ surname, family or clan name ◊ the populace ◊ officials (in general) 1--very high [n] ᒨ xìng ◊ good luck, good fortune, happi377

ness ◊ rejoice ◊ (I) hope, pray, trust ◊ luckily, fortunately ◊ favour (like of the Emperor) ◊ visit, tour (of the Emperor) ◊ Xing (surname) 1--very high [n,v,adv,sn] ᙗ xìng ◊ nature, character, disposition, temperament ◊ property, quality ◊ sex; sexual desire ◊ {linguistics} gender ◊ -type (when used as a suffix indicates quality, scope or aspect) ◊ {Buddhism} essence; life 1--very high [n] ‫ ݴ‬xiōng ◊ elder brother ◊ {formal} elder brother (form of address used by males of the same generation or older) ◊ elder brother (form of address used among male friends) 1--very high [n] ࠦ xiōng ◊ fierce, ferocious, brutal, savage ◊ terrible, awful, fearful ◊ evil, wicked ◊ murderous, criminal ◊ evildoer 3--medium [adj,n,v] स xiōng ◊ breast 3--medium [n] ᚏ xiōng ◊ scared, nervous 5--very low 㜨 xiōng ◊ chest, thorax ◊ heart, mind 1--very high [n] ➺ xióng ◊ a bear ◊ {regional} scold, abuse, rebuke ◊ timid, cowardly, faint-hearted, gutless, wimpy, impotent ◊ Xiong (surname) 2--high [n,v,adj,sn] 䳴 xióng ◊ male (in contrast to cí 䳼 "female") ◊ great, grand, majestic ◊ strong, powerful, brave ◊ powerful and prominent person or state ◊ Xiong (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] Ձ xiū ◊ cease, stop ◊ rest, take a break ◊ resign, retire 1--very high [v,n] ‫ ؞‬xiū ◊ repair, fix, mend ◊ decorate, adorn, embellish, beautify ◊ modify, revise ◊ put in order, straighten up, tidy up ◊ write, compose, compile, study, practice, cultivate ◊ trim, cut, prune, clip ◊ build, construct, erect ◊ revisionism ◊ long, tall ◊ Xiu (surname) 1--very high [v,n,adj,sn] 㗎 xiū ◊ shameful, disgraceful; shame ◊ feel ashamed ◊ be shy/bashful 2--high [adj,v] *儔 ᵭ xiǔ ◊ decayed, rotten (mostly of wood) ◊ senile, old and useless 2--high [adj] ௵ xiù ◊ smell, sniff, scent 3--medium [v] ⿰ xiù ◊ the ear (of crops) ◊ delicate, elegant, beautiful ◊ excellent, outstanding ◊ show (sound-borrowing from English) ◊ Xiu (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 㔓 xiù ◊ embroider; embroidery 2--high [v,n] 㻆 xiù ◊ {clothing} sleeve(s) ◊ place/tuck/conceal sth in the sleeve 1--very high [n,v] 㼾 xiù ◊ {clothing}(today written in its common form xiù 㻆) sleeve(s) ◊ place/tuck/conceal sth in the sleeve ◊ {archaic} ornate clothes ◊ increase, extend ◊ be eminent, surpass, excel (in) 4--low

਱ xū ◊ {onom} a sigh (indicating surprise, astonishment, etc.) ◊ {interjection} Oh! Why! (expressing surprise) 3--medium [exclam,v] ਱ xū ◊ exhale slowly ◊ heave a sigh, sigh ◊ get burned, scalded (by steam, a cooking fire, etc.) ◊ {interjection, regional} hush! sh! (or similar interjection requesting quietness) ◊ {regional} hiss, boo 2--high [v,interj] *ო ᠼ xū ◊ xu (the eleventh of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ xu (7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., one of the twelve two-hour periods of time) 3--medium [n] ⸹ huā ◊ {onom} swish (expressing the sound of swift motion) 4--low [phon] 㒫 xū ◊ multicoloured silk 4--low [n] 㜕 xū ◊ petty official, government clerk ◊ all, everything ◊ mutually ◊ observe, survey ◊ await ◊ Xu (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㲊 xū ◊ emptiness, void ◊ {ancient Chinese astronomy} xu (the eleventh of the twentyeight constellations into which the celestial sphere was divided, consisting of two stars forming a straight line, one in Aquarius and the other in Equuleus) ◊ void, empty, unoccupied ◊ timid, diffident ◊ false, unreal, nominal ◊ humble, modest ◊ weak, in poor health ◊ abstract, theory ◊ guiding principles ◊ {physics} virtual ◊ in vain, futile 1--very high [adj,n] 䴰 xū ◊ need, require 1--very high [v] 享 xū ◊ must, have to ◊ wait, await ◊ moment, instant ◊ Xu (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕ ⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Hua County, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Xu (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᗀ xú ◊ slowly, gently, staid ◊ Xu (surname) 1--very high [adv,sn] 䇨 xǔ ◊ praise ◊ promise ◊ allow, permit ◊ Xu (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 䈙 xǔ ◊ boast, brag ◊ clever of speech and brave 3--medium [v] आ xù ◊ {written} (variant of xù आ) encourage, urge 4--low [v] Ⴏ xù ◊ son-in-law ◊ husband 2--high [n] ᒿ xù ◊ order, sequence ◊ arrange in order ◊ initial, opening ◊ preface, foreword ◊ local school ◊ the east and west walls of a palace, etc. ◊ season ◊ Xu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,adj,sn] ᚔ xù ◊ worry ◊ pity, sympathize ◊ give relief ◊ frightened ◊ place ◊ funeral service ◊ (Guangzhou) shirt ◊ Xu (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] ਉ xù ◊ talk, chat ◊ narrate, relate, describe ◊ appraise, evaluate ◊ order, sequence 2--high [n,v] ᰝ xù ◊ the rising sun ◊ the brilliance or radiance of the rising sun ◊ Xu (surname) 378

3--medium [sn] ㎞ xù ◊ cotton wadding/padding ◊ anything resembling cotton wadding (like catkin) ◊ wad (clothing, etc.) with cotton ◊ thick silk wadding ◊ verbose, wordy, talkative, garrulous 2--high [adj,n,v] 㔚 xù ◊ end of a thread ◊ thread (of a situation) ◊ remnant, vestige ◊ state of mind ◊ cause, undertaking ◊ Xu (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 㔝 xù ◊ continuous ◊ continue, extend ◊ add, increase ◊ remarry (after wife's death) ◊ Xu (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] 㫴 xù ◊ store up, save up, accumulate ◊ grow (out or long, of hair) ◊ hold in mind, harbour, entertain ◊ await 2--high [v] ௗ xuān ◊ noisy, loud, clamorous 2--high ᇓ xuān ◊ declare, announce, proclaim ◊ Xuan (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] *᜻ ៱ xiàn ◊ violent, vehement, fierce, furious ◊ severe, rigorous, intense 5--very low Ჴ xuān ◊ warmth (of the sun) ◊ soft and fluffy (like steamed bread) ◊ spring evening 3--medium [n,adj] ௗ xuān ◊ noisy, loud, clamorous 3--medium 䉆 xuān ◊ cheat, swindle ◊ forget 4--low [v] 䖙 xuān ◊ windowed veranda, small room with windows (often used in the names of a study, teahouse, restaurant, etc. in former times) ◊ high ◊ curtained carriage with front higher than rear ◊ cart, carriage ◊ window, door ◊ floorboard ◊ bathroom ◊ Xuan (surname) 3--medium [n,adj,sn] ᛜ xuán ◊ hang, suspend ◊ lift, raise ◊ unsettled, unresolved ◊ be worried about, feel anxious ◊ imagine, fancy ◊ far apart, great disparity ◊ {regional, northern, colloq} be dangerous; (before an event) be iffy/chancy/uncertain; (after an event) be a close call 2--high [adj,v] ᯻ xuán ◊ revolve, rotate, spin ◊ return (home, etc.); go/come back ◊ circle, ring, whorl ◊ place on the scalp where the hair is whorled ◊ soon 1--very high [adv,n,v] ⦴ xuán ◊ black ◊ deep, profound, abstruse ◊ Xuan (surname) 2--high [adj,sn] 䘹 xuǎn ◊ choose, select ◊ elect; election ◊ chosen, selected (person or thing) ◊ anthology 1--very high [v,n] ⌛ xuàn ◊ drip, fall (of tears, dew, etc.) 4--low [v] ⛛ xuàn ◊ dazzle, blind (of bright light, etc.) ◊ show off 2--high [v] ⵤ xuàn ◊ twinkle, blink (with the eye) ◊ be blinded, dazzled (literally and figuratively, like by riches); get giddy ◊ wink at, make a sign with the eyes, give an eye-signal 5--very low ⛛ xuàn ◊ show off, boast 3--medium [v] ࡺ xiāo ◊ peel, pare (with a knife), cut, sli-

ce, chop ◊ sharpen, whittle ◊ {sports} cut, slice, chop (e.g., the ball in playing ping-pong) 2--high [v] 㯋 xuē ◊ artemisia ◊ Xue (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᆖ xué ◊ learn, study ◊ imitate, copy, mimic ◊ scholarship, learning, education, study, knowledge, science ◊ subject (of study), (academic) discipline, branch of learning ◊ school, college 1--very high [v,n] イ xué ◊ hole ◊ Xue (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 䴚 xuě ◊ snow ◊ colour or luster of snow ◊ wipe away (shame, etc.), avenge ◊ Xue (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 㹰 xuè ◊ blood ◊ {kinship} related by blood ◊ ardour, zeal, courage; staunch, courageous ◊ menstruation, period 1--very high [n,adj] 䉁 xuè ◊ joke, play, banter, tease ◊ {classical} be happy ◊ {classical} (of things) abundant 4--low [v] ࣻ xūn ◊ a meritorious deed or service, merit 3--medium [n] ฉ xūn ◊ {history} ancient egg-shaped flute made of clay or ceramic (similar to an ocarina) 4--low [n] ✴ xūn ◊ rising flames or fumes ◊ aroma ◊ (alternate reading "hūn") 5--very low 㯠 xūn ◊ sweetgrass ◊ fragrance (of flowers, plants) ◊ smoke, fumigate ◊ smoke (food) ◊ warm, genial 3--medium [n] ራ xún ◊ seek, search, look for, try to find ◊ {unit of measure} xun (measure of length equal to eight chǐ ቪ "Chinese feet") ◊ Xun (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᐑ xún ◊ patrol, tour, make the rounds ◊ measure word for a round (like of drinks) 2--high [mw,v] ᗚ xún ◊ obey, abide by, comply with, follow ◊ proceed in order or rank ◊ make an inspection tour ◊ stroke, comfort 2--high [v] ᙲ xún ◊ believe in, have faith in ◊ fearful, scared 4--low [adj] ᰜ xún ◊ a ten-day period ◊ (when stating a person's age in decades, mostly for people sixty or over) a ten-year period 2--high [n] ⍥ xún ◊ surely, truly, indeed ◊ be estranged 3--medium [adv] 㥰 Xún ◊ Xun (state during the Chūnqiū ᱕ ⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū ᯠ⮶㏝੮⡮㠚⋫॰/ᯠ⮶㔤੮ቄ㠚⋫४ "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region", and Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ Xun (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䈒 xún ◊ inquire about, ask about 1--very high [v] 傟 xùn ◊ tame and docile ◊ tame ◊ domesticate ◊ advance gradually 3--medium [adj,v] ᐭ Xùn ◊ {divination} "Xun" (one of the Bāguà ‫ޛ‬খ "Eight Trigrams" from the Yìjīng ᱃ 379

of Odes") ◊ Ya (surname) 3--medium [adj,n,sn] ᨐ yà ◊ pull up 5--very low [v] 䖗 gá ◊ {dialect} press hard against each other (in crowded situations) ◊ crowded, jam-packed ◊ make friends, get close to sb ◊ check sth 3--medium [v] 䘃 yà ◊ greet, welcome 4--low [v] ␩ yān ◊ submerge, flood ◊ drown ◊ (used like yān 㝼) salt; cure, preserve (foods); marinate; pickle ◊ be soaked with sweat ◊ wide, broad (of learning) ◊ long (of time) 2--high [adj,v] ✹ yān ◊ here ◊ how, why (mostly in rhetorical questions) ◊ then, only 2--high [adv,part] 䝒 Yān ◊ Yan (state during the Chūnqiū ᱕ ⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Yanling, Hénán ⋣ ই Province) ◊ Yan (river in the area of Yicheng, Húběi ⒆े Province) ◊ Yan (surname) 3--medium [sn] ѕ yán ◊ tight, close ◊ stern, strict ◊ severe (like punishment, weather) ◊ father ◊ Yan (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ྽ yán ◊ good-looking, beautiful ◊ seductive 3--medium [adj] ྽ yán ◊ good-looking, beautiful ◊ seductive 4--low ᔦ yán ◊ extend, prolong, lengthen ◊ delay, postpone ◊ engage (like a tutor, a doctor on a temporary basis) ◊ Yan (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ⋯ yán ◊ along (a road, etc.) ◊ follow, carry on, conform to (a tradition, etc.) ◊ trim (a garment, etc.) ◊ an edge, border, brim ◊ the water's edge 1--very high [prep,v,n] ⚾ yán ◊ blazing hot (mostly of the weather) ◊ inflammation, -itis ◊ rising flames ◊ burn 2--high [adj,n,v] ㆥ yán ◊ bamboo mat (for people to sit on) ◊ cloth mat ◊ a feast, a banquet3--medium [n] 䀰 yán ◊ speak, say, talk, mention ◊ word, speech, remark ◊ word/Chinese character ◊ {grammar, classical} untranslated sentence-initial particle (sometimes equivalent to "I") ◊ Yan (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 仌 yán ◊ face, facial expression/appearance ◊ face, prestige ◊ colour ◊ (inscribed) tablet ◊ forehead ◊ Yan (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⴀ yán ◊ (table) salt ◊ {chem} salt; saline ◊ Yan (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ҥ yǎn ◊ to enter ◊ to make progress to advance ◊ to urge forward 5--very low ‫ ٳ‬yǎn ◊ lie on one's back ◊ fall on one's back ◊ stop, cease ◊ Yan (a place in Shāndōng ኡ ᶡ/ኡь Province during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) ◊ Yan (surname) 3--medium [sn] ‫ އ‬yǎn ◊ establish ◊ one of nine empire divisions 4--low

㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes" representing the wind); "Xun" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 3--medium [n] ᖷ xùn ◊ comply with, submit/yield to, give in to ◊ {written} make (publicly) known, announce to the public ◊ (also used like xùn ↹ "die a martyr, sacrifice one's life ◊ be buried with the dead [like servants, concubines in former times]") 4--low [v] ↹ xùn ◊ die a martyr, sacrifice one's life ◊ be buried with the dead [like servants, concubines in former times] 3--medium [v] ᖷ xùn ◊ (a common form of xùn ᖷ) comply with, submit/yield to, give in to ◊ {written} make (publicly) known, announce to the public ◊ (used like xùn ↹) die a martyr, sacrifice one's life, die for 5--very low 䇝 xùn ◊ lecture, admonish ◊ teach, instruct; teachings, instructions, precepts ◊ train; training ◊ norm, standard ◊ exegesis, explanations, interpretations 1--very high [v,n] 䗵 xùn ◊ quick, rapid, fast, swift 1--very high [adj] 䘺 xùn ◊ abdicate (the throne) ◊ modest, self-effacing ◊ inferior, unequal ◊ flee, evade ◊ Xun (surname) 2--high [adj,v,sn]

Y ঻ yā ◊ press, hold down, weigh down ◊ surpass, exceed ◊ keep under control, repress ◊ suppress, intimidate ◊ approach ◊ shelve, pigeonhole ◊ stake or risk (money, etc.) on sth ◊ pressure (like blood pressure) 1--very high [v,n] ᣬ yā ◊ put up collateral, mortgage, pawn, pledge (like cash) ◊ detain (like a criminal in custody) ◊ escort ◊ a mark (on a document, etc.) in lieu of a signature ◊ a signature ◊ be in charge, be in control ◊ Ya (surname) 2--high [sn] ፆ yá ◊ precipice, shore, bank ◊ limit, margin ◊ Ya (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ⏟ yá ◊ water's edge ◊ limit, boundary ◊ restrain, keep within limits 2--high [n] ⢉ yá ◊ tooth ◊ ivory ◊ sth shaped or acting like a tooth ◊ bite, gnaw ◊ {measure word}... slice(s) of...,... cut(s) of... (used for round or oval slices/sections of food, like slices of watermelon, pancakes, slices of eggs, etc.) ◊ middleman, broker ◊ Ya (surname) 1--very high [n,v,mw,sn] 㺉 yá ◊ {archaic} government office, Yamen ◊ the Imperial residence (during the Táng ୀ Dynasty [618-907 CE]) ◊ Ya (surname) 2--high [sn] ଁ yǎ ◊ incapable of speech, dumb, mute ◊ (of voice) hoarse, husky ◊ {military} misfire; a dud 2--high [adj] 䳵 yǎ ◊ elegant, graceful, refined ◊ dynastic hymns, hymns from Western Zhou Dynasty court (a section of the Shījīng 䂙㏃/䈇㓿 "Book

380

[n,v,adv] ↳ yāng ◊ disaster, misfortune ◊ cause disaster or misfortune 3--medium [n,v] 䶵 yàng ◊ ox halter, yoke (as in niúyàng ⢋ 䶵 "wooden yoke for a draught ox, ox halter") 4--low ֟ yáng ◊ pretend, feign ◊ imitation, copy ◊ false, deceitful ǁ (used as yáng ᖹ in the expression chángyáng ‫" ֟و‬take a walk") 3--medium [v] ᢜ yáng ◊ lift, raise, hoist ◊ winnow, scatter ◊ spread, publicize ◊ yang (battle-axe) ◊ Yangzhou ◊ Yang (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ◊ the rising sun ◊ clear, sunny ᰨ yáng 4--low ᶘ yáng ◊ poplar ◊ Yang (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⌻ yáng ◊ ocean ◊ vast, numerous, abundant ◊ from beyond the ocean, foreign, Western, modern ◊ {archaic} silver coin, silver dollar 1--very high [n,adj] ⚰ yáng ◊ bake, roast ◊ melt (metal) ◊ roaring, blazing (also pronounced "yàng") 3--medium [adj,v] 㖺 yáng ◊ sheep ◊ Yang (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 䱣 yáng ◊ {philosophy, Chinese med} Yang (the male or positive principle in nature, the opposite of Yīn 䲠/䱤) ◊ the sun ◊ the south side of a hill ◊ the north side of a river ◊ convex, in relief ◊ open, outward, overt ◊ of this life, of this world, concerned with worldly living beings ◊ {physics} positive ◊ {physiology} the male genitalia, the (male) private parts ◊ Yang (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] Ԡ yǎng ◊ face upward, look up ◊ admire, respect ◊ rely on, depend upon ◊ hope ◊ {document style} please, it is hoped that you ◊ Yang (surname) 1--very high [sn] Ⰲ yǎng ◊ itch 2--high [adj] ޫ yǎng ◊ support, care for (like a family), provide for ◊ raise, grow, keep, rear (animals, plants, etc.) ◊ acquire, contract, form (habits, etc.) ◊ nourish ◊ convalesce, recuperate ◊ refine, cultivate ◊ foster ◊ keep, maintain (in good shape/order) ◊ (of hair) let grow long ◊ Yang (a town during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in Shenqiu, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Yang (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᚉ yàng ◊ {written} illness, indisposition, ailment 3--medium [n] ཝ yāo ◊ die young ◊ young, tender (of plants, animals) ◊ abandon or give up half-way 2--high [adj,v] ࿆ yāo ◊ evil spirit, demon, ghost ◊ evil, wicked ◊ bewitching, seductive 2--high [n,adj] 㞠 yāo ◊ waist ◊ {clothing} the waist (of pants, etc.) ◊ {pottery/porcelain} waist (of a vessel) ◊ pocket, purse ◊ the middle of sth ◊ geographical feature resembling the waist (like a strait)

७ yǎn ◊ to hide, to repress ◊ to bend 5--very low ᧙ yǎn ◊ cover, hide ◊ shut, close ◊ get caught (like a finger) in a door, under a lid, etc. ◊ attack by surprise 2--high [v] ᧙ yǎn ◊ cover up ◊ take by force ◊ shut 3--medium ╄ yǎn ◊ develop, evolve ◊ deduce ◊ perform (like calculations), practice, drill ◊ performance ◊ act, perform ◊ damp, humid ◊ flowing along ◊ all the way (to a place)1--very high [v,adj,adv] ⩠ yǎn ◊ jade 3--medium [n] ⵬ yǎn ◊ eye ◊ small hole; opening; eyelet ◊ sight, vision ◊ critical juncture, crux, key point ◊ {Chinese music} unaccented beat ◊ {measure word} (used for wells, springs, water taps, number of times one sees sth, cave dwellings, etc.) 1--very high [n,mw] 㹽 yǎn ◊ spread out, amplify ◊ redundant, repetitive, superfluous (words) ◊ abundant, overflowing ◊ low-lying and level land ◊ mountain slope ◊ marsh, swamp ◊ Yan (surname) 2--high [sn] 唑 yǎn ◊ black mole (mark on the skin) 5--very low [n] ় yàn ◊ detest, loathe ◊ be tired of, be fed up with 2--high [v] ૭ yè ◊ {onom} sob; choke with sobs; be unable to speak from sobbing; make mournful sounds (as in yèyè ૭૭ "mournful sound") 2--high [v] ௝ yàn ◊ condole with ◊ coarse 5--very low ᇤ yàn ◊ banquet, feast ◊ comfort, ease 2--high [adj,n,v] ᖖ yàn ◊ {archaic} virtuous and learned 2--high [n] ᱿ yàn ◊ late ◊ comfort, ease ◊ clear, cloudless ◊ bright, colourful ◊ Yan (surname)3--medium [adj,n,sn] ❠ yàn ◊ flame, blaze ◊ glowing, blazing ◊ bright, brilliant 2--high [n] ⠅ yàn ◊ swallow (i.e., the bird) ◊ (used like yàn ᇤ) banquet, feast ◊ comfort, ease ◊ Yan (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 㢣 yàn ◊ plump, voluptuous, beautiful, radiant, attractive ◊ colourful, gaudy ◊ amorous (anything pertaining to love, such as a story, poem, etc.) ◊ a beauty ◊ admire, envy 3--medium [adj,v] 䉊 yàn ◊ proverb, saying 3--medium [n] 䳱 yàn ◊ wild goose 2--high [n] 伽 yàn ◊ eat one's fill ◊ satisfy 4--low [v] 傼 yàn ◊ examine, check, verify ◊ produce the expected or desired results ◊ expected or desired results ◊ test, experiment ◊ evidence, proof 1--very high [v,n] ཞ yāng ◊ beg, entreat ◊ centre, central ◊ finish, conclude, end ◊ long ago 1--very high 381

◊ the kidney(s) ◊ string (of money, etc.) 1--very high [n] *䁎 ቗ yáo ◊ high, lofty ◊ Yao (legendary Emperor) ◊ Yao (surname) 2--high [sn] ည yáo ◊ beautiful ◊ Yao (surname) 2--high [adj,sn] ᩷ yáo ◊ swing, sway, shake ◊ disturb, harass ◊ rising, ascending ◊ Yao (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ⏶ xiáo ◊ mix, confuse ◊ cooked (meat) dishes ◊ meat on the bone (also pronounced "yáo") 4--low ⪦ yáo ◊ beautiful jade, precious jade ◊ precious, valuable ◊ bright and shiny 2--high [n,adj] 㑷 yáo ◊ (used like yáo ‫ی‬/ᗝ) corvée (labour), forced labour ◊ (used like yáo 䅑/䉓) ballad, rhyme ◊ rumour, hearsay 4--low 䉓 yáo ◊ ballad, rhyme ◊ rumour 2--high [n] 䚕 yáo ◊ far away, distant, remote2--high [adj] ૜ yǎo ◊ bite, clench or clamp down on with the teeth ◊ (of a dog) bark ◊ incriminate others while being interrogated ◊ pronounce, enunciate ◊ nitpick (about the use of words) ◊ cause a rash (as an allergic reaction) ◊ rush to close in on, hurry to advance on 2--high [v] *ᆾ ジ yǎo ◊ obscure, secluded ◊ refined 3--medium [adj] *ギ 㦟 yào ◊ medicine, drugs, pharmaceuticals ◊ various chemicals (like gunpowder, solder, etc.) ◊ cure with drugs ◊ poison, kill (like rats, insects) ◊ {bot} Chinese herbaceous peony, Paeonia lactiflora ◊ Yao (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 㾱 yào ◊ want, need, desire ◊ demand, ask for, request ◊ must ◊ will, be going to ◊ need to, should ◊ it is necessary that..., one must... ◊ if ◊ if one hopes to..., in order to... ◊ (used in comparisons, for example 㾱∄… yào bǐ or ∄…㾱… bǐ...yào...), expresses a judgment/evaluation or highlights the difference ◊ important ◊ suppose that..., if, in case ◊ (yào..., yào...) either..., or.... ◊ Yāo (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 㙦 yé ◊ (sentence-final particle used in questions) 2--high [qu] ҏ yě ◊ also, too, as well ◊ (followed by a negative) (not) even ◊ nevertheless, still 1--very high [adv] ߦ yě ◊ smelt ◊ forge, cast (metals) ◊ seductive (in appearance) ◊ blacksmith ◊ Ye (surname) 2--high [v,adj,n,sn] 䟾 yě ◊ wild, crude, uncivilized ◊ wilderness ◊ field 1--very high [adj,n] ཌ yè ◊ night, evening ◊ nightfall ◊ dark 1--very high [n] *Ꮫ ᴣ yè ◊ tow, tug, haul, drag, pull3--me-

dium [v] ъ yè ◊ line of business, trade, industry ◊ occupation, profession, employment, job ◊ school work, course of study ◊ cause, undertaking, enterprise ◊ estate, property ◊ {Buddhism} karma ◊ {written} engage in ◊ {written} already 1--very high [n] 㝻 yè ◊ the armpit ◊ axil 3--medium [n] ਦ yè ◊ leaf, leaves, foliage ◊ sth resembling a leaf (like window blinds) ◊ (used like yè 丱/亥) page/sheet/leaf (of a book, document, etc.) ◊ a phase during a historical period of time, or during a century ◊ Ye (surname) ǁ (an old pronunciation is shè) 1--very high [n,sn] 䉂 yè ◊ visit, pay one's respects (to a superior, elder) ◊ state, explain ◊ ask, request ◊ Ye (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] 亥 yè ◊ page, sheet, leaf (of a book, document, etc.) ◊ {measure word} (for a page, sheet, 2--high leaf [of a book, document, etc.]) [n,mw] а yī ◊ one, 1 ◊ alone ◊ whole ◊ once... ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] Ժ yī ◊ he, she (third person singular) ◊ adverbial particle ◊ you (second person singular) ◊ Yi (surname) ◊ Iraq (short for Yīlākè Ժ᣹‫)ݻ‬ ◊ Iran (short for Yīlǎng Ժᵇ) 1--very high [pron,n,sn] ‫ ׍‬yī ◊ rely on, depend on ◊ obey, comply ◊ according to, in the light of ◊ lean on/against ◊ snuggle up to ◊ luxuriant 1--very high [v,adj,adv] ಛ yī ◊ belch ◊ alas 3--medium [exclam] ༩ yī ◊ the number 1, so written to prevent alteration, forgery, etc. ◊ Yi (surname) 3--medium [num,sn] ᨆ yī ◊ bow with hands clasped ◊ decline modestly 3--medium [v] ⥇ yī ◊ {written} (a sentence-final particle used for emphasis) ◊ {interjection} Wow! Superb! Great! (an exclamation of praise) 3--medium [exclam,part] 㺓 yī ◊ clothes, clothing ◊ outer coating, covering ◊ feathers ◊ peel, skin, shell (of fruit) ◊ {med} placenta, afterbirth ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ५ yī ◊ doctor, physician ◊ medicine, medical science ◊ treat, cure, heal 1--very high [n] Ԛ yí ◊ instrument, device, apparatus ◊ ceremony, rite ◊ present, gift ◊ standard, norm ◊ manner, bearing, deportment, appearance ◊ mate, marry ◊ look forward to, yearn for ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ौ yí ◊ basin ◊ container for wine 5--very low [n] ཧ yí ◊ smooth, safe ◊ raze, level ◊ annihilate, exterminate ◊ Yi (people living in Eastern China) ◊ {derogatory} barbarian, foreigner ◊ {derogatory} barbarian land, foreign country ◊ 382

Yi (surname) 2--high [adj,v,n,sn] ᇌ yí ◊ suitable, proper, fitting, appropriate ◊ should, ought to (mostly, but not always, used in the negative) ◊ of course, no wonder ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [sn,adj] ⊲ Yí ◊ Yi River (in Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь and Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 Provinces) ◊ Yi (surname) 3--medium [name,sn] ⯁ yí ◊ doubt, suspect ◊ doubtful, questionable ◊ guess, conjecture 1--very high [v,adj] ⵉ yí ◊ raise one's eyes up to, look up to 4--low [phon] 〫 yí ◊ move, shift ◊ change, transform, alter ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 䁁 yí ◊ {written} be pleased with oneself, be self-complacent ◊ cheat, deceive 5--very low 䈂 yí ◊ {written} present as a gift; send (as) a gift to sb ◊ bequeath, leave behind for sb 4--low 䚇 yí ◊ lose ◊ lost thing ◊ leave out, omit ◊ leave behind, hold back ◊ left behind by the deceased, posthumous ◊ {med} the emission of urine or semen (mostly involuntary) ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 什 yí ◊ {physiology} the cheek(s) ◊ take care of (oneself), nourish (oneself), preserve (one's energy) ◊ {divination} "Yi" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Yi (surname) 3--medium [n,v,sn] ҉ yǐ ◊ yi (the second of the ten Tiāngān ཙᒢ "Celestial Stems") ◊ the second in a series, b (in the series a, b, c, d, etc.) ◊ the second watch of the night ◊ character used for "1" to prevent alteration, forgery, etc. ◊ Yi (surname) 2--high [num,sn] ԕ yǐ ◊ in order to... ◊ take, use ◊ with, by means of, in, by (a certain means or fashion), at (a certain speed or rate) ◊ (used before the object of verbs with the sense of giving) ◊ because, because of...(a certain reason, excuse), on account of, given ◊ based on, considering, relative to, from the point of view of (a measure, standard) ◊ Yi (surname) ◊ [Yǐ] Israel (used as short form for Yǐsèliè ԕ㢢ࡇ, e.g., Yǐ Jūn ԕ䓽/ԕߋ "the Israeli Army") 1--very high [v,conj,sn] ‫ ي‬yǐ ◊ rely on, depend upon ◊ lean against ◊ biased, prejudiced, partial ◊ in accordance with, in compliance with ◊ a chair ◊ Yi (surname) 2--high [v,sn] *፪ ᐢ yǐ ◊ already (short for ᐢ㏃/ᐢ㓿 yǐjīng) 1--very high [adv] ⸓ yǐ ◊ {grammar} (a sentence-final particle indicating completion) 2--high [part] 㲱 yǐ ◊ ant ◊ black ◊ wine dregs ◊ Yi (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䑖 yǐ ◊ {physiology} the shin ◊ support, prop up, sustain, withstand 5--very low Ӗ yì ◊ {written} also, too ◊ Yi (surname)

1--very high [adv,sn] ֊ yì ◊ live in isolation (like a hermit) ◊ debauchery ◊ offense, crime ◊ (used like yì 䙨) lose, be missing ◊ beautiful (of a woman) ◊ Yi (surname) 3--medium [sn] ֮ yì ◊ line of dancers 4--low [n] ӯ yì ◊ hundred million (100,000,000) ◊ {archaic} hundred thousand, 100,000 ◊ {classical} satisfied, content ◊ {classical} peaceful 1--very high [num] ࠸ yì ◊ mow, cut, reap ◊ sickle 3--medium [v,n] ࣃ yì ◊ cutting off the nose (ancient punishment) 4--low [v] ฦ yì ◊ performance, art, act, deed 4--low ྅ yì ◊ grand, majestic ◊ beautiful ◊ nervous, anxious ◊ glowing ◊ order, sequence ◊ Yi (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ᔻ yì ◊ arrow with a string attached (used to hunt birds) ◊ small wooden stake ◊ Yi (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᖩ yì ◊ corvee, forced labour ◊ (compulsory) military service ◊ use as a servant ◊ servant ◊ battle, campaign, war ◊ {archaic} border defender 2--high [n,v] ᜿ yì ◊ meaning, idea, thought, opinion ◊ desire, intention ◊ expect, anticipate ◊ suggestion, indication, hint, sign ◊ Italy; Italian (short for Yìdàlì ᜿བྷ࡙) 1--very high [n,v] ᠯ yì ◊ beautiful, exemplary (mostly of virtue) ◊ deep 3--medium [adj] ᣁ yì ◊ put down, restrain, contain, control ◊ dismiss in disgrace ◊ lower, bend ◊ (untranslatable introductory particle; exclamatory particle) 2--high [conj,v] ᥩ yì ◊ ladle out ◊ pull ◊ supress, repress ◊ bow with hands clasped 4--low [v] ᮱ yì ◊ dislike ◊ be weary of ◊ explain 4--low [v] ᱃ yì ◊ easy (in contrast to nán 䴓/䳮 "difficult") ◊ amiable, unassuming ◊ change ◊ exchange, barter ◊ battle ◊ despise ◊ {archaic} lizard, chameleon ◊ the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes" ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,sn] ᳰ yì ◊ stormy ◊ cloudy, misty ◊ dim 5--very low [adj] ⇵ yì ◊ resolute, firm, determined ◊ cruel, ruthless 2--high [adj] ⓒ yì ◊ overflow, spill over ◊ full ◊ excessive (like praise) 2--high [v,adj] ᔲ yì ◊ different ◊ unusual, strange, extraordinary ◊ surprise, astonishment ◊ other, another ◊ separate, part 1--very high [adj,n,v] ⱇ yì ◊ bury, inter 4--low [v] ⳺ yì ◊ profit, benefit, advantage ◊ profitable, beneficial, advantageous ◊ increase ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 㓾 yì ◊ reel off silk ◊ unravel ◊ continuous 3--medium [adj,v] ѹ yì ◊ righteousness, justice ◊ righteous, 383

just ◊ friendship, relationship ◊ adopted, adoptive ◊ false (teeth, hair, etc.); prosthetic (limb, etc.) ◊ meaning, sense, significance ◊ Italy ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 㗯 Yì ◊ Yi (a personal name, esp. of legendary figures in Chinese history such as Hou Yi) ◊ Yi (surname) 3--medium [sn] 㗺 yì ◊ help, assist (the ruler) ◊ flying 3--medium [v] 㘣 yì ◊ {med} nebula ◊ hide, screen ◊ feather screen ◊ wither and die (of trees) 3--medium [n,v] 㘬 yì ◊ wing ◊ flank, side ◊ Yi (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 㬪 yì ◊ grow, plant 5--very low [v] 㢪 yì ◊ skill, ability ◊ art(s) (like literature, dance, singing) ◊ limit, restriction ◊ plant, grow 1--very high [n,v] 㼄 yì ◊ posterity, descendants ◊ of... descent/ancestry (e.g., Huáyì Jiānádàrén 㨟㼄࣐᤯ བྷӪ/ॾ㼄࣐᤯བྷӪ "a Canadian of Chinese descent", "a Chinese Canadian") ◊ {written} a distant land ◊ the border, fringe (of a garment) ◊ Yi (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] 䈓 yì ◊ reach, arrive ◊ visit to pay one's respects ◊ achievements, accomplishments 3--medium [v,n] 䈺 yì ◊ friendship ◊ meaning of a word 2--high [n] 䈁 yì ◊ translate ◊ decode, encode ◊ translator (official title for person who translated northern minority languages) 1--very high [v,n] 䇞 yì ◊ idea, opinion ◊ discuss, talk over ◊ discuss right and wrong (mostly in reproach) 1--very high [n,v] 䖦 yì ◊ be lost, be missing ◊ surpass, excel 3--medium [adj,v] 䙨 yì ◊ leisure, ease, rest ◊ flee, escape, run away, be lost, be missing ◊ surpass, excel ◊ release, set free ◊ live in seclusion or retirement ◊ indulge 2--high [n,v] 䛁 yì ◊ city ◊ county ◊ state, country 3--medium [n] *䟧 䮂 yì ◊ "yi" (unit of weight equal to twenty "liang") 3--medium [mw] 傯 yì ◊ post, (train) station ◊ relay station (where government couriers could rest and change horses; now often used as a character in place names) 3--medium [n] 厲 yì ◊ hawk 5--very low 厳 yì ◊ hawk ◊ Ardea cinerea 5--very low 咒 yì ◊ fishhawk bow or prow 5--very low [n] ு yīn ◊ incessant crying of a small baby ◊ (used like yīn ⱆ) (of voice) hoarse, husky ◊ mute, dumb, unable to talk ◊ silent ◊ cry, wail ◊ gather, get together 4--low [adj,v] ഐ yīn ◊ because (of), on account of, due

to ◊ therefore ◊ cause, reason ◊ Yin (surname) 1--very high [adv,n,conj,sn] ါ yīn ◊ marriage ◊ relatives by marriage ◊ marriage connections ◊ a bride 2--high [n] ⇧ Yīn ◊ Yin Dynasty (14th-11th century BCE, later period of the Shāng ୶ dynasty ◊ ⇧ is also used to refer to the Shāng ୶ dynasty, as in ⇧୶ᱲԓ/⇧୶ᰦԓ Yīn Shāng shídài) ◊ [y-] {written} rich, abundant, plentiful ◊ attentive, cordial, hospitable ◊ ardent, eager ◊ Yin (surname) 2--high [name,adj,sn] ⾻ yīn ◊ a sacrifice to heaven ◊ offer sacrifices with profound reverence 4--low 䱤 yīn ◊ {philosophy, Chinese med} Yin (the female or negative principle in nature, the opposite of yáng 䲭/䱣) ◊ the moon ◊ the north side of a hill ◊ the south side of a river ◊ {meteorology} overcast, cloudy ◊ shade (of a tree, etc.) ◊ the back side ◊ concave ◊ in intaglio ◊ covert, hidden, secret, inward, underhand ◊ gloomy ◊ sinister, perfidious ◊ of the netherworld, otherworldly ◊ {physics} negative ◊ {physiology} the female genitalia ◊ Yin (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 丣 yīn ◊ sound (especially musical) ◊ news, information, tidings ◊ syllable ◊ {physics} tone 1--very high [n] 傳 yīn ◊ pale black horse with a band of white mentioned in ancient texts 5--very low ੏ yín ◊ recite, chant, intone (poetry) ◊ {poetry} song (as a literary genre) ◊ {onom} (usu. in poetry, used to describe the cry of certain animals, such as monkeys, cicadas, lions, tigers) 2--high [v,n] ᇵ yín ◊ yin (third of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ yin (3:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m, one of the twelve two-hour periods in a day) ◊ respectful 2--high [n,adj] ␛ yín ◊ excessive, extreme ◊ wanton, sexually immoral, loose ◊ evil, wicked 2--high [adj] 䁊 yín ◊ speak gently ◊ respectful 5--very low [v,adj] 䬦 yín ◊ silver ◊ silver (colour) ◊ pertaining to money ◊ Yin (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ቩ yǐn ◊ govern ◊ official title ◊ Yin (surname) 3--medium [v,n,sn] ᕅ yǐn ◊ pull, draw, stretch ◊ guide, lead 1--very high [v] 䳀 yǐn ◊ hide, conceal ◊ latent, dormant, hidden ◊ invisible ◊ secret; privacy ◊ faint, indistinct ◊ (live) in seclusion ◊ {classical} mysterious ◊ avoid mentioning ◊ enigmatic language, riddle 1--very high [v,adj,n] 侞 yǐn ◊ (typographic variant of yǐn 伢/侞) (have a) drink ◊ drink (wine or other alcoholic beverages) ◊ sth to drink ◊ harbour, nurse, bottle up (grievances, resentment, hatred, etc.) ◊ {Chinese med} decoction to be taken cold ◊ watery 384

phlegm/sputum 3--medium 侞 yǐn ◊ (have a) drink ◊ drink (wine or other alcoholic beverages) ◊ sth to drink ◊ harbour, nurse, bottle up (grievances, resentment, hatred, etc.) ◊ {Chinese med} decoction to be taken cold ◊ watery phlegm/sputum 2--high [v,n] ঠ yìn ◊ seal, stamp, chop ◊ a mark, a trace ◊ print, engrave, stamp ◊ India ◊ Yin (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ឝ yìn ◊ {written} wish, want, would rather, prefer ◊ get injured/damaged ◊ incur damage/loss ◊ in a cautious manner 5--very low [v,adv] Ⴄ yīng ◊ baby, infant ◊ bother, offend ◊ surround, encircle ◊ add to 2--high [n,v] ᪴ yīng ◊ offend ◊ harass, bother 4--low [v] 㕘 yīng ◊ chin strap on hats ◊ tassel ◊ sth resembling a tassel (like radish leaves) ◊ bridle (for a horse) ◊ long rope used to tie up sb ◊ sachet worn by women when betrothed ◊ entangle, harass 3--medium [n,v] 㤡 yīng ◊ flower ◊ hero, person of outstanding ability ◊ (of a person's talent or virtue) outstanding, excellent ◊ essence (of a thing) ◊ feather decoration on the top of a spear ◊ beautiful jadelike stone ◊ [Y-] England; English ◊ Ying (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 咠 yīng ◊ hawk ◊ eagle 2--high [n] ᅤ yíng ◊ win ◊ have a surplus ◊ Ying (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] ᾩ yíng ◊ pillars in front of a hall ◊ measure word for rooms of a building 3--medium [mw,n] 㩕 yíng ◊ seek, try to obtain ◊ run, manage ◊ camp, encampment, barracks ◊ battalion ◊ {med} vital function ◊ live surrounding a place ◊ surround ◊ Ying (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ⳸ yíng ◊ be full of, be brimming with ◊ fill, pack ◊ surplus, gain ◊ Ying (surname) 2--high [adj,v,n,sn] 㩖 yíng ◊ entangle, entwine 3--medium [v] 䎒 yíng ◊ win (in contrast to shū 䕨/䗃 "lose") ◊ reap a profit ◊ excessive, over 2--high [v] 䗾 yíng ◊ welcome, receive, meet ◊ meet head-on, confront 1--very high [v] ᖡ yǐng ◊ shadow, image ◊ trace, sign ◊ reflection ◊ photograph ◊ motion picture, movie ◊ video ◊ portrait of an ancestor ◊ shadow play ◊ hide, conceal ◊ sundial 1--very high [n,v] 亽 yǐng ◊ see Yinghe ◊ Ying (surname) 3--medium [sn] 仆 yǐng ◊ glume ◊ point, tip (of sth long and thin, like a writing brush) ◊ clever, bright ◊ head of a writing brush 2--high [adj,n] 䜒 Yǐng ◊ Ying (capital of the state of Chu located in Jiangling, Húběi ⒆े Province) 4--low [n]

ᓄ yīng ◊ should, ought to, must ◊ answer, respond, reply ◊ agree, accept, promise ◊ Ying (surname) 1--very high [auxv,v,sn] ູ yōng ◊ city wall ◊ wall 3--medium [n] ໵ yōng ◊ stop up, obstruct ◊ bank up soil or fertilizer around the roots of plants and trees 3--medium [v] ᓨ yōng ◊ mediocre, common ◊ inferior (like talent, ability) ◊ Yong (surname) 2--high [sn] ᤕ yōng ◊ embrace, hug ◊ gather round, crowd around ◊ crowd, throng, swarm ◊ support, uphold ◊ own, possess 1--very high [v] 䛅 Yōng ◊ Yong (name for Nanning, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ 㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 3--medium [n] 䮋 yōng ◊ yong (large bell used as a musical instrument) 4--low [n] 䳽 yōng ◊ harmony ◊ Yong (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 䳽 yōng ◊ harmony ◊ stop up, obstruct 3--medium ற yú ◊ {onom} echo 4--low [phon] ࣷ yǒng ◊ brave, courageous ◊ fierce ◊ local militia (esp. during the Qīng ␵ Dynasty) ◊ press 1--very high onward ◊ Yong (surname) [sn] ≨ yǒng ◊ eternal(ly), forever, always, perpetually, permanently ◊ Yong (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] િ yǒng ◊ sing a song ◊ hum ◊ chant (like poetry) ◊ recount in poetry (like as an ode) 2--high [v] 䐺 yǒng ◊ leap, jump 3--medium [v] ⭘ yòng ◊ use, employ, apply ◊ {formal} eat, drink ◊ Yong (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] Ո yōu ◊ excellent, outstanding, superior (in contrast to liè ࣓ "poor, inferior, low-grade") ◊ {literary} ample, abundant ◊ give preferential (or special) treatment ◊ {archaic} actor, actress (esp. in opera) ◊ {classical} in harmony, in concert ◊ {classical} weak, indecisive ◊ {classical} crack jokes ◊ {classical} leisurely ◊ You (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,n,sn] ᒭ yōu ◊ secluded, remote ◊ secret, hidden ◊ calm, quiet, tranquil ◊ imprison ◊ the netherworld ◊ dark ◊ gloomy ◊ You (a prefecture in Héběi ⋣े Province and Liáoníng 䚬ሗ/䗭ᆱ Province) ◊ You (surname) 2--high [adj,n,sn] ᛐ yōu ◊ long-ago, a long time ago, remote, distant ◊ leisurely, unhurriedly ◊ swing ◊ flap, flutter (i.e. in the wind) 2--high [adj,adv,v] ᘗ yōu ◊ worry ◊ concern, sorrow, anxiety ◊ disease ◊ mourning for a parent 2--high [adj,n,v] 385

᭨ yōu ◊ related to, concerned with ◊ like flowing water ◊ far, distant ◊ residence, dwelling ◊ (adverbial particle [often untranslatable]) 3--medium [adv,adj,n] 㙠 yōu ◊ plow ◊ plow and plant, till, cultivate 5--very low [n,v] ቔ yóu ◊ outstanding, special ◊ especially, particularly, extraordinarily ◊ fault, error, mistake ◊ hate, hatred ◊ You (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,n,v,sn] ⋩ yóu ◊ oil, fat, grease ◊ {figurative} (of a person) slippery, slick ◊ pomade ◊ apply oil (paint) or varnish ◊ be oily, oil-stained ◊ You (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,v,sn] ⑨ yóu ◊ swim, float ◊ drift around ◊ part/reach (of a river) ◊ You (surname) 3--medium [v,n,sn] ⣩ yóu ◊ just like, just as ◊ still, yet, even ◊ You (surname) 1--very high [adv,sn] ⭡ yóu ◊ from, because of, thanks to, as a result of ◊ by, via, through ◊ You (surname) 1--very high [prep,adv,sn] ⯓ yóu ◊ wart 3--medium [n] 䛞 yóu ◊ mail, post ◊ fault, error ◊ hold a grudge, blame ◊ You (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ৻ yǒu ◊ friend, ally; friendly; befriend ◊ fraternal affection 1--very high [n,adj,v] ᴹ yǒu ◊ there is (are, were, etc.); be there, exist ◊ have, own, possess ◊ You (surname) 1--very high [v,auxv,sn] 㧐 yǒu ◊ {bot} green bristlegrass, Setaria viridis ◊ bad/evil (people) 4--low [n] 䝹 yǒu ◊ you (the tenth of the Twelve Earthly Branches) ◊ you (5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m, one of the twelve two-hour periods of time in a day) ◊ You (surname) 3--medium [num,sn] 唍 yǒu ◊ dark blue, black ◊ black soil 4--low [adj] ց yòu ◊ help, protect, bless 2--high [v] ৸ yòu ◊ again ◊ also ◊ on the other hand... ◊ then (indicating one action happening right after another) ◊ (in the pattern ৸…৸… yòu...yòu...) both... and... 1--very high [adv] ਣ yòu ◊ right (-hand side) ◊ west ◊ Right (in contrast to Left [progressive, revolutionary]) ◊ advocate, uphold ◊ help, protect ◊ urge (sb to eat or drink) ◊ You (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] യ yòu ◊ animal farm ◊ vegetable garden ◊ treasury (like of art) ◊ be hampered, be constrained 3--medium [n,v] ᇕ yòu ◊ forgive, pardon, excuse ◊ aid, assist ◊ You (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᒬ yòu ◊ young ◊ children ◊ nurture (i.e. children) 2--high [adj,n] Ḋ yóu ◊ {bot} Rangoon teak, Burma teak 3--medium [n] ⤆ yòu ◊ a gibbon with a long tail and prominent nose 5--very low

䈡 yòu ◊ guide, induce ◊ lure, entice 2--high [v] ᢌ yū ◊ (alternate reading "wū") 5--very low 㓑 yū ◊ wind, twist ◊ twist, distort ◊ tie in a knot ◊ Yu (surname)4--low [sn] 䗲 yū ◊ circuitous, roundabout, indirect ◊ old-fashioned, clinging to outworn rules and ideas, pedantic (in speech, actions) ◊ distant, remote 3--medium [adj] 㞗 shù ◊ acupuncture point (on the body) 3--medium [n] ၡ yú ◊ pleasure, enjoyment, amusement 2--high [n] ᜹ yú ◊ happy, merry, cheerful, joyful 2--high [adj] ◊ stupid, foolish, dull-witted ◊ deᝊ yú ceive, dupe, make a fool of 2--high [adj,v] Ҿ yú ◊ in, at on (time or place) ◊ towards, to, for ◊ than (comparative) ◊ by (passive voice) 2--high [prep] ⅔ yú ◊ (a sentence-final particle used to indicate question or doubt, or an exclamation, or a rhetorical question) 4--low [part] ⑄ yú ◊ catch fish, fish ◊ take sth unlawfully or wrongfully 2--high [n,v] ⡿ yú ◊ privy hole ◊ (alternate reading "tóu") 4--low ⪌ yú ◊ fine jade ◊ luster, splendor (of jade) ◊ strong points, merits, virtues 3--medium [n] Ⳳ yú ◊ yu (round-mouthed receptacle for holding liquid or food) ◊ hunting formation ◊ Yu (a place in Sui County, Hénán ⋣ই Province during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) ◊ Yu (surname) 3--medium [sn] ㄭ yú ◊ "yu" (woodwind instrument resembling the modern-day "sheng") 4--low [n] 㠱 yú ◊ lift or carry together (like a patient on a stretcher) 4--low [v] 㲎 yú ◊ conjecture, prediction ◊ worry, concern ◊ deceive, cheat ◊ concerned about, anxious, worried ◊ Yu (surname) 3--medium [n,adj,sn] 䈰 yú ◊ flatter, toady 3--medium [v] 䙮 yú ◊ exceed, transgress ◊ cross over 3--medium [adv,v] 㠶 yú ◊ cart (or carriage) body ◊ cart, carriage ◊ sedan chair, palanquin ◊ land, territory ◊ public (opinion, etc.) ◊ carry, bear ◊ slave, corvee labourer 2--high [n,adj,v] 䲵 yú ◊ nook, corner ◊ border, adjacent area ◊ (one of four) aspects (of a subject, problem, etc.) 3--medium [n] 䴙 yú ◊ {archaic} sacrifice for rain ◊ Yu (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 476 BCE] in the area of present Hénán ⋣ই Province) 4--low [v] ։ yú ◊ surplus, remaining, leftovers ◊

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(number, amount) odd, over ◊ after (e.g., after hours) 1--very high [n,adj,adv] 劬 yú ◊ (a) fish ◊ Yu (surname) ◊ (a propitious symbol as homophone of yú 佈/։ "surplus, abundance") 1--very high [n,sn] Ҹ yǔ ◊ give, present, grant, confer, bestow 1--very high [v] Ջ yǔ ◊ hunchbacked, humpbacked 5--very low [adv] ഹ yǔ ◊ stable ◊ stable boy ◊ frontier 3--medium [n] ᆷ yǔ ◊ eaves ◊ house, building ◊ universe, space, world ◊ demeanor, bearing 1--very high [n] ᓮ yǔ ◊ enclosure for storing grain, openair granary ◊ yu (measure of capacity) ◊ Yu (surname) 3--medium [n,meas,sn] ⿩ Yǔ ◊ Yu (legendary founder of the Xià ༿ Dynasty, 21st - 16th century BCE) ◊ Yu (surname) 2--high [sn] 㗭 yǔ ◊ feather, plume ◊ birds ◊ (also used as measure word for birds) ◊ wings (of birds or insects) ◊ feathers on an arrow ◊ float (on fishing line) ◊ Yu (surname) 2--high [n,sn] о yǔ ◊ with, and, together with ◊ give, offer ◊ associate with, have contacts with ◊ support, assist, commend, praise ◊ {written} wait for, await 1--very high [conj,v] 䈝 yǔ ◊ language, words ◊ speak, say ◊ saying, idiom ◊ signal, sign (language) 1--very high [n,v] 䴘 yǔ ◊ rain 1--very high [n] ௫ yù ◊ explain, inform, tell ◊ know, understand, be aware of ◊ a metaphor, analogy, allegory, figure of speech ◊ Yu (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ฏ yù ◊ territory, region, domain ◊ boundary, frontier ◊ {math} domain, field ◊ kingdom, realm ◊ reside, dwell ◊ cemetery, burial ground 1--very high [n,v] ࿚ yù ◊ {written} an old woman, old lady 4--low [n] ሃ yù ◊ live, reside, dwell ◊ residence, dwelling ◊ imply, suggest 2--high [v,n] ᜸ yù ◊ better, superior ◊ more and more, even more, still more 1--very high [adv,n] Ἓ yù ◊ prinsepia utilis, himalayan prinsepia 5--very low Ⅲ yù ◊ wish, desire ◊ want, need ◊ about to, on the verge of 1--very high [v,adv] ⎤ yù ◊ take a bath, bathe 2--high [v] ⠐ yù ◊ warm, hot 4--low [adj] ⤡ yù ◊ prison, jail ◊ lawsuit, litigation ◊ details of a case ◊ crime, offence 2--high [n] ⦹ yù ◊ jade ◊ pure, beautiful ◊ Yu (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ⸎ yù ◊ multi-coloured clouds (regarded as an auspicious sign) ◊ bore with an awl ◊ Yu (personal name) 4--low

ᗑ yù ◊ resist (like the enemy), ward off (like the cold) 2--high [v] 㛢 yù ◊ give birth to ◊ raise, rear (children, seedlings, etc.) ◊ educate, inculcate 1--very high [v] 㵞 yù ◊ legendary creature who spits sand at the shadow of a person and makes him sick ◊ insect injurious to rice plants 4--low [n] 䉅 yù ◊ instruct, inform (mostly from superior to subordinate or senior to junior) ◊ know, comprehend ◊ metaphor, analogy 3--medium [n,v] 䂹 yù ◊ fame, reputation ◊ praise ◊ pleased, happy 2--high [n,v,adj] 䊛 yù ◊ {classical} hesitantly ◊ {classical} pleased, happy ◊ peaceful, comfortable ◊ beforehand, in advance ◊ Yu (name for Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ {divination} Yu (one of the sixtyfour hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") ◊ Yu (surname) 2--high [adv,adj,sn] 䙷 yù ◊ meet, encounter, come across ◊ treat, handle ◊ opportunity, chance ◊ agree with ◊ Yu (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 亴 yù ◊ beforehand, in advance ◊ participate in, take part in 1--very high [v,adv] 供 yù ◊ full, surfeited, satiated ◊ private family banquet 4--low 兠 yù ◊ luxuriant ◊ dense, thick ◊ moody 5--very low 䛱 yù ◊ luxuriant (vegetation) ◊ pent-up (depression, anger) ◊ gloomy, depressed ◊ smelling rotten ◊ {bot} the Chinese bush cherry, Prunus japonica 2--high [adj,n,v] 八 yù ◊ sell ◊ rear, support ◊ childish ◊ Yu (surname) 4--low [sn] ߔ yuān ◊ wrong (sb), treat/accuse/prosecute unjustly ◊ (case of) injustice, grievance ◊ hatred, enmity 2--high [v,n] ␺ yuān ◊ deep pool ◊ deep (literally or figuratively) ◊ the sound of a drum ◊ Yuan (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] 呒 yuān ◊ kite, milvus korschun 3--medium [n] 咃 yuān ◊ {mythology} the phoenix (a legendary bird) 5--very low [n] ‫ ݳ‬yuán ◊ first, original ◊ chief, leading ◊ fundamental, primary ◊ yuan (unit of Chinese currency) ◊ Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) ◊ Yuan (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ৏ yuán ◊ source, origin ◊ original, former, previous ◊ originally, formerly ◊ primeval ◊ raw, crude, unprocessed ◊ forgive, pardon ◊ open country, plain, plateau, steppe ◊ in fact, actually ◊ forgive, excuse ◊ Yuan (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,v,sn] ઈ yuán ◊ employee ◊ person performing a particular function, or engaged in a certain activity, profession, etc. ◊ {admin} member (of a committee, organization, etc.) ◊ {measure word} (used for military officers, and able/outstanding persons) ◊ border, perimeter 1--very high 387

[n,mw] ഝ yuán ◊ garden, orchard or similar place where plants are grown ◊ park or similar place of public recreation ◊ Imperial tombs 1--very high [n] ശ yuán ◊ round, circular ◊ a circle ◊ fully, satisfactorily; realize (a dream), have (a dream) come true ◊ Yuan (unit of Chinese currency) ◊ Won (unit of Korean currency) ◊ Yen (unit of Japanese currency) ◊ Chinese coin 1--very high [adj,mw,n,v] ී yuán ◊ low wall ◊ city ◊ Yuan (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ᨤ yuán ◊ pull, draw (with the hand), hold ◊ cite, quote ◊ help, aid, assist, support 1--very high [v] Ⓚ yuán ◊ source, fountainhead ◊ source, origin, cause ◊ Yuan (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⡠ yuán ◊ from where, whence ◊ thereupon, hence ◊ Yuan (surname) 3--medium [sn] ⥯ yuán ◊ ape 5--very low ⥯ yuán ◊ ape 3--medium [n] 㕈 yuán ◊ cause, reason ◊ because, on account of ◊ fate, predestined relationship, natural affinity ◊ along, following ◊ edge, periphery ◊ border, hem (of a garment) 1--very high [n,adv,prep] 㺱 yuán ◊ long robe ◊ Yuan (surname) 2--high [n,sn] 䗅 yuán ◊ shaft (of carriage) ◊ Yuan (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 唻 yuán ◊ soft-shelled turtle, pelochelys bibroni ◊ lizard 4--low [n,v] 䘌 yuǎn ◊ far, distant, remote (in space/time) ◊ (of blood relationship, relatives) distant ◊ (of difference) far, by far ◊ not intimate, distant ◊ Yuan (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ᙘ yuàn ◊ hatred, enmity, resentment ◊ blame, complain 2--high [n,v] 㤁 yuàn ◊ garden, park ◊ centre (for literature, art, culture, etc.) ◊ Yuan (surname) ◊ storedup, amassed ◊ withered ◊ decorative pattern 2--high [sn] 䲒 yuàn ◊ courtyard, yard ◊ (character used to designate various government or public buildings) college, academy, institute, school ◊ branch of the government (like the Lìfǎyuàn ・ ⌅䲒 "Legislative Commission" of Taiwan) 1--very high [n] ᝯ yuàn ◊ wish, desire ◊ be willing ◊ vow ◊ (I) wish that..., may... 1--very high [v,n] ᴠ yuē ◊ say ◊ call, be known as 2--high [v] 㓖 yuē ◊ approximately, about ◊ make an appointment, arrange to meet, arrange a date ◊ invite, ask ◊ agreement, treaty ◊ restrict, restrain, bind ◊ frugal, thrifty, economical ◊ brief, simple, succinct ◊ {math} reduce (a fraction) 3--medium [v,adv,adj,n]

ዣ yuè ◊ (variant of ዣ) high mountain ◊ {mythology} sacred mountain 2--high [n] ᛖ yuè ◊ pleased, happy, delighted ◊ please, make happy, delight ◊ Yue (surname) 2--high [sn] ᴸ yuè ◊ month ◊ moon ◊ Yue (surname) 1--very high [n,tw,sn] ♩ yuè ◊ soak ◊ cook, boil ◊ dredge (a river) 3--medium [v] ㋔ Yuè ◊ Yue (name for Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province) ◊ Yue (name for the Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ 㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region" area) 2--high [n] 䎺 yuè ◊ exceed, surpass ◊ cross over (a wall, mountain, etc.) ◊ the more... ◊ Yue (state during the Zhou Dynasty in eastern Jiāngsū ⊏ 㰷/⊏㣿 Province and later in Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 Province and Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Yue (eastern Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province) ◊ Yue (surname) ◊ Vietnam 1--very high [v,name,sn] 䏳 yuè ◊ jump, leap 1--very high [v] 䫪 yuè ◊ "yue" (battle axe) 4--low [n] 䰵 yuè ◊ read, look over ◊ inspect, review [like troops] ◊ experience, go through 1--very high [v] 嗐 yuè ◊ measure of capacity (also used for ㊕ "flute") 4--low [mw,n] ᲅ yūn ◊ dizzy, giddy ◊ faint, swoon, pass out, lose consciousness 2--high [v] 㔺 yūn ◊ tangled hemp, raveled silk ◊ fragments of hemp ◊ mixed old and new silk fibers ◊ vague, confused, chaotic 3--medium [n,morph] Ӂ yún ◊ speak ◊ mean 3--medium [v] 㙈 yún ◊ to weed 3--medium [v] Ӂ yún ◊ cloud(s) ◊ numerous ◊ high, tall ◊ Yúnnán 䴢ই/Ӂই Province ◊ Yun (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ‫ ݱ‬yǔn ◊ allow, consent, permit ◊ promise ◊ approve ◊ fair, equitable 1--very high [adj,v] ⇂ yǔn ◊ die, perish 3--medium [v] 䲘 yǔn ◊ fall from the sky ◊ damage, destroy 3--medium [v] 䵓 yǔn ◊ fall 5--very low ᆅ yùn ◊ be pregnant ◊ pregnancy2--high [n,v] ᚭ yùn ◊ simple and honest ◊ Yun (surname) 4--low [sn] ᝐ yùn ◊ angry, irritated, resentful 3--medium [adj] 㮠 wēn ◊ {bot} Common Mare's Tail, Hippuris vulgaris 4--low [n] 㮤 yùn ◊ contain, have within, hold in store

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◊ profound, inside (as information) ◊ reserved and refined, temperate, well-controlled (as in yùnjié 㰺㯹/㮤㯹 "reserved and refined, temperate, well-controlled") ◊ muggy, sultry ◊ fragments of hemp 2--high [n,v,adj] 䘀 yùn ◊ motion, movement, freight ◊ convey, transport ◊ use, apply ◊ luck, fortune, fate ◊ Yun (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 䜃 Yùn ◊ Yun (county during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Yishui, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Yun (county during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Yuncheng, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Yun (surname) 4--low [sn] 严 yùn ◊ pleasant sound ◊ rhyme ◊ appeal, charm ◊ Yun (surname) 2--high [n,sn]

money or goods) stolen, embezzled, illicit 3--medium [n] 㪜 zàng ◊ bury, inter ◊ of or pertaining to burying the dead 2--high [v,adj] 䚝 zāo ◊ encounter, meet with, come across (mostly sth unfortunate) ◊ all around ◊ {measure word} (used for the time/occasion of an action, round trips, or time around) 1--very high [v,mw] ㌏ zāo ◊ (the zhòuwén ㉰᮷ "Greater Seal Script" form of zāo ㌏) (brewers'/distillers') grains ◊ pickled (in wine, or with grains) ◊ rotten, wretched, worn out ◊ in bad shape, in a mess 5--very low [adj,n,v] ࠯ záo ◊ {tool} chisel ◊ make/bore a hole, chisel, dig ◊ mortise, hole ◊ sure, certain, authentic, irrefutable, unequivocal 2--high [adj,n,v] ᰙ zǎo ◊ early morning ◊ long ago ◊ early ◊ in advance, beforehand ◊ good morning 1--very high [adv] ᷓ zǎo ◊ {bot} jujube, Chinese date, Zizyphus jujuba (the tree or its fruit) ◊ Zao (surname) 2--high [sn] 㰫 zǎo ◊ algae ◊ aquatic plants, waterweeds (like hornwort, bladderwort) ◊ flowery language, literary grace ◊ multicoloured silk cord for stringing jade crowns 3--medium [n] 㳔 zǎo ◊ flea 3--medium [n] ⚦ zào ◊ oven ◊ kitchen range, cooking stove ◊ kitchen ◊ the Kitchen God 2--high [n] Ⲳ zào ◊ black ◊ soap ◊ runner, messenger, office boy, menial servant (as in a government office in former times) ◊ manger ◊ a team of twelve horses 3--medium [adj,n] ಚ zào ◊ clamour, noise ◊ chirp (of birds, insects) ◊ a din ◊ shout curses ◊ slander 3--medium [v] 䙐 zào ◊ build, construct, make, create ◊ fabricate, invent, concoct ◊ party (in a lawsuit or legal agreement) ◊ {regional} crop, harvest ◊ {written} go to (like to visit), arrive at ◊ (of skills) achieve, attain ◊ train, educate, cultivate ◊ the times; an era ◊ {slang} spend (a lavish amount) ◊ {slang} run wild ◊ Zao (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᤙ zé ◊ select, choose, pick ◊ differentiate, make a distinction between, choose carefully 2--high [v] ࡉ zé ◊ {written, formal} then (in a consequence clause, as in xìn zé yǒu, bù xìn zé wú ؑࡷᴹ,нؑࡷ❑/ؑࡉᴹ,нؑࡉᰐ "if you believe in them, then they exist; if you don't believe, then they don't exist" or jì lái zhī zé ān zhī ᰒ ֶѻࡷᆹѻ/ᰒᶕѻࡉᆹѻ "since we are here, we may as well make the best of it") ◊ whereas, while, on the other hand, for his/her/its/their part (used after a subject to indicate a contrast with the subject of the preceding clause) ◊ {classical} be (equivalent to shì ᱟ or nǎishì ѳᱟ) ◊ rule, regulation, law ◊ {measure word} (used for items

Z ᵲ zá ◊ mixed, miscellaneous ◊ mix, mingle 1--very high [adj,v] ૹ zāi ◊ particle used in exclamatory sentences ◊ particle used in rhetorical questions 3--medium [part] ṭ zāi ◊ plant, grow ◊ stick in, insert ◊ young plant, seedling ◊ trip, fall 2--high [v,n] ⚮ zāi ◊ calamity, disaster, catastrophe ◊ (one's) misfortune 1--very high [n] ᇠ zǎi ◊ slaughter (animals) ◊ {informal} overcharge, fleece, rip off (a customer) ◊ rule, govern ◊ {Chengdu dialect} chop, cut ◊ {archaic} government official ◊ burial mound ◊ Zai (surname) 2--high [v,n,sn] ޽ zài ◊ again, once more ◊ further, more ◊ time and again, repeatedly ◊ no matter how... (followed by an adjective or verb, usually with dōu 䜭 or yě ҏ in the following clause) 1--very high [adv] ൘ zài ◊ in, on, at ◊ exist, be present, be alive ◊ be in a certain category or class (as in zài suǒ bùmiǎn ൘ᡰн‫" ݽ‬is [one of those things that is] unavoidable") ◊ Zai (surname) 1--very high [prep,v,sn] 䖭 zài ◊ carry, be loaded with (like passengers, cargo) ◊ everywhere (along the road) ◊ {written} and, at the same time, moreover ◊ do, implement ◊ begin, start ◊ adorn, decorate ◊ Zai (surname) 1--very high [v,adv,sn] ᭂ zǎn ◊ accumulate, collect ◊ save, hoard 2--high [v] Ჲ zàn ◊ for a short time, of short duration, temporary ◊ temporarily ◊ for the time being 2--high [adj,adv] ⬂ zàn ◊ jade ladle used in ceremonies 4--low 䎎 zàn ◊ help, support, assist, aid ◊ guide, introduce ◊ Zan (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 㠗 zāng ◊ {written} good, right ◊ Zang (surname) 3--medium [adj,sn] 䍳 zāng ◊ stolen goods, booty, spoils ◊ (of

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of writing, like news items, fables, questions on a test, etc.) 1--very high [adv,n,mw] ⌭ zé ◊ marsh, swamp, low-lying damp area ◊ wet, damp ◊ shine, luster (of metals, pearls, jade, etc.) ◊ kindness, grace ◊ rain and dew 1--very high [n] 䍓 zé ◊ responsibility, duty ◊ demand, insist on ◊ interrogate, question ◊ reproach, reprove ◊ punish 1--very high [n,v] 䎌 zé ◊ abstruse, profound 4--low [adj] 䘞 zé ◊ rise ◊ contracted, cramped 4--low Ӵ zè ◊ narrow ◊ anxious, uneasy ◊ {Chinese linguistics} the oblique tones (in classical Chinese phonology, see zèshēng Ӵ㚢/Ӵ༠) ◊ slanting, tilting 3--medium [adj,n,v] ᰳ zè ◊ the sun setting in the west 4--low [v] 䍬 zéi ◊ thief ◊ traitor, rebel ◊ evil, dishonest ◊ crafty, wily, cunning ◊ harm, ruin, be injurious ◊ kill, murder ◊ extremely 2--high [n,v,adj,adv] 䉞 zèn ◊ slander 4--low [v] ໎ zēng ◊ add, increase 1--very high [v] ើ zēng ◊ hate, detest, abhor 2--high [v] 㖮 zēng ◊ "zeng" (square fishing net supported by wooden stakes or bamboo poles) ◊ catch with a net 4--low [n] ⭁ zèng ◊ rice steamer ◊ container used to distill water ◊ earthen jar 3--medium [n] 䎐 zèng ◊ present as a gift2--high [v] ᡾ zhā ◊ stick, prick (with a needle, thorn, etc.) ◊ {regional} plunge into (like water, a crowd, one's studies) ◊ draft beer ◊ (beer) mug, stein; pitcher (for beverages)embroider ◊ inject, inoculate 3--medium [v] Ḕ zhā ◊ hand-rail, railing, balustrade 4--low ᵝ zhá ◊ thin pieces of wood used for writing in ancient times ◊ {written} a letter3--medium [n] ḵ zhà ◊ palisade fence ◊ bars, railing 2--high [n] ѽ zhà ◊ suddenly, abruptly ◊ at first, newly ◊ spread out, stretch, extend (wings) ◊ Zha (surname) 2--high [sn] 䇸 zhà ◊ cheat, deceive, swindle (sb out of sth) ◊ pretend, feign ◊ try to trick sb into divulging information 2--high [v] ᪈ zhāi ◊ pluck, pick, take off ◊ take off (hat, glasses, necktie etc.) ◊ select (like extracts, excerpts) ◊ borrow money to meet an emergency ◊ reprimand, reprove 2--high [v] ᮻ zhāi ◊ fasting, abstinence from meat ◊ fasting period ◊ give food (to a monk) ◊ building, room, studio 2--high [n,v] ᆵ zhái ◊ house, residence, dwelling, abode ◊ {colloquial} stay at home (esp. of sb addicted

to web surfing or electronic games) 2--high [n,v] 㘏 dí ◊ pheasant ◊ pheasant feathers ◊ Di (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ゴ zhǎi ◊ narrow ǁ (opposite of kuān ሜ/ᇭ "wide") 2--high [adj] ᯳ zhān ◊ red banner mounted on a curved pole ◊ particle used like "zhī" or "zhīyān" 4--low [part] ⋮ zhān ◊ moisten, wet, soak ◊ be stained with (literally or figuratively) ◊ touch, make contact with 2--high [v] ⷫ zhān ◊ look in front, look up ◊ look up to, respect 3--medium [v] 䂩 zhān ◊ verbose ◊ reach ◊ divine, practice divination ◊ Zhan (surname) 3--medium [sn] 侈 zhān ◊ (rice) gruel, congee 5--very low 咟 zhān ◊ bird of prey mentioned in ancient texts 5--very low ኅ zhǎn ◊ open, unfold ◊ get the most out of, give full play to ◊ extend, prolong ◊ exhibit, put on display ◊ state, declare ◊ inspect, observe ◊ blot up (like water) ◊ Zhan (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ᯙ zhǎn ◊ cut, chop ◊ behead 2--high [v] 䑽 niǎn ◊ step on, tread on 5--very low [v] ঐ zhàn ◊ occupy ◊ account for, make up, constitute ◊ seize, take by force ◊ keep, preserve, protect, guard, watch over 3--medium [v] ᡈ zhàn ◊ war, fight, battle ◊ go to war, fight, battle ◊ shudder, tremble ◊ Zhan (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] Ḹ zhàn ◊ livestock shed or pen ◊ plank road along a cliff ◊ warehouse, storehouse ◊ Zhan (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ⒋ zhàn ◊ deep, profound ◊ limpid, clear ◊ Zhan (surname) 2--high [sn] ᕐ zhāng ◊ open, spread, stretch; extend a bow ◊ magnify, exaggerate ◊ look, glance ◊ {measure word}... sheet(s) of... (used for flat things like a sheet of paper, a table, etc.) ◊ {M} (for mouth, face) ◊ Zhang (surname) 1--very high [v,mw,sn] ᖠ zhāng ◊ clear, manifest, obvious ◊ manifest, display ◊ praise, commend ◊ Zhang (surname) 2--high [adj,v,sn] ╣ Zhāng ◊ the Zhang River (in Hénán ⋣ই Province) 3--medium [n] ⪻ zhāng ◊ zhang (pointed jade ceremonial tablet) 2--high [n] ㄐ zhāng ◊ chapter, section, division (of a book, poem, music piece) ◊ item, clause (of a regulation, treaty) ◊ order, orderliness ◊ rules, regulations, charter, constitution ◊ memorial (to the Emperor) ◊ seal, stamp, chop ◊ badge, insignia, medal ◊ Zhang (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] 390

◊ according to, in light of ◊ (before a one-syllable verb, and often in the pattern "zhào Verb bù wù" ➗ Verb н䃔/➗ Verb н䈟) in spite of it, just the same, still continue to... 1--very high [v,adv,n] 㚷 zhào ◊ begin, initiate ◊ beginning, start ◊ commence, found ◊ devise ◊ at first ◊ originate ◊ cause (trouble, etc.), create (a disturbance, etc.) ◊ Zhao (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䇿 zhào ◊ inform, instruct (mostly of superiors to subordinates) ◊ Imperial edict 3--medium [n,v] 䎥 Zhào ◊ Zhao (ancient state during the Zhōu ઘ Dynasty, in the area of present northern and central Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province and western and southern Héběi ⋣े Province) ◊ Zhao (name for southern Héběi ⋣े Province) ◊ Zhao (surname) 1--very high [name,sn] 䚞 zhē ◊ cover, block the view ◊ block, obstruct, hide ◊ conceal, cover up 2--high [v] ଢ zhé ◊ wise, sagacious ◊ wise man, sage ◊ wisdom 1--very high [adj,n] ᣈ zhé ◊ break, fracture, snap ◊ lose, be deprived of, suffer (like casualties) ◊ bend, twist, turn ◊ turn back, change direction ◊ be won over, become persuaded, become convinced, admire ◊ change into, convert into, amount to ◊ discount, rebate ◊ (of a musical drama) an act ◊ the turning stroke (in a Chinese character) ◊ (in Traditional character text usually written as zhé ᪪) fold (sth) ◊ accordion-like booklet or folder with a slipcase ◊ book or booklet for keeping accounts ◊ ledger booklet ◊ Zhe (surname) 3--medium [v,sn] 䖴 zhé ◊ {literary} then; always; as soon as 3--medium [adv] 䖴 zhé ◊ sides of chariot with weapons 4--low 䗉 zhé ◊ a wheel rut/groove/track ◊ the direction of traffic ◊ {figurative} the right track ◊ {poetry, music} rhyme (in traditional Chinese singing) ◊ a way, means, method, wit, know-how 3--medium [n] 㘵 zhě ◊ (following a verb) person who..., those who..., the thing (or things) which...; (following a verb or adjective) person who... (does sth or acts in a certain way), those who... (do sth/are...)Zhe (surname) 1--very high [suf,sn] 䘉 zhè ◊ this, these (mostly preceding a measure word or number) 1--very high [pron] ⓡ zhēn ◊ {written} (used like zhēn 㫱 in the word zhēnzhēn 㫱㫱 "profuse, luxuriant, densely wooded, growing densely/thickly") many, mass, multitude ◊ (used like zhēn 㠫) (of sth positive, lucky, etc.) arrive, come; reach, attain (a higher level), achieve, become (better) ◊ Zhen River (in Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Zhen (surname) 4--low [sn] ⧽ zhēn ◊ precious, valuable, rare ◊ treasu-

䝓 Zhāng ◊ Zhang (ancient state in Northern Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 Province, near Shāndōng ኡ ᶡ/ኡь Province, during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) 4--low [n] ᦼ zhǎng ◊ the palm ◊ slap, hit with the palm ◊ be in charge, control ◊ the bottom of the foot of various animals ◊ horseshoe ◊ sole (of a shoe) ◊ sew on a shoe sole ◊ add (soy sauce, etc.) ◊ hold, grasp ◊ Zhang (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] и zhàng ◊ zhang (unit of length equal to 3.3 meters or ten Chinese feet) ◊ measure, survey (land) ◊ form of address to males either senior to oneself or related by marriage ◊ Zhang (surname) 1--very high [sn] Ꮂ zhàng ◊ cliff ◊ mountain barrier 4--low [n] ᑀ zhàng ◊ canopy, tent, (mosquito) net ◊ {TW usage} (when used for 䌜/䍖) account; ledger, account book ǁ (in Mainland usage, zhàng ᑣ/ᑀ only means "tent" and cannot be used for zhàng 䌜/䍖 "account") 2--high [n] ᶆ zhàng ◊ cane, (walking) stick ◊ support with a cane (like while walking) ◊ rod or similar stick-shaped instrument (like a rolling pin) ◊ arms, weapons ◊ cane, beat with a cane (as a form of punishment in former times) ◊ rely on, depend on 2--high [n,v] 䳌 zhàng ◊ obstruct, hinder ◊ obstruction, barrier 1--very high [v,n] ᤋ zhāo ◊ beckon, wave, summon (with the hand), gesture ◊ recruit, enroll, enlist ◊ attract (sth bad), invite (trouble, etc.), incur ◊ attract, draw (like attention), court (sb) ◊ {regional} infect, get infected ◊ admit, confess ◊ trick, move ◊ a move (in chess) ◊ Zhao (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ᱝ zhāo ◊ clear, manifest, obvious ◊ light, bright ◊ left side of an ancestral temple ◊ Zhao (surname) 2--high [sn,adj,n] ⋬ zhǎo ◊ natural pond, marsh 2--high [n] ‫ ݶ‬zhào ◊ {numeric} million, mega- (as in zhàohè ‫ݶ‬䎛 "megahertz", zhàowǎ ‫" ⬖ݶ‬megawatt") ◊ {esp. TW usage, esp. in finance} trillion (wànyì 㩜ܴ/зӯ, esp. in budget statistics, etc.) ◊ omen, sign ◊ foretell ◊ divine (on tortoise shells) ◊ begin, commence ◊ {IT} (short for zhàozìjié ‫ݶ‬ᆇㇰ/‫ݶ‬ᆇ㢲 "megabyte") ◊ Zhao (surname) 2--high [num,v,sn] ਜ zhào ◊ summon, beckon, gather ◊ convene, call together ◊ inspire, guide ◊ an Imperial decree ◊ a temple, monastery ◊ Zhao (surname among the Dǎi ‫ ۓ‬nationality) 1--very high [v,n,sn] Ἡ zhào ◊ oar, scull, paddle ◊ row (a boat) 4--low [n,v] ➗ zhào ◊ shine, illuminate ◊ to, towards, in the direction of ◊ reflect (in a mirror) ◊ take a picture, film ◊ picture, photo ◊ certificate, license, permit ◊ look after, take care of, attend to ◊ notify, give notice ◊ contrast ◊ know, understand 391

re, valuable thing ◊ treasure, value highly ◊ delicacies 1--very high [adj,n,v] ⬴ zhēn ◊ examine, discern ◊ make clear, make known ◊ left and right flanks (of a military formation) ◊ mold clay ◊ potter ◊ mold (another's character, etc.) ◊ create, bring about ◊ Zhen (surname) 3--medium [v,n,sn] ⵏ zhēn ◊ real, true, genuine ◊ really, truly ◊ sincere ◊ Zhen (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ㇤ zhēn ◊ admonish, exhort ◊ literary style 3--medium [v,n] 㠫 zhēn ◊ {written} (of sth positive, lucky, etc.) arrive, come ◊ reach, attain (a higher level), achieve, become (better) 3--medium [v] 䍎 zhēn ◊ loyal, steadfast ◊ chastity ◊ divination 2--high [adj,v] 䪸 zhēn ◊ needle (for sewing) ◊ sth resembling a needle ◊ injection (needle) ◊ acupuncture ◊ prick (with a needle) ◊ {measure word} (used for the number of injections, of stitching, acupuncture treatments, etc.) 1--very high [n,v,mw] ᷅ zhěn ◊ pillow ◊ rest the head on a pillow, one's arm, etc. ◊ {mechanical engineering} a block; a horizontal board at the rear of carriages 2--high [n,v] ⮋ zhěn ◊ raised path between fields ◊ distinguish, differentiate ◊ send regards, express good wishes 4--low [n] ⵅ zhěn ◊ restraint 4--low ㍮ zhěn ◊ act contrary to, go against, oppose ◊ turn, twist ◊ coil (around) 4--low 䖨 zhěn ◊ cart, carriage ◊ horizontal board at rear of a carriage body ◊ Zhen (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions, see "Zhenxiu") ◊ distressed, sorrowful ◊ wooden peg for tuning plucked stringed musical instruments ◊ Zhen (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Yingcheng, Húběi ⒆े Province) 4--low [adj,n] 兂 zhěn ◊ thick black beautiful hair 5--very low ᥟ zhèn ◊ vibrate ◊ brace up, rise up with force and spirit, invigorate ◊ shake, wave, flap, flutter ◊ rise up, be moved ◊ issue, distribute ◊ wipe off, rub clean ◊ reorganize, rectify 1--very high [v] ᨅ zhèn ◊ roll up the sleeves ◊ fight bare fist 5--very low ᵅ zhèn ◊ I, we (pre-Qín 〖 Dynasty term used by royal personage) ◊ omen, sign ◊ crack (in leather armor) 3--medium [n,pron] 䞆 dān ◊ like to drink, be a habitual drinker ◊ be addicted to drinking, be an alcoholic, be an alcohol addict 4--low 䭷 zhèn ◊ town, township ◊ apply weight to, weigh down, press down ◊ keep down by power or force, suppress ◊ calm (sb's mood), tranquilize ◊ garrison, guard with military force/presence ◊ garrison post ◊ cool (a beverage, watemelon, etc.) with ice or in cold water 1--very high

[n,v,sn] 䱥 zhèn ◊ battle formation ◊ (battle) position, battlefield ◊ period of time ◊ {measure word} (for a brief period, like a rain shower, a burst of applause, a gust of wind) 1--very high [n,mw] 䴷 zhèn ◊ shake, vibrate, quake ◊ earthquake ◊ lightning ◊ shock, astonish ◊ Zhen (one of the Bāguà ‫ޛ‬খ "Eight Trigrams" in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes", used for divination according to Taoist beliefs) 1--very high [n,v] ጕ zhēng ◊ (of mountains, peaks, etc.) high and steep, towering, soaring (as in zhēngróng ፒ Ꮸ/ጕᎈ "towering; outstanding") 3--medium [adj] ᖱ zhēng ◊ recruit (troops), draft (into military service) ◊ summon ◊ levy, collect (taxes) ◊ solicit, request, ask for ◊ proof, evidence ◊ omen, portent, sign ◊ Zheng (surname) 3--medium [vo,n,sn] ҹ zhēng ◊ vie, contend, strive, fight (for) ◊ argue, dispute, wrangle ◊ Zheng (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] ㆍ zhēng ◊ zheng (plucked stringed instrument, the modern version of which has eighteen, twenty-one or twenty-five strings) ◊ kite 3--medium [n] 㫨 zhēng ◊ evaporate ◊ steam (cooking method) ◊ kindling ◊ torch made of hemp stalks, bamboo, etc. 2--high [v,n] ᤟ zhěng ◊ save, rescue ◊ lift up, raise 3--medium [v] ᮤ zhěng ◊ whole, complete, entire (in contrast to líng 䴦 "fragmentary, fractional") ◊ orderly, neat, tidy ◊ put in order, rectify ◊ repair, fix ◊ bully ◊ punish, fix ◊ make sb suffer ◊ {regional} do, make, handle ◊ {math} positive (number) 1--very high [adj,v] ᭯ zhèng ◊ politics ◊ various aspects of administering government ◊ political department ◊ matters concerning a family or organization ◊ administrator ◊ Zheng (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ↓ zhèng ◊ straight, upright, perpendicular ◊ main, located in the centre, central ◊ (of time) punctually, exactly at, sharp, on time ◊ impartial, honest ◊ correct, right, proper ◊ (of colour, flavour) pure ◊ normal, regular ◊ chief, principal, prime ◊ {math} positive, plus ◊ rectify, correct ◊ right, just, exactly, precisely ◊ (as a particle indicating the ongoing action of a verb) in the process of... ◊ Zheng (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,sn] 䈔 zhèng ◊ remonstrate, expostulate4--low [v] 䇱 zhèng ◊ {law} evidence, proof; give evidence, testify (to), demonstrate, prove (in court) ◊ prove, confirm, verify ◊ proof ◊ certificate, card ◊ official documentation 1--very high [n,v] 䜁 Zhèng ◊ Zheng (state during the Zhou Dy392

[n,v] 㙼 zhí ◊ duty, job ◊ office, post, position ◊ be in charge of, administer, manage ◊ {formal, archaic or TW usage} your subordinate ◊ {written} for 1--very high [n,v] 䐆 zhí ◊ sole (of the foot) 4--low [n,v] *俭 ⽷ qí ◊ {archaic} god of the Earth ◊ peaceful, quiet ◊ great 4--low [n] ਚ zhǐ ◊ only, merely, just 1--very high [adv,conj] ૛ zhǐ ◊ {measure} zhi (Zhou Dynasty measure of length equal to eight cùn ረ "inches") 4--low [n] ᢪ zhǐ ◊ knock one's fist against the palm 4--low [v] ᤷ zhǐ ◊ point at/to ◊ refer to ◊ point out, indicate ◊ finger ◊ fingerbreadth (as a unit of measurement of rainfall, etc.) ◊ (of hair) stand ◊ (of comments, etc.) be directed at ◊ depend on, rely on ◊ intention, will ◊ good, excellent 1--very high [v,n,adj] ᰘ zhǐ ◊ aim, purpose, purport ◊ decree (mostly of the Emperor) ◊ delicious 2--high [n,adj] ᷣ zhǐ ◊ {bot} trifoliate orange, Poncirus trifoliata ◊ injure, harm 3--medium [n] → zhǐ ◊ stop, cease ◊ block, obstruct, cause to stop ◊ to, till ◊ only ◊ stay, dwell 1--very high [v,adv] ⋊ zhǐ ◊ islet or sandbar in a river 4--low [n] 3--me⽹ zhǐ ◊ blessing, happiness dium [n] 㓨 zhǐ ◊ paper 1--very high [n] 䏮 zhǐ ◊ toe ◊ foot ◊ track, footprint 2--high [n] 䖥 zhǐ ◊ end of an axle ◊ hole through which the axle passes through the hub ◊ latticework on the left and right sides of a carriage body 4--low [n] ࡦ zhì ◊ regulate, control ◊ formulate, draw up, map out, work out ◊ restrain, restrict ◊ regulations, system ◊ make, manufacture 1--very high [v,n] 㖞 zhì ◊ put, place ◊ establish, set up ◊ buy, purchase (comparatively large items) ◊ post, relay station (in ancient times) 3--medium [v,n] ጉ zhì ◊ {written} stand upright, tower, soar 3--medium [v] ᑌ zhì ◊ flag, pennant ◊ a sign 2--high [n] ᖈ zhì ◊ pig ◊ Zhi (a place in Huo County, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ Zhi (surname) 4--low [sn] ᘇ zhì ◊ ambition, aspiration, determination, will ◊ annals, history, record 1--very high [n] ᘞ zhì ◊ jealousy ◊ obstinate, stubborn

nasty in the area of Xinzheng, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ serious, earnest (used in the word zhèngzhòng 䝝䟽/䜁䟽 "solemn, serious, earnest") ◊ Zheng (surname) 2--high [adj,name,sn] ѻ zhī ◊ of (formal/literary equivalent of de Ⲵ) ◊ it, him, her (formal/literary direct object pronoun) ◊ {archaic} go to... ◊ Zhi (surname) 1--very high [pron,conj,v,sn] ঞ zhī ◊ {archaic} zhi wine container (with a capacity of four litres) 4--low [n] ᭟ zhī ◊ support, prop up ◊ set up ◊ stand, bear, sustain ◊ protrude ◊ put (sb) off, send away ◊ pay out (money) ◊ branch (of a bank, etc.) ◊ {measure word}... unit(s)... (used for long thin objects, like pens, pencils, candles, rifles, flutes, cigarettes; for songs or melodies; for troops, armies, fleets; for electric power in watts; for textile counts) ◊ the dìzhī ൠ᭟ "12 Earthly Branches" ◊ Zhi (surname) 1--very high [v,n,mw,sn] ᷍ zhī ◊ branch, twig ◊ branch (like of a river) ◊ limb (of the body) ◊ diverge, separate ◊ sustain, prop up ◊ {measure word} (used for long, narrow things, like pens, rifles; for branches of trees, twigs, flowers, blossoms) 1--very high [n,v,mw] ⌌ Zhì ◊ Zhi River (in Héběi ⋣े Province) 5--very low ⸕ zhī ◊ know, understand, be aware (of), realize ◊ inform, notify, tell, let know ◊ knowledge, learning ◊ manage, administer ◊ close friend 1--very high [v,n] 㓷 zhī ◊ weave ◊ knit 1--very high [v] ٬ zhí ◊ price, value, worth ◊ {math} value ◊ be equal ◊ cost, be worth ◊ be worth (like mentioning), merit, deserve (mostly used with the negative) ◊ meet, encounter ◊ happen to ◊ be or take one's turn on duty 1--very high [n,v] ᢗ zhí ◊ hold, grasp ◊ be in charge of, manage, wield (power) ◊ stick to (one's views, etc.), insist on, be determined to ◊ execute, carry out, conduct ◊ {literary} capture ◊ written acknowledgement (like a receipt) ◊ {literary} intimate friend, bosom friend, soul mate, alter ego ◊ {dialect} straighten up, tidy up ◊ Zhi (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ឩ zhí ◊ be afraid of, fear 5--very low Ἵ zhí ◊ plant, grow ◊ establish, set up 1--very high [v] ⇆ zhí ◊ breed, multiply, propagate ◊ trade, do business ◊ establish, set up ◊ plant, cultivate ◊ Zhi (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ⴤ zhí ◊ straight ◊ direct, directly ◊ vertical, perpendicular (like top to bottom, front to back) ◊ upright, just ◊ straightforward, frank ◊ {calligraphy} vertical stroke ◊ Zhi (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,n,sn] ㎧ zhí ◊ tie, bind (the feet of a horse) ◊ take into custody, imprison ◊ reins 4--low

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4--low [adj,v] ᠕ zhì ◊ angry, enraged, resentful ◊ hateful 5--very low ᥊ zhì ◊ sincere ◊ Zhi (surname) 2--high [adj,sn] ᧧ zhì ◊ throw, toss, cast 2--high [v] Ც zhì ◊ wisdom, intelligence, wit ◊ intelligent, clever, smart, astute ◊ Zhi (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ḹ zhì ◊ a comb ◊ comb (the hair) ◊ hair ornament worn by women in former times 4--low [n,v] ⋫ zhì ◊ rule, govern, administer, run ◊ peace, order, stability ◊ place of local government (like county seat, provincial capital) ◊ treat, cure, heal ◊ eliminate, exterminate (injurious insects, etc.) ◊ control, harness (rivers, etc.) ◊ punish (a criminal) ◊ Zhi (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ┎ zhì ◊ stagnate ◊ stagnant, sluggish ◊ be detained 2--high [v,adj] ⛉ zhì ◊ roast, broil ◊ roasted meat ◊ be influenced (in a positive way) 3--medium [v,n] ⮔ zhì ◊ sacrificial place4--low [n] Ⰴ zhì ◊ {med} hemorrhoids, piles 3--medium [n] 〙 zhì ◊ order, sequence ◊ decade ◊ official's salary 2--high [n] ヂ zhì ◊ stop up, obstruct, choke, block 3--medium [v] 㖞 zhì ◊ put, place ◊ establish, set up ◊ buy, purchase (comparatively large items) ◊ post, relay station (in ancient times) 1--very high [v,n] 㠣 zhì ◊ to, reaching to; up to, until; as of ◊ (go) to the extent of, (go) so far as ◊ extreme(ly), utmost, very ◊ come, arrive (similar to dào ࡠ) 1--very high [prep,adv,v] 㠤 zhì ◊ send, deliver (one's respects, regards, congratulations, etc.) ◊ concentrate, devote (one's attention, efforts, etc.) ◊ cause, result in ◊ as a result, consequently ◊ appeal, interest, attraction 1--very high [v,n,adv] 䍘 zhì ◊ quality ◊ nature, character ◊ matter, material, substance ◊ ask questions, interrogate ◊ to pawn ◊ a pledge, security (person or thing) ◊ {history} hostage (feudal ruler's sons sent to live in each other's countries) ◊ Zhi (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 䛵 zhì ◊ most ◊ Zhi (surname) 3--medium [sn] 䭗 zhì ◊ chopping block ◊ block for the punishment of chopping the condemned person in two at the waist 5--very low [n] 䲏 zhì ◊ ascend, go up ◊ the death of the Emperor ◊ put into use, promote 4--low [v] 䳹 zhì ◊ pheasant ◊ area of a city wall (10 meters long and 3.3 meters high) 3--medium [n,mw]

呧 zhì ◊ violent, ferocious ◊ birds of prey 4--low [adj,n] ѝ zhōng ◊ centre, middle ◊ in, in the middle of, amid, among ◊ medium, intermediate ◊ midsize ◊ intermediary ◊ fit for, suitable for, good for ◊ [ZH-] Chinese, Sino- ◊ the second (in a series of three) ◊ {colloquial} all right, okay ◊ in the process of, in the course of ◊ Zhong (surname) 4--low [n,adj,suf,sn] ᘐ zhōng ◊ loyalty, devotion, honesty ◊ loyal, devoted, honest 1--very high [n,adj] 㓸 zhōng ◊ end (in contrast to shǐ ࿻ "beginning, start") ◊ death ◊ in the end, after all ◊ all, whole, entire ◊ Zhong (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,sn] 㺧 zhōng ◊ heart, heartfelt ◊ upright, sincere ◊ blessing, happiness ◊ underclothes ◊ Zhong (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] 䫏 zhōng ◊ concentrate, focus (emotions, feelings, etc.) ◊ cup (handleless, for tea or wine) ◊ zhong (grain measure) ◊ Zhong (surname) ǁ (used like zhōng ⳵ "cup [without handle, for tea or wine]") 3--medium [v,n,sn] 䫏 zhōng ◊ bell (as a musical instrument) ◊ clock (like alarm clock, wall clock) ◊ hour, minute 1--very high [n] ⿽ zhǒng ◊ type, kind ◊ {biology} species ◊ (of people) race ◊ seed, breed, strain ◊ guts, nerve, courage ◊ {measure word}... type(s) of..., kind(s) of... (used for things of a certain type, style, kind, sort [often not translated]) ◊ Zhong (surname) 3--medium [n,mw,sn] *ߒ ⰷ zhǒng ◊ dropsy of the leg 5--very low 䑥 zhǒng ◊ the heel ◊ visit in person ◊ follow 3--medium [n,v] 䟽 zhòng ◊ weight; weighty, heavy, considerable (in amount or value) ◊ serious ◊ important, significant ◊ take seriously, value, lay stress on, attach importance to ◊ judicious, prudent, discreet 1--very high [adj,n] Ԣ zhòng ◊ middle (position) ◊ second (month of the season, or the seniority of brothers) ◊ zhong (musical instrument) ◊ Zhong (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] Շ zhòng ◊ numerous, many, innumerable ◊ multitude, large number of people, crowd ◊ the masses, the public 1--very high [adj,n] ‫ ׌‬zhōu ◊ deceive, delude ◊ conceal, keep secret 5--very low [v] ઘ Zhōu ◊ {history} the Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE) ◊ the Northern Zhou Dynasty (557-581 CE) ◊ the Later Zhou Dynasty (951960 CE) ◊ assist, relieve, help ◊ Zhou (surname) ◊ (used like zhōu 䙡/ઘ) week ◊ time cycle ◊ circuit ◊ go round, make a circle ◊ all around, all over ◊ thoughtful, attentive 1--very high [n,adj,adv,name,sn] ᐎ zhōu ◊ (autonomous) prefecture ◊ district ◊ (US) state; (Switzerland) canton ◊ {history} zhou (an administrative division in former times; 394

after the Tang Dynasty, similar to a prefecture; before the Tang Dynasty, similar to a province; during the Zhou Dynasty, an area comprised of 2,500 families) ◊ {classical Chinese} gather together ◊ Zhou (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] ⍢ zhōu ◊ continent ◊ islet, sandbar 1--very high [n] ㋕ zhōu ◊ gruel, congee 2--high [n] 㡏 zhōu ◊ boat, ship ◊ tray for wine vessel, etc. ◊ carry at the waist 2--high [n] 䖰 zhōu ◊ shaft (like of a cart) ◊ cart, carriage 5--very low [n] ઘ zhōu ◊ perimeter, circumference, circuit, circle, cycle ◊ week ◊ go round, make a circle or circuit (like around a track) ◊ all, whole, all around, all over ◊ thoughtful, attentive, considerate ◊ {electrical} cycle 3--medium [n,adj,adv] 䖤 zhóu ◊ axle, shaft, axis, pivot ◊ spool (for thread), roller (for scrolls, maps, etc.), spindle ◊ sick and unable to move ◊ {measure word}... roll(s) of... (used for sth that can be rolled or mounted on a spool, roller, wooden pin, piece of bamboo, like thread, pieces of calligraphy or painting, etc.) ◊ {slang} stubborn, pig-headed 2--high [n,adj,mw] 㛈 zhǒu ◊ the elbow ◊ impede, hinder ◊ upper part of pig's foot ◊ zhou (unit of length in former times) 3--medium [n] ߁ zhòu ◊ helmet3--medium ᱬ zhòu ◊ day, daytime, daylight ◊ Zhou (county in the state of Qí 啺/喀 during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) ◊ Zhou (surname) 2--high [sn] 㓓 Zhòu ◊ Zhou (last Emperor of the Shāng ୶ Dynasty who is traditionally regarded as a bad ruler) ◊ tyrant ◊ [z-] flank strip (on draft animal)4--low [n,name] 㛴 zhòu ◊ helmet (armor piece) ◊ descendants, offspring (of Emperors or nobles) 3--medium [n] 僔 zhòu ◊ run fast (of a horse) ◊ sudden, abrupt ◊ repeatedly ǁ (TW pronunciation zòu) 2--high [v,adj,adv] ֿ zhū ◊ short (of stature) ◊ midget, dwarf, pygmy 3--medium [adj,n] ᵡ zhū ◊ bright red, vermilion (considered a zhèngsè ↓㢢 "pure colour") ◊ zhu (tree with red bark and green leaves mentioned in the Shānhǎijīng ኡ⎧㏃/ኡ⎧㓿) ◊ Zhu (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,sn] ⨐ zhū ◊ pearl, bead ◊ pearl-shaped things (like teardrops, dewdrops) ◊ exquisite things 1--very high [n] 䈋 zhū ◊ execute, put to death (a criminal) ◊ punish, send an expeditionary force against ◊ annihilate, exterminate ◊ reproach, reprove 3--medium [v] 䈨 zhū ◊ all; the various... ◊ into ... (contraction of zhī yú ѻᯬ/ѻҾ) ◊ Zhu (surname) 1--very high [sn]

䛮 Zhū ◊ Zhu (original name for the feudal state of Zōu 䝂/䛩 during the Zhou Dynasty) ◊ Zhu (surname) 4--low [sn] 䬒 zhū ◊ zhu (unit of weight equal to 1/24th of a liang, approx. 2 grams) ◊ dull ◊ Baht (unit of Thai currency) 4--low [mw] ✋ zhú ◊ candle ◊ watt (candlepower) ◊ illuminate, light up ◊ Zhu (surname) 2--high [sn] ㄩ zhú ◊ bamboo; bamboo slip (used as writing material) ◊ bamboo (one of the Bāyīn ‫ޛ‬ 丣 "Eight classifications of sound" in ancient Chinese music) ◊ Zhu (surname) 1--very high [sn] ㆁ zhù ◊ build, construct ◊ building 1--very high [n,v] 㸻 zhú ◊ butterfly larva, moth larva 5--very low [n] ◊ {written} walk around, walk to 䒵 zhú and fro (as in zhízhú 䓁䒵/䑟䒵 "loiter about") 4--low [n] 䙀 zhú ◊ pursue, chase after ◊ drive out, expel ◊ one by one, in succession 1--very high [v] ѫ zhǔ ◊ main, principal, primary ◊ the sovereign, master, owner ◊ the host ◊ God, the Lord, Allah ◊ to advocate, maintain, sponsor ◊ manage, be in charge of, preside over ◊ take the initiative, be of one's own accord ◊ know how to deal with sth, hold a definite view about sth ◊ memorial tablet, ancestral tablet ◊ Zhu (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,v,sn] ᣴ zhǔ ◊ lean on (like a cane for support) ◊ ridicule 3--medium [v] ⑊ zhǔ ◊ small piece of land surrounded by water, islet ◊ island ◊ water's edge 3--medium [n] ➞ zhǔ ◊ boil; cook 2--high [v] ⵰ zhe ◊ {grammar} (verb suffix, comparable to "-ing", indicating that an action is in progress); be -ing (used to indicate a state that is presently in existence and ongoing [e.g., mén kāizhe 䮰䮻㪇/䰘ᔰ⵰ "the door is open"]) ◊ (used after verbs or adjectives to make them more emphatic in meaning)... indeed ◊ (used as a suffix to form certain prepositions) (like shùnzhe 丶㪇/亪⵰ "along", cháozhe ᵍ㪇/ᵍ⵰ "facing, towards", etc.) 1--very high [suf,v] տ zhù ◊ live, dwell, reside ◊ residential ◊ lodge, stay at (as in an inn) ◊ stop, halt, cease ◊ {grammar} verb complement indicating that the action of the verb has been securely obtained, completed, etc. ◊ verb complement used after "de ᗇ" (be able to...) and after "bu н" (not be able to...) 1--very high [v,adj,co] ࣙ zhù ◊ help, aid, assist ◊ benefit 1--very high [v] ḡ zhù ◊ pillar, post ◊ sth shaped like a pillar or post ◊ {math} prism, cylinder 2--high [n] ⌘ zhù ◊ (of rain) pour down ◊ flow ◊ concentrate, focus on (like one's attention, energies) 395

◊ stakes, wager ◊ throw at, hit ◊ belong to ◊ assemble, gather together 1--very high [v] ⾍ zhù ◊ offer good wishes ◊ wish (sb. good health, a happy birthday, etc.) ◊ pray for, ask for ◊ cut off (one's hair, etc.) ◊ person who presides at sacrifices ◊ congratulation, congratulatory speech (at a celebration) ◊ Zhu (ancient state) ◊ apply, smear on (medicine) ◊ Zhu (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] ㇨ zhù ◊ chopsticks ◊ fire tongs 3--medium [n] 䬨 zhù ◊ melt, cast, coin, mint, mold, form ◊ casting, founding ◊ Zhu (state near Ningyang, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 2--high [v,name] 傫 zhù ◊ be stationed in (of diplomats, troops, news correspondents, etc.) ◊ stop, halt (originally of carriages, horses) ◊ (located) in... (of embassies, consulates, etc., like 倀ेӜ㖾഻ བྷ֯佘/傫ेӜ㖾ഭབྷ֯侶 zhù Běijīng Měiguó Dàshǐguǎn "the American Embassy in Beijing") 2--high [v] 儭 zhuā ◊ women's hair tied in two buns on the side of the head ◊ {archaic} hair tied in a bun with hempen cords (style worn by women in mourning) 5--very low [morph] ⡚ zhuǎ ◊ claw, talon, paw 2--high [n] у zhuān ◊ specially, exclusively ◊ special ◊ specialize in, concentrate on, be expert in ◊ monopolize, have a monopoly in, take sole possession of ◊ Zhuan (surname) 1--very high [adv,v,sn] ⹆ zhuān ◊ brick, square tile, slab ◊ sth shaped like a brick ◊ {Internet} an attack, a flame 2--high [n] 介 zhuān ◊ ignorant ◊ good, honest (like the common people) 3--medium 剴 zhuān ◊ anchovy ◊ big fish ◊ {food/cuisine} delicious fish 5--very low 䖜 zhuǎn ◊ shift, turn, shift, change direction, transform ◊ change posts, transfer (to another office, etc.) ◊ forward, pass on 4--low [v] ᫠ zhuàn ◊ compose, write 2--high [v] ㇶ zhuàn ◊ {calligraphy} seal script (style of Chinese script) ◊ stamp, seal ◊ incense coil 3--medium [n,v] ᒴ zhuāng ◊ village, hamlet ◊ manor (of a nobleman, etc.) ◊ business establishment (of a comparatively large business or one doing wholesale trade in former times) ◊ banker, the bank (in gambling) ◊ solemn, serious ◊ lush, luxuriant (of vegetation) ◊ the ancient Taoist philosopher Zhuangzi ◊ Zhuang (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ㄕ tóng ◊ {archaic} page boy (waiting on a scholar), child domestic servant ◊ boy, child ◊ Tong (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ༞ zhuàng ◊ strong, robust, stout ◊ majestic, magnificent ◊ strengthen ◊ the prime of life ◊ {med} moxa cone ◊ the Zhuang national minori-

ty 1--very high [adj,mw,n,v] ᠶ zhuàng ◊ {written} stubbornly honest ◊ simple/straightforward and honest ◊ blunt and tactless 4--low [adj] ᫎ zhuàng ◊ bump into, collide ◊ bump into, meet unexpectedly ◊ sound out, feel out ◊ rush or dash about ◊ swindle out of 2--high [v] ⣦ zhuàng ◊ form, shape, appearance ◊ condition, state of affairs 1--very high [n] Ἶ chuí ◊ {tool} hammer; hit with a hammer, hammer (in, on) ◊ beat (like a drum) ◊ stupid, dull-witted 3--medium [n,v] 䘭 zhuī ◊ pursue, chase after, follow, run after, catch up with ◊ look into, investigate, trace, seek, go after ◊ reminisce, recall, bring back to mind ◊ posthumously, retroactively ◊ Zhui (national minority in northern China) 1--very high [v,adv,name] 䭕 zhuī ◊ awl ◊ sth shaped like an awl ◊ drill, bore 3--medium [n,v] 僃 zhuī ◊ piebald horse 4--low [n] ඐ zhuì ◊ fall, drop ◊ weigh down ◊ hanging object (like a pendant of a fan, an earring, etc.)2--high [v,n] ᜤ zhuì ◊ frightened, afraid, nervous, anxious, fearful 3--medium [adj] ◊ sew together ◊ write, compose ◊ 㔰 zhuì embellish, adorn, decorate ◊ link, connect 2--high [v] 䎈 zhuì ◊ unnecessary, superfluous, redundant ◊ marry into the wife's family (and take her surname, and live in the household of the inlaws) ◊ be a burden ◊ mortgage, pawn ◊ gather, meet 3--medium [adj,v] ߶ zhǔn ◊ standard, criterion, norm ◊ according to, in the light of ◊ accurate, precise, exact ◊ certainly, definitely ◊ quasi- ◊ {archery} the target ◊ zhun (musical instrument resembling the sè ⪏ "Chinese zither") 3--medium [n,adj,adv] ᤉ zhuō ◊ awkward, clumsy ◊ my (writing, opinion, etc.)2--high [adj] ⏯ zhuō ◊ (of water) drip ◊ Zhuozhou (Zhuōzhōu ⏯ᐎ, place in Héběi ⋣े Province) 4--low [n] ঃ zhuó ◊ tall and straight/upright ◊ straight, erect, eminent, outstanding, brilliant, profound ◊ Zhuo (surname) 2--high [sn] ୴ zhuó ◊ (of birds) peck; seize food with the beak ◊ bite 3--medium [v] ᬒ zhuó ◊ pull out, pick out, extract ◊ promote (to a higher position) ◊ tall, towering 4--low [vt] ᯛ zhuó ◊ chop, hack (with a sword or axe) ◊ scale (a fish) 4--low [v] ự zhuó ◊ (roof) cross-beam, support beam, short pillars on a roof beam 5--very low ⎎ zhuó ◊ soak, moisten, drench ◊ Zhuo (a personal name) 4--low [v] ⍺ zhuó ◊ muddy, turbid ◊ dirty (literally or figuratively) ◊ chaos, confusion ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Zhuo (constellation consisting of epsi396

lon, 68, delta, gamma, alpha, theta-1, 71 and lambda of Taurus) 2--high [adj] ☟ zhuó ◊ wash, cleanse 3--medium [v] 㤱 zhuó ◊ thrive (of plants, animals) ◊ sprout 4--low [adj] 䝼 zhuó ◊ pour (wine), drink (wine) ◊ food and drink ◊ consider, think over ◊ wine cup 2--high [v,n] 䉈 zī ◊ consult, seek advice 3--medium [v] ఎ zī ◊ {onom} (of a mouse or other small animal) squeak ◊ (of small birds) cheep, chirp 5--very low ု zī ◊ looks, appearance ◊ carriage, bearing, posture ◊ natural gifts, talent 2--high [n] ⓻ zī ◊ grow, flourish, multiply, breed ◊ more ◊ add to, increase (troubles, etc.) ◊ (of water or other liquids, sparks, etc.) spurt (out), burst (from) 2--high [v,adj,n] ㋒ zī ◊ millet ◊ {archaic} grain offered in sacrifices 4--low [n] ީ zī ◊ {written} this ◊ now, here ◊ time, year 2--high [pron] 㨁 zī ◊ {archaic} newly cultivated land; farmland cultivated for a year ◊ weeds ◊ luxurious grass growth 4--low 䍴 zī ◊ money, capital, expenses, resources ◊ aid financially, subsidize ◊ provide, supply ◊ natural endowments, ability ◊ qualifications ◊ (short for zīběnzhǔyì 䋷ᵜѫ㗙/䍴ᵜѫ ѹ) capitalism ◊ sell ◊ Zi (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 䏖 zī ◊ can't move ◊ to falter 5--very low ઠ zǐ ◊ slander, revile 4--low ࿺ zǐ ◊ elder sister 2--high [n] ể zǐ ◊ Chinese catalpa, Catalpa ovata ◊ (cut) printing blocks ◊ one's native place ◊ Zi (surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ㍛ zǐ ◊ purple, violet (colour) ◊ Zi (surname) ◊ {bot} Asian pucoon, Chinese gromwell, Lithospermum erythrorhizon (herb used in Chinese medicine) 2--high [adj,n,name] 䁮 zǐ ◊ {written} slander, calumniate, smear ◊ resentment, enmity 4--low [v,n] ᆇ zì ◊ {linguistics} Chinese character, word, letter ◊ "style name" (name taken by a man upon reaching manhood, at around 20 years of age) 1--very high [n] ᚓ zì ◊ indulge oneself, do as one pleases, throw off restraints ◊ comfortable 3--medium [adj,v] 㜮 zì ◊ meat cut into cubes 5--very low 㠚 zì ◊ self, oneself ◊ by itself, naturally, certainly, of course ◊ since, from ◊ start, beginning, origin ◊ because, due to ◊ Zi (surname) 1--very high [prep,adv,n,sn] 㣃 zǐ ◊ {bot} China grass, ramie, Boehmeria nivea ◊ embankment, dyke ◊ (used like zǐ

⿴) cultivate (crops) ◊ foster 5--very low ᆀ zǐ ◊ son, child ◊ person ◊ (of melons, etc.) seed ◊ (of fowl, fish) egg, roe ◊ sth small and hard (pebble, bead, etc.) ◊ sub(ordinate) ◊ (in Chinese chess) a chess piece ◊ {history} viscount (the fourth of the five ranks of nobility) ◊ {respectful address} master, sir; Master... (suffix added to the names of ancient philosophers, such as Kǒngzǐ ᆄᆀ "Confucius", Mèngzǐ ᆏᆀ "Mencius") ◊ zi (first of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ zi (11:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m.; one of the twelve two-hour periods in a day) ◊ Zi (surname) 1--very high [n,suf,sn] ᇇ zōng ◊ ancestor ◊ clan ◊ sect, faction, school ◊ aim, objective, purpose ◊ model one's (academic, artistic, literary) work after (sb) ◊ model, example, great master ◊ {measure word} (used for law cases, sums of money, business deals, etc.) ◊ {historical, Tibet} Dzong (administrative unit, equivalent to a county) ◊ Zong (surname) 1--very high [n,v,mw,sn] ᙫ zǒng ◊ overall, main, general, chief, leading ◊ total, gross ◊ assemble, put together, gather, sum up ◊ always, without exception, invariably ◊ after all, eventually, anyway, sooner or later ◊ at least, surely 1--very high [adj,adv,v] 㓥 zòng ◊ from north to south ◊ vertical, longitudinal ◊ from front to back, depth ◊ release, set free ◊ indulge in, give free rein to ◊ jump up, leap forward ◊ even though, even if ◊ crinkled 1--very high [v,adv] Ἠ Zōu ◊ Zou (surname) 5--very low ㏵ zōu ◊ dark red, dark purple 5--very low [adj,n] 䛩 Zōu ◊ Zou (state during the Zhou Dynasty in Zou County, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Zou (surname) 2--high [sn] 䝩 Zōu ◊ (variant of Zou 䜠) Zou (ancient name of a place in Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province, well known as the birthplace of Confucius) 4--low 䲜 zōu ◊ nook, corner ◊ foot of a hill ◊ the first lunisolar month ◊ Zou (place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE] in Qūfù ᴢ 䱌, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 4--low [n,name] 傪 zōu ◊ {archaic} mounted escort 4--low [n] 勠 zōu ◊ small fish, minnow ◊ small, little 5--very low [adj,n] 䎠 zǒu ◊ walk, travel on foot ◊ run ◊ move, shift ◊ leave, depart ◊ (verb ending) ...away ◊ run away, flee, escape ◊ leak (out) ◊ lose the original shape, flavour, etc. ◊ through, from 1--very high [v,co] ཿ zòu ◊ play music ◊ produce (results), achieve (success), prove effective ◊ present a memorial (to the Emperor) 1--very high [v] 』 zū ◊ rent, hire ◊ rent out, lease out ◊ rent ◊ land tax 1--very high [v,n] 397

high [adv,pref] ‌ zuì ◊ plum (the tree or its fruit, like in zuìlǐ ₷ᵾ/‌ᵾ "plum") 5--very low [phon] 㖚 zuì ◊ crime, offense ◊ blame, guilt ◊ hardship, suffering 1--very high [n] 㮎 zuì ◊ little, small, tiny ◊ petty, insignificant 3--medium [adj] 㖚 zuì ◊ crime, sin, vice ◊ evil ◊ hardship 5--very low 䞹 zuì ◊ drunk, intoxicated ◊ be infatuated (with), indulge (in) 2--high [adj,v] ሺ zūn ◊ senior (in position or age) ◊ respect, revere, venerate, honour ◊ {formal} your (of a person or thing) ◊ zun (wine vessel) ◊ {measure word} (used for a religious statue, or an artillery piece like a cannon) ◊ Zun (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,n,mw,sn] 䚥 zūn ◊ obey, comply with, follow, abide by 2--high [v] ᱘ zuó ◊ yesterday ◊ in the past, formerly 1--very high [adv] ⩒ zhuó ◊ carve and polish (jade, etc., or figuratively one's mind, character, etc.) 2--high [v] ր zuǒ ◊ help, assist, aid, lend a hand ◊ assistant, helper 2--high [v,n] ᐖ zuǒ ◊ left (side) ◊ east ◊ left, progressive, revolutionary ◊ master, control ◊ unorthodox, queer ◊ wrong, false, incorrect ◊ opposite, contrary, different ◊ demote ◊ Zuo (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn]

㨩 zū ◊ overgrown marshland area ◊ pickled Chinese cabbage, Chinese-style sauerkraut ◊ cut/slice (vegetables, meat) ◊ withered grass 4--low *㩵 ং zú ◊ soldier ◊ servant, attendant ◊ {Chinese chess} Privates/Soldiers (on the black side; equivalent to the Pawns in Western chess) ◊ end, complete, finish ◊ at last, finally, in the end ◊ die, pass away ◊ {archaic, admin} community of 300 military families ◊ a group of 100 people 2--high [adv,n,v] ᯿ zú ◊ {anthropology} race, nationality, ethnic group, people, tribe, clan ◊ "(the) —-s" (class or group of things or people with common features or interests, e.g., shàngbānzú к⨝᯿ "people with regular working hours, nine-to-fivers"; yǔzú 䃎᯿/䈝᯿ "family of languages"; àiměizú ᝋ㖾᯿/⡡㖾᯿ "people who like to look good") ◊ a class (like of animals) ◊ {ancient penal law} execute the criminal and his entire family 1--very high [n] 䏣 zú ◊ foot, leg, base (of an object, like tripod) ◊ enough, sufficient ◊ full (amount, degree, etc.) 1--very high [n,adj] 䮎 zú ◊ arrowhead (esp. those made of metal) 3--medium [n] ‫ ׾‬zǔ ◊ {archaic} stand or table for animal sacrifices ◊ chopping block ◊ Zu (surname) 4--low [n,sn] ⾆ zǔ ◊ grandparent ◊ ancestor, forefather ◊ founder, originator ◊ ancestral temple ◊ pattern after, follow the example of ◊ know well ◊ sacrifices to the God of the Highways (before one takes a trip) ◊ Zu (surname) 1--very high [n,v,sn] 㓴 zǔ ◊ organize ◊ group, unit (as small organization of people) ◊ rent (a room,etc.) weave ◊ {history} silk cord (worn as adornment, esp. by officials) ◊ {measure word}... group(s)/series of..., set of... (used for things in groups, units, series, etc.) ◊ suite (of songs), set (of paintings, etc.)1--very high [n,v,mw] 䇵 zǔ ◊ curse (sb), pray to god to inflict evil upon others ◊ oath of alliance 4--low [v] 䱫 zǔ ◊ hinder, obstruct ◊ strategic place ◊ dangerous, difficult (road, etc.) ◊ be uncertain, have doubts ◊ rely on ◊ {electrical} resistance 1--very high [v,adj] 䫫 zuān ◊ drill (into), bore (into) ◊ pass through, get into, make one's way into, sneak into ◊ study diligently/intensively, dig into, make a thorough study of, delve into 2--high [v] 㒲 zuǎn ◊ compile, edit ◊ bun (woman's hairstyle) ◊ red band or ribbon ◊ inherit, succeed ◊ Zuan (surname) 3--medium [sn] ᴰ zuì ◊ (the) most..., -est (prefix for the superlative, e.g., zuìdà ᴰབྷ "biggest") 1--very

֌ zuò ◊ do, make, work ◊ rise, grow ◊ be, become, serve as, act as ◊ engage (in an activity) ◊ compose, write; the writings, works ◊ feign, pretend ◊ consider to be, regard as ◊ feel 1--very high [v,n] ‫ ڊ‬zuò ◊ work, do ◊ make, create, manufacture, produce ◊ be, become, act as, be used as ◊ write, compose ◊ play the part of, disguise oneself as ◊ hold (a celebration, like a birthday) 1--very high [v] ඀ zuò ◊ sit ◊ travel by, go by (car, airplane, etc.) ◊ (of a building, etc.) be situated/located ◊ sink, subside ◊ put a pot, kettle, pan, etc. on a fire/stove ◊ because, for the reason that... ◊ {archaic} be punished ◊ bear fruit ◊ become ill ◊ spontaneously, naturally 1--very high [v] ᓗ zuò ◊ seat ◊ stand, base, pedestal (e.g., for bowls, vases) ◊ {measure word} (used for large and fixed structures, like mountains, bridges, buildings, towers, etc.) ◊ (star) constellation 1--very high [n,mw] ᘽ zuò ◊ be ashamed ◊ change countenance 3--medium [adj] ⾊ zuò ◊ blessing, happiness ◊ throne ◊ year ◊ bless, favor ◊ hand down, pass on 3--medium [n] 䞒 zuò ◊ {written} (of a guest) propose a toast to the host 3--medium [v] 䱬 zuò ◊ flight of steps facing east (where the host greets guests) 4--low

398

CHINESE - ENGLISH WORD GLOSSARY

ૹ௢ͬᮋ 2--high [v] ᆹҀ ānlè ◊ peace and happiness (as sth desirable) ◊ comfort and pleasure (as sth to avoid) 2--high [adj,n] ᆹ䲥 Ānlíng ◊ Anling (double-name) 4--low ᆹ≁ ānmín ◊ enable the people to live in peace ◊ reassure the public 3--medium [v] ᆹ㜭 ānnéng ◊ How could...! 3--medium ᆹᆱ ānníng ◊ peace, safety ◊ peaceful, safe ◊ calm, composed, worry-free 1--very high [adj,n] ᆹᵏ Ānqī ◊ Anqi (double name) 4--low ᆹᗽ ānrěn ◊ how can one endure...! ◊ perpetrate acts of cruelty in cold blood ◊ {Buddhism} patiently and quietly endure 4--low ᆹк ānshàng ◊ attach, install 3--medium ᆹ㡂 ānshū ◊ in peace and comfort ◊ at ease and relaxed 4--low ᆹড ānwēi ◊ safety ◊ safety and danger 1--very high [n] ᆹ䱣 Ānyáng ◊ Anyang (city and county in Hénán ⋣ই Province) 2--high ᆹҾ ānyú ◊ be content with ◊ resign oneself to ◊ be accustomed to, get used to 3--medium [v] ᆹ䘌 Ānyuǎn ◊ Anyuan (county, Jiāngxī ⊏㾯 Province) 3--medium ᆹ൘ ānzài ◊ where 3--medium ᆹ⸕ ānzhī ◊ who knows, who can tell 3--medium [phr] ᆹ඀ ānzuò ◊ sit quietly, sit idly 3--medium 䶽傜 ānmǎ ◊ saddle and horse ◊ {sports} side horse, pommel horse 3--medium [n] ᤹↔ àncǐ ◊ according to this 2--high ᤹ࢁ ànjiàn ◊ put the hand on the sword hilt 4--low [vo] ᤹л ànxià ◊ press down, hold down (like the key of a keyboard) ◊ not mention, suppress 2--high ᤹➗ ànzhào ◊ according to, in accordance with, on the basis of, in keeping with, in the light of 1--very high [prep] ᳇㯿 àncáng ◊ hide, conceal (like weapons, outlaws) 2--high [v] ᳇ਜ਼ ànhán ◊ imply ◊ hint ◊ be implicit 3--medium [v] ᳇ሴ ànshè ◊ insinuate ◊ make a dig at

A 䱯ᡯᇛ Ēpánggōng ◊ {history} the Epang Palace (Imperial Palace built by the First Emperor of the Qín 〖 Dynasty at Epang in present-day Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province; construction began in 212 BCE, but the palace burnt down before completion in 206 BCE) 5--very low 䱯㺑 āhéng ◊ {Islam} ahung ◊ imam (the officiating priest of a mosque) 5--very low 䱯䈰 ēyú ◊ curry favour with, truckle to 3--medium [v] ૰䇽 āicí ◊ eulogy5--very low ૰㘼нՔ āi'érbùshāng ◊ grieve with (proper) restraint ◊ (of behaviour) moderate, restrained ◊ deeply felt but not sentimental ◊ mournful but not distressing 4--low [cy] ૰⸌ āijīn ◊ sympathize, commiserate, feel compassion for, pity 4--low [adj,v] ૰Ҁ āilè ◊ sadness and joy2--high ⡡ྣ àinǚ ◊ beloved daughter 3--medium ⡡Ӫ àiren ◊ spouse ◊ husband or wife ◊ (spousal) partner (either opposite- or same-sex) ◊ {obsolete} (girl/boy) friend, sweetheart ◊ [àirén] {classical} love others, care about others 1--very high [n,vo] ⡡⢙ àiwù ◊ a thing one loves 4--low [n] ⡡ᜌ àixī ◊ cherish 2--high [v] ⡡㘵 àizhě ◊ lover of... 3--medium 㢮ᆹ yì'ān ◊ peaceful, tranquil, without incident 5--very low ᆹ䗩 ānbiān ◊ secure the border ◊ maintain stability at the frontier ◊ bring security to the border region ◊ pacify the border areas 4--low ᆹᗇ āndé ◊ how could...? 3--medium ᆹᇊ āndìng ◊ (of life, political situation, etc.) stable, settled, quiet, calm ◊ maintain, stabilize ◊ {pharma} valium ◊ diazepam 1--very high [adj,n,v] ᆹ᭮ ānfàng ◊ lay, put, place ◊ place in a certain position ◊ put in a proper place ◊ put in place 2--high [v] ᆹᇼሺ㦓 ānfùzūnróng ◊ live in peace and prosperity ◊ enjoy wealth and fame ◊ be content with one's wealth and high status 5--very low [cy] ᆹഭ Ānguó ◊ Anguo (county in Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium ᆹት ānjū ◊ settle down (in a place) 399

overlord ◊ local tyrant, despot ◊ Bàwáng "The Conqueror" (title of Xiàng Yǔ 丵㗭/亩㗭, 232202 BCE, ruler of the state of Lǔ 冟 who destroyed the Qín 〖 dynasty in 206 BCE, but who during the ensuing struggle to overthrow and succeed the Qin dynasty lost to Liú Bāng ࢹ䛖/ࡈ䛖 who thus became founder of the Hàn ╒/≹ dynasty) 2--high [n] 䵨ѫ bàzhǔ ◊ {Chinese history} powerful chief of feudal lords (princes of the Spring and Autumn Period) ◊ overlord, hegemon, despot 2--high [n] ⲭ䚃 báidào ◊ {ethics} (in contrast with hēidào 唁䚃) the way of a good citizen ◊ being a law-abiding citizen ◊ being a responsible member of society ◊ {astronomy} the moon's orbit, the moon's path 3--medium [n] ⲭ僘 báigǔ ◊ the bones of the dead ◊ the white bones ◊ bleached bones ◊ {metaphor} the bourgeoisie 2--high [n] ⲭ‫ݹ‬ báiguāng ◊ {physics} white light 2--high ⲭ㤵 báimáo ◊ {bot} cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica 4--low [n] ⲭ≤ báishuǐ ◊ plain boiled water ◊ {literature} clean water, clear water ◊ Baishui (county, Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province) ◊ (Bai Shui) Bai River (name of various rivers in China) 2--high [n] ⲭ₰ báitán ◊ sapphireberry sweeetleaf, symplocos paniculata 4--low ⲭཤ báitóu ◊ white-haired, hoary-headed, aged ◊ {literature} unsigned, anonymous (like a document) 2--high [adj,n] ⲭ䴚 báixuě ◊ white snow 2--high ⲭ㺓 báiyī ◊ a white frock, white coat (like a doctor's coat) ◊ {written} a man without a degree or official title/post (who in former times was supposed to be dressed in white) ◊ a commoner ◊ the common people 2--high [n] ⲭ⦹ Báiyù ◊ Baiyu (county, Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) ◊ [bái yù] white jade 2--high [n] ⲭӁ báiyún ◊ white clouds 1--very high [n] ᦝ䱆 bǎihé ◊ {written} open and close ◊ separate and combine ◊ to maneuver, scheme 5--very low Ⲯн bǎibù ◊ no matter (who, what, etc.)4--low Ⲯ҈ bǎishèng ◊ one hundred war-chariots (allowed a nobleman under the Zhou Dynasty system) 4--low ⲮਁⲮѝ bǎifābǎizhòng ◊ hit the target with every shot, be an expert marksman, shoot with unfailing accuracy ◊ {metaphor} act with absolute certainty, be sure to succeed, act without failure 3--medium [cy] Ⲯᐕ bǎigōng ◊ all the various crafts (trades, artisans) 4--low Ⲯᇈ bǎiguān ◊ civil officals and military officers 3--medium [n]

sb ◊ attack by innuendo ◊ make veiled reference to ◊ hint at ◊ accuse or criticize in an indirect manner 5--very low [v] ᳇ᤷ ànzhǐ ◊ allude to, imply, make an indirect reference to 3--medium [v] Ṹ䈝 ànyǔ ◊ {literature} commentary, remarks, notes (by the author, editor, compiler, etc., also ànyǔ ᤹䃎/᤹䈝) 5--very low ᮆ⑨ áoyóu ◊ travel, roam 5--very low 㘡㘄 áoxiáng ◊ soar, fly, hover 5--very low ඣา àotáng ◊ small pond 5--very low

B ‫ޛ‬㛑 Bāgǔ ◊ {history, literature} the "eight-legged essay" (a formal style of writing tested in the Imperial Civil Service Examination) ◊ stereotyped writing ◊ jargon 3--medium ‫ޛ‬ҍॱ bā-jiǔshí◊ eighty or ninety 3--medium ‫ॱޛ‬ bāshí ◊ eighty 2--high ‫ॱޛ‬а bāshíyī ◊ eighty one 3--medium ‫ޛ‬з bāwàn ◊ 80000 2--high [num] ‫ޛ‬丣 bāyīn ◊ {Chinese music} the eight classifications of sounds ◊ the eight categories of musical instruments (based on the materials from which they were made) (jīn 䠁 "metal" representing a bell zhōng 䩈/䫏; shí ⸣ "stone" representing chimes biānpán 㐘⼀/㕆⼀; sī ㎢/э "silk" representing stringed instruments qín ⩤; zhú ㄩ "bamboo" representing the bamboo flute xiāo ㉛/㇛; páo ि "gourd" representing the reed pipe shēng ㅉ; tǔ ൏ "clay" representing the earthenware percussion instruments xūn ດ/ฉ and fǒu 㕦; gé 䶙 "leather" representing a drum gǔ 啃; and mù ᵘ "wood" representing wooden instruments for ritual music yǔ ᮄ, "clappers" pāibǎn ᣽ᶯ, etc.) 3--medium ‫ޛ‬ᆇ bāzì ◊ the character bā ‫ ◊ ޛ‬the eight horoscopic characters (in fortune telling: four pairs of two characters, each character pair consisting of the "Celestial Stem" Tiāngān ཙᒢ and the "Earthly Branch" Dìzhī ൠ᭟ of the fortune-told person's year, month, day and hour of birth) ◊ (as the short form of bāzìtiěr ‫ޛ‬ᆇᑆ‫ނ‬/‫ޛ‬ᆇᑆ‫ݯ‬:) slip of paper with the eight horoscopic characters (of the bride and groom, used as a basis of assessing their compatibility in the proposed marriage) 1--very high [n] ᤄ㨳 bácuì ◊ selected ◊ outstanding ◊ pre-eminent ◊ be the best, be the cream 3--medium [v] ᤄࢁ bájiàn ◊ draw one's sword 3--medium ᤄަቔ báqíyóu ◊ pick out the best 5--very low 䵨⦻ bàwáng ◊ {history} hegemon, 400

low [adj] ⡸ㆁ bǎnzhù ◊ build a wall by tamping earth between boards or pillars ◊ building, constructing 4--low [n] ॺ䜘 bànbù ◊ half, the half part of 3--medium [n] ॺਕ bànjù ◊ (not even) half a sentence 3--medium [n] ॺᒤ bànnián ◊ half a year 1--very high [n] ॺ䙄 bàntú ◊ halfway, midway 3--medium [n] 䛖ᇦ bāngjiā ◊ the nation 4--low [n] ῌㅎ bàngchī ◊ flogging (as punishment) 5--very low 䉔Җ bàngshū ◊ a libellous book or letter 5--very low [n] bàngyì ◊ discuss (and speak ill of) 䉔䇞 5--very low [v] वਜ਼ bāohán ◊ contain, include ◊ inclusion ◊ endure 1--very high [v] वѮ bāojǔ ◊ summarize, sum up 5--very low [v] वᤜ bāokuò ◊ include, contain, consist of 1--very high [v] 㽂䍜 bāobiǎn ◊ pass judgment on, appraise ◊ praise or criticize 4--low [v] ‫؍‬ᇊ bǎodìng ◊ be sure, make sure, guarantee; without fail ◊ Baoding (city, Héběi ⋣े Province) 2--high [n,v] ‫؍‬ᣔ bǎohù ◊ protect, safeguard, preserve 1--very high [v] ‫ޘ؍‬ bǎoquán ◊ preserve, protect (as one's reputation) ◊ keep in working order, maintain ◊ guarantee the safety of 2--high [v] ‫؍‬䓛 bǎoshēn ◊ to save one's own skin 3--medium ᇍ㯿 bǎozàng ◊ buried treasure (mostly national resources) 2--high [n] ᇍ䍥 bǎoguì ◊ precious, valuable ◊ value 1--very high [adj] ᇍࢁ bǎojiàn ◊ treasured (or valuable) double-edged sword 2--high [n] 価伏㓸ᰕ bǎoshízhōngrì ◊ eat one's fill all day (and have no work or cares) 4--low [cy] ᣕㆄ bàodá ◊ requite, repay 2--high [v] ᣕᗧ bàodé ◊ repay a kindness 4--low [v] ᣕ࣏ bàogōng◊ report sb's meritorious achievements (to person's superiors, colleagues, etc.) ◊ reward merit 4--low ᣕӪ bàorén ◊ reporter, journalist 3--medium [n] ᳤僘 bàogǔ ◊ exposed bones (like of battlefield dead, famine victims) ◊ (also pronounced "pùgǔ") 5--very low ᳤ᡮ bàolì ◊ cruel and fierce, harsh and perverse 3--medium [adj]

Ⲯᇦ bǎijiā ◊ numerous households, many families ◊ {philosophy} the various schools of thought (in ancient China) 2--high [n] Ⲯ䟼 bǎilǐ ◊ hundred li of land ◊ Baili County ◊ Baili (a compound surname) 3--medium [n,sn] Ⲯ⚥ bǎilíng ◊ {zool} skylark, Alauda arvensis; Mongolian Lark, Melanocorypha mongolica ◊ all spirits/souls/ghosts 2--high [n] Ⲯᒤ bǎinián ◊ (a) hundred years ◊ a century ◊ many years ◊ all one's life, a lifetime 1--very high [n,adv] ⲮӪ bǎirén ◊ one hundred people ◊ (sometimes a metaphor for many people) 3--medium [n] Ⲯц bǎishì ◊ a hundred generations ◊ many generations ◊ a long period of time, through the ages 2--high [n] Ⲯ኱ bǎisuì ◊ hundred years ◊ die (from the belief that people did not live past a hundred years) ◊ hundred days after the birth 3--medium Ⲯз bǎiwàn ◊ million 1--very high [num] Ⲯ⢙ bǎiwù ◊ (all) things ◊ (all kinds of) goods, commodities, merchandise 4--low [n] Ⲯဃ bǎixìng ◊ common people, ordinary people ◊ the populace ◊ civilians 1--very high [n] ⲮᡈⲮ㜌 bǎizhànbǎishèng ◊ "fight a hundred battles and each time emerge the victor"—be ever-victorious 3--medium [cy] ᤌᇈ bàiguān ◊ be appointed to an official post 5--very low ᤌሯ bàishòu ◊ {formal} pay birthday respects (like by a visit) ◊ congratulate sb (usu. an oder person) to his/her birthday 4--low [v] ᤌ䉒 bàixiè ◊ {formal} thank politely ◊ express one's sincere gratitude 3--medium [v] 䍕㔙 bàijì ◊ {military} (of an army) be utterly defeated, be routed 3--medium [v] 䍕ߋ bàijūn ◊ cause a military defeat, cause the defeat of an army ◊ a defeated army 3--medium 䍕һ bàishì ◊ fail, mess things up 4--low [vo] 䍕ӑ bàiwáng ◊ {military} suffer defeat and perish ◊ defeated and destroyed, utterly defeated 3--medium [v] 䍕Ҿ bàiyú ◊ lose to, be defeated by 3--medium [phr] ⨝ᐸ bānshī ◊ (of a victorious army) return (in triumph) from the front ◊ withdraw troops (after a victory) 3--medium [v] ᶯ┎ bǎnzhì ◊ stiff, rigid, dull (of an essay, painting, person's manner, etc.) 5--very 401

᳤䵢 bàolù ◊ expose, lay bare, show too much naked body (mainly applied to women) ◊ be exposed to rough weather ǁ (in Taiwan pronounced pùlù) 1--very high [v] ᳤ҡ bàoluàn ◊ {pejorative} riot, rebellion, revolt 1--very high [n] ᳤≁ bàomín ◊ rioters, the mob3--medium [n] ᳤㲀 bàonüè ◊ cruel, tyrannical, brutal, inhuman 3--medium [adj,v] ঁ䍡 bēijiàn ◊ lowly ◊ despicable, contemptible 3--medium [adj] ঁ䍡㘵 bēijiànzhě ◊ a lowly person ◊ despicable person 5--very low ঁ⊑ bēiwū ◊ despicable 4--low [adj] ᛢ૰ bēi'āi ◊ sorrowful, grieved ◊ sorrow, sadness, grief ◊ (figuratively) sad/tragic thing (as in rénshēng zuìdà de bēi'āi, shì duì zìjǐ de qiántú méiyǒu xīwàng Ӫ⭏ᴰབྷⲴᛢ૰,ᱟሽ 㠚ᐡⲴࡽ䙄⋂ᴹᐼᵋ/Ӫ⭏ᴰབྷⲴᛢ૰,ᱟሩ㠚 ᐡⲴࡽ䙄⋑ᴹᐼᵋ "The most tragic thing in life is to have no hope for one's future") 1--very high [adj,n] ᛢᝏ bēigǎn ◊ sad, grieved 4--low [v] ᛢⅼ bēigē ◊ elegy, dirge, sad song ◊ sing in (solemn) grief 3--medium [n] ᛢ⅒ bēihuān ◊ sorrow and joy 3--medium 㛼䍏 bēifù ◊ carry on the back ◊ bear, shoulder (responsibility) 2--high [v] ⻁䇠 bēijì ◊ stele inscription, inscription on a stone tablet or stone monument recording an event 3--medium [n] ⻁䬝 bēimíng ◊ text inscribed on a stele 4--low ⻁᮷ bēiwén ◊ text inscribed on a stele 3--medium [n] े䝉 běibǐ ◊ the northern frontier region5--very low ेᯩ běifāng ◊ north ◊ northern part/region (of a country) ◊ northern China (the Yellow River basin and the region to its north) 1--very high [n] ेᇛ Běigōng ◊ Beigong (a compound surname) ◊ Queen's Palace ◊ Beigong (a palace in Chang'an during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 4--low [n] े⍱ Běiliú ◊ Beiliu (county, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿ 㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 3--medium े䰘 běimén ◊ north gate or door ◊ Beimen (a compound surname) 3--medium े䶒 běimiàn ◊ the northern side, the north ◊ (face north) have an audience with the Emperor (from the practice that the Emperor's throne faced south) ◊ pay homage (like a student to a teacher, a son to his father) 2--high [n,v]

ेᒣ Běipíng ◊ (another name for Běijīng ेӜ) Beiping 2--high ेਢ Běishǐ ◊ the Beishi, the History of the Northern Dynasties (compiled by Li Yanshou of the Táng ୀ Dynasty) 4--low े㠣 běizhì ◊ the summer solstice 3--medium ‫ؽ‬ᮠ bèishù ◊ {math} multiple 1--very high [n] ༷䱸 bèichén ◊ give a full account of 5--very low ༷䖭 bèizài ◊ publish a detailed explanation ◊ explain in detail 4--low [v] ᛆҡ bèiluàn ◊ disloyalty, rebellion 5--very low ᛆ䘶 bèinì ◊ rebel (against the authorities or one's parents)4--low [adj] 㛼ᗧ bèidé ◊ immorality 4--low 㛼⨶ bèilǐ ◊ contrary reason, against right principles 5--very low [adj] 㛼ᡮ bèilì ◊ violate (reason, morality, etc.)5--very low 㛼Ԕ bèilìng ◊ out of style (goods) 5--very low [adj] 㛼㓖 bèiyuē ◊ break agreement or promise, go back on one's word 5--very low [v] 㻛ࣘ bèidòng ◊ passive ◊ unable to act or take the initiative, reactive (in contrast to zhǔdòng ѫअ/ѫࣘ "active, proactive"); be forced into a difficult/awkward position 1--very high [adj] 㻛 bèi ◊ (as passive prefix) be... ◊ by (followed by a verb: indicates passive voice, used directly before the verb without mentioning the doer of the action) ◊ {new usage} (used before a verb or noun in a sarcastic or jocular way to indicate that the word is at odds with the facts, or that sb was forced to do sth) ◊ quilt ◊ {written} cover (with) ◊ suffer, meet, encounter 1--very high [pref,n,v] ਁ fà ◊ hair (on the head) 1--very high [n] 㻛ᴽ bèifú ◊ clothing ◊ bedding and clothing (esp. of soldiers) ◊ wear (clothing) ◊ be affected personally ◊ believe in deeply (like Confucianism) 3--medium [n] ඊ jiān ◊ hard, strong, solid, firm ◊ a fortification, fortified place, stronghold ◊ firmly, resolutely, determinedly, steadfastly ◊ Jian (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,n,sn] ྄傠 Bēnchí ◊ "Mercedes-Benz" (Mainland China usage; the TW expression is Bīnshì 䌃༛/ᇮ༛) ◊ [b-] rush or go quickly (like horses, vehicles) 2--high [v] ྄䎠 bēnzǒu ◊ run ◊ be on the go 1--very high [v] ᵜᵍ běncháo ◊ the present dynasty 3--medium [n] ᵜṩ běngēn ◊ origin 4--low [n] ᵜഭ běnguó ◊ one's own country ◊ this

402

country ◊ one's native place 3--medium [n] ᵜ㓚 běnjì ◊ reign synopsis (chronological listing of major events, serving as table of contents a history) 3--medium [n] ᵜᶕ běnlái ◊ original ◊ originally, at first, in the past, used to... ◊ in the first place, naturally, as a matter of course, by all rights 1--very high [adj,adv] ᵜ਽ běnmíng◊ true name (in contrast to nickname, title, etc.) ◊ given name (in contrast to surname or patronymic) 2--high [n] ᵜᵛ běnmò ◊ the roots of a tree and the branches ◊ (the whole story) from beginning to end; the ins and outs ◊ the fundamentals and the non-essentials 3--medium [n] ᵜӪ běnrén ◊ I, personally (when referring to oneself in speech) ◊ oneself, in person 1--very high [pron,adv] ᵜ䓛 běnshēn ◊ itself (mostly of an organization, unit or thing) 1--very high [pron] ᵜ仈 běntí ◊ main subject, the point 2--high [n] ᵜ᮷ běnwén ◊ this text, this article, etc. ◊ main text (of a book in contrast to notes, index, etc.) ◊ original text (in contrast to translation) 1--very high [n] ᵜ⴨ běnxiàng ◊ one's true appearance or nature (esp. as sth unmasked) 3--medium [n] ᵜ᜿ běnyì ◊ original intention, original meaning 2--high [n] ᵜѹ běnyì ◊ basic (original, literal) meaning, denotation 3--medium [n] ᵜҾ běnyú ◊ based on 3--medium [phr] ᵜᴸ běnyuè ◊ this month, the current month 1--very high [n] ᵜㄐ běnzhāng ◊ memorial to the Emperor 2--high ᵜᰘ běnzhǐ ◊ main purport 4--low [n] ᵜ䈨 běnzhū ◊ in line with, according to, based on 4--low ᵜᆇ běnzì ◊ original or earliest form of a (Chinese) character 4--low [n] 䙬䘛 bīpò ◊ force, compel 1--very high [v] ॅ俆 bǐshǒu ◊ dagger2--high [n] ॅ㇨ bǐzhù ◊ spoon and chopsticks 5--very low ᖬ↔ bǐcǐ ◊ each other, mutually ◊ both (sides/parties) ◊ {formal} and you too, same to you 1--very high [adv] ᖬӪ bǐrén ◊ that person 3--medium [n] ∄∄ bǐbǐ ◊ constantly, repeatedly ◊ everywhere, everybody 2--high [adv] ∄∄Ⲷᱟ bǐbǐjiēshì ◊ be great in number, abound, be in abundance, can be found everywhere 3--medium [cy]

∄৺ bǐjí ◊ when, by the time 3--medium [adv] ∄䖳 bǐjiào ◊ comparatively, relatively ◊ compare, contrast 1--very high [v,adv] ∄ֻ bǐlì ◊ proportion, ratio ◊ scale 1--very high [v] ∄ᤏ bǐnǐ ◊ compare ◊ metaphor, analogy 2--high [n,v] ∄ᒤ bǐnián ◊ recent years ◊ every year, successive years 4--low [adv] ∄ᇩ bǐróng ◊ specific volume 4--low [n] ∄ྲ bǐrú ◊ for example, for instance ◊ Biru (county, Xīzàng Zìzhìqū 㾯㯿㠚⋫॰/㾯 㯿㠚⋫४ "Tibet Autonomous Region" autonomous region)1--very high [conj] ∄ᰦ bǐshí ◊ by that time ◊ previously 4--low [adv] ∄‫ޤ‬ bǐ-xìng ◊ {Chinese poetry} metaphor (∄) and association (㠸/‫ޤ‬, speaking first of sth else that hints of and leads to the main theme) ◊ {classical} write poetry 3--medium [phr] ∄䈝 bǐyǔ ◊ simile 5--very low [n] ∄㘵 bǐzhě ◊ recently 4--low ∄䟽 bǐzhòng ◊ proportion ◊ {physics} specific gravity, specific weight 1--very high [n] ∄ઘ bǐzhōu ◊ form a clique for selfish interests ◊ unite, gang up 4--low ㅄ⌅ bǐfǎ ◊ writing or drawing technique 3--medium [n] ㅄл bǐxià ◊ writing ability ◊ wording/diction and meaning of writing 2--high [n] ㅄࡺ bǐxuē ◊ editorial corrections ◊ {formal} please correct my writing 5--very low [v] 䝉䫍 bǐdùn ◊ slow-witted 5--very low 䝉ཛ bǐfū ◊ shallow and vulgar person ◊ I 4--low [n,pron] 䝉䱻 bǐlòu ◊ shallow (knowledge) ◊ ugly4--low [adj] 䝉Ӫ bǐrén ◊ I ◊ person living in a remote place ◊ philistine 3--medium [n,pron] ႒ᆀ bìzi ◊ servant girl, maidservant ◊ your servant (self-designation used by females) 4--low [n] ᅆ࿮ bìqiè ◊ favourite concubine 5--very low ᅆӪ bìrén ◊ Emperor's favourite 5--very low [n] ᒷ㦛 bìyìn ◊ shade (of a tree, etc.) ◊ protect, shield 4--low [n,v] ᗵᖃ bìdāng ◊ surely, certainly 4--low ᗵᗇ bìděi ◊ must, have to 2--high [adv]

403

ᗵ䈫 bìdú ◊ (what one) must read ◊ mandatory reading 2--high [n] ᗵሶ bìjiāng ◊ will certainly, will without fail 2--high [phr] ᗵҶ ᗵ❦ bìrán ◊ inevitable ◊ necessary ◊ necessity 1--very high [adj,n] ᗵ㜌 bìshèng ◊ win by all means ◊ win at all costs ◊ overcome 2--high [phr] ᗵ䴰 bìxū ◊ essential 1--very high [adj] ᗵ享 bìxū ◊ must, have to 1--very high [adv] ᗵ㾱 bìyào ◊ necessary, essential ◊ necessity 1--very high [adj,n] ᗵ㠣 bìzhì ◊ inevitable, bound to happen 3--medium ᮍᓀ bìlú ◊ my home 5--very low ∅䵢 bìlù ◊ reveal completely 2--high [v] ⻗ỗ bìwú ◊ plane tree 4--low ㆊ䐟㬍㕅 bìlùlánlǚ ◊ "ride in a firewood cart and wear tattered clothing and open up a new trail through the mountains and forests"— do pioneering work despite great hardships 4--low [cy] 㼘ሶ píjiàng ◊ {military, archaic} secondary general, adjutant general 4--low [n] 䰝ਓ bìkǒu ◊ close one's mouth 0--very low [v] 䰝ຎ bìsè ◊ stop up, clog up ◊ remote, out-of-the-way ◊ ill-informed 2--high [adj,v] 䲋л bìxià ◊ Your (His, Her) Majesty 2--high [n] 㕆ᡧ biānhù ◊ enroll in the household register ◊ registered families, the common people 4--low [vo,n] 㕆㧵 biānjiān ◊ a mat 5--very low 㕆㘵 biānzhě ◊ compiler, editor 1--very high [n] 䗩⮶ biānjiāng ◊ border region, frontier 2--high [n] 䗩⭼ biānjiè ◊ border, boundary (mostly of a country){{tiáo ọ/ᶑ}} 1--very high [n] 䗩ຳ biānjìng ◊ frontier, border 1--very high [n] 䗩≁ biānmín ◊ border people, people of the border or frontier region 4--low [n] 䗩Ӫ biānrén ◊ border people, people of the border or frontier region ◊ people serving at the border or frontier 3--medium 䗩ຎ biānsài ◊ frontier fortress, border fortification 3--medium [n] 䗩࣑ biānwù ◊ {written} frontier affairs, frontier defence 0--very low [n] ䷝ㅎ biānchī ◊ whip, flog 3--medium [v]

䷝᫢ 㼺ሿ biǎnxiǎo◊ small and narrow 5--very low [adj] 㼺ᗳ biǎnxīn ◊ narrow view 5--very low ‫ׯׯ‬ piánpián◊ corpulent 3--medium [adj] ‫ׯ‬䚃 biàndào ◊ shortcut ◊ sidewalk ◊ makeshift road (i.e. one to be used while the main road is repaired) ◊ pavement ◊ makeshift road3--medium [n] ‫ׯ‬ᡯ biànfáng◊ a lounge 5--very low [n] ‫ᦧׯ‬ biànjié ◊ handy, convenient; easy 2--high [adj] ‫࡙ׯ‬ biànlì ◊ convenient, easy ◊ help, facilitate 1--very high [adj,v] ‫ׯ‬䰒 ‫ׯ‬ᱟ biànshì ◊ am/is/are precisely/exactly ◊ (in the pattern bùshì …, biànshì… нᱟ …㸪‫ׯ‬ᱟ … "either...or...") ◊ even, even if ◊... and that's that (used at the end of a sentence to express a decision, consent, or concession) 2--high [v] ‫ׯ‬Ҿ biànyú ◊ be easy to, be convenient to or for 1--very high [v] ᔱ儖 biànmáo ◊ a cap worn by boys of noble families and discarded after coming of age ◊ a worthless thing ◊ despise, look down upon 5--very low ᔱ߅ biànmiǎn ◊ ceremonial cap worn by males 5--very low ਈࣘ biàndòng ◊ to change 1--very high [v] ਈ⌅ biànfǎ ◊ legal reform, governmental reform 3--medium [v] ਈᴤ biàngēng ◊ change, alter, modify 1--very high [v] ਈॆ biànhuà ◊ change 1--very high [n] ਈᒫ biànhuàn ◊ fluctuate, change often and unpredictably 2--high [v] ਈֻ biànlì ◊ exception to the rule 5--very low [n] ਈ䟿 biànliàng ◊ {math} variable 2--high [n] ਈ㢢 biànsè ◊ discolour, change colour ◊ change in the situation ◊ change countenance (mostly becoming angry) 2--high [v] ਈѪ biànwéi ◊ change into, transform into 2--high [phr] ਈ᱃ biànyì ◊ change, alter 3--medium [v] 䗘᷀ biànxī ◊ discriminate, analyze 2--high [v] 䗘丣 biànyīn ◊ {linguistics} sound discrimination 3--medium 䗙᡽ biàncái ◊ eloquence (on behalf of sb or sth), forensic skill 3--medium [n] 䗙䇪 biànlùn ◊ debate, argue 1--very 404

high [v] 䗙䇪㘵 biànlùnzhě ◊ debatant, discussant 5--very low 䗙༛ biànshì ◊ skilled debater or arguer 4--low [n] ᖚ⛣ biāobǐng◊ splendid, glorious (achievements) 3--medium [v] ḷ⛩ biāodiǎn◊ punctuation (mark); punctuate 2--high [n,v] ḷ᰾ biāomíng ◊ mark, label, indicate clearly2--high [v] ḷ仈 biāotí ◊ heading, title, caption ◊ headline 1--very high [n] ḷᘇ biāozhì ◊ sign, mark, symbol, hallmark, token, notation, logo ◊ indicate, mark, symbolize, label (also written ⁉䆈/ḷ䇶 or ⁉ ᒏ/ḷᑌ) 1--very high [v,n] ḷ߶ biāozhǔn ◊ standard, criterion 1--very high [n] 㺘ⲭ biǎobái ◊ explain, express, profess; explain oneself 2--high [v] 㺘㻛 biǎobèi ◊ coating 3--medium 㺘䇽 biǎocí ◊ adjective (esp. as term used in earlier grammars) 5--very low 㺘䇠 biǎojì ◊ keepsake, souvenir ◊ mark, sign 1--very high [n] 㺘ߣ biǎojué ◊ vote, decide by vote 1--very high [v] 㺘䟼 biǎolǐ ◊ outside and inside, outward and inner ◊ {med} exterior and interior 3--medium [adv] 㺘᰾ biǎomíng ◊ indicate, make clear 1--very high [v] 㺘⽪ biǎoshì ◊ express, show, manifest ◊ indicate, signify ◊ expression, manifestation, indication 1--very high [v,n] 㺘⧠ biǎoxiàn◊ expression, behaviour, performance ◊ outward manifestation ◊ manifest, display ◊ show off 1--very high [n,v] 㺘⴨ biǎoxiàng ◊ commend (like one's ancestors) ◊ external appearance 4--low 㺘䈝 biǎoyǔ ◊ predicate 4--low [n] 㺘ᆇ biǎozì ◊ style-name 4--low [n] ࡛ᵜ biéběn ◊ another copy, replica 3--medium [n] ࡛〠 biéchēng ◊ another name, alternate name, alias, nickname 3--medium [n] ࡛䀓 biéjiě ◊ another interpretation 4--low ࡛ᶕ biélái ◊ since parting ◊ do not 3--medium ࡛ᰦ biéshí ◊ at other times, another time, in the past 3--medium ࡛ᰐ biéwú ◊ there is no other ◊ other than that there is no... ◊ aside from that there is no...3--medium ࡛ѹ biéyì ◊ another meaning

5--very low ࡛⭘ biéyòng ◊ do not use 3--medium ࡛ᆇ biézì ◊ incorrectly written character ◊ mispronounced character ◊ alias 4--low [n] ☂ড bīnwēi ◊ endangered (e.g., species), be in imminent danger ◊ be critically ill 2--high [v] ᇮᇮ bīnbīn ◊ reverent, respectful 4--low ᇮᇒ bīnkè ◊ guests (collectively) 2--high [n] ᇮ䈝 bīnyǔ ◊ {grammar} object 3--medium [n] ᇮѫ bīnzhǔ ◊ guest and host 3--medium [n] ‫ޥ‬䖖 bīngchē ◊ war wagon ◊ military transport train 3--medium [n] ‫⌅ޥ‬ bīngfǎ ◊ military arts, military tactics or strategy 2--high [n] ‫ޥ‬䶙 bīnggé ◊ weapons and armour ◊ war, warfare 4--low [n] ‫⭢ޥ‬ bīngjiǎ ◊ weapons, warfare 4--low ‫ޥ‬ҡ bīngluàn◊ the disasters of war 4--low [n] ‫ޥ‬傜 bīngmǎ ◊ warriors and horses ◊ troops ◊ military affairs 4--low [n] ‫ޥ‬һ bīngshì ◊ {written} military affairs 0--very low [n] ߠ䟺 bīngshì ◊ vanish, be dispelled, dissolve 3--medium [v] ߠ≤ bīngshuǐ◊ ice water 3--medium ߠ䴚 bīngxuě ◊ ice and snow ◊ ice-like snow 2--high [n] 䛤䛤 bǐngbǐng ◊ happy 5--very low ᒦᡀ bìngchéng ◊ combine, make or become ◊ united together 4--low [v,adv] ᒦᆈ bìngcún ◊ coexist, continue together ◊ keep both 2--high [v] ᒦⲶ bìngjiē ◊ alike ◊ together 4--low ᒦ䘋 bìngjìn ◊ advance abreast or together 3--medium [vi] ᒦѮ bìngjǔ ◊ develop or arise simultaneously ◊ promote simultaneously ◊ simultaneous employment of 2--high [v] ᒦ࣋ bìnglì ◊ join forces, pool strengths 4--low [v] ᒦࡇ bìngliè ◊ arrange side by side, juxtapose ◊ side by side ◊ parallel ◊ coordinate (like clause) ◊ compound (like sentence) 2--high [v] ᒦ䇪 bìnglùn ◊ mention two or more things at one time 4--low [v] ᒦ䎧 bìngqǐ ◊ rise together simultaneously 3--medium ᒦф bìngqiě ◊ and, besides, furthermore, moreover, what's more 1--very high

405

[conj] ᒦ㹼 bìngxíng ◊ carry out (e.g. a policy) concurrently/simultaneously ◊ go/travel side by side; walk abreast ◊ go/run parallel to each other ◊ {IT} parallel 2--high [v] ᒦ⭘ bìngyòng ◊ use two things simultaneously 2--high [v] ᒦ㖞 bìngzhì ◊ juxtapose ◊ juxtaposition 4--low [v,n] ᒦ䟽 bìngzhòng ◊ regard as equally important, attach equal importance to ◊ be equally heavy 2--high [v] ⯵䶙 bìngjí ◊ be critically ill 5--very low ⯵‫ݽ‬ bìngmiǎn ◊ leave office due to illness 5--very low ⯵᜸ bìngyù ◊ recover from an illness 3--medium [v] ⯵㘵 bìngzhě ◊ the sick ◊ a patient 3--medium ࢕ᒺ bōchuáng ◊ broaching machine 5--very low ᫝ᔳ bōqì ◊ discard 5--very low [v] ᫝䗱 bōqiān ◊ live a wandering life, drift 3--medium [v] ᫝⿽ bōzhòng◊ grow/plant by sowing seeds, sow 1--very high [v] ⌒◌ bōlán ◊ mighty waves (literally or figuratively) 2--high [n] ⌒ᣈ bōzhé ◊ twists and turns, ups and downs, vicissitudes 2--high [n] ՟՟ bóbo ◊ uncle (father's elder brother) ◊ (term of address for a man of one's father's generation) 1--very high ՟⡦ bófù ◊ uncle (father's elder brother) 3--medium [n] ՟‫ݻ‬ Bókè ◊ Burke 3--medium ՟⢋ Bóniú ◊ Ran Boniu (courtesy name of Rǎn Gēng ޹㙅 [born 544 BCE], a famous disciple of Confucius)4--low [name] ՟ཧ Bóyí ◊ Boyi (older brother of Shuqi; in protest to military aggression by the state of Zhou, the brothers refused to eat the grain of Zhou, moving instead to the wilderness, where they lived on fiddlehead ferns and eventually starved themselves to death; often referred to in art and literature as models of character and integrity) ◊ (sometimes used to refer to Boyi and Shuqi) 3--medium [name] ࣳਁ bófā ◊ flourish, thrive ◊ break out, erupt 3--medium [v] ࣳ❦ bórán ◊ vigorously ◊ excitedly (fly into a rage, etc.) 3--medium [adj] ঊ⡡ bó'ài ◊ universal love 1--very high [n] ঊ༛ bóshì ◊ Dr. ◊ Ph.D. ◊ doctor (of philosophy, medicine, law, etc.) ◊ {history} a court scholar (an official title in Imperial China) ◊ {history} a waiter or owner of a teahouse; a wine merchant 1--very high [n] ঊᆖ bóxué ◊ learned, erudite 1--very

high [adj] ঊ䳵 bóyǎ ◊ erudite, learned2--high [adj] ঊ྅ bóyì ◊ {written} play a game of go ◊ play chess 3--medium ঊᕅ bóyǐn ◊ {written} quote or cite extensively 0--very low [v] ᨿᖡ bóyǐng ◊ (like trying to) grasp the wind 5--very low ⋺❦ bórán ◊ above worldly greed, indifferent to gain 5--very low 㮴㮴 báobáo ◊ light (of wine) ◊ vast (of land) 3--medium ◊ {written} trivia㮴⢙㓶᭵ bówùxìgù lities, trifles ◊ insignificant matters 5--very low [cy] 傣↓ bózhèng ◊ refute and correct 5--very low [v] 䘻䍏 būfù ◊ be in arrears on tax pay5--very low ments 䘻䘳 būtáo ◊ flee, abscond ◊ fleeing criminal, escaped convict 5--very low [n,v] нᗵ bùbì ◊ need not, not necessary 1--very high [adv] н‫ׯ‬ bùbiàn ◊ inconvenient, inappropriate, unsuitable ◊ hard up (for cash), short of cash1--very high [adj] нབྷ bùdà ◊ not very, not too ◊ not often, infrequently ◊ not big 1--very high [adj,adv] нབྷнሿ bùdàbùxiǎo ◊ be neither too big nor too small, be just the right size ◊ moderate-sized, average-size, a bit of (e.g., trouble), something of a (e.g., misunderstanding, controversy) 3--medium [cy] нն bùdàn ◊ not only 1--very high [conj] нᖃ bùdàng ◊ inappropriate, improper, unsuitable ◊ unjustified, unfair 1--very high [adj] н䗷 bùguò ◊ but, however, nevertheless 1--very high [conj] ঌት bǔjū ◊ choose a dwelling place ◊ decide what to do ◊ Buju (title of a poem by Qu Yuan ) 4--low [v] ঌ㆞ bǔshì ◊ divination (by tortoise shell and yarrow stalks respectively) 4--low [v] 㺕‫ޘ‬ bǔquán ◊ fill in the missing part, complete 3--medium [v] 㺕↓ bǔzhèng ◊ supplement and correct (writing) 2--high [n,v] нᆹ bù'ān ◊ uneasy, disturbed, worried, restless, ill-at-ease; unsettled, unpeaceful, unstable 1--very high [adj] н䉉 bù'ān ◊ not well-versed 3--medium [adj] н䍕 bùbài ◊ be unbeaten/undefeated, be invincible ◊ (of flowers) not wither 2--high [v,adj] н༷ bùbèi ◊ unprepared, off-guard, 406

not ready ◊ inadequate, incomplete (as a closing) ◊ {archaic} (phrase at the end of a letter) so much for now, that's all for now 3--medium [adj,adv] н∄ bùbǐ ◊ no match for, inferior to ◊ unlike, different from ◊ beyond comparison 2--high [adj] нਈ bùbiàn ◊ unchanged ◊ unchanging ◊ constant 1--very high [adj] н᡽ bùcái ◊ {written, humble-polite} (me being) worthless/without talent ◊ I, my humble self, your humble servant 3--medium [pron] н⍻ bùcè ◊ accident, mishap ◊ contingency ◊ unexpected, unpredicted or unforeseen event (usu. refers to a disaster) 2--high [n] нᴮ bùcéng ◊ never 2--high [adv] н〠 bùchèn ◊ unequal to a title, praise, etc. ◊ not suitable ◊ not corresponding, not match 3--medium [phr] нᡀ bùchéng ◊ cannot (do), will not (do) ◊ no, no way 1--very high [adj,part,v] нᡀӪ bùchéngrén ◊ {abusive} freak ◊ deformed person ◊ person lacking in propriety 4--low н喯 bùchǐ (lit., "not be worthy of mentioning")— ◊ despise, have contempt for, look down on ◊ want no part of 1--very high [v] н஫ bùchì ◊ not less than, not limited to ◊ like, as, tantamount 3--medium [v] нࠪ bùchū ◊ not go out, not exceed 1--very high н㓟 bùchún ◊ impure 4--low н䖽 bùchuò ◊ incessant, uninterrupted 3--medium н䗎 bùcí ◊ not decline to (do sth) ◊ take it upon oneself 2--high [v] нᖵ bùdài ◊ no need (esp. followed by "shuo" or "yan") 2--high нᖵ䀰 bùdàiyán ◊ needless to say, it goes without saying3--medium н䙞 bùdài ◊ fall short ◊ not equal 3--medium нঅ bùdān ◊ not the only, not limited to ◊ not only, not simply 2--high [adv,conj] н᜞ bùdàn ◊ not fear, not dread 4--low [v] н䚃 bùdào ◊ unexpectedly, surprisingly, who could have expected... ◊ evil, wicked ◊ regardless of 3--medium нᗇ bude ◊ must not, can not (verb complement negating action of preceding verb) 1--very high [suf] нᗇн bùdébù ◊ cannot but, cannot help, have no alternative but 1--very high [adv] нᗇަᡰ bùdéqísuǒ ◊ not find the right place (niche, slot) for oneself, not be in

one's element 3--medium [cy] нᗇᐢ bùdéyǐ ◊ have no choice but, be forced to 2--high [adv] нᗇ᜿ bùdéyì ◊ be unsuccessful (in one's career, fame, profit) 3--medium [v] нㅹ bùděng ◊ differ, vary ◊ not uniform, varied ◊ unequal ◊ not wait 2--high [adj] нㅜ bùdì ◊ {archaic} fail in the Imperial Civil Service Examination system ◊ not only4--low [conj,v] н䘝 bùdié ◊ (when following a verb) be in a hurry do sth, be too late do sth ◊ do incessantly 3--medium [v] нᇊ bùdìng ◊ indefinite, uncertain, not settled, undecided ◊ not scheduled ◊ {colloquial} may or may not, hard to say, hard to predict ◊ no telling, who knows, God knows (as in bùdìng nǎr qù le нᇊଚ‫ނ‬৫Ҷ/нᇊଚ‫ݯ‬৫Ҷ "who knows where it's gone") ◊ {biology} adventitious, indeterminate 1--very high [adj,adv,phr] нᇊᔿ bùdìngshì ◊ (grammar) infinitive 4--low н߫ bùdòng ◊ ice-free, non-freezable 0--very low [adj] 3--meн⤜ bùdú ◊ not only dium [conj] нᯝ bùduàn ◊ continuous(ly), steady/steadily, constant(ly) ◊ uninterrupted, unbroken, unceasing 1--very high [adj,adv] нቄ bù'ěr ◊ not so 4--low нҼ bù'èr ◊ {Buddhism} the Buddha nature, the unity of all things 3--medium н䍠 bù'èr ◊ faithful, loyal 4--low н⌅ bùfǎ ◊ illegal, unlawful, lawless 1--very high [adj] н⣟ bùfàn ◊ noncriminal 2--high н࠶ bùfēn ◊ irrespective (of...) 4--low [adv] нᴽ bùfú ◊ refuse to obey, comply (with), yield (to), or accept ◊ plead not guilty ◊ remain unconvinced by ◊ not give in to ◊ not used to, not accustomed to 2--high [v] нㅖ bùfú ◊ be inconsistent with, not square with, be at variance with 2--high [v] н༽ bùfù ◊ not again, no longer 2--high [adv] н䍏 bùfù ◊ live up to ◊ not bear responsibility for 2--high [v] нᮒ bùgǎn ◊ (I) dare not ◊ you flatter me, I don't deserve it (in reply to a compliment) 1--very high [v] н᚝ bùgōng ◊ disrespectful 4--low [adj] н㤏 bùgǒu ◊ careful, conscientious, not lax ◊ serious ◊ strict ◊ proper, upright, principled 3--medium [adj] н䗌 bùgū ◊ innocent (esp. referring victims) 4--low н亮 bùgù ◊ disregard, ignore, be heedless of, have no consideration for ◊ not care 407

about, not take care of (sb) 1--very high [adv,v] н嗏᡻ bùjūnshǒu ◊ ointment for chapped hands 5--very low н䖘 bùguǐ ◊ against the law, contrary the rules or regulations ◊ conspiracy, plot 3--medium [adj] н᷌ bùguǒ ◊ in vain ◊ to fail to attain an objective or goal 3--medium нਸ bùhé ◊ at variance with, not conforming to ◊ ought not 2--high [adj,v] н䚁 bùhuáng◊ have no time (do sth) 4--low [v] нᜁ bùhuò ◊ without doubts, self-confidence ◊ forty years old (when one is supposed be able to resist temptation) 2--high [adj] н৺ bùjí ◊ inferior, not up to, not as good as ◊ too late ◊ behind schedule 1--very high [adj,adv] нᰒ bùjì ◊ much is left unsaid (as closing) 5--very low н⍾ bùjì ◊ no good 2--high [adj] н⍾㘵 bùjǐzhě ◊ what is no good ◊ the bad ones 5--very low н㔗 bùjì ◊ be discontinued/cut off/disrupted 3--medium н䇑 bùjì ◊ not count, disregard 2--high [v] н㿱 bùjiàn ◊ not see, not be seen ◊ not meet ◊ (followed by -le Ҷ) disappear, be gone/missing, be nowhere to be found ◊ one can see no (improvement, etc.) ◊ there is no sign of... (indicates an unfulfilled hope) 1--very high [v] нሶ bùjiāng ◊ at variance (like of yin and yang, considered be a good omen) 3--medium н䀓 bùjiě ◊ fail to understand; be confused/puzzled/baffled/perplexed ◊ indissoluble ◊ {classical} not help 2--high [v] нӵ bùjǐn ◊ not just, not limited to ◊ not only (..., but also...) 2--high [adv,conj] нቭ bùjìn ◊ inexhaustible, endless 3--medium [adj] нቭ❦ bùjìnrán ◊ not altogether so, not completely true 1--very high [adv] н⾱ bùjīn ◊ cannot help but 1--very high [adv] нᮜ bùjìng ◊ without respect 2--high [adj] нѵ bùjiǔ ◊ soon, shortly, before long ◊ soon after 1--very high [adv] нާ bùjù ◊ not have ◊ incomplete, lacking in detail (when appearing at the end of documents or letters) ◊ imperfect ◊ crippled 2--high [phr] нٖ bùjuàn ◊ indefatigable, tireless ◊ unremitting 3--medium [adj] н㔍 bùjué ◊ unbroken, incessant, continuous 2--high

н㿹 bùjué ◊ unconsciously, without one's awareness 2--high н൷ bùjūn ◊ unequal, uneven (in distribution of wealth) 1--very high н๚ bùkān ◊ (as a transitive verb) cannot bear/stand/endure (sth) ◊ (of sth unpleasant or bad) unbearable to... ◊ not fit to..., not be qualified for, not be up to (a heavy responsibility) ◊ cannot (possibly), impossible to... ◊ (after an adjective) utterly, extremely, outrageously ◊ cannot bring oneself to..., how can I bear to..., how can I bear (sth) ◊ {Ming/Qing} awful 1--very high [v,adj] нਟ bùkě ◊ must/should not, cannot, may not ◊ must (as a verb complement) ◊ no, negative ◊ (second part of the structure 䶎…нਟ fēi...bùkě, "must" or "be bound to") 1--very high [auxv] нਟн bùkěbù ◊ cannot afford not do (sth) ◊ must, should 2--high нਟ䀓 bùkějiě ◊ {math} unsolvable 3--medium нਟᣇᤂ bùkěkàngjù ◊ irresistible, in3--medium [cy] exorable нਟᵏ bùkěqī ◊ improbable 4--low нਟ㜌ᮠ bùkěshèngshǔ ◊ innumerable, countless 2--high [cy] нਟ㜌䀰 bùkěshèngyán ◊ defy description, be indescribable, be beyond description, be beyond words 2--high [cy] нਟ᭦᤮ bùkěshōushi ◊ be irremediable, be hopeless, be unmanageable, be out of hand 3--medium [cy] нਟ䰫 bùkěwén ◊ inaudible 3--medium нਟੁ䘙 bùkěxiàng'ěr ◊ keep away from, keep at arm's length, shun ◊ unapproachable (like a raging fire) 4--low [cy] нਟ㹼 bùkěxíng ◊ be unfeasible 2--high [adj] нਟ⸕ bùkězhī ◊ unfathomable 0--very low [adj] н‫ݻ‬ bùkè ◊ cannot, unable to ◊ not victorious 3--medium [v] н㛟 bùkěn ◊ not agree to, not be willing to 1--very high н᝗ bùkuì ◊ be worthy of the name of (often followed by "wei" or "shi") 2--high [adv] нᶕ bùlái ◊ {regional} (used as a verbal complement) cannot, unable to ◊ {regional} (used as a verbal complement) cannot get used to 2--high [suf] н⿫ bùlí ◊ not away from ◊ not far out ◊ nearly right 2--high [phr] н࡙ bùlì ◊ harmful, adverse, disadvantageous, unfavourable ◊ unsuccessful 1--very high [adj] н㢟 bùliáng ◊ bad, evil, harmful, adverse 1--very high [adj] н㙺⭏ bùliáoshēng ◊ have no way to live 5--very low 408

нᯉ bùliào ◊ unexpectedly; (much) to sb's surprise; only to 2--high [adv] н䇪 bùlùn ◊ regardless of, irrespective of, no matter if 1--very high [conj] н┑ bùmǎn ◊ dissatisfied, disgruntled, resentful ◊ discontent, dissatisfaction, displeasure, resentment ◊ (as a transitive verb:) be discontented with ◊ be less than, not yet have reached (a specified number, age, etc.) 1--very high [adj,v] н∋ bùmáo ◊ barren 4--low [adj] н㖾 bùměi ◊ awkward (situation), poor (outcome) 3--medium н‫ݽ‬ bùmiǎn ◊ unavoidable ◊ unavoidably ◊ can't help 2--high [adv] н᰾ bùmíng ◊ unclear, unknown, unidentified ◊ not know, fail to understand 1--very high [adj,v] н᰾ bùmíng ◊ unclear, unknown, unidentified ◊ not know, fail to understand 1--very high [adj,v] Ҷ liǎo ◊ understand (well) ◊ know (clearly) 5--very low [v] н bù ◊ not ◊ no 1--very high [adv] 㜭 néng ◊ can ◊ be possible ◊ capable ◊ energy (such as in yuánzǐnéng ৏ᆀ㜭 "atomic energy") 1--very high [auxv,n] н㜭н bùnéngbù ◊ cannot but, must, have to, compelled to 2--high [adv] нᆱ bùníng ◊ not peaceful ◊ belligerent 3--medium н䝽 bùpèi ◊ be ill-matched, be lacking in harmony ◊ not be fit to, be unworthy/unqualified (to criticize, etc.), not deserve to 2--high [adj] нᒣ bùpíng ◊ injustice, unfairness ◊ uneven, unfair, unjust ◊ indignant ◊ complaint, grudge 2--high [n,adj] нᒣ㘵 bùpíngzhě ◊ what is unfair 5--very low н䎧 bùqǐ ◊ cannot afford to (as verbal complement negating action of preceding verb) 2--high нᔳ bùqì ◊ favour, befriend 3--medium [phr] нᕪ bùqiáng ◊ {Héběi ⋣े dialect} inferior, not up to snuff 2--high н䖫 bùqīng ◊ heavy, weighty 3--medium нェ bùqióng ◊ endless, boundless, inexhaustible 3--medium [adj] н‫ޘ‬ bùquán ◊ incomplete, fragmentary, partial 2--high н❦ bùrán ◊ otherwise, if not 1--very high [conj] н❦㘵 bùránzhě ◊ otherwise 5--very low н䇙 bùràng ◊ does not allow... ◊ unyielding ◊ without humility ◊ not be inferior to... 2--high [phr,adj,adv,v]

нӱ bùrén ◊ cruel, malevolent ◊ numb 3--medium [adj] нᗽ bùrěn ◊ cannot bear (esp. not have the heart to see others suffer) 2--high [v] нᰕ bùrì ◊ before long, in a few days, soon 3--medium [adv] нᇩ bùróng ◊ not allow, not tolerate 1--very high [v] нྲ bùrú ◊ not as good as, inferior to ◊ (be) better to... 1--very high [phr] нྲ᜿ bùrúyì ◊ dissatisfied, discontent 2--high н㤕 bùruò ◊ not equal to ◊ can do no better than ◊ inferior to ◊ might as well ◊ it would be better to 3--medium нழ bùshàn ◊ bad, evil, ill-, mis- (as in "mismanagement") ◊ not be good at, inept ◊ have ill intent, be aggressive/difficult ◊ {colloquial} considerable, not to be sniffed at, quite impressive ◊ no small matter, nothing to laugh at 2--high [adj] нቁ bùshǎo ◊ there is a lot, there are many ◊ many, quite a few, quite a lot of 1--very high [phr] н㠽 bùshě ◊ regret parting with 2--high н␡ bùshēn ◊ not deep ◊ shallow 3--medium н⭊ bùshèn ◊ not very 2--high [adv] н᝾ bùshèn ◊ be careless; carelessly, accidentally, inadvertently; carelessness 2--high [adv,n] н㜌 bùshèng ◊ cannot bear, cannot stand, not be equal to (a task) ◊ (when preceded and followed by the same verb) be unable to do or do completely ◊ (when preceding or following an adjective or verb of emotion) be overwhelmed by, feel extremely..., tremendously... (the Taiwan pronunciation is bùshēng) 1--very high [adv,v] н㜌᷊Ѯ bùshèngméijǔ ◊ too numerous to cite individually 1--very high [cy] нཡѪ bùshīwéi ◊ can still (after all) be considered as 2--high [v] нᰦ bùshí ◊ often, frequently, from time to time, every now and then ◊ at any time 3--medium [adv] н䘲 bùshì ◊ ill, indisposed 2--high [adj] н⡭ bùshuǎng ◊ out of sorts (physically or emotionally), be in a bad mood ◊ accurate, without any discrepancy ◊ without fail 2--high [adj] н亪 bùshùn ◊ unfavourable ◊ adverse 2--high [adj] н䙲 bùsuì ◊ fail, not go as wished 3--medium [v] н⢩ bùtè ◊ not only, not merely ◊ not alone 4--low н㝶 bùtiǎn ◊ (my) poor, unworthy, 409

humble (gift)5--very low нੜ bùtīng ◊ not hear ◊ deaf to 2--high [phr] н‫ڌ‬ bùtíng ◊ incessant, nonstop 2--high [phr] н䙊 bùtōng ◊ be blocked, be obstructed, be impassable ◊ be illogical, be inarticulate, be ungrammatical 2--high [adj,v] н਼ bùtóng ◊ differ, be distinct, be in contrast ◊ different, distinct, divergent ◊ various ◊ difference, disparity 1--very high [v,adj,n] н਼㘵 bùtóngzhě ◊ the different ones ◊ the differences 4--low нമ bùtú ◊ do not intend ◊ unexpectedly, surprisingly ◊ unintentionally 3--medium [conj,v] н࿕ bùtuǒ ◊ inappropriate, improper 3--medium [adj] нཆ bùwài ◊ (be) nothing beyond the scope of..., none other than, no less than, be simply (merely, nothing more than)... 3--medium нཆѾ bùwàihu◊ (be) nothing beyond the scope of..., none other than, no less than, be simply (merely, nothing more than)... 1--very high [v] нᜏ bùwéi ◊ not only 3--medium [conj] 世 wéi ◊ leather ◊ violate, contravene ◊ weber (unit of magnetic flux, see wéibó ䷻՟) ◊ measure word for circumference ◊ Wei (surname) 2--high [n,mw,sn] н⭿ bùwèi ◊ defy, brave, be unafraid of 1--very high [v] н䉃 bùwèi ◊ not expect, unexpected 4--low [v] н䰫 bùwén ◊ pay no attention to ◊ not discriminate between ◊ take no interest in 3--medium н䰞 bùwèn ◊ ignore, pay no attention to, be indifferent toward, disregard ◊ set free, let go (without punishment) 2--high [v] нᰐ bùwú ◊ not without 2--high [v] н᚟ bùxī ◊ without stopping, without taking a break 2--high нᜌ bùxī ◊ spare no (effort, expense, etc.) ◊ not hesitate to, have no scruples about 2--high [v] нᲷ bùxiá ◊ have no time (for), too busy to (do sth) 3--medium [v] нл bùxià ◊ not less (than) ◊ be no worse than ◊ unable to capture 1--very high [v] н⴨‫ޣ‬ bùxiāngguān ◊ unrelated 2--high [adj] н⴨ᇩ bùxiāngróng ◊ incompatible 3--medium [v] н⴨䇶 bùxiāngshí ◊ do not know 3--medium н⴨਼ bùxiāngtóng ◊ not the same, dissimilar 3--medium [adj]

н⾕ bùxiáng ◊ unlucky, inauspicious, ominous 1--very high [adj] н䈖 bùxiáng ◊ not in detail ◊ unclear, unknown, not stated 1--very high [adj,v] нሿ bùxiǎo ◊ not too small, quite large, pretty big 2--high [adj] нᆍ bùxiào ◊ unfilial (like referring to oneself in an obituary announcing the death of one's parents) 2--high [adj] н㛆 bùxiào ◊ {written} unlike one's parent, unfilial ◊ unworthy, wayward, not commendable 1--very high [adj] нኁ bùxiè ◊ not deign to do sth, be above doing sth, be reluctant to do sth 1--very high [v] bùxiè ◊ persistent, indefatigable, н៸ unremitting 1--very high [adj] н‫ޤ‬ bùxīng ◊ no good; won't work ◊ out of date, outmoded, out of fashion ◊ not allow, not permit ◊ why... ◊ extremely, intensely 3--medium [adv] н㹼 bùxíng ◊ will not do, out of the question ◊ not allowed ◊ will not work, unfit ◊ no good at, never any good at, no avail, unsuccessful ◊ very, awfully, terribly ◊ unqualified 1--very high [adj,v] нᒨ bùxìng ◊ misfortune, bad luck ◊ ill-fated, unfortunate, sad ◊ unfortunately 1--very high [n,adj,adv] нᵭ bùxiǔ ◊ immortal 2--high [v] н䴰 bùxū ◊ do not need 2--high н享 bùxū ◊ not necessary 3--medium н䇨 bùxǔ ◊ must not, not allowed, not permitted ◊ can't (used rhetorically) 2--high [v] нᚔ bùxù ◊ not care about 4--low [v] н䘺 bùxùn ◊ rude, impertinent, arrogant 2--high [adj] н䀰㘼௫ bùyán'éryù ◊ it goes without saying, it stands to reason, it is obvious ◊ matter of course, taken for granted ◊ implied, axiomatic, obvious 1--very high [cy] н䀰㠚᰾ bùyánzìmíng ◊ it goes without saying, it stands reason, it is obvious, self-understood ◊ matter of course, taken for granted ◊ implied, axiomatic, obvious 3--medium [cy] н় bùyàn ◊ not mind, not tire of ◊ have no objection to 2--high [v] на bùyī ◊ differ ◊ not uniform ◊ not go into detail, and so forth, innumerable 2--high [v,adj] на㘼䏣 bùyī'érzú ◊ by no means an isolated case, not be the only one, to mention just a few ◊ and one could cite many more examples, and so on and so forth; and what not, and what have you ◊ be many and varied, a lot of, great deal of, numerous, many 3--medium [cy] 410

нᇌ bùyí ◊ unsuitable, inadvisable; should not 1--very high [adj] ⯁ yí ◊ doubt, suspect ◊ doubtful, questionable ◊ guess, conjecture 1--very high [v,adj] нᐢ bùyǐ ◊ incessantly, endlessly, to no end (when following a verb or adjective, e.g., gāoxìng bùyǐ 儈㠸нᐢ/儈‫ޤ‬нᐢ "un-endingly happy", nánguò bùyǐ 䴓䙾нᐢ/䳮䗷нᐢ "feeling bad without end") 1--very high [adv] н᜿ bùyì ◊ unexpectedly ◊ (be caught) unawares or unprepared 3--medium [adv] н᱃ bùyì ◊ not easy, difficult ◊ not easy to...; not easily/readily..., be unlikely to... ◊ be quite an accomplishment 1--very high [adj,adv] нѹ bùyì ◊ not right ◊ not righteous ◊ un-ethical 3--medium [adj] н⭘ bùyòng ◊ need not, no use to ◊ dispense with 1--very high [auxv] н⑍ bùyú ◊ unswerving, faithful 3--medium [v] н㲎 bùyú ◊ unexpected, unforeseen ◊ untoward event, contingency ◊ not worry about, not be afraid of 3--medium [n,v] нҸ bùyǔ ◊ not grant (approval, consideration, etc.), refuse to give/make 2--high [v] н䊛 bùyù ◊ unhesitating ◊ (of the Emperor) indisposed, not well (as from illness) ◊ disgruntled, displeased 4--low [adj] н䙷 bùyù ◊ not meet, not find sb at home 3--medium [phr] н䘌 bùyuǎn ◊ not far from ◊ close to 2--high [adj] ॳ䟼 qiānlǐ ◊ a thousand li (Chinese miles) ◊ a great distance 1--very high [n] нᙘ bùyuàn ◊ no wonder 3--medium нᛖ bùyuè ◊ be disgruntled/displeased 1--very high [adj] н⵰ bùzháo ◊ no way ◊ unable to 3--medium [adv] нᥟ bùzhèn ◊ dispirited, listless 2--high [adj] нҹ bùzhēng ◊ indisputable 2--high [adj] н᭟ bùzhī ◊ not support 3--medium [v] н⸕㘵 bùzhīzhě ◊ ignorant person ◊ what is not known ◊ an unknown point 4--low н→ bùzhǐ ◊ incessantly, unceasingly ◊ not stop at ◊ not only, not limited to ◊ more than, exceed 1--very high [adv,v] нᲪ bùzhì ◊ unwise 3--medium [adj] н⋫ bùzhì ◊ die of illness or injury despite medical help 2--high [v]

н㠣Ҿ bùzhìyú ◊ will not go so far as to, not to the extent of, not so bad/serious as to 2--high [v] н㠤 bùzhì ◊ not cause, not bring about, not lead to, be unlikely to (cause trouble or inconvenience) 2--high [v] нѝ bùzhòng◊ miss the target, fail to score 3--medium [phr] нᘐ bùzhōng◊ (be) disloyal, (be) unfaithful 3--medium bùzhuān ◊ (of love) inconstant, unну faithful 3--medium нᒴ bùzhuāng ◊ cursive writing (like respectfully asking your forgiveness for my cursive handwriting), respectfully yours (a complimentary closing) 5--very low н䏣 bùzú ◊ be insufficient/inadequate/short ◊ less than (a specified amount) ◊ not deserve, not worth 1--very high [phr,adj,v] н䏣䚃 bùzúdào ◊ of no consequence, not worth mentioning 4--low [v] н䏣㿲 bùzúguān ◊ not worth taking a look ◊ not worth seeing 5--very low н䏣⭿ bùzúwèi ◊ nothing to be afraid of 4--low н䏣ԕ bùzúyǐ ◊ insufficient to, not worthy of 2--high [adj] ᐳ㖞 bùzhì ◊ arrange, set up, lay out, decorate ◊ make arrangements for, assign ◊ deploy (troops) ◊ move (chess pieces) ◊ {IT} configure1--very high [v] ᐳᑋ bùbó ◊ cotton and silk, textiles (collectively)4--low [n] ո੺ ᐳⳞ bùpí ◊ cloth cover, cloth wrapper 4--low ᐳ㺓 bùyī ◊ cotton garments (as worn by the poor) ◊ commoners 2--high [n] ↕‫ޥ‬ bùbīng ◊ infantry ◊ infantryman ◊ official military post in former times 2--high [n] ↕僔 bùzhòu ◊ step(s), measure(s), procedure(s) ǁ (TW pronunciation bùzòu) 1--very high [n] 䜘࠶ bùfen ◊ part, portion, section, share ◊ some, a portion of... ◊ partly, in part, partially 1--very high [n,adv] 䜘ት bùjū ◊ classify, divide into categories or groups 4--low 䜘ं bùlè ◊ organize and restrain 5--very low

C ᡽䈳 cáidiào ◊ talent, ability 4--low ᡽ cái ◊ talent, ability, gift ◊ talented (or capable, gifted) person, talent ◊ Cai (surname) ◊ (used like 㓄/᡽) {grammar} just (now) (indicates sth has just happened) ◊ only, only then (indicates sth happening later than expected) ◊ only in this case, only under such a condition (indicates

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sth happens only under a given condition) ◊ only after... (indicates sth new has happened) ◊ barely, hardly, only (indicates sth/sb is comparatively small/weak) ◊ definitely, by all means (used for emphasis/assertion, usually followed by the sentence-final particle ne ઒) 1--very high [n,adv,sn] ᶀᯉ cáiliào ◊ material (like building material) ◊ data, (reference, etc.) material 1--very high [n] ᶀᵘ cáimù ◊ timber 2--high ᶀ䍘 cáizhì ◊ material ◊ quality of material (or of wood) 1--very high [n] 㻱ᡀ cáichéng ◊ plan and bring to completion 4--low [v] 䍒ᇍ cáibǎo ◊ valuables and money 3--medium [n] 䍒ᑋ cáibó ◊ money, wealth (in ancient times cotton and silk were used as money) 4--low [n] 䍒ᇼ cáifù ◊ wealth, riches, treasures 1--very high [n] 䍒࣋ cáilì ◊ financial resources (mostly funds) 2--high [n] 䍒⢙ cáiwù ◊ wealth and property, belongings 2--high [n] 䍒⭘ cáiyòng ◊ assets, capital, expenses 4--low [n] 䟷Հ cǎifá ◊ fell (trees) 3--medium [v] 䟷ਆ cǎiqǔ ◊ take, use, adopt 1--very high [v] 㨌㢢 càisè ◊ famished/malnourished look, sallow/sickly complexion (due to hunger) ◊ dish, food; variety of dishes (e.g., at a meal) ◊ style of cooking, cuisine 3--medium [n] ৲㿲 cānguān ◊ visit (as an observer, tourist, etc.) 1--very high [v] ৲ਸ cānhé ◊ reference and collation 3--medium [v] ৲㿱 cānjiàn ◊ see also, also refer (as a note in text) ◊ visit, pay respects (like a superior) 2--high [v] ৲ⴻ cānkàn ◊ see also, also refer (as a note in text) ◊ refer to, consult (like references, etc.)2--high [v] ৲Խ cānwǔ ◊ mix, jumble, shuffle ◊ mixed, jumbled, shuffled 5--very low ৲Ҿ cānyú ◊ take part in, participate in, join in 3--medium ৲о cānyù ◊ participate ◊ take part in 3--medium [v] ৲䰵 cānyuè ◊ refer to, consult (like references, etc.) 2--high ৲ᡈ cānzhàn ◊ participate in combat, enter a war 2--high [vo] ৲➗ cānzhào ◊ refer to, consult, compare with 1--very high [v] ৲䇱 cānzhèng ◊ refer for verification 4--low ↻⭏ cánshēng ◊ remaining ye-

ars, end of life ◊ rescued life 4--low [n] 㳅伏 cánshí ◊ nibble, encroach on (another's territory); whittle away/down, eat away, eat into, erode ǁ (lit. "eat away at like a silkworm eats leaves") 2--high [v] 㳅һ cánshì ◊ sericulture 5--very low 㳅ᇔ cánshì ◊ silkworm room ◊ {archaic} room where punishment of castration was carried out 5--very low ԃᔚ cānglǐn ◊ granary 4--low [n] ⋗ᐎ Cāngzhōu ◊ Cangzhou (city 4--low [name] in Héběi ⋣े Province) 㣽㣽 cāngcāng ◊ gray (hair) ◊ vast and hazy ◊ dark green ◊ old 2--high [adj] 㣽ཙ cāngtiān ◊ heaven ◊ the blue sky ◊ 2--high [n] spring 㯿ᙂ cángnù ◊ harbor anger 5--very low 㯿Ӫ Zàngrén ◊ Tibetan people, Tibetan 3--medium [n] ᫽ᗳ cāoxīn ◊ worry about, fret over, be concerned about, be preoccupied with; take great pains, spare no effort 2--high [vo] ᫽㹼 cāoxíng ◊ deportment, conduct (mostly of a student in school) 3--medium [n] ᫽㓥 cāozòng ◊ operate (like a machine), control ◊ manipulate, rig, tamper with 1--very high [v] ᴩш Cáoqiū ◊ Caoqiu (a compound surname) 5--very low ╅⑐ cáoqú ◊ canal (for movement of tax grain) 5--very low 㥹ࡋ cǎochuàng ◊ start, pioneer ◊ make a first draft 3--medium [v] 㥹㣕 cǎojiè ◊ worthless, meaningless, trifling thing 3--medium [n] 㥹㧡 cǎolái ◊ wild grasses ◊ open fields 5--very low 㥹㧭 cǎomǎng ◊ thick patch of grass ◊ open field, wilderness ◊ common people 3--medium [n] 㥹㤵 cǎomáo ◊ the common people 5--very low 㥹ᵘ cǎomù ◊ grass and trees, vegetation, plants and trees ◊ {classical, figurative} lowly 2--high [n] 㥹Җ cǎoshū ◊ {calligraphy} cursive script ◊ freestyle calligraphy (as seen on early Ming porcelain) 3--medium [n] 㥹䟾 cǎoyě ◊ the grassy fields, the countryside ◊ (among) the common people 2--high [n] 㥹⌭ cǎozé ◊ grassy marsh ◊ (among) the common people 4--low [n] ‫ח‬ᇔ cèshì ◊ concubine ◊ son of a concubine 3--medium [n] ‫ח‬䰫 cèwén ◊ learn second-hand, learn by hearsay 5--very low 412

‫ח‬䀰 cèyán ◊ one-sided argument 5--very low ᚫ䳀 cèyǐn ◊ pity, compassion ◊ secret anguish 3--medium [v] ⍻ᓖ cèdù ◊ {math} measure 3--medium [n] ㆆ㘵 cèzhě ◊ strategist(s) 5--very low ৲ᐞ cēncī ◊ uneven, irregular 2--high [adj,adv,v] ዁ᾬ cénlóu ◊ tall building with a pointed roof 5--very low ቲቲ céngcéng ◊ layer upon layer ◊ at each (administrative) level2--high [adv] ᴮབྷ⡦ zēngdàfù ◊ paternal greatgrandfather 5--very low ᴮᐢ céngyǐ ◊ already 5--very low ᴮᆀ Zēngzǐ ◊ "Master Zēng" (the ancient philosopher Zēng Shēn ᴮ৳, 505–436 BCE) 0--very low ᐞ∄ chābǐ ◊ difference ratio, increment ratio 4--low ᐞ࠶ chāfēn ◊ {math} difference 2--high ᨂ‫ޕ‬ chārù ◊ insert ◊ plug in ◊ {electrical} plug-in 1--very high [v] ሏሏ cháchá ◊ examine ◊ differentiate and analyze ◊ pure, noble ◊ clear, distinct 4--low ᐞ֯ chāishǐ ◊ send, appoint 3--medium [v] ᣶ᔰ chāikāi ◊ disassemble, take apart, separate, open (like a letter) 3--medium [v] 䊪⤬ cháiláng ◊ wolves and jackals ◊ {figurative} ruthless evildoers, cruel and evil people 3--medium [n] 㕐㔥 chánmián ◊ entangling, lingering ◊ touching, tender 2--high [adj] 㵹㚄 chánlián ◊ continue without interruption (mostly in office, a sport champion, etc.) 2--high [v] 㵹㵅 chántuì ◊ cicada slough (used in Chinese medicine) ◊ extricate oneself 4--low [n,v] ᰼哾 Chānglí ◊ Changli (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium ᰼䛁 Chāngyì ◊ Changyi (county, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium ⥆⣲ chāngkuáng ◊ run amuck, be savage/wild/reckless/rabid; be rampant/unbridled; be defiant/aggressive/brazen/wanton 1--very high [adj,v] ቍ䈅 chángshì ◊ try, attempt, experiment 1--very high [v] ᑨᑨ chángcháng ◊ frequently, often 1--very high [adv] ᑨᆈ chángcún ◊ exist/remain forever, be everlasting 3--medium [v]

ᑨἓ chángdì ◊ Japanese plum tree, Prunus japonica (symbolizing friendship, etc. of brothers, from a poem in the Shījīng 䂙㏃/䈇㓿) 5--very low [n] ᑨᴽ chángfú ◊ everyday clothes 3--medium [n] ᑨ㿱 chángjiàn ◊ commonly seen, 1--very high [adj] common ᑨֻ chánglì ◊ ordinary procedure, common practice 4--low [n] ᑨᛵ chángqíng ◊ reason (proper way of doing) ◊ normal occurrence 3--medium [n] ᑨӪ chángrén ◊ ordinary person, average man 2--high [n] ᑨኡ chángshān ◊ {bot} Dichroa febrifuga (the root of which is used in Chinese medicine) ◊ Changshan (county, Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province) ◊ (Chang Shan) Mount Chang (name for Héng Shān ᚂኡ "Mount Heng", Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 3--medium [n] ᑨ䇶 chángshí ◊ general knowledge ◊ common sense ◊ [C-] "Common Sense" (bestselling article on America's independence from Britain, written by the American revolutionary Thomas Paine in 1776) 1--very high [n] ᑨ⭘ chángyòng ◊ common use, everyday use ◊ commonly used 1--very high [adj] ᑨᴹ chángyǒu ◊ common, usual, of frequent occurrence 2--high ᗌᖹ chángyáng ◊ go for a walk/stroll, take a leisurely walk 3--medium [v] 㛐㛳 chángwèi ◊ intestines and stomach ◊ state of digestion or appetite 1--very high [n] 䮯ᆹ Cháng'ān ◊ Chang'an (Imperial capital during Han and Tang Dynasties, today's Xi'an, Shǎnxī) ◊ Chang'an (county, Shǎnxī) 1--very high [n] 䮯‫ޥ‬ chángbīng ◊ long weapons (like spears) ◊ long-range weapons (like bows and arrows) 4--low 䮯ᶀ chángcái ◊ high-quality timber ◊ exceptionally talented person 5--very low 䮯ㆆ chángcè ◊ good tactics, good plan ◊ long whip 5--very low [n] 䮯䮯 zhǎngcháng ◊ (of length) grow long2--high [v] 䮯෾ Chángchéng ◊ the Great Wall 1--very high [n] 䮯䉶 chángdòu ◊ cowpea 4--low 䮯⸝ chángduǎn ◊ length ◊ accident, mishap (often causing serious injury) ◊ right and wrong, good and bad, strengths and weaknesses ◊ in any case, at any rate 2--high [adv,n] 䮯䐚 chángguì ◊ kneel with the 413

upper body erect 3--medium [v] 䮯䬇 chángjiá ◊ long sword 5--very low 䮯ѵ chángjiǔ◊ long, longstanding, lasting ◊ for a long time, for long; permanently, for good ◊ a long time; constant, lasting, enduring 1--very high [adj,adv] 䮯ਕ chángjù ◊ long verse (poems with seven characters per line, popular during the Táng ୀ Dynasty) 4--low 䮯ੋ zhǎngjūn ◊ {formal} elder brother ◊ adult sovereign, elderly prince 4--low 䮯Ӣ zhǎngqīn ◊ senior clan members 5--very low [n] 䮯й zhǎngsān ◊ Chinese domino ◊ high class prostitute 3--medium 䮯⋉ Chángshā ◊ Changsha (city and county, Húnán ⒆ই Province) 1--very high [n] 䮯к zhǎngshàng ◊ elder (family member) ◊ superior, boss 3--medium [n] 䮯ਢ zhǎngshǐ ◊ chief clerk, senior scribe (official title dating from the Qín 〖 Dynasty) ◊ senior official 3--medium 䮯䙍 chángshì ◊ (gone and never return) pass away, die 4--low [v] 䮯㻆 chángxiù ◊ long sleeves; long-sleeve 3--medium [n,adj] 䮯ᒬ zhǎngyòu ◊ old and young 4--low 䮯Ҿ chángyú ◊ be good at, excel in 2--high [v] 䮯㠣 chángzhì ◊ summer solstice ◊ winter solstice ◊ the longest day of the year 3--medium ൪ᐸ chǎngshī ◊ gardener 4--low ୡ઼ chànghè ◊ compose a poem in response one received (mostly using the same rhyme scheme) ◊ one person singing and the others joining in 3--medium [v] ᘵ❦ chàngrán ◊ disappointed, frustrated, upset 3--medium [adj] ⭵㤲 chàngmào ◊ flourishing, luxuriant 5--very low 䎵ࠪ chāochū ◊ surpass, exceed 1--very high [v] 䎵䗱 chāoqiān ◊ be promoted through the ranks without passing through all the intermediate grades (of an official) 5--very low [v] 䎵ঃ chāozhuó ◊ outstanding 3--medium [adj] 䎵ᬒ chāozhuó ◊ be promoted skipping a grade 5--very low [v] ᵍ㠓 cháochén ◊ royal courtier 3--medium [n] ᵍᴽ cháofú ◊ court dress 3--medium [n]

ᵍ㿱 cháojiàn ◊ have an audience (with the ruler) 3--medium [v] ᵍ᳞ zhāomù ◊ morning and evening ◊ all day, day and night 3--medium [adv,n] ᵍᰕ Cháo-Rì ◊ North Korea and Japan 1--very high [n] ᵍ⭏ zhāoshēng ◊ short life ◊ rose of sharon ◊ mayfly 4--low ᵍᔧ cháotíng◊ royal (or imperial) court, royal (or imperial) government1--very high [n] Cháoxiǎn ◊ (North) Korea ᵍ勌 (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) ǁ (South Korea is called Hánguó 七഻/丙ഭ) 1--very high [n] ᵍ㺓 cháoyī ◊ court clothes 5--very low ᵍ᭯ cháozhèng ◊ royal government 3--medium [n] ▞ᐎ Cháozhōu ◊ Chaozhou (town, now part of Chao'an County, Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province) 2--high 䖖҈ chēchéng ◊ {classical} carriage (for passengers or warfare) 4--low [n] 䖖䗀 chēfú ◊ spoke (of a wheel) 5--very low 䖖傮 chējià ◊ Imperial carriage ◊ the Emperor 3--medium [n] 䖖傜 chēmǎ ◊ carriages and horses ◊ chariot ◊ traffic 4--low 䖖䗉 chēzhé ◊ wheel rut, vehicle track 3--medium [n] ⶻⴞ chēnmù ◊ glare, stare angrily 4--low [v] ቈෳ chén'āi ◊ dust (in the air) ◊ airborne dust 2--high [n] ቈි chéngòu ◊ dust and dirt 3--medium [n] ⊹⊹ chénchén ◊ heavy (esp. of sth hanging) ◊ deep ◊ {figurative} deep (like sleep, etc.) ◊ vast (like a body of water) ◊ quiet, taciturn ◊ (of sound) distant and indistinct ◊ dark, gloomy, dreary ◊ to a great extent 4--low [adj] ⊹⎞ chénfú ◊ sink and swim ◊ drift ◊ bob up and down in the water ◊ the vicissitudes of life ◊ the numerous ups and downs in a person's life ◊ comply or change with prevailing customs, practices 4--low ⊹䶉 chénjìng◊ still, quiet, calm, serene, placid 4--low ⊹⓪ chénnì ◊ immerse ◊ sink and be submerged in water ◊ wallow in, indulge in (vices, etc.) 4--low ⊹ࣷ chényǒng ◊ calm, steady and courageous 4--low [adj] 㠓ᐕ chéngōng ◊ officials of every rank 4--low 㠓࿮ chénqiè ◊ male and female servants 4--low

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㠓л chénxià ◊ official (under the Emperor) 3--medium 㠓ᆀ chénzǐ ◊ official, subject (mostly of the Chinese Emperor) 1--very high [n] 䱸ԃ Chéncāng ◊ county in Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 Province 3--medium [name] 䱸䇽 chéncí ◊ hackneyed expressions ◊ state one's views 3--medium [n,v] 䱸ࡇ chénliè ◊ display, exhibit, lay out 1--very high [v] 䱸Ӫ chénrén ◊ old-fashioned person ◊ old and useless person 4--low 䱸䇮 chénshè ◊ arrange, display, set out ◊ furnishings, decorations 2--high [n,v] 䱸һ chénshì ◊ state a case, explain a matter ◊ past events ◊ ancient history 5--very low 䱸䘠 chénshù ◊ state, declare 1--very high [v] 䱸䀰 chényán ◊ state one's views, explain ◊ hackneyed expressions, cliches 5--very low [n,v] 〠㠓 chēngchén ◊ "proclaim oneself as a subject" ◊ submit, profess allegiance 3--medium [v] 〠བྷ chēngdà ◊ vaunt one's rank and status, put on airs, throw one's weight about 0--very low [vo] 〠䚃 chēngdào ◊ praise ◊ mention 2--high [v] 〠䚃 chēngdào ◊ praise ◊ mention 2--high [v] 䗷 guò ◊ go past, pass (by), go through, cross ◊ exceed, go beyond ◊ mistake ◊ blame or criticize sb for a mistake ◊ transfer (like money), adopt (like a child) ◊ read, go over, recall, call to mind ◊ {written} visit, stop by ◊ {regional} pass away, die ◊ {grammar} outperform, or fail (following dé ᗇ or bù н after a verb) ◊ {chem} per-, super- ◊ {regional} be contagious, infect ◊ Guo (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,co,sn] 〠ཊ chēngduō ◊ Chindu (county, Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧ Province) 3--medium 〠ਧ chēnghào ◊ name, title, appellation 1--very high [n] 〠ਸ chènhe ◊ agree, suit 5--very low 〠બ chēnghu ◊ call, address ◊ form of address, way to address sb 1--very high [v] 〠⯮ chēngjí ◊ profess illness (as reason for resigning or not taking a post) 4--low 〠⦻ chēngwáng ◊ act like a king ◊ proclaim oneself king 3--medium [v] 〠Ѫ chēngwéi ◊ be called, be known as ◊ call (sth)... 1--very high [phr] 〠䉃 chēngwèi ◊ name, title, appellation 1--very high [n,v]

〠ᢜ chēngyáng ◊ praise, commend 4--low [v] 〠᜿ chènyì ◊ be pleased, be gratified, be content 4--low ю⴨ chéngxiàng ◊ {history} Prime Minister (official title used at various times from the Qin through the beginning of the Ming Dynasties) 2--high [n] ҈䖖 chéngchē ◊ ride in a carriage, ride in a vehicle 1--very high [vo] ҈Ր shèngzhuàn ◊ travel by fast post (a courier system in former times using a team of four horses) 4--low ҈Ấ chéngfú ◊ (literally) to get upon a raft, to retire from worldly affairs 4--low ҈ᵪ chéngjī ◊ avail oneself of the occasion or opportunity, leap at the chance, seize the right moment ◊ go by plane, take a plane 2--high [v] ҈ඊㆆ㛕 chéngjiāncèféi ◊ "ride in well-built carriages drawn by plump horses"—live a luxurious life, be rich 5--very low [cy] ҈㜌 chéngshèng ◊ exploit a victory, follow up or pursue after a victory 3--medium [v] ҈ᰦ chéngshí ◊ take advantage of an opportunity, seize the moment 4--low [vo] ҈࣯ chéngshì ◊ take advantage of a favourable situation 3--medium [vo] ҈‫ޤ‬ chéngxìng ◊ (do sth) while in a good mood 3--medium [v] ҈㠶 shèngyú ◊ the Emperor's vehicle or belongings ◊ the Emperor ◊ horse-drawn vehicle ◊ (also pronounced "chéngyú") 4--low ੸䵢 chénglù ◊ reveal, present an appearance 4--low [v] ෾ь chéngdōng ◊ east of the city 3--medium [adv] ෾䜝 chéngguō ◊ inner and outer city walls 3--medium [n] ෾䰘 chéngmén ◊ city gate 3--medium [n] ෾ই chéngnán ◊ south of the city 2--high ෾ chéng ◊ city wall ◊ wall (like the Great Wall) ◊ city, town (in contrast to xiāng 䜹/ґ "village, countryside") ◊ Cheng (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] л xià ◊ under, below, underneath ◊ the later, latter, last in a series ◊ the last part (of a work) ◊ next ◊ down, downward ◊ descend, go down ◊ (of rain, snow, etc.) fall ◊ send down (like documents); issue, deliver (like an order, an ultimatum, etc.) ◊ leave/exit (from) ◊ put in ◊ play (board games) ◊ take away, dismantle ◊ (of animals) give birth to, lay (eggs) ◊ defeat, capture ◊ yield, give up, give in ◊ get off/finish (one's shift) ◊ {measure word} (used for the number of occurrences) ◊ {measure word}... glassful(s) of... (used for fillings of containers like glasses, 415

bowls, etc.) 1--very high [v,co,postp,mw] ෾䛁 chéngyì ◊ cities and towns 3--medium [n] ᜙㢮 chéngyì ◊ punish, discipline ◊ mete out punishment 5--very low [v] ᜙ᚦ chéng'è ◊ punish the wicked 3--medium ᜙࣍ chéngquàn ◊ punish and reward (respectively) 5--very low ᡀᆹ Chéng'ān ◊ Cheng'an (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium ᡀ䍕 chéngbài ◊ success or failure 2--high [n] ᡀ䇽 chéngcí ◊ morpheme 4--low ᡀ䜭 Chéngdū ◊ Chengdu (city and provincial capital, Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) 1--very high [n] ᡀ⌅ chéngfǎ ◊ established law ◊ become law ◊ ready-made method 4--low [n] ᡀ࠶ chéngfen ◊ component part, ingredient, element ◊ {Mainland usage} one's class status, class origin, professional status, personal background (also written ᡀԭ) 1--very high [n] ᡀ࣏ chénggōng ◊ succeed ◊ success 1--very high [n,v] ᡀ≹ Chénghàn ◊ the Chenghan Kingdom (301 - 347, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms) 4--low ᡀ㔙 chéngjì ◊ grades (in school) ◊ results, achievements 1--very high [n] ᡀ㿱 chéngjiàn ◊ prejudice 3--medium [n] ᡀቡ chéngjiù◊ achievement, accomplishment, attainment ◊ achieve, accomplish; create (sth great) 1--very high [v] ᡀਕ chéngjù ◊ construable 4--low [v] ᡀ਽ chéngmíng ◊ become famous 2--high [v] ᡀӪ chéngrén ◊ an adult, a grown-up ◊ become an adult, grow up 1--very high [n,vo] ᡀӱ chéngrén ◊ die for a righteous cause 3--medium [vo] ᡀһ chéngshì ◊ succeed, accomplish ◊ fait accompli, accomplished fact2--high [vo,n] ᡀ⟏ chéngshú ◊ mature, ripe 1--very high [adj,v] ᡀᮠ chéngshù ◊ round number ◊ percentage rate 3--medium [n] ᡀ䈥 chéngsòng ◊ learn by heart 4--low [v] ᡀ؇ chéngsú ◊ become the custom ◊ established custom 4--low [v] ᡀ྇ chéngtào ◊ form a complete set ◊ complete set 2--high [vo,n] ᡀѪ chéngwéi ◊ become 1--very high [v] ᡀ᮷ chéngwén ◊ written (like

written law or a written constitution) ◊ constitute intelligible text (like sth translated or decoded) ◊ {literary} written article 2--high [n,vo] ᡀ䈝 chéngyǔ ◊ idiom, set phrase (like the four-character phrases of Chinese, often literary allusions) 2--high [n] ᢯ᔺ chéngbì ◊ in the wake of a declining period 5--very low chéngjiào ◊ receive instruc᢯ᮉ tion, get advice ◊ {formal} thank you for the instruction (expression used when thanking sb for advice, information, instruction, etc.) ◊ meet personally 4--low [vo,v] ᢯᧕ chéngjiē ◊ undertake, assume, contract for (a job) ◊ hold out a vessel to have liquid poured into it, catch (e.g., rainwater) ◊ carry on/forward, succeed (doing sth), continue (like from a text above) 2--high [v] ᢯ભ chéngmìng ◊ receive orders or instructions 4--low [v] ᢯ࡽ chéngqián ◊ continuation (of a text) 4--low ᢯䇔 chéngrèn ◊ admit, acknowledge, recognize ◊ recognize (diplomatically) 1--very high [v] ᢯к᮷ chéngshàngwén ◊ in reference to the preceding text, continue from the passage above 5--very low ᢯亪 chéngshùn ◊ obey, follow 5--very low ᢯䖜 chéngzhuǎn ◊ forward (a document next level) 4--low [v] 〻ᒿ chéngxù ◊ procedure, order, sequence, course ◊ {IT} (computer) program 1--very high [n] 䈊ᚳ chéngkǔn ◊ sincerity 5--very low 䈊❦ chéngrán ◊ truly, indeed ◊ true, no doubt 2--high [adv] 䈊ྲ chéngrú ◊ {written} it's exactly as 0--very low [v] 䈊ᗳ chéngxīn ◊ sincere intention ◊ be sincere ◊ sincerely 2--high [adj] 䈊ؑ chéngxìn ◊ {abbreviation} sincerity and trustworthiness ◊ honesty and keeping one's word ◊ good faith (short for chéngshíshǒuxìn 䃐ሖᆸؑ/䈊ᇎᆸؑ) ◊ creditworthiness 1--very high [n] ㅎ傲 chīmà ◊ flog and curse, whip and abuse verbally 5--very low ᤱᴽ chífú ◊ observe the three year mourning period for one's parents 5--very low ᤱ㢲 chíjié ◊ "hold a tally"—go abroad as an envoy 4--low [v] ᤱєㄟ chíliǎngduān ◊ (hold both ends) have divided loyalties, be unbiased 5--very low ᤱ䇪 chílùn ◊ state a case, put forth an argument, present a view 3--medium [vo] 䑏䒠 chíchú ◊ hesitate, waver 4--low 416

[adj] 䘏䘏 chíchí ◊ slow, tardy; (followed by a negative) even after much delay (still not...) ◊ {literary} leisurely ◊ {literary} sluggishly 2--high [adj,adv] 䘏⯁ chíyí ◊ hesitate, waver 2--high [adj] 䘏Ҿ chíyú ◊ late for 3--medium 傠傻 chíchěng ◊ gallop (often figurative) ◊ read cursorily 2--high [v] 傠傜 chímǎ ◊ race a horse, set a horse galloping 4--low [v] 傠傡 chíqū ◊ gallop ◊ dash about (as in sb's service) 4--low [v] 傠䙀 chízhú ◊ pursue rapidly ◊ horse race 4--low [v] ቪረ chǐcun ◊ size, measurement, dimensions ◊ {colloquial} proper limits of speech (or action), sense of propriety 2--high [n] 㙫䗡 chǐrǔ ◊ shame, humiliation, disgrace 1--very high [n] ਡ૔ chìzhā ◊ shout angrily at 3--medium [v] ᮅᰘ chìzhǐ ◊ imperial edict 5--very low 䎔ᶮ chìsōng ◊ Japanese red pine, pinus densiflora 2--high [n] 䎔ᗳ chìxīn ◊ sincerity 4--low [n] 䎔ᆀ chìzǐ ◊ newborn baby (symbol of ignorance, naiveté, or purity of heart) ◊ the common people 2--high [n] ‫ݵ‬ᖃ chōngdāng ◊ serve as, pose as, act as 2--high [v] ‫࠶ݵ‬ chōngfèn ◊ ample, complete, full, sufficient ◊ amply, fully, well ◊ to the best of one's ability, as far as possible 1--very high [adj,adv] ‫ݵ‬䏣 chōngzú ◊ sufficient, ample 1--very high [adj] ጷᵍ chóngzhāo ◊ all morning 5--very low ጷཹ chóngfèng ◊ to worship 4--low [v] ጷ⽬ Chónglǐ ◊ Chongli (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 4--low 㲛劬 chóngyú◊ insects and fish (smallest creatures, trifles) 3--medium 䟽ࠪ chóngchū ◊ re-appear, appear twice (like a duplicated passage in text) 2--high [v] 䟽༽ chóngfù ◊ repeat, duplicate 1--very high [v] 䟽ҍ chóngjiǔ◊ the ninth day of the ninth lunisolar month ◊ the Double Ninth Festival (held on the ninth day of the ninth lunisolar month) 4--low [n] 䟽਽ zhòngmíng ◊ high prestige, big reputation 3--medium [n] 䟽⭣ chóngshēn ◊ reiterate, restate

1--very high [v] 䟽ᨀ chóngtí ◊ mention again, recall 3--medium [v] 䟽⧠ chóngxiàn ◊ reappear, recur ◊ reproduce, reconstruct, recreate, re-enact, reconstitute ◊ {psych} retrieve (a memory); (memory) retrieval 2--high [v,n] 䟽‫؞‬ chóngxiū ◊ repair, restore ◊ revise, rewrite 2--high [v] 䟽䀰 chóngyán ◊ repetition (as rhetorical device in poetry, etc.) 4--low ᇐ࿮ chǒngqiè ◊ favourite Imperial concubine 4--low ӷ䴐 chóuchóu ◊ proud 4--low [n] ӷӪ chóurén ◊ personal enemy1--very high [n] ᜱ㤖 chóukǔ ◊ anxiety, grief, distress 3--medium ⮤᱄ chóuxī ◊ in the past, in former times 4--low [n] ㆩㆆ chóucè ◊ plan, scheme ◊ device used for mathematical operations 4--low 㔨㕚 chóumóu ◊ emotionally entwined, sentimentally attached 3--medium [adj] 䐼䒷 chóuchú ◊ hesitate ◊ {written} be pleased with oneself, filled with pride ◊ be selfsatisfied 2--high [v] 䞜䞒 chóuzuò ◊ an exchange of toasts between host and guest ◊ have (formal) social dealings 4--low [v] сй chǒusān ◊ {Chinese opera} clown's three-part mustache 4--low сൠ chǒudì ◊ poor soil 5--very low с㊫ chǒulèi ◊ evil person, scoundrel ◊ compare like things 4--low [n] ྄ࠪ chūbēn ◊ leave, escape, flee 4--low [v] ࠪ‫ޥ‬ chūbīng ◊ dispatch troops into battle 2--high [v] ࠪ䖖 chūchē ◊ dispatch a vehicle ◊ drive off, be out driving 3--medium [v] ࠪ༴ chūchù ◊ {literature} source, origin (of a quotation/allusion) ◊ {obsolete} (sb's) background/origin/circumstances 1--very high [n] ࠪൠ chūdì ◊ go the fields ◊ source 3--medium ࠪᇛ chūgōng◊ leave the palace (of the Emperor taking a trip) 4--low ࠪ⎧ chūhǎi ◊ go to sea, put to sea 2--high [v] ࠪѾ chūhū ◊ out of ◊ stem from, come from 1--very high [v] ࠪ⮶ chūjiāng◊ cross the border, leave the country 4--low ࠪ䠁 chūjīn ◊ (Japanese) to draw money (from a bank or an investment company) 3--medium

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lar year, lunisolar New Year's Eve 4--low [n] 䲔᭦ chúshōu ◊ deduct sum received 5--very low 䲔ᴸ chúyuè ◊ the twelfth lunisolar month 5--very low [n] 䲔㖚 chúzuì ◊ pardon, exempt from punishment 4--low chǔxù ◊ deposit, save (money) ◊ ۘ㫴 savings, deposits 1--very high [v] ᾊ䗎 Chǔcí ◊ Songs of Chu (a collection of songs compiled by Liu Xiang of the Western Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 3--medium [n] ᾊⅼ Chǔgē ◊ the Songs of Chu 4--low [n] ᾊഭ Chǔguó ◊ {history} the state of Chu (from c. 11th century BCE to 223 BCE, in what is now Húběi ⒆े and part of Húnán ⒆ ই) 1--very high ᾊഊ chǔqiú ◊ prisoner of the State of Chu ◊ distressful situation 4--low ༴ц chǔshì ◊ conduct oneself in society 2--high [v] ༴༛ chǔshì ◊ scholar out of government employment (awaiting a call to service) 4--low [n] ༴Ҿ chǔyú ◊ be in (a place/situation/condition); be at (e.g., a certain stage of development) 1--very high [phr] ༴ᆀ chǔzǐ ◊ virgin, maiden ◊ non-government scholar 2--high [n] ᙥ❦ chùrán ◊ alarmed 4--low [adj] ᙥᜅ chùtì ◊ feel apprehensive, feel alarmed 5--very low [v] ⮌⢢ chùsheng ◊ domestic animals ◊ you beast, dirty swine 3--medium [n] ༴ᡰ chùsuǒ ◊ place, location 1--very high [n] 䀖৺ chùjí ◊ touch, touch on 1--very high [v] 䄄䈑 chùguǐ {written} ◊ queer, weird, unusual ◊ funny 0--very low [adj] ᨓᓖ chuǎiduó ◊ estimate, conjecture 3--medium [v] ᨓ᪙ chuǎimó◊ try to figure out2--high [v] クボ chuānyú ◊ cut hole in a wall, climb over a wall (of a burglar) 5--very low [v] Րࠪ chuánchū ◊ spread (of news) 2--high [v] Ր䚃 chuándào ◊ spread the teachings of the ancient sages ◊ proselytize, preach 3--medium [vo] Րࣘ chuándòng ◊ transmission, drive 2--high [v] Րબ chuánhū ◊ notify sb that they have received a telephone call, summon sb to the pho-

ࠪオ chūkōng◊ vacate, empty 4--low ࠪਓ chūkǒu ◊ export ◊ an exit ◊ speak ◊ leave port ◊ go north of Zhāngjiākǒu ᕥᇦਓ/ᕐᇦਓ (city in northern China, in Héběi ⋣े Province, formerly called Kalgan) 1--very high [vo] ࠪᶕ chūlái ◊ come out, emerge, appear 1--very high [v] ࠪ䰘 chūmén ◊ go out, leave home ◊ (of a woman) marry 1--very high [v] ࠪ㓣 chūnà ◊ cashier, teller ◊ the process of receiving and paying out money ◊ receive and lend out (books, etc.) 2--high [n,v] ࠪ㚈 chūpìn ◊ get married (of a woman) ◊ be sent as an envoy 5--very low [v] ࠪ࿫ chūqī ◊ divorce one's wife, repudiate one's wife 5--very low [n,v] ࠪཷ chūqí ◊ extraordinary, surprising, exceptional 2--high [adj] ࠪ≄ chūqì ◊ get angry, vent one's spleen ◊ emit air, gas, steam, etc. 2--high [v] ࠪ‫ޕ‬ chūrù ◊ come in and go out ◊ difference, divergence, discrepancy ◊ receipts and disbursements 2--high [v] ࠪኡ chūshān ◊ {archaic} (of an official in former times) come out of retirement and rejoin the government 2--high [v] ࠪ⾎ chūshén ◊ be mesmerized, be lost in thought 2--high [v] ࠪᐸ chūshī ◊ complete one's apprenticeship ◊ dispatch or send an army into battle 4--low [v] ࠪ֯ chūshǐ ◊ be sent as an envoy, go abroad on a diplomatic mission 3--medium [v] ࠪԅ chūshì ◊ enter public service, become an official 3--medium [v] ࠪṑ chūxiào ◊ leave school 3--medium ࠪ䀰 chūyán ◊ speak 2--high [v] ࠪҾ chūyú ◊ proceed from, stem from ◊ originate from, be produced from ◊ start from ◊ be motivated or dictated by 2--high [v] ࠪࡉ chūzé ◊ origin, cause 3--medium ࡍ⭏ chūshēng ◊ newborn, justborn ◊ first-born 2--high ࠪᆀ chūzi ◊ one time, one phase, scene of a play, reel of a movie4--low ࠽䊒 chúhuàn ◊ livestock, domestic animals 5--very low ࠽㦋 chúráo ◊ cut grass and gather firewood (or the person so engaged) ◊ my rustic, my poor (opinion) 5--very low [n,v] 䲔ᇣ chúhài ◊ remove harmful things, remove pests 3--medium [v] 䲔৫ chúqù ◊ get rid of, discard 2--high [v] 䲔ᰕ chúrì ◊ the last day of the luniso-

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ne 2--high [v] Րц chuánshì ◊ be handed down for (many) generations, be handed down posterity 2--high [v] Ր䈥 chuánsòng ◊ be on everybody's lips, be widely read (sung, praised) 3--medium [v] ՐѪ chuánwéi ◊ spread as 0--very low [v] Ր₴ chuánxí ◊ transmit a call to arms 4--low [v] Րؑ chuánxìn ◊ hand a letter to sb 3--medium Ր䀰 chuányán ◊ hearsay, rumour ◊ a report ◊ pass on a message 2--high [n,v] Ր⯁ chuányí ◊ (said of studying) to leave some doubtful points to other scholars to authenticate 5--very low Ր䈝 chuányǔ ◊ convey a message 5--very low Ր䎎 zhuànzàn ◊ eulogy appended to a biography (of the traditional Chinese type) 5--very low [n] Ր⌘ zhuànzhù ◊ commentary 4--low [n] Ր⵰ chuánzhe ◊ passing on, handing down ◊ teaching ◊ circulating 4--low 㡩䮯 chuánzhǎng ◊ captain (of a ship), skipper 2--high [n] Ѣ䇢 chuànjiǎng ◊ construe (explain a text word by word or summarize it passage by passage) 3--medium [v] ᒺᷦ chuángjià ◊ bedstead 3--medium [n] ࡋ㿱 chuàngjiàn ◊ original idea or viewpoint, unique interpretation 3--medium [n] ࡋъ chuàngyè ◊ start an undertaking/enterprise/business ◊ entrepreneurship 1--very high [vo,n] ࡋࡦ chuàngzhì ◊ create, institute 4--low [v] ੩਱ chuīxū ◊ speak in favour of sb in exaggerated terms, ballyhoo, praise 2--high ඲ᤡ chuígǒng ◊ {Taoism} rule by inaction (ideal of perfect government) 4--low [v] ඲⏅ chuítì ◊ weep, sob 5--very low ᱕仾 chūnfēng ◊ spring breeze ◊ pleasant countenance ◊ kindness, favour ◊ edifying influence 2--high [n] ᱕⿻ chūnqiū ◊ spring and autumn ◊ year ◊ age (of a person) ◊ annals, history ◊ {literature} the Chunqiu, the Spring and Autumn Annals (one of the Confucian classics) ◊ {history} the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period (770-476 BCE) 1--very high [n] ᱕⿻唾ⴋ chūnqiūdǐngshèng ◊ in the prime of life 5--very low [cy] ᱕⿻ߜ༿ chūn-qiū-dōng-xià ◊ spring, autumn, winter and summer 3--medium

[n] ᱕һ chūnshì ◊ spring plowing 4--low [n] ᱕༿⿻ߜ chūn-xià-qiū-dōng ◊ spring, summer, autumn and winter ◊ the four seasons of a year 1--very high [n] ␣㋩ chúncuì ◊ pure, unadulterated 4--low ␣ᯬ 㓟ᵤ chúnpǔ ◊ honest, simple 2--high ଷ㠼 chúnshé ◊ words (in explanation, argument) 4--low [n] ଷ丣 chúnyīn ◊ {linguistics} labial 5--very low [n] 䞷䞂 chúnjiǔ ◊ pure strong wine 3--medium [n] ⯥⪅ cīxiá ◊ tiny fault, slight defect 5--very low ◊ kindness, affection (of ᝸⡡ cí'ài older persons towards younger) 2--high [n] ᝸⡦ cífù ◊ compassionate father 3--medium [n] ᝸⇽ címǔ ◊ mother ◊ loving mother 3--medium [n] 䇽䍻 cífù ◊ prose poems (of the "ci" and "fu" type) 4--low 䇽䀓 cíjiě ◊ {linguistics} the explanation of words/terms 4--low 䇽ᴢ cí-qǔ ◊ songs and ballads 2--high [n] 䇽ᙗ cíxìng ◊ {linguistics} lexical characteristics (syntactical functions and morphological features of a word that help to determine its part of speech) 3--medium [n] 䇽᜿ cíyì ◊ meaning of a word 3--medium 䇽ѹ cíyì ◊ meaning of a word 3--medium [n] 䇽䈝 cíyǔ ◊ words and expressions, lexical items 2--high [n] 䇽ㄐ cízhāng ◊ poems and essays, belles-lettres (of traditional Chinese type) ◊ essaywriting technique 4--low 䇽⣦ cízhuàng ◊ bill of complaint 5--very low 䗎⚥ cílíng ◊ pay last respects to the coffin, say farewell to the deceased 5--very low [v] 䗎Ԕ cílìng ◊ language appropriate to the occasion 3--medium [n] 䗎≄ cíqì ◊ one's manner of speaking 5--very low 䗎䇙 círàng ◊ decline politely 4--low [v] 䗎㙼 cízhí ◊ resign 1--very high [v] ↔ᐳ cǐbù ◊ this is for your information 4--low ↔༴ cǐchù ◊ here, this place 2--high ↔䚃 cǐdào ◊ this craft, this field of en-

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deavour 3--medium [n] ↔ㅹ cǐděng ◊ this kind, such as these 3--medium [n] ↔ਾ cǐhòu ◊ since then, thereafter, subsequently, after that/this 1--very high [adv] ↔Ѯ cǐjǔ ◊ this act, this move 2--high [n] ↔Ԕ cǐlìng ◊ {document style} it is hereby ordered 4--low ↔к cǐshàng ◊ I herewith present this 3--medium ↔ᰦ cǐshí ◊ at this time, at this moment, now 2--high [n] ↔኎ cǐshǔ ◊ such people, this kind of people 4--low ↔ཆ cǐwài ◊ in addition, also; aside from that 1--very high [conj] ↔㌫ cǐxì ◊ this department 4--low ↔㹼 cǐxíng ◊ this trip 3--medium [phr] ↔㓖 cǐyuē ◊ I hereby promise 4--low ↔㘵 cǐzhě ◊ recently 4--low ↔ѝ cǐzhōng ◊ hereabouts 3--medium [n] ժ‫ى‬ cìhou ◊ serve, wait upon 2--high [v] ࡪ㡩 cìchuán ◊ punt or pole a boat 5--very low ࡪ㙣 cì'ěr ◊ grating, hard on the ears 1--very high [adj] ࡪ䇕 cìjī ◊ lampoon, satirize 5--very low [v] ࡪᇒ cìkè ◊ assassin 2--high [n] ࡪᵰ cìshā ◊ assassinate ◊ {military} bayonet charge 1--very high [v,n] ࡪਢ cìshǐ ◊ provincial governor, prefectural magistrate (in ancient times) 3--medium [n] ࡪ㔓 cìxiù ◊ embroider ◊ embroidery 2--high [v,n] ⅑ㅜ cìdì ◊ order, sequence, arrangement ◊ one after another, in turn 2--high [adv,n] ⅑ަ cìqí ◊ second to, inferior to 4--low ⅑ᒿ cìxù ◊ order, sequence, arrangement 1--very high [n] ⅑Ҿ cìyú ◊ second to, inferior to 2--high [phr] ⅑ᆀ cìzǐ ◊ second son 3--medium 䎀↫ cìsǐ ◊ {ancient law} commit suicide by imperial order (as an imperial favour, so as to be spared the indignity of execution) 4--low [v] श䚭 cōngjù ◊ hurriedly, hastily 5--very low [adj] 㚚᰾ cōngming ◊ intelligent, cle-

ver, bright ◊ keen sense of seeing and hearing ◊ extremely gifted and powerful intellect 1--very high [adj] ыᇶ cóngmì ◊ densely growing (like a forest) 5--very low [adj] Ӿ↔ cóngcǐ ◊ from then on, since then, thereafter ◊ from now on, henceforth 1--very high [adv] Ӿࣘ cóngdòng ◊ driven (like wheel), slave (like cylinder), trailing 3--medium [adj] Ӿ㘼 cóng'ér ◊ thereby, thus 1--very high [conj] Ӿ‫ޜ‬ cónggōng ◊ carry out one's 4--low official duties ◊ act justly Ӿօ cónghé ◊ from what, from where 2--high ӾӺ cóngjīn ◊ from now on 3--medium Ӿߋ cóngjūn ◊ enlist, join the army 3--medium [v] Ӿᶕ cónglái ◊ always, at all times 1--very high [adv] Ӿ㢟 cóngliáng ◊ become a respectable woman, marry well (of a prostitute who gives up her trade, or of a servant or slave girl who is freed) 3--medium [v] Ӿ嗉 cónglóng ◊ (follow the dragon) assist the Emperor in his great tasks 3--medium Ӿᯱ cóngpáng ◊ from the side 3--medium Ӿࡽ cóngqián ◊ formerly, before, in the past 1--very high [n] Ӿᵳ cóngquán ◊ act according to the situation, expedient (in a good sense) 4--low [v] ӾӪ cóngrén ◊ follow others ◊ follower, servant 3--medium Ӿᇩ cóngróng ◊ calm, composed, easy; unhurried, leisurely ◊ (of time or money) plentiful, ample ǁ (formerly pronounced cōngróng) 2--high [adj,adv] Ӿᐸ cóngshī ◊ be a disciple or apprentice 3--medium [vo] Ӿһ cóngshì ◊ be engaged in (a certain activity, work, profession), go into, pursue, work in, take up, devote oneself to ◊ deal with (in a certain way) 1--very high [vo] Ӿ䘍 cóngwéi ◊ obey or disobey (respectively) 5--very low Ӿᵚ cóngwèi ◊ never (in the past); have never 2--high [adv] Ӿᰐ cóngwú ◊ never had, there never was 3--medium Ӿ‫ݸ‬ cóngxiān ◊ formerly, before, in the past 4--low [n] ӾᗳᡰⅢ cóngxīnsuǒyù ◊ do as one pleases 4--low [cy] Ӿ‫ݴ‬ cóngxiōng ◊ father's brother's elder son, male cousin 4--low Ӿ㘵 cóngzhě ◊ follower, servant 420

4--low [n] Ӿ᭯ cóngzhèng ◊ go into politics, enter politics 2--high [vo] Ӿ᭯㘵 cóngzhèngzhě ◊ politician, person/people in politics 2--high [n] Ӿѝ cóngzhōng ◊ from within/among ◊ from it, therefrom1--very high [adv] ӾՇ cóngzhòng ◊ follow the crowd, go along with the majority 3--medium [v] Ӿᆀ cóngzǐ ◊ nephew (brother's son) (also pronounced "zòngzǐ") 4--low [n] ‫׳׳‬ cùcù ◊ short, brief 4--low ⥍❦ cùrán ◊ suddenly, abruptly, unexpectedly 3--medium [adv] 䑗䑆 cùjí ◊ respectful and ill at ease 5--very low [adj] ᪗ᣈ cuīzhé ◊ snap, break ◊ suffer a setback 4--low [v] 㘐ㄩ cuìzhú ◊ green bamboo 3--medium ᆈӑ cúnwáng ◊ live or die 2--high [v] ᆈ䰞 cúnwèn ◊ send one's regards, convey one's greetings 4--low [v] ᆈ൘ cúnzài ◊ exist, be in existence ◊ existence, presence (e.g., 䓽һᆈ൘/ߋһᆈ൘ jūnshì cúnzài "military presence") 1--very high [v,n] ᆈ㘵 cúnzhě ◊ the existing 4--low ᘆᓖ cǔnduó ◊ speculate, conjecture, surmise 4--low [v] 䑹䏾 cuōtuó ◊ waste time, let time slip by ◊ trip, fall 3--medium [v] ᧚䇽 cuòcí ◊ wording, choice of words 1--very high ᧚䗎 cuòcí ◊ wording, choice of words 3--medium [n,v] 䭉࠰ cuòdāo ◊ knife-shaped coin ◊ painting and calligraphy style ◊ jade-working tool 4--low 䭉ㆰ cuòjiǎn ◊ mispagination (getting pages out of order when binding a book) 5--very low 䭉ҡ cuòluàn ◊ in confusion, in disorder 2--high [adj] 䭉㩭 cuòluò ◊ scattered about, strewn about 2--high [v] 䭉䈟 cuòwù ◊ mistake, error ◊ incorrect behaviour or conduct, wrongdoing (e.g., fàn cuòwu ⣟䥟䃔/⣟䭉䈟 "commit wrongdoing", or chéngrèn cuòwù ᢯䂽䥟䃔/᢯䇔䭉䈟 "acknowledge one's wrongdoing") ◊ wrong, incorrect, erroneous, mistaken 1--very high [adj,n] 䭉㔬 cuòzōng ◊ crisscrossed, intricate 3--medium [adj]

ㆄ䰞 dáwèn ◊ reply ◊ question and answer 3--medium [vo,n] 䗮ᇈ dáguān ◊ high official (in former times) 4--low 䗮᜿ dáyì ◊ express one's ideas (in speech, writing) 3--medium [v] 䗮㘵 dázhě ◊ sb who has achieved a goal or passed a target 3--medium ᢃ䏓 dǎqù ◊ banter, tease, poke fun at 3--medium [v] བྷᆹ dà'ān ◊ {formal} your health ◊ Da'an (county, Jílín ਹ᷇ Province) 2--high བྷ࡛ dàbié ◊ long separation ◊ rough classification ◊ Dabie (mountain, Hube)i 3--medium བྷ⯵ dàbìng ◊ seriously ill 2--high [n,v] བྷн dàbù ◊ very much not 2--high བྷ䫎 dàchāo ◊ large denomination paper money ◊ Jin Dynasty paper money 3--medium བྷ䖖 dàchē ◊ a large cart (with two or four wheels and pulled by a draft animal) ◊ chief engineer (on a train or ship) 3--medium [n] བྷ㠓 dàchén ◊ minister (general term for high government officials in imperial China or ancient and modern monarchies, e.g., nèigé dàchén ‫ޗ‬䯓བྷ㠓/޵䰱བྷ㠓 cabinet minister); (used in specific titles of government officials in Qing dynasty China, or in a monarchy): secretary (e.g. Yīngguó Wàijiāo Dàchén 㤡഻ཆӔབྷ㠓/㤡 ഭཆӔབྷ㠓 the British Foreign Secretary); chancellor (e.g. Yīngguó Cáizhèng Dàchén 㤡഻ 䋑᭯བྷ㠓/㤡ഭ䍒᭯བྷ㠓 U.K. Chancellor of the Exchequer) ◊ vizier, vizir 1--very high [n] བྷᡀ dàchéng ◊ accomplish, attain ◊ compilation, agglomeration (as in the pattern jí... zhī dàchéng 䳶…ѻབྷᡀ be a comprehensive expression of..., epitomize...) 2--high [v] བྷᐍ dàchuān ◊ big river 2--high [n] བྷབྷ dàdà ◊ greatly, enormously 1--very high [adv] བྷঅ dàdān ◊ large order (dìngdān 䀲 ௞/䇒অ) 3--medium [n] བྷⴇ dàdào ◊ arch robber 3--medium [n] བྷ䚃 dàdào ◊ main road, avenue ◊ common principle, correct principle ◊ great truth 1--very high [n] བྷᗧ dàdé ◊ {written} great virtue 3--medium [n] བྷᣥ dàdǐ ◊ generally speaking, for the most part 2--high [adv] བྷᑍ dàdì ◊ great Emperor 2--high [n] dàdōu ◊ mostly, for the most part བྷ䜭 1--very high [adv] བྷ⇥ dàduàn ◊ approximately 3--me-

D ㆄ䇽 dácí ply 4--low [n]

◊ thank-you speech or re-

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dium བྷཊ dàduō ◊ mostly, for the most part, principally, in most cases 1--very high [adv] བྷࠑ dàfán ◊ generally 3--medium [adv] བྷᯩ dàfang ◊ generous, liberal ◊ natural, unaffected (like deportment) ◊ refined, tasteful 1--very high [adj] བྷѠ Dàfēng ◊ Dafeng (county, Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 Province) ◊ Dafeng (reign title for Nanzhao Kingdom Emperor Quan Lisheng ) 3--medium བྷ仾 dàfēng ◊ strong wind ◊ {meteorology} fresh gale ◊ {classical} may refer to various diseases such as a bad cold or leprosy ◊ dafeng (name of a fierce bird of prey mentioned in ancient legends) 3--medium [n] བྷ⡦ dàfù ◊ grandfather (paternal or maternal) 4--low [n] བྷᾲ dàgài ◊ in broad outline, in general ◊ rough, approximate ◊ probably, in all likelihood 1--very high [adv] བྷ㓢 dàgāng ◊ outline (often in the title of a report, play, etc.) 1--very high [n] བྷ‫ޜ‬ dàgōng ◊ grand duke, archduke (in Austria) ◊ grand prince (in Russia) ◊ impartial 2--high [n] བྷ࣏ dàgōng ◊ great merit, great achievement, extraordinary service ◊ major mourning, mourning garments worn for nine months for brothers and sisters 2--high [n] བྷᇈ dàguān ◊ high official ◊ father-inlaw (husband's father)3--medium བྷᖂ dàguī ◊ return to parental home after being divorced (of the wife) ◊ final home (i.e. death) 4--low བྷഭ dàguó ◊ big country, major country ◊ (great) power, big power 2--high [n] བྷ䗷 dàguò ◊ serious offense, major mistake 3--medium [n] བྷ⎧ dàhǎi ◊ ocean, sea ◊ Dahai (pen name of Mao's fourth wife Jiāng Qīng ⊏䶂 [1914-1991]) ◊ {archaic} wide-mouthed wine vessel 1--very high [n] བྷᰡ dàhàn ◊ great drought 1--very high བྷ≹ dàhàn ◊ big or stout person ◊ the (Great) Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty 2--high [n] བྷਧ dàhào ◊ large size ◊ tuba ◊ {formal} your name, your "hào" ◊ {formal} your shop, your company 3--medium [n] བྷ઼ Dàhé ◊ {history} Dahe (reign title for the Tang Emperor Wenzong, 827-835 CE) ◊ {history} Dahe (reign title for the Five Dynasties Emperor Wu Yangbo, 929-935 CE) ◊ {literature} Yamato (ancient and literary name for Japan)2--high [name] བྷ⥮ dàhuá ◊ crafty fellow, sharp customer 5--very low བྷॆ dàhuà ◊ great transformation (changes in nature, in human life, or as wrought

by Buddhist teaching) ◊ [T-] Taika (Japanese reign title 645-650, a time of major emulation of Chinese institutions) 3--medium [n] བྷᛓ dàhuàn ◊ a big disaster, big trouble 3--medium བྷ㦂 dàhuāng ◊ serious famine, major crop failure ◊ stretch of wasteland ◊ rough job, rough casting 3--medium [n] བྷ䇑 dàjì ◊ matter of fundamental importance 3--medium [n] བྷ⊏ dàjiāng ◊ great river ◊ the Great River (name for the Cháng Jiāng 䮧⊏/䮯⊏ or Yangtze River) 2--high [n] dàjiàng ◊ master craftsman ◊ offiབྷॐ cial title during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty 4--low བྷሶ dàjiàng ◊ {military} senior general, senior admiral ◊ high-ranking military officer ◊ star (athlete) ◊ trusted aide, right-hand man 3--medium [n] བྷᡂ dàjiè ◊ {Buddhism} religious discipline/commandment, vows taken by monks and nuns ǁ (also jùzújiè ާ䏣ᡂ) 4--low བྷ⎨ dàjìn ◊ flood 5--very low བྷੋ dàjūn ◊ the Emperor 4--low བྷߋ dàjūn ◊ main force, army ◊ army, large force (of workers, etc.) 2--high [n] བྷ⨶ Dàlǐ ◊ Dali (county, Yúnnán 䴢 ই/Ӂই Province) 2--high བྷ⽬ dàlǐ ◊ {archaic} grand ceremony or greetings 0--very low [n] བྷਿ dàlì ◊ local official in full charge (like a viceroy before the republic) 4--low བྷằ dàliáng ◊ ridgepole, ridge purlin ◊ pillar ◊ big job, main support function 3--medium [n] བྷ䟿 dàliàng ◊ a large amount of, large numbers of, a great deal of ◊ generous, magnanimous 1--very high [n] བྷ䐟 dàlù ◊ main road ◊ mainstream, mainline (product) ◊ cheap and in great demand 2--high [n] བྷ䱶 dàlù ◊ mainland, continent ◊ (used for ѝ഻བྷ䲨/ѝഭབྷ䱶 Zhōngguó dàlù) mainland China 1--very high [n] བྷҡ dàluàn ◊ in chaos 3--medium [v] བྷ⮕ dàlüè ◊ in broad outline, in general ◊ roughly, approximately ◊ of great talent, of outstanding ability 1--very high [adv,n] བྷ੅ dàlǚ ◊ {music} second of the twelve traditional pitches 4--low བྷ⦷ dàshuài ◊ generally, on the whole 4--low བྷ䰘 dàmén ◊ front door, front gate, main gate 1--very high [n] བྷ਽ dàmíng ◊ formal personal name ◊ {formal} your name ◊ great fame ◊ Daming (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) ◊ Daimyo (Japanese noble) 1--very high [n] བྷ᰾ Dàmíng ◊ the Great Míng ᰾ Dynasty 2--high [n]

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བྷ䉜н❦ dàmiùbùrán ◊ grossly mistaken 4--low [cy] བྷᵘ dàmù ◊ big pieces of lumber (used for pillars, beams, etc.) 2--high བྷ䳮 dànàn ◊ catastrophe, calamity, disaster 3--medium [n] བྷ޵ dànèi ◊ the Imperial palace 3--medium [n] བྷӪ dàren ◊ adult (person) ◊ {formal, archaic} (form of address for a senior official) 1--very high [n] བྷ䎖 dàshè ◊ amnesty, general pardon, act of grace 1--very high [n] བྷ༠ dàshēng ◊ loud ◊ loudly 3--medium [adj,adv] བྷ㜌 dàshèng ◊ great victory, resounding victory 2--high [n] བྷᐸ dàshī ◊ great master (of the arts) ◊ Great Master (form of address for a monk) 2--high [n] བྷһ dàshì ◊ important matter ◊ important issue ◊ major event ◊ overall situation, main issue ◊ all out, in a big way 1--very high [n,adv] བྷ਄ dàshū ◊ uncle (father's younger brother) ◊ uncle (form of address when referring to a man of one's father's age) 2--high [n] བྷ᳁ dàshǔ ◊ great heat (the twelfth solar term) 4--low [n] བྷ≤ dàshuǐ ◊ a flood 3--medium [n] བྷփ dàtǐ ◊ cardinal principle, fundamental principle ◊ on the whole, for the most part 2--high [adv,n] བྷ⭠ dàtián ◊ large tract of land for growing field crops ◊ Datian (county, Fújiàn ⾿ ᔪ Province) ◊ Taejon (city, South Korea) 1--very high [n] བྷ਼ dàtóng ◊ {Confucianism} the Great Harmony (concept of a perfect society or utopia) ◊ basically the same ◊ [D-] Datong (county, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 2--high [n] བྷᇋ Dàyuān ◊ Ferghana (ancient West Central Asian Kingdom) 4--low བྷ⦻ dàwáng ◊ king, magnate, boss ◊ expert, star, hero 2--high [n] བྷѪ dàwéi ◊ greatly, on a large scale, a great degree 2--high [adv] བྷ䈟 dàwù ◊ great error 4--low བྷሿ dàxiǎo ◊ big or small ◊ size ◊ seniority, rank, position ◊ adults and children ◊ wife and concubine 1--very high [n] བྷㅁ dàxiào ◊ laugh loudly 2--high [v] བྷࡁ dàxíng ◊ cruel punishments, cruel instruments of torture 4--low བྷᒨ dàxìng ◊ great good fortune ◊ be greatly favoured (like by the Emperor) 3--medium [n] བྷᆖ dàxué ◊ university, college ◊ {classical literature} Daxue, the Great Learning

(one of the Sìshū ഋᴨ/ഋҖ "Four [Confucian canonical] Books") 2--high [n] བྷ䳵 dàyǎ ◊ elegance, refinement, good taste 3--medium [n] བྷ㾱 dàyào ◊ gist, main points 3--medium [n] བྷߦ dàyě ◊ highly-skilled smelter ◊ Daye (county, Húběi ⒆े Province) 3--medium བྷ᜿ dàyì ◊ gist, main idea 2--high [n] བྷѹ dàyì ◊ righteousness, principles of righteousness 1--very high [n] བྷ䛁 Dàyì ◊ Dayi (county, Sìchuān ഋ ᐍ Province) 3--medium བྷᴹᒤ dàyǒunián ◊ bumper crop year 5--very low བྷ䴘 dàyǔ ◊ heavy rain (technically, 25 to 50 millimeters of rain in 24 hours) 2--high [n] བྷ㓖 dàyuē ◊ approximately ◊ probably 1--very high [adv] བྷᚵ dàyuè ◊ feel very pleased 3--medium [v] བྷᴸ dàyuè ◊ solar month of thirty-one days ◊ lunisolar month of thirty days 3--medium [n] བྷᰙ dàzǎo ◊ very early in the morning 3--medium [adv] བྷᡈ dàzhàn ◊ major/large-scale war ◊ World War ◊ fierce competition ◊ wage a battle ◊ work hard (usu. of a team) 1--very high [n,v] བྷиཛ dàzhàngfu ◊ real man, man of integrity 2--high [n] བྷ㘵 dàzhě ◊ the big one(s) 3--medium [n] བྷᤷ dàzhǐ ◊ the thumb ◊ the big toe 4--low [n] བྷᰘ dàzhǐ ◊ main idea 4--low [n] བྷ㠤 dàzhì ◊ roughly, approximately, about 1--very high [adj,adv] བྷ⍢ dàzhōu ◊ continent 2--high [n] བྷᇇ dàzōng ◊ large quantity, large amount ◊ staple (like crop) 2--high [n] བྷ᯿ dàzú ◊ large clan, family with many members and branches 3--medium [n] བྷ֌ dàzuò ◊ do in a big way ◊ go in for large-scale construction ◊ appear suddenly ◊ {formal} your writings 1--very high [n,v] ԓ䇽 dàicí ◊ pronoun 3--medium [n] ԓ dài ◊ for/in place of/on behalf of (sb else) ◊ replace, take the place of, act on another's behalf, be a substitute for ◊ substitute, acting, temporary ◊ era, age, period, dynasty ◊ generation ◊ Dai (surname) 1--very high

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[adv,adj,v,n,sn] ԓᖃ dàidāng ◊ represent sb else, act in place of another 5--very low ԓ਽ dàimíng ◊ alternate name, synonym 4--low ԓ਽䇽 dàimíngcí ◊ pronoun ◊ synonym (name or word that is synonymous with some concept), byword 2--high [n] ԓѪ dàiwéi ◊ replace, substitute, represent 2--high [v] ԓ㹼 dàixíng ◊ do or act on another's behalf 2--high [v] ԓ⭘ dàiyòng ◊ substitute 3--medium [v] ԓᤷ dàizhǐ ◊ generonym 3--medium [n] ԓ䖜 dàizhuǎn ◊ forward on another's behalf 4--low ԓᆇ dàizì ◊ write (like a letter or document) on another's behalf ◊ pronoun 4--low བྷཛ dàifu ◊ doctor, physician 4--low [n] ᑖ⭢ dàijiǎ ◊ armoured soldiers ◊ infantry 4--low ᑖᴹ dàiyǒu ◊ bear, carry, include, be equipped with, have (sth) attached ◊ contain, hold ◊ have (a connotation/flavour/etc.) of 2--high [phr,v] ᖵભ dàimìng ◊ await orders ◊ (of troops) stand-by 2--high [vo] ᖵӪ dàirén ◊ treat people (in a certain way) 2--high [v] ᖵᰦ dàishí ◊ wait for the proper time or opportunity ◊ wait a while 3--medium [v] ᖵ䙷 dàiyù ◊ treatment (the way sb is treated) ◊ remuneration, salary, wages, pay (and benefits) ◊ treat (sb) 1--very high [n,v] ↶ᰐ dàiwú ◊ almost none 4--low ѩ⸲ dānshā ◊ cinnabar 4--low ѩҖ dānshū ◊ Imperial edict (written in red and esp. one of commendation or condemnation) 4--low ѩᵡ dānzhū ◊ red 4--low অ䇽 dāncí ◊ single word ◊ singlemorpheme word, monomorphemic word 4--low [n] অ⤜ dāndú ◊ (one spouse being) an only child, alone, by oneself ◊ single-handed 1--very high [adj,adv] অњ dāngè ◊ individual 2--high [adj] অ䶉 dānjing ◊ simple and quiet (of a family, like not too many in-laws) 5--very low অਕ dānjù ◊ simple sentence 4--low [n] অ਽ dānmíng◊ single-character personal name 4--low [n] অᮠ dānshù ◊ odd number ◊ {linguistics} singular number 3--medium [n]

অ㹼 dānxíng ◊ go alone ◊ act alone ◊ alone, independent of others 2--high [adj,v] অҾ chányú ◊ {history} the (Xiōngnú सྤ) king (title of the Hun [Xiōngnú सྤ] chieftain in ancient times) 3--medium [n] অᆇ dānzì ◊ individual character, separate word 2--high [n] ᣵ㦧 dānhe ◊ carry a load ◊ bear a responsibility 5--very low ㇚伏༦⍶ dānshíhújiāng ◊ "receive (soldiers) with containers of food and vessels of wine"—welcome soldiers with food and drink ǁ (伏 was formerly pronounced "sì" in this expression) 5--very low [cy] ᕩѨ dànwán ◊ bullet, pellet, shot ◊ tiny patch (of land) 1--very high [n] ᰖᰖ dàndàn ◊ every day 3--medium [adv] ᰖ᳞ dànmù ◊ morning and evening ◊ in a short time 4--low [n] ᰖᰕ dànrì ◊ tomorrow ◊ daytime 4--low ␑㮴 dànbó ◊ thin, light ◊ light, weak (of taste) ◊ become indifferent, lose interest ◊ faint, dim (of impressions) 2--high [adj] ␑㘼н় dàn'érbùyàn ◊ be unconcerned 3--medium [cy] ␑═ dànmò ◊ indifferent ◊ faint, dim 2--high [adj] ␑❦ dànrán ◊ cool, indifferent 2--high [adj] ◩❦ dànrán ◊ cool, indifferent 4--low ᖃᡀ dàngchéng ◊ treat as, regard as 1--very high [v] ᖃ↔ dāngcǐ ◊ at this (time) 3--medium ᖃԓ dāngdài ◊ present age, contemporary era, modern times 1--very high [n] ᖃ䚃 dāngdào ◊ block the way, be in the way ◊ {derogatory} be in power ◊ power-hungry ◊ a powerful official (who usurped power) 2--high [n,v] ⮦䙾 ᖃᡧ dànghù ◊ pawner (person who pawns an article in a pawnshop) 4--low ᖃӺ dāngjīn ◊ (at) present ◊ now ◊ {literature} the reigning Emperor 1--very high [n] ᖃ‫ݻ‬ dāngkè ◊ tank (the military vehicle) 4--low ᖃ䐟 dānglù ◊ blocking the road, in the way ◊ be in power, run the government 4--low ᖃ䶒 dāngmiàn ◊ in front of, in the presence of, face to face 2--high [adv] ᖃࡽ dāngqián ◊ the present time ◊ current(ly), present(ly) ◊ be faced/confronted with1--very high [adj,adv,v] ᖃ❦ dāngrán ◊ the way it should be ◊ of course, without doubt 1--very high [adv]

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ᖃӱн䇙 dāngrénbùràng ◊ not shirk one's duty, not pass on one's responsibilities to others 3--medium [cy] ᖃᰕ dāngrì ◊ then, at that time ◊ be on duty for the day ◊ person on duty for the day 1--very high [v] ᖃк dāngshàng ◊ (start to or get to) serve as; become 2--high [v] ᖃᰦ dāngshí ◊ at that time, then 2--high [adv] ᖃц dāngshì ◊ the present age, the present generation ◊ be in charge of current government affairs 3--medium [n] ᖃᱟ dàngshì ◊ consider as, think it is 3--medium ᖃ↫ dàngsǐ ◊ unredeemed pawn ◊ pawn with no intention of redeeming 4--low ᖃ‫ݸ‬ dāngxiān ◊ at the front, in the lead 3--medium [n,v] ᖃѝ dāngzhōng ◊ in the center, in the middle ◊ among, from the midst of 1--very high [n] ᖃ֌ dàngzuò ◊ treat as, regard as, consider to be, look upon as ǁ variant writing of dàngzuò ⮦‫ڊ‬/ᖃ‫ڊ‬ 2--high [v] 㦑㦑 dàngdàng ◊ turbulent (waves, etc.) ◊ vast, extensive ◊ broad and smooth ◊ self-indulgent, wanton ◊ unsettled, turbulent 3--medium 㦑᩷ dàngyáo ◊ shake 5--very low ࠰ㅄ dāobǐ ◊ (knife and pen) the writing of legal forms (mostly derogatory) ◊ pettifoggery 4--low [n] ࠰䭟 dāojù ◊ (knives and saws) torture, physical punishment 4--low ࠰࠳ dāorèn ◊ cutting edge (of knife or sword) ◊ the right spot, the crucial point 1--very high ࠰‫׾‬ dāozǔ ◊ knife and chopping block ◊ powerful victimizer 3--medium [n] ᗹᗹ dāodāo ◊ sad, worried ◊ garrulous, wordy 5--very low [adj] 䑸≤⚛ dǎoshuǐhuǒ ◊ brave difficulties, risk dangers 5--very low ‫ق‬㖞 dàozhì ◊ invert (in position or importance), put in the wrong order ◊ reverse; reversal ◊ {electrical} inversion 2--high [v,n] ⴇग़ dàofěi ◊ robbers and bandits (collectively) 3--medium [n] ⴇ䍬 dàozéi ◊ bandits and thieves (collectively) 2--high [n] 䚃н᤮䚇 dàobùshíyí ◊ things lost on the road are not pocketed (i.e. high state of public morals) 3--medium [cy] 䚃ᗧ dàodé ◊ morality, ethics 1--very high [n] 䚃᭵ dàogù ◊ reminisce, talk about the old days 4--low 䚃㿲 dàoguàn ◊ Taoist temple 3--medium [n]

䚃৺ dàojí ◊ mention 3--medium 䚃ᇦ Dàojiā ◊ Taoist school (school of thought dating from pre-Qin Times whose major exponents include Laozi and Zhuangzi ) 2--high [n] 䚃㓿 dàojīng ◊ Taoist scriptures ◊ read Taoist scripture for the dead 3--medium 䚃⨶ dàoli ◊ principle, basic truth ◊ reason, argument 1--very high [n] 䚃㼑 䚃䐟 dàolù ◊ road, street, path 1--very high [n] dàoshi ◊ Taoist priest 2--high 䚃༛ [n] 䚃ᵟ dàoshù ◊ magic, witchcraft 3--medium 䚃ᆖ dàoxué ◊ neo-Confucianism (of the Song and Ming Dynasties) ◊ moralistic and pedantic ◊ Taoist thought (esp. of Laozi and Zhuangzi) 3--medium [n] ᗇ䚃 dédào ◊ act in accordance to justice and morality ◊ attain the Way, obtain (Taoist or Buddhist) enlightenment 3--medium [vo] ᗇ䇑 déjì ◊ succeed in one's schemes, tricks, etc. 4--low [v] ᗇᶕ délai ◊ get, obtain 2--high ᗇ࣋ délì ◊ benefit from, profit from ◊ competent, capable, efficient 2--high [adj,v] ᗇ਽ démíng ◊ acquire a name ◊ acquire fame or reputation ◊ fame 3--medium [vo] ᗇཡ dé-shī ◊ gain(s) and loss(es), success and failure ◊ advantages and disadvantages, benefits and costs, pros and cons; merits and demerits 3--medium [n] ᗇᰦ déshí ◊ find a good opportunity ◊ be successful, be riding high 4--low [v] ᗇ࣯ déshì ◊ be in power, be in favour ◊ get the upper hand (often derogatory) 3--medium [v] ᗇ㹼 déxíng ◊ very good, tops 4--low ᗇԕ déyǐ ◊ can, be able to, be enabled to, manage to (as a result of sth) 1--very high [v] ᗇᐢ déyǐ ◊ be satisfied 3--medium ᗇ᜿ déyì ◊ be pleased with oneself ◊ complacent, self-satisfied 1--very high [adj] ᗇ⭘ déyòng ◊ handy 3--medium [adj] ᗇᘇ dézhì ◊ be successful, fulfill one's ambitions 3--medium [vo] ᗇ㖚 dézui ◊ offend, give offense to, displease 2--high [v] ᗧᯩ Défāng ◊ the German side 3--medium ᗧᮉ déjiào ◊ your instructions 4--low ᗧ㹼 déxíng ◊ (good) moral conduct; 425

moral integrity 2--high [n] ᗧ⌭ dézé ◊ bounty, grace, virtue and beneficence 4--low ᗧ᭯ dézhèng ◊ benevolent government ◊ beneficial (government) measures 3--medium [n] Ⲵ❦ dírán ◊ clearly4--low Ⲵ㌫ díxì ◊ definitely, it is so 3--medium [phr] ⲫ䖖 dēngchē ◊ get on (ride in) a vehicle 3--medium ⲫ儈 dēnggāo ◊ climb heights ◊ the practice of climbing a mountain on the Double Ninth Festival (the ninth day of the ninth lunisolar month) 2--high [vo] ⲫѤ dēnglín ◊ ascend a height to get a broad view ◊ visit places of interest 3--medium [v] ⲫਠ dēngtái ◊ mount a platform ◊ take the stage, go on stage ◊ enter the political arena, assume an important political post 3--medium [vo] ⲫཙ dēngtiān◊ ascend to heaven ◊ ascend the throne ◊ (metaphorically) do sth extremely difficult (as in bǐ dēngtiān hái nán ∄ⲫ ཙ䚴䴓/∄ⲫཙ䘈䳮, "supremely difficult") 3--medium ㅹㅹ děngděng ◊ et cetera, and so on, and so forth ◊ [děngdeng]: wait a minute; in a moment 1--very high [v] ㅹ䓛 děngshēn ◊ equal to one's own height or weight (like one's weight in gold, one's height in books written) 3--medium [v] ㅹҾ děngyú ◊ be equal to ◊ be equivalent to ◊ be tantamount to ◊ {math} ...is equal to... (when adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, etc., numbers) 1--very high [v] ㅹ䈝 děngyǔ ◊ {document style} phrase ending a quotation of a communication from the subordinate now being addressed 4--low վᖺ dīhuí ◊ pace up and down / to and fro ◊ linger, be reluctant to leave ◊ winding, undulating ◊ tangled, sentimental ◊ bow down (like one's head in the wind) 4--low ๔䱢 dīfang ◊ take precautions against, guard against, beware of 2--high [n] ᄑྣ dínǚ ◊ daughter of wife (in contrast to concubine) 5--very low ᄑᆀ dízǐ ◊ son of the wife (as opposed to the son of a concubine) 4--low [n] ᭼ഭ díguó ◊ enemy country 3--medium [n] 䑟䒵 zhízhú ◊ pace back and forth 5--very low ᣥ⢮ dǐwǔ ◊ conflict ◊ contradiction 4--low [v] ᣥ㖚 dǐzuì ◊ be appropriately punished for a crime (the punishment balancing the crime) 4--low [v] ⹕ḡ dǐzhù ◊ unyielding, indomitable 4--low [n]

䛨ㅜ dǐdì ◊ mansion, residence of nobility or high government official 5--very low ൠ㮴 dìbó ◊ poor land, infertile soil 5--very low ൠ↕ dìbù ◊ a situation, condition, state (mostly unfavourable) ◊ a degree, extent, point 2--high [n] ൠ䚃 dìdao ◊ authentic; genuine (esp. used for special products from a particular place); idiomatic (English, etc.); pure; honest-togoodness; typical ◊ (of work or materials) good, high quality 3--medium [adj] ൠᯩ dìfang ◊ place, location ◊ space, room ◊ part, area, aspect 1--very high [n] ൠ⨶ dìlǐ ◊ geography ◊ geographical features ◊ geomancy 1--very high [n] ൠ࡙ dìlì ◊ favourable geographical position ◊ land productivity 2--high [n] ◊ favourable terൠ࡙Ӫ઼ dìlìrénhé rain and friendly people 3--medium [cy] ൠ਽ dìmíng ◊ place name 2--high [n] ൠ≄ dìqì ◊ rustic; rusticity ◊ qi/spirit of the earth (considered as imparting vigour to plants) ◊ the yin spirit 3--medium [n] ൠк dìshang ◊ the earth's surface ◊ on the ground ◊ the ground ◊ floor ◊ region ◊ area ◊ territory 1--very high [n,adv] ൠ࣯ dìshì ◊ terrain, topography ◊ position and influence2--high [n] ൠമ dìtú ◊ a map 1--very high [n] ൠս dìwèi ◊ status, standing ◊ position, place (of a person or thing) 1--very high [n] ൠл dìxià ◊ underground, under the soil, subterranean ◊ underground, secret, clandestine, illegal 3--medium [adj] ൠᘇ dìzhì ◊ topography 4--low ᑍ⦻ dìwáng ◊ monarch, king 2--high [n] ᑍս dìwèi ◊ Imperial throne 3--medium [n] ᑍъ dìyè ◊ Imperial undertaking 4--low ᑍࡦ dìzhì ◊ autocracy, monarchy 3--medium [n] ᕏᆀ dìzǐ ◊ disciple, pupil, follower ◊ young person 2--high [n] ㅜ‫ޛ‬ dì-bā ◊ number eight 4--low [num] ㅜҼ dì-èr ◊ the second, number 2 1--very high [num] ㅜࠐ dì-jǐ ◊ what number (is it)? 3--medium ㅜ‫ޝ‬ Dì-liù ◊ the 6th0--very low ㅜг Dì-qī ◊ the 7th0--very low

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to health) 3--medium [v] 䈳‫ڌ‬ tiáoting ◊ mediate 1--very high [v] 䏼ᇅ diēdàng ◊ unconventional, untrammeled (like art works) ◊ rich in changes in rhythm or tone (like music, writing) 2--high [adj] 䏼䘋 diējìn ◊ fall ◊ drop 3--medium 䏼㩭 diēluò ◊ fall, drop (like of prices, output) 2--high [v] ஻஻ diédié ◊ rattle on, talk endlessly 3--medium 䘝ਕ diéjù ◊ {music} refrain5--very low бᆱ dīngníng ◊ enjoin, exhort, urge again and again, remind repeatedly, warn ǁ (also written dīngníng ਞರ/ਞો) 2--high [v] б༞ dīngzhuàng ◊ strong, robust ◊ able-bodied man (subject to conscription in former times) 4--low 亦᢯ dǐngchéng ◊ bear, undertake (responsibility) ◊ inherit 5--very low 亦к dǐngshàng ◊ on top; top, peak, summit, acme ◊ sincerely yours with greatest respect (as a note when visiting sb) ◊ fill a vacancy, take charge 3--medium [v] 唾唾 dǐngdǐng ◊ great, grand, magnificent 2--high 唾⋨ dǐngfèi ◊ (bubbling like a caldron) hubbub 3--medium [adj] ᇊṸ dìng'àn ◊ reach a verdict in a case ◊ verdict, final decision 3--medium [n,v] ᇊ䇽 dìngcí ◊ decisive remark, final statement 5--very low ᇊঅ dìngdān ◊ order form 2--high ᇊ㿱 dìngjiàn ◊ fixed view, definite opinion4--low [n] ᇊ䠁 dìngjīn ◊ down payment, deposit, earnest money ◊ betrothal gift of money 2--high [n] ᇊ⽬ dìnglǐ ◊ engagement present, betrothal gift 5--very low ᇊֻ dìnglì ◊ common practice, set pattern 3--medium [n] ᇊ䇪 dìnglùn ◊ conclusion, final verdict 2--high [n,v] ᇊᖻ dìnglǜ ◊ law (of nature) 2--high [n] ᇊ਽ dìngmíng ◊ be named, choose a name for (a thing, not a person) 2--high [n,v] ᇊભ dìngmìng ◊ destiny, fate 4--low ᇊᤏ dìngnǐ ◊ decide upon 5--very low ᇊᰦ dìngshí ◊ (at) a fixed time ◊ timing 2--high [adv,n,v] ᇊᔿ dìngshì ◊ format, style 3--me-

ㅜй dì-sān ◊ the third 1--very high [num] ㅜॱ dì-shí ◊ the tenth 1--very high [num] ㅜॱҼ dì-shí'èr ◊ the twelfth 2--high [num] ㅜഋ dì-sì ◊ the fourth, number 4 0--very low [num] ㅜӄ dì-wǔ ◊ the 5th1--very high [num] ㅜа dì-yī ◊ first ◊ primary, most important 1--very high [num] 㕄Ӕ dìjiāo ◊ form a friendship ◊ establish diplomatic relations 5--very low [v] 䙂ਈ dìbiàn ◊ successive change, progressive change 4--low 䙂⅑ dìcì ◊ successively 5--very low 䙂䘋 dìjìn ◊ go forward one by one ◊ increase progressively ◊ increase by degrees 3--medium [v] 䙂о dìyǔ ◊ hand over 5--very low 仐‫ق‬ diāndǎo ◊ turn upside down, reverse, invert ◊ confused, in disorder 1--very high [v] 仐㾶 diānfù ◊ subvert, overthrow 1--very high [v] 仐ᶕ‫ق‬৫ diānláidǎoqù ◊ harp on, repeat over and over 4--low [cy] ި㉽ diǎnjí ◊ ancient books and records ◊ librarian (in a government office, an official title in former times) 2--high [n] ިࡁ diǎnxíng◊ normal punishment, ordinary penalty ◊ model, typical example ◊ typical 4--low [n] ިࡉ diǎnzé ◊ rules, laws 4--low ިㄐ diǎnzhāng ◊ decrees and regulations 3--medium [n] ⛩⭫ diǎnhuà ◊ {calligraphy} the various strokes of Chinese characters (like dot, horizontal stroke) ◊ point and gesture ◊ adorn, embellish 4--low [n,v] ⇯ᵜ diànběn ◊ palace edition (books published in the Qīng ␵ Dynasty for Imperial use) 4--low ⇯ਾ diànhòu ◊ bring up the rear ◊ behind the palace 3--medium [v] ⇯䰘 diànmén◊ palace gate ◊ palace 4--low ࠱࠱ diāodiāo◊ flickering ◊ waving 4--low ਺↫ diàosǐ ◊ hang, kill/execute by hanging ◊ hang oneself 3--medium [v] ᦹ䖜 diàozhuǎn ◊ turn round 3--medium [v] 䈳䈳 diàodiao◊ tune, melody ◊ argument, viewpoint 3--medium 䈳ᣔ tiáohù ◊ take care of, nurse (back

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dium [n] ᇊᮠ dìngshù ◊ fate, destiny ◊ fixed number ◊ fix a number, set an amount 4--low [n,v] ᇊ䲦 Dìngtáo ◊ Dingtao (county, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium ᇊս dìngwèi ◊ fixed position or location ◊ to orient, position ◊ orientation, positioning ◊ location, registration ◊ determine or define the place, role or status (of sth); define, classify, categorize ◊ put sth in proper perspective and evaluate ◊ characterize and evaluate 1--very high [n,vo] ᇊѪ dìngwéi ◊ define as, classify as ◊ designate as ◊ schedule as ◊ set (a target) as 2--high [v] ᇊᙗ dìngxìng ◊ qualitative ◊ qualification, characterization ◊ determine the nature of (sth, esp. in the natural or social sciences) 2--high [adj,n,vo] ᇊ㾱 dìngyào ◊ definitely will 3--medium ᇊѹ dìngyì ◊ definition ◊ define (e.g., a term) 1--very high [n,v] ᇊࡉ dìngzé ◊ {physics} rule 5--very low [n] ᇊㄐ dìngzhāng ◊ established regulations, set rules 5--very low ᇊ߶ dìngzhǔn ◊ definite standard ◊ certainly 5--very low [adv,n] ߜᰕ dōngrì ◊ winter ◊ winter sun 2--high [n] ߜ㠣 dōngzhì ◊ {Chinese calendar} winter solstice (one of the "eight festivals" or eight solar terms bājié ‫ޛ‬ㇰ/‫ޛ‬㢲) 2--high [n] ь䱯 Dōng'ē ◊ Dong'e (county, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium ьे Dōngběi◊ [d-] northeast ◊ [Dōngběi] northeast China (Liáoníng 䚬ሗ/䗭ᆱ, Jílín ਹ᷇, Hēilóngjiāng 唁喽⊏/唁嗉⊏ Provinces and eastern Nèi Měnggǔ Zìzhìqū ‫ޗ‬㫉ਔ㠚 ⋫॰/޵㫉ਔ㠚⋫४ "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region") ◊ Manchuria 1--very high [n] ьेᯩ dōngběifāng ◊ northeast 3--medium ь෾ dōngchéng ◊ the eastern part of the city 3--medium [n] ьᯩ dōngfāng ◊ east ◊ the East, East Asia, the Orient ◊ Dongfang (a compound surname) ◊ Dongfang (county, Hǎinán ⎧ই Island) 1--very high [n,sn,name] ь‫ݹ‬ Dōngguāng ◊ Dongguang (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium ь䜝 Dōngguō ◊ Dongguo (a compound surname) 3--medium [sn] ьᇦ dōngjia ◊ master, boss (or similar term of address used in former times by employee to employer, tenant to landlord, etc.) ◊ a

host (like to a house guest) ◊ owner, landlord ◊ eastern neighbour 3--medium [n] ь⑀ dōngjiàn◊ penetrate eastward (like Western civilization) 4--low ь䲥 Dōnglíng ◊ Dongling (name for Fúlíng ⏚䲥) 4--low [name] ь⍱ dōngliú ◊ eastward flow ◊ the flow of Chinese culture in Japan 3--medium ь䰘 dōngmén ◊ east gate ◊ Dongmen (a compound surname) 3--medium [n] ьই dōngnán◊ southeast ◊ [Dōngnán] southeast China (Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿, Zhèjiāng ⎉ ⊏, Fújiàn ⾿ᔪ Provinces, Táiwān ਠ⚓/ਠ⒮ and Shànghǎi к⎧) 1--very high [n] ь䎧 dōngqǐ ◊ in the east, beginning at... 3--medium ьӪ dōngrén ◊ master, proprietor 3--medium ь俆 dōngshǒu ◊ eastern end 3--medium ь㾯 dōngxi ◊ thing ◊ creature (used to express dislike of a person or thing) 1--very high [n] ь㹼 dōngxíng ◊ travel to the east 3--medium ь䟾 Dōngyě ◊ Dongye (a compound surname) 2--high [n] ь㠣 Dōngzhì◊ Dongzhi (county, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province) 3--medium ьઘ Dōngzhōu ◊ the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BCE-256 BCE) 3--medium [n] ߫侱 dòngněi ◊ cold and hunger 4--low [v] ࣘ䇽 dòngcí ◊ verb 2--high [n] ࣘ䶉 dòngjing ◊ the sound or indication of sth moving or of voices ◊ movement, happenings, activities 2--high [n] ࣘ励 dònglǔ ◊ resort force 5--very low ࣘӪ dòngrén ◊ moving, touching 1--very high [adj] ࣘᗳ dòngxīn ◊ move, arouse 2--high [v] ࣘ᩷ dòngyáo◊ waver, vacillate ◊ shake (like one's confidence, determination) 2--high [v] ࣘ⭘ dòngyòng ◊ use (military force, manpower); draw on (funds, stock) 2--high [v] ࣘ䖜 dòngzhuǎn ◊ move, turn 4--low ࣘ֌ dòngzuò◊ action, movement ◊ move, act ◊ {TW usage} action taken to achieve a goal 1--very high [n,v] ḻᣈῡፙ dòngshécuībēng ◊ {literary} "the ridgepole and rafters are all destroyed"—a house collapses ◊ {figurative} those in power are overthrown or die ◊ national decline (also pronounced dōngzhé-cuībeng)5--very low [cy]

428

⍎ᚹ dòngxī ◊ understand clearly, comprehend thoroughly 2--high [v] 䜭䰘 dūmén ◊ national capital, capital city ◊ entrance gate the national capital 4--low ᯇ䰘 dǒumén ◊ Doumen (Guǎngdōng ᔓ ᶡ/ᒯь Province) ◊ sluice gate, flood gate 3--medium 䙇ਧ dòuhào ◊ comma 2--high [n] 䙇䚋 dòuliú ◊ stop over, linger, stay (for some time) 5--very low ᯇ⤐ dòuhěn ◊ struggle or compete fiercely 3--medium ᯇ呑䎠⤇ dòujīzǒugǒu ◊ idle away one's time in cockfighting and dog-racing ǁ (also dòujīzǒumǎ 兕䴎䎠俜/ᯇ呑䎠傜) 4--low [cy] ᯇՔ dòushāng ◊ injure in a brawl 5--very low ᯇᲪ dòuzhì ◊ have a battle of wits 2--high [vo] ⶓ䍓 dūzé ◊ supervise and punish 4--low 䜭෾ dūchéng ◊ national capital, capital city 2--high [n] ⤜ᗇ dúdé ◊ original, different from others (mostly in good sense) 4--low ⤜ᆔ Dúgū ◊ Dugu (a compound surname) 2--high [sn] ⤜Ҁ dúlè ◊ top (spinning toy) 3--medium ⤜・ dúlì ◊ (of a country or regime) be/become independent; achieve/win independence ◊ (political, etc.) independence ◊ on one's own, independently ◊ independent, separate, distinct ◊ (of a person) be on one's own (and not depend on others) ◊ (of an organization) become independent (from the original unit), split off ◊ {written} stand alone ◊ {classical} outstanding, preeminent 1--very high [adj,n,v] ⤜䓛 dúshēn ◊ (live) alone, apart from one's family ◊ unmarried, single ◊ celibacy 1--very high [adj] ⤜伏 dúshí ◊ "have all the good things to oneself"—selfish, domineering, greedy 0--very low [v] ⤜㹼 dúxíng ◊ walk alone ◊ act alone 2--high [v] ⤜а dúyī ◊ only, sole 3--medium 䈫ྲ dúrú ◊ reads like, pronounced like (indicating pronunciation of a character) 4--low 䈫㤕 dúruò ◊ reads like, pronounced like (indicating pronunciation of a character) 4--low 䈫Җ dúshū ◊ study, go to school ◊ read 2--high [vo] 䈫Җ㘵 dòushūzhě ◊ reader(s) 4--low 䈫മ dútú ◊ interpret drawings or blueprints 2--high [vo]

䈫Ѫ dúwéi ◊ reads as (i.e. the character should be considered as used for a certain other character) 3--medium 䈫丣 dúyīn ◊ pronunciation (of a word) ◊ the formal or literary pronunciation (like of a Chinese character) 3--medium [n] 䈫㘵 dúzhě ◊ reader (of books) 1--very high [n] ㄳ৊ dǔhòu ◊ sincere and kind 4--low [adj] ㄳᮜ dǔjìng ◊ conscientious, scrupulous 5--very low ㄳ㹼 dǔxíng ◊ sincere actions/behaviour 4--low ࿂ dù ◊ (be) jealous, (be) envious, envy; 4--low [adj,v,n] jealousy, envy ჹ jí ◊ (be) jealous, envious ◊ hate, detest, despise 3--medium [v,adj] ᓖ䟿 dùliàng ◊ tolerance ◊ magnanimity ◊ measure ◊ metric 2--high [n] ᓖᰕ dùrì ◊ pass the time (in hardship, eking out an existence) 2--high [v] ᓖᮠ dùshu ◊ number of degrees ◊ number of times 3--medium [n] ㄟٚ duānní ◊ clue, inkling ◊ boundary 2--high [n,v] ㄟင duānwěi ◊ (from) beginning to the end ◊ court attire worn during the Zhou Dynasty ◊ reddish black ceremonial cap and attire 5--very low ㄟ㔚 duānxù ◊ clue, inkling 3--medium [n] ㄟа duānyī ◊ the first day of fifth lunisolar month 3--medium [n] ㄟᒴ duānzhuāng ◊ dignified, solemn 2--high [adj] ⸝‫ޥ‬ duǎnbīng ◊ short weapons, hand-to-hand weapons (like swords, daggers, etc.)4--low ⸝䮯 duǎncháng ◊ weak points and strong points ◊ right and wrong, good and bad ◊ unexpected event, misfortune 3--medium [n] ⸝ਕ duǎnjù ◊ short phrase 3--medium ⸝䈝 duǎnyǔ ◊ phrase (in contrast to a sentence) 4--low [n] ᯝ䇽 duàncí ◊ {computational linguistics} word segmentation 5--very low ᯝᇊ duàndìng ◊ decide, judge, conclude 2--high [v] ᯝᯝ duànduàn ◊ absolutely (mostly used in the negative) 3--medium [adv] ᯝਕ duànjù ◊ punctuate (unpunctuated Chinese classics) ◊ duanju (name for jueju or jueshi) 3--medium [v] ᯝ㔍 duànjué ◊ cut off, sever 2--high [v] ᯝਓ duànkǒu◊ (mineralogy) fracture 3--medium [n] 429

ᯝ䀰 duànyán ◊ affirm, say with certainty 2--high [v] ᯝ䈝 duànyǔ ◊ conclusion, judgment, verdict 4--low [n] ᯝ⤡ duànyù ◊ decide a lawsuit 4--low [v] ⇥ᒢ Duàngān ◊ Duangan (a compound surname) 3--medium [sn] ⇥㩭 duànluò ◊ paragraph ◊ phase, stage, end of a period 2--high [n] 䭫⛬ duànliàn◊ (do) exercise, work out, do/have physical training ◊ toughen, make stronger through trials ◊ forge and smelt ◊ temper, steel, toughen (oneself) 1--very high [v] ሩ∄ duìbǐ ◊ compare, contrast ◊ ratio ◊ {geosciences} correlation 1--very high [n,v] ሩᖵ duìdài ◊ treat, deal with, handle 1--very high [v] ሩਕ duìjù ◊ antithetical couplet 4--low ሩ䊑 duìxiàng◊ object, target ◊ loved one, boyfriend, girlfriend ◊ {math} object 1--very high [n] ሩ䬰 duìxiāo ◊ {math} off-set, cancel ◊ cancellation 4--low ሩ䈁 duìyì ◊ translate bi-directionally 4--low ሩҾ duìyú ◊ in regard to, to, toward, at, for 1--very high [phr] ሩᆀ duìzi ◊ pair of antithetical phrases ◊ antithetical couplet ◊ a pair, a couple 3--medium [n] 䱏Խ duìwǔ ◊ troops, army ◊ ranks, line, procession ◊ {figurative} ranks, contingent, force, staff, team (e.g., of police, teachers, researchers, athletes, administrators) 1--very high [n] ᮖ৊ dūnhòu ◊ honest and sincere, honest and generous 1--very high [adj] ᮖ❼ Dūnhuáng ◊ Dunhuang (county, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province, site of the Dunhuang Caves) 1--very high [name] 䙱䘳 dùntáo ◊ flee 4--low [v] 亯ᥛ dùncuò ◊ pause and transition (in intonation, musical temperament, etc.) ◊ turning and transition (in calligraphy, dancing) 3--medium [v] 亯ᇅ dùndàng◊ varying in pitch, having ups and downs (like as adding interest a literary style, the plot of a story, etc.) 5--very low 亯տ dùnzhù ◊ live in a place for a short time3--medium 亯䏣 dùnzú ◊ stamp the foot 3--medium [v] ઴ఏ duōjiē ◊ call, shout ◊ in a moment, at once4--low [v] ཊਈ duōbiàn ◊ many changes, changeable, varied 2--high [adj] ཊ⅑ duōcì ◊ many times, repeatedly 1--very high [adv]

ཊཊ duōduō ◊ very much, a great deal, a lot1--very high [adj,adv] ཊᯩ duōfāng ◊ in every way 2--high [adj,adv] ཊ᭵ duōgù ◊ (be beset with) many crises, much distress (like of a nation in troubled times) ◊ cunning, crafty 3--medium ཊሑ duōguǎ ◊ number, amount 1--very high [n] ཊᶱ duōjí ◊ {electrical} multipole 3--medium [adj] ཊ䳮 duōnàn ◊ distress, hardship (like of one's country) 3--medium ཊቁ duōshao ◊ how many; how much ◊ (phrase used to indicate a great or infinite amount; phrase used in the negative to indicate a small amount; phrase used in exclamatory sentences) ◊ (in the pronunciation "duōshǎo") number, amount ◊ more or less 1--very high [qu,phr] ཊ䇶 duōshí ◊ knowledgeable, well-informed, learned 3--medium ཊһ duōshì ◊ meddlesome, troublesome ◊ eventful (full of troubles, misfortune, etc.) 3--medium [adj,v] ཊᮠ duōshù ◊ majority, greater part, most 1--very high [n] ཊ䰫 duōwén ◊ widely experienced, knowledgeable 3--medium ཊჼ duōxian ◊ dislike 5--very low ཊ⴨ duōxiàng ◊ heterogeneous ◊ polyphase 3--medium [adj] ཊ䀰 duōyán ◊ talk too much, be verbose, be loquacious 3--medium ཊ⭘ duōyòng◊ multipurpose, all-purpose, multiple functions ◊ used a lot 2--high [adj,adv] ཊҾ duōyú ◊ more than, over (a certain number, etc.) 2--high ཊ։ duōyú ◊ surplus, superfluous, unnecessary 2--high [adj] ཊӁ duōyún ◊ cloudy (of the weather) 2--high [adj] ཊࣙ duōzhù ◊ be widely helped and supported (like because of being in the right) 4--low ཪᵳ duóquán◊ seize power ◊ take over power 2--high [vo] ཪᘇ duózhì ◊ deprive sb of will, demoralize 4--low ๅ傜 duòmǎ ◊ fall off a horse 4--low [v]

E ‫״‬㘼 long4--low ‫❦״‬ [adv] ጘጘ nor) 4--low 䇩ཪ

430

é'ér [adv] érán

◊ soon, shortly, before

é'é

◊ lofty (mountains, demea-

éduó

◊ errors and omissions (in

◊ suddenly

4--low

writing) 5--very low 䇩䉜 émiù ◊ error 5--very low [n] ᚦൠ èdì ◊ badlands 4--low ᚦѾ wūhū ◊ where, from where 4--low ᚦ䘩 èjì ◊ past misdeeds 4--low ᚦ਽ èmíng ◊ evil reputation 3--medium [n] ᚦӪ èrén ◊ evil person, villain ◊ ugly person 2--high [n] ᚦ䀰 èyán ◊ malicious talk, slander ◊ dirty talk 4--low [n] 䉄䉄 è'è ◊ plainspoken, straightforward 5--very low [adj] 䙿䙾 侯㧙 èpiǎo ◊ bodies of those who starved to death 5--very low 勴劬 èyú ◊ crocodile, alligator 2--high [n] ᚙ⡡ ēn'ài ◊ (of couples) be loving/affectionate ◊ love (as of lovers for each other, or of God for man), affection 2--high [v,n] ᚙ䍧 ēndài ◊ grace, pardon 5--very low ᚙ᜿ ēnyì ◊ good will, kind consideration 5--very low ᚙѹ ēnyì ◊ favour, kindness ◊ kindness and justice 4--low ᚙ⌭ ēnzé ◊ gracious favour (like by Emperor, official) 3--medium [n] ‫ྣݯ‬ᆀ érnǚzǐ ◊ girl children, women and children 5--very low ‫ݯ‬ᰦ érshí ◊ childhood days 2--high [n] ‫ݯ‬ᆀ érzi ◊ son 1--very high [n] 㘼ਾ érhòu ◊ (only) then, (only) after that 2--high [adv] 㘼ਾ㘵 érhòuzhě ◊ and after that 4--low 㘼Ӻ érjīn ◊ at the present, now 2--high [adv] 㘼ߥ érkuàng ◊ let alone, much less, not mention 4--low 㘼・ érlì ◊ thirty years old 2--high [v] 㘼ф érqiě ◊ moreover ◊ but also, in addition 1--very high [conj] 㘼ཆ érwài ◊ besides, furthermore 3--medium [adv] 㘼ᐢ éryǐ ◊ and that is all, and nothing more, merely, only 1--very high [adv] ቄㅹ ěrděng ◊ you (plural) 4--low [pron] ቄ䳵 ěryǎ ◊ elegant, refined, cultured ◊ the Erya (ancient lexicographic work arranged in nineteen chapters or categories) 3--medium [adj] 㙣Ѿ ěrhu ◊ understand ◊ vague, in-

distinct 5--very low 㙣࣋ ěrlì ◊ power of hearing ◊ hearing 4--low 㙣ⴞ ěr-mù ◊ eyes and ears ◊ what one sees and hears, information ◊ eyes and ears for sb, snoop, spy 2--high [n] 㙣伏 ěrshí ◊ credulous, believing all one hears 5--very low [adj] 㙣亪 ěrshùn ◊ sixty years old ◊ pleasing to the ear (like singing) 4--low [adj] ěrwén ◊ hear about (as in contrast 㙣䰫 [v] to seeing for oneself) 1--very high 㙣䈝 ěryǔ ◊ whisper in sb's ear 3--medium [v] 䘙ᶕ ěrlái ◊ recently, lately 4--low [n] ҼⲮ Èrbǎi ◊ 200 -1--very low [n] Ҽ⨝ èrbān ◊ assistant manager ◊ the second work shift ◊ two work shifts ◊ the Two Bans (Ban Biao and Ban Gu, famous Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty historians) 3--medium Ҽ㠓 èrchén ◊ disloyal statesman (i.e. one who serves two dynasties) ◊ turncoat 4--low [n] Ҽԓ èrdài ◊ second generation (usu. preceded by the character dì- ㅜ) 2--high [n] Ҽ㘱 èrlǎo ◊ parents 3--medium [n] Ҽॳ Èrqiān ◊ 2,000 -1--very low Ҽйॳ èr-sānqiān ◊ two or three thousand 3--medium Ҽॱ èrshí ◊ 20 0--very low Ҽॱ‫ޛ‬ Èrshíbā ◊ 28 -1--very low Ҽॱ èrshí ◊ 20 0--very low Ҽॱҍ Èrshíjiǔ ◊ 29 -1--very low [num] Ҽॱ‫ޝ‬ Èrshíliù ◊ 26 -1--very low Ҽॱг Èrshíqī ◊ 27 -1--very low [n] Ҽॱй Èrshísān◊ 23 -1--very low [phr] Ҽॱഋ Èrshísì ◊ 24 -1--very low Ҽॱӄ Èrshíwǔ ◊ 25 -1--very low [n] Ҽॱа Èrshíyī ◊ 21 -1--very low Ҽц èrshì ◊ the Second (used after the name of a king or emperor)3--medium [suf] Ҽһ èrshì ◊ irrelevant matter, trifle ◊ another matter 4--low [n] Ҽз Èrwàn ◊ 20,000-1--very low Ҽӄ èrwǔ ◊ twenty-five percent 3--medium Ҽᗳ èrxīn ◊ divided loyalty, disloyalty ◊ indecision 3--medium [n] Ҽᴸ Èryuè ◊ February ◊ the second lunisolar month 2--high [n] Ҽࡉ èrzé ◊ in the second place 3--medium

431

2--high [phr] ਁ䑚ᤷ⽪ fāzōngzhǐshì ◊ give orders (from behind the action) 3--medium Հ䈻 fámóu {classical} ◊ sabotage the enemy's strategy ◊ defeat the enemy through stratagem 4--low [vo] Հᵘ fámù ◊ fell trees ◊ felling, lumbering 3--medium [vo] Հழ fáshàn ◊ boast, brag 5--very low 㖊䠁 fájīn ◊ a fine 1--very high [n] ⌅ᴩ fǎcáo ◊ {TW usage} legal officers, officers of the court (mainly judges and lawyers) 4--low [n] ⌅ᓖ fǎdù ◊ law ◊ code of conduct, moral standard ◊ rule, method 3--medium [n] ⌅ᇦ Fǎjiā ◊ {philosophy} the Legalist school of thought (of the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE])3--medium [n] ⌅⾱ fǎjìn ◊ prohibited by law 4--low ⌅Ԕ fǎlìng ◊ laws, decrees 1--very high [n] ⌅ᖻ fǎlǜ ◊ law 1--very high [n] ⌅㔣 fǎshéng ◊ policeman's rope (for tying up criminals) 5--very low [n] ⌅һ fǎshì ◊ ritual, ceremony (Buddhist or Taoist) 3--medium [n] ⌅ᵟ fǎshù ◊ magic arts ◊ legalist techniques (of government) ◊ effective means 2--high [n] ⌅⴨ fǎxiàng ◊ {Buddhism} the forms of all objects in the universe ◊ Buddhist image 3--medium [n] ⌅䈝 Fǎyǔ ◊ French, the French language ◊ orthodox advice ◊ verbal interpretations of the Buddhist scriptures 2--high [n] ⌅ࡉ fǎzé ◊ rule, law ◊ laws and regulations (collectively) ◊ imitate, model after ◊ standard procedure, accepted method 2--high [n,v] ⌅ࡦ fǎzhì ◊ legal system, legality 1--very high [n] 㘫䰵 fānyuè ◊ leaf through, browse 2--high [v] 㭳᰼ fánchāng ◊ thriving, prosperous 5--very low [adj] 㭳⓻ fánzī ◊ multiply, propagate (profusely) 5--very low 㰙㈡ fānlí ◊ fence (made of bamboo, twigs, etc.) ◊ boundary, protective screen 3--medium [n] ࠑቄ fán'ěr ◊ valve 3--medium [n,phon] ࠑֻ fánlì ◊ notes on the use of a book, etc. ◊ guide to the use of a book, etc. 3--medium [n] ࠑⴞ fánmù ◊ the outline and details of a book ◊ worldly viewpoints 5--very low

Ҽ㘵 èrzhě ◊ the two (of them); both ◊ {literary} second (when listing items) 2--high [n,adv] Ҽᤷ èrzhǐ ◊ index finger 2--high [n] Ҽѫ èrzhǔ ◊ two masters; another master, a second master ◊ {law} plaintiff and defendant 3--medium [phr,n] 䍠䗷 èrguò ◊ repeat one's mistakes 5--very low

F ਁ‫ޥ‬ fābīng ◊ dispatch troops (for battle) 3--medium [v] ਁࣘ fādòng ◊ start, launch, set into action ◊ start (up), turn on (an engine/machine) ◊ rouse, mobilize ◊ {obsolete} start having labour pains 1--very high [v] ਁㄟ fāduān ◊ begin, start 3--medium [n] ਁ᝔ fāfèn ◊ rouse oneself, make a firm resolution 3--medium [v] ਁ᝔ᘈ伏 fāfènwàngshí ◊ be so engrossed in one's work that one forgets to eat 4--low [cy] ਁᥕ fāhuī ◊ bring into (full) play, give (free) rein to, make good use of, exercise, exert, put out, perform ◊ elaborate, develop (an idea), air, express 1--very high [v] ਁ䘩 fājì ◊ (of a poor man) gain fame and fortune ◊ rise to power and position 3--medium [v] ਁӔ fājiāo ◊ issue, hand over 4--low ਁᧈ fājué ◊ excavate, unearth (literally or figuratively) 1--very high [v] ਁ⣲ fākuáng ◊ go crazy, go mad 1--very high [vo] ਁ㫉ᥟ㩭 fāméngzhènluò ◊ very easy matter (as easy as taking off a cover or shaking down a leaf)5--very low [cy] ਁ᰾ fāmíng ◊ invent ◊ invention ◊ expound, elaborate 1--very high [v] ਁᙂ fānù ◊ get angry 2--high [v] ਁк fāshang ◊ appear ◊ send, put out 3--medium ਁ༠ fāshēng ◊ emit a sound ◊ vocalize ◊ sounding, sound production 3--medium [vo,n] ਁⰋ fātòng ◊ feel pain 4--low ਁ⧠ fāxiàn ◊ discover, find, notice; discovery 1--very high [v,n] ਁ䀰 fāyán ◊ speak, give a speech, make a statement, state an opinion (e.g., at a meeting) 1--very high [vo] ਁ䈝䇽 fāyǔcí ◊ introductory particles (particles in classical Chinese with meaning of 'now then', such as "fū") 5--very low [n] ਁ㠚 fāzì ◊ (dispatched) from

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ideas/tendencies, drugs, guns, etc.) spread unchecked, proliferate, run rampant, become a scourge ǁ (in Traditional characters, preferred character for fàn is ≮, ≾ is a variant, and ⌋ is non-standard) 5--very low [v] ⌋⡡ fàn'ài ◊ universal love, universal brotherhood 4--low ⌋ᑨ fàncháng ◊ general, superficial ◊ often, frequently 5--very low ⌋〠 fànchēng ◊ general term 4--low [n] ⌋⌋ fànfàn ◊ general, superficial ◊ float, drift 3--medium [adj,v] ⌋䇪 fànlùn ◊ discuss in general ◊ general remarks 4--low [n] ⌋≤ fànshuǐ ◊ flashing (of a roof) 4--low ⌋䀰 fànyán ◊ generalities 5--very low ⌋ᤷ fànzhǐ ◊ refer generally to, be a general term for; be used in a general sense ◊ {linguistics} generic ǁ (opposite is tèzhǐ ⢩ᤷ) 3--medium [v] ⣟㘼нṑ fàn'érbùjiào ◊ endure offense or insults stoically 5--very low [cy] ⣟⌅ fànfǎ ◊ break/violate/contravene the law 1--very high [vo] ⣟䇣 fànhuì ◊ violate the prohibition on the use of forbidden or tabooed names 5--very low [v] ⣟к fànshàng ◊ defy or go against one's superiors (or elders), be insubordinate 3--medium [v] 㤳ത fànwéi ◊ scope, range, limits ◊ limit 1--very high [n] 依㌇㥩㥹 fànqiǔrúcǎo ◊ "eat dried grains and grasses"—live in abject poverty 5--very low [cy] ᯩ෾ Fāngchéng ◊ Fangcheng (county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Fangcheng (mountain in Hénán ⋣ই Province and Húběi ⒆ े Province) ◊ Fangcheng (fortified place in the state of Chu during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) ◊ (humorous) majiang game 3--medium ᯩረ fāngcùn ◊ square "cun" ◊ heart, mind 2--high [mw,n] ᯩ⌅ fāngfǎ ◊ method, way, means, approach 1--very high [n] ᯩሶ fāngjiāng ◊ be just about to... 3--medium [phr] ᯩӺ fāngjīn ◊ now, nowadays, at present 3--medium [n] ᯩ䶒 fāngmiàn ◊ aspect, respect, side ◊ topic, subject 1--very high [n] ᯩ㜭 fāngnéng ◊ only then can 2--high ᯩф fāngqiě ◊ still, for a while 4--low ᯩ࿻ fāngshǐ ◊ then, then and only then 3--medium [adv]

ࠑӪ fánrén ◊ ordinary person ◊ a mortal 2--high [n] ࠑһ fánshì ◊ everything, all things, all matters 2--high [n] ࠑᱟ fánshì ◊ every, any, all 1--very high [adv] ࠑᗳ fánxīn ◊ worldly desires ◊ desires of the flesh 3--medium [n] ࠑ䈝 fányǔ ◊ common or ordinary language ◊ common term 4--low ✖䍩 fánfèi ◊ bothersome and costly 5--very low ✖䀰⺾䗎 fányánsuìcí ◊ loquacities; verbosities 5--very low [cy] 㑱ᇼ fánfù ◊ numerous ◊ prosperous and populous4--low [adj] 㑱⇆ fánzhí ◊ reproduce, breed, propagate 1--very high [v] ৽∄ֻ fǎnbǐlì ◊ {math} inverse proportion, inverse ratio 3--medium [n] ৽‫ח‬ fǎncè ◊ toss and turn (sleeping poorly) ◊ disobedient ◊ betray 4--low [adj] ৽ࣘ fǎndòng ◊ reactionary ◊ reaction (mostly in a political sense) 2--high [adj,n] ৽㘼 fǎn'ér ◊ on the contrary, instead 1--very high [adv] ৽༽ fǎnfù ◊ repeatedly, over and over ◊ go back on one's word ◊ suffer a relapse or setback ◊ relapse, setback, reversal 1--very high [adv,v,n] ৽䰤 fǎnjiàn ◊ sow discord 5--very low [v] ৽䈈 fǎnjié ◊ ask in retort, counter with a question, ask back ◊ rhetorical (question) 5--very low [v,n] ৽ભ fǎnmìng ◊ report to one's superior the facts of a mission upon one's return 5--very low ৽▌ fǎnqián ◊ oppose submarines ◊ antisubmarine 3--medium [v] ৽䓛 fǎnshēn ◊ engage in self-examination 3--medium [v] ৽ᱟ fǎnshì ◊ (be) on the contrary 3--medium ৽᡻ fǎnshǒu ◊ backhand (as in tennis) ◊ turn over the hand ◊ easy (like turning over the hand) ◊ hit back ◊ left-handed (like rope twined to the left) 2--high [n,v] ৽ཙ fǎntiān ◊ act against heaven, be unprincipled 4--low ৽䰞 fǎnwèn ◊ ask a question in reply ◊ rhetorical question 2--high [v] ৽⵬ fǎnyǎn ◊ try to avoid (like seeing, meeting) 5--very low ৽↓ fǎnzheng ◊ in any case, anyhow 1--very high [adv,n] ৽ѻ fǎnzhī ◊ on the contrary, otherwise ◊ vice versa 2--high [phr] ৽䖜 fǎnzhuǎn ◊ reverse 2--high [v] ⌋┕ fànlàn ◊ flood, overflow ◊ (of bad

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ᯩ༛ fāngshì ◊ necromancer ◊ alchemist 3--medium [n] ᯩཆ fāngwài ◊ not of the world (i.e. Buddhists, Taoists) ◊ beyond the borders (of China), abroad 4--low [n] ᯩੁ fāngxiàng ◊ (geographical) direction, orientation, bearing 1--very high [n] ᯩ䀰 fāngyán ◊ dialect ◊ the Fangyan (dictionary of regionalism compiled by Yang Xiong, 53 BCE - 18 CE) ◊ the Fangyan (scholarly journal on Chinese dialects) 2--high [n] ᯩ㦟 fāngyào ◊ {med} prescription 3--medium [n] ᯩശ fāngyuán ◊ circumference ◊ neighbourhood, surrounding area ◊ squares and circles (in woodcraft) 2--high [n] ᯩ↓ fāngzhèng ◊ upright (literally or figuratively) ◊ Fangzheng (county, Hēilóngjiāng 唁喽⊏/唁嗉⊏ Province)1--very high [adj] 䱢ᗑ fángyù ◊ defence 1--very high [n] ᭮ᗳ fàngxīn ◊ feel relieved, be reassured, not having to worry 1--very high [vo] ᭮䙀 fàngzhú ◊ send into exile, banish ◊ exile ◊ banish 2--high [v] ᭮ᚓ fàngzì ◊ do as one pleases, wilful 5--very low ᭮㓥 fàngzòng ◊ let sb have his own way ◊ indulge (like a child) ◊ self-indulgent ◊ undisciplined 1--very high [adj,v] 䶎ᑨ fēicháng◊ extraordinary, unusual ◊ very, extremely 1--very high [adj,adv] 䶎ᗇ fēiděi ◊ must, have to ◊ be bound to, will surely 1--very high [adv] 䶎⤜ fēidú ◊ not only, not merely 4--low [conj] 䶎⌅ fēifǎ ◊ illegal, unlawful 1--very high [adj] 䶎⽬ fēilǐ ◊ uncivil, discourteous, illmannered (esp. towards a woman) ◊ make sexual advances on (a woman) ◊ assault (a woman) 2--high [adj,v] 䶎ભ fēimìng ◊ (meet an) unnatural death ◊ ajiva ◊ Against Fatalism (title of a chapter of Mozi) 4--low [n] 䶎喀 fēiqí ◊ {math} nonhomogeneous 4--low 䶎Ӫ fēirén ◊ wrong person ◊ inhuman (treatment, act, etc.) ◊ {Buddhism} gods, spirits, demons ◊ deformed person, person with deformity ◊ dead person 3--medium [adj] 䶎ᱟ fēishì ◊ it is not so ◊ otherwise, or else ◊ it is inadmissible 2--high [phr] 䶎⢩ fēitè ◊ not only 3--medium 䶎਼ fēitóng ◊ not the same as 3--medium 䶎ᗂ fēitú ◊ not only (often in conjunction with "érqiě") 4--low [conj]

䶎ᜏ fēiwéi ◊ not only 4--low 䶎Ѫ fēiwéi ◊ act in a reprehensible manner 3--medium 䶎㾱 fēiyào ◊ have got to ◊ simply must 2--high 䶎→ fēizhǐ ◊ not only 4--low 伎ᢜ fēiyáng ◊ fly upwards (as of dust) 1--very high [vi] 㛕⭈ féigān ◊ delicious food ◊ delicacy 4--low [n] 㛕㖾 féiměi ◊ fertile (soil) ◊ plump, lush (of livestock, pastures, etc.) 3--medium [adj] 㛕㚹 féiròu ◊ fat (of meat) 3--medium [adj] ᯀ❦ fěirán ◊ talented (of a writer) ◊ 3--medium outstanding, remarkable [adj] 䈭䉔 fěibàng ◊ slander, libel 1--very high [v,n] ᓏᔳ fèiqì ◊ abandon, discard, scrap, cast aside 2--high [v] ᓏ❦ fèirán ◊ disappointed, dispirited 5--very low [adj] 㛪㞁 fèifǔ ◊ lungs ◊ (words, etc.) from the bottom of one's heart 3--medium [n] 㛪㛍 fèigān ◊ lungs and liver ◊ innermost (true) feelings 4--low 䍩䀓 fèijiě ◊ be hard to understand 2--high [adj] ࠶ fēn ◊ separate, divide, split, part ◊ distribute, assign, allot ◊ distinguish, differentiate, tell (the difference), make a distinction ◊ (of an organization, company, etc.) branch ◊ fraction; one-tenth of the whole, ten percent ◊ (as a unit of length) approx. 1/3 cm ◊ (as a unit of area) approx. 67 square metres ◊ (as a unit of weight) approx. 1/2 gram ◊ (as a unit of Chinese currency) 1/100 of a Yuan ◊ (as a unit of time or degree) a minute ◊ (as interest rate) percent ◊ (in a marking system) a mark/point ◊ {measure word}... part(s) of...,... tenth(s) of... (used for parts or tenths of the whole, and for abstract items like vigour, toil, hope, etc.) 1--very high [v,n,mw] ፙ bēng ◊ collapse, crumble, fall ◊ burst (like of a bubble) ◊ (of negotiations) break down, fail ◊ be hit by sth exploding ◊ bump off (with firearms) ◊ (of the Emperor) die ◊ {med} metrorrhagia 2--high [v,n] ࠶࡛ fēnbié ◊ respectively ◊ separately ◊ part (i.e. company), leave each other ◊ distinguish, discriminate, differentiate ◊ distinction, difference 1--very high [v,adv] ࠶ᡀ fēnchéng ◊ divide by percentage ◊ percentage allotment1--very high [v] ࠶ࠪ fēnchū ◊ diverge ◊ divergence 3--medium ࠶༴ fēnchù ◊ branch (division, office, etc. ) 3--medium ࠶ࢢ fēngē ◊ divide up, cut up, parti434

tion (like land) 1--very high [v] ࠶䀓 fēnjiě ◊ decompose, break down ◊ decomposition, disintegration, disassembly ◊ disclose later (a phrase used in serialized novels) 1--very high [v] ࠶⭼ fēnjiè ◊ demarcate, have as a boundary ◊ line of demarcation, boundary line, dividing line 3--medium [n,v] ࠶ਕ fēnjù ◊ (grammar) clause 4--low [n] ࠶ᔰ fēnkāi ◊ separate, part ◊ cause separate or part1--very high [v] ࠶㊫ fēnlèi ◊ classify, catalog, sort, categorize ◊ category 1--very high [v,n] ࠶・ fēnlì ◊ establish separately 2--high ࠶є fènliang ◊ weight (literally or figuratively) 2--high ࠶ࡇ fēnliè ◊ pass in review, march past 3--medium ࠶᰾ fēnmíng ◊ distinct, clearly demarcated ◊ obviously, clearly 2--high [adj,adv] ࠶⇽ fēnmǔ ◊ {math} denominator 3--medium [n] ࠶䝽 fēnpèi ◊ distribute, allocate, assign ◊ {economics} distribution 1--very high [v,n] ࠶䚓 fēnqiǎn ◊ detach 3--medium ࠶ᮓ fēnsàn ◊ disperse, scatter ◊ distribute, issue, hand out 1--very high [v] ࠶ᮠ fēnshù ◊ score ◊ grades, marks, points ◊ {math} fraction 1--very high [n] ࠶ᡰ fēnsuǒ ◊ branch (of any office or organization called suo-) 3--medium ࠶ᓝ fēntíng ◊ chambers (of a court) 4--low ࠶Ѫ fēnwéi ◊ be divided into 1--very high [v] ࠶᮷ fēnwén ◊ very small amount of money (like penny, single cent, mostly used with the negative) 3--medium [n] ࠶᷀ fēnxī ◊ analyze; analysis ◊ {IT} parse; parsing ǁ (also pronounced "fēnxi") 1--very high [v,n] ࠶ҹ fēnzheng ◊ dispute, contend, explain in one's defense 4--low ࠶ѻ fēnzhī ◊ (used in percentages, e.g., sān fēnzhī èr й࠶ѻҼ "two thirds") 2--high [num] ࠶ᆀ fènzǐ ◊ element, member (of a group) (as in dǎoluàn fènzǐ ᩇҲ࠶ᆀ/ᦓҡ࠶ᆀ "agitator, troublemaker") 1--very high [n] 㓧㓧 fēnfēn ◊ (coming) one after another (of people, things) ◊ numerous and disorderly (of opinions, things falling, etc.) 1--very high [adv] 㓧ॾ fēnhuá ◊ flourishing ◊ glory 4--low 㓧㓦 fēnlún ◊ profuse 5--very

low 㣜㣣 fēnfāng ◊ fragrant ◊ fragrance ◊ fine moral character 2--high [adj,n] ඏໃ fénmù ◊ grave, tomb 2--high [n] ❊㡏 fénzhōu ◊ (burn one's boats) resolve to win or die 5--very low ㊹ⲭ fěnbái ◊ powdery white, pure white (colour) 3--medium [adj] ㊹ⲭ唋㔯 fěnbáidàilǜ ◊ "white face powder and dark green eyebrows"—dressed-up woman 5--very low [cy] ㊹侠 fěnshì ◊ whitewash (stains or shortcomings), prettify, cover up, paper over, varnish, disguise, camouflage ◊ decorate, embellish, finish 1--very high [v] ཻਁ fènfā ◊ exert oneself, go all out 1--very high [v] ཻ䎧 fènqǐ ◊ rise or raise (vigorously, spiritedly) 2--high [v] ᝔᠁ fènmèn ◊ resentful 3--medium [adj] ㋚༔ fènrǎng ◊ muck (literally or figuratively) ◊ trash dump 5--very low ㋚൏ fèntǔ ◊ muck (often figurative) 4--low [n] ሱ⾵ fēngshàn ◊ ancient rite of making sacrifices to heaven at an earthen altar erected on Taishan and the earth at a clearing on Liangfu 4--low [v] ሱҼ fēng'èr ◊ inside front cover (of a book) 3--medium [n] ሱ‫ן‬ fēnghóu ◊ confer nobility upon 3--medium ሱ⮶ fēngjiāng ◊ border ◊ general in command of border region (in former times) 3--medium [n] ሱੋ fēngjūn ◊ enfeoffed nobles ◊ parents or ancestors of an official who were conferred hereditary rank because of the meritorious achievements of the official 4--low ሱй fēngsān ◊ inside back cover (of a book) 3--medium [n] ሱ⦻ fēngwáng ◊ confer the title of prince upon ◊ become top man 3--medium Ѡ人 fēngjiá ◊ plump cheeks 5--very low Ѡ┑ fēngmǎn◊ abundant, plentiful ◊ full and round, shapely, well-padded, (pleasingly) plump, well-developed (of the figure, breasts, face, muscles, etc.) ◊ (of feathers) full-grown, mature 2--high [adj] 仾⌒ fēngbō ◊ "wind and waves"; {figurative} disturbances, troubles, disputes, quarrels 2--high [n] 仾՟ Fēngbó ◊ Fengbo (the God of the Wind) ◊ kite (the bird) 5--very low [n] 仾䟷 fēngcǎi ◊ bearing, demeanor (refined, elegant) ◊ literary talent ◊ upright character (of officials) 1--very high [n] 435

仾᫽ fēngcāo ◊ character, personal integrity 5--very low [n] 仾▞ fēngcháo ◊ wind direction and tide ◊ trend of the times, common practice ◊ unrest, agitation 2--high [n] 仾ሂ fēnghán ◊ wind and cold ◊ cold, chill3--medium [n] 仾⍱ fēngliú ◊ refined and tasteful ◊ unrestrained in spirit and behaviour ◊ romantic ◊ amorous ◊ licentious 2--high [adj] 仾Ӫ fēngrén ◊ poet 4--low 仾༠ fēngshēng ◊ the sound of the wind ◊ {figurative} rumour, hearsay ◊ good practice, fine custom (as instruction) ◊ fame, reputation 2--high [n] 仾䴘 fēngyǔ ◊ wind and rain ◊ hardships 1--very high [n] 仾⚮ fēngzāi ◊ wind-caused disaster 3--medium [n] 䙒ੋ féngjūn ◊ cater the sovereign 4--low ཹ‫ޜ‬ fènggōng ◊ serve the public, work for the common good 1--very high [v] ཹк fèngshàng ◊ offer a superior 3--medium ཹ⽰ fèngsì ◊ offer sacrifices 4--low ཹ‫ݸ‬ fèngxiān◊ offer sacrifice to ancestors ◊ Fengxian (county, 716-971, Pucheng, Shǎnxī) 4--low ཹ䇨 fèngxǔ ◊ receive permission 5--very low ཹޫ fèngyǎng ◊ support and take good care of (one's parents or elder relatives) 4--low [v] ཹ㙼 fèngzhí ◊ be appointed to an official post 5--very low ࠔࠠ fènghuáng ◊ phoenix ◊ Fenghuang (county, Húnán ⒆ই Province) 1--very high [n] ࠔ㘄 Fèngxiáng ◊ Fengxiang (county, Shǎnxī) 3--medium ੖ᇊ fǒudìng ◊ deny, negate, contradict (the existence or truth of sth) ◊ reject, repudiate (a suggestion, the value of sth) ◊ negative 1--very high [v] ੖⌠ pǐ-tài ◊ bad fortune and good fortune; bad luck and good luck ◊ discord and harmony 5--very low [n] ੖ࡉ fǒuzé ◊ otherwise, or else, if not 1--very high [phr] ཛྷ fūfù ◊ husband and wife 1--very high [n] ཛᇦ fūjiā ◊ husband's home, husband's family3--medium [n] ཛੋ fūjūn ◊ my lord (form of address of wife to husband in former times) ◊ friend 3--medium [n] ཛ傜 fūmǎ ◊ labour force (for public works) ◊ labourers and horse vehicles 5--very low

ཛ࿫ fūqī ◊ husband and wife 1--very high [n] ཛᵳ fūquán ◊ husband's authority 5--very low [n] ཛӪ fūrén ◊ Mrs., Madame (mostly used for the wives of diplomats) ◊ wife (also read "fūren") 1--very high [n] ཛᆀ fūzǐ ◊ {formal} (addressing a scholar) master 2--high [n] 㛔⨶ fūlǐ ◊ skin texture 5--very low Կ⌅ fúfǎ ◊ be executed (for a crime), submit to punishment 3--medium [v] Կች Կᜏ fúwéi ◊ respectfully consider, privately consider (that) 4--low Կ㗢 Fúxī ◊ Fuxi (legendary Chinese Emperor, 2852-2738 BCE) 3--medium [n] Կԕ fúyǐ ◊ respectively consider, privately consider (that) 4--low Կ䈋 fúzhū ◊ be executed (for a crime) ◊ submit to punishment 4--low ֋⌅ fófǎ ◊ Buddhist law, Buddhist doctrine ◊ the (saving) power of Buddha ◊ Buddhism ◊ Buddha dharma 2--high [n] ֋僘 fógǔ ◊ Buddha's bones (as a relic) 4--low ֋ᇦ fójiā ◊ a Buddhist ◊ Buddhist school of philosophy 3--medium [n] ᙛ❦ fúrán ◊ angrily 4--low ᙛ䛱 fúyù ◊ gloomy 5--very low ᢦᤱ fúchí ◊ help, support (like sb to stand or walk) ◊ attend to, take care of (like the elderly, the sick) 1--very high [v] ᢦ仾 fúfēng ◊ strong wind, storm wind ◊ Fufeng (county, Shǎnxī) 3--medium ᢦই Fúnán ◊ Funan (county in Cambodia) ◊ Funan (county in Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region" until 1951) 5--very low ᢦ㠶 fúyú ◊ rising typhoon ◊ auspicious air 5--very low ᢦᶆ fúzhàng ◊ walk with a cane 4--low ᣲ㺓 fúyī ◊ flick the sleeve, rouse oneself ◊ be in a huff, get angry ◊ go into retirement 4--low ᴽӾ fúcóng ◊ obey, follow, submit to 2--high [v] ᴽ伏 fúshí ◊ take nourishment ◊ take a Taoist elixir 3--medium ᴽ侠 fúshì ◊ clothing (and personal adornment) 1--very high [n] ᴽ⭘ fúyòng ◊ take (medicine) ◊ wear (clothing), use (personal articles) 2--high [n] ᴽࡦ fúzhì ◊ the rules governing

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mourning garments for ancestors (according to one's relationship to the deceased) ◊ the rules governing official robes and uniforms 4--low [n] ᴽѝ fúzhōng ◊ during mourning 4--low Ấ啃 fúgǔ ◊ drum and drumstick 5--very low ⎞⊹ fú-chén ◊ "now sink and now float"—drift along, ups and downs, rise and fall (like in public service) ◊ go with the flow, swim with the tide ◊ uncertainty of mail delivery ◊ {archaic} sacrifice to the water 4--low ⎞䗎 fúcí ◊ unfounded statement, groundless talk 5--very low ⎞⌋ fúfàn ◊ float about (in a boat) ◊ show, reveal ◊ superficial 4--low [adj,v] ⎞മ fútú ◊ {Buddhism} Buddha ◊ a Buddhist monk ◊ a pagoda ◊ Buddhism 3--medium ⎞ነ fútú ◊ {Buddhism} Buddha ◊ a Buddhist monk ◊ a pagoda ◊ Buddhism 3--medium [n] ⎞⑨ fúyóu ◊ float, drift ◊ roam ◊ mayfly 3--medium [v] ⎞Ҿ fúyú ◊ float on 3--medium ⎞Ӂ fúyún ◊ drifting clouds ◊ sth illusory or ephemeral ◊ despicable people ◊ light and lithe (literary style) 2--high [n] ⾿⾴ fúlù ◊ good fortune and an official position ◊ zebra-like animal 3--medium ㅖਸ fúhé ◊ conform to, accord with, meet (a standard, requirements, etc.), tally with (the facts) ◊ {physics} coincidence 1--very high [v,n] ㅖ㢲 fújié ◊ inscribed tally (made of gold, jade, bamboo, etc. in two parts which must be matched for confirmation, by Imperial envoys, etc. as identification, credentials) 4--low [n] ㅖ⧪ fúxǐ ◊ Imperial seal 5--very low ㅖ傼 fúyàn ◊ verify by joining tallies 5--very low 㣉㮆 fúqú ◊ {bot} the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera (the plant or the flower) 4--low [n] 䗀ࠁ fúcòu ◊ converge 5--very low ‫؟‬俆 fǔshǒu ◊ lower or bow the head (in submission) ◊ meekly, submissively 3--medium [vo] ‫؟‬Ԡ fǔyǎng ◊ lower and raise the head ◊ tendency ◊ deal with, cope with ◊ short period of time 3--medium [v] ᓌੋ fǔjūn ◊ late father, late grandfather 4--low ᓌᓃ fǔkù ◊ prefectural repository (for documents, treasures, weapons, etc., in former times) 4--low [n]

ᯗᯔ fǔjīn ◊ axe, hatchet ◊ torture 4--low [n] ᯗ䫪 fǔyuè ◊ henchman's axe and the block (for executions)4--low [n] 䖵ሬ fǔdǎo ◊ {edu} help and give guidance ◊ coach 1--very high [v] 䖵⴨ fǔxiàng ◊ assist, aid ◊ prime minister 4--low 䖵㘬 fǔyì ◊ assist (esp. the Emperor in governing); minister ǁ (=fǔzuǒ 䕄ր/䖵ր) 0--very low Ԉᢈ fùtuō ◊ entrust, leave (a matter, etc.) in sb's care 2--high Ԉঠ fùyìn ◊ send to the printer, go to press 3--medium [v] ԈҸ fùyǔ ◊ give, entrust 3--medium fùcí ◊ adverb ◊ (Chinese gram࢟䇽 mar) adverbial word 3--medium [n] ྷྣ fùnǚ ◊ women, woman (general term for adult women) 1--very high [n] ྷӪ fùrén ◊ married woman2--high [n] ᇼ䍥 fùguì ◊ riches and honour, wealth and high position ◊ rich and honourable 2--high [adj,n] ᇼ䍥㘵 fùguìzhě◊ rich people 4--low ᇼഭ fùguó ◊ rich nations ◊ make a nation rich and powerful 2--high [n,v] ᇼ䊚 fùháo ◊ rich and powerful person(s)/people 1--very high [n] ᇼ≁ fùmín ◊ enrich the common people ◊ prosperous common people 2--high [vo,n] ᇼᕪ fùqiáng ◊ rich and powerful, prosperous and strong (usu. of a country) 1--very high [adj] ᇼӪ fùrén ◊ rich people, the rich 1--very high [n] ᇼᴹ fùyǒu ◊ rich, wealthy ◊ be rich in, abound in, have in abundance 1--very high [adj] ᇼҾ fùyú ◊ be rich in, abound in 2--high [v] ᇼ㘵 fùzhě ◊ the rich 3--medium [n] ༽ӷ fùchóu ◊ revenge, avenge ◊ vengeance2--high [v] ༽ਔ fùgǔ ◊ return to (or revive) ancient or past systems/mores/ideas, restore ancient ways, return to the ancients ◊ revival, retro 2--high [v] ༽ᖂ fùguī ◊ return (to the former state), revert (to) ◊ regression ◊ {electrical, IT} reset 3--medium [v,n] ᗙ䙾 ༽䘈 fùhuán ◊ return 3--medium ༽й fùsān ◊ (Nanjing) the third call (in the ceremony of calling three times to the soul of the deceased) 4--low

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༽⭏ fùshēng ◊ come back to life 3--medium [v] ༽‫ޤ‬ fùxīng ◊ revive, rejuvenate 1--very high [v] ༽‫؞‬ fùxiū ◊ repair, restore 4--low ⡦㘱 fùlǎo ◊ elder (of a country, county) ◊ form of address to an elderly person 2--high [n] ⡦⇽ fùmǔ ◊ father and mother, parents 1--very high [n] ⡦‫ݴ‬ fùxiōng ◊ father and elder brothers ◊ patriarch, head of the family 3--medium [n] ⡦ᆀ fù-zǐ ◊ father and son 2--high [n] 㞩䈭 fùfěi ◊ (heartfelt but) unstated criticism 4--low [n,v] 㞩ᗳ fùxīn ◊ intimate (friend, trouble) ◊ one's true thoughts 3--medium [n] ༽䇽 fùcí ◊ a disyllabic word, polysyllabic word 5--very low ༽ሩ fùduì ◊ compare (like accounts), collate 4--low ༽ਸ fùhé ◊ compound, composite, complex 1--very high [adj] ༽ॆ fùhuà ◊ complicate ◊ complication 5--very low ༽ᮠ fùshù ◊ plural number (like of a noun) ◊ complex number 3--medium [n] ༽䀰 fùyán ◊ compound sentence 5--very low ༽ࡦ fùzhì ◊ duplicate, make a duplicate, reproduce (a work of art, etc.), copy (a CD, etc.) ◊ {biology} clone, replicate 1--very high [v] 㾶ᶟ fùbēi ◊ overturned cup (indication that one has had enough drink) ◊ drink merrily 5--very low [vo] 㾶ⴆ fùgài ◊ cover; coverage 1--very high [v,n] 㾶ӑ fùwáng ◊ overthrow, destroy ◊ destruction, fall (like of an Empire) 4--low [v] 㾶䖭 fùzài ◊ heaven and earth 4--low 䍏ᡤ fùdài ◊ carry loads on the back and head, do physical labor 5--very low [v] 䍏ᣵ fùdān ◊ a burden/responsibility ◊ bear, shoulder (a burden, responsibility, expenses, etc.) 1--very high [n,vo] 䍏≄ fùqì ◊ piqued and headstrong, spiteful and willful (of a person's actions) 3--medium [adj] 䍏ᙳ fùshì ◊ rely on 5--very low 䍏㓖 fùyuē ◊ break a promise, fail to keep an appointment 5--very low [v] 䍏䍓 fùzé ◊ be responsible for, be in charge of 1--very high [vo]

䍏㖚 fùzuì ◊ take the blame 3--medium [v] 䍻䈇 fùshī ◊ compose a poem 3--medium 䍻Ҹ fùyǔ ◊ entrust (sb) with (a mission, responsibility), give (a right, etc.) to (sb) 1--very high [v] 䱴অ fùdān ◊ attached list ◊ enclosed document 4--low [n] 䱴ਾ fùhòu ◊ be appended below, as follows 3--medium 䱴䇠 fùjì ◊ attached note, postscript ◊ add a note 4--low [n] 䱴䇶 fùzhì ◊ attached note, additional remarks 5--very low [n] 䱴ᴹ fùyǒu ◊ attached, enclosed 2--high 䱴൘ fùzài ◊ be attached to 3--medium 䱴ᘇ fùzhì ◊ attached note, additional remarks 5--very low [n]

G ᭩҈ gǎichéng ◊ change to (another bus, train, etc.) 4--low ᭩㹼 gǎiháng ◊ change one's occupation or profession 2--high [vo] ᭩ᛄ gǎihuǐ ◊ repent 4--low [v] ᭩ᇩ gǎiróng ◊ change countenance, look serious 4--low ᭩Ѫ gǎiwéi ◊ change to 2--high [phr] ᭩㪜 gǎizàng ◊ re-bury (in a different site) 4--low ᭩↓ gǎizhèng ◊ to correct, amend ◊ correction 1--very high [v] ᾲн gàibù ◊ not in any case, on the whole not 2--high ᾲ㿱 gàijiàn ◊ glance over, understand on the whole ◊ general view 5--very low ᾲᘥ gàiniàn ◊ concept, notion, idea 1--very high [n] ⴆ㥘 Gàicí ◊ (Bill) Gates 4--low [name] ⴆк gàishàng ◊ cover, put a lid on ◊ build (a house) 3--medium [v] ⴆц gàishì ◊ outstanding, best of the times 2--high [v] ⴆ⬖ gàiwǎ ◊ roof tile 4--low ᒢᆓ gānjì ◊ the dry season 4--low [n] ᒢᠸ gān-gē ◊ weapons of war ◊ arms, war 1--very high [n] ⭈㤖 gānkǔ ◊ bitter and sweet ◊ hardships of work or experience in life 1--very high [n] ⭈⋹ gānquán ◊ fresh-tasting spring water ◊ Ganquan (county, Shǎnxī) 3--medium ⭈ਇ gānshòu ◊ endure willingly (hardship, rebuke, etc.) 4--low 438

low [n] 㞿༔ gāorǎng ◊ fertile soil 5--very low 㞿㞤 gāoyú ◊ rich, fertile (soil) ◊ resplendent, noble 4--low [adj] 㞿⌭ gāozé ◊ beneficial rains ◊ benefit, favour 5--very low [n,v] 儈‫ؽ‬ gāobèi ◊ high-power(ed) (opp. վ ‫ )ؽ‬0--very low [adj] 儈ᮎ gāochǎng ◊ high and extensive, commanding an extensive view 4--low 儈བྷ gāodà ◊ tall and big (like of a building, physique); lofty, towering ◊ {obsolete} 2--high (modifying niánjì ᒤ㌰/ᒤ㓚) old [adj] 儈ㅹ gāoděng ◊ (of educational institutions, academic subjects, etc.) higher ◊ higher, ad[n] vanced 1--very high 儈ൠ gāodì ◊ highland, upland ◊ {military} height, hill ◊ {figurative} a place/area high in (or with a high number/percentage of)... 2--high [n] 儈ᓖ gāodù ◊ height ◊ high degree, high level ◊ highly, to a high degree ◊ (of alcoholic drinks) high-proof 1--very high [n,adv] 儈㇑ gāoguǎn ◊ {abbreviation} senior management (or manager) (short for gāojí guǎnlǐ rényuán 儈㍊㇑⨶Ӫ଑/儈㓗㇑⨶Ӫઈ) 3--medium [n] 儈Ѯ gāojǔ ◊ lift up high, hold (sth) high ◊ fly high, travel far ◊ live in seclusion 2--high [v] 儈䇪 gāolùn ◊ {formal} your esteemed comments, your insightful statements 3--medium [n] 儈䰘 gāomén ◊ wealthy and prominent family ◊ big gate, large door 4--low [n] 儈᰾ gāomíng◊ wise, bright, clever ◊ wise person 2--high [adj,n] 儈Ӫ gāorén ◊ person of high integrity or skill ◊ noble recluse 2--high [n] 儈ኡ gāoshān ◊ alp, high mountain ◊ Gaoshan (a people living in the mountainous area of eastern Taiwan) 2--high [n] 儈า gāotáng ◊ big and high-ceilinged hall ◊ parents ◊ Gaotang (a compound surname) 3--medium [n] 儈ս gāowèi ◊ high position, high office, high rank ◊ high-order, high-lying, upper part of a limb ◊ {finance} high price point 2--high [n] 儈л gāoxià ◊ high and low ◊ good and bad, superior and inferior 3--medium [n] 儈䛞 Gāoyóu ◊ Gaoyou (county, Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 Province) 3--medium 儈᷅ gāozhěn ◊ (high pillow) rest with mind at ease, have no (more) worries 4--low 儈᷅㘼গ gāozhěn'érwò ◊ rest with mind at ease, have no (more) worries 4--low 儈⾆ gāozǔ ◊ paternal great-great-

⭈ᗳ gānxīn ◊ willingly; be willing ◊ be resigned to, be content with 1--very high [v] ⭈Ҿ gānyú ◊ be glad to ◊ willingly, gladly 3--medium [v] 㛍㛶 gāndǎn ◊ liver and gall ◊ sincerity ◊ courage, valour 2--high [n] ᝏᚙ gǎn'ēn ◊ feel grateful 1--very high [vo] ᝏਁ gǎnfā ◊ move, inspire 4--low ᝏཻ gǎnfèn ◊ be moved and inspired 4--low [v] ᝏ◰ gǎnjī ◊ feel grateful 1--very high [v] ᝏម gǎnkǎi ◊ sigh with emotion (usu. a mixture of emotions); be deeply affected/impressed/moved/struck (in reaction to what one has experienced, seen, read, etc.) ◊ exclaim with emotion ◊ with deep emotion ◊ emotions/feelings evoked (by what one has experienced, seen, etc.), emotional reaction 1--very high [v] ᝏ௏ gǎnkuì ◊ sigh with feeling 4--low [v] ᝏᛵ gǎnqíng ◊ feeling(s), sentiment(s), emotion(s) ◊ love, affection 1--very high [n] ᝏ਩ gǎntàn ◊ sigh with emotion (such as sadness, indignation, wonder, etc.) ◊ exclamation, cry, cri de coeur (a strong protest, reproach, lament, complaint, etc.) 2--high [v] ᝏ਩ਕ gǎntànjù◊ exclamatory sentence 4--low ᝏᓄ gǎnyìng ◊ reaction, response ◊ {electrical/electronics} induction ◊ {biology} irritability 2--high [n] ᮒ䰞 gǎnwèn ◊ {phrase} May I ask...? 3--medium ᮒ㠚 gǎnzì ◊ oh, so (or similar adverbial expression indicating that what one has not expected to happen has happened) ◊ of course, indeed (or similar adverbial expression indicating that sth is obvious or beyond doubt) 4--low ᒢሶ gànjiàng◊ capable (or willing) worker; capable person 4--low [n] ࡊ᜾ gāngbì ◊ obstinate, stubborn 3--medium [adj] ࡊḄ gāngróu ◊ hard and soft, rigid and flexible (respectively)3--medium [adj] ࡊ⇵ gāngyì ◊ resolute and steadfast, firm and determined ◊ with fortitude 3--medium [adj] ᶐằ gāngliáng ◊ girder (of a small bridge) ◊ a bridge 5--very low ⲻ∄ gāopí ◊ tigerskin (seat) ◊ teacher's chair/podium/desk 5--very low ⲻ䲦 Gāoyáo ◊ Gaoyao (personal name) 4--low 㗄㖺 gāoyáng ◊ lamb, kid ◊ innocent person, victim 2--high [n] 㞿⚛ gāohuǒ ◊ lamp light ◊ the cost of working at night (mostly tuition fees) 5--very 439

grandfather ◊ (often a posthumous title for the founding emperor of a dynasty) ◊ {classical} remote/first/earliest ancestor 3--medium [n] ῱ᵘ gǎomù ◊ withered or dead tree 4--low [n] ੺ᙕ gàojí ◊ be in danger, be in an emergency ◊ request emergency aid (mostly of a military or disaster situation) 2--high [v] ੺䇖 gàojié ◊ reveal sb's past misdeeds 5--very low ੺Ԕ gàolìng ◊ presidential orders to the whole population (during the Republican Era in China) 5--very low ੺䓛 gàoshēn ◊ certificate of appointment (in ancient times) 5--very low ੺䈝 gàoyǔ ◊ tell, inform 5--very low ࢢൠ gēdì ◊ cede territory 1--very high [v] ࢢ✩ gēpēng ◊ cookery 2--high ࢢ㚹 gēròu ◊ cut meat ◊ {slang, economics} sell sth (esp. stocks) at a much lower price 0--very low [v] ᠸ⸋ gēmáo ◊ spears (collectively) 4--low ⅼ亲 gēsòng ◊ sing the praises of, eulogize 1--very high [v] ⅼ㡎 gēwǔ ◊ song and dance ◊ sing and dance 2--high [n,v] Ṭᔿ géshi ◊ format, (standard) form/layout ◊ {computers} format 1--very high [n] Ṭ⢙ géwù ◊ study the nature of things 3--medium [v] Ṭ㠤 gézhì ◊ investigate thoroughly ◊ natural sciences (Qīng ␵ Dynasty term, esp. physics) ◊ literary charm 3--medium 䰱л géxià ◊ Your Excellency (like to an ambassador), your honour ◊ dear sir 2--high [n] 䳄䰲 géhé ◊ estrangement ◊ misunderstanding ◊ barrier, obstacle (like of language) 1--very high [n] 䳄㔍 géjué ◊ cut off, isolated2--high [adj] 兢⍕ Géjīn ◊ the Gejin River (flowing from Hénán ⋣ই Province into Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 5--very low ਴࡛ gèbié ◊ different, distinct; separately, individually, differently ◊ {regional} unusual, out of the ordinary ◊ {pejorative} odd, eccentric 1--very high [adj] ਴Ӫ gèrén ◊ each person, everyone 3--medium [n] ਴ս gèwèi ◊ (all you) ladies and gentlemen ◊ everybody ◊ every 1--very high [phr] ਴а gèyī ◊ one of each, one for each (like a score in a game) 3--medium ਴㠚 gèzì ◊ each one ◊ respective ◊

individual 1--very high [pron] ṩḒ gēndǐ ◊ base, foundation 4--low ṩウ gēnjiū ◊ probe, make a thorough investigation 3--medium [v] ṩᦞ gēnjù ◊ according to, on the basis of ◊ basis, grounds1--very high [adv,n] ṩ≄ gēnqì ◊ be beautiful, stylish, smart 5--very low ṩṚ gēnzhū ◊ stump (of a tree) 4--low 䐏к gēnshang ◊ keep pace with, keep up with 2--high [v] ᓊᆀ gēng-zǐ ◊ 37th year in the 60-year cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar (e.g., 1960, 1900, 1840, etc.) ◊ (Gēng-zǐ) the year 400 CE (refers to Jìn ᱹ/ᱻ Emperor Lǐ Gǎo ᵾ᳐ [351-417 CE]) ◊ (Gēng-zǐ) the year 1900 CE (refers to the Boxer Uprising [1899-1901 CE]) 3--medium [n] 㙅㧧 gēnghuò◊ cultivating and harvesting 5--very low 㙅⭠ gēngtián◊ till the fields, cultivate, plow, farm 1--very high [v] 㙅㙈 gēngyún◊ plow and weed, do farm work ◊ cultivate ◊ {figurative} lay the groundwork, prepare; labour 1--very high [v] 㙅㘵 gēngzhě ◊ cultivator, tiller (person) 4--low 㙅⿽ gēngzhòng ◊ plow and plant, till, cultivate 3--medium [v] ଭ૭ gěngyè ◊ choke with sobs 2--high [v] ệᾲ gěnggài ◊ outline, gist 2--high [n] ệ䱣 Gěngyáng ◊ Gengyang (a compound surname) 5--very low 㙯ӻ gěngjiè ◊ upright, honest and straightforward 4--low [adj] ᴤㄟ gēngduān ◊ new matter arising 5--very low ᴤ਽ gēngmíng ◊ change one's name 2--high [v] ᴤ⭊ gèngshèn ◊ even more, even worse 3--medium ᴤѪ gèngwéi ◊ (be) even more (followed by a two-syllable adjective) 1--very high [phr] ᴤ↓ gēngzhèng ◊ correct (what one has said, a mistake in article, etc.) ◊ correction 1--very high [v] ᴤ䏣 gēngzú ◊ night watchman (who patrolled and sounded the night watches in former times) 3--medium ‫׋‬㔉 gōngjǐ ◊ furnish, provide, supply 1--very high [v] ‫ޫ׋‬ gōngyǎng ◊ support, provide for (the daily needs of sb) ◊ care for (like one's parents in old age) ◊ maintain, feed, raise 3--medium [v] ‫〠ޜ‬ gōngchēng ◊ nominal 3--medium [n] 440

vernment (like district, county, village) ◊ club, association (meeting place for people of same trade, from same native place, etc.) ◊ palace 2--high ‫⭠ޜ‬ gōngtián◊ public land, governmentowned land ◊ the ruler's land (under the wellfield system in former times) 4--low ‫਼ޜ‬ gōngtóng ◊ common, public 4--low ‫ޜ‬᮷ gōngwén ◊ official document ◊ Gongwen (a compound surname) 1--very high [n] ‫ޜ‬ᗳ gōngxīn ◊ public spirit ◊ fairness 3--medium [n] gōngháng ◊ licensed busi‫ޜ‬㹼 ness ◊ Cohong (guild formed from thirteen Guangzhou-based trade associations during the Qīng ␵ Dynasty) ◊ {archaic} official title during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period (770-476 BCE) 4--low ‫ޜ‬㖺 gōngyáng ◊ ram, male sheep or goat ◊ Gongyang (a compound surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ‫ޜ‬㖺Ր Gōngyángzhuàn ◊ Spring and Autumn Annals with Commentary by Gong Yang Gao (one of the three expansions of Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals) 4--low ‫ߦޜ‬ Gōngyě ◊ Gongye (a compound surname) 5--very low [sn] ‫ޜ‬᜿ gōngyì ◊ general opinion, public wishes 4--low [n] ‫⭘ޜ‬ gōngyòng ◊ public, public use 2--high [adj] ‫ޜ‬ᴹ gōngyǒu◊ public, publicly-owned 2--high [adj] ‫ݳޜ‬ gōngyuán ◊ the common era, the Christian era ◊ A.D., CE 2--high [n] ‫ࡉޜ‬ gōngzé ◊ public principle0--very low [n] ‫⸕ޜ‬ gōngzhī ◊ (self-styled) public intellectual (shortened, and usu. sarcastic, way of saying gōnggòng zhīshi fènzǐ) (a concept created by the Chinese weeklyljইᯩӪ⢙ઘ࠺NJ) 3--medium [n] ‫ޜ‬ѫ gōngzhǔ◊ princess 1--very high [n] ‫ޜ‬ᆀ gōngzǐ ◊ the son of a prince or high official ◊ {formal} young sir (a form of address) ◊ {formal} your son ◊ Gongzi (a compound surname) 1--very high [n] ࣏㠓 gōngchén ◊ person who has rendered meritorious service 1--very high [n] ࣏ᗧ gōngdé ◊ meritorious deeds and virtue ◊ {Buddhism} beneficence, meritorious works 2--high [n] ࣏⤇ gōnggǒu◊ hunting dog ◊ faithful retainer ◊ one who makes a conspicuous show of loyalty 5--very low ࣏࡙ gōnglì ◊ utility, material gain, fame and fortune; utilitarian 2--high [n,adj]

‫ࠪޜ‬ gōngchū◊ be away on official business 4--low [v] ‫ޜ‬ᆈ gōngcún◊ reserve fund 5--very low ‫ޜ‬䚃 gōngdao◊ impartial, fair, reasonable, just; impartiality, fairness, reason, justice 2--high [adj,n] ‫ޜ‬ᇊ gōngdìng ◊ officially established or determined 4--low ‫ޜ‬ᒢ gōnggàn◊ official business 3--medium [n] ‫ޡޜ‬ gōnggòng ◊ public, common, communal 1--very high [adj,n] ‫ޜ‬Պ gōnghuì ◊ trade association, trade council, union, guild ◊ league, society 2--high [n] ‫⾝ޜ‬ gōngjì ◊ (hold a) public memorial ceremony 3--medium [n,v] ‫ޜ‬ᇦ gōngjia ◊ the government, the state, the public 2--high [n] ‫ޜ‬⡥ Gōngjué◊ Duke 2--high [n] ‫ֻޜ‬ gōnglì ◊ general rule 4--low [n] ‫ޜ‬䟿 gōngliàng ◊ {textiles} conditioned weight 5--very low [n] ‫ޜ‬䇪 gōnglùn ◊ public opinion 3--medium [n] ‫ޜ‬਽ gōngmíng ◊ common noun 4--low ‫ޜ‬ໃ gōngmù ◊ public cemetery ◊ cemetery for high government officials (in former times) 2--high [n] ‫ޜ‬ಘ gōngqì ◊ government property ◊ the palace's wares 4--low ‫ޜ‬য gōngqīng ◊ high-ranking court officials ◊ the three chief ministers of state and the nine high officials (in former times) 3--medium [n] ‫ޜ‬ኡ Gōngshān ◊ Gongshan (a compound surname) 5--very low [sn] ‫ޜ‬к Gōngshàng ◊ Gongshang (a compound surname) 5--very low [sn] ‫֯ޜ‬ gōngshǐ ◊ minister (of a legation), envoy 3--medium [n] ‫ޜ‬һ gōngshì ◊ official business, public business ◊ official documents 2--high [n] ‫ޜ‬ᇔ gōngshì ◊ public office 3--medium [n] ‫ޜ‬ᔿ gōngshì ◊ formula ◊ universally applicable method (in a field) 1--very high [n] ‫ޜ‬㿶 gōngshì ◊ {TW usage} (Taiwan) Public Television Service (PTS) ◊ public TV 3--medium [n] ‫ޜ‬䗃 Gōngshū ◊ Gongshu (a compound surname) 4--low [n] ‫⿱ޜ‬ gōngsī ◊ public and private, governmental and personal 2--high [n] ‫ޜ‬ᆉ Gōngsūn ◊ Gongsun (a compound surname) 3--medium [n] ‫ޜ‬ᡰ gōngsuǒ ◊ geographical unit of go-

441

࣏਽ gōngmíng ◊ honour from Imperial exam success (in the kējǔ zhìdù 、㠹ࡦᓖ/、Ѯࡦᓖ "Imperial Civil Service Examination system") ◊ exam honour graduate (official title in former times) 2--high [n] ࣏俆 gōngshǒu ◊ prerequisite for success 5--very low ࣏᭸ gōngxiào ◊ efficacy, effect 1--very high [n] ࣏ъ gōngyè ◊ meritorious achievements 3--medium [n] ࣏⭘ gōngyòng ◊ function, use 1--very high [n] ᇛ㿲 gōngguàn ◊ Taoist temple ◊ detached palace, secondary palace 4--low ᇛᇔ gōngshì ◊ rooms, dwellings ◊ royal palace 4--low [n] ᇛᔧ gōngtíng ◊ palace ◊ royal (or imperial) court; court 1--very high [n] ᐕ䜘 Gōngbù ◊ Ministry of Public Works (in ancient times) 3--medium [n] ᐕᐗ gōngqiǎo ◊ exquisite, fine (handicrafts, artwork, literary pieces) 4--low [adj] ᐕӪ gōngrén ◊ worker 1--very high [n] ᐕ୶ gōng-shāng ◊ industry and commerce 1--very high [n] ᐕᐸ gōngshī ◊ {history} title for the official in charge of public works during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period (770-476 BCE) 4--low [n] ᐕҾ gōngyú ◊ skilled at 3--medium [v] ᐕ֌ gōngzuò◊ (do) work ◊ occupation, job, work 1--very high [v,n] ᕃᕙ gōngnǔ ◊ bow and crossbow ◊ bow and arrow 3--medium ᚝ᮜ gōngjìng ◊ respectful 1--very high [adj] ᭫෾⮕ൠ gōngchénglüèdì ◊ attack cities and seize territory ǁ (also gōngchéng-lüèdì ᭫෾᧐ൠ) 3--medium [cy] ᭫ࠫ gōngjī ◊ attack, assault ◊ charge, accuse 1--very high [v] ᭫ࣛ gōngjié ◊ attack (by surprise) 5--very low ᭫䳮 gōngnàn◊ blame, censure 4--low ᭫ࢭ gōngpiāo ◊ plunder, pillage 5--very low 䓜㹼 gōngxíng ◊ do personally 3--medium [v] ᤡᢺ gǒngbǎ ◊ circumference of sth that one can put the hands around 5--very low ‫ޡ‬༴ gòngchǔ◊ coexist ◊ coexistence 2--high [v] ‫ޡ‬䇑 gòngjì ◊ total, add up to ◊ deliberate together 1--very high [v] 䍑䠁 gòngjīn ◊ tribute in cash 0--very low [n]

䍑༛ gòngshì ◊ person recommended for office (by local officials to the Emperor, or for schooling at the capital) ◊ selected scholar (in the Imperial Examination system who had passed the metropolitan examination and was selected to take the palace exam for the jìnshì 䙢༛/䘋༛ degree) 3--medium [n] 䍑〾 gòngshuì ◊ taxes and tribute ◊ pay taxes to (the Emperor) 5--very low [n] म䐥 Gōujiàn ◊ {Chinese history} King Goujian of Yue (reigned 496-465 BCE, was king of the state of Yuè 䎺 [present-day northern Zhejiang]; after suffering initial defeats and humiliation, Goujian achieved the hegemony over China toward the end of Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ era through his victory over the rival state of Wu ੣/੤, and became a symbol for perseverance and determination) ǁ (also written ਕ䑀/ਕ䐥) 3--medium [name] म䬰 gōuxiāo ◊ cancel, write off (like a debt) 4--low [v] ⋏༁ gōuhè ◊ ravine, gully 3--medium [n] ⋏⑐ gōuqú ◊ drainage or irrigation canals and ditches 1--very high [n] ⋏⍛ gōuxù ◊ ditches between fields 4--low [n] ⤇傜 gǒumǎ ◊ your humble and devoted servant (used by officials when addressing the Emperor) ◊ playthings (kept for the ruling class) 4--low 㤏ᗇ gǒudé ◊ obtain by improper means 4--low 㤏ਸ gǒuhé ◊ illicit sexual intercourse ◊ agree out of convenience 4--low [v] 㤏⍫ gǒuhuó ◊ live on dishonourably, drag out a dishonourable existence 3--medium [v] 㤏‫ݽ‬ gǒumiǎn◊ evade improperly ◊ seek to avert a disaster improperly 4--low 㤏ф gǒuqiě ◊ drift or muddle along ◊ perfunctorily ◊ improper (sexual relations) 1--very high [v,adj,adv] ᶴᡀ gòuchéng ◊ constitute, comprise, make up ◊ consist of 1--very high [v] ᶴᙘ gòuyuàn◊ incur enmity 5--very low 䈏হ gòulì ◊ censure, denounce 5--very low ခф gūqiě ◊ tentatively, for the time being 2--high [adv] ခሴ gūshè ◊ Gushe (mountain, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) ◊ beautiful and elegant woman 4--low ခ㣿 Gūsū ◊ Gusu (another name for Wu County in Suzhou) ◊ Gusu (a district in downtown Suzhou, established 2012) ◊ (Mount) Gusu (a mountain in the southwest of Wu County, Suzhou) 0--very low ခ࿺ gūzǐ ◊ aunt (father's elder sister) 442

5--very low ᆔ㠓ᆭᆀ gūchénnièzǐ ◊ alone and friendless 5--very low [cy] ᆔ‫ݯ‬ gū'ér ◊ orphan1--very high [n] ᆔ᝔ gūfèn ◊ be morally indignant and at outs with the world 4--low ᆔሑ gūguǎ ◊ widows and orphans ◊ lone, alone 3--medium [adj,n] ᆔ⢩ gūtè ◊ isolated, without help 5--very low 䗌䖳 gūjiào ◊ monopolize, have all to oneself ◊ general idea, rough outline 5--very low ਔԓ gǔdài ◊ ancient, ancient times, antiquity 1--very high [n] ਔ䜭 gǔdū ◊ ancient capital (of a country) 2--high [n] ਔ㉽ gǔjí ◊ ancient books 2--high [n] ਔӺ gǔjīn ◊ ancient and modern 1--very high ਔӪ gǔrén ◊ ancient people, the ancients 2--high [n] ਔҖ gǔshū ◊ ancient books 2--high [n] ਔ᮷ gǔwén ◊ classical Chinese literature, ancient Chinese prose ◊ {calligraphy} ancient script (one of the six styles), pre-Qín 〖 Dynasty script (esp. in the Shuōwén Jiězì 䃚᮷䀓 ᆇ/䈤᮷䀓ᆇ by Xǔ Shèn 䁡᝾/䇨᝾ [ca.58 CE– ca.147 CE]) 1--very high [n] ਔ‫ݸ‬ gǔxiān ◊ ancient times 5--very low ਔ䇝 gǔxùn ◊ ancient precepts, maxims 3--medium [n] ਔ䈝 gǔyǔ ◊ old saying ◊ archaism 3--medium [n] ਔᆇ gǔzì ◊ ancient Chinese characters 4--low ⷭ㘵 gǔzhě ◊ blind person 5--very low 䉧ᆀ gǔzi ◊ millet ◊ unhusked millet grains ◊ paddy, unhusked rice 3--medium [n] 㛑㛡 gǔgōng ◊ right-hand man, indispensable assistant ◊ assist (esp. the ruler in governing the country) 4--low [n] 㛑ṇ gǔlì ◊ frightened out of one's wits, frightened and trembling 5--very low 䉧仾 gǔfēng ◊ valley wind (daytime wind blowing from valley bottom to summit) ◊ east wind 4--low ばằ 僘⌅ gǔfǎ ◊ bone structure and physiognomy ◊ vigour and execution (of brush strokes) 4--low 僘勐 gǔgěng ◊ upright, straightforward ◊ structure (of writing) ◊ vigour (of brush strokes) 5--very low 僘㚹 gǔròu ◊ {metaphor} flesh and

blood, blood relatives ◊ close (like flesh and blood), tightly knit (like of a family) 2--high [n] 僘儃 gǔsuǐ ◊ (bone) marrow 2--high [n] 啃䎧 gǔqǐ ◊ bulge, protrude ◊ incite, rouse, encourage 3--medium 啃༠ gǔshēng ◊ drumbeat 0--very low [n] 啃㡎 gǔwǔ ◊ inspire, uplift ◊ excite, stimulate ◊ inspiration, stimulation, stimulus ◊ drum (dance)1--very high [v,n] 啃Ҁ gǔyuè ◊ drums and music ◊ music (esp. traditional Chinese music) 3--medium [n] പн gùbù ◊ definitely not 4--low പᤱ gùchí ◊ hold firmly, insist stubbornly 4--low പ䗎 gùcí ◊ resolutely refuse, decline persistently 4--low [v] പ䱻 gùlòu ◊ small-minded, ignorant 5--very low [adj] പ❦ gùrán ◊ granted, admittedly, to be sure, it is true that, no doubt (adverbial phrase used to acknowledge a statement as fact before introducing a contradictory idea, as in "It's true enough that..., but....") 1--very high [adv] പᴹ gùyǒu ◊ inherent, intrinsic, innate ◊ indigenous, traditional (culture) 1--very high [adj] പᴹ਽䇽 gùyǒumíngcí ◊ proper noun 3--medium ᭵ᑨ gùcháng ◊ same as ever 3--medium [n] ᭵ࠪ gùchū ◊ impose light punishment (in proportion to the crime) 4--low ᭵↔ gùcǐ ◊ for this reason, therefore 2--high [conj] ᭵䚃 gùdào ◊ old way, old path ◊ old method 3--medium [n] ᭵ൠ gùdì ◊ former home grounds, old haunts 3--medium [n] ᭵ㅜ gùdì ◊ old home, former dwelling 4--low ᭵㘼 gù'ér ◊ because of this, therefore 1--very high [conj] ᭵ཛ gùfū ◊ one's late husband 4--low ᭵ഭ gùguó ◊ ancient country, country with long history ◊ one's native land ◊ one's native place 3--medium [n] ᭵ት gùjū ◊ old home, former dwelling 2--high [n] ᭵৫ gùqù ◊ die, pass away (mostly of an elderly person) 3--medium [v] ᭵Ӫ gùrén ◊ old friend ◊ one's former spouse, one's ex ◊ dead person 2--high [n] ᭵ᵰ gùshā ◊ premeditated murder 4--low [v] ᭵ᇎ gùshí ◊ historical facts, anecdotes 4--low [n] 443

᭵ц gùshì ◊ die, pass away (of a person) 4--low [v] ᭵һ gùshi ◊ story ◊ plot (like of a novel) 1--very high [n] ᭵Җ gùshū ◊ old books (physically old, or old-time) 4--low [n] ᭵ᡰ gùsuǒ ◊ ancient place, former site 4--low ᭵੮ gùwú ◊ one's former self 4--low ᭵⸕ gùzhī ◊ an old friend 3--medium [n] ᭵ѫ gùzhǔ ◊ former master, former ruler 4--low ᭵֌ gùzuò ◊ feign, pretend (to do sth), deliberately act (in a feigned or insincere manner) 3--medium 亮ᗇ gùde ◊ worry about, care about 3--medium 亮ᘥ gùniàn ◊ worry about, think about 4--low [v] 亮⴬ gùpàn ◊ look about, look around 3--medium [v] 亮䰞 gùwèn ◊ advisor, consultant 1--very high [n] ሑྷ guǎfu ◊ a widow 1--very high [n] ሑ䗷 guǎguò ◊ lessen one's faults (through discipline) 5--very low ሑᛄ guǎhuǐ ◊ few occasions for regret 5--very low ሑ࿫ guǎqī ◊ a widow ◊ wife (in contrast to concubine) 5--very low [n] ሑӪ guǎrén ◊ I, we (self-designation used by a sovereign or other members of royalty) ◊ single person (unmarried) 3--medium [n] ሑཤ guǎtóu ◊ oligarch ◊ oligarchy 3--medium [n] ሑ䰫 guǎwén ◊ ill-informed, not have seen or heard much 4--low [adj] ሑ䀰 guǎyán ◊ taciturn, uncommunicative, reticent 2--high [adj] ሑቔ guǎyóu ◊ few occasions for blame, unblemished 5--very low ሑⅢ guǎyù ◊ with few desires, ascetic 3--medium [adj] ሑࣙ guǎzhù ◊ get little support (esp. because one's cause is unjust) 4--low ᤲа┿з guàyīlòuwàn ◊ "one thing recorded and ten thousand omitted"—the list is far from complete 4--low [cy] ҆ᡮ guāilì ◊ (of sb's disposition, behaviour, or language) unreasonable, difficult, disagreeable, contrary, ornery, perverse, surly, sour ◊ {classical} be in discord 3--medium [adj] ᙚ⢙ guàiwu ◊ monster, monstrosity ◊ bizarre person 2--high [n] ᙚ⴨ guàixiàng ◊ strange looking 4--low

ᇈ〠 guānchēng ◊ a title (by which a person is called) ◊ a neutral term of address (which is considered impolite when a more deferential term is expected) 4--low [n] ᇈᓌ guānfǔ (in Imperial China) ◊ local government building; (local) government authorities ◊ officials 2--high [n] ᇈ≁ guānmín◊ officials and people 3--medium ᇈ਽ guānmíng ◊ official rank/title ◊ (in former times) formal name (in contrast to nickname) 4--low [n] ᇈҖ guānshū ◊ published collection of laws, official documents ◊ archives 4--low [n] ᇈਨ guānsi ◊ lawsuit 2--high [n] ᇈ㺄 guānxián ◊ official title 3--medium [n] ᇈ㇤ guānzhēn ◊ admonishments for officials 4--low ᇈ㙼 guānzhí ◊ government position, official post 2--high [n] ᇈ〙 guānzhì ◊ hierarchy of official ranks 5--very low [n] Ἢἱ guānguǒ◊ the inner and outer coffins ◊ a coffin 4--low [n] 㿲ሏ guānchá ◊ observe, watch, examine, survey; observation, examination, survey 1--very high [v,n] 㿲⚛ guānhuǒ◊ (like looking at a fire) perfectly clear 4--low 㿲㢢 guānsè ◊ observe how things look 3--medium 㿲ᵋ guānwàng ◊ wait and see ◊ look around 2--high [v] 㿲ⷫ guānzhān ◊ the appearance of a place and the impressions it leaves ◊ sight ◊ view 3--medium [n] 㿲㘵 guānzhě ◊ viewer (the person) 3--medium [n] ‫ޣ‬ь Guāndōng ◊ Guandong (the area east of Shānhǎiguān ኡ⎧䰌/ኡ⎧‫ޣ‬, northeast China) ◊ Manchuria ◊ eastern Japan, the Tokyo area 2--high [n] ‫ޣ‬ᘰ guānhuái ◊ show solicitude for, show loving concern for 1--very high [v] ‫޵ޣ‬ Guānnèi ◊ Guannei (i.e. inside the Passes, the area west of Shanhaiguan and east of Jiayuguan) 3--medium [n] ‫࠷ޣ‬ guānqiè ◊ be deeply concerned ◊ kind, warm, considerate 1--very high [adj] ‫ޣ‬㌫ guānxi ◊ relation(ship) ◊ bearing, importance, impact ◊ involve, concern, have a bearing on ◊ (in a pattern like yóuyú... de guānxi ⭡ᯬ … Ⲵ䰌‫ײ‬/⭡Ҿ … Ⲵ‫ޣ‬㌫, "owing to...", "on account of...") reason; (personal) connections, personal relations (usually backdoor) 1--very high [n,v] ‫ޣ‬Ҿ guānyú ◊ regarding, concerning, 444

about 1--very high [prep] ‫ޣ‬ѝ Guānzhōng ◊ Guanzhong (central Shǎnxī in the area of the Weihe River Basin) 2--high [n] ㇑ᆀ guǎnzi ◊ pipe, tube ◊ {music} guanzi (oboe-like double reed wind instrument with eight finger holes) 3--medium [n] 㧎ቄ㘼ㅁ wǎn'ěr'érxiào ◊ {written} ◊ smile (softly) 4--low [cy] ߐᑖ guāndài ◊ cap and sash (as worn by officials and scholars in former times) ◊ officials and scholars, the literati 4--low ߐⴆ⴨ᵋ guāngàixiāngwàng ◊ "caps and carriage covers seen on both sides"—the continuous coming and going of government officials 4--low [cy] ߐ਽ guànmíng ◊ give a name to, be named 0--very low [v] ߐԕ guànyǐ ◊ precede, crown with ◊ give (sth a name, title, description, etc.) 3--medium ߐ⣦ guānzhuàng ◊ coronary 2--high [adj] ♼ഝ guànyuán ◊ water a garden 4--low 䍟ク guànchuān ◊ pass through, connect ◊ run throughout 2--high [v] 䍟䙊 guàntōng ◊ be thoroughly versed in ◊ link up, connect 2--high [v] ‫ݹ‬ᇐ guāngchǒng ◊ glorify, honour, bring credit to 5--very low [n] ‫ݹ‬Կ guāngfú ◊ photovoltaic; photovoltaics 2--high [adj] ‫ݹ‬Ჟ guāngjǐng ◊ scene, scenery, sight ◊ situation, conditions, circumstances ◊ {colloquial} about, around (after time or numerical expressions) ◊ {colloquial} (from) the look of things; probably, most likely 2--high [n] ‫ݹ‬㦓 guāngróng ◊ glory, honour ◊ glorious 1--very high [adj,n,v] ‫ݹ‬㔚 Guāngxù ◊ Guangxu (reign title for Qing Emperor De Song, 1875-1908) 3--medium [n] ᒯབྷ guǎngdà ◊ broad, wide, vast, extensive (like area, space) ◊ wide-spread (like scope, scale) ◊ numerous (i.e., people), vast numbers of... 1--very high [adj] ᒯᓖ guǎngdù◊ width, breadth ◊ scope (mostly figurative) 2--high [n] ᒯ≹ Guǎnghàn ◊ Guanghan (county, Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) 3--medium ᒯት guǎngjū ◊ broad mansions5--very low ᒯᔰ guǎngkāi ◊ open up broadly ◊ widen 3--medium ᒯ㻔 guǎngmào ◊ length and breadth of land ◊ vast, broad, immense, boundless 3--medium [n,adj] ᒯᒣ Guǎngpíng ◊ Guangping (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium ᒯ㾯 Guǎngxī◊ Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú

Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region" (Zhuang Autonomous Region) 1--very high [n] ᒯ䳵 Guǎngyǎ ◊ the Guangya (important dictionary compiled during the Three Kingdoms/Wei Period by Zhang Yi . The dictionary contains 18,150 head characters and the arrangement is modelled after the Erya.) 4--low ᒯ严 Guǎngyùn ◊ the Guangyun (rhyme dictionary compiled under Imperial auspices during the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty by Chen Pengnian and others. The dictionary contains more than 26,000 head characters and is arranged under 206 rhymes.) 4--low guībì ◊ ceremonial jade tablet ൝⫗ held by rulers 5--very low [n] ᖂᾊ guīchǔ ◊ pay in full 5--very low ᖂ༽ guīfù ◊ return to, restore (like old ways) 4--low ᖂᶕ guīlái ◊ return, come back to original place ◊ the cheek (in Chinese physiognomy) 1--very high [v] ᖂ㘱 guīlǎo ◊ retire (on account of age) 4--low ᖂ‫ޕ‬ guīrù ◊ include (sth) in ◊ categorize as 3--medium [v] ᖂѪ guīwéi ◊ result in 3--medium ᖂᗳ guīxīn ◊ thoughts of returning home ◊ admire and submit to 3--medium [n,v] ᖂՁ guīxiū ◊ return home to rest ◊ retire ◊ {euphemism} die 5--very low ᖂҾ guīyú ◊ belong to, include/group/subsume under (a category); attribute/ascribe to, give (credit, etc.) to ◊ tend toward, end/result in (failure, extinction, etc.), come to (naught, etc.)2--high [phr,v] 㿴䈿 guījiàn ◊ admonish (loyally and frankly) 4--low [v] 㿴⸙ guīju ◊ rule, custom, convention ◊ well-mannered, well-behaved ◊ the compass and the square 1--very high [n,adj] 㿴⸙߶㔣 guījǔzhǔnshéng ◊ "compasses, set square, spirit level and plumb line"—standards ◊ norms ◊ criteria 4--low [cy] 㿴⁑ guīmó ◊ scale, size, scope 1--very high [n] 䰪䰘 guīmén ◊ boudoir door, door inner chamber ◊ city gate 4--low [n] 嗏ঌ guībǔ ◊ divination by the shell of the tortoise ◊ scapulimancy 5--very low [n] 嗌㥢 嗏䏣 guīzú ◊ barnacle, mitella mitella 5--very low 䈑ᔲ guǐyì ◊ weird, bizarre, eerie, unusual, abnormal, fantastic 1--very high [adj] 䖘⢙ guǐwù ◊ rules and standards ◊ norm, standard (approach doing) 5--very 445

low 公⾎ guǐshén ◊ ghosts and gods 2--high [n] 公һ guǐshì ◊ matters concerning supernatural beings ◊ childrens' game ◊ foolish thing 4--low 䍥ᗧ Guìdé ◊ Guide (county, Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧ Province) 3--medium 䍥‫ޜ‬ᆀ guìgōngzǐ ◊ son of upperclass family ◊ {formal} your son 3--medium 䍥䍡 guìjiàn ◊ (of goods) expensive vs cheap; price level ◊ (of people) high vs low standing, noble vs humble; social status/class ◊ {dialect} in any case, anyhow 3--medium [adj,n] 䍥ᡊ guìqī ◊ the Emperor's relatives 4--low 䍥Ӫ guìrén ◊ honoured person ◊ Honored Person (official title for a rank of Imperial concubines during the Eastern Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 2--high [n] 䍥䟽 guìzhòng ◊ precious, valuable, prized 2--high [adj] 䐚䉒 guìxiè ◊ kneel down and thank 4--low ഭㆆ guócè ◊ national policy ◊ (short for) the Zhànguócè ᡠ഻ㆆ/ᡈഭㆆ ("Strategies of the Warring States", an ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States Period compiled between the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE) 2--high [n] ഭ䚃 guódào ◊ national highway; major highway under the jurisdiction of the State Central Transportation Department2--high [n] ഭ‫ޡ‬ Guó-Gòng ◊ the Kuomintang (Guómíndǎng ഻≁唘/ഭ≁‫ )ފ‬and the Communist Party 3--medium [n] ഭਧ guóhào ◊ dynasty name ◊ country name 4--low [n] ഭ䇑 guójì ◊ national economy ◊ national policy 4--low [n] ഭᇦ guójiā ◊ nation, country, state ◊ the state, the government 1--very high [n] ഭੋ guójūn ◊ monarch, sovereign 1--very high [n] ഭ਽ guómíng ◊ country name 2--high [n] ഭӪ guórén ◊ compatriots ◊ fellow countrymen ◊ the (Chinese) people 2--high [n] ഭ༛ guóshì ◊ outstanding person of the nation 4--low ഭሿ guó-xiǎo ◊ state-run primary school ◊ {TW usage} public elementary school (short for guómín xiǎoxué ഻≁ሿᆨ/ഭ ≁ሿᆖ) 2--high ഭᴹ guóyǒu ◊ state-owned 1--very high [adj] ഭ䈝 Guóyǔ ◊ {linguistics} the "Natio-

nal (Common) Language" (of China; the term Guóyǔ is mainly used in Taiwan and the overseas Chinese communities, in the PRC the term Pǔtōnghuà Პ䙊䂡/Პ䙊䈍 "National Common Language" is used; in linguistics usually called Modern Standard Chinese, abbreviated MSC, also widely known as "Mandarin"; the National Common Language is based on the Beijing dialect) ◊ Discourses of the States, Guoyu (classical Chinese history book that collected the historical records of several feudal states from 990 BCE to 453 BCE) 1--very high [n] ഭ᭯ guózhèng ◊ state affairs, state policy 3--medium ഭѝ guózhōng ◊ {TW usage} junior middle school (short for guómín zhōngxué ഻≁ѝᆨ/ഭ≁ѝᆖ) 2--high [n] ᷌㨌 guǒcài ◊ fruits and vegetables (collectively)2--high ᷌❦ guǒrán ◊ as expected, sure enough, really, actually, indeed ◊ {zool} cercopithecus 1--very high [adv] 䗷ॺ guòbàn ◊ more than half 1--very high [v] 䗷ᐞ guòchà ◊ overdo, transgress, be excessive 4--low 䗷ᓖ guòdù ◊ excessive, over1--very high [adj,adv] 䗷ཊ guòduō ◊ excessive, too much, too many 2--high [adj] 䗷⋣ guòhé ◊ cross a river ◊ over-fulfill norms ◊ [guò Hé] cross the Huáng Hé river 3--medium [v] 䗷ᇦ guòjiā ◊ keep house ◊ gossip 3--medium [vo,v] 䗷⊏ guòjiāng◊ cross a river ◊ over-fulfill norms ◊ [guò Jiāng] cross the (Yangtze) River 3--medium [v] 䗷৫ guòqù ◊ past, previous, former ◊ the past, bygones 1--very high [adj,n] 䗷Ӫ guòrén ◊ surpass (others) ◊ pass on (like an illness to others, etc.) 2--high [v] 䗷ቁ guòshǎo ◊ too few, too little 3--medium [adj,adv] 䗷ཡ guòshī ◊ fault, error, mistake ◊ {law} defect, negligence, delinquency 2--high [n] 䗷า guòtáng ◊ appear in court (originally Qīng ␵ Dynasty legal term, now obsolete) ◊ appear before the Prime Minister (esp. of "jinshi" during the Táng ୀ Dynasty) ◊ go right through the house (like a draft of wind)3--medium [v] 䗷ཙ guòtiān ◊ another day, later on 3--medium [n] 䗷ᡁ guòwǒ ◊ (please) come my way, drop in 2--high

H ᆙᨀ

446

háití

◊ infancy

3--me-

dium [n] ᆙㄕ háitóng ◊ child 2--high [n] 䘈ᱟ háishi ◊ or ◊ still, nevertheless, after all, all the same ◊ (introducing a course of action chosen after considering options) it would be better to, had better (do sth); might as well 1--very high [adv] ⎧䚃 hǎidào ◊ sea route 3--medium [n] ⎧޵ hǎinèi ◊ within the four seas, throughout the country ◊ inside China 2--high [n] ⎧呏 hǎiniǎo ◊ seabird, seafowl 0--very low [n] ⎧к hǎishàng ◊ at sea ◊ marine, maritime 1--very high [adj,adv] ⎧һ hǎishì ◊ maritime affairs 2--high [n] ⎧ཆ hǎiwài ◊ overseas, abroad, foreign 1--very high [adj,adv] ⎧䲵 hǎiyú ◊ seaboard 4--low [n] ⎧䘀 hǎiyùn ◊ surface mail (as opposed to airmail) ◊ maritime transportation ◊ the surge of the sea ◊ sail the seas 2--high [n] ᇣᐡ hàijǐ ◊ harm oneself 3--medium ᇣ傜 hàimǎ ◊ person harmful to a group or society, a black sheep 5--very low ᇣӪ㘵 hàirénzhě ◊ person who harms others 4--low ᇣՔ hàishāng ◊ injure 5--very low 䞓䞹 hānzuì ◊ be dead drunk 4--low [adj] ࠭Ӫ hánrén ◊ the maker of armour of defense 5--very low ਜ਼㋺ hánhu ◊ ambiguous, vague, unclear ◊ careless, sloppy, perfunctory 1--very high [adj] ਜ਼␧ hánhùn ◊ indistinct, ambiguous, unclear, vague 3--medium [adj] ਜ਼㫴 hánxù ◊ contain ◊ implicit ◊ reserved (in speech) 2--high [v] ਜ਼᜿ hányì ◊ meaning, implication, significance 2--high [n] ਜ਼ᴹ hányǒu ◊ contain, include, comprise 1--very high [v] ሂ⯮ hánjí ◊ a cold 5--very low ሂ㤖 hánkǔ ◊ poverty-stricken 4--low [adj] ሂ᳁ hánshǔ ◊ cold and heat ◊ winter and summer ◊ one year 3--medium [n] ሂᗳ hánxīn ◊ be disappointed and disillusioned ◊ dismayed, daunted ◊ be afraid 3--medium [adj] ⏥ⴆ hángài ◊ encompass, cover 1--very high [v] ⏥ѹ hányì ◊ meaning, implication 2--high

䛟䜨 Hándān ◊ Handan (city and county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 2--high 丙▞ Hán-cháo ◊ "Korea pop/trend" (short for Hánguó cháoliú 七഻▞⍱/丙ഭ▞⍱; refers to Korean pop music, fashion, etc. which has become popular in China and Japan) ǁ also Hán-liú 七⍱/丙⍱ 2--high [n] 丙䶎ᆀ Hánfēizǐ◊ {philosophy} Hanfeizi, "Master Han Fei" (Han Fei, ca. 280-233 BCE, Warring States period legalist philosopher) ◊ the book Hanfeizi (teachings of Han Fei, in twenty 3--medium [name] chapters) 丙᮷ Hánwén ◊ the Korean (written) language ◊ Hangul (Yànwén 䄪᮷/䉊᮷) 3--medium 丙‫ݳ‬ Hányuán ◊ Korean won 4--low [n] 㖅㿱 hǎnjiàn ◊ rare, rarely seen 1--very high [adj] 㖅⭘ hǎnyòng◊ rarely used 4--low 㖅ᴹ hǎnyǒu ◊ rare, rarely happening 3--medium [adj,phr] ⊇傜 hànmǎ ◊ "a sweating horse"—distinguished military service 4--low [n] ≹ᵍ Hàncháo ◊ the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty 3--medium [n] ≹ԓ Hàndài ◊ the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty 3--medium ≹⌅ Hàn-Fǎ ◊ (of language) ChineseFrench 3--medium [adj] ≹ᯩ Hànfāng ◊ {TW usage} Chinese herbal medicine 3--medium [n] ≹ߋ Hànjūn ◊ Chinese Army (the banners formed of surrendered Chinese troops after the Manchu Conquest) 3--medium ≹ᖻ Hànlǜ ◊ the Han code, the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty legal code 5--very low ≹Ӫ Hànrén ◊ the Han people ◊ people of the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty 1--very high [n] ≹Җ Hànshū ◊ {literature} the Hanshu, "History of the (former) Han Dynasty" (authored by the historian Bān Gù ⨝പ, 32-92 CE) 4--low [n] ≹᮷ Hànwén ◊ Chinese, the Chinese written language ◊ writings of the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty 3--medium [n] ≹䱣 Hànyáng ◊ Hanyang (county, Shǎnxī) 2--high ≹䈝 Hànyǔ ◊ Chinese, the Chinese (spoken) language 1--very high [n] ≹ѝ Hànzhōng ◊ Hanzhong (county, Shǎnxī) 2--high 㘠᷇ Hànlín ◊ member of the Hanlin Academy ◊ "Forest of Writing Brushes", group of literary persons 2--high [n] ᶝᐎ Hángzhōu ◊ Hangzhou (city, Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province) 1--very high [n] 㹼䚃 hángdào ◊ business, trade, profes-

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sion 2--high [v] 㹼㹼 hángháng ◊ (all) the various trades and professions2--high 㹼Խ hángwǔ ◊ the ranks (military personnel) 4--low [n] ⊶㥛 hàngmáng ◊ vast expanse of water 5--very low ಶ⸒ hāoshǐ ◊ whistling arrow ◊ forerunner, harbinger 3--medium [n] ∛н háobù ◊ not in the least, not at all 1--very high [adv] ∛ৈ háolí ◊ the least bit, the slightest, an iota 1--very high [n] ∛ᵛ háomò ◊ the ends of long fine hairs ◊ the least bit 4--low [n] ∛ᰐ háowú ◊ not in the least, not at all ◊ be utterly devoid of, be totally lacking 1--very high [adv] 䊚ᇼ háofù ◊ rich and powerful person ◊ the rich and powerful 4--low [adj,n] 䊚ᶠ háojié ◊ outstandingly able person, hero 1--very high [n] 䊚Ѯ háojǔ ◊ bold action ◊ generous action 4--low [n] 䊚ᕪ háoqiáng ◊ powerful bullies ◊ despotic, tyrannical 3--medium [adj,n] ྭ䈫Җ hàodúshū ◊ love to read books ◊ be fond of reading books ◊ be addicted to study 3--medium ྭ≹ hǎohàn ◊ real man, manly man, brave and honourable man 2--high [n] ྭ䍗 hǎohuò ◊ high-quality goods ◊ good person 3--medium ྭ䶉 hàojìng ◊ be inactive, prefer quiet/sedentary activities 4--low [vo] ྭ㹼ሿភ hàoxíngxiǎohuì ◊ be fond of showing off one's petty knowledge 5--very low ྭᆖ hǎoxué ◊ easy to learn 3--medium [adj] ྭ⭘ hǎoyòng◊ easy to use, convenient to use 2--high [adj] ྭ֌ hǎozuò ◊ be easy to do 3--medium ྭ㢢㘵 hàosèzhě ◊ lecher 4--low ྭ㜌 hàoshèng ◊ try to outdo others 4--low [adj] ྭᚦ hàowù ◊ likes and dislikes 1--very high [n] ⎙⎙ hàohào ◊ vast (expanse of water, sky, etc.) ◊ rushing water ◊ far-away ◊ profound 3--medium [adj] ⎙❦ hàorán ◊ great, overwhelming 2--high ⳃⲭ hàobái ◊ snow white (like hair) 4--low ਧԔ hàolìng ◊ verbal command 2--high [n,v] ਧ⌓ háoqì ◊ cry and weep 5--very low ਧਜ hàozhào ◊ call, appeal ◊ call on

(large numbers of people to take joint action), appeal to, summon 1--very high [v,n] 仒ォ hàoqióng ◊ the sky, the heavens5--very low ୺ ā ◊ {interjection} What? Oh! Wow! (exclamation expressing surprise, astonishment or admiration) 2--high [interj] ᡀ chéng ◊ become, turn or change into ◊ fully developed, fully grown ◊ successfully finished ◊ be all right, okay ◊ achievement, fruits (of work, etc.) ◊ able, capable ◊ in considerable numbers or amounts ◊ ready-made, established ◊ 10% (e.g., sān chéng йᡀ means "thirty percent") ◊ Cheng (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,sn] ◊ scold, berate 4--low થ䍓 hēzé [v] થ→ hēzhǐ ◊ shout at sb to stop 5--very low օᗵ hébì ◊ what need is there 1--very high [phr] օн hébù ◊ why not 1--very high [adv] օ༴ héchù ◊ where ◊ what place 2--high [qu] օᗇ hédé ◊ how can 3--medium օㅹ héděng ◊ how (very), what (in an exclamatory phrase) ◊ what kind of 2--high [interj] օൠ hédì ◊ where ◊ which place 3--medium [phr] օ⤜ hédú ◊ Why...only? 4--low օᮒ hégǎn ◊ how dare I, I will surely not 4--low օ᭵ hégù ◊ why 2--high [pron] օ㤖 hékǔ ◊ why bother (not worth the trouble) ◊ what's the use ◊ useless, unnecessary 2--high [adv] օߥ hékuàng ◊ let alone, much less, not to mention ◊ (even...,) how much more..., all the more so... ◊ besides, moreover, especially since..., all the more so because 1--very high [conj] օѳ hénǎi ◊ Why then? 4--low օ㜭 hénéng ◊ how can 3--medium օަ héqí ◊ {literature} how, what, really (used in exclamations before an adjective) 2--high [adv] օӪ hérén ◊ who, what person 2--high [pron] օྲ hérú ◊ how about ◊ don't you think, wouldn't it be better 3--medium [adv] օᰦ héshí ◊ when, what time 3--medium [phr] օһ héshì ◊ why, for what reason ◊ what matter 2--high օᡰ hésuǒ ◊ where 3--medium օѪ héwèi ◊ {classical} why, for what reason 3--medium 448

օҏ héyě ◊ what ◊ why 3--medium օԕ héyǐ ◊ why, how, what2--high [adv] օ⭘ héyòng ◊ what's the use, what good is it; there is no use/point 3--medium [phr] օ⭡ héyóu ◊ how come ◊ why 4--low օᴹ héyǒu ◊ what difficulty is there 3--medium օᴸ héyuè ◊ Which month? (when asking for the date) 4--low օૹ hézāi ◊ why, for what reason 4--low օ൘ hézài ◊ where, wherein 2--high [v] օࡉ hézé ◊ what then, why then 4--low օ㘵 hézhě ◊ what is there? which, which one? 3--medium օ㠣 hézhì ◊ would not...such an extent ◊ what...would there be 4--low օ䏣 hézú ◊ is it worth it (implying it is not) 3--medium ࣮ཿ hézòu ◊ file charges of impeachment against 4--low ਸᵜ héběn ◊ pool capital and form a business partnership 4--low ਸᡀ héchéng ◊ composite ◊ be composed of ◊ synthetic ◊ synthesize 1--very high [v] ਸᖃ hédāng ◊ should, ought to ◊ serves (him, you) right 4--low [v] ਸѾ héhū ◊ conform with, be in harmony with, meet 1--very high [v] ਸ䇑 héjì ◊ (in) total, totaling 1--very high [v] ਸ⨶ hélǐ ◊ reasonable, within reason, rational 1--very high [adj] ਸֻ hélì ◊ according to rule, lawful 5--very low ਸ䈻 hémóu ◊ plot together ◊ plot, conspiracy 3--medium [n,v] ਸк héshàng ◊ close (like the eyes) ◊ unite 3--medium ਸ䘲 héshì ◊ be suitable, fit 1--very high [adj] ਸл héxià ◊ originally, in the first place ◊ immediately 4--low ਸа héyī ◊ become one, unite, combine into one, consolidate, merge into a single whole ◊ combination, consolidation 2--high [v,n] ਸᇌ héyí ◊ be suitable, fit, be in place ◊ fitting, suitable ◊ should 1--very high [adj] ਸ⭘ héyòng ◊ share ◊ of use, useful, fit for use 2--high [adj,v] ਸҾ héyú ◊ in harmony with, suit 3--medium

ਸᦼ hézhǎng ◊ join the palms in greeting (as in a Buddhist salute) 3--medium [v] ਸ֌ hézuò ◊ cooperate, collaborate ◊ cooperation, collaboration 1--very high [v,n] ઼㘼н਼ hé'érbùtóng ◊ be friendly and cooperative but not at the expense of one's principles 3--medium [cy] ઼Ҁ hélè ◊ friendly and happy, harmonious and happy 3--medium [adj] hémù ◊ harmony ◊ harmonious ઼ⶖ 1--very high [adj] ઼ᒣ hépíng ◊ peace ◊ harmony ◊ peaceful ◊ harmonious ◊ mild (like of one's temperament, medicine) ◊ Heping (county, Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province) ◊ Hoabinh (Vietnam) ◊ Heping (reign title for various Chinese Emperors) 1--very high [n,adj] ઼Ӣ héqīn ◊ harmonious and friendly ◊ peace-making marriages (like Chinese Princesses getting married foreign rulers for the sake of good political relations) 4--low [phr] ઼ॿ héxié ◊ harmonious cooperation 3--medium [n] ઼㦟 huòyào ◊ mix medicines (into a paste) 3--medium ᴧ㤕 héruò ◊ how about, what about 5--very low Ṩሩ héduì ◊ check, verify 2--high [v] ⋣े Héběi ◊ Hebei (Province) 1--very high [n] ⋣՟ Hé-Bó ◊ He Bo (God of the Huang He) ◊ {zool} cuttlefish, inkfish 4--low [n] ⋣ hé ◊ river ◊ {astronomy} the Milky Way ◊ (short for Huáng Hé 哳⋣/哴⋣) Yellow River, the Huang He ◊ {Chinese chess} the River (divides the two sides, between the fifth and sixth rank) ◊ He (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ⎧ hǎi ◊ ocean, sea ◊ (large) lake (like Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧ Province) ◊ {astronomy} (on the moon) sea, "mare" ◊ many people or things converging (like a sea of humanity) ◊ very big, very large, of high capacity ◊ foreign, from overseas ◊ {dialect} (often followed by "le" Ҷ) numerous, countless ◊ aimlessly, randomly, everywhere, all over ◊ {dialect} without limit or restraint, to one's heart's delight ◊ (short for Shànghǎi к⎧) Shanghai) 1--very high [n,adj,adv,sn] ⋣≹ Hé-Hàn ◊ the Milky Way ◊ grand but unbelievable talk ◊ the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Han River 3--medium [n] ⋣䰤 Héjiān ◊ Hejian (county, Héběi ⋣ े Province) 4--low ⋣⍱ héliú ◊ rivers 1--very high [n] ⋣ই Hénán ◊ Henan (Province) ◊ (the region) south of the Yellow River 1--very 449

high [n] ⋣޵ Hénèi ◊ (region) within the River (north of the Huang He, esp. during the "Spring and Autumn" and "Warring States" periods) ◊ Hanoi (capital of Vietnam) 2--high [n] ⋣ᴢ héqū ◊ river bend, bend of a river ◊ Hequ (county, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 3--medium [n] ⋣⑐ héqú ◊ rivers and canals, waterways 4--low [n] ⋣ኡ hé-shān ◊ rivers and mountains ◊ land, country ◊ landscape 1--very high [n] ⋣ཆ Hé-wài ◊ outside the River (south of the Huang He, esp. during the Spring and Autumn/Warring States Periods) 4--low ⋣Ⓚ héyuán ◊ source of a river, headwaters ◊ Heyuan (county, Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province) 2--high [n] 䱆ᓀ hélú ◊ dwelling 5--very low 䱆䰮 Hélǘ ◊ Helü (?-496 BC, personal name Ji Guang လ‫ ݹ‬or ‫ޜ‬ᆀ‫ݹ‬, sovereign of the state of Wu during the latter part of the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]; known as Prince Guang before ascending the throne) ◊ dwelling 5--very low [name,n] 䱆ᡷ héshàn ◊ door leaf 5--very low 䍪‫ޠ‬ Hèlán ◊ Helan (county, Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū ሗ༿എ᯿㠚⋫॰/ᆱ༿എ᯿㠚⋫ ४ "Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region") ◊ Helan (a compound surname) 3--medium 䎛䎛 hèhè ◊ illustrious, celebrated ◊ arid, scorched 2--high [adj] 䎛❦ hèrán ◊ imposing, commanding (attention, etc.) ◊ in a terrible rage 2--high [adv] 唁ⲭ hēi-bái ◊ black and white (colours) ◊ black and white (TV set, TV show) ◊ right and wrong, good and evil 1--very high [n] 唁䊲 hēidiāo ◊ sable 4--low [n] 唁䶒 hēimiàn ◊ rye flour 3--medium 唁ᆀ hēizǐ ◊ black mole (on the skin) ◊ sunspot ◊ small and narrow strip of land 3--medium [n] ᚂᱏ héngxīng ◊ {astronomy} fixed star 2--high [n] ṱᶘ hángyáng ◊ {archaic} an instrument of torture placed on the neck or feet of a prisoner 5--very low ⁚⍱ héngliú ◊ crosscurrent 2--high [v] ⁚䘶 hèngnì ◊ tyrannical conduct 4--low [n] 㺑㓥 héngzòng ◊ crosswise and lengthwise, horizontal and perpendicular 5--very low ᕈ䘌 hóngyuǎn ◊ {written} far-

reaching, enduring 0--very low [adj] ⍚≤ hóngshuǐ ◊ flood, inundation 1--very high [n] 䰣䗮 hóngdá ◊ erudite and open-minded 5--very low 呯⋏ hónggōu◊ gap, chasm ◊ a divide ◊ Honggou (canal in Hénán ⋣ই Province dividing Chu and Han) 2--high [n] ◊ the primordial 呯㫉 hóngméng chaos 4--low [n] ‫⦻ן‬ hóuwáng ◊ (feudal) lord (in the Warring States period) 3--medium [n] ஹ丣 hóuyīn ◊ glottal, laryngal ◊ guttural sound ◊ guturophony 4--low [n] ㋷㋞ hóuliáng◊ solid food ◊ field rations 5--very low ‫ى‬ᵋ hòuwàng ◊ wait and hope 5--very low ৊㮴 hòubó ◊ (treat sb) kindly ◊ (treat sb) casually ◊ (degree of) thickness ◊ (degree of) generosity, favour 3--medium [n] ৊Ӕ hòujiāo ◊ deep friendship 5--very low ৊࡙ hòulì ◊ great benefit ◊ great profit, high interest 4--low [n] ৊⾴ hòulù ◊ high salary 1--very high [n] ৊䊼␡ᛵ hòumàoshēnqíng ◊ "kindly appearance but unfathomable heart"—cunning, crafty, sly 4--low [cy] ৊㪜 hòuzàng ◊ elaborate funeral 4--low [v] ਾで Hòujì ◊ Houji (legendary founder of the Zhou Dynasty) ◊ the God of Agriculture (to whom sacrifices were made during the Zhou Dynasty) 4--low ਾॺ hòubàn ◊ latter half, second half 2--high ਾॺ⇥ hòubànduàn ◊ latter half, latter part 3--medium ਾ䗩 hòubian ◊ the back/rear ◊ at the back 2--high [n,v] ਾԓ hòudài ◊ later ages, later periods (as in history) ◊ later generations, posterity ◊ descendant ◊ {biology} progeny 2--high [n] ਾ⇯ hòudiàn ◊ rear palace ◊ rearguard ◊ way out, chance to back down 4--low ਾᇛ hòugōng◊ rear palace, rear apartments (of a place for Imperial concubines, etc.) ◊ Imperial concubine 2--high [n] ਾ≹Җ Hòuhànshū ◊ History of the Later Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty (compiled by Song Fanye, of the Southern Dynasties. The original edition was in 120 "juàn") 4--low ਾ䇠 hòujì ◊ postscript 2--high [n] ਾ䘋 hòujìn ◊ backward, lagging behind (like intellectually, ideologically) 2--high [adj,n] ਾ䶒 hòumian◊ at the back ◊ afterwards,

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later1--very high [adj,adv,n] ਾ䎧 hòuqǐ ◊ the young or up and coming generation 3--medium [adj] ਾӪ hòurén ◊ later generations, posterity, successors ◊ lag behind 2--high [n,v] ਾᰕ hòurì ◊ day after tomorrow ◊ sometime in the future 1--very high ਾ⭏ hòusheng ◊ {regional} young man ◊ young-looking ◊ the younger generation ǁ (also pronounced "hòushēng") 3--medium [n,adj] ਾц hòushì ◊ later ages, later periods (as in history) ◊ later generations 2--high [n] ਾһ hòushì ◊ subsequent events (a phrase often used in traditional Chinese novels as a lead-in the next chapter) ◊ funeral arrangements 3--medium [n] ਾఓ hòusì ◊ descendants 4--low [n] ਾ䘱 hòusòng ◊ {military} evacuate ◊ evacuation 3--medium [n] ਾ᮷ hòuwén ◊ later word, later news 3--medium ਾᗳ hòuxīn ◊ the middle of the back (opposite the pit of the stomach) 3--medium [n] ਾᒿ hòuxù ◊ epilogue 0--very low [n] ਾ㔝 hòuxù ◊ follow-up ◊ {dialect} remarry 2--high [adj,v] ਾ䀰 hòuyán ◊ behind-the-back criticism ◊ account of a previous event 4--low ਾҾ hòuyú ◊ lag behind 2--high [v] ਾ㘵 hòuzhě ◊ the latter 1--very high [n] ਾ㔰 hòuzhuì ◊ suffix 2--high [n] ਾᆀ hòuzǐ ◊ descendants 4--low બਡ hūchì ◊ scold, berate ◊ call out 5--very low [v] બᮁ hūjiù ◊ call for help 3--medium [v] બᓄ hūyìng ◊ act together, work in concert with, echo 2--high [v] ᘭ㿶 hūshì ◊ neglect, overlook 1--very high [v] ഛഥ húlún ◊ whole, complete 3--medium [adj] ⒆ই Húnán ◊ Hunan (Province) 1--very high [n] ⤀ⲭ㼈 húbáiqiú◊ white fox fur coat ◊ elegant thing 5--very low ⤀䊽 ⤀㼈 húqiú ◊ fox fur coat 4--low [n] ⤀⯁ húyí ◊ doubt, suspect 2--high [n] 㜑㶦 húdié ◊ butterfly 3--medium 㜑‫ݯ‬ húr ◊ {abusive} the northern

barbarians 4--low 㜑঒ húlú ◊ {onom} the sound of laughter ◊ smiling countenance 5--very low 㜑⇽ Húmǔ ◊ Humu (a compound surname) 5--very low 㜑Ӫ Húrén ◊ Hu (peoples living in northern and western China) ◊ foreigners 3--medium [n] 㜑Ѫ húwéi ◊ act recklessly 4--low 㜑⭏ húshēng ◊ hero (of a play) 4--low gǔdì ◊ {archery} bull's eye, cen呴Ⲵ tre target; the target 4--low [n] ◊ "tiger wearing a 㱾㘼ߐ hǔ'érguàn human's hat"—cruel person 4--low [n] 㱾ㅖ hǔfú ◊ tiger tally (two-part copper tally in the shape of a tiger issued generals by the Emperor to authorize troop movements. The Emperor kept the right half and the general was given the left.) 4--low [n] 㱾ਓ hǔkǒu ◊ tiger's mouth, jaws, jaws of death ◊ {physiology) area between the thumb and the index finger ◊ Hukou, Bocca Tigris (at the mouth of the Zhū Jiāng ⨐⊏ "Pearl River") 1--very high [n] 㱾⤬ hǔláng ◊ "tigers and wolves"; oppressors, aggressors 3--medium [n] 㱾Ⳟ hǔpí ◊ tiger skin ◊ fierce appearance 3--medium ӂ㿱 hùjiàn ◊ cross-reference ◊ (of two contrasting things) exist side by side 3--medium [v] ӂ⴨ hùxiāng ◊ mutually, reciprocally, each other 1--very high [adv] ᡧਓ hùkǒu ◊ household registration, registered permanent residence, residence registration (also called hùjí ᡦ㉽/ᡧ㉽) ◊ (bank) account ◊ {classical} households and population ◊ {classical} population1--very high [n] ᡧ޵ hùnèi ◊ indoors ǁ (opp. hùwài ᡦ ཆ/ᡧཆ) 0--very low [n] ᡧᓝ hùtíng ◊ door and court yard, with the house 5--very low ᡧཆ hùwài ◊ outdoor 1--very high [n] ᣔᆸ hùshǒu ◊ guard, defend, protect 4--low [v] ━ね huájī ◊ funny, comical ◊ comic talk 2--high [adj,n] ॾ᮷ Huáwén ◊ Chinese, the Chinese written language ◊ colourful pattern 2--high [n] ॾ༿ Huáxià ◊ China ◊ the Han nationality (self-designation) 1--very high [n] ॾ䱤 Huàyīn ◊ Huayin (county, Shǎnxī) 3--medium ࡂ࠶ huàfēn ◊ divide, classify ◊ differentiate 1--very high [v] ࡂ❦ huàrán ◊ clear, well marked 5--very low ॆᡀ huàchéng ◊ turn into

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2--high [v] ॆት huàjū ◊ buying and selling ◊ exchange goods in stock5--very low ॆѪ huàwéi ◊ change into, transmute into 2--high [v] 䈍䈤 huàshuō ◊ now then (expression introducing a new episode in an old-style novel or story-telling script) 1--very high [v] ᘰḄ huáiróu ◊ conciliate, mollify (like conquered peoples) ◊ Huairou (county, Beijing) 2--high [v] ᘰ䛚 huáixié ◊ harbor sinister designs 5--very low ᘰ䘌 Huáiyuǎn ◊ Huaiyuan (county, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province or various other counties) 3--medium ␞े Huáiběi ◊ Huaibei (city, Ānhuī ᆹ ᗭ Province) ◊ north of the Huai River (esp. northern Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province) 2--high [n] ␞ই Huáinán ◊ Huainan (city, Ānhuī ᆹ ᗭ Province) ◊ (region) south of the Huai River (and north of the Chang Jiang [Yangtze River], esp. central Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province) 2--high [n] ␞ইᆀ Huáinánzǐ ◊ the Classic of Huainanzi (Taoist-influenced writings of Liu An of the Western Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 3--medium ␞㾯 Huáixī ◊ north of the Huai River (esp. northern Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province and eastern Hénán ⋣ই Province) 4--low ␞䱣 Huáiyáng ◊ Huaiyang (county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 3--medium ␞䱤 Huáiyīn ◊ Huaiyin (county, Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 Province) 3--medium ൿӪ huàirén ◊ bad person/people, evil person, bad element; bad guy; villain, evildoer, scoundrel 1--very high [n] ⅒᜹ huānyú ◊ happy, joyful 3--medium [adj] ⧟ኡ huánshān ◊ go around a mountain (as a highway) ◊ ringed by mountains 4--low [v] 䘈ᣕ huánbào ◊ retribution ◊ recompense ◊ pay back 4--low 䘈ᖂ huánguī ◊ return, repay 4--low [v] 䘈ґ huánxiāng ◊ return to one's native place 3--medium [v] 㕃ᙕ huǎnjí ◊ pressing or not pressing, urgent or not urgent ◊ emergency, time of need 3--medium [adj,phr] ᇖᇈ huànguān ◊ eunuch ◊ officials (collectively) 3--medium [n] ᛓ䳮 huànnàn ◊ adversity, hardship, trials and tribulations 2--high [n] huàndí ◊ wash 5--very low ⎓⏔ ⏓❦ߠ䟺 huànránbīngshì ◊ vanish (like melted ice, of doubts, misunderstandings, etc.)

5--very low [cy] ᝼ᜊ huānghū◊ blurred, indistinct ◊ in a daze5--very low ⲷᑍ huángdì ◊ emperor 1--very high [n] ⲷ⭛ Huángfǔ◊ Huangfu (a compound surname) 3--medium [sn] ⲷਾ Huánghòu ◊ Empress 1--very high [n] ⲷⲷ huánghuáng ◊ alarmed, anxious, on tenterhooks ◊ hurriedly, hastily ◊ grand, magnificent 4--low [adj] ⲷ㘳 huángkǎo ◊ one's deceased father ◊ grandfather (father's father) 4--low 哴ᑍ Huángdì◊ Huangdi (one of the five legendary Emperors) 2--high [n] 哴ਁ huángfà ◊ old age ◊ old person 4--low 哴䠁 huángjīn◊ gold ◊ golden (often figurative: most valuable or best/ideal) 1--very high [n] 哴㘱 huánglǎo ◊ huang di and Laozi 3--medium 哴⋹ huángquán ◊ underground spring ◊ the netherworld 3--medium [n] ᙽᜊ huǎnghū◊ absent-minded, in trance ◊ faintly 2--high [adj,adv] ᚒᚒ huīhuī ◊ immense, vast 3--medium [adj] 䖹‫ݹ‬ huīguāng ◊ {electrical} glow ◊ glow, radiance, brilliance (like of the setting sun) 4--low [n] എ咈 Huíhú ◊ {history) Huihu (name for the Uyghur national minority in ancient times) 4--low [n] എ⧟ huíhuán ◊ wind, twist 5--very low എ俆 huíshǒu ◊ turn one's head ◊ look back on, recall 1--very high [v] എᗳ huíxīn ◊ change one's mind 3--medium എ᯻ huíxuán ◊ circle, revolve, rotate ◊ (room for) maneuver 1--very high [v] എᓄ huíyìng ◊ reply, respond ◊ {figurative} respond; response 1--very high [v,n] എ䖜 huízhuǎn ◊ turn around, rotate, gyrate 2--high [v] ᛄ੍ huǐlìn ◊ regret, repent 5--very low ⇱䂹 huǐyù ◊ praise or blame 3--medium [n] ᜐ亮 huìgù ◊ {formal} your patronage, your visit 1--very high [v] Պね Guìjī ◊ Guiji (a mountain in Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province, also pronounced "Kuàijī") 3--medium Պ䳶 huìjí ◊ collect (like data, materials) 4--low [v] Պк huìshàng ◊ in or during the

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meeting (or conference) 1--very high Պ䙊 huìtōng ◊ master, understand thoroughly ◊ handle a situation according to varying circumstances 3--medium [v] Պ਼ huìtóng ◊ (do, manage) jointly, together with ◊ Huitong (county, Húnán ⒆ই Province) 2--high [v] 㔈⭫ huìhuà ◊ drawing, painting 1--very high [n] 䈢Ӫнٖ huìrénbùjuàn ◊ teach with tireless zeal 4--low [cy] ႊါ hūnyīn ◊ marriage 1--very high [n] ᰿᰿ hūnhūn ◊ obscure, unclear ◊ quiet, still ◊ sleepy 2--high ᰿ҡ hūnluàn ◊ confused, dazed ◊ corrupt and chaotic (government, society) 4--low [adj] ᰿᰾ hūnmíng ◊ dawn and dusk 5--very low ᰿ཌ hūnyè ◊ dark night 4--low ⎁৊ húnhòu ◊ simple and honest ◊ simple and vigorous (style) 3--medium [adj] ⎁❦ húnrán ◊ unified, whole ◊ completely, entirely 2--high [adj,adv] ⎁䈤 húnshuō ◊ nonsense 5--very low [v] 兲兴 húnpò ◊ the soul (originally the two souls of ancient Chinese belief) 1--very high [n] ␧ҡ hùnluàn ◊ chaos, confusion 1--very high [adj] ␧❦ hùnrán ◊ indistinguishable ◊ ignorant 4--low ␧਼ hùntóng ◊ confuse (think different things are identical) 3--medium [v] ␧⏶ hùnxiáo ◊ mix up, confuse, obscure 1--very high [v] ⍫ࣘ huódòng◊ move around, exercise ◊ activity, move, exercise, maneuver ◊ unsteady, shaky, rickety ◊ flexible, mobile, movable ◊ wangle, influence (through irregular means) 1--very high [v,n] ⍫⍫ huóhuó ◊ while (still) alive 2--high [adv] ⍫⭘ huóyòng◊ apply (theory, knowledge) imaginatively and flexibly; use (a vocabulary word) actively 1--very high [v] ⍫ᆇ huózì ◊ movable type, movable letter (in printing technology) ◊ vivid word ◊ verb3--medium [n] ⚛⚮ huǒzāi ◊ fire, conflagration 2--high [n] ᡆ❦ huòrán ◊ probable 4--low [adj] ᡆᱟ huòshi ◊ (or) perhaps ◊ (or) maybe 1--very high [adv] ᡆ㘵 huòzhě ◊ or... ◊ perhaps, maybe 1--very high [conj] 㧧హ Huòjiā ◊ Huojia (county, Hénán

⋣ই Province) 4--low 㧧㖚 huòzuì ◊ offend ◊ be punished for an offense 3--medium [v] ⾨⾿ huòfú ◊ fortune and misfortune ◊ misfortune, calamity, disaster 4--low ⾨ᇣ huòhai ◊ curse, scourge ◊ bane, cause of disaster ◊ harm, damage 3--medium [n,v] ⾨৺ huòjí ◊ bring disaster upon 3--medium huòluàn ◊ calamity, disaster ⾨ҡ 4--low [n] ⾨ở huòtī ◊ source of misfortune 5--very low 䉱❦䍟䙊 huòránguàntōng ◊ suddenly gain a 4--low [cy] thorough understanding 䍗䍒 huòcái ◊ goods, merchandise 3--medium 䍗䍲 huòlù ◊ bribe 5--very low 䍗⢙ huòwù ◊ goods, commodity 1--very high [n] 䍗⇆ huòzhí ◊ engage in commerce or industry 4--low [v]

J ࠫ⨳ jīqiú ◊ hit a ball ◊ batting 3--medium [v] ᵏᒤ ᵪਈ jībiàn ◊ be adaptable, change according to the circumstances ◊ be crafty 3--medium [v] ᵪṍ jīguā ◊ crossbow trigger ◊ authority 5--very low ᵪՊ jīhuì ◊ opportunity, chance 1--very high [n] ◰ᰲឧម jī'ángkāngkǎi ◊ fervent, vehement (in a good cause) 5--very low [cy] ◰ᙂ jīnù ◊ enrage, infuriate, irritate 2--high [v] ◰ᢜ jīyáng ◊ bring in the pure (the good) and eliminate to the impure (the evil) ◊ moving, stirring ◊ urge, encourage 3--medium [adj,v] ね仑 qǐsǎng ◊ "koutou" to guests at parent's funeral 5--very low ね俆 qǐshǒu ◊ "koutou" 3--medium [v] 〟䍗 jīhuò ◊ stock in goods 5--very low 〟ࣣ jīláo ◊ overworked, overburdened 3--medium [adj] 〟኱ jīsuì ◊ many years 5--very low 〟ေ jīwēi ◊ power and influence acquired over a long period 4--low [n] 〟Ґ jīxí ◊ old habit 3--medium [n] 〟㯚 jīxīn ◊ {Chinese astronomy} kappa of gemini 4--low 〟㫴 jīxù ◊ accumulate, amass 453

(strength/resources/personnel, etc); put aside, save (funds) ◊ savings (like in a bank) 1--very high [v] 〟։ jīyú ◊ save up (out of surplus) ◊ savings 4--low [n] 〟ᙘ jīyuàn ◊ accumulated grievances, long-pent up resentments 3--medium [n,v] ㇅٘ jījù ◊ sit on a mat with legs outstretched 5--very low [v] ㇅ᑊ jīzhǒu ◊ dustpan and broom ◊ household cleaning chores ◊ dustpan and broom (term of self-reference used by wife or concubine) 5--very low 㔹⟉ jīxī ◊ bright, shining (reverence, etc.) 5--very low [adj] 㖱᯵ jīlǚ ◊ live abroad, live a long time far from home 4--low [v] 㖱㑫 jīmí ◊ win over (vassals) ◊ tied down (by duties or feelings) 4--low [v] 㚼㛔 jīfū ◊ skin (of a person) ◊ close, intimate 1--very high [n,adj] 㚼㚹 jīròu ◊ muscle 1--very high [n] 呑呓 jīmíng ◊ cock's crow ◊ halberd ◊ Jiming (name of a poem in the Shijing) ◊ Jiming (name of a "yuefu" tune) 3--medium 侕ሂ jīhán ◊ cold and hunger 4--low 侕俁 jījǐn ◊ famine, crop failure 4--low 侕㢢 jīsè ◊ famished look 5--very low [n] ӏⅢ jíyù ◊ desire ardently 4--low ণᆹ jí'ān ◊ rest, take a rest 3--medium ণ↔ jícǐ ◊ just this ◊ thus 3--medium ণᖃ jídāng ◊ ought to 3--medium ণᡆ jíhuò ◊ even if, even though 4--low [conj] ণሶ jíjiāng ◊ be about to (begin, etc.) ◊ soon 1--very high [phr] ণӺ jíjīn ◊ at once 3--medium ণߣ jíjué ◊ summary judgment 2--high [n] ণҶ ণᰕ jírì ◊ today, this very day ◊ within a few days 2--high [n] ণྲ jírú ◊ just like, as if ◊ even if, even though 3--medium ণ㤕 jíruò ◊ even if, even though 4--low ণ֯ jíshǐ ◊ even if, even though (usu. with yě ҏ in the following clause) 1--very high [conj] ণһ jíshì ◊ do one's duty, assume office ◊ the present situation, the current state of affairs4--low [v]

ণս jíwèi ◊ ascend the throne ◊ take a seat, take one's place 2--high [v] ণѪ jíwéi ◊ that is, namely 2--high [v] ণ㌫ jíxì ◊ is ◊ although it is 3--medium [phr] ণ㹼 jíxíng ◊ immediately carry out 3--medium ণ⭘ jíyòng ◊ ready to be employed (like after passing exams) 2--high ৺䮯 jízhǎng ◊ when of age 3--medium ◊ gill (liquid measure) ৺㙣 jí'ěr 4--low ৺Ӻ jíjīn ◊ by this time 4--low ৺䰘 jímén ◊ disciple, pupil 3--medium [v] ৺ᵏ jíqī ◊ by the scheduled time, when the time has arrived 4--low [adv] ৺䓛 jíshēn ◊ innermost feelings ◊ involve or be of concern oneself 4--low ৺ᰦ jíshí ◊ timely, at the right time, opportune ◊ in a timely manner, just in time, in the nick of time ◊ prompt, immediate, real-time (e.g., news reports) ◊ promptly, at once, without delay ◊ {IT} just-in-time (JIT) 1--very high [adj,adv] ৺Ҿ jíyú ◊ reach to, affect ◊ in reference to 3--medium ৺㠣 jízhì ◊ until, up to, when the point is reached 2--high [conj] ਹӪ jírén ◊ good and virtuous person, charitable person 4--low [n] ਹᰕ jírì ◊ auspicious day ◊ first day of a lunisolar month 1--very high [n] ਹһ jíshì ◊ joyous event (like a festival, ceremony, wedding) 3--medium ਹ䰞 jíwèn ◊ good news 5--very low ჹ jí ◊ (be) jealous, envious ◊ hate, detest, despise 3--medium [v,adj] ࿂ dù ◊ (be) jealous, (be) envious, envy; jealousy, envy 4--low [adj,v,n] ኼኼ jíjí ◊ dangerous, precarious ◊ towering 3--medium [adj] ᙕ䚭 jíjù ◊ rapid, sudden, hurriedly 3--medium [adj] ᙕ࠷ jíqiè ◊ urgent, pressing ◊ impatient ◊ in a hurry 2--high [adj] ᙕҾ jíyú ◊ be anxious to, be impatient to 2--high [phr] ᡒ‫ޥ‬ jíbīng ◊ put away one's weapons 5--very low ᶱ૱ jípǐn ◊ best quality (goods) 1--very high [n] ᶱަ jíqí ◊ extremely, exceedingly (adjectival or adverbial prefix) 1--very high [adv] ᶱࡁ jíxíng ◊ capital punishment 3--medium [n]

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⊢⊢ jíjí ◊ anxious, impatient 3--medium [adj] ⯮બ jíhū ◊ vigorous yelling (literally or figuratively) 1--very high ⯮㤖 jíkǔ ◊ hardships, sufferings, misery (of the people) 2--high [n] ⯮䎻 jíqū ◊ go speedily 4--low ⯮㿶 jíshì ◊ glare at, scowl at 5--very low ⯮㹼 jíxíng ◊ go quickly, walk fast 3--medium [v] ㉽㉽ jíjí ◊ clamour, din, hubbub (of a crowd, etc.) ◊ in disorder, in every direction, every which way ◊ famous 4--low [n,adj,adv] 㯹㯹 jíjí ◊ clamour, din, hubbub (of a crowd, etc.) ◊ in disorder, in every direction, every which way 4--low [n,adv] 㯹⭠ jítián ◊ Imperial fields (fields personally plowed by the Emperor as demonstration of reverence for farming) 4--low [n] 䗁ⶖ jímù ◊ friendly and harmonious, on good terms 5--very low 䳶ᡀ jíchéng ◊ integrate ◊ Group (as used in names of businesses) ◊ {IT} integration; integrated (as of a circuit) 1--very high [vt,adj,n] 䳶བྷᡀ jídàchéng ◊ epitomize, be a crystallization or synthesis of 3--medium [v] 䳶䀓 jíjiě ◊ {literature} variorum 3--medium [n] 䳶ਕ jíjù ◊ poem (mostly lǜshī ᖻ 䂙/ᖻ䈇) composed of lines from different poets 4--low [n] 䳶䟺 jíshì ◊ variorum 4--low 䳶䍔 Jíxián ◊ Jixian (county, Hēilóngjiāng 唁喽⊏/唁嗉⊏ Province)3--medium [name] 䳶⌘ jízhù ◊ collect (thoughts), concentrate (attention) ◊ variorum 3--medium [n,v] ࠐᶆ jīzhàng ◊ (small table and cane) gift for a venerable old person 5--very low ᐡ㿱 jǐjiàn ◊ personal opinion, one's own views 1--very high ᐡԫ jǐrèn ◊ (consider as) one's own duty2--high [n,v] ࠐ↶ jīdài ◊ in great danger, extremely dangerous 5--very low ࠐօ jǐhé ◊ how many, how much ◊ geometry 1--very high [pron,n] ࠐѾ jīhū ◊ almost, nearly, practically, virtually, on the verge of ◊ close to, almost (a certain quantity or extent) 1--very high [adv] ࠐᰦ jǐshí ◊ when, at what time 2--high [pron] ࠐ䇨 jǐxǔ ◊ how much, how many 2--high [pron] ࠐҾ jīyú ◊ almost, nearly 4--low

ᦾ䀂 jǐjiǎo ◊ (seize by the feet and horns) attack from a pincer-like position 5--very low Ծ㜭 jìnéng ◊ skill 5--very low ްᐎ Jìzhōu ◊ Jizhou (one of the nine Provinces of China under Yu the Great encompassing parts of Shānxī ኡ㾯, Héběi ⋣े, Hénán ⋣ই and Liáoníng 䚬ሗ/䗭ᆱ Provinces) 3--medium ᆓ᱕ jìchūn ◊ the last month of spring (the third lunisolar month) 4--low [n] ᆓ⡦ jìfù ◊ uncle (father's youngest brother) 5--very low [n] ᆓᆏ jìmèng ◊ brothers 5--very low ᆓᆉ Jìsūn ◊ Jisun (a compound surname) 4--low ᆓ⴨ jìxiàng ◊ seasonal aspect (of a region, landscape) 4--low ᆓᆀ jìzi ◊ period of two/three months ◊ season 4--low [n] ᇲሕ jìliáo ◊ lonely, solitary ◊ quiet, desolate 2--high [adj] ᇲሎ jìmò ◊ lonesome ◊ quiet ◊ cold and dreary 1--very high [adj] ᗼ䇣 jìhuì ◊ a taboo ◊ avoid as taboo (for fear of its possible bad consequences), abstain from 1--very high [v] ᗼᰕ jìrì ◊ death anniversary (of a parent or other esteemed person) 3--medium ᰒᇊ jìdìng ◊ set, established, fixed, predetermined 1--very high [adj] ᰒ㘼 jì'ér ◊ afterwards, subsequently 3--medium [conj] ᰒ⍾ Jìjì ◊ {divination} "Jiji" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 4--low [n] ᰒ❦ jìrán ◊ since, now that 1--very high [conj] ᰒᖰ jìwǎng ◊ formerly, in the past ◊ past events, happenings in the past 2--high [n] ᰒᐢ jìyǐ ◊ already 3--medium ᰒᴹ jìyǒu ◊ already existing, preexisting 2--high [adj] ⾝䞂 jìjiǔ ◊ offer wine in sacrifice 3--medium ⾝⽰ jìsì ◊ offer sacrifice to ancestors, the gods ◊ sacrificial offering 1--very high [v,n] ⾝⭠ jìtián ◊ sacrifice field (field dedicated providing revenue for expenses of sacrifices) 4--low [n] ⾝᮷ jìwén ◊ funeral or memorial ceremony oration3--medium [n] ⾝Ԛ jìyí ◊ sacrificial offering, sacrificial ceremony 4--low 㓚㓢 jìgāng ◊ law, rules ◊ rule, govern

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◊ supervise (servants) ◊ servant 4--low [n] 㔗᢯ jìchéng ◊ inherit (property, rights) ◊ accede to (the throne); succession ◊ carry on, carry forward (a tradition, etc.)1--very high [v] 㔗ᇔ jìshì ◊ second wife (after the death of the first) 5--very low 㔗Җ jìshū ◊ a will, testament 5--very low [n] 㿺㿾 jìyú ◊ covet ◊ cast greedy eyes on 2--high [v] 䀸䙾 䇑䖳 jìjiào ◊ "calculate and compare"—care about (how much money, personal loss or gain, etc.), mind, be particular about ◊ quibble, argue, dispute ◊ think over, plan 2--high [v] 䇑䇞 jìyì ◊ discuss, confer, consult ◊ plan 3--medium [v] 䇠࠶ jìfēn ◊ record points (like score of a game, student's grades, workpoints) 3--medium 䇠䗷 jìguò ◊ record faults (as a form of disciplinary action)3--medium [v] 䇠਽ jìmíng ◊ sign (indicating one's authorization, responsibility, etc.) 2--high [v] 䇠䎧 jìqǐ ◊ recall to mind ◊ refresh one's memory 3--medium [v] 䇠ᰦ jìshí ◊ time ◊ clock 0--very low [v] 䇠һ jìshì ◊ prepare a memorandum, record events ◊ record, chronicle (esp. of historical events) 1--very high [vo,n] 䇠ᮠ jìshù ◊ {math} a (numeric) notation 3--medium [n] 䇠䘠 jìshù ◊ narrate, record 2--high [v] 䇠л jìxià ◊ jot down 2--high [v] 䇠䖭 jìzǎi ◊ record in writing ◊ record, account (in writing) 1--very high [v,n] 䇠㘵 jìzhě ◊ reporter, journalist ◊ this reporter, I (used by a reporter to refer to himself/herself) 1--very high [n] ࣐䮯 jiācháng ◊ lengthen, extend 0--very low [v] ࣐བྷ jiādà ◊ increase, enlarge, augment 1--very high [v] ࣐⛩ jiādiǎn ◊ work extra hours, work overtime ◊ edit, revise 2--high [v] ࣐߿҈䲔 jiājiǎnchéngchú ◊ addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (the four operations of arithmetic) 4--low ࣐⽬ jiālǐ ◊ treat with exceptional civility, show extra kindness 4--low ࣐ࡁ jiāxíng ◊ {legal} increase the penalty, extend the sentence ǁ (opp. jiǎnxíng ⑋ࡁ/߿ࡁ) 0--very low [v] ࣐а jiāyī ◊ ten percent addition (like

a service charge) ◊ add one ◊ Cail (India) 2--high [v] ࣐ԕ jiāyǐ {formal} ◊ exert (marker used before a disyllabic verb [which cannot have aspect marker or complement], to indicate the action of the verb is exerted on sth/sb mentioned earlier) ◊ in addition, moreover, what's more (used to introduce another reason or further grounds) 1--very high [v] ࣐Ҿ jiāyú ◊ add to 3--medium ཀྵ᭫ jiāgōng ◊ attack from both sides ◊ converging attack, pincer attack 3--medium [v] ཀྵ䉧 Jiágǔ ◊ Jiagu (ancient place during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) ◊ Jiagu (compound surname) 4--low [n,sn] ᇦӗ jiāchǎn ◊ family property2--high [n] ᇦ‫ݯ‬ jiār ◊ {colloquial} family ◊ household ◊ home 4--low ᇦਧ jiāhào ◊ house number 4--low ᇦᇦ jiājiā ◊ every family, every household 2--high ᇦት jiājū ◊ home, living space, residence; (used in store names for jiājū chénshè ᇦ ት䲣䁝/ᇦት䱸䇮 "home furnishings") ◊ live at home without a job 3--medium [v] ᇦ਽ jiāmíng ◊ family name ◊ family reputation 3--medium ᇦӪ jiārén ◊ family (members) ◊ servants ◊ the common people ◊ {divination} "Jiaren" (one of the sixty-four hexagrams in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes") 1--very high [n] ᇦ༠ jiāshēng ◊ family or clan reputation 4--low [n] ᇦц jiāshì ◊ family background, family status, ancestry 3--medium [n] ᇦһ jiāshì ◊ housework, household chores ◊ family matters ◊ {regional usage} family financial situation 2--high [n] ᇦᇔ jiāshì ◊ family members ◊ wife ◊ {written} (one's own) house/home, family residence 3--medium [n] ᇦᓝ jiātíng ◊ family, household 1--very high [n] ᇦ䇝 jiāxùn ◊ parental instruction, family precepts 4--low [n] ᇦ⭘ jiāyòng ◊ for use in the home, household (as in jiāyòng chǎnpǐn ᇦ⭘⭒૱/ᇦ⭘ӗ ૱ "household products", jiāyòng diànqì ᇦ⭘䴫 ಘ/ᇦ⭘⭥ಘ, "household appliances", etc.) ◊ family expenses 1--very high [adj,n] ᇦ䍬 jiāzéi ◊ thief or evildoer within one's family, the enemy within 4--low [n] ᇦ䮯 jiāzhǎng ◊ head of a household ◊ parent, guardian ◊ {formal} a form of address for an elder brother or friend 1--very high [n] ᇦѫ jiāzhǔ ◊ head of household 3--medium [n]

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[n] ྨ䛚 jiānxié ◊ crafty and evil ◊ treacherous ◊ a craft and evil person 4--low [adj,n] ⴁ㿶 jiānshì ◊ keep watch on, keep under surveillance, monitor 1--very high [v] 㛙㦧 jiānhè ◊ shoulder, bear (like responsibility) 5--very low [v] 㢠䳮 jiānnán ◊ difficult, hard 1--very high [adj] 䰤ᡆ jiànhuò ◊ occasionally, sometimes 3--medium [adv] 䰤᧕ jiànjiē ◊ indirect, secondhand (in contrast to zhíjiē ⴤ᧕ "direct, immediate") 1--very high [adj] 䰤ᴹ jiànyǒu ◊ every now and then, 2--high [adv] from time to time 䰤㘵 jiànzhě ◊ spy, secret agent 4--low Ự䰵 jiǎnyuè ◊ review, inspect (troops, etc.)2--high [v] ㆰᦧ jiǎnjié ◊ direct, straightforward 3--medium [adj] ㆰ⌱ jiǎnjié ◊ succinct, terse (of speech, writing) 1--very high [adj] ㆰ⮕ jiǎnlüè ◊ brief, concise (in content) 2--high [adj] ㆰ᰾ jiǎnmíng ◊ brief and clear, concise and to the point 2--high [adj] ㆰ᱃ jiǎnyì ◊ simple, easy ◊ simple, not elaborate 1--very high [adj] ㆰⴤ jiǎnzhí ◊ simply, virtually 1--very high [adv] 䑷䑷 jiǎnjiǎn ◊ loyal and straightforward (speech) ◊ beset by difficulties 5--very low ‫ܝ‬䎺 jiànyuè ◊ overstep one's authority 3--medium [v] ᔪ࣏ jiàngōng◊ perform meritorious deeds 3--medium [v] ᔪഭ jiànguó ◊ found a nation ◊ strengthen a nation 1--very high [vo] ᔪ㖞 jiànzhì ◊ establish 2--high [vt] ⑀␽ jiānzì ◊ imbue, soak in (mostly figurative) 5--very low 㦀ት jiànjū ◊ roam in search of water and grass (of nomads)5--very low 㦀Җ jiànshū ◊ letter of introduction and recommendation 3--medium 㿱⡡ jiàn'ài ◊ be loved, be favoured 4--low 㿱〠 jiànchēng ◊ noted ◊ famous 4--low [v] 㿱ᗇ jiànde ◊ look, seem, appear (only used with the negative or an interrogative, e.g., bù jiànde н㾻ᗇ/н㿱ᗇ㸪zěnme jiànde ᘾ哬㾻 ᗇ/ᘾѸ㿱ᗇ㸪héyǐ jiàndé օԕ㾻ᗇ/օԕ㿱ᗇ) ǁ (sometimes pronounced "jiàndé") 2--high [v] 㿱࣏ jiàngōng◊ take effect, be effective 4--low [v]

ᇦᆀ jiāzi ◊ family, household 3--medium [n] ⍳⍭ jiāqià ◊ soak thoroughly ◊ cordial, friendly 5--very low ‫ٷ‬䚃 jiǎdào ◊ by way of, via ◊ go through (a third country in order to attack another country) 4--low [v] ‫ُٷ‬ jiǎjiè ◊ make use of, use as a pretext, use false pretences, make (fraudulent) use of (sb's name, identity, etc.), act as an impostor ◊ tolerate, overlook, be lenient/tolerant ◊ {Chinese linguistics} phonetic loan characters 3--medium [n,v] ‫ٷ‬Ԕ jiǎlìng ◊ if, supposing 4--low [conj] ‫ٷ‬Ӫ jiǎrén ◊ dummy (man) 0--very low [n] ‫ྲٷ‬ jiǎrú ◊ if, supposing, assuming 1--very high [conj] ‫ٷ‬䇮 jiǎshè ◊ suppose, presume ◊ hypothesis ◊ hypothesize 1--very high [n,v] ‫֯ٷ‬ jiǎshǐ ◊ if, supposing, assuming 1--very high [conj] ⭢‫ޥ‬ jiǎbīng ◊ armour and weapons ◊ military equipment ◊ military affairs ◊ soldier, armour-clad soldier 3--medium [n] ⭢༛ jiǎshì ◊ armed soldier 4--low ⭢㛴 jiǎzhòu ◊ armour 3--medium [n] 䍮⾨ gǔhuò ◊ invite disaster, bring a calamity on oneself 5--very low 䍮Ӫ gǔrén ◊ merchant 4--low ԧ٬ jiàzhí ◊ value, worth 1--very high [n] ჱၦ jiàqǔ ◊ marriage 1--very high [n] ぬめ jiàsè ◊ {agriculture} farm work, sowing and reaping 4--low [v] 傮䖖 jiàchē ◊ drive a vehicle/cart 2--high [vo] ެ⡡ jiān'ài ◊ universal love, fraternity ◊ the Jian'ai, Universal Love (an essay by Mo Zi) 4--low [n] ެӪ jiānrén ◊ a person who can do the work of two 4--low ެ⭘ jiānyòng◊ use both; dual-purpose 2--high [v,adj] ඊⲭ jiānbái ◊ pure in integrity, of firm resolution 4--low ඊ⭢ jiānjiǎ ◊ strong armour 4--low ඊ⭢࡙‫ ޥ‬jiānjiǎlìbīng ◊ "strong armour and sharp weapons"—good armour and weapons ◊ combat ready 5--very low [cy] ඊ࡙ jiānlì ◊ hard and sharp 4--low ඊᆸ jiānshǒu ◊ stand fast (like at one's post), firmly stand by (like one's principles) 2--high [v] ྨ㠓 jiānchén ◊ treacherous court official, disloyal and cunning minister ◊ treacherous courtier ◊ disloyal subject 1--very high

457

㿱ᙚ jiànguài ◊ mind, object to 2--high [v] 㿱ਾ jiànhòu ◊ see after, vide post 4--low [v] 㿱ᮉ jiànjiào ◊ {formal} instruct, teach (me) 4--low [v] 㿱ᇒ jiànkè ◊ receive guests 4--low [v] 㿱ࡽ jiànqián ◊ see before, vide ante 4--low [v] 㿱ᛵ jiànqíng ◊ appreciative of kindnesses to one 5--very low [vo] 㿱Ӫ jiànrén ◊ appear before people, face people (like ashamed or unashamed to) 2--high [v] 㿱к jiànshàng ◊ see above, vide supra 3--medium [v] 㿱ቁ jiànshǎo ◊ become fewer ◊ lessened 5--very low 㿱䇶 jiànshi ◊ gain experience and knowledge, enrich one's experience ◊ knowledge gained from experience 1--very high [vo,n] 㿱һ仾⭏ jiànshìfēngshēng ◊ make trouble at every opportunity 5--very low 㿱ཙ jiàntiān ◊ every day, daily 3--medium 㿱ཆ jiànwài ◊ look on as an outsider, treat as a stranger 4--low [v] 㿱л jiànxià ◊ see below, vide infra 3--medium [v] 㿱ㅁ jiànxiào ◊ laugh (mostly depreciatory) ◊ cause ridicule or embarrassment (to one) 3--medium [v] 㿱ᯠ jiànxīn ◊ look new (after renovations, etc.) 4--low [v] 㿱ؑ jiànxìn ◊ as soon as you read the letter ◊ be believed 4--low 㿱Ҿ jiànyú ◊ seen in, comes from (a literary source) 2--high [v] 㿱䍓 jiànzé ◊ be rebuked 4--low [v] 㿱ᆇ jiànzì ◊ on seeing this letter (by a superior to a subordinate) 4--low 䈿䈔 jiànzhèng ◊ admonish (frankly and earnestly) 4--low [v] 䍡Ӫ jiànrén ◊ cheap person (term of abuse to women used in novels, drama in former times) 3--medium [n] 䐥⾊ jiànzuò ◊ ascend to the throne 5--very low [v] 䢤Ҿ jiànyú ◊ in view of 2--high [conj] ‫܅ܥ‬ ሶ‫ޥ‬ jiàngbīng ◊ lead troops 4--low ሶሶ jiāngjiāng ◊ just, barely ◊ a short while ago, just now 3--medium [adv] ሶ䘁 jiāngjìn ◊ be close to, almost (of quantity, etc.) 1--very high [adv,v]

ሶߋ jiāngjūn ◊ (military rank) general ◊ {Japan, history} shogun ◊ {chess} check ◊ put (sb) on the spot, put sb in a tough spot, embarrass 1--very high [v,n] ሶᶕ jiānglái ◊ (in the) future 1--very high [adv,n] ሶ⦷ jiàngshuài ◊ generals, commanders 3--medium [n] ሶһ jiāngshì ◊ do, attend to, carry out (like orders) 4--low ሶᐵ jiàngshuài ◊ generals 3--medium [n] ሶ↫ jiāngsǐ ◊ will die 3--medium ሶ⴨ jiàngxiàng ◊ generals and ministers ◊ military and political leaders 3--medium [n] ሶ㾱 jiāngyào◊ be going to, be about to 1--very high [adv] ⊏ь Jiāngdōng ◊ east of the lower reaches of the Cháng Jiāng 䮧⊏/䮯⊏ (as a geographic area) 2--high [n] ⊏⋣ jiāng-hé ◊ rivers and streams ◊ the Cháng Jiāng 䮧⊏/䮯⊏ and Huáng Hé 哳⋣/哴 ⋣ (i.e. Yangtze River and Yellow River) 2--high [n] ⊏⒆ jiānghú ◊ rivers and lakes ◊ all corners of the country (usu. in former times) ◊ {pejorative} drifters, vagabonds, adventurers (such as itinerant performers, fortune tellers, quacks) ◊ the occupations of such people ◊ shrewd, worldwise, street-smart 1--very high [n] ⊏␞ Jiāng-Huái ◊ the Cháng Jiāng 䮧⊏/䮯⊏ and Huái Hé ␞⋣ rivers ◊ Jiāngsū ⊏ 㰷/⊏㣿 and Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Provinces 2--high [n] ⊏䲥 Jiānglíng ◊ Jiangling (county, Húběi ⒆े Province) 3--medium ⊏ই Jiāngnán ◊ "(the region) south of the Yangtze River" (name for the region south of the lower reaches of the Cháng Jiāng 䮧 ⊏/䮯⊏) 1--very high [n] ⊏ኡ jiāng-shān ◊ rivers and mountains, landscape, scenery 1--very high [n] ⊏≤ jiāngshuǐ ◊ river water 2--high [n] ⊏㣿 Jiāngsū ◊ Jiangsu (Province) 1--very high [n] ⊏㾯 Jiāngxī ◊ Jiangxi (Province) 1--very high [n] ⮶൪ jiāngchǎng ◊ battlefield 3--medium [n] ⮶⨶ jiānglǐ ◊ establish borders, delineate frontiers 5--very low ⮶൏ jiāngtǔ ◊ territory (of a country) 3--medium [n] ྆࣍ jiǎngquàn ◊ encourage by rewards, give incentive to 5--very low 䇢䚃 jiǎngdào◊ explain (religious doctrine) ◊ explain the (Chinese) classics ◊ persuade,

458

prevail 3--medium [vo] 䇢⌅ jiǎngfa ◊ wording, diction, choice of words ◊ opinion, viewpoints 3--medium [n] 䇢䀓 jiǎngjiě ◊ explain ◊ explanation 1--very high [v] 䇢䈤 jiǎngshuō ◊ explain 3--medium ॐӪ jiàngrén ◊ craftsman, artisan 3--medium [n] ॐ⸣ jiàngshí ◊ (the craftsman shi) craftsman, artisan 5--very low ሶᇈ jiàngguān ◊ general ◊ [jiàngguan] high-ranking military officer] 1--very high [n] ሶᤷ jiàngzhǐ ◊ the middle finger ◊ the big toe 4--low [n] 䱽᭼ xiángdí ◊ surrender to the enemy ◊ surrendered enemy 5--very low [n,v] 䱽≤ jiàngshuǐ ◊ precipitation 2--high [n] 䱽Ѫ jiàngwéi◊ demote to ◊ descend to, reduce to 2--high 䱽ᗳ⴨Ӿ jiàngxīnxiāngcóng ◊ obey others against one's will 5--very low [cy] Ӕ䭉 jiāocuò ◊ crisscross, intersect ◊ staggered, alternating 2--high [v] Ӕӂ jiāohù ◊ mutual, interactive ◊ alternate ◊ inter-, cross- 2--high [adj] Ӕ⅒ jiāohuān◊ be friendly with one another ◊ {euphemism} have sexual intercourse 3--medium [v] Ӕ䱵 jiāojì ◊ human relations, social contact or intercourse, communication 2--high [n] Ӕ᧕ jiāojiē ◊ join, link, connect with ◊ hand over or take over (like when beginning a new shift at work) ◊ be on friendly terms with 2--high [v] Ӕਓ jiāokǒu ◊ express sth unanimously ◊ chat, converse with on another 3--medium [vo] Ӕഠ jiāokùn ◊ be beset with multiple difficulties all at once ◊ simultaneous or multiple distresses 4--low [v] Ӕᛵ jiāoqing ◊ friendship, friendly relations 2--high [n] Ӕ᡻ jiāoshǒu ◊ fight hand to hand ◊ join hands (in salutation) 2--high [v] Ӕ䙊 jiāotōng ◊ traffic, communications, transport, transportation 1--very high [n] Ӕᖰ jiāowǎng ◊ interact with one another, associate with one another, have friendly dealings with one another 1--very high [v] Ӕᚦ jiāowù ◊ become enemies ◊ mutual enmity 3--medium [v] Ӕ᱃ jiāoyì ◊ deal, transaction ◊ business deal, trade 1--very high [n] Ӕ⑨ jiāoyóu ◊ make friends ◊ friends

3--medium Ӕ৻ jiāoyǒu ◊ make friends 1--very high [vo] Ӕᡈ jiāozhàn ◊ be at war 2--high [v] Ӕ䍘 jiāozhì ◊ exchange hostages (like of sons of feudal rulers in the Warring States Period) 5--very low ὂᡯ jiāofáng ◊ empress' dwelling ◊ empress 4--low [n] 㜦兢 Jiāogé ◊ Jiaoge (person during Yin/late Zhou Dynasties) 5--very low 㴏嗉 jiāolóng ◊ flood dragon (legendary animal said to be able to cause floods and storms) 3--medium 䛺䗾 jiāoyíng ◊ go out to the suburbs to welcome 4--low 傴⸌ jiāojīn ◊ haughty, conceited 4--low [adj] 4--low 傴≄ jiāoqi ◊ arrogance [n] 傴Ӫ jiāorén ◊ {recent Mainland usage} make one feel proud; proud (of achievements/accomplishments, etc.), gratifying ◊ {classical Chinese} arrogant, undeferential person ◊ low person who has acquired success 1--very high [v,adj] 傴ྒ␛֊ jiāoshēyínyì ◊ (pride, luxury, lewdness and idleness) wallow in all the vices, be extravagant and dissipated 5--very low 傴ᚓ jiāozì ◊ overbearing, wilful 4--low ⤑⥮ jiǎohuá ◊ crafty, cunning, sly 2--high [adj] ⤑ jiǎo ◊ crafty, cunning, sly ◊ hurt, harm ◊ young and good-looking ◊ strong, robust ◊ puppy 2--high [adj,v,n] ‫ ބ‬tù ◊ rabbit, hare 2--high [n] ⸛᧹ jiǎoróu ◊ bend, straighten 4--low [v] 㝊䫡 jiǎoqian ◊ porterage, porter's fee 5--very low [n] 䀂ᶀ jiǎocái ◊ {metal casting} angle section 0--very low [n] ਛਧ jiàohào ◊ call number (like telephone number) ◊ take the lead (in singing, cheering, etc.) 4--low ਛ਽ jiàomíng ◊ name, designation ◊ in name 4--low [n,v] ᗬᒨ jiǎoxìng ◊ by luck 5--very low ᮉॆ jiàohuà ◊ enlighten by education, civilize, humanize 2--high [v] ᮉ䈢 jiàohuì ◊ {edu} teaching ◊ instruction 2--high [n] ᮉ≁ jiàomín ◊ believers, church members ◊ educate the people (morally) 4--low ᮉ䇝 jiàoxun ◊ admonish ◊ lecture sb (on mistakes, failures, etc.) ◊ give sb a dressingdown ◊ teach sb a lesson ◊ a lesson (drawn from sth) 1--very high [v,n] ᮉ㛢 jiàoyù ◊ education, schooling ◊ 459

educate, teach 1--very high [n,v] ṑ᭩ jiàogǎi ◊ proofread and correct 4--low [v] ṑई jiàokān ◊ collate 3--medium [v] 䖳࣢ jiàojìn ◊ compete, have a contest, match one's skill/performance/strength (with sb to see who is better) ◊ pit oneself (against), be at odds with sb, be contrary/disobliging ◊ require extra hard effort, need to put one's shoulder to the wheel 3--medium 䖳䟿 jiàoliàng◊ compare one's strength against sb else's ◊ a contest ◊ argue, dispute 2--high [vo] 䖳❦ jiàorán ◊ clear, evident 5--very low 䖳Ѫ jiàowéi ◊ is rather, is comparatively ◊ a little bit more 1--very high [adv] ఏ਩ jiētàn ◊ sigh, lament 5--very low [v] ᧕ൠ jiēdì ◊ {electrical} ground ◊ {aviation} touchdown2--high [v,n] ᧕䈫 jiēdú ◊ respectfully received and read (your letter) 5--very low ᧕㕍 jiēfèng ◊ joint, seam 3--medium [n] ᧕㿱 jiējiàn ◊ receive (a guest), grant an interview to 1--very high [v] ᧕к jiēshang ◊ join, link ◊ continue (like a story) where one left off 3--medium ᧕һ jiēshì ◊ take over duties 5--very low [v] ᧕л jiēxià ◊ be continued ◊ receive ◊ mix with the lower classes 3--medium [v] ᧕ᕅ jiēyǐn ◊ greet, welcome ◊ receive and instruct, guide ◊ {Buddhism} guide salvation 3--medium ᧕䑥 jiēzhǒng◊ follow on sb's heels 2--high [v] ᧕⵰ jiēzhe ◊ catch, take in the hands ◊ follow, continue (like the work of, after another has finished speaking) ◊ following, immediately after1--very high [v] ᨝⽪ jiēshì ◊ promulgate, announce (proclamations, etc.) ◊ reveal, bring to light (the truth, etc.) 2--high [v] Ⲷ❦ jiērán ◊ omnipresent, ubiquitous ◊ it was always like that 3--medium Ⲷᱟ jiēshì ◊ it is so in every case 2--high Ⲷഐ jiēyīn ◊ all because 3--medium ႅ࿔ jiéyú ◊ Imperial concubine, court lady (official title) 4--low [n] ᆁᆁ jiéjié ◊ distinguished, prominent ◊ small, tiny ◊ lonely 5--very low ᆁ䚇 jiéyí◊ survivors, the few remaining (like from a disaster) 4--low [n] ᡚ❦ jiérán ◊ completely, entirely 2--high [adv] ᡚ→ jiézhǐ ◊ end, close ◊ closing (e.g.,

day, date) ◊ expire ◊ (before a date) until..., as of... ◊ (following a date) until... ◊ (used to indicate a deadline) 1--very high [v] Ṱ唐 jiéxiá ◊ crafty, cunning (in bad sense) 5--very low Ṱ㓓 Jié-Zhòu ◊ (the tyrants) Jie and Zhou (legendary despots, last rulers of the Xià ༿ and Shāng ୶ dynasties respectively) ◊ {figurative} tyrants, despots 4--low [n] ㄝ䈊 jiéchéng ◊ wholeheartedly 1--very high [adv] 㢲᫽ jiécāo ◊ moral integrity 3--medium [n] 㢲ᓖ jiédù ◊ moderation 4--low [n,v] 㢲ᓖ֯ Jiédùshǐ ◊ Military Commissioner (military and administrative post established during Táng ୀ Dynasty) 4--low 㢲ਾ jiéhòu ◊ after a holiday; post-holiday 3--medium [adj,adv] 㢲‫؝‬ jiéjiǎn ◊ be thrifty/frugal; thrift, frugality 1--very high [adj,n] 㢲⮕ jiélüè ◊ (diplomacy) memorandum ◊ summary, outline ◊ cut down on (expenses) 4--low [n,v] 㢲ⴞ jiémù ◊ (TV) program ◊ program (of events) ◊ item (like in an exhibit) 1--very high [n] 㢲ࡽ jiéqián ◊ before the holidays 2--high [adv] 㢲⭘ jiéyòng ◊ cut down on (expenses) 4--low [v] 㔃‫ފ‬ jiédǎng ◊ (of officials, politicians) form a gang, form a clique, gang together 4--low 㔃ਁ jiéfà ◊ tie up the hair (as the sign of coming of age) ◊ the tying up of the hair of husband and wife on their wedding night (the husband tied on the left and the wife on the right, a practice in former times) ◊ wife 3--medium [n,vo] 㔃ᶴ jiégòu ◊ structure, composition, makeup (of an essay, etc.) ◊ structure, composition (of a building, etc., like steel, concrete) ◊ {geosciences} texture 1--very high [n] 㔃ਸ jiéhé ◊ (of people or things) combine (with), unite, integrate, link ◊ unite as man and wife, join in wedlock ◊ integrated with, along with, in tandem with 1--very high [v] 㔃ஹ jiéhóu ◊ the Adam's apple 5--very low [n] 㔃Ӕ jiéjiāo ◊ become friends with, associate with 2--high [v] 㔃ਕ jiéjù ◊ concluding sentence ◊ formula ◊ {music} coda 5--very low 㔃㓣 jiénà ◊ become friends with, associate with ◊ the offering of presents to the parents of the bride 4--low [v] 㔃㔣 jiéshéng ◊ tie a knot ◊ the tying of knots in a cord (as a form of record-keeping) 3--medium [v] 460

compromising ◊ have sth on one's mind ◊ distinctive ◊ suddenly 5--very low ӻ㓽 jièshào ◊ introduce, present; introduction ◊ recommend, suggest ◊ introduce, give an account of, brief (sb about sth); introduction, briefing 1--very high [v,n] ӻҾ jièyú ◊ be or lie between 1--very high ُԓ jièdài ◊ {rhetoric} metonymy ◊ (use one thing to) refer indirectly to (another associated thing), represent figuratively 4--low [n,v] 㯹ԕ jièyǐ ◊ for the purpose of, so as to 3--medium ُ⭘ jièyòng ◊ borrow; borrow and use ◊ use (sth) for a different purpose (from the one for which it was intended) 2--high [v] jièzhù ◊ use as an aid ◊ with the 㯹ࣙ aid of, through, by means of 1--very high ُ㇨ jièzhù ◊ draw up a plan for others 5--very low [v] ُᆇ jièzì ◊ the use of one Chinese character for another 4--low ᡂ᜗ jièjù ◊ vigilant, watchful 4--low [v] ⭼䈤 jièshuō ◊ definition 5--very low [n,v] Ӻ⅑ jīncì ◊ {regional, e.g., HK} this time2--high [adv] Ӻ‫ݯ‬ jīnr ◊ today 3--medium Ӻਾ jīnhòu ◊ hereafter, henceforth, in the future, from now on 1--very high [n] Ӻᒤ jīnnián ◊ this year 1--very high [adv,n] ӺӪ jīnrén ◊ moderns, people of our time3--medium [n] Ӻᰕ jīnrì ◊ today ◊ the present, now 1--very high [adv] Ӻк Jīnshàng◊ the present Emperor, His Majesty 3--medium Ӻц jīnshì ◊ this life ◊ the present age 2--high [n] Ӻཙ jīntiān ◊ today ◊ the present, now 1--very high [n,adv] Ӻ᮷ jīnwén ◊ {calligraphy} "jinwen" (a style of "lishu" calligraphy during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 4--low [n] Ӻ੮ jīnwú ◊ I, me 4--low Ӻ᱄ jīn-xī ◊ today and yesterday, present and past, now and in the past 2--high [n] Ӻ⭘ jīnyòng ◊ modern usage 3--medium Ӻީ jīnzī ◊ now ◊ this year 4--low Ӻᆇ jīnzì ◊ "jinzi", modern characters (Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty "lishu" characters up to present) 5--very low ㅻ僘 jīngǔ ◊ muscles and bones ◊ physique 2--high [n] ㅻ࣋ jīnlì ◊ physical strength ◊ firm-

㔃ᶏ jiéshù ◊ conclude, finish, wind up ◊ dress up, make up (mostly used in the early vernacular) 1--very high [v] 㔃ቮ jiéwěi ◊ ending, winding up ◊ {music} coda 2--high [n] 㔃Ѫ jiéwéi ◊ enter into a specified relationship 3--medium [v] 䈈ᵍ jiézhāo ◊ early morning ◊ next morning 5--very low 䈈䰞 jiéwèn ◊ interrogate closely, question (a suspect) 3--medium [v] 䀓ౢ jiěcháo ◊ try to justify oneself with an excuse, etc. when ridiculed, try to talk one's way out of (deserved) criticism 3--medium [vo] 䀓䲔 jiěchú ◊ remove, get rid of, relieve (sb) of (sth), lift, release (sb) from, undo, ease, dissolve (e.g. a contract) 1--very high [v] 䀓㓧 jiěfēn ◊ resolve a dispute 4--low 䀓ᜁ jiěhuò ◊ dispel/resolve doubt(s); clear up/explain sth puzzling; answer questions 2--high [vo] 䀓傮 jiějià ◊ rest 5--very low 䀓ᮉ jiě-jiào ◊ release (or be released) for "re-education through labour" (mostly of juvenile delinquents, sometimes adults; short for jiěchú láodòng jiàoyǎng 䀓䲔ऎअᮉ伺/䀓䲔ࣣ ࣘᮉޫ) 3--medium 䀓䟺 jiěshì ◊ explain, interpret ◊ explanation, interpretation 1--very high [v,n] 䀓ᮠ xièshù ◊ ability, method, trick, skill ◊ posture/movement in martial arts3--medium [n] 䀓䈤 jiěshuō ◊ explain (verbally) ◊ the narrative for a newsreel, etc. ◊ mediate 2--high [v,n] 䀓䈤 jiěshuō ◊ explain (verbally) ◊ the narrative for a newsreel, etc. ◊ mediate 2--high [v,n] Ҷ le ◊ already (aspect particle indicating change) ◊ (aspect particle for new situation; verb suffix indicating an action has happened or is about to happen) 1--very high [asp,suf] 䀓ത jiěwéi ◊ cause the enemy to lift a siege ◊ relieve sb's distress 3--medium [v] 䀓㺓 jiěyī ◊ undressed 3--medium [v] 䀓ᘗ jiěyōu ◊ dispel melancholy 3--medium [v] ӻ䇽 jiècí ◊ preposition 3--medium [n] ӻཛ jièfū ◊ armoured troops, armoured Red Guards 5--very low [n] ӻѾ jièhū ◊ lie between 3--medium ӻӻ jièjiè ◊ uneasy, troubled, disturbed ◊ sow discord 5--very low ӻ❦ jièrán ◊ resolute, steadfast, un461

ness, toughness (of foods, etc.)3--medium [n] 䠁䬪 jīnpù ◊ animal-shaped hardware for door knocker attachment 4--low 䠁䫡 jīnqián ◊ money1--very high [n] 䠁⸣ jīnshí ◊ metal and stone ◊ hard, solid ◊ epigraph, inscriptions on stone tablets and bronzes ◊ bells and chime stones (as a category of musical instruments) ◊ arms, weapons 2--high [n] 䠁䬦 jīnyín ◊ gold and silver ◊ money 3--medium [n] 䠁⦹ jīnyù ◊ gold and jade ◊ precious things ◊ glorious, magnificent 2--high [n] ӵᆈ jǐncún ◊ only (things or persons) 3--medium ӵ㿱 jǐnjiàn ◊ rare 3--medium ӵӵ jǐnjǐn ◊ only, merely, solely ◊ barely, scarcely 1--very high [adv] ӵਟ jǐnkě ◊ barely enough to ◊ barely capable of 3--medium ӵѪ jǐn wéi ◊ is only2--high [phr]ӵ ⵰ jǐnzhe ◊ having only 4--low ቭᘛ jǐnkuài ◊ as quickly as possible; as soon as possible; with all haste1--very high [adv] ቭ䇙 jǐnràng ◊ yield or decline modestly or self-effacingly 4--low [v] ㍗᧕ jǐnjiē ◊ follow closely (literally or figuratively) 3--medium [v] ㍗䶐 jǐnkào ◊ be immediately next to, abut on 2--high [v] ㍗㾱 jǐnyào ◊ critical, vital 1--very high [adj] 䉘ᆸ jǐnshǒu ◊ strictly adhere to, faithfully maintain 3--medium 䭖㔓 jǐnxiù ◊ exquisite silks ◊ beautiful, wonderful 2--high [n,adj] ࣢᭼ jìngdí ◊ powerful enemy, strong adversary 3--medium [n] ࣢ᥪ jìngtǐng ◊ strong and forceful 5--very low [adj] ᩒ㓵 jìnshēn ◊ {history, admin} the red girdles (those officials whose names were in the published guide to officials) 5--very low ᱻҖ Jìnshū ◊ the Jinshu, the History of the Jin Dynasty (compiled during the Táng ୀ Dynasty by Fang Xuanling and others) 4--low ⎨♼ jìnguàn ◊ come flooding in ◊ irrigate 5--very low [v] ቭ㢲 jìnjié ◊ utmost loyalty ◊ give one's life for integrity or chastity 4--low [v] ቭ࣋ jìnlì ◊ do one's utmost 1--very high [v] ቭᛵ jìnqíng ◊ to one's heart's content 2--high [adv] ቭ❦ jìnrán ◊ indeed so, exactly (often in the negative) 3--medium [adj] ቭழቭ㖾 jìnshànjìnměi ◊ utterly perfect

3--medium [cy] ቭཤ jìntóu ◊ end, extremity, furthermost part, far end 2--high [n] ቭᗳ jìnxīn ◊ with all one's heart, with all one's might 1--very high [v] ቭ㠤 jìnzhì ◊ to the utmost, to the extreme 4--low [adv] jìnzhōng◊ be utterly loyal ◊ die for ቭᘐ one's country3--medium [v] ⾱ᡂ jìnjiè ◊ forbid, prohibit 4--low ⾱Ԕ jìnlìng ◊ prohibition, ban [n] 2--high ⾱䰬 jìntà ◊ Imperial palace (as forbidden area) 5--very low ⾱→ jìnzhǐ ◊ forbid, prohibit, ban 1--very high [v] 䘁㠓 jìnchén ◊ officials close to the throne 4--low [n] 䘁ԓ jìndài ◊ modern times, recent times 1--very high [n] 䘁䚃 jìndào ◊ shortcut 3--medium [n] 䘁ਔ jìngǔ ◊ recent antiquity (like Sòng ᆻ Dynasty through mid-nineteenth century) ◊ ancient and modern times, all times 4--low [n] 䘁Ѿ jìnhu ◊ nearly, close to ◊ on close terms, intimate 2--high [adj,n] 䘁Ӻ jìnjīn ◊ nowadays 5--very low 䘁Ӫ jìnrén ◊ people of present or recent times ◊ friend, person on close terms 3--medium [n] 䘁ц jìnshì ◊ modern times, recent times 3--medium [n] 䘁լ jìnsì ◊ similar, approximate ◊ method, approach 2--high [v] 䘁Ҿ jìnyú ◊ almost, near to, bordering on (often figurative) 3--medium [v] 䘋‫ޥ‬ jìnbīng ◊ advance troops, dispatch troops ◊ attack 3--medium [v] 䘋↕ jìnbù ◊ progress, advance, improve ◊ progressive (politically) ◊ a progress 1--very high [v,n,adj] 䘋ࣘ jìndòng ◊ precession 4--low 䘋㘼 jìn'ér ◊ and then, after that ◊ proceed to the next step, go on to 1--very high [conj] 䘋㿱 jìnjiàn ◊ have audience with, call on, go to see (like high official, senior officer) 4--low [v] 䘋ຳ jìnjìng ◊ advancement, attainment 3--medium [v] 䘋ਆ jìnqǔ ◊ press ahead, venture forward ◊ be enterprising, be a go-getter, have initiative/drive, be aggressive 2--high [v] 䘋伏 jìnshí ◊ eat, take food 2--high [v] 䘋༛ jìnshì ◊ "achieved scholar" (highest title in the Imperial Examination system gi-

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ven to the graduates of the one-day diànshì ⇯䂖/⇯䈅 "palace exam" that was arranged and supervised every three years by the emperor himself in the national capital; the list of successful graduates published after the exam was called jiǎbǎng ⭢ῌ "list of firsts", or jīnbǎng 䠁ῌ "golden list")2--high [n] 䘋䘰 jìntuì ◊ advance and retreat ◊ propriety, appropriateness 2--high [v,n] 䘋䍔 jìnxián ◊ recommend capable persons for government office ◊ Jinxian (county, Jiāngxī ⊏㾯 Province) 3--medium [v] 䘋ᆖ jìnxué ◊ progress in one's studies ◊ pass the lower level examinations in the Imperial Civil Service Examination System and enter county school to continue studies (during the Ming and Qing Dynasties) ◊ go to school 3--medium 䘋䀰 jìnyán ◊ offer advice or an opinion/suggestion (to a respected and honoured person) 3--medium [vo] 䘋⭘ jìnyòng ◊ recommend for employment 3--medium 䘋䏣 jìnzú ◊ stock sufficiently, lay in and adequate supply of 5--very low Ӝ䜭 jīngdū ◊ national capital ◊ [J-] Kyōto (Japan) 1--very high [n,name] Ӝᐸ jīngshī ◊ {literary} the national capital 2--high [n] Ӝ‫ݶ‬ Jīngzhào ◊ Jingzhao (former prefecture in Beijing) 3--medium Ӝ‫ݶ‬ቩ jīngzhàoyǐn ◊ the mayor of the national capital (in ancient China) 4--low ‫ޒޒ‬ jīngjīng ◊ cautious 3--medium ⌮⑝ Jīng-Wèi ◊ Jing River (famous for its clear water) and Wei River (infamous for its muddy water) 4--low [name] ㋮‫ޥ‬ jīngbīng ◊ crack troops 1--very high [n] ㋮㋇ jīngcū ◊ degree of fineness (or coarseness) 4--low ㋮⾎ jīngshén ◊ spirit ◊ mind, mental state ◊ essence, gist, spirit 1--very high [n] ㋮ᗞ jīngwēi ◊ profound, subtle 3--medium [adj,n] ㋮䈖 jīngxiáng ◊ accurate and thorough 4--low [adj] 㓿Ր jīngzhuàn ◊ classics and commentaries (esp. Confucian) ◊ classics 3--medium [n] 㓿䗷 jīngguò ◊ pass by/through (a place, experience, etc.) ◊ via, by way of ◊ experience, undergo, go through ◊ through, as a result of, after ◊ process, course, (the story of) what happened 1--very high [v] 㓿㉽ jīngjí ◊ Confucian classics ◊ books (esp. ancient) 4--low [n] 㓿㿱 jīngjiàn ◊ experience ◊ be commonly met with 4--low

㓿䀓 jīngjiě ◊ book of exegesis of a classic (often used in the title of such books) 4--low [n] 㓿⨶ jīnglǐ ◊ manage; manager ◊ put in order, straighten up, tidy up 1--very high [v] 㓿⮕ jīnglüè ◊ exercise strategy ◊ high commissioner (of border area) 3--medium [v] 㓿Җ jīngshū ◊ {literature} the Confucian classics 3--medium [n] 㓿↖ jīngwǔ ◊ put military affairs in order 4--low jīngxuéjiā ◊ scholar of the 㓿ᆖᇦ Confucian classics 3--medium [n] 㓿ѹ jīngyì ◊ the meaning of the Confucian classics 4--low 㓿㩕 jīngyíng ◊ manage, engage in (a 1--very high business) ◊ management [v,n] 㓿⭘ jīngyòng ◊ durable ◊ in common use 3--medium [adj] 㓿ࡦ jīngzhì ◊ govern, rule ◊ Confucian classics ◊ rules, regimen 4--low 㥶Ἀ jīngjí ◊ brambles, thorny underbrush ◊ chaotic situation, difficult situation 2--high [n] 㥶䰘 Jīngmén ◊ Jingmen (county, Húběi ⒆े Province) 2--high ᛺傷 jīnghài ◊ terrified, panic-stricken 1--very high [adj] ᛺ᜦ jīnghuáng ◊ be frightened and confused, be scared 1--very high ᛺਩ jīngtàn ◊ wonder at, exclaim in surprise 2--high [v] ᛺ௌ jīngxǐ ◊ surprise and pleasure, be pleasantly surprised 1--very high [v] Ӆ䱹 Jǐngxíng◊ Jingxing (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium Ӆ⚦ jǐngzào ◊ place where well salt is cooked out of well brine 5--very low 䆖ⴱ jǐngxǐng ◊ sleep lightly ◊ be on guard, be on the alert 5--very low ຳ޵ jìngnèi ◊ within the borders; internal (e.g., to a country or countries) 3--medium [adj,adv] ᖴᓝ jìngtíng ◊ a big difference, poles apart (formerly pronounced "jìngtìng") 5--very low [n,adv] ᮜ⽬ jìnglǐ ◊ salute ◊ salute, gift ◊ with best wishes (as a closing) 2--high [v] ᮜк jìngshàng ◊ "present respectfully"—respectfully yours, yours truly (used after the signature in a letter to one's senior or superior) 3--medium [v] ᮜһ jìngshì ◊ handle matters conscientiously 4--low ㄏ㠣 jìngzhì ◊ actually go so far as to 4--low [v] ㄏ㠚 jìngzì ◊ go right ahead and 3--medium [adv]

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torial divisions during the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties; the specific nine provinces vary in different histories) ◊ China (often used in poetry or classical prose) ◊ Kyushu (Japan) 1--very high [name] 䞂ഠ jiǔkùn ◊ distress from excessive drinking 5--very low 䞂伏 jiǔshí ◊ food and wine, meals with drink 3--medium [n] 䞂俉 jiǔxiāng ◊ bouquet (of wine) 3--medium ቡԔ jiùlìng ◊ even, even if 3--medium ቡᵘ jiùmù ◊ be placed in a coffin, die 4--low [v] ቡ䈤 jiùshuō ◊ even, even if 2--high [phr] ቡѹ jiùyì ◊ die for a just cause, die a martyr 4--low [v] ᮁ⚛ jiùhuǒ ◊ put out a fire; fire fighting 2--high [vo] ᮁ䳮 jiùnàn ◊ come to the aid of sb in distress 1--very high [v] ᮁࣙ jiùzhù ◊ help, assist, aid ◊ help, assistance, aid 1--very high [v] 㠵∿ jiùshì ◊ uncle (mother's elder or younger brother) 5--very low ᰗᗧ jiùdé ◊ ancestral virtues ◊ old friend, old friendship ◊ respected elderly gentleman 5--very low ᰗ䜭 jiùdū ◊ former capital, old capital 4--low [n] ᰗഭ jiùguó ◊ former capital ◊ native country ◊ native place, birthplace 4--low ᰗӪ jiùrén ◊ former person, previous person ◊ early man, hominid 3--medium [n] ᰗһ jiùshì ◊ past events, old matters 2--high [n] ᰗҖ jiùshū ◊ old (worn-out or used) book ◊ old (classical or old-time) book 2--high [n] ᰗփ jiùtǐ ◊ old style (like of poetry) 4--low ᰗ⑨ jiùyóu ◊ old hangout, place formerly frequented 4--low ᰗᴹ jiùyǒu ◊ previously existing 3--medium ትཊ jūduō ◊ be in the majority 1--very high [v] ትᇈ jūguān ◊ be in office, serve as an official 4--low [v] ት〟 jūjī ◊ store up, hoard 5--very low [v] ት䰤 jūjiān ◊ be between two (opposing sides) (as in negotiations) 3--medium [v] ትк jūshàng ◊ have the upper hand 3--medium [v] ት俆 jūshǒu ◊ rank first, be the leader 3--medium [v]

䮌㘳 jìngkǎo ◊ draw a lesson from and engage in self-examination 5--very low 䘕↺ jiǒngshū◊ far different 5--very low 䘕ᔲ jiǒngyì ◊ far different 3--medium [adj] ウㄏ jiūjìng ◊ actually, after all (used in interrogative sentences to indicate a desire to get to the bottom of a matter) ◊ after all, in the end 1--very high [adv] ウ኎ jiūshǔ ◊ it is after all, in the end it is 4--low 㓐࣮ jiūhé ◊ impeach (a public official)5--very low ѵ䮯 jiǔcháng◊ long ago, ages ago 4--low ѵ⮉ jiǔliú ◊ stay for a long time 3--medium [v] ѵ㾱 jiǔyào ◊ an old promise ◊ an old agreement (also pronounced "jiǔyāo") 4--low ѵ䘌 jiǔyuǎn ◊ long ago, ages ago 1--very high [adj] ҍ⊏ Jiǔjiāng ◊ Jiu River (Jiāngxī ⊏㾯 Province) ◊ the Nine Tributaries (of the Cháng Jiāng 䮧⊏/䮯⊏ [Yangtze River]) 2--high ҍ⍱ Jiǔliú ◊ the Nine Schools (Confucian, Taoist, Yinyang, Legalists, Logicians "Mingjia", Mohists, Political Strategists "Zonghengjia", Eclectics "Zajia" and Agriculturists) 4--low ҍ⢗ Jiǔmù ◊ the Heads of the Nine Provinces 4--low ҍ jiǔ ◊ nine, 9 ◊ {Chinese calendar} any of the nine-day periods starting the day after the winter solstice ◊ many, numerous 1--very high [num] ⢋ niú ◊ ox, cow, bull ◊ cattle, bovine animals ◊ stubborn, obstinate ◊ {new Beijing slang} powerful; formidable, impressive; superior, brilliant; arrogant, cocky ◊ {physics} newton ◊ {Chinese astronomy} the Ox Constellation (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions, see Niuxiu) ◊ Niu (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ҍॳ Jiǔqiān ◊ 9,000 2--high ҍソ Jiǔqiào ◊ the Nine Orifices (consisting of the Seven Orifices of the head [qīqiào гヵ/гソ, i.e. eyes, ears, nostrils & mouth] plus urethra and rectum) 4--low [n] ҍয Jiǔqīng ◊ the Nine Chief Ministers (their duties, etc. varied from dynasty to dynasty) 4--low ҍᰕ jiǔrì ◊ the ninth day of the month, the 9th ◊ the ninth day of the ninth lunisolar month; the Festival of the Ninth Day of the ninth lunisolar month 2--high [n] ҍॱ jiǔshí ◊ 90 0--very low ҍз Jiǔwàn ◊ 90,000-1--very low ҍᴸ Jiǔyuè ◊ September ◊ the ninth lunisolar month 2--high [n] ҍᐎ Jiǔzhōu ◊ the Nine Provinces (term used in ancient Chinese histories to refer to terri464

the other three), deduce the whole from one instance 4--low Ѯ→ jǔzhǐ ◊ behaviour, manner, bearing 2--high [n] 䑭䑭 jǔjǔ ◊ alone 4--low [adj] 喳喹 jǔyǔ ◊ "upper and lower teeth not properly aligned"—disagreement, discord 4--low [v] jùbèi ◊ have, possess ◊ measure ާ༷ up to (like the necessary qualifications) ◊ all is ready 1--very high [phr] ާփ㘼ᗞ jùtǐ'érwēi ◊ "small yet completely equipped"—have everything in miniature 4--low [cy] ◊ in miniature ਕ䈫 jùdòu ◊ periods and commas ◊ sentences and phrases 4--low [n] ਕ⌅ jùfǎ ◊ syntax ◊ sentence structure 3--medium [n] ਕਕ jùjù ◊ every sentence 3--medium ਕᔿ jùshì ◊ sentence pattern 3--medium [n] ਕ俆 jùshǒu ◊ beginning of the sentence 2--high [n] ਕቮ jùwěi ◊ end of the sentence 2--high [n] ਕᆀ jùzi ◊ sentence 1--very high [n] ᐘᬈ jùbò ◊ the thumb ◊ expert, authority 3--medium [n] ᐘᇔ jùshì ◊ mansion ◊ aristocratic family powerful for many generations 4--low ᐘз jùwàn ◊ huge amount (like of money)4--low [adj] ᐘ㓶 jùxì ◊ big and small 3--medium [n] ᦞ↔ jùcǐ ◊ according to the above, accordingly 2--high [adv] ᦞԕ jùyǐ ◊ according to 3--medium 㚊ት jùjū ◊ live together, live in one community (like of ethnic groups) 2--high [v] 㚊ᮋ jùliǎn ◊ exact heavy taxes and become rich ◊ collect, gather 3--medium [v] 㚊ᮓ jùsàn ◊ assemble and part ◊ assembling and parting 3--medium [v] 㚊䇬㓧㓝 jùsòngfēnyún ◊ a clamour of different opinions 4--low [cy] 䇥⸕ jùzhī ◊ unexpectedly, who would have believed 5--very low 䐍ᓖ jùdù ◊ clearance 5--very low ᦀભ juānmìng ◊ lay down one's life (for a worthy cause) 5--very low 㹢‫ݽ‬ juānmiǎn ◊ exempt (from taxes, fines, corvee labour, etc.) 5--very low [v] 䭼࡫ juānkè ◊ engrave 3--medium [v]

ትл jūxià ◊ have the lower hand 4--low ት‫ݸ‬ jūxiān ◊ take first place, take the lead 4--low ትҾ jūyú ◊ be (placed) in, reside in (often figurative) 2--high [v] ትѝ jūzhōng ◊ be in the middle 1--very high [vo] ትտ jūzhù ◊ live, dwell, reside 1--very high [v] ᤈ᮷ jūwén ◊ stick to the letter of the law 5--very low ᤈᢗ jūzhí ◊ be fussy about details, adhere (formalities, etc.) rigidly ◊ arrest5--very low [adj] ⤉䇸 jūzhà ◊ cunning, crafty ◊ trick, ruse 5--very low Ẅ  jiégāo ◊ a spar ◊ a well-sweep 5--very low Ẅệ jiégěng ◊ balloonflower, platycodon grandiflorum (the root of which is used in Chinese medicine to make cough medicine) 3--medium [n] ⋞⌭ jùzé ◊ marsh, swamp 5--very low ⸙⸡ jǔyuē ◊ rules ◊ regulations 5--very low [n] Ѯ‫ޥ‬ jǔbīng ◊ send out troops, send troops into action 3--medium [v] Ѯࠪ jǔchū ◊ cite, point out (examples, instances, etc.) 3--medium Ѯ᧚ jǔcuò ◊ action(s), move(s) 1--very high [n] Ѯࠑ jǔfán ◊ all (following by a long list of examples, etc.) 3--medium [adv] Ѯഭ jǔguó ◊ the whole country, the entire nation 1--very high [n] Ѯ㦀 jǔjiàn ◊ recommend (sb for a job, etc.)3--medium [v] 㠹Ҷ Ѯֻ jǔlì ◊ cite or give an example 1--very high [v] Ѯ jǔ ◊ raise, lift ◊ action, move, movement ◊ start, begin ◊ choose, elect ◊ recommend ◊ point out, cite ◊ entire, whole 1--very high [v,n,adj] ỻ qí ◊ chess or similar board game 2--high [n] ѮӪ jǔrén ◊ "recommended man" (successful graduate at the provincial level xiāngshì 䜹䂖/ґ䈅 "township exam" within the Imperial Examination System) ◊ jǔrén (during the Táng ୀ Dynasty, sb recommended by local authorities to the capital for appointment in government service) ◊ selected talented person 2--high [n] Ѯц jǔshì ◊ the whole world, worldwide 2--high [n] Ѯһ jǔshì ◊ stage a rebellion, start an armed uprising ◊ handle, act 4--low [v] Ѯ䲵 jǔyú ◊ lift one corner (and know

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ٖҾ juànyú ◊ being tired from doing sth 4--low ⵧ亮 juàngù ◊ care for, treat with kindness 2--high [v] ᢹᤙ juézé ◊ choose, select 1--very high [v] ߣн juébù ◊ under no circumstances, never 2--high [adv] ߣ䳼䳴 juécíxióng ◊ fight it out, fight to see who is the winner 4--low ߣᯝ juéduàn ◊ make up one's mind, make a decision ◊ decisiveness, resolution 1--very high [n,v] ߣ䶎 juéfēi ◊ by no means, is absolutely not 3--medium ߣ㔍 juéjué ◊ cut off, sever (a relationship, etc.) ◊ part forever 3--medium [adj,v] ߣਓ juékǒu ◊ burst (like of a dike) 3--medium [v] ߣ❦ juérán ◊ resolutely ◊ undoubtedly 3--medium [adv] ߣ㜌 juéshèng ◊ determine the final outcome (like of a battle, game) 1--very high [v] ߣ↫ juésǐ ◊ life-and-death, last-ditch (fight, etc.) 3--medium [adj] ߣᰐ juéwú ◊ have absolutely no ◊ never, by no means 3--medium ߣᡈ juézhàn ◊ decisive battle ◊ fight a decisive battle 2--high [v] ⡥ս juéwèi ◊ title, rank (of nobility) 3--medium [n] 㔍н juébù ◊ absolutely not, never 2--high [adv] 㔍䮯㺕⸝ juéchángbǔduǎn ◊ make up each other's deficiencies, complement one another 5--very low 㔍བྷ juédà ◊ very large (like part, proportion, majority) 2--high 㔍‫ق‬ juédǎo ◊ esteem greatly ◊ shake the sides (with laughter) ◊ fall in a faint 4--low [v] 㔍䘩 juéjì ◊ stamp out, eradicate ◊ be isolated from the world ◊ out-of-the-way 3--medium [v] 㔍ਕ juéjù ◊ jueju ("curtailed verse," poem of four lines with five or seven characters per line in a prescribed tonal pattern and rhyme scheme; flourished during the Táng ୀ Dynasty) 3--medium [n] 㔍Ӫ juérén ◊ outstanding person, person of incomparable talent ◊ surpass all others, excel 3--medium [n] 㔍ц juéshì ◊ peerless, outstanding in one's time ◊ have no descendants ◊ die 2--high [adj,v] 㔍ᵋ juéwàng ◊ despair, lose hope ◊ hopeless, desperate 1--very high [v] 㔍ᰐ juéwú ◊ absolutely no (equal, etc.)3--medium

䀆ᵋ juéwàng ◊ dissatisfied and resentful ◊ look forward to, hope for 5--very low 䒦❦ guìrán ◊ (jump to one's feet) rapidly, suddenly (like out of surprise, fear) 5--very low ੋ㠓 jūnchén ◊ monarch and minister 1--very high ੋခ jūngū ◊ mother-in-law (form of address by wife to husband's mother) 5--very low ੋ⦻ Jūnwáng ◊ Monarch, King ◊ Feudal Lords and Emperor 1--very high [n] ੋᆀ jūnzǐ ◊ (perfect) gentleman, man of high virtue, proper/perfect/superior man ◊ man noted for moral integrity and great intelligence ◊ {formal} you (a form of address by a wife to her husband) ◊ upper-class person 1--very high [n] jūncǐ ◊ like this in all cases ൷↔ 5--very low ߋ⌅ jūnfǎ ◊ military law 3--medium [n] ߋ䍩 jūnfèi ◊ military outlay, military expenses 1--very high [n] ߋԔ jūnlìng ◊ military orders 3--medium [n] ߋ᯵ jūnlǚ ◊ troops 2--high [n] ߋᇎ jūnshí ◊ weapons and rations ◊ captured in battle ◊ war matters, battle affairs 4--low ߋѝ jūnzhōng ◊ in the armed forces, in the military/army 3--medium [adj,adv] ‫׺‬᡽ jùncái ◊ a talented peson 3--medium ‫׺‬ᗧ jùndé ◊ great virtue 4--low ᥳ᪝ jùnzhí ◊ gather up 5--very low 䜑৯ jùn-xiàn ◊ prefectures and counties 3--medium

K ᔰ䰝 kāibì ◊ open and close, openshut 0--very low [adj] ᔰ䲔 kāichú ◊ discharge, dismiss, expel 2--high [v] ᔰሱ Kāifēng ◊ Kaifeng (city and county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 2--high [name] ᔰᓌ kāifǔ ◊ set up a government office, put together one's own office staff (of officials in former times) 4--low ᔰᕃ kāigōng ◊ draw a bow ◊ be ready fight 4--low ᔰഭ kāiguó ◊ to found a country ◊ establish a dynasty 2--high [v] ᔰ䇢 kāijiǎng ◊ begin lecturing, begin storytelling 2--high [v] ᔰਓ kāikǒu ◊ open one's mouth, start to talk ◊ ask a favour (of sb), make a request, bring a matter up (with sb) ◊ open, open-end,

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split, unsealed (e.g., letter) ◊ put the first edge on a new knife or a pair of scissors before use (=kāirèn[r] 䮻࠳[‫]ނ‬/ᔰ࠳[‫ ◊ )]ݯ‬breach a dam ◊ an opening, aperture, washer, split collar ◊ {textiles} placketing, shedding, opening 1--very high [v] ᔰ࿻ kāishǐ ◊ begin, start ◊ set about, set out on ◊ beginning, initial phase 1--very high [v,n] ᔰཤ kāitóu ◊ start, begin ◊ start, beginning2--high [v] ᔰཆ kāiwài ◊ over, more than (mostly of age) 4--low [n] ᔰ䇞 kāiyì ◊ begin discussion, begin the meeting 4--low ᔰኅ kāizhǎn ◊ develop, unfold, launch, promote ◊ open, broad(minded) 1--very high [v] ᔰ㖚 kāizuì ◊ offend, displease 3--medium [v] ࠟ仾 kǎifēng ◊ pleasant breeze, south wind 4--low [n] ម਩ kǎitàn ◊ sigh with regret, lament; sigh with emotion; marvel at 3--medium [v] ࠺䈟 kānwù ◊ correct printing errors 4--low [v] ᡑᇊ kāndìng ◊ put down, suppress (like a rebellion) 5--very low ֳֳ kǎnkǎn ◊ upright and straightforward ◊ confident ◊ direct, sincere 2--high [adj] ⴻнࠪ kànbuchū ◊ cannot make out ◊ cannot think that 2--high [v] ⴻࡠ kàndào ◊ (get to) see, notice 1--very high [v,vc] Ҷ le ◊ already (aspect particle indicating change) ◊ (aspect particle for new situation; verb suffix indicating an action has happened or is about to happen) 1--very high [asp,suf] ⴻ㿱 kànjian ◊ see, notice 1--very high [v] ⴻᶕ kànlai ◊ it seems/appears, it looks as if ◊ (in the pattern zài person kànlai ൘... ⴻ ֶ/൘... ⴻᶕ "in...'s view") 1--very high [v] ⴻ֌ kànzuò ◊ regard as, consider as 2--high [v] ᓧት kāngjū ◊ {written} adequate housing, decent dwelling 0--very low [n] ᓧ⟉ Kāngxī ◊ Kangxi (reign title of Aisin Gioro hala-i Hiowan Yei, Àixīn-Juéluó Xuányè ᝋᯠ㿪㖵•⦴⟱/⡡ᯠ㿹㖇•⦴✘, 1654-1722, the fourth Qing Emperor, who reigned 16621722) 2--high [n] ឧម kāngkǎi ◊ fervent, vehement ◊ generous, magnanimous, unselfish, liberal1--very high [adj] ᣇ㺑 kànghéng ◊ be a match for, rival, contend with as an equal ◊ a counterbalance 1--very high [v,n] ᣇ⽬ kànglǐ ◊ treat as equals with due

ceremony 5--very low 㘳ᇊ kǎodìng ◊ examine and authenticate, determine by study4--low 㘳ਔ kǎogǔ ◊ engage in archaeological [v] studies ◊ archaeology 1--very high 㘳ṑ kǎojiào ◊ examine and compare 4--low 㘳ᆖ kǎoxué ◊ sit an entrance examination 0--very low [v] 、ᯇ kēdǒu ◊ tadpole (the original form) 5--very low 、ᯇҖ kēdǒushū ◊ {calligraphy} tadpole calligraphy (a style of ancient calligraphy. characters mostly thick at the top and thin at the bottom and thus said to resemble tadpoles "kedou") 5--very low 、ⴞ kēmù ◊ subject, branch of study ◊ heading (in account book) 1--very high [n] 、ᆖ kēxué ◊ science ◊ scientific 1--very high [n,adj] 㤋ሏ kēchá ◊ harsh, over-exacting (like criticism, demands) 5--very low [adj] 㤋࡫ kēkè ◊ harsh, severe (terms, demands, etc.) 2--high [adj] ਟ⡡ kě'ài ◊ lovable, likeable, charming, cute 1--very high [adj] ਟ∄ kěbǐ ◊ comparable 2--high [adj] ਟн kěbù ◊ (used to express agreement) that's right, sure enough, exactly, I agree ǁ (also kěbùshì ਟнᱟ)1--very high [phr] ਟ᣶ kěchāi ◊ detachable, demountable 3--medium [adj] ਟ䈫 kědú ◊ be readable 2--high [adj] ਟ੖ kěfǒu ◊ can or can't, is it all right to, may one 2--high ਟ㙅 kěgēng ◊ arable 3--medium [adj] ਟ࣐ kějiā ◊ coca 3--medium ਟ㿱 kějiàn ◊ it is obvious that, it is clear that ◊ be visible, can be seen 1--very high [phr] ਟ䀓 kějiě ◊ solvable, resoluble 0--very low [adj] ਟⴻ kěkàn ◊ worth looking at 2--high [v] ਟਓ kěkǒu ◊ delicious, tasty 2--high ਟᙌ kělián ◊ pitiful ◊ pity ◊ miserable, wretched 1--very high [adj] ਟ㜭 kěnéng ◊ possible, probable, likely ◊ may, maybe, probably ◊ possibly ◊ probability, possibility, likelihood 1--very high [adj,adv,n] ਟᘥ kěniàn ◊ pity ◊ pitiable ◊ lovable, likable 4--low ਟⅪ kěqī ◊ easily cheated or bullied, weak 4--low [adj] ਟਆ kěqǔ ◊ worthy, desirable

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1--very high [adj] ਟ伏 kěshí ◊ edible 3--medium ਟ㿶 kěshì ◊ visual ◊ visible 2--high [adj] ਟᮠ kěshǔ ◊ countable 0--very low [adj] ਟ䉃 kěwèi ◊ it may be said; one may well say ǁ (also kěwèi shì ਟ䄲ᱟ/ਟ䉃ᱟ) 1--very high [phr] ਟௌ kěxǐ ◊ encouraging, gratifying, heartening 2--high [adj] ਟؑ kěxìn ◊ trustworthy, credible 2--high [adj] ਟؑ㘵 kěxìnzhě ◊ confidant 5--very low ਟ㹼 kěxíng ◊ workable, feasible, practicable 1--very high [v] ਟ় kěyàn ◊ disgusting, detestable, abominable 4--low ਟ⯁ kěyí ◊ suspicious, dubious, doubtful, questionable 2--high [adj] ਟ⯁㘵 kěyízhě ◊ suspicious person 4--low ਟԕ kěyǐ ◊ may, can ◊ passable, not bad, pretty good ◊ be worth (doing) 1--very high [adj,v] ਟ᜿ kěyì ◊ gratifying 3--medium [adj] ਟ䇞 kěyì ◊ debatable 3--medium ਟ⭘ kěyòng ◊ serviceable, in working order ◊ employable ◊ worth employing or being entrusted with a task 1--very high ਟ⸕ kězhī ◊ it is clear that ◊ you must understand that ◊ no wonder that 2--high [adj,v] ਟ⵰ kězhe ◊ make do with (what is available) 4--low [prep] ‫ݻ‬ᐡ kèjǐ ◊ practice self-control, keep one's self-interests in check ◊ unselfish, selfless ◊ settle on a price (by pretending to take a loss in a business deal) ◊ thrifty, frugal 3--medium [adj,v] ࡫ᵜ kèběn ◊ block-printed book 3--medium [n] ࡫㮴 kèbó ◊ (of a person's behaviour towards others) mean, unkind; (of words) mean, sharp, caustic 2--high [adj] ࡫␡ kèshēn ◊ severe, harsh ◊ profound (like impression) 5--very low ࡫⸣ kèshí ◊ carve, engrave ◊ carved or engraved stone 3--medium [n] ᇒ侶 kèguǎn ◊ inn 4--low ᇒ↫ kèsǐ ◊ die away from one's native place or in a foreign country 3--medium [v] ᇒ䈝 Kèyǔ ◊ Hakka (dialect) 3--medium ᚣᚣ kěnkěn ◊ earnest, serious 4--low [adj] 㛟ᇊ kěndìng ◊ affirm, confirm, regard

as positive, approve, recognize, commend ◊ certainty, affirmation, recognition, approval ◊ affirmative, positive ◊ definitely, undoubtedly ◊ definite, certain, for sure 1--very high [v,adv] 㛟㏞ kěnqìng ◊ {physiology, written} the place where bones and muscles are joined ◊ a joint (in an animal body) ◊ {figurative} a juncture ◊ a key point ◊ the crux (of the matter) 4--low [n] ⹱⹱ kēngkēng ◊ shallow and obstinate 5--very low [adj] オѿ kōngfá ◊ poverty-stricken, destitute (also pronounced "kòngfá") 3--medium [adj] kōngkōng ◊ empty ◊ sincere オオ 2--high オ䇪 kōnglùn ◊ empty talk 4--low [n] オ⮿ kōngshū ◊ empty, shallow (i.e. argument) 4--low [adj] オ䀰 kōngyán◊ empty talk, idle talk 4--low [n] オ㖞 kōngzhì ◊ vacancy (e.g., of buildings, housing) 2--high [v] ᆄ⡦ Kǒngfù ◊ Confucius 5--very low ᆄ᷇ Kǒnglín ◊ Konglin (the tomb of Confucius in Qufu, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 4--low ᆄ䰘 Kǒngmén ◊ Confucianists 4--low ᆄᆏ Kǒngmèng ◊ Confucius and Mencius ◊ Confucianism 1--very high ᆄ᰾ Kǒngmíng ◊ Kongming (name for Zhuge Liang) 2--high ᆄш Kǒngqiū◊ Kong Qiu (formal name of Confucius) 4--low ᆄ൓ Kǒngshèng ◊ the Sage Confucius 4--low  ᜗ kǒngjù ◊ fear, dread 1--very high [v]  ަ kǒngqí ◊ perhaps 4--low [adv] ᧗੺ kònggào◊ accuse, charge, lodge a complaint 1--very high [v] ᧗ᕖ kòngxián ◊ draw a bow ◊ bowman 5--very low ਓ䗙 kǒubiàn ◊ eloquence 5--very low ਓ㔉 kǒujǐ ◊ the talent or ability to express oneself clearly 4--low ਓ≄ kǒuqì ◊ tone (like of voice) ◊ manner of speaking ◊ implication, real meaning of one's words ◊ a sigh 1--very high [n] ਓ㠼 kǒushé ◊ argument, quarrel ◊ persuasion, talking ◊ mouth (of a person or animal) 2--high [n] ਓᇎ kǒushí ◊ pretext (esp. an action which allows people to criticize or gossip about one), sth to gossip about ◊ subject of conversation ◊ food 3--medium [n] 468

dium [phr] 㜽 kuài ◊ minced meat, minced fish 4--low [n] ⛉ zhì ◊ roast, broil ◊ roasted meat ◊ be influenced (in a positive way) 3--medium [v,n] 勉劬 kuàiyú ◊ Chinese herring, ilisha elongata 5--very low ᇭབྷ kuāndà ◊ spacious ◊ be lenient, be magnanimous 2--high [adj] ᇭ৊ kuānhòu◊ kind, generous (people) 2--high [adj] ᇭ㕃 kuānhuǎn ◊ delay, give a grace period 4--low [adj] ᇭ‫ٷ‬ kuānjià ◊ grant an extension of leave 5--very low ᇭӱ kuānrén ◊ generous and kindhearted 4--low [adj] ᇭᇩ kuānróng ◊ tolerant, lenient ◊ forgive, pardon 2--high [adj,v] kuānyù ◊ well-to-do, ample ᇭ㼅 2--high [adj] ⅮⅮ kuǎnkuǎn ◊ sincere ◊ leisu3--merely, slow ◊ each item, every article dium [adj] ࣫ध kuāngráng ◊ flustered 5--very low ⣲ཛ kuángfū ◊ unconventional or uninhibited person (in a good sense) ◊ arrogant yet stupid person ◊ insane person ◊ my husband 4--low ⣲ᜁ kuánghuò ◊ arrogant and deluded 5--very low ⣲⤧ kuángjuàn ◊ rash and overcautious, radical and conservative (as two extremes) ◊ extremes, opposites 4--low ⣲◌ kuánglán ◊ huge waves ◊ raging tide, desperate situation 3--medium [n] ⣲䀰 kuángyán ◊ wild language ◊ Kyogen (Japanese drama) 3--medium [n] ᰧᰕ kuàngrì ◊ waste time ◊ all day 4--low ᰧ䘌 kuàngyuǎn ◊ vast and extending far into the distance ◊ far back ◊ ages ago ◊ remote 4--low [adj] ߥѾ kuànghū◊ all the more, a fortiori 4--low ߥ৸ kuàngyòu ◊ and on top of this, in addition 4--low フժ kuīsì ◊ watch for, watch secretly (mostly derogatory) 3--medium [v] ᝗ᛄ kuìhuǐ ◊ ashamed and regretful 4--low ⒳䍕 kuìbài ◊ be routed, be defeated (of an army) 3--medium [v] ⒳ത kuìwéi ◊ break through an encirclement 5--very low [v] 侸䚇 kuìwèi ◊ present (a gift) ◊ make a present of sth ◊ (also pronounced "kuìyí") 5--very low [v]

ਓ伏 kǒushí ◊ meals ◊ rations 4--low [n] ਓᦸ kǒushòu ◊ verbal instruction ◊ dictate 3--medium [v] ਓ䘠 kǒushù ◊ oral account, verbal recounting 2--high [v] ਓ䈥 kǒusòng ◊ recite, say to oneself 5--very low [v] ਓ੫ kǒuwěn ◊ nose, snout (of an animal) ◊ tone (of voice) 2--high [n,v] ਓ kǒu ◊ (of humans/animals) the mouth ◊ one's taste ◊ an opening, outlet ◊ people, population ◊ (of a container with an opening, a river, etc.) mouth, exit, entrance, pass ◊ a cut/crack/hole ◊ department (overall term for administrative units of a certain sector) ◊ blade, sharp edge of a knife, sword, etc. ◊ {measure word} (used for knives/swords, ponds, pigs, persons, bites, mouthfuls, drags [from a cigar/cigarette/pipe], language) ◊ Kou (surname) 1--very high [n,mw,sn] 㹰 xuè ◊ blood ◊ {kinship} related by blood ◊ ardour, zeal, courage; staunch, courageous ◊ menstruation, period 1--very high [n,adj] ਓ䈝 kǒuyǔ ◊ spoken language ◊ colloquialism ◊ gossip ◊ slander 1--very high [n] ਓঐ kǒuzhān ◊ improvise orally 4--low [v] ᇷⴇ kòudào ◊ robber, bandit 4--low [n] ᇷ䍬 kòuzéi ◊ thief, robber, bandit 4--low ଝ⌓ kūqì ◊ weep, sob 1--very high [v] ᷟ῱ kūgǎo ◊ withered (of vegetation) ◊ haggard (of a person's looks) ◊ poor, impoverished 3--medium [adj] ハイ kūxué ◊ cave, lair (hiding place of the evildoers), den 0--very low [n] 㤖Ҁ kǔlè ◊ comfort and discomfort ◊ joy and sorrow 3--medium [n] 㤖Ҿ kǔyú ◊ suffer from (a difficulty/inability/disadvantage), be disadvantaged/handicapped/frustrated by; because, due to (an unfavourable or adverse situation) ◊ (of life, etc.) be worse off than, be harder up than 2--high [adv] 䞧∂ kùdú ◊ cruel (like punishment) 5--very low 䞧ਿ kùlì ◊ oppressive and merciless official 4--low [n] 䐘傜 kuàmǎ ◊ ride a horse (astride) 4--low ඇ❦ kuàirán ◊ lonely, alone ◊ peaceful and contented 5--very low ᘛҀ kuàilè ◊ happy, joyful, cheerful, delightful 1--very high [adj] ᘛᗳ kuàixīn ◊ feel satisfied, feel happy about 4--low ᘛҾ kuàiyú ◊ (be) faster than 3--me469

one's face) 5--very low ⤬ᆀ lángzǐ ◊ wolf cub ◊ {bot} potentilla cryptotaeniae, cryptotaenious cinquefoil 4--low 䛾ѝ lángzhōng ◊ doctor of Chinese medicine ◊ attendant of the interior, court gentleman of the interior (official title of lowest of the three ranks of officials awaiting assignment) 1--very high [n] ࣣࣘ láodòng ◊ work, toil, do manual labour1--very high [v] ࣣ㘼ቁ࣏ láo'érshǎogōng ◊ unavailing effort 5--very low ࣣ㤖 láokǔ ◊ toil ◊ hard work 1--very high [adj] ࣣᶕ láolái ◊ encourage, reward ◊ to encourage sb and lead him on 5--very low ࣣ࣋ láolì ◊ labour, labour force ◊ able-bodied worker ◊ sap one's strength 1--very high [v] ࣣ࣋㘵 láolìzhě ◊ able-bodied worker 4--low ࣣᐸ láoshī ◊ welcome and fete troops ◊ tire or overwork troops ◊ cheer or entertain troops 4--low [vo] láoxīn ◊ do mental work ◊ worࣣᗳ ried, anxious 3--medium [v] ࣣᗳ㘵 láoxīnzhě ◊ those who work with their minds 4--low [n] ࣣ䙨 láo-yì ◊ work and rest 3--medium [n] 㘱⯵ lǎobìng ◊ prolonged illness, chronic illness ◊ old and sick ◊ old weakness, old (bad) habit 3--medium [adj,n] 㘱ᡀ lǎochéng ◊ experienced, dependable ◊ well-versed (in literature) ◊ aging (like of rubber, plastics) ◊ Laocheng (a compound surname) 3--medium [adj] 㘱ཛ lǎofū ◊ I, my old self 2--high [n] 㘱㘱 lǎolao ◊ mother's mother, maternal grandmother ◊ midwife 3--medium 㘱⇽ lǎomǔ ◊ old mother 2--high 㘱Ӫ lǎorén ◊ old person ◊ elderly parents or grandparents ◊ old man, old fellow ◊ people with seniority (in an organization, as opposed to xīnrén ᯠӪ "newcomers") 1--very high [n] 㘱ᕡ lǎoruò ◊ the old and the weak ◊ old and weak3--medium [n] 㘱ቁ lǎoshào ◊ both old and young ◊ the whole family2--high [n] 㘱㗱 lǎowēng ◊ old man ◊ your venerable father 1--very high [n] 㘱ᒬ lǎoyòu ◊ old and young 3--medium 㘱Ҿ lǎoyú ◊ experienced in 4--low [phr] 㘱㘵 lǎozhě ◊ old man ◊ {archaic} venerable sir 2--high [n] 㘱ᒴ Lǎo-Zhuāng ◊ Laozi and Zhuangzi (the philosophers themselves or the books

ᰶᕏ kūndì ◊ brothers 4--low ഠェ kùnqióng ◊ poverty-stricken, in straitened circumstances 4--low ഠޭ⣩ᯇ kùnshòuyóudòu ◊ (a cornered beast will still fight) fight like a cornered animal 4--low [phr] 䱄⮕ kuòlüè ◊ be careless, be neglectful ◊ forgive 5--very low

L ᣹б lādīng ◊ conscript able bodied youths as military recruits ◊ pressgang ◊ Latin 2--high [v,n] ᣹б᮷ Lādīngwén ◊ Latin (language) 3--medium ᶕᇮ láibīn ◊ guest ◊ Laibin (county, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ 㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 1--very high [n,name] ᶕᵍ láizhāo ◊ the next morning; tomorrow 3--medium [n] ᶕᒤ láinián ◊ next year 3--medium [n] ᶕӪ láirén ◊ messenger, envoy, bearer ◊ (command) come here (to a servant) 2--high [n,v] ᶕц láishì ◊ the next life ◊ posterity, later generations 2--high ᶕһ láishì ◊ handle matters ◊ be all right ◊ will do (mostly used in the negative) ◊ coming events, the future 4--low [n,v] ᶕ⽪ láishì ◊ incoming letter, letter sent here ◊ your letter 5--very low [n] ᶕᖰ láiwang ◊ dealings, social intercourse/contact 1--very high [v,n] ᶕ䀰 láiyán ◊ (incoming) proposal ◊ your letter ◊ what you said in your letter 4--low ᶕ㘵 láizhě ◊ people or things to come, the future ◊ incoming people or things 3--medium [n] 㬍㕅 lánlǚ ◊ ragged, tattered (clothing) 4--low 㬍⭠ Lántián ◊ Lantian (county, Shǎnxī) 3--medium [n] 䱁‫ޕ‬ lánrù ◊ intrude, barge in (without invitation or authority) ◊ mix up, interpolate 5--very low [v] ┕䀎 lànshāng ◊ source, origin, beginning 3--medium [n,v] ᓺᓉ lángmiào ◊ the Imperial court 4--low [n] ⤬亮 lánggù ◊ be very suspicious or nervous ◊ be always glancing over one's shoulder 4--low [v] ⤬㯹 lángjí ◊ in disorder, in disarray (of things or one's reputation, etc.) 3--medium [adj] ⤬ᡮ lánglì ◊ vicious and cruel ◊ in disorder, in disarray (of things or one's reputation, etc.) ◊ crisscross (like of tears running down

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attributed to them) 3--medium 㘱ᯛ䖞 lǎozhuolún ◊ old hand 5--very low 㘱ᆀ lǎozi ◊ father ◊ I, me (self-reference used either contemptuously towards others, braggingly, or humorously) ◊ I, my old self 2--high [n] Ҁ䚃 lèdào ◊ love to talk about, talk about with interest 3--medium [v] Ҁ㘼н␛ lè'érbùyín ◊ joy without wantonness 4--low [cy] Ҁᶱ⭏ᛢ lèjíshēngbēi ◊ extreme joy leads to sorrow 3--medium [cy] Ҁ䲥 Lèlíng ◊ Leling (county, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province, formerly pronounced "Làolíng") 3--medium Ҁኡ Lèshān ◊ Leshan (county, Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) 2--high Ҁᐸ yuèshī ◊ musician 3--medium [n] Ҁཙ lètiān ◊ happy and content (i.e. with one's lot) 2--high [adj] Ҁ㡎 yuèwǔ ◊ music and dancing ◊ dancing music 3--medium [n] ҀҾ lèyú ◊ be glad to, take delight in 2--high [v] Ҁ↓ Yuèzhèng ◊ Yuezheng (a compound surname) 4--low [sn] 㕗㓱 léixiè ◊ rope used for binding prisoners ◊ fetters, shackles ◊ imprison 5--very low [n] 㒽㠓 léichén ◊ an official imprisoned in a foreign country (term used for referring to oneself)5--very low 㗨ᕡ léiruò ◊ thin and weak, emaciated 3--medium [adj] 㗨ⱖ léishòu ◊ emaciated 4--low 䴧䴶 léitíng ◊ thunderbolt ◊ burst of power or anger 2--high [n] 䴧਼ léitóng ◊ echoing others ◊ identical 2--high [v] ⻺㩭 lěiluò ◊ open and straightforward ◊ numerous ◊ of outstanding ability 3--medium [adj] 㙂㙘 lěinòu ◊ till the soil 5--very low ㍟ lěi ◊ accumulate, pile up, gather ◊ repeated, continuous, running ◊ build by laying bricks or stones or by piling up earth 3--medium [v,adj] 㒽ᰕ ㍟ц lěishì ◊ generation after generation 4--low [n] ㍟ᮠ lěishù ◊ an accumulated figure 5--very low ㍟䟽 lèizhòng◊ family members and belongings ◊ numerous sons and daughters 5--very low ㍟䎈 léizhui ◊ burdensome, cumbersome; (of writing) wordy and clumsy ◊ burden, encumbrance ◊ redundant, superfluous, be a nuisan-

ce ◊ (of writing) verbose, wordy and clumsy, tedious 1--very high [n,adj] ㊫࡛ lèibié ◊ category, classification 1--very high [n] ㊫↔ lèicǐ ◊ similar this 4--low ㊫Ⲷ lèijiē ◊ almost all, generally 4--low ㊫ㇷ Lèipiān ◊ the Leipian (dictionary of 37,165 entries complied by Wang Zhu, Sima Guang and others under Imperial auspices during the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty) 4--low ㊫ྲ lèirú ◊ as for example 3--medium ㊫լ lèisì ◊ similar, analogous 1--very high [adj] ⢱᰾ límíng ◊ daybreak 5--very low ⢱⢋ líniú ◊ farm cattle ◊ ox or buffalo used for plowing ◊ mottled ox 4--low [n] ⿫࡛ líbié ◊ leave, part (for relatively long period of time) 2--high [v] ⿫ᇛ lígōng ◊ palace outside the capital (temporary, seasonal palace) 3--medium [n] ⿫ਸ líhé ◊ meeting and parting 3--medium [v] ⿫㓿 líjīng ◊ divide a (Chinese) classic into subsections, analyze and punctuate the classics ◊ depart from the (Chinese) classics 4--low [vo] ⿫ᮓ lísàn ◊ be separated, be scattered (mostly of family members as a result of war, etc.)2--high [v] ⿫᷀ líxī ◊ separate, disintegrate ◊ analyze 4--low [v] 哾㘱 lílǎo ◊ old person 5--very low 哾≁ límín ◊ the common people 3--medium [n] 哾ᓦ líshù ◊ the common people 4--low [n] ⨶䍒 lǐcái ◊ manage finances 1--very high [v] ⨶ᖃ lǐdāng ◊ ought to ◊ as it should be ◊ naturally ◊ as expected ǁ (same as lǐgāi ⨶䂢/⨶ 䈕) 3--medium [adv] ⨶䀓 lǐjiě ◊ comprehend, understand 1--very high [v] ⨶䀓㘵 lǐjiězhě ◊ person who understands 4--low ⨶䇪 lǐlùn ◊ theory ◊ argue right and wrong, try to reason with ◊ pay attention to, take notice of 1--very high [n,v] ⨶⭡ lǐyóu ◊ reason, cause, ground, argument 1--very high [n] ⽬䜘 Lǐbù ◊ the Libu, the Ministry of Rites (one of the six ministries in former times) 4--low [n] ⽬⌅ lǐfǎ ◊ decorum, etiquette 3--medium [n]

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⽬䇠 Lǐjì ◊ {Confucian Classics} the Liji, the Book of Rites 4--low [n] ⽬㢲 lǐjié ◊ courtesy, etiquette, protocol 2--high [n] ⽬㓿 Lǐjīng ◊ {Confucian classics} the Lijing (name for the Lǐjì ⿞䁈/⽬䇠) ◊ the Lijing (name for the Zhōulǐ ઘ⿞/ઘ⽬) 4--low ⽬Ҁ lǐyuè ◊ rites and music ◊ ritual music 3--medium [n] ⽬䊼 lǐmào ◊ politeness, manners, courtesy 1--very high [n] ⽬㚈 lǐpìn ◊ engage or invite (like a teacher) through courtesies 4--low [v] ⽬ಘ lǐqì ◊ sacrificial vessel 5--very low [n] ⽬䇙 lǐràng ◊ give precedence out of courtesy ◊ comity, courtesy 3--medium [v] ⽬Җ lǐshū ◊ book on sacrificial procedures ◊ marriage certificate 4--low [n] ⽬Ԛ lǐyí ◊ etiquette, protocol ◊ ceremony 1--very high [n] ⽬ࡉ lǐzé ◊ etiquette, rules of etiquette or protocol 4--low 䟼ཆ lǐwài ◊ inside and outside, internal and external ◊ about, approximately (when following a number) 3--medium [n] 䟼䀰 lǐyán ◊ words from the bottom of one's heart5--very low 䟼䶒 lǐmiàn ◊ inside; interior 1--very high [adj,adv,n] 䟤⋹ lǐquán ◊ sweet and refreshing spring water ◊ timely rain 4--low 㼑㙣 㼑䯝 䟼ᮠ lǐshù ◊ mileage (number of miles) 3--medium [n] 䟼ᐧ lǐxiàng ◊ lane 4--low [n] ֻਕ lìjù ◊ illustrative sentence, sample sentence 3--medium [n] ֻྲ lìrú ◊ for instance, for example 1--very high [v] ֻ᮷ lìwén ◊ example text 2--high ֻ䀰 lìyán ◊ preface, foreword, introduction (to a book) 5--very low [n] ֻ䇱 lìzhèng ◊ example, case in point ◊ prove or demonstrate with examples 2--high [n,vo] ֻᆀ lìzi ◊ example, case, instance 1--very high [n] ࡙‫ޥ‬ lìbīng ◊ sharp weapons ◊ crack troops 4--low ࡙ᇣ lìhai ◊ (of a degree of intensity) violently, intensely (like wind blowing, sth shaking); severely (like being ill); badly, terribly (like being in pain); strikingly (like resemble) ◊ (of people) strict, stern, harsh; formidable, capable, sharp, tough ◊ (of wild animals, one's temper, words, liquor, hot pepper, etc.) fierce, violent, sharp, strong ◊ harsh means; (teach sb) a lesson (as in the phrase gěi tā diǎn lìhai [kànkan] ㎖Ԇ

唎ৢᇣ[ⴻⴻ]/㔉Ԇ⛩হᇣ[ⴻⴻ] "teach him a lesson") 2--high [adj] ࡙ࢁ lìjiàn ◊ sharp (twin-bladed) sword 3--medium ࡙ਓ lìkǒu ◊ eloquent, glib ◊ tasty and refreshing ◊ {TW usage} liqueur (short for lìkǒujiǔ ࡙ਓ䞂/࡙ਓ䞂), cordial 3--medium [adj,n] ࡙Ҿ lìyú ◊ benefit, favour ◊ facilitate 1--very high [v] ࡙ឮ ࡙䏣 lìzú ◊ fleet-footed (runner), swift foot 0--very low [n] ࣋᭫ lìgōng ◊ attack by force (as in contrast to attack by stratagem) 4--low ࣋䙾 ࣋㍒ lìsuǒ ◊ make an all-out search, seek by every means 4--low ࣋㹼 lìxíng ◊ energetically put into practice 3--medium [v] হ‫〓ޥ‬傜 lìbīngmòmǎ ◊ "sharpen one's weapons and feed the horses"—prepare for war 3--medium [cy] হ仾 lìfēng ◊ violent wind ◊ {med} leprosy 4--low [n] হ≁ lìmín ◊ oppress the people 5--very low ਿ≁ lìmín ◊ {archaic} government officials and common people 0--very low [n] ਿ⋫ lìzhì ◊ administrative style and achievements of local officials (in former times) 3--medium [n] ᡮ㲛 lìchóng ◊ tiger 5--very low শҖ lìshū ◊ calendar, almanac 4--low [n] Ḿ䱣 Yuèyáng◊ Yueyang (Shǎnxī) 4--low শ䱸 lìchén ◊ {written} expound item by item, enumerate 0--very low [v] শԓ lìdài ◊ successive dynasties ◊ successive generations 2--high [n] শᰦ lìshí ◊ last, take (a certain amount of time) ◊ {linguistics} diachronic (as opposed to gòngshí ‫ޡ‬ᱲ/‫ޡ‬ᰦ "synchronic") 2--high [v,adj] শц lìshì ◊ successive dynasties ◊ successive generations ǁ (=lìdài ↧ԓ/শԓ) 0--very low শᮠ lìshù ◊ changing of the seasons ◊ changing of dynasties 3--medium [n] ・࣏ lìgōng ◊ do meritorious service 2--high [v] ・਽ lìmíng ◊ establish a reputation 4--low ・䓛 lìshēn ◊ conduct oneself in society 3--medium [v] ・䀰 lìyán ◊ commit one's ideas to paper, establish one's reputation through literary achievements 3--medium [v]

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ce, (friendly) relations 4--low 䘎ཙ liántiān ◊ day after day ◊ constantly ◊ reaching the sky (of cries, noise, flood, etc.) 3--medium [adv,v] 䘎ཌ liányè ◊ that very night, straight through the night ◊ successive nights 2--high [adv] liányòng◊ be used together, go to䘎⭘ gether (like two words) 3--medium [v] ⛬ਕ liànjù ◊ seek the right phrase, polish one's phrases 5--very low [v] 4--low ằᵘ liángmù ◊ roof beam ߹ᗧ liángdé ◊ deficient in virtue 5--very low ߹߹ liángliáng ◊ cool, cold ◊ discouraged ◊ become cool 3--medium ㋡㚹 liángròu ◊ fine foods 5--very low [n] 㢟ሶ liángjiàng ◊ a good general ◊ an able general 4--low [n] 㢟ѵ liángjiǔ ◊ a long time 2--high [adj] 㢟≁ liángmín ◊ the common people (in contrast to the disadvantaged classes "jiànmín" in former times) ◊ law-abiding people, good people 3--medium [n] 㢟ᓆ liángpáo◊ {archaic} good cook 0--very low [n] 㢟Ӫ liángrén ◊ my husband (form of address) ◊ respectable people (in contrast to slaves, etc.) ◊ the common people ◊ good person ◊ beautiful woman ◊ county magistrate (in ancient times) ◊ fine woman (official title for category of Imperial concubines during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 3--medium [n] 㢟ਢ liángshǐ ◊ {written} honest historian, qualified historiographer 4--low [n] 㢟ᗳ liángxīn ◊ good heart, conscience ◊ gratitude 1--very high [n] єየ Liǎng'àn◊ Mainland China and Taiwan (literally: the Two Shores of the Strait) ◊ the two shores or banks (of a river, strait, channel, ocean, etc.) 1--very high [n] єн⴨⎹ liǎngbùxiāngshè ◊ mutual non-interference 5--very low є䟽 liǎngchóng ◊ double, dual 3--medium [n] є༴ liǎngchù◊ two places 3--medium є⅑ liǎngcì ◊ twice 0--very low [n] єབྷ liǎngdà ◊ heaven and earth 2--high єൠ liǎngdì ◊ two places ◊ both places, both locations 1--very high [n] єㄟ liǎngduān ◊ beginning and end ◊ two extremes ◊ indecision 2--high [n] є⇥ liǎngduàn ◊ two sections 3--medium єഭ liǎngguó◊ both countries ◊ the two

・Ҿ lìyú ◊ stand on or in (mostly figurative) 3--medium [v] ・ᘇ lìzhì ◊ resolve (to do sth), aim to, aspire to, set out to (accomplish an ambition) 2--high [vo] ・ѝ lìzhōng ◊ {med} acupuncture point under the collarbone 3--medium 䁸傲 lìmà ◊ revile, speak abusively 5--very low [v] 䳦Ҿ lìyú ◊ be subordinate to 4--low ѭ䜭 lìdū ◊ {literary} gorgeous (e.g., clothing), resplendent, magnificent ◊ [L-] Lido 3--medium [adj,name] ᓹ㙫 liánchǐ ◊ sense of honour, modesty or shame 1--very high [n] ᓹ༛ liánshì ◊ man of honour 5--very low 㚄ਕ liánjù ◊ compose a poem by each person contributing one line 4--low [v] 㚄਽ liánmíng ◊ signed jointly 2--high [v] 㚄኎ liánshǔ ◊ connection, relation ◊ continuous, uninterrupted 4--low 㚄㔰 liánzhuì ◊ connect, join together ◊ {linguistics} cluster ǁ (=liánzhuì 䙓㏤/䘎㔰) 0--very low 䘎䇽 liáncí ◊ (grammar) conjunction 3--medium [n] 䘎ᑖ liándài ◊ related, connected 2--high [v] 䘎䈫 liándú ◊ {linguistics} liaison; read two or more words without interval ◊ {study} study for two successive academic degrees 0--very low [n,v] 䘎ਧ liánhào ◊ consecutive numbers ◊ chain of stores ◊ hyphen 3--medium [n] 䘎⁚ liánhéng◊ "horizontal alliance" (originally referred to the attempts to form a proQín 〖 alliance during the Warring States period) ǁ (opp. hézòng ਸ㑡/ਸ㓥) 3--medium [v] 䘎㺑 liánhéng◊ form groups (originally referred to the attempts to form a Pro-Qín 〖 Dynasty Alliance) 5--very low 䘎᧕ liánjiē ◊ join, link, connect ◊ cause to join, link or connect ◊ {IT} link (like on a web page) 1--very high [v] 䘎㔥䇽 liánmiáncí ◊ disyllabic Chinese words (esp. with alliteration or rhyme) 5--very low 䘎ᒤ liánnián ◊ year after year, in successive years, for years running 3--medium [adv] 䘎к liánshang ◊ be connected to ◊ including the above 3--medium 䘎Җ liánshū ◊ write continuously (like write a Chinese word in pinyin without syllable breaks) 4--low 䘎኎ liánshu ◊ association, acquaintan-

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countries 1--very high [n] єᡚ liǎngjié ◊ two stages ◊ in two pieces, in two 3--medium є࡙ liǎnglì ◊ benefit or be convenient for both sides 4--low [v] єє liǎngliǎng ◊ arranged in two rows 3--medium [adv] є䳮 liǎngnán◊ be in a dilemma, face a difficult choice 2--high [v] єй liǎng-sān ◊ two or three 2--high єл liǎngxià ◊ both sides, both parties 3--medium [n] є⴨ liǎngxiàng ◊ {electrical} two-phase 3--medium [adv,n] є᜿ liǎngyì ◊ be of two minds ◊ equivocal ◊ two-faced, double-dealing 4--low [adj] є⭘ liǎngyòng ◊ two uses, dual purpose 2--high [adj] є㋔ Liǎngyuè ◊ the Two Yues (i.e. Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province and Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ 㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 5--very low є㘵 liǎngzhě ◊ both of them ◊ the two of them 2--high є⿽ liǎngzhǒng ◊ dual, dual-type, two types (of) 4--low [adj,n] є֌ liǎngzuò◊ double cropping (either with the same or with two different crops every year) 4--low 䟿䇽 liàngcí ◊ classifier, measure-word (in Chinese and certain other languages) 3--medium [n] 䟿ൠ liángdì ◊ measure land, survey 3--medium 䟿ᓖ liángdù ◊ measure ◊ measurement 3--medium [v] 㙺ф liáoqiě ◊ tentatively, for the time being 5--very low [adv] 䗭䘌 liáoyuǎn◊ far, distant 3--medium [adj] Ҷ❦ liǎorán ◊ understand clearly 3--medium [adv] ᯉᓖ liàoduó ◊ estimate, guess 5--very low [v] ᯉ⨶ liàolǐ ◊ attend to, take care of, manage ◊ cooking, cuisine ◊ cook, prepare food 1--very high [v,n] ᯉ䟿 liàoliàng◊ estimate, count 3--medium ࡇ‫ן‬ lièhóu ◊ the feudal rulers (of the Warring States Period) 4--low ࡇѮ lièjǔ ◊ list, enumerate 2--high [v] ࡇ‫ޕ‬ lièrù ◊ list, be included on a list 1--very high [v] ࡇѪ lièwéi ◊ list as, rank as 1--very high [v] ࡇл lièxià ◊ as follows, as listed be-

low 4--low ࡇՐ lièzhuàn ◊ biographies (as traditional Chinese history) 3--medium [n] Lièzǐ ◊ the Liezi (a book of phiࡇᆀ losophy attributed to Lie Yukou of the Warring States Period, but actually written much later) 3--medium ᦙ䖜 lièzhuǎn ◊ turn around (like a vehic[v] le) 5--very low ⛸ྣ liènǚ ◊ woman of integrity, virtuous woman (esp. one, in former times, who committed suicide to maintain her chastity or loyalty to her deceased husband) ◊ heroine 3--medium [n] 㻲൏ liètǔ ◊ split off (as an independent country)4--low [vo] Ꮙዻ línxún ◊ rugged (like mountain) ◊ upright (i.e. person) ◊ thin (i.e. person) 3--medium [adj] ᷇㮴 línbó ◊ thickly grown area 4--low [n] Ѥᆹ Lín'ān ◊ Lin'an (county-level city under the administration of Hangzhou, Zhejiang) ◊ Lin'an (Lín'ān Fǔ 㠘ᆹᓌ/Ѥᆹᓌ, name for Hangzhou in the Southern Song dynasty) 4--low [n] Ѥ䳮 línnàn ◊ confront danger and hardship 4--low [v] Ѥ⊍ Línrǔ ◊ Linru (county, Hénán ⋣ ই Province) 4--low Ѥড línwēi ◊ on the point of death from illness ◊ facing danger, in time of danger 3--medium [vo] Ѥ↖ Línwǔ ◊ Linwu (county, Húnán ⒆ই Province) 3--medium Ѥ⏴ Línzī ◊ Linzi (place name, in central Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium [n] 䚤䘹 línxuǎn ◊ choose, select (people of talent) 2--high [v] 䛫ഭ línguó ◊ neighbouring country 1--very high [n] 䛫䟼 línlǐ ◊ neighbourhood ◊ neighbours 2--high [n] 䛫Ӫ línrén ◊ neighbour 3--medium [n] ⌐仾 língfēng ◊ gentle breeze, light wind 4--low 䲥䘏 língchí ◊ dismemberment (as a form of capital punishment in former times) ◊ decline gradually ◊ decline, deteriorate, go downhill 5--very low [v] 䲥ᓉ língmiào ◊ mausoleum ◊Imperial tomb 4--low 䲥ཧ língyí ◊ decline, deteriorate, go downhill 5--very low 䴦ᮠ língshù ◊ fractional amount, remainder 4--low 䴦ս língwèi ◊ zero place 4--low [n] ⚥ࣘ língdòng ◊ agile, nimble,

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flexible 3--medium [adj] ⚥ਠ língtái ◊ heart, spirit ◊ spirit tower (for picture of the deceased, cinerary casket) ◊ spirit tower (from which Emperors observed phenomena) ◊ Lingtai (county, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province) 5--very low ዝ⎧ Lǐnghǎi ◊ Linghai (the area south of the Five Ridges, i.e. Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province and Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟ ᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 4--low ዝই Lǐngnán ◊ Lingnan (the area south of the Five Ridges, i.e. Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province and Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟ ᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 2--high [n] 亶䈫 lǐngdú ◊ lead the group in collective reading aloud (traditional teaching method) 4--low [v] 亶Պ lǐnghuì ◊ comprehend, grasp, get the idea 2--high [v] 亶኎ lǐngshǔ ◊ (relationship of) owner and owned, ruler and subordinate 5--very low [n,v] 亶ս lǐngwèi ◊ (grammar) possessive case 4--low 亶ᛏ lǐngwù ◊ comprehend, grasp 1--very high [v] Ԕᗧ lìngdé ◊ good character, excellent virtue 4--low [n] Ԕ‫ޜ‬ᆀ lìnggōngzǐ ◊ {formal} your son 4--low Ԕ਽ lìngmíng ◊ good name, reputation ◊ fitting name 4--low [n] ԔӪ lìngrén ◊ it makes one (feel)... (followed by a verb or adjective) 1--very high [vo] ԔӪн䀓 lìngrénbùjiě ◊ incomprehensible, puzzling 3--medium [cy] Ԕ㢢 lìngsè ◊ genial countenance ◊ winning ways (without sincerity) 5--very low Ԕ䰫 lìngwén ◊ good reputation, fame 5--very low Ԕቩ Lìngyǐn ◊ Prime Minister of the State of Chu during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period (770 - 476 BCE) ◊ county magistrate 4--low Ԕ䂹 lìngyù ◊ good name, good reputation 5--very low [n] Ԕ⸕ lìngzhī ◊ order and inform 4--low Ԕᆀ lìngzǐ ◊ {formal} your son 4--low ਖ䈖 lìngxiáng ◊ (espistolary) additional details will be given separately 5--very low ਖᴹ lìngyǒu ◊ in addition ◊ besides (reference to sth or people) 2--high ⍱ࣘ liúdòng ◊ flow (of liquid, gas); flux, move ◊ mobile, on the move 1--very high [n,adj,adv]

liúfēng ◊ customs handed down ⍱仾 from past generation 3--medium [n] ⍱⿫ liúlí ◊ wander about as a refugee or vagrant 3--medium [v] ⍱≁ liúmín ◊ refugees, displaced persons3--medium [n] ⍱⋛ liúmò ◊ froth, foam 4--low ⍱‫ޕ‬ liúrù ◊ flow in ◊ flow-in 2--high [v] ⍱≤ liúshuǐ ◊ running water ◊ constantly changing or dynamic situation ◊ turnover (of business) ◊ daily business ledger 1--very high [n] ⍱⏅ liútì ◊ shed tears, cry 2--high ⍱ӑ liúwáng ◊ go into exile, be exiled, be forced to leave one's native land; exiled, in exile 1--very high [v] ⍱㹰 liúxiě ◊ (colloquial pronunciation) bleed 1--very high [v] ⍱⌘ liúzhù ◊ flow in (a lake, sea) 4--low [v] ⮉䘎 liúlián ◊ linger, hate to leave 3--medium ⮉㩭 liúluò ◊ drop out, fall out of ranks 5--very low ⮉ᆸ liúshǒu ◊ leave/remain behind to take care of matters (after the main group has departed) ◊ a regent (a minister who remained in the capital after the Emperor left on an inspection tour, etc.) 2--high [v] ⮉䈝 liúyǔ ◊ leave a message, leave comment 5--very low ⮉┎ liúzhì ◊ stay, stop over 4--low [v] ⮉ᆇ liúzì ◊ leave a note, leave a message 4--low ḣ liǔ ◊ willow tree ◊ {Chinese astronomy} Liu (one of the 28 Lunar Mansions) ◊ pendant on funeral carriages ◊ large ox-drawn cart ◊ Liu (surname) 2--high [n,sn] л xià ◊ under, below, underneath ◊ the later, latter, last in a series ◊ the last part (of a work) ◊ next ◊ down, downward ◊ descend, go down ◊ (of rain, snow, etc.) fall ◊ send down (like documents); issue, deliver (like an order, an ultimatum, etc.) ◊ leave/exit (from) ◊ put in ◊ play (board games) ◊ take away, dismantle ◊ (of animals) give birth to, lay (eggs) ◊ defeat, capture ◊ yield, give up, give in ◊ get off/finish (one's shift) ◊ {measure word} (used for the number of occurrences) ◊ {measure word}... glassful(s) of... (used for fillings of containers like glasses, bowls, etc.) 1--very high [v,co,postp,mw] ḣᐎ Liǔzhōu ◊ Liuzhou (city, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿ 㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 2--high ḣᆀ liǔzi ◊ clump of willow trees ◊ wicker drama tunes 4--low [n] ‫Ⲯޝ‬ liùbǎi ◊ 600 3--medium [num] ‫⮌ޝ‬ liùchù ◊ the six domestic animals 475

(horse, cow, sheep, chicken, dog and pig) ◊ all domestic animals 4--low [n] ‫ޝ‬㓗 liùjí ◊ {abbreviation} College English Test Band 6, CET-6 (short for dàxué Yīngyǔ liùjí kǎoshì བྷᆨ㤡䃎‫ޝ‬㍊㘳䂖/བྷᆖ㤡 䈝‫ޝ‬㓗㘳䈅)0--very low [n] ‫ޝ‬㓿 Liùjīng ◊ the Six (Confucian) Classics (the Shijing, Shujing, Liji, Yijing, Chunqiu and Yuèjīng ′㏃/Ҁ㓿) ◊ {med} the Six Channels (major yang, splendid yang, minor yang, major yin, minor yin and shrinking yin) 3--medium [n] ‫ޝ‬ᖻ Liùlǜ ◊ (Chinese) the Six Yang Notes (of the traditional twelve-note scale) 4--low ‫ޝ‬г liù-qī ◊ six or seven 0--very low ‫ޝ‬гॱ liù-qīshí ◊ sixty or seventy 3--medium ‫ॳޝ‬ Liùqiān ◊ 6,000 -1--very low ‫ޝ‬Ӣ liùqīn ◊ the six relationships (between father and mother, elder brother and younger brother, wife and child, between father and son, elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife, between father and son, older brother and younger brother, nephews and maternal uncles, those directly related by marriage and those indirectly related by marriage) ◊ one's family 1--very high [n] ‫ॱޝ‬ liùshí ◊ 60 1--very high [num] ‫ॱޝ‬ഋ Liùshísì ◊ 64 -1--very low ‫ॱޝ‬ӄ Liùshíwǔ ◊ 65 -1--very low ‫ޝ‬Җ Liùshū ◊ {Chinese linguistics} the Six Categories of Characters (pictographic xiàngxíng 䊑ᖒ, self-explanatory zhǐshì ᤷһ, associative compounds huìyì ᴳ᜿/Պ᜿, pictophonetic xíngshēng ᖒ㚢/ᖒ༠, mutually explanatory zhuǎnzhù 䕹⌘/䖜⌘ and phonetic loan characters jiǎjiè ‫{ ◊ )ُٷ‬calligraphy} the Six Styles (during the reign of Wang Mang, 8-23 CE, i.e. ancient script gǔwén ਔ᮷, extraordinary qízì ཷ ᆇ, seal script zhuànshū ㇶᴨ/ㇶҖ, official script lìshū 䳨ᴨ/䳦Җ, false seal script miùzhuàn 㑶ㇶ/㕚ㇶ, and spider-like script niǎochóngshū 匕㸢ᴨ/呏㲛Җ) 4--low [n] ‫ޝ‬з liùwàn ◊ 60000 3--medium [num] ‫ޝ‬㢪 Liùyì ◊ the Six Arts (of a refined gentlemen, i.e. lǐ ⿞/⽬ "ritual", yuè ′/Ҁ "music", shè ሴ "archery", yù ᗑ "charioteering", shū ᴨ "calligraphy" and shù ᮨ/ᮠ "mathematics") ◊ {literature} the Six (Confucian) Classics 3--medium [n] ‫ޝ‬ᴸ Liùyuè ◊ June ◊ the sixth lunisolar month 1--very high [n] 㙻ⴢ lóngmáng ◊ blind and deaf 5--very low 䲶ⴋ lóngshèng ◊ prosperous, flourishing ◊ grand, magnificent 3--me-

dium [adj] 䲶߶ lóngzhǔn ◊ prominent nose, high-bridged nose 5--very low [n] 嗉㱾 lónghǔ ◊ "dragons and tigers"; heroes, people of exceptional ability ◊ {Taoism} water and fire (elements) ◊ majestic manner, air of the Emperor 3--medium 嗉匎 lónglín ◊ Emperor's ceremonial garments embroidered with dragon designs ◊ awe-inspiring majesty of the Emperor ◊ (dragon scales) scaly things 3--medium 嗉䰘 lóngmén◊ dragon gate (entrance gate to examination hall) ◊ person of great prestige ◊ famous, successful ◊ Long Men (name for Sima Qian) ◊ Longmen (county, Guǎngdōng ᔓ ᶡ/ᒯь Province) ◊ Longmen (name of various mountains) 2--high 嗉仌 lóngyán ◊ the Emperor's countenance 4--low [n] 䱷㾯 Lǒngxī ◊ Longxi (county, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province) ◊ west of Longshan (i.e. Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province) 3--medium ᾬ㡩 lóuchuán ◊ large ship with multi-storied deck (mostly used as war vessel) 4--low [n] ᾬ‫ޠ‬ Lóulán ◊ Loulan (original name of the ancient Shànshàn Guó 䝟ழ഻/䝟ழഭ) "Shanshan State", located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region) ◊ {figurative} dreamland, dream world 0--very low [n] 㶬㲱 lóuyǐ ◊ mole crickets and ants, tiny creatures ◊ insignificant persons ◊ nobodies ◊ nonentities 3--medium [n] 䱻ᐧ lòuxiàng◊ narrow lane, mean alley ◊ area where the poor reside 3--medium [n] ᓀ‫ݯ‬ lú'ér ◊ servant, house slave (in ancient times) 5--very low 㜚Ѯ lújǔ ◊ list, enumerate 5--very low 励ഭ Lǔguó ◊ the state of Lu 4--low [n] 励ই Lǔnán ◊ southern Shandong province 3--medium [n] 励Ӫ lǔrén ◊ stupid person, rash person ◊ person from the State of Lu (i.e. Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium ঔ㧭 lǔmǎng ◊ crude, rash ◊ wild grass growing on salty soil 3--medium ⺼⺼ lùlù ◊ common, mediocre (of ability, etc.) ◊ busy ◊ stone-like 2--high [adj] ⾴⡥ lùjué ◊ salary and rank (of an official in former times) 5--very low ⾴ս lùwèi ◊ salary and rank (of an official in former times) 4--low [n] 䍲䚇 lùwèi ◊ make gifts of money ◊ bribes 5--very low [n,v] 䐟〻 lùchéng ◊ distance traveled 1--very high [n] 䐟䗷 lùguò ◊ pass (a place) on the way

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1--very high [v] ᖅᖅ lùlù ◊ common, mediocre (of ability, etc.) 4--low ᖅ⭘ lùyòng ◊ take on, hire, employ 2--high [v] 䱶ൠ lùdì ◊ land (in contrast to sea) 1--very high [n] 䱶⭏ lùshēng ◊ {zoology} terrestrial, land-dwelling (=lùqī 䲨ἢ/䱶Ṇ) ◊ {TW usage} student from mainland China 3--medium [n,adj] 䱶㹼 lùxíng ◊ go by land 4--low 咯䊅 lù-shǐ ◊ {metaphor} "deer and wild boar"—rustic, ignorant 4--low [n] থ⭏ luǎnshēng ◊ oviparity 4--low [adj,v] ҡ㠓䍬ᆀ luànchénzéizǐ ◊ rebellious ministers and their sons ◊ rebels 4--low ҡѾ luànhu ◊ messed up 4--low [adj] ҡ⿫ luànlí ◊ be destitute and homeless because of war 4--low [v] ҡભ luànmìng ◊ orders or instructions given when the giver is not in a healthy state of mind due to illness, etc. 5--very low ҡц luànshì ◊ tumultuous times 2--high [n] ҡ؇ luànsú ◊ disordered public morals ◊ disorder public morals 5--very low ҡ᭯ luànzhèng ◊ misgovernment ◊ push corrupt politics ◊ manage state affairs 4--low [v] ⮕ൠ lüèdì ◊ seize territory ◊ inspect the borders 4--low ⮕ਟ lüèkě ◊ pretty good, will do 4--low ⮕ਆ lüèqǔ ◊ capture, seize 4--low ⮕৫ lüèqù ◊ leave out, omit 3--medium ⮕䀰 lüèyán ◊ speak in general terms 4--low 䇪ᯝ lùnduàn ◊ thesis, judgment 2--high [n,v] 䇪৺ lùnjí ◊ mention 2--high [v] 䇪ࡇ lùnliè ◊ discuss, evaluate 4--low [v] 䇪䳮 lùnnàn ◊ debate, rebut (one's opponents' arguments) 5--very low [v] 䇪䘠 lùnshù ◊ elaborate, expound ◊ elaboration, exposition 1--very high [v] 䇪䈤 lùnshuō ◊ presentation and elaboration of an argument ◊ usually, normally, by rights 3--medium [adv,v] 䇪᮷ lùnwén ◊ thesis, dissertation, essay, paper 1--very high [n] 䇪᮷䳶 lùnwénjí◊ collection of theses/essays 2--high [n] 䇪䇞 lùnyì ◊ discuss 3--medium

䇪䈝 Lúnyǔ ◊ Lunyu (Analects of Confucius) 1--very high [n] 䇪㘵 lùnzhě ◊ commentator 3--medium 㖇傜 Luómǎ ◊ Rome (Italy) 1--very high [n] 䙫ং luózú ◊ soldier on patrol 5--very low [n] ⍋䱣 Luòyáng ◊ Luoyang (city, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 1--very high 㩭㩭 luòluò ◊ natural (manner, demeanour) ◊ aloof, unsociable ◊ desolate ◊ scattered, few and far between ◊ Lolo (former name of the Yi national minority) 2--high [adj] 䰮䟼 lǘlǐ ◊ native place, home village 4--low [n] 䰮ᐧ lǘxiàng ◊ lane, alley 4--low [n] 䰮䰾 lǘyán ◊ commoners' neighbourhood ◊ the common people ◊ lane gate 4--low [n] ੅ቊ Lǚshàng◊ Lü Shang (founder of the Qi Kingdom during the Zhou Dynasty) 5--very low ን㱾ቮ lǚhǔwěi ◊ (step on a tiger's tail) do sth risky 5--very low ንѝ lǚzhōng ◊ keep the golden mean 4--low 㕅䱸 lǚchén ◊ state in detail (mostly in report to superior) 5--very low [v] ᖻᓖ lǜdù ◊ regulations, rules 5--very low ᖻԔ lǜlìng ◊ law, decree 3--medium [n] ᖻӪ lǜrén ◊ be strict with others 3--medium [vo] 㲁ᛓ lǜhuàn ◊ worry about (or take consideration for) disaster 5--very low ⦷ᑨ shuàicháng ◊ usually, generally 4--low [adv] ⦷ᐸ shuàishī ◊ command troops 4--low ⦷൏ shuàitǔ ◊ within the borders, throughout the land 4--low

M 傜㞩 mǎfù ◊ horse's belly 5--very low 傜⢋ mǎniú ◊ horses and oxen (symbolizing overworked people) 3--medium 傜३ mǎpǐ ◊ horses (in general/collectively) 3--medium [n] 傜к mǎshàng ◊ immediately, at once, right away ◊ shortly, soon 1--very high [adv] 傜 mǎ ◊ horse ◊ {Chinese chess} Horses (on the black side; in some traditional sets also used for the red side) ◊ big, great ◊ Ma (surname) 1--very high [n,sn] ∿ shì ◊ by the (family) name of... ◊ (used after a well-known person's surname, like an in-

477

ventor, scientist, etc.) ◊ Shi (surname) 2--high [sn] 傜䑴 mǎtí ◊ horse's hoof ◊ {bot} water chestnut, Eleocharis tuberosa ◊ Mati (chapter in the Zhuāngzǐ 㦺ᆀ/ᒴᆀ) 2--high [n] 傜ㄕ mǎtóng ◊ {Chinese opera} groom (person who cares for horses, a role) 5--very low [n] 傲䁸 màlì ◊ curse, revile 4--low Ҡᯩ mǎifāng ◊ buyer, customer (as one side of the transaction) 1--very high [n] ┑ਓ mǎnkǒu ◊ full mouth (like of false teeth) ◊ pure and simple (of accent, content of speech) ◊ firm, resolute (of tone, manner of speaking) 2--high [adv,n] ┑䏣 mǎnzú ◊ satisfied, contented ◊ satisfy, fulfill (a need, a demand, etc.) 1--very high [v,adj] ╛╦ mànhuàn ◊ illegible (of writing, etc. smeared by water, etc.) 4--low [adj] 㭃㥹 màncǎo ◊ overgrown weeds (often used metaphorically to describe wild and remote open land) 3--medium [n] 㥛㥛 mángmáng ◊ vast, boundless (and indistinct, mostly of a body of water) 1--very high [adj] ᯴ٚ máoní ◊ the young and the old 5--very low ∋ਁ máofà ◊ hair (of body or head) 2--high [n] ∋Ѯ máojǔ ◊ sketch, cite briefly ◊ cite (trivial matters) in a complicated or involved manner 5--very low ∋Ӫ máorén ◊ hairy person (person with long hair over face or body, considered an atavism) 4--low ∋仆 máoyǐng◊ writing brush 5--very low ∋㗭 máoyǔ ◊ feathers ◊ fur and feathers ◊ {textiles} fuzzy fiber 4--low [n] ⸋⴮ máodùn ◊ {philosophy} contradiction ◊ conflict, clash, inconsistency, problem ◊ be contradictory, conflicting, opposing, paradoxical; (of sb's feelings) mixed, ambivalent ◊ spear and shield 2--high [n] 㤵ຎ máosè ◊ mental block 4--low 㶕䍬 máozéi ◊ insects injurious to cereal crop seedlings ◊ person harmful to the people or the state 5--very low ߂亯 Mòdú ◊ {history} Mòdú (King of the Xiōngnú सྤ, ?-174 BCE) 5--very low ߂ဃ màoxìng◊ assume another's surname falsely 5--very low ៻䗱 màoqiān◊ trade, exchange5--very low ᷊Ѯ méijǔ ◊ enumerate (examples) one by one 1--very high [v] ⋑‫ޕ‬ mòrù ◊ sink, submerge ◊ confiscate 4--low [v]

⋑ᴹ méiyǒu ◊ not exist, not have ◊ there is not ◊ not as... as ◊ less than ◊ did not, has not ǁ (same meaning as méi ⋂/⋑) 1--very high [v,auxv] ⴹⴞ méimu ◊ signs of progress, signs of a positive outcome 2--high [n] ⴹ⵬ méiyǎn ◊ (eyebrows and eyes) facial features, looks, appearance 3--medium [n] ⇿⇿ měiměi ◊ often, usually, generally, more often than not ◊ every time, whenever ◊ {literary} generally speaking, for the most part, by and large ◊ {classical} luxuriant ◊ {classical} chaotic, turbid (equivalent to ᱗ mèi) 1--very high [adv] 㖾༷ měibèi ◊ perfect5--very low ◊ laudatory name 㖾〠 měichēng 2--high [n] 㖾Ӫ měirén ◊ a beautiful woman; a fine person ◊ {archaic} an Imperial concubine 4--low [n] 㖾⦹ měiyù ◊ beautiful jade 3--medium ᱗Ҿ mèiyú ◊ ignorant of, having no understanding of ◊ ignoring, going against (conscience, etc.) 1--very high [v] 䰘ᕏᆀ méndìzǐ ◊ disciple, follower, pupil 3--medium 䰘ᡧ ménhù ◊ door ◊ gateway, strategic point ◊ sect, faction ◊ family status, social standing ◊ family, household ◊ {archaic} brothel ◊ {IT} portal; gateway 1--very high [n] 䰘䱦 ménjiē ◊ doorstep, stoop, door stone 0--very low [n] 䰘ᖴ ménjìng ◊ access, way, key 3--medium [n] 䰘Ӫ ménrén ◊ disciple, follower ◊ {archaic} hanger-on, retainer (of a wealthy family in former times) ◊ {archaic} keeper of the city gate 2--high [n] 䰘л ménxià ◊ disciple, follower, adherent ◊ {archaic} hanger-on, retainer (of a wealthy family in former times) ◊ {archaic} respectful form of address to an official in former times 2--high [n] ⴏ䃃 méngshì ◊ treaty of alliance 3--medium [n,v] ⴏѫ méngzhǔ ◊ head of an alliance, hegemon 2--high [n] 㨼䎧 méngqǐ ◊ {written} (also 㨼࿻) (of events, movements, etc.) occur, take place 0--very low [v] 㫉᱗ méngmèi ◊ uncultured, uncivilized ◊ ignorant 2--high [adj] ⷷк 㫉ᆖ méngxué ◊ private clan school (for young people in former times) 4--low [n] 㫉ᆀ méngzi ◊ crystal (thin glass covering over clock dail, etc.) ◊ watch face, dail plate 4--low [n] ⥋㱾 měnghǔ ◊ (fierce) tiger ◊ brave 478

fighter 2--high [n] ⥋ሶ měngjiàng ◊ brave general ◊ brave warrior/fighter ◊ formidable boxer, wrestler, etc. ◊ intrepid person 3--medium [n] ⥋ޭ měngshòu ◊ beast of prey, fierce wild animal 3--medium [n] Ỗ㿱 mèngjian ◊ dream of, see in a dream 2--high [v] ᆏቍੋ Mèngchángjūn ◊ "Lord Mengchang" (aristocrat and chancellor in the State of Qí 啺 during the Warring States period [475-221 BCE], personal name Tián Wén ⭠᮷) 4--low [n] ᆏ⎚ mènglàng ◊ rash, reckless ◊ rude4--low [adj] ᆏ⇽ Mèngmǔ ◊ the Mother of Mencius (considered a model of motherhood, especially in arranging good education for her son) 4--low [n] ᆏᆉ Mèngsūn ◊ Mengsun (a compound surname) 4--low ᆏ㥰 Mèngxún ◊ Mengzi and Xunzi 5--very low ᆏᆀ Mèngzǐ ◊ {philosophy} Mengzi, "Master Meng", Mencius (social philosopher, 372-289 BCE) ◊ the book Mengzi (the philosophical work attributed to him) 1--very high [n] ᕕᵋ míwàng ◊ as far as the eye can see, everywhere you look (like signs of spring) 4--low [v] 䶑ѭ mǐlì ◊ gorgeous, extravagant 4--low [adj] 䶑䶑 mǐmǐ ◊ base, decadent 3--medium [adj] 咻咯 mílù ◊ {zool} David's deer, Pere David's deer, Elaphurus davidianus ◊ (used colloquially in a loose sense to refer to:) elk; moose 3--medium [n,v] ㊣⸣ mǐdàn ◊ rice (in bulk) 4--low ㊣伏 mǐshí ◊ rice dish ◊ food made of rice flour 3--medium ㊣ⴀ mǐyán ◊ salt and rice ◊ trivial matters 5--very low ᇶሏ mìchá ◊ investigate secretly 5--very low 〈Җ mìshū ◊ secretary (in northern China, usu. pronounced mìshu, with neutral-tone -shu) ◊ {classical} books stored in secret archive 1--very high [n] 〈ྕ mì'ào ◊ profound mystery 5--very low [n] ‫ߐݽ‬ miǎnguān ◊ remove one's hat (as a sign of respect, as an apology for offence) ◊ hatless 2--high [v,adj] ‫ݽ‬ᖩ miǎnyì ◊ be exempted from military or labour service 3--medium [v] ‫ݽ‬Ҿ miǎnyú ◊ avoid, avert, prevent, protect against ◊ dismiss, excuse, exempt ◊ be free from... 3--medium [v] ࣹ࣡ miǎnlì ◊ exhort, urge 1--very

high [v] ࣹᕪ miǎnqiǎng ◊ (do) with difficulty, (manage) with considerable effort ◊ grudgingly, reluctantly, force oneself to ◊ unconvincing, far-fetched, strained ◊ force (sb to do sth) ◊ barely (enough), just (get by/scrape by) 1--very high [adj,adv,v] 䶒Ӿ miàncóng ◊ obey or submit outwardly 4--low 䶒䊼 miànmào ◊ face, facial features ◊ look, appearance, aspect 1--very high [n] 䶒ⴞ miànmù ◊ face, facial features ◊ look, appearance ◊ face, self-respect 2--high [n] 䶒䰞 miànwèn ◊ ask in person 4--low 䶒䈰 miànyú ◊ flatter face-to-face 5--very low 䶒ᣈ miànzhé ◊ snub, cut dead 4--low 㤇㼄 miáoyì ◊ descendants, progeny 4--low [n] ◊ very small ◊ tiⴷሿ miǎoxiǎo ny ◊ insignificant 5--very low ᓉา miàotáng ◊ the (Imperial) court ◊ Imperial tomb, mausoleum 3--medium [n] ᓉѫ miàozhǔ ◊ abbot, head monk or priest 5--very low [n] ⚝㻲 mièliè ◊ careless, reckless ◊ broken up 5--very low ⚝ӑ mièwáng ◊ be destroyed, perish, die out (of a nation, race, etc.) 1--very high [v] ᰫཙ míntiān ◊ heaven ◊ autumn sky 5--very low ≁઼ Mínhé ◊ Minhe (county, Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧ Province) 3--medium ≁䰤 mínjiān ◊ of the people ◊ folk, popular ◊ nongovernmental (trade, etc.) 1--very high [n] ≁ഠ mínkùn ◊ the sufferings of the people 4--low ≁࣋ mínlì ◊ the financial capacity of the people ◊ the physical powers of the people 3--medium [n] ≁Ӫ mínrén ◊ the people 4--low ≁⭏ mínshēng ◊ the people's livelihood 1--very high [n] ≁ᰦ mínshí ◊ the farming season 4--low [n] ≁һ mínshì ◊ civil law case ◊ pertaining to civil law, civil ◊ agricultural matters ◊ corvee 1--very high [n,adj] ≁؇ mínsú ◊ folk custom, popular custom 1--very high [n] ≁ᵋ mínwàng ◊ popular hope, expectations of the common people ◊ example or model for the people 4--low [n] ≁ࣷ mínyǒng ◊ militia, volunteers 5--very low

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≁⭘ mínyòng ◊ civil, for civilian use 2--high [adj] ≁ᴹ mínyǒu ◊ privately owned, owned by the people 3--medium [adj] ≁ᙘ mínyuàn◊ popular resentment 3--medium ≁䍬 mínzéi ◊ enemy of the people 4--low [n] ≁⋫ mínzhì ◊ democracy, government by the people ◊ the way of governing the people 3--medium [n] 售ࣹ mǐnmiǎn ◊ {written} strive, work hard, make great efforts 5--very low [v] ਽䖖 míngchē ◊ luxury car 2--high [n] ਽〠 míngchēng ◊ title, name (by which a thing or organization is called) 1--very high [n] ਽䇽 míngcí ◊ noun ◊ term (like technical term) 1--very high [n] ਽ míng ◊ (personal) name ◊ fame, reputation ◊ famous, well-known ◊ {measure word} (used for persons of a certain category, profession, etc.) 1--very high [n,adj,mw] ԭ fèn ◊ portion, part, share ◊ {measure word}... set(s) of...,... copy/copies of... (used for a set, copy, or a collection of things, like an issue of a newspaper, gift, serving of food, type of behaviour and similar abstract things) ◊ {measure word} (for a job) ◊ (used after yuè ᴸ "month", shěng ⴱ "province", and xiàn 㑓/৯ "county" as a suffix) 1--very high [n,mw,suf] ਽ᇦ míngjiā ◊ master, famous scholar or expert ◊ famous family ◊ famous company ◊ [Míngjiā] the School of Logicians (during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] and the Warring States Period) 1--very high [n] ਽ሶ míngjiàng ◊ famous general ◊ great soldier ◊ star athlete 2--high [n] ਽࡙ mínglì ◊ fame and fortune 2--high [n] ਽ⴞ míngmù ◊ name, item 2--high [n] ਽Ӫ míngrén ◊ famous person, celebrity 1--very high [n] ਽༠ míngshēng ◊ reputation, renown 1--very high [n] ਽ᇎ míngshí ◊ name and reality 3--medium [n] ਽༛ míngshi ◊ famous litterateur ◊ scholar of high reputation but no official post 2--high [n] ਽᡻ míngshǒu ◊ famous artisan, player, etc. ◊ champion (in a certain field) 3--medium [n] ਽ᮠ míngshù◊ {math} concrete number ◊ household register 4--low [n] ਽Ѫ míngwéi◊ be named, be called ◊ have the nominal title of, hold the position of... in name only 2--high [v]

਽л míngxià ◊ under the name of 3--medium [n] ਽ѹ míngyì ◊ in the name of ◊ nominal (mostly followed by к shàng) 1--very high [n] ਽䂹 míngyù ◊ fame, reputation ◊ honorary (title, position) 1--very high [n] míngzi ◊ given name, personal na਽ᆇ me ◊ name 1--very high [n] ਽ᆀ míngzi ◊ name 3--medium ᰾ⲭ míngbai ◊ clear, obvious ◊ frank, explicit, unequivocal ◊ sensible ◊ know, unders[adj,v] tand, realize 1--very high ᰾ሏ míngchá ◊ examine carefully, be perceptive 3--medium [v] ᰾ᗧ míngdé ◊ illustrious virtue ◊ highest virtue 3--medium [n] ᰾ਁ míngfā ◊ daybreak ◊ all night long 3--medium ᰾࠶ míngfèn ◊ take what one is properly entitled to 4--low ᰾㓿 míngjīng ◊ be well-versed in the classics ◊ classical scholars 3--medium ᰾䶉 míngjìng ◊ clear and peaceful 4--low ᰾⨶ mínglǐ ◊ clear reasoning, clear argument ◊ obvious argument, evident reason 3--medium [n,v] ᰾⨶㘵 mínglǐzhě ◊ person with clear reasoning, person making a clear argument 5--very low ᰾᰾ míngmíng ◊ obviously, clearly ◊ point out and promote those of high moral character ◊ with all one's might 1--very high [adv,v] ᰾ᒤ míngnián ◊ next year 1--very high [adv,n] ᰾Ӫ míngrén ◊ sighted person ◊ honest person ◊ shrewd and learned person ◊ person of the Míng ᰾ Dynasty 3--medium [n] ᰾ᰕ míngrì ◊ tomorrow ◊ some day (in the future) 1--very high [n] ᰾า míngtáng ◊ drying-floor (for grain) ◊ courtyard ◊ place where Emperors announced proclamations, administered punishments and rewards, etc. ◊ water-collection area in front of a grave 3--medium [n] ᰾ཙ míngtiān ◊ tomorrow ◊ {figurative} the future, someday ◊ {classical} moon-lit sky 1--very high [n] ᰾Რ míngxī ◊ clear, distinct (image, etc.)2--high [adj] ᰾ᱮ míngxiǎn ◊ clear, obvious, evident 1--very high [adj] ᰾䀰 míngyán◊ clear words, no uncertain terms 3--medium [n] ᰾䇱 míngzhèng ◊ clear evidence, clear proof 3--medium [n] ᰾⸕ míngzhī ◊ know perfectly well (but go ahead and do) 2--high [v]

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᰾Ც míngzhì ◊ be wise/sensible/judicious 2--high [v,adj] ᰾ѫ míngzhǔ◊ enlightened ruler 3--medium ᰾ᆀ míngzi ◊ pine torch 3--medium [n] 呓啃 mínggǔ ◊ beat a drum 4--low ભྷ mìngfù ◊ woman who received honorific title from the Emperor (mostly the wife or mother of an official) 4--low [n] ભェ mìngqióng ◊ fated to be poor 5--very low ભ᜿ mìngyì ◊ decide on a theme (for a composition, painting, etc.) ◊ meaning, implication 4--low [n,vo] 䉜䇪 miùlùn ◊ erroneous theory, absurd doctrine 1--very high [n] ᪩ᤏ mónǐ ◊ simulate 4--low ⁑ᾧ mókǎi ◊ model, example, pattern 5--very low ⁑ᤏ mónǐ ◊ simulate ◊ simulation ◊ {IT} analog 1--very high [v,adj] ⼘⸣ móshí ◊ whetstone 4--low [n] ໘䗘 Mòbiàn ◊ Mohist logic 5--very low ໘㘵 Mòzhě ◊ Mohists, followers of Mo Di 3--medium ໘ᆀ Mòzǐ ◊ Mozi (480-420 BCE, or philosophical work attributed to him) 3--medium ᵛਕ mòjù ◊ last sentence 3--medium [n] ᵛҶ mòliǎo ◊ finally, in the end 3--medium ᵛ⍱ mòliú ◊ the last (decadent, corrupt) stage ◊ lowest grade, lowest quality 3--medium [n] ᵛц mòshì ◊ the last years, the declining years (of a historical period, etc.) 3--medium [n] ᵛъ mòyè ◊ industry and commerce (in contrast to agriculture) 5--very low [n] ⋑ц mòshì ◊ till the end of one's life ◊ forever 4--low [n] ⋑цнᘈ mòshìbùwàng ◊ will remember for the rest of one's life 5--very low [cy] ═े mòběi ◊ north of the desert, the area north of the Gobi Desert ◊ Outer Mongolia (so called during the Qīng ␵ Dynasty) 3--medium 㧛н mòbù ◊ none who does not 1--very high [adv] 㧛བྷ mòdà ◊ greatest (like honour, happiness) 2--high [adj] 㧛ྲ mòrú ◊ (it) would be better (to) 3--medium [conj] 㧛㤕 mòruò ◊ (it) would be better (to) 3--medium

㧛䛚 Mòyé ◊ {mythology} (the sword) Mòyé (the name of a legendary ancient doubleedged sword, also written 䧼䠮/䭶氞, or 䧼䤓/䭶 3--medium 䬈, or 䧼䦱/䭶䦱) 4--low 㧛⸕ mòzhī ◊ not known 㧛㺧аᱟ mòzhōngyīshì ◊ unable to agree/decide which is right, without (unanimous) conclusion, undecided 3--medium [cy] 䭶䦱 Mòyé ◊ {mythology} (the sword) Mòyé (the name of a legendary ancient doubleedged sword, also written 㧛䛚, or 䧼䠮/䭶氞, or 䧼䤓/䭶䬈) 5--very low 唈Պ mòhuì ◊ intuitive understanding 4--low 唈唈 mòmò ◊ silently 1--very high [adj] 唈❦ mòrán ◊ silent, speechless 2--high [adj] ⵨ᆀ móuzi ◊ pupil (of the eye) ◊ the eye (as a whole) 2--high [n] 䈻㠓 móuchén ◊ imperial counsellor/adviser/strategist; councilor (of the emperor or the king) 4--low [n] 䈻һ móushì ◊ plan sth ◊ look for work, seek a livelihood 3--medium [vo] 䈻䇞 móuyì ◊ planning, strategy 5--very low [v] 䈻㘵 móuzhě ◊ plotter(s), schemer(s) 4--low ḀḀ mǒumǒu ◊ a certain (unspecified person or thing), so-and-so, such-and-such 1--very high [pron] ḀӋ mǒuxiē ◊ certain..., a few..., some... 1--very high [pron] ⇽ᕏ mǔdì ◊ younger brother (of the same mother) 4--low [n] ⇽ਾ Mǔhòu ◊ Queen Mother, Empress Dowager 3--medium [n] ⇽ᮠ mǔshù ◊ {math} denominator (of a fraction) 4--low ⇽ᆀ mǔzǐ ◊ mother and son; mother and children ◊ principal and interest 2--high [n] ໃ⻓ mùjié ◊ tombstone 5--very low ໃᘇ mùzhì ◊ epitaph, inscription on a memorial table within a tomb 3--medium [n] ໃᘇ䬝 mùzhìmíng ◊ an epitaph, inscription on a memorial table of a tomb 3--medium [n] ᒅᓌ mùfǔ ◊ {Japanese history} hereditary general's or military governor's office (shogunate) ◊ bakufu ("tent government") 3--medium [n] ចᛖ mùyuè ◊ adore, admire 5--very low ᵘಘ mùqì ◊ wooden furniture 2--high [n] ᵘ⸣ mùshí ◊ wood and stone ◊ wit-

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hout feelings 3--medium [n] ⢗傜 mùmǎ ◊ herd horses 0--very low [v] ⢗㖺 mùyáng ◊ tend sheep 2--high [vo] ⢗ഹ mùyǔ ◊ stable, barn ◊ livestock tender 5--very low ⴞⲴ mùdì ◊ purpose, goal, aim 1--very high [n] ⴞࠫ mùjī ◊ witness, see personally ◊ eyewitness 1--very high [v] ⴞ㿱 mùjiàn ◊ see for oneself, see with own eyes 3--medium [v] ⴞ࣋ mùlì ◊ vision, eyesight3--medium ⴞᖅ mùlù ◊ catalog, list ◊ table of contents 1--very high [n] ⴞ䇪 mùlùn ◊ shallow knowledge 5--very low [n] ⴞࡽ mùqián ◊ (at) present, presently 1--very high [adv] ⴞ☑㙣ḃ mùrú'ěrrǎn ◊ be (imperceptibly but surely) influenced by what one sees and hears 5--very low ⴞ㿶 mùshì ◊ observe with one's eyes ◊ visual observation ◊ visual 4--low [v,n,adj] ⴞ䘱 mùsòng ◊ gaze after (people whom one says goodbye to) 3--medium [v] ⴞ䘳 mùtáo ◊ avert the eyes, not dare to look at (out of fear, shame, etc.) 5--very low ⴞㅁ mùxiào ◊ smile with the eyes 5--very low 㤌㬯 mùxu ◊ {bot} alfalfa (syn. Lucerne, Purple Medick, Trefoil), Medicago sativa 3--medium [n]

ѳ⾆ nǎizǔ ◊ your grandfather 4--low ླྀօ nàihé ◊ (in rhetorical questions) what alternative is there, what's to be done ◊ (in rhetorical questions) how; why ◊ to no avail ◊ do sth to/against (sb); deal with (sb) 1--very high [v] ইे nán-běi ◊ north and south ◊ southern and northern 1--very high [n,adj] ই᰼ Nánchāng ◊ Nanchang (city and county in Jiāngxī ⊏㾯 Province) 1--very high ইᯩ nánfāng ◊ south ◊ south, southern region (of a country) ◊ south China (the area of south of the Cháng Jiāng 䮧⊏/䮯⊏) 1--very high [n] ইᇛ Nángōng ◊ Nangong (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) ◊ Nangong (a compound surname) 2--high [n,sn] ই䶒 nánmiàn ◊ (of the Emperor) facing south ◊ the Emperor ◊ south 2--high [adv,n] ই喀 Nánqí ◊ the Southern Qi Dynasty (479-502, one of the Southern Dynasties 420589, see "Nanchao") 4--low [n] ই㦓 Nánróng◊ Nanrong (a compound surname) 4--low [sn] ইਢ Nánshǐ ◊ the Nanshi, the History of the Southern Dynasties (compiled by Lǐ Yánshòu ᵾᔦ༭/ᵾᔦሯ of the Táng ୀ Dynasty) 4--low [n] ইᆖ Nánxué ◊ the Southern School (a school of Confucian scholars established during the Southern Dynasty, 420-589) 4--low ই䱣 Nányáng ◊ Nanyang (city and county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 2--high ই䎺 Nányuè ◊ South Vietnam ◊ Nanyue (ancient kingdom in parts of modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan and northern Vietnam, 204-112 BC) 3--medium ইਜ Nánzhào ◊ Nanzhao (county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 4--low nánzhì ◊ the winter solstice ই㠣 3--medium ⭧ྣ nán-nǚ ◊ male and female, men and women, man and woman 2--high [n,adj] ⭧ᆀ nánzǐ ◊ man; male 1--very high [n,adj] 䳮⍻ náncè ◊ unpredictable 3--medium 䳮ᗇ nándé ◊ hard to come by, hard to get, rare, unusual, extraordinary ◊ hardly (ever), rarely, seldom (if ever) ◊ thanks to, luckily 1--very high [adv] 䳮‫ݽ‬ nánmiǎn◊ be hard to avoid; be unavoidable, be only to be expected; inevitably, be bound to 1--very high [adj] 䳮ਇ nánshòu ◊ feel ill ◊ feel bad (about sth) 2--high [adj] 䳮Ѫ nánwei ◊ press (sb to do sth), make things difficult (for sb) ◊ be a difficult job, be a lot of work ◊ {formal} thank you for the help,

N ㌽᧑ 㓣Ӕ nàjiāo ◊ become friends with, associate with 5--very low [v] ѳཛ nǎifū ◊ your husband 5--very low ѳ‫ޜ‬ nǎigōng ◊ your father ◊ (arrogant term for) oneself 5--very low ѳ䙾 ѳӺ❦ਾ nǎijīnránhòu ◊ henceforth, from this time forward 3--medium ѳਟ nǎikě ◊ then it will be possible ◊ then it will be all right 4--low ѳᱟ nǎishì ◊ be, become 1--very high ѳ㗱 nǎiwēng ◊ your father (mostly used by father when addressing his children) 4--low ѳഐ nǎiyīn ◊ on account of, because 3--medium ѳ㘵 nǎizhě ◊ formerly, the other day, not long ago, yesteryear ◊ the last time 5--very low ѳ㠣 nǎizhì ◊ and also, and even 1--very high [conj]

482

it was kind of you to help 2--high [v] 䳮䀰 nányán ◊ difficult to speak/talk about, can hardly speak/express; inexpressible, unspeakable, unutterable 3--medium [adj] 䳮ԕ nányǐ ◊ difficult to, hard to ◊ unable to..., cannot..., beyond... (e.g., nányǐ xíngróng 䴓ԕᖒᇩ/䳮ԕᖒᇩ "beyond description") 1--very high [phr] 䳮᱃ nányì ◊ degree of difficulty 3--medium 䳮Ҿ nányú ◊ be difficult/hard to (do sth) ◊ be unlikely to (e.g., get results) ◊ be harder than, be more difficult than 2--high [adv,adj] 䎗䎗 nǎnnǎn ◊ blushing (with embarrassment) 5--very low ᴙ㘵 nǎngzhě ◊ in the past, formerly 5--very low ᥐҡ náoluàn ◊ create confusion, disturb 5--very low ޵䜘 nèibù ◊ inside, interior, within ◊ internal ◊ restricted (e.g., documents for internal circulation only) 1--very high [n] ޵㠓 nèichén ◊ court official ◊ court eunuch 4--low [n] ޵㹼 nèiháng ◊ expert, professional ◊ expert, pro, old hand 2--high [adj,n] ޵䰤 nèijiān ◊ inner room 4--low ޵ҡ nèiluàn ◊ civil strife, internal disorder, rebellion, civil war 3--medium [n] ޵ᛵ nèiqíng ◊ the inside story, the ins and outs of a matter 2--high [n] ޵ᇩ nèiróng ◊ content(s) ◊ (the) substance 1--very high [n] ޵ཆ nèiwài ◊ inside and out, internal and external, foreign and domestic ◊ about, approximately 1--very high [n] ޵ੁ nèixiàng◊ facing or turned inward ◊ introverted, introversion ◊ inclined toward central political authorities 2--high [adj] ޵ᗳ nèixīn ◊ heart, in one's heart, one's innermost feelings ◊ {math} inner circle 1--very high [n] ޵ᓄ nèiyìng ◊ fifth-columnist 3--medium [n,v] ޵ࡉ Nèizé ◊ the Neize, the Model of Domestic Virtue (a chapter in the Liji) 3--medium ޵᭯ nèizhèng ◊ internal affairs, domestic matters ◊ internal government 2--high [n] 㜭䚃 néngdào ◊ fluent, glib 4--low 㜭ࣘ néngdòng ◊ active, dynamic 2--high [adj] 㜭 néng ◊ can ◊ be possible ◊ capable ◊ energy (such as in yuánzǐnéng ৏ᆀ㜭 "atomic energy") 1--very high [auxv,n] 䗷 guò ◊ go past, pass (by), go through, cross ◊ exceed, go beyond ◊ mistake ◊ blame or criticize sb for a mistake ◊ transfer (like money), adopt (like a child) ◊ read, go over, recall, call to

mind ◊ {written} visit, stop by ◊ {regional} pass away, die ◊ {grammar} outperform, or fail (following dé ᗇ or bù н after a verb) ◊ {chem} per-, super- ◊ {regional} be contagious, infect ◊ Guo (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,co,sn] 㜭Ҁ Néngyuè ◊ {Japan} Nogaku (classical Japanese musical drama) 3--medium [n] 㜭Ӫ néngrén ◊ able person, capable person ◊ homo habilis 3--medium [n] 㜭һ néngshì ◊ what one is exceptionally good at, forte (almost always in a sarcastic/pejorative sense; often used in the pattern jíjìn [or jiéjìn]… zhī néngshì ᾥⴑ[or ㄝⴑ]…ѻ㜭һ/ᶱ ቭ[or ㄝቭ]…ѻ㜭һ) ◊ (pejorative/sarcastic) do one's utmost to… ◊ do a very effective job of… ◊ take…to the extreme 3--medium [n] 㜭㹼 néngxíng ◊ able, capable 3--medium 㜭㘵 néngzhě ◊ able person 3--medium ᤏᓖ nǐduó ◊ deliberate 5--very low ᤏ䇞 nǐyì ◊ proposal, recommendation ◊ draft, draw up 3--medium [n,v] ९ᙘ nìyuàn ◊ hide one's resentment 5--very low 䘶᯵ nìlǚ ◊ inn 4--low [n] ᒤ㺘 niánbiǎo◊ chronological table ◊ year-by-year chronicle 3--medium [n] ᒤ儈 niángāo ◊ advanced in years 3--medium [adj] ᒤ㘱 niánlǎo ◊ advanced in years, old 3--medium [adj] ᒤ࣋ niánlì ◊ one's age and vigor 4--low ᒤቁ niánshào ◊ young 2--high [adj,n] ᒤ኱ niánsuì ◊ age, years old ◊ years ◊ the year's harvest 1--very high [n] ᒤᴸ niányue ◊ age, times ◊ days, years 2--high [n] ᒤᴸᰕ nián-yuè-rì ◊ year, month and date 2--high [n] ᒤ༞ niánzhuàng ◊ prime of life 4--low ᘥᆀ niànzi ◊ shill (for a peddler) 4--low ᘥީ൘ީ niànzīzàizī ◊ never forget, bear in mind 3--medium [cy] 呏ޭ niǎoshòu ◊ birds and beasts 3--medium [n] ఛವ nièrú ◊ speak haltingly, hem and haw 3--medium [v] ᆭᆀ nièzǐ ◊ old son of a concubine ◊ an unfilial son ◊ an unworthy descendant 4--low [n] ࠍപ nínggù ◊ coagulate, solidify (of liquid) 2--high [v] ࠍ┎ níngzhì ◊ stagnate, move slowly 3--medium [v]

483

4--low [v] 㲀᭯ nüèzhèng ◊ tyrannical government 5--very low [n] ᠖ཛ nuòfū ◊ coward, weakling 3--medium [n] ᠖ᕡ nuòruò ◊ cowardly, weak, timid 2--high [adj] ྣᕏ nǚdì ◊ younger sister 4--low [n] ྣ‫ݯ‬ nǚ'ér ◊ daughter, girl ◊ unmarried woman ◊ virgin 1--very high [n] ྣ㓒 nǚgōng ◊ {archaic} needlework (like sewing, embroidery, etc.) 4--low nǚshū ◊ sister-in-law (husband's ྣ਄ younger sister) 5--very low ྣ਼ nǚtóng ◊ {colloquial} female homosexual, lesbian 4--low [n] ྣѝ nǚzhōng◊ girls' middle school 3--medium ྣᆀ nǚzǐ ◊ woman, female, girl 1--very high [n]

ᆱн nìngbù ◊ rather not, would prefer not to 3--medium ሗ䙾 ᆱਟ nìngkě ◊ rather, would rather 1--very high [adv] ᆱ↫ nìngsǐ ◊ rather die than 3--medium ᆱ↖ Níngwǔ ◊ Ningwu (county, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 3--medium ֎㠓 nìngchén ◊ treacherous minister 4--low [n] ֎Ӫ nìngrén ◊ sycophant, toady 5--very low ⢋䖖 niúchē ◊ ox cart4--low [n] ⢋傜 niúmǎ ◊ (oxen and horses) people treated like beasts of burden 3--medium [n] ⢋傜䎠 niúmǎzǒu ◊ your servant 5--very low ⢋Ⳟ niúpí ◊ cowhide, oxhide ◊ pliable and tough (like sticky candy, kraft paper) ◊ brag (when preceded by "chuī") ◊ stable, unchanged (of price of gold or currency) 2--high [n] ⢋䑴 niútí ◊ ox's hooves, cow hooves (as source of glue) 4--low ⢋㖺 niú-yáng ◊ cattle and sheep 4--low [n] ⢋㖺օᤙ niúyánghézé ◊ what's the difference 5--very low ᢝ䖜 niǔzhuǎn ◊ turn round, upturn, turn upside down ◊ reverse, turn back ◊ {physics} torsion, twist 1--very high [v] ⣳Ҿ niǔyú ◊ be bound by, be shackled by (custom, prejudices, etc.) 5--very low ߌ⮌ nóngchù◊ farm animals, livestock 3--medium ߌཛ nóngfū ◊ farmer 1--very high [n] ߌᐕ nónggōng ◊ peasant and worker ◊ farm worker ◊ agriculture and industry 2--high [n] ߌᰦ nóngshí ◊ farming season ◊ the times of the three agricultural tasks (i.e. spring plowing, summer weeding and fall harvesting) 5--very low [n] ߌһ nóngshì ◊ farming 2--high [n] ྤ႒ núbì ◊ (male and female) slaves, servants ◊ your slave (self-designation of court eunuch) 3--medium [n] ྤ䳦 núlì ◊ slave 1--very high [n] 傭傜 númǎ ◊ nag, worn-out horse 4--low [n] 傭л núxià ◊ incompetent, inferior 5--very low ᙂਡ nùchì ◊ upbraid, scold angrily 4--low ᙂਧ nùháo ◊ roar (esp. wind)

O ⅗䱣 Ōuyáng ◊ Ouyang (a compound surname) 2--high [sn] ⬟㝡 ōutuō ◊ borderland ◊ border garrison ◊ border, boundary (Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty term from the Xiongnu) 5--very low 䇤ⅼ ōugē ◊ sing the praises of, eulogize ◊ sing 3--medium [v] ‫ڦ‬㘼 ǒu'ér ◊ occasionally, once in a while, now and then 3--medium ‫ڦ‬ਸ ǒuhé ◊ coincident, accidental ◊ coincidence ◊ {chem} coupling, couple 3--medium [v] ‫❦ڦ‬ ǒurán ◊ accidental, fortuitous, by chance, contingent, random, casual 1--very high [adj,adv] ‫ڦ‬Ӫ ǒurén ◊ figurine (clay or wooden figure in human form, like as an idol) 4--low [n] ‫ڦ‬䈝 ǒuyǔ ◊ discuss in private, talk together in whispers 5--very low

P ‫أ‬Ո páiyōu ◊ actor in a farce or variety show (in ancient times) 1--very high [n] ᗈᖺ páihuái ◊ pace/move back and forth ◊ hesitate, linger ◊ fluctuate (of prices) 1--very high [v] ᧂབྷ páidà ◊ eldest son or daughter 4--low ᧂ㹼 páiháng ◊ seniority, order of age (like among siblings) 1--very high [n] ᧂਕ páijù ◊ parallel phrases (as literary rhetorical device)5--very low ᧂ‫ڦ‬ pái'ǒu ◊ parallelism (as literary device) 5--very low [n] ⴈ䉧 Pángǔ ◊ Pangu (Hénán ⋣ই Province) ◊ Bangkok ◊ deep circular valley 484

4--low ⴈẃ pánhuán ◊ linger ◊ winding ◊ curl, swirl 3--medium [v] ࡔ࡛ pànbié ◊ differentiate, distinguish, discriminate 2--high [v] ࡔᯝ pànduàn ◊ decide, judge ◊ decision, judgment 1--very high [v,n] ࡔᯝਕ pànduànjù ◊ {grammar} a declarative sentence ◊ a statement of fact 4--low ࡔᇈ pànguān ◊ title of various subordinate officials from Táng ୀ Dynasty on ◊ the judges of purgatory or hell 3--medium [n] ࡔ❦ pànrán ◊ (of differences) noticeable ◊ marked ◊ striking 4--low [adj] ᖧᗘ pánghuáng ◊ pace back and forth ◊ wander about (aimlessly), roam around, go from place to place ◊ anxious, undecided, hesitating ◊ waver, not know which way to turn 2--high [v] ᯱ㿲㘵 pángguānzhě ◊ onlooker, bystander, observer, spectator, outsider ◊ the Spectator (British magazine established in 1828 and published in London) ◊ spectator (as in the title of a periodical) 1--very high [n] ᯱ৺ pángjí ◊ have a side interest in, also be involved in 4--low [v] ᯱ㹼 pángxíng ◊ move sideways, go sideways 4--low ᯱ䇱 pángzhèng ◊ circumstantial evidence 3--medium [n] ⻵ bàng ◊ {unit of measure} pound (weight) ◊ (platform) scale ◊ weigh (on a scale) ◊ {printing} point (measurement of type) 2--high [tw] ⽑ bó ◊ fill, extend 4--low ᓆб páodīng ◊ cook, chef 3--medium [n] ᓆӪ páorén ◊ cook, chef 5--very low [n] 㜊㛾 pēitāi ◊ embryo ◊ embryonic (stage, period) 2--high [n] 䲚㠓 péichén ◊ {formal} your vassal (self-designation used by senior officials when addressing the Emperor) 4--low [n] ֙࠰ pèidāo ◊ wear a sword or knife at one's waist ◊ sword, saber (worn at the waist) 3--medium [n,v] ֙⦹ pèiyù ◊ jade pendant worn by nobles ◊ wear a jade pendant 4--low ⋋❦ pèirán ◊ copious, abundant (like rain) 4--low 䝽྇ pèitào ◊ coordinated; complementary; accessory ◊ form a complete set ◊ fit a cover on 1--very high [v,vo,adj] 䝽⭘ pèiyòng ◊ use for parts or fittings 3--medium ✩䟒 pēnghǎi ◊ boil to death and pickle the corpse (a form of punishment) 5--very low ᖝ⾆ Péngzǔ ◊ Pengzu (often called the

Chinese Methuselah) 4--low ᴻ৻ péngyou◊ friend 1--very high [n] 㬜㫯 pénghāo ◊ crowndaisy chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum coronarium ◊ bitter fleabane and artemisia ◊ grassland 4--low [n] 㬜㧡 Pénglái ◊ Penglai (county, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Penglai (town, Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) ◊ Penglai (one of the Three Legendary Islands, "Sāndǎo") 2--high [n] х⛸ pīliè ◊ brilliant achievement ◊ splendid, glorious 5--very low хᱮ pīxiǎn ◊ splendid, glorious ◊ distinguished, brilliant 4--low ࢸཤ pītóu ◊ right on the head ◊ right in the face ◊ head-on ◊ right off the bat, first [adv] thing 3--medium ᢩ傣 pībó ◊ to veto (a request, etc. from a subordinate) ◊ rebut 3--medium [v] ᢩ䇴 pīpíng ◊ criticize ◊ criticism 1--very high [v,n] ᣛ pī ◊ drape over the shoulders, wear, hang (like decorations) ◊ open (like a book, map), spread out, unroll ◊ split (like bamboo, wood) ◊ scatter, disperse ◊ browse, peruse 2--high [v] ඊ jiān ◊ hard, strong, solid, firm ◊ a fortification, fortified place, stronghold ◊ firmly, resolutely, determinedly, steadfastly ◊ Jian (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,n,sn] ᣛ䰵 pīyuè ◊ read 4--low [v] 䵩䴣 pīlì ◊ thunderclap 2--high [n] Ⳟᐱ píbì ◊ deerskin currency (in circulation during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) ◊ furs and silk cloth (esp. as tribute) 5--very low Ⳟ䶒 pímiàn ◊ surface, superficial 3--medium [n] ३‫ؖ‬ pǐchóu ◊ fit match, mate, companion5--very low ३ཛ pǐfū ◊ commoner ◊ ordinary man ◊ {classical} foolhardy person ◊ {abusive, mostly used in the early vernacular} fool, ignoramus 3--medium [n] ३ཛ३ྷ pǐfūpǐfù ◊ the common people 5--very low [cy] ⶕ⶘ bìnì ◊ look askance at, look disdainfully at, look down upon 3--medium [v] 䆜㤕 pìruò ◊ for instance, for example 4--low 䆜௫ pìyù ◊ metaphor, analogy, simile 1--very high [n,v] 䗏᱃ bìyì ◊ flinch, shy away 3--medium [v] ‫ٿ‬ᯱ piānpáng ◊ the basic components that make up Chinese characters 3--medium ‫ٿ‬㻂 piāntǎn ◊ favour, be partial to, take sides ◊ have one shoulder bared (of a Buddhist 485

monk) 3--medium [v] ‫ٿ‬Ҿ piānyú ◊ lean toward, be inclined toward ◊ be partial to 3--medium ‫↓ٿ‬ piānzhèng ◊ {linguistics} modifier and the modified 0--very low [adj] ‫ٿ‬䟽 piānzhòng ◊ stress one thing at the expense of another 1--very high [adj,v] 㘙㘙 piānpiān◊ lightly and fleetly (of dance steps, birds in flight, fluttering of butterflies, etc.) ◊ elegant and smart, genteel (mostly of a young man) 2--high [adj,adv] ‫ׯ‬ᇌ piányi ◊ cheap, inexpensive ◊ benefit, advantage (mostly unexpected, uncalled for, or undeserved) ◊ let (sb) get off easy (like without punishment), let (sb) get away with sth too easily ◊ let (sb) make off with (an undeserved benefit) 1--very high [v,adj] 傸ࡇ piánliè ◊ be side by side 5--very low [v] 傸᣷᷍ᤷ piánmǔzhīzhǐ ◊ "first and second toe growing together and an extra finger beside the thumb"—useless extras 5--very low [cy] ࢭᚽ piāohàn ◊ agile and fierce 3--medium [adj] ࢭ䖫 piāoqīng◊ (said of a young man) truculent and frivolous 5--very low ┲ piāo ◊ float, drift ◊ stay afloat ◊ shake, rock ◊ (of wind) blow 2--high [v] ᶥ chǔ ◊ pestle (used with a mortar) ◊ wooden club (used to pound clothes when washing them) ◊ poke, pry (with sth long and thin) 3--medium [n,v] ┲⎞ piāofú ◊ float, drift (literally or figuratively) ◊ superficial, shallow, slipshod 1--very high [adj,v] 伈仾 piāofēng◊ whirlwind, violent wind 4--low 僐僁 piàoqí ◊ general (military title during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 4--low [n] 僐僁ሶߋ piàoqíjiāngjūn ◊ general (military title from Han to Ming Dynasties) 5--very low 䍛䍡 pínjiàn ◊ poor and humble 3--medium [adj] 䍛㤖 pínkǔ ◊ poverty-stricken, in straitened circumstances 1--very high [adj] 䍛㘵 pínzhě ◊ the poor 4--low 仁⦷ pínlǜ ◊ {physics} frequency ◊ {statistics} frequency 1--very high [n] 仁ᒤ pínnián ◊ year after year, successive years 4--low [adv] 仁仁 pínpín ◊ repeatedly, often 1--very high [adv] 仁ᮠ pínshù ◊ {statistics} frequency (number) ◊ number of occurrences 3--medium ૱仈 pǐntí ◊ appraise, judge 4--low [v] 㚈⽬ pìnlǐ ◊ betrothal gift from bride-

groom's family to bride's family 3--medium [n] ቿት bǐngjū ◊ live in retirement and seclusion 5--very low [v] ᒣ᰼ Píngchāng ◊ Pingchang (county, Sìchuān ഋᐍ Province) 3--medium ᒣൠ píngdì ◊ level or flat ground ◊ to level the ground (like by raking) 2--high [v] ᒣ৽ píngfǎn ◊ redress (a mishandled case), reverse (an unjust verdict, etc.); rehabilitate (a person, used in the patterns wèi/gěi sb píngfǎn ⛪/㎖ sb ᒣ৽//Ѫ/㔉 sb ᒣ৽, dédào píngfǎn ᗇ ࡠᒣ৽/ᗇࡠᒣ৽, or huòdé píngfǎn ⦢ᗇᒣ৽/㧧ᗇᒣ৽) 2--high [v] ᒣ⎧ pínghǎi ◊ (expanse of) ocean 4--low ᒣት píngjū ◊ usually, ordinarily 4--low [adv] ᒣ൷ píngjūn ◊ average, mean ◊ on average ◊ equally (divided, distributed, etc.) 1--very high [n,adj,adv] ᒣҀ Pínglè ◊ Pingle (county, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿ 㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 3--medium ᒣࡇ píngliè ◊ place side by side, give equal importance to 4--low [v] ᒣ䱶 Pínglù ◊ Pinglu (county, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 3--medium ᒣ䶒 píngmiàn ◊ {math} plane; flat surface; in two dimensions 1--very high [n] ᒣ᰾ píngmíng ◊ dawn, daybreak ◊ just and discerning 4--low [n] ᒣᰕ píngrì ◊ ordinary day(s) (as opposed to holidays, a particular stated day, etc.) ◊ weekday(s) (as opposed to the weekend) ◊ ordinarily, usually 1--very high [n] ᒣ༠ píngshēng ◊ {Chinese linguistics} the level tone (in classical Chinese pronunciation) 4--low [n] ᒣц píngshì ◊ times of peace and order 5--very low [n] ᒣ㹼 píngxíng ◊ parallel, of equal rank, on an equal footing, of the same level ◊ {math} parallel ◊ simultaneous, concurrent ◊ {grammar} (of structure) parallel 2--high [adj] ᒣ㹽 píngyǎn ◊ flat and open (countryside) 5--very low [adj] ᒣ䱣 píngyáng ◊ flat land ◊ Pingyang (county, Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province) 2--high ᒣ৏ píngyuán ◊ plain ◊ flatlands 2--high [n] ᒣӴ píngzè ◊ {Chinese linguistics} the level and oblique tones ◊ tone patterns in Chinese poetry 3--medium [n] ᒣ↓ píngzheng ◊ straight, regular,

486

proper 4--low [adj] ᒣⴤ píngzhí ◊ straight, level ◊ honest 3--medium [adj] ᒣ߶ píngzhǔn ◊ official measures concerning the transportation of goods and stabilization of prices ◊ the official in charge of these measures 4--low ُࠝ píngjiè ◊ rely on, depend on 1--very high [v] ࠝ䇱 píngzhèng ◊ proof, evidence, certificate 2--high [n] 䇴䇪 pínglùn ◊ comment, criticize ◊ comment, criticism 1--very high [n,v] ⹤䲔 pòchú ◊ do away with, eliminate, eradicate 2--high [v] ⹤‫ޣ‬ pòguān ◊ break the price record (of stocks) ◊ go through a barrier 3--medium ⹤ᇦ pòjiā ◊ ruin a family ◊ ruined family3--medium ⹤ᣈ pòzhé ◊ fracture 5--very low 䘛䘁 pòjìn ◊ approach, be very close to 3--medium [v] ࢆ࠶ pōufēn ◊ cut in half 4--low ࢆߣ pōujué ◊ hand down judgment 5--very low ࢆ᰾ pōumíng ◊ analyze 5--very low [v] ӶӾ púcóng ◊ lackey, flunky, retainer, hanger-on ◊ henchman ◊ vassal 5--very low [n] ӶӶ púpú ◊ weary from travel ◊ with travel fatigue3--medium ऽԿ púfú ◊ crawl ◊ lie prostrate 4--low ऽी púfú ◊ fall/lie prostrate; crawl (on all fours) 3--medium [v] ⫎⦹ púyù ◊ uncut jade 3--medium [n] 㫢෾ púchéng ◊ Pucheng (county, Shǎnxī) 3--medium 㫢䲦 pútao ◊ grape 5--very low ᵤ㤲 pǔmào ◊ simple and honest 5--very low [adj] 䬪䱸 pūchén ◊ lay out, spread out ◊ narrate in detail ◊ bedding 3--medium [n,v] 䬪ᧂ pūpai ◊ arrange, dispose ◊ extravagant 4--low [adj,v] 䬪ᕐ pūzhāng ◊ extravagant, lavish ◊ exaggerate 3--medium [adj,v]

ven relationships of father and son, elder and younger brother, husband and wife, ruler and subject, older and younger, friend to friend, host and guests ◊ seven virtues which a ruler must have to set a proper example (filial piety, generosity, respect for talent, etc.) 5--very low гॱ qīshí ◊ 70, seventy 3--medium [num] гॱҼ Qīshí'èr ◊ 72 -1--very low [n] гॱ‫ޝ‬ Qīshíliù ◊ 76 -1--very low гॱᆀ Qīshízǐ ◊ the Seventy Best Disciples of Confucius (Actually there were seventytwo disciples among the best. The number seventy is often used as a round number.) 5--very low гз qīwàn ◊ 70000 2--high [num] г丣 qīyīn ◊ {Chinese phonetics} the seven classes of consonants (labial "chun", lingual "she", back teeth "ya", dental "chi", guttural "hou", lateral "banshe", and dental sibilant "banchi") ◊ {Chinese music} the seven-note scale 4--low гᴸ Qīyuè ◊ July ◊ the seventh lunisolar month 2--high [n] ࿫࿮ qīqiè ◊ wife and concubine(s) 3--medium ࿫ᆀ qīzi ◊ wife 1--very high [n] ߴᘶ qīchuàng ◊ sad, heartbreaking 5--very low [adj] ᡊᡊ qīqī ◊ close, intimate ◊ worried ◊ moved, touched (emotionally) 3--medium [adj] ᡊ❦ qīrán ◊ sorrowfully 4--low ᡊ৻ qīyǒu ◊ relatives and friends 4--low [n] ᵏՊ qīhuì ◊ meet at a set time ◊ set a deadline (esp. for carrying out a government policy) ◊ opportunity 3--medium ᵏᵏ qīqī ◊ set a date or deadline ◊ stammering(ly) 3--medium ṆṆ xīxī ◊ bustling, busy, hectic 4--low [adj,adv] Ⅺ㖄 qīwǎng ◊ cheat, deceive 4--low [v] ┶䴅 qīdiāo ◊ carved lacquerware ◊ Qidiao (a compound surname) 4--low [n,sn] ┶唁 qīhēi ◊ jet black (of hair, the night, etc.) 1--very high [adj] ަ⅑ qícì ◊ next (in order, importance, etc.) ◊ secondary 1--very high [adj,conj] ަҼ qí'èr ◊ second(ly) ◊ the second one 2--high [n,adv] ަਾ qíhòu ◊ after that, thereafter, then, later ◊ following, subsequent, ensuing 2--high [adv] ަᡆ qíhuò ◊ if by chance 4--low ަ䰤 qíjiān ◊ within it, into it, among them, between them ◊ within/during that period of time 1--very high [adv]

Q г‫ޛ‬ qī-bā ◊ seven or eight ◊ {archaic} very likely 2--high гⲮ qībǎi ◊ 700 3--medium [num] гቪ qīchǐ ◊ seven (ancient) feet ◊ the height of an average adult, one's body, one's self ◊ person twenty years old 3--medium гᮉ qījiào ◊ {Confucianism} the se487

5--very low 僁ሴ qíshè ◊ fire/shoot from horseback ◊ riding and archery 4--low [n] 僁༛ qíshì ◊ knight (in European history) ◊ cavalry soldier2--high [n] 僀僕 qíjì ◊ steed 4--low [n] 哂哏 qílín ◊ the Chinese unicorn (as mentioned in ancient Chinese legends) ◊ a mythical beast composed of body parts of real animals 2--high [n] 喀ᾊ qíchǔ ◊ neat (mostly of clothing) 4--low [adj] 喀ഭ Qíguó ◊ {histoiry}(the state of) Qi (state during the Zhou Dynasty in the area of present northern Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province and southeastern Héběi ⋣े) ◊ Qi (the Southern Qi Dynasty [479-502 CE]) ◊ Qi (the Northern Qi Dynasty [550-577 CE]) ◊ Qi (kingdom established through the peasant rebellion of Huáng Cháo 哳ᐒ/哴ᐒ toward the end of the Táng ୀ Dynasty [618-907 CE]) 4--low [n] 喀ᇦ qíjiā ◊ put one's family in order 3--medium [v] 喀励 Qí-Lǔ ◊ Qi and Lu (two ancient kingdoms in the area of present Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) ◊ Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province 2--high [n] 喀≁ qímín ◊ common people 3--medium [n] 喀Ӫ Qírén ◊ people of the state of Qi ◊ assembled multitudes ◊ beggar 3--medium Ҏ‫ٷ‬ qǐjià ◊ ask for leave 5--very low Ҏ伏 qǐshí ◊ beg ◊ beg for food 3--medium [vo] ੟喯 qǐchǐ ◊ open one's mouth, smile ◊ ask for sth (often with a negative implying embarrassment) 3--medium [v] ੟༴ qǐchǔ ◊ rest ◊ short rest 5--very low ᶎḣ qǐliǔ ◊ purple willow ◊ bitter willow (Salix sino-purpurea) 5--very low [n] ኲн qǐbù ◊ is it not, how can it not be 3--medium [adv] ኲн⸕ qǐbùzhī ◊ don't you know...?, haven't you heard that...? ◊ how could (I, etc.) not know..., of course (I, etc.) know... ◊ little do they know... 3--medium ኲ䶎 qǐfēi ◊ isn't it, how could it not be 3--medium [adv] ኲᮒ qǐgǎn ◊ how dare I (often used in polite expressions) 3--medium [v] ኲਟ qǐkě ◊ how could (you) 1--very high ኲ㜭 qǐnéng ◊ how can...(literary-style phrase used to form a rhetorical question implying that the action mentioned is not possible/appropriate; the colloquial modern equivalent is

ަ޵ qínèi ◊ among them, included in 3--medium ަӪަһ qírénqíshì ◊ the man and his deeds ◊ biographic sketch 3--medium [cy] ަྲ qírú ◊ for example, as if 4--low ަй qísān ◊ third(ly) ◊ the third one 2--high [adv,n] ަк qíshàng ◊ above, on top 2--high ަᇎ qíshí ◊ actually, as a matter of fact, in reality 1--very high [adv] ަᆳ qítā ◊ other, else, the rest (of things) 1--very high [adj] ަཆ qíwài ◊ in addition, besides 3--medium ަа qíyī ◊ one of, a part ◊ the first thing, only a part ◊ the first one 2--high [n] ަ։ qíyú ◊ the rest, the remaining, the others 1--very high [pron] ަѝ qízhōng ◊ among them, of which ◊ in it, within it 1--very high [phr] ཷ᡽ qícái ◊ rare talent, outstanding ability ◊ person of rare talent or outstanding ability 2--high [n] ཷᶀ qícái ◊ rare talent, outstanding ability ◊ person of rare talent or outstanding ability 4--low ཷ࣏ qígōng ◊ exceptional achievement, distinguished contribution, meritorious service 3--medium [n] ཷᙚ qíguài ◊ strange, odd ◊ unexpected 1--very high [adj] ཷ䈻 qímóu ◊ strange and wonderful plan, unexpected or unfathomable plan 3--medium [n] ཷ‫ڦ‬ jī'ǒu ◊ odd and even (numbers) 3--medium [n] ཷ⢩ qítè ◊ unusual, strange, singular 2--high [adj] ཷՏ qíwěi ◊ singularly magnificient 3--medium [adj] ཷᆇ qízì ◊ {calligraphy} extraordinary (one of the Six Styles, see Liùshū ‫ޝ‬ᴨ/‫ޝ‬ Җ) 4--low [n] ᰇᑌ qízhì ◊ flag, banner, pennant ◊ model, example ◊ rallying point 1--very high [n] ỻ㖞 qízhì ◊ lay out like chess pieces on a board 5--very low [v] ⽱䘎 Qílián ◊ Qilian (county, Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧ Province) ◊ the Qilian mountain range (or its peak) 4--low ⽸⾿ qífú ◊ pray for happiness, pray for blessing 2--high [vo] ⽸ᵋ qíwàng ◊ hope for, long for ◊ I hope, will you please 3--medium [v] 㘶㘱 qílǎo ◊ old people, the aged 4--low [n] 䏲㹼 qíxíng ◊ crawl (like an insect)

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ness) throughout the land 3--medium ॳⲮ qiānbǎi ◊ hundreds and thousands ◊ a large number of... 3--medium ॳⲮᒤ qiānbǎinián ◊ centuries, thousands of years ◊ for millennia 3--medium ॳ qiān ◊ thousand, 1,000 ◊ thousands, great many ◊ kilo- ◊ Qian (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] ਈ biàn ◊ change ◊ change into, turn into ◊ cause change, transform ◊ changeable, variable ◊ sell off (like property) ◊ major turn of events 1--very high [v,n] ॳ҈ qiānshèng ◊ thousand chariots (mark of a large state in feudal China) ◊ Qiansheng (various place names) 4--low ॳਔ qiāngǔ ◊ throughout history, forever, eternal(ly) ◊ eternal (regrets, repose, etc. when used in condolences) 2--high [adv,adj] ॳᡧ qiānhù ◊ military official in charge of a group of thousand troops (esp. during the Yuán ‫ ݳ‬Dynasty. The title originated in the Jin Dynasty as a hereditary position.) 3--medium ॳᯔ qiānjīn ◊ "a thousand catties"—very heavy, weighty (burden, etc.) 1--very high [n] ॳ䠁 qiānjīn ◊ a thousand gold pieces, great deal of money ◊ {formal} (your) daughter 2--high [n] ॳ䫗 qiānjūn ◊ hundredweight, very heavy 3--medium ॳ䟼 qiānlǐ ◊ a thousand li (Chinese miles) ◊ a great distance 1--very high [n] ॳᒤ qiānnián◊ milennium 2--high [n] ॳ产䱲 qiānqǐngpí ◊ magnanimous, broadminded, generous 5--very low ॳ኱ qiānsuì ◊ a thousand years of age ◊ your highness (a salutation a prince used in novels or plays) ◊ birthday greeting 3--medium [n] ॳз qiānwàn ◊ ten million ◊ be sure to, remember (as an admonition) 1--very high [num] ॳㄐ qiānzhāng ◊ paper carriage burned to assist the Kitchen God's ascent to heaven 5--very low ⢥ਸ qiānhé ◊ bring together, make a match 5--very low [v] ⢥␧ qiānhùn ◊ implicate, involve 5--very low ⢥⢋ qiānniú ◊ morning glory, pharbitis nil ◊ {astronomy} Altair ◊ lead an ox 3--medium ⢥ᕪ qiānqiǎng ◊ farfetched, forced, contrived 2--high [adj] ⢥ᕅ qiānyǐn ◊ pull, tow (of a machine, draft animal) 2--high [n,v] 䉖䇙 qiānràng◊ yield modestly, modestly/politely decline ◊ humility, modesty, self-effacement 1--very high [v,n]

zěnme néng ᘾ哬㜭 /ᘾѸ㜭) 2--high [phr] ኲᴹ qǐyǒu ◊ how can there be 3--medium ኲᴹԆૹ qǐyǒutāzāi ◊ how could it be otherwise 5--very low 䎧‫ޥ‬ qǐbīng ◊ dispatch troops into battle 3--medium [v] 䎧䇽 qǐcí ◊ the subject of a verb 5--very low 䎧Կ qǐfú ◊ undulate ◊ go up and down, rise and fall ◊ prosperity and decline 2--high [v,n] 䎧ት qǐjū ◊ daily life, regular life ◊ {classical} pay one's respects, send one's regards ◊ {classical} the words and deeds of the Emperor 2--high [n,v] 䎧ਕ qǐjù ◊ first verse, opening of a poem 4--low [n] 䎧ᶕ qǐlái ◊ stand up, get to one's feet ◊ get up, get out of bed ◊ rise (up), arise, revolt 1--very high [vi,vc] 䎧・ qǐlì ◊ rise to one's feet, stand up (often used in a command) 2--high [v] 䎧⭠ qǐtián ◊ break ground 4--low 䎧ཤ qǐtóu ◊ begin, start ◊ in the beginning, at first ◊ beginning, start 2--high [v] 䎧л qǐxià ◊ take down (like a load off a truck) 3--medium 䎧→ qǐzhǐ ◊ not only 3--medium [phr] ಘ⳯ qìmǐn ◊ household utensils (like dishes, bowls) 2--high [n] ಘỠ qìxiè ◊ equipment, instrument, apparatus ◊ military weapons 1--very high [n] ಘ⭘ qìyòng ◊ household utensils ◊ articles of daily use ◊ a person with great potentialities 2--high [n] ᔳ䚃 qìdào ◊ degenerate ◊ be corrupted 5--very low [vo,adj] ᔳൠ qìdì ◊ abandoned land (left unopened to cultivation) 4--low [n] ᔳ⭢ qìjiǎ ◊ abandon one's armour (flee in defeat) 4--low [vo] ᔳ⭢ᴣ‫ ޥ‬qìjiǎyèbīng ◊ (of troops) flee in a rout 5--very low [cy] ᔳ㔍 qìjué ◊ abandon, forsake 4--low [v] ᔳ㖞 qìzhì ◊ abandon, discard, lay aside 3--medium [v] ≄‫׳‬ qìcù ◊ short of breath 3--medium [v] ≄ᝏ qìgǎn ◊ be eternally grateful ◊ feel eternally 4--low ≄࣢ qìjìn ◊ bracing cold ◊ fierce temper 4--low [n] 䗴ᰐ qìwú ◊ there is not yet 4--low ᚠᖃ qiàdàng ◊ proper, suitable, appropriate 1--very high [adj] ⍭Ҿཙл qiàyútiānxià ◊ spread (kind-

489

ambition) 4--low ࡽ֌ qiánzuò ◊ preceding crop, forecrop 2--high [n] ▌㯿 qiáncáng ◊ hide 2--high [v] ▌㹼 qiánxíng◊ move under water (like of a submarine) ◊ move secretly, slink 3--medium [v] 䫡᮷ qiánwén ◊ inscription on a coin ◊ traditional Chinese coins with a hole in the center 4--low 䫡⢙ qiánwù ◊ money3--medium 唄俆 qiánshǒu ◊ the common people (term used from Warring States Period to the Qin) 4--low [n] ⍵㿱 qiǎnjiàn ◊ superficial observation, humble opinion 1--very high [n] ⍵᱃ qiǎnyì ◊ simple and easy 4--low [adj] 㕡㔫 qiǎnquǎn ◊ (of a couple) deeply attached to each other, inseparable, infatuated with each other3--medium [adj] 䚓䇽 qiǎncí ◊ wording 3--medium [v] 䚓䇽䙐ਕ qiǎncízàojù ◊ wording and phrasing 4--low 䚓Ӫ qiǎnrén ◊ send sb (on an errand, mission) 3--medium 䚓֯ qiǎnshǐ ◊ send an envoy ◊ envoy 3--medium ⅐࿕ qiàntuǒ ◊ not proper, not satisfactory 2--high [v] ⅐ઘ qiànzhōu ◊ thoughtless, illconsidered ◊ insufficiently attentive 3--medium [adj] ᡅ䍬 qiāngzéi ◊ injure 5--very low [v] ᕪᵜ㢲⭘ qiángběnjiéyòng ◊ encourage agriculture and be moderate in government expenditures ◊ increase agricultural development and reduce expenses 5--very low [cy] ᕪབྷ qiángdà ◊ big and powerful, mighty 1--very high [adj] ᕪ䈳 qiángdiào ◊ emphasize, stress, underline, underscore 1--very high [v] ᕪഭ qiángguó ◊ a powerful nation ◊ make a nation strong ◊ strengthen the nation 2--high [n,vo] ᕪ䇠 qiángjì ◊ a retentive memory ◊ a good memory 3--medium [v] ᕪ䈿 qiángjiàn ◊ remonstrate vigorously, admonish (the Emperor) strongly 5--very low ᕪԔ qiánglìng ◊ compel, force 3--medium [v] ᕪਆ qiángqǔ ◊ take by force 4--low ᕪᕡ qiángruò ◊ the strong and the weak 1--very high ᕪ↫ qiángsǐ ◊ meet a violent death 4--low

䗱ழ qiānshàn ◊ reform, change from evil to good 4--low 䗱ᔦ qiānyán ◊ procrastinate, delay, defer 3--medium [v] Үඔ qián-kūn ◊ {divination} qian and kun (the 1st and the 8th of the Bāguà ‫ޛ‬ খ "Eight Trigrams" in the Yìjīng ᱃㏃/᱃㓿 "Book of Changes", used for divination according to Taoist beliefs) ◊ {philosophy} heaven and earth, the yin and yang elements (and other contrasting pairs such as male and female, father and mother, husband and wife, the sun and the moon, etc.) 2--high [n] ࡽ䗩 qiánbian◊ in front, ahead ◊ preceding, previously 2--high [n,adv] ࡽ䜘 qiánbù ◊ front part 3--medium ࡽ↔ qiáncǐ ◊ before now, previously 3--medium [adv] ࡽ⅑ qiáncì ◊ previous time, recently 3--medium ࡽ࣏ qiángōng ◊ accomplishments of predecessors ◊ one's past accomplishments 4--low ࡽ≹ Qiánhàn ◊ {history} the Former Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty (206 BCE - 24 CE) 4--low [n] ࡽਾ qiánhòu ◊ (following a noun expressing time) about, around, approximately at ◊ in all, altogether 1--very high [adv] ࡽਾ᮷ qiánhòuwén ◊ {linguistics} context 0--very low [n] ࡽֻ qiánlì ◊ precedent 3--medium [n] ࡽ䶒 qiánmian ◊ in front, ahead ◊ preceding, previously 1--very high [n] ࡽӪ qiánrén ◊ predecessors 2--high [n] ࡽᰕ qiánrì ◊ the day before yesterday 1--very high [n] ࡽц qiánshì ◊ previous existence, previous incarnation ◊ previous generation 2--high [n] ࡽһ qiánshì ◊ previous events3--medium ࡽҖ qiánshū ◊ previous letter, (my) last letter 3--medium ࡽᖰ qiánwǎng ◊ go to, proceed toward ◊ be headed to..., have...as one's destination 1--very high [v] ࡽ᮷ qiánwén ◊ {written} preceding text 0--very low [n] ࡽ䀰 qiányán ◊ foreword, preface ◊ previous remarks 2--high [n] ࡽᐢ qiányǐ ◊ (indicating time) already ◊ before 2--high ࡽᕅ qiányǐn ◊ lead the way ◊ preface 4--low ࡽ㘵 qiánzhě ◊ the former (in contrast to the latter) 1--very high [n] ࡽᘇ qiánzhì ◊ long-felt wish (resolve,

490

[adj] ࠷ᗼ qièjì ◊ strictly avoid, avoid by all means, must not do under any circumstances, must guard against 2--high [v] ࠷䈿 qièjiàn ◊ firmly advise against ◊ earnestly entreat not to ◊ admonish to desist from 5--very low [v] ࠷䓛 qièshēn ◊ of importance to oneself ◊ of immediate concern to oneself ◊ of immediate interest to oneself ◊ personal, intimate, firsthand (experience) 1--very high [adj] ࠷ᇎ qièshí ◊ practical, feasible, realistic ◊ sincere, earnest ◊ effectively, in a practical manner ◊ conscientiously, earnestly, in earnest 1--very high [adj,adv] ࠷य qièwù ◊ (of a request, warning, etc.) Be sure not to...! By no means (do)...! Never try to...! You must not...! 2--high ࠷丣 qièyīn ◊ {linguistics} describing the pronunciation of a Chinese character through using two other characters (the first for the initial sound, the second indicating the final sound and and the tone) 4--low [v] ᙟཛ qièfū ◊ coward 5--very low ᙟᕡ qièruò ◊ faint-hearted, timid 3--medium [adj] コഭ㘵‫ ן‬qièguózhěhóu ◊ if you steal a country, you are a lord (while petty thieves are put to death) 4--low ココ qièqiè ◊ in a low voice, murmuring, in whispers 3--medium [adj] コս qièwèi ◊ steal a position, occupy a position undeservedly ◊ occupy a sinecure 5--very low コս㍐佀 qièwèisùcān ◊ occupy a sinecure 5--very low コ䰫 qièwén ◊ eavesdrop 4--low ‫ץ‬⣟ qīnfàn ◊ encroach/infringe upon, violate ◊ intrude into (another country's territory, etc.), violate, make an incursion on 1--very high [v] ‫߼ץ‬ qīnlíng ◊ invade and insult ◊ harass ◊ encroach upon 4--low [v] ‫ࡺץ‬ qīnxuē ◊ encroach (on rights, property of others) 5--very low Ӣ⡡ qīn'ài ◊ dear (as a form of address, etc.) 1--very high [adj] Ӣ⡦⇽ qīnfùmǔ ◊ birth parents 5--very low Ӣ䍥 qīnguì ◊ close relative or trusted subordinate of the Emperor 4--low [n] Ӣ৊ qīnhòu ◊ warm and intimate 4--low Ӣᇦ qìngjia ◊ relatives by marriage ◊ parent-in-law of sb 1--very high [n] Ӣ䘁 qīnjìn ◊ be intimate with, be friends with 2--high [v] Ӣ≁ qīnmín ◊ cherish the people, be close to the people 3--medium [vo] Ӣⴞ qīnmù ◊ with one's own eyes 5--very low

ᕪㅁ qiǎngxiào ◊ force a smile ◊ put on a forced smile 4--low [n,v] ᕪ仌 qiǎngyán ◊ force a cheerful look ◊ put on an air of cheerfulness 3--medium ᕪҾ qiángyú ◊ better than, superior to 3--medium [v] ᕪ㘵 qiángzhě ◊ the strong one(s) 3--medium [n] ᕪᘇ qiǎngzhì◊ excellent memory 5--very low [n] ᕪ༞ qiángzhuàng ◊ strong, robust, sturdy, powerful ◊ strengthen, build up (e.g., the body through exercise) 1--very high [adj,v] ᕪᇇ qiángzōng ◊ a wealthy and powerful family ◊ a wealthy and powerful clan 5--very low ້䶒 qiángmiàn ◊ wall, surface of a wall 2--high [n] 㑸㽃 㑸䋐 ҄᷇ qiáolín ◊ high forest 4--low [n] ҄ᵘ qiáomù ◊ tree (in contrast to a shrub) 2--high [n] ោᛤ qiáocuì ◊ haggard, emaciated, thin and pale, worn out ◊ (of plants, flowers, etc.) withered 2--high [adj] ẕằ qiáoliáng ◊ bridge (literally or figuratively) 1--very high [n] ᐗਁཷѝ qiǎofāqízhòng ◊ "make a shrewd thrust and a clever hit"—skillful prediction, penetrating remark 5--very low [cy] ᐗ֎ qiǎonìng◊ flatter cunningly 5--very low ᐗ䀰 qiǎoyán ◊ cunning speech 3--medium 㘈䏣 qiáozú ◊ stand on tiptoe, await eagerly, look forward expectantly 5--very low [v] 䉟䇙 qiàoràng◊ condemn, censure 5--very low фн qiěbù ◊ not for the time being, not for a while ◊ no, not 2--high фཛ qiěfū ◊ (taking up the thread of the story again) now... ◊ (introducing a general statement) for instance, now supposing 4--low фެ qiějiān ◊ furthermore 4--low фྲ qiěrú ◊ as for instance, as in another case, such as... also, and besides...for example... ◊ thus, accordingly, as such ◊ supposing that 4--low ф‫ݸ‬ qiěxiān ◊ now let us first (do this) 4--low ࠷喯 qièchǐ ◊ gnash one's teeth (as in hatred, anger, regret) 3--medium [v] ࠷⻻ qiēcuō ◊ "carve and polish"—learn by exchanging views ◊ compare notes 2--high [v] ࠷ᖃ qièdàng ◊ proper, appropriate, fitting (like remarks) ◊ to the point 4--low 491

low ል䰘 qǐnmén ◊ the door to the inner quarters of a house 5--very low ል㺓 qǐnyī ◊ night clothes 5--very low Qìnshuǐ ◊ Qinshui (county, Shānxī ⊱≤ ኡ㾯 Province) 3--medium [n] ‫חٮ‬ qīngcè ◊ incline ◊ inclination [v] 4--low ‫قٮ‬ qīngdǎo ◊ topple, fall ◊ respect, admire, idolize ◊ prostrate oneself in admiration 2--high [v] ‫ࣘٮ‬ qīngdòng ◊ move, exert a profound effect, cause widespread admiration 4--low [v] ‫ٮ‬㾶 qīngfù ◊ overturn, turn upside down ◊ overthrow, topple ◊ (of a boat/ship) keel over, turn over 3--medium [v] ‫ٮ‬ഭ qīngguó ◊ the entire nation ◊ cause the downfall of the nation ◊ beautiful woman (beautiful enough to cause the downfall of the entire nation)3--medium য༛ qīngshì ◊ minister, high-ranking government official (actual rank varied throughout Chinese history) 4--low য⴨ qīngxiàng ◊ minister (official rank) 4--low যӁ qīngyún ◊ propitious or auspicious clouds (or circumstances) 4--low যᆀ qīngzǐ ◊ son of a minister or highranking government official (in ancient times) 4--low ␵ᾊ qīngchu ◊ clear, distinct, obvious ◊ understand, grasp, be clear about (sth) ◊ know, be aware of 1--very high [adj,co] ␵䚃 qīngdào ◊ sweep the streets (also in former times in anticipation of the Emperor's arrival) 3--medium [v] ␵䶉 qīngjìng ◊ quiet, peaceful (place) 2--high [adj] ␵᰾ Qīngmíng ◊ Qingming, Pure Brightness, Tomb Sweeping Festival (the fifth solar term, approximately April fifth, the time for paying respects to the dead) ◊ [q-] orderly and lawful (government) ◊ [q-] calm and composed ◊ [q-] clear and bright 1--very high [adj,n] ␵⋹ qīngquán ◊ cool spring (water) 2--high [n] ␵⍺ qīngzhuó ◊ pure and impure ◊ good and bad ◊ voiceless and voiced sounds 4--low [adj,n] 㵫㳹 qīnglíng ◊ dragonfly 3--medium 䖫᳆ qīngnuǎn ◊ slightly warm ◊ light and warm (like furs) ◊ light and warm clothing4--low [adj] 䖫䖫 qīngqīng ◊ gentle ◊ gently, lightly, softly2--high [adj,adv] 䖫㼈 qīngqiú ◊ clothing of light (and expensive) furs 4--low 䖫䓛 qīngshēn ◊ enliven, impart a brisk feeling (like a medicine, tonic) ◊ regard

Ӣᱥ qīnnì ◊ very intimate, very close 4--low [adj] Ӣᡊ qīnqi ◊ relatives 1--very high [n] ӢӢ qīnqin ◊ cherish one's relatives ◊ relatives 2--high Ӣᵳ qīnquán ◊ parental authority 4--low Ӣ䓛 qīnshēn ◊ personal, by oneself 2--high [adj] Ӣ᡻ qīnshǒu ◊ personally, with one's own hands 2--high [adv] Ӣ⮿ qīnshū ◊ close and/or distant (of relationship, friendship) 3--medium [adj] Ӣؑ qīnxìn ◊ {pejorative, written} be close to and trust (sb) ◊ trusted follower/subordinate, favourite, henchman 1--very high [n,v] Ӣ‫ݴ‬ᕏ qīnxiōngdì ◊ blood brother 3--medium [n] Ӣ䗾 qīnyíng ◊ {archaic} the meeting of the bride and groom (which involves the groom personally going to the home of the bride and taking her to his place in a sedan chair; one of the liùlǐ ‫⿞ޝ‬/‫" ⽬ޝ‬Six Rites of marriage") 4--low Ӣ⛉ qīnzhì ◊ be personally taught (esp. through moral influence) by 4--low [v] Ӣ㠚 qīnzì ◊ personally, in person 1--very high [adv] औ‫؝‬ qínjiǎn ◊ diligent and thrifty 1--very high [adj] औ㤖 qínkǔ ◊ diligent, painstaking 4--low [adj] औࣣ qínláo ◊ industrious, hardworking 1--very high [adj] औ࣋ qínli ◊ diligent, industrious 3--medium औऔ qínqín ◊ attentive, solicitous 2--high [adj] ⩤⪏ qín-sè ◊ lute and zither ◊ {metaphor} matrimonial harmony, friendship, fraternal harmony 3--medium [n] ⿭ޭ qínshòu ◊ birds and beasts ◊ beastly person 2--high [n] ⿭ޭ㘵 qínshòuzhě ◊ birds and beasts ◊ beastly person 5--very low 〖ഭ Qínguó ◊ {history} (the state of) Qin (a state in present central Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯 and eastern Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 that unified China under the Qín 〖 Dynasty [221-207 BCE]) 3--medium [n] 〖≹ Qín-Hàn◊ the Qin (221-206 BCE) and Han (206 BCE-220 CE) dynasties 3--medium [n] 〖ᱻ Qínjìn ◊ Qin and Jin (two ancient kingdoms with ties of marriage) ◊ ties of marriage between two families 4--low ል‫ޥ‬ qǐnbīng ◊ cease fighting 5--very

492

one's life lightly, risk or take one's life ◊ alone, by oneself 3--medium 䖫㿶 qīngshì ◊ regard lightly, underestimate, underrate, disregard ◊ look down on, despise, disdain, belittle 1--very high [v] 䖫ၹ qīngwǎn◊ gentle, sweet (music, singing) 5--very low 䖫䟽 qīngzhòng ◊ weight ◊ seriousness, importance ◊ propriety, appropriateness 2--high [n] 䶂䶂 qīngqīng ◊ (be) green (of grass, vegetation) 3--medium [adj] 䶂ཙ qīngtiān ◊ blue sky ◊ incorruptible official, honest and upright official (in former times) ◊ [Q-] (given name of Judge Bāo व, protagonist in the popular Chinese opera "Impartial Judge Bao") 2--high [n,name] 䶂ཙⲭᰕ qīngtiānbáirì ◊ "blue sky and white sun"—fine and sunny day ◊ clear, obvious ◊ noble and aboveboard ◊ blue sky and white sun (the design of the Guómíndǎng ഻≁唘/ഭ≁‫ފ‬ flag) 3--medium [cy] 䶂Ӂ qīngyún ◊ high official position ◊ above politics and material concerns ◊ high heavens2--high [n] ᛵਈ qíngbiàn◊ change of feelings (between dating young couples, to a different partner), break-up 3--medium [n] ᛵᲟ qíngjǐng ◊ scene, sight, spectacle ◊ situation, circumstances ◊ {education} scenario; situational 1--very high [n] ᛵߥ qíngkuàng ◊ situation, circumstances 1--very high [n] ᛵᇎ qíngshí ◊ facts, actual situation ◊ sincerity ◊ reliable facts (of a crime) 4--low ᛵᖒ qíngxing ◊ situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs, status 1--very high [n] ᛵᙗ qíngxìng ◊ disposition, temperament 3--medium ᛵ⣦ qíngzhuàng ◊ situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs 3--medium [n] 䈧ભ qǐngmìng ◊ plead for sb (who is in danger or difficulty) ◊ request orders, ask for instructions (from superiors) 3--medium [v] 䈧≲ qǐngqiú ◊ ask, request ◊ a request 1--very high [v] 䈧ਇ qǐngshòu ◊ salary 4--low 䈧य qǐngwù ◊ please do not 1--very high [v] 䈧䉂 qǐngyè ◊ request an audience (with high-ranking person) 5--very low 䈧⳺ qǐngyì ◊ request instruction ◊ request more of sth 3--medium 䈧㖚 qǐngzuì ◊ apologize, ask to be punished for a mistake 3--medium [vo] 产㘵 qǐngzhě ◊ just now, recently 4--low ᒶ䍿 qìngshǎng ◊ reward ◊ congratulate ◊ enjoy the view of 5--very low

[v] 䅖⅜ qǐngkài ◊ cough ◊ make light conversation 5--very low [v] ェ䗮 qióngdá ◊ failure and success (respectively) 4--low ェѿ qióngfá ◊ poor, needy 4--low [adj] ェਁ qióngfà ◊ hairless ◊ {metaphor} barren (used for the land in the far north with little or no vegetation on the ground) 3--medium [adj] ェ㤖 qióngkǔ ◊ impoverished, povertystricken 1--very high [adj] ェᒤ㍟ᴸ qióngniánlěiyuè ◊ year after year 5--very low [cy] ェ‫ܫ‬ qióngpì ◊ poor and out-of-the-way (like village) 5--very low ェ䙊 qióngtōng ◊ poor and illus4--low trious, failure and success ェҾ qióngyú ◊ being poor because... 4--low [phr] ェ㘵 qióngzhě ◊ the poor 4--low [n] ェ⋫ qióngzhì◊ do or handle thoroughly 5--very low шඏ qiūfén ◊ grave, tomb, funerary mound ◊ hillock, mound, knoll ◊ the Nine Mounds and Three Tombs (a treatise on geography compiled before the time of Confucius, see "Jiuqiusanfen") 5--very low ш䲥 qiūlíng ◊ hillock, mound, knoll ◊ (rolling) hills2--high [n] ш≁ qiūmín ◊ the county folk 5--very low шໃ qiūmù ◊ grave, tomb, funerary mound 5--very low [n] шኡ qiūshān ◊ mound, hillock, knoll ◊ the mountains (i.e. a place suitable for retirement) ◊ the open country, the wilds ◊ important and immense ◊ many, numerous ◊ rock-solid 3--medium ⿻᷌ qiūguǒ ◊ common guayava, psidium guajava 4--low ⿻∛ qiūháo ◊ down plucked in the fall ◊ slightest thing ◊ writing brush 3--medium [n] ⿻≤ qiūshuǐ ◊ autumn waters ◊ eyes, glance (of a woman) ◊ shining sword 2--high [n] ഊӪ qiúrén ◊ prisoner 3--medium ≲ᡀ qiúchéng ◊ hope for success ◊ sue for peace 3--medium [v] ≲ᗇ qiúdé ◊ strive for success or achievement ◊ find out, obtain (like the answer to a math problem) 2--high [v] ≲઼ qiúhé ◊ (du côté des perdants dans une guerre) demander la paix ◊ {figuratif} (généralement du côté plus faible dans un litige) demander la paix, faire la paix ◊ (du joueur perdant dans les échecs, etc.) essayer d'avoir un match nul ◊ {math} trouver la somme, sommer; 493

sommation 3--medium [vo] ≲਽ qiúmíng ◊ seek fame 3--medium ≲‫ޘ‬ qiúquán ◊ seek perfection (mostly pejorative) ◊ hope to achieve one's goal (by compromise, etc.) 3--medium [v] ≲Ӫ qiúrén ◊ ask others for help ◊ seek people of talent 2--high [v] ≲⭏ qiúshēng ◊ seek/try to survive, cling to life; survival, self-preservation 2--high [vo] ≲ qiú ◊ beg, request, beseech ◊ ask (for), demand ◊ seek, strive for ◊ demand ◊ Qiu (surname) 1--very high [v,sn] 劬 yú ◊ (a) fish ◊ Yu (surname) ◊ (a propitious symbol as homophone of yú 佈/։ "surplus, abundance") 1--very high [n,sn] ≲⸕ qiúzhī ◊ seek knowledge 2--high [v] ≲⋫ qiúzhì ◊ seek medical treatment 0--very low [v] 㼈㪋 qiúgé ◊ winter and summer garments ◊ changes in the temperature ◊ a year 5--very low 䚂࣢ qiújìng ◊ vigorous, forceful (mostly of writing, speech) 3--medium [adj] ४࡛ qūbié ◊ distinguish, differentiate ◊ difference, distinction 1--very high [v] ४༴ qūchǔ ◊ handle, arrange ◊ procedure, method 4--low [v] ४४ qūqū ◊ trifling, trivial, unimportant ◊ {formal} I, me 2--high [adj,n] ४४㘵 qū'ōuzhě ◊ unimportant person ◊ {formal} I, me 5--very low ቸ䍮 Qū-Jiǎ ◊ Qu Yuan and Jia Yi (two scholars and poets who lived during the Warring States and the Han periods, who represented similar ideas and met similar contemporary criticism, therefore often mentioned together) 4--low [name] ቸᴢ qūqū ◊ crook, bend (like the arm) ◊ {mechanical engineering} buckling ◊ {biology} flexion 3--medium [v] ቸ䗡 qūrǔ ◊ humiliation, disgrace, mortification 2--high [n] ቸը qūshēn ◊ expand and contract, retreat and advance ◊ frustration and success 3--medium ቸᤷ qūzhǐ ◊ count/calculate by bending the fingers ◊ practice divination with the fingers 2--high [vo] ᴢӾ qūcóng ◊ go along with another's idea (against one's wishes, conscience, etc.) 4--low ᴢ㛡㘼᷅ qūgōng'érzhěn ◊ pillow oneself on one's arm 5--very low ᴢケᗉ㯚 qūtūxǐxīn ◊ "bend the chimney and take out the firewood"—take precautions, guard against possible danger 5--very low [cy] ᴢ⊳ Qūwò ◊ Quwo (county, Shānxī

ኡ㾯 Province) 3--medium ᴢᣈ qūzhé ◊ winding, tortuous (of a road, river, etc.) ◊ complications, difficulties 2--high [adj,n] ᴢⴤ qū-zhí ◊ crooked and straight ◊ right and wrong 3--medium [n] 㜐㇗ qūqiè ◊ (pry open a box) steal 5--very low 䎻࡙ qūlì ◊ go after profit or gain 3--medium [v] 䎻ᰦ qūshí ◊ keep up with the times, follow the fashion 5--very low [v] 傡䲔 qūchú ◊ drive out, get rid of 3--medium [v] qūqiǎn ◊ order around, bully with 傡䚓 orders ◊ drive out, expel ◊ eliminate, get rid of 4--low [v] 傡֯ qūshǐ ◊ drive, impel, goad, prompt, urge ◊ order around, bully with orders 2--high [v] ⷯ❦ jùrán ◊ startled, frightened [adj,adv] 4--low 㱗❦ qúrán ◊ pleasantly surprised 5--very low [adj] ਆᶀ qǔcái ◊ select materials 2--high [v] ਆ‫گ‬ qǔcháng ◊ obtain compensation 5--very low [v] ਆ⌅ qǔfǎ ◊ take as an example or model 3--medium [v] ਆ䆜 qǔpì ◊ take as an example, make a comparison 4--low [v] ਆ䫡 qǔqián ◊ draw money 3--medium ਆӢ qǔqīn ◊ marriage ◊ get married 5--very low ਆᇩ qǔróng ◊ try to please ◊ ingratiate oneself with sb 5--very low ਆ㠽 qǔshě ◊ decide what to select and what to discard, accept and reject, make a selection 2--high ਆ㜌 qǔshèng ◊ win victory, gain success 2--high [v] ਆл qǔxià ◊ take down ◊ take off (a wristwatch, etc.) 3--medium [v] ਆ⎸ qǔxiāo ◊ abolish, cancel, liquidate 1--very high [v] Ҷ le ◊ already (aspect particle indicating change) ◊ (aspect particle for new situation; verb suffix indicating an action has happened or is about to happen) 1--very high [asp,suf] ਆؑ qǔxìn ◊ win others' trust or confidence 3--medium [v] ਆҸ qǔyǔ ◊ taking and giving 4--low [v] ৫⯵ qùbìng ◊ heal, prevent illness 4--low [v] ৫ි qùgòu ◊ cleanse, remove stains 3--medium [v] ৫ഭ qùguó ◊ leave the country, leave the national capital 3--medium [v]

494

measures ◊ weigh, consider 5--very low ᵳᰦ quánshí ◊ expedient 4--low [adj,adv] ᵳ俆 quánshǒu ◊ instigator, originator 4--low ᵳᮠ quánshù ◊ weight (like fixed weight, changing weight) ◊ resourcefulness in the face of an emergency ◊ method or stratagem to exercise authority 4--low [n] ᵳᇌ quányí ◊ expedient/temporary/makeshift, stopgap 3--medium [adj] ⣜傜 quǎnmǎ ◊ dog or horse (modest reference to one's own services) 3--medium [n] ⣜ᠾ Quǎnróng ◊ Quanrong (people that inhabited parts of Northwest China) 4--low ⣜⢉ quǎnyá ◊ canine (tooth) ◊ fang (of a dog) 4--low [n] ⭾ә quǎnmǔ ◊ field, farmland 5--very low [n] ࡨཱྀ quànqì ◊ a certificate, commercial paper 5--very low ࣍ழ quànshàn ◊ urge to good behaviour, encourage good 4--low [v] ࣍ᆖ quànxué ◊ encourage learning, urge to study 3--medium [v] ত㘱 quèlǎo ◊ stay young, never grow old ◊ Chinese wolfberry, lycium chinense 3--medium ত䈤 quèshuō ◊ now let us resume our story (a phrase used to introduce a chapter of a novel) 2--high [v] ⺞ᇊ quèdìng ◊ determine, fix ◊ definite, sure ◊ be certain, be sure 1--very high [v] ⺞Ѿ quèhū ◊ really, truly, indeed 4--low [adv] ⺞・ quèlì ◊ establish (firmly) 1--very high [v] ⺞࠷ quèqiè ◊ precise, accurate ◊ true, reliable 1--very high [adj] ⺞ᇎ quèshí ◊ true, reliable ◊ precise ◊ be precise and conscientious/faithful/unequivocal; (follow instructions, etc.) to the letter ◊ really, truly, indeed 1--very high [adj,adv] ⺞䇱 quèzhèng ◊ conclusive proof, hard evidence 3--medium [n,v] ⺞⸕ quèzhī ◊ know for certain 3--medium ⺞ᤷ quèzhǐ ◊ point out precisely/literally/concretely 3--medium [v] 䱉ྲ quērú ◊ be lacking, be wanting 4--low [adj] 䱉᮷ quēwén ◊ textual hiatus, lacuna 5--very low [n] 䙑ᐑ qūnxún ◊ lag behind, fall back (because of misgivings) 3--medium [v]

৫ቡ qùjiù ◊ accept or reject a post 2--high [v] ৫ᶕ qùlái ◊ go and come, come (used at the end of a sentence, sometimes used as an auxiliary verb to complete the action of the verb) 3--medium ৫⮉ qùliú ◊ go or remain 3--medium [v] ৫࿫ qùqī ◊ divorce one's wife 5--very low ৫༠ qùshēng ◊ {Chinese phonetics} the fourth or falling tone (in modern Chinese pronunciation) ◊ (Chinese phonetics) the third tone (in ancient Chinese pronunciation) 4--low [n] ৫᮷ qùwén ◊ dispatch, official note sent 4--low ৫䈝 qùyǔ ◊ outgoing words (like which provoke or inspire a response) 4--low ‫ޘ‬ᗧ quándé ◊ perfect virtue, unblemished character3--medium ‫ޘ‬Ԉ quánfù ◊ complete, full, full set 4--low ‫ޘ‬Ѿ quánhu ◊ complete 5--very low ‫ޘ‬⍫ quánhuó◊ protect or restore to full life ◊ the entire job (of sth which can be divided into subtasks, like shave, haircut, and shampoo in a barbershop) 4--low ‫ޘ‬㢲 quánjié ◊ entire section (paragraph, etc.) ◊ maintain one's honour 4--low ‫ޘ‬ቡ quánjiù ◊ complete, accomplish ◊ accomplishment 4--low ‫ޘ‬䶒 quánmiàn ◊ comprehensive, global, complete, overall, all-round 1--very high [adj] ‫ޘ‬䓟 quánqū ◊ safeguard one's body against injury 5--very low ‫⭏ޘ‬ quánshēng ◊ save a life, preserve life ◊ preserve one's original character 4--low ‫ޘ‬ሯ quánshòu ◊ to live one's full life span ◊ to die of natural cause 5--very low ‫ޘ‬᮷ quánwén ◊ full text 1--very high [n] ᤣᤣ quánquán ◊ sincere, cordial, with all one's heart 3--medium [adj] ᵳਈ quánbiàn ◊ flexible, adaptable 3--medium [v] ᵳ㠓 quánchén ◊ powerful minister (mostly implies usurping authority) 3--medium [n] ᵳ㺑 quánhéng ◊ weight and arm of a steelyard ◊ weigh, balance, consider 1--very high [v] ᵳ࡙ quánlì ◊ a right ǁ (in contrast to yìwù 㗙उ/ѹ࣑ "a duty, obligation") 1--very high [n] ᵳ࣋ quánlì ◊ power, authority 1--very high [n] ᵳ䟿 quánliáng ◊ weights and

R ❦㘼

495

rán'ér

◊ but, yet, nevertheless,

however 1--very high [conj] ❦ਾ ránhòu ◊ then, after that, only then 1--very high [adv] ❦ࡉ ránzé ◊ then, if so, if that is the case 3--medium [conj] ᭈ㟲 rǎngbì ◊ roll up the sleeves (for a fight) ◊ stir oneself to action 4--low [v] 侦㔉 ráojǐ ◊ rich, abundant, wealthy 5--very low 侦Ӫ ráorén ◊ forgive others, have mercy on others ◊ yield to others, give way to others 3--medium [vo] 侦⳺ ráoyì ◊ bountiful, abundant ◊ benefit greatly, profit greatly (other people) 4--low ᢠᭈ rǎorǎng ◊ tumult, confusion 4--low [adj] Ӫ㺘 rénbiǎo ◊ model person, person who is a good example 4--low Ӫ㠓 rénchén ◊ official, subject (mostly of Chinese Emperor) 3--medium [n] Ӫ⮌ rén-xù ◊ humans and domestic animals, man and beast 2--high [n] Ӫ䚃 réndào ◊ humanity, human sympathy ◊ human, humane ◊ people's hierarchical relationship (according to feudal ethics) ◊ {Buddhism} the world of humans (as one of the six transmigrations) ◊ {archaic, euphemism} (usu. in the negative) have sexual ability 2--high [n] Ӫ㔉ᇦ䏣 rénjǐjiāzú ◊ every family is well provided for 5--very low [cy] Ӫ઼ rénhé ◊ have popular support ◊ group morale ◊ harmony and unity within a group 2--high [phr,n] Ӫ䘩㖅㠣 rénjìhǎnzhì ◊ untraversed, unvisited, uninhabited, unfrequented, remote, off the beaten track 4--low Ӫᇦ rénjia ◊ people, others, people other than oneself ◊ certain person(s) ◊ (humorous) I, me, myself 1--very high [n] Ӫ䰤 rénjiān ◊ the mortal (human) world 1--very high [n] Ӫᶠ rénjié ◊ remarkable person 3--medium [n] Ӫት rénjū ◊ {environmental science} man's residence, dwelling, human settlement, human habitat 2--high [n] Ӫ⡥ rénjué ◊ the nobility of man 5--very low Ӫੋ rénjūn ◊ monarch, sovereign 3--medium [n] Ӫਓ rénkǒu ◊ population ◊ number of family members 1--very high [n] Ӫ㉱ rénlài ◊ hubbub or noises of human habitation 5--very low Ӫ࣋ rénlì ◊ manpower, manual labour, human power 1--very high [n] ӪՖ rénlún ◊ ethics ◊ human relationships ◊ various kinds of people1--very high [n] Ӫ傜 rénmǎ ◊ forces, troops ◊ both peo-

ple and horses, both travelers (or servants) and horses ◊ staff members 2--high [n] Ӫ哥 Ӫ≁ rénmín ◊ the people (of a country) 1--very high [n] Ӫ਽ rénmíng ◊ a person's name 2--high Ӫᛵ rénqíng ◊ human sentiment, human feelings ◊ human relationships ◊ favour, kindness ◊ gift, present ◊ social conventions ◊ human desires 2--high [n] ӪӪ rénrén ◊ everybody 2--high [n] Ӫ⭏ rénshēng ◊ life, human existence (e.g., rénshēng de yìyì Ӫ⭏Ⲵ᜿㗙/Ӫ ⭏Ⲵ᜿ѹ the meaning of life; rénshēng zhéxué Ӫ⭏ଢᆨ/Ӫ⭏ଢᆖ philosophy of life) ◊ (one's entire) life (e.g., rénshēng shì duǎnzàn de Ӫ⭏ᱟ ⸝᳛Ⲵ/Ӫ⭏ᱟ⸝ᲲⲴ life is short; xiǎngshòu rénshēng ӛਇӪ⭏ enjoy life) ◊ human life 1--very high [n] Ӫ༛ rénshì ◊ personage, (public) figure (person of a certain standing or influence in society, as in zhīmíng rénshì ⸕਽Ӫ༛ "famous people, notables"; zhèngjiè rénshì ᭯⭼Ӫ༛ "politican"; àiguó rénshì ᝋ഻Ӫ༛/⡡ഭӪ༛ "patriots") ◊ person (of a particular class, provenance, membership, etc.: xīnwénjiè rénshì ᯠ㚎⭼Ӫ༛/ᯠ䰫⭼Ӫ༛ "journalists, the press"; xīfāng rénshì 㾯ᯩӪ༛ "Westerners"; huánbǎo rénshì ⫠‫؍‬Ӫ༛/⧟‫؍‬Ӫ༛ "environmentalists"; yùhuì rénshì 㠷ᴳӪ༛/оՊӪ༛ "conference participants"; wàijí rénshì ཆ㉽Ӫ༛ "foreigners"; cánjí rénshì ⇈⯮Ӫ༛/↻⯮Ӫ༛ "the disabled") 1--very high [n] Ӫ∿ rénshì ◊ person 3--medium [n] ӪѪ rénwéi ◊ artificial, man-made 1--very high [adj] Ӫ⢙ rénwù ◊ personage, public figure, celebrity ◊ character (in a novel, etc.) ◊ figure (in a painting) 1--very high [n] Ӫ⴨ rénxiàng◊ physiognomy 3--medium Ӫᗳ rénxīn ◊ popular feeling, popular sentiment, popular morale, the will of the people ◊ the human heart ◊ gratitude 1--very high [n] Ӫᙗ rénxìng ◊ human nature, humanity 1--very high [n] Ӫ䀰 rényán ◊ what people say ◊ criticism ◊ arsenic (a character pun on "xìn") 3--medium ӪՇ rénzhòng ◊ the crowd, crowds of people 3--medium Ӫѫ rénzhǔ ◊ monarch, sovereign 3--medium [n] Ӫᆀ rénzǐ ◊ man ◊ son ◊ {religion} the son of man 3--medium ӱᗧ réndé ◊ benevolence, graciousness 3--medium [n]

496

pital ◊ the world, the country 3--medium [adv,n] ᰕཌ rìyè ◊ day and night 1--very high [n] ᰕ⳺ rìyì ◊ more...with each passing day, more and more, increasingly 1--very high [adv] ᰕᴸ rìyuè ◊ sun and moon ◊ life, livelihood ◊ every day, every month ◊ time, season ◊ the Emperor and Empress 2--high [n] ᰕᴸᱏ䗠 rìyuèxīngchén ◊ sun, moon and stars ◊ celestial bodies 3--medium [cy] ᰕ㠣 rìzhì ◊ solstice 2--high ᰕᘇ rìzhì ◊ logbook, journal (mostly [n] of an institution) 1--very high ᰕѝ rìzhōng ◊ noon ◊ the equinoxes ◊ in a day ◊ daylight ◊ (Rì-Zhōng: "Japan-China", short for Rìběn-Zhōngguó ᰕᵜ-ѝ഻/ᰕᵜ-ѝ ഭ) 2--high [n] ᇩ䊼 róngmào ◊ looks, appearance 1--very high [n] ᇩ㢢 róngsè ◊ looks, countenance 4--low [n] ᠾ䖖 róngchē ◊ war chariot ◊ army, troops 5--very low 㦓ᷟ róngkū ◊ thrive and wither (of vegetation) ◊ prosperity and decline, rise and fall, ups and downs 4--low [adj] 㦓䗡 róngrǔ ◊ honour and dishonour 2--high [n] 㦓ᒨ róngxìng ◊ (be/feel) honoured 1--very high [adv] 㶽㶽 róngróng ◊ happiness, harmony ◊ warm, mild ◊ smooth (like skin) 2--high [adj] ߇䮯 rǒngcháng ◊ (of writings, conversations, etc.) lengthy, verbose, tedious, rambling 2--high [adj] 㚹㻂 ròutǎn ◊ strip off the upper garments (in begging forgiveness), make a humble apology 5--very low [v] ݂᷇ rúlín ◊ scholar ◊ the scholarly world 3--medium [n] ݂⭏ rúshēng ◊ scholar ◊ Confucian scholar 3--medium [n] ݂ᵟ Rúshù ◊ Confucian doctrine 3--medium [n] ݂㹼 rúxíng ◊ behaviour appropriate to a Confucian scholar 5--very low ݂ᆖ Rúxué ◊ Confucianism ◊ schools or teachers at the local level (esp. during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties) 2--high [n] ݂䳵 rúyǎ ◊ erudite Confucian scholar ◊ Confucian thought ◊ learned, cultured and elegant 2--high [adj,n] ݂㘵 rúzhě ◊ Confucian scholar 3--medium ݂ᇇ rúzōng ◊ renowned Confucian scholar (esp. mentor, tutor) 4--low ྲ৅ rúcè ◊ go to the toilet 3--me-

ӱ≁ rénmín ◊ be benevolent to the common people, be philanthropic 4--low [vo] ӱӪ rénrén ◊ a kind-hearted (or compassionate, benevolent) person 3--medium ӱᵟ rénshù ◊ strategy of benevolent government (as advocated by Mencius ) ◊ medical skill 4--low ӱѹ rényì ◊ benevolence and justice; humanity and justice; benevolence and virtue 1--very high [n] ӱѹ䚃ᗧ rényìdàodé ◊ benevolence, justice, morality and virtue 3--medium [cy] ӱ㘵 rénzhě ◊ benevolent person 2--high ӱ᭯ rénzhèng ◊ benevolent government (esp. as advocated by Mengzi) ◊ policy of benevolence 3--medium [n] ԫӪ rénrén ◊ {classical} flatterer, toady 3--medium [n] ԫһ rènshì ◊ assume office ◊ no matter what the situation 4--low [vo] ԫᱟ rènshì ◊ if, even if ◊ given that, granting that 3--medium [phr] ԫཙ rèntiān ◊ leave it to heaven, leave to fate 4--low ԫ‫א‬ rènxiá ◊ chivalrous 5--very low [v] ԫ⭘ rènyòng ◊ {admin} appoint, assign ◊ appointment, assignment 2--high [v] ԫ㙼 rènzhí ◊ take office, hold office, be in office 2--high [vo] 䇔Ѫ rènwéi ◊ think, be of the opinion ◊ consider, hold, deem 1--very high [v] ӽᰗ réngjiù ◊ remain the same ◊ still, yet, as before1--very high [adv,v] ӽᰗ䍟 réngjiùguàn ◊ stick to the same old practice, get into a rut and follow the same old routine 5--very low ӽࡽ réngqián◊ as before 5--very low ӽ❦ réngrán ◊ still, as before 1--very high [adv] ӽᱟ réngshì ◊ still, as ever 2--high [phr] ᰕнᲷ㔉 rìbùxiájǐ ◊ busy all day, not enough hours in the day 5--very low [cy] ᰕࠪ rìchū ◊ sunrise 2--high [v] ᰕ‫ݹ‬ rìguāng ◊ sunlight, sunshine ◊ nikko (mountain resort, Japan) 2--high [n] ᰕਾ rìhòu ◊ (in) the future 1--very high [n,adv] ᰕ䇑 rìjì ◊ daily reckoning, day-byday accounts 3--medium ᰕ㿱 rìjiàn ◊ day by day, more every day 3--medium [adv] ᰕᮠ rìshù ◊ (number of ) days 0--very low [n] ᰕл rìxià ◊ at present ◊ national ca-

497

dium [vo] ྲᑨ rúcháng ◊ as usual 2--high [v] ྲ↔ rúcǐ ◊ so, like this, this way 1--very high [adv] ྲь Rúdōng ◊ Rudong (county, Jiāngsū ⊏㰷/⊏㣿 Province) 3--medium ྲ᭵ rúgù ◊ as before, the same as before ◊ like old friends 2--high [v] ྲ᷌ rúguǒ ◊ if, in case 1--very high [adv] ྲօ rúhé ◊ how, in what way, by what means ◊ what, what do you think of, what about 1--very high [phr] ྲਾ rúhòu ◊ as follows 3--medium ྲӺ rújīn ◊ now, nowadays, at present 1--very high [adv] ྲᰗ rújiù ◊ as before, as in the past 3--medium ྲަ rúqí ◊ if 2--high [conj] ྲ࠷ྲ⻻ rúqiērúcuō ◊ consult each other in detail 4--low [cy] ྲк rúshàng ◊ as above 2--high [phr,adv] ྲᰦ rúshí ◊ punctually 4--low ྲᱟ rúshì ◊ so, in this way 2--high [adv] ྲᯟ rúsī ◊ so, in this way 3--medium [pron] ྲ᮷ rúwén ◊ as stated in the text 4--low ྲл rúxià ◊ as follows 1--very high [phr] ྲ䇨 rúxǔ ◊ like this ◊ so much 3--medium [pron] ྲ rú ◊ like, as, as if ◊ according to ◊ be as good as, equal, compare with (often used in the negative) ◊ such as, for example ◊ if ◊ {written} go to ◊ and, or ◊ Ru (surname) 1--very high [adv,v,conj,sn] ҏ yě ◊ also, too, as well ◊ (followed by a negative) (not) even ◊ nevertheless, still 1--very high [adv] ྲа rúyī ◊ as one, no change 2--high ྲ㓖 rúyuē ◊ as promised, as agreed 3--medium ྲӁ rúyún ◊ like clouds (i.e. numerous) 3--medium [adj] ྲᆇ rúzì ◊ according to the common pronunciation (of a Chinese character with more than one) 4--low ᆪᆀ rúzǐ ◊ child 3--medium [n] ᆪᆀਟᮉ rúzǐkějiào ◊ "the boy is worth teaching"—being a promising young man 3--medium [cy] ☑┎ rúzhì ◊ halt, be delayed5--very low [v] 㹅ࣘ rúdòng ◊ wriggle ◊ wriggling ◊ pe-

ristalsis 2--high [v] ⊍ই Rǔnán ◊ Runan (county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 3--medium 䗡ભ rǔmìng ◊ fail in one's mission, fail to do sth for a friend ◊ be honoured by an order 4--low [v] ‫ޕ‬ᵍ rùcháo ◊ enter the palace (for an Imperial audience) 3--medium ‫ޕ‬ൠ rùdì ◊ "enter the earth"—die 3--medium [v] ‫ޕ‬㙣 rù'ěr ◊ pleasing to the ear ◊ hear 2--high [adj] ‫ޕ‬䍑 rùgòng ◊ pay tribute (as a vassal state) 4--low ‫ޣޕ‬ rùguān ◊ enter the pass (i.e. enter China Proper through the Shanhai Pass "Shanhaiguan") 3--medium ‫⎧ޕ‬ rùhǎi ◊ flow into the ocean 3--medium [v] ‫ޕ‬䶉 rùjìng ◊ {Taoism} enter a trancelike state 4--low [vo] ‫ޕ‬䰘 rùmén ◊ enter through a door ◊ know or learn the basics or fundamentals of a subject, have rudimentary or elementary knowledge ◊ beginning course, introductory class ◊ basic, fundamental, introduction (often used in textbook titles) 1--very high [n,v] ‫ޕ‬ኡ rùshān ◊ go to the mountains (esp. to become a recluse, or retire from official life) 3--medium ‫ޕ‬༠ rùshēng ◊ {Chinese linguistics} the entering tone/glottal stop 4--low [n] ‫ޕ‬ᆖ rùxué ◊ begin schooling ◊ enter a school 1--very high [vo] ‫ޕ‬ཌ rùyè ◊ at nightfall 3--medium [v] ‫ޕ‬㩕 rùyíng ◊ enlist, join (the military) 3--medium ‫ⴤޕ‬ rùzhí ◊ enter into the service of one's sovereign 4--low ‫ޕ‬ᆀ rùzǐ ◊ child by previous marriage (brought by woman live with new husband) 4--low ‫ޕ‬㖚 rùzuì ◊ {law, TW usage} be incriminated 4--low ‫ޕ‬඀ rùzuò ◊ take one's seat 4--low 䖟჊ ruǎnmèi ◊ gentle and ingratiating 5--very low [adj] ⶯Ც ruìzhì ◊ wisdom 2--high [adj,n] 䭀ᐸ ruìshī ◊ elite troops 5--very low ⏖㢢 rùnsè ◊ embellish, polish (writing) 3--medium [v] ⏖⌭ rùnzé ◊ moist, smooth ◊ moisten, lubricate ◊ kindness, favour 1--very high [adj,v] ᕡߐ ruòguān ◊ the capping ceremony, the ceremony of the coming of age of a young man upon his twentieth birthday ◊ young man of twenty 3--medium [n]

498

ᕡҾ ruòyú ◊ weak at... 3--medium 㤕ᮆ Ruò'áo ◊ Ruo'ao (a compound surname) 5--very low 㤕н❦ ruòbùrán ◊ if not so, if otherwise 4--low 㤕ᴩ ruòcáo ◊ you (plural) 5--very low 㤕䶎 ruòfēi ◊ if not, if not for 1--very high [conj] 㤕ཛ ruòfú ◊ now then 4--low [part] 㤕ᒢ ruògān ◊ a number of, several, some; a certain quantity of, some degree of ◊ {formal} how much? how many? 1--very high [pron] 㤕᷌ ruòguǒ ◊ if actually 3--medium [pron] 㤕օ ruòhé ◊ how, what ◊ any 3--medium [pron] 㤕ަ ruòqí ◊ if, if it is 3--medium 㤕❦ ruòrán ◊ if so 3--medium 㤕֯ ruòshǐ ◊ if 4--low 㤕ᱟ ruòshì ◊ if 1--very high [conj] 㤕ᴹ ruòyǒu ◊ as if ◊ like 2--high

й䗮ሺ sāndázūn ◊ the three attributes calling for respect (age, virtue and title) 5--very low йᗇ sānděi ◊ {phonetic} ice cream sundae 3--medium й䈫 sāndú ◊ the third reading (of a piece of legislation, etc.) 3--medium йㄟ sānduān ◊ the three dangerous tips (the tip of the critic's brush, the tip of a fencer's weapon and the tip of the tongue of a sarcastic person) 4--low й৽ Sānfǎn ◊ the Three Anti's (anticorruption, anti-waste and anti-bureaucracy, see also "Sānfǎn Yùndòng") 3--medium й sān ◊ three, 3 ◊ several, numerous, many (the character ৱ is also used in Simplified character mode, to avoid forgery) 1--very high [num] ඏ fén ◊ tomb, grave 2--high [n] й㓢 Sāngāng◊ {Confucianism} the Three Cardinal Ethical Relationships of Social Order (the relationships of ruler-subject, fatherson and husband-wife) 4--low й‫ޜ‬ Sāngōng◊ (short for Sāngōng jīngfèi й‫ޜ‬㏃䋫/й‫ޜ‬㓿䍩) the three types of public funds (official travel abroad, purchase and operation of official vehicles, and official receptions) (on which, since 2011, Chinese central government departments must publish details) ◊ the Three Dukes (the three highest ranking officials with actual titles varying with each dynasty) ◊ the Three Dukes (name for the Three Preceptors "Sānshì") 3--medium [n] йഭ Sānguó ◊ {history} the Three Kingdoms, 220-265 CE: Wei (220-265), Shu Han (221-263), and Wu (222-280) 1--very high [n] йഭᘇ Sānguózhì ◊ the History of the Three Kingdoms (a novel by Chén Shòu 䲣 ༭/䱸ሯ of the Western Jin Dynasty) 1--very high й䗷 Sānguò ◊ the Three Negative Attitudes (in 1965, Qian Xuesen, an eminent missile expert, criticized some scientists and technicians as having a negative attitude in politics, trying to accomplish only scientific achievements and thriving in extravagance) ◊ pass three times by the doors of a house without entering ◊ {Buddhism} the three transgressions (by the body, by speaking and by thought) 4--low йᇦ Sānjiā ◊ the Three (influential) Clans (of the state of Lu during the Chūnqiū ᱕ ⿻ Period [770-476 BCE], i.e. Meng, Shu and Ji; during the Later Jin Dynasty they were Han, Zhao and Wei) 2--high й⭢ Sānjiǎ ◊ the Three Grades (into which "jinshi" degree holders were divided after the Palace Exam in the Imperial Civil Service Examination System) ◊ the first three successful candidates (in the "jinshi" exam in the Imperial Civil Service Examination System) 2--high йⴁ Sānjiān ◊ the Three Supervisors

S йⲮ sānbǎi ◊ 300 3--medium [num] йⲮㇷ Sānbǎipiān ◊ the Three Hundred Pieces (name for the Shijing, Book of Odes) 4--low йਈ sānbiàn ◊ {Confucianism} the three manifestations, the three aspects (of the human nature, i.e. dignified when seen, affable when addressed, stern when heard) ◊ {Chinese astronomy} the three revolutions of the firmament (minor ones taking thirty years, medium ones taking a hundred years and major ones taking five hundred years each) 3--medium й㺘 sānbiǎo ◊ the three criteria for assessing the truth of a statement (its agreeing with the actions of the ancient rulers, with the experience of the people and with the interest of the state, a Mohist concept) 3--medium йн Sānbù ◊ the Three-Nos (policy of Taiwan to have no talks, no contact, and no appeasement with the Communist Party of China) 3--medium йቪ sānchǐ ◊ laws (an allusion to laws written on strips of bamboo three feet in length) ◊ sword 3--medium йՐ Sānzhuàn ◊ the Three Commentaries (of the Chunqiu: the Zuozhuan, the Gongyangzhuan and the Guliangzhuan)4--low й⅑ sāncì ◊ {math} of the third power or degree, cubic ◊ {archaic} the three execution grounds (in the palace, in the fields and in the marketplace) 1--very high [adj]

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(officials in charge of the Yin ethnic groups conquered by Zhou) 4--low й㢲 Sānjié ◊ the Three Principal Festivals (the Dragon Boat Festival "Duānwǔjié" held on the fifth day of the fifth lunisolar month, the Mid-Autumn Festival "Zhōngqiūjié" held on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunisolar month and lunisolar New Year's Eve "Niánjié" , in former times when merchants would settle their accounts) 2--high [n] йᱻ Sānjìn ◊ the Three Jin's (the division of the state of Jin into the three states of Zhao, Wei and Han during the Warring States period) ◊ Sanjin (name for Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 3--medium йߋ Sānjūn ◊ the Three Armed Services (Army, Navy and Air Force) ◊ the Army (allusion to the three legions "jun" theoretically allowed to a feudal state) 1--very high [n] йハ sānkū ◊ (three escape holes) alert preparedness for any emergency or danger (from the expression "jiǎotùsānkū": the alert hare has three escape holes) 4--low йҀ Sānlè ◊ {Confucianism} the Three Sources of Happiness (when one's parents are alive and brothers enjoying a secure life, when one's conscience is clear before Heaven and people, and when one is nurtured and supported by men of talent) 4--low й㊫ sānlèi ◊ third-class, third grade ◊ three kinds 2--high й⽬ Sānlǐ ◊ the Three Li's (the Zhouli, Yili, and Liji) ◊ the Three Rites (ceremonies in honour of the spirits of the heavens, the earth and the deceased human beings) 4--low 䰮 lǘ ◊ main lane gate ◊ neighborhood ◊ Lü (group of twenty-five households) ◊ "lü" (legendary animal said to resemble a donkey) 3--medium [n] йભ Sānmìng ◊ the Three Destinies (longevity, undeserved ill lot, getting one's deserved recompense) ◊ the Three Accreditations (in former times which made it possible for a person to occupy the highest official position of state) 4--low йᒤᴹᡀ sānniányǒuchéng ◊ success after years of hard work 3--medium й૱ sānpǐn ◊ three classes, three categories 2--high [n] йᒣ Sānpíng ◊ Tambinh (Vietnam) 3--medium йᵏ sānqī ◊ the third phase (e.g., of a project) 2--high [n] йॳ sānqiān ◊ 3000 3--medium [num] йᕪ Sānqiáng ◊ the Three Strongs (during the mid-1950s, households were not permitted to join agricultural cooperatives if they were not strong in labour, draft animals and land) ◊ the Three Powers, the Big Three (England, the United States and the Soviet Union du-

ring the Second World War) 3--medium й㢢 Sānsè ◊ the three basic colours (red, yellow and blue)3--medium [n] йк Sānshàng ◊ the Three Best Places for planning an essay (while riding on a horse, while lying on one's pillow in bed and while sitting on the toilet) 3--medium й㠽 Sānshè ◊ the Three Stages (supposed to be set up every thirty li, hence ninety li) ◊ the Three Colleges (for training officials during the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty, i.e. "waishe", "neishe" and "shangshe") 4--low [n] йॱ sānshí ◊ 30 ◊ {Buddhism} the thirty-three deities 1--very high йॱ㘼・ sānshí'érlì ◊ "thirty years old and standing independent"—thirty years of age (the age when a man should be independent and self-reliant) 3--medium [cy] йॱҼ Sānshí'èr ◊ 32 -1--very low [phr] йॱ sānshí ◊ 30 ◊ {Buddhism} the thirty-three deities 1--very high йॱа Sānshíyī◊ 31 -1--very low [phr] йц sānshì ◊ three generations (grandfather, father and son) ◊ the Third (as in "Richard the Third") ◊ three ages or eras ◊ {Buddhism} the three periods (past, present and future) 2--high [n] йһ Sānshì ◊ the Three in charge of affairs (i.e. the Three Dukes "Sangong" or Three Preceptors "Sanshi") ◊ the Three Duties (of government, i.e. improve people's mores, benefit the people, ensure sufficiency for the people) ◊ the Three Obligations (the Emperor, one's father and one's teacher) ◊ the Three Forms of Service (military, civil and in court) ◊ the Three Obligations (of an official, i.e. be clean, circumspect, hard-working) ◊ {Buddhism} the Three Matters (clothing, food and shelter) 3--medium й኎ sānshǔ ◊ the three branches of the family (i.e. father, mother and wife) ◊ gender 4--low йഋ sān-sì ◊ three or four 0--very low й਩ sāntàn ◊ (three sighs) deep sighs and regrets (like over an unhappy experience, a tragic accident, etc.) 3--medium йᨀ sāntí ◊ three deductions (for public reserve funds, public welfare funds, and management funds) 0--very low [n] йз Sānwàn ◊ 30,000-1--very low [phr] й⦻ Sānwáng ◊ the Three Kings, the Three Founding Rulers (Yu of the Xia, Tang of the Shang and Wen Wang of the Zhou Dynasty) 3--medium й⦻ӄ՟ Sānwángwǔbó ◊ the Three Kings and Five Hegemons 5--very low йᆖ Sānxué ◊ the Three Learning (Methods, i.e. learn through problem solving, discard preconceptions and analyze problems from the 500

proletarian point of view) ◊ the Three Schools (for officials during the Táng ୀ Dynasty, i.e. the National Academy, the Imperial College and the School of Four Gates) ◊ {Buddhism} the three vehicles of learning (discipline, meditation and wisdom) 3--medium й䀰 sānyán ◊ verse of three words or syllables 3--medium йᴸ Sānyuè ◊ March ◊ the third lunisolar month 1--very high [n] йᡈ sānzhàn ◊ the three warfares (poison gas, bacteriological, radiation) 3--medium йㄐ sānzhāng ◊ the three laws (of the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty dealing with murder, grievous bodily harm and theft) ◊ clarity of laws, unambiguous legislation 1--very high й㘵 sānzhě ◊ the three (things or people); the three of them ◊ thirdly 2--high [n,adv] й䟽 sānchóng ◊ triple, threefold ◊ the Three Repetitions (in connection with the Four Clean-ups Movement "Sìqīng Yùndòng", cadres were urged to re-learn the thought of Mao Zedong, re-establish reforms, and return to membership in the Chinese Communist Party) ◊ Mie (Japan) 2--high [adj] й᯿ sānzú ◊ the three clans (listed variously as: parents, brothers, wife and children; relatives of father, of mother, and of wife; three generations of father, son, and grandson; brothers of father, of self, and of son) 4--low ᮓ༴ sǎnchǔ ◊ be scattered about, be located here and there 4--low ᮓ㿱 sànjiàn ◊ see here and there 2--high ᮓҡ sànluàn ◊ confused, in disorder ◊ (also pronounced "sǎnluàn") 3--medium [adj] ᮓᵘ sǎnmù ◊ useless wood 5--very low ᮓӪ sǎnrén ◊ worthless person, person with no abilities 3--medium ẁᡸ sānghù ◊ grosbeak 5--very low ẁᆀ sāngzǐ ◊ mulberry (the fruit) 3--medium їᴽ sāngfú ◊ mourning garments 3--medium ї⽬ sānglǐ ◊ funeral rites 1--very high [n] їཡ sàngshī ◊ lose, forfeit, be deprived of, be stripped of 1--very high [v] їһ sāngshì ◊ funeral ◊ funeral arrangements 1--very high [n] ї㘵 sāngzhě ◊ mourner(s) 5--very low 僊❦ sāorán ◊ disturbance, tumult 5--very low ᢛ䲔 sǎochú ◊ cleanup ◊ sweep away, eliminate 1--very high [v] ᢛ㦑 sǎodàng ◊ mop up (militarily) ◊ make a clean sweep, eliminate completely 2--high

[v] 㢢⴨ sèxiàng ◊ {physics} hue ◊ {Buddhism} forms, appearances ◊ looks, appearance (of a woman) 2--high [n] ‫ܗ‬ቬ sēngní ◊ Buddhist monks and nuns 3--medium [n] ᵰӪ shārén ◊ kill people ◊ murder, homicide 2--high [vo,n] ᵰӪ㘵 shārénzhě ◊ killer ◊ murderer 3--medium ᵰՔ shāshāng ◊ kill and wound ◊ (of weapons) anti-personnel 2--high [v,adj] ᵰ䓛 shāshēn ◊ {written} kill oneself 0--very low [v] shāzhù ◊ stop ◊ bring to a close ➎տ 4--low 㦾䖖 Shāchē ◊ Shache (county, Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū ᯠ⮶㏝੮⡮㠚⋫॰/ᯠ⮶㔤੮ ቄ㠚⋫४ "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region", sometimes pronounced Suoche, also called Yarkand) 4--low ⅳ㹰 shàxuè ◊ smear sacrificial blood on the mouth (as an oath) 4--low [v] ࡐ᭩ shāngǎi ◊ delete, revise 1--very high [v] ࡐ㢲 shānjié ◊ abridge 3--medium [v] ࡐ৫ shānqù ◊ delete, strike out 3--medium ኡᐍ shānchuān ◊ mountains and rivers (i.e. the land, landscape) 1--very high [n] ኡь Shāndōng ◊ Shandong Province 1--very high [n] ኡᯇ shāndǒu ◊ (Tai and the Big Dipper) highly respected person 4--low ኡ䉧 shāngǔ ◊ mountain valley 1--very high [n] ኡ⎧㓿 Shānhǎijīng ◊ "Mountain and Sea Classic" (collection of folk geography, customs, etc., from the Warring States period [475221 BCE]) ◊ idle talk 3--medium [n] ኡት shānjū ◊ live in the mountains, live in seclusion 3--medium ኡ᷇ shānlín ◊ mountain forest ◊ wooded mountain (usu. a place where a hermit lives) 2--high [n] ኡ䲥 shānlíng ◊ (lofty) mountains ◊ Imperial tomb 3--medium [n] ኡ䲥ፙ shānlíngbēng ◊ the death of an Emperor 5--very low ኡᵘ㠚ᇷ shānmùzìkòu ◊ (the trees in the mountains are felled because timber is useful) one's ability may be one's own ruin 5--very low ኡӪ shānrén ◊ recluse (often used as self-reference by scholars and officials in former times) ◊ diviner, fortune-teller, master of ceremonies, etc. 3--medium [n] ኡ≤ shānshuǐ◊ scenery, landscape (literally "mountains and rivers") 1--very high [n] 501

ኡⓚ shānxī ◊ mountain stream, hill creek 4--low [n] ኡ㾯 Shānxī ◊ Shanxi Province 1--very high [n] ኡл shānxià ◊ at the foot of a hill 3--medium [adv] 㤛ⴆ shàngài ◊ cover (like to protect food against flies) 4--low ழᵜ shànběn ◊ fine edition (like of an ancient text) 3--medium [n] ழਈ shànbiàn ◊ changeable 3--medium [adj] ழᖵ shàndài ◊ treat sb well 2--high [v] ழᚦ shàn'è ◊ good and evil, virtue and vice 1--very high [n] ழ⌅ shànfǎ ◊ good method 3--medium ழ䈻 shànmóu ◊ good plan ◊ skilled at planning 4--low ழӪ shànrén ◊ philanthropist, charitable or kindhearted person 3--medium [n] ழ༛ shànshì ◊ noble-minded person, person of high moral character ◊ {Buddhism} person who has given allegiance to Buddha but yet to become a monk or nun 4--low ழҖ shànshū ◊ rare book ◊ moral books, books of moral teachings ◊ be a skilled calligrapher4--low ழ㹼 shànxíng ◊ good actions, good works 3--medium [n] ழ䀰 shànyán ◊ well-intentioned advice, persuasive argument 4--low ழ⭘ shànyòng ◊ be good/skilled at using ◊ use well/properly, make good use of, put to good use ◊ thoroughly utilize, make the most of 3--medium [v] ழҾ shànyú ◊ be good at, be skilled in 1--very high [phr] ழᡈ shànzhàn ◊ brave and exemplary in battle 3--medium [adj] ழ㘵 shànzhě ◊ the benevolent, the good hearted, the kind 3--medium ழ᭯ shànzhèng ◊ good government 4--low ழ⋫ shànzhì ◊ {political science} good governance 4--low [n] ழ㠚 shànzì ◊ take care of oneself 0--very low [adv] ᡷᜁ shānhuò ◊ agitate, incite 5--very low ᫵ᵳ shànquán ◊ arrogate all power to oneself, monopolize power 4--low [v] Ք⯵ shāng-bìng ◊ injury and sickness ◊ injury and illness 3--medium [n] Քᇣ shānghài ◊ injure, hurt ◊ damage, impair 1--very high [v] ՔӪ shāngrén ◊ offend sb ◊ harm or injure sb 3--medium [vo]

Ք≤ shāngshuǐ ◊ (become) ill after drinking too much water 5--very low [adj] ՔⰋ shāngtòng ◊ sad, grieved ◊ ache, be in pain 3--medium [adj,n] Ք㘵 shāngzhě ◊ the wounded (mostly soldiers) 3--medium ୶䇑 shāngjì ◊ discuss, consult, talk over4--low [v] ୶䍮 shānggǔ ◊ merchants (collectively) 3--medium [n] ୶䟿 shāngliang ◊ negotiate ◊ discuss 2--high [v] ୶Ӫ shāngrén ◊ merchant, busi1--very high [n] nessman, trader 䍿䎀 shǎngcì ◊ grant, bestow, award ◊ reward 3--medium [v] 䍿㖊 shǎngfá ◊ reward and punishment 3--medium [n,v] к䗩 shàngbian ◊ above, on top ◊ the above (mentioned, listed) ◊ higher authorities, one's superiors ◊ regard, respect 2--high [n,adv] к㺘 shàngbiǎo ◊ wind a watch ◊ send a petition or memorial to the Emperor 3--medium [v] кнᗇ shàngbude ◊ cannot go up, cannot ascend it 3--medium к㭑 Shàngcài ◊ Shangcai (place in Hénán ⋣ই Province) 4--low [n] к޼ shàngcè ◊ volume one (in a two or multi-volume series) ◊ enter in a register 3--medium кᗧ shàngdé ◊ highest virtue ◊ maintain a high moral code 4--low [n] кᑍ Shàngdì ◊ God (term used mainly by Chinese Protestants) ◊ the supreme deity (in ancient Chinese belief) ◊ {Taoism} the supreme deity 1--very high [n] кб shàngdīng ◊ the first dīng б day of the second and eighth lunisolar months (days of paying honour to Confucius) 4--low [n] кᯩ shàngfāng ◊ the place above ◊ the heavens ◊ north and east ◊ abode of a Buddhist monk ◊ high terrain ◊ Shangfang (a compound surname) 1--very high [n] к༽ shàngfù ◊ reply 4--low кਔ shànggǔ ◊ prehistoric times, antiquity (in Chinese history, up to the Qin unification and in Western history, up to the fall of the Roman Empire) 2--high [n] кᇈ shàngguān ◊ one's superior (official) ◊ Shangguan (a compound surname) 2--high [n,sn] кഭ Shàngguó ◊ the Dukedoms of the Central Plains (term used by the states of Wu, Chu, etc. during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE]) ◊ the Imperial household (term used by dukes and princes in feudal times) ◊ superior nation (term used by Suzerain states for dominant state) ◊ national capital 3--me502

dium кྭ shànghǎo ◊ best-quality, first-rate, first-class 2--high [adj] кਸ shànghé ◊ (astronomy) superior conjuction 3--medium кሶ shàngjiàng ◊ {military} general, admiral 1--very high [n] к㢲 shàngjié ◊ last term or quarter 3--medium кᇒ shàngkè ◊ guest of honour3--medium кᶕ shànglái ◊ in the beginning, at first ◊ all in all, in short, in summary ◊ come up (from a lower to a higher place, etc.) 1--very high [v] к᷇ Shànglín ◊ Shanglin (county, Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū ᔓ㾯༟᯿㠚⋫॰/ᒯ㾯༞᯿㠚⋫४ "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region") 3--medium к傜 shàngmǎ ◊ mount a horse ◊ {PRC usage} begin, initiate (a major project) 2--high [vo] кભ shàngmìng ◊ orders from superiors 4--low кᒣ shàngpíng ◊ {Chinese phonetics} the first of the four tones ◊ write on a new line as a sign of respect to the person mentioned, but not writing on a new line on a higher level 3--medium кࡽ shàngqián ◊ go forward 2--high [v] к৫ shàngqù ◊ go up (from a lower to a higher place, etc.) 1--very high [v] кӪ shàngren ◊ parents, grandparents 3--medium [n] к༠ shǎngshēng ◊ {Chinese phonetics} the third tone 4--low [n] кц shàngshì◊ ancient times ◊ former generation(s, of a family, a people) 4--low [n] к俆࣏ shàngshǒugōng ◊ promote the warrior who brought in the head of an enemy (a practice) 5--very low кҖ shàngshū ◊ present a memorial or a petition to the higher authorities 3--medium [vo] к኎ shàngshǔ ◊ (sb's) superior(s) 3--medium [n] кᶑ shàngtiáo ◊ to wind (a watch) 4--low кս shàngwèi ◊ seat of honour ◊ high position 2--high [n] к᮷ shàngwén ◊ the preceding text, the above 3--medium [n] кл shàng-xià ◊ superiors and subordinates (in rank, position, age, etc.) ◊ from top to bottom ◊ high and low, good and bad, superior and inferior (in degree, extent) ◊ form of address to Yamen runners in former times 1--very high [n] кл᮷ shàngxiàwén ◊ context (of text) 2--high [n]

к⴨ shàngxiàng ◊ be photogenic ◊ have a good physiognomy ◊ form of address for prime minister 3--medium [adj] кᗳ shàngxīn ◊ {regional, northern} be careful/focused/diligent (in doing a task, study, etc.) ◊ be attentive (to an important matter), bear/keep in mind, take seriously 3--medium [adj] кࡁ shàngxíng ◊ torture ◊ severe torture 4--low [n] к䀰 shàngyán ◊ to submit (request, etc.) respectfully 3--medium кѝл shàngzhōngxià ◊ top, middle and bottom ◊ first, second and third ◊ the best, the mediocre and the worst 3--medium к shàng ◊ on, on top of... ◊ last, the previous (like shàng [gè] xīngqīwǔ к[‫]ػ‬ᱏᵏӄ "last Friday") ◊ first (in a series) ◊ go up, go up to ◊ mount, board (a vehicle) ◊ go to, leave for ◊ submit, send ◊ bolt, lock (a door, etc.) ◊ (used after a verb as a resultative ending to indicate the amount or extent reached) 1--very high [v,co,postp] 䎠 zǒu ◊ walk, travel on foot ◊ run ◊ move, shift ◊ leave, depart ◊ (verb ending) ...away ◊ run away, flee, escape ◊ leak (out) ◊ lose the original shape, flavour, etc. ◊ through, from 1--very high [v,co] Ѩ wán ◊ small round object ◊ pellet ◊ bird's egg ◊ knead into a small ball or pill ◊ {med} pill ◊ {measure word}... pill(s) of... (used for pills of Chinese medicine) 2--high [n,v,mw] кཿ shàngzòu ◊ present an oral or written report to the Emperor and state one's opinion or give an explanation of the situation (of a minister in former times) 3--medium [v] ቊਟ shàngkě ◊ still permissible, still all right 3--medium ቊᒤ shàngnián ◊ respect the aged 4--low ቊф shàngqiě ◊ still, as ever ◊ all the more ◊ in addition 2--high [conj] ቊҖ Shàngshū ◊ the Shangshu, the Book of History (also called Shūjīng ᴨ㏃/Җ 㓿, one of the six Confucian classics, see Liù Jīng ‫ޝ‬㏃/‫ޝ‬㓿) ◊ Minister (official title during the Ming and Qing Dynasties) ◊ high official title 2--high [n] ቊ䍔 shàngxián ◊ honour capable officials (in contrast to nepotism and favouritism, Mohist doctrine) ◊ the Shangxian (title of relevant chapter in the Mozi) 4--low ቊᴹ shàngyǒu ◊ still have, there still is 2--high 〽〽 shāoshāo ◊ a little, slightly 1--very high [adv] ቁ䮯 shàozhǎng ◊ the young and the old 4--low [n] ቁ㿱 shǎojiàn ◊ rare, seldom seen ◊ {formal} long time no see 1--very high [adj,v] ቁੋ shàojūn ◊ {formal} young master 503

(form of address to sb's son or a Taoist monk) ◊ your son ◊ wife of a Duke or Prince 4--low ቁ⽬ shǎolǐ ◊ be remiss (in courtesy) ◊ please don't stand on ceremony 5--very low [v] ቁ产 shǎoqǐng ◊ after a little while 4--low [n] ቁᰦ shàoshí ◊ childhood 4--low ቁ᚟ shǎoxī ◊ relax a while, relax ◊ {military} stand at ease! (as a command) 5--very low ቁ䘹 shǎoxuǎn ◊ in a moment 4--low ቁ✹ shǎoyān ◊ after a short while 5--very low ቁᴹ shǎoyǒu ◊ unique, rare, unusual 2--high [adj] ቁ㘵 shàozhě ◊ youngster(s) 3--medium ቁᆀ shàozǐ ◊ youngest son 3--medium [n] ቁሶ shàojiàng ◊ major general (Army) ◊ rear admiral (Navy) 2--high [n] ቁᒤ shàonián ◊ youth (the time between ten and sixteen years old) ◊ youngster, juvenile (between the ages of ten and sixteen) 1--very high [n] ྒ䶑 shēmí ◊ extravagant and wasteful ◊ extravagance 1--very high [adj,n] ྒഐ shēyīn ◊ chain (measurement) 5--very low 㳷 yí ◊ (in this pronunciation used in wēiyí င㳷 "winding, meandering; comply, [pretend to] agree") 5--very low 㳷嗉 shélóng ◊ crocodile 4--low 㳷㹼 shéxíng ◊ crawl, slither (like a snake) ◊ {TW} zigzagging (usu. of motorcycles) 3--medium [v] 㠽ᡁަ䈱 shěwǒqíshuí ◊ who is there besides me?; if not me, then who? (expressing that one will not shrink from a task or responsibility) 3--medium [cy] ሴᵰ shèshā ◊ shoot (in order to kill, e.g., an animal) 3--medium [v] ሴᗑ shèyù ◊ {martial arts} archery and charioteering (as two of the six Confucian skills, i.e. lǐ ⿞/⽬ "ritual", yuè ′/Ҁ "music", shè ሴ "archery", yù ᗑ "charioteering", shū ᴨ "calligraphy" and shù ᮨ/ᮠ "mathematics") 4--low ሴ䘌 shèyuǎn ◊ {sports} flight shooting 0--very low [n] ⎹৺ shèjí ◊ involve, relate to, concern, touch upon 1--very high [v] ⎹ц shèshì ◊ gain experience of the world 3--medium [vo] ⽮で shèjì ◊ God of the Land and God of Grain (to whom the Emperors offered sacrifices) ◊ the nation, the country 3--medium [n] 䇮༷ shèbèi ◊ equipment, facilities

1--very high [n] shècí ◊ make excuses 5--very 䇮䗎 low [n] 䇮Կ shèfú ◊ set up an ambush 3--medium [v] 䇮Ԕ shèlìng ◊ if, suppose ◊ order, command 5--very low 䇮䆜 shèpì ◊ make a comparison, illustrate by analogy 5--very low 䇮ྲ shèrú ◊ if, suppose 4--low 䇮֯ shèshǐ ◊ if, suppose 4--low [adv] 䇮䰞 shèwèn ◊ rhetorical question 3--medium [n] 䇮ᜣ shèxiǎng ◊ imagine, assume ◊ consider, keep in mind ◊ tentative plan, assumption 2--high [v] 䎖㖚 shèzuì ◊ pardon, forgive a misdeed 4--low [v] ըⴹ shēnméi ◊ look or feel at ease, unworried 5--very low [v] ␡㯿㤕㲊 shēncángruòxū ◊ not making a display of one's learning or talent 5--very low [cy] ␡ᗇ shēndé ◊ deeply impress, get, reach, achieve 3--medium [v] ␡৊ shēnhòu ◊ deep, profound (like of feelings, friendship) ◊ solid, firm (like foundation) ◊ mountains and rivers 2--high [adj] ␡㲁 shēnlǜ ◊ ponder/consider deeply 3--medium [v] ␡⍵ shēnqiǎn ◊ depth (degree of depth) ◊ sense of propriety ◊ shade (of colour) ◊ degree of difficulty 2--high [n] ␡࠷ shēnqiè ◊ heartfelt, deep and sincere 1--very high [adj] ␡ᛵ shēnqíng ◊ deeply loving ◊ deep affection 2--high [adj,n] ␡‫ޕ‬ shēnrù ◊ go deep into, penetrate (often figurative) ◊ in-depth, thorough 1--very high [v] ␡ኡ shēnshān ◊ deep in the mountains; remote mountains 2--high [n] ␡ᙍ shēnsī ◊ think deeply, consider profoundly 2--high [v] ␡ᗳ shēnxīn ◊ deep thought 4--low ␡ؑ shēnxìn ◊ believe deeply, be firmly convinced 2--high [v] ␡ⴱ shēnxǐng ◊ profoundly aware, become profoundly aware through introspection 3--medium [v] ␡⌭ Shēnzé ◊ Shenze (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 4--low ⭣侜 shēnchì ◊ admonish, exhort ◊ reprimand, rebuke (mostly a subordinate) 5--very low [v] ⭣䀓 shēnjiě ◊ explain, expound 5--very low ⭣᰾ shēnmíng ◊ state, declare, avow 1--very high [n,v] ⭣⭣ shēnshēn ◊ unconstrained ◊

504

repeatedly 4--low ⭣䈤 shēnshuō ◊ state, explain (reasons, grounds) 4--low [v] ⭣䀰 shēnyán ◊ make a statement 4--low 䓛࠶ shēnfen ◊ status, identity, personality, personal circumstances ◊ dignity, honour ◊ quality (of merchandise) 2--high [n] 䓛ਇ shēnshòu ◊ experience personally, experience oneself 3--medium [v] 䓛փ shēntǐ ◊ the body ◊ one's health 1--very high [n] 䓛Ѫ shēnwéi ◊ be, be in the position of; in the capacity of, as (like as a teacher/father/leader, etc.) 2--high [v] ӰҼ shí'èr ◊ two tenths 5--very low [n,num] ⭊ᡆ shènhuò ◊ even, go as far as to 3--medium ⭊ᗞ shènwēi ◊ very slight ◊ very tiny 3--medium ⭊✹ shènyān ◊ extremely, terribly 4--low ⭊Ҿ shènyú ◊ more than, even more so than ◊ surpass, exceed 3--medium [adv] ⭊㘵 shènzhě ◊ even more 2--high ⭊㠣 shènzhì ◊ even, even to the extent that, so much so that 1--very high [adv] ⾎䚃⻁ shéndàobēi ◊ tomb tablet (with laudatory biography of deceased) ◊ tomb tablet inscription 4--low ⾎䚃䇮ᮉ shéndàoshèjiào ◊ religious teaching (derogatory in Mainland usage) 4--low ⾎࣏ shéngōng ◊ marvelous achievement ◊ superhuman kungfu technique 2--high [n] ⾎ॆ shénhuà ◊ deify ◊ deification 3--medium [v,n] ⾎࿉ shénmiào ◊ wonderful, marvelous 3--medium [adj] ⾎ᓉ shénmiào ◊ shrine, temple 3--medium [n] ⾎ߌ Shénnóng ◊ Shennong (the legendary creator of agriculture and medicine, was Yandi according to some sources) ◊ local god, village god 2--high [n] ⾎ߌ∿ Shénnóngshì ◊ Shennong (the legendary creator of agriculture and medicine, was Yandi according to some sources) 4--low ⾎ཷ shénqí ◊ miraculous, marvelous, mysterious 1--very high [adj] ⾎ᛵ shénqíng ◊ look, (facial) expression (that reveals one's feelings, like happy, sad) 2--high [n] ⾎Ӫ shénrén ◊ Taoist adept or immortal ◊ extraordinary person ◊ gods and mortals 3--medium [n] ⾎ᙍ shénsī ◊ state of mind 3--medium [n] ⾎䙊 shéntōng ◊ magical powers,

outstanding ability ◊ {Buddhism} supernatural powers 2--high [n] ⾎↖ shénwǔ ◊ supernatural might (as of great Emperors, generals) ◊ Jimmu (legendary Japanese Emperor) 2--high [adj] ᇑᇊ shěndìng ◊ examine and decide/approve 2--high [v] ॷ⊹ shēng-chén ◊ the ups and downs of an official career ◊ the ancient ceremony of offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers 5--very low ॷᯇ shēngdǒu ◊ (sheng measure and dou measure) few, small amount ◊ salary 4--low ᰷า ॷ䱽 shēngjiàng ◊ ascend and descend, rise and fall, promotion and demotion ◊ ups and downs ◊ increase or decrease 2--high [v] ⭏䍒 shēngcái◊ become wealthy ◊ shop furniture, shop equipment 2--high [vo] ⭏䚃 shēngdào ◊ strange street, unfamiliar road 4--low ⭏ᗇ shēngdé ◊ capture alive 2--high ⭏⍫ shēnghuó ◊ life ◊ live, go through life ◊ exist ◊ existence, livelihood ◊ work 1--very high [n,v] ⭏㚊 shēngjù ◊ increase in population and wealth 4--low ⭏࣋ shēnglì ◊ activate 3--medium ⭏傜 shēngmǎ ◊ fierce horse ◊ plant the root of which is used treat horse illnesses 5--very low ⭏≁ shēngmín ◊ the people ◊ bear and raise, educate 3--medium [n,v] ⭏ભ shēngmìng ◊ life 1--very high [n] ⭏ᒣ shēngpíng ◊ all one's life, throughout one's life 2--high [n,adv] ⭏ࡽ shēngqián ◊ during life, before death 2--high [n] ⭏伏 shēngshí◊ eat raw 3--medium [n,v] ⭏һ shēngshì◊ create a disturbance, cause trouble ◊ livelihood 3--medium [v] ⭏ᱟ shēngshi◊ actually, literally ◊ just, simply 3--medium ⭏Җ shēngshū ◊ a book one has not yet read or studied, new book 4--low ⭏↫ shēngsǐ ◊ live or die 1--very high [v] ⭏⢙ shēngwù ◊ living things ◊ organism ◊ biological, bio1--very high [n,adj] ⭏л shēngxià ◊ give birth to ◊ be born 3--medium ⭏ᗳ shēngxīn ◊ entertain feelings (of disloyalty, distrust) ◊ intend, do intentionally (mostly bad) 4--low ⭏় shēngyàn ◊ become fed up 505

with, grow tired of 4--low [v] ⭏ъ shēngyè ◊ one's business, one's means of livelihood 3--medium [n] ⭏劬 shēngyú ◊ raw fish 3--medium ⭏䮯 shēngzhǎng ◊ grow ◊ be born and brought up, grow up ◊ growth 1--very high [v,n] ⭏ᆀ shēngzǐ ◊ have a child/children; give birth to a child 2--high [vo] ⭏ᆀ㘵 shēngzǐzhě ◊ person who gave birth to a boy 5--very low ༠䗮 shēngdá ◊ {physics} sodar ◊ sound direction and ranging 0--very low [n] ༠䈳 shēngdiào ◊ tone (of voice when speaking or reading aloud) ◊ tone (of a Chinese syllable) 1--very high [n] ༠ᖻ shēnglǜ ◊ rules of tonal pattern, rhyme, etc. (of Chinese poetry, poetic prose) 4--low ༠᰾ shēngmíng ◊ announce, state, declare ◊ announcement, statement, declaration 1--very high [v,n] ༠㢢 shēngsè ◊ voice and appearance, composure ◊ women and song 2--high [n] ༠࣯ shēngshì◊ momentum (of a mass demonstration, etc.) 2--high [n] ༠䰫 shēngwén ◊ report, rumour, reputation 4--low ༠丣 shēngyīn ◊ sound, voice 1--very high [n] ༠Ҁ shēngyuè ◊ vocal music (in contrast to "qìyuè") 2--high [n] ༠ᆀ shēngzǐ ◊ {physics} phonon 0--very low [n] 㔣໘ shéngmò ◊ carpenter's line marker ◊ rules, regulations, laws 4--low [n] ⴱ㉽ shěngjí ◊ province of birth, one's home province 3--medium ⴱ⮕ shěnglüè ◊ omit, delete, leave out (unnecessary words, etc.) ◊ abbreviate 2--high [v] ⴱ৫ shěngqù ◊ omit, save, avoid (trouble, etc.) 2--high ⴱᰦ shěngshí◊ save time 2--high ⴱһ shěngshì◊ simplify matters ◊ make things more convenient ◊ [in the pronunciation "xǐngshì": understand things ◊ assume office, attend to official business] 1--very high [vo] ⴱ䰞 xǐngwèn◊ visit, inquire about sb's health, pay a courtesy visit 5--very low 㜌䍏 shèng-fù◊ victory or defeat 1--very high [n] 㜌ߐ shèngguān ◊ (said of boys) at the age of twenty 5--very low 㜌ྲ shèngrú ◊ better than 4--low 㜌Ҿ shèngyú ◊ surpass, excel 3--medium ⴋᗧ shèngdé ◊ lofty moral character

3--medium ⴋᴽ shèngfú ◊ splendid attire, holiday dress 5--very low [n] ⴋ⽬ shènglǐ ◊ imposing ceremony ◊ generous gift 4--low ⴋ≄ shèngqì ◊ arrogance 4--low ⴋ⿻ shèngqiū ◊ the eighth lunisolar month 5--very low [n] ⴋ㺠 shèngshuāi ◊ rise and fall, prosperity and decline (respectively) 3--medium [n] ⴋ᜿ shèngyì ◊ great kindness 4--low [n] ⴋ༞ shèngzhuàng ◊ prime (of life), robust (years) ◊ full moon 5--very low ൓ੋ shèngjūn ◊ enlightened 4--low Emperor ൓᰾ shèngmíng ◊ understand clearly ◊ {formal} the Emperor (flattering term) 3--medium [adj,n] ൓Ӫ shèngrén ◊ the Sage (a title of respect for Confucius) ◊ {religion} saint ◊ respectful form of address for the Emperor 1--very high [n] ൓䍔 shèngxián ◊ saints and sages, the virtuous and the wise 2--high [n] ൓㘵 shèngzhě ◊ the sacred one(s) 3--medium ൓ѫ shèngzhǔ ◊ Buddha ◊ enlightened ruler 3--medium ཡᗧ shīdé ◊ wrongdoing 4--low ཡൠ shīdì ◊ lost territory 2--high [n,v] ཡ⚛ shīhuǒ ◊ catch fire 2--high [v] ཡ䇑 shījì ◊ unwise move, poor plan 5--very low [n] ཡᮉ shījiào ◊ poorly brought up, ill-behaved (esp. children) 5--very low ཡ⽬ shīlǐ ◊ breach of etiquette ◊ breach the etiquette 2--high [n,vo] ཡᇎ shīshí ◊ not in accordance with the facts 3--medium [adj,adv,vo] ཡ࣯ shīshì ◊ lose power, authority or influence ◊ be in disgrace 3--medium [vo] ཡ≤ shīshuǐ ◊ become dehydrated; dehydration ◊ lose one's power, influence, etc. 3--medium [v,n] ཡᵋ shīwàng ◊ lose hope ◊ be disappointed 1--very high [vo] ཡᒿ shīxù ◊ become dislocated (like society) ◊ lose order ◊ disorder2--high [vo] ཡъ shīyè ◊ be out of work, be unemployed ◊ be unable to pursue one's livelihood (because of misgovernment, war, etc.) ◊ unemployment 1--very high [v,n] ᐸབྷ shī-dà ◊ teachers' university, normal university (short for shīfàn dàxué ᑛㇴབྷᆨ/ᐸ㤳བྷᆖ) ◊ (Shīdà: [when used in Taiwan, short for Guólì Táiwān Shīfàn Dàxué ഻

506

not: fear hardship, fear death, long for fame, crave profits, be concerned over working conditions, give any thought to length of working hours, worry about the amount of remuneration, draw distinctions between high and low positions, delineate what falls within and goes beyond the call of duty, distinguish between the front and the rear of oilfield work; often combined with the Sānyào й㾱 "Three Do's") 3--medium ॱҼ shí'èr ◊ 12 2--high [num] ॱҼй shí'èr-sān ◊ twelve or thirteen 0--very low ॱҼᆀ shí'èrzǐ ◊ the twelve Earthly Branches4--low ॱ࠶ shífēn ◊ very, fully, extremely (adverb, cannot be an adjective) 1--very high [adv] ॱҍ shíjiǔ ◊ nineteen ◊ nine out of ten, most likely ◊ the majority 2--high [num,adv] ॱ‫ޝ‬ shíliù ◊ 16 2--high [num] ॱ‫ޝ‬г shíliù-qī ◊ sixteen or seventeen 0--very low ॱᒤ shínián ◊ decade1--very high [n] ॱг Shíqī ◊ 17 -1--very low ॱй shísān ◊ 13 2--high [num] ॱй㓿 Shísānjīng ◊ the Thirteen (Confucian) Classics (the Yijing, the Shujing, the Shijing, the Zhouli, the Yili, the Liji, the Zuozhuan, the Gongyangzhuan, the Guliangzhuan, the Lunyu, the Xiaojing, the Erya and the Mengzi) 3--medium [n] ॱഋ shísì ◊ 14 2--high [num] ॱз shíwàn ◊ 100000 2--high [num] ॱӄ shíwǔ ◊ fifteen ◊ [S-] the Tenth Five-Year Plan 1--very high [n] ॱа shíyī ◊ eleven ◊ one part in ten ◊ [Shíyī] October First (National Day of the People's Republic of China) 1--very high [n,num] ॱаҼ shíyī-èr ◊ eleven or twelve 0--very low ॱҾ Shíyú 10 ॱᆇ shízì ◊ a cross ◊ sth shaped like a cross 1--very high [n] ᇎ༴ shíchù ◊ where (sth) can have a real effect ◊ reality 2--high [n] ᇎ䱵 shíjì ◊ reality, actuality, practice ◊ realistic, practical ◊ real, actual 1--very high [adj,n] ᇎ䐥 shíjiàn ◊ practice ◊ put into practice 1--very high [n,v] ᇎᖅ shílù ◊ true or faithful account, factual record ◊ Shilu (Imperial historical records or accounts of the Emperor's activities written by official historians in reign of next Emperor) 1--very high [n,v] ᇎᛵ shíqíng ◊ the actual situation, the facts, the truth 2--high [n] ᇎѪ shíwéi ◊ actually (is) 2--high

・ਠ⚓ᑛㇴབྷᆨ/ഭ・ਠ⒮ᐸ㤳བྷᆖ] "National Taiwan Normal University") 2--high [n] ᐸ‫ڵ‬ shīfu ◊ master who gives instruction in any trade, business, or art ◊ skilled worker or person with accomplished skill in a trade or craft (e.g., in industry, commerce, handicrafts, Chinese opera) ◊ (polite address to a person with accomplished skill in a trade or craft, e.g., chef, artisan, professional driver) ◊ (also written shīfu ᑛ⡦/ᐸ⡦) 2--high [n] ᐸਔ shīgǔ ◊ imitate old ways 4--low [vo] ᐸᗂ shītú ◊ teacher and student, master and apprentice ◊ {literary} troops 1--very high [n] ᐸⴤѪ༞ shīzhíwéizhuàng ◊ an army in a just cause has high morale (and will win) 5--very low [cy] ᯭᜐ shīhuì ◊ bestow favour, be gracious to 4--low ᯭᮁ shījiù ◊ rescue, extend relief 3--medium [vo] ᯭѪ shīwéi ◊ act, try it and see ◊ display, bring into play 3--medium ᯭ㹼 shīxíng ◊ execute, implement, put into practice ◊ perform, administer 1--very high [v] ᯭо shīyǔ ◊ grant, bestow, give relief (to the needy) 4--low [v] 䈇䍻 shīfù ◊ poetry and "fu" (respectively) 3--medium 䈇ㅪ shījiān ◊ poetry paper, paper on which to write poems 4--low [n] 䈇㓿 Shījīng ◊ {literature, poetry} Book of Odes (earliest known collection of poetry in China, compiled between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE], consisting of 305 poems and songs, variously translated into English as "Book of Poetry", "Book of Odes", "Book of Songs", etc.) 3--medium [n] 䈇ਕ shījù ◊ verse, stanza 2--high [n] 䈇ᯉ shīliào ◊ poetic material 5--very low 䈇Җ Shīshū ◊ the Shijing and the Shujing, The Book of Odes and the Book of Documents (also stands collectively for the Confucian classics) 4--low [n] 䈇‫ޤ‬ shīxìng ◊ poetic inspiration, poetic mood 4--low [n] 䈇֌ shīzuò ◊ poetic composition 3--medium [n] Ӱа shíyī ◊ one tenth ◊ one part in ten (like of taxes, profits, etc.) 4--low [n,num] ॱ‫ޛ‬ shíbā ◊ 18 3--medium [num] ॱ‫ޛ‬ҍ shíbā-jiǔ◊ eighteen or nineteen 0--very low ॱ‫ؽ‬ shíbèi ◊ ten times (as) 2--high [adv] ॱн Shíbù ◊ the Ten Do-Not's (do 507

[phr] ᇎᆖ shíxué ◊ real learning, genuine learning 3--medium [n] ᇎ⭘ shíyòng ◊ actual use ◊ practical, functional, useful 1--very high [adj,n] ᇎᴹ shíyǒu ◊ actually have, really have 3--medium ᇎ൘ shízài ◊ real, true ◊ really, truly ◊ actually, in fact (also in the pronunciation "shízai": solid, well-done, ample) 1--very high [adj,adv] ᇎࡉ shízé ◊ actually 2--high [adv] ᇎ䍘ᙗ shízhìxìng ◊ substantiality, essentiality ◊ substantial, essential 2--high ᇎᆇ shízì ◊ full word (meaningful word in contrast to a particle) 4--low [n] ᤮䚇 shíyí ◊ find and keep a lost article ◊ supplement omissions in a text, etc. ◊ easy to do ◊ correct the Emperor's mistakes ◊ official title dating from Táng ୀ Dynasty for an official responsible for correcting errors made by the Emperor, or made in official documents ◊ addenda 3--medium [v] ᤮䚇㺕䱉 shíyíbǔquè ◊ make up for omissions and deficiencies 4--low [cy] ᰦਈ shíbiàn ◊ changes in the situation ◊ changes in the seasons 3--medium [n] ᰦԓ shídài ◊ times, period, era, age ◊ period in one's life 1--very high [n] ᰦ䚃 shídao ◊ stylish, fashionable (of clothing, etc.) 4--low ᰦ㘼 shí'ér ◊ from time to time ◊ (when reduplicated) now..., now... 3--medium [adv] ᰦ‫ى‬ shíhou ◊ time (when), moment 1--very high [n] ᰦӪ shírén ◊ people of that time ◊ prominent person of an age 3--medium [n] ᰦᰕ shí-rì ◊ time and date ◊ comparatively long period of time ◊ auspicious day 2--high [n] ᰦቊ shíshàng◊ fashion, fad ◊ vogue ◊ trendy, fashionable 1--very high [n,adj] ᰦᰦ shíshí ◊ often, continually, all the time3--medium [adv] ᰦһ shíshì ◊ current events, current affairs 1--very high [n] ᰦ࣯ shíshì ◊ current situation 3--medium [n] ᰦ؇ shísú ◊ customs of the time 4--low [n] ᰦ᮷ shíwén ◊ modern literary style ◊ the style of writing used in the Imperial Civil Service Examination System (esp. the Eight-Legged Essay "Bāgǔwén") ◊ modern culture, civilized society 3--medium [n] ᰦᇌ shíyí ◊ (what is) appropriate for the time 2--high [n,adj] ᰦ䴘 shíyǔ ◊ timely rain ◊ culture and

education 3--medium [n] ᰦ䘀 shíyùn ◊ luck (considered as changing with time) 4--low [n] ⸣⭠ shítián ◊ barren soil, unproductive land ◊ useless thing 1--very high 䇶ᰦ࣑㘵 shíshíwùzhě ◊ sb who knows what has to be done ◊ sb who acts according to the situation of the moment 4--low 䇶㘵 shízhě ◊ knowledgeable people, cognoscenti 4--low [n] 伏䚃 shídào ◊ the proper way to eat ◊ transportation route for food ◊ {physiology} esophagus 2--high 伏ᇒ shíkè ◊ restaurant patron ◊ retainer, hanger-on (who depended on an aristocrat for food) 2--high [n] 伏Ӫ shírén ◊ man-eating, cannibal 0--very low [adj] 伏㚹 shíròu ◊ eat meat ◊ meat-eating, carnivorous 2--high [v,adj] 伏⢙ shíwù ◊ food 1--very high [n] 伏䀰 shíyán ◊ (eat one's words) break a promise 3--medium [v] 伏⭘ shíyòng ◊ eat, consume ◊ edible 1--very high [v,adj] 伏㘵 shízhě ◊ eater 3--medium [n] ֯нᗇ shǐbude ◊ cannot ◊ useless ◊ unserviceable ◊ impermissible ◊ undesirable ◊ not applicable, will not do, not allowed, no go3--medium [phr] ֯㠓 shǐchén ◊ envoy 3--medium [n] ֯ᗇ shǐde ◊ make, cause, enable, render; with the result that... ◊ can be used, be usable (opposite of shǐbude ֯нᗇ) ◊ be workable, be feasible, will do 1--very high [v] ֯ѿ shǐfá ◊ use up, use as long as possible 5--very low ֯䗷 shǐguò ◊ use people who have made mistakes or done wrong (encourage people to do better, give people a second chance) 4--low ֯ੋ shǐjūn ◊ an official sent to a foreign country ◊ an envoy ◊ an emissary 3--medium ֯Ԕ shǐlìng ◊ order, give instructions ◊ messenger 4--low ֯≁ԕᰦ shǐmínyǐshí ◊ employ people at the proper season (so as not to interfere with agricultural operations) 4--low ֯❦ shǐrán ◊ make it so, cause it to be so 2--high [v] ֯㘵 shǐzhě ◊ messenger, envoy 2--high [n] ਢ҈ shǐshèng◊ history, annals 5--very low [n] ਢՐ shǐzhuàn ◊ history and biography (of traditional Chinese type) 4--low ਢ≹ Shǐhàn ◊ the Shiji and Hanshu 4--low 508

reference book (on special subjects) 0--very low [n] һᒢ shìgàn ◊ affair, matter, thing 3--medium һ࣏ shìgōng ◊ deeds and achievements 4--low [n] һ᭵ shìgù ◊ accident, trouble, mishap 1--very high [n] һਾ shìhòu ◊ afterwards, after the fact, after the event 2--high [n] һ⨶ shìlǐ ◊ reason ◊ rationale ◊ logic 3--medium [n] һᛵ shìqing ◊ matter, affair, thing, event 1--very high [n] һᇎ shìshí ◊ fact, reality 1--very high [n] һᇎк shìshíshang ◊ in fact, actually 1--very high [adv] һһ shìshì ◊ every matter, all matters 2--high [n] һ࣯ shìshì ◊ trend of events, state of affairs 4--low [n] һ⢙ shìwù ◊ thing, article, object 1--very high [n] һ‫ݸ‬ shìxiān ◊ beforehand, before the event, prior, in advance 1--very high [adj,adv] һъ shìyè ◊ cause, undertaking ◊ facilities, services, enterprise (state-subsidized in contrast to a business) ◊ trade, industry, business ◊ career 1--very high [n] һᇌ shìyí ◊ {formal} the subject dealt with, the matters concerned 1--very high [n] ԅᇖ shìhuàn ◊ be a public official, hold public office 4--low [v] ԅ䘋 shìjìn ◊ (seek) official advancement or an official career 5--very low [v] լ↔ sìcǐ ◊ like this, of this sort 4--low լⲴ shìde ◊ like, as, as if, as... as... (particle used to indicate similarity, often preceded by xiàng ‫ ۿ‬or hǎoxiàng ྭ‫" ۿ‬it seems...") 1--very high [part] լ㘼䶎 sì'érfēi ◊ specious, sophistic 5--very low լѾ sìhū ◊ seemingly, as if, it seems 1--very high [adv,phr] լᴹ sìyǒu ◊ there appears to be 3--medium ֽӾ shìcóng ◊ servants, attendants, retinue 3--medium [n] ֽཹ shìfèng ◊ attend on (like one's parents, elders) 3--medium [v] ֽ䛾 Shìláng ◊ Vice Minister (official title during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The title encompassed various functions in preceding dynasties back to the Qin and Han Dynasties) 2--high [n] ֽছ shìwèi ◊ protect, guard ◊ Imperial bodyguard 1--very high [n,v]

ਢ㉽ shǐjí ◊ historical records, historical writings3--medium [n] ਢ䇠 Shǐjì ◊ the Shiji (short for tàishǐgōng jì ཚਢ‫ޜ‬䁈/ཚਢ‫ޜ‬䇠, the Records of the Grand Historian of China; a history compiled by Sīmǎ Qiān ਨ俜䚧/ਨ傜䗱 of the Western Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 3--medium [n] ਢᇦ shǐjiā ◊ historian 3--medium [n] ਢҖ shǐshū ◊ historical records, historical writings ◊ shishu (name for the writing style lìshū 䳨ᴨ/䳦Җ) 2--high [n] ࿻ⲷ Shǐhuáng ◊ the First Emperor of the Qín 〖 Dynasty (Qin Shihuang) 3--medium [n] ࿻㓸 shǐzhōng ◊ from beginning to end, throughout, always, all along 1--very high [adv] ⸒⸣ shǐshí ◊ arrows and stones (as weapons) 4--low [phr,n] цՐ shìchuán ◊ be handed down from generation to generation 4--low [v] цԓ shìdài ◊ for generations, generation after generation; from generation to generation ◊ {biology} generation ◊ {literary} generation, age, era; centuries, ages, eons 1--very high [n,adv] цᇦ shìjiā ◊ family of high status, famous and influential family ◊ biographies of famous and influential dukes and princes (in the Shǐjì ਢ䁈/ਢ䇠) 2--high [n] ц䰤 shìjiān ◊ world, earth, society 1--very high [n] цਿ shìlì ◊ those who have been government clerks for generations 5--very low [n] ц⾴ shìlù ◊ hereditary title (and emoluments) 4--low цӪ shìrén ◊ the common people, the people of this world ◊ men, mankind (esp. as a term used in the Bible) 2--high [n] цк shìshang◊ in the world, on earth ◊ (also pronounced "shìshàng") 1--very high [n] цц shìshì ◊ for generations ◊ generation after generation 3--medium [adv] цһ shìshì ◊ human affairs, affairs of this world, mundane affairs 2--high [n] ц؇ shìsú ◊ common customs and traditions, social conventions, vulgar or commonplace thing ◊ secular, worldly (non-spiritual) 1--very high [n,adj] ц⴨ shìxiàng ◊ the ways of the world 3--medium цᆀ shìzǐ ◊ crown prince, son of Emperor or noble by his official wife 3--medium [n] һॺ࣏‫ ؽ‬shìbàngōngbèi ◊ twice the results with half the effort 2--high [cy] һި shìdiǎn ◊ {written} encyclopaedia (of precedents, events, institutions and laws) ◊

509

one practising totem worship) ◊ family line 2--high [n] ⽪ֻ shìlì ◊ show by example, demonstrate 1--very high [vt] ⽪Ӫ shìrén ◊ show sth to others ◊ let others have a look at sth 2--high [v] shìwēi ◊ demonstrate ◊ demonst⽪ေ ration ◊ show of force1--very high [v] 㿶ੜ shìtīng ◊ {edu, IT} audio-visual ◊ see and hear, what is seen and heard, people's ideas 1--very high [n] 㿶਼ shìtóng ◊ regard/treat as 3--medium [v] 㿶Ѫ shìwéi ◊ regard as, look upon as 1--very high [v] 㿶֌ shìzuò ◊ regard as, look upon as 4--low [v] 䈅䈫 shìdú ◊ attend (school/classes) on probation (or on a trial basis) ◊ try to read ◊ read (or subscribe to) on a trial basis ◊ {arts} give a reading, have an audition 3--medium [v] 䃃䇽 shìcí ◊ (the words of an) oath, pledge 1--very high [n] 䙍㘵 shìzhě ◊ the deceased, the ancients ◊ the past 3--medium 䙍㘵ྲᯟ shìzhěrúsī ◊ "time passes like flowing water"—lost time can never return 4--low [cy] 䘲Ӿ shìcóng ◊ follow, pursue 4--low 䘲ᖃ shìdàng ◊ suitable, appropriate 1--very high [v] 䘲ᗇަ৽ shìdéqífǎn ◊ work just the opposite (of what one hopes), have the opposite effect, backfire 2--high [cy] 䚙䙾 䘲❦ shìrán ◊ accidentally, fortuitously ◊ properly, as it should be 5--very low 䘲ྲ shìrú ◊ just like, exactly as 5--very low [v] 䘲ᰦ shìshí ◊ timely, just in time 2--high [adj,adv] 䘲Ҿ shìyú ◊ be suitable for 2--high 䟺᭮ shìfàng ◊ release (like from prison) ◊ {psychology} release (like anger) ◊ {physics} release ◊ {zool} release (like poison of a stinging wasp, biting snake, etc.) 1--very high [v] 䟺਽ Shìmíng ◊ Shiming (early Chinese dictionary attributed to Liu Xi of the Eastern Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 4--low 䟺❦ shìrán ◊ feel relaxed 2--high [adj] 䟺᮷ shìwén ◊ elucidate texts ◊ textual explanation (mostly in book titles) ◊ script (like oracle bone, bronze inscriptions) studies 4--low [n,v] 䟺䀰 shìyán ◊ explain 4--low 䟺⯁ shìyí ◊ remove doubts, clear up suspicions 2--high [vo] 侠䶎 shìfēi ◊ gloss over errors 4--low

ֽᗑ shìyù ◊ Imperial retinue (esp. during the Qīng ␵ Dynasty) 4--low ֽ㘵 shìzhě ◊ attendant, servant, waiter ◊ Buddhist monk 1--very high [n] ࣯ᗵ shìbì ◊ bound to, certainly will 1--very high [adv] ࣯ᆔ shìgū ◊ lonesome, with too few to be enjoyable 4--low [adj,adv] ࣯ᇦ shìjiā ◊ influential family, powerful family 5--very low [n] ࣯ս shìwèi ◊ position and authority 5--very low ఌᵰ shìshā ◊ be bloodthirsty 4--low ఌឮ ༛‫ޥ‬ shìbīng ◊ enlisted men, rank-andfile soldiers 1--very high [n] ༛བྷཛ shìdàfū ◊ scholar-officials (in Imperial times) 3--medium [n] ༛ཊ shìduō ◊ {phonetic} "store" ◊ small shop buying and selling "gifts" (i.e. mainly liquor and tobacco received by officials as bribes; officially doing "gift recycling" [lǐpǐn huíshōu ⿞૱എ᭦/⽬૱എ᭦], often said to be involved in other illegal trade like buying and selling stolen goods, money laundering and other unlawful activities; also shìduōdiàn ༛ཊᓇ) 3--medium ༛ੋᆀ shìjūnzǐ ◊ gentleman, man of integrity 4--low ༛ং shìzú ◊ rank-and-file soldiers 3--medium [n] ᇔѝ Shìzhōng ◊ Shizhong (a compound surname) 2--high ᐲӅ shìjǐng ◊ marketplace, town (as a modifier, has the implication of unsophisticated, or having a limited life) 2--high [n] ᐲ㚶 shìsì ◊ a shop 4--low [n] ᔿᗞ shìwēi ◊ decline, wane (like of a nation, clan) 3--medium [v] ᕂ shì ◊ to kill one's superior 3--medium ⡦ fù ◊ father ◊ male family member or relative of an older generation 1--very high [n] ੋ jūn ◊ sovereign, monarch ◊ {formal} you (a form of address) ◊ you (a form of address by a wife to her husband) ◊ Jun (surname) 1--very high [sn] ᱟ䶎 shìfēi ◊ quarrel, dispute, trouble ◊ gossip 1--very high [n] ᱟ᭵ shìgù ◊ therefore, for this reason 3--medium [phr] ᱟᰕ shìrì ◊ that day, this day 3--medium ᱟ䰞 shìwèn ◊ be held responsible 3--medium ᱟԕ shìyǐ ◊ therefore 1--very high [adv] ᱟ↓ shìzhèng ◊ correct, revise, edit 2--high [v] ∿᯿ shìzú ◊ clan, clan society (esp.

510

᭦ᮋ shōuliǎn ◊ weaken, vanish (of a smile, light, etc.) ◊ control, restrain (one's words and deeds); controlled, restrained ◊ {med} astringent ◊ {math} convergence 2--high [v,adj] ᭦ਆ shōuqǔ ◊ collect, gather 1--very high [v] ᭦‫ޕ‬ shōurù ◊ income, revenue, receipts ◊ include, contain ◊ admit into (e.g., a hospital) 1--very high [n,v] ᭦ᶏ shōushù ◊ collect (like one's thoughts) ◊ wrap up, bring to an end ◊ pack (one's luggage) 4--low [v] ᭦䖜 shōuzhuǎn ◊ receive and relay 4--low ᆸ༷ shǒubèi ◊ be on garrison duty ◊ garrison ◊ official military title during the Ming and Qing Dynasties ◊ protect 3--medium [v] ᆸᡀ shǒuchéng ◊ (of heirs) keep up a (family) business, carry on the attainments of one's forebears (as opposed to starting a new enterprise or innovating) ◊ {international relations} established (as in shǒuchéng dàguó ᆸᡀ བྷ഻/ᆸᡀབྷഭ "an established power," as opposed to xīnxīng dàguó ᯠ㠸བྷ഻/ᯠ‫ޤ‬བྷഭ "an emerging power") 3--medium [v] ᆸ⌅ shǒufǎ ◊ obey the law, be law-abiding 1--very high [vo] ᆸ䓛 shǒushēn ◊ maintain one's integrity 3--medium ᆸ൏ shǒutǔ ◊ defend one's country 3--medium [v] ᆸছ shǒuwèi ◊ guard, defend 1--very high [v] ᆸؑ shǒuxìn ◊ keep one's word, keep one's credibility ◊ code of honour 2--high [vo] ᆸ㓖 shǒuyuē ◊ abide by an agreement, keep a promise 4--low [v] ᆸࡉ shǒuzé ◊ rules, regulations 2--high [n] ᡻ᤱ shǒuchí ◊ handheld ◊ holding... in one's hand 2--high ᡻Җ shǒushū ◊ write personally ◊ personally written by ◊ your letter 3--medium [v,adj,n] ᡻ᤷ shǒuzhǐ ◊ a finger ◊ point with a finger 1--very high [n] ᡻䏣 shǒuzú ◊ movement, action ◊ brothers 2--high [n] 俆ᚦ shǒu'è ◊ chief culprit 4--low [n] 俆ਕ shǒujù ◊ first sentence, first line (of a poem) 3--medium 俆亶 shǒulǐng◊ head, leader, chief ◊ the head and neck 2--high [n] 俆啐єㄟ shǒushǔliǎngduān ◊ undecided, wavering 4--low [cy] 俆ቮ shǒuwěi ◊ head and tail, beginning and end ◊ from beginning to end, throughout 3--medium [n]

俆‫ݸ‬ shǒuxiān ◊ first of all, above all ◊ first ◊ in the first place 1--very high [adv] ਇ᭼ shòudí ◊ be attacked by the enemy 3--medium [v] ਇࣘ shòudòng ◊ (grammar) passive 3--medium ਇᮉ shòujiào ◊ receive training or instruction 3--medium [v] ਇભ shòumìng ◊ get an assignment/mandate ◊ be ordered to, receive instructions 2--high [v] ਇભҾཙ shòumìngyútiān ◊ have a mandate from Heaven 3--medium ਇ䗡 shòurǔ ◊ suffer insult or humilia[v] tion 3--medium ਇᇔ shòushì ◊ take a wife 5--very low ਇ䱽 shòuxiáng ◊ accept a surrender 3--medium [v] ਇᆖ shòuxué ◊ be taught, study with a teacher 4--low ਇъ shòuyè ◊ study with a master ◊ {formal} your pupil (a form of address to a teacher) 4--low [n,v] ਇ㘵 shòuzhě ◊ recipient 3--medium ਇࡦ shòuzhì ◊ be controlled, be restrained ◊ suffer, endure hardships 2--high [v] ሯཝ shòuyāo ◊ long and short life (respectively) 4--low ᦸᇔ shòushì ◊ give sb a woman for wife 5--very low [v] ᦸਇ shòushòu ◊ give and receive, pass things from hand to hand 3--medium [v] ਄ᮆ Shū'áo ◊ Shu'ao (a compound surname) 5--very low ਄⡦ shūfù ◊ uncle (father's younger brother) ◊ form of address used by sovereign person with the same surname 1--very high [n] Җᵜ shūběn ◊ book ◊ books (in general/collectively) 2--high Җ⇥ shūduàn ◊ a passage in (traditional Chinese) story recitation 5--very low Җ㉽ shūjí ◊ books, written material (collectively)1--very high [n] Җ䇠 shūjì ◊ secretary (of an organization, like Party Secretary) ◊ clerk (in an office) 1--very high [n] Җ㓿 Shūjīng ◊ the Shujing, the Book of (Historical) Documents, the Book of History (also called Shàngshū ቊᴨ/ቊҖ, one of the Liù Jīng ‫ޝ‬㏃/‫ޝ‬㓿, the six Confucian classics) 3--medium [n] Җተ shūjú ◊ publishing house ◊ bookstore ◊ library of a government agency (in former times) 2--high [n] Җਿ shūlì ◊ petty clerk (in former times) 4--low [n]

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Җ・ shūlì ◊ formulate a document 4--low Җ਽ shūmíng◊ book title 1--very high [n] Җཱྀ shūqì ◊ contract, deed, written agreement ◊ carved characters 4--low [n] Җ俆 shūshǒu ◊ beginning of a book 3--medium [n] Җ߉ shūxiě ◊ write ◊ writing 2--high [v] Җᵝ shūzhá ◊ letters, correspondence 4--low Җ䇱 shūzhèng ◊ documentary evidence, evidence in writing 3--medium [n] ↺н⸕ shūbùzhī ◊ little did I (he, they, etc.) know; (he, they, I, etc.) never realized or imagined ◊ actually (used at the beginning of a clause that states a fact or correct point of view overturning someone else's or one's own misconception) 1--very high [conj] ↺䳮 shūnán ◊ very difficult to4--low ↺↫ shūsǐ ◊ life-and-death (battle, etc.) ◊ decapitation (as a form of capital punishment) 3--medium [adj,n] ↺↫ᡈ shūsǐzhàn ◊ fight to the death 4--low ↺Ѫ shūwéi ◊ {formal, written} extremely, particularly, really 4--low [phr] ↺䙷 shūyù ◊ special treatment ◊ special kindness 5--very low [n] ␁㖾 shūměi ◊ beautiful and virtuous 3--medium [adj] ⮿䀓 shūjiě ◊ clear out (like accumulations of unmoved passengers and freight) ◊ annotate 3--medium [v] ⮿䱄 shūkuò ◊ careless ◊ distant, estranged ◊ long separation 5--very low [adj] ⮿┿ shūlòu ◊ slip, oversight, careless omission 2--high [n,v] ⮿Ҿ shūyú ◊ negligent in (or of) 3--medium [phr] ⮿Ӂ shūyún ◊ scattered clouds 4--low ⮿䇱 shūzhèng ◊ exegesis, annotated commentary 4--low 㡂䘏 shūchí ◊ leisurely, unhurriedly 5--very low 㡂ᛵ shūqíng ◊ relieve feelings 4--low [vo] 㡂ኅ shūzhan ◊ unfold, smooth out ◊ stretch (the body) 2--high [v] 㨭㋏ shūsù ◊ beans and grain, foodstuffs5--very low [n] 䗃ᇦ shūjia ◊ loser (of a bet, gambling) 3--medium [n] 䗃㘵 shūzhě ◊ loser 4--low ຮᐸ shúshī ◊ private tutor 4--low [n] ᆠ㤕 shúruò ◊ what better than... ◊ how can it compare with... 5--very low [adv]

ᆠо shúyǔ ◊ what better than 5--very low [phr] ᆠ⸕ shúzhī ◊ who knows, who would have thought 4--low ⟏䐟 shúlù ◊ familiar road 3--medium [n] ኎㙣ⴞ zhǔ'ěrmù ◊ fix one's attention on 5--very low ኎ഭ shǔguó ◊ vassal state 3--medium [n] shǔjí ◊ place of origin ◊ family ኎㉽ register 5--very low ኎ਿ shǔlì ◊ subordinate officials (lower officials in former times) 4--low [n] ኎ᵋ zhǔwàng ◊ fix one's hopes on 5--very low [v] ኎л shǔxià ◊ subordinate, junior 3--medium [n] ኎Ҿ shǔyú ◊ belong to, pertain to, be affiliated with, be part of ◊ belong to the category of 1--very high [phr] ኎㘵 shǔzhě ◊ recently, lately ◊ in the past 5--very low 㴰≹ Shǔhàn ◊ {history} (the kingdom of) Shu Han (221 - 263 CE, one of the Three Kingdoms) 3--medium [n] 啐ヌ shǔcuàn ◊ scurry away like fleeing rats 4--low [v] 啐コ⤇ⴇ shǔqiègǒudào ◊ "pilfer like a rat and steal like a dog"—petty thefts, petty tricks 5--very low [cy] ᓦѾ shùhū ◊ in order to, so as to, in the hope that 4--low [adv] ᓦࠐ shùjī ◊ in order to, so as to, in the hope that ◊ the virtuous and worthy 3--medium ᓦࠐѾ shùjīhū ◊ in order to, so as to, in the hope that 5--very low [adv] ᓦ≁ shùmín ◊ the masses, the common people 2--high [n] ᓦᆭ shùniè ◊ children of concubines 5--very low ᓦӪ shùrén ◊ the common people 3--medium [n] ᓦ࣑ shùwù ◊ general affairs ◊ person in charge of general affairs 3--medium [n] ᓦ⢙ shùwù ◊ all creatures, all things 5--very low ᠽং shùzú ◊ border guard, garrison soldier (in ancient times) 4--low [n] ᮠⲮ shùbǎi ◊ several hundred 2--high ᮠ䇽 shùcí ◊ {linguistics} (the word category of) numeral ◊ a number (word) 5--very low [n] ᮠᓖ shùdù ◊ several times 3--medium [adv] ᮠ䇑 shǔjì ◊ calculate 3--medium ᮠⴞ shùmù ◊ sum, number, amount,

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quantity 1--very high [n] ᮠᒤ shùnián ◊ several years 2--high ᮠཷ shùjī ◊ have bad luck 4--low ᮠॳ shùqiān ◊ several thousand 2--high [num] ᮠॱ shùshí ◊ tens, dozens, scores 2--high [n] ᮠᮠ shǔshù ◊ count 3--medium ᮠз shùwàn ◊ several tens of thousands 2--high [num] ᮠᆖ shùxué ◊ mathematics 1--very high [n] ᮠѝ shùzhōng ◊ among the number, among them 3--medium [adv] ᮠᆇ shùzì ◊ number ◊ numeral, digit ◊ figure ◊ digital 1--very high [n,adj] ᶏ㕊 shùfù ◊ bind, tie, fetter ◊ the fetters ◊ yoke 1--very high [v] ṁ‫ފ‬ shùdǎng ◊ set up a faction or clique 5--very low ṁ・ shùlì ◊ set up, establish (mostly of abstract things) 1--very high [v] ṁᆀ shùzǐ ◊ {TW usage} fruit of the fragrant manjack tree, Cordia dichotoma (eaten pickled) ǁ (also called pòbùzǐ ⹤ᐳᆀ) 3--medium [n] ㄆᆀ shùzǐ ◊ houseboy, young manservant ◊ fellow (slightly derogatory) ◊ child 4--low [n] 㺠䲥 shuāilíng ◊ in decline (like national power) 5--very low 㺠ц shuāishì ◊ age of decline 4--low [n] ⦷ቄ shuài'ěr ◊ rashly, hastily 4--low [adv] ⦷‫ݸ‬ shuàixiān ◊ take the lead, be the first to do1--very high [v] ৼࣘ shuāngdòng ◊ dual action 4--low ৼ䱶 shuānglù ◊ board game 4--low ৼ਽ shuāngmíng ◊ two-syllable given name 4--low [n] ৼ༠ shuāngshēng ◊ alliteration, words with same initials (like "gonggao") 3--medium [n] 䵌䴚 shuāngxuě ◊ frost and snow ◊ white, pure 3--medium 䈱օ shuíhé ◊ who ◊ challenge (as done by a sentry) 4--low 䈱Ӫ shuírén ◊ who 3--medium [pron] 䈱⸕ shuízhī ◊ who knows? 2--high [phr] ≤⅑ shuǐcì ◊ water's edge 4--low [n] ≤⚛ shuǐhuǒ ◊ water and fire ◊ diametrically opposed ◊ abyss of suffering ◊ boil and mix food or beverages ◊ be enemies 2--high [n,v] ≤ት shuǐjū ◊ live on or in the water

4--low ≤⍱ shuǐliú ◊ rivers, streams ◊ current, flow2--high [n] ≤䱶 shuǐlù ◊ water and land ◊ delicacies of every kind 2--high [n] ≤ᒣ shuǐpíng◊ level, proficiency (in a skill) ◊ level, horizontal ◊ standard (like of living) ◊ water level ◊ {linguistics} proficiency level 1--very high [adj,n] shuǐshàng ◊ on, or above wa≤к ter 2--high [n] ≤൏ shuǐtǔ ◊ water and soil ◊ climate and environment (as sth to get accustomed to) 2--high [n] 亪䚃 shùndào ◊ on route, on the way ◊ the most direct route 3--medium 亪ᗧ Shùndé ◊ Shunde (county, Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province) 2--high 亪仾㘼બ shùnfēng'érhū ◊ (shout out in a favourable wind) champion a popular cause 3--medium 亪Ѿ shùnhū ◊ {written} comply with, conform to 0--very low [v] 亪ਓ shùnkǒu ◊ read smoothly ◊ speak without thinking, say whatever comes first to mind ◊ to one's taste, to one's liking (of food) 3--medium [adj,adv] 亪⍱ shùnliú ◊ favourable current (often figurative) 4--low [n,v] 亪ᒿ shùnxù ◊ relate in chronological sequence (like in a story, movie) ◊ order, sequence ◊ in proper order, in proper sequence ◊ smoothly, without difficulty, trouble free 1--very high [adv,n] 亪⵰ shùnzhe ◊ being in the same direction, favouring (in contrast to in the opposite direction, contrary to "nìzhe") ◊ being in the direction of, along ◊ putting in order ◊ being agreeable, fitting ◊ obeying, submitting to 2--high [v] 䈤ᡀ shuōchéng ◊ say (one thing) as (another) ◊ claim that (one thing) is (another) ◊ describe (sth) as... ◊ explain away as 3--medium [vo] 䈤ࠪ shuōchū ◊ say 2--high 䈤䇽 shuōcí ◊ explanation, reason, justification ◊ excuse, pretext 3--medium 䈤ࡠ shuōdào ◊ speak of, refer to, mention 2--high [v] 䈤 shuō ◊ speak, say, talk ◊ explain, give an explanation ◊ theory, doctrine, views ◊ scold, criticize ◊ act as go-between or matchmaker, introduce ◊ refer to, hint, indicate ◊ point to 1--very high [v] ᗇ de ◊ {grammar} (as structural particle between verb/adjective and a following complement) able to...; to the degree of...(used after certain verbs to indicate ability, possibility, or achievement to a certain degree, e.g., wǒ kàn de hěn qīngchu ᡁⴻᗇᖸ␵ᾊ "I could see it clearly") 1--very high [adv] 䈤ࣘ shuōdòng ◊ persuade, move 513

sb (by one's words) 3--medium 䈤⌅ shuōfa ◊ way of saying sth, wording, formulation ◊ statement, view, theory, argument ◊ (justifiable) explanation, equitable judgment ◊ solution or settlement (agreeable to both parties of a dispute, etc.) 2--high [n] 䈤ሶ shuōjiàng ◊ orator, good speaker 3--medium 䈤ᔰ shuōkāi ◊ start to talk (about) ◊ explain, get it out in the open, put the cards on the table, say plainly (like a subject that had been causing misunderstanding/discontent/disagreement; e.g. "bǎ huà shuōkāi le" "ᢺ䂡䃚䮻Ҷ/ᢺ 䈍䈤ᔰҶ") ◊ (of a word/expression) become popular/prevalent 3--medium [v] 䈤ᇒ shuìkè ◊ persuasive talker, one who sells an idea for sb (often derogatory, originally Warring States itinerant advisors who sold themselves and their ideas to the feudal lords) 1--very high [n] 䈤ᶕ shuōlái ◊ speak of, mention 2--high [v] 䈤᰾ shuōmíng ◊ explain, account for ◊ explanation, instructions ◊ indicate, show, prove 1--very high [v,n] 䈤䎧 shuōqǐ ◊ mention, bring up ◊ when speaking of...(usu. used in the pattern cóng…shuōqǐ ᗎ…䃚䎧/Ӿ…䈤䎧㸧 2--high [v] ৫ qù ◊ go (to), go away, leave, depart ◊ get rid of, remove ◊ (verb suffix indicating movement to a place) 1--very high [vi,v] 䈤᮷ Shuōwén ◊ the Shuowen Jiezi 3--medium 䈤⸕ shuōzhī ◊ inform, notify 4--low ⺅བྷ shuòdà ◊ gigantic 1--very high [adj] ⺅Ӫ shuòrén ◊ person of great virtue ◊ beautiful woman 4--low ਨ䇽 sīcí ◊ object of the preposition 5--very low ਨオ Sīkōng ◊ Minister of Public Works (official title) ◊ Sikong (a compound surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ਨᇷ Sīkòu ◊ Minister of Criminal Justice (official title in former times) ◊ Sikou (a compound surname) 4--low [n,sn] ਨ傜 Sīmǎ ◊ Sima (a compound surname) ◊ {archaic} Minister of War (official title, literally "Supervisor of Horses") 2--high [n,sn] ਨભ sīmìng ◊ {archaic} the God of Life 0--very low ਨᗂ Sītú ◊ Situ (a compound surname) ◊ official title 2--high [n,sn] ৞ޫ sīyǎng ◊ servant, slave 5--very low ᙍ㲁 sīlǜ ◊ think over, consider 3--medium [v] ᙍច sīmù ◊ admire, think of admiringly 3--medium [v] ᙍ㍒ sīsuǒ ◊ ponder, think deeply ab-

out 2--high [v] ᙍᜏ sīwéi ◊ thought, thinking ◊ think over3--medium ᯟ᮷ sīwén ◊ scholars, men of letters, literati ◊ culture 2--high [n] ⿱㿼 sīdí ◊ meet secretly 5--very low ⿱ᯇ sīdòu ◊ private quarrel, private dispute 4--low ⿱ sī ◊ private, personal ◊ selfish ◊ secret, confidential ◊ illegal, illicit, smuggled ◊ have an illicit love affair ◊ show favouritism ◊ everyday clothes ◊ private parts, genitals ◊ Si (surname) 1--very high [adj,n,v,sn] ‫ ے‬jiā ◊ home (used like jiā ᇦ in certain expressions, as in the three expressions jiāju ‫ے‬ ‫ء‬/ᇦާ "furniture", jiāhuo ‫ے‬Չ/ᇦՉ "tool, utensil, weapon; chap, fellow, guy", and jiāshi ‫ے‬ Ӱ/ᇦӰ "household utensils, furniture") 3--medium [n] ⿱ᛵ sīqíng ◊ personal considerations, personal relationships ◊ illicit love affair 3--medium [n] ⿱Ӫ sīrén ◊ personal ◊ private, confidential ◊ person of one's choosing (friend or relative dependent on oneself) 1--very high [adj,n] ⿱␁ sīshū ◊ take as a model, consider as one's teacher 4--low [v] ⿱ᗳ sīxīn ◊ selfishness, selfish motives ◊ innermost heart 2--high [n] ⿱㠚 sīzì ◊ private, secret ◊ privately, secretly 2--high [adj,adv] э∛ sīháo ◊ slightest bit, shred (often in the negative) 1--very high [adj] ↫н sǐbù ◊ die before, refuse stubbornly (mostly in bad sense) 2--high ↫ൠ sǐdì ◊ place of certain death, deathtrap ◊ place of execution 2--high [n] ↫⚠ sǐhuī ◊ dying embers ◊ ashen complexion ◊ calm, unruffled ◊ apathy 3--medium [n] ↫㢲 sǐjié ◊ die for moral principle, integrity, etc. 4--low [v] ↫ભ sǐmìng ◊ death, doom ◊ with all one's might, desperately 2--high [n,v] ↫Ӫ sǐrén ◊ deceased person ◊ {abusive} good-for-nothing ◊ occurrence of a death 1--very high [n] ↫һ sǐshì ◊ die in service (of one's country) 4--low [vo] ↫ᆸ sǐshǒu ◊ defend to the death ◊ cling tenaciously or obstinately 2--high [v] ↫ӑ sǐwáng ◊ die, perish, get killed ◊ death 1--very high [v] ↫ӑ㘵 sǐwángzhě ◊ dead person 3--medium ↫ѹ sǐyì ◊ die for moral principle or righteousness 5--very low ↫㘵 sǐzhě ◊ the dead, the deceased

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2--high [n] ↫ᆇ sǐzì ◊ dead (unused) characters or words 4--low ↫㖚 sǐzuì ◊ capital crime ◊ risk one's life by speaking or writing to the Emperor ◊ my apologies 3--medium [n] ↫㖚↫㖚 sǐzuìsǐzuì ◊ please excuse, my apologies3--medium ժ‫ׯ‬ sìbiàn ◊ wait for a convenient opportunity 5--very low ఓੋ sìjūn ◊ heir to the throne 4--low ഋⲮ Sìbǎi ◊ 400 -1--very low [n] ഋн Sì-Bù ◊ {ideology, PRC} "the Four Don'ts" (during the Cultural Revolution, people were told: not to label anyone politically, not to subject anyone to severe and harsh criticism, not to exploit another's weakness and not to submit anything to another's personal record file) ◊ the Four Don'ts (to achieve "Revolutionary Great Alliance", the people were asked not to say anything or hold any meeting, or put forth any slogan or big character poster that was unfavourable to forming the "Revolutionary Great Alliance") ◊ {TW} "the Four Nots" (pledge made by former Taiwan president Chen Shuibian in 2000, namely, not to change the name of Taiwan's government, not to declare independence, not to add the "state-to-state" model to the Constitution, and not to promote a referendum on independence or unification with China) 3--medium [slog] ഋ〠 sìchèn ◊ neatly arranged, symmetrical 4--low ഋ⅑ sìcì ◊ {math} quartic 0--very low [adj] ഋᯩ sìfāng ◊ the four directions ◊ everywhere, all sides ◊ square, cubic ◊ the four corners of the country/world, faraway places, everywhere 2--high [n] ഋഭ Sìguó ◊ Shikoku (Japan) ◊ the four bordering countries ◊ the Four Countries (Guan, Cai, Shang and Yan) 3--medium ഋ⎧ sìhǎi ◊ the four seas; the entire country; the whole world 2--high [n] ഋ䶒 sìmiàn ◊ (on) four sides ◊ (from) all directions 2--high [n] ഋᒣ Sìpíng ◊ Siping (city, Jílín ਹ᷇ Province) 2--high ഋॳ sìqiān ◊ 4000 3--medium [num] ഋॱ sìshí ◊ 40 1--very high [num] ഋॱ‫ޛ‬ Sìshíbā ◊ 48 -1--very low ഋॱ‫ޝ‬ Sìshíliù ◊ 46 -1--very low ഋॱй Sìshísān ◊ 43 -1--very low ഋॱӄ Sìshíwǔ ◊ 45 -1--very low ഋᰦ sìshí ◊ the four seasons ◊ four o'clock 3--medium [n] ഋҖ Sìshū ◊ the Four Books, the Four Confucian Classics (the Daxue "Great Learning",

the Zhongyong "Doctrine of the Golden Mean", the Lunyu "Analects" and the Mengzi "Mencius".) 3--medium [n] ഋփ sìtǐ ◊ the four limbs 4--low [n] ഋཆ sìwài ◊ all around 4--low [n] ഋз Sìwàn ◊ 40,000-1--very low ഋ㔤 sìwéi ◊ the four cardinal points (southeast, northeast, southwest and northwest) ◊ the four cardinal virtues (etiquette, righteousness, uprightness and humility) ◊ {med} the four limbs ◊ {math} four dimensions 2--high [n] ഋᴸ Sìyuè ◊ April ◊ the fourth lunisolar month 1--very high [n] ഋ㘵 sìzhě ◊ fourthly 3--medium ഋ㛒 sìzhī ◊ the four limbs 2--high [n] ሪӪ sìrén ◊ {archaic} palace servants; court eunuchs 4--low 㚶࣋ sìlì ◊ make every effort 5--very low [v] 㚶㹼 sìxíng ◊ do wantonly, indulge oneself 4--low [v] 傧傜 sìmǎ ◊ team of four horses 3--medium [n] ᶮ᷿ sōngbǎi ◊ pine and cypress (as symbols of fidelity) 1--very high [n] 儶⍫ ᘲᚯ sǒngyǒng ◊ instigate, incite, abet, encourage ◊ instigation, encouragement 1--very high [v] 㙨ੜ sǒngtīng◊ create a sensation, provoke people to listen (like by exaggeration) 5--very low [vo] ᆻᵜ Sòngběn◊ Song block-printed edition 4--low ᆻᵍ Sòngcháo ◊ the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty (960-1279) 2--high ᆻഭ Sòngguó ◊ Song (1113285 BCE, a state during the Zhou Dynasty) 3--medium ᆻਢ Sòngshǐ ◊ the History of the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty 3--medium 䇬⤡ sòngyù ◊ litigation, lawsuits 5--very low 䈥䈫 sòngdú ◊ chant, read aloud ◊ read your letter 3--medium [v] 䈥䈇 sòngshī ◊ recite poetry 4--low 䈥Ґ sòngxí ◊ study (like the classics, by reading aloud) 4--low [v] 䘱䘈 sònghuán ◊ return, send back 4--low [v] 䘱䫡 sòngqián ◊ make a gift of money ◊ waste money 3--medium 䘱ェ sòngqióng ◊ exorcize misfortune (esp. poverty) 5--very low 䘱ї sòngsāng ◊ attend a funeral 4--low [v] 䘱ᖰ sòngwǎng ◊ take to... ◊ see

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off 2--high [v] 䘱ᖰһት sòngwǎngshìjū ◊ care for parents piously during their lives and bury them piously when they die 5--very low [cy] 䘱ᖰ䗾ᶕ sòngwǎngyínglái ◊ see off the departing guests and welcome the newcomers 3--medium [cy] 䘱㹼 sòngxíng ◊ see (sb) off ◊ give a farewell dinner party 1--very high [v] ᩌራ sōuxún ◊ search for, seek after, look for ◊ {IT, TW usage} search 1--very high [v] 㯞⌭ sǒuzé ◊ lakes 5--very low [n] 㣿ᐎ Sūzhōu ◊ Suzhou (city, Jiāngsū ⊏ 㰷/⊏㣿 Province) 1--very high 㣿ᆀ sūzǐ ◊ perilla seeds 3--medium [n] ؇ਿ súlì ◊ ordinary official 5--very low ؇⍱ súliú ◊ the common lot of people ◊ the layman 4--low ؇Ӫ súrén ◊ layman ◊ vulgarian, crude person 3--medium [n] ؇ቊ súshàng ◊ current practice, prevailing customs 5--very low [n] ؇䉃 súwèi ◊ There is a common saying... 4--low ཉ‫ޤ‬ཌሀ sùxīngyèmèi ◊ "wake up early and go to sleep late"—work hard 4--low [cy] ᇯ㙫 sùchǐ ◊ a past humiliation 5--very low ᇯᙘ sùyuàn ◊ long-standing grudge 4--low 䙏ᡀ sùchéng ◊ speed-up (of learning) ◊ quickly done, quickly accomplished 2--high [v] ㇇ᮠ suànshù ◊ count, be important ◊ think over ◊ have done with, let it go at that ◊ keep a promise 2--high [v] 㲭❦ suīrán ◊ although, though ◊ although it is so1--very high [conj] 䲿仾 suífēng ◊ with the wind 2--high 䲿઼ suíhè ◊ repeat what others are saying, chime in with, echo 3--medium 䲿ᰦ suíshí ◊ (at) any time, at all times ◊ (as soon as possible) whenever necessary, whenever the situation calls for it; as the occasion demands 1--very high [adv] 䲿؇ suísú ◊ follow custom or convention 3--medium [v] ኱䇑 suìjì ◊ the year's accounts 4--low [n] ኱ᰦ suìshí ◊ season 2--high [n] ኱։ suìyú ◊ winter 4--low 䙲㹼 suìxíng ◊ carry out, put into effect 2--high 䙲᜿ suìyì ◊ as one would like 4--low

ᆉᆀ sūnzi ◊ grandson ◊ (in the pronunciation "Sūnzǐ": name for Sūn Wǔ ᆛ↖/ᆉ ↖, military strategist of the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) ◊ the Sunzi (name for the military treatise by Sun Wu; full title is Sūnzǐ Bīngfǎ ᆛᆀ‫⌅ޥ‬/ᆉᆀ‫ )⌅ޥ‬1--very high [n] ᦏ⳺ sǔnyì ◊ increase and decrease ◊ profit and loss ◊ advantage and disadvantage [v] 2--high ᡰ䜘 suǒbù ◊ one's subordinates 3--medium [n] ᡰՐ suǒchuán ◊ what has been passed on, handed down, spread, expressed 3--medium ᡰᆈ suǒcún ◊ what has been stored, collected 3--medium ᡰᗇ suǒdé ◊ income, earnings ◊ sth obtained 1--very high [n] ᡰᗇ㘵 suǒdézhě ◊ person with income, earnings 3--medium ᡰ䱴 suǒfù ◊ what has been attached, enclosed, added 3--medium ᡰᝏ suǒgǎn ◊ impressions, feelings 2--high ᡰ㿱 suǒjiàn ◊ views, thoughts, opinions 2--high [n] ᡰࡇ suǒliè ◊ what has been arranged ◊ what has been listed, entered in a list 2--high ᡰ䎧 suǒqǐ ◊ cause, arising from 2--high ᡰ኎ suǒshǔ ◊ that to which (sth or sb) belongs ◊ that which is subordinate or under one's command ◊ that to which one is affiliated or attached to ◊ that one is affiliated with 1--very high [adj] ᡰਨ suǒsī ◊ those in charge, the authorities 4--low ᡰѪ suǒwèi ◊ the reason why... 2--high [phr] ᡰ䉃 suǒwèi ◊ so-called ◊ what is called, what is meant by 1--very high [phr] ᡰ䰫 suǒwén ◊ what has been heard 1--very high ᡰੁ suǒxiàng ◊ direction ◊ face ◊ turn towards 3--medium ᡰᒨ suǒxìng ◊ fortunately 3--medium ᡰԕ suǒyǐ ◊ therefore (a conjunction indicating cause-effect relationship) ◊ so ◊ that's why ◊ that's the reason ◊ (same meaning as zhī suǒyǐ ѻᡰԕ:) the reason that... (often followed by shì yīnwèi ᱟഐ⛪,ᱟഐѪ... "is because...") 1--very high [conj] ᡰԕ❦ suǒyǐrán◊ the reason why 2--high [n] ᡰ⭡ suǒyóu ◊ the reason why 3--medium ᡰᴹ suǒyǒu ◊ all, every ◊ own, possess, belong to ◊ possessions, everything in one's possession 1--very high [phr]

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3--medium ཚ‫ڵ‬ tàifù ◊ grand mentor (one of three preceptors to the Emperor) 3--medium ཚ‫ޜ‬ tàigōng ◊ great-grandfather ◊ father, grandfather, ancestors ◊ {formal} a form of address when referring to a man older than oneself 3--medium [n] ཚਾ tàihòu ◊ mother of the emperor, empress dowager, queen mother 1--very high [n] ཚᓧ Tàikāng ◊ Taikang (county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 3--medium ཚ⢒ tàiláo ◊ ancient sacrificial rite in which an ox, sheep and pig are offered to the God of the Earth and the God of Grain ◊ ox used in this sacrifice 4--low ཚᓉ Tàimiào ◊ the Imperial Ancestral Temple 3--medium [n] ཚᒣ tàipíng ◊ peaceful and tranquil (era/times, country, world) ◊ peace, safety, peace and tranquility (usu. referring to a society) ◊ Taiping (county, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province) 2--high [n,adj] ཚ⭊ tàishèn ◊ too much, very, awfully 3--medium [adj] ཚᐸ tàishī ◊ Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor (official title of one of the three preceptors to the Emperor) ◊ (also called tàizǐ tàishī ཚᆀཚ ᐸ) official whose job was to teach and guide the crown prince 3--medium ཚਢ tàishǐ ◊ Grand Historian (an official title in ancient China) ◊ Taishi (a compound surname) 3--medium [n,sn] ཚਢ‫ޜ‬ tàishǐgōng ◊ Grand Historian (office of the historiographer established during the reign of Emperor Wǔ ↖ [156-87 BCE] of the Former Han Dynasty) 3--medium [n] ཚᆸ tàishǒu ◊ prefect (official title dating from the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 3--medium [n] ཚ਄ Tàishū ◊ Taishu (a compound surname) 5--very low [sn] ཚሹ tàiwèi ◊ {history} Minister of War (in China, during the Western Han Dynasty [206 BCE - 9 CE]) 4--low [n] ཚᆖ Tàixué ◊ the National College (in the dynastic capital during Imperial times) 4--low [n] ཚ৏ Tàiyuán ◊ Taiyuan (city, Shānxī ኡ 㾯 Province) 1--very high [n] ཚ䟽 tàizhòng◊ too heavy 3--medium [adj] ཚᆀ tàizǐ ◊ crown prince 2--high [n] ཚ⾆ Tàizǔ ◊ "Great (Imperial) Ancestor"—(usu. the title of the first emperor of a new dynasty) 3--medium [n] ⊠ָ tàichǐ ◊ arrogant and excessive 5--very low ⌠ॺ tàibàn ◊ the greater part, more

ᡰ൘ suǒzài ◊ place, site, location ◊ (after a noun phrase:) wherein lies... ◊ (before a noun:) the...(type of organization) to which one belongs (e.g., suǒzài dānwèi ᡰ൘௞ս/ᡰ൘অ ս "the organization to which one belongs") 1--very high [phr] ᡰ䮯 suǒzhǎng ◊ head or director of an institute, office, etc. 2--high [n] ᡰ⸕ suǒzhī ◊ what has been known, realized ◊ what has been informed, notified, told 2--high [v] ᡰ٬ suǒzhí ◊ what is valued, worthy 3--medium ᡰᤷ suǒzhǐ ◊ what has been pointed at, pointed to ◊ what has been indicated, pointed out, referred to ◊ what has been depended on, counted on 2--high [n] ᡰ㠤 suǒzhì ◊ be the result of 2--high [v] ㍒䀓 suǒjiě ◊ look for an explanation, search for the meaning 4--low [v] ㍒ᕅ suǒyǐn ◊ index, concordance 1--very high [n,phon] ㍒䳀 suǒyǐn ◊ probe into a concealed or secret matter 4--low

T Ԇ༴ tāchù ◊ another place ◊ elsewhere 3--medium [n] Ԇࣘ tādòng ◊ propelled by outside force 3--medium [adj] Ԇࣘ䇽 tādòngcí◊ transitive verb 5--very low Ԇഭ tāguó ◊ his or another's country 3--medium Ԇ࣋ tālì ◊ aid from others ◊ {Buddhism} salvation through others 3--medium ԆԜ tāmen ◊ they ◊ them 1--very high [pron] ԆӪ tārén ◊ another person, others 1--very high [n] Ԇᰕ tārì ◊ some other time, another day 3--medium [n] Ԇһ tāshì ◊ other matters, things, or business 4--low [n] Ԇ᜿ tāyì ◊ another intention (different from the professed one) 3--medium ᆳԜ tāmen ◊ they (third person plural, neuter) 1--very high [pron] 䱈㥨 tàróng ◊ lowly, inferior 5--very low [adj] 㛾⭏ tāishēng ◊ viviparity, zoogony 3--medium [adj,v] ਠ῝ táixiè ◊ terrace and pavilion 4--low [n] ਠк táishang ◊ on the platform ◊ on the stage 2--high ཚࡍ tàichū ◊ the beginning of the world, remotest antiquity ◊ {Taoism} the original Dao ◊ Taichu (reign title for Emperor Wu of the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty, 104 BCE-101 BCE) 517

than half, most 4--low ⌠㾯 Tàixī ◊ the West, the Occident 4--low [n] 䍚߂ tānmào ◊ take bribes ◊ corrupt official 5--very low 䍚⭏ tānshēng ◊ cravenly cling to life, care for nothing but saving one's life 0--very low [v] 䍚ᗳ tānxīn ◊ greed, avarice ◊ greedy, avaricious 1--very high [adj,n] ᕩ⩤ tánqín ◊ play certain stringed instruments that are plucked or have a keyboard (piano, lute, zither, harp, etc.) 3--medium [vo] ₰ᕃ tángōng ◊ {weaponry} bow made from the wood of the Tara wingceltis tree (Pteroceltis tartarinowii) 4--low 䈸ࡠ tándào ◊ talk about, speak of ◊ discuss 2--high [v] 䈸ㅁ tánxiào ◊ chat, chant and laugh 2--high [v] ਩䇽 tàncí ◊ interjection, exclamation 4--low [n] ᧒䇘 tàntǎo ◊ inquire into, probe into, investigate 1--very high [v] ਩㖾 tànměi ◊ praise, applaud 4--low ਩᚟ tànxī ◊ sigh (in lamentation), heave a sigh ◊ praise, acclaim ◊ a sigh 2--high [v] ⊔⋀ tāngmù ◊ take a bath 4--low ୀӪ Tángrén ◊ {Guangzhou} Chinese (person), the Chinese people ◊ person of the Táng ୀ Dynasty 2--high [n] ୀҖ Tángshū◊ the Tangshu, the History of the Táng ୀ Dynasty (divided into the old history of the Táng ୀ Dynasty and the new history of the Táng ୀ Dynasty) 3--medium าк tángshàng ◊ one's parents ◊ form of address to magistrates and judges in former times 3--medium [n] าา tángtáng◊ (of sb's appearance) dignified, impressive, imposing ◊ ambitous and daring, having high aspirations and boldness of vision ◊ imposing, awe-inspiring, magnificent, formidable 2--high [adj] 㷣㶲 tángláng◊ mantis 5--very low [n] Ửᵼ táowù ◊ god, fabulous monster (in ancient legends) ◊ evil person 4--low [n] 䘳྄ táobèn ◊ flee (to some other place) 4--low [v] 䘳९ táonì ◊ run away and hide, lay low 3--medium [v] 䘳ӑ táowáng ◊ become a fugitive, flee and go into exile 1--very high [v] 䘳ࡁ táoxíng ◊ flee punishment 5--very low 䘳㘵 táozhě ◊ fugitive(s), escapee(s) 5--very low 䘳㖚 táozuì ◊ flee punishment for one's

offenses 5--very low [v] 䲦ߦ táoyě ◊ mold, cultivate, refine, nurture (one's/sb's personality, temperament, mind); (of a person, environment, culture, literature, etc.) edify, exert a positive influence on (sb by molding their thought and personality), influence, form ǁ (originally meant "throw pottery and cast metal," and by extension, to mold a person) 2--high [v] 䲦䬨 táozhù ◊ throw pottery and cast metal ◊ mold character 4--low [v] 䇘䇪 tǎolùn ◊ discuss ◊ discussion 1--very high [v,n] ⢩࡛ tèbié ◊ special, particular ◊ especially, particularly ◊ specially 1--very high [adj,adv] ⢩↔ tècǐ ◊ {document style} it is hereby announced, let it be known 2--high [adv] ⢩ൠ tèdì ◊ for a special purpose ◊ 2--high [adv] specially ⢩・ tèlì ◊ outstanding ◊ independent 2--high ⢩䇮 tèshè ◊ ad hoc 2--high [adj] ⢩င tèwěi ◊ special entrustee, appointee ◊ special committee ◊ special committee member 4--low ⢩Ѫ tèwèi ◊ specially, for the special purpose 3--medium [adv] ⢩ᤷ tèzhǐ ◊ refer specifically to, be a specific term for; be used in a specific sense ◊ {linguistics} specific ǁ (opposite is fànzhǐ ⌋ᤷ) 3--medium [v] 㞮䏳 téngyuè ◊ prance, leap about ◊ soar (of prices) 3--medium [v] ஬⌓ tíqì ◊ cry, weep 4--low ᨀّ tíchàng ◊ promote, advocate, encourage 1--very high [v] ᨀঅ tídān ◊ bill of lading 3--medium [n] ᨀࡠ tídào ◊ mention, touch upon 1--very high [v] ᨀ⌅ tífa ◊ wording, phrasing, the way (sth) is put, formulation; (if just a few specific words:) phrase, term, expression; (if longer/more involved:) proposition, argument, idea(s) 4--low [n] ᨀ৺ tíjí ◊ mention, refer to 2--high [v] ᨀ䮻䙾 ᨀ䎧 tíqǐ ◊ bring up, mention ◊ lift up, raise up ◊ {figurative} brace up, raise (one's spirits, etc.) ◊ raise, bring (like a lawsuit) 1--very high [v] ᨀᩪ tíxié ◊ lead a child by the hand ◊ guide and support 2--high [v] ᨀᥟ tízhèn ◊ brace up ◊ raise (morale) ◊ boost (the economy) 1--very high [v] 仈䇠 tíjì ◊ prefatory remarks (at the beginning of a book) 3--medium [n] 仈ⴞ tímù ◊ subject, topic ◊ questions 518

(of an exam, study problem) ◊ judge, appraise 1--very high [n] փՊ tǐhuì ◊ learn/know from experience, realize ◊ knowledge/understanding (gained from experience) 1--very high [v,n] փᘱ tǐtài ◊ carriage, deportment, posture 2--high [n] փણ tǐwèi ◊ appreciate, savour 2--high [n,v] փ㌫ tǐxì ◊ system1--very high [n] փࡦ tǐzhì ◊ system (of an organization), structure, setup ◊ structural, institutional (like reform) 1--very high [n] փ䍘 tǐzhì ◊ physique, constitution 2--high [n] ٌ❦ tìrán ◊ aloof, unconventional ◊ estranged 5--very low [adj] ٌ‫ە‬ tìtǎng ◊ {written} outstanding, uncommon, extraordinary ◊ unconventional, informal and easy-going 3--medium [adj] ⏅⌓ tìqì ◊ weep 4--low [v] ཙᇍ Tiānbǎo ◊ Tianbao (reign title for Tang Emperor Li Longji, 742- 756) 2--high [n] ཙਈ tiānbiàn ◊ heavenly changes (like eclipses, considered portentous) 3--medium ཙ⊐ tiānchí ◊ Heavenly Pond ◊ {archaic} sea, ocean 0--very low [n] ཙབྷ tiāndà ◊ big as the heavens, very big 2--high [adj] ཙ䚃 tiāndào ◊ the way of heaven ◊ natural phenomena as omens ◊ weather 2--high [n] ཙൠ tiāndì ◊ heaven and earth, the world ◊ sphere of activity ◊ the upper and lower margins of a scroll 1--very high [n] ཙᯩ Tiānfāng ◊ Arabia (esp. Mecca, so-called) 2--high [n] ཙᰡ tiānhàn ◊ drought 4--low ཙ㉱ tiānlài ◊ the sounds of nature (like the sounds of birds, the wind) 2--high [n] ཙ傜 tiānmǎ ◊ heavenly steed, fine steed ◊ the mantis ◊ "tianma" (name for "mao", the fourth of the Twelve Earthly Branches) 3--medium ཙભ tiānmìng ◊ fate, the will of Heaven 2--high [n] ཙᒤ tiānnián ◊ natural lifespan ◊ fortune in the current year ◊ the times, the situation 3--medium [n] ཙӪ tiānrén ◊ heaven and man, nature and man ◊ the way of heaven and the way of man ◊ outstanding person ◊ {Taoism} person who has achieved the Dao ◊ beautiful woman 3--medium [n] ཙᰕ tiānrì ◊ the sky and the sun ◊ light 3--medium [n] ཙ⾎ tiānshén ◊ God, celestial spirit or deity 2--high [n]

ཙ⭏ tiānshēng ◊ inborn, innate ◊ by nature 1--very high [adj] ཙᰦ tiānshí ◊ weather, climate, season ◊ opportunity 3--medium [n] ཙᦸ tiānshòu ◊ given by heaven, innate 4--low [adj] ཙ≤ Tiānshuǐ◊ Tianshui (city and county, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province)2--high ཙ⦻ Tiānwáng ◊ the Emperor ◊ Heavenly King (title taken by Taiping leader Hóng Xiùquán ⍚⿰‫[ ޘ‬1814-1864]) ◊ Heavenly King (name given to various folk deities) 2--high [n] ཙ᮷ tiānwén ◊ astronomy 2--high [n] ཙл tiānxià ◊ all under heaven, the world, China ◊ rule, control, domination 1--very high [n] ◊ unmatched in ཙлᰐ᭼ tiānxiàwúdí the world, invincible 3--medium [cy] ཙᙗ tiānxìng ◊ natural disposition, natural instincts, nature 2--high [n] ཙ᜿ tiānyì ◊ God's will ◊ the will of Heaven 2--high [n] ཙ䘀 tiānyùn ◊ fate, destiny ◊ movement of heavenly bodies 4--low ཙ⚮ tiānzāi ◊ natural disaster, natural calamity 1--very high [n] ཙ㙼 tiānzhí ◊ inherent responsibility, vocation 3--medium [n] ཙ䍴 tiānzī ◊ natural talent, natural gift 4--low [n] ཙᆀ tiānzǐ ◊ the Son of Heaven, the Emperor 2--high [n] ཙ㓥 tiānzòng◊ having God-given wisdom3--medium ປ⋏༁ tiángōuhè ◊ "fill the ditch" ◊ kick the bucket, die 5--very low ປオ tiánkòng◊ fill a vacancy ◊ fill in the blanks (on a test) 2--high [v] ປປ tiántián ◊ boom (of thunder) ◊ sound of a heavy fall 4--low ⭠⮤ tiánchóu◊ farmland, fields4--low [n] ⭠অ tiándān ◊ land deed 4--low ⭠ൠ tiándì ◊ field, farmland ◊ plight 1--very high [n] ⭠⤾ tiánliè ◊ hunt ◊ hunting 4--low [v] ⭠ᓀ tiánlú ◊ land and buildings 5--very low ⭠䟾 tiányě ◊ open country, field 2--high [n] ↴⚝ tiǎnmiè ◊ exterminate (the enemy) 4--low [v] ᥁ࣘ tiǎodòng◊ stir up, incite, provoke 3--medium [v] ᥁ᡈ tiǎozhàn ◊ challenge ◊ challenge to battle/fight, throw down the gauntlet 1--very high [n,v] ᶑ䱸 tiáochén ◊ state point by point ◊ me-

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morandum making a proposal or request to a superior 5--very low [n,v] ᶑԦ tiáojiàn ◊ condition, term ◊ requirement, qualification ◊ condition, state of affairs 1--very high [n] ᶑѮ tiáojǔ ◊ item-by-item explanation 5--very low ᶑ⨶ tiáolǐ ◊ well-arranged, orderly 2--high [n] ᶑֻ tiáolì ◊ rule, regulation 1--very high [n] 䈳༴ tiáochǔ ◊ mediate 1--very high [v] 䈳઼ tiáohé ◊ be in balance/harmony, be in good/proper proportion ◊ blend, mix ◊ mediate, reconcile ◊ (usu. used in the negative) reconcile, make concessions, compromise ◊ {math} harmonic ǁ (also tiáohe) 2--high [v,adj] 䈳ࡲ tiáojì ◊ adjust, regulate ◊ add variety, break the monotony ◊ (verb-object compound) fill a prescription 2--high [vo] 䈳䉀 tiáoxié ◊ harmonious ◊ tuning 3--medium [adj,n] 䈳ᮤ tiáozhěng ◊ adjust, revise, re-adjust, regulate ◊ adjustment, revision 1--very high [v] ᑆᑆ tiētiē ◊ peaceful ◊ submit 3--medium 䫱ಘ tiěqì ◊ ironware 3--medium [n] 䫱ࡉ tiězé ◊ iron rule, unalterable rule 4--low [n] ੜӾ tīngcóng◊ obey, comply with 2--high [v] ੜ㘼н䰫 tīng'érbùwén ◊ hear but not heed, turn a deaf ear to 4--low [cy] ੜભ tīngmìng ◊ take orders from ◊ leave things to fate 3--medium [v] ੜ䇬 tīngsòng◊ hear a case, preside at court 4--low [v] ੜ䰫 tīngwén ◊ hear ◊ the things one hears ◊ people's hearing (as sth disturbed, misled, etc.)2--high [v,n] ੜ㘵 tīngzhě ◊ listener 3--medium ੜᆀ tīngzi ◊ tin, can 4--low [n] ӝ䮯 tíngzhǎng ◊ a village constable (of the Qin and Han Dynasties) 4--low ‫ڌ‬亯 tíngdùn ◊ be at a standstill ◊ pause (when speaking) ◊ pause 1--very high [v] ᔧ㠓 tíngchén◊ court official 4--low ᥪ䎧 tǐngqǐ ◊ stick out ◊ straighten up (physically) 3--medium ⭪⮖ tǐngqí ◊ a path between fields ◊ keep within bounds 5--very low 䙊ᑨ tōngcháng ◊ as a rule, ordinarily, normally, usually ◊ usual, general, common, normal 1--very high [adj,adv] 䙊〠 tōngchēng ◊ be generally cal-

led ◊ a general term 1--very high [n,v] 䙊Ր tōngchuán ◊ circulate ◊ circular 4--low 䙊䗮 tōngdá ◊ understand ◊ unobstructed 2--high [v] 䙊䚃 tōngdào ◊ passage, passageway, path, access way, corridor, channel, aisle ◊ thoroughfare ◊ {electrical} channel, circuit, opening 1--very high [n] 䙊䇑 tōngjì ◊ total 4--low 䙊䀓 tōngjiě ◊ {math} general solution ◊ understand thoroughly 4--low [v] 䙊㓿 tōngjīng ◊ {med} stimulate menstrual flow ◊ be well versed in the Confucian classics 3--medium [v] 䙊ֻ tōnglì ◊ general rule ◊ universal law 3--medium [n] 䙊䇪 tōnglùn ◊ reasonable argument ◊ general introduction, general survey (often in the title of a book) 3--medium [n] 䙊਽ tōngmíng ◊ give one's name ◊ general term, usual name ◊ generic name (e.g., the generic part of the name of an administrative region) 4--low [n] 䙊݂ tōngrú ◊ well-versed (Confucian) scholar 4--low [n] 䙊ຎ tōngsāi ◊ smooth or difficult (circumstances) 4--low 䙊փ tōngtǐ ◊ merge into one, unite as one ◊ the whole body, all over the body 3--medium [n] 䙊㹼 tōngxíng ◊ be in common use, be the current practice; current, common, general 2--high [adj,v] 䙊⭘ tōngyòng ◊ current, common, general ◊ interchangeable (Chinese characters, words) ◊ (Chinese name for) General Motors, GM 1--very high [adj] 䙊⸕ tōngzhī ◊ notify, inform ◊ a note, notice, circular 1--very high [v,n] ਼‫ך‬ tóngchái◊ of the same generation 3--medium [n] ਼Ր tóng-chuán ◊ simultaneous interpretation (short for tóngshēng chuányì ਼㚢 ۣ䆟/਼༠Ր䈁) 4--low ਼䚃 tóngdào ◊ person of same belief or convictions ◊ person engaged in same trade or profession 2--high [n,v] ਼ㅹ tóngděng ◊ of the same rank, grade or level ◊ on equal footing 1--very high [adj] ਼ᚦ⴨ࣙ tóng'èxiāngzhù ◊ abet each other in wrong doing 3--medium ਼㘼н઼ tóng'érbùhé ◊ agree outwardly but not really cooperate 2--high ਼ᖂ tóngguī ◊ reach the same goal or conclusion from different approaches, all roads lead to Rome3--medium [phr,v] ਼ྭ tónghào ◊ people fond of the same things 2--high [n] ਼ት tóngjū ◊ live together, cohabit ◊ cohabitation 2--high [v,n] 520

਼、 tóngkē ◊ of the same grade, rank or degree ◊ same kind ◊ fellow student (person who passed the Imperial Civil Service Examinations, esp. at the lower levels) 4--low ਼Ҁ tónglè ◊ have a good time together, have a social gathering 3--medium [v] ਼㊫ tónglèi ◊ same kind 1--very high [adj,n] ਼㊫㘵 tónglèizhě ◊ people of the same ambition or goal 5--very low ਼ሞ tóngliáo ◊ colleague, fellow-official 5--very low ਼ࡇ tóngliè ◊ of the same rank 3--medium ਼ⴏ tóngméng ◊ alliance, league 2--high [n] ਼਽ tóngmíng ◊ (of the) same name 2--high [v] ਼਽㘵 tóngmíngzhě ◊ people with the same name 5--very low ਼ભ tóngmìng ◊ live and die together ◊ of the same fate, having the same future ◊ born under the same sign (under the same one of the five elements) 3--medium ਼ࡽ tóngqián◊ ditto ◊ idem 3--medium [v] ਼ᛵ tóngqíng ◊ sympathize with, have sympathy for 1--very high [v] ਼৫ tóngqù ◊ go together 3--medium ਼ᰕ tóngrì ◊ on the same day 2--high ਼к tóngshàng ◊ ditto, same as above 2--high [v] ਼༠ tóngshēng ◊ with one voice (like applauding, approving) 3--medium [adv] ਼ᰦ tóngshí ◊ at the same time ◊ simultaneously ◊ moreover, furthermore 1--very high [adv] ਼һ tóngshì ◊ colleague, fellow worker, co-worker ◊ work together1--very high [n,v] ਼ᱟ tóngshì ◊ all at the same level 3--medium ਼኎ tóngshǔ ◊ belong to the same... 3--medium [v] ਼኎ tóngshǔ ◊ belong to the same... 3--medium [v] 䗷 guò ◊ go past, pass (by), go through, cross ◊ exceed, go beyond ◊ mistake ◊ blame or criticize sb for a mistake ◊ transfer (like money), adopt (like a child) ◊ read, go over, recall, call to mind ◊ {written} visit, stop by ◊ {regional} pass away, die ◊ {grammar} outperform, or fail (following dé ᗇ or bù н after a verb) ◊ {chem} per-, super- ◊ {regional} be contagious, infect ◊ Guo (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,co,sn] ਼᮷ tóngwén◊ same text, same script 3--medium

਼ᗳ tóngxīn ◊ of one mind, in agreement ◊ cocentric 2--high [adj] ਼ဃ tóngxìng ◊ (of the) same surname 3--medium [v] ਼ъ tóngyè ◊ same business, same trade ◊ person engaged in the same business or trade 2--high [n] ਼а tóngyī ◊ identical, same 1--very high [adj,n] ਼а䎧 tóngyīqǐ ◊ in the same place ◊ together ◊ in company ◊ altogether ◊ in all ◊ a group of people, (legal) cases 4--low ਼᜿ tóngyì ◊ agree, approve, consent, concur 1--very high [v] ਼᜿㘵 tóngyìzhě ◊ person who agrees, approves, consents 4--low ਼ᔲ tóngyì ◊ differences and similarities ◊ form a clique with like-minded people and oppose those who disagree 4--low [n] ਼ѹ tóngyì ◊ identical in meaning, synonymous 2--high [adj] ਼丣 tóngyīn ◊ same syllable 3--medium [v] ਼൘ tóngzài ◊ be with (sb) (esp. in a religious sense, such as "the Lord be with you") 3--medium [v] ਼ᘇ tóngzhì ◊ comrade (mostly in the political sense) ◊ {TW usage} homosexual, gay 1--very high [n] Ẁể Tóngzǐ ◊ Tongzi (county, Guìzhōu 䋤ᐎ/䍥ᐎ Province) 3--medium ㄕ㫉 tóngméng ◊ childhood ignorance ◊ beginning student ◊ child 4--low [n] ㄕᒤ tóngnián◊ childhood 2--high [n] ㄕᆀ tóngzǐ ◊ boy 2--high [n] 䬌ಘ tóngqì ◊ bronzeware, brassware, copperware 1--very high [n] 㔏㿲 tǒngguān ◊ take an overall view (of sth ), take sth as a whole 0--very low [v] 㔏㘳 tǒngkǎo ◊ uniform examination, nationwide examination (like for school students) 2--high [v] 㔏ᤜ tǒngkuò ◊ comprise the whole of, include everything 3--medium [v] 㔏਽ tǒngmíng ◊ general term 5--very low Ⰻᗳ⯮俆 tòngxīnjíshǒu ◊ hate deeply, bitterly hate, thoroughly detest, feel bitter about, deplore/lament greatly ◊ feel self-hatred (due to one's own errors) ◊ bitterly, with bitter hatred, with grief 3--medium [cy] Ⰻ侞 tòngyǐn ◊ drink to one's heart's content 4--low [v] ᣅࡪ tóucì ◊ present one's calling card, visit 5--very low ᣅ༦ tóuhú ◊ throw counters into a vase (a party game) 4--low [n] ᣅ㺲㘼䎧 tóumèi'érqǐ ◊ "rise with a

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flick of the sleeve"—rise with force and spirit 5--very low [cy] ᣅ䰢㖞ᮓ tóuxiánzhìsǎn ◊ work at a job that does not utilize one's talents, remain idle 5--very low [cy] ᣅᶬ tóuzhù ◊ (throw down the shuttle and flee) believe at-first incredible rumours after their repetition 5--very low ᣅ䏣 tóuzú ◊ take a step 3--medium ཤՊ㇅ᮋ tóukuàijīliǎn ◊ "taxes levied according to the number of people and grains collected by the scoopful"—exorbitant taxation 5--very low [cy] ཤ亵 tóulú ◊ the (human) head 2--high [n] ケ䎧 tūqǐ ◊ break out (like hostilities) ◊ come up suddenly, rise up, tower, bulge ◊ growth, tumor 2--high [v,n] ケྲަᶕ tūrúqílái ◊ arise unexpectedly, come out of nowhere; sudden, unexpected 2--high [cy] മᆈ túcún ◊ seek to survive, seek a living4--low [v] മ⭫ túhuà ◊ painting, drawing, picture 1--very high [n] മ㉽ tújí ◊ maps and census registers ◊ paintings and books 4--low [n] മই túnán ◊ high aspirations 4--low മҖ túshū ◊ books 1--very high [n] ⎲⛝ tútàn ◊ misery and suffering, great distress 4--low [n] ᗂ⌅ túfǎ ◊ dead letter ◊ law in name only4--low [n] ᗂᢈオ䀰 tútuōkōngyán ◊ indulge in empty talk 4--low [cy] ੀପᨑਁ tǔbǔwòfà ◊ make every effort to recruit capable government workers 5--very low ੀ⌫ tùxiè ◊ vomiting and diarrhea ◊ cholera 4--low [v] ൏ൠ tǔdì ◊ soil, earth, land, fields ◊ territory 1--very high [n] ൏ᯩ tǔfāng ◊ cubic meter of earth ◊ earthwork ◊ {med} folk remedies, folk prescriptions ◊ Tufang (ethnic group) 2--high [n] ൏㛕 tǔféi ◊ compost 3--medium ൏㞿 tǔgāo ◊ fertility of the soil ◊ fertile soil 5--very low ൏ệ tǔgěng ◊ clay idol 5--very low ൏㣕 tǔjiè ◊ mud and grass ◊ trifles 5--very low [n] ൏༔ tǔrǎng ◊ soil, earth 1--very high [n] ൏ᇌ tǔyí ◊ geological features, suitability of soil ◊ native products 4--low ൏֌ tǔzuò ◊ building and construction projects (mostly involving soil and wood as

materials) 4--low ᧘ᇅ tuīdàng ◊ put off, procrastinate 5--very low [v] ᧘⇲ tuīgǔ {classical} ◊ recommend (sb for a position) ◊ help (sb) succeed 5--very low [v] ᧘৺ tuījí ◊ extend (by analogy) 4--low [v] ᧘䘋 tuījìn ◊ push forward, carry forward, advance, promote ◊ give impetus to ◊ {military} move forward, drive, push (of a military unit or the battle front) ◊ {physics} propel, thrust 1--very high [v] ᧘Ѯ tuījǔ ◊ elect, choose ◊ press (in weightlifting) 2--high [v] ᧘ᔰ tuīkāi ◊ push open ◊ push aside ◊ evade (responsibility) 2--high [v] ᧘⨶ tuīlǐ ◊ {logic} inference, reasoning, deduction ◊ detective (like film or novel) 1--very high [v] ᧘䇪 tuīlùn ◊ infer, deduce ◊ inference, deduction, corollary 2--high [n,v] ᧘һ tuīshì ◊ judge 4--low [v] ᧘䈤 tuīshuō ◊ use a pretext ◊ infer, deduce 3--medium [v] ᧘䍔䇙㜭 tuīxiánràngnéng ◊ recommend the meritorious (the extent of giving up one's own post to them) 5--very low ᧘䈖 tuīxiáng ◊ research in detail 5--very low [v] ᧘╄ tuīyǎn ◊ inference, deduction ◊ deduce, derive, infer ◊ {TW usage, military} simulation 3--medium [v] ᧘৏ tuīyuán ◊ trace back to a source, get to the origin 5--very low ᧘ኅ tuīzhǎn ◊ promote, develop, advance ◊ promotional exhibition 1--very high [v,n] 仃ๅ tuíduò ◊ in decline, in collapse 5--very low 䘰ᵍ tuìcháo ◊ adjourn an imperial court session 0--very low [v] 䘰ᖂ tuìguī ◊ retire (from office) 4--low ኟ㚊 túnjù ◊ gather, collect, assemble 5--very low [v] ኟᆸ túnshǒu ◊ defend (from fixed garrison) 5--very low [v] ኟᠽ túnshù ◊ defend (from fixed garrison) 5--very low ኟ⭠ túntián ◊ station troops to open up wasteland and have them raise their own food 3--medium [v] 䁇࿻ 㝡ࠪ tuōchū ◊ leave, depart from, shake off (often figurative) 4--low [v] 㝡⮕ tuōlüè ◊ unrestrained, unconventional 5--very low [v] 㝡㩭 tuōluò ◊ drop off, fall off, shed 2--high [v] 㝡৫ tuōqù ◊ take off, throw off 3--medium 522

㝡䓛 etc.)2--high ࿕䍤 4--low ୮ᔳ 3--medium ᤃൠ 4--low 䏵ᕋ low

ral courage 5--very low 亭ཛ wánfū ◊ stubborn person, diehard 5--very low ၹ㓖 wǎnyuē ◊ (graceful) restrained 3--medium [adj] ၹ䖜 wǎnzhuǎn ◊ tactful (in speech) ◊ pleasing, agreeable (like voice) 2--high [adj] ᇋ㤕 wǎnruò ◊ just like 2--high ᇋ䖜 wǎnzhuǎn ◊ toss and turn, turn over and over (like while trying to get to sleep) ◊ pass through many hands, pass through many places ◊ roundabout, indirect, tactful 3--medium [adj,v] з‫ؽ‬ wànbèi ◊ ten-thousand fold 3--medium зн wànbù ◊ on no account 3--medium з҈ wànshèng ◊ ten thousand war chariots ◊ the Emperor 4--low зഭ wànguó ◊ all countries, international 2--high [n] зᡧ‫ן‬ wànhùhóu ◊ lord of ten thousand households (designation during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) ◊ nobles, aristocrats 4--low [n] зॆ wànhuà ◊ all creation ◊ myriad changes 3--medium з䠁 wànjīn ◊ large sum of money ◊ {formal} your son 3--medium [adj,n] з≁ wànmín ◊ the common people 3--medium [n] зᒤ wànnián ◊ ten thousand years, all time ◊ Wannian (county, Jiāngxī ⊏㾯 Province) 3--medium [n] з‫ޘ‬ wànquán ◊ completely safe, surefire ◊ Wanquan (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 2--high [adj] зӪ᭼ wànréndí ◊ a match for ten thousand, outstandingly valiant warrior or skilled strategist 4--low зц wànshì ◊ all generations, all ages, eternity 3--medium [n] з↫ wànsǐ ◊ ten thousand deaths 4--low [v] зз wànwàn ◊ one hundred million ◊ great many ◊ absolutely (mostly used in the negative) 2--high [adv,num] зᰐ wànwú ◊ absolutely not, no way, never 4--low з⢙ wànwù ◊ all things in the universe 2--high [n] зဃ wànxìng◊ the common people 4--low [n] за wànyī ◊ if by some (remote) chance ◊ (just) in case... ◊ one in ten thousand ◊ eventuality, contingency 1--very high [conj,n] зӯ wànyì ◊ {numeral} a trillion (1,000,000,000,000, one million million) 2--high

tuōshēn ◊ get away (from work, [v] tuǒtiē ◊ appropriate, proper tuòqì [v] tuòdì [v] tuòchí

◊ spurn, reject with scorn ◊ expand one's territory ◊ dissolute

5--very

W 㴉售 wāmǐn ◊ frog 5--very low ⬖䀓 wǎjiě ◊ collapse, crumble, disintegrate, break down, fall apart ◊ (as a transitive verb:) break up, disintegrate; break, undermine, sap (people's morale, will to fight, etc.) 1--very high [v] ཆࣘ䇽 wàidòngcí ◊ transitive verb 5--very low ཆഭ wàiguó ◊ foreign country 1--very high [n] ཆഭӪ wàiguórén ◊ foreigner 2--high ཆᇒ wàikè ◊ guest not related to the host 4--low [n] ཆᡊ wàiqī ◊ relatives of the sovereign on the mother's or wife's side 3--medium [n] ཆӢ wàiqīn ◊ wife's relatives 4--low ཆӪ wàirén ◊ stranger, outsider ◊ alien 2--high [n] ཆ㠽 wàishè ◊ dormitory ◊ {archaic} relatives of the sovereign on the mother's or wife's side ◊ {history} outer college (the third ranking of the three kinds of schools for training officials during the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty, see "sānshè") ◊ 5--very low [n] ཆᗳ wàixīn ◊ unfaithful heart (of an unfaithful husband or wife or of a traitorous minister in former times) ◊ {math} circumcenter, excenter 4--low [n] ཆഐ wàiyīn ◊ external cause 3--medium [n] ཆ⾆⡦ wàizǔfù ◊ grandfather (mother's father) 3--medium [n] ᆼ‫ޘ‬ wánquán ◊ complete, whole, full ◊ completely, wholly, fully, entirely 1--very high [adv] ᆼழ wánshàn◊ complete, well-developed, optimal, perfect ◊ improve, (further) develop, refine (e.g., a system) 1--very high [adj,v] ⧙ྭ wánhào ◊ sth enjoyed as hobby or pastime 3--medium ⧙㍒ wánsuǒ ◊ savour, appreciate (a piece of writing) 4--low 亭䫍 wándùn ◊ stupid, dull ◊ lacking integrity or moral courage ◊ dull 5--very low [adj] 亭亯 wándùn ◊ lacking integrity or mo-

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mind ◊ {written} visit, stop by ◊ {regional} pass away, die ◊ {grammar} outperform, or fail (following dé ᗇ or bù н after a verb) ◊ {chem} per-, super- ◊ {regional} be contagious, infect ◊ Guo (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,co,sn] ᖰᰦ wǎngshí ◊ in the past 4--low [n] ᖰһ wǎngshì ◊ past events 1--very high [n] ᖰᖰ wǎngwǎng ◊ often, usually, frequently 1--very high [adv] ᶹ䚃 wǎngdào ◊ go the long way round, take a detour ◊ depart from moral principle (as in order to curry favour) 5--very low [v] ྴӪ wàngrén◊ an ignorant and presumptuous person 4--low [n] ྴ䀰 wàngyán ◊ lies, nonsense ◊ lie ◊ wild talk 3--medium [n,v] ᘈҶ ᘈᡁ wàngwǒ ◊ selfless 1--very high [v] ᵋ㿱 wàngjiàn ◊ see (in the dis3--medium tance) ᵋ਽ wàngmíng ◊ {written} reputation, prestige 0--very low [n] ᵋ᮷⭏ѹ wàngwénshēngyì ◊ interpret literally (without thought to true meaning) 4--low [cy] ᵋӁ䵃 wàngyúnní ◊ (like looking for signs of rain during drought) long for 5--very low ড෾ wēichéng ◊ {written} city with high walls ◊ besieged city0--very low [n] ড↶ wēidài ◊ in great danger 3--medium [adj] ডᇣ wēihài ◊ danger, harm; endanger, harm 1--very high [v] ড㤕ᵍ䵢 wēiruòzhāolù ◊ precarious as the morning dew 4--low ড䀰 wēiyán {literary} ◊ straight talk, candid criticism ◊ alarmist talk, things said to frighten people ǁ (also wēicí ড䗝/ড䗎) 2--high [n] ডҾ㍟থ wēiyúlěiluǎn ◊ (as precarious as a pile of eggs) in serious danger, in a precarious situation 5--very low ေᗧ wēidé ◊ power and virtue 3--medium ေ仾 wēifēng ◊ power and prestige ◊ awe-inspiring bearing/manners ◊ imposing, impressive, awe-inspiring, majestic-looking 2--high [n,adj] ေ⚥ wēilíng ◊ prestige ◊ divinities 3--medium ေ↖ wēiwǔ ◊ might, power ◊ mighty, powerful 2--high [n,adj] ေؑ wēixìn ◊ prestige ◊ public trust ◊ popularity 2--high [n] ေԚ wēiyí ◊ dignified and impressive manner 3--medium [n]

зᴹ wànyǒu ◊ universal (like gravitation) ◊ all things 3--medium ⊚⊚ wāngwāng ◊ tearful ◊ {onom} bow-bow (sound made by a barking dog) ◊ vast expanse of water 2--high [adj,phon] ӑഭ wángguó ◊ the country is lost/conquered ◊ conquered or subjugated nation ◊ conquer or subjugate a nation 3--medium [vo,n] ӑӪ wángrén◊ the deceased, the dead ◊ deceased person 0--very low ӑཡ wángshī ◊ lose 4--low [v] ӑ㘵 wángzhě ◊ the one(s) who perished ◊ fatalities 3--medium ⦻䵨 Wángbà ◊ Wangba (reign title of the Huangchao Rebellion) ◊ kings and tyrants (respectively) 4--low ⦻䚃 wángdào ◊ {Confucianism} kingly way (of benevolent government) 2--high [n] ⦻‫ޜ‬ wánggōng ◊ kings and dukes, nobility 3--medium [n] ⦻ᇛ wánggōng ◊ royal palace; palace of a feudal prince3--medium [n] ⦻ᇈ wángguān ◊ royal officials ◊ officials of feudal Prince ◊ Wangguan (a compound surname) 4--low [n] ⦻‫ן‬ wánghóu ◊ princes and marquises, nobility 3--medium [n] ⦻ભ wángmìng ◊ Imperial edict ◊ Imperial authority 4--low ⦻ᐸ wángshī ◊ royal army 0--very low [n] ⦻ᇔ wángshì ◊ royal family ◊ royal court 2--high [n] ⦻ᆉ wángsūn ◊ descendants of princes, children of the nobility ◊ cricket (the insect) ◊ monkey ◊ Wangsun (a compound surname) 3--medium [n] ⦻㘵 wángzhě ◊ the good king, the rightful king 2--high ⦻ᆀ wángzǐ ◊ prince (king's son) ◊ Wangzi (compound surname) 1--very high [n] ⦻᯿ wángzú ◊ royal family, royal kinsmen 3--medium [n] ᖰ༽ wǎngfù ◊ to and fro, back and forth ◊ reciprocate ◊ dealings, intentions, intercourse 2--high [v] ᖰਔ wǎnggǔ ◊ long ago, in the past 4--low [n] ᖰᶕ wǎnglái ◊ come and go ◊ dealings, interactions, intercourse 1--very high [v,n] ᖰᶕ wǎnglái ◊ come and go ◊ dealings, interactions, intercourse 1--very high [v,n] 䗷 guò ◊ go past, pass (by), go through, cross ◊ exceed, go beyond ◊ mistake ◊ blame or criticize sb for a mistake ◊ transfer (like money), adopt (like a child) ◊ read, go over, recall, call to 524

ᏽ❦ wēirán ◊ lofty, imposing, majestic 3--medium [adj] ᏽᏽ wēiwēi ◊ lofty, towering, majestic 3--medium [adj] ᗞᴽ wēifú ◊ (of the emperor or high officials) wear plain clothing so as to be inconspicuous; (travel) in disguise, (travel) incognito 3--medium [vo] ᗞ㇑ wēiguǎn ◊ capillary 4--low ᗞ࿉ wēimiào◊ subtle, delicate (of a situation, etc.) 2--high [adj] ᗞ⢩ wēitè ◊ not only 4--low ᗞᆀ wēizǐ ◊ corpuscle 3--medium 㪣㮔 wēiruí ◊ luxuriant (vegetation) 4--low [adj] ୟ  wéikǒng◊ for fear that, lest 3--medium [v] ୟୟ wěiwěi ◊ (say) yes sir, yes sir (obsequiously) ◊ moving like a fish 3--medium ୟᴹ wéiyǒu ◊ (there is) only ◊ only if, not unless 1--very high [phr] തỻ wéiqí ◊ Go (the board game), weiqi 2--high [n] ᑧᑴ wéiwò ◊ army tent, command tent 4--low [n] ᜏ  wéikǒng◊ fear only that..., fear nothing more than... ◊ for fear that, lest 1--very high [adv] ᜏަ wéiqí ◊ because 3--medium [conj] ᜏа wéiyī ◊ sole, only 1--very high ᜏᴹ wéiyǒu ◊ (there is) only ◊ only if, not unless 1--very high [phr] 㔤ᤱ wéichí ◊ keep, maintain, preserve ◊ protect and support, help, shelter (sb) 1--very high [v] 㔤㌫ wéixì ◊ hold together, maintain (esp. figuratively) 2--high [v] 㔤㌫㘵 wéixìzhě ◊ person who holds sth together 5--very low 䘍㛼 wéibèi ◊ violate, go against, run counter to, contravene 1--very high [vo] 䘍ભ wéimìng◊ disobey orders 5--very low င䶑 wěimǐ ◊ listless ◊ dejected ◊ dispirited 1--very high [adj] င㳷 wēiyí ◊ winding, meandering ◊ {figurative} comply, (pretend to) agree 4--low [adj,v] ቮ丣 wěiyīn ◊ final sound (of a word, etc.)3--medium [n] սት wèijū ◊ rank ◊ place (as in athletic competition) ◊ position, abode 2--high [v] ս㖞 wèizhì ◊ place, position, seat ◊ place, position (like in history) 1--very high [n]

லྦ wèinǎi ◊ breast feed, nurse 1--very high [v] ሹ䘏 Yùchí ◊ Yuchi (a compound surname) 3--medium [n] ហ㯹 wèijiè ◊ comfort, console 2--high [n,v] ហ㦀 wèijiàn ◊ comfort, console 5--very low ហ䰞 wèiwèn ◊ comfort and send regards (like gifts and entertainment for soldiers, visits and gifts for patients, gifts and letters for disaster victims) 1--very high [v] ᵚᗵ wèibì ◊ not necessarily, may not 1--very high [adv] ᵚ‫ׯ‬ wèibiàn ◊ it is not convenient to ◊ {euphemism} we cannot, we are in no position to 4--low [adv] ᵚᴮ wèicéng ◊ have not, have never 1--very high [adv] ᵚቍ wèicháng ◊ have not ◊ adverbial phrase used before a negative to express the affirmative 2--high [adv] ᵚᡀ⟏ wèichéngshú ◊ immature, unripe 3--medium ᵚᇊ wèidìng ◊ undecided, undefined 2--high [v] ᵚ৺ wèijí ◊ not in time to ◊ not have time for ◊ not reach, not touch on 3--medium [v] ᵚჱ wèijià ◊ unmarried (of a woman) 3--medium [adj] ᵚቭ wèijìn ◊ not entirely, not in every sense, unexpired 3--medium ᵚ㓿 wèijīng ◊ have not ◊ not have undergone 1--very high [v] ᵚߣ wèijué ◊ undecided, unsettled 4--low [v] ᵚਟ wèikě ◊ cannot, may not 3--medium [v] ᵚਟ৊䶎 wèikěhòufēi ◊ gives no cause for much criticism 5--very low [cy] ᵚਟ⸕ wèikězhī ◊ cannot tell, cannot know for sure 3--medium ᵚᶕ wèilái ◊ the future ◊ future, next, (up)coming (of time) 1--very high [n,adj] ᵚ‫ݽ‬ wèimiǎn ◊ truly, rather, a little (used to indicate objection, disapproval, etc.) ◊ unavoidably, be bound to 1--very high [adv] ᵚ❦ wèirán ◊ future (events), before sth happens 2--high [n] ᵚ䇶 wèishí ◊ do not know 3--medium ᵚ࿻ wèishǐ ◊ adverbial phrase used before a negative to indicate the affirmative (like maybe, possible) 4--low ᵚ᭦ wèishōu ◊ not received 3--medium ᵚᆼ wèiwán ◊ unfinished 2--high [v] ᵚᚹ wèixī ◊ do not yet know, have not yet been informed 4--low

525

portant ◊ you must 3--medium Ѫᇌ wéiyí ◊ be the best way, be the most suitable way, be appropriate 2--high Ѫ␺傡劬 wèiyuānqūyú ◊ "drive fish into deep water"—drive people over to the side of the enemy 5--very low [cy] Ѫ→ wéizhǐ ◊ (following the specification of a certain point in time or date) until... (usually used in the construction dào... wéizhǐ ࡠ...⡢→/ࡠ...Ѫ→ "until...") 1--very high [phr] Ѫѫ wéizhǔ (mostly preceded by yǐ ԕ……) ◊ (with...) as the most important/mainstay/main component ◊ (regard)...as the main/major/most important part/task/etc. 1--very high [adv] Ѫ᮷ wéiwén ◊ the Yízú ᖍ᯿ "Yi nationality" script 3--medium ⭿䚯 wèibì ◊ flinch, shy away from, recoil 5--very low [v] ⭿੮ Wèiwú ◊ Uygur 5--very low ছഭ wèiguó ◊ guard the country, defend the nation ◊ [W...] {history} the Kingdom of Wey (or Wei) (?-209 BCE, state founded in the Zhou Dynasty, located in the area of what are now Hèbì 古໱/咔໱ and Xīnxiāng ᯠ䜹/ᯠґ in Henan province) 3--medium ছ䶂 wèiqīng ◊ green radish (Chinese radish) 4--low 䉃䇽 wèicí ◊ (grammar) predicate (word) ◊ {logic} predicate 4--low [n] ⑙ wēn ◊ warm, lukewarm ◊ temperature ◊ warm up (like wine, water) ◊ review (like one's lessons) ◊ {med} acute communicable diseases ◊ Wen (surname) 1--very high [adj,v,n,sn] ᭵ gù ◊ incident, happening, event, happening, accident ◊ reason, cause ◊ intentionally, deliberately, on purpose ◊ {grammar} hence, therefore, consequently ◊ former, previous, old ◊ friend, acquaintance ◊ (of a person) die, pass away 1--very high [n,adv,v] ⑙㢟 wēnliáng ◊ mild and gentle 3--medium [adj] ⑙㢟᚝‫؝‬䇙 wēn-liáng-gōng-jiǎn-ràng ◊ temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous 4--low [phr] ⑙Ḅ wēnróu ◊ gentle and soft, sweet, tender (mostly of women) 1--very high [adj] ⑙⏖ wēnrùn ◊ mild, gentle (of one's disposition, speech, etc.) ◊ warm and moist (weather) 3--medium [adj] ᮷ᵜ wénběn ◊ version, text 1--very high [n] ᮷ㅄ wénbǐ ◊ style of writing ◊ literary talent 2--high [n] ᮷䟷 wéncǎi ◊ literary talent ◊ magnificent colours 2--high [n] ᮷䇽 wéncí ◊ literary diction, choice of words ◊ literature ◊ elegant expression, refined language 4--low

ᵚᲷ wèixiá ◊ no free time, no time for 4--low ᵚ䈖 wèixiáng ◊ unknown, unclear, not detailed 4--low [adj] ᵚᖒ wèixíng ◊ not yet taken form, still in the bud 4--low [phr] ᵚᴹ wèiyǒu ◊ have not had, did not have ◊ never had 2--high [v] ᵚᴹ䗷 wèiyǒuguò ◊ never had before 3--medium ᵚ⸕ wèizhī ◊ (what is) unknown 1--very high [adj,v] Ѫ↔ wèicǐ ◊ for this ◊ for this reason, to this end 1--very high [adv] Ѫቄ wéi'ěr ◊ so, in this way ◊ [Wéi'ěr] William 4--low [adv,name] Ѫᝏ wéigǎn ◊ be grateful 4--low Ѫᇈ wéiguān ◊ serve as a government official 3--medium [vo] ⛪䙾 Ѫྭ wèihǎo ◊ out of kindness 1--very high Ѫօ wèihé ◊ why, for what reason (or purpose) 1--very high [adv] Ѫ䇑 wéijì ◊ have a plan 3--medium Ѫ࣋ wéilì ◊ exert oneself, make an effort 3--medium [vo] Ѫ䳮 wéinán ◊ be embarrassed ◊ create difficulties for, make things difficult for2--high [v] Ѫࠝ wéipíng ◊ be evidence, serve as evidence 3--medium Ѫᵏ wéiqī ◊ last for... (a scheduled period of time) ◊ (in the pattern yǐ…wéiqī ԕ…⛪ᵏ/ԕ…Ѫᵏ) for a term of..., not to exceed... ◊ time remaining (as in wéiqī-bùyuǎn ⛪ ᵏн䚐/Ѫᵏн䘌 "the day is not far off") 1--very high [adv] Ѫ❦ wéirán ◊ be so, prove to be the case 4--low ѪӪ wéirén ◊ the manner in which one conducts oneself ◊ as a person, by character 3--medium [adv] Ѫ⭏ wéishēng ◊ make a living/livelihood, live, subsist (on/by) (often preceded by yǐ ԕ…, as in yǐ dēng sānlúnchē wéishēng ԕ䒜 й䕚䓺⛪⭏/ԕ䒜й䖞䖖Ѫ⭏, "make a living by driving a pedicab") 2--high [v] Ѫᱟ wéishì ◊ be correct, be right 1--very high [v] Ѫ俆 wéishǒu ◊ (usu. in the pattern ԕ…Ѫ俆) headed by, led by 1--very high [v] Ѫ俆㘵 wéishǒuzhě ◊ the head person 4--low Ѫᮠ wéishù ◊ amount to, come up to 2--high [v] Ѫ䲀 wéixiàn ◊ be limited to 3--medium [v] Ѫ㾱 wéiyào ◊ {document style} be im-

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ons, collected works, anthology (often used in the title of books) 2--high [n] ᮷ᆖ wénxué ◊ literature 1--very high [n] ᮷䀰 wényán ◊ the literary language, classical Chinese, wenyan 1--very high [n] ᮷〫 wényí ◊ official documents, government announcements 4--low [n] wényì ◊ the meaning of a text ᮷ѹ 3--medium [n] ᮷‫ݳ‬ wényuán ◊ "wenyuan" (persons passing Imperial Examinations from number eighteen down) 3--medium ᮷㓖 wényuē ◊ contract, deed 4--low [n] ᮷ㄐ wénzhāng ◊ article, essay ◊ 1--very high literary works, writings [n] ᮷䇱 wénzhèng ◊ evidence in writing 4--low ᮷⋫ wénzhì ◊ civil(ian) government (officials, etc.) ◊ civilian (employees of the PRC army) 3--medium [n] ᮷ѝ wénzhōng ◊ {literature} in the text 2--high ᮷ᆇ wénzì ◊ script, writing, letters, characters ◊ written language ◊ writing style or form 1--very high [n] 䰫䗮 wéndá ◊ praise and fame3--medium [adj] 䰫䚃 wéndào ◊ hear the (philosophical) truth 4--low 䰫仾 wénfēng◊ hear a rumour (or news) 3--medium 㚎䙾 䰫㿱 wénjiàn ◊ what one sees and hears 4--low [n] 䰫਽ wénmíng ◊ hear of by reputation ◊ famous, celebrated 1--very high [adj,v] 䰫Ӫ wénrén ◊ famous person, celebrity ◊ Wenren (a compound surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 䰫ᡰн䰫 wénsuǒbùwén ◊ never heard of before 5--very low 䰫㘵 wénzhě ◊ those who hear/heard it ◊ those who smell/smelled it 3--medium [n] 䰫⸕ wénzhī ◊ learn by hearsay 4--low 䰫ཿ wénzòu ◊ report to the Emperor 4--low ࠾亸Ӕ wěnjǐngjiāo ◊ (the friendship of cutting one's throat) friends who are willing to die for one another 5--very low 䰞ㆄ wèndá ◊ questions and answers 1--very high [v] 䰞䚃 wèndào ◊ seek the truth ◊ inquire 2--high [v] 䰞唾 wèndǐng◊ aspire to seize political power ◊ strive to win a championship or reach

᮷ wén ◊ script, writing, inscription, composition, article ◊ literary language (in contrast to vernacular) ◊ (as a discipline) humanities, liberal arts ◊ {history} ritual, ceremony, formalities, etiquette ◊ culture ◊ refined, cultured ◊ civil, civilian ◊ tattoo, pattern ◊ various natural phenomena (like astronomy) ◊ Wen (surname) ◊ cover up, explain away, gloss over, paint over (faults, etc.) ◊ {measure word, historical} (used with qián 䥒/䫡, like yī wén qián а᮷䥒/а᮷䫡 "one [ancient] cent") 1--very high [n,adj,v,mw,sn] Ӿ cóng ◊ from ◊ through, since, by ◊ ever (before negation, e.g., cóng méiyǒu ᗎ⋂ᴹ/Ӿ⋑ ᴹ) ◊ always (usually followed by н㸪⋂/⋑㸪 ᵚ etc. to mean "never") ◊ follow, accompany ◊ comply, conform, follow, obey ◊ act in a certain way (e.g., cóngkuān ᗎሜ/Ӿᇭ "treat with leniency") ◊ attendant, footman, follower ◊ secondary ◊ cousin (relationship based on having the same paternal ancestor) ◊ Cong (surname) 1--very high [prep,v,sn] ᮷ᗧ wéndé ◊ literary ethics, literary morality 3--medium [n] ᮷⌅ wénfǎ ◊ grammar ◊ written statues, laws 2--high [n] ᮷ਕ wénjù ◊ wording, phrasing ◊ phrase 2--high [n] ᮷⨶ wénlǐ ◊ coherent writing ◊ humanities and sciences ◊ the Chinese literary language (erroneous usage formerly common among Western sinologists) 2--high [n] ᮷傜 wénmǎ ◊ horse with patterned colouring 4--low ᮷໘ wénmò ◊ writing ◊ cultured, elegant ◊ legal matters 3--medium [n] ᮷≄ wénqì ◊ {literature} forceful essay/article 4--low [n] ᮷ਢ wénshǐ ◊ literature and history ◊ culture and history 2--high [n] ᮷Җ wénshū ◊ official document, dispatch, etc. ◊ copy clerk 1--very high [n] 䙊 tōng ◊ (go/put/come/poke, etc.) through, open (up) ◊ go/lead to ◊ communicate, link, connect ◊ inform, notify, tell ◊ know/understand thoroughly, be an expert/authority ◊ make sense, be logical/coherent ◊ common, popular, ordinary, general ◊ all, entire ◊ {written, measure word} (used for letters, documents, notices, telegrams, phone calls, etc.) ◊ Tong (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,mw,co,sn] ᮷⦻ Wénwáng ◊ King Wen (legendary sage King) 3--medium ᮷ᰐᇊ⌅ wénwúdìngfǎ ◊ there are no rigid rules for good writing 4--low ᮷↖ wénwǔ ◊ civil and military 2--high [n] ᮷⢙ wénwù ◊ cultural relic ◊ cultural heritage 1--very high [n] ᮷⥞ wénxiàn ◊ literature, documents 1--very high [n] ᮷䘹 wénxuǎn ◊ literary selecti527

the highest level 2--high [v] 䰞⍕ wènjīn ◊ ask questions, make inquiries (mostly used in the negative) 3--medium [v] 䰞ਕ wènjù ◊ interrogative sentence, question (sentence) 3--medium 䰞਽ wènmíng ◊ the asking of the name of the bride-to-be and the eight characters of her birth date (one of the six rites of marriage. see "liùlǐ") 4--low 䰞ц wènshì ◊ (of a new work) be published, come out ◊ (of a new product) come out, be available on the market 2--high [v] 䰞仈 wèntí ◊ question, problem, issue ◊ crux, key, heart ◊ mishap, trouble, accident 1--very high [n] ⊦к Wènshàng ◊ Wenshang (county, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 4--low ᡁ䖸 wǒbèi ◊ we, people like us 3--medium [pron] ᡁ༴ wǒchù ◊ my (our) place, department, office, etc. 3--medium ᡁഭ wǒguó ◊ our country (i.e., China) 1--very high [n] ᡁ⽮ wǒshè ◊ my (our) agency 3--medium ᨑ᡻ wòshǒu ◊ shake hands 1--very high [vo] ⊳䟾 wòyě ◊ fertile plain 3--medium [n] ⊳䟾ॳ䟼 wòyěqiānlǐ ◊ "a thousand "li" of fertile plains"—a vast fertile area 4--low [cy] ઌબ wūhū ◊ alas (as an exclamation) ◊ to die, give up the ghost, kick the bucket 3--medium [exclam,v] ઌબ૰ૹ wūhū'āizāi ◊ {archaic} Alas for the departed! (lamentation used in funeral orations) ◊ (sb) died, kicked the bucket 3--medium [cy] ᐛ५ wūyī ◊ witch doctor ◊ witches and doctors ◊ menial jobs 4--low [n] ⊑䗡 wūrǔ ◊ insult ◊ tarnish, sully 4--low Ѽᆉ Wūsūn ◊ Wusun (ethnic group) 4--low ੤䈝 Wúyǔ ◊ the Wu dialect 4--low [n] ੤䎺 Wúyuè ◊ Wuyue (895-982, one of the Ten Kingdoms of the Five Dynasties) 3--medium ੤ᆀ Wúzǐ ◊ the Wuzi (ancient work on the art of war) 3--medium ੮䖸 wúbèi ◊ we or us 3--medium [pron] ੮ш Wúqiū ◊ Wuqiu (a compound surname) 5--very low ੮Ӫ wúrén ◊ we/us 3--medium [pron] ੮ wú ◊ I, we ◊ Wu (surname) 2--high [pron,sn]

䓛 shēn ◊ (one's) body/life/person/character; oneself ◊ the frame, body (as of a car) ◊ {measure word}... suit(s) of... (used for suits of clothing) ◊ all one's life, one's lifetime 1--very high [n,mw] ੮ᗂ wútú ◊ our disciple ◊ we 4--low ੮‫ݴ‬ wúxiōng◊ {formal} my elder brother ◊ you (a form of address between friends) 4--low ỗ  wújiǎ ◊ (wood from) the Chinese parasol tree Firmiana simplex and from the catalpa Catalpa tree ◊ good wood 5--very low [n] ỗẀ wútóng ◊ {bot} the Chinese parasol tree, Firmiana simplex (also Hibiscus collinus Roxb., Hibiscus simplex L., Sterculia platanifolia) 3--medium [n] ⇻ᗵ wúbì ◊ not necessarily 5--very low [adv] ⇻ᗇ wúdé ◊ must not 4--low 5--very ⇻ѳ wúnǎi ◊ how can low [phr] ⇻ᆱ wúnìng ◊ rather, it would be better 3--medium [adv] ⇻ԕ֯л wúyǐshǐxià ◊ do not display it in the treatment of one's subordinates 5--very low ⇻ԕһк wúyǐshìshàng ◊ do not show it in the service of one's superiors 5--very low ⇻ᓨ wúyōng ◊ need not, no need for 1--very high [adv] ᰐ∄ wúbǐ ◊ incomparable, incomparably (mostly in a good sense) 1--very high [adj,adv] ᰐн wúbù ◊ all, without exception 3--medium [adv] ᰐ⥌ wúcāi ◊ innocent, beyond suspicion (mostly of small children of opposite sexes) 4--low [adj,adv] ᰐᐞ wúchā ◊ without error ◊ sure, certain ◊ without difference 4--low ᰐᑨ wúcháng ◊ indefinite, variable ◊ {Buddhism} impermanence ◊ "wuchang" (the spirit, who according to legend, comes for a dying person) ◊ {euphemism} death 2--high [n,v] ᰐᡀ wúchéng ◊ not accomplish, not effect 3--medium [v] ᰐ㙫 wúchǐ ◊ shameless, brazen, impudent 1--very high [adj] ᰐ༴ wúchù ◊ have no home, no place to... 2--high [phr] ᰐӾ wúcóng ◊ be in no position (to do sth), not know where to begin ◊ be unable to..., be at a loss as how to... ◊ (❑ᗎ/ᰐӾ + verb + 䎧 qǐ: "can't even begin to...") 2--high [adv] ᰐ wú ◊ not have; there is not, not exist ◊ not ◊ {classical} do not; must not ◊ {classical} no matter if, irrespective of ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [adv,v,sn] 528

ᖃ dāng ◊ as... ◊ be equal, match ◊ equal ◊ should, ought to, must ◊ at, in front of, in the presence of, confronting, facing, to sb's face ◊ (just) at (that very time, that very place) (as in ⮦…ᱲ/ᖃ…ᰦ dāng... shí "at the time when...") ◊ become, serve as, work as, act as, be ◊ deserve, accept, bear ◊ be in charge of, direct, manage ◊ {written} stop, obstruct, prevent ◊ ought to, should, must ◊ {onom} ding-dong, etc. (used like dāng ಩/ᖃ "ding-dong", etc., for the sound of bells) 1--very high [adj,adv,v] ᰐ䚃 wúdào ◊ wicked, inhuman 4--low [v] ᰐ᭼ wúdí ◊ matchless, invincible, unrivaled 2--high [adj] ᰐൠ wúdì ◊ have no land ◊ soar so high as to lose sight of the ground ◊ water ◊ have no place to hide one's embarrassment 3--medium ᰐἓ Wúdì ◊ Wudi (county, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium ᰐㄟ wúduān ◊ unwarranted, for no reason ◊ limitless, unending ◊ endlessly 2--high [adv] ᰐሩ wúduì ◊ matchless, peerless 3--medium ᰐ⌅ wúfǎ ◊ be unable to, have no way to ◊ lawless 1--very high [v,adj] ᰐᯩ wúfāng ◊ in the wrong way, with an improper method (in contrast to right way, "yǒufāng") 3--medium [v] ᰐ䶎 wúfēi ◊ nothing but, none other than ◊ blameless 2--high [adv] ᰐ࠶ wúfèn ◊ be unqualified to participate 3--medium [v] ᰐ੺ wúgào ◊ have no place to complain or seek help ◊ helpless person 4--low [n,v] ᰐ࣏ wúgōng ◊ in vain, uselessly, unsuccessfully ◊ {electrical} wattless, reactive 3--medium [adv,adj] ᰐ䗌 wúgū ◊ innocent ◊ innocent person (mostly as victim) 1--very high [adj,n] ᰐ᭵ wúgù ◊ without reason, for no reason 2--high [adv] ᰐ‫ޣ‬ wúguān ◊ have nothing to do with, be irrelevant 1--very high [v] ❑䙾 ᰐ䗷Ҿ wúguòyú ◊ not more than ◊ not excessively 4--low ᰐᇣ wúhài ◊ harmless, innocuous, innocent ◊ environment-friendly, pollution-free 1--very high [adj] ᰐᇣҾ wúhàiyú◊ harmless to... 5--very low ᰐօ wúhé ◊ not long, shortly ◊ have nothing (else) ◊ guiltless 4--low [adv,v] ᰐᚂ wúhéng ◊ lacking perseverance, inconstant 4--low [v] ᰐਾ wúhòu ◊ have no descendants 3--medium [v]

ᰐᡆѾ wúhuòhū ◊ naturally, no wonder 5--very low ᰐ৺ wújí ◊ too late, not overtake 4--low [v] ᰐᶱ wújí ◊ limitless, endless ◊ Wuji (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 2--high ᰐࠐ wújǐ ◊ not much, a little bit, a little while 2--high [v] ᰐᗼ wújì ◊ without scruple ◊ without fear 2--high ◊ boundless, limitless ᰐ䱵 wújì 2--high [v] ᰐ䰤 wújiàn ◊ without a gap, close (friendship) ◊ continuous, without interruption, without distinction 2--high [v] ᰐਟ wúkě ◊ there is nothing that can..., there is nothing with which to..., there is no way to... ◊ not necessary to... 2--high [phr] ᰐਟླྀօ wúkěnàihé ◊ have no alternative ◊ be helpless/powerless, have no choice, there is nothing one can do about it 2--high [cy] ᰐ᝗ wúkuì ◊ no qualms, clear conscience, worthy 1--very high [v] ᰐ⽬ wúlǐ ◊ rude, boorish, impolite 3--medium [adj,v] ᰐ࣋ wúlì ◊ lack strength, feel weak ◊ incapable 1--very high [adj,v] ᰐ㢟 wúliáng ◊ unprincipled, unscrupulous 3--medium [adj] ᰐ䟿 wúliàng ◊ immeasurable, boundless 2--high [v] ᰐ㙺 wúliáo ◊ be bored; be boring/dull ◊ (of writing, speech, actions, life, etc.) be senseless/silly/tiresome/stupid/dreary; be pointless/meaningless ◊ {classical} be in dire straits and without anyone to rely on, poor and helpless 1--very high [adj] ᰐ䇪 wúlùn ◊ no matter (whether, how, etc.), regardless of 1--very high [adv] ᰐ㲁 wúlǜ ◊ approximately ◊ no worries on one's mind 3--medium [adv,v] ᰐ∋ wúmáo ◊ hairless, featherless ◊ barren ◊ uninhabited 3--medium ᰐ਽ wúmíng ◊ nameless ◊ anonymous ◊ indescribable1--very high [adj] ᰐѳ wúnǎi ◊ isn't it, don't you think (in rhetorical questions) 4--low [phr] ᰐླྀ wúnài ◊ have no alternative, be helpless, have no options ◊ {grammar} (used at the beginning of a sentence) but unfortunately... 1--very high [v,adv] ᰐ㜭 wúnéng ◊ incompetent ◊ cannot, powerless 2--high [adj] ᰐ㜭㘵 wúnéngzhě ◊ incompetent person 4--low ᰐᆱ wúnìng ◊ rather, it would be better (or similar conjunction used with yǔqí 㠷ަ/о ަ when comparing options, deciding pros and cons, etc., is used to indicate the option, etc. cho-

529

sen) 3--medium [conj] ᰐࡽ wúqián ◊ matchless, none can stand before ◊ unprecedented 4--low [v] ᰐᛵ wúqíng ◊ merciless, heartless ◊ unfeeling 2--high [adj] ᰐェ wúqióng◊ infinite, boundless, inexhaustible 1--very high [adj] ᰐӪ wúrén ◊ unmanned ◊ uninhabited ◊ self-service2--high [adj] ᰐᰕ wúrì ◊ very soon 4--low [adv] ᰐྲ wúrú ◊ but (unfortunately) 4--low [conj] ᰐ⎹ wúshè ◊ of no concern to 3--medium ᰐ༠ wúshēng ◊ silent, noiseless 2--high [adj] ᰐৼ wúshuāng ◊ matchless, peerless 2--high [v] ᰐ≤ wúshuǐ ◊ waterless, anhydrous 3--medium [adj] ᰐ⿱ wúsī ◊ selfless, unselfish 2--high [adj] ᰐ㇇ wúsuàn ◊ incalculably (many or large) 4--low [adj] ᰐᡰнਟ wúsuǒbùkě ◊ "there's nothing that would not be alright"—see nothing wrong, have no objection 1--very high [cy] ᰐᡰн൘ wúsuǒbùzài ◊ omnipresent, ubiquitous 3--medium [cy] ᰐᡰн⸕ wúsuǒbùzhī ◊ omniscient 1--very high [phr] ᰐᡰ䉃 wúsuǒwèi ◊ be indifferent, not care, not mind one way or the other ◊ it makes no difference whether...; it's all the same whether... ◊ it is pointless/meaningless to speak of..., there is no such thing as...; cannot be called/termed..., it does not deserve the name of 1--very high [phr] ᰐᡰ⭘ᗳ wúsuǒyòngxīn ◊ not give serious thought to anything 4--low [cy] ᰐԆ wútā ◊ nothing else, only ◊ for no other reason ◊ single-minded ◊ in good health 3--medium ᰐᆳ wútā ◊ nothing else, only ◊ for no other reason ◊ single-minded ◊ in good health 3--medium [vo] ᰐཙ wútiān ◊ become absolutely lawless ◊ run wild 4--low ᰐᵋ wúwàng ◊ hopeless ◊ do not expect 2--high [v] ᰐѪ wúwéi ◊ {Taoism} inactivity, non-interference with nature; not interfere (with the natural course of things) ◊ [W-] Wuwei (county, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province)2--high [n] ᰐ䉃 wúwèi ◊ pointless, senseless, meaningless, unnecessary 2--high [adj] ᰐᡁ wúwǒ ◊ selflessness, altruism ◊ {Buddhism} annihilation of self, anatman 3--medium ᰐ䈟 wúwù ◊ no error, no mistake 2--high [v]

ᰐ⪅ wúxiá ◊ flawless 2--high [adj] ᰐ䲀 wúxiàn ◊ infinite, limitless, unlimited 1--very high [adj] ᰐ䛚 wúxié ◊ free of evil intention 3--medium [adj] ᰐᗳ wúxīn ◊ unintentional, inadvertent ◊ have no mind to ◊ {Buddhism} have no evil thoughts 2--high [adj,v] ᰐᖒ wúxíng ◊ invisible, intangible ◊ imperceptibly 2--high [adj,adv] ᰐ㹼 wúxíng ◊ poor conduct, poor character 3--medium [v] ᰐՁ→ wúxiūzhǐ ◊ ceaseless, end[v] less 3--medium ᰐ䴰 wúxū ◊ need not 1--very high ᰐ享 wúxū ◊ need not 1--very high [n] ᰐ⏟ wúyá ◊ unlimited, boundless, infinite 3--medium [v] ᰐ䀰 wúyán ◊ be silent, have nothing to say 3--medium [adj,v] ᰐ仌 wúyán ◊ be embarrassed to (do sth), have no face to (do sth) 3--medium [v] ᰐⴀ Wúyán ◊ Wuyan (a place during the Warring States Period) ◊ Wuyan (a woman from Wuyan during the Warring States Period who was known for her ugliness) 3--medium ᰐᚉ wúyàng ◊ not sick, well (often used in greetings) 2--high [v] ᰐа wúyī ◊ nothing at all, not a single one 2--high [phr] ᰐ⯁ wúyí ◊ without doubt, without suspicion 1--very high [v] ᰐ䚇 wúyí ◊ with nothing left 2--high [v] ᰐԕ༽࣐ wúyǐfùjiā ◊ there is nothing more to add ◊ (mostly as a verbal complement) in the extreme; to the utmost; can't be topped; the epitome of... 3--medium [cy] ᰐᐢ wúyǐ ◊ endless, unceasing ◊ cannot help it 4--low [v] ᰐ᜿ wúyì ◊ have no intention, interest or wish (of doing) ◊ unintentionally, accidentally1--very high [v,adv] ᰐ᜿ѝ wúyìzhōng ◊ unintentionally ◊ accidentally, inevitably 2--high [adv] ᰐᔲ wúyì ◊ no different (from), the same (as) ◊ tantamount (to) 2--high [v] ᰐᔲҾ wúyìyú ◊ not different from, the same as ◊ nothing less than, tantamount to 3--medium ᰐ⳺ wúyì ◊ useless, of no benefit 2--high [v] ᰐ⳺Ҿ wúyìyú ◊ not useful, benefit to... 3--medium ᰐැ wúyín ◊ vast, boundless 3--medium [v]

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tinous millet) ◊ food crops 1--very high [n] ӄ啃 wǔgǔ ◊ the fifth or the last watch of the night ◊ predawn 4--low ӄ㓿 Wǔjīng ◊ the Five Classics (the Yijing, the Shujing, the Shijing, the Lijing, and the Chunqiu) 3--medium [n] ӄ‫ޝ‬ wǔ-liù ◊ five or six 4--low [phr] ӄ‫ॱޝ‬ wǔ-liùshí ◊ fifty or sixty 3--medium ӄՖ Wǔlún ◊ {Confucianism} the Five Cardinal Relationships (between a ruler and his ministers, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother and friend and friend.) 5--very low [n] ӄॳ wǔqiān ◊ 5000 3--medium [num] ӄᰕ Wǔrì ◊ the fifth day of the month, the 5th 4--low [n] ӄ㢢 wǔsè ◊ the five colours (blue, yellow, red, white and black) ◊ multicoloured, colourful 2--high ӄॱ wǔshí ◊ fifty 1--very high [num] ӄॱй Wǔshísān ◊ 53 -1--very low [n] ӄણ wǔwèi ◊ the five flavours (sweet, sour, bitter, pungent and salty) ◊ all kinds of flavours 2--high [n] ӄ丣 wǔyīn ◊ {music} the pentatonic scale in Chinese music, with the five notes gōng ᇞ, shāng ୶, jiǎo 䀂, zhǐ ᗥ and yǔ 㗭 ◊ {linguistics} the five classifications of sounds (labial, lingual, dental, velar and glottal) 3--medium [n] ӄᴸ Wǔyuè ◊ May ◊ the fifth lunisolar month 1--very high [n] ӄ㘵 wǔzhě ◊ fifthly 4--low ӄᆀ Wǔzǐ ◊ the Five Confucian Scholars of the Sòng ᆻ Dynasty (Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhang Zai and Zhu Xi) ◊ five sons3--medium ӄ᯿ Wǔzú ◊ the Five Ethnic Groups of China (Chinese, Manchus, Mongols, Muslims and Tibetans) 4--low ↖ᆹ Wǔ'ān ◊ Wu'an (county, Héběi ⋣ े Province) 3--medium ↖෾ Wǔchéng ◊ Wucheng (county, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 3--medium ↖ᯝ wǔduàn ◊ make an arbitrary decision or assertion ◊ arbitrary (e.g., decision, conclusion), subjective ◊ {written} settle a dispute arbitrarily by one's power or authority 1--very high [v] ↖ཛ wǔfū ◊ strong and brave person ◊ soldier, military person ◊ jade-like stone 3--medium [n] ↖࣏ wǔgōng ◊ military achievements, feat of arms ◊ martial arts skill ◊ acrobatic skills in Chinese opera ◊ Wugong (county in Shǎnxī 䲍

ᰐᓨ wúyōng ◊ need not, no need for 3--medium ᰐ⭘ wúyòng ◊ useless, of no use 2--high [adj] ᰐᘗ wúyōu ◊ have no worries 3--medium [vo] ᰐ⭡ wúyóu ◊ be in no position (to do sth), not know where to begin ◊ no reason, no cause 3--medium [adv] ᰐᴹ wúyǒu ◊ no ◊ have nothing ◊ nothingness 3--medium [phr] ᰐ։ wúyú ◊ completely, with nothing remaining 2--high [v] ᰐ䈝 wúyǔ ◊ be silent, say nothing ◊ be speechless 3--medium [adj,v] ᰐᨤ wúyuán ◊ without help, helpless 3--medium [v] ᰐ➗ wúzhào ◊ without a licence 3--medium [adv] ᰐ⸕ wúzhī ◊ ignorance ◊ ignorant 2--high [adj] ᰐ⸕㘵 wúzhīzhě ◊ ignorant person ◊ naive person 3--medium ᰐ→ wúzhǐ ◊ without end, endless 3--medium [adj] ᰐࣙ wúzhù ◊ (feel) helpless 2--high ᰐ⵰ wúzhuó ◊ no place to settle, no means of livelihood ◊ have no assured source (colloquially, this would be expressed as ⋑ᴹ⵰㩭 méiyǒu zháoluò) ◊ {Buddhism} without attachment 3--medium [v] ᰐ⣦ wúzhuàng ◊ without merit ◊ unsightly and ill-mannered ◊ unworthy ◊ heinous beyond words (of a crime) 4--low ᰐ㖚 wúzuì ◊ innocent, not guilty 2--high [adj] ӄ䵨 Wǔbà ◊ {history} the Five Hegemons or Overlords (in ancient China during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ "Spring and Autumn" era 722 481 BC) 4--low [n] ӄⲮ wǔbǎi ◊ 500 3--medium [num] ӄᶀ wǔcái ◊ the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth) 5--very low ӄᑍ Wǔdì ◊ the Five Legendary Emperors in prehistoric China (mostly listed as Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Di Ku, Tang Yao, and Yu Shun) 3--medium [n] ӄި Wǔdiǎn ◊ the Five Ancient Classics (the Shaohao, the Zhuanxu, the Gaoxin, the Tang and the Yu) ◊ {Confucianism} the Five Cardinal Relationships (between ruler and his ministers, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, friend and friend) 4--low ӄ৽ Wǔfǎn ◊ the Five Antis (bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts and stealing of economic information. see "Wǔfǎn Yùndòng") 3--medium [n] ӄ䉧 wǔgǔ ◊ the five types of cereals (rice, wheat, beans, non-glutinous millet and glu531

㾯/䲅㾯 Province) 2--high [n] ↖Ӫ wǔrén ◊ soldier, military person 3--medium [n] ↖༛ wǔshì ◊ warrior, brave and strong person ◊ palace guards (in ancient times) ◊ bushi, samurai 2--high [n] ↖⦻ Wǔwáng ◊ King Wu (legendary Zhou Dynasty Emperor) 3--medium 㡎᮷ᔴ⌅ wǔwénnòngfǎ ◊ twist the law by using the letter 5--very low [cy] 㡎䱣 Wǔyáng ◊ Wuyang (county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 3--medium ‫ݰ‬㘵 wùzhě ◊ person with feet or toes cut off (a form of punishment in former times) 5--very low ࣑ᵜ wùběn ◊ attend to fundamentals ◊ attend to the basic Confucian virtues 3--medium [v] यᘥ wùniàn ◊ don't worry 4--low यय wùwù ◊ diligent 4--low ᚦሂ wùhán ◊ aversion to cold 3--medium [v] ⢙᭵ wùgù ◊ pass away, die 4--low [v] ⢙ᯉ wùliào ◊ material, stuff 2--high [n] ⢙䇪 wùlùn ◊ public opinion 4--low ⢙૱ wùpǐn ◊ goods (esp. articles of daily use) 1--very high [n] ⢙ࡉ wùzé ◊ the laws of nature 3--medium ⢙䍘 wùzhì ◊ matter ◊ material ◊ substance ◊ goods 1--very high [n] 䈟䈫 wùdú ◊ wrong reading (e.g., like mispronouncing the tone) ◊ misread, misinterpret 3--medium [v] 䈟Պ wùhuì ◊ misunderstand ◊ misunderstanding 1--very high [v,n] 䈟䀓 wùjiě ◊ misinterpret, misunderstand ◊ misinterpretation, misunderstanding 1--very high [v] 䈟䇔 wùrèn ◊ misidentify, mistake (sth/sb for another) 3--medium [v] 䈟‫ޕ‬ wùrù ◊ enter by mistake 3--medium

᱄ᰕ xīrì ◊ former days 1--very high [n] ᱄㘵 xīzhě ◊ long ago, in the past ◊ yesterday ◊ last night 3--medium [n] ᷀ᆇ xīzì ◊ {linguistics} infer the meaning of a Chinese character by analysing its components 0--very low [v] ⓚ䉧 xīgǔ ◊ ravine, gully 3--medium [n] ➴⚝ xīmiè ◊ go out, die out, be extinguished 2--high [v] ⢪⢢ xīshēng ◊ sacrifice ◊ sacrifice/give one's life, die (for a cause) 1--very high [v] 〰ᴹ xīyǒu ◊ rare 1--very high [adj] 㷻㷰 xīshuài ◊ cricket (the insect) 1--very high [n] 㾯े xīběi ◊ northwest ◊ [Xīběi] northwest China (Shǎnxī 䲍㾯/䲅㾯, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈ 㚳, Qīnghǎi 䶂⎧, Níngxià ሗ༿/ᆱ༿ Provinces and Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū ᯠ⮶㏝੮⡮㠚 ⋫॰/ᯠ⮶㔤੮ቄ㠚⋫४ "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region") 1--very high [n] 㾯ᯩ xīfāng ◊ west ◊ the West, the occident ◊ {Buddhism} Western Paradise ◊ Xifang (a compound surname) 1--very high [n] 㾯ሱ xīfēng ◊ hereditary rank of nobility 5--very low 㾯䛺 xījiāo ◊ western suburbs 3--medium 㾯䶒 xīmiàn ◊ west side 3--medium 㾯ই xīnán ◊ southwest ◊ [Xīnán] southwest China (Sìchuān ഋᐍ, Yúnnán 䴢ই/Ӂই, Guìzhōu 䋤ᐎ/䍥ᐎ Provinces and Xīzàng Zìzhìqū 㾯㯿㠚⋫॰/㾯㯿㠚⋫४ "Tibet Autonomous Region") 1--very high [n] 㾯㖼 Xīqiāng ◊ Xiqiang (Western Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty name for the Qiang national minority) 4--low 㾯Ӫ xīrén ◊ Occidental, Westerner ◊ person from Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province ◊ {archaic} person from Xīxià 㾯༿ ◊ {archaic} person from the state of Zhōu ઘ 3--medium 㾯ኡ Xīshān ◊ Xishan, "Western Hills" (Beijing) ◊ (Xi Shan) "West Mountain" (name of various mountains in China) 2--high 㾯ᯭ Xīshī ◊ Xishi (ancient Chinese paragon of beauty, who lived toward the end of the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]; she beguiled King Fū Chāi ཛᐞ of Wú ੣/੤, who subsequently lost the hegemony to King Gōu Jiàn ਕ䑀/ਕ䐥 of Yuè 䎺) ◊ beautiful woman 2--high [n] 㾯⦻⇽ Xīwángmǔ ◊ Queen Mother of the West (in Chinese folk belief) 3--medium [n] 㾯᮷ xīwén ◊ Western script, Western written language 3--medium [n] 㾯ґ Xīxiāng ◊ Xixiang (county, Shǎnxī)

X ཅᜅ xītì ◊ be cautious day and night, be ever careful and vigilant 4--low ྊһ xīshì ◊ why 5--very low ᄹ䙺 ᐼ㝺 Xīlà ◊ Greece 1--very high [n] ᐼᤷ xīzhǐ ◊ cater to one's superiors 5--very low ᚹᮠ xīshǔ ◊ cite/enumerate in full, fully list 2--high [phr] ᚹᗳ xīxīn ◊ give one's full attention to ◊ treat with greatest care ◊ heart and soul 2--high [adv] 532

3--medium 㾯ᆖ xīxué ◊ Western learning (late Qīng ␵ Dynasty term for Western natural and social science and political theory) 3--medium [n] 㾯ฏ Xīyù ◊ the Western Region (the area west of Yumenguan, i.e. Dunhuang, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty; the area included parts of Xīnjiāng ᯠ⮶ and Central Asia) 2--high [n] ᑝধ xíjuǎn ◊ roll up (like a mat) and take away (like territory) ◊ sweep through, engulf ◊ {bot} convolution 1--very high [v] ᑝк xíshàng ◊ at the table, at the gathering 2--high Ґᜟ xíguàn ◊ practice, custom, habit ◊ be used/accustomed to, have the habit of, be familiar with 1--very high [v,n] Ґ㿱 xíjiàn ◊ familiar, commonly seen (thing) 5--very low [v] Ґ⟏ xíshú ◊ be familiar with, understand 3--medium [v] Ґ؇ xísú ◊ custom, practice 2--high [n] Ґ⭘ xíyòng ◊ use habitually 4--low [v] Ґ֌ xízuò ◊ do composition exercises ◊ exercise (in composition or drawing) 2--high [n,v] 㻝䑸 xídǎo ◊ take over, succeed, inherit 5--very low 㻝⭘ xíyòng ◊ follow, take over (old practice) 5--very low [v] ௌྭ xǐhào ◊ like, be fond of, love 1--very high [v] ௌᙂ xǐ-nù ◊ pleasure and/or anger 3--medium [n] ௌᙂ૰Ҁ xǐ-nù-āi-lè ◊ joy, anger, sorrow and merriment ◊ the four emotions 3--medium [cy] ௌ⴨ xǐxiàng ◊ cheerful expression, affable expression 4--low [n] ⍇⏔ xǐdí ◊ cleanse, wash ◊ {figurative} purify (like one's soul) 2--high [v] ⍇᡻ xǐshǒu ◊ wash the hands ◊ reform, turn over a new leaf (of an evildoer, etc.) ◊ {euphemism} go to the bathroom 2--high [vo] ㌫䇽 xìcí ◊ copula (in grammar or logic) ◊ {logic} corollary 4--low [n] ㌫亸 xìjǐng ◊ fasten a cord around the neck (indicating that one wishes to commit suicide) 5--very low ㌫㍟ xìlěi ◊ burden (like family responsibilities) ◊ fetters, yoke ◊ {classical} tie up, take into custody 5--very low [n,v] ㌫㱿 xìlǔ ◊ be imprisoned 5--very low ㌫ᮠ xìshù ◊ {math} coefficient 2--high [n] ㌫Ҿ xìyú ◊ be dependent on

3--medium ᠿᔴ xìnòng ◊ make fun of, tease, kid 1--very high [v] ᠿ⧙ xìwán ◊ joke 4--low ᠿ䉁 xìxuè ◊ make/crack jokes, jest, make playful remarks, banter; joke with (sb) 3--medium [v] ㌫ᡰ xìsuǒ ◊ departments of graduate schools 3--medium [n] 㓶ᐳ xìbù ◊ fine cloth 4--low [n] 㓶࠶ xìfēn ◊ divide (more) finely, further divide, subdivide 3--medium [v] 㓶᭵ xìgù ◊ trivial incident/matter, unimportant matter ◊ triviality, trivial ◊ trivia (like objects at an exhibition) 4--low [n] 㓶ੋ xìjūn ◊ wife 4--low 㓶⍱ xìliú ◊ rivulet, fine stream ◊ spray 4--low [n] 㓶≁ xìmín ◊ the common people, poor people 5--very low [n] 㓶⺾ xìsuì ◊ in broken bits ◊ light and hurried (i.e. footsteps)3--medium [adj] 㓶⧙ xìwán ◊ ponder, savour 4--low 㓶ણ xìwèi ◊ ponder, savour 4--low [v] 㓶ᗳ xìxīn ◊ careful, attentive 1--very high [adj] ㌫傜 xìmǎ ◊ tether a horse to a hitching post 4--low [vo] ⣾‫מ‬ xiáwǔ ◊ play over-familiar and nasty jokes on people 5--very low 䚀ᯩ xiáfāng ◊ distance places 5--very low лㅄ xiàbǐ ◊ set pen to paper (write, paint) 3--medium [vo] л䖖 xiàchē ◊ alight (from a vehicle) ◊ arrive at a new post (of an official) 2--high [v] лঅ xiàdān ◊ put in an order/reservation (for merchandise, travel tickets, etc.), order ◊ (of a waiter/waitress in a restaurant) put in an order (to the kitchen) 3--medium [vo] лㅜ xiàdì ◊ poor, inferior (of quality) ◊ {archaic} fail an examination (in the Imperial Civil Service Examination System) 3--medium [n,v] л䈳 xiàtiáo ◊ revise (prices) downward ◊ downward adjustment (of prices) 2--high [v,n] лㄟ xiàduān ◊ lower edge 3--medium [n] л‫ޣ‬ Xiàguān ◊ Xiaguan district (of Nanjing City ইӜᐲ in Jiangsu ⊏㰷|⊏㣿 Province; the Chang Jiang [Yangtze River] port at the north gate of Nanjing) ◊ Shimonoseki (city in Japan) 3--medium [n] лᡧ xiàhù ◊ poor people, poor families ◊ settle in a place, set up a home 4--low [n] лֻ xiàlì ◊ examples that follow

533

4--low лਿ xiàlì ◊ lower government officials 4--low лࡇ xiàliè ◊ the following ◊ as follows ◊ as listed, arranged or enumerated below 1--very high [adj] л⍱ xiàliú ◊ the lower reaches of a river or stream ◊ flow downriver or downstream ◊ humble (position) ◊ mean, base, vile ◊ obscene 2--high [v] л⮕ xiàlüè ◊ what follows (in the original text) is omitted 4--low л䶒 xiàmiàn ◊ below, under, underneath ◊ following, next ◊ bottom, lower level ◊ subordinates 1--very high [adj,n] л⋹ xiàquán ◊ the next world, the yellow springs 4--low лӪ xiàrén ◊ domestic servant, attendant 3--medium [n] лй xiàsān ◊ rascal, low-down person ◊ low-class prostitute 3--medium л༛ xiàshì ◊ {military} corporal (army), petty officer third class (navy) ◊ lower ranking officers, officials or scholars ◊ lowly people ◊ be friendly toward lower ranking people 2--high [n] л኎ xiàshǔ ◊ subordinate, dependent 1--very high [n] л≤ xiàshuǐ ◊ launch a boat ◊ go into the water ◊ downriver ◊ {figurative} take up evil ways; get criticized ◊ {colloquial} dirty water, used water 2--high [v,n] л਼ xiàtóng ◊ the same below 2--high [v] л൏ xiàtǔ ◊ the earth ◊ the good earth, mother earth ◊ lowlands ◊ the remote countryside 3--medium л᮷ xiàwén ◊ {literature} (the text) as follows ◊ outcome, sequel ◊ {figurative} followup, further news, further developments, outcome (as in méiyǒu xiàwén ⋂ᴹл᮷/⋑ᴹл᮷, "nothing was heard about it afterwards", "there was no follow-up") 2--high [n] л㹼 xiàxíng ◊ (of trains in China) down (going away from Beijing or a station connecting trunk lines ◊ these are odd-numbered) ◊ downstream, downriver (boats) ◊ (of documents) be issued to lower levels 2--high [v,adj,adv] лᛜ xiàxuán ◊ hang from above 5--very low л✹㘵 xiàyānzhě ◊ of inferior quality, second-rate ◊ subordinates 5--very low лೕ лᝊ xiàyú ◊ the most ignorant or foolish 4--low л䴘 xiàyǔ ◊ rain (falling, as a verb) 1--very high [v] лࡉ xiàzé ◊ the lowest land tax ◊ in the second place, secondly ◊ the story to be continued 3--medium л⌘ xiàzhù ◊ make a bet ◊ finance 3--medium [v]

л䎠 xiàzǒu ◊ your humble servant, I, me 3--medium ༿ᆹ xià'ān ◊ your health, your wellbeing (in this summer season) 4--low [v] ༿‫ן‬ Xiàhóu ◊ Xiahou (a compound surname) 3--medium [n] ༿ਾ∿ Xiàhòushì ◊ the legendary Emperor Yu 4--low ༿ᰕ xiàrì ◊ summer ◊ summer day, summer sun 2--high [n] ༿䴘䴘Ӫ xiàyǔyǔrén ◊ like summer rain refreshing people (descriptive of help given at the right time) 5--very low [cy] ԉ xiān ◊ Taoist super-being, transcendent, immortal 3--medium xiāndàfū◊ my deceased father ‫ݸ‬བྷཛ 5--very low ‫ݸ‬ᑍ xiāndì ◊ the previous emperor ◊ the late emperor 3--medium [n] ‫ࡦਁݸ‬Ӫ xiānfāzhìrén ◊ gain mastery over sb by striking first, seize the advantage by attacking first, get the drop on sb, take the wind [cy] out of sb's sails 3--medium ‫ݸ‬⡦ xiānfù ◊ my deceased father 4--low [n] ‫ݸ‬ਾ xiānhòu ◊ early or late, order, priority ◊ one after another, in succession ◊ before and after ◊ the particulars of a thing 1--very high [adv,n] ‫ݸ‬㿱 xiānjiàn ◊ foresight 2--high ‫ݸ‬䘋 xiānjìn ◊ advanced (e.g., technology), progressive, outstanding, exemplary (e.g., deeds), sophisticated (e.g., equipment) 1--very high [adj] ‫ݸ‬䘋㘵 xiānjìnzhě ◊ advanced individual 4--low ‫ݸ‬㿹㘵 xiānjuézhě ◊ a person with foresight (in social and political affairs) ◊ advanced thinker 4--low ‫ੋݸ‬ xiānjūn ◊ former ruler ◊ ancestors ◊ my deceased father 4--low [n] ‫ݸ‬䴦 xiānlíng ◊ shilling (unit of currency in various countries) 5--very low ‫⇽ݸ‬ xiānmǔ ◊ my deceased mother 4--low [n] ‫〖ݸ‬ Xiānqín ◊ pre-Qin (generally refers to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period of Chinese history) 2--high [n] ‫ݸ‬Ӫ xiānrén ◊ ancestors, forebears ◊ my deceased father 3--medium [n] ‫݂ݸ‬ xiānrú ◊ Confucian scholars of the past 4--low ‫⭏ݸ‬ xiānsheng ◊ (preceded by a surname:) Mr. ◊ Mister ◊ teacher ◊ (used together with personal pronouns, e.g., preceded by wǒ ᡁ "my...":) husband ◊ sir ◊ doctor ◊ (old meanings:) bookkeeper, accountant ◊ (used to refer to) people engaged in storytelling, fortunetelling, geomancy, etc. 1--very high [n] ‫ݸ‬൓ xiānshèng ◊ the ancient sages who established teaching ◊ Xiansheng (name for Confucius and the Duke of Zhou) 4--low 534

[adj] 䰢䳵 xiányǎ ◊ refined (mostly of a woman) 5--very low 䰢䀰 xiányán ◊ irrelevancies, idle talk, gossip, scandal 0--very low [n] 䲙䚃 xiǎndào ◊ dangerous path, dangerous way 4--low [n] 䲙䱫 xiǎnzǔ ◊ dangerous and difficult (road) ◊ dangers and difficulties 3--medium [adj] xiǎnde ◊ seem, appear 1--very ᱮᗇ high [v] ᱮ䉱 xiǎnhuò ◊ strikingly clear ◊ clear 5--very low [adj] ᱮ㿱 xiǎnjiàn ◊ obvious, apparent, selfevident 3--medium [adj,v] ᱮ࡫ xiǎnkè ◊ engrave on metal 5--very low ᱮ❦ xiǎnrán ◊ obviously, evidently, plainly, clearly, manifestly 1--very high [adj] ᱮ⽪ xiǎnshì ◊ display, show, manifest, demonstrate ◊ {IT} display 1--very high [v,n] ᱮ㘵 xiǎnzhě ◊ notables, people in high place 4--low ᱮ㪇㘵 xiǎnzhùzhě ◊ outstanding person 4--low ወ俆 Xiànshǒu ◊ Xianshou (Húběi ⒆े Province, name for Xian) 5--very low ⥞փ xiàntǐ ◊ disrobe and be naked 5--very low ⥞ㅁ xiànxiào◊ offer one's opinion (modest expression) 5--very low ⧠൘ xiànzài ◊ now ◊ nowadays, today, at the present time 1--very high [n] ৯ᇈ xiànguān ◊ county magistrate ◊ {classical} Imperial court ◊ {classical} (another term for the) Emperor (tiānzǐ ཙᆀ) 3--medium [n] ৯Ԕ xiànlìng ◊ county magistrate (in former times) 3--medium [n] 䲀Ҿ xiànyú ◊ be limited to, be restricted to 1--very high [v] 䲧䱡 xiànjǐng ◊ trap, pitfall (literally or figuratively) 1--very high [n] 䲧⓪ xiànnì ◊ drown ◊ maltreat, tyrannize ◊ corrupt, cause sink (into evil) ◊ be sunken in (grief, etc.) 4--low 䲧Ҿ xiànyú ◊ fall into (mostly figurative) 2--high [v] ⴨㛼 xiāngbèi◊ opposed, contrary ◊ separate 3--medium [v] ⴨∄ xiāngbǐ ◊ compare(d) with, in comparison with 1--very high [v,adv] ⴨ਈ xiàngbiàn ◊ {physics} phase change, phase transition, phase transformation 0--very low [n] ⴨৲ xiāngcān ◊ consult, confer 4--low

‫ݸ‬ᐸ xiānshī ◊ my deceased teacher ◊ Xianshi (name for Confucius) 4--low [n,name] ‫ݸ‬һ xiānshì ◊ in advance, first 4--low [adv] ‫ݸ‬ᱟ xiānshi ◊ formerly, originally, at first 2--high [adj] ‫ݸ‬ཙ xiāntiān ◊ congenital, inborn, inherent, innate ◊ a priori 2--high [n] ‫⦻ݸ‬ xiānwáng ◊ former sovereigns ◊ the (gracious) kings of antiquity 3--medium [n] ‫ݸ‬ᕅ xiānyǐn ◊ guide 4--low ‫ݸ‬Ҿ xiānyú ◊ preliminary to, prior to 3--medium [adv] ‫↓ݸ‬ xiānzhèng ◊ wise men of the past ◊ wise ministers of the past 4--low ‫⸕ݸ‬ xiānzhī ◊ prophet ◊ person with foresight 2--high [n] 㓔ӻ xiānjiè ◊ tiny bit 5--very low [n] 㓔㣕 xiānjiè ◊ tiny bit 5--very low 勌㿱 xiǎnjiàn ◊ be rarely seen; be rare/infrequent/unusual/uncommon, be a rarity ◊ one seldom sees... (can be followed by a noun or a clause) 1--very high [adj,v] 勌ᴹ xiǎnyǒu ◊ rare, seldom 3--medium ૨䱣 Xiányáng ◊ Xianyang (city, Shǎnxī) ◊ Xianyang (capital of the Qín 〖 Dynasty, Shǎnxī) 2--high [n] ၤҾ䗎Ԕ xiányúcílìng ◊ have a way with words 5--very low [phr] 䍔н㛆 xiánbùxiào ◊ capable and incapable (respectively)4--low 䍔㠓 xiánchén ◊ an able and virtuous official4--low 䍔ᕏ xiándì ◊ {formal} my worthy brother, you (form of address to one's younger brother or younger male) 4--low [n] 䍔㢟 xiánliáng ◊ virtuous and talented 1--very high [adj,n] 䍔㜭 xiánnéng ◊ virtuous and capable person 1--very high [adj,n] 䍔Ӫ xiánrén ◊ worthy, virtuous and talented person ◊ wine, liquor 1--very high [n] 䍔༛ xiánshì ◊ {written} able and virtuous scholar 4--low [n] 䍔㘵 xiánzhě ◊ a worthy ◊ virtuous hermit 3--medium [n] 㺄⧟ xiánhuán ◊ recompense (gratefully) 4--low [v] 䰢ት xiánjū ◊ live an idle life at home 3--medium [v] 䰢ㇷ xiánpiān◊ chit-chat, small talk 4--low 䰢ᮓ xiánsǎn ◊ idle, free, at leisure ◊ idle, not in use (of people, materials) ◊ unattached bannerman, Manchu without official position (during the Qīng ␵ Dynasty) 3--medium

535

face 2--high [v] ⴨Ӕ xiāngjiāo ◊ cross, intersect ◊ make friends with 2--high [v] ⴨䖳 xiāngjiào ◊ compare 3--medium [v] ⴨᧕ xiāngjiē ◊ (of one or more trains, buses, etc.) connect (with) 3--medium [v] ⴨䘁 xiāngjìn ◊ close, nearby, neighbouring ◊ be similar to 2--high [adj,v] ⴨ᮁ xiāngjiù ◊ come to sb's rescue ◊ save sb from danger 3--medium [v] xiāngjù ◊ get together (usually ⴨㚊 but not always - followed by the location directly without preposition, e.g., xiāngjù Mòsīkē ⴨㚊㧛 ᯟ、 "get together in Moscow") 2--high [v] ⴨䐍 xiāngjù ◊ be at a distance from each other, be apart 1--very high [v] ⴨㊫ xiānglèi ◊ resemble, be similar 4--low [v] ⴨⽬ xiānglǐ ◊ be master of ceremonies (like at a wedding or funeral) ◊ be in charge of ceremonies 5--very low ⴨㚄 xiānglián ◊ {computing} associative 0--very low [adj] ⴨䘎 xiānglián ◊ be linked, be connected, be joined 2--high [v] ⴨⦷ xiāngshuài ◊ follow one (after) another 4--low [adv] ⴨ׄ xiāngmóu ◊ equal, similar 5--very low ⴨䝽 xiāngpèi◊ fit, match 2--high [adj] ⴨≲ xiāngqiú◊ ask, request 3--medium [v] ⴨৫ xiāngqù ◊ distant from one another, apart, different 2--high [v] ⴨䇙 xiāngràng ◊ yield, let sb go first ◊ defer mutually 3--medium [v] ⴨ xiāng ◊ mutually, reciprocally, each other, one another ◊ (indicates an action from one to another) towards ◊ Xiang (surname) ◊ take a closer look at, see and evaluate (esp. a potential bride/groom for suitability) 1--very high [adv,v,sn] ྲ rú ◊ like, as, as if ◊ according to ◊ be as good as, equal, compare with (often used in the negative) ◊ such as, for example ◊ if ◊ {written} go to ◊ and, or ◊ Ru (surname) 1--very high [adv,v,conj,sn] ⴨㤕 xiāngruò ◊ like, similar 3--medium ⴨ழ xiāngshàn ◊ be kind to each other 4--low ⴨⎹ xiāngshè ◊ be concerned with4--low [v] ⴨⭏ xiāngshēng ◊ the mutual promotion of the Five Elements (wǔxíng) 2--high [v] ⴨ᰦ xiàngshí ◊ {written} wait for the right time or opportunity to take action, opportu-

⴨ᐞ xiāngchà ◊ be different (from each other), differ (by), vary, diverge 1--very high [v] ⴨ᡀ xiāngchéng ◊ complement one another 3--medium ⴨᢯ xiāngchéng ◊ succeed one another ◊ in succession 2--high [v] ⴨Ր xiāngchuán ◊ it is said that, according to tradition or legend ◊ hand down from one (like generation) to another 2--high [v] ⴨ᖃ xiāngdāng ◊ quite, rather, fairly ◊ considerable (e.g. amount/level) ◊ be equivalent to, correspond to ◊ be (about) equal, be (well) matched, balance, be on a par, be about the same (in amount, strength, price, conditions, etc.) ◊ be suitable/appropriate/fit (e.g. for a job) ◊ relatively, comparatively 1--very high [adj,adv,v] ⴨ᗇ xiāngdé ◊ be in harmony, be complementary ◊ get along with one another ◊ match, suit 4--low [v] ⴨ㅹ xiāngděng ◊ be equal (in number, amount, etc.) 2--high [v] ⴨ሩ xiāngduì◊ relative (as opposed to juéduì ㎅ሽ/㔍ሩ "absolute") ◊ relative(ly), comparative(ly) ◊ relative to ◊ be opposite to (each other), face (each other) 1--very high [adj,adv,v] ⴨৽ xiāngfǎn◊ opposite, contrary ◊ on the contrary 1--very high [adj,adv] ⴨ᢦ xiāngfú ◊ support each other with the hand ◊ support each other (like at work, etc.) 3--medium ⴨䖵 xiāngfǔ ◊ complement each other 0--very low [v] ⴨੺ xiānggào ◊ inform (or tell) you 3--medium [v] ⴨‫ޜ‬ xiànggōng ◊ {archaic} prime minister 3--medium ⴨‫ޣ‬ xiāngguān ◊ be related (to), be connected (with), be concerned ◊ be associated, be interconnected, be relevant ◊ respective ◊ {math} correlation 1--very high [v,adj,n] ⴨‫ޣ‬㘵 xiāngguānzhě ◊ person/party concerned 3--medium [n] ⴨ഭ xiàngguó ◊ prime minister 4--low [n] ⴨ਸ xiānghé ◊ coincide, agree, be in harmony 3--medium [v,adj] ⴨Ѿ xiànghu ◊ looks like, seems to be ◊ estimate 5--very low [phr,v] ⴨ӂ xiānghù ◊ mutual, reciprocal ◊ mutually, reciprocally, each other 1--very high [adj,adv] ⴨㔗 xiāngjì ◊ one after another, in succession 1--very high [adv] ⴨࣐ xiāngjiā ◊ add together 2--high [v] ⴨䰤 xiāngjiàn ◊ alternate, occur in alternation2--high [v] ⴨㿱 xiāngjiàn ◊ meet face-to536

ne 0--very low [v] ⴨䇶 xiāngshí ◊ be acquainted with one another, know one another other ◊ acquaintance 2--high [v] ⴨䇶㘵 xiāngshízhě ◊ acquaintance(s) 5--very low ⴨լ xiāngsì ◊ be similar, resemble, be like 1--very high [adj] ⴨ᮠ xiàngshù ◊ phase number 4--low ⴨䲿 xiāngsuí ◊ follow (close behind) 3--medium [v] ᨀ tí ◊ carry (sth with a handle, rope, etc. in the hand with one's arm hanging) ◊ hold, lead by the hand (like an adult holding a child's hand when walking) ◊ lift (with the hand), raise, promote ◊ move up (in time), advance ◊ mention, bring up, refer to, put forward ◊ extract, take out, withdraw (like money from a bank account) ◊ take out (a convict) under escort ◊ {automotive} dip-stick ◊ ladle ◊ Ti (surname) 2--high [v,sn] ⴨ᨀᒦ䇪 xiāngtíbìnglùn ◊ be mentioned in the same breath,; be mentioned together ◊ be compared 2--high [cy] ⴨䙊 xiāngtōng ◊ be interlinked, be interconnected 2--high [v] ⴨਼ xiāngtóng ◊ identical, alike 1--very high [adj] ⴨ᵋ xiāngwàng ◊ face one another, be opposite to one another 3--medium [v] ⴨䰫 xiāngwén ◊ be able to hear each other ◊ be within hearing distance of each other 4--low [v] ⴨ੁ xiāngxiàng ◊ face one another, be opposite to one another 2--high [adv] ⴨⎸ xiāngxiāo ◊ cancel out one another 5--very low ⴨ؑ xiāngxìn◊ believe ◊ believe in, have faith in 1--very high [v] ⴨⋯ xiāngyán ◊ develop, hand down (like from generation to generation) 4--low [v] ⴨ᔲ xiāngyì ◊ different (from one another) 3--medium [v] ⴨ᓄ xiāngyìng ◊ corresponding, relevant, appropriate, commensurate 1--very high [v] ⴨о xiāngyǔ ◊ deal with sb ◊ together, with one another ◊ friend 4--low [adv,n,v] ⴨䙷 xiāngyù ◊ meet one another (by chance) 2--high [v] ⴨ᵲ xiāngzá ◊ mixed together 4--low [v] ⴨⸕ xiāngzhī◊ known one another well ◊ dear friend, bosom friend 2--high [n,v] ⴨٬ xiāngzhí◊ meet, run into ◊ coincide, agree with 4--low [v] ⴨ѝ xiāngzhòng ◊ like the looks of, like (sb at introductory meeting, like prospective spouse) 3--medium [v]

⴨ࣙ xiāngzhù ◊ help one another ◊ help 2--high [v] ⴨ᫎ xiāngzhuàng ◊ bump into (one another) 1--very high [v] ⴨ᆇ xiàngzì ◊ fortune-telling based on an analysis of the characters in a person's name 5--very low ㇡ㅬ xiānglǒng ◊ chests and baskets, baggage 4--low [n] 㽴䱣 Xiāngyáng ◊ Xiangyang (county, Húběi ⒆े Province) 2--high [name] ґᶁ xiāngcūn ◊ village, countryside 1--very high [n] ґ‫ފ‬ xiāngdǎng ◊ native place ◊ fellow villager, fellow townsperson 3--medium [n] ґ仾 xiāngfēng ◊ local customs 3--medium ґ䟼 xiānglǐ ◊ native place (mostly small town or village) ◊ fellow villager, fellow townsperson ◊ wife 2--high [n] ґᴢ xiāngqū ◊ place in the remote countryside ◊ native place 4--low [n] ґӪ xiāngrén◊ countryman, rustic ◊ person from the same village or region 3--medium [n] ґṑ xiāngxiào ◊ rural school 4--low 䜹予 䈖㿱 xiángjiàn ◊ for details see... 2--high 䈖⮕ xiánglüè◊ in detail or in brief 5--very low [n] 䈖䇪 xiánglùn◊ detailed discussion 5--very low 䈖ᇑ xiángshěn ◊ sift, examine and sort carefully 0--very low [v] 䈖ᚹ xiángxī ◊ know in full ◊ detailed and complete5--very low [adj,v] 䈖⌘ xiángzhù ◊ annotate in detail 4--low [n,v] 䱽Կ xiángfú ◊ subdue, tame 3--medium [v] ᜣࡠ xiǎngdào ◊ think of, come to mind 1--very high [v] ᜣ㿱 xiǎngjiàn ◊ infer, get an idea of 3--medium [v] ᜣᵋ xiǎngwàng ◊ long for, desire ◊ admire, think of with respect 3--medium [v] ૽ᓄ xiǎngyìng ◊ answer, respond 1--very high [v] ੁ㛼 xiàng-bèi ◊ like or dislike, support or oppose 1--very high [phr] ੁк xiàngshàng ◊ up, upward ◊ make progress, improve 1--very high [v] ੁ֯ xiàngshǐ ◊ if, in the event that 4--low [conj] ੁ䱣 xiàngyáng ◊ facing the sun ◊ with a southern (i.e. sunny) exposure 2--high

537

[v] ੁ㘵 xiàngzhě ◊ before, formerly 4--low ᐧ䇞 xiàngyì ◊ rumours and talk (among the common people) 4--low [n] ⴨䀂 xiàngjiǎo ◊ corner (of a photograph) 4--low [n] 䊑ᖒ xiàngxíng ◊ {Chinese linguistics} pictographs (one of the six classes of Chinese characters, see under Liùshū ‫ޝ‬ᴨ/‫ޝ‬Җ) 1--very high [n] 亩л xiàngxià◊ under the heading of, in the item of, within, as 3--medium [adv] ೓ቩ xiāoyǐn ◊ Xiaoyin (a compound surname) 5--very low ᷝҡ xiāoluàn◊ stir up, mess up5--very low ⎸⚝ xiāomiè ◊ wipe out, exterminate, annihilate, eradicate, eliminate, destroy ◊ perish, die out 1--very high [v] ⎸⼘ xiāomó ◊ fritter away ◊ while away (time) 2--high [v] ⎸䚓 xiāoqiǎn◊ recreation ◊ pastime, diversion ◊ while away the time 2--high [n,v] ⎸ӑ xiāowáng ◊ wither away, die out, perish 2--high [v] ⎸᚟ xiāoxi ◊ news, information, tidings, report/coverage (of a person or an event) {{tiáo ọ/ᶑ, zé ࡷ/ࡉ, gè ‫ػ‬/њ}} 1--very high [n] 㩗້ xiāoqiáng ◊ screen wall within the gate of a Chinese house ◊ inside, within, internal ◊ within the family 4--low [n] 㩗❦ xiāorán ◊ desolate, dreary 3--medium [adj] 㩗ᮓ xiāosǎn ◊ dispersed, scattered ◊ leisurely 5--very low 䘽䚕 xiāoyáo ◊ free and unfettered, unencumbered, unconstrained 1--very high [adj] 䴴༔ xiāorǎng◊ heaven and earth ◊ great difference (or distance) 4--low [n] ሿⲭ xiǎobái ◊ handsome young man (slightly derogatory) 2--high ሿ㺕 xiǎobǔ ◊ a small gain, some benefit 4--low ሿ䖖 xiǎochē ◊ car, sedan (as opposed to a truck or bus) ◊ small/compact car (as opposed to a large-sized car) ◊ wheelbarrow, handcart, pushcart; (baby) carriage ◊ small carriage/wagon 3--medium [n] ሿ䚃 xiǎodào ◊ {Confucianism} petty occupations (i.e. everything other than traditional Confucian studies) ◊ I, me (self-designation used by a Taoist priest) ◊ path 2--high [n] ሿ‫ݯ‬ xiǎo'ér ◊ children ◊ my son 2--high [n] ሿ‫ݯ‬ᆀ xiǎo'érzi ◊ youngest son ◊ (Kunming) boy 3--medium ሿ࣏ xiǎogōng ◊ minor mourning (mourning garments worn for five months, for aunts and uncles) 4--low

ሿ公 xiǎoguǐ ◊ little devil, little demon ◊ {derogatory} rascal, little devil ◊ little rascal, kid, lad (term of endearment for children, esp. boys) ◊ little devils (children who acted as couriers and spies for the Chinese Red Army and the Eighth Route Army) ◊ joker card (in black and white) 2--high [n] ሿഭ xiǎoguó ◊ small country, small nation 3--medium [n] ሿਕ xiǎojù ◊ minor sentence 4--low ሿਿ xiǎolì ◊ petty official 4--low ሿ≁ xiǎomín ◊ the common people ◊ humble people ◊ poor people 3--medium ሿᒣ Xiǎopíng ◊ Xiaoping (Chinese name) 2--high [name] ሿӪ xiǎorén ◊ person of low moral character, base/mean/despicable person, vile character ◊ (in Confucian philosophy) the small man, petty person (someone self-interested/superficial/materialistic) ◊ {archaic} person of low position ◊ {archaic} I, me (in ancient times, used by a man of low position to refer to himself when speaking with someone of higher or equal position) ◊ {dialect} son or daughter, child ◊ {dialect} child, kid 1--very high [n] ሿ⭏ xiǎoshēng ◊ {Chinese opera} refined young man (male role) ◊ I, me (selfdesignation used by young scholars) 2--high [n,pron] ሿ֯ xiǎoshǐ ◊ young servant ◊ messenger, errand-runner 4--low [n] ሿҖ xiǎoshū ◊ children's picture-story book ◊ children's primer (in the old days) ◊ a term referring to "tanci" 3--medium [n] ሿ䈤 xiǎoshuō ◊ fiction, novel 1--very high [n] ሿᗳ䉘᝾ xiǎoxīnjǐnshèn ◊ careful, cautious 3--medium [cy] ሿᱏ xiǎoxīng◊ concubine ◊ small star 3--medium [n] ሿᆖ xiǎoxué ◊ elementary school, primary school ◊ elementary education (had different meanings at different times in Chinese history) 1--very high [n] ሿ䳵 Xiǎoyǎ ◊ Xiaoya (one of the four parts of the Book of Odes, the Shijing) 3--medium ሿᔲ xiǎoyì ◊ minor differences 4--low ሿ㘵 xiǎozhě ◊ the little one(s) 3--medium ሿᆇ xiǎozì ◊ small characters, smallsized letters ◊ pet name, childhood name 2--high [n] ሿᆀ xiǎozǐ ◊ child ◊ young people, the younger generation ◊ petty-minded man (like unvirtuous man) ◊ my son (form of address for a disciple or subordinate) 1--very high [n] ᲃ䉅 xiǎoyù ◊ notify clearly or explicitly 4--low [v] ᭸⌅ xiàofǎ ◊ emulate, follow the 538

example of 3--medium [vo] நۢ xiào'ào ◊ whistle and swagger about, be unrestrained 3--medium [v] ᆍᕏ xiàotì ◊ {Confucianism} filial piety and fraternal love 4--low ᆍ㓿 Xiàojīng◊ the Xiaojing, the Filial Piety Classic (Confucian classic) 3--medium [n] ᆍᮜ xiàojìng ◊ with filial respect and reverence ◊ present gifts to one's parents, elders or superiors ◊ serve (one's superiors) with filial respect and reverence 1--very high [v] ᆍ৻ xiàoyǒu ◊ be a filial son and a caring brother 4--low ᆍ㘵 xiàozhě ◊ the filial one(s) 5--very low ᆍᆀ xiàozǐ ◊ dutiful or filial son ◊ son in mourning (often figurative) 2--high [n] ᭸࣏ xiàogōng ◊ achievements, meritorious deeds 5--very low [n] ṑᵜ jiàoběn ◊ collated and corrected copy 2--high [n] ṑ⨶ jiàolǐ ◊ proof 4--low ṑ⌘ jiàozhù ◊ edit and annotate (often used in book titles) 5--very low [v] ㅁ䊼 xiàomào◊ smiling face 3--medium [n] ㅁ䈝 xiàoyǔ ◊ joke, funny story 3--medium [n] ‫څ‬Ҁ xiélè ◊ share sb's joy, rejoice together 5--very low ‫਼څ‬ xiétóng ◊ accompany 1--very high [v] 㛱㛙 xiéjiān ◊ shrug the shoulders 5--very low 㛱㛙䈴ㅁ xiéjiānchǎnxiào ◊ cringe and smile obsequiously ◊ bow and scrape 5--very low [cy] 䛚䚃 xiédào ◊ evil ways 3--medium 䛚ᴢ xiéqū ◊ crooked, dishonest, wicked 5--very low [adj] 䛚䈤 xiéshuō ◊ heresy, evil doctrine, harmful teaching 3--medium 䛚ᗳ xiéxīn ◊ evil thought 4--low 䛚㹼 xiéxíng ◊ evil acts, perverse deeds 4--low [n] ⌫≤ xièshuǐ ◊ drain off water 4--low ⌫൏ xiètǔ ◊ saline-alkali soil (not suitable for cultivation) 5--very low 䉒㺘 xièbiǎo ◊ {archaic} letter of thanks (usu. to the emperor) for appointment to a post or some other favour 0--very low [n] 䉒⯵ xièbìng ◊ decline pleading illness, retire due to ill-health 4--low [v] 䉒ᇒ xièkè ◊ decline to receive a visitor ◊ pay a return visit4--low [v] 䉒ཙ xiètiān ◊ Thank God. 3--medium 䉒㖚 xièzuì ◊ apologize for an offense 2--high [v]

䚲䘵 xièhòu ◊ meet unexpectedly, run into (like a long-absent friend) ◊ an unexpected encounter 2--high [v] ᗳᆹ xīn'ān ◊ be unworried, have peace of mind 3--medium [v,adj] ᗳн൘✹ xīnbùzàiyān ◊ be absent-minded, be distracted 2--high [cy] ᗳ㛐 xīncháng ◊ heart, innermost feelings ◊ frame of mind, mood ◊ interest 1--very high [n] ᗳᗇ xīndé ◊ that which one has learned through study, work, etc. 1--very high [n] ᗳ䘩 xīnjì ◊ true feelings, heartfelt [n] sentiments 3--medium ᗳ䶉 xīnjìng ◊ calm 3--medium [adj] ᗳ㞲 xīnlǚ ◊ heart and spine ◊ vitally important thing, one's trusted helper 5--very low ᗳ޵ xīnnèi ◊ at heart, confidential 3--medium ᗳᙍ xīnsī ◊ idea, thought, mind ◊ mind, head, power of thinking ◊ state of mind, mood (e.g. méiyǒu xīnsī do sth ⋑ᴹᗳᙍ do sth = "be in no mood to do sth ◊ not be in the frame of mind to do sth") 1--very high [n] ᗳ䲙 xīnxiǎn ◊ vicious, perfidious 5--very low ᗳ᜿ xīnyì ◊ tender regards, kind feelings ◊ intentions, purpose, opinion ◊ token of kindness 2--high [n] ᗳᡈ xīnzhàn ◊ tremble with fear ◊ psychological warfare 4--low ᗳ⸕ xīnzhī ◊ mind, intelligence 3--medium ᗳᘇ xīnzhì ◊ determination, ambition 3--medium [n] ᗳѝ xīnzhōng ◊ in one's heart, in one's mind 1--very high [n] ᯠᆹ xīn'ān ◊ happiness in the Happy New Year ◊ Xin'an (county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 2--high ᯠਁҾ⹾ xīnfāyúxíng ◊ (like a newlywhetted knife) keen, decisive 5--very low ᯠѠ Xīnfēng ◊ Xinfeng (county, Guǎngdōng ᔓᶡ/ᒯь Province) 3--medium ᯠ䘋 xīnjìn ◊ newcomer ◊ new government employee ◊ new successful candidate in the Imperial Examination System 2--high [n,v] ᯠᰗ xīn-jiù ◊ the new and the old ◊ (the) new and/or (the) old, (the) new vs. (the) old 1--very high [phr] ᯠҖ xīnshū ◊ new book (just published or physically new) 1--very high [n] ᯠୀҖ Xīntángshū ◊ the Xintangshu, New History of the Táng ୀ Dynasty (compiled by Ouyang Xiu and others and completed in 1060.) 3--medium ᯠѹ xīnyì ◊ new sense/meaning

539

3--medium [n] ᯠී Xīnyuán◊ Xinyuan (a compound surname) 2--high ⅓❦ xīnrán ◊ joyful ◊ happy 2--high [adj] ⅓⅓ xīnxīn ◊ glad, happy ◊ thriving, flourishing 2--high [adj] 㯚⚛ xīnhuǒ ◊ a torch ◊ the torch of learning ◊ {Buddhism} karma and that which causes karma 3--medium [n] 㯚㫨 xīnzhēng ◊ firewood 5--very low 䗋㤖 xīnkǔ ◊ (of a person) endure hardship, be physically and mentally taxed, have it rough; work hard; (of a task, journey, etc.) be hard/taxing/strenuous/rough, be hard work ◊ {polite} go to a lot of trouble, take great pains; (as a transitive verb:) trouble (sb) 1--very high [adj,v] 䗋औ xīnqín ◊ hardworking, industrious 2--high [adj] 俘俉 xīnxiāng◊ fragrance ◊ fragrance of incense burning 3--medium [n] ؑ㠓 xìnchén ◊ an emissary ◊ the emperor's favourite courtier 5--very low ؑਓ xìnkǒu ◊ (speak, hum a melody, etc.) without thinking, inadvertently, spontaneously, at random 3--medium [vo] ؑ❦ xìnrán ◊ truly, true indeed 4--low [adv] ؑ֯ xìnshǐ ◊ messenger ◊ news-bearing envoy ◊ (diplomatic) courier ◊ envoy 2--high [n] ؑᆸ xìnshǒu ◊ be faithful to, abide by, keep (like a promise) 2--high [v] ؑ㹼 xìnxíng ◊ trustworthy ◊ authentic (i.e. document) 3--medium [adj] ؑ⭘ xìnyòng ◊ trustworthiness ◊ {economics} credit 1--very high [n] ؑ㘵 xìnzhě ◊ believer(s) 3--medium ᱏ䗠 xīngchén ◊ stars 2--high [n] ᱏᇈ xīngguān ◊ stars (collectively) ◊ official astrologer (official post in former times) ◊ {military} officer of the week 4--low ‫ޤ‬䎧 xīngqǐ ◊ rise, emerge, spring up, be on the upsurge ◊ rise in excitement, be aroused 1--very high [v] ‫ޤ‬ᐸ xīngshī ◊ send out troops ◊ drag in a lot of people (for protest, accusation) 3--medium [vo] ‫ޤ‬ӑ xīngwáng ◊ rise and fall (mostly of a nation) 3--medium [v] ࡁ㖊 xíngfá ◊ punishment, penalty 2--high [n] ࡁ⌅ xíngfǎ ◊ criminal or penal code, criminal law/code 1--very high [n] ࡁᡞ xínglù ◊ kill as punishment 4--low [v] ࡁһ xíngshì ◊ criminal (matters) 1--very high [n]

ᖒ㘼к xíng'érshàng ◊ metaphysical (in contrast to physical) 3--medium [adj] ᖒ㘼л xíng'érxià ◊ physical (in contrast to metaphysical) 4--low ᖒ僨 xínghái ◊ the human body 3--medium [n] ᖒࣣ xíngláo ◊ be physically exhausted 5--very low ᖒᇩ xíngróng ◊ describe ◊ countenance, appearance 1--very high [v] ᖒ༠ xíngshēng ◊ {Chinese linguistics} pictophonetic character(s) (one of the six classes of Chinese characters, see under Liùshū ‫ޝ‬ᴨ/‫ޝ‬Җ) 4--low [n] ᖒլ xíngsì ◊ aas in form (or appearance) 2--high [v] ᖒ࣯ xíngshì ◊ situation, condition, circumstances ◊ geographical features (often strategic) 1--very high [n] ᖒᔿ xíngshì ◊ shape, form, pattern 1--very high [n] 㹼䖸 hángbèi ◊ rank, seniority, position 5--very low [n] 㹼㯿 xíngcáng ◊ one's manner while in office and in retirement ◊ deportment, actions and expression ◊ sb's true behaviour 3--medium [n] 㹼ᡀҾᙍ xíngchéngyúsī ◊ accomplishment comes from thought 4--low [phr] 㹼ࣘ xíngdòng ◊ action ◊ act, carry out an action or operation ◊ movement, operation 1--very high [v] 㹼༽ xíngfù ◊ send a return letter 4--low 㹼䙾 㹼ሶ xíngjiāng ◊ about to, on the point of 2--high [adv] 㹼Ҁ xínglè ◊ make merry 3--medium [v] 㹼ᵾ xíngli ◊ baggage, luggage 1--very high [n] 㹼⽬ xínglǐ ◊ perform a (religious) ceremony ◊ salute ◊ give sb a present 2--high [vo] 㹼⤾ xíngliè ◊ hunt 4--low [v] 㹼Ԕ xínglìng ◊ play a drinking game ◊ put an order into effect 4--low [v] 㹼ᒤ xíngnián◊ at the age of..., be... years old 4--low 㹼ਆ xíngqǔ ◊ order a local official to come to serve in the capital (in former times) 4--low 㹼Ӫ xíngrén ◊ pedestrian ◊ traveller ◊ messenger, envoy ◊ Xingren (compound surname) 2--high [n,sn] 㹼ӱ xíngrén ◊ carry out a policy of benevolent government 4--low [vo] 㹼㢢 xíngsè ◊ manner of leaving, circumstances of departure ◊ facial expression 3--medium [n]

540

[adj] ᙗ䍘 xìngzhì ◊ nature, quality, character, property 1--very high [n] ᛫᛫ xìngxìng ◊ resentful 3--medium [adj] ‫ޤ‬ഭ xīngguó ◊ make the country strong ◊ let the country thrive ◊ rejuvenate the nation ◊ Xingguo (county, Jiāngxī ⊏㾯 Province) 2--high [v] ‫࡙ޤ‬䲔ᇣ xīnglìchúhài ◊ promote the beneficial and abolish the harmful 4--low 㥷㨌 xìngcài ◊ {bot} nymphoides peltatum 4--low ‫ݴ‬ᕏ xiōngdì ◊ brothers (older and younger) ◊ fraternal, brotherly ◊ {TW usage} gangster, gang member 2--high [n] ‫ݴ‬ჲ xiōngsǎo ◊ elder brother and his wife 4--low [n] ࠦᴽ xiōngfú ◊ mourning clothes ◊ bi[n] zarre attire 5--very low ࠦӪ xiōngrén ◊ evil person, villain 4--low ࠦᒤ xiōngnián ◊ famine year, year of crop failure 4--low [n] सྤ Xiōngnú◊ the Xiongnu (a nomadic confederation in ancient times, active in Mongolia, Siberia, Manchuria, and northwestern China) 2--high [n] सस xiōngxiōng ◊ {onom} clamor, hubbub 5--very low 㜨ѝ xiōngzhōng ◊ one's thoughts, innermost feelings, heart 2--high ➺㱾 xiónghǔ ◊ fierce warrior, fierce military leader 4--low ➺㖤 xióngpí ◊ bears (i.e. valiant soldiers) 4--low [n] 䳴呑 xióngjī ◊ rooster, cock 3--medium [n] Ձ༛ Xiūshì ◊ Hughes 3--medium [name] ‫؞‬䗎ᆖ xiūcíxué◊ rhetoric , stylistics 4--low [n] ‫؞‬䚃 xiūdào ◊ lead a religious life ◊ enter a monastery 2--high [v] ‫؞‬ᗧ xiūdé ◊ cultivate virtue 3--medium ‫؞‬ᓏ xiū-fèi ◊ {TW usage} revise or abolish (a law, etc.) 5--very low ‫؞‬᭩ xiūgǎi ◊ amend, revise, correct, modify 1--very high [v] ‫؞‬਽ xiūmíng ◊ cultivate a reputation ◊ reputation that lasts through generations 5--very low ‫؞‬䓛 xiūshēn ◊ cultivate oneself/one's personality, cultivate the moral self, cultivate one's mind or moral character 2--high [vo] ‫؞‬侠䈝 xiūshìyǔ◊ {linguistics} modifier 4--low ‫؞‬᮷ xiūwén ◊ cultivate the civil arts ◊ practice literary composition ◊ promote culture ◊ the death of a scholar ◊ the writings of Ouyang

㹼ழ xíngshàn ◊ do good deeds, do good works 2--high [v] 㹼䍿 xíngshǎng ◊ give awards ◊ dispense rewards or honours 4--low [v] 㹼һ xíngshì ◊ behave, conduct oneself; act, handle affairs ◊ behaviour, conduct 1--very high [v,n] 㹼Ѫ xíngwéi ◊ behaviour, conduct, performance, action 1--very high [n] 㹼᮷ xíngwén◊ style of writing (i.e. how ideas are expressed in writing) ◊ send a dispatch (from of one government office to another) 2--high [v] 㹼䲙 xíngxiǎn◊ risk danger 4--low 㹼㩕 xíngyíng ◊ field headquarters 4--low [n] 㹼㘵 xíngzhě ◊ traveller ◊ untonsured novice ◊ itinerant monk 2--high [n] 㹼᭯ xíngzhèng ◊ administration ◊ administrative 1--very high [n,adj] 㹼→ xíngzhǐ ◊ whereabouts, traces, tracks ◊ actions, behaviour 3--medium [n] 㹼⣦ xíngzhuàng ◊ biographical sketch of deceased often accompanying the obituary ◊ person's behaviour, person's deeds 4--low [n] ⴱሏ xǐngchá ◊ engage in self-examination or introspection 4--low [v] 䟂ⴞ xǐngmù ◊ be eye-catching/conspicuous/bold/striking, stand out; catch the eye, command attention ◊ {archaic} awakening stick (wooden or jade instrument about one cun long and one-half cun thick that storytellers would strike on a table at the beginning of their performances to command the attention of the listeners) 1--very high [adj,v,n] ᒨ㠓 xìngchén ◊ court favourite (often derogatory) 5--very low ᒨ㘼 xìng'ér ◊ luckily, fortunately 3--medium [adv] ᒨ⭊ xìngshèn ◊ (I would) very much hope ◊ very fortunate 3--medium [adj] ᒨһ xìngshì ◊ good fortune, blessing 3--medium [n] ᒨय xìngwù ◊ please do not 4--low ᒨ㘵 xìngzhě ◊ the fortunate one(s) ◊ fortunately 5--very low ᙗᚦ xìng'è ◊ {philosophy} evil by nature, born evil 0--very low [adj] ᙗ⨶ xìnglǐ ◊ innate disposition, one's nature 4--low ᙗભ xìngmìng ◊ life 2--high [n] ᙗ㜭 xìngnéng ◊ performance, function, behaviour (like of a car, machine, etc.) 1--very high [n] ᙗᛵ xìngqíng ◊ disposition, temperament 2--high [n] ᙗழ xìngshàn ◊ {philosophy} good by nature, born good 0--very low 541

4--low 䇨ཊ xǔduō ◊ many, a lot of 1--very high [adj] 䇨ഭ xǔguó ◊ sacrifice oneself for one's country4--low [v] 䇨䈪 xǔnuò ◊ promise, agree, consent 1--very high [v] 䇨Ӫ xǔrén ◊ (of a girl) be betrothed to sb 0--very low [v] ᒿՐ xùzhuàn ◊ author's preface5--very low ᒿࡇ xùliè ◊ array, alignment, sequence 2--high [n] ᒿᮠ xùshù ◊ ordinal number 3--medium [n] ᚔᆔ xùgū ◊ give aid to the orphaned 5--very low ਉ᰾ xùmíng ◊ state expressly (in writing) 3--medium ਉһ xùshì ◊ narrate, relate (in writing) ◊ {critical theory} narrative 2--high [v] ਉ䘠 xùshù ◊ narrate, relate, describe; (as an attributive) narration, description, account 2--high [v,n] ਉ䈤 xùshuō ◊ relate, narrate 3--medium [v] ➖➖ xùxù ◊ warm (sunshine) warm, pleasant (disposition) 4--low 㔚ъ xùyè ◊ cause, undertaking 5--very low ᇓՐ xuānchuán ◊ publicize, disseminate, propagandize, preach ◊ publicity, propaganda 1--very high [v] ᇓᗧ Xuāndé ◊ Xuande (reign title for Ming Emperor Xuan Zong, 1426-1435) 3--medium [n] ᇓ࣋ xuānlì ◊ exert oneself 5--very low ᇓ䀰 xuānyán ◊ proclamation, declaration, manifesto 1--very high [n,v] 䖙䉱 xuānhuò◊ open and clear 5--very low [adj] 䖙䗅 xuānyuán ◊ shaft (of a cart) ◊ cart, carriage ◊ Xuanyuan (name for Huángdì 哳ᑍ/哴ᑍ "Yellow Emperor") ◊ Xuanyuan (a compound surname) 3--medium [n,sn] 䖙䖮 xuānzhì ◊ high and low, superior and inferior (comparison, distinction) 4--low [n] ᛜᨓ xuánchuǎi ◊ conjecture wildly ◊ wild guess 5--very low ᛜᤏ xuánnǐ ◊ just suppose, hypothesize for the time being 5--very low [v] ᛜፆ xuányá ◊ precipice, cliff 2--high [n] ᯻⼘ xuánmò ◊ turn a millstone5--very low ᯻䑥 xuánzhǒng ◊ in an instant 4--low [v] ⦴ᆉ xuánsūn ◊ great-great grandson

Xiu ◊ Xiuwen (county, Guìzhōu 䋤ᐎ/䍥ᐎ Province) 3--medium ‫؞‬Ґ xiūxí ◊ {edu} take (a course) 3--medium ‫؞‬㹼 xiūxíng ◊ practice Buddhism or Taoism (esp. as a monk or nun, following the rules, which are often strict and ascetic in nature) 2--high [vo] 㗎ᚦ xiūwù ◊ (shame of own faults and loathing of other's faults) shame and loathing 4--low [v] ᵭᵘ xiǔmù ◊ rotten wood ◊ good-fornothing 3--medium [n] ⿰᡽ xiùcai ◊ "distinguished talent" (officially called shēngyuán ⭏଑/⭏ઈ "student member", entry-level licentiate who passed the yuànshì 䲒䂖/䲒䈅 "college exam", which was the highest of the 3 entry-level exams [xiànshì 㑓 䂖/৯䈅 "county exam", fǔshì ᓌ䂖/ᓌ䈅 "prefecture exam", and yuànshì 䲒䂖/䲒䈅 "college exam"] in the Imperial Examination system; these graduates were considered to have gōngmíng ࣏਽ "exam success", officially belonged the class of shìdàfū ༛བྷཛ "scholar officials", and enjoyed officially sanctioned social privileges such as exemption from statute labour, access into local government facilities and limited immunity against corporal punishments; according to exam success, they were divided further into the 3 classes lǐnshēng ᔙ⭏/ᔚ⭏, zēngshēng ໎⭏ and fùshēng 䱴⭏) 4--low [n] ↄⅧ xūxī ◊ sob, heave a sigh 5--very low [v] ⴡⴡ xūxū ◊ stare 5--very low 㲊儈 xūgāo ◊ (of prices, grades, etc.) inflated, overheated 3--medium [adj] 㲊் xūhè ◊ empty threat 5--very low 㲊ᇎ xūshí ◊ true or false ◊ the actual situation, the actual circumstances (mostly of the enemy situation) ◊ {Chinese med} hypofunction and hyperfunction (two of the eight principal syndromes or symptom-categories "bāgāng ‫ޛ‬ ㏡/‫ޛ‬㓢" in Chinese medicine)2--high [n] 㲊ս xūwèi ◊ vacant seat, empty seat ◊ unwarranted reputation 4--low 㲊䙐 xūzào ◊ fabricate, make up out of one's head 4--low [v] 㲊ᆇ xūzì ◊ (grammar) empty word, function word 4--low [n] 享㠮 xūyú ◊ {written} a moment, an instant, a minute 3--medium [n] 享ⴹ xūméi ◊ "beard and eyebrows"— man, male 3--medium [n] ᗀ㹼 xúxíng ◊ walk unhurriedly 3--medium ᗀᗀ xúxú ◊ slowly ◊ calmly 2--high [adv] ࿱࿱ xǔxǔ ◊ happy and content 5--very low 䇨བྷ xǔdà ◊ this big, this great

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4--low [n] ⦴㤡 xuányīng ◊ winter ◊ black 4--low 䘹䈳 xuǎndiào ◊ select and assign 3--medium [v] 䘹Ѯ xuǎnjǔ ◊ elect ◊ election(s) 1--very high [v] 䘹ᤙ xuǎnzé ◊ choose, select ◊ choice, selection, alternative 1--very high [v,n] ⵙᜁ xuànhuò◊ be led astray, be dazzled by (like desire for wealth) 4--low ࡺ㮴 xiāobáo ◊ brittle 4--low ࡺ䘩 xuējì ◊ to conceal oneself from the world ◊ to lead a recluse life 5--very low ࡺ৫ xiāoqù ◊ cut away, cut off, cancel 3--medium ᆖ⎧ xuéhǎi ◊ "like streams flowing ceaselessly until they reach the sea"; persevering in one's studies until one reaches the goal ◊ sea of learning, a learned scholar 4--low [n] ᆖ⭏ xuésheng ◊ student, pupil ◊ disciple ◊ (your) student (self-designation when addressing one's teacher, master or a member of older generation) ◊ boy 1--very high [n] ᆖ༛ xuéshì ◊ scholar ◊ bachelor (like of arts) 2--high [n] ᆖ䰞 xuéwèn ◊ scholastic pursuit, subject of study, learning ◊ knowledge, scholarship, erudition ◊ skills and knowledge needed to fully understand sth difficult or complex (as in dàyǒuxuéwèn བྷᴹᆨ୿/བྷᴹᆖ䰞 "take a lot of learning [to do sth]") 1--very high [n] ᆖṑ xuéxiào ◊ school 1--very high [n] ᆖ㹼 xuéxíng ◊ scholarship and personal conduct 4--low [n] ᆖޫ xuéyǎng ◊ scholarship and self-cultivation 3--medium [n] ᆖ㘵 xuézhě ◊ scholar, learned person 1--very high [n] ᆖࡦ xuézhì ◊ educational system, school system ◊ length of schooling 2--high [n] ᆖᆀ xuézǐ ◊ student 2--high [n] イ䳉 xuéxì ◊ hole, cavity 5--very low 㹰⍱ xuèliú ◊ blood stream (or flow) 0--very low [n] 㹰≄ xuèqì ◊ energy, vigor, spirit ◊ staunch and upright, courageous and honest (of a person's character) 2--high [n] 㹰⊑ xuèwū ◊ blood stain 3--medium [n] ራᑨ xúncháng ◊ ordinary, common ◊ usual, normal 2--high [adj] ᐑ⤙ xúnshòu ◊ make an (Imperial) inspection tour ◊ (Imperial) inspection tour (made every five years) 4--low ᗚ⌅ xúnfǎ ◊ obey the law ◊ follow

the (right) method 5--very low ᗚਿ xúnlì ◊ upright and law-abiding official 4--low [n] ᗚᒿ xúnxù ◊ in proper order 3--medium [v] ᗚᒿ⑀䘋 xúnxùjiànjìn ◊ follow in order and proceed step by step, advance in regular order 2--high [cy] ᗚᗚ xúnxún ◊ in proper order 4--low [adj,adv] ᙲ᜗ xúnjù ◊ fear 5--very low ᙲᙲ xúnxún ◊ sincere ◊ respectful 4--low ᰜ኱ xúnsuì ◊ full year 5--very low ᰜᴸ xúnyuè ◊ full month ◊ ten months 4--low 㥰ᆀ Xúnzǐ ◊ {philosophy} Xunzi, "Master Xun" (Confucian philosopher, ca. 312230 BCE) ◊ the Xunzi (book attributed to him) 3--medium [name,n] 䈒䰞 xúnwèn ◊ inquire about, ask about ◊ questioning, interrogation ◊ {IT} query 1--very high [v,n] 䈒䰞㘵 xúnwènzhě ◊ person making inquiries about ◊ inquirer 4--low ↹䚃 xùndào ◊ die for the right, die for justice 3--medium [v] ↹࡙ xùnlì ◊ die for love of money 5--very low ↹਽ xùnmíng ◊ die for reputation and fame 5--very low ↹䓛 xùnshēn ◊ give one's life 4--low 䇝䇽 xùncí ◊ instructions, admonition (esp. to subordinates, etc.) 4--low [n] 䇝䇲 xùngǔ ◊ exegesis of ancient texts 3--medium [n,v] 䘺Ҿ xùnyú ◊ be inferior to 3--medium

Y ፆየ yá'àn ◊ steep cliff, steep bank ◊ haughty 5--very low ፆ䉧 yágǔ ◊ mountain valley 5--very low ፆ⮕ yálüè ◊ outline5--very low ⢉ሶ yájiàng ◊ low-ranking military official (in former times) 4--low ⢉丣 yáyīn ◊ {linguistics} velar 5--very low ⶊⵕ yázì ◊ an angry stare ◊ a small grievance 4--low 䳵Ҁ yǎyuè ◊ court music, Imperial ceremonial music (in ancient times) 3--medium [n] 䳵ழ yǎshàn ◊ do habitually 5--very low 䳵䀰 yǎyán ◊ standard speech, standard usage (in contrast regionalisms) ◊ correct language, correct opinions 4--low [n] ⒞⚝ yānmiè ◊ annihilate, bury (or be

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buried) in oblivion 1--very high [v] ✹ᮒ yāngǎn ◊ how dare I 4--low ✹㜭 yānnéng ◊ how can one (as a rhetorical question) 3--medium ✹ᴹ yānyǒu ◊ how can there be, how can that be 3--medium ѕ䟽 yánzhòng ◊ serious, critical, grave, severe ◊ seriously, critically, severely, badly 1--very high [adj] ዙ້ yánqiáng ◊ {geosciences} vein, dike ◊ a high wall which is liable to fall 5--very low ᐆイ ᐆ䛁 ᔦ亸Ѯ䑥 yánjǐngjǔzhǒng ◊ "stretch the neck and lift the heels"—look for guidance and help 5--very low [cy] ᔦ喴 yánlíng ◊ prolong life, extend longevity 4--low ᔦᒤ yánnián ◊ prolong life, extend longevity 3--medium ᔦ䈧 yánqǐng ◊ engage (like a tutor) 4--low [v] ᔦ✗ yánshāo ◊ spread (of a fire) 3--medium [v] ᔦሯ yánshòu ◊ prolong life, extend longevity 2--high [v] ⚾ yán ◊ blazing hot (mostly of the weather) ◊ inflammation, -itis ◊ rising flames ◊ burn 2--high [adj,n,v] ↖ wǔ ◊ martial, military ◊ Wu (surname) 1--very high [adj,sn] 䀰ᗵᴹѝ yánbìyǒuzhòng ◊ hit the nail on the head every time one speaks 5--very low [cy] 䀰 yán ◊ speak, say, talk, mention ◊ word, speech, remark ◊ word/Chinese character ◊ {grammar, classical} untranslated sentence-initial particle (sometimes equivalent to "I") ◊ Yan (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 㺘 biǎo ◊ surface, exterior; external, outside ◊ show, express, manifest ◊ form, table, list ◊ watch ◊ meter, gauge ◊ relationship between the children of a brother and a sister or of sisters ◊ gnomon (needle) of a sundial ◊ ornamental/ceremonial columns (erected before palaces or tombs) ◊ {historical} memorial (to an emperor) ◊ model, example ◊ {Chinese med} bring out/cure the cold with medicine 1--very high [adj,n,v] 䀰Ր yánchuán ◊ explain or pass on verbally ◊ speak, say 3--medium [v] 䀰⅑ yáncì ◊ in one's words, in the course of speech 5--very low [n] 䀰ᇊ yándìng ◊ assert, promise, settle on 4--low [v] 䀰ࣘ yándòng◊ speech and action 3--medium 䀰ᖂ yánguī ◊ (announce one's intention to) return home 4--low [vo] 䀰䙾

䀰৺ yánjí ◊ mention 2--high 䀰䇪 yánlùn ◊ speech (comments or opinions on political or public matters) 1--very high [n] 䀰᰾ yánmíng◊ state clearly 3--medium 䀰ཆ yánwài ◊ beyond the words (unsaid but implied) 4--low 䀰㹼 yánxíng ◊ words and deeds 2--high [n] 䀰䈝 yányǔ ◊ spoken language, speech ◊ (in the pronunciation "yányu" or colloquial Beijing "yuányi": speak, say sth, let sb know) 1--very high [v] 䀰䟽 yánzhòng ◊ speak discreetly ◊ exaggerate, express things too strongly 3--medium [v] 仌㢢 yánsè ◊ colour ◊ facial expression 1--very high [n] ⴀ䫱 yántiě ◊ salt and iron (as valued items in former times)4--low ⴀ⌭ yánzé ◊ saltswamp 0--very low [n] ‫ٳ‬䑷 yǎnjiǎn ◊ tower ◊ arrogant, haughty ◊ tired, exhausted ◊ be idle, be bed-ridden ◊ winding, twisting, undulating ◊ lithe (of dancing) 4--low ‫❦ؘ‬ yǎnrán ◊ just like, exactly like 1--very high [adj,adv] ᧙㯿 yǎncáng ◊ conceal, hide, keep secret 3--medium [v] ᧙侠 yǎnshì ◊ cover up, gloss over 1--very high [v] 㹽⭏ yǎnshēng ◊ be derived ◊ be produced by development or evolutionary changes ◊ {chem} derived from ◊ derivation1--very high [v] 㹽᮷ yǎnwén ◊ redundant text (caused by clerical error) 4--low [n] 㹽ⓒ yǎnyì ◊ overflow 5--very low ়䏣 yànzú ◊ be sated 4--low ૭ஹ yānhóu ◊ the throat, the pharynx and larynx ◊ strategic passage 2--high [n] ᇤՊ yànhuì ◊ banquet, dinner party (mostly a formal affair) 1--very high [n] ᱿傮 yànjià ◊ die (of a ruler) 4--low [v] ᱿ᆀ Yànzǐ ◊ Yanzi (respectful name for ᱿Ⴄ Yan Ying, c. 580-510 BC, statesman, thinker and diplomat in the state of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period) 4--low [name] ⠅ࠪ yànchū ◊ (of the Emperor) go incognito 4--low [v] ⠅ት yànjū ◊ live an idle life at home 4--low ⠅⦻ Yānwáng {history} (feudal title of various rulers of the ancient state of Yan or of fiefdoms incorporating the capital Yānjīng ⠅Ӝ [modern Beijing]:) ◊ (notably, in the Ming

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dynasty) Prince of Yan (title of Zhū Dì ᵡἓ [1360-1424] from 1370 until he assumed the throne as the Yongle (Yǒnglè ≨′/≨Ҁ) Emperor in 1402) ◊ (in the Han dynasty through the Qing dynasty) Prince of Yan ◊ (in the Zhou and Qin dynasties) King of Yan 4--low [n] 伽䏣 yànzú ◊ be sated (mostly of selfish desires) 4--low [v] ↳⾨ yānghuò◊ disaster 5--very low 䶵ᦼ yāngzhǎng ◊ too busy to care for one's appearance ◊ busy (with affairs of state, etc.)5--very low ᢜহ yánglì ◊ display, show off 5--very low [v] ⌻⌻ yángyáng ◊ vast ◊ spectacular 2--high [adj] ⌻ⓒ yángyì ◊ brim with, overflow with (atmosphere, feelings, etc.) 2--high [v] 㖺㚹 yángròu ◊ mutton 1--very high [n] 㖺㠼 Yángshé◊ Yangshe (a compound surname) 5--very low [sn] 䱣≄ yángqì ◊ the "yang" spirit (in Chinese cosmology) 3--medium Ԡ㔉 yǎngjǐ ◊ rely on others for support 5--very low [v] Ԡᵋ yǎngwàng ◊ look up at (a person or a thing) ◊ hope ◊ respect ◊ respectfully hope for assistance from 1--very high [v] ޫ㱾 yǎnghǔ ◊ "raise a tiger"; foster one's own future misfortune, trust ungrateful and wicked people 4--low ޫ傜 yǎngmǎ ◊ breed horses ◊ horse breeding 3--medium ޫӪ yǎngrén ◊ nutritious, nourishing 0--very low [adj] ޫ⭏ yǎngshēng ◊ care for one's health 1--very high [v] ޫᗳ yǎngxīn ◊ spiritual cultivation 3--medium ޫ㛢 yǎngyù ◊ raise, bring up, rear 1--very high [v] ᘿ❦ yàngrán ◊ self-satisfied 5--very low [adj] ཝᣈ yāozhé ◊ die young ◊ end prematurely 1--very high [v] ࿆䀰 yāoyán ◊ heretical teaching, deceptive propaganda, misleading talk 1--very high [n] 㞠ᯙ yāozhǎn ◊ cut in two at the waist (as a form of punishment) ◊ cut in half 3--medium [v] ᩷ቮ yáowěi ◊ wag the tail 4--low ᩷ᴣ yáoyè ◊ flicker, flutter, swing 2--high [v] 䖪䖖 yáochē ◊ light horse-driven carriage 5--very low [n] サ❦ yǎorán ◊ far away, deep and far 5--very low [adj]

ジߕ yǎomíng◊ dark, abstruse 5--very low [adj] 㦟ࡲ yàojì ◊ medicament, drug 1--very high [n] 㦟ᮓ yàosǎn ◊ medicinal powder 4--low 㾱н yàobù ◊ otherwise, or else ◊ (in the pattern 㾱н...㾱н...) either...or... ◊ {colloquial} (used to introduce a suggestion for a course of action in view of unexpected circumstances) 2--high [conj] 㾱䚃 yàodào ◊ major road, important highway ◊ important doctrine, major principle 3--medium [n] 㾱ᗇ yàodé ◊ {Southwest China dialect} good, fine, OK 3--medium [adj] 㾱ᇣ yàohài ◊ vital part (of the body) ◊ crucial point, crux ◊ strategic point 2--high [n] 㾱Ӫ yàorén ◊ important person, V.I.P. 3--medium [n] 㾱ຎ yàosài ◊ fortress, fortification 1--very high [n] 㾱࣑ yàowù ◊ important matter 2--high [n] 㾱㓖 yāoyuē ◊ enter into an agreement or contract 0--very low [v] ౾ຎ yēsāi ◊ choke on food stuck in the throat 5--very low ҏլ yěsì ◊ also similar to, like... 3--medium 䟾⚛ yěhuǒ ◊ prairie fire ◊ will-o'-the wisp 3--medium [n] 䟾傜 yěmǎ ◊ wild horse ◊ uncouth or heedless person 3--medium [n,v] 䟾Ӫ yěrén ◊ savage, wild man ◊ rustic ◊ commoner ◊ vagabond ◊ person of savage disposition 2--high [n] 䟾ཆ yěwài ◊ open country, the field, the outdoors 1--very high [n] 䟾⢙ yěwù ◊ wild creature (animal) 4--low [n] 䟾ᗳ yěxīn ◊ wild/audacious/evil ambition 1--very high [n] 䟾ᡈ yězhàn ◊ {military} field operations ◊ unconventional war 2--high [n] ཌ‫ݹ‬ yèguāng ◊ the moon ◊ moonlight and starlight ◊ luminous (like watch, paint) 2--high [adj,n] ཌ㹼 yèxíng ◊ travel by night ◊ go about at night ◊ night flying 2--high [n,v] ཌԕ㔗ᰕ yèyǐjìrì ◊ day and night 3--medium [cy] ཌѝ yèzhōng ◊ middle of the night 2--high ъᐢ yèyǐ ◊ already (often used in official documents) 2--high [adv] ъ㘵 yèzhě ◊ industry people (including businessmen, manufacturers, entrepreneurs, etc.) ◊ person in a given line of business 2--high [n]

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3--medium аཛ yīfū ◊ one (lone) man ◊ one husband 2--high [n] аᴽ yīfú ◊ one dose (of medicine) 3--medium [n] аᾲ yīgài ◊ all, without exception 1--very high [adv] а䍟 yīguàn ◊ consistent, persistent (of thoughts, actions, policies, etc.) 1--very high [adj,adv] аᇦ䀰 yījiāyán ◊ a work that contains unique ideas or observations and that constitutes an authority in that field 4--low а㿱 yījiàn ◊ on seeing, as soon as seen, once having seen it 2--high [adv] а䀂 yījiǎo ◊ a corner, a nook ◊ one "jiao" (ten cents) ◊ one quarter (of sth) ◊ {zool} the narwhal, monodon monoceros 2--high а㢲 yījié ◊ in regard (the above) ◊ a point ◊ a segment 2--high аӻ yījiè ◊ a blade of grass ◊ a tiny bit ◊ one person 3--medium аѮ yījǔ ◊ at one fell swoop, at one stroke ◊ instantly, overnight 2--high [adv,n] а॑ཙл yīkuāngtiānxià ◊ bring order to 4--low the entire country а㊫ yīlèi ◊ of the same ilk, (of) the same sort ◊ (the aforementioned) category 2--high [adv,n] аֻ yīlì ◊ equally, uniformly, without exception or special cases2--high [adv] аᖻ yīlǜ ◊ alike, uniform, the same ◊ all, without exception, in every case 1--very high [adv] а yī ◊ one, 1 ◊ alone ◊ whole ◊ once... ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [num,sn] ∋ máo ◊ body hair; fur; feathers ◊ wool ◊ mildew ◊ coarse, unfinished ◊ gross (weight, profit, etc.) ◊ (of a child) small ◊ (of currency) depreciate ◊ careless ◊ scared, panicky ◊ get angry, fly into a rage ◊ one-tenth of a yuán ‫ ◊ ݳ‬without, not have ◊ Mao (surname) 1--very high [n,tw,meas,sn] аભ yīmìng ◊ sb's life 2--high аᒅ yīmù ◊ one act (of a play) 1--very high а३ yīpǐ ◊ a (horse, etc.) ◊ a roll (of cloth about 100 feet in length) 3--medium а‫ٿ‬ yīpiān ◊ one-sided ◊ biased 3--medium [adj] аᣄ൏ yīpóutǔ ◊ (a cupped) handful of earth ◊ grave, tomb 5--very low а䎧 yīqǐ ◊ together ◊ in company, in unison ◊ from the outset ◊ all told, in all ◊ in the same place 1--very high [adv] а≄ yīqì ◊ in one go, without stopping, at a stretch, continuously ◊ of that ilk, hand in glove ◊ ruckus, fit 2--high [adv,n] а࠷ yīqiè ◊ all, everything, the whole ◊ the entire matter, the whole thing 1--very high [n] аྲ yīrú ◊ just like ◊ just as, preci-

аⲮ yībǎi ◊ 100 0--very low аᯁ yībān ◊ "one spot (on a leopard)"—one of a number of similar things, evidence of the big picture 2--high [n] а㡜 yībān ◊ the same, like ◊ as... as... (followed by an adjective), equally ◊ a kind of ◊ common, ordinary, normal ◊ normally, in general ◊ on the whole, by and large 1--very high [adj,adv] а㺘 yībiǎo ◊ noble, dignified (like a person's appearance, bearing) 3--medium аᵍ yīzhāo ◊ one day, some day ◊ in one day's time ◊ once ◊ in case3--medium [adv] аᡀнਈ yīchéngbùbiàn ◊ {pejorative} fixed and unchanging, unvarying, unchangeable, immutable; static, inflexible; get into a rut, routine, monotonous; hard-and-fast (rule, formula, etc.)2--high [cy] а䒤 yīcù ◊ one time, at first attempt ◊ in one leap, very quickly 3--medium аԓ yīdài ◊ one (or the same) generation, dynasty, period or era ◊ of the same age or generation ◊ the whole era 1--very high [n] аᰖ yīdàn ◊ (in hypothetical clauses) once..., upon...; in the event that..., if and when, in case ◊ (in non-hypothetical clauses) now that (some sudden change has occurred) ◊ one day's time, a very short period of time 1--very high [adv,n] аᗇ yīdé ◊ my humble opinion, one worthwhile thought at least ◊ gain, achievement 3--medium а䙂 yīdì ◊ in turn, in succession 4--low а⛩ yīdiǎn ◊ a bit, a little, some, a few ◊ a point ◊ {grammar} (a bit) more... (following an adjective, used to form the comparative, e.g., hǎo yī diǎn ྭа唎/ྭа⛩ "[somewhat] better", dà yī diǎn བྷа唎/བྷа⛩ "[a little] larger", etc.) ◊ (short for yī diǎnzhōng а唎䦮/а⛩䫏) one o'clock ◊ {calligraphy} dot stroke 1--very high аᇊ yīdìng ◊ fixed, determined, definite, regular, specific ◊ certainly, definitely, surely, necessarily ◊ must, be bound to ◊ certain, particular, given ◊ a fair amount of, a good deal of, considerable; proper, due 1--very high [adj,adv] аᇊн᱃ yīdìngbùyì ◊ immutable, unalterable 2--high [cy] аࣘ yīdòng ◊ frequently, often, at every turn (often followed by "jiù") 2--high [adv] а⇥ yīduàn ◊ one section, one segment ◊ one paragraph, one passage 3--medium [n] аҼ yī-èr ◊ one or two ◊ a few, some 1--very high [num] а৽ yīfǎn ◊ contrary to, reversal of ◊ depart from, abruptly change (past ways, etc.) 546

sely as (often followed by the verb suǒ ᡰ) ◊ {Buddhism} the absolute 2--high [v] а㤕 yīruò ◊ just as, just like3--medium а䓛 yīshēn ◊ all over one's body (like to be covered with mud) ◊ a suit (of clothes) ◊ single person, alone, singlehanded ◊ a single body/entity/package (often used in the pattern jí...yú yīshēn 䳶……ᯬа䓛/䳶……Ҿа䓛, "combine...together in one package") 1--very high [n] а⭏ yīshēng ◊ lifetime, one's whole life 1--very high [n,adv] аॱҼ Yīshí'èr ◊ 12 -1--very low аᰦ yīshí ◊ time, a period of time ◊ for a while, for the time being, temporary, momentary ◊ one o'clock 1--very high [adj,adv,n] аһ yīshì ◊ a matter ◊ be sister organizations (like affiliated shops)2--high [n] аլ yīsì ◊ just like, as if, seemingly 4--low [adv] аᔿ yīshì ◊ of one and the same type, identical 2--high [adj,adv] а≤ yīshuǐ ◊ top grade (of merchandise) ◊ consistent in quality ◊ a drop ◊ a little bit ◊ monohydrate 3--medium аⷜ yīshùn ◊ a flash, a twinkling of an eye 2--high [n] а኱ҍ䗱 yīsuìjiǔqiān ◊ "nine advancements during a year"—rapid advancement (of an official) 5--very low [cy] а㔏 yītǒng ◊ unify (under one system of rule); one single whole; single system ◊ compendium 2--high [v] аз yīwàn ◊ 10000 2--high [num] а᮷ yīwén ◊ a low value copper coin, a cash ◊ an essay, a written article ◊ a spot ◊ a tattoo 2--high аᰐ yīwú ◊ completely without 2--high [phr] а⢙ yīwù ◊ a thing, something, a being ◊ a matter, an act, a deed3--medium [n] ал yīxià ◊ (used after a verb as its complement, indicates doing sth a short duration, or trying to do sth) ◊ (used after a verb as its complement, indicates a single occurrence of the action of the verb) once, one time ◊ a short while; in a short while; all at once, suddenly ◊ in one fell swoop, at one stroke, in one go 1--very high [adv] аᗳ yīxīn ◊ with all one's heart ◊ of like mind ◊ single-mindedly 2--high [adj,adv] аᯠ yīxīn ◊ entirely new, completely changed 2--high [adj] а䀰 yīyán ◊ a word ◊ in a word, speaking briefly ◊ as soon as a word is uttered.... 2--high аṧ yīyàng ◊ identical, alike, the same ◊ [yī yàng] a type/kind/sort of... 1--very high [adj,adv]

аа yīyī ◊ one after another, one by one ◊ separately 2--high [adv] а᜿ yīyì ◊ with one heart and mind, wholeheartedly 3--medium [adv] аѹ yīyì ◊ (having) the same meaning, synonymous 3--medium [adv] а㢪 yīyì ◊ one of the six forms of art (etiquette, music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy and mathematics) 4--low аᴸ Yīyuè ◊ January ◊ the first lunisolar month 1--very high [n] yīzé ◊ on the one hand ◊ in the аࡉ first place 2--high аᡈ Yī-zhàn ◊ World War I (short for Dì-yīcì Shìjiè Dàzhàn ㅜа⅑ц⭼བྷᡠ/ㅜа⅑ ц⭼བྷᡈ) 2--high [n] аᣈ yīzhé ◊ scene, act, (of a play) ◊ one tenth (like of the list price); 90% discount 2--high а㘵 yīzhě ◊ firstly 3--medium а㠤 yīzhì ◊ the same, identical, consistent ◊ unanimously 1--very high [adj,adv] аᙫ yīzǒng ◊ altogether, all told, in all ◊ all, totally, completely 3--medium [adv] а඀ yīzuò ◊ the entire assemblage, everybody present 3--medium Ժ䈱 yīshuí ◊ Who? 5--very low Ժ੮ Yīwú ◊ Yiwu (county, Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū ᯠ⮶㏝੮⡮㠚⋫॰/ᯠ⮶㔤੮ ቄ㠚⋫४ "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region") 4--low [name] ‫׍‬Ӿ yīcóng ◊ comply with, conform to ◊ obey 3--medium [v] ‫׍‬ᰗ yījiù ◊ as before, yet, still 1--very high [adv] ‫׍‬Ҿӱ yīyúrén ◊ to cleave to virtue 5--very low ‫➗׍‬ yīzhào ◊ according to ◊ in compliance with 1--very high [conj] ಛ౫ yīxī ◊ {literary} alas 0--very low ༩ᱟ yīshì ◊ all, without exception 5--very low [adv] ᨆ䇙 yīràng ◊ bow with hands clasped and give precedence (like host and guest) ◊ abdicate the throne 4--low [v] 㺓ᴽ yīfu ◊ clothes, clothing 1--very high [n] 㺓ߐ yīguān ◊ clothing, dress ◊ gentry 2--high [n] 㺓ን yīlǚ ◊ clothing and footwear ◊ clothing (collectively)4--low [n] 㺓㺮 yīqīn ◊ clothing and coverlet (esp. that in which the deceased is layed out) 5--very low [n] 㺓㼣 yīshang ◊ clothes, clothing 2--high [n] 㺓伏 yīshí ◊ food and clothing ◊ the basic necessities of life 2--high [n] ५ᯩ yīfāng ◊ medical skill ◊ medical

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prescription 4--low Ԛ⽬ Yílǐ ◊ the Yili, the Book of Rites (one of the Confucian classics, compiled during the Warring States Period)3--medium [n] ཧ⣴ yídí ◊ (eastern and northern) barbarians 4--low ཧ᱗ yímèi ◊ unenlightened 5--very low ཧӪ yírén ◊ {derogatory} barbarian, foreigner 4--low ཧ؇ yísú ◊ barbarian ways 5--very low ᇌ෾ Yíchéng ◊ Yicheng (county, Húběi ⒆े Province) 3--medium ᇌੋ Yíjūn ◊ Yijun (county, Shǎnxī) 3--medium ᇌ䱣 Yíyáng ◊ Yiyang (county, Hénán ⋣ই Province) 5--very low ᇌҾ yíyú ◊ suitable for 3--medium [v] ⯁ᜁ yíhuò ◊ have doubts, be uncertain 1--very high [v] ⯁䳮 yínán ◊ hard, difficult, knotty 1--very high [adj] ⯁լ yísì ◊ uncertain ◊ suspect, pseudo2--high [adj] ⯁䰞 yíwèn ◊ question, doubt 1--very high [n] ⯁ᗳ yíxīn ◊ doubt, suspicion ◊ doubt, suspect 2--high [n,v] ⯁䇦 yíyà ◊ be amazed and suspicious, wonder at 5--very low 〫仾᱃؇ yífēngyìsú ◊ change existing habits and customs 3--medium [cy] 〫‫ޕ‬ yírù ◊ immigration ◊ {accounting} carry forward 3--medium 〫ᰦ yíshí ◊ after a short while 4--low [adv] 〫㖞 yízhì ◊ move to a different place, reposition 4--low [v] 䚇仾 yífēng ◊ customs handed down from the past ◊ lingering sound ◊ strong wind 3--medium [n] 䚇┿ yílòu ◊ leave out, omit 2--high [v] 䚇≁ yímín ◊ people loyal to the previous dynasty ◊ survivors of an upheaval 3--medium [n] 䚇փ yítǐ ◊ remains (of dead person, of plants and animals)2--high [n] 䚇ᘈ yíwàng ◊ forget 1--very high [v] 䚇䇿 yízhào ◊ testamentary edict 3--medium [n] ԕ༷ yǐbèi ◊ in order to provide, be ready 2--high ԕ‫ׯ‬ yǐbiàn ◊ in order that, so that (the stated goal can be enabled/facilitated) 1--very high [adv] ԕ᢯ yǐchéng ◊ rely on, depend upon

4--low ԕ yǐ ◊ in order to... ◊ take, use ◊ with, by means of, in, by (a certain means or fashion), at (a certain speed or rate) ◊ (used before the object of verbs with the sense of giving) ◊ because, because of...(a certain reason, excuse), on account of, given ◊ based on, considering, relative to, from the point of view of (a measure, standard) ◊ Yi (surname) ◊ [Yǐ] Israel (used as short form for Yǐsèliè ԕ㢢ࡇ, e.g., Yǐ Jūn ԕ䓽/ԕߋ "the Israeli Army") 1--very high [v,conj,sn] 䇽 cí ◊ words (of a speech, song, etc.) ◊ wording, language ◊ {linguistics} word, character compound, expression ◊ {literature} ci (form of classical Chinese poetry dating from the Tang dynasty; distinguished by lines of differing lengths; originally set to music; reached its peak in the Song dynasty) 1--very high [n] ᇣ hài ◊ harm, injury, damage ◊ disaster ◊ harmful, injurious, destructive, damaging ◊ impair, damage, cause trouble to, harm sb, kill or murder sb ◊ contract a disease or illness, suffer from ◊ be, feel (afraid, shy, etc.) 1--very high [n,v] ᘇ zhì ◊ ambition, aspiration, ideal, will ◊ remember, keep in mind ◊ (written) record of events, annals, history ◊ weigh, measure ◊ resolve, determination ◊ {archery} the target3--medium [n,v] ԕ↔ yǐcǐ ◊ use this; through this, by this means, thereby ◊ for this reason 1--very high [phr] ԕ⅑ yǐcì ◊ in order, in turn, in due succession ◊ the following 3--medium [adv,n] ԕᖵ yǐdài ◊ in order to wait for (what is expected) 3--medium [phr] ԕь yǐdōng ◊ east of ◊ and eastward (including the place mentioned) 3--medium [n] ԕᯩ Yǐfāng ◊ the Israeli side (Yǐ ԕ stands for Yǐsèliè ԕ㢢ࡇ "Israel") 3--medium ԕ䱢 yǐfáng ◊ (in order) to guard against (or prevent) 3--medium [phr] ԕ᭵ yǐgù ◊ so, therefore, because of this 4--low ԕ㿲ਾ᭸ yǐguānhòuxiào ◊ lighten a punishment and watch subsequent behaviour, deal with an offender leniently and see how he behaves in the future 4--low [cy] ԕ䙾 ԕਾ yǐhòu ◊ after ◊ afterwards, later, thereafter ◊ hereafter, in the future 1--very high [adv] ԕ৺ yǐjí ◊ and, as well as, with, along with 1--very high [phr,conj] ԕ䱽 yǐjiàng ◊ after, afterwards 1--very high ԕ䘁 yǐjìn ◊ as far as, up to (a place, like as stipulated on railroad tickets) 3--medium [n]

548

from (a place, like as stipulated on railroad tickets) 4--low [n] ԕ㠣 yǐzhì ◊ up to, down to, and even the extent of ◊ so...that... 2--high [phr,conj] ԕ㠣Ҿ yǐzhìyú ◊ to the extent that... ◊ to such an extent as to... ◊ so...that... ◊ even ◊ up to, down to 2--high [phr] ԕ㠤 yǐzhì ◊ as a result, with the result that, consequently (often used to introduce a clause indicating an unsatisfactory result of the action of the preceding clause) 1--very high [phr] ᐢᇊ yǐdìng ◊ already settled, decided or fixed 3--medium [phr,adj] ᐢ㘼 yǐ'ér ◊ that is all, it is finished ◊ soon 4--low [adv,part] ᐢᶱ yǐjí ◊ to the utmost ◊ in the extreme 3--medium [adv] yǐjīng ◊ already 1--very ᐢ㓿 high [adv] ᐢѵ yǐjiǔ ◊ already for a long time 2--high ᐢ❦ yǐrán ◊ be an accomplished fact ◊ already ◊ past 2--high [adv,v] ᐢ⭊ yǐshèn ◊ too much, wrong 4--low [adj] ᐢᖰ yǐwǎng ◊ before, in the past, previ3--medium [n] ously ᐢ⸓ yǐyǐ ◊ it is all over (or similar expression of despair, etc.) 3--medium [phr] ᐢ⸕ yǐzhī ◊ known2--high [adj] Ӗਁ yìfā ◊ all the more ◊ simply 4--low [adv] Ӗণ yìjí ◊ that is, namely ◊ that is to say, in other words 1--very high [conj] Ӗф yìqiě ◊ moreover, furthermore 4--low [conj] Ӗ❦ yìrán ◊ equally true, likewise valid 3--medium ֊䚃 yìdào ◊ the way of ease 5--very low ֊㖊 yìfá ◊ be punished because of a mistake ◊ punish oneself because of a mistake 5--very low [v] ӯᓖ yìduó ◊ surmise, guess 3--medium ӯ‫ݶ‬ yìzhào ◊ great numbers ◊ the common people 4--low ᖩ֯ yìshǐ ◊ work (domestic animals, farm animals, beasts of burden, etc) ◊ order about, boss (people) 4--low [v] ᜿Պ yìhuì ◊ sense, perceive, understand 3--medium [v] ᜿㿱 yìjiàn ◊ opinion, idea, suggestion, view ◊ objection, complaint, criticism 1--very high [n] ᜿ᯉ yìliào ◊ expect, anticipate, foresee 1--very high [v] ᜿≄ᢜᢜ yìqìyángyáng ◊ proudly and complacently ◊ with a triumphant air 4--low

ԕᶕ yǐlái ◊ since (a stated time or event) 1--very high [n] ԕ࡙ yǐlì ◊ so as to facilitate 2--high ԕ‫ݽ‬ yǐmiǎn ◊ so as to avoid, so as not to..., lest 1--very high [phr] ԕই yǐnán ◊ south of ◊ and southward (including the place mentioned) 1--very high [n] ԕ޵ yǐnèi ◊ within, less than 1--very high [adv] ԕࡽ yǐqián ◊ before, previously, formerly 1--very high [n] ԕ≲ yǐqiú ◊ in order to, so as to obtain 2--high [v] ԕк yǐshàng ◊ above, ...and above (inclusive, like "level 3 and above," "eighteen and above") ◊ above, more than, over, upwards ◊ the above(-mentioned), the preceding 1--very high [adj,adv] ԕ֯ yǐshǐ ◊ in order to let/allow 2--high [phr] ԕ⽪ yǐshì ◊ in order to indicate/show, as a show/gesture/mark of..., as 3--medium [phr] ԕཆ yǐwài ◊ beyond, outside, except 1--very high [n] ԕᖰ yǐwǎng ◊ former times, the past; formerly, before, in the past 1--very high [n] ԕѪ yǐwéi ◊ think, believe, consider ◊ think (subjectively/mistakenly), be under the impression that..., assume 1--very high [v] ԕѪ yǐwéi ◊ think, believe, consider ◊ think (subjectively/mistakenly), be under the impression that..., assume 1--very high [v] 䗷 guò ◊ go past, pass (by), go through, cross ◊ exceed, go beyond ◊ mistake ◊ blame or criticize sb for a mistake ◊ transfer (like money), adopt (like a child) ◊ read, go over, recall, call to mind ◊ {written} visit, stop by ◊ {regional} pass away, die ◊ {grammar} outperform, or fail (following dé ᗇ or bù н after a verb) ◊ {chem} per-, super- ◊ {regional} be contagious, infect ◊ Guo (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,co,sn] ԕ㾯 yǐxī ◊ west of ◊ ...and westward (including the place mentioned) 2--high [n] ԕл yǐxià ◊ the following ◊ as follows ◊ below, under; ....or under (often includes the level specified) ◊ {IT} (of a computer) operating under (a certain version of operating system) 1--very high [n] ԕл㘵 yǐxiàzhě ◊ the below person (people) (like on a list) 3--medium ԕ‫ݸ‬ yǐxiān ◊ before, previously, formerly 3--medium ԕᓄ yǐyìng ◊ so as to meet (the needs, etc.)3--medium ԕ䘌 yǐyuǎn ◊ and beyond, farther on 549

[cy] ᜿ᙍ yìsi ◊ meaning, idea, thought ◊ opinion, wish, desire ◊ (a gift, etc. given as) an expression of one's kind feelings, a token (of affection, appreciation, etc.) ◊ suggestion, indication, hint, sign ◊ interest, appeal, fun ◊ do sth as a token 1--very high [n] ᜿䉃 yìwèi ◊ signify ◊ meaning 3--medium ᜿ѹ yìyì ◊ meaning, sense, significance 1--very high [n] ᜿൘䀰ཆ yìzàiyánwài ◊ sth is implied, you have read between the lines 4--low [cy] ᜿ѝ yìzhōng ◊ in the heart, in the mind ◊ anticipated, expected 3--medium ᣁᡆ yìhuò ◊ {formal} or 1--very high [conj] ᣁᢜ yìyáng ◊ modulate (of sound) 3--medium [v] ᣁ䛱 yìyù ◊ be depressed, gloomy ◊ {psych} depression 1--very high [adj,n] ᱃ਈ yìbiàn ◊ mutable, pliable, flexible, easy to change 0--very low [adj] ᱃ਁ yìfā ◊ liable to flare up, easily provoked to anger, irascible 3--medium [adj] ᱃㓿 Yìjīng ◊ {literature} the Yijing, the "Book of Changes" (an ancient Chinese classic on divination) 3--medium [n] ᱃਽ yìmíng ◊ change one's name ◊ be given a posthumous name 3--medium ᱃≤ yìshuǐ ◊ extra payment (to make up for different quality, times of payment, etc.) ◊ (Yi Shui) Yi River (river system in Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium ᱃ս yìwèi ◊ translocation 3--medium [v] ᱃ᆖ yìxué ◊ (be) easy to learn 3--medium [adj] ᱃Ҿ yìyú ◊ be easy to, be prone to 2--high [v] ᔲᶀ yìcái ◊ extraordinary talent or ability 4--low ᔲ‫ފ‬ yìdǎng ◊ other party, opposing party 5--very low ᔲ䈫 yìdú ◊ variant pronunciation (of a Chinese character) 4--low [n] ᔲㄟ yìduān ◊ heresy, heterodoxy 3--medium [n] ᔲਧ yìhào ◊ {math} opposite sign 5--very low ᔲѾ yìhū {written} ◊ different from ◊ exceptionally, unusually 0--very low [adj,adv] ᔲ㊫ yìlèi ◊ different or foreign nations or races ◊ different breeds or types 3--medium [n] ᔲӪ yìrén ◊ strange people (eccentrics) ◊ people with supernatural powers, immortals ◊ other people ◊ foreigners3--medium [n]

ᔲᰕ yìrì ◊ some day, some other time ◊ in former days 4--low [n] ᔲҖ yìshū ◊ rare book ◊ heterodox writings 5--very low [n] ᔲᮠ yìshù ◊ unusual circumstances, exceptional cases 4--low [n] ᔲ਼ yìtóng ◊ similarities and differences ◊ dissent, disagreement, objection ◊ different, not alike 1--very high [n] ᔲણ yìwèi ◊ rare delicacy ◊ unusual taste or smell3--medium [n] ᔲ䰫 yìwén ◊ strange news ◊ strange story 4--low yìwù ◊ foreign matter or object, ᔲ⢙ foreign body ◊ dead person, ghost ◊ strange thing, rare thing 2--high [n] ᔲဃ yìxìng ◊ of a different surname ◊ maternal relatives 3--medium [n] ᔲҾ yìyú ◊ different from 3--medium [v] ᔲᘇ yìzhì ◊ disloyalty 4--low [n] ⳺ਁ yìfā ◊ all the more, even more 3--medium [adv] ⳺⭊ yìshèn ◊ even more, more and more 4--low ⳺ yì ◊ profit, benefit, advantage ◊ profitable, beneficial, advantageous ◊ increase ◊ Yi (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ሯ shòu ◊ long life, longevity ◊ age, life ◊ birthday (mostly of an elderly person) ◊ (prepared) for burial (like of a coffin, graveclothes during one's lifetime) ◊ Shou (surname) 2--high [n,sn] ѹ⨶ yìlǐ ◊ argumentation (of a speech, essay) ◊ reason, principle 3--medium [n] ѹֻ yìlì ◊ the purport and style of a literary work 5--very low ѹᆀ yìzǐ ◊ adopted son 4--low [n] 㘬㭭 yìbì ◊ shelter, shield 5--very low [v] 㟶ᯝ yìduàn ◊ conjecture, decide based on conjecture 3--medium [v] 㟶䈤 yìshuō ◊ conjecture, theory based on conjecture 4--low [n] 㢪਽ yìmíng ◊ stage name 4--low [n] 㢪᮷ yìwén ◊ art and literature, literary arts 2--high [n] 䇞ᇊ yìdìng ◊ agree after discussion 3--medium [v] 䇞䇪 yìlùn ◊ comment (on), talk about, discuss ◊ discussion, comment ǁ (mostly refers to informally airing one's opinion on the good and bad points of a person or matter) 2--high [v,n] 䇞һ yìshì ◊ discuss official business, proceedings 2--high [vo] 䙨Ҁ yìlè ◊ comfort and ease 4--low [adj] 550

䙨≁ yìmín ◊ recluse, hermit 4--low [n] 䙨≄ yìqì ◊ unworldliness 4--low 䙨һ yìshì ◊ historical anecdote (mostly a little-known incident in the life of a famous person) 2--high [n] ഐ↔ yīncǐ ◊ therefore, so, for this reason 1--very high [adv] ഐ⅑ yīncì ◊ {physics} dimension 4--low [n] ഐ㘼 yīn'ér ◊ thus, as a result 1--very high [conj] ഐ䶙 yīngé ◊ evolution, the course of change and development 5--very low ഐ᷌ yīnguǒ ◊ cause and effect ◊ {Buddhism} karma 2--high [n] ഐӪᡀһ yīnrénchéngshì ◊ rely on others for success in work 3--medium [cy] ഐᱟ yīnshì ◊ therefore 3--medium ഐѪ yīnwèi ◊ because, on account of, for ǁ (often pronounced yīnwei) 1--very high [conj] ഐᗚ yīnxún ◊ follow the old ways, stay in a rut ◊ procrastinate ◊ perfunctory 3--medium [v] ഐѻ yīnzhī ◊ because of that, on account of that 3--medium [phr] ഐᆀ yīnzǐ ◊ {math} factor, divisor 2--high [n] ้⚝ yīnmiè ◊ bury 5--very low ါӢ yīnqīn ◊ relatives by marriage 1--very high [n] ါဵ yīnyà ◊ relatives by marriage 5--very low [n] ⇧៳ yīnqín ◊ eagerly attentive, solicitous, keen to please (sb) 2--high 䱤் yīnhè ◊ inability to swallow 5--very low 䱤һ yīnshì ◊ secret matters, hidden matters 5--very low [n] 䱤䱣 yīn-yáng ◊ {philosophy, religion} yin and yang (the female and male principle in nature ◊ the negative and positive principle in nature) ◊ {Chinese astronomy} the rules governing the functions of the celestial bodies, esp. the sun and the moon ◊ {Chinese med} yin and yang (two of the bāgāng ‫ޛ‬㏡/‫ޛ‬㓢 eight principal syndromes or symptom-categories in Chinese medicine: geomancy, astrology, divination; geomancer, astrologer, sorcerer, fortune-teller) 1--very high [n] 䱤䴘 yīnyǔ ◊ cloudy and rainy 2--high [v] 丣䮯 yīncháng ◊ length of a sound, duration of sound 4--low [n] 丣䈳 yīndiào ◊ tone (of voice when speaking or reading aloud) 3--medium [n] 丣䈫 yīndú ◊ pronunciation (of a character) 4--low [n]

丣ѹ yīnyì ◊ pronunciation and meaning (of texts, characters) ◊ guide pronunciation and meaning of a text (often as part of a book title) 4--low [n] 丣严 yīnyùn ◊ sound, rhyme and tone (of a Chinese syllable) ◊ musical flow of language ◊ rhyme 3--medium [n] ␛䗎 yíncí ◊ immoral words ◊ speechifying 5--very low [n] ␛Ҁ yínlè ◊ indulge in sensual pleasures 4--low [vo] ␛䴘 yínyǔ ◊ incessant rains 4--low [n] 䁊䁊 yínyín ◊ in a proper and dignified manner (of argument) 5--very low [adj,adv] ᕅࣘ yǐndòng ◊ move, rouse, stir up (like emotions) 3--medium [v] 4--low ᕅᕃ yǐngōng ◊ draw a bow ᕅਧ yǐnhào ◊ quotation marks 3--medium [n] ᕅ䘋 yǐnjìn ◊ recommend (sb) ◊ introduce from another place (like a new breed, variety), bring in (like new technology), import (like personnel, a production line), recruit/solicit/invite (like talent) 1--very high [v] ᕅֻ yǐnlì ◊ cite precedent 4--low [n,v] ᕅ亶 yǐnlǐng ◊ lead, guide ◊ look forward with great excitement, eagerly await 1--very high [v] ᕅ亶㘼ᵋ yǐnlǐng'érwàng ◊ crane one's neck to see ◊ eagerly look forward to 3--medium [phr] ᕅ䇪 yǐnlùn ◊ introduction to... (often used in book titles) 3--medium [n] ᕅ䎧 yǐnqǐ ◊ give rise to, cause, touch off, trigger 1--very high [v] ᕅ‫ޕ‬ yǐnrù ◊ attract ◊ lead/draw/lure in 1--very high [v] ᕅк yǐnshàng ◊ draw on (like to the right path) 4--low ᕅը yǐnshēn ◊ extend (the meaning of a word) 3--medium ᕅ㔣ᢩṩ yǐnshéngpīgēn ◊ cooperate in excluding other (unworthy) people 5--very low ᕅ䘠 yǐnshù ◊ quote (sb's words or writing) 1--very high [v] ᕅѪ yǐnwéi ◊ take as, consider as, cite as 3--medium [phr] ᕅ᮷ yǐnwén ◊ quotation 2--high [n] ᕅ䀰 yǐnyán ◊ introduction, foreword, preface 2--high [n] ᕅԕѪ yǐnyǐwéi◊ consider. . . as. . . 0--very low [v] ᕅ⭘ yǐnyòng ◊ quote, cite ◊ quotation, citation ◊ recommend (like for office) 1--very high [v,n] ᕅ䈝 yǐnyǔ ◊ quotation 5--very low

551

bour hero, people's hero) ◊ heroic 1--very high [n,adj] 㦕䱣 Xíngyáng ◊ Xingyang (county in Hénán ⋣ই Province) 3--medium 㩕⭠ yíngtián ◊ farm ◊ reclaim farmland ◊ station troops to open up wasteland and raise their own food 4--low ⳸⳸ yíngyíng ◊ graceful (bearing, deportment) ◊ limpid, clear (water) ◊ full, brimming 2--high [adj] 䗾ਸ yínghé ◊ cater to 1--very high [v] yǐngxiǎng ◊ influence, afᖡ૽ fect, impact ◊ harm, impair, interfere with, undermine ◊ an influence, effect (often implies an undesirable or harmful effect) ◊ an interference, harm 1--very high [v,n] 亽к Yǐngshàng ◊ Yingshang (county, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province)3--medium ᓄㆄ yìngdá ◊ answer, reply 2--high [v] ᓄሩ yìngduì ◊ respond to, meet, face, deal with (a challenge, certain situation, etc.) ◊ take measures, take steps 1--very high [v] ᓄণ yīngjí ◊ {document style} accordingly at once... 3--medium ᓄ䰘 yìngmén◊ answer the door, be a doorman 4--low [v] ᓄए yìngmù ◊ answer the call (for volunteers, etc.) 4--low [v] ᓄᰦ yìngshí ◊ seasonal, fashionable ◊ immediately 3--medium [adj,adv] ᓄཙ Yìngtiān◊ Yingtian (a seat of government during the Northern Sòng ᆻ Dynasty near Shangqiu, Hénán ⋣ই Province and during the Yuán ‫ ݳ‬Dynasty in Nanjing) ◊ Yingtian (reign titles for various Emperors) 3--medium ᓄ⭘ yìngyòng ◊ apply, put to use ◊ applied (like science) ◊ application (such as a computer program) 1--very high [v,n] ᱐ࠪ yìngchū ◊ reflect ◊ screen (a movie) 3--medium ᓨཛ yōngfū ◊ mediocre person 4--low [n] ᓨӪ yōngrén ◊ mediocre person 3--medium [n] ᤕ㛯 yōngzhǒng ◊ warped, not straight ◊ ignorant, stupid ◊ a fool 5--very low 䳽ᇩ yōngróng ◊ graceful and poised 2--high [adj] 䳽⟉ yōngxī ◊ harmony, amity4--low 䳽ᐎ Yōngzhōu ◊ Yongzhou (one of the ancient Nine Provinces around present Shǎnxī) 4--low றற yúyú ◊ {onom} whisper (like between lovers) 4--low [phon] ࣷᚽ yǒnghàn◊ fearless, brave 4--low

ᕅ䇱 yǐnzhèng ◊ cite as authority or evidence 3--medium [v] ᕅ㠚 yǐnzì ◊ quote from 2--high [v] 䳀ਜ਼ yǐnhán ◊ contain, conceal (like an emotion) 1--very high [v] 䳀⯮ yǐnjí ◊ secret disease, shameful disease (like venereal) 4--low [n] 䳀ት yǐnjū ◊ live in seclusion (not accepting public office), withdraw from society ◊ place where one lives in seclusion 2--high [v] 䳀९ yǐnnì ◊ conceal, go into hiding 1--very high [v] 䳀❦ yǐnrán ◊ unclearly (like seen, heard) 4--low [adv] 䳀ᗽ yǐnrěn ◊ bear patiently 3--medium [v] 䳀ᗞ yǐnwēi ◊ indistinct, obscure ◊ minute ◊ hidden (grief, etc.) 4--low [adj] 䳀䈝 yǐnyǔ ◊ enigmatic language, secret language 4--low [n] 䳀ሃ yǐnyù ◊ be hidden (like meaning in a parable) 4--low 䳀㓖 yǐnyuē ◊ indistinct, faint, dim ◊ hidden (meaning) 2--high [adj] 䳀㘵 yǐnzhě ◊ a recluse 3--medium [n] 侞䞂 yǐnjiǔ ◊ drink wine, liquor, beer, etc. 2--high [v] 侞⌓ yǐnqì ◊ sob in silence 4--low [v] 侞伏 yǐnshí ◊ food and drink, food and beverages, food ◊ diet (the things or type of things a person eats and drinks) ◊ eat and drink 1--very high [n,v] 侞≤ yǐnshuǐ ◊ potable water (for drinking or cooking) ◊ drink water 2--high [n,v] Ⴄ‫ݯ‬ yīng'ér ◊ baby 1--very high [n] ᓄᖃ yīngdāng ◊ should, ought to, must 1--very high [v] ᓄᗇ yīngdé ◊ deserve, merit ◊ deserved, rightful (like interests), due, just 2--high [v,adj] ᓄ࠶ yīngfèn ◊ within one's duty or responsibility, obligatory 3--medium [adj] ᓄ䈕 yīnggāi ◊ should, ought to, be supposed to, must; be right/proper; deserve to ◊ should (expressing a fairly confident conjecture or inference) 1--very high [auxv] 㤡᡽ yīngcái ◊ of outstanding talent (mostly of a young person) 1--very high [n] 㤡⌅ Yīng-Fǎ ◊ English and French 3--medium [adj] 㤡᮷ Yīngwén ◊ English, the English language (esp. written) 1--very high [n] 㤡䳴 yīngxióng ◊ hero, person of outstanding ability and bravery ◊ hero (like la552

[adj] ࣷ࣋ yǒnglì ◊ courage and strength 4--low [n] ࣷ≄ yǒngqì ◊ courage 1--very high [n] ࣷ༛ yǒngshì ◊ brave person, hero ◊ warrior, fighter 2--high [n] ࣷҾ yǒngyú ◊ dare to, have the courage to (followed by a verb) 2--high [v] ࣷ㘵 yǒngzhě ◊ the brave 2--high [n] ≨ᆱ Yǒngníng ◊ Yongning (county, Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū ሗ༿എ᯿㠚⋫ ॰/ᆱ༿എ᯿㠚⋫४ "Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region") 3--medium િ਩ yǒngtàn ◊ sing, chant 5--very low [v] 䐺䍥 yǒngguì ◊ soar (of prices) 5--very low 䐺䏳 yǒngyuè◊ enthusiastic(ally), fervent(ly) ◊ jump, leap 1--very high [vi] ⭘ㅄ yòngbǐ ◊ use the pen or brush (to write, employ techniques of calligraphy) 3--medium [vo] ⭘‫ޥ‬ yòngbīng ◊ use military force 2--high [v] ⭘⌅ yòngfǎ ◊ method of employment, way of using (sth), usage 2--high [n] ⭘ֻ yònglì ◊ {software and systems engineering} use case 3--medium [n] ⭘࣋ yònglì ◊ make an effort, exert oneself 1--very high [vo] ⭘ભ yòngmìng ◊ take orders, be at the service of 3--medium [v] ⭘Ӫ yòngrén ◊ choose a person for a job; (select and) use personnel (effectively), employ people to the best advantage ◊ personnel placement, hiring ◊ need qualified personnel 1--very high [v] ⭘к yòngshang ◊ make use of ◊ be made use of ◊ be put to use 2--high [v] ⭘һ yòngshì ◊ be in power ◊ act, handle ◊ quote literary allusions 3--medium [v] ⭘ᱟ yòngshì ◊ for this reason 3--medium ⭘⢩ yòngtè ◊ hence I esp.... 4--low ⭘䙄 yòngtú ◊ use, application1--very high [n] ⭘↖ yòngwǔ ◊ use force ◊ bring one's abilities into play 4--low [v] ⭘䍔 yòngxián ◊ employ capable officials 4--low ⭘ᗳ yòngxīn ◊ attentive, diligent ◊ intention ◊ motive 1--very high [adj,n] ⭘ԕ yòngyǐ ◊ use (sth) in order to...; be used to/for... ◊ so as to 2--high [v] ⭘ԕ yòngyǐ ◊ use (sth) in order to...; be used to/for... ◊ so as to 2--high [v] 䗷 guò ◊ go past, pass (by), go through, cross ◊ exceed, go beyond ◊ mistake ◊ blame or

criticize sb for a mistake ◊ transfer (like money), adopt (like a child) ◊ read, go over, recall, call to mind ◊ {written} visit, stop by ◊ {regional} pass away, die ◊ {grammar} outperform, or fail (following dé ᗇ or bù н after a verb) ◊ {chem} per-, super- ◊ {regional} be contagious, infect ◊ Guo (surname) 1--very high [v,suf,co,sn] ⭘᜿ yòngyì ◊ intention 1--very high [n] yòngzhě ◊ user 4--low [n] ⭘㘵 ⭘֌ yòngzuò◊ use as 3--medium [v] Ո࣓ yōuliè ◊ superior and inferior, good and bad 1--very high [adj,n] Ոᔲ yōuyì ◊ outstanding, excellent 2--high [adj] Ո⑨ yōuyóu ◊ leisurely and carefree ◊ hesitant, indecisive, weak 3--medium [adj] ՈҾ yōuyú ◊ (be) superior to 2--high [phr] ᒭ䉧 yōugǔ ◊ deep valley ◊ {geosciences} trough valley 2--high [n] ᒭߕ yōumíng ◊ the nether world ◊ dark, shadowy 3--medium [adj,n] ᒭᙍ yōusī ◊ ponder ◊ deep thought 3--medium [n,v] ᒭ䘌 yōuyuǎn◊ (of time or space) far away, remote ◊ (of meaning, thought, etc.) profound, deep 0--very low [adj] ᛐ䮯 yōucháng ◊ long (of time) 2--high [adj] ᛐѵ yōujiǔ ◊ long, long ago, age-old 2--high [adj] ᘗᜱ yōuchóu◊ worried and sad, anxious and depressed/dejected ◊ anxiety, melancholy, worry, depression, sorrow, care, pain 2--high [adj,n] ᘗᛓ yōuhuàn◊ suffering, misery, hardship 2--high [n] ᘗᘥ yōuniàn ◊ worry about 5--very low ᘗᡊ yōuqī ◊ distressed, grieved 5--very low [adj] ᘗ㢢 yōusè ◊ worried look 5--very low ᭨‫ޣ‬ yōuguān◊ related to, connected with3--medium [adj] ቔ⭊ yóushèn ◊ especially so 3--medium [adj] ቔѪ yóuwéi ◊ (is, be) especially 2--high [adv] ⋩❦ yóurán ◊ spontaneously (of feelings, emotions, etc.) ◊ densely (of clouds, etc.) 3--medium [adj] ⋩❦֌Ӂ yóuránzuòyún ◊ clouds gather, clouds get dense 4--low 䙺᚟ ⑨ᠿ yóuxì ◊ game, recreation ◊ play 1--very high [n] 㘵 zhě ◊ (following a verb) person who..., those who..., the thing (or things) which...; (follo553

wing a verb or adjective) person who... (does sth or acts in a certain way), those who... (do sth/are...)Zhe (surname) 1--very high [suf,sn] ⣩ਟ yóukě ◊ probably, still can 3--medium ⣩ф yóuqiě ◊ still, furthermore, likewise 4--low ⣩❦ yóurán ◊ as ever ◊ content and leisurely ◊ smilingly, laughingly ◊ furthermore 4--low [adv] ⣩ྲ yóurú ◊ just like, as if 2--high [v] ⣩䀰 yóuyán ◊ as if said ◊ say (sth) again 4--low ⣩ᴹ yóuyǒu ◊ still have, still is 3--medium ⣩䊛 yóuyù ◊ hesitate 1--very high [v] ⣩䊛нᇊ yóuyùbùdìng ◊ hesitant, undecided 3--medium [cy] ⣩䊛нߣ yóuyùbùjué ◊ hesitate, be undecided 3--medium [cy] ⣩㠚 yóuzì ◊ still, nevertheless 3--medium [adv] ⣩ᆀ yóuzǐ ◊ nephew (brother's son) 5--very low [n] ⭡нᗇ yóubude◊ be beyond one's control ◊ cannot help (doing sth) 3--medium [adv,v] ⭡↔ yóucǐ ◊ from this, thus 1--very high [adv] ⭡ᐡ yóujǐ ◊ as one pleases, as one wishes 2--high [adv] ⭡ᶕ yóulái ◊ origin ◊ reason, cause 1--very high [n] ⭡Ӫ yóurén ◊ depend on people, be up to people ◊ depend on others, be up to others ◊ go along with others' wishes 3--medium [vo] ⭡Ҿ yóuyú ◊ because of, thanks to, as a result of, due to 1--very high [adv] ⑨䈤 yóushuì ◊ canvass, solicit support (for an idea, etc.) ◊ to lobby ◊ lobbying 1--very high [v] ⑨ᠿ yóuxì ◊ game, recreation ◊ play 1--very high [n] ⑨‫א‬ yóuxiá ◊ (traditional Chinese) knight-errant, defender of the weak (or of the cause of justice) 2--high [n] ⑨ᢜ yóuyáng◊ praise, puff 5--very low 䛞Ր yóuchuán ◊ send by post (or mail) ◊ postal (or mail) delivery 4--low [v] ৻Ӫ yǒurén ◊ friend 1--very high [n] ᴹ䛖 yǒubāng◊ the feudal lords (of ancient times) 4--low ᴹ༷ yǒubèi ◊ be prepared 3--medium ᴹᛆ yǒubèi ◊ {written} run counter to

4--low [v] ᴹᓣ Yǒubēi ◊ Youbei (in Húnán ⒆ই Province) 5--very low ᴹਈ yǒubiàn ◊ have changed (of a situation) 3--medium [vo] ᴹ࡛ yǒubié ◊ different 2--high [v] ᴹᑨ yǒucháng ◊ persevere (as in study) 3--medium ᴹᡀ yǒuchéng ◊ succeed, get somewhere 2--high [v] ᴹᖵ yǒudài ◊ remain to be (done); await (completion) 1--very high [vo] ᴹᖵҾ yǒudàiyú ◊ await (completi2--high on), remain (to be done) ᴹ䚃 yǒudào ◊ learned or virtuous person ◊ enlightened government 2--high [adj,v] ᴹᗇ yǒudé ◊ what one has learned from work, study, etc.; what one has acquired 4--low [v] ᴹⲴ yǒude ◊ some ◊ there is plenty to be... (like hái yǒude zhǎng 䚴ᴹⲴ䮧/䘈ᴹⲴ䮯 has a lot of growing yet to do) 1--very high [phr] ᴹㅹ yǒuděng◊ {formal} sorry to have kept you waiting 3--medium ᴹ⛩ yǒudiǎn ◊ some, a little ◊ somewhat 1--very high ᴹᓖ yǒudù ◊ be moderate/reasonable; not overdo it (mostly used in 4-character phrases, e.g. kāifā yǒudù 䮻Ⲭᴹᓖ/ᔰਁᴹᓖ "develop in a controlled/moderate way") 3--medium [vo,adj] ᴹᯩ yǒufāng ◊ in the right way, with the proper method (in contrast to wrong way, improper method "wúfāng") 3--medium [v] ᴹ࠶ yǒufèn ◊ have a proper share (of responsibility, benefit, etc.) 2--high [v] ᴹ੖ yǒufǒu ◊ is there, do you have 3--medium ᴹᝏ yǒugǎn ◊ have thoughts on sth (usu. used in the title of a literary sketch) 2--high [vo] ᴹ࣏ yǒugōng◊ be an achievement/accomplishment, be of merit ◊ have rendered distinguished services ◊ meritorious 2--high [adj] ᴹ࣏㘵 yǒugōngzhě ◊ person having rendered distinguished service 4--low ᴹ公 yǒuguǐ ◊ find sth (or be) amiss or fishy, smell a rat 3--medium [v] ᴹ䗷 yǒuguò ◊ go beyond the bounds, do excessively ◊ be at fault 3--medium [vo] ᴹᚂ yǒuhéng◊ be persevering 1--very high [v] ᴹਾ yǒuhòu ◊ have an heir, have offspring (esp. male children) 3--medium ᴹᵪ yǒujī ◊ {ecology} organic ◊ have an opportunity 1--very high [adj,vo]

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ᴹྨ yǒujiān ◊ commit fornication 4--low ᴹ䰤 yǒujiàn {literary} ◊ be different ◊ be estranged ◊ in a little while ◊ improve slightly (of an illness) 3--medium [v,adv] ᴹ㢲 yǒujié ◊ discreet, restrained, decorous 3--medium ᴹ䞂 yǒujiǔ ◊ have had enough liquor (said when refusing another drink) 3--medium ᴹ᝗ yǒukuì ◊ feel qualms about sth ◊ have a guilty conscience 3--medium [v] ᴹࣣ yǒuláo ◊ {formal} excuse me for troubling you 3--medium [v] ᴹ㍟ yǒulèi ◊ bother, incommode (esp. in apologies) 4--low ᴹ⨶ yǒulǐ ◊ be reasonable, warranted, justified ◊ be in the right ◊ {math} rational 2--high [adj] ᴹ⽬ yǒulǐ ◊ courteous, polite 3--medium [adj,vo] ᴹ࡙ yǒulì ◊ advantageous, beneficial ◊ conducive gains 1--very high [adj,n] ᴹ࣋ yǒulì ◊ powerful, forceful, vigorous, strong 1--very high [adj] ᴹ䟿 yǒuliàng◊ be limited ◊ have a capacity for liquor 3--medium ᴹ਽ yǒumíng ◊ famous, celebrated, well-known 1--very high [adj] ᴹભ yǒumìng ◊ there is a providence ◊ be the will of heaven, be fated ◊ be alive 3--medium ᴹᒤ yǒunián ◊ for many years ◊ bumper harvest year 3--medium [v] ᴹ‫ٿ‬ yǒupiān ◊ excuse me for going ahead of (for starting without you, for bothering you)3--medium ᴹཷ yǒujī ◊ over, odd (after a number) 3--medium [v] ᴹ≄ yǒuqì ◊ get angry 3--medium [v] ᴹ䈧 yǒuqǐng ◊ {formal} you are invited ◊ wants you, is calling for you 3--medium [v] ᴹ≲Ҿ yǒuqiúyú ◊ have to look to sb for help ◊ have a favour to ask of sb 3--medium [v] ᴹᵳ yǒuquán◊ powerful ◊ have authority or jurisdiction, have the right ◊ entitled, qualified, eligible 1--very high [vo] ᴹྲ yǒurú ◊ (just) like 2--high [v] ᴹ䓛 yǒushēn ◊ be pregnant ◊ have an individual self or ego (concept discussed in the Laozi) 3--medium [v] ᴹ⾎ yǒushén ◊ act as if inspired, show great skill ◊ be full of expression 3--medium [vo,adj] ᴹ༠ yǒushēng ◊ eminent, famous ◊ having sound (talking pictures, etc.) 2--high [v]

ᴹᰦ yǒushí ◊ sometimes, at times, occasionally 1--very high [adv] ᴹ䇶 yǒushí ◊ (be) knowledgeable 4--low [adj] ᴹһ yǒushì ◊ if sth happens ◊ engaged, occupied, busy ◊ have some business to attend to ◊ have urgent business of state (like war) 1--very high [vo] ᴹᮠ yǒushù ◊ have kept count of, have kept track of, know how many ◊ know how things stand, know what to do ◊ only a few 2--high [v] ᴹਨ yǒusī ◊ officials, those in charge 3--medium [n] ᴹᦏ yǒusǔn ◊ be harmful to 0--very low [vo] ᴹᡰ yǒusuǒ ◊ to some extent, somewhat 1--very high [adv] ᴹᡰн⸕ yǒusuǒbùzhī ◊ there is something you (or he/etc.) don't (doesn't) know 4--low [cy] ᴹᡰѪ yǒusuǒwéi ◊ take (some) action(s), do sth ◊ have some accomplishments 3--medium [v] ᴹ䘍 yǒuwéi ◊ go against, run counter to, violate 3--medium [vo] ᴹણ yǒuwèi ◊ be tasty ◊ be off-tasting, have a bad smell ◊ have flavour (of a piece of art, literature) 3--medium [vo,adj] ᴹѪ yǒuwéi ◊ be promising/capable 2--high [adj] ᴹᰐ yǒuwú ◊ whether there is or not...? ◊ what one has and what one lacks (like as object of bilateral trade) 2--high [v] ᴹ䈟 yǒuwù ◊ contain errors ◊ in error, wrong 2--high ᴹௌ yǒuxǐ ◊ be pregnant 1--very high [v] ᴹᆍ yǒuxiào ◊ be in mourning 4--low ᴹ᭸ yǒuxiào ◊ be effective ◊ effectively ◊ be valid 1--very high [adj] ᴹᗳ yǒuxīn ◊ mean to, have a mind to, set one's mind on (doing sth) ◊ determined/persevering ◊ be considerate/attentive/thoughtful ◊ intentionally, deliberately 2--high [v,adj] ᴹᖒ yǒuxíng ◊ tangible, visible 2--high [adj] ᴹᒿ yǒuxù ◊ (be) orderly 2--high [vo,adj] ᴹ᜿ yǒuyì ◊ intentional(ly), deliberate(ly) 1--very high [vo,adv] ᴹ⳺ yǒuyì ◊ be beneficial (to) 1--very high [vo,adj] ᴹഐ yǒuyīn ◊ have a reason to... 2--high ᴹ⭘ yǒuyòng◊ be useful, serve a purpose 1--very high [adj] ᴹ։ yǒuyú ◊ (have) plenty, ample ◊ plus, odd (when following a whole number) 2--high [vo] ᴹ䍓 yǒuzé ◊ be resonsible for, carry responsibility 0--very low 555

ᴹᘇ yǒuzhì ◊ have aspirations or ideals ◊ have ambitions (mostly in a good sense) 2--high [vo] ᴹࣙ yǒuzhù ◊ facilitate, be helpful 2--high [v] ᴹ⵰ yǒuzhe ◊ have, possess (like importance) 1--very high [v] ᴹ㖚 yǒuzuì ◊ be found guilty 2--high [v] ৸৺ yòují ◊ postscript 4--low [n] ৸ެ yòujiān ◊ moreover, in addition 3--medium ৸਽ yòumíng ◊ also named, also called ◊ alias 2--high [v] ৸ྲ yòurú ◊ such as ◊ again, there is... 2--high ਣ㟲 yòubì ◊ right arm 3--medium [n] ਣ᡻ yòushǒu ◊ right hand ◊ right (hand) side 1--very high [n] ਣ㹼 yòuháng◊ right-hand column ◊ Youhang (compound surname) 4--low ᒬ㘵 yòuzhě ◊ the young 4--low ᒬᆀ yòuzǐ ◊ youngest son 3--medium [n] 䈡ᧆ yòuyè ◊ help and encourage, teach the young 5--very low [v] 㓑ᗀ yūxú ◊ slow, sluggish 5--very low [adj] 䗲䈎 yūdàn ◊ impractical, unrealistic 5--very low 䗲ᴢ yūqū ◊ tortuous, full of twists and turns 4--low [adj] 䗲䘌 yūyuǎn ◊ impractical 5--very low Ҿᖂ yúguī ◊ get married (of a woman), go to the husband's house (of a woman) 4--low ᯬᱲ ᯬᙍ ၡҀ yúlè ◊ recreation, amusement, entertainment 1--very high [n] ၡᗳ yúxīn ◊ amuse, be enjoyable 5--very low ᝊ励 yúlǔ ◊ dull-witted 4--low [adj] ᝊ≁ yúmín ◊ the illiterate, the uneducated ◊ dupe the people, keep the public in the dark3--medium [n,v] ᝊӪ yúrén ◊ fool, stupid person ◊ {written} pull sb's leg 2--high [n] ᝊ᜿ yúyì ◊ my opinion 4--low Ҿ↔ yúcǐ ◊ thereupon, consequently ◊ there, in this location 2--high ҾѾ wūhū ◊ alas ◊ {euphemism} die 5--very low ҾӺ yújīn ◊ since, till now ◊ today, nowadays 3--medium [adv] Ҿᱟ yúshì ◊ thereupon, subsequently, at that ◊ because of that, so, then, hence, as a re-

sult, consequently ǁ (the pattern "X, ᯬᱟ/Ҿᱟ Y" expresses that event Y happened in close succession to event X, and often—but not always— implies that X led to Y) 1--very high [adv,conj] ҾᱟѾ yúshìhū ◊ thereupon, consequently 3--medium Ҿ✹ yúyān ◊ thereupon, consequently 4--low Ҿԕ yúyǐ ◊ thereupon, consequently 3--medium Ҿ䛁 yúyì ◊ sad, feeling oppressed 5--very low ◊ Yuzhong (counᾶѝ Yúzhōng ty in Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province) 3--medium ⑄⡦ yúfǔ ◊ old fisherman 5--very low [n] ⑄Ӫ yúrén ◊ fisherman ◊ third party (who gains when two parties quarrel) 3--medium 㠶മ yútú ◊ map ◊ territory 4--low [n] 䑠䎺 ։∂ yúdú ◊ pernicious vestige, lingering ill effects 4--low [n] ։ਟ㊫᧘ yúkělèituī ◊ the rest may be inferred by analogy 3--medium [phr] ։࣋ yúlì ◊ surplus energy, strength in reserve 2--high [n] ։ણ yúwèi ◊ pleasant after-impression, aftertaste 3--medium [n] 劬䍟 yúguàn ◊ single file 3--medium [adv] 劬匎 yúlín ◊ fish scale ◊ close together (like fish scales) 2--high [n] 劬嗉 yúlóng ◊ ichthyosaurus 3--medium [n] 劬㚹 yúròu ◊ fish and meat ◊ fish flesh ◊ (treat like foodstuffs) oppress 1--very high [n,v] 劬⭏ yúshēng ◊ finely sliced raw fish 3--medium [n] 劬ⴀ yúyán ◊ fish and salt (resources of the sea) 4--low 劬䏳 yúyuè ◊ fish dive (in volleyball) 3--medium [n,v] ҸਆҸ≲ yúqǔyúqiú ◊ make unlimited/endless demands (on sb), take anything one wants (from), extort freely; rapacious 4--low [cy] ҸаӪ yúyīrén ◊ I alone (the Emperor) 5--very low ᆷл yǔxià ◊ under the eaves ◊ subordinates 4--low ᆷᇉ yǔzhòu ◊ cosmos, universe 1--very high [n] 㗭∋ yǔmáo ◊ feather, plume ◊ fame, reputation 1--very high [n] 㗭㘬 yǔyì ◊ a wing ◊ assistant 2--high [n]

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оཪ yǔduó ◊ give and take away ◊ praise and blame 5--very low о੖ yǔfǒu ◊ (whether) or not 3--medium [phr] о‫ޡ‬ yǔgòng ◊ together (like of opposites) 3--medium [v] оഭ yǔguó ◊ friendly state, ally 3--medium оަ yǔqí ◊ {grammar} rather than... (the following clause contains an expression meaning "it would be better to," like bùrú нྲ, hái bùrú 䚴нྲ/䘈нྲ or wúnìng ⇻ሗ/⇻ᆱ) 1--very high [conj] оӪѪழ yǔrénwéishàn ◊ aim at helping others ◊ with good intentions toward others 3--medium [cy] оц᧘〫 yǔshìtuīyí ◊ change with the times, keep up with the times 3--medium о䰫 yùwén ◊ participate and be informed, be let in on sth 5--very low [v] 䈝⯵ yǔbìng ◊ improper word usage 4--low [n] 䈝䇽 yǔcí ◊ words, phrases 3--medium [n] 䈝⌅ yǔfǎ ◊ grammar 1--very high [n] 䈝ਕ yǔjù ◊ a sentence ◊ {IT} statement 2--high [n] 䈝≄ yǔqì ◊ manner of speaking ◊ {grammar} mood, mode 1--very high 䈝≄ࣙ䇽 yǔqìzhùcí ◊ particles indicating mood (like exclamatory, interrogative) 4--low [n] 䈝䀰 yǔyán ◊ language 1--very high [n] 䈝᜿ yǔyì ◊ the meaning of a word 3--medium [n] 䃎䴢 䴘䴚 yǔxuě ◊ sleet ◊ rain and/or snow 3--medium [n] ሃ䀰 yùyán ◊ fable, allegory 1--very high [n] ሃҾ yùyú ◊ lie within, be contained in 3--medium [v] ᗑᓌ yùfǔ ◊ Imperial storehouse, palace storehouse 4--low ᗑӪ yùrén ◊ chariot driver 4--low ᗑਢ Yùshǐ ◊ Imperial Inspector (official title, duties varied at different times throughout Chinese history) 2--high ᗑᆷ yùyǔ ◊ reign 4--low ᗑ㘵 yùzhě ◊ carriage driver, chariot driver ◊ royal attendants 4--low ᜸⳺ yùyì ◊ more and more 3--medium Ⅲᵋ yùwàng ◊ desire, wish, lust 1--very high [n] Ⅲᚦ yùwù ◊ likes and dislikes 5--very low Ⅲ≲ yùqiú ◊ to desire, want 2--high [n]

⤡ਿ yùlì ◊ warden, prison official 4--low [n] ⦹ᑋ yùbó ◊ jade and silk (as gifts) ◊ [n] riches 3--medium ⦹⧟ yùhuán ◊ jade ring (worn as an adornment) ◊ the moon ◊ Yuhuan (a personal name for Yangguifei, 719 - 756) ◊ Yuhuan (county, Zhèjiāng ⎉⊏ Province) 3--medium ⦹䰘 yùmén ◊ jade gate, palace ◊ {figurative} the vagina ◊ Yumen (city, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈ 㚳 Province) 4--low [n,name] ⦹ㇷ Yùpiān ◊ the Yupian (character dictionary compiled by Gu Yewang, 519 - 581) 4--low ⦹ಘ yùqì ◊ jadeware ◊ jade carving (as an art) 2--high [n] ⦹⸣ yùshí ◊ jade ◊ jade and stone 2--high [n] ⦹伏 yùshí ◊ fine food, delicacies 3--medium ⦹փ yùtǐ ◊ luster of the skin ◊ {formal} your health ◊ body of a beautiful woman 4--low [n] ⦹䴚 yùxuě ◊ white snow ◊ sth pure white 4--low ᗑᇷ yùkòu ◊ ward off aggressors 4--low 㛢᡽ yùcái ◊ foster talent 2--high [v] 㼅≁ Yùmín ◊ Yumin (county, Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū ᯠ⮶㏝੮⡮㠚⋫॰/ᯠ⮶㔤੮ ቄ㠚⋫४ "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region") 3--medium 䉅Ԕ yùlìng ◊ command, order 4--low [n] 䊛ᐎ Yùzhōu ◊ Yuzhou (one of the nine Provinces of China under Yu the Great, see Jiǔzhōu) 3--medium 䙷䴘 yùyǔ ◊ be caught in the rain 3--medium 䛱䛱 yùyù ◊ luxuriant (vegetation) ◊ melancholic, depressed ◊ richly fragrant 2--high [adj] 䛱〟 yùjī ◊ pent-up (feelings) 3--medium [adj] 䛱ᣁ yùyì ◊ depressed, gloomy 3--medium [adj] ␺␡ yuānshēn ◊ deep, profound (of learning, a plan, etc.) 4--low [adj] ␺␺ yuānyuān ◊ deep (like the sea) ◊ the sound of a drum 4--low ‫ݳ‬ᵜ yuánběn ◊ basic, chief, fundamental ◊ Yuán ‫ ݳ‬Dynasty (woodblock) edition ◊ origin ◊ original capital investment 2--high ‫ݳ‬ᒤ yuánnián ◊ the first year of an Emperor's reign 2--high [n] ‫≄ݳ‬ yuánqì ◊ vim, vigor, vitality, strength (of a person, country) 2--high [n] ‫ݳ‬ᠾ yuánróng ◊ supreme commander 4--low [n] ‫ݳ‬࿻ yuánshǐ ◊ genesis, the beginning of

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all things 3--medium ‫ݳݳ‬ yuányuán ◊ the common people 3--medium [n] ৏᭵ yuángù ◊ cause, reason 3--medium ৏ᶕ yuánlái ◊ original, former, old ◊ originally, formerly ◊ so, after all, what-do-youknow; as it turns out; wouldn't you know it,... 1--very high [adj,adv] ৏㕪 yuánquē ◊ original vacancy 5--very low ৏࿻ yuánshǐ ◊ original, firsthand ◊ primitive, primeval, virgin 1--very high [adj] ৏ᱟ yuánshì ◊ originally was, really was ◊ as before ◊ in fact ◊ naturally 2--high ৏Җ yuánshū ◊ original book, previous edition 3--medium [n] ৏⭠ yuántián◊ field on a plateau 2--high [n] ৏᮷ yuánwén ◊ original text, the cited source ◊ original (in contrast to a translation or copy) 1--very high [n] ৏ഐ yuányīn ◊ cause, reason 1--very high [n] ৏ᴹ yuányǒu◊ original, originally present or available 2--high [adj] ৏ࡉ yuánzé ◊ principle, fundamental rule, tenet 1--very high [n] ৏⌘ yuánzhù ◊ original notes (annotating a classical work) 4--low [n] ৏ᆀ yuánzǐ ◊ atom; atomic, nuclear 2--high [n,adj] ৏֌ yuánzuò ◊ original (in contrast to translation) 2--high [n] ઈཆ yuánwài ◊ gentry official (one who purchased a government title, but had no real governmental duties) ◊ form of address for a rich landlord or wealthy merchant 3--medium [n] ઈཆ䛾 yuánwàiláng ◊ gentry official (one who purchased a government title, but had no real governmental duties) ◊ form of address for a rich landlord or wealthy merchant 4--low ശ┑ yuánmǎn ◊ satisfactory, perfect, complete, successful 1--very high [adj,adv] Ⓚ⍱ yuánliú ◊ origin and development ◊ source and course 2--high [n] ⓀⓀ yuányuán ◊ in a steady stream 2--high [adv] ⓀⓀ㘼ᶕ yuányuán'érlái ◊ coming in a steady stream 3--medium [cy] 㕈 yuán ◊ cause, reason ◊ because, on account of ◊ fate, predestined relationship, natural affinity ◊ along, following ◊ edge, periphery ◊ border, hem (of a garment) 1--very high [n,adv,prep] ᵘ mù ◊ tree, wood, timber, lumber; wooden, made of wood ◊ Mu (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] 㕈䎧 yuánqǐ ◊ origin, beginning ◊ ex-

planation of the founding or beginning of sth 2--high [n] 㕈侠 yuánshì ◊ edging, fringe (as clothing ornament) ◊ decorate 5--very low 㕈⭡ yuányóu◊ cause, reason 2--high [n] 䘌༴ yuǎnchù ◊ distant place 2--high [n] 䘌བྷ yuǎndà ◊ long-range and broad, unlimited 2--high [adj] 䘌ᯩ yuǎnfāng ◊ distant place 2--high [n] 䘌㿱 yuǎnjiàn◊ farsightedness ◊ foresight ◊ vision 1--very high [n] 䘌䘁 yuǎnjìn ◊ far and near ◊ distance 1--very high [n] yuǎnqù ◊ go far away, disappear in 䘌৫ the distance 3--medium [v] 䘌Ӫ yuǎnrén ◊ far-off person, person living far away ◊ distant person (not close friend [n] or relative) 3--medium 䘌⎹ yuǎnshè ◊ make a long, arduous journey (esp. across the sea) 3--medium [v] 䘌㹼 yuǎnxíng ◊ take a long journey 3--medium [v] 䘌⑨ yuǎnyóu◊ go on a long journey 3--medium [v] 䘌ᘇ yuǎnzhì ◊ far-reaching ambition, lofty aspiration ◊ {bot} narrow-leaved polygala, Polygala tenuifolia (the root of which is used in Chinese medicine) 3--medium [n] ᙘ∂ yuàndú ◊ hatred, enmity 3--medium [n] ᙘᙬ yuànduì ◊ enmity, resentment 4--low [n] ᙘᓌ yuànfǔ ◊ object of popular resentment 5--very low [n] ᙘᚘ yuànhèn ◊ hate ◊ hatred, enmity, resentment 1--very high [v] ᙘᵋ yuànwàng ◊ bear a grievance 4--low 㓖⌅ yuēfǎ ◊ provisional constitution 4--low [n,v] 㓖࠶ yuēfēn ◊ reduction (of a fraction) 4--low [n] 㓖䇑 yuējì ◊ calculate roughly ◊ approximately 4--low [v] 㓖ᮠ yuēshù ◊ approximate number ◊ {math} divisor 4--low [n] 㓖ᶏ yuēshù ◊ restrain, bind 1--very high [v] 㓖ᤷ yuēzhǐ ◊ the ring finger 5--very low ᛖ yuè ◊ pleased, happy, delighted ◊ please, make happy, delight ◊ Yue (surname) 2--high [sn] ᐡ jǐ ◊ self, oneself; personal ◊ ji (sixth of the ten Celestial Stems) 1--very high [pron,n] 㘵 zhě ◊ (following a verb) person who...,

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those who..., the thing (or things) which...; (following a verb or adjective) person who... (does sth or acts in a certain way), those who... (do sth/are...)Zhe (surname) 1--very high [suf,sn] ᴸ㺘 yuèbiǎo ◊ monthly list (table, tabulated report) 4--low [n] ᴸ‫ب‬ yuèfèng ◊ monthly salary 4--low [n] ᴸԔ yuèlìng ◊ the weather and phenomena of a particular month 4--low [n] ᴸ伏 yuèshí ◊ lunar eclipse 3--medium [n] ᴸ∿ Yuèzhī ◊ Yuezhi (state in China's western region during the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty) 3--medium [n] ᴸ։ yuèyú ◊ more than a month 3--medium Ҁᖻ yuèlǜ ◊ {music} temperament 4--low [n] 䎺ࠪ yuèchū ◊ exceed, overstep 3--medium 䎺呑 yuèjī ◊ small chicken 5--very low 䎺ᑝ yuèxí ◊ leave one's seat 5--very low [v] 䎺㙼 yuèzhí ◊ exceed one's authority ǁ (=yuèquán 䎺℺/䎺ᵳ) 0--very low 䏳傜 yuèmǎ ◊ spur the horse on 3--medium [v] 䏳❦ yuèrán ◊ appear vividly (like emotion in one's writing) 3--medium [adj,adv] 䰵ц yuèshì ◊ gain experience in life, see the world4--low [v] 䰵Җ yuèshū ◊ read a book 4--low 䰵㘵 yuèzhě ◊ reader(s) 4--low Ӂቄ yún'ěr ◊ so-called (at the end of a sentence, indicates that sth is being quoted or referred to) 4--low [phr] Ӂօ yúnhé ◊ how? ◊ why? 3--medium [qu] 䴢⛪ ӁӁ yúnyún ◊ thus; and so forth, and so on, et cetera (at the end of an indirect quotation, marking the end of the quotation or implying that some other words along the same lines are omitted) 2--high [phr] Ӂ㙣 Yún'ěr ◊ Yúnnán 䴢ই/Ӂই Provinceese tree fungus 4--low Ӂ≹ Yúnhàn ◊ the Milky Way 4--low [n] ӁỖ Yúnmèng ◊ Yunmeng (county, Húběi ⒆े Province) 3--medium Ӂᮓ yúnsàn ◊ disband, disappear, dissolve and vanish 3--medium [v] Ӂཙ yúntiān ◊ the high heavens 2--high [n] Ӂ㹼䴘ᯭ yúnxíngyǔshī ◊ thin clouds floating and timely rain moistening all things (descriptive of sovereign's benevolence spreading among the people) 5--very low

Ӂᆖ yúnxué ◊ {meteorology} nephology 0--very low [n] Ӂ䴘 yúnyǔ ◊ sexual intercourse ◊ Imperial or official favour ◊ clouds and rain 3--medium [v] ᝐ㢢 yùnsè ◊ resentful face 4--low [n] 㮤㯹 yùnjiè ◊ {written} (of people, their speech, writing, expression, etc.) reserved and refined, temperate, well-controlled 4--low [adj] 㮤㫴 yùnxù ◊ be saved up but not yet evident, be latent 4--low [v] 䘀䟿 yùnliàng◊ freight volume, traffic capacity ◊ transport volume 3--medium [n] 䘀≄ yùnqi ◊ fate, destiny ◊ good luck, good fortune 1--very high [n] 䘀⾎ yùnshén ◊ ponder, reflect 4--low [v] 䘀䖜 yùnzhuǎn ◊ revolve ◊ turn over ◊ run, operate (of a machine) 2--high [v] 严㠤 yùnzhì ◊ charm, appeal 3--medium [n]

Z ᵲᘇ zázhì ◊ (news, etc.) magazine 1--very high [n] ṭษ zāipéi ◊ cultivate (literally of plants or figuratively of people) 1--very high [v] ⚮ᔲ zāiyì ◊ natural disasters and unusual phenomena 4--low [n] ᇠᇈ zǎiguān ◊ official ◊ county magistrate 5--very low ᇠ⢙ zǎiwù ◊ take charge of matters 5--very low ᇠ⴨ zǎixiàng ◊ prime minister (in ancient times) 1--very high [n] ޽ᤌ zàibài ◊ bow twice (a polite closing to a letter) 3--medium ޽㿱 zàijiàn ◊ good-bye, see you again ◊ meet again 1--very high [v] ޽䘋 zàijìn ◊ reenter ◊ reentry 3--medium [v,n] ޽й zàisān ◊ time and again, repeatedly 1--very high [adv] ޽䈤 zàishuō ◊ put off until later, attend later ◊ furthermore, besides ◊ say or tell again ◊ talk again ◊ (phrase at the end of a letter) correspond again, write to each other again 1--very high [v] ޽㘵 zàizhě ◊ furthermore, moreover ◊ P.S. (Post Scriptum) 2--high [phr] ൘↔ zàicǐ ◊ here, herewith 1--very high [adv] ൘ൠ zàidì ◊ {TW usage} local, native ǁ (from TW Minnan chāi-tē) 3--medium [adj] ൘䈫 zàidú ◊ be studying at a school

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or research institute ◊ in-school 3--medium [v,adj] ൘䘙 zài'ěr ◊ soon 5--very low ൘‫ޜ‬ zàigōng ◊ in service, on the job 3--medium [v] ൘ਾ zàihòu ◊ after, behind, as follows 2--high [adv] ൘ਾ㘵 zàihòuzhě ◊ follower(s) 5--very low ൘Ѿ zàihu ◊ care about, mind (often in the negative) ◊ lie in, rest with, depend on 1--very high [v] ൘ণ zàijí ◊ be imminent, be fast approaching, be in sight, will be here soon 2--high [v] ൘޵ zàinèi ◊ within, included 2--high [v] ൘ࡽ zàiqián ◊ in first place ◊ put in first place or priority ◊ formerly 2--high [adv] ൘ཆ zàiwài ◊ excluding ◊ outside 1--very high [v] ൘ս zàiwèi ◊ be on the throne ◊ be at one's post 3--medium [vo] ൘ս㘵 zàiwèizhě ◊ person at one's post 4--low ൘᱄ zàixī ◊ formerly, in the past 4--low [adv] ൘л zàixià ◊ I 1--very high [pron] ൘ᗳ zàixīn ◊ mind, be concerned ◊ take to heart 2--high [v] ൘Ҿ zàiyú ◊ lie in, rest with ◊ depend on ◊ be up to (sb) 1--very high [phr] ൘㙼 zàizhí ◊ be in office or at one's post 1--very high [v] 䖭䚃 zàidào ◊ everywhere along the road ◊ (like voices of praise or complaint) 3--medium 䖭㉽ zǎijí ◊ books 4--low 䎎਩ zàntàn ◊ gasp with admiration, acclaim 4--low 㠗੖ zāngpǐ ◊ judge, comment on (people) ◊ good and bad, gain and loss 4--low [v] 㠗ᆉ Zāngsūn◊ Zangsun (a compound surname) 5--very low 傥Պ zǎngkuài ◊ horse trader ◊ brokers (sometimes derogatory) 5--very low ㌏㌐ zāokāng ◊ distiller's grain, etc. eaten by the poor ◊ (short for zāokāngqī ㌏㌐࿫) wife who shared all hardship with her husband 3--medium [n] ࠯Ӆ záojǐng ◊ drill a well ◊ {mining} shaft sinking, shaft drilling 4--low [v] ࠯᷈ záoruì ◊ "mortise and tenon"; compatible ◊ (short for fāngruì-yuánzáo ᯩ᷈ൃ 䪯/ᯩ᷈ശ࠯) "square tenon and round mortise"; like a square peg in a round hole, incompatible, cannot agree, at odds 5--very low [n] ᰙᵍ zǎocháo ◊ (of an emperor) imperial

court session in the early morning 2--high [n] 䙐ቡ zàojiù ◊ train (people of talent/accomplishment), mould, foster, make, produce, create ◊ accomplishments, attainments (mostly of the young) 1--very high [v,n] 䙐⢙㘵 Zàowùzhě ◊ {religion} the Creator 4--low 䙐㡏 zàozhōu ◊ boats connecting to form a bridge, floating bridge 5--very low 䙐ᆇ zàozì ◊ make Chinese characters 3--medium ࡉ࠰ zédāo ◊ radical 18 when written 5--very on the right (as in "bié", "kè", etc.) low ࡉᓖ zédù ◊ regulations, rules 5--very low ࡉ⭊ zéshèn ◊ what are you doing, why 4--low [adv] ࡉ༠ zéshēng ◊ make a sound (mostly used in the negative) 4--low [v] ࡉ᭸ zéxiào ◊ follow the example of, model after 5--very low [v] ஗ᴹ✖䀰 zéyǒufányán ◊ complaints abound 5--very low [cy] ᤙӔ zéjiāo ◊ choose friends (or allies) carefully 5--very low [v] ⌭৺зц zéjíwànshì ◊ (benevolence extended to ten thousand generations) redound the benefit of all posterity 4--low 䍓ᐡ zéjǐ ◊ make demands on oneself (instead of on others) 4--low 䍓ԫ zérèn ◊ responsibility, duty ◊ accountability 1--very high [n] ໎ᦏ zēngsǔn ◊ increase and decrease 4--low ໎‫؞‬ zēngxiū ◊ revise and enlarge (a book) 3--medium ໎⳺ zēngyì ◊ add, increase ◊ {electrical} gain 2--high [v] ើᚦ zēngwù ◊ detest, loathe 3--medium [v] ᴮ⾆ zēngzǔ ◊ paternal great-grandfather 3--medium ᵝ䇠 zhájì ◊ note (of impressions or from one's readings) 2--high [n] ѽ㿱 zhàjiàn ◊ upon seeing or meeting suddenly ◊ upon seeing or meeting for the first time 1--very high ∑㼈 zhānqiú ◊ woolen clothes (esp. that worn by minority nationalities in northwest China) ◊ the leader of one of the minority nationalities in northwest China that wears such woolen clothes 5--very low ⋮㺓 zhānyī ◊ wet or stain the clothing (like rain, sweat, grease, mud) 4--low ⋮⋮㠚ௌ zhānzhānzìxǐ ◊ be pleased with oneself, be self-satisfied, be smug, gloat, pat oneself on the back, swell with pride 1--very high [cy] ⷫࡽ亮ਾ zhānqiángùhòu ◊ "look in front and turn around to look behind"—consider care560

fully and cautiously ◊ overly apprehensive and hesitant 3--medium [cy] ኅ䖜 zhǎnzhuǎn ◊ toss and turn, go through many places 3--medium 䗇䖜 zhǎnzhuǎn ◊ (passing) through many places/hands, from place to place, indirectly ◊ toss and turn, thrash 2--high [adv,v] ᡈ༷ zhànbèi ◊ combat readiness, war preparedness 3--medium [n] ᡈᯇ zhàndòu ◊ fight, battle ◊ combat ◊ action ◊ militant ◊ fighting 1--very high [v] ᡈഭ Zhànguó ◊ {history} the Warring States (475-221 BCE; the seven major "Warring States" were Chǔ ᾊ, Qí 啺/喀, Yàn ⠅, Hán 七/丙, Wèi 兿, Zhào 䏉/䎥 and Qín 〖) 2--high [n] ᡈഭㆆ Zhànguócè ◊ "Strategies of the Warring States" (an ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States Period compiled between the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE) 3--medium [name] ᡈṇ zhànlì ◊ shiver, shudder 3--medium [v] ᡈ↫ zhànsǐ ◊ be killed in battle 3--medium [v] ⒋ᚙ zhàn'ēn ◊ profound kindness 5--very low ᕐ䱸 zhāngchén ◊ display, lay out 4--low ᕐᕋ zhāng-chí ◊ tension and relaxation ◊ rise and fall 3--medium [n] ᕐ㛶 zhāngdǎn ◊ gather up one's courage 4--low ᕐ䚃 zhāngdào ◊ exaggerate, boast 4--low ᕐᕃ zhānggōng ◊ draw a bow 3--medium ᕐᒅ zhāngmù ◊ pitch a tent 5--very low [vo] ᕐᧆ Zhāngyē◊ Zhangye (county, Gānsù ⭈㚵/⭈㚳 Province) 2--high ᖠ᰾䖳㪇 zhāngmíngjiàozhù ◊ clear to see 4--low [cy] ㄐᴽ zhāngfú ◊ ceremonial dress (decorated with insignias of rank) 4--low ㄐ⭛ zhāngfǔ ◊ black cloth cap worn during the Yin Dynasty 5--very low ㄐⲷ zhānghuáng ◊ flurried, flustered, undecided 4--low ㄐਕ zhāngjù ◊ section and chapter divisions of ancient classics ◊ syntactic analysis of the classics 3--medium [n] ㄐࡉ zhāngzé ◊ rules, regulations 4--low [n] ㄐᆀ zhāngzi ◊ seal, stamp 2--high [n] zhǎnggù ◊ anecdotes ◊ former pracᦼ᭵ tices (of a country) 3--medium [n] ᦼᨑ zhǎngwò ◊ grasp, unders-

tand ◊ keep abreast of, keep informed on ◊ possess; have a good command of, master ◊ control, have in one's hands, have (sth) in hand, have (sth) under control; take into one's hands 1--very high [v] 䮯བྷ zhǎngdà ◊ grow up 2--high [v] 䮯㘱 zhǎnglǎo ◊ elder ◊ elder (polite and respectful reference to senior Buddhist monk) 2--high [n] 䮯㘵 zhǎngzhě ◊ elder, senior 2--high [n] 䮯ᆀ zhǎngzǐ ◊ the eldest son/daughter ◊ Zhangzi (county, Shānxī ኡ㾯 Province) 2--high [n] иཛ zhàngfu ◊ husband 1--very high [n] и䟿 zhàngliáng ◊ measure, survey (land) 3--medium [v] ᶆን zhànglǚ ◊ old people ◊ walk or stroll of old people 5--very low ᤋ兲 zhāohún ◊ call back the spirit of the dead 3--medium [v] ᱝ❦ zhāorán ◊ clear, manifest 1--very high [adj] ᱝᱝ zhāozhāo ◊ clear, manifest 3--medium [adj] ᵍཅ zhāoxī ◊ morning and evening, daily, constantly ◊ very short time ◊ sundial 2--high [adv,n] ⡚⢉ zhǎoyá ◊ "fangs and talons"—lackey, flunkey ◊ military official 1--very high [n] ‫≁ݶ‬ zhàomín◊ the common people, the masses 4--low ਜ㿱 zhàojiàn ◊ summon, send for, call in (a subordinate) ◊ call in (an envoy) for an interview 1--very high [v] Ἡཛ zhàofū ◊ boatman 5--very low ➗↔ zhàocǐ ◊ according to this, in this way 3--medium ➗亮 zhàogù ◊ give consideration to, take into account, make allowances for ◊ look after, care for, take care of ◊ keep an eye on ◊ patronize (a store) 1--very high [v] ➗ֻ zhàolì ◊ as usual, as a rule 2--high [adv] ➗Ѥ zhàolín ◊ shine on (like sun, moon, stars) 4--low [v] ➗ᓄ zhàoying ◊ look after, take care of, care for 3--medium [v] 䇿Ԕ zhàolìng◊ Imperial order, rescript 3--medium [n] 䇿Җ zhàoshū ◊ {admin} an imperial edict 3--medium [n] 䚞㭭 zhēbì ◊ cover, block the view ◊ {military} defilade, screen 2--high [v] ଢྷ zhéfù ◊ clever woman ◊ wise and virtuous woman 5--very low ଢӪ zhérén ◊ sage 3--medium [n] 561

ᣈߢ zhéchōng ◊ repel the enemy ◊ defeat the enemy ◊ subdue the enemy ◊ parley, negotiate 3--medium [v] ᣈ㢲 zhéjié ◊ (bend one's joints) bow and scrape ◊ change one's ways 5--very low ᣈ᭦ zhéshōu ◊ receive at a discount, receive a proportion or rated share ◊ agree to take back at a discount 4--low ᣈѝ zhézhōng ◊ compromise 3--medium [v] ᣈ㺧 zhézhōng ◊ compromise 3--medium ᣈ䖜 zhézhuǎn ◊ turn around 4--low [v] 䘉њ zhège ◊ this one (person or thing) ◊ this ◊ how...!, what...! (used in exclamations) 1--very high [pron] 䘉䟼 zhèli ◊ here, this place 1--very high [adv,pron] 䘉䟼 zhèli ◊ here ◊ this place 1--very high [pron] 䘉Ӌ zhèxiē ◊ these (things/people, etc.)1--very high [pron] 䘉ṧ zhèyàng ◊ this way, like this, so 1--very high [adv,pron] ‫ז‬ժ zhēnsì ◊ spy out 5--very low ᯏ䝼 zhēnzhuó ◊ consider, deliberate ◊ pour wine 1--very high [v] ⧽⡡ zhēn'ài ◊ treasure and take care of 2--high [v] ⧽ᇍ zhēnbǎo ◊ jewelry ◊ treasure, valuable thing 2--high [n] ⬴䲦 zhēntáo ◊ cultivate people of talent ◊ potter 5--very low 䪸唩 zhēnzhǐ ◊ needlework 4--low [n] ᷅㯹 zhěnjiè ◊ lying about one on top of the other, strewn about (like bodies on a battlefield) 4--low [v] ⮋ฏ zhěnyù ◊ boundary 4--low [n] 㕌ᇶ zhěnmì ◊ careful, meticulous (mostly of thought) 2--high [adj] ᥟ᯵ zhènlǚ ◊ marshal troops (esp. for triumphant march home) 4--low ᥟ䎧 zhènqǐ ◊ rouse, stir up (spirits, morale, etc.) 4--low 䭷ᇊ zhèndìng ◊ calm, composed 2--high [adj] 䭷ᣊ zhènfǔ ◊ (suppress) pacify 5--very low 䴷㦑 zhèndàng ◊ shake, shock, quake 1--very high [v] 䴷ࣘ zhèndòng ◊ shake, vibrate, quake ◊ (of a significant event, news, etc.) shock, cause a major disruption 1--very high [v] 䴷  zhènkǒng ◊ tremble in fear 4--low

ᖱՀ zhēngfá ◊ {military} go on a punitive expedition against 3--medium [v] ᖱ‫ޥ‬ zhēngbīng ◊ draft, conscription 1--very high [v] ᖱᮋ zhēngliǎn ◊ collect (taxes) 5--very low ᖱ傼 zhēngyàn ◊ convincing evidence 5--very low ᖱᖩ zhēngyì ◊ taxes and labour duty 5--very low [n] ᖱᕅ zhēngyǐn ◊ cite, quote, mention as evidence ◊ appoint to an official position 4--low [v] ᖱ䙀 zhēngzhú ◊ constantly entertain and be entertained by friends ◊ pursue 5--very low ◊ the common ✍≁ zhēngmín people, the masses 5--very low ҹᇐ zhēngchǒng ◊ struggle for sb's favour, vie with each other for sb's favour 3--medium [v] ҹ‫ݹ‬ zhēngguāng ◊ bring honour to, be a credit to (like one's country) ◊ vie for honour3--medium [v] ҹӔ zhēngjiāo ◊ wrestle ◊ wrestling match 5--very low ҹਆ zhēngqǔ ◊ strive to obtain or win ◊ strive (or try hard) to realize or bring about ◊ try hard to (do sth) (mostly PRC usage) 1--very high [v] ᮤњ zhěnggè ◊ the whole, all of, the entire 1--very high [adj] ᮤ喀 zhěngqí ◊ orderly, tidy, neat ◊ put in order ◊ even, regular, uniform 1--very high [adj] ᮤᰕ zhěngrì ◊ all day, the whole day, all day long 3--medium ઼᭯ Zhènghé◊ Zhenghe (county, Fújiàn ⾿ᔪ Province) ◊ Zhenghe (reign title for the Song Emperor Huizong, 1111-1118) 3--medium ᭯ᮉ zhèng-jiào ◊ politics and religion, the state and church ◊ government and (moral) education ◊ political instruction 3--medium [n] ᭯Ԕ zhènglìng ◊ government order 2--high [n] ᭯һ zhèngshì ◊ government affairs3--medium [n] ↓ࠪ zhèngchū ◊ born of the principal wife (in contrast to child of concubine) 4--low [v] ↓䚃 zhèngdào ◊ the right way, the correct path (literally or figuratively) ◊ the correct principle ◊ main course (of a river) ◊ real, genuine ◊ have acceptable credentials 2--high [n] ↓ᇊ Zhèngdìng ◊ Zhengding (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium ↓⌅ zhèngfǎ ◊ execute (a criminal) according to the law ◊ proper law 2--high [vo,n] 562

↓㾏ড඀ zhèngjīnwēizuò ◊ "sit up with clothes straightened"—be serious (as a sign of respect) 3--medium [cy] ↓䐟 zhènglù ◊ the right way, the correct way ◊ the real thing, right place of origin (like ginseng, wines) 2--high [n] ↓䇪 zhènglùn ◊ a just opinion 3--medium [n] ↓਽ zhèngmíng ◊ rectify names, define the terms (in Confucian historiography, call things by their true names, like not call sb king if he is an unworthy king) ◊ correct the name, call sth by the right name 2--high [vo] ↓ྲ zhèngrú ◊ just like, just as1--very high [v] ↓䰠 zhèngrùn ◊ ordinary year and leap year ◊ legitimate and illegitimate (line of succession) 5--very low ↓㢢 zhèngsè ◊ pure colour ◊ primary colours (red, blue, yellow, white, and black) ◊ put on a stern and serious countenance 2--high [adv,n] ↓һ zhèngshì ◊ serious matter, proper business 2--high [n] ↓᮷ zhèngwén ◊ main text, main body (of a book, etc., in contrast to notes, appendices, etc.) ◊ {IT} body text (of an email message, in contrast to attachments) 1--very high [n] ↓ѹ zhèngyì ◊ righteous, just, justified ◊ righteousness, justice, justification 1--very high [adj,n] ↓ࡉ zhèngzé ◊ correct procedure, proper method 3--medium ↓٬ zhèngzhí ◊ just when... 2--high [phr] ↓ⴤ zhèngzhí ◊ honest, upright, just 2--high [adj] ↓ѝ zhèngzhōng ◊ center, middle 2--high [n,v] ↓ᆇ zhèngzì ◊ correct miswritten words or characters ◊ {calligraphy} regular script (i.e. "kaishu") ◊ standard form of Chinese characters 3--medium [n,v] ↓ᆇ䙊 Zhèngzìtōng ◊ the Zhengzitong (important character dictionary compiled by Zhang Zilie of the Míng ᰾ Dynasty) 4--low 䇱᰾ zhèngmíng ◊ prove ◊ proof ◊ certify ◊ certificate, testimonial 1--very high [v,n] 䜁༠ Zhèngshēng ◊ Zheng sounds (folk music of the state of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, allegedly lewd) ◊ lewd music, decadent music 5--very low 䜁䟽 zhèngzhòng ◊ solemn, serious, earnest 1--very high [adj] ѻߐ zhīguàn ◊ the best of..., the top of... 4--low [phr] ѻ䗷 zhīguò (following a noun) ◊ the errors/mistakes of... ◊ the fault of... 4--low [phr]

ѻਾ zhīhòu ◊ after ◊ after that, afterwards, later 1--very high [adv] ѻᶱ zhījí ◊ (at the) climax 3--medium [n,adv] ѻ䱵 zhījì ◊ (at) a time when, when ◊ on the occasion of 1--very high [phr] ѻ䰤 zhījiān ◊ between, in the midst of 1--very high [adv] ѻҶ ѻ㊫ zhīlèi ◊ such ◊ alike, or the like ◊, etc., and so forth, and so on 2--high [n] ѻ޵ zhīnèi ◊ within, in 2--high [adv] ѻࡽ zhīqián ◊ before, prior to; previous 1--very high [adj,adv] ѻк zhīshàng ◊ above, on, over 2--high [adv] ѻཆ zhīwài ◊ besides, apart from, except for, beyond, outside 1--very high [adv] ѻᰐ zhī-wú ◊ "zhī and wú"—the simplest and most common Chinese characters to recognize (one would be considered completely illiterate if one did not recognize these two Chinese characters; from the story that the poet Bái Jūyì ⲭት᱃ [772-846 CE] purportedly could read the two characters at the age of seven months) [n] 3--medium ѻл zhīxià ◊ under, below, behind 1--very high [adv] ѻ䲀 zhīxiàn ◊ the limit(s) of...4--low [phr] ѻѝ zhīzhōng ◊ in the middle of, amid, among 1--very high [adv] ᭟অ zhīdān ◊ check, cheque 3--medium [n] ᭟⿫ zhīlí ◊ scattered, fragmented ◊ disjointed, incoherent (of writing) 3--medium [adj] ᭟䫡 zhīqián ◊ draw out cash 5--very low ᭟֯ zhīshi ◊ give orders, order about, cause to act in a certain way ◊ put sb off 3--medium [v] ᭟኎ zhīshǔ ◊ relatives 5--very low ᷍ਦ zhīyè ◊ branches and leaves ◊ minor details 2--high [n] ⸕㙫 zhīchǐ ◊ have a sense of shame 1--very high [vo] ⸕䚃 zhīdao ◊ know, understand, be aware of, realize; know of; learn (of), find out 1--very high [v] ⸕ᐡ zhījǐ ◊ bosom friend, understanding friend, alter ego, confidant ◊ intimate (talk, friend) 2--high [n,adj] ⸕ᐡ㘵 zhījǐzhě ◊ intimate friend 4--low ⸕Ӕ zhījiāo ◊ intimate friend 3--medium [n] ⸕ቭ㜭㍒ zhījìnnéngsuǒ ◊ knowledge exhausted and energy finished 5--very low [cy] 563

high [v,adj] ⴤ䱸 zhíchén ◊ give a straightforward account 4--low [v] ⴤ䈿 zhíjiàn ◊ remonstrate frankly 4--low [v] ⴤ᧕ zhíjiē ◊ directly ◊ direct 1--very high [adv,adj] ⴤࡽ zhíqián ◊ go straight ahead, advance bravely 2--high [v] ⴤ㿶 zhíshì ◊ look straight at, look squarely at; face squarely 3--medium [v] ⴤ䈤 zhíshuō ◊ speak frankly, speak bluntly 3--medium ⴤ䀰 zhíyán ◊ say frankly/bluntly ◊ speak frankly/bluntly 2--high [v] ⴤ㠣 zhízhì ◊ until, till, up to... 1--very high [adv] 㙼བྷ zhídà ◊ employees' university 4--low ਚ㿱 zhǐjiàn ◊ see only ◊ at first sight 2--high [phr] ਚᱟ zhǐshì ◊ only, merely, just; simply ◊ but, the only thing is, however 1--very high [adv] ਚᴹ zhǐyǒu ◊ all that can be done is..., the only thing to do is... ◊ only (followed by an amount, like...years old) ◊ only if (usually followed by cái ᡽, as in zhǐyǒu bùduàn nǔlì cái néng huòdé chénggōng ਚᴹнᯧࣚ࣋᡽㜭⦢ᗇᡀ࣏/ਚᴹнᯝࣚ࣋᡽ 㜭㧧ᗇᡀ࣏, "only by making constant efforts can one succeed") 1--very high [phr,adv] ૛ቪ zhǐchǐ ◊ very close 2--high [adj,adv] ᤷн㜌ቸ zhǐbùshèngqū ◊ too numerous to mention, too many to count 5--very low [cy] ᤷࠪ zhǐchū ◊ point out, indicate 1--very high [v] ᤷԓ zhǐdài ◊ {linguistics} refer to 4--low [v] ᤷ䚃 zhǐdào ◊ point out (sb's faults), point the finger at 4--low ᤷ਽ zhǐmíng ◊ name, mention by name 2--high ᤷ᰾ zhǐmíng ◊ show clearly, point out, demonstrate 2--high [v] ᤷⴞ zhǐmù ◊ (point at) look at 5--very low ᤷᇎ zhǐshí ◊ point out the facts, show evidence 4--low [vo] ᤷ֯ zhǐshǐ ◊ instigate, incite 2--high [v] ᤷһ zhǐshì ◊ {Chinese linguistics} self-explanatory characters, descriptive characters, e.g., shàng к (above) and xià л (below) (one of the six categories of Chinese characters, see Liùshū ‫ޝ‬ᴨ/‫ޝ‬Җ) 4--low [n] ᤷ⽪ zhǐshì ◊ instruct, direct ◊ indica-

⸕ભ zhīmìng ◊ know the will of heaven (as said by Confucius when he reached the age of fifty) ◊ fifty years old 3--medium [n,v] ⸕Ӫ zhīrén ◊ be able to differentiate good people from bad people 2--high ⸕䇶 zhīshi ◊ knowledge; intellectual (pertaining to knowledge and culture) ◊ intelligence (like information, knowledge) 1--very high [n,adj] ⸕ zhī ◊ know, understand, be aware (of), realize ◊ inform, notify, tell, let know ◊ knowledge, learning ◊ manage, administer ◊ close friend 1--very high [v,n] ᯠ xīn ◊ new ◊ modern, contemporary ◊ recently married ◊ newly, recently, lately ◊ Xin (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,sn] ⸕丣 zhīyīn ◊ intimate friend (one who appreciate one's abilities) ◊ know music ◊ understand 2--high [n] ⸕䏣 zhīzú ◊ be content (with one's lot) 2--high [adj] 㛒փ zhītǐ ◊ the four limbs ◊ the four limbs and the torso ◊ the body 2--high [n] 㜲㞿 zhīgāo ◊ fat, grease ◊ fruit of the people's toil ◊ fat of the land 4--low [n] ਚᆇ zhīzì ◊ a single word (or Chinese character) 3--medium [n] ٬ᗇ zhíde ◊ merit, deserve, be worth ◊ merit, worth 1--very high [v,n] ᢗㅄ zhíbǐ ◊ hold the pen ◊ write, do the actual writing 2--high [v] ᢗ䷝ zhíbiān ◊ drive ◊ hold the whip, serve others ◊ teach, be a teacher 4--low [vo] ᢗ⌅ zhífǎ ◊ enforce the law ◊ (law) enforcement 1--very high [vo] ᢗ⽬ zhílǐ ◊ be polite 4--low [v] ᢗ zhí ◊ hold, grasp ◊ be in charge of, manage, wield (power) ◊ stick to (one's views, etc.), insist on, be determined to ◊ execute, carry out, conduct ◊ {literary} capture ◊ written acknowledgement (like a receipt) ◊ {literary} intimate friend, bosom friend, soul mate, alter ego ◊ {dialect} straighten up, tidy up ◊ Zhi (surname) 1--very high [v,n,sn] 䭀 ruì ◊ sharp, keen, acute ◊ spirit, zeal, vigour ◊ small, tiny 2--high [adj,n] ᢗһ zhíshì ◊ handle matters ◊ {written} steward, attendant ◊ {polite, written} (request to) convey a message 3--medium [vo,n] ᢗ᭯ zhízhèng ◊ be in power, be in office, hold/take up/assume the reins of government, rule, reign 1--very high [vo] ᢗѝ zhízhōng ◊ be fair and impartial, take the middle road, avoid extremes 4--low [adj] ᢗ㪇 zhízhuó ◊ be stubborn, pigheaded, headstrong ◊ be persistent/persevering, be dedicated/devoted (like to a cause) ◊ {Buddhism} be stubborn in error, obsessed with 1--very 564

te, show ◊ instruction, directive ◊ indication 1--very high [v] ᤷᦸ zhǐshòu ◊ give directions 4--low ᤷੁ zhǐxiàng◊ point in the direction of... ◊ directional ◊ toward 2--high [v] ᤷ㾱 zhǐyào ◊ the purport, the essentials 3--medium ᰘ䞂 zhǐjiǔ ◊ fine wine 4--low →䇽 zhǐcí ◊ (grammar) object 5--very low →ຳ zhǐjìng ◊ end, limit, boundary 2--high [n] →≤ zhǐshuǐ ◊ stagnant water, still water ◊ block the flow of water 3--medium [n] →᚟ zhǐxī ◊ stop, cease 3--medium [v] →Ҿ zhǐyú ◊ up to (a certain point) 3--medium ࡦᓖ zhìdù ◊ system ◊ (set of) regulations, rules 1--very high [n] ࡦಘ zhìqì ◊ regulator 4--low ࡦӪ zhìrén ◊ gain ascendancy over others, gain an advantage over others 4--low [vo] ࡦ㢪 zhìyì ◊ the eight-legged essay (of the Míng ᰾ and Qīng ␵ Dynasty Imperial Civil Service Examination System) 5--very low [n] ᘇᙚ zhìguài ◊ record strange or supernatural events (as a genre of fiction) 4--low [v] ᘇ༛ zhìshì ◊ person with high moral principles and firm will, person with high ideals 3--medium [n] ᘇҖ zhìshū ◊ record of events ◊ annals of a county, regional gazetteer 3--medium [n] ᘇᆖ zhìxué ◊ set one's mind on study ◊ be fifteen years old 4--low [v] Ცភ zhìhuì ◊ intelligence, wisdom, sagacity 1--very high [n] Ც೺ zhìnáng ◊ highly knowledgeable and intelligent person, wise advisor, brain-truster 1--very high [n] Ც㜭 zhìnéng ◊ intelligence, intelligent ◊ intellectual ability ◊ knowledge and ability 1--very high [n] Ცェ zhìqióng◊ be at one's wits' end 3--medium [v] Ც㘵 zhìzhě ◊ wise man ◊ knowledgeable person 2--high Ṿế zhìgù ◊ fetters and handcuffs, shackles (mostly figurative) 3--medium [n] ḹ⋀ zhìmù ◊ comb and wash one's hair 5--very low [v] ⋫ᆹ zhì'ān ◊ law and order, public order, peace and security, the peace (as in "disturbing the peace") 1--very high [n] ⋫ᵜ zhìběn ◊ effect a complete/perma-

nent cure (in contrast to merely relieving symptoms zhìbiāo ⋫⁉/⋫ḷ) ◊ get at the root of a problem, tackle a problem at its source 2--high [v] ⋫‫ޥ‬ zhìbīng ◊ train troops ◊ send out troops 4--low ⋫⯵ zhìbìng ◊ treat an illness 2--high [v] ⋫ഭ zhìguó ◊ manage state affairs, govern/rule the country ◊ (in Confucian thought) govern the kingdom well 3--medium [vo] ⋫ҡ zhìluàn ◊ eliminate disorder 4--low [vo] ⋫ᒣ zhìpíng ◊ maintain peace ◊ peace and harmony 3--medium [vo] ⋫⭏ zhìshēng ◊ make a living ◊ I, your subordinate (used by an official in communications with superior) 4--low ⋫ц zhìshì ◊ rule the country (well) ◊ times of peace and good government 3--medium [n,vo] ⋫≤ zhìshuǐ ◊ regulate waterways (for flood control, etc.) 2--high [v] ⋫ᡰ zhìsuǒ ◊ location of local government office 4--low [n] ┎⺽ zhì'ài ◊ obstruct, block ◊ choke, clog 4--low [v] ┎␩ zhìyān ◊ be detained ◊ have no room to bring one's talent into play 5--very low 㖞䞂 zhìjiǔ ◊ (prepare the wine) arrange a banquet 3--medium 㖞Ҿ zhìyú ◊ put in, place in 1--very high [v] 㠣䈊 zhìchéng ◊ most sincerely ◊ utmost sincerity ◊ sincere ◊ straightforward 3--medium [adj,n] 㠣↔ zhìcǐ ◊ at/by this point, having reached this point; here ◊ as of this point, (as of) now ◊ (as a verb phrase) have developed to this point/stage, get to this point/stage, get this bad ◊ arrive here 2--high [adv] 㠣བྷ zhìdà ◊ extremely large ◊ at the utmost 3--medium 㠣ᖃ zhìdàng ◊ quite proper, entirely appropriate 4--low [adj] 㠣ᗧ zhìdé ◊ highest virtue 3--medium 㠣ཊ zhìduō ◊ at most, at the most 2--high [adv] 㠣ᶱ zhìjí ◊ to the utmost point ◊ extremely 2--high [adv] 㠣Ӻ zhìjīn ◊ up to now, so far 1--very high [adv] 㠣㤕 zhìruò ◊ as for ◊ as to 4--low [prep] 㠣ழ zhìshàn ◊ {classical} be the best; be supremely good; be the greatest good ◊ the supreme/sovereign good, perfection 3--medium [n,adj] 㠣к zhìshàng ◊ highest, supre565

me (position, authority, etc.) 2--high [adj] 㠣ቁ zhìshǎo ◊ at least 1--very high [adv] 㠣൓ zhìshèng ◊ the highest sage (i.e. Confucius) 3--medium [n] 㠣↫ zhìsǐ ◊ until death (mostly followed by negative) 3--medium [adv] 㠣ቮ zhìwěi ◊ at last, final 3--medium 㠣Ѫ zhìwéi ◊ (is) most, very ◊ most truthful act 3--medium 㠣䀰 zhìyán ◊ wise saying, golden maxim 4--low [n] 㠣Ҿ zhìyú ◊ as for, as to ◊ go so far as to (mostly in the negative) 1--very high [phr] 㠣ሺ zhìzūn ◊ "the most revered and respected (person)"; the Emperor 2--high [adj,n] 㠤䗎 zhìcí ◊ deliver a speech 2--high [vo] 㠤࣋ zhìlì ◊ strive to, be committed to, devote oneself to 1--very high [vo] 㠤ભ zhìmìng ◊ cause death ◊ be fatal/deadly/lethal 1--very high [vo,adj] 㠤↫ zhìsǐ ◊ causing death, lethal, deadly ◊ get killed 2--high [v] 㠤᜿ zhìyì ◊ express one's best wishes, send one's regards 2--high [vo] 㠤⸕ zhìzhī ◊ pursue knowledge ◊ attain (or acquire) knowledge 4--low [vo] ᘇ䬝 zhìmíng ◊ epitaph 4--low ᘇᘥ zhìniàn ◊ engrave in one's mind, remember well 5--very low 䍘䟿 zhìliàng ◊ quality (of goods, workmanship, etc.) ◊ {physics} mass 1--very high [n] 䍘ᵤ zhìpǔ ◊ plain, simple, unaffected 2--high [adj] 䍘䀰 zhìyán ◊ truthful words 4--low [n,v] 䍘ⴤ zhìzhí ◊ straightforward 4--low [adj] 䲏䱽 zhìjiàng ◊ rising and falling 5--very low 呧呏 zhìniǎo ◊ birds of prey ◊ (eagles) persons of lofty integrity 4--low [n] ѝᶀ zhōngcái ◊ person of average talent, skill or ability 3--medium [n] ѝᑨ zhōngcháng ◊ middling, average, neither good nor bad 2--high [adj] ѝ䚃 zhōngdào ◊ halfway, midway ◊ the doctrine of the golden mean 3--medium [n] ѝ䚃㘼ᓏ zhōngdào'érfèi ◊ to stop halfway 5--very low ѝㅜ zhòngdì ◊ {archaic} "get a degree"—pass the Imperial civil service examinations 2--high [vo] ѝᓖ zhōngdù◊ medium (level), modera-

te, midrange, intermediate 2--high [adj] ѝ⇥ zhōngduàn ◊ mid-section 2--high [n] ѝ࠶ zhōngfēn ◊ divide sth equally into two halves ◊ part hair in the middle 3--medium [v] ѝᇛ zhōnggōng ◊ the empress 3--medium ѝ䍥 zhōngguì ◊ high-ranking eunuchs 4--low ѝഭ Zhōngguó ◊ China 3--medium [n] ѝഭӪ Zhōngguórén ◊ the Chinese; a 1--very Chinese (i.e. a person from China) high [n] ѝ㹼 Zhōngháng ◊ Zhonghang (a compound surname) ◊ the Bank of China 3--medium ѝ઼ zhōnghé ◊ {chem} neutralize ◊ neutralization ◊ modify ◊ equitable ◊ just ◊ moderate ◊ Zhonghe (a suburb of Taipei) ◊ Zhonghe (reign title for Tang Emperor Xizong, 881-885) 2--high [v] ѝॾ Zhōnghuá ◊ China 1--very high [n] ѝ䰤 zhōngjiān ◊ among, between ◊ the center, the middle, the inside 1--very high [n,adj,adv] ѝ㢲 zhòngjié◊ in rhythm ◊ proper and just 4--low ѝ⏃ zhōngjuān ◊ palace eunuchs 5--very low ѝߋ zhōngjūn ◊ headquarters ◊ center forward (player and position in soccer) 3--medium ѝҀ Zhōngyuè ◊ Chinese music 3--medium ѝ⍱ zhōngliú◊ midstream ◊ middle reaches (of a river) ◊ average, ordinary ◊ average/ordinary person 2--high [n] ѝ䐟 zhōnglù ◊ the middle of the road ◊ midway ◊ second-rate, mediocre (goods) 1--very high ѝᒤ zhōngnián ◊ middle-aged (mostly forty-five to sixty-four years of age) 2--high [adv] ѝӪ zhōngrén ◊ intermediary, mediator ◊ ombudsman ◊ average person 2--high [n] ѝӪԕк zhōngrényǐshàng ◊ above-average person 1--very high [cy] ѝኡ Zhōngshān ◊ Zhongshan (Sun Zhongshan's personal name) ◊ Zhongshan (popular place name) ◊ Zhongshan (ancient state during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770-476 BCE]) 1--very high ѝк zhōngshàng ◊ midday 2--high ѝц zhōngshì ◊ Middle Ages, Middle Period (in China, from the end of the Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty to the Táng ୀ or Míng ᰾ Dynasty, depending on the school of thought) 3--me566

dium [n] ѝ䈅 zhōngshì ◊ an intermediate test (before going into production), pre-production test 3--medium [n] ѝሯ zhōngshòu ◊ middle old age (variously defined as seventy years old, eighty years old, one hundred years old) 4--low ѝཙ zhōngtiān ◊ {astronomy} meridian transit, culmination 2--high [n] ѝᓝ zhōngtíng ◊ courtyard ◊ atrium (e.g., of a mall) 3--medium [n] ѝཆ Zhōng-wài ◊ China and foreign countries ◊ China and abroad ◊ Chinese and foreign ◊ [zhōng-wài] central and regional 1--very high [n,adj] ѝሹ zhōngwèi ◊ {military} first lieutenant, lieutenant junior grade 2--high [n] ѝ᮷ Zhōngwén ◊ Chinese, the Chinese language ◊ Chinese literature ◊ Chinese script 1--very high [n] ѝ㾯 Zhōng-Xī ◊ China and the West ◊ Sino-Spanish ◊ China and Spain2--high [n,adj] ѝ䛚 zhòngxié ◊ come under a spell ◊ be bewitched ◊ be possessed 4--low ѝཞ zhōngyāng ◊ centre, middle ◊ the central authorities, organs, etc. of government ◊ the Central Committee (of the Chinese Communist Party) ◊ central 1--very high [n,adj] ѝᓨ zhōngyōng ◊ the (Confucian) golden mean ◊ the Golden Mean (a Confucian classic) 1--very high [n] ѝ⭘ zhōngyòng ◊ of use ◊ useful (mostly used in the negative) 2--high [adj] ѝӁ zhōngyún ◊ medium cloud (between two or three kilometers and five or six kilometers from the ground) 3--medium [n] ѝ↓ zhōngzhèng ◊ upright, impartial, fair ◊ Zhongzheng (personal name of Chiang Kaishek, occurs in the rifle, etc., named after him) 2--high [n] ѝ→ zhōngzhǐ ◊ stop mid-way ◊ sever, break off, discontinue, suspend ◊ interrupt 2--high [v] ѝ㻵 Zhōngzhuāng ◊ (traditional) Chinese clothing 3--medium [n] ᘐ㠓 zhōngchén ◊ loyal minister (to one's sovereign) 1--very high [n] ᘐੋ zhōngjūn ◊ (be) loyal to the sovereign 4--low [adj] ᘐᚅ zhōngshù ◊ {Confucianism} the Golden Rule (loyal and considerate) in behaviour toward others 4--low [adj] ᘐᆍ zhōngxiào ◊ loyalty and filial piety 1--very high [adj] ᘐᗳ zhōngxīn ◊ loyalty, devotion, faithfulness 1--very high [n] ᘐؑ zhōngxìn ◊ faithful and honest ◊ loyal and trustworthy 3--medium

[adj] ᘐ䀰 zhōngyán ◊ honest advice 3--medium [n] ᘐ䍎 zhōngzhēn ◊ loyal and steadfast 2--high [adj] ᘐ↓ zhōngzhèng ◊ honest and upright 4--low 㓸ᵍ zhōngzhāo ◊ all morning ◊ all day 4--low [adv] 㓸ሶ zhōngjiāng ◊ in the end, after all, finally 3--medium 㓸ቭ zhōngjìn◊ conclusion 5--very low 㓸ᰕ zhōngrì ◊ all day long 2--high [adv] 㓸䓛 zhōngshēn ◊ all one's life, lifelong, for life 1--very high [n] zhōngshǐ ◊ from beginning 㓸࿻ to end 2--high [adv] 㓸Ҿ zhōngyú◊ at last, finally ◊ after all, in the final analysis 1--very high [adv] 䫏啃 zhōnggǔ◊ bell and drum 3--medium ߒᇠ zhǒngzǎi ◊ {archaic} Secretary of State, minister in charge of government affairs 3--medium [n] ⿽⿽ zhǒngzhǒng ◊ all sorts of, all kinds of ◊ a variety of ◊ various 1--very high [adj] ⿽᯿ zhǒngzú ◊ race, ethnicity 1--very high [n] 䑥↖ zhǒngwǔ ◊ follow in the footsteps of (mostly figurative) 5--very low [v] Ԣ⡦ zhòngfù ◊ the second oldest of one's father's brothers 4--low Ԣቬ Zhòngní ◊ Zhongni (personal name of Confucius) 3--medium Ԣ⿻ zhòngqiū ◊ midautumn, the second month of autumn, the eighth lunisolar month 3--medium [n] Ԣ zhòng ◊ middle (position) ◊ second (month of the season, or the seniority of brothers) ◊ zhong (musical instrument) ◊ Zhong (surname) 2--high [n,adj,sn] 㡂 shū ◊ unfold, stretch, extend ◊ slow, leisurely ◊ serene, composed ◊ Shu (state during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] in Shucheng, Ānhuī ᆹᗭ Province) ◊ Shu (surname) 1--very high [v,adj,adv,n,sn] Ԣᆀ zhòngzǐ ◊ one's second son 4--low Շ≁ zhòngmín ◊ the common people, the masses 4--low Շᙂ zhòngnù◊ the wrath of the masses, popular anger, general indignation 3--medium [n] Շ਋Ӣ⿫ zhòngpànqīnlí ◊ be opposed by the masses and deserted by one's followers, be totally isolated 3--medium [cy] ՇӪ zhòngrén ◊ everybody, all ◊

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{archaic} a peasant (so called during the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties) 1--very high [n] Շᓦ zhòngshù ◊ the common people, the masses 4--low [n] Շ㘵 zhòngzhě ◊ the masses 4--low 䟽䈫 zhòngdú◊ stress (like on a syllable) 3--medium [v] 䟽ಘ zhòngqì ◊ treasure, national treasure ◊ person of great ability, person capable of great national tasks 4--low [n] 䟽ԫ zhòngrèn ◊ heavy responsibilities 2--high [n] 䟽㿶 zhòngshì ◊ attach importance to, take seriously, value ◊ think highly of ◊ lay emphasis on, give priority to 1--very high [v] 䟽ࡁ zhòngxíng ◊ severe punishment, heavy penalty, cruel corporal punishment 3--medium [n] 䟽⭘ zhòngyòng ◊ entrust with heavy responsibility, place in an important job 2--high [v] 䟽Ҿ zhòngyú◊ be weightier than ◊ be more important than ◊ attach importance to 3--medium [phr] 䟽䎈 zhòngzhuì ◊ heavy and burdensome 5--very low 䟽㖚 zhòngzuì ◊ grave offense, serious crime ◊ felony3--medium [n] ઘᇈ Zhōuguān ◊ the Zhouguan (name for the Zhouli ) ◊ Zhouguan (one of the books in the Zhouli) ◊ Zhouguan (a chapter in the Shangshu) 4--low ઘᙕ zhōují ◊ help, relieve (the needy in an emergency) 5--very low ઘ⽬ Zhōulǐ ◊ the Zhouli, the Book of Rites ◊ in accordance with established customs or protocol 3--medium [n,adv] ઘ⍱ zhōuliú ◊ flow, circulate ◊ travel or journey round ◊ socialize 4--low [v] ઘ᯻ zhōuxuán ◊ socialize ◊ deal with, contend with (like an enemy) 2--high [v] ઘ⑨ zhōuyóu◊ travel round (like the world) 2--high ᐎ䰮 zhōulǘ ◊ native village 5--very low 㡏䖖 zhōuchē ◊ ships and vehicles ◊ travel 3--medium [n] 㡏ᾛ zhōují ◊ vessels, boats 3--medium [n] ઘ޵ zhōunèi ◊ within a week 3--medium ઘཙ zhōutiān◊ [Z-] {new usage} Sunday (more often: Zhōurì 䙡ᰕ/ઘᰕ) ◊ {astronomy} sidereal revolution ◊ the entire sky 3--medium ᇉਸ zhòuhé ◊ all-embracing, all-encompassing 5--very low ᱬཌ zhòuyè ◊ day and night 2--high

[n,adv] ᵡ䖞ॾ⇲ zhūlúnhuágǔ ◊ ornate carriage with red wheels (used by nobles in ancient times) 4--low [cy] ᵡ݂ zhūrú ◊ midget, dwarf 5--very low ⨐⧁ zhūjī ◊ a pearl ◊ pearl, jewel, gem (of excellent writing or expressions) 3--medium [n] ⨐⦹ zhūyù ◊ pearls and jade ◊ elegant (poetry or manner of conversing) ◊ beautiful, elegant (appearance) 3--medium 䈋᳤ zhūbào ◊ punish (mostly put to death) the violent and disorderly 5--very low 䈋⚝ zhūmiè ◊ exterminate (evil-doers) 5--very low [v] 䈋≲ zhūqiú ◊ demand, extort 5--very low [v] 䈨ࠑ zhūfán ◊ all, everything (that can 5--very low be done) 䈨㪋 Zhūgě ◊ Zhuge (a compound surname) (Mainland China pronunciation is Zhūgě, Taiwan pronunciation is Zhūgé) 2--high [sn] 䈨‫ޜ‬ zhūgōng◊ (used in addressing a group of men) gentlemen 4--low [n] 䈨ഭ zhūguó ◊ various countries 3--medium 䈨‫ן‬ zhūhóu ◊ feudal lords, rulers of the Warring States 2--high [n] 䈨ੋ zhūjūn ◊ you all3--medium [phr] 䈨㢢 zhūsè ◊ all sorts 4--low [n] 䈨һ zhūshì ◊ all things 3--medium [n] 䈨ս zhūwèi ◊ polite form of address for a group of people (like ladies and gentlemen) 1--very high [pron] 䈨༿ zhūxià ◊ the countries comprising China in feudal times (as in contrast to non-Chinese) 4--low 䈨ᆀ zhūzǐ ◊ all of the various representatives (or their writings) of the schools of thought from the pre-Qín 〖 Dynasty to the early Hàn ╒/≹ Dynasty 4--low 䬒є zhūliǎng◊ lightest in weight ◊ extremely insignificant situation 5--very low ✋➗ zhúzhào ◊ illuminate 4--low [v] ㄩᑋ zhúbó ◊ bamboo slips and silk (used as writing material) ◊ ancient books, historical records 4--low [n] ㄩㄯ zhúgān ◊ bamboo pole 3--medium ㄩⳞ zhúpí ◊ bamboo skin 4--low ㆁ๔ zhùdī ◊ build dikes 4--low 䙀㠓 zhúchén ◊ an official expelled from the court 3--medium [n] 䙀⅑ zhúcì ◊ little by little, gradually 3--medium [adv]

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ning0--very low [v] ࣙ᧘ zhùtuī ◊ {aerospace} boost ◊ {figurative} nudge, prod, shove 0--very low [v] ࣙ䮯 zhùzhǎng ◊ abet, foster (mostly evil) ◊ promote or force growth2--high [v] ⌘䙾 ⌘䀓 zhùjiě ◊ annotate ◊ annotation, explanatory note, exegesis 2--high 䁫⮿ ⌘᜿ zhùyì ◊ pay attention to, take notice of 1--very high [vo] ⾍㶽 Zhùróng◊ Zhurong (legendary Emperor) ◊ the God of Fire 3--medium [n] zhùshū ◊ write a book, write 㪇Җ books 2--high 㪇᮷ zhùwén ◊ write books ◊ composed books 3--medium 㪇ᴹ zhùyǒu ◊ (sb) wrote/has written... (the works mentioned), (sb) is the author of... 2--high 㪇㘵 zhùzhě ◊ author ◊ writer 1--very high [n] 䍞〟 zhùjī ◊ store up, accumulate 5--very low [v] у㋮ zhuānjīng ◊ give undivided attention to, concentrate on 3--medium у࡙ zhuānlì ◊ a patent ◊ monopoly (granted by law) 1--very high [n] у䇪 zhuānlùn ◊ monograph, treatise 3--medium у䰘 zhuānmén ◊ special ◊ specially ◊ specialized 1--very high [adj,adv] у኎ zhuānshǔ ◊ exclusive 2--high [adj] у᜿ zhuānyì ◊ make a special point of 4--low [adv] у⭘ zhuānyòng ◊ dedicated, for exclusive use, for special use 1--very high [v] уᤷ zhuānzhǐ ◊ refer specifically to... 3--medium [v,phr] у䏣 zhuānzú ◊ special messenger or courier 5--very low 介京 Zhuānxū ◊ Zhuanxu (one of the five legendary Emperors, the grandson of Huangdi and son of Changyi) 4--low [n] 介㠮 Zhuānyú ◊ Zhuanyu (state during the Chūnqiū ᱕⿻ Period [770 - 476 BCE] near Fei County, Shāndōng ኡᶡ/ኡь Province) 5--very low [n] 䖜㘼 zhuǎn'ér ◊ turn (around) and... (literally or figuratively); turn/switch to (doing sth) 2--high [v] 䖜᧕ zhuǎnjiē ◊ transfer (e.g., by telephone), switch through, switch 2--high [v] 䖜ᘥ zhuǎnniàn ◊ think better of it, change one's mind (and not to do sth) 2--high [v]

䙀࡙ zhúlì ◊ chase after profit, hunt for profit 3--medium [vo] 䙀ᶑ zhútiáo ◊ item by item, point by point 4--low [adv] 䙀а zhúyī ◊ one by one, one after another 2--high [adv] 䙀ᴸ zhúyuè ◊ month by month, with every passing month 1--very high 䙀ᆇ zhúzì ◊ word for word, verbatim 3--medium [adv] ѫ㉯ zhǔbù ◊ official in charge of documents and archival materials (in former times) 3--medium ѫ䇽 zhǔcí ◊ {logic} subject ◊ grammatical subject 4--low [n] ѫ⅑ zhǔcì ◊ primary and secondary 3--medium [n] ѫࣘ zhǔdòng◊ active, on one's own initiative or accord (in contrast to bèidòng 㻛अ/㻛 ࣘ "passive") ◊ initiative, impetus ◊ take the initiative, offer to do sth, instigate, give impetus ◊ {mechanical engineering} drive, driving 1--very high [v,n] ѫᯩ zhǔfāng ◊ host's side, home team side, sponsors (of an event) 4--low ѫ⡦ zhǔfù ◊ form of address used by a concubine when speaking to a husband ◊ Zhufu (a compound surname) 4--low ѫ䇑 Zhǔjì ◊ the Comptroller-general, the Chief Accountant, the Treasurer 3--medium ѫྤ zhǔnú ◊ master and slave(s) 4--low ѫӪ zhǔrén ◊ master ◊ owner ◊ host 1--very high [n] ѫк Zhǔshàng ◊ {formal} Your (or His) Majesty 3--medium [n] ѫᡁ zhǔwǒ ◊ subjective self or ego 3--medium ѫ㾱 zhǔyào ◊ main, chief, major, essential, principal, primary ◊ mainly 1--very high [adj,adv] ѫѹ zhǔyì ◊ doctrine, principle, -ism 1--very high [n] ѫ䈝 zhǔyǔ ◊ {grammar} subject (of a sentence) 3--medium [n] ѫᕐ zhǔzhāng ◊ advocate, be in favour of, call for, stand for (a certain point of view), suggest; hold (that...), maintain, assert ◊ stand, view (as to the best course of action), position, claim, proposition, opinion, contention, assertion ◊ {obsolete} decide, take responsibility for making a decision ◊ {classical} dominate 1--very high [v,n] ࣙ䗩 zhùbiān ◊ contribute money for border defense (in former times) 5--very low ࣙ䇽 zhùcí ◊ auxiliary word, function word, particle 3--medium [n] ࣙࣘ䇽 zhùdòngcí ◊ auxiliary verb 4--low [n] ࣙ䈫 zhùdú ◊ facilitate reading/lear569

䖜䓛 zhuǎnshēn ◊ turn around 1--very high [vo] 䖜䗃 zhuǎnshū ◊ transport, convey 4--low [v] 䖜䘠 zhuǎnshù ◊ pass on what one has been told ◊ rephrase in one's own words 3--medium [v] 䖜Ѫ zhuǎnwéi ◊ change into, turn into ◊ shift into 2--high [v] 䖜ᗉ zhuǎnxǐ ◊ shift, transfer 4--low [v] 䖜⴨ zhuǎnxiāng ◊ mutually, in turn 4--low 䖜侧 zhuǎnxiǎng ◊ forward rations to the soldiers 5--very low 䖜䀰 zhuǎnyán ◊ pass the word, convey a message 5--very low 䖜ᕅ zhuǎnyǐn ◊ requote, quote from secondary source 3--medium [v] 䖜ᣈ zhuǎnzhé ◊ turn, turn of events, twist ◊ transition, change in direction (in writing or speech) 2--high [v] 䖜ᆇ zhuǎnzì ◊ (grammar) conjunction 4--low Ր䇠 zhuànjì ◊ biography 1--very high [n] ᒴ⭠ zhuāngtián ◊ land owned by noblemen, government official, landlords, etc. and worked by tenant farmers or hired labourers ◊ farmland 4--low [n] ᒴᆀ Zhuāngzǐ ◊ Zhuangzi (369286 BCE, also known as Chuang-tzu, Taoist philosopher) ◊ the Book of Zhuangzi (Taoist philosophical text attributed to Zhuangzi) 2--high [n] ‫ܞ‬Ӷ tóngpú ◊ child domestic servant 4--low ༞‫ڕ‬ zhuàngjiàn ◊ robust, strong and healthy 4--low ༞༛ zhuàngshì ◊ hero 2--high [n] ⣦䇽 zhuàngcí ◊ adverbial ◊ adverb ◊ {law} plaint 5--very low [n] ⣦䊼 zhuàngmào ◊ looks, appearance 4--low [n] ⣦ᘱ zhuàngtài ◊ condition, state of affairs 1--very high [n] ⣦䈝 zhuàngyǔ ◊ adverbial ◊ adverb3--medium [n] ⣦ᆇ zhuàngzì ◊ adverbial ◊ adverb5--very low 䘭৺ zhuījí ◊ catch up with, overtake 3--medium 䘭䇠 zhuījì ◊ record after the fact ◊ award posthumously 1--very high [n,v] 䘭ウ zhuījiū ◊ make a searching inquiry into, look into (cause, origin), pursue, investigate/ascertain (reason, responsibility, etc.); press the case 1--very high [v] 䘭ᘥ zhuīniàn◊ recall, reminisce 4--low [v]

䘭䲚 zhuīpéi ◊ accompany, follow 5--very low 䘭䘠 zhuīshù ◊ tell about the past, recount 3--medium [v] 䘭ᗶ zhuīyì ◊ recall, recollect 2--high [v] ᜤṇ zhuìlì ◊ tremble in fear 5--very low [v] 㔰ᆖ zhuìxué ◊ hand down a body of learning 4--low 䎈䀰 zhuìyán ◊ give unnecessary details, say more than is needed ◊ superfluous words, redundancy, verbosity 4--low [vo,n] 䈶䈶 zhūnzhūn ◊ earnestly, devotedly 3--medium [adj] 䗽䚵 zhūnzhān ◊ hesitate to go [adj] forward 3--medium ߶↔ zhǔncǐ ◊ {document style} according to the above or the aforesaid (a phrase used between equals or with inferiors when forwarding official communications) 4--low ߶Ӫ zhǔnrén ◊ prison warden, magistrate (in former times) ◊ specially appointed person 3--medium ⏯咯 Zhuōlù ◊ Zhuolu (county, Héběi ⋣े Province) 3--medium ঃ㦖 zhuóluò ◊ outstanding, unsurpassed 5--very low [adj] ᬒ⭘ zhuóyòng ◊ promote to a higher post 4--low [v] ᯛї zhuósàng ◊ chop ◊ injure 4--low [v] ⍺ц zhuóshì ◊ corrupt world, immoral times ◊ {Buddhism} this world 4--low [n] ⍺≤ zhuóshuǐ ◊ muddy or turbid water 3--medium ☟☟ zhuózhuó ◊ bare (of a mountain) ◊ plump : bright, shiny ◊ bright, clear 4--low [adj] ⚬⛲ zhuólàn ◊ be burnt to the point of festering or ulceration5--very low 䝼᭩ zhuógǎi ◊ deliberate and correct or alter5--very low ᆌᆌ zīzī ◊ diligent, industrious 2--high [adj] ᆣᆣ zīzī ◊ diligent, industrious 5--very low ⓻㭃 zīmàn ◊ grow and spread (of grass, weeds or figuratively) 5--very low [v] ⓻䮯 zīzhǎng ◊ grow, develop (mostly of abstract things) 3--medium [v] ީᴹ zīyǒu ◊ there is now, here is 4--low 䍴䍒 zīcái ◊ assets 3--medium [n] 䍴⭘ zīyòng ◊ {physics} available (like work, energy) 4--low [adj,n] 䍴䍘 zīzhì ◊ natural endowments ◊ credentials and ability (of an enterprise, e.g., in

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design and engineering) ◊ certification, accreditation 1--very high [n] 䭡䬒 zīzhū ◊ very small amount of money ◊ minor matter4--low 勫劬 zīyú ◊ mullet, mugil cephalus 4--low ࿺࿩ zǐmèi ◊ sisters (elder and younger) 2--high [n] ểᇛ zǐgōng ◊ Emperor's or Empress' coffin (made from the wood of the Chinese catalpa) 4--low ểॐ zǐjiàng ◊ carpenter 5--very low ᆇ䮯 zìcháng ◊ word length 3--medium ᆇ䇽 zì-cí ◊ characters and words 2--high [n] ᆇި zìdiǎn ◊ Chinese character dictionary (containing single characters, in contrast to cídiǎn 䂎ި/䇽ި or cídiǎn 䗝ި/䗎ި containing compound words) 1--very high [n] ᆇ⌅ zìfǎ ◊ lettering 4--low [n] ᆇ䰤 zìjiān ◊ inter-character spacing 4--low ᆇ㢲 zìjié ◊ {IT} byte 2--high [n] ᆇ䀓 zìjiě ◊ explanation of characters 4--low ᆇਕ zìjù ◊ words and expressions, writings 2--high [n] ᆇধ zìjuàn ◊ calligraphy scroll 4--low ᆇ䟼㹼䰤 zìlǐhángjiān ◊ between the lines 3--medium [cy] ᆇ䶒 zìmiàn ◊ literal (meaning of a word) 2--high [n] ᆇӪ zìrén ◊ be betrothed (of a woman) 4--low ᆇᔿ zìshì ◊ form of characters, form of handwriting 4--low ᆇҖ zìshū ◊ (single-character) dictionary4--low [n] ᆇᮠ zìshù ◊ number of words or characters 3--medium [n] ᆇ zì ◊ {linguistics} Chinese character, word, letter ◊ "style name" (name taken by a man upon reaching manhood, at around 20 years of age) 1--very high [n] 亪 shùn ◊ favourable, according to one's wishes ◊ along with, follow, in the same direction as ◊ smooth, lucky, without a hitch ◊ put in order ◊ obey ◊ {colloquial} walk off with, steal ◊ Shun (surname) 1--very high [adj,adv,v,sn] ᆇᶑ zìtiáo ◊ (brief) note 4--low [n] ᆇቮ zìwěi ◊ {linguistics} final (of word) 4--low ᆇᖒ zìxíng ◊ form of writing (like typed, handwritten, etc.), font 2--high [n]

ᆇ⵬ zìyǎn ◊ word choice, wording 2--high [n] ᆇṧ zìyàng ◊ the established form of a written character ◊ written warning, instruction or cautionary note (like on a door, book, etc.) 2--high [n] ᆇ᜿ zìyì ◊ the meaning of a character or word 4--low zìyì ◊ meaning of a word ᆇѹ 3--medium [n] ᆇ丣 zìyīn ◊ pronunciation of a cha[n] racter ◊ pronunciation3--medium ᆇᆇ zìzì ◊ every word/character 3--medium ᚓⶒ zìsuī ◊ wilful, reckless, unrestrained 4--low [adj] 㠚⡡ zì'ài ◊ self-respect, self-regard, self-love (in good sense) 2--high [v] 㠚‫؍‬ zìbǎo ◊ defend oneself ◊ self-insurance 3--medium 㠚༷ zìbèi ◊ supply or provide for oneself ◊ bring-your-own 3--medium [v] 㠚∄ zìbǐ ◊ compare to oneself and others 3--medium 㠚ᗵ zìbì ◊ of course, certainly must 4--low 㠚ਈ䟿 zìbiànliàng ◊ {math} independent variable 3--medium 㠚᜝ zìcán ◊ fell ashamed 4--low [v] 㠚〠 zìchēng ◊ call oneself, claim or profess to be ◊ self-styled ◊ {grammar} (a first person pronoun) 1--very high [v,adj,pron] 㠚ᤱ zìchí ◊ control or restrain one's desires, passions, etc. ◊ pride 3--medium [adj,v] 㠚↔ zìcǐ ◊ henceforth, from now on 3--medium [adv] 㠚Ӿ zìcóng ◊ since, from 1--very high [prep] 㠚ᘆ zìcǔn ◊ self-speculation 4--low 㠚ᖃ zìdāng ◊ naturally, of course, should of course 3--medium 㠚ᗇ zìdé ◊ self-contented, self-satisfied 2--high [adj] 㠚ਁ zìfā ◊ spontaneous, on one's own initiative 2--high [adj,adv] 㠚৽ zìfǎn ◊ examine oneself, engage in introspection 4--low [v] 㠚ᓏ zìfèi ◊ pay (for a scholarship) with one's own money ǁ (opposite of gōngfèi ‫ޜ‬ 䋫/‫ޜ‬䍩) 4--low [v,adj] 㠚❊ zìfén ◊ immolate oneself (literally or figuratively) ◊ self-immolation 1--very high [v] 㠚ሱ zìfēng ◊ call oneself, proclaim or profess to be (mostly undeservedly) ◊ isolate oneself 3--medium [v]

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ral way ◊ naturally, of course 1--very high [n,adv] 㠚ྲ zìrú ◊ (of move, action) free, smooth, effortless 2--high [adj] 㠚ᵰ zìshā ◊ kill oneself, commit suicide ◊ attempt suicide ◊ suicide (in contrast to tāshā Ԇ⇪/Ԇᵰ "homicide") 1--very high [v] 㠚ᵰ㘵 zìshāzhě◊ person who commits suicide 3--medium 㠚Ք zìshāng ◊ self-inflicted injury ◊ feel heart-broken 3--medium [v] 㠚ཡ zìshī ◊ be at a loss, not know what to do ◊ personally suffer a loss 4--low 㠚࿻㠣㓸 zìshǐzhìzhōng ◊ from beginning to end, from first to last, from start to finish 2--high [cy] 㠚ᱟ zìshì ◊ naturally, of course ◊ think oneself infallible 3--medium [adj,adv] 㠚㿶 zìshì ◊ consider oneself as ◊ self-opinion 4--low [v] 㠚俆 zìshǒu ◊ (of a criminal) turn oneself in, give oneself up, voluntarily surrender oneself (to the police, etc.), confess one's crime (to the police, etc.) ◊ recant, surrender to the enemy 2--high [v] 㠚䇬 zìsòng ◊ accuse oneself, blame oneself 5--very low [v] 㠚ཆ zìwài ◊ step aside from, refuse to side with 3--medium [v] 㠚ছ zìwèi ◊ defend oneself ◊ self-defense 2--high [v] 㠚䰞 zìwèn ◊ ask oneself, examine oneself, engage in introspection ◊ examine oneself and conclude 2--high [v] 㠚ᡁ zìwǒ ◊ oneself ◊ self- (as a prefix) 1--very high [phr] 㠚ௌ zìxǐ ◊ be pleased with oneself, be self-satisfied, congratulate/pride oneself (on sth), pat oneself on the back 4--low [v] 㠚⴨ zìxiāng ◊ oneself, each other (followed by a verb) 3--medium [adv] 㠚⴨⸋⴮ zìxiāngmáodùn ◊ be self-contradictory 3--medium [cy] 㠚䬰 zìxiāo ◊ sell (one's own production) by oneself 3--medium [v] 㠚㹼 zìxíng ◊ (do) by oneself ◊ voluntary, by one's own free will ◊ {astronomy} proper motion ◊ self-propelled, self-powered 1--very high [v,adj] 㠚‫؞‬ zìxiū ◊ study by oneself (of students during free time, etc.) ◊ teach oneself, study independently ◊ self-cultivation 2--high [v] 㠚ᒿ zìxù ◊ preface ◊ autobiographical sketch 3--medium [n] 㠚ਉ zìxù ◊ preface ◊ autobiographical sketch 4--low 㠚ޫ zìyǎng ◊ {bot} autotrophy ◊ feed oneself, support oneself 3--medium 㠚ԕѪ zìyǐwéi ◊ consider oneself...

㠚ཹ zìfèng ◊ one's scale of living (as modest, luxurious, etc.) 4--low [v] 㠚儈 zìgāo ◊ proud, conceited 3--medium 㠚ਔ zìgǔ ◊ since old times, always 2--high [adv] 㠚ྭ zìhào ◊ self-respect, self-esteem ◊ take care of oneself 4--low [n,v] 㠚ਧ zìhào ◊ call oneself, claim or profess to be ǁ (=zìchēng 㠚ち/㠚〠) 0--very low 㠚⇱ zìhuǐ ◊ self-destruction (device, etc.) ◊ self-destruct 3--medium [v] 㠚ᐡ zìjǐ ◊ oneself ◊ by oneself (i.e., without other people) ◊ one's own 1--very high [pron,adv] 㠚Ӻ zìjīn ◊ from today on 3--medium 㠚ቭ zìjìn ◊ kill oneself, commit suicide 2--high 㠚㓿 zìjīng ◊ hang oneself, strangle oneself 4--low 㠚ા zìjiù ◊ blame oneself 5--very low 㠚ᮁ zìjiù ◊ save oneself, help oneself 2--high [v] 㠚ት zìjū ◊ claim to be, pose as 2--high [v] 㠚ߣ zìjué ◊ self-determination ◊ commit suicide 3--medium [v] 㠚㔍 zìjué ◊ cut oneself off from, alienate oneself from ◊ self-destruction 3--medium [v] 㠚㿹 zìjué ◊ be conscious/aware ◊ be conscientious, do what is expected without being told to; on one's own in initiative 1--very high [v,adv] 㠚㤖 zìkǔ ◊ bring worry and misery on oneself 4--low [v] 㠚ᶕ zìlái ◊ from the beginning, originally 3--medium [adv] 㠚࣋ zìlì ◊ rely/relying on own efforts2--high [v,adj] 㠚・ zìlì ◊ support oneself, earn one's own living 2--high [v] 㠚ᯉ zìliào ◊ one's own material (as furnished by customer for processing) ◊ expect ◊ anticipate 4--low [n,v] 㠚⍱ zìliú ◊ be free-flowing ◊ develop naturally or freely, take its natural course 2--high [v] 㠚᰾ zìmíng ◊ self-evident 2--high [adj] 㠚ભ zìmìng ◊ call oneself, proclaim or profess to be (mostly undeservedly) 3--medium [v] 㠚ᔳ zìqì ◊ self-abandonment; unambitious 4--low [v,n] 㠚ਆ zìqǔ ◊ court, invite, bring upon oneself 3--medium 㠚❦ zìrán ◊ nature; natural, in a natu-

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3--medium 㠚ᐢ zìyǐ ◊ {written} [usu. in the negative] able to control oneself 0--very low [v] 㠚ᕅ zìyǐn ◊ commit suicide 3--medium 㠚⭘ zìyòng ◊ think oneself infallible, be self-willed ◊ personal use, private use 2--high [v] 㠚ᴹ zìyǒu ◊ naturally have; of course have ◊ self-owned (apartment, funds, etc.); original/independent (brand, etc.) ◊ [zì yǒu] ever since (sth) existed, ever since having... 2--high [v,adj,adv] 㠚䈝 zìyǔ ◊ talk to oneself 3--medium 㠚൘ zìzài ◊ free, unrestrained 1--very high [adj] 㠚䍓 zìzé ◊ rebuke oneself, hold oneself responsible 3--medium [v] 㠚⸕ zìzhī ◊ know oneself ◊ selfknowledge, self-awareness 3--medium 㠚⋫ zìzhì ◊ autonomy, self-rule, selfgovernment 1--very high [n] 㠚у zìzhuān ◊ decide for oneself, do on one's own 4--low [v] 㠚䖜 zìzhuàn ◊ {astronomy} rotation 3--medium [v] 㠚ሺ zìzūn ◊ self-respect, self-regard 2--high [v] ᆀ䮯 Zǐcháng ◊ Zichang (county, Shǎnxī) 3--medium ᆀԓ zǐdài ◊ filial generation ◊ offspring 3--medium [n] ᆀᕏ zǐdì ◊ sons, sons and younger brothers ◊ children, the younger generation ◊ disciples, students 2--high [n] ᆀ䜭 zǐdū ◊ young man famous for good looks, adonis 3--medium ᆀᡯ zǐfáng ◊ {bot} ovary 3--medium [n] ᆀྷ zǐfù ◊ son and daughter-in-law ◊ daughter-in-law (son's wife) 5--very low [n] ᆀ䍑 Zǐgòng ◊ Zigong (520-446 BCE, famous disciple of Confucius) 3--medium [name] ᆀခ Zǐgū ◊ the Latrine God 5--very low ᆀਓ zǐkǒu ◊ inland customs post (in former times) ◊ small port affiliated with a larger one 4--low ᆀ䐟 Zǐlù ◊ Zilu (style name of Zhòng Yóu Ԣ⭡, 542-480 BCE, famous disciple of Confucius) 3--medium [name] ᆀ≁ zǐmín ◊ subjects 3--medium ᆀ⇽ zǐmǔ ◊ child and mother ◊ interest and principal ◊ parts and the whole 3--medium ᆀྣ zǐnǚ ◊ sons and daughters, children1--very high [n]

ᆀ zǐ ◊ son, child ◊ person ◊ (of melons, etc.) seed ◊ (of fowl, fish) egg, roe ◊ sth small and hard (pebble, bead, etc.) ◊ sub(ordinate) ◊ (in Chinese chess) a chess piece ◊ {history} viscount (the fourth of the five ranks of nobility) ◊ {respectful address} master, sir; Master... (suffix added to the names of ancient philosophers, such as Kǒngzǐ ᆄᆀ "Confucius", Mèngzǐ ᆏᆀ "Mencius") ◊ zi (first of the twelve Dìzhī ൠ᭟ "Earthly Branches") ◊ zi (11:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m.; one of the twelve two-hour periods in a day) ◊ Zi (surname) 1--very high [n,suf,sn] 僎 qiān ◊ raise high, hold high ◊ seize ◊ lift up (a skirt, curtain, etc.) 3--medium [v] ᆀẁ Zǐsāng ◊ Zisang (a compound surname) 4--low [sn] Zǐshū ◊ Zi books (one of the four ᆀҖ divisions of traditional Chinese literature, including works such as the Laozi, Mozi, Xunzi, etc.) 4--low ◊ Zishu (a compound surname) [n,sn] ᆀᮠ zǐshù ◊ numerator 3--medium ᆀᆉ zǐsūn ◊ children and grandchildren, descendants, posterity 1--very high [n] ᆀ༿ Zǐxià ◊ Zixia (507-420 BCE, famous disciple of Confucius) 3--medium [name] ᆀ䙺 ᇇഭ zōngguó◊ motherland 4--low ᇇᓉ zōngmiào ◊ ancestral temple of the ruling Imperial family 3--medium [n] ᇇᐸ zōngshī ◊ great master (one of exemplary virtue and learning)2--high [n] ᇇᇔ zōngshì ◊ Imperial clan ◊ Imperial clansman 3--medium [n] ᇇ‫ݴ‬ zōngxiōng ◊ form of address used by the son of father's concubine when referring to the elder son of father's legal wife ◊ form of address among elder brothers of the same clan or with the same surname 5--very low ᇇ zōng ◊ ancestor ◊ clan ◊ sect, faction, school ◊ aim, objective, purpose ◊ model one's (academic, artistic, literary) work after (sb) ◊ model, example, great master ◊ {measure word} (used for law cases, sums of money, business deals, etc.) ◊ {historical, Tibet} Dzong (administrative unit, equivalent to a county) ◊ Zong (surname) 1--very high [n,v,mw,sn] ‫ ݳ‬yuán ◊ first, original ◊ chief, leading ◊ fundamental, primary ◊ yuan (unit of Chinese currency) ◊ Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) ◊ Yuan (surname) 1--very high [n,adj,sn] ᇇѫ zōngzhǔ ◊ wife's eldest son ◊ one who enjoys the confidence of the people ◊ the founder of a sect or school 3--medium [n] ᇇ᯿ zōngzú ◊ patriarchal clan ◊ members of a clan (not including married females)

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3--medium [n] ᙫ䇑 zǒngjì ◊ sum total, grand total ◊ total, add up to 1--very high [n,v] ᙫ㔃 zǒngjié ◊ summarize ◊ summary 1--very high [v] ᙫᤜ zǒngkuò◊ sum up 3--medium [v] ᙫ亶 zǒnglǐng◊ preside over, control 3--medium ᙫ䇪 zǒnglùn ◊ general remarks, an introduction (often used in book titles) 2--high [n] ᙫ਽ zǒngmíng ◊ general term 4--low ᙫ᭦‫ޕ‬ zǒngshōurù ◊ total revenue, gross income2--high ᙫѻ zǒngzhī ◊ in short, in sum, in a word ◊ in any case, in any event, at any rate, anyway, altogether 1--very high [phr] 㓥⁚ zònghéng ◊ vertical(ly) and horizontal(ly), in length and breadth ◊ crisscross, extend over the length and breadth of sth ◊ (of an army) sweep over, march over unhindered ◊ {figurative} with great ease, freely 1--very high [adj,adv,v] 㓥⁚ᦝ䱆 zònghéngbǎihé ◊ maneuver among groups, make and break alliances 3--medium [cy] 㓥⁚ᇦ Zònghéngjiā ◊ Political Strategists (of the Warring States Period) 4--low [n] 㓥֯ zòngshǐ ◊ even though, even if 2--high [conj] 㓥㓥 zòngzòng ◊ rapidly, hurriedly 5--very low 䛩励 Zōulǔ ◊ Zou and Lu (two ancient Chinese states, homes of Mencius and Confucius respectively) 4--low 䎠ࠪ zǒuchū ◊ go out (of,to) 1--very high [v] 䎠傜 zǒumǎ ◊ go on horseback (trotting or galloping) ◊ quick, swift ◊ fine horse 2--high [v,n] 䎠ޭ zǒushòu ◊ beast, quadruped ◊ ornamental tile at the end of roof beam (or similar structure) 3--medium [n] 䎠л zǒuxià ◊ get off, get out 2--high [v] ཿ࠰ zòudāo ◊ wield a knife 5--very low ཿ࣏ zòugōng◊ be successful, achieve success 4--low [v] ཿһ zòushì ◊ memorialize, report (to the Emperor)4--low ཿ⮿ zòushū ◊ memorial (to the Emperor) 4--low [n] 』〾 zūshuì ◊ land and other taxes (collectively) 1--very high [n] ং䚭 cùjù ◊ suddenly 5--very low ং❦ cùrán ◊ suddenly, abruptly, unexpectedly 4--low

ং↫ cùsǐ ◊ {med} sudden death 5--very low ংԽ zúwǔ ◊ soldiers, ranks 5--very low ংং cùcù ◊ hurriedly, hastily 4--low [adv] ᯿㊫ zúlèi ◊ same clan ◊ same kind 3--medium [n] ᯿⚝ zúmiè ◊ extermination of the entire extended family (as a form of punishment) 4--low ᯿Ӣ zúqīn ◊ relatives (in the same clan) 4--low [n] ᯿Ӫ zúrén ◊ clansman 2--high [n] 䏣䘩 zújì ◊ footmark ◊ footprint ◊ track 1--very high [n] 䏣㿱 zújiàn ◊ enough to show that, it 3--medium [conj] can be seen that 䏣ᇎ zúshí ◊ full, ample ◊ healthy, thriving 5--very low [adj] 䏣ᮠ zúshù ◊ full number 4--low 䏣л zúxià ◊ {formal} you (form of address in letters between friends) 2--high [n] 䏣ԕ zúyǐ ◊ enough to, sufficient to 1--very high [v] 䏣丣䐛❦ zúyīnqióngrán ◊ (the sound of footsteps) unexpected visit of a person one seldom has a chance to see 5--very low 䏣⭘ zúyòng ◊ adequate supply, enough for use 3--medium 䏣䇱 zúzhèng ◊ fully attests, amply proves 4--low ‫׾‬䉶 zǔdòu ◊ a "zu" and a "dou" (two kinds of utensils) used in sacrificial rites ◊ sacrifice, offering 4--low [n] ⾆䚃 zǔdào ◊ see sb off 4--low ⾆⡦⇽ zǔfùmǔ ◊ paternal grandparents 3--medium ⾆ᇇ zǔzōng ◊ ancestors, forefathers 2--high [n] 㓴ᡀ zǔchéng ◊ compose, constitute, make up 1--very high [v] 㓴㓷 zǔzhī ◊ organization ◊ organize, form ◊ {textiles} weave ◊ {physiology} tissue 1--very high [n,v] 䫫⠗ zuānsuì ◊ use a fire-drill (as earliest method of producing fire) 5--very low 䫫࠯ zuānzáo ◊ drill, bore 4--low ᴰཊ zuìduō ◊ most, at most 1--very high [adj,adv] ᴰਾ zuìhòu ◊ final, last, ultimate, eventual 1--very high [adj] ᴰቁ zuìshǎo ◊ at least ◊ at a minimum 1--very high [adj,adv] ᴰⴋ zuìshèng ◊ most prosperous 3--medium ᴰѪ zuìwéi ◊ (used before disyllabic adjectives or verbs) most ◊ extremely 1--very high [adv]

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1--very high [adj,sn] ∿ shì ◊ by the (family) name of... ◊ (used after a well-known person's surname, like an inventor, scientist, etc.) ◊ Shi (surname) 2--high [sn] ᐖ᡻ zuǒshǒu ◊ left hand ◊ left (hand) side 1--very high [n] ᐖᨀਣᤸ zuǒtíyòuqiè ◊ give mutual help or assistance ◊ give all possible help 5--very low [cy] ᐖ㹼 zuǒxíng ◊ writing from right to left ◊ keep to the left (of traffic) 4--low ᐖ᯻ zuǒxuán ◊ turn counterclockwise (like the bindweed, or levo chemicals) 3--medium ᐖᇌਣᴹ zuǒyíyòuyǒu ◊ versatile and talented 4--low [cy] ᐖਣ zuǒyòu ◊ (used after numbers, time) approximately, about, around... ◊ dominate, control, influence, manipulate ◊ attendants, close assistants, those around one; entourage, retinue ◊ {dialect} anyway, in any case, anyhow 1--very high [adv,n] ᐖ䇱 zuǒzhèng ◊ prove (by means of evidence) ◊ evidence, proof ◊ ǁ (also writ[v,n] ten ր䅹/ր䇱) 3--medium ֌࡛ zuòbié ◊ bid farewell 4--low [v] ֌䇽 zuòcí ◊ write the words (for a song) 2--high [vo] ֌⌅ zuòfǎ ◊ way, method, practice, tactics, ways and means ◊ method of making/preparing sth ◊ legislate ◊ perform Taoist magic 1--very high [n,v] ֌⾿֌ေ zuòfúzuòwēi ◊ abuse one's power, throw one's weight around 3--medium ֌ᙚ zuòguài ◊ cause trouble, make mischief, be a nuisance 2--high [v] ֌ᇦ zuòjiā ◊ author, writer 1--very high [n] ֌‫ٷ‬ zuòjiǎ ◊ counterfeit, falsify, adulterate ◊ cheat, play tricks, feign ignorance ◊ pretend, act affectedly 2--high [vo] ֌ҡ zuòluàn ◊ rebel, start an uprising 3--medium [v] ֌⮖ zuòqí ◊ bedding (of plants) 4--low [v] ֌≄ zuòqì ◊ make a great effort ◊ stir up one's courage 4--low ֌䈇 zuòshī ◊ write a poem 4--low [vo] ֌һ zuòshì ◊ work 3--medium [vo] ֌࣯ zuòshì ◊ strike an attitude or a posture 3--medium [v] ֌ཆ zuòwài ◊ stand on ceremony 4--low ֌Ѫ zuòwéi ◊ regard as, treat as, take as; serve as ◊ in the capacity of, as ◊ conduct, action(s), act, deed, behaviour ◊ accomplish, do sth worthwhile; achievements, accomplishments ◊

ᴰ‫ݸ‬ zuìxiān ◊ first, earliest, foremost ◊ at first 2--high ᴰሿ zuìxiǎo ◊ minimum, smallest 1--very high [adj] 㖚ᡮ zuìlì ◊ fault, crime, sin5--very low [n] 㖚਽ zuìmíng ◊ charge, accusation ◊ guilty reputation (deserved or undeserved) 1--very high [n] 㖚㧛བྷ✹ zuìmòdàyān ◊ there is no greater crime than this 0--very low [phr] 㖚Ӫ zuìrén ◊ criminal, offender, sinner 2--high [n] 㖚㹼 zuìxíng ◊ crime, offense 2--high [n] 㮎ቄ zuì'ěr ◊ tiny (like area, country) 4--low [adj] ሺঁ zūnbēi ◊ high and low (respectively), social rank 3--medium [n] ሺ䍥 zūnguì ◊ honoured, respected 2--high [adj] ሺӢ zūnqīn ◊ one's senior relatives 4--low [n] ሺቊ zūnshàng ◊ honour 4--low [v] ሺᱮ zūnxiǎn ◊ venerable, honourable, of high position ◊ make powerful and illustrious 5--very low ሺ䮯 zūnzhǎng ◊ elders and superiors 3--medium [n] ሺ䟽 zūnzhòng ◊ respect, be respectful of, have consideration for, value (sb's opinion, others' rights/traditions, etc.) ◊ respect, be true to (the facts, history, etc.) ◊ hold (sb) in esteem, think highly of ◊ serious, proper (in behaviour) 1--very high [v] ‫׾‬ zūnzǔ ◊ winecups and dishes, banquet (esp. as scene of diplomatic negotiations) 4--low 䚥➗ zūnzhào ◊ obey, conform to, comply with 1--very high [v] ⩒ਕ zhuójù ◊ polish wording 5--very low ⩒⼘ zhuómo ◊ carve and polish (jade, etc.) ◊ (of literary works, or figuratively one's mind, character, etc.) polish, refine ◊ (usu. pronounced zuómo) ponder (over), mull (over) 2--high [v] ᐖ㟲 zuǒbì ◊ left arm 3--medium [n] ᐖՐ Zuǒzhuàn ◊ the Zuozhuan (historical commentary) 3--medium [n] ᐖш Zuǒqiū ◊ Zuoqiu (a compound surname) 4--low [sn] ᐖ㺭 zuǒrèn ◊ fasten clothes on the left (ancient and traditional symbol of barbarism) 4--low ᐖ zuǒ ◊ left (side) ◊ east ◊ left, progressive, revolutionary ◊ master, control ◊ unorthodox, queer ◊ wrong, false, incorrect ◊ opposite, contrary, different ◊ demote ◊ Zuo (surname) 575

{law} fulfillment of a legal duty 1--very high [n,v] ֌᮷ zuòwén ◊ composition, essay ◊ write a composition or an essay (esp. of students) 1--very high [v] ֌᚟ zuòxī ◊ work and rest 2--high [v] ֌⭘ zuòyòng◊ action ◊ effect ◊ role, function ◊ intention, motive ◊ to affect, act on, produce an effect on 1--very high [n,v] ֌ࡉ zuòzé ◊ use or take as a model, set as an example 4--low [vo] ֌㘵 zuòzhě ◊ author, writer 1--very high [n] ֌ѫ zuòzhǔ ◊ take sole responsibility, take matters into one's own hands ◊ make the final decision ◊ support ◊ act as the host 2--high

[v] ඀нᆹ zuòbu'ān ◊ sit uncomfortably 5--very low ඀ᘈ zuòwàng ◊ {Buddhism} sit in meditation and become unaware of this world 4--low ඀㹼 zuòxíng ◊ crawl on one's knees 4--low ඀䭷 zuòzhèn ◊ personally assume command (of a garrison commander) 3--medium [v] ඀඀ zuòzuo ◊ sit (for a while) 3--medium

ᰝ‫⛖▪ا‬ ਋หૹΠΠц

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俜∿᮷䙊 Chinese Text Statistics General Text Statistical Data Total Chinese Characters in the text: 301 515 Total of Unique Chinese characters: 4107 Lines: 13 848 Pages: 288 Sections: 290 In the following, all Chinese characters are listed according to their respective number of strokes with basic English meaning definitions and their frequency of occurrence in the Chinese text of the 俜∿᮷䙊 in brackets at the end of each line. Numbers in squared brackets following Hanyu Pinyin annotations indicate the tonal level (with “1” for the first, “2” for the second tone, etc.). up. (1978) л [xia4] under, underneath, below; down; inferior; bring down. (1825) Ѩ [wan2] small round object; pellet, pill. (5) ѵ [jiu3] long time (ago); time passage, grow late. (81) ѻ [zhi1] marks preceding phrase as modifier of following phrase; it, him her, Ҏ [qi3] beg; request. (5) ҏ [ye3] also; classical final particle of strong affirmation or identity. (7972) Ҿ [yu2] in, on, at; go to; surname. (241) ӑ [wang2] death, destroyed; lose, perish. (204) ‫[ ݰ‬wu4 wu1] to cut off the feet. (2) ࠑ [fan2] all, any, every; ordinary, common. (491) ࠳ [ren4] edged tool, cutlery, knife edge. (25) प [shao2 shuo4] spoon, ladle; unit of volume. (2) ॳ [qian1] thousand; many, numerous; very; (Cant.) a cheater, swindler. ৹ [cha1 cha2 cha3 cha4] crotch; fork, prong. (1) ৺ [ji2] extend; reach; come up to; and. (395) ਓ [kou3] mouth; open end; entrance, gate. (150) ൏ [tu3] soil, earth; items made of earth. (60) ༛ [shi4] scholar, gentleman; soldier. (275) ཅ [xi1] evening, night, dusk; slanted. (21) བྷ [da4 dai4] big, great, vast, large, high. (1084) ྣ [nuu3] woman, girl; feminine; rad. 38. (123) ᆀ [zi5 zi3] offspring, child; fruit, seed of; 1st terrestrial branch. (2340) ᆁ [jie2] remaining, left-over; lonely. (3) ረ [cun4] inch; small, tiny; KangXi radical 41. (27) ሿ [xiao3] small, tiny, insignificant. (311)

1 Stroke а [yi1] one; a, an; alone. (1836) ҉ [yi3] second; 2nd heavenly stem. (3)

2 Strokes б [ding1] male adult; robust, vigorous; 4th heavenly stem. (12) г [qi1] seven. (212) ѳ [nai3] then; really, indeed; as it turned out, after all; namely. (551) ҍ [jiu3] nine. (205) Ҷ [le5 liao3] to finish; particle of completed action. (47) Ҽ [er4] two; twice. (1161) Ӫ [ren2] man; people; mankind; someone else. (2424) ‫[ ޕ‬ru4] enter, come in(to), join. (292) ‫[ ޛ‬ba1] eight; all around, all sides. (228) ࠐ [ji3 ji1] small table. (9) ࠰ [dao1] knife; old coin; measure. (28) ࠱ [diao1] tricky, sly, crafty, cunning. (3) ࠲ [dao1] knife; radical number 18. (1) ࣋ [li4] power, capability, influence. (153) ॅ [bi3 pin4] spoon, ladle; knife, dirk. (8) ॱ [shi2] ten, tenth; complete; perfect. (1090) ঌ [bu3 bo5] fortune telling; prophesy. (25) ৸ [you4] and, also, again, in addition. (3126)

3 Strokes з [wan4] ten thousand; innumerable. (3) и [zhang4] unit of length equal 3.3 meters; gentleman, man, husband. (36) й [san1] three. (1021) к [shang4] top; superior, highest; go up, send

577

ቨ [shi1] corpse; to impersonate the dead; to preside; KangXi radical 44. (2) ኡ [shan1] mountain, hill, peak. (211) ᐍ [chuan1] stream, river; flow; boil. (37) ᐕ [gong1] labor, work; worker, laborer. (45) ᐡ [ji3] self, oneself; personal, private; 6th heavenly stem. (194) ᐢ [yi3] already; finished; stop. (658) ᐣ [si4 yi3] the hours from 9 to 11; 6th terrestrial branch. (2) ᒢ [gan4 gan1] oppose, offend; invade; dried. (33) ᔻ [yi4] catch, arrest; shoot with bow. (4) ᕃ [gong1] bow; curved, arched; KangXi radical number 57. (77) ᡽ [cai2] talent, ability; just, only. (54)

ࠦ [xiong1] culprit; murder; bad, sad. (13) ࠶ [fen1 fen4] divide; small unit of time etc.. (276) ࠷ [qie4 qie1] cut, mince, slice, carve. (119) ࠸ [yi4] cut off, reap, mow; sickle. (4) म [gou1 gou4] hook, join, connect; entice. (5) य [wu4 mo4] must not, do not; without, never. (71) ॆ [hua4] change, convert, reform; -ize. (52) ३ [pi3] bolt of cloth; counter for horses. (40) ॷ [sheng1] arise, go up; hoist; advance. (22) ॸ [wu3] noon; 7th terrestrial branch. (6) জ [ang2 yang3] lofty; high; raise; high-priced. (5) ঴ [e4] adversity, difficulty, distress. (1) ৻ [you3] friend, companion; fraternity. (59) ৽ [fan3] reverse, opposite, contrary, anti. (258) ༜ [ren2] 9th heavenly stem. (5) ཙ [tian1] sky, heaven; god, celestial. (938) ཚ [tai4] very, too, much; big; extreme. (175) ཛ [fu1 fu2] man, male adult, husband; those. (1021) ཛྷ [guai4 jue2] parted; fork; certain. (1) ཝ [yao1 wo4] young, fresh-looking; die young. (9) ᆄ [kong3] opening, hole, orifice; great. (140) ቁ [shao3 shao4] few, less, inadequate. (179) ቔ [you2] especially, particularly. (57) ቩ [yin3 yun2] govern; oversee; director. (35) ቪ [chi3] Chinese measure approx. 'foot'. (27) ኟ [tun2 zhun1] village, hamlet; camp; station. (10) ᐘ [ju4] large, great, enormous; chief. (34) ᐤ [ba1] greatly desire, anxiously hope. (1) ᒫ [huan4] illusion, fantasy, mirage. (6) ᔯ [nian4] twenty, twentieth. (3) ᕄ [diao4 di4] condole, mourn, pity; hang. (7) ᕅ [yin3] to pull, draw out, attract; to stretch. (790) ᗳ [xin1] heart; mind, intelligence; soul. (369) ᠸ [ge1] halberd, spear, lance; rad. 62. (4) ᡦ [hu4] door; family, household. (41) ᡻ [shou3] hand. (53) ᡾ [zha1 zha2 za1] pull up; pierce; struggle free. (2) ᭟ [zhi1] disperse, pay; support; branch. (23) ᮷ [wen2] literature, culture, writing. (1263) ᯇ [dou4 dou3] Chinese peck; liquid measure. (26) ᯔ [jin1] a catty (approximately 500 g); an axe; keen, shrewd; KangXi radical ᯩ [fang1] a square, rectangle; a region; local. (252) ᰕ [ri4] sun; day; daytime. (320) ᴠ [yue1] say; KangXi radical 73. (1166)

4 Strokes н [bu4] no, not; un-; negative prefix. (4585) с [chou3] clown, comedian; 2nd terrestrial branch. (68) ѝ [zhong1 zhong4] central; center, middle; in the midst of; hit (target); Ѡ [feng1] abundant, lush, bountiful, plenty. (1) ѩ [dan1] cinnabar (native HgS); vermilion (artificial HgS used as pigment). ѿ [fa2] lack; poor. (10) Ҹ [yu3 yu2] I, me; to give. (139) Ӂ [yun2] say, speak; clouds. (257) ӂ [hu4] mutually, reciprocally. (74) ӄ [wu3] five; surname. (430) Ӆ [jing3] well, mine shaft, pit. (20) Ӓ [kang4 gang1] high, proud; violent, excessive; skilled; name. (3) Ӱ [shen2 shi2] file of ten soldiers; mixed, miscellaneous. (23) ӱ [ren2] humaneness, benevolence, kindness. (289) Ӵ [ze4] slanting, oblique; oblique tones. (4) Ӷ [pu1 pu2] fall forward; lie prostrate, prone; servant. (3) ӷ [chou2] enemy, hate, hatred, enmity. (8) Ӻ [jin1] now, today, modern era. (806) ӻ [jie4] forerunner, herald, harbinger; to lie between; sea shell; to wear ӽ [reng2] yet, still, as ever; again; keep -ing, continuing. (72) ԕ [yi3] by means of; thereby, therefore; consider as; in order to. (5571) ‫[ ݱ‬yun3] to grant, to allow, to consent. (1) ‫[ ݳ‬yuan2] first; dollar; origin; head. (157) ‫[ ޗ‬nei4] inside, interior; domestic. (440) ‫[ ޜ‬gong1] fair, equitable; public; duke. (1483) ‫[ ޝ‬liu4] number six. (310) ‫[ ޞ‬xi1] exclamatory particle. (27) ߇ [rong3] excessive; superfluous. (5) 578

ᴸ [yue4] moon; month; KangXi radical 74. (102) ᵘ [mu4] tree; wood, lumber; wooden. (84) ⅐ [qian4] owe, lack, be deficient; KangXi radical number 76. (8) → [zhi3] stop, halt, desist; detain. (725) ⇻ [wu2 mou2] do not; not; surname; rad. 80. (68) ∄ [bi3] to compare, liken; comparison; than. (281) ∋ [mao2] hair, fur, feathers; coarse. (38) ∿ [shi4] clan, family; mister. (478) ≤ [shui3] water, liquid, lotion, juice. (199) ⚛ [huo3] fire, flame; burn; anger, rage. (44) ⡚ [zhao3 zhua3] claw, nail, talon; animal feet. (5) ⡦ [fu4 fu3] father; KangXi radical 88. (223) ⢉ [ya2] tooth, molars, teeth; serrated. (16) ⢋ [niu2] cow, ox, bull; KangXi radical93. (76) ⣜ [quan3] dog; radical number 94. (27) ⦻ [wang2] king, ruler; royal; surname. (1087) ⬖ [wa3 wa4] tile; earthenware pottery; girl. (8)

࠼ [cun3] . (1) ࣏ [gong1] achievement, merit, good result. (183) ࣐ [jia1] add to, increase, augment. (310) व [bao1] wrap, pack, bundle; package. (20) श [cong1] hastily, in haste, hurriedly. (1) े [bei3] north; northern; northward. (124) ौ [yi2] basin; container for wine. (1) ॺ [ban4] half. (38) ঐ [zhan4 zhan1] divine; observe; versify. (3) ঞ [zhi1] measuring cup; wine container. (5) ট [mao3] 4th terrestrial branch; period from 57 a.m.. (2) ঠ [yin4] print, seal, stamp, chop, mark. (6) ৫ [qu4] go away, leave, depart. (353) ਔ [gu3] old, classic, ancient. (241) ਕ [ju4 gou1] sentence. (1874) ਖ [ling4] another, separate, other. (20) ਙ [kou4] knock, ask; kowtow, bow. (3) ਚ [zhi3 zhi1] only, just, simply. (55) ਛ [jiao4] cry, shout; hail, greet, call. (5) ਜ [zhao4] imperial decree; summon. (79) ਟ [ke3] may, can, -able; possibly. (1389) ਠ [tai2] platform; unit; term of address. (14) ਡ [chi4 hua4 e2] scold, shout at, bawl out. (12) ਢ [shi3] history, chronicle, annals. (1042) ਣ [you4] right; west; right-wing. (73) ਨ [si1] take charge of, control, manage; officer. (450) ഊ [qiu2] prisoner, convict; confine. (4) ഋ [si4] four. (545) ཆ [wai4] out, outside, external; foreign. (651) ཞ [yang1] center, conclude, run out; beg. (2) ཡ [shi1] lose; make mistake, neglect. (138) ྤ [nu2] slave, servant. (109) ྦ [nai3] milk; woman's breasts; nurse. (1) ᆅ [yun4] be pregnant, pregnancy. (1) ᆳ [ta1] it; other. (43) ቫ [kao1] end of spine; buttocks, sacrum. (1) ቬ [ni2] Buddhist nun; transliteration. (26) ᐖ [zuo3] left; east; unorthodox, improper. (684) ᐗ [qiao3] skillful, ingenious, clever. (16) ᐲ [shi4] market, fair; city, town; trade. (41) ᐳ [bu4] cotton cloth, textiles, linen. (70) ᒣ [ping2] flat, level, even; peaceful. (392) ᒬ [you4] infant, young child; immature. (24) ᔱ [bian4 pan2] conical cap worn during Zhou dynasty. (27) ᕇ [fu2] not, negative. (185) ᕈ [hong2] enlarge, expand; liberal, great. (18) ᗵ [bi4] surely, most certainly; must. (581) ᗹ [dao1] grieved; distressed in mind. (2) ᠺ [wu4] 5th heavenly stem. (2) ᢃ [da3] strike, hit, beat; fight; attack. (1)

5 Strokes ф [qie3] moreover, also (post-subject); about to, will soon (pre-verb). (388) х [pi1] great, grand, glorious, distinguished. (7) ц [shi4] generation; world; era. (428) ш [qiu1] hill; elder; empty; a name. (57) щ [bing3] third; 3rd heavenly stem. (3) ѫ [zhu3] master, chief owner; host; lord. (347) ѽ [zha4 zuo4] first time, for the first time. (5) Ѿ [hu1] interrogative or exclamatory final particle. (1275) ԅ [shi4] official; serve government. (30) Ԇ [ta1] other, another; he, she, it. (146) Ԉ [fu4] give, deliver, pay, hand over; entrust. (9) Ԏ [ren4] ancient unit of measure (8 feet); 'fathom'. (6) ԓ [dai4] replace, replacement (of person or generation); era, generation. Ԕ [ling4 ling3] command, order; 'commandant', magistrate; allow, cause. Ԙ [sa1] (coll.) three (cannot be followed by a measure word). (1) Ի [ji2 fan2] deceptive. (4) ‫[ ݴ‬xiong1] elder brother. (64) ޹ [ran3 nan2] tender; weak; proceed gradually. (10) ޺ [ce4] book, volume. (2) ߜ [dong1] winter, 11th lunar month. (18) ࠪ [chu1] go out, send out; stand; produce. (307) ࠺ [kan1] publication, periodical; publish. (8) 579

ᯕ [chi4] to scold, upbraid, accuse, reproach. (11) ᰖ [dan4] dawn; morning; day. (27) ᵚ [wei4] not yet; 8th terrestrial branch. (582) ᵛ [mo4] final, last, end; insignificant. (70) ᵜ [ben3] root, origin, source; basis. (435) ᵝ [zha2 ya4] letter, note; correspondence. (4) ↓ [zheng4 zheng1] right, proper, correct. (290) ⇽ [mu3] mother; female elders; female. (155) ≁ [min2] people, subjects, citizens. (429) ≨ [yong3] long, perpetual, eternal, forever. (7) ⣟ [fan4] commit crime, violate; criminal. (30) ⦴ [xuan2] deep, profound, abstruse; KangXi radical 95. (4) ⦹ [yu4] jade, precious stone, gem. (61) ⬌ [gua1] melon, gourd, cucumber; rad. 97. (7) ⭈ [gan1] sweetness; sweet, tasty. (24) ⭏ [sheng1] life, living, lifetime; birth. (430) ⭘ [yong4] use, employ, apply, operate; use. (1422) ⭠ [tian2] field, arable land, cultivated. (124) ⭡ [you2] cause, reason; from. (183) ⭢ [jia3] armor, shell; fingernails; 1st heavenly stem. (44) ⭣ [shen1] to state to a superior, report; extend; 9th terrestrial branch. (51) ⲭ [bai2] white; pure, unblemished; bright. (86) Ⳟ [pi2] skin, hide, fur, feather; outer. (16) ⳯ [min3 ming3] shallow container; rad. no. 108. (1) ⴞ [mu4] eye; look, see; division, topic. (102) ⸋ [mao2] spear, lance; KangXi radical 110. (12) ⸒ [shi3] arrow, dart; vow, swear. (32) ⸣ [shi2] stone, rock, mineral; rad. 112. (111) ⽪ [shi4] show, manifest; demonstrate. (86) ⿮ [he2] grain still on stalk; rice plant. (3) イ [xue2 jue2] cave, den, hole; KangXi radical 116. (13) ・ [li4] stand; let stand; establish, set. (228) 㢮 [ai4 yi4] artemisia, mugwort; translit.. (6) 䛉 [mang2] mountain in Henan province. (1) 䱑 [qian1] footpaths between fields; paths. (1)

Ԧ [jian4] numerary adjunct for article; matter. (2) ԫ [ren4 ren2] trust to, rely on, appoint; to bear, duty, office; allow. (87) ԭ [fen4] portion, part; duty. (3) ԯ [fang3] imitate, copy; as if. (25) Ժ [yi1] third person pronoun; he, she, this, that. (14) Խ [wu3] five, company of five; troops. (18) Ծ [ji4 zhi4] talent, skill, ability. (2) Կ [fu2] crouch, crawl, lie hidden, conceal. (37) Հ [fa2] cut down, subjugate, attack. (88) Ձ [xiu1] rest, stop; retire; do not!. (22) Չ [huo3] companion, colleague; utensils. (2) լ [shi4 si4] resemble, similar to; as if, seem. (168) ‫[ ݵ‬chong1] fill, be full, supply. (84) ‫[ ݶ‬zhao4] omen; million; mega; also trillion. China = million; Japan and ‫[ ݸ‬xian1] first, former, previous. (1112) ‫[ ݹ‬guang1] light, brilliant, shine; only. (104) ‫[ ޘ‬quan2] maintain, keep whole or intact. (106) ‫[ ޡ‬gong4] together with, all, total; to share. (93) ޽ [zai4] again, twice, re-. (29) ߠ [bing1] ice; ice-cold. (13) ࠾ [wen3] behead, cut throat. (2) ࡁ [xing2] punishment, penalty; law. (71) ࡇ [lie4] a line; to arrange in order, classify. (984) ࣓ [lie4] bad, inferior; slightly. (2) स [xiong1] breast, chest, thorax; clamor; the Hsiung Nu 'Huns'. (102) ॐ [jiang4] craftsman, artisan; workman. (13) ॑ [kuang1 wang1] correct, restore, revise. (16) ড [wei1] dangerous, precarious; high. (65) ਱ [xu1 yu4] interjection 'Alas!'; to sigh. (16) ਴ [ge4 ge3] each, individually, every, all. (319) ਸ [he2] combine, unite, join; gather. (263) ਹ [ji2] lucky, propitious, good. (30) ਺ [diao4] condole, mourn, pity; hang. (10) ਼ [tong2 tong4] same, similar; together with. (1214) ਽ [ming2] name, rank, title, position. (1155) ਾ [hou4] queen, empress, sovereign; (simp. for ᖼ) behind, rear, after. (60) ਿ [li4] government official, magistrate. (150) ੀ [tu3 tu4] vomit, spew out, cough up. (7) ੁ [xiang4] toward, direction, trend. (60) ੂ [zha4 zha1] shout, roar, bellow; scold. (1) ੨ [xi1] inhale, suck in; absorb; attract. (4) എ [hui2] return, turn around; a time. (34) ഐ [yin1] cause, reason; by; because (of). (171) ൘ [zai4] be at, in, on; consist in, rest. (785)

6 Strokes ю [cheng2 sheng4] assist, aid, rescue. (74) Ӕ [jiao1] mix; intersect; exchange, communicate; deliver. (116) ӕ [hai4 jie1] 12th terrestrial branch. (16) Ӗ [yi4] also, too; likewise. (954) Ԡ [yang3] raise the head to look; look up to, rely on, admire. (27) Ԣ [zhong4] middle brother; go between, mediator; surname. (111)

580

൜ [wu1] plaster over with layer of mud. (8) ൝ [gui1] jade pointed at top. (4) ൠ [di4 de5] earth; soil, ground; region. (413) ༵ [jiang4] to descend; to come down from heaven. to send down. (2) ཉ [su4] early in morning, dawn; previous. (2) ཊ [duo1] much, many; more than, over. (309) ཧ [yi2] ancient barbarian tribes. (107) ྨ [jian1] crafty, villainous, false. (20) ྭ [hao3 hao4] good, excellent, fine; well. (161) ྲ [ru2] if, supposing; as if; like, as. (1456) ླ [fei1 pei4] wife, spouse; imperial concubine. (1) ྴ [wang4] absurd, foolish, reckless; false. (18) ᆇ [zi4] letter, character, word. (8077) ᆈ [cun2] exist, live, be; survive; remain. (89) ᆵ [zhai2] residence, dwelling, home; grave. (13) ᆷ [yu3] house; building, structure; eaves. (8) ᆸ [shou3] defend, protect, guard, conserve. (121) ᆹ [an1] peaceful, tranquil, quiet. (266) ሪ [si4 shi4] court, office; temple, monastery. (4) ኰ [chu1] go out. (2) ኼ [ji2] perilous, hazardous; high, steep. (2) ᐎ [zhou1] administrative division, state. (86) ᐑ [xun2] patrol, go on circuit, cruise. (10) ᐶ [fan1] sail; boat. (1) ᒤ [nian2] year; new-years; person's age. (686) ᔦ [yan2] delay, postpone, defer. (23) ᔧ [ting2] court. (34) ᔿ [shi4] style, system, formula, rule. (136) ᕋ [chi2] loosen, relax, unstring a bow. (7) ᘆ [cun3] guess, suppose, conjecture. (3) ᘉ [mang2] busy, pressed for time; hustling. (3) ᠼ [xu1 qu5] 11th terrestrial branch. (4) ᠽ [shu4] defend borders, guard frontiers. (8) ᠾ [rong2 reng1] arms, armaments; military affair. (29) ᡀ [cheng2] completed, finished, fixed. (435) ᢈ [tuo1] to hold up with palm; to support, rely on. (15) ᢌ [yu1 wu1] . (1) ᢎ [han4 gan3] ward off, withstand, resist. (4) ᭦ [shou1] gather together, collect; harvest. (35) ᰘ [zhi3] purpose, aim; excellent. (9) ᰙ [zao3] early; soon; morning. (19) ᰜ [xun2] ten-day period; period of time. (8) ᰝ [xu4] rising sun; brilliance; radiant. (6) ᴢ [qu1 qu3] crooked, bent; wrong, false. (66) ᴣ [ye4] trail, tow, drag, pull. (10) ᴹ [you3] have, own, possess; exist. (2988)

ᵡ [zhu1 shu1] cinnabar, vermilion; surname. (31) ᵭ [xiu3] decayed, rotten; rot, decay. (9) ⅑ [ci4] order, sequence; next. (848) ↔ [ci3] this, these; in this case, then. (1861) ↫ [si3] die; dead; death. (281) ⊇ [han4] perspiration, sweat. (4) ⊍ [ru3] you. (59) ⊏ [jiang1] large river; yangzi; surname. (70) ⊐ [chi2] pool, pond; moat; cistern. (17) ⊑ [wu1] filthy, dirty, impure, polluted. (17) ⊢ [ji2 ji1] draw water from well; imbibe. (51) ⚠ [hui1] ashes; dust; lime, mortar. (2) ⢏ [mou2 mu4 mao4] make; seek, get; barley; low. (7) Ⲯ [bai3] one hundred; numerous, many. (304) ⽱ [qi2 zhi3] pray; numerous, ample, abundant. (5) ㄩ [zhu2] bamboo; flute; KangXi radical 118. (9) ㊣ [mi3] hulled or husked uncooked rice. (20) 㖺 [yang2] sheep, goat; KangXi radical 123. (104) 㗭 [yu3] feather, plume; wings; rad. 124. (106) 㘱 [lao3] old, aged; experienced. (142) 㘳 [kao3] examine, test; investigate. (42) 㘼 [er2] and; and then; and yet; but. (5170) 㙂 [lei3] handle of plow; plow; rad. 127. (1) 㙣 [er3] ear; merely, only; handle. (483) 㚹 [rou4] flesh; meat; KangXi radical 130. (45) 㚼 [ji1] muscle tissue; meat on bones. (7) 㠓 [chen2] minister, statesman, official. (548) 㠚 [zi4] self, private, personal; from. (836) 㠣 [zhi4] reach, arrive; extremely, very. (896) 㠬 [jiu4] mortar; bone joint socket. (2) 㠼 [she2] tongue; clapper of bell; KangXi radical 135. (7) 㡋 [chuan3] oppose, deviate, be contrary to. (1) 㡏 [zhou1] boat, ship; KangXi radical 137. (34) 㢞 [gen3 gen4 hen2] seventh of eight diagrams. (1) 㢢 [se4 shai3] color, tint, hue, shade; form, body; beauty, desire for beauty. 㢺 [qian1] exuberant and vigorous foliage. (1) 㣂 [mang2] Miscanthus sinensis. (6) 㣃 [zi4 zi3] . (2) 㹰 [xue4 xie3] blood; radical number 143. (21) 㹼 [xing2 hang2] go; walk; move, travel; circulate. (607) 㺓 [yi1 yi4] clothes, clothing; cover, skin. (98) 㾯 [xi1] west(ern); westward, occident. (137) 䗲 [yu1] doctrinaire, abstruse, unrealistic. (9) 䗴 [qi4] extend, reach; until; till. (2) 䗵 [xun4] quick, hasty, rapid, sudden. (2) 䛒 [xing2 geng3] surname; state in today's Hebei. (6) 䛓 [na4 na1] that, that one, those. (1) 581

䛖 [bang1] nation, country, state. (30) 䛚 [xie2 ye2 ya2] wrong, evil, depraved, vicious, perverse, heterodox. (188) 䱘 [e4 ai4] in distress; adverse; strategic; (Cant.) to swindle. (7) 䱚 [ban3] hillside farmland; slope. (2) 䱞 [ruan3 yuan2] ancient musical instrument: surname. (4) 䱡 [jing3] pitfall, trap, snare. (5) 䱢 [fang2] defend; prevent; embankment. (8)

࡚ [shan1] to cut; delete, erase; to geld. (45) ࣙ [zhu4] help, aid, assist. (764) ࣛ [jie2] take by force, coerce; disaster. (11) ॓ [xia2] small box, case, coffer. (1) ণ [ji2] promptly, quickly, immediately. (418) থ [luan3] egg; ovum; roe; spawn. (11) ੋ [jun1] sovereign, monarch, ruler, chief, prince. (1118) ੍ [lin4] stingy, miserly, parsimonious. (3) ੎ [tun1] swallow; absorb, annex, engulf. (2) ੏ [yin2] sing, hum; recite; type of poetry. (2) ੐ [fei4] bark. (2) ੖ [fou3] not, no, negative; final particle. (70) ਜ਼ [han2] hold in mouth; cherish; contain. (34) ੣ [wu2 yu2] one of warring states; surname. (96) ੩ [chui1] blow; puff; brag, boast. (12) ੫ [wen3] kiss; the lips; coinciding. (3) ੮ [wu2 yu2] i, my, our; resist, impede. (633) ੲ [luu3] surname; a musical note. (53) ੸ [cheng2] submit, show; appear; petition. (1) ੺ [gao4] tell, announce, inform; accuse. (214) ഛ [hu2] entire, whole. (2) ഠ [kun4] to surround, beseige; to be surrounded; difficult. (39) ൫ [qi2 yin2] border, boundary. (2) ൷ [jun1] equal, even, fair; all, also. (28) ൺ [fang2 fang1] neighborhood, urban subdivision; (J) priest's residence; ඀ [zuo4] sit; seat; ride, travel by. (225) ඁ [keng1] pit, hole; bury, trap; harry. (4) ༟ [zhuang4] big, large; robust; name of tribe. (30) ༶ [feng2 pang2] resist. (1) ཮ [jia1 jia2] be wedged or inserted between. (12) ྽ [yan2] beautiful, handsome; seductive. (2) ࿂ [du4] jealous, envious. (9) ࿆ [yao1 jiao3] strange, weird, supernatural. (4) ࿉ [miao4] mysterious, subtle; exquisite. (10) ࿔ [yu2] beautiful, fair, handsome. (1) ࿕ [tuo3] satisfactory, appropriate. (11) ࿘ [fang2] interfere with, impede, obstruct. (3) ࿺ [zi3 jie3] elder sister. (15) ᆊ [fu2] brood over eggs; have confidence. (1) ᆌ [zi1] be as diligent as possible. (2) ᆍ [xiao4] filial piety, obedience; mourning. (102) ᆻ [song4] Song dynasty; surname. (74) ᆼ [wan2] complete, finish, settle; whole. (27) ᆾ [yao3] . (1) ᆿ [hong2] wide, spacious, great, vast. (3) ቮ [wei3] tail, extremity; end, stern. (31) ተ [ju2] bureau, office; circumstance. (3) ዀ [qi2] high; majestic; fork in road. (8) ዁ [cen2] steep, precipitous; peak. (1)

7 Strokes Ѣ [chuan4] string; relatives; conspire. (2) Ә [heng1 xiang3] smoothly, progressing, no trouble. (7) ՟ [bo2 bai3] older brother; father's elder brother; senior male 'sire'; feudal ը [shen1] extend, stretch out, open up; trust. (12) ժ [ci4 si4] serve, wait upon, attend; examine. (6) խ [jia1 ga1 qie2] transcription of sanskrit 'gha' in buddhist texts ('samgha', ծ [pi1] mighty. (1) ն [dan4] only; but, however, yet, still. (74) ո [bu4] spread, publicize, announce. (4) ս [wei4] throne; position, post; rank, status; seat. (197) վ [di1] low; to lower, hang, bend, bow. (9) տ [zhu4] reside, live at, dwell, lodge; stop. (12) ր [zuo3] assist, aid, second; subordinate. (14) ց [you4] help, protect, bless. (2) ք [zhan4 chan1 dian1] occupy by force, usurp; possess. (7) օ [he2] what, why, where, which, how. (998) և [tuo2] other, he; surname; a load. (14) ։ [yu2] I, my, me; surname; surplus. (13) ֊ [yi4 die2] indulge in pleasures; flee. (11) ֋ [fu2 fo2] Buddha; of Buddhism; merciful person; Buddhist image; the ֌ [zuo4 zuo2 zuo1] make; work; compose, write; act, perform. (464) ֎ [ning4] flattery; glib. (19) ֐ [ni3] you, second person pronoun. (1) ‫[ ݻ‬ke4] gram; overcome; transliteration. (25) ‫[ ݼ‬dui4] cash; exchange, barter; weight. (1) ‫[ ݽ‬mian3] spare; excuse from; evade. (63) ‫[ ޅ‬si4] a female rhinoceros. (1) ‫[ ޥ‬bing1] soldier, troops. (185) ޿ [jiong3] (archaic form of U+70AF ⛟) light, bright. (1) ߦ [ye3] smelt, fuse metals; cast, found. (50) ࡍ [chu1] beginning, initial, primary. (44) ࡔ [pan4] judge; discriminate; conclude. (14) ࡕ [bie2] separate, other; do not. (188) ࡙ [li4] gains, advantage, profit, merit. (189) 582

ᐛ [wu1] wizard, sorcerer, witch, shaman. (8) ᐼ [xi1] rare; hope, expect, strive for. (11) ᒷ [bi4 pi2] cover, shield, shelter, protect. (12) ᒺ [chuang2] bed, couch; framework, chassis. (5) ᒿ [xu4] series, serial order, sequence. (195) ᔴ [nong4 long4] do, play or fiddle with; alley. (4) ᕏ [di4] young brother; junior; i, me. (118) ᖒ [xing2] form, shape, appearance. (107) ᖔ [tong2] red, vermilion; name of ancient. (3) ᖧ [pang2 fang3] like, resembling; resemble. (2) ᖩ [yi4] service; a servant, laborer; to serve. (44) ᗼ [ji4] jealous, envious; fear. (12) ᗽ [ren3] endure, bear, suffer; forbear. (49) ᘇ [zhi4] purpose, will, determination; annals. (214) ᘈ [wang4] forget; neglect; miss, omit. (65) ᘔ [wu3] insubordinate, stubborn; wrong. (1) ᘛ [kuai4] rapid, quick, speedy, fast; soon. (13) ᘞ [zhi4 qi2] stubborn; perverse; aggressive. (1) ᘨ [niu3] blush, be bashful, be ashamed. (1) ᘫ [xin1] delightful, joyful, pleasant. (2) ᡁ [wo3] our, us, i, me, my, we. (516) ᡂ [jie4] warn, caution, admonish. (33) ᡃ [ge1] . (1) ᢝ [niu3] turn, twist, wrench; seize, grasp. (1) ᢣ [ban1] pull; drag; right itself. (1) ᢦ [fu2] support, help; protect; hold on. (13) ᢩ [pi1] comment, criticize; wholesale. (8) ᢪ [zhi3 qi2] to strike one's palm with one's fist. (1) ᢰ [ji4] skill, ability, talent, ingenuity. (12) ᢴ [chao1] copy, confiscate, seize. (3) ᢹ [jue2] choose, select; gouge, pluck out. (1) ᢺ [ba3 ba4] hold, take; guard; regard as. (15) ᣁ [yi4] press down, repress; curb, hinder. (83) ᣂ [shu1] express; eliminate; relieve. (1) ᣄ [pou2] take or hold up in both hands. (1) ᣅ [tou2] throw, cast, fling, pitch; jump. (18) ᣇ [kang4] resist, oppose, defy, reject. (10) ᣈ [zhe2 zhe1 she2] break off, snap; bend. (48) ᤂ [ju4] ward off with hand, defend. (6) ᭨ [you1] distant, far; adverbial prefix. (11) ᭩ [gai3] change, alter; improve, remodel. (61) ᭫ [gong1] attack, assault; criticize. (80) ᰡ [han4] drought; dry; dry land. (16) ᴤ [geng4 geng1] more, still further, much more. (114) ᵼ [wu4 wo4] the stump f a tree, hence, sterility; a square stool. (1) ᵾ [li3] plum; judge; surname. (142) ᶀ [cai2] material, stuff; timber; talent. (55) ᶁ [cun1] village, hamlet; uncouth, vulgar. (1)

ᶃ [shao2 biao1] handle of cup, ladle, spoon; name of a constellation. (3) ᶆ [zhang4] cane, walking stick. (10) ᶈ [chi4] . (1) ᶌ [du4] stop, prevent; restrict; surname. (15) ᶎ [qi3] willow; medlar tree; a small feudal state (Qi). (4) ᶏ [shu4] bind, control, restrain; bale. (27) ᶐ [gang1 gang4 gong1] lever, pole, crowbar; sharpen. (1) ↕ [bu4] step, pace; walk, stroll. (39) ⇿ [mei3] every, each. (72) ≲ [qiu2] seek; demand, request; beseech. (210) ⊙ [gu3 yu4] run swiftly. (1) ⊚ [wang1] vast, extensive, deep; surname. (4) ⊝ [rui4 tun1] confluence of two streams; bend. (2) ⊠ [tai4] excessive; scour, wash out. (3) ⊤ [bian4] name of a river in Henan; Henan. (2) ⊦ [wen4] a river in Shandong province. (4) ⊪ [jue2] decide, determine, judge. (231) ⊮ [fen2 pen2] river in Shanxi province. (3) ⊱ [qin4] soak into, seep in, percolate. (2) ⊲ [yi2 yin2] river in southeast Shandong. (1) ⊳ [wo4] water, irrigate; fertile, rich. (7) ⊶ [hang4] a ferry; fog; flowing. (1) ⊸ [shen3 chen2] sink, submerge; addicted to; surname. (16) ⋀ [mu4] bathe, cleanse, wash, shampoo. (9) ⋂ [mei2 mo4] not, have not, none; to drown, sink. (37) ⋆ [chong1 chong4] pour, infuse, steep; wash away. (5) ⋉ [sha1 sha4] sand, gravel, pebbles; granulated. (7) ⋊ [zhi3] islet in stream; small sandbar. (2) ⋋ [pei4] abundant, full, copious; sudden. (23) ⌋ [fan4] to drift, float; careless, reckless. (27) ⚦ [zao4] kitchen stove, cooking stove. (9) ⚬ [zhuo2] burn; broil; cauterize; bright. (2) ⚭ [zai1] calamity, disaster, catastrophe. (24) ⢑ [mu3] male of animals; bolt of door. (2) ⢒ [lao2] prison; stable, pen; secure. (8) ⣲ [kuang2] insane, mad; violent; wild. (23) ⣳ [niu3 nuu4] to covet; to be accustomed. (5) ⣴ [di2 ti4] tribe from northern china; surnam. (19) ⭛ [fu3] begin; man, father; great; a distance of ten li. (18) ⭧ [nan2] male, man; son; baron; surname. (27) ⭨ [dian4] suburbs of capital; govern; crops. (5) ⭪ [ting3 ding1 ting1] raised path between fields. (3) ⲱ [zao4] black; police runners, from the black 583

䛦 [bei4] place in today's Henan province. (8) 䛨 [di3] official residence, residence of. (1) 䝹 [you3] 10th terrestrial branch; a wine vessel. (1) 䟼 [li3 li5] unit of distance; village; lane. (162) 䱨 [e4 ai4] distress; difficulty. (4) 䱫 [zu3] impede, hinder, obstruct; oppose. (15)

clothes formerly worn by ⸓ [yi3 xian2] particle of completed action. (1464) ⽮ [she4] god of the soil and altars to him; group of families; company, ⽰ [si4] to sacrifice, worship. (25) ⿰ [xiu4] ear of grain; flowering, luxuriant; refined, elegant, graceful. (22) ⿱ [si1] private, personal; secret. (59) ウ [jiu1] examine, investigate. (15) ㌫ [xi4 ji4] system; line, link, connection. (77) 㖅 [han3] rare, scarce; surname. (64) 㖼 [qiang1] Qiang nationality; surname. (13) 㛆 [xiao4 xiao1] look like, resemble, be like. (66) 㛈 [zhou3] the elbow; help a person shoulder a load. (2) 㛍 [gan1] liver. (5) 㢟 [liang2] good, virtuous, respectable. (69) 㣉 [fu2] hibiscus. (1) 㣕 [jie4 gai4] mustard plant; mustard; tiny. (12) 㣜 [fen1] fragrance, aroma; perfume. (3) 㣞 [rui4 ruo4] tiny, small; water's edge. (3) 㣡 [hua1] flower; blossoms. (1) 㣣 [fang1] fragrant; virtuous; beautiful. (2) 㾻 [jian4 xian4] see, observe, behold; perceive. (849) 䀂 [jiao3 jue2] horn; angle, corner; point. (19) 䀰 [yan2] words, speech; speak, say. (1475) 䉧 [gu3] valley, gorge, ravine. (33) 䉶 [dou4] beans, peas; bean-shaped. (55) 䊅 [shi3] a pig, boar; KangXi radical 152. (6) 䎔 [chi4] red; communist, 'red'; bare. (14) 䎠 [zou3] walk, go on foot; run; leave. (45) 䏣 [zu2] foot; attain, satisfy, enough. (374) 䓛 [shen1] body; trunk, hull; rad. no. 158. (253) 䓺 [che1] cart, vehicle; carry in cart. (79) 䗋 [xin1] bitter; toilsome, laborious; 8th heavenly stem. (13) 䗠 [chen2] early morning; 5th terrestrial branch. (16) 䗽 [zhun1] falter, hesitate. (1) 䗾 [ying2] receive, welcome, greet. (17) 䘁 [jin4] near, close; approach; intimate. (97) 䘃 [ya4] to go to meet, to receive, as a guest. (1) 䘄 [fan3] return, revert to, restore. (2) 䛁 [yi4 e4] area, district, city, state. (74) 䛟 [han2] city in Hebei province; various. (6) 䛡 [qiu1] surname; hill; mound; grave. (2) 䛣 [pi1] a department in the State of Lu; in what is now Shantung or N. 䛤 [bing3] name of a city in the ancient state of Song, in what is now 䛥 [shao4] surname; various place names. (4)

䱬 [zuo4] the steps leading to the eastern door. (1) 䱯 [a1 e1 a5] prefix for people's names; used in transliteration. (11) 䱰 [tuo2 duo4] steep bank, rough terrain. (1) 䱲 [pi2 po1 bei1] dam, embankment; reservoir. (5) 䱴 [fu4] adhere to, append; rely on near to. (142)

8 Strokes і [bing4 ban4] equal to; side by side; also, what is more; both. (126) ҆ [guai1] rebel; crafty, shrewd. (8) ң [ru3] breast, nipples; milk, suckle. (3) ҥ [yan3] to enter; to make progress to advance; to urge forward. (1) һ [shi4] affair, matter, business; to serve; accident, incident. (981) Ӌ [xie1] little, few; rather, somewhat. (14) ӏ [ji2 qi4] urgently, immediately, extremely. (14) ӛ [xiang3] enjoy. (9) Ӝ [jing1] capital city. (27) ֙ [pei4] belt ornament, pendant; wear at waist, tie to the belt; respect. (4) ֟ [yang2] pretend, feign; false, deceitful. (1) ֠ [bai3 mo4] hundred. (1) ֣ [jia1] good, auspicious; beautiful; delightful. (7) ֥ [bing4] combine, annex. (2) ֫ [tiao1] frivolous; unsteady; delay. (1) ֬ [jiao3] beautiful, handsome, good-looking. (1) ֮ [yi4] a row or file of dancers. (36) ֯ [shi3] cause, send on a mission, order; envoy, messenger, ambassador. ֳ [kan3] upright and strong; amiable. (11) ֶ [lai2] come, coming; return, returning. (220) ָ [chi3] luxurious, extravagant. (14) ֻ [li4] precedent, example; regulation. (424) ֽ [shi4] serve, attend upon; attendant, servant; samurai. (44) ֿ [zhu1 zhou1] small, little, tiny, dwarf. (1) ׄ [mou2 mao2] equal. (9) ‫[ ׆‬lun2] logical reasons, logical order. (2) ‫[ ׋‬gong1 gong4] supply, provide for; offer in worship. (8) ‫[ ׌‬zhou1] lies. (1) 584

‫[ ׍‬yi1] rely on, be set in; consent, obey a wish. (25) ‫[ ނ‬er2 er5] son, child, oneself; final part. (31) ‫[ ބ‬tu4] rabbit, hare. (6) ‫[ ޙ‬liang3] two, both, pair, couple; ounce. (1147) ަ [qi2] his, her, its, their; that. (4342) ާ [ju4] tool, implement; draw up, write. (56) ި [dian3] law, canon; documentation; classic, scripture. (29) ࠭ [han2] correspondence; a case; a box. (10) ࡞ [gua1] shave, pare off, scrape. (1) ࡠ [dao4] go to, arrive, been to. (33) ࡣ [ku1 kou1] cut out, dig, rip up, scoop out. (2) ࡦ [zhi4] system; establish; overpower. (90) ࡨ [quan4 xuan4] certificate, ticket; title deeds. (3) ࡪ [ci4 ci1] stab; prick, irritate; prod. (78) ࡫ [ke4] carve, engrave; quarter hour. (15) ࡬ [jie2] to plunder; to rob openly. (1) ࣫ [kuang1] flurried, be in flurry, zealous. (3) ࣮ [he2 kai4] examine into, impeach, charge. (5) ঁ [bei1] humble, low, inferior; despise. (28) ং [zu2 cu4] soldier; servant; at last, finally. (93) ঃ [zhuo2 zhuo1] profound, brilliant, lofty. (6) ঄ [xie2] be united; cooperate. (1) ক [xi1] . (1) খ [gua4] fortune telling; tell fortunes. (5) ধ [juan3 juan4] scroll; curl; make a comeback. (112) ਄ [shu1] father's younger brother. (103) ਆ [qu3] take, receive, obtain; select. (187) ਇ [shou4] receive, accept, get; bear, stand. (265) ઒ [ne5 ni2] interrogative or emphatic final; (Cant.) this. (1) ઘ [zhou1] Zhou dynasty; circumference. (236) છ [tie4 che4] whisper; lick, taste; petty. (1) ણ [wei4] taste, smell, odor; delicacy. (18) થ [he1] scold; laughing sound; yawn. (8) દ [nao2 nu3 na2] talkative; clamour; hubbub. (1) પ [xiao1 hao2] voice of anger vast, spacious. (3) બ [hu1] breathe sigh, exhale; call, shout. (95) ભ [ming4] life; destiny, fate, luck; an order, instruction. (178) ઴ [duo1] noise of rage, cry out in anger. (6) સ [fu2] oppose. (1) ઼ [he2 he4 huo2] harmony, peace; peaceful, calm. (95) ા [jiu4 gao1] fault, defect; error, mistake. (9) പ [gu4] to become solid, solidify; strength. (155)

ඔ [kun1] earth; feminine, female. (4) ඖ [tan3] flat, smooth; self-possessed. (3) ඣ [ao4] a hollow in the ground, a cavity, depression; undulating, depressed. ඲ [chui2] let down; suspend, hand; down. (16) ཌ [ye4] night, dark; in night; by night. (37) ཷ [qi2 ji1] strange, unusual, uncanny, occult. (72) ླྀ [nai4] but, how; bear, stand, endure. (41) ཹ [feng4] offer; receive; serve; respect. (51) ྄ [ben1 ben4] run fast, flee; rush about; run. (20) ࿩ [mei4] younger sister. (4) ࿫ [qi1 qi4] wife. (59) ࿮ [qie4] concubine. (32) ࿱ [xu3] beauty. (2) ࿶ [mu3] child's governess; matron. (1) ࿻ [shi3] begin, start; then, only then. (188) ခ [gu1] father's sister; husband's mother. (33) ဃ [xing4] one's family name; clan, people. (65) င [wei3] appoint, send, commission. (24) ᆏ [meng4] first in series; great, eminent. (803) ᆓ [ji4] quarter of year; season; surname. (87) ᆔ [gu1] orphan, fatherless; solitary. (36) ᇃ [mi4 fu2] quiet, silent; in good health. (1) ᇅ [dang4] stone quarry; cave dwelling. (18) ᇇ [zong1] lineage, ancestry; ancestor, clan. (104) ᇈ [guan1] official, public servant. (129) ᇉ [zhou4] time as concept; infinite time. (2) ᇊ [ding4] decide, settle, fix. (216) ᇋ [wan3 yuan1] seem, as if, crooked. (60) ᇌ [yi2] suitable, right, fitting, proper. (119) ቊ [shang4] still, yet; even; fairly, rather. (116) ት [ju1] live, dwell, reside, sit. (310) ቸ [qu1] bend, flex; bent, crooked; crouch. (71) ዑ [gang1] ridge or crest of hill. (1) ዡ [dai4] Daishan, one of the Five Sacred Mountains in China. (4) ዣ [yue4] mountain peak; surname. (4) የ [an4] bank, shore; beach, coast. (6) ᑁ [tang3 nu2] a treasury; public funds. (4) ᑆ [tie1 tie3 tie4] invitation card; notice. (2) ᑊ [zhou3] broom, broomstick. (2) ᑋ [bo2] silks, fabrics; wealth, property. (18) ᒧ [bing4] combine. (28) ᒨ [xing4] luck(ily), favor, fortunately. (43) ᓅ [di3] bottom, underneath, underside. (1) ᓆ [pao2] kitchen; cooking, cuisine. (10) ᓊ [geng1] 7th heavenly stem. (36) ᓌ [fu3] prefecture; prefect; government. (50) ᔪ [jian4] build, establish, erect, found. (26) ᕒ [tao1] bow case; scabbard; sheathe. (1) ᕖ [xian2] string; hypotenuse, crescent. (3) ᕗ [hu2] wooden bow; arc, crescent. (2) ᕘ [chao1] bow. (2) 585

ᕙ [nu3] cross-bow, bow; downward stroke. (6) ᖬ [bi3] that, there, those. (287) ᖰ [wang3] go, depart; past, formerly. (324) ᖱ [zheng1] invade, attack, conquer. (8) ᘍ [tian3] disgraced; ashamed; self-deprecating. (2) ᘐ [zhong1] loyalty, devotion, fidelity. (90) ᘥ [nian4] think of, recall, study. (41) ᘭ [hu1] suddenly, abruptly; neglect. (13) ᘯ [fen4] get angry; fury, exasperation. (13) ᘽ [zuo4 zha4] to be ashamed. (2) ᘿ [yang4] discontented, dispirited, sad. (1) ᙆ [bu4] terror, fear; frighten; terrified. (2) ᙉ [hu4 tie1] rely on, presume on; persist in. (2) ᙗ [xing4] nature, character, sex. (94) ᙚ [guai4] strange, unusual, peculiar. (40) ᙛ [fu2 fei4] sorry, anxious; depressed. (2) ᙟ [qie4] lacking in courage, afraid. (11) ᙥ [chu4 xu4] fear, be afraid; shy, timid. (4) ᡅ [qiang1 zang1] kill, slay; wound, injure, hurt. (1) ᡆ [huo4] or, either, else; perhaps, maybe. (506) ᡮ [li4] perverse, recalcitrant, rebellious. (14) ᡯ [fang2] house, building; room. (13) ᡰ [suo3] place, location; numerary adjunct. (3344) ᢯ [cheng2] inherit, receive; succeed. (279) ᣛ [pi1] wear; split; crack. (9) ᣡ [bao4] embrace, hold in arms, enfold. (11) ᣥ [di3] resist, oppose; deny; off-set. (28) ᣦ [chi4] beat. (1) ᣬ [ya1] mortgage, pledge; deposit; to pawn; to arrest, detain, guard. (1) ᣭ [chou1] draw out, pull out; sprout. (3) ᣲ [fu2 bi4] shake off, brush away; dust. (4) ᣴ [zhu3] lean on; post; prod; ridicule. (1) ᣶ [chai1] to break up, split apart, rip open; to destroy. (10) ᣷ [mu3] thumb; big toe. (14) ᣹ [la1 la2 la3] pull, drag; seize, hold; lengthen. (3) ᣺ [fu3] slap; pat; tap; handle of a vessel. (1) ᣽ [pai1] clap, tap, beat; beat or rhythm. (1) ᤃ [tuo4 ta4 zhi2] expand; open up; support or push. (9) ᤄ [ba2] uproot, pull out. (20) ᤆ [tuo1] drag, tow, haul; delay, prolong. (1) ᤇ [ao3 niu4 ao4] to pull, drag, break off, to pluck (a flower); bent, warped; ᤈ [ju1] restrain, seize, detain. (17) ᤉ [zhuo1] stupid, clumsy, crude; convention. (1) ᤋ [zhao1] beckon, summon; recruit, levy. (20) ᭮ [fang4] put, release, free, liberate. (36)

ᯗ [fu3] axe, hatchet; chop, hew. (18) ᯬ [yu2 yu1 wu1] in, at, on; interjection alas!. (3010) ᰫ [min2] heaven. (2) ᰲ [ang2] rise, raise; proud, bold; upright. (1) ᰳ [ze4] afternoon; the sun in the afternoon sky; to decline. (2) ᰶ [kun1] elder brother; descendants. (22) ᰷ [sheng1] rise, ascent; peaceful; peace. (3) ᰼ [chang1] light of sun; good, proper. (23) ᰾ [ming2] bright, light, brilliant; clear. (474) ᰿ [hun1] dusk, nightfall, twilight, dark. (20) ᱃ [yi4] change; easy. (259) ᱄ [xi1 cuo4] formerly; ancient; in beginning. (62) ᴻ [peng2] friend, pal, acquaintance. (22) ᴽ [fu2 fu4] clothes; wear, dress. (103) ᶝ [hang2 kang4] cross stream; navigate. (1) ᶟ [bei1] cup, glass. (7) ᶠ [jie2] hero; heroic, outstanding. (1) ᶡ [dong1] east, eastern, eastward. (182) ᶥ [chu3] pestle; baton used beat clothes. (2) ᶬ [zhu4 shu4] shuttle of loom; narrow; longheaded; a scrub oak; thin. (4) ᶮ [song1] pine tree; fir tree. (3) ᶯ [ban3] plank, board; iron or tin plate. (7) ᶵ [ji1] . (1) ᶹ [wang3] useless, in vain; bent, crooked. (11) ᷀ [xi1] split wood; break apart; divide. (15) ᷅ [zhen3] pillow. (11) ᷇ [lin2] forest, grove; surname. (43) ᷈ [rui4 nen4] the handle of tools. (1) ᷊ [mei2] stalk of shrub, trunk of tree. (12) ᷌ [guo3] fruit; result. (59) ᷍ [zhi1] branches, limbs; branch off. (16) ⅓ [xin1] happy, joyous, delighted. (19) ↖ [wu3] military; martial, warlike. (132) ↗ [qi2] fork of road; branching off. (1) ↘ [bu4] . (1) ↯ [mo4] die; death; dead. (6) ≃ [mang2] people; subjects; vassals. (3) ⋃ [ta4 da2] connected, joined; repeated. (2) ⋛ [mo4] froth, foam, bubbles, suds. (4) ⋞ [ju3 ju4] stop, prevent; defeated, dejected. (8) ⋣ [he2] river; stream; yellow river. (111) ⋨ [fei4] boil, bubble up, gush. (1) ⋩ [you2] oil, fat, grease, lard; paints. (5) ⋫ [zhi4] govern, regulate, administer. (186) ⋬ [zhao3] lake, fishpond, swamps. (8) ⋭ [gu1] buy and sell; inferior in quality. (3) ⋮ [zhan1] moisten, wet, soak; touch. (8) ⋯ [yan2] follow a course, go along. (2) ⋱ [kuang4] condition, situation; furthermore. (100) ⋴ [xie4] leak; vent; flow; reveal. (14) ⋺ [po1 bo2] anchor vessel; lie at anchor. (2) 586

⋼ [mi4 bi4] to seep out, excrete. (2) ⌅ [fa3] law, rule, regulation, statute; France, French. (382) ⌇ [si4] mucous; nasal flow; sniffle; river in Shandong. (3) ⌌ [zhi1 chi2] a river in Hebei province. (2) ⌐ [ling2] nice and cool, mild and comfortable. (1) ⌒ [bo1] waves, breakers; undulations. (10) ⌓ [qi4] cry, sob, weep. (18) ⌕ [ni2 ni4] mud, mire; earth, clay; plaster. (9) ⌘ [zhu4] concentrate, focus, direct. (130) ⌛ [xuan4] weep; cry; shine, glisten. (1) ⌟ [min3 mian4] destroy, eliminate; perish. (3) ⚺ [chui1] cook; meal. (1) ⚾ [yan2] flame, blaze; hot. (4) ⛉ [zhi4] roast, broil; toast; cauterize. (9) ⡝ [zheng1] to dispute, fight, contend, strive. (64) ⡸ [ban3] printing blocks; edition. (3) ⢗ [mu4] tend cattle, shepherd. (35) ⢙ [wu4] thing, substance, creature. (354) ⣰ [zhuang4] form; appearance; shape; official. (621) ⣾ [xia2] be familiar with; disrespect. (6) ⤀ [hu2] species of fox. (20) ⤆ [you4] a gibbon with a long tail and prominent nose. (5) ⤇ [gou3] dog, canis familiaris. (15) ⤉ [ju1] an ape, monkey; to spy, watch for; to lie. (2) ⧙ [wan2] play with, joke, enjoy. (21) ⬞ [weng4] earthen jar; jar for ashes. (1) ⭰ [bi4] to give. (6) ⭱ [qi2] to give to; to confer on. (1) Ⲵ [de5 di4 di2] possessive, adjectival suffix. (279) Ⳳ [yu2] basin; cup. (1) ⴡ [xu1] wide open eyes; to gaze in astonishment. (2) ⴢ [mang2] blind; unperceptive, shortsighted. (4) ⴤ [zhi2] straight, erect, vertical. (144) ⸕ [zhi1] know, perceive, comprehend. (727) ⽷ [zhi3 qi2 chi2 qi3] the spirit of the earth; (used for U+53EA ਚ) only, ⽸ [qi2 gui3] pray; entreat, beseech. (2) ⽹ [zhi3] happiness, blessings, good luck. (3) ⿹ [bing3] grasp, hold; bundle; authority. (3) ォ [qiong2] high and vast; elevated; arched. (2) オ [kong1 kong4] empty, hollow, bare, deserted. (35) ㌮ [jiu1] investigate, inspect. (3) 㖄 [wang3] net; deceive; libel; negative. (22) 㖉 [mi2] deep. (3) 㘵 [zhe3] that which; he who; those who. (5922)

㙦 [ye2 ye1 xie2] used in transliteration. (31) 㛑 [gu3] thighs, haunches, rump; share. (9) 㛒 [zhi1] human limbs; animal feet. (3) 㛕 [fei2] fat, plump, obese; fertile. (20) 㛙 [jian1] shoulders; to shoulder; bear. (6) 㛟 [ken3] willing; consent to, permit. (25) 㛡 [gong1] forearm. (2) 㛢 [yu4] produce, give birth to; educate. (6) 㛨 [xi1 bi4 xi4] spread out; smilling or laughing. (5) 㛪 [fei4] lungs. (4) 㠕 [wo4] lie down; crouch. (3) 㠮 [yu2] moment, instant, short while. (23) 㠽 [she3 she4] house, dwelling; dwell, reside. (74) 㤁 [yuan4] pasture, park, garden; mansion. (3) 㤇 [miao2] sprouts; Miao nationality. (11) 㤋 [ke1 he1] small, petty; harsh, rigorous. (6) 㤌 [mu4] clover. (5) 㤎 [bao1 pao2] a variety of rush; firm, enduring; to burst forth. (1) 㤏 [gou3] careless, frivolous; illicit; grammatical particle: if, but, if only; 㤕 [ruo4] if, supposing, assuming; similar. (878) 㤖 [ku3] bitter; hardship, suffering. (42) 㤛 [shan1 shan4] rush or straw matting. (2) 㤡 [ying1] petal, flower, leaf; brave, a hero; England, English. (10) 㤤 [ju1 cha2] sackcloth; female hemp plant. (3) 㤥 [die2] . (1) 㤰 [fu2 bo2] overgrown with grass, weedy. (1) 㤱 [zhuo2] to sprout, flourish; sprouts appearing above-ground; vigorous. (3) 㤲 [mao4] thick, lush, dense; talented. (11) 㤳 [fan4] surname; bee-like insect. (19) 㤵 [mao2] reeds, rushes, grass; surname. (8) 㱾 [hu3] tiger; brave, fierce; surname. (48) 㺘 [biao3] show, express, manifest, display. (526) 䓻 [ya4 zha2 ga2] crush by weight; grind. (3) 䘒 [tiao2] far; distant. (1) 䘕 [jiong3] distant, far; separated; different. (3) 䘛 [po4 pai3] coerce, force, compel; urgent. (11) 䘝 [die2 yi4] repeatedly, frequently. (88) 䘞 [ze2 zuo4] to rise; contracted; cramped. (4) 䘠 [shu4] narrate, state, express. (99) 䛮 [zhu1] a feudal state which existed B.C.700-469; now in Shandong. (2) 䛴 [qie4 xi4] surname. (4) 䛵 [zhi4 ji2] to go up to. flourishing a superlative. (9) 䛸 [hou4] place in Shandong province. (4) 䛺 [jiao1] suburbs; waste land, open spaces. (29)

587

䛾 [lang2 lang4] gentleman, young man; husband. (37) 䟷 [cai3] collect, gather; pick, pluck. (6) 䠁 [jin1] gold; metals in general; money. (78) 䮧 [chang2 zhang3] long; length; excel in; leader. (272) 䮰 [men2] gate, door, entrance, opening. (118) 䱌 [fu4] mound; abundant, ample, numerous. (2) 䱻 [lou4] narrow; crude, coarse; ugly. (11) 䱼 [mo4] foot path between rice fields. (1) 䱽 [jiang4 xiang2] descend, fall, drop; lower, down. (54) 䲀 [xian4] boundary, limit, line. (7) 䲄 [gai1] a step, a terrace, a grade a ledge. (1) 䴘 [yu3] rain; rainy; KangXi radical 173. (31) 䶂 [qing1] blue, green, black; young. (20) 䶎 [fei1] not, negative, non-; oppose. (880)

ࣹ [mian3] endeavor, make effort; urge. (14) ऽ [pu2] crawl; lie prostrate. (3) ७ [yan3] to hide, to secrete, to repress; to bend. (1) ই [nan2] south; southern part; southward. (217) ফ [que4] still, but; decline; retreat. (19) ৊ [hou4] thick; substantial; greatly. (100) ਋ [pan4] rebel; rebellion; rebellious. (10) ਏ [sou3] old man; elder. (2) ઠ [zi3 ci1] to slander, revile. (2) ૕ [xi4 die2] sound of a cat; bite; laugh. (3) ૛ [zhi3] foot measure of Zhou dynasty. (6) ૜ [yao3] bite, gnaw. (2) ૨ [xian2] together; all, completely; united. (31) ૭ [yan4 ye4 yan1] throat; pharynx. (4) ૰ [ai1] sad, mournful, pitiful; pity. (103) ૱ [pin3] article, product, commodity. (12) ૲ [shen3] smile, laugh at, sneer at; (Cant.) a final particle indicating doing ૶ [duo1] tremble, shiver, shudder, quiver. (1) ૸ [ha1 ha4 ha3] sound of laughter. (1) ૹ [zai1] final exclamatory particle. (420) ଚ [na3 na5 nei3 ne2] which? where? how?. (2) യ [you4] pen up; limit, constrain. (10) ැ [yin2 ken4] boundary, bank of stream or river. (1) ි [gou4] dirt, filth, stains; dirty. (3) ී [yuan2] low wall. (5) ෣ [hang5] . (1) ෾ [cheng2] castle; city, town; municipality. (106) ེ [xie2 lie4] . (1) ཿ [zou4] memorialize emperor; report. (19) ྀ [huan4] be numerous, brilliant. (1) ཱྀ [qi4 xie4] deed, contract, bond; engrave. (3) ྅ [yi4] in sequence, orderly; abundant. (8) ည [yao2 tiao4] handsome, elegant; surname. (2) ဌ [jiang1] surname; ginger. (14) ဓ [jiao1] beautiful, handsome, pretty. (3) ဗ [jian1] . (1) ဨ [yan2] beautiful. (2) ါ [yin1] relatives by marriage. (9) ု [zi1] one's manner, carriage, bearing. (1) ေ [wei1] pomp, power; powerful; dominate. (54) ᆙ [hai2] baby, child; children. (3) ᇒ [ke4] guest, traveller; customer. (121) ᇓ [xuan1] declare, announce, proclaim. (126) ᇔ [shi4] room, home, house, chamber. (102) ᇕ [you4] forgive, pardon, indulge. (18) ᇖ [huan4] officialdom, government official. (6) ሱ [feng1] letter, envelope; feudal. (116)

9 Strokes ӝ [ting2] pavilion; erect. (10) Ӟ [liang4] bright, brilliant, radiant, light. (13) ‫[ מ‬wu3] insult, ridicule, disgrace. (17) ‫[ ן‬hou2 hou4] marquis, lord; target in archery. (421) ‫[ ץ‬qin1] invade, encroach upon, raid. (15) ‫[ ׯ‬bian4 pian2] convenience, ease; expedient. (60) ‫[ ײ‬xi4] bind, tie up; involve, relation. (15) ‫[ ׳‬cu4] urge, press, hurry; close. (10) ‫[ ״‬e2] sudden(ly), soon; Russian. (4) ‫[ ׺‬jun4 shun4] talented, capable; handsome. (8) ‫[ ׾‬zu3] chopping board or block; painted. (11) ؇ [su2] social customs; vulgar, unrefined. (56) ؈ [fu2] prisoner of war; take as prisoner. (2) ؋ [mian3 fu3] make effort, endeavor; to lower the head. (4) ‫[ ؍‬bao3] protect, safeguard, defend, care. (42) ؎ [yu2 shu4] surname; consent, approve. (9) ؏ [si4 qi2] wait for, wait until, as soon as. (3) ؐ [xia2] chivalrous person; knight-errant. (37) ؑ [xin4] trust, believe; letter. (268) ‫[ ؞‬xiu1] study; repair; cultivate. (95) ‫[ އ‬yan3] establish; one of nine empire divisions. (1) ߁ [zhou4] helmet. (1) ߂ [mao4] risk, brave, dare. (31) ߐ [guan1 guan4] cap, crown, headgear. (116) ࡷ [ze2] rule, law, regulation; grades. (2126) ࡺ [xue1 xiao1] scrape off, pare, trim. (17) ࡼ [la4 la2] slash, cut in two; contradict. (1) ࡽ [qian2] in front, forward; preceding. (629) ࣱ [jin4 jing4] strong, unyielding, tough, powerful. (20) ࣳ [bo2] suddenly, sudden, quick. (18) ࣷ [yong3] brave, courageous, fierce. (56) 588

ቻ [wu1] house; room; building, shelter. (14) ች [shi1] corpse, carcass. (14) ቿ [ping2 bing3] folding screen, shield. (8) ዻ [xun2] ranges of hills stretching on beyond another irregular peaks. (1) ጂ [tong2 dong4] mountain in Gansu province. (2) ገ [huan2 hu1] . (1) ጉ [zhi4 shi4] stand erect, stand up; pile up. (1) ጋ [li3] . (1) ᐞ [cha4 cha1 chai1 ci1] to differ; different, wrong; nearly, almost; an officer. ᐧ [xiang4 hang4] alley, lane. (16) ᑍ [di4] supreme ruler, emperor; god. (242) ᑕ [shuai4] commander, commander-in-chief. (32) ᒭ [you1] quiet, secluded, tranquil; dark. (21) ᓐ [xiang2] village school; teach. (2) ᓖ [du4 duo2] degree, system; manner; to consider. (123) ᓝ [ting2] courtyard; spacious hall or yard. (22) ᕝ [mi3] stop, desist, end, quell. (2) ᖆ [tuan4 shi3] a hog; a hedgehog; a porcupine. (16) ᖕ [yan4] elegant, handsome; learned. (1) ᖵ [dai4 dai1] treat, entertain, receive; wait. (115) ᖷ [xun4] comply with, follow; display. (3) ᖸ [hen3] very, quite, much. (9) ᖹ [yang2] wonder, rove, stray; hesitating. (1) ᖺ [huai2] linger, walk to and fro, hesitain. (5) ᖻ [luu4] statute, principle, regulation. (41) ᖼ [hou4] behind, rear, after; descendents. (1301) ᙂ [nu4] anger, rage, passion; angry. (72) ᙍ [si1] think, consider, ponder; final particle. (93) ᙐ [dai4 yi2] idle, remiss, negligent; neglect. (6) ᙕ [ji2] quick, quickly; urgent, pressing. (48) ᙘ [yuan4] hatred, enmity, resentment. (78) ᙲ [xun2 shun4] careful, sincere, honest; trust. (4) ᙳ [shi4 zhi4] rely on, presume on, trust to. (16) ᙶ [heng2] constant, regular, persistent. (14) ᙸ [mou2] . (1) ᙽ [huang3] seemingly; absent-minded. (1) ᚁ [gui3 wei2] to change; to alter; to accommodate oneself to. (2) ᚏ [xiong1] scared, nervous. (2) ᚒ [hui1] restore; big, great, immense, vast. (8) ᚔ [xu4] show pity; relieve, help. (14) ᚘ [hen4] hatred, dislike; resent, hate. (10) ᚚ [ke4] respectful, reverent. (1) ᚛ [dong4 tong1] in pain, sorrowful. (4) ᚜ [tian2] quiet, calm, tranquil, peaceful. (5)

ᚠ [qia4] just, exactly, precisely; proper. (2) ᡱ [bian3 pian1] flat; tablet, signboard. (3) ᡳ [jiong1] a door bar placed outside a door. (2) ᤌ [bai4] do obeisance, bow, kowtow. (40) ᤜ [kuo4 gua1] include, embrace, enclose. (28) ᤝ [shi4] wipe away stains with cloth. (1) ᤟ [zheng3] help, save, aid; lift, raise. (7) ᤡ [gong3] fold hands on breast; bow, salute. (4) ᤮ [shi2] pick up, collect, tidy up; accounting form of the numeral ten. (7) ᤱ [chi2] sustain, support; hold, grasp. (40) ᤷ [zhi3] finger, toe; point, indicate. (842) ᤹ [an4] put hand on, press down with hand. (35) ᥁ [tiao1 tiao3] a load carried on the shoulders; to carry. (16) ᥪ [ting3] to stand upright, straighten; rigid. (10) ᭯ [zheng4] government, political affairs. (152) ᭵ [gu4] ancient, old; reason, because. (1214) ᯛ [zhuo2 chuo4] cut, chop, lop off. (7) ᯭ [shi1] grant, bestow; give; act; name. (108) ᰒ [ji4] already; de facto; since; then. (248) ᱏ [xing1] a star, planet; any point of light. (19) ᱐ [ying4] project; reflect light. (1) ᱕ [chun1] spring; wanton. (94) ᱗ [mei4] obscure, dark; darken. (13) ᱘ [zuo2] yesterday; in former times, past. (1) ᱝ [zhao1] bright, luminous; illustrious. (214) ᱟ [shi4] indeed, yes, right; to be; demonstrative pronoun, this, that. (1592) ᱥ [ni4 ni3] intimate, close; approach. (1) ᱪ [bing3] bright, glorious; brilliant. (1) ᴧ [he2 e4] why? what? where?. (49) ᵀ [qu2 xu1] warm. (1) ᷟ [ku1] dried out, withered, decayed. (4) ᷣ [zhi3 zhi1] trifoliate orange; hedge thorn; (Cant.) a plug. (1) ᷦ [jia4] rack, stand, prop; prop up. (1) ᷴ [bing3] handle, lever, knob; authority. (7) ᷾ [fu1] calyx of flower; railing raft. (3) ᷿ [bai3 bo2] cypress, cedar. (10) Ḁ [mou3] certain thing or person. (30) ḃ [ran3] dye; be contagious; infect. (3) Ḅ [rou2] soft; gentle, pliant. (11) ḉ [xia2 jia3] cage, pen for wild animals. (1) Ḋ [you4 you2] pomelo, grapefruit. (2) Ḓ [di3] root, base; bottom of object. (1) Ḕ [zha1 zu3] hawthorn. (1) ḕ [cha2 zha1] investigate, examine, seek into. (2) Ḝ [jian3] letter, invitation; choose. (1) ḟ [ke1] axe-handle; stalk, bough; surname. (1) ḡ [zhu4] pillar, post; support; lean on. (3) 589

ḣ [liu3] willow tree; pleasure. (45) ḥ [shan1 zha4] fence; palisade; grid. (2) ↳ [yang1] misfortune, disaster, calamity. (10) ↴ [tian3] to end; to exterminate. (2) ↶ [dai4] dangerous, perilous; endanger. (26) ⇥ [duan4] section, piece, division. (62) ∂ [du2] poison, venom; poisonous. (12) ∇ [pi2] help, assist; connect, adjoin. (1) ⋹ [quan2] spring, fountain; wealth, money. (9) ⌊ [ci3 zi3] clear; bright and brilliant; sweat. (4) ⌻ [yang2] ocean, sea; foreign; western. (10) ⍇ [xi3] wash, rinse; clean, purify. (2) ⍋ [luo4] river in Shanxi province; city. (6) ⍎ [dong4] cave, grotto; ravine; hole. (4) ⍕ [jin1] ferry; saliva; ford. (5) ⍗ [wei3] name of a river in honan. (1) ⍚ [hong2] vast, immense; flood, deluge. (7) ⍛ [xu4 yi4] to ditch; a moat. (6) ⍢ [zhou1] continent; island; islet. (2) ⍥ [xun2 xuan4] true, real, truly, really. (3) ⍨ [guang1 huang4] sparkle, glitter. (1) ⍫ [huo2] live, exist, survive; lively. (17) ⍭ [qia4 he2] to blend with, be in harmony; to penetrate; to cover; a river in ⍯ [wu1 hu4] stagnant water; impure, filthy. (5) ⛛ [xuan4] shine, glitter; show off, flaunt. (3) ⛝ [tan4] charcoal; coal; carbon. (2) ⛠ [pao2 fou3] roast, broil; bake. (2) ⛣ [bing3] bright, luminous; glorious. (3) ⛪ [wei4 wei2] do, handle, govern, act; be. (5030) ⡠ [yuan2] lead on to; therefore, then. (6) ⢢ [sheng1] sacrificial animal; animal. (10) ⤐ [hen3] vicious, cruel; severely, extreme. (3) ⤑ [jiao3] cunning, deceitful, treacherous. (3) ⤕ [xun4] follow. (2) ⤙ [shou4] winter hunting; imperial tour. (6) ⧧ [dian4] flaw in gem; flaw in character. (1) ⧽ [zhen1] precious, valuable, rare. (4) ⭊ [shen2 shen4] great extent; considerably. (218) ⭼ [jie4] boundary, limit; domain; society; the world. (50) ⭾ [quan3] a drain between fields, irrigation; to flow. (6) ⭿ [wei4] fear, dread, awe, reverence. (63) ⯓ [you2] wart; tumor; goiter; papule. (1) ⯖ [jue2 xue4] . (4) Ⲩ [gui3] 10th heavenly stem. (1) Ⲷ [jie1] all, every, everybody. (1866) ⲷ [huang2] royal, imperial; ruler, superior. (49) ⳶ [pen2] basin, tub, pot, bowl. (2) ⳸ [ying2] fill; full, overflowing; surplus. (16)

⴨ [xiang1 xiang4] mutual, reciprocal, each other. (888) ⴬ [pan4] look, gaze; expect, hope for. (1) ⴮ [dun4] shield, shield-shaped object; currency sign for Dutch guilder. (16) ⴱ [sheng3 xing3] province; save, economize. (71) ⴴ [mian3 mian4] to look askance; looking dull. (1) ⴷ [miao3] blind in one eye; minute, minuscule. (4) ⴹ [mei2] eyebrows; upper margin of book. (7) ⴻ [kan4 kan1] look, see; examine, scrutinize. (13) ⸌ [jin1 guan1 qin2] pity, feel sorry for, show sympat. (12) ⸗ [shen3] much more, still more; the gums. (9) ⸙ [ju3] carpenter's square, ruler, rule. (12) ⸲ [sha1] sand; pebbles, gravel; gritty. (1) ⸹ [xu1 hua1 huo4] . (1) ⸼ [qi4 qie4] to build, pile up; stone steps, brick walk. (2) ⾆ [zu3] ancestor, forefather; grandfather. (61) ⾊ [zuo4] throne; bless; blessing, happiness. (3) ⾋ [qu1] expel, disperse, exorcise. (3) ⾍ [zhu4] pray for happiness or blessings. (15) ⾎ [shen2] spirit, god, supernatural being. (143) ⾐ [ci2 si4] ancestral temple; offer sacrifice. (15) ⿩ [yu3] legendary hsia dynasty founder. (69) ⿻ [qiu1] autumn, fall; year. (150) 、 [ke1] section, department, science. (17) ギ [yao4] . (1) ク [chuan1] penetrate, pierce, drill; wear. (12) ケ [tu1] suddenly, abruptly, unexpectedly. (10) ㄭ [yu2] ancient woodwind instrument. (4) ㄮ [chi2] flute. (1) ㄯ [gan1] bamboo pole; penis. (2) ㌰ [ji4] record, annal, historical account. (210) ㌲ [zhou4] name of an emperor; saddle part. (17) ㌴ [yue1] treaty, agreement, covenant. (112) ㌵ [hong2] red, vermillion; blush, flush. (2) ㌶ [yu1 ou1] bend, turn, twist; distort. (3) ㍊ [ji2] level, rank, class; grade. (5) 㖈 [fu2] screen used in ancient times. (1) 㖾 [mei3] beautiful, pretty; pleasing. (104) 㗯 [yi4] legendary archer. (10) 㘾 [ruan3 nuo4] weak, pliable, soft, yielding. (3) 㛳 [wei4] stomach; gizzard of fowl. (1) 㛴 [zhou4] helmet, headpiece; descendant. (3) 㛼 [bei4 bei1] back; back side; behind; betray. (37) 590

㛾 [tai1] unborn child, embryo, fetus. (5) 㜊 [pei1] embryo; unfinished things. (1) 㜐 [qu1] open; throw away. (17) 㜑 [hu2] recklessly, foolishly; wildly. (78) 㜓 [chi3 yi3] . (2) 㜕 [xu1] all, together, mutually. (18) 㠱 [yu2] carry on one's shoulder. (1) 㤽 [ji4 guo3] to be circumspect, cautious in ones behaviour (distinguish DKW) 㥌 [qian4 xi1] madder, rubia cordifolia; reeds. (2) 㥘 [ci2] thatching; caltrop, Tribulus terrestris. (5) 㥛 [mang2] vast, boundless, widespread. (5) 㥢 [zi1 ci2] now, here; this; time, year. (46) 㥨 [rong2] soft, downy; buds, sprouts. (2) 㥩 [ru2] roots; vegetables; eat; bear. (2) 㥰 [xun2] surname; ancient state; plant. (85) 㥵 [da2 da1 ta4] answer: small bean; thick. (1) 㥷 [xing4] a water plant, Nymphoides peltalum. (1) 㥹 [cao3] grass, straw, thatch, herbs. (39) 㥺 [jing1] thorns; brambles; my wife; cane. (15) 㥿 [ren3] beans; soft, pliable; herb. (1) 㯖 [jian4] repeat, reoccur; recommend. (1) 㦂 [huang1] wasteland, desert; uncultivated. (5) 㧂 [ju3] hemp-like plant; taro; herb. (4) 㧋 [ting2] stalks of grasses, etc.. (2) 㲀 [nue4] cruel, harsh, oppressive. (14) 㲥 [she2 ye3] . (2) 㲧 [gan1 han2] worm. (1) 㲪 [hui3 hui1] large poisonous snake. (4) 㳔 [zao3 zhao3] flea; louse. (3) 㹽 [yan3] overflow, spill over, spread out. (24) 㺭 [ren4] lapel; hidden lapel of coat. (1) 㺲 [mei4 yi4] sleeves. (4) 㾱 [yao4 yao1] necessary, essential; necessity. (126) 䀲 [ding4] draw up agreement; arrange. (2) 䀸 [ji4] plan, plot; strategem; scheme. (123) 䋎 [zhen1 zheng1] virtuous, chaste, pure; loyal. (3) 䋐 [fu4] load, burden; carry, bear. (51) 䎤 [fu4] go to; attend, be present. (13) 䓼 [gui3] track, rut, path. (15) 䓽 [jun1] army, military; soldiers, troops. (208) 䘤 [hui2] revolve, rotate; curving, zigzag. (2) 䘧 [mi2] bewitch, charm, infatuate. (1) 䘭 [zhui1] pursue, chase after; expel. (27) 䘰 [tui4] step back, retreat, withdraw. (59) 䘱 [song4] see off, send off; dispatch, give. (124) 䘳 [tao2] escape, flee; abscond, dodge. (29) 䘴 [pang2 feng2] a surname. (8) 䘵 [hou4] meet unexpectedly. (1)

䘶 [ni4] disobey, rebel; rebel, traitor. (35) 䜇 [xi1 chi1] city under the Chou Dyn. a surname. (1) 䜌 [gao4] name of fief in Shantong bestowed on the eldest son of Wen 䜏 [jia2] county in Henan province; surname. (1) 䜑 [jun4] administrative division. (55) 䜒 [ying3 cheng2] state in today's Hubei province. (8) 䟽 [zhong4 chong2] heavy, weighty; double. (373) 䲈 [xing2 jing4] defile, mountain pass, gorge. (2) 䲋 [bi4] steps leading throne; throne. (72) 䲏 [zhi4 de2] climb, scale, ascend; proceed. (2) 䲒 [yuan4] courtyard, yard, court; school. (2) 䲓 [zhen4] column, row or file of troops. (2) 䲔 [chu2] eliminate, remove, except. (49) 䶒 [mian4] face; surface; plane; side, dimension. (76) 䶙 [ge2] leather, animal hides; rad. 177. (16) ䷻ [wei2 hui2] tanned leather; surname; KangXi radical number 178. (9) 丝 [jiu3] scallion, leek; radical 179. (2) 丣 [yin1] sound, tone, pitch, pronunciation. (102) 丱 [ye4] page, sheet, leaf; rad. no. 181. (4) 付 [feng1] wind; air; manners, atmosphere. (111) 伋 [fei1] fly; go quickly; dart; high. (17) 伏 [shi2] eat; meal; food; KangXi radical number 184. (235) 俆 [shou3] head; first; leader, chief; a poem. (205) 俉 [xiang1] fragrant, sweet smelling, incense. (2) 僘 [gu3 gu1 gu2] bone; skeleton; frame, framework. (37) 公 [gui3] ghost; spirit of dead; devil. (67)

10 Strokes ҈ [cheng2 sheng4] ride, ascend; avail oneself of; numerary adjunct for ӣ [bo2] name of district in Anhui; capital of Yin. (6) ‫[ ؟‬fu3] bow down, face down, look down. (11) ‫[ ء‬ju4] all, together; accompany. (36) ‫[ أ‬pai2] actor; vaudeville show; insincere. (2) ‫[ ب‬feng4 beng3] wages, salary, official emolument. (2) ‫[ خ‬bi3] so that, in order that; to cause; (Cant.) to give (synonymous with ‫[ ع‬cang1] granary; berth; sea. (16) ‫[ ػ‬ge4] numerary adjunct, piece; single. (37) ‫[ ؽ‬bei4] times, fold, multiple times. (19) 591

‫[ ف‬men5 men2] adjunct pronoun indicate plural. (3) ‫[ ق‬dao4 dao3] fall over; lie down; take turns. (47) ‫[ ن‬xing4] lucky, fortunate; dote on, spoil. (4) ‫[ ى‬hou4] wait; expect; visit; greet. (10) ‫[ ي‬yi3] rely on, depend on; lean heavily. (14) ٌ [ti4 diao4] raise high; unrestrained. (3) َ [jing4 liang4] far. (3) ُ [jie4] borrow; lend; make pretext of. (32) ّ [chang4 chang1] guide, leader; lead, introduce. (2) ٖ [juan4] be tired of, weary. (15) ٘ [ju4] arrogant, haughty, rude. (4) ٚ [ni2] feeble, tiny, young and weak. (7) ٛ [lun2] normal human relationships. (19) ٞ [luo3] bare, naked, uncovered. (2) ٬ [zhi2] price. (13) ‫[ ڕ‬jian4] strong, robust, healthy; strength. (3) ެ [jian1] unite, combine; connect; and. (52) ߒ [zhong3] burial mound, mausoleum; grand. (5) ߔ [yuan1] grievance, injustice, wrong. (8) ߕ [ming2 mian2] dark, gloomy, night; deep. (22) ߶ [zhun3] approve, allow, permit; in accord. (39) ߼ [ling2] pure; virtuous; insult; maltreat. (2) ߽ [dong4] freeze; cold, congeal; jelly. (5) ࢆ [pou1] split in two, slice; dissect. (8) ࢇ [chan3 chan4] to level off; to trim; to pare down. (1) ࢋ [gang1] hard, tough, rigid, strong. (14) ࢍ [bo1] peel, peel off, to shell, strip. (5) उ [wu4] affairs, business; must, should. (35) ग़ [fei3] bandits, robbers, gangsters. (4) ९ [ni4 te4] hide; go into hiding. (15) য [qing1] noble, high officer. (71) ্ [cuo4 ji2] cut or engrave; a grave or tombstone. (5) ৏ [yuan2] source, origin, beginning. (233) ଑ [yuan2] member; personnel, staff member. (21) ଝ [ku1] weep, cry, wail. (11) ଢ [zhe2] wise, sagacious; wise man, sage. (6) ପ [bu3] chew food; feed. (1) ଭ [geng3] choke (with grief). (1) ଷ [chun2] lips. (3) ହ [ai1 ai4] alas, exclamation of surprise or pain. (3) ୀ [tang2] Tang dynasty; Chinese. (65) ള [pu3] garden, cultivated field. (3) ෳ [ai1] fine dust, dirt. (4) ༿ [xia4] summer; great, grand, big. (56) ྇ [tao4] case, cover, wrapper, envelope. (3) ྊ [xi1] where? what? how? why?; servant. (74)

လ [ji1 yi2] beauty; imperial concubine. (19) ။ [yu2] pleasure, enjoyment, amusement. (4) ၏ [juan1] beautiful, graceful. (1) ᆛ [sun1] grandchild, descendent; surname. (185) ᇞ [gong1] palace, temple, dwelling, enclose. (64) ᇠ [zai3] to slaughter; to rule. (49) ᇣ [hai4] injure, harm; destroy, kill. (80) ᇤ [yan4] to entertain, feast; a feast, banquet. (2) ᇦ [jia1 jia5] house, home, residence; family. (446) ᇩ [rong2] looks, appearance; figure, form. (106) ሴ [she4] shoot, eject, issue forth, emit. (82) ኁ [xie4] bits, scraps, crumbs, fragments. (4) ኅ [zhan3] open, unfold; stretch, extend. (14) ጘ [e2] lofty. (3) ጤ [xian4] steep hill; mountain in Hubei. (1) ጦ [dao3] island. (2) ጫ [jun4] high, steep, towering; stern. (4) ᑛ [shi1] teacher, master, specialist; multitude, troops. (256) ᑜ [qun2] the skirt of a lady's dress petticoat. (1) ᑝ [xi2] seat; mat; take seat; banquet. (20) ᓗ [zuo4] seat; stand, base. (1) ᓛ [ku4] armory, treasury, storehouse. (9) ᕡ [ruo4] weak; fragile, delicate. (59) ᗀ [xu2] slowly, quietly, calmly; composed, dignified. (51) ᗁ [jing4] narrow path; diameter; direct. (11) ᗂ [tu2] disciple, follower; go on foot. (104)   [kong3] fear; fearful, apprehensive. (96) ᚅ [shu4] forgive, excuse, show mercy. (4) ᚉ [yang4] illness, sickness; indisposition. (3) ᚊ [hui4] anger, rage. (1) ᚓ [zi4] indulge oneself, unrestrained. (11) ᚕ [chi3] shame, humiliation; ashamed. (36) ᚙ [en1] kindness, mercy, charity. (21) ᚝ [gong1] respectful, polite, reverent. (29) ᚟ [xi1] rest, put stop to, end, cease. (40) ᚱ [juan4 yuan1] irritable, nervous, impatient. (4) ᚳ [kun3] sincere, genuine, honest, loyal. (4) ᚵ [yue4] pleased. (18) ᚼ [ti4] brotherly, respectful. (1) ᚽ [han4] courageous, brave; violent. (8) ᛄ [hui3] repent, show remorse, regret. (34) ᛆ [bei4] be contradictory to, go counter. (9) ᛇ [man2 men4] . (1) ᛏ [wu4] to apprehend, realize, become aware. (7) ᡷ [shan4 shan1] fan; door panel. (9) ᤣ [quan2] fist; various forms of boxing. (4) ᤸ [qie4 qi4] assist, help, lead by hand. (5) 592

᥀ [na2 ru2 nu2] drag. (3) ᥛ [cuo4] push down; chop down; grind. (19) ᥟ [zhen4] raise, excite, arouse action. (25) ᥩ [yi4] to bale out; to decant liquids. (1) ᥭ [wan3] pull; pull back, draw back. (1) ᥮ [xie2 xia2 jia2] clasp under arm; hold to bosom. (12) ᥳ [jun4] . (1) ᥴ [jiu4 ju1 qiu2] long and curved. (1) ᥿ [nie1] pick with fingers; knead; mold. (1) ᦀ [juan1] contribute; give up, renounce. (12) ᦅ [bu3] arrest, catch, seize. (4) ᭸ [xiao4] result, effect; effectiveness. (82) ᮆ [ao2] ramble, play about; leisurely; surname. (24) ᯉ [liao4] consider, conjecture; materials, ingredients. (14) ᯱ [pang2] side; by side, close by, near. (31) ᯳ [zhan1] silk banner with bent pole. (6) ᯴ [mao2 mao4] a kind of ancient flag; old. (4) ᯵ [luu3] trip, journey; travel; traveler. (17) ᱲ [shi2] time, season; era, age, period. (561) ᱶ [kui2] . (1) ᱹ [jin4] advance, increase; promote. (158) ᱿ [yan4] peaceful, quiet; clear; late in the day. (40) ᲀ [gai1] . (1) ᴨ [shu1] book, letter, document; writings. (950) ᵄ [shuo4] first day of lunar month; the north. (30) ᵅ [zhen4] pronoun 'I'. (27) Ḥ [chai2] firewood, faggots, fuel. (6) ṇ [li4 lie4] chestnut tree, chestnuts; surname. (15) ṍ [gua1 kuo4 tian3] a builder's frame for measuring. (1) ṏ [bing1 ben1] hemp palm. (1) ṑ [xiao4 jiao4] school; military field officer. (36) Ṛ [zhu1] numerary adjunct for trees; root. (1) ṝ [er2] king-post. (1) Ṩ [he2] seed, kernel, core, nut; atom. (1) ṩ [gen1] root, base(d on); foundation. (24) Ṭ [ge2] pattern, standard, form; style. (13) ṭ [zai1] to cultivate, plant; to care for plants. (6) Ṱ [jie2] chicken roost; ancient emperor. (26) ṱ [heng2 hang2] cross-beams of roof. (2) Ṳ [gui4] cassia or cinnamon. (1) ṳ [tao2] peach; marriage; surname. (1) Ṹ [an4] table, bench; legal case. (65) Ṻ [juan4 quan1] . (3) Ṿ [zhi4 zhi2] fetters, shackles, handcuffs. (5) Ẁ [tong2] name applied various trees. (3) ẁ [sang1] mulberry tree; surname. (35) ẃ [huan2] variety of tree; surname. (103)

Ẅ [ju2 jie2] Chinese bellflower; well-swept; the inner fibers of corn-stalks. ẳ [ting3 ting4] a club; a stalk; straight. (11) ọ [tiao2] clause, condition; string, stripe. (22) ⅜ [kai4 ai4] cough; sound of laughter. (3) ↹ [xun4] die for cause, be martyr for. (18) ↺ [shu1] different, special, unusual. (45) ⇧ [yin1 yan1 yin3] many, great; abundant, flourishing. (24) ⇪ [sha1] kill, slaughter, murder; hurt; to pare off, reduce, clip. (120) ≓ [qi4] air, gas, steam, vapor; spirit. (247) ⌠ [tai4] great, exalted, superior; big. (62) ⍱ [liu2] flow, circulate, drift; class. (82) ⎊ [jun4 xun4] dredge. (1) ⎎ [zhuo2] to soak, to steep in water. (1) ⎑ [bo2] burst forth; rise; vigorous. (5) ⎓ [huan4] to wash, to rinse. (1) ⎙ [hao4] great, numerous, vast, abundant. (3) ⎚ [lang4] wave; wasteful, reckless. (3) ⎞ [fu2] to float, drift, waft; to exceed; superfluous. (32) ⎤ [yu4] bathe, wash; bath. (3) ⎧ [hai3] sea, ocean; maritime. (120) ⎨ [jin4] soak, immerse, dip, percolate. (11) ⎩ [jia1 xia2] saturate, drench; damp, wet. (3) ⎲ [tu2] surname; name of certain rivers. (16) ⎷ [jing1 qing3] name of a river. (4) ⎸ [xiao1] vanish, die out; melt away. (12) ⎹ [she4] ford stream, wade across. (52) ⏃ [juan1 yuan4] brook, stream; select; pure. (1) ⏅ [ti4] tear; snivel, nasal mucus. (12) ⏈ [si4] river bank; water's edge. (2) ⛸ [lie4] fiery, violent, vehement, ardent. (6) ⛻ [xiao1 xiu1] boast. (2) ⛿ [wu1] crow, rook, raven; black, dark. (29) ✍ [zheng1] rise, steam; many, numerous. (1) ✞ [lie5] . (1) ⢧ [quan2] cow or ox of one color, perfect. (1) ⢩ [te4] special, unique, distinguished. (87) ⤧ [juan4] rash, impetuous, impulsive. (2) ⤩ [xia2] narrow, limited; narrow-minded; to pinch. (1) ⤬ [lang2] wolf. (26) ⨐ [zhu1] precious stone, gem, jewel, pearl. (9) ⨕ [er3] ear ornament; stick, insert. (1) ⨙ [heng2 hang2] the top gem of the pendants. (1) ⨚ [gui1] a jade table conferred upon feudal princes by the emperor as a ⨝ [ban1] class, group, grade; squad; job. (10) ⮄ [pan4] boundary path dividing fields. (12) ⮉ [liu2] stop, halt; stay, detain, keep. (71) ⮊ [ben3] straw basket, hamper. (3) ⮋ [zhen3] border, boundary; raised path. (4)

593

⮌ [chu4 xu4] livestock, domestic animals. (41) ⮍ [mu3] Chinese land measure; fields. (21) ⮒ [bi4] end, finish, conclude; completed. (28) ⯮ [ji2] illness, disease, sickness; to hate. (82) ⯲ [jia1] scab. (2) ⯵ [bing4] illness, sickness, disease. (65) ⲻ [gao1 hao2] the high land along a river. (10) ⳺ [yi4] profit, benefit; advantage. (125) ⳽ [he2 ke3] what? why not?. (1) ⳾ [ang4] cup; pot; bowl; abundant. (4) ⵅ [zhen3] restraint. (2) ⵉ [yi2 chi4] to gaze at. (1) ⵏ [zhen1] real, actual, true, genuine. (35) ⵙ [xuan4 huan4] to confuse; dizzy, dazed, disoriented. (1) ⹕ [di3 zhi3] a whetstone; to polish. (4) ⹞ [nu3] arrow-tip. (1) ⹠ [peng1] sound of crashing stones, bang!. (1) ⹤ [po4] break, ruin, destroy; rout. (42) ⾕ [xiang2] good luck, good omen; happiness. (12) ⾗ [tiao1] an ancestral hall. (1) ⾛ [xia2] triennial sacrifice to one's ancestors. (6) 〈 [mi4 bi4] secret, mysterious, abstruse. (4) 』 [zu1] rent, lease; rental; tax. (2) 〓 [mo4] fodder, horse feed; feed horse. (3) 〔 [cheng4] balance, scale, steelyard. (1) 〖 [qin2] feudal state of Qin; the Qin dynasty (from which the name 'China' 〙 [zhi4] order; orderly; salary; decade. (9) ゴ [zhai3] narrow, tight; narrow-minded. (1) サ [yao3] far, deep; sunken eyes; sad. (2) ジ [yao3] obscure, secluded; refined. (4) ズ [wa1] pit, vault; store in pit; (Cant.) ᡻ズ, the arm. (1) ㄿ [hu4 wen3] tablet held by someone having authority. (2) ㅁ [xiao4] smile, laugh, giggle; snicker. (47) ㊹ [fen3] powder, face powder; plaster. (3) ㌺ [wen3] confused, disorder. (1) ㌻ [wen2] line, streak, stripe; wrinkle. (1) ㌽ [na4] admit, take, receive, accept. (25) ㍄ [chun2] pure, clean, simple. (15) ㍉ [zhi3] paper. (1) ㍋ [fen1] in disorder, scattered, tangled. (21) ㍌ [yun2] confused, in disorder; numerous. (2) ㍍ [ren4 ren2] weave, lay warp. (1) ㍐ [su4] white (silk); plain; vegetarian; formerly; normally. (15) ㍑ [fang3] spin, reel, weave; reeled pongee. (1) ㍒ [suo3] large rope, cable; rules, laws; to demand, to exact; to search, 㕪 [que1] be short of, lack; gap, deficit. (7) 㕫 [fou3] pottery, earthenware. (1) 㖍 [ju1 jie1] net for catching rabbits. (1)

㗄 [gao1] lamb, kid. (10) 㗆 [gu3] a black ram. (2) 㗎 [xiu1] disgrace, shame; ashamed; shy. (19) 㗱 [weng1] old man; father, father-in-law. (14) 㘴 [mao4] elderly person; very old, senile. (5) 㘶 [qi2 shi4 zhi3] man of sixty; aged, old. (6) 㙅 [geng1] plow, cultivate. (37) 㙈 [yun2] weed. (2) 㙯 [geng3] bright, shining; have guts. (1) 㜨 [xiong1] breast, bosom, chest; thorax. (3) 㜭 [neng2] to be able; can, permitted to; ability. (827) 㜲 [zhi1] fat, grease, lard; grease. (1) 㜵 [xie2] ribs; armpits; flank; threaten. (3) 㜶 [cui4] crisp; fragile, frail; brittle. (1) 㜸 [mai4] blood vessels, veins, arteries. (2) 㜺 [ji3] spine, backbone; ridge. (4) 㠝 [chou4 xiu4] smell, stink, emit foul odor. (8) 㠤 [zhi4] send, deliver, present; cause. (103) 㡚 [hang2] sail; navigate; ship, boat. (2) 㡜 [ban1] sort, manner, kind, category. (11) 㣫 [chu2 zou1] mow, cut grass; hay, fodder. (15) 㦧 [he2 he4] lotus, water lily, holland. (8) 㦫 [di2] reed, Miscanthus saccariflorus. (1) 㦺 [zhuang1] village, hamlet; villa; surname. (527) 㦾 [sha1 suo1] kind of sedge grass, used anciently for raincoats. (1) 㧈 [shen1 xin1] long; numerous; a marsh plant whose root is used for 㧎 [guan3 wan3 guan1] smiling; a kind of aquatic herb, clubrush, Scirpus 㧐 [you3 xiu4] weeds, tares; undesirable, evil. (3) 㧙 [fu2 piao3] membrane lining inside of reed. (2) 㧛 [mo4] do not, is not, can not; negative. (245) 㧭 [mang3] thicket, underbrush; poisonous. (13) 㨟 [hua2] flowery; illustrious; Chinese. (29) 㲄 [qian2] act with reverence; reverent. (5) 㲹 [wen2] variant of 㲺 U+868A, a mosquito, gnat. (1) 㲼 [bang4 beng4 pi2] oysters, mussels; motherof-pearl. (1) 㳑 [fen2] mole. (9) 㳙 [chi1] worm; ignorant, rustic; laugh. (2) 㺠 [shuai1] decline, falter, decrease; weaken. (18) 㺧 [zhong1] heart, from bottom of one's heart. (10) 㺮 [qin1] coverlet, quilt. (3) 㺱 [yuan2] robe; surname. (10) 㺽 [pao2] long gown, robe, cloak. (1) 594

㻂 [tan3 zhan4] strip; lay bare; bared; naked. (5) 㻆 [xiu4] sleeve; put something in sleeve. (7) 㻛 [bei4] passive indicator 'by'; bedding. (58) 䀾 [tao3] to discuss; ask for, beg; demand; dun; marry. (15) 䁀 [jie2 ji4] expose other's secrets, pry. (2) 䁁 [yi2 dan4] deceive, cheat; arrogant. (2) 䁂 [ren4] hesitate to say, reluctant to speak. (1) 䁃 [xun4] teach, instruct; exegesis. (82) 䁅 [shan4] abuse, slander; vilify; ridicule. (2) 䁆 [qi4] finish; conclude, stop; exhaust. (5) 䁇 [tuo1] entrust, rely on; commission. (7) 䁈 [ji4] record; keep in mind, remember. (670) 䉸 [qi3] how? what?. (206) 䊩 [bao4] leopard, panther; surname. (5) 䊪 [chai2] wolf; cruel, wicked, mean. (13) 䋑 [cai2] wealth, valuables, riches. (57) 䋒 [gong4] offer tribute; tribute, gifts. (24) 䋓 [te4] . (1) 䎧 [qi3] rise, stand up; go up; begin. (924) 䓜 [gong1] body; personally, in person. (16) 䔂 [xuan1 xian3] carriage; high; wide; balcony; surname of the Yellow 䗡 [ru3] humiliate, insult, abuse. (69) 䘻 [bu1] flee, run away, leave debt unsettled. (4) 䘽 [xiao1] ramble, stroll, jaunt, loiter. (60) 䙀 [zhu2] chase, expel; one by one. (58) 䙄 [tu2] way, road, path, journey; course. (11) 䙆 [ti4] far, distant; keep at distance. (2) 䙇 [dou4] tempt, allure, arouse, stir. (6) 䙉 [zhe4] this, the, here. (79) 䙊 [tong1 tong4] pass through, common, communicate. (248) 䙍 [shi4] pass away; die. (14) 䙎 [cheng3 ying2] indulge oneself; brag, show off. (2) 䙏 [su4] quick, prompt, speedy. (31) 䙐 [zao4] construct, build, make, begin; prepare. (35) 䙑 [qun1 xun4] retreat, withdraw, fall back. (4) 䙒 [feng2] come upon, happen meet; flatter. (15) 䙓 [lian2] join, connect; continuous; even. (395) 䛅 [yong1] former or literary name for Nanning (in Guangxi). (1) 䜘 [bu4] part, division, section. (26) 䜝 [guo1] outer part (of a city); surname. (27) 䜟 [tan2] name of a small ancient principality which was situated in what is 䜤 [chen1 lan2] county in Hunan province; surname. (5) 䜥 [you2] postal, mail; post office. (9) 䜭 [dou1 du1] metropolis, capital; all, the whole; elegant, refined. (87)

䝼 [zhuo2] serve wine; feast; deliberate. (4) 䝽 [pei4] match, pair; equal; blend. (26) 䞂 [jiu3] wine, spirits, liquor, alcoholic beverage. (43) 䠈 [ding1 ding4] nail, spike; pursue closely. (3) 䠌 [fu3] cauldron, pot, kettle. (2) 䠍 [zhen1] needle; pin; tack; acupuncture. (2) 䲚 [pei2] accompany, be with, keep company. (3) 䲜 [zou1 zhe2] corner, cranny, nook, niche. (1) 䲠 [yin1] 'female' principle; dark; secret. (108) 䲣 [chen2] exhibit, display; plead; surname. (188) 䲥 [ling2] hill, mound; mausoleum. (91) 䲦 [tao2 yao2] pottery, ceramics. (20) 䲧 [xian4] submerge, sink, plunge; trap. (12) 䲨 [lu4 liu4] land, continental; army; an accounting form of U+516D ‫( ޝ‬six). 䳫 [zhi1 huo4] single, one of pair, lone. (6) 伒 [ji1] hunger, starving; hungry; a famine. (21) 俜 [ma3] horse; surname; KangXi radical 187. (464) 儈 [gao1] high, tall; lofty, elevated. (254) 兕 [dou4] struggle, fight, compete, contend. (6) 兢 [ge2 li4] type of caldron with three hollow legs; name of a state; KangXi

11 Strokes Ү [gan1 qian2] dry; first hexagram; warming principle of the sun, ‫[ ٳ‬yan3] cease, lay off, lay down. (14) ‫[ ٷ‬jia3 jia4] falsehood, deception; vacation. (198) ‫[ ٸ‬jie2 ji4 qi4] brave; martial; hasty; scudding. (2) ‫[ ٹ‬wei3] great, robust; extraordinary. (5) ‫[ ٿ‬pian1] inclined one side; slanting. (238) ‫[ څ‬xie2 jie1] together; be in order. (15) ‫[ ڊ‬zuo4] work, make; act. (4) ‫[ ڌ‬ting2] stop, suspend, delay; suitable. (14) ‫[ ڤ‬ce4] side; incline, slant, lean. (34) ‫[ ڥ‬zhen1] spy, reconnoiter; detective. (1) ‫[ ڦ‬ou3] accidentally, coincidently; an idol. (55) ‫[ ڧ‬tou1] to steal, burglar, thief. (4) ‫[ ڭ‬wei3] false, counterfeit, bogus. (3) ‫[ ތ‬dou1] pouch. (1) ߅ [mian3] crown; ceremonial cap. (8) ࠠ [huang2] female phoenix. (1) ࢚ [jian3] scissors; cut, divide, separate. (1) ࢟ [fu4] assist; supplement; assistant. (7) ं [lei1 le4] strangle, tighten. (3) अ [dong4] move, happen; movement, action. (1797) आ [xu4 mao4] enjoin, advise, preach to. (1) ई [kan1] investigate; compare; collate. (4) 595

ी [fu2] fall prostrate; crawl. (2) ॰ [qu1] area, district, region, ward; surname. (38) ৳ [can1 shen1 san1 cen1] take part in, intervene; ginseng. (226) ৴ [can1] take part in, intervene; ginseng. (5) ୟ [wei2] only; yes. (123) ୡ [chang4] sing, chant, call; ditty, song. (7) ୮ [tuo4] spit, spit on; saliva. (2) ୴ [zhuo2] to peck; (Cant.) to slander. (1) ୶ [shang1] commerce, business, trade. (71) ୿ [wen4] ask (about), inquire after. (341) ஌ [chuo4 chuai4 zhuo2] sip, suck up; sob, weep. (1) எ [ya3] dumb, mute; become hoarse. (1) ஏ [qi3] open; begin. (17) ഷ [lun2] all, complete, entire. (2) സ [quan1 juan4 juan1] to circle; a circle; corral. (4) ഹ [yu3] stable, corral, enclosure; frontier, border. (8) ഻ [guo2] nation, country, nation-state. (756) ฏ [yu4] district, region, boundary; land. (20) ฒ [juan3 quan2] . (1) ฦ [yi4 shi4] art. (16) ว [zhi2] hold in hand; keep; carry out. (81) ษ [pei2] bank up with dirt; cultivate. (7) ส [ji1] foundation, base. (5) อ [sao4] broom; to sweep, clear away. (2) ะ [ku1] cave, hole. (1) า [tang2] hall; government office. (51) ี [jian1] hard, strong, firm; resolute. (31) ื [jin3 qin2] yellow loam; clay; season; few. (2) ๥ [du3] wall; stop, prevent; stop up. (1) ྒ [she1] extravagant, wasteful; exaggerate. (10) ၦ [qu3] marry, take wife. (6) ၱ [lou2 luu3] surname; a constellation; to wear. (38) ၹ [wan3] amiable, congenial; restrained. (7) ႅ [jie2 qie4] handsome. (1) ႊ [hun1] get married; marriage, wedding. (1) ႒ [bi4] servant girl; your servant. (14) ႖ [fu4] married women; woman; wife. (45) ႝ [ya4] mutual term of address used by sonsin-law; a brother-in-law. (1) ᆠ [shu2] who? which? what? which one?. (111) ᇯ [su4 xiu3] stop, rest, lodge, stay overnight; constellation. (28) ᇲ [ji4] still, silent, quiet, desolate. (5) ᇴ [ji4] send, transmit, mail; rely on. (13) ᇵ [yin2] to respect, reverence; respectfully; 3rd terrestrial branch. (2) ᇶ [mi4] dense, thick, close; intimate. (18) ᇷ [kou4] bandits, thieves; enemy; invade. (42)

ሷ [jiang1 jiang4] will, going to, future; general. (630) ሸ [zhuan1] monopolize, take sole possession. (47) ሹ [wei4 yu4] officer, military rank. (44) ኋ [ping2] folding screen. (6) ነ [tu2] butcher, slaughter, massacre. (17) ጷ [chong2] esteem, honor, revere, venerate. (14) ፄ [cui1] high, lofty, towering; surname. (43) ፆ [ya2] cliff, precipice; precipitous. (16) ፒ [zheng1] high, lofty, noble; steep, perilous. (1) ፗ [song1] high mountain; lofty, eminent. (1) ፙ [beng1] rupture, split apart, collapse. (18) ᐒ [chao2] nest, living quarter in tree. (5) ᑣ [zhang4] tent; screen, mosquito net. (3) ᑦ [dai4] belt, girdle, band, strap, zone. (29) ᑧ [wei2] tent; curtain, screen. (7) ᑨ [chang2] common, normal, frequent, regular. (287) ᓣ [bi4 pi2] a low-built house. (3) ᓦ [shu4 zhu4] numerous, various; multitude. (49) ᓧ [kang1] peaceful, quiet; happy, healthy. (30) ᓨ [yong1] usual, common, ordinary, mediocre. (114) ᓮ [yu3] granary; storehouse. (2) ᓺ [lang2] corridor, porch, veranda. (2) ᕥ [zhang1] stretch, extend, expand; sheet. (221) ᕧ [qiang2 qiang3 jiang4] strong, powerful, energetic. (148) ᖚ [biao1] tiger; tiger stripes; tiger-like. (1) ᗇ [de2 de5 dei3] obtain, get, gain, acquire. (608) ᗈ [pai2] walk back and forth, hesitate. (1) ᗉ [xi3 si1] move one's abode, shift, migrate. (27) ᗌ [chang2] walking and fro; lingering. (1) ᗎ [cong2] from, by, since, whence, through. (355) ᚯ [yong3 tong1] instigate, incite; to alarm. (1) ᚹ [xi1] know, learn about, comprehend. (34) ᛐ [you1] long, far, remote, distant; liesurely. (7) ᛓ [huan4] suffer, worry about; suffering. (80) ᛤ [cui4] suffer, become emaciated, haggard. (4) ᛥ [chang4] disappointed, dissatisfied. (1) ᛨ [ji4] fearful, apprehensive, perturbed. (1) ᛫ [xing4] anger, vexation; angry, indignant. (2) ᛬ [dao4] grieve, mourn, lament; grieved. (3) ᛭ [qi1] sorrowful, grieved, melancholy. (1) ᛵ [qing2] feeling, sentiment, emotion. (137) ᛷ [dun1] be kind, cordial, sincere. (2) 596

ᜅ [ti4] be cautious, careful, alert. (5) ᜈ [wang3] disconcerted, dejected, discouraged. (2) ᜊ [hu1] absent-minded, confused. (2) ᜋ [hun1] confused, stupid, dull, senile. (2) ᜌ [xi1] pity, regret, rue, begrudge. (11) ᜏ [wei2] but, however, nevertheless; only. (426) ᡊ [qi1] relative; be related to; sad. (58) ᡸ [hu4] escort, retinue; insolent. (3) ᦘ [she3] discard, give up willingly; give alms. (6) ᦙ [lie4 li4] twist with hands; snap, tear. (12) ᦝ [bai3 ba1] to open; to spread out. (2) ᦢ [juan3 quan2] curl, roll up; curly, rolled up. (7) ᦦ [chui2] strike with stick, lash, beat. (1) ᦧ [jie2] win, victory, triumph. (8) ᦳ [sao3 sao4] sweep, clear away; exterminate. (3) ᦸ [shou4] give to, transmit; confer. (33) ᦹ [diao4] turn, move; shake, wag; drop down. (12) ᦺ [pou2 pou3] to extract; injure. (3) ᦾ [ji3 yi3] drag aside, pull; drag one foot. (1) ᧂ [pai2 pai3] row, rank, line. (45) ᧆ [ye1 ye4 yi4] support with the arms; stick in, tuck in; fold up. (2) ᧈ [jue2] dig, excavate; excavate cave. (2) ᧋ [gua4] hang, suspend; suspense. (1) ᧐ [lue4] rob, ransack, plunder; pass by. (1) ᧑ [cai3] gather, collect; pick, select. (20) ᧒ [tan4] find, locate; search, grope for. (8) ᧕ [jie1] receive; continue; catch; connect. (166) ᧖ [ti4] to take up; to put by. (4) ᧗ [kong4] accuse, charge; control. (3) ᧘ [tui1] push, expel; push forward. (114) ᧙ [yan3] to cover (with the hand); shut, conceal; ambush. (7) ᧚ [cuo4] place; collect, arrange; employ. (13) ᧜ [ju1] to grasp or hold with both hands. (1) ᭿ [min3] fast, quick, clever, smart. (8) ᮁ [jiu4] save, rescue, relieve; help, aid. (46) ᮅ [chi4 sou1] an imperial order or decree. (2) ᮇ [bai4] be defeated, decline, fail. (71) ᮈ [xu4] express, state, relate, narrate. (43) ᮉ [jiao4 jiao1] teach, class. (85) ᮍ [bi4] break, destroy; broken, tattered. (26) ᮒ [gan3] to dare, venture; bold, brave. (125) ᯋ [hu2] dry measure equal to some five or ten dou (U+6597 㡂). (6) ᯜ [zhan3] cut, chop, sever; behead. (34) ᯻ [xuan2 xuan4] revolve, move in orbit; return. (9) ᯼ [jing1] banner or flag adorned with feathers; to signal. (11)

᯿ [zu2] a family clan, ethnic group, tribe. (51) ᲊ [wan3] night, evening; late. (3) ᲍ [zhou4] daytime, daylight. (46) ᲎ [xi1] dry, expose sun; dawn. (1) Ზ [hui4] dark, unclear, obscure; night. (5) Ი [chen2] early morning, daybreak. (3) ᴩ [cao2] ministry officials; surname. (64) ᵋ [wang4] to look at, look forward; to hope, expect. (105) ẞ [bei1] cup, glass, tumbler. (3) Ấ [fu2] raft; drum stick; ridge pole. (2) ầ [jue2] rafter; malus toringo. (1) ằ [liang2] bridge; beam; rafters; surname. (332) ẵ [mei2] plums; prunes; surname. (15) ế [gu4 jue2] handcuffs, manacles, fetters. (5) ể [zi3] catalpa ovata. (13) ệ [geng3] stem of flower, branch of plant. (7) ỏ [xiao1] an owl; thus, something evil. (1) ỗ [wu2] Chinese parasoltree, Sterculia platanifolia. (3) Ộ [li2] pear; opera; cut, slash. (3) ở [ti1] ladder, steps, stairs; lean. (1) Ỡ [xie4] weapons; implements, instruments. (4) Ợ [zhuo2] joist; cane, club; king-post. (1) ụ [fan4] Buddhist, Sanskrit. (1) Ⅲ [yu4] desire, want, long for; intend. (420) Ⅷ [xi1] sob; sigh. (2) ∛ [hao2] fine hair; measure of length. (14) ⏟ [ya2] shore, bank, water's edge. (7) ⏥ [han2] soak, wet; tolerate, be lenient. (2) ⏨ [he2 hao4] dried up; exhausted, tired; dry. (2) ⏬ [liang2 liang4] cool, cold; disheartened. (3) ⏯ [zhuo1] drip, dribble, trickle. (7) ⏴ [zi1] river in Shandong province. (2) ⏵ [xi1] water used wash rice; to wash ric. (1) ⏶ [xiao2] confused, in disarray, mixed up. (4) ⏷ [qi2] river in Henan province. (5) ␁ [shu1 chu4] good, pure, virtuous, charming. (9) ␆ [nao4 zhao4] slush; mud. (6) ␑ [dan4] weak, watery; insipid, tasteless. (20) ␚ [lun2] be lost; sink, be submerged. (1) ␛ [yin2 yan4] obscene, licentious, lewd. (30) ␞ [huai2] river in Anhui province. (132) ␡ [shen1] deep; depth; far; very, extreme. (107) ␣ [chun2] honest, simple, unsophisticated; cyanogen; ethane dinitrile. (4) ␧ [hun4 hun2] to mix, blend, mingle; to bumble along. (15) ␨ [qing1] clear. (11) ␩ [yan1] drown; cover with liquid, steep. (4) ␪ [qian3] shallow, not deep; superficial. (20) ␵ [qing1] clear, pure, clean; peaceful. (23) 597

⑊ [zhu3] small sand bank, islet. (6) ⑐ [qu2] ditch, canal, channel, gutter. (41) ✩ [peng1] boil, cook; quick fry, stir fry. (14) ✴ [xun1 hun1] rising flames or fumes; aroma. (1) ✹ [yan1 yi2] thereupon, then; how? why? where?. (1335) ⡭ [shuang3] happy, cheerful; refreshing. (3) ⢬ [keng1] ox shank, person's name. (1) ⢭ [qian1] drag, pull, lead by hand. (30) ⢮ [wu3] to oppose; to gore. (3) ⢱ [li2] plow. (8) ⥆ [chang1] mad, wild, reckless, unruly. (3) ⥇ [yi1] exclamation of admiration. (5) ⥋ [meng3] violent, savage, cruel; bold. (16) ⥌ [cai1] guess, conjecture, suppose; feel. (2) ⥍ [cu4] abruptly, suddenly; abrupt. (5) ⦷ [luu4 shuai4] to lead; ratio; rate; limit. (92) ⨮ [xian4] appear, manifest, become visible. (13) ⨳ [qiu2] ball, sphere, globe; round. (5) ⨵ [lang2] a variety of white carnelian; pure. (4) ⨶ [li3] reason, logic; manage. (145) ⬐ [hu4] bottle gourd; calabash; pot. (1) ⭒ [chan3] give birth, bring forth, produce. (23) ⮔ [zhi4 chou2] place for worshipping the haven. (5) ⮕ [lue4] approximately, roughly; outline. (72) ⮖ [qi2] sections in vegetable farm. (6) ⮠ [yi4] different, unusual, strange. (229) ⯥ [ci1 zi1] flaw, fault, defect; disease. (7) Ⰴ [zhi4] hemorrhoids, piles. (1) Ⲿ [jiao3] white; bright, brilliant; clear. (1) ⴋ [sheng4 cheng2] abundant, flourishing; contain; fill. (76) ⵕ [zi4] eye sockets; corner of the eyes. (3) ⵤ [xuan4 shun4] dazzled. (1) ⵧ [juan4] take interest in, care for. (2) ⵨ [mou2] pupil of eye; eye. (1) ⵬ [yan3] eye; eyelet, hole, opening. (6) ⵮ [zhong4] masses, people, multitude, crowd. (123) ⹾ [xing2 keng1] whetstone. (3) ⾝ [ji4 zhai4] sacrifice to, worship. (58) ⾢ [jin4 jin1] ominous or sinister spirit; vigor. (2) 〫 [yi2] change place, shift; move about. (20) ヂ [zhi4 die2] stop up, obstruct. (2) ヅ [tiao3] slender; quiet and modest, charming. (1) ㄏ [jing4] finally, after all, at last. (24) ㄐ [zhang1] composition; chapter, section. (257) ㅉ [sheng1] small gourd-shaped musical instrument. (5)

ㅎ [chi1] bamboo rod used for beatings. (6) ㅖ [fu2] i.d. tag, tally, symbol, charm. (38) ㅜ [di4] sequence, number; grade, degree. (201) ㅡ [gou3] a basket trap for fish, placed in the opening of a weir. (1) ㋇ [cu1] rough, thick, course; rude. (5) ㍟ [lei4 lei3 lei2] tired; implicate, involve; bother. (34) ㍠ [xi4] fine, tiny; slender, thin. (38) ㍢ [xie4 yi4] bridle; halter. (3) ㍣ [shen1] girdle; tie, bind; gentry. (3) ㍩ [shao4] continue, carry on; hand down; to join. (7) ㍪ [gan4] dark blue or reddish color. (1) ㍮ [zhen3 tian3] turns or twist; a switch. (6) ㍰ [chu4] sew, stitch; insufficient. (2) ㍲ [zhong1] end; finally, in the end. (131) ㍴ [zu3] class; section, department. (9) 㗺 [yi4] flying; assist, help; respect. (6) 㗿 [liu4 lu4] the sound of the wind; to soar. (2) 㘂 [xi2] practice; flapping wings. (152) 㙳 [dan1] ears without rims; a personal name. (1) 㙺 [liao2] somewhat, slightly, at least. (12) 㝚 [xin4 chi1] erysipelas; sloughing of an ulcer. (1) 㝛 [tuo1] take off, peel off, strip. (21) 㠲 [chong1 chuang1] grind in mortar. (2) 㡦 [bo2] large, ocean-going vessel. (1) 㡩 [chuan2] ship, boat, vessel. (7) 㧵 [jian1 guan1] coarse grass, themedia forskali. (1) 㧼 [jun1 jun4] mushroom; germ, microbe. (1) 㨁 [zi1 zai1] to weed grass; land which has been under cultivation for one 㨌 [cai4] vegetables; dish, order; food. (6) 㨏 [tu4 tu2] dodder; creeper. (2) 㨢 [fei1 fei3] fragrant, luxuriant; the Philippines. (1) 㨩 [zu1 ju1] salted or pickled vegetables. (2) 㨭 [shu1 jiao1] beans and peas, collectively. (2) 㨳 [cui4] dense, thick, close-set; to collect together. (4) 㨷 [chang2] averrhora carambola; surname. (3) 㨺 [lai2] goosefoot, weed; fallow field. (6) 㨼 [meng2 ming2] bud, sprout. (8) 㨾 [wei3 wei1] wither, wilt. (2) 㩁 [huan2 zhui1] grass used for making mats; Huanpu, place famous for 㪇 [zhe5 zhu4 zhuo2 zhao2 zhao1] manifest; (Cant.) to wear. (52) 㲅 [chu4 chu3] place, locale; department. (380) 㲆 [hu1] to cry; to shout; to howl. (3) 㳣 [chi2] ant eggs. (1) 㳩 [fu4] . (1) 598

㳷 [she2] snake. (13) 㳹 [ling2] dragonfly, libellulidae. (1) 㺂 [xuan4] brag; show off, promote oneself. (2) 㺃 [shu4] art, skill, special feat; method, technique. (26) 㻔 [mao4 mou2] longitude, lengthwise; length. (1) 㻥 [ren4] lapel; hidden lapel of coat. (6) 㾿 [gui1] rules, regulations, customs, law. (17) 㿃 [mi4] seek; search. (1) 㿆 [shi4] look at, inspect, observe, see. (195) 䀆 [jue2 kui4] to long for; dissatisfied to criticize. (3) 䁋 [e2] swindle, cheat; erroneous, wrong. (6) 䁍 [ya4] express surprise, be surprised. (1) 䁎 [yao1] . (1) 䁏 [song4] accuse; argue, dispute; litigate. (10) 䁕 [ne4] slow of speech; mumble; stammer. (3) 䁚 [fang3] visit; ask, inquire. (4) 䁝 [she4] build; establish; display; particle of hypothesis, supposing. (165) 䁡 [xu3] allow, permit; promise; betroth. (111) 䁾 [ju4] interjection used to express surprise. (13) 䉹 [chi3 shi4] fermented beans. (2) 䊊 [tun2 dun1] small pig, suckling pig; suffle. (5) 䊑 [xiang4] elephant; ivory; figure, image. (65) 䋗 [pin2] poor, impoverished, needy. (51) 䋘 [huo4] goods, commodities, products. (139) 䋙 [fan4] peddler, hawker, street merchant. (2) 䋚 [tan1] greedy, covet; covetous. (19) 䋛 [guan4] a string of 1000 coins; to go through. (38) 䋜 [ze2] one's responsibility, duty. (45) 䋦 [bian3 fa2] decrease, lower; censure, criticize. (9) 䎖 [she4 ce4] forgive, remit, pardon. (14) 䎗 [nan3] blush, turn red. (2) 䏮 [zhi3] toe; tracks, footprints. (6) 䏲 [qi2 qi4] creeping, crawling. (2) 䐍 [ju4] distance; bird's spur. (14) 䓝 [dan1] to delay; to loiter; to hinder. (1) 䔏 [ruan3] soft, flexible, pliable; weak. (1) 䙞 [dai4 dai3] seize, catch; reach, arrive. (6) 䙡 [zhou1] week; turn, cycle; anniversary. (4) 䙢 [jin4] advance, make progress, enter. (214) 䙨 [yi4] flee, escape, break loose. (13) 䙾 [guo4] pass, pass through, go across. (236) 䜲 [e4] Hubei province; startled. (1) 䜶 [yun4] surname; an ancient town's name. (9) 䜹 [xiang1] country; rural; village. (87) 䞆 [zhen4 dan1] wine with bird poison added. (1) 䟾 [ye3] open country, field; wilderness. (45) 䠓 [diao4] fish; fishhook; tempt, lure. (6) 䮹 [bi4] shut, close; obstruct, block up. (10)

䲭 [yang2] 'male' principle; light; sun. (147) 䲯 [xia2] . (3) 䲴 [di1 ti2] dike, embankment. (3) 䲵 [yu2] corner, nook, remote place. (10) 䲶 [long2 long1] prosperous, plentiful, abundant. (13) 䲺 [dui4] team, group; army unit. (6) 䲻 [sui2 duo4 tuo3] Sui dynasty; surname. (3) 䲾 [jie1] stairs, steps; rank, degree. (3) 䳇 [wei3 kui2 gui1] high; lofty; surname. (10) 䳰 [que4 qiao3] sparrow. (1) 䴙 [yu2] offer sacrifice for rain. (1) 䴚 [xue3] snow; wipe away shame, avenge. (16) 串 [ding3] top, peak; carry on head; very. (22) 丳 [qing3] a moment; a measure of area equal to 100 mu or 6.7 hectares; to 冊 [yu2] fish; surname; KangXi radical 195. (63) 匕 [niao3] bird; KangXi radical 196. (41) 咥 [lu3] saline soil; natural salt, rock. (1) 咯 [lu4] deer; surname; KangXi radical 198. (31) 哕 [mai4] wheat, barley, oats; KangXi radical number 199. (3) 哫 [ma2 ma1] hemp, jute, flax; sesame. (7)

12 Strokes ұ [gan1] dry; dried, as opposed to fresh. (1) ‫[ ڵ‬fu4] tutor, teacher; assist; surname. (18) ‫[ ڽ‬bang4] by side of, beside, near, close. (1) ‫[ ہ‬jie2] hero; outstanding, remarkable. (8) ‫[ ۂ‬xi1] personal name; servant. (1) ‫[ ۉ‬bei4] prepare, ready, perfect. (64) ۢ [ao4] proud, haughty, overbearing. (1) ࠡ [kai3] triumphant; triumph, victory. (1) ࢙ [sheng4] leftovers, residue, remains. (2) ࢢ [ge1] cut, divide, partition; cede. (32) ࢥ [chuang4 chuang1] establish, create; knife cut. (19) ऋ [xun1] meritorious deed; merits; rank. (10) ऍ [sheng4] victory; excel, be better than. (140) ऎ [lao2] labor, toil, do manual work. (70) ए [mu4 bo2] levy, raise; summon; recruit. (4) ঊ [bo2] gamble, play games; wide, broad. (44) ৕ [jue2] personal pronoun he, she, it. (7) ஫ [chi4 di4] only, merely; just like; stop at. (2) ஬ [ti2] weep, whimper; howl, twitter. (3) ற [yong2 yu2] the mouth of a fish at the surface of the water, gasping for ழ [shan4] good, virtuous, charitable, kind. (258) ஹ [hou2] throat, gullet, larynx; guttural. (5) ஻ [die2 zha2] nag; chatter, babble, twitter. (2) ு [yin1] to be dumb; the sobbing of infants. (3) ௉ [hui4 zhou4] beak, bill, snout; pant. (4) 599

ௌ [xi3] like, love, enjoy; joyful thing. (67) ் [he1 he4] drink; shout, call out. (6) ௏ [kui4 huai4] heave sigh, sigh. (3) ௗ [xuan1] lively, noisy; clamor, talk loudly. (1) ௚ [sang4 sang1] mourning; mourn; funeral. (64) ௜ [qiao2 jiao3] tall, lofty; proud, stately. (3) ௝ [yan4] condole with; coarse. (3) ௞ [dan1 shan4] single, individual, only; lone. (155) ௫ [yu4] metaphor, analogy; example; like. (32) ఎ [zi1] to consult about, to plan; to report in writing to an equal; a despatch. ఏ [jie1 jue1] sigh, alas. (45) ഽ [wei2] surround, encircle, corral. (29) ้ [yin1] bury; dam, block up. (1) ๔ [di1] dike. (6) ๚ [kan1] adequately capable of, worthy of. (5) ๟ [yao2] a legendary ancient emperor-sage. (106) ๡ [bao4] report, tell, announce. (56) ๤ [chang3 chang2] open space, field, market. (7) ๺ [kuai4] piece, lump; dollar. (4) ༩ [yi1 yin1] number one. (21) ༪ [hu2] jar, pot, jug, vase; surname. (2) ྐ [dian4] pay respect; settle. (2) Ⴏ [xu4] son-in-law; husband. (1) Ⴢ [mei2] go-between, matchmaker; medium. (1) ჊ [mei4] charming, attractive; flatter. (3) ო [xu1] . (1) ჯ [kui4 chou3] ashamed, conscience-stricken. (1) ჲ [sao3] sister-in-law, elder brother's wife. (5) ᆣ [zi1] breed in large numbers. (4) ᇼ [fu4] abundant, ample; rich, wealthy. (115) ሀ [mei4] sleep; be asleep. (3) ሂ [han2] cold, wintry, chilly. (26) ሃ [yu4] residence; lodge; dwell. (37) ሄ [shi2] real, true, solid, honest. (1) ሺ [zun1] respect, revere, venerate; honor. (76) ሻ [xun2] seek, search, look for; ancient. (7) ቡ [jiu4] just, simply; to come, go to; to approach, near. (95) ፪ [yi3] . (1) ፼ [qian4] inlay, set in; fall into; rugged. (2) ᎜ [wei2] high; rugged, rocky, precipitous. (1) ᐭ [xun4 zhuan4] 5th of the 8 trigrams; southeast; mild, modest, obedient. ᑴ [wo4] tent; mosquito net. (4) ᒮ [ji3 ji1] how many? how much?; a few, some. (75) ᓱ [ce4] toilet, lavatory; mingle with. (5) ᓻ [sou1] conceal, hide; search for, seek. (8)

ᖈ [zhi4] swine. (4) ᖝ [peng2 pang2] name of ancient country; surname. (9) ᗑ [yu4] drive, ride; chariot; manage. (60) ᗘ [huang2] doubtful, irresolute, vacillating. (2) ᗙ [fu4] return; repeat; repeatedly. (155) ᗚ [xun2] obey, comply with, follow. (33) ᛢ [bei1] sorrow, grief; sorry, sad. (28) ᛴ [ni4] long for; hungry. (1) ᜁ [huo4] confuse, mislead, baffle; doubt. (35) ᜐ [hui4] favor, benefit, confer kindness. (113) ᜑ [e4 wu4] evil, wicked, bad, foul. (180) ᜠ [duo4 tuo2] indolent, careless, lazy, idle. (7) ᜢ [yun4] devise, plan, deliberate; consult. (12) ᜤ [zhui4 chuan3] afraid, apprehensive, nervous. (5) ᜦ [huang2] fearful, afraid, anxious, nervous. (1) ᜫ [ce4] feel anguish, feel compassion. (6) ᜹ [yu2] pleasant, delightful; please. (2) ᜻ [xuan1] . (1) ᜾ [bi4] obstinate, stubborn, headstrong. (6) ᝅ [e4] startled, alarmed, astonished. (5) ᝗ [kui4] ashamed, conscience-stricken. (16) ᝼ [huang1] nervous, panicky, frantic. (1) ម [kai3] sigh, regret; generous. (13) ᡏ [ji3] halberd with crescent blade. (6) ᡒ [ji2] to put away; to cease; store up. (3) ᦼ [zhang3] palm of hand, sole of foot, paw. (11) ᧰ [jian3] choose; select; pick up; gather. (1) ᧳ [jian3 jian1] shear; (Cant.) to skin an animal. (2) ᧶ [kui2] prime minister; to guess, estimate. (4) ᧹ [rou2] rub, massage; crush by hand. (2) ᨀ [ti2 di1] hold in hand; lift in hand. (73) ᨂ [cha1] insert, stick into; plant. (2) ᨅ [zhen4] roll up the sleeves; fight bare-fisted; strike, stab. (1) ᨆ [yi1 ji2] salute, bow; defer to, yield. (7) ᨊ [yang2] scatter, spread; praise. (32) ᨌ [yan3] cover up; take by force, shut. (2) ᨐ [ya4] to pull up, to eradicate. (1) ᨑ [wo4] grasp, hold fast, take by hand. (7) ᨓ [chuai1 chuai3 chuai4] put things under clothes. (9) ᨝ [jie1] raise, lift up; surname. (5) ᨞ [hui1] direct; wipe away; squander. (1) ᨤ [yuan2] aid, assist; lead; cite. (13) ᨩ [bei1] carry things on one's back. (2) ᩌ [sou1] search, seek; investigate. (2) ᮎ [chang3] roomy, spacious, open, broad. (18) ᮓ [san4 san3] scatter, disperse, break up. (144) ᮖ [dun1 dui4] esteem; honest, candid, sincere. (7) 600

ᮜ [jing4] respect, honor; respectfully. (102) ᯀ [fei3] graceful, elegant, beautiful. (2) ᯁ [ban1] mottled, striped, freckle. (2) ᯟ [si1] this, thus, such; to lop off; emphatic particle. (198) Პ [pu3] universal, general, widespread. (1) Ჟ [jing3] scenery, view; conditions. (37) Რ [xi1] clear, evident; clearly. (4) Უ [xi1] fair; white; clear; discriminate. (7) Ც [zhi4] wisdom, knowledge, intelligence. (62) Ძ [an4 yan3 an3] . (1) ᳁ [shu3] hot. (6) ᴮ [ceng2 zeng1] already; sign of past. (69) ᴯ [ti4] change, replace, substitute for. (1) ᴰ [zui4] most, extremely, exceedingly. (175) ᵍ [chao2 zhao1] dynasty; morning. (124) ᵏ [qi1] period of time; date; time limit. (35) Ỵ [qi4] reject, abandon, discard. (68) ỻ [qi2] chess; any game similar to chess. (6) ἃ [pou3 bang4 bei4] hit, strike. (3) ἇ [zao3] date tree; dates, jujubes; surname. (4) Ἀ [ji2] jujube tree; thorns, brambles. (10) Ἇ [dong4] the main beams supporting a house. (3) ἐ [tang2] crab apple tree; wild plums. (5) ἓ [di4 ti4] kerria japonica plant, cherry. (4) ἗ [zhan4] warehouse; tavern, inn. (1) Ἓ [yu4] thorny shrub with yellow flowers; a kind of oak. (2) ἠ [chui2 duo3] . (3) ἢ [qi1 xi1] perch; roost; stay. (8) Ἠ [zou1] surname. (1) Ἡ [zhao4 zhuo1] oar; boat. (2) Ἢ [guan1] coffin. (5) Ἤ [fen2] beams in the roof of a house confused, disordered. (1) ἴ [jie1] to graft. (1) Ἵ [zhi2] plant, trees, plants; grow. (3) Ἶ [zhui1 chui2] hammer, mallet; vertebra. (2) ὂ [jiao1] pepper, spices. (7) ᾋ [ku3 hu4] coarse, crude; plant. (1) ᾞ [chu3 zhu1] mulberry; paper. (1) ᾥ [ji2] extreme, utmost, furthest, final. (92) Ⅺ [qi1] cheat, double-cross, deceive. (17) Ⅽ [qin1] respect, admire; respectful. (5) Ⅾ [kuan3] item, article; clause; fund. (6) Ⅿ [kan3 qian4] discontented; sad; gloomy. (1) ⇆ [zhi2] breed, spawn; increase; prosper. (58) ⇈ [can2] injure, spoil; oppress; broken. (14) ⇬ [ke2 qiao4] casing, shell, husk, hull, skin. (1) ⇭ [yao2 xiao2] mixed up, confused; cooked. (3) ∟ [tan3] rug, carpet, blanket. (1) ∣ [cui4 qiao1] fine hair or fur on animals. (1) ␥ [yuan1] gulf, abyss, deep. (41)

⑉ [huan4] scatter; scattered, dispersed. (3) ⑋ [jian3] decrease, subtract, diminish. (5) ⑍ [yu2] change; chongqing. (1) ⑑ [du4] cross, ferry over; ferry. (3) ⑔ [bo2] swelling; the Gulf of Hopei (Hebei). (2) ⑕ [wo4 ou4] moisten, soak; great, deep; dye; to enrich. (1) ⑛ [xie4 die2] beating of ocean; surging of water. (1) ⑜ [ce4] measure, estimate, conjecture. (8) ⑝ [wei4] name of a river in Shanxi. (8) ⑟ [gang3] port, harbor; small stream; bay. (2) ⑤ [ke3] thirsty, parched; yearn, pine. (4) ⑨ [you2] to swim; float, drift; wander, roam. (33) ⑪ [miao3] endlessly long, boundless, vast. (1) ⑮ [hun2] muddy, turbid; blend, merge, mix. (7) ⑺ [cou4] piece together, assemble. (4) ⑽ [tuan1 zhuan1] rapid water current, rapids. (3) ⑾ [mian3] flushed with drink, drunk. (1) ⒆ [hu2] a lake; Hubei, Hunan; bluish-green. (12) ⒈ [xiang1] Hunan province. (6) ⒋ [zhan4 chen2 dan1] deep; profound; clear; tranquil, placid. (2) ⒓ [min3 hun1] mixed, confused; pity. (1) ⒙ [dong4 zhong4] muddy, turbid; milk. (1) ⒛ [jiao3 qiu1 jiu4 jiu1] a small pond; a damp and narrow place. (1) ⒞ [yan1 yin1] bury, sink, block up; stain. (1) ⒟ [tang1] hot water; soup, gravy, broth. (80) ⒫ [chun2] pure, unmixed, genuine; honest. (1) Ⓓ [gai4] water, irrigate, flood; wash. (4) ⓢ [sou1] urinate; soak, drench. (1) ⓻ [zi1] grow, multiply, increase; thrive. (44) ━ [hua2] slip, slide; slippery, polished. (16) ❊ [fen2] burn. (7) ❑ [wu2] negative, no, not; lack, have no. (1719) ❖ [jiao1] burned, scorched; anxious, vexed. (8) ❟ [chao1 zhuo1 zhuo2] boil vegetables for a very short time; scald. (6) ❠ [yan4] flame, blaze; glowing, blazing. (1) ❦ [ran2] yes, certainly; pledge, promise. (1071) ➞ [zhu3] cook. (1) ⢰ [xi1] rhinoceros; sharp, well-tempered. (1) ⤻ [biao1] wind; storm; gale; dog moving; (Cant.) running quickly. (1) ⥕ [wei3] vulgar, low, cheap; wanton; obscene. (2) ⥘ [yuan2] ape. (5) ⥙ [xing1] species of orangutan. (1) 601

⥤ [hou2] monkey, ape; monkey-like. (2) ⥦ [you2] like, similar to, just like, as. (1031) ⥮ [hua2] crafty, cunning, shrewd; deceitful. (5) ⩒ [zuo2 zhuo2] polish jade; cut jade. (7) ⩠ [yan3] jewel, gem; glitter of gems. (1) ⩤ [qin2] Chinese lute or guitar. (8) ⭕ [sheng1] sister's child. (6) ⮚ [fan1 pan1] to take turns; a turn, a time; to repeat. (1) ⮛ [hua4] delineate, painting, picture, drawing; draw. (24) ⮟ [jun4] rustic; crude. (1) ⮾ [shu1] neglect; careless, lax. (1) ⮿ [shu1] neglect; careless, lax. (81) Ⰻ [tong4] pain, ache; sorry, sad; bitter. (21) ⲫ [deng1] rise, mount, board, climb. (23) Ⲭ [fa1 fa4] issue, dispatch, send out, emit. (192) ⳃ [hao4 hui1] bright, luminous; clear; hoary. (2) ⴌ [dao4] rob, steal; thief, bandit. (79) ⵵ [han4] big-eyed. (2) ⸎ [yu4 jue2] bore with awl; bright, charming. (1) ⸝ [duan3] short; brief; deficient, lacking. (46) ⺌ [keng1 qing4] the sound of stones knocking together. (2) ⾯ [lu4] blessing, happiness, prosperity. (55) ⾽ [huo4] misfortune, calamity, disaster. (53) ⿭ [qin2] birds, fowl; surname;; capture. (52) 〰 [xi1] rare, unusual, scarce; sparse. (2) 〵 [shui4] taxes, revenue, duty; tax. (7) 〺 [ti2] darnels, tares. (3) 〻 [cheng2] journey, trip; schedule, agenda. (5) 〽 [shao1 shao4] little, slightly; rather. (15) テ [jiao4] pit, cellar. (1) ト [jiong3] embarrassed; hard-pressed. (1) ㄒ [si4] wait for, wait until, as soon as. (1) ㄕ [tong2] child, boy, servant boy; virgin. (20) ㄖ [song3] revere, respect, be in awe of. (1) ㅶ [bi3] writing brush; write; stroke. (19) ㅹ [deng3] rank, grade; wait; equal; 'etc.'. (308) ㅻ [jin1] muscles; tendons. (8) ㆀ [kuang1] bamboo basket or chest. (1) ㆄ [da2 da1] answer, reply; return; assent to. (99) ㆆ [ce4] scheme, plan; to whip; urge. (306) ㆥ [yan2] bamboo mat; feast, banquet. (1) ㋏ [su4] unhusked millet; grain. (33) ㋒ [zi1 ci2] grain offered in ritual sacrifice; millet. (3) ㋕ [zhou1] rice gruel, congee. (4) ㍛ [zi3] purple, violet; amethyst; surname. (2) ㎀ [jie2 jie1] knot, tie; join, connect. (80) ㎅ [jue2] cut, sever, break off, terminate. (93)

㎌ [jie2 xie2] a marking line; ascertain, assess; measure. (2) ㎍ [ku4] trousers; breeches leggings; drawers. (1) ㎎ [jiao3 xiao2] twist, wring; intertwine; winch. (1) ㎑ [luo4] enmesh, wrap around; web, net. (1) ㎖ [gei3 ji3] give; by, for. (26) ㎛ [lei3] . (4) ㎞ [xu4 chu4] waste cotton, raw silk or cotton. (8) ㎠ [die2] white hempen cloth worn by mourners. (1) ㎡ [tong3] govern, command, control; unite. (50) ㎢ [si1] silk; fine thread; wire; strings. (7) ㎣ [jiang4] deep red; river in Shanxi provinc. (5) 㘄 [xiang2] soar, glide, hover; detailed. (4) 㘅 [xi1] agree. (2) 㘻 [die2] aged; in one's eighties. (1) 㜮 [zi4] minced meat; to cut meat into pieces. (1) 㝶 [tian3] prosperous; good; protruding. (2) 㝻 [ye4] armpit. (2) 㞁 [fu3] bowels, entrails, internal organs. (2) 㞃 [fei2] calf; avoid; be ill; wither. (1) 㞅 [wan4] wrist. (2) 㞤 [yu2] fat; fertile, rich; plump, soft. (3) 㠧 [die2 zhi2] . (3) 㠴 [xi4 que4] a shoe; the sole of a shoe; magpie. (3) 㡂 [shu1] open up, unfold, stretch out; comfortable, easy. (30) 㡌 [shun4] legendary ruler. (110) 㩙 [qiu1 jiao1] scandent hop; tree. (1) 㩜 [wan4] ten thousand; innumerable. (321) 㩭 [luo4 la4 lao4] fall, drop; net income, surplus. (36) 㩵 [zu1 ju1] . (1) 㩹 [ye4] leaf, petal; page of book; period. (6) 㪋 [ge2 ge3] edible bean; surname. (30) 㪓 [dong3 zhong3] direct, supervise; surname. (27) 㪙 [pa1] flowers. (1) 㪛 [hu2] bottle-gourd. (1) 㪜 [zang4] bury, inter. (35) 㪝 [jia1 xia2] bulrush, reed; flute, whistle. (2) 㪣 [wei1] luxuriant, flourishing; used for various plants. (1) 㪥 [kui2] sunflower; measure. (1) 㪪 [qi4] thatch; fix, repair; pile up. (1) 㪽 [wei3 hua1] . (3) 㲋 [xu1] false, worthless; empty, hollow. (83) 㴉 [wa1] frog. (3) 㴏 [jiao1] scaly dragon with four legs. (2) 㻱 [cai2] cut out; decrease. (4) 602

㻲 [lie4 lie3] split, crack, break open; rend. (11) 㼅 [yu4] abundant, rich, plentiful. (2) 㼉 [qun2] skirt, apron, petticoat. (1) 㼌 [bu3] mend, patch, fix, repair, restore. (31) 㼑 [li3 li5] inside, interior, within. (57) 㾳 [tan2 qin2 yan3] reach to, spread to; extensive. (2) 㿈 [chan1 dan1 zhan1] peek; spy on, watch; investigate. (2) 䀊 [gu1] jug, winecup, goblet; square. (1) 䁤 [su4] accuse; sue; inform; narrate. (2) 䁦 [he1] scold loudly, curse, abuse. (1) 䁫 [zhu4] explain; annotate; make entry. (10) 䁱 [gu3] exegesis, explanation; explain. (8) 䁶 [di3 ti4] slander, condemn, reproach. (2) 䁸 [li4] scold, abuse verbally, curse. (5) 䂀 [zha4] cheat, defraud, swindle; trick; to feign. (20) 䂂 [yi2 dai4] bequeath, pass on to future generations. (1) 䂄 [zhao4] decree, proclaim; imperial decree. (23) 䂅 [ping2] appraise, criticize, evaluate. (5) 䂆 [bi4] argue; biased; one-sided. (1) 䂈 [chu4 qu1] bend, stoop, crouch; to yield. (10) 䂋 [zu3] curse; swear, pledge. (3) 䂎 [ci2] words; phrase, expression. (2551) 䂐 [yong3] sing, hum, chant. (50) 䊲 [diao1] marten, sable, mink. (1) 䋟 [zhu4] store, stockpile, hoard. (1) 䋠 [shi4] borrow; pardon; loan. (2) 䋣 [er4] number two. (24) 䋤 [gui4] expensive, costly, valuable. (137) 䋧 [mai3] buy, purchase; bribe, persuade. (18) 䋨 [dai4 te4] lend; borrow; pardon. (7) 䋪 [kuang4] give, grant, bestow; surname. (5) 䋫 [fei4] expenses, expenditures, fee. (44) 䋬 [tie1] paste to, stick on; attached to. (12) 䋰 [he4] congratulate; send present. (7) 䋱 [bi4 fen2] forge ahead; energetic; surname. (7) 䎴 [qie4 ju1] weak, lame. (1) 䎵 [chao1] jump over, leap over; surpass. (11) 䎺 [yue4] exceed, go beyond; the more .... (71) 䏵 [tuo4 chi4] careless, lax; dissolute. (2) 䏻 [ba2 bei4] go by foot; epilogue, colophon. (2) 䏼 [die1] stumble, slip, fall down; stamp. (14) 䏾 [tuo2] slip, stumble, falter; vacillate. (3) 䐆 [zhi2 zhi1] sole (of the foot). (15) 䔛 [zhen3] cross board at rear of carriage. (2) 䔨 [zhou2] axle, axletree; pivot; axis. (1) 䔩 [zhi3] end of axle; divergent. (3) 䔪 [yao2 diao1] small light carriage. (1) 䔫 [ke1] axle; personal name of mencius. (7)

䔬 [yi4 die2] rush forth; surpass, excel. (3) 䗌 [gu1] crime, criminal offense. (15) 䙬 [bi1] compel, pressure, force; bother. (9) 䙮 [yu2 dou4] go over, pass over, exceed. (4) 䙱 [dun4 qun1] hide, conceal oneself; escape. (8) 䙲 [sui4 sui2] comply with, follow along; thereupon. (41) 䙷 [yu4] meet, come across, encounter. (51) 䙺 [you2] wander, roam, travel. (167) 䙻 [yun4] luck, fortune; ship, transport. (33) 䙽 [bian4] everywhere, all over, throughout. (22) 䙿 [e4] stop, suppress, curb, check; a bar. (2) 䚀 [xia2] afar, distant; old, advanced in. (2) 䚁 [huang2] leisure, leisurely; hurry about. (4) 䚂 [qiu2] strong, unyielding, forceful. (5) 䚃 [dao4] path, road, street; method, way. (556) 䚄 [da2] arrive at, reach; intelligent. (85) 䚅 [wei2] disobey, violate, defy; be apart from. (21) 䝂 [zou1 ju4] name of an ancient state; surname. (15) 䝇 [hao4 qiao1] county in Hebei province. (1) 䞒 [zuo4 cu4] toast one's host with wine; to express juice by pressing. (3) 䞓 [han1] enjoy intoxicants. (1) 䞔 [gu1] to deal in spirits. (2) 䟿 [liang4 liang2] measure, quantity, capacity. (73) 䠯 [jin1 yin3 yin2] . (1) 䠷 [fu1] an ax; a hatchet. (1) 䠽 [dun4] blunt, obtuse; dull; flat; dull-witted. (3) 䡄 [chao1] paper money, bank notes; copy. (5) 䡎 [jun1] unit of measure equivalent to thirty catties. (10) 䮻 [kai1] open; initiate, begin, start. (57) 䮾 [hong2] gate, barrier; wide, vast, expand. (6) 䮿 [run4] intercalary; extra, surplus. (1) 䯂 [xian2 jian1 jian4] liesure; idle; peaceful, tranquil, calm. (40) 䯃 [jian1 jian4] interval, space; place, between. (374) 䯄 [min3] mourn, grieve; urge on, incite. (22) 䳄 [ge2] separate, partition. (4) 䳅 [yun3 yuan2] fall, slip; let fall; die. (5) 䳈 [ai4] narrow, confined; a strategic pass. (5) 䳉 [xi4] crack, split, fissure; grudge. (4) 䳱 [yan4] wild goose. (6) 䳴 [xiong2] male of species; hero; manly. (22) 䳵 [ya3 ya1] elegant, graceful, refined. (94) 䳶 [ji2] assemble, collect together. (41) 䴢 [yun2] clouds; Yunnan province. (3158)

603

丵 [xiang4] neck, nape of neck; sum; funds. (133) 丶 [shun4] obey, submit to, go along with. (74) 丸 [xu1] must, have to, necessary; moment; whiskers. (20) 伛 [yu4] surfeited, satiated; confer. (2) 伝 [chi4 shi4] order; command; give command. (1) 伟 [fan4] cooked rice; food; meal. (14) 伢 [yin3] drink; swallow; kind of drink. (15) 俞 [feng2 ping2] surname; gallop; by dint of. (48) 儐 [kun1] shave head as punishment; prune. (6) 哳 [huang2] yellow; surname. (34) 哽 [shu3] glutinous millet; KangXi radical number 202. (5) 唁 [hei1] black; dark; evil, sinister. (9) 唩 [zhi3 xian4] embroidery, needlework; radical. (1) 唾 [ding3 zhen1] large, three-legged bronze caldron. (19)

ൃ [yuan2] circle; round, circular; complete. (6) ງ [tu2 du4] smear, daub, apply, spread; paint. (2) ຎ [sai1 se4 sai4] stop up, block, seal, cork; pass, frontier; fortress. (29) ດ [xun1 xuan1] instrument. (2) ປ [tian2] fill in, fill up; make good. (12) ໃ [mu4] grave, tomb. (94) དྷ [meng4] dream; visionary; wishful. (15) ྗ [ao4] mysterious, obscure, profound. (7) შ [chi1] an ugly woman. (1) წ [ao3] old woman; lower-class woman. (5) ჱ [jia4] to marry, give a daughter in marriage. (15) ჹ [ji2] jealousy; be jealous of. (7) ჼ [xian2] hate, detest; suspect; criticize. (13) ᄃ [pi4] . (1) ሆ [jin4] gradually, step by step, little. (4) ለ [zhi4] put aside, put down; discard. (12) ሎ [mo4] silent, still, lonely, solitary. (4) ᎙ [song1] high, lofty; one of the 5 peaks, situated in Hunan. (3) ᒅ [mu4] curtain, screen, tent. (10) ᒩ [gan4] trunk of tree or of human body. (2) ᓹ [lian2] upright, honorable, honest. (31) ᔃ [kuo4] broad, wide, open, empty; to expand. (2) ᔅ [yin4] shade; protect, shade, cover. (3) ᕂ [shi4] to kill one's superior. (23) ᕰ [gou4 kou1] enough, adequate fully, quite. (1) ᗞ [wei1] small, prefix micro-, trifling. (104) ᗟ [xi1] wait for, await, expect, hope. (2) ᜣ [xiang3] think, speculate, plan, consider. (13) ᜱ [chou2] anxiety; to worry about, be anxious. (6) ᜶ [qian1] a fault, mistake, error, transgression. (3) ᜸ [yu4] more and more, even more. (70) ᜿ [yi4] thought, idea, opinion; think. (570) ᝊ [yu2] stupid, doltish, foolish. (80) ᝋ [ai4] love, be fond of, like. (139) ᝏ [gan3] feel, perceive, emotion. (48) ᝤ [chuang4] sad, broken-hearted, disconsolate. (1) ᝴ [li4] shiver, shudder, tremble; tremble. (2) ᝸ [ci2] kind, charitable, benevolent. (13) ᝺ [qian4 qie4 xian2] to resent; contended; satisfied. (4) ᝽ [yun4] angry, indignant, resentful. (5) ᝾ [shen4] act with care, be cautious. (30) ᡑ [kan1 zhen3] subjugate, subdue, quell; kill. (1) ᨽ [sun3] diminish; impair; injure. (22) ᨿ [bo2] seize; spring upon; strike. (7)

13 Strokes Ҳ [luan4] confusion, state of chaos; create chaos, revolt. (98) Ӧ [dan3 dan4] sincere; real, true; truth. (4) ۛ [lei3] tired, exhausted; surname. (1) ۣ [chuan2 zhuan4] summon; propagate, transmit. (2116) ۤ [yu3] humpback; stoop. (1) ۧ [shang1] wound, injury; fall ill from. (70) ‫[ ۮ‬qing1] upset, pour out, overflow. (30) ۲ [lou2 luu3 liu3] humpback; surname. (2) ۵ [jin3] only, merely, solely, just. (62) ۷ [lu4 liao2] humiliate; treat with contempt. (4) ‫[ ۿ‬xiang4] a picture, image, figure; to resemble. (5) ࢨ [tuan2 zhuan1] cut. (2) ࢭ [piao1] rob, plunder; slice off; fast. (6) ऒ [shi4] power, force; tendency. (86) औ [qin2] industrious, diligent, attentive. (28) य़ [hui4] a concourse; to flow together, gather together; (same as U+6ED9 র [xi1] . (2) ௵ [xiu4] smell, scent, sniff; olfactive. (2) ௷ [se4] miserly, thrifty, stingy; stopped up, constipated. (6) ఊ [wu1] sound of crying, sobbing. (14) ఋ [qian3 xian2 qian4] pouch; hold; content. (1) ఌ [shi4] be fond of, have weakness for. (22) ఓ [si4] to connect, inherit; descendants, heirs. (9) క [hao2] roar, call out, wail; bark, yelp. (3) ൂ [yuan2] garden; park, orchard. (7)

604

ᩀ [chu4] cramp, spasm, convulsion; twitch. (1) ᩆ [yao2] wag, swing, wave; shake; scull. (8) ᩊ [xie2 la1] . (1) ᩒ [jin4] to stick into; to shake. (2) ᩔ [e4 yi4] seize. (2) ᩦ [qiang3] plunder, rob, take by force. (2) ᪨ [mo1] gently touch with hand; caress. (1) ᯏ [zhen1] to pour wine or tea into a cup; to gauge. (1) ᯠ [xin1] new, recent, fresh, modern. (52) Ჴ [xuan1] warm, comfortable; warm, genial. (1) Ჷ [xia2] leisure, relaxation, spare time. (29) Ჸ [yun1 yun4] halo in sky; fog; dizzy, faint. (1) ᳆ [nuan3] warm, genial. (4) ᳇ [an4] dark; obscure; in secret, covert. (12) ᳈ [yang2] rising sun; sunshine. (1) ᴳ [hui4 kuai4] to assemble, meet together; a meeting; an organization. (63) ὴ [pian2 bian1] block. (3) ὺ [yang2] willow, poplar, aspen; surname. (131) ᾊ [chu3] name of feudal state; clear. (310) ᾛ [ji2] oar, paddle. (3) ᾝ [ye4] profession, business, trade. (45) ᾟ [shun3 dun4] shield; horizontal bar. (1) ᾧ [kai3 jie1] model style of Chinese writing. (4) ᾩ [ying2] column, pillar; numerary adjunct. (3) ᾲ [gai4] generally, approximately. (139) ᾶ [yu2] elm tree. (1) ⅳ [sha4 xia2] smear one's mouth with blood of a victim when taking an oath. ⅶ [xin1] like, admire; willingly, gladly; to quicken. (8) ↢ [sui4] year; age; harvest. (83) ⇯ [dian4] hall; palace; temple. (98) ⇰ [hui3] destroy, ruin, injure; slander. (40) Ⓚ [yuan2] spring; source, head; surname. (11) Ⓠ [zhun3 zhuo2] rule, guideline, standard. (8) Ⓧ [gou1] ditch, drain, narrow waterway. (16) ⓒ [yi4] overflow, brim over; full. (13) ⓚ [xi1] mountain stream, creek. (7) ⓛ [wen1] lukewarm, warm; tepid, mild. (30) ⓡ [zhen1 qin2] river in Henan. (1) ⓪ [ni4 niao4 ruo4] drown; submerge in water; indulge. (19) ⓰ [chu4 xu4] . (1) ⓲ [pang1 peng1] torrential; voluminous. (1) ⓴ [cang1] blue, dark green; cold. (1) ⓵ [mie4] extinguish; wipe out, exterminate. (51) ⓼ [di2] wash, cleanse, purify; sweep. (3) ┉) to remit money. (2)

═ [mo4] desert; aloof, indifferent, cool. (2) ❹ [lian4] smelt, refine; distill, condense. (4) ❼ [huang2] bright, shining, luminous. (2) ❾ [jian1] fry in fat or oil; boil in water. (5) ➎ [sha1 sha4] malignant deity; baleful, noxious; strike dead. (162) ➕ [huan4] shining, brilliant, lustrous. (5) ➖ [xu4 xiu1] kind, gentle, gracious, genial. (2) ➗ [zhao4] shine, illumine, reflect. (27) ➙ [fan2] bother, vex, trouble; troublesome. (15) ➜ [yang2] roast; scorch; melt; flame. (1) ⡿ [yu2 tou2] privy hole. (1) ⢂ [die2] documents, records; dispatch. (4) ⥯ [yuan2] ape. (2) ⪅ [xia2] flaw in gem; fault, defect. (7) ⪌ [yu2] flawless gem or jewel. (1) ⪎ [rui4] felicitous omen; auspicious. (1) ⪏ [se4] large stringed musical instrument; dignified, massive; sound of wind. ⪠ [gui1] extraordinary, fabulous; rose. (1) ⬴ [zhen1] to examine, discern; to grade; a surname. (3) ⮦ [dang1 dang4] bear, accept, undertake; just. (337) Ⱑ [fei4] heat rash, prickly heat; ulcers. (1) Ⱟ [wei3] paralysis; impotence. (1) ⰱ [cui4] feel tired, be weary, be worn out. (1) ⴏ [meng2] swear; oath, covenant, alliance. (35) ⶊ [ya2] corner of eye; stare. (3) ⶒ [sui1 hui1] gaze at, stare at; uninhibited. (6) ⶓ [du1] supervise, oversee, direct. (9) ⶕ [pi4 bi4] look askance at, glare at. (1) ⶖ [mu4] friendly, amiable, peaceful. (4) ⶘ [ni4] look askance at, glare at; squint. (2) ⶩ [du3] look at, gaze at; observe. (10) ⺼ [lu4 liu4] rough, uneven, rocky; mediocre. (8) ⺾ [sui4] break, smash; broken, busted. (6) ⺿ [que4 xi1] coloured. (1) ⻁ [bei1] stone tablet; gravestone. (69) ⻃ [dui4] pestle. (1) ⾱ [jin4 jin1] restrict, prohibit, forbid. (63) ⾻ [yin1] offer sacrifice; sacrifice. (2) ⾿ [fu2] happiness, good fortune, blessing. (43) ⿈ [di4] imperial ancestor worship. (11) ぇ [bai4] darnels, weeds, tares small. (1) ハ [ku1] hole, cave; cellar; underground. (6) ㆖ [guan3] a key; to be in charge; a pipe. (2) ㆞ [shi4] divination with stalks of plants; divining rod. (3) ㇰ [jie2] knot, node, joint; section. (402) ㋡ [liang2] better varieties of millet. (1) ㋢ [can4] polish; bright, radiant; smiling. (4) ㋥ [yue4] Guangdong and Guangxi provinces; initial particle. (8) 605

㎶ [geng3 bing3] well rope. (1) ㎸ [ti2] coarse pongee, kind of heavy silk. (1) ㎽ [fu2] rope. (1) ㎿ [sui1 sui2] soothe, appease, pacify; carriage harness. (5) ㏃ [jing1] classic works; pass through. (228) 㖚 [zui4] crime, sin, vice; evil; hardship. (145) 㖞 [zhi4] place, lay out; set aside. (299) 㖢 [shu3] public office. (5) 㗓 [qun2] (same as U+7FA4 㗔) group, crowd, multitude, mob. (93) 㗔 [qun2] (same as U+7FA3 㗓) group, crowd, multitude, mob. (6) 㗘 [xian4] envy, admire; praise; covet. (1) 㗙 [yi4] right conduct, righteousness. (573) 㚆 [sheng4] holy, sacred; sage. (136) 㚈 [pin4 ping4] engage, employ; betroth. (12) 㚵 [su4] pay respects; reverently. (3) 㚶 [si4 ti4] indulge; excess; numeral four; particle meaning now, therefore; 㞛 [zhong3] swell; swollen; swelling. (3) 㞟 [tu2 dun4] strong. (1) 㞠 [yao1] waist; kidney. (7) 㞣 [jiao3] foot; base, leg, foundation. (3) 㞦 [duan4] meat. (1) 㞨 [chang2] intestines; emotions; sausage. (4) 㞩 [fu4] stomach, belly, abdomen; inside. (14) 㠵 [jiu4] mother's brother, uncle. (9) 㠷 [yu3 yu4] and; with; to; for; give, grant. (2238) 㫉 [meng2 meng1 meng3] cover; ignorant; suffer; mongolia. (71) 㫎 [li4] reach, arrive; manage. (1) 㫝 [chu2] to cut grass; hay; fodder. (1) 㫟 [kuai3] a rush, of which various things are made. (5) 㫢 [pu2 bo2] type of rush; vine. (20) 㫨 [zheng1] steam; evaporate. (4) 㫬 [cang1] blue; green. (11) 㫯 [hao1 gao3] mugwort, artemisia; give off. (4) 㫴 [xu4] store, save, hoard, gather. (16) 㫻 [gai4] cover, hide, protect. (338) 㫽 [shi1] milfoil, plant used in divination. (1) 㫿 [luo3] fruit of plant; melon. (1) 㬜 [peng2] type of raspberry; fairyland. (7) 㲌 [lu3] to capture, imprison, seize; a prison. (45) 㲎 [yu2] concerned about, anxious, worried. (65) 㲏 [hao4 hao2] mark, sign; symbol; number. (39) 㴫 [tui4] molt, exuviate, shed. (2) 㴮 [e2 yi3] moth. (2) 㴰 [shu3] name of an ancient state. (16) 㴲 [feng1] bee, wasp, hornet. (6)

㴳 [shen4] marine monster which can change its shape; water spouts; clams. 㺉 [ya2] public office; official residence. (1) 㼄 [yi4] progeny, descendants, posterity. (5) 㼈 [qiu2] fur garments; surname. (20) 㼍 [zhuang1] dress, clothes; decorate; fill. (1) 㼘 [bi4 pi2] aid, benefit, help; supplement. (3) 㼨 [luo3] bare, nude; undress, strip. (1) 㽊 [chu3 zhu3 zhe3] bag, valise; stuff, pad; surname. (1) 䀓 [jie3 xie4 jie4] loosen, unfasten, untie; explain. (611) 䁮 [zi3 zi1] bad-mouth; criticize; defects. (6) 䂑 [xu3] boast, brag; popular, well known; to flatter. (2) 䂒 [xun2] inquire into, ask about; consult. (53) 䂓 [yi4] reach; achievement, accomplishment. (8) 䂖 [shi4] test, try, experiment. (22) 䂙 [shi1] poetry; poem, verse, ode. (197) 䂜 [gou4 hou4] abuse, scold, berate, insult. (2) 䂝 [gui3] deceive, cheat, defraud; sly. (5) 䂞 [quan2] explain, expound, comment on. (8) 䂠 [jie2] question, interrogate. (27) 䂡 [hua4] speech, talk, language; dialect. (9) 䂢 [gai1] should, ought to, need to. (9) 䂣 [xiang2] detailed, complete, thorough. (136) 䂩 [zhan1 dan4] surname; talk too much, verbose. (7) 䂲 [tiao3 diao4] tempt. (1) 䂴 [lei3] eulogize, praise the dead. (3) 䂵 [zhu1] execute, kill, put to death; punish. (56) 䂷 [kua1 qu4] exaggerate; brag, boast; flaunt. (2) 䃅 [dan4] to bear children, give birth; birth. (4) 䃐 [cheng2] sincere, honest; true, real. (113) 䃽 [zheng4] to expostulate; to remonstrate. (4) 䊒 [huan4] domestic animals; feed, raise. (7) 䊹 [he2 hao2 mo4] badger; raccoon dog. (4) 䋲 [lu4] bribe; give present. (13) 䋳 [lin4] rent, hire; hired person. (1) 䋴 [hui4] bribe; bribes; riches, wealth. (6) 䋵 [gai1] prepared for; inclusive. (7) 䋷 [zi1] property; wealth; capital. (26) 䋸 [jia3 gu3] surname; merchant; buy, trade. (199) 䋺 [zei2] thief, traitor. (35) 䎾 [chu2] . (2) 䐏 [gen1] heel; to follow, accompany; with. (2) 䐑 [ji4] search, track, trace. (38) 䐘 [kua4] straddle, bestride, ride; carry. (1) 䐚 [gui4] kneel. (2) 䐛 [qiong2 qiang1] sound of footsteps. (1) 䐟 [lu4] road, path, street; journey. (102) 䔮 [shi4] horizontal wooden bar in front of a sedan chair. (1) 606

䔳 [jiao4] compare; comparatively, more. (100) 䔸 [zhou1] shaft. (2) 䔹 [zai4 zai3] load; carry; transport, convey. (51) 䔺 [zhi4] low rear portion of cart. (5) 䗏 [pi4 bi4] law, rule; open up, develop. (11) 䗐 [zui4] crime, sin, vice; evil; hardship. (4) 䗢 [nong2] agriculture, farming; farmer. (23) 䚉 [yao2] far away, distant, remote. (66) 䚋 [liu4 liu2] take walk, stroll. (1) 䚌 [xun4] humble, modest; yield. (3) 䚎 [di4] hand over, deliver; substitute. (38) 䚐 [yuan3] distant, remote, far; profound. (189) 䚓 [qian3] send, dispatch; send off, exile. (36) 䚘 [ao2] ramble, roam; travel for pleasure. (1) 䝉 [bi3] mean; low. (35) 䝐 [hu4] county in Shanxi province. (1) 䝒 [yan1] name of a district in Honan. (4) 䝓 [zhang1] name of an ancient city in N. Jiangsu, near Shandong. (1) 䞚 [lao4 luo4] cream, cheese; koumiss. (1) 䞜 [chou2] toast; reward, recompense. (2) 䞠 [xian1] acyl. (3) 䡤 [ling2] bell. (1) 䡩 [pi1 pi2] a needle used in Chinese medicine; a sword, large knife; 䢎 [yue4] broad-axe, a battle axe, halberd. (4) 䢔 [gou1] hook, barb; sickle; stroke with. (8) 䳋 [ji4] border, boundary, juncture. (20) 䳌 [zhang4] separate; shield; barricade. (1) 䳹 [zhi4 kai3] pheasant; crenellated wall. (2) 䳺 [gou4] the crow of a male pheasant. (1) 䳽 [yong1] harmony, union; harmonious. (51) 䳾 [ju1] osprey, fishhawk; hold back. (7) 䴦 [ling2] zero; fragment, fraction. (10) 䴧 [lei2] thunder. (10) 䴫 [dian4] electricity, electric; lightning. (4) 䴭 [hu4 hu1] . (1) 䶆 [jing4] pacify; appease; calm, peaceful. (3) 䶣 [jin4] strap on a horse's breast. (4) 为 [xu1 xu4] grieved; anxious. (1) 丼 [song4] laud, acclaim; hymn; ode. (12) 举 [qi2 ken3] tall and slim. (1) 乀 [yu4] prepare, arrange; in advance. (2) 乁 [wan2] obstinate, stubborn; recalcitrant. (3) 乃 [dun4] pause, stop; bow, kowtow; arrange. (339) 伞 [yin3] drink; swallow; kind of drink. (46) 伭 [bao3] eat heartily; eat one's fill. (11) 伮 [shi4] decorate, ornament, adorn; to deceive. (26) 俣 [chi2] go quickly or swiftly; hurry. (19) 俤 [xun2 xun4] tame, docile, obedient. (1) 共 [kui2] chief; leader; best; monstrous. (6) 兲 [hun2] soul, spirit. (9) 匙 [jiu1 qiu2] pigeon, dove; collect, assemble. (4)

唭 [min3 mian3 meng3] to strive; to endeavor. (4) 啃 [gu3] drum; beat, top, strike. (31) 啐 [shu3] rat, mouse; KangXi radical 208. (11)

14 Strokes ‫[ ۺ‬xian1] Taoist super-being, transcendent, immortal. (9) ‫[ ܁‬qiao2 jiao3] sojourn, lodge. (2) ‫[ ܅‬pu2] slave, servant, I. (64) ‫[ ܆‬xi1] joy, gladness, delight; surname. (207) ‫[ ܊‬liao2] companion, colleague; officials; bureaucracy; a pretty face. (3) ‫[ ܗ‬seng1 ceng2] Buddhist priest, monk; san of Sanskrit sangha. (2) ‫[ ܙ‬xian4] courageous; martial; dignified. (1) ‫[ ܝ‬jian4 zen4] assume, usurp. (2) ‫[ ܞ‬zhuang4 tong2] page, boy servant. (5) ‫[ ܠ‬bo2] ancient aboriginal tribe. (1) ܶ [jing3] warn; warning. (2) ‫[ ޒ‬jing1] fearful, cautious, wary. (3) ࢳ [hua4 hua2] divide, mark off, lay boundary. (1) ࢴ [zha2 zha1] brief note; official communique. (1) ॡ [kui4 gui4] to lack. (7) ঢ় [yan4] dislike, detest, reject; satiate. (38) ৢ [li4] whetstone; grind, sharpen; whet. (31) మ [sou3 zu2] to set a dog on; incite, instigate. (1) శ [tan4] sigh, admire. (85) హ [jia1] excellent; joyful; auspicious. (18) ీ [xiao1 jiao1] final exclamatory particle. (2) ూ [hui4] sharp. (1) ౄ [ou3] to vomit; annoy, enrage. (7) ె [ze2] interjection of approval or admiration. (1) ే [chang2] taste; experience, experiment. (131) െ [tu2] diagram; chart, map, picture. (46) ລ [chen2] dust, dirt, ashes, cinders. (9) ຮ [shu2] village school; private tutorage. (7) ຯ [lou3] small mound. (1) ຳ [jing4] boundary, frontier; area, region. (40) ູ [yong1] wall; fortified wall; small wall. (1) ໌ [zhui4] fall down, drop, sink, go to ruin. (3) ໞ [duo4 hui1] fall, sink, let fall; degenerate. (8) ༭ [shou4] old age, long life; lifespan. (31) ཕ [huo3] companion; partner; assistant. (2) ྚ [duo2] take by force, rob, snatch. (52) ᄇ [yu4] old woman, hag. (2) ᄑ [di2] legal wife, child of legal wife. (5) ሏ [cha2] examine, investigate; notice. (52) ሑ [gua3] widowed; alone, friendless. (189) ሒ [qin3] sleep, rest; bed chamber. (14) ሔ [wu4] few, scarce; empty, deserted. (5) 607

ሕ [liao2] few, scarce; empty, deserted. (2) ሖ [shi2] real, true, solid, honest. (248) ሗ [ning2 ning4] repose, serenity, peace; peaceful. (87) ሜ [kuan1] broad, wide; spacious, vast. (34) ሽ [dui4] correct, right; facing, opposed. (161) ኒ [luu3] frequently, often, again and again. (7) Ꮂ [zhang4] cliff; mountain barrier. (1) ᒓ [bi4] currency, coins, legal tender. (16) ᔁ [jin3 qin2] a hut; careful. (2) ᔆ [liao4] surname; name of an ancient state. (3) ᔓ [guang3] broad, wide, extensive. (115) ᔺ [bi4] evil, wrong, bad; criminal. (7) ᖠ [zhang1] clear, manifest, obvious. (8) ᝘ [que4] sincerity, honesty; cautious. (1) ᝜ [su4 se4] accuse; sue; inform; narrate. (4) ᝷ [yin1] careful, anxious, attentive. (2) ᝻ [tai4] manner, bearing, attitude. (16) ច [mu4] long for, desire; admire. (28) ដ [can2] ashamed, humiliated; shameful. (11) ឍ [te4 ni4] do evil in secret; evil, vice. (6) ត [tong4] sadness, grief; mourn; be moved. (5) ធ [man4] slow(ly), leisurely, sluggish. (5) ន [guan4] habit, custom; habitually, usually. (2) ឧ [kang1] ardent; generous, magnanimous. (6) ᡚ [jie2] cut off, stop, obstruct, intersect. (65) ᩤ [qian1] extract; seize; pluck up. (2) ᪈ [zhai1] pluck, pick; select; specify. (1) ᪏ [lou3 lou1] hug, embrace; drag, pull. (3) ᪗ [cui1] destroy, break, injure. (9) ᪝ [zhi2] pick up, gather. (1) ᪩ [mo2] trace, copy, duplicate; pattern. (3) ᪭ [biao1 biao4 piao1 piao3] throw out; push out; strike. (4) ᪷ [pie1 pie3 bie1] discard, abandon, throw away. (4) ᰇ [qi2] banner, flag, streamer. (8) ᳒ [chang4] smoothly, freely, unrestrained. (16) ᳔ [hao4] . (1) ᳘ [ji4 jie4] and; attain, reach; confines. (1) ᳞ [mu4] evening, dusk, sunset; ending. (14) ῆ [gu3] paper mulberry. (66) ῌ [bang3] placard; list of successful exam candidates. (3) ῝ [xie4] kiosk, pavilion. (1) ῞ [rong2] glory, honor; flourish, prosper. (37) ῡ [cui1] rafter. (2) Ύ [ta4] cot, couch, bed. (1) ῱ [gao3 kao4] wither; withered, rotten, dead. (4) Ώ [gou4] frame, building, structure. (6) ´ [qiang1] spear, lance; gun, rifle. (1) ‘ [guo3] outer-coffin. (8)

⁑ [mo2 mu2] model, standard, pattern; copy. (3) ⅼ [ge1] song, lyrics; sing, chant; praise. (30) ⇎ [yun3] die, perish; vanish; fall. (1) ⓾ [ying2 xing2] county in Henan; rising and dashing of waves. (7) ┟ [zhi4 chi4] block up, obstruct; stagnant. (10) ┯ [man3] fill; full, satisfied. (18) ┱ [yu2] to fish; seize; pursue; surname. (5) ┲ [piao1 piao4 piao3] float, drift; tossed about. (5) ┶ [qi1] varnish, lacquer, paint. (4) ┿ [lou4] leak, drip; funnel; hour glass. (6) ╄ [yan3] perform, put on; exercise. (2) ╅ [cao2] transport by water; canal transportation. (2) ╒ [han4] the Chinese people, Chinese language. (831) ╛ [man4] overflow of water; spreading. (1) ╜ [zi4 se4] soak, steep; dye; stains; sodden. (2) ╟ [luo4 ta4 lei3] river in northern Shandong. (2) ╣ [zhang1] name of a river in Henan. (2) ╦ [huan4] indecipherable. (1) ╨ [jian4] gradually. (15) ▒ [huang2] expanse of water, lake, pond. (2) ➴ [xi1] put out, extinguish, quash. (2) ➺ [xiong2] a bear; brilliant; bright; surname. (5) ⟉ [xi1 yi2] bright, splendid, glorious. (17) ⡮ [er3] you; that, those; final particle. (265) ⣆ [luo4] brindled ox; brindled in color. (2) ⥴ [yu4] prison, jail; case; lawsuit. (16) ⦂ [ao2] mastiff, large fierce dog. (4) ⪓ [suo3] fragments; trifling, petty; troublesome. (3) ⪔ [yao2] precious jade. (1) ⪚ [ma3] agate; cornelian. (5) ⯁ [yi2] doubt, question, suspect. (159) ⰷ [zhong3] dropsy of the leg. (1) ⱕ [cuo2 chai4] to recover from any disease; an epidemic. (2) ⱖ [shou4] thin, emaciated, lean; meager. (1) ⴑ [jin4 jin3] exhaust, use up; deplete. (288) ⴓ [jian1 jian4] supervise, control, direct. (19) ⶭ [kui2 ji4] staring. (1) ⶯ [rui4] shrewd, astute, clever, keen. (4) ⶽ [sou3] blind; no pupil in the eye. (4) ⻓ [jie2 ke3] stone tablet. (3) ⻗ [bi4] jade; green, blue. (1) ⻙ [shuo4] great, eminent; large, big. (3) ⻝ [dang4] brilliantly colored stone with veined patterns in it. (1) ⻻ [cuo1] polish, buff; scrutinize. (4) ぞ [zhong3 zhong4] seed; race; offspring; to plant. (85) 608

ち [cheng1 chen4 cheng4] call; name, brand; address; say. (199) ぺ [ji4] plough deep; sown slowly. (1) ペ [wa1] hollow; pit; depression; swamp. (2) ボ [yu2 dou1] a small door or window; a hole in the wall to cut through a ㄝ [jie2] put forth great effort; exhaust. (18) ㄟ [duan1] end, extreme; head; beginning. (94) ㆻ [jian1] note, memo; stationery; comments. (6) ㆿ [zheng1] stringed musical instrument; kite. (1) ㇅ [ji1] sieve; dust pan, garbage bag. (8) ㇇ [suan4] count, calculate, figure; plan. (3) ㇈ [jun4 qun1] fine bamboo. (1) ㇑ [guan3] pipe, tube, duct; woodwind music. (82) ㇨ [zhu4 zhuo2] chopsticks. (3) ㋩ [cui4] pure; unadulterated; select. (3) ㋮ [jing1] essence; semen; spirit. (31) ㏌ [zong1] arrange threads for weaving. (1) ㏐ [luu4] green; chlorine. (2) ㏒ [chou2] silk cloth, satin damask. (4) ㏓ [quan3] affectionate, solicitous. (1) ㏖ [qi2] dark grey. variegated. superlative. (1) ㏙ [wan3] . (1) ㏝ [wei2] maintain, preserve, safeguard. (13) ㏞ [qi3 qing4 qing3] embroidered banner. (4) ㏠ [wan3] to string together, to bind up. (1) ㏡ [gang1] heavy rope, hawser; main points. (14) ㏤ [zhui4] patch together, link, connect. (37) ㏨ [lun2] green silk thread or tassel. (1) ㏪ [qi3 yi3] fine thin silk; elegant, beautifu. (1) ㏭ [chuo4 chao1] graceful, delicate; spacious. (2) ㏯ [mian2] cotton wad; wool; soft, downy. (11) ㏵ [zou1] silk of purplish color. (1) ㏺ [jin3] tense, tight, taut; firm, secure. (13) 㐂 [xu4] end of thread; thread. (6) 㖠 [fa2] penalty, fine; punish, penalize. (34) 㘏 [zhai2 di2] surname; a kind of pheasant; plumes. (3) 㘐 [cui4] color green; kingfisher. (2) 㚊 [ju4] assemble, meet together, collect. (37) 㚎 [wen2] hear; smell; make known; news. (281) 㚷 [zhao4] begin, commence, originate. (1) 㞀 [fu3] rot, decay, spoil; rotten. (6) 㞲 [luu3] backbone, spinal column. (1) 㞿 [gao1 gao4] grease, fat; paste, ointment. (20) 㠗 [zang1 cang2] good, right, generous; command. (20) 㡎 [wu3] dance, posture, prance; brandish. (16) 㬧 [tui1] motherwort, various plants of the genus Leonurus, such as L.

㬪 [yi4] art; talent, ability; craft. (2) 㬬 [liao3 lu4] smartweed, polygonum. (1) 㬯 [xu5 su4] clover, lucerne. (3) 㭁 [mie4] disdain, disregard; slight. (10) 㭃 [man4 man2 wan4] creeping plants, tendrils, vines. (5) 㭑 [cai4 sa4] surname; species of tortoise. (36) 㭓 [jiang3] surname; Hydropyrum latifalium. (1) 㭔 [mi4] . (1) 㭕 [cong1] scallions, onions, leeks. (1) 㭭 [bi4] cover, hide, conceal; shelter. (14) 㮆 [qu2] . (2) 㵊 [fei3 fei1] cockroach. (3) 㵙 [tiao2 diao4] cicada, broad locust. (5) 㵞 [yu4 guo1] a fabulous creature like a turtle; a toad. (1) 㵣 [dun1 tun1] . (1) 㵫 [qing1] dragonfly. (1) 㵯 [wan1] creep, crawl. (3) 㶨 [wo1] a snail, Eulota callizoma. (2) 㶲 [lang2] mantis, dung beetle. (1) 㼣 [shang5 shang2 chang2] clothes; skirt; beautiful. (3) 㼤 [pei2 fei2] surname; look of a flowing gown. (2) 㼭 [zhi4] make, manufacture; produce. (1) 㼷 [fu4] repeat, double, overlap. (18) 㼺 [bian3 pian2] cramped, narrow, crowded; mean. (9) 㼿 [xiu4] sleeve; ample flowing robes. (1) 㽀 [he4] coarse woolen cloth; dull, dark. (1) 㽃 [bao3] swaddling cloth; infancy. (1) 䀙 [qiu2] strong. (1) 䂼 [zhi4] write down; record; magazine. (80) 䂽 [ren4] recognize, know, understand. (29) 䃂 [ei2 ei3 ei4 ei1] an exclamation of confirmation. (4) 䃃 [shi4] swear, pledge; oath. (25) 䃆 [bei4] obstinate; disorderly; perverse. (3) 䃈 [you4] persuade, entice, induce; guide. (9) 䃎 [yu3] language, words; saying, expression. (851) 䃑 [jie4] warn, admonish; warning. (3) 䃓 [wu1] make false accusation; defame. (5) 䃔 [wu4] err, make mistake; interfere. (107) 䃕 [gao4] inform, notify, admonish, order. (9) 䃖 [song4] recite, chant, repeat. (23) 䃘 [hui4] teach, instruct; encourage, urge. (11) 䃚 [shuo1 shui4] speak, say, talk; scold, upbraid. (528) 䊘 [xi1] pig, hog. (1) 䊚 [hao2] brave, heroic, chivalrous. (21) 䊼 [mao4] countenance, appearance. (42) 䊽 [li2 mai2] a fox-like animal. (3) 䌃 [bin1] guest, visitor; surname; submit. (218) 䎛 [he4 shi4] bright, radiant, glowing. (12) 609

䏉 [zhao4 diao4] surname; ancient state. (246) 䐬 [ju2 qu4] bent, stooped, crouched; contract. (1) 䑤 [yong3] leap, jump. (1) 䕂 [zhe2] sides of chariot where weapons. (18) 䕄 [fu3] cheek bone; protective; assist. (22) 䕅 [qing1] light; easy, simple; gentle. (92) 䚙 [shi4] match, comfortable; just. (82) 䚝 [zao1] come across, meet with, encounter. (10) 䚞 [zhe1] cover, shield, protect. (3) 䚟 [dun4] deceive, hide, conceal; flee. (1) 䝗 [deng4] surname. (6) 䝝 [zheng4] state in today's Henan; surname. (175) 䝠 [lin2] neighbor; neighborhood. (29) 䝢 [dan1 duo1] county in Hebei province. (6) 䞧 [ku4] strong, stimulating; very. (42) 䞨 [suan1] tart, sour; acid; stiff; spoiled. (2) 䢪 [er4 keng1 er3] erbium. (1) 䢰 [yin2] silver; cash, money, wealth. (7) 䢵 [tong2] copper, brass, bronze cuprum. (5) 䣆 [zhu1] unit of weight, one twenty-fourth of a Chinese ounce (liang). (7) 䣈 [ming2] inscribe, engrave; unforgettably. (76) 䣌 [xian2] bit; hold in mouth, bite; gag. (5) 䣻 [chan2 yan2] . (1) 䣼 [ting3 ding4] ingots, bars of metal; hurry. (1) 䯑 [he2 ai4] blocked or separated; to prevent. (1) 䯓 [ge2] chamber, pavilion; cabinet. (15) 䯘 [gui1] small entrance; women's quarters. (18) 䯙 [min3] Fujian province; a river; a tribe. (2) 䯝 [luu2] village of twenty-five families. (20) 䳗 [sui4] tunnel, underground passageway, path to a tomb. (7) 䳘 [sui2] follow, listen to, submit; to accompany; subsequently, then. (38) 䳼 [ci2] female; feminine; gentle, soft. (4) 䴂 [luo4] black horse with white mane. (2) 䴰 [xu1] need, require, must. (7) 䴶 [ting2] a sudden peal of thunder. (5) 䶵 [yang1 yang4] leather strap over horse's neck. (6) 並 [shao2] music of the emperor Shun; beautiful. (6) 乇 [po1] lean one side; very, rather. (32) 么 [ling3] neck; collar; lead, guide. (45) 伲 [tian3] to obtain by hook. (1) 伹 [xiang3] rations and pay for soldiers. (2) 伺 [yang3] raise, rear, bring up; support. (104) 似 [er3] bait; bait, entice; dumplings. (2) 俩 [ri4] post horse, relay horse. (1) 俭 [zhi2] . (1)

俱 [bo2] varicolored, variegated; mixed; contradict, argue; suddenly. (3) 儔 [xiu1] . (1) 儖 [mao2] flowing hair of young child. (1) 兴 [po4] vigor; body; dark part of moon. (10) 匣 [feng4] male phoenix; symbol of joy. (3) 匤 [ming2] cry of bird or animal; make sound. (31) 匦 [yuan1] kite; Milvus species (various). (1) 哬 [me5 mo5] interrogative final particle; insignificant, small, tiny. (1) 啫 [bi2] nose; first; KangXi radical 209. (7) 啺 [qi2] even, uniform, of equal length. (376)

15 Strokes ‫[ ܥ‬jiang1] stiff and motionless, stock still. (3) ‫[ ܩ‬jia4] price, value. (12) ‫[ ܫ‬pi4] out-of-the-way, remote; unorthodox. (4) ܰ [yi2] ceremony, rites gifts; admire. (56) ܴ [yi4] hundred million; many. (8) ܹ [jian3] temperate, frugal, economical. (29) ܻ [dan1 dan2] a small jar; to bear a burden; a load of two. (3) ࢷ [ju4] theatrical plays, opera, drama. (3) ࢸ [pi1 pi3] cut apart, split, chop. (1) ࢹ [liu2] surname; kill, destroy. (58) ࢼ [gui4] to cut, injure, stab, stick on. (1) ࢽ [jian4] sword, dagger, saber. (24) ౢ [chao2] ridicule, deride, scorn, jeer at. (2) ౨ [fu3] unclear; an expletive; not. (1) ౫ [xi1] mirthful, happy; interjection. (18) ౯ [hei1] be silent, be quiet. (4) ౾ [ye1 yi4] choke; hiccup. (1) ಃ [xu1] exhale; blow out; deep sigh; hiss; praise, flatter; lie. (3) ತ [pen1 pen4] spurt, blow out, puff out. (1) ໎ [zeng1] increase, add to, augment. (15) ໐ [shan4 chan3] smooth, hard spot made level for sacrificial altar. (1) ໘ [mo4] ink; writing. (32) ໟ [duo4] . (1) ໣ [fen2] grave, mound; bulge; bulging. (14) ᄫ [xian2] elegant, refined; skillful. (1) ᄹ [xi1] enjoy; play, amuse oneself. (4) ሙ [shen3] examine, investigate; judge. (11) ማ [xie3] write; draw, sketch; compose. (9) ሞ [liao2] shanty, hut, shack. (2) ሾ [dao3] direct, guide, lead, conduct. (6) ኔ [ceng2] storey, layer, floor, stratum. (17) ን [luu3] footwear, shoes; walk on, tread. (36) Ꮙ [lin2] precipitous. (1) ᒏ [zhi4] flag, pennant; sign; fasten. (2) ᔋ [chan2] a store, shop; ground alloted to a retainer. (4) ᔍ [si1] servant. (4) ᔏ [miao4] temple, shrine; imperial court. (75) 610

ᔑ [wu3] corridor, hallway; luxuriant. (1) ᔒ [fei4] abrogate, terminate, discard. (56) ᕸ [dan4 tan2] pellet, bullet, shot, shell. (10) ᖡ [ying3] shadow; image, reflection; photograph. (3) ᗥ [zheng1 zhi3] summon, recruit; musical note. (40) ᗧ [de2] ethics, morality, virtue. (279) ᗩ [che4] penetrate, pervade; penetrating. (9) ភ [hui4] bright, intelligent; intelligence. (3) ល [song3] to alarm; to instigate, arouse, incite. (1) ឞ [luu4] be concerned, worry about. (63) ហ [wei4] comfort, console, calm. (5) ឦ [qing4] congratulate, celebrate. (27) ឩ [zhi2 zhe2] . (1) ឮ [yu4] lust, desire, passion; appetite. (7) ឲ [you1] sad, grieved; grief, melancholy. (96) ើ [zeng1] hate, detest, abhor; hatred. (18) ៀ [lian2] pity, sympathize. (5) ែ [kui4] confused, troubled, muddle-headed. (1) ោ [qiao2] be worn-out, emaciated, haggard. (3) ៊ [dan4 da2] dread, shrink from, shirk, fear. (19) ។ [fen4] resent, hate; indignant. (8) ៛ [min3] pity, sympathize with, grieve for. (1) ៟ [can3] sorrowful, sad; already, nevertheless. (2) ០ [jue2] wily, time-serving; to feign, to act the hypocrite. (2) ៲ [dong3] understand, comprehend. (1) ᡞ [lu4] kill, massacre; oppress. (16) ᪙ [mo2 ma1] rub, scour, grind; friction. (5) ᪟ [zhi4] sincere, warm, cordial; surname. (5) ᫀ [cheng1] prop up, support; brace; to push off (with a pole). (1) ᫃ [nao2 xiao1] scratch; disturb, bother; submit. (7) ᫎ [zhuang4 chuang2] knock against, bump into, collide. (3) ᫕ [bo1] move; dispel; distribute; plectrum, play stringed instrument. (4) ᫛ [fu3] pat, console, comfort; pacify. (14) ᫝ [bo1] sow, spread; broadcast; cast away, reject. (7) ᫠ [zhuan4 xuan3] compose, write, compile. (3) ᫢ [pu1] pound, beat, strike; attack. (1) ᫫ [ta4] flog, whip; chastise; (Cant.) classifier for places; a tart (from the ᮥ [di2] enemy, foe, rival; resist. (52) ᮧ [fu1] spread, diffuse; apply, paint. (1) ᮨ [shu4 shu3] number; several; count; fate. (330) ᳛ [zan4] temporary. (8)

᳤ [bao4] violent, brutal, tyrannical. (53) ‒ [xi2 die2] a hard wood. (1) ′ [le4 yue4] happy, glad; enjoyable; music. (258) ‵ [cong1 zong1] fir tree. (1) › [fan2] a railing; a fence an enclosed place. (24) ⁃ [lou2] building of two or more stories. (6) ⁉ [biao1] a mark, symbol, label, sign; standard. (9) ⁎ [shu1] door hinge; pivot; center of power. (2) ⁓ [yang4] shape, form, pattern, style. (5) ⅾ [tan4] sigh, admire. (53) ↀ [ou1] used in transliterating non-Chinese words such as Europe, ohm; ↄ [xu1] blow through nose, snort. (1) ⇔ [shang1] die young; national mourning. (14) ⇵ [yi4] resolute, decisive, firm, persist. (13) ┅ [teng2] an ancient state in Shandong province; water bursting forth. (194) ╯ [jiang1] any thick fluid; starch; broth. (2) ╱ [ying3] river in Anhui. (15) ▁ [po1] pour, splash, water, sprinkle; violent, malignant. (1) ▄ [jie2] clean, purify, pure. (7) █ [pan1] surname; water in which rice has been rinsed; a river that flows ▋ [qian2] hide; hidden, secret, latent. (9) ▔ [run4] soft, moist; sleek; freshen. (5) ▖ [lao3 liao2 liao3] to flood; a puddle; without care. (1) ▝ [tan2] deep pool, lake; deep, profound. (3) ▞ [chao2] tide; moist, wet, damp; flow. (10) ■ [kui4] flooding river; militarily defeat. (2) ◇ [jian4] brook, mountain stream. (2) ◶ [fen2 pen1] river bank; river in Henan province; gush. (1) ⟏ [shu2 shou2] well-cooked; ripe; familiar with. (15) ⟡ [re4] hot; heat; fever; restless; zeal. (13) ⥾ [jiang3] prize, reward; give award to. (3) ⪰ [cui3] lustre of gems; glitter; shine. (1) ⪻ [zhang1] jade plaything; jade ornament. (2) ⫌ [huang2] a semicircular jade ornament used as a pendant. (1) ⬼ [ou1] bowl, cup; small tray. (2) ⱎ [yi4] bury, inter. (1) ⱐ [ji2] thin, emaciated; barren. (3) ⴔ [pan2] tray, plate, dish; examine. (17) ⶻ [chen1 tian2] glare with anger. (2) ⷒ [meng2 mang2] eyesight obscured; to feel ashamed. (1) ⻪ [que4] sure, certain; real, true. (26) ⻵ [bang4 pang2] pound; weigh. (4) ⻺ [lei3] pile of rocks or stones; great. (5) ⻼ [tian2] . (3) 611

⼁ [wei2 ai2 wei4] stone mill; grind; break apart. (1) で [ji4 ze4] god of cereals; minister of agriculture. (57) に [dao4] rice growing in field, rice plant. (5) ぬ [jia4] sow grain; sheaves of grain. (4) ね [ji1 qi3] examine, investigate; delay. (27) ば [gu3] corn, grain, cereal; lucky. (4) マ [qiong2] poor, destitute, impoverished. (86) ㇡ [xiang1] case, box, chest, trunk. (1) ㇤ [zhen1 jian3] needle, probe; admon. (3) ㇱ [huang2] bamboo grove; bamboo. (1) ㇴ [fan4] pattern, model, rule, law. (6) ㇶ [zhuan4] seal script; seal, official stamp. (1) ㇷ [pian1] chapter, section, essay, article. (211) ㇻ [qie4] ratton box, suitcase, or case. (28) ㋺ [hu2 hu1 hu4] paste, stick on with paste. (1) 㐈 [jian1] seal, close; bind; letter. (4) 㐊 [xian4] thread, line, wire; clue. (1) 㐍 [ji1 qi4 qi1] to sew in close stitches. (1) 㐐 [di4] tie, join, connect; connection. (1) 㐑 [min2] a fishing-line; cord; string of coins; a paper or straw string. (5) 㐓 [yuan2] hem, margin; reason, cause; karma, fate. (25) 㐘 [bian1] knit, weave; arrange; compile. (16) 㐙 [huan3] slow, leisurely; to postpone, delay. (27) 㐤 [lian4] practice, drill, exercise, train. (3) 㖥 [ma4] accuse, blame, curse, scold. (5) 㖧 [ba5 ba4] cease, finish, stop; give up. (27) 㘖 [jian3] scissors; cut, clip; annhilate. (9) 㘙 [pian1] fly, flutter. (8) 㘜 [hui1] pheasant; variegated; to fly. (4) 㙖 [ou3] plow side by side; team of two. (7) 㟊 [fu1] skin; superficial, shallow. (15) 㟍 [xi1] knee. (2) 㟐 [jiao1] glue, gum, resin, rubber. (7) 㡆 [pu4] store, shop. (1) 㭜 [shu1] vegetables, greens. (1) 㭳 [fan1 fan2] foreign things. (17) 㭾 [qiao2 jiao1] buckwheat. (3) 㮈 [rao2 yao2] fuel, firewood; stubble. (1) 㮎 [zui4 jue2] little, small, tiny; petty. (3) 㮒 [kui4 kuai4] edible amaranth; straw basket. (3) 㮔 [rui2] drooping leaves; fringe soft, delicate. (1) 㮙 [dang4] pond, pool; wash away, cleanse. (30) 㲒 [guo2] name of ancient feudal State in Shenxi and Hunan. (15) 㶇 [huang2] kind of locust. (3) 㶕 [mao2 mou2 wu2] a fly which is used similarly to cantharides. (1) 㶦 [die2] butterfly. (2) 㺋 [wei4] guard, protect, defend. (109)

㺍 [chong1 chong4] rush against, charge ahead. (2) 㽂 [bao1] praise, commend, honor, cite. (16) 㽢 [ku4] trousers, pants. (1) 䃠 [shui2 shei2] who? whom? whose? anyone?. (139) 䃢 [ke4] lesson; course; classwork. (1) 䃩 [fei3] slander, vilify, condemn. (4) 䃬 [yi4] friendship; appropriate, suitable. (100) 䃮 [yin2] speak gently; respectful. (3) 䃯 [diao4 tiao2] transfer, move, change; tune. (35) 䃲 [chan3] flatter, truckle, toady. (9) 䃴 [zhun1] patient, earnest; earnestly. (4) 䃶 [qi1] to cheat. (1) 䃷 [tan2] talk; conversation; surname. (15) 䃹 [wei3] pass buck, lay blame on others. (1) 䃻 [qing3] ask, request; invite; please. (157) 䄂 [liang4] excuse, forgive; guess, presume. (2) 䄃 [jian4] flattering. (2) 䄄 [chu4 ji2 zhu4] . (2) 䄆 [lun4] debate; discuss; discourse. (716) 䄋 [yu2] flatter, truckle. (5) 䄨 [zhu1] several, various. (1161) 䄮 [nuo4] promise; assent, approve. (17) 䉾 [shu4] vertical; perpendicular; upright. (4) 䊛 [yu4] relaxed, comfortable, at ease. (21) 䊾 [ni2] lion; wild beast; wild horse. (1) 䋃 [mao1] cat. (1) 䌌 [ci4 si4] give, bestow favors; appoint. (68) 䌎 [shang3] reward, grant, bestow; appreciate. (38) 䌒 [xian2] virtuous, worthy, good; able. (256) 䌓 [mai4] sell; betray; show off. (8) 䌔 [jian4] mean, low; cheap, worthless. (59) 䌖 [fu4] tax; give; endow; army; diffuse. (25) 䌚 [zhi4] matter, material, substance. (40) 䌛 [ji1] present. (3) 䏓 [qu4] what attracts one's attention. (8) 䑀 [jian4] trample, tread upon, walk on. (14) 䑆 [ji2 qi4] trample on, tread on. (1) 䑎 [ju4] crouch, squat; sit, occupy. (8) 䑏 [chi2] hesitate, undecided; embarrassed. (1) 䑖 [yi3 qi1 ji1 ji3] the shin; to pierce; to touch. (1) 䑗 [cu4 di2] uneasiness, nervousness; level. (1) 䓦 [luo3] bare, nude; undress, strip. (1) 䕉 [zhe2] sides of chariot were weapons. (1) 䕍 [hui1] brightness, luster, brilliance. (2) 䕏 [chuo4] stop, suspend, halt. (8) 䕕 [gun3 hun4] turn round, revolve; roller. (1) 䕖 [nian3 lian3] a hand-cart; to transport by carriage. (1) 䕙 [bei4] generation, lifetime; class. (7) 䕚 [lun2] wheel; revolve, turn; recur. (16) 䚢 [chi2] late, tardy; slow; delay. (27) 612

䚤 [lin2] select, choose; surname. (1)

16 Strokes

䚥 [zun1] obey, comply with, follow; honor. (10) 䚧 [qian1] move, shift, change; transfer. (63) 䚨 [xuan3] choose, select; elect; election. (24) 䚪 [yi2] lose; articles lost; omit. (58) 䚬 [liao2] distant, far. (2) 䚱 [mai4] take a big stride; pass by. (2) 䝦 [kuai4] state in today's Henan province. (1) 䞷 [chun2] rich, good as wine; pure, unmixed. (8) 䞹 [zui4] intoxicated, drunk; addicted to. (14) 䣢 [han4] solder, weld; leg armor, greaves. (2) 䣣 [rui4] sharp, keen, acute, pointed. (10) 䣧 [xiao1] melt, fuse; market, sell; to pass time, finish, cancel. (3) 䣿 [jia2] tongs, pincers; dagger; sword. (2) 䤂 [feng1] point of spear, sharp point. (4) 䤚 [pu4 pu1] spread out, arrange; shop, store; place to sleep, bed. (8) 䯛 [kun3] threshold; women's quarters. (4) 䯡 [yue4] examine, inspect, review, read. (33) 䳚 [xian3] narrow pass, strategic point, dangerous. (29) 䴴 [xiao1] sky; clouds, mist; night. (4) 䴷 [zhen4] shake, quake, tremor; excite. (12) 䶐 [kao4] lean on, trust, depend on; near. (1) 䶸 [ge2 sa3 jia2] . (1) 䶽 [an1] saddle; any saddle-shaped object. (3) 乑 [xie2 jia2 jie2] fly upward, soar; contest; to rob. (4) 乗 [dui3 dui1] . (1) 佂 [nei3] hungry, starving, famished. (10) 佃 [e4] hungry; greedy for; hunger. (10) 佄 [bu4 bu1] eat; dinner time; sunset. (1) 佈 [yu2 ye2] surplus, excess, remainder. (333) 俽 [peng1 pei2] . (1) 倀 [zhu4] to be stationed at, reside at; to stop. (1) 倁 [nu2] tired, old horse; old, weak. (7) 倂 [ju1] colt; fleet, swift; sun; surname. (1) 倄 [zang3 zu4] excellent horse, noble steed. (1) 倅 [jia4] to drive, sail, fly; a cart, carriage. (20) 倏 [si4] team of four horses. (8) 僨 [hai2 gai1] skeleton, body; leg bone. (3) 儞 [fa4 fa3] hair. (8) 償 [ran2] beard; mustache. (2) 冟 [lu3 luu3] foolish, stupid, rash; vulgar. (96) 冤 [fang2] bream. (1) 哮 [hui1] a pennant, flag, banner; to signal to. (4) 哾 [li2] surname; numerous, many; black. (13) 喂 [chi3] teeth; gears, cogs; age; KangXi radical 211. (20)

݂ [ru2] Confucian scholar. (44) ݄ [chou2 dao4] companion, mate, colleague. (2) ݅ [chai2] a company, companion; together. (2) ݈ [jin3] utmost. (2) ް [ji4] hope for; wish; Hebei province. (10) ࠍ [ning2] coagulate; congeal; freeze. (8) ࣁ [ji4] medicinal preparation. (6) ࣃ [yi4] cut off nose. (4) थ [li4] strive; encourage. (4) ౟ [xiao4] roar, howl, scream; whistle. (1) ಘ [qi4] receptacle, vessel; instrument. (52) ಚ [zao4] be noisy; chirp loudly. (1) ಛ [yi1 ai3] belch; alas. (30) ಜ [shi4] bite; gnaw; snap at. (1) ಝ [jiao4 qiao4] shout. (1) ಢ [kuai4 guai4] swallow, gulp down; greedy. (11) ಴ [huo4 o3 huo1] roar. (2) ಶ [hao1] give forth sound, make noise. (1) ໮ [ken3] cultivate, reclaim, to farm land. (1) ໱ [bi4] partition wall; walls of a house. (11) ໵ [yong1 weng4] to obstruct. (1) ໷ [tan2 shan4] altar; arena, examination hall. (1) ྞ [fen4] strive, exert effort; arouse. (14) ᅆ [bi4] favorite; a minion. (12) ᅇ [shan4 chan2] succession to the throne. (1) ᅉ [qiang2] lady. (1) ᅤ [ying2] to win; to have a surplus; surname. (5) ᆨ [xue2] learning, knowledge; school. (349) Ꮫ [ye4] . (1) ᔗ [qiang2 se4] wall. (2) ᔙ [lin3 lan3] granary; stockpile, store. (6) ᗬ [jiao4 jiao3] frontier, border; inspect, patrol. (14) េ [ping2] lean on, depend on, rely on. (8) ំ [yin4 xin4] cautious; willing; but, moreover. (1) ២ [xian4] constitution, statute, law. (28) ៦ [yi4] remember, reflect upon; memory. (2) ៮ [han4] to regret, remorse; dissatisfied. (17) ៱ [xuan1 huan1 huan2] anxious, distressed. (1) ៸ [xie4] idle, relaxed, remiss. (1) ᡠ [zhan4] war, fighting, battle. (120) ᫱ [yong1] embrace, hug, squeeze; crowd. (6) ᫵ [shan4] monopolize; claim; arbitrarily; to dare. (9) ᫷ [ze2] select, choose, pick out. (54) ᫽ [cao1 cao4] conduct, run, control, manage. (19) ᬀ [huan4 juan3] to put on. (1) ᬄ [dan1 dan4] carry, bear, undertake. (8) 613

ᬊ [ju4] to occupy, take possession of; a base. (32) ᬝ [huo4 wo4] trap catch animals, snare; seize. (1) ᮤ [zheng3] orderly, neat, tidy; whole. (15) ᳰ [yi4] stormy; cloudy, misty; dim; (Cant.) sultry. (1) ᳶ [li4] calendar, era. (20) ᳹ [xiao3] dawn, daybreak; clear, explicit. (8) ⁢ [er4 zhi4] jujube. (1) ⁨ [pu3 pu2] simple, honest; plain; rough. (7) ⁩ [shu4] tree; plant; set up, establish. (45)  [zun1] goblet; jar, jug; lush. (1) ⁵ [mo2] a beech tree. (2) ⁸ [rao2 nao2] bent or twisted piece of wood; a paddle. (5) ⁻ [qiao2] bridge; beam, crosspiece. (11) ₀ [tuo2 du4] a sack, a bag opening at both ends. (5) ₈ [ju2] orange, tangerine. (3) ₋ [jue2] a post, a stake; an axle. (1) ₏ [ji1] machine; moment, chance. (12) ₛ [heng2] across, horizontal, lateral. (29) ₠ [gao1] a spar. (3) ₷ [zui4] wooden rammer or pestle; place. (1) ↉ [she4 xi1 xi4] to suck; a county's name in anhui. (1) ↧ [li4] take place, past, history. (35) ⇛ [dan1] utmost, entirely, quite; use up. (3) ◔ [ze2 shi4] marsh, swamp; grace, brilliance; damp, moist; fertile. (44) ◞ [kuai4 hui4] irrigation ditch, trench; river. (1) ◦ [chan2 dan4] still water, placid, tranquil. (1) ◩ [dan4 tan2] calm, quiet, tranquil. (1) ◰ [ji1] arouse, excite, incite; quickly. (15) ◱ [zhuo2] muddy, turbid, dirty, filthy. (14) ◺ [hui4 wei4] vast, expansive, deep; dirty. (1) ⟩ [xi1] dim light, glimmer; warm, bright. (4) ⟮ [chi4] burning-hot, intense; to burn, blaze; splendid, illustrious. (2) ⟻ [jiao1 qiao2] scorch, burn, scald; torch. (2) ⠂ [shao1] burn; bake; heat; roast. (8) ⠄ [fan2 fen2] to roast; to burn. (1) ⠅ [yan4 yan1] swallow (bird); comfort, enjoy. (122) ⠏ [ying2] encampment, barracks; manage. (15) ⠐ [yu4 ao4] warm; warmth. (1) ⠗ [sui4] flintstone; beacon, signal fire; torch. (1) ⦘ [du2] alone, single, solitary, only. (122) ⦢ [huo4] obtain, get, receive; seize. (40) ⫎ [pu2] unpolished gem, uncarved gem. (6) ⫓ [ji1] pearl that is not quite round. (1) ⬒ [piao2] ladle made from dried gourd. (1) ⭁ [zeng4] boiler for steaming rice, pot. (2)

ⱳ [long2] weakness, infirmity retention of urine. (3) ⳑ [hao4] bright; brilliant. (1) ⴗ [lu2 luu2] cottage, hut; surname; black. (3) ⷊ [shun4] . (3) ⷠ [kan4] watch, spy; overlook; look down. (3) ⼊ [zhuan1] tile, brick. (1) ⼘ [mo2 mo4] grind; polish; rub; wear out; a millstone. (17) ⼜ [qing4] musical instrument; musical stone. (1) ⿚ [chan2 shan4] meditation, contemplation (dhyana); to level ground for ぶ [mu4] majestic, solemn, reverent; calm. (41) ぽ [ji1] accumulate, store up, amass. (41) ま [ying3] rice tassel; sharp point; clever. (8) ユ [ju4 lou2] poor, impoverished. (1) リ [kui1] peep, watch, spy on, pry. (11) ㇹ [zhu2 yuan2] build, erect; building. (20) ㈑ [cuan4] usurp. (3) ㈔ [du3] deep, true, sincere, genuine. (5) ㈣ [bi4] wicker, bamboo. (2) ㌇ [qiu3] parched wheat or rice; broken grain. (1) 㐸 [ying2] entangle, entwine, coil. (2) 㑅 [yun1] tangled hemp, raveled silk; vague, confused. (1) 㑇 [cui1 sui1 shuai1] sackcloth worn on breast during. (2) 㑋 [fu4] to tie. (7) 㑍 [zhen3 chen1] detailed, fine; closely woven. (2) 㑎 [gao3] white raw silk. (1) 㑐 [hu2] crepe. (3) 㑒 [teng2] bind, tie up, restrain; cord. (3) 㑓 [xian4] county, district, subdivision. (50) 㑗 [tao1] silk cord, ribbon. (1) 㑛 [feng4 feng2] sew, mend. (6) 㗢 [xi1] ancient emperor; breath, vapor. (1) 㘠 [han4] writing brush, pen, pencil. (4) 㙘 [nou4] hoe, rake; weed. (3) 㟣 [shan4] meals, provisions, board. (1) 㠫 [zhen1] reach, arrive; utmost, superior. (2) 㠸 [xing4 xing1] thrive, prosper, flourish. (51) 㠹 [ju3] raise, lift up; recommend. (191) 㮝 [xiao1] common artemisia; sighing of wind; mournful; dejected. (61) 㮰 [yun4] the hippuris or mare's tail plant. (1) 㮴 [bo2 bao2 bo4] thin, slight, weak; poor, stingy. (60) 㮵 [hao1] to weed; to eradicate. (1) 㮷 [wei1] Osmunda regalis, a species of fern. (1) 㮸 [hui4] luxuriant, flourishing, abundant. (2) 㮺 [ji4] circium, thistles; surname. (1) 㯉 [ti4 zhi4] weed; shave. (1)

614

㯋 [xue1] kind of marsh grass; feudal state. (24) 㯖 [jian4] offer, present; recommend. (23) 㯘 [hong1] death of prince; swarming. (1) 㯚 [xin1] fuel, firewood; salary. (28) 㶽 [rong2] melt, fuse; blend, harmonize. (11) 㷏 [ming2] kind of caterpillar, larva. (1) 㺑 [heng2] measure, weigh, judge, consider. (29) 㽳 [bao1 pou2] commend, honor, cite. (1) 㿖 [yu2] desire strongly, covet, long for. (3) 㿚 [qin1 qing4] relatives, parents; intimate. (238) 䄌 [die2 xie4] an intelligence report; to spy; spying. (2) 䄐 [xuan1] noisy, uproarious; forget. (1) 䄔 [e4] honest speech, straightforward. (8) 䄗 [xie2] harmonize, agree; joke, jest. (10) 䄛 [jian4 lan4] remonstrate, admonish. (38) 䄝 [yu4 tou3] proclaim, instruct; edict. (19) 䄞 [zi1] consult, confer; communicate in. (3) 䄡 [hui4] conceal; shun; regard as taboo. (17) 䄣 [an1 tou3] versed in, fully acquainted with. (1) 䄧 [feng3] recite, incant; satirize. (1) 䄪 [yan4] proverb, maxim. (6) 䄬 [xuan1] forget; lie, cheat, deceive. (1) 䄰 [mou2] plan, scheme; strategem. (68) 䄱 [ye4 ai3] visit, pay respects to. (7) 䄲 [wei4] say, tell; call, name; be called. (678) 䅄 [xue4] jeer. (2) 䌤 [lai4] rely, depend on; accuse falsely. (10) 䏖 [zi1] unable to move; to falter. (1) 䑠 [yu2 yao2] exceed, transgress; cross over. (15) 䑡 [duo2] stroll, pace, walk slowly. (1) 䑤 [yong3] leap, jump. (2) 䑥 [zhong3] heel; follow; visit, call on. (7) 䑦 [di4 zhi4] paw. (1) 䑭 [ju3] to walk alone; self-reliant. (2) 䑴 [ti2] hoof; leg of pork; little witch. (13) 䑹 [cuo1] error, mistake, slip; failure. (2) 䕟 [ji2] gather up, collect; edit, compile. (4) 䕨 [shu1] transport, carry, haul. (23) 䕫 [fu2] spokes of wheel. (2) 䗖 [ban4] manage, do, handle; deal with. (1) 䗘 [bian4] distinguish, discriminate. (74) 䚭 [ju4 qu2] suddenly, unexpectedly; at once. (13) 䚯 [bi4] avoid; turn aside; escape; hide. (16) 䚲 [xie4] unexpected meeting; encounter by. (1) 䚴 [hai2 huan2] still, yet, also, besides. (39) 䚵 [zhan1] hesitant, faltering. (1) 䝩 [zou1 ju4] name of a state; surname. (1) 䟂 [xing3] wake up; sober up; startle. (6)

䟌 [chou3] ugly looking, homely; disgraceful. (1) 䤨 [ju4] a saw; to saw; amputate. (2) 䤴 [lu4] copy, write down, record. (46) 䥀 [zhui1] gimlet, awl, drill, auger; bore. (2) 䥉 [zi1] 8 oz; an ancient unit of weight. (1) 䥒 [qian2] money, currency, coins. (44) 䥖 [jin3] brocade, tapestry; embroidered. (4) 䥛 [xi1] tin, stannum; bestow, confer. (2) 䥞 [gu4] run metal into cracks; confine. (1) 䥟 [cuo4] error, blunder, mistake, wrong. (31) 䥢 [lu4 luu4] copy. (1) 䦱 [ye2] . (1) 䯫 [yan2] village gate; surname. (2) 䯬 [e4 yu4] block, obstruct, stop up, conceal. (1) 䯭 [hun1] gatekeeper; gate, door. (1) 䳠 [xi2 xie4] low, damp land, marsh, swamp. (1) 䳡 [yin3] hide, conceal; hidden, secret. (240) 䴅 [diao1] engrave, inlay, carve; exhaust; used for U+9D70 厠 an eagle, 䴽 [huo4 he4] quickly, suddenly; surname. (55) 䵃 [ni2] rainbow; variegated, colored. (4) 䶌 [jing4] quiet, still, motionless; gentle. (594) 乔 [yi2] cheeks; jaw; chin; rear; to nourish. (6) 九 [tou2 tou5] head; top; chief, first; boss. (37) 也 [kui2] cheekbone. (1) 习 [jia2] cheeks, jaw. (1) 乧 [han4] chin, jowl; give nod. (1) 乨 [jing3] neck, throat. (8) 乩 [tui2] ruined, decayed; disintegrate. (3) 乫 [pin2] frequently, again and again. (11) 佀 [can1] eat, dine; meal; food. (3) 佘 [guan3] public building. (11) 倒 [pian2] team of horses; associate, join. (20) 倝 [hai4] terrify, frighten, scare; shock. (4) 倠 [yin1] grey horse. (2) 冰 [tuo2] snakefish. (1) 净 [tai2] blowfish, globefish, tetraodon. (1) 凁 [bao4] abalone; dried fish; surname. (4) 凂 [fu4] carp, carassicus auratus. (2) 华 [xiao1] owl. (4) 协 [chi1 zhi1] kite, horned owl; wine cups. (2) 唄 [qian2] black; Guizhou. (1) 唈 [mo4] silent; quiet, still; dark. (15) 喽 [long2] dragon; symbolic of emperor. (27)

17 Strokes ‫[ ݏ‬chang2] repay, recompense; restitution. (10) ‫[ ݚ‬you1] superior, excellent; actor. (14) ‫[ ݢ‬chu3] to save money, store, reserve; an heir. (3) ವ [ru2] talk indistinctly and falteringly. (3) ಷ [xia4 he4] scare, frighten; intimidate. (3)

615

಼ [ji4 jie1] to sip; (Cant.) aspect marker of excessive extent. (1) ೞ [xiang4] guide, direct; incline to, favor. (1) ໽ [qian4] moat around a city. a channel. (1) ༁ [he4 huo4] bed of torrent, narrow ravine. (9) ༃ [ya1] press; oppress; crush; pressure. (7) ༉ [kuang4] tomb, grave: prairie; open wilderness. (1) ᅠ [ying1] baby, infant; bother. (23) ᆪ [ru2] child; blood relation; affection. (19) ኘ [ju4] straw sandals; tread on. (7) Ꮺ [ling3] mountain ridge, mountain peak. (6) ᒛ [bang1] to help, assist; to defend; shoe upper. (1) ᒜ [chou2 dao4] cover up; curtain. (1) ᕼ [mi2] extensive, full; fill; complete. (11) ᗭ [hui1] a badge, insignia. (1) ៳ [qin2] courteous, cordial; zealous. (2) ៷ [ken3] sincere, earnest, cordial. (2) ៹ [ying1 ying4] should, ought to, must. (252) ៻ [mao4] splendid, grand, majestic. (2) ᠕ [zhi4] angry, enraged, resentful; hate. (5) ᠖ [nuo4] weak, timid, cowardly. (4) ᠗ [nuo4] . (1) ᡢ [xi4] theatrical play, show. (29) ᡤ [dai4] wear on top; support. (20) ᫺ [ji1] strike, hit, beat; attack, fight. (46) ᬈ [bo4 bai1] thumb; break, tear open, rip. (2) ᬐ [ji3] crowd, squeeze, push against. (5) ᬒ [zhuo2] pull up, draw up; select. (7) ᬜ [ni3] draft; intend, plan, propose. (55) ᬠ [ning2 ning3] pinch; twist, wring; determined. (1) ᬢ [zhi4] throw (down), hurl, cast, fling. (1) ᮱ [yi4 du4] dislike; be weary of; explain. (1) ᮲ [lian3] draw back, fold back; collect. (10) ᮳ [bi4] kill; die violent death. (12) ₮ [shu1 qiao1] the hole in the center of a wheel accommodating the axle ₰ [tan2 shan4] sandalwood, hardwood; surname. (49) ₴ [xi2] call arms; urgency. (4) ⃏ [jia3] small evergreen shrub. (7) ⃒ [jian3] check; examine. (9) ℋ [zhi4] comb out; weed out, eliminate. (3) ↌ [chu4] furious; wrathful. (4) ↏ [yu2] a final particle used to express admiration, doubt, surprise, or to ∸ [zhan1] felt; rug, carpet. (1) ★ [shi1] wet, moist, humid, damp; an illness. (3) ☎ [bi4 pi4] . (6) ☏ [ji4 ji3] to help, aid, relieve; to ferry, cross. (40) ☐ [hao2] moat, trench, ditch. (4) ☑ [ru2 ruan3] immerse, moisten; wet, damp. (2)

☛ [lan4] flood, overflow; excessive. (6) ☞ [pu2] county in Henan province. (7) ☟ [zhuo2 shuo4] wash out, rinse; cleanse. (7) ☡ [bin1] beach, sea coast; river bank. (6) ⠝ [zhu2] candle, taper; to shine, illuminate. (4) ⠞ [xie4] harmonize, blend; adjust. (3) ⡥ [jue2] feudal title or rank. (40) ⡶ [qiang2] wall. (12) ⦞ [xian3 mi2] hunt; autumn hunting; to capture with a fine net. (1) ⫠ [huan2] jade ring or bracelet; ring. (13) ⭃ [pi4] glazed tiles, bricks. (1) ⭄ [dan1] big jar. (1) Ⳕ [po2 pan2] white, grey; corpulent. (2) ⳕ [hao4] bright, brilliant. (2) ⴚ [dang4] to toss about; to swing; to rock. (1) ⷜ [shun4] wink, blink; in a wink, a flash. (1) ⷝ [liao3 liao4] bright, clear; clear-sighted. (1) ⷟ [xian2 jian4] to peep; to spy. (4) ⸟ [jiao3 jiao2] correct, rectify, straighten out. (8) ⼮ [di1] . (1) ⿖ [yu4] defend, resist, hold out against. (11) ⿞ [li3] social custom; manners; courtesy; rites. (508) ㈻ [gui3] a square basket of bamboo for holding grain used at sacrifices, ㉗ [huang2] reed of woodwind instrument. (1) ㌌ [mi2 mei2] rice gruel, congee; mashed. (2) ㌎ [fen4] manure, dung, night soil. (4) ㌏ [zao1] sediment, dregs; pickle. (7) ㌐ [kang1] chaff, bran, husks; poor. (3) 㑞 [suo1] contract, draw in, reduce. (5) 㑡 [zong4] indulge in, give free reign to. (44) 㑢 [lei2] a chain or rope used bind criminals. (1) 㑥 [man4] plain silk; simple, plain. (1) 㑦 [zhi2] confine, tie up; imprison, shackle. (2) 㑧 [luu3] thread; detailed, precise. (8) 㑫 [mi2] halter for ox; tie up, harness. (3) 㑭 [zong3] collect; overall, altogether. (78) 㑮 [ji4] spin; achievements. (5) 㑱 [fan2] complicated, complex, difficult. (17) 㑶 [mou2 jiu1 miao4] wind around, bind; prepare. (8) 㑷 [yao2 zhou4 you2] reason, cause. (14) 㑸 [qiang3] string of copper coins; swaddling clothes. (3) 㖮 [zeng1] a large square net, lowered and raised from the bank of the river. 㘣 [yi4] shade, screen; to hide, screen. (5) 㘦 [ao5] . (1) 㘬 [yi4] wings; fins on fish; shelter. (14) 㚟 [lian2] connect, join; associate, ally. (75) 㚠 [cong1] intelligent, clever, bright. (13)

616

㚢 [sheng1] sound, voice, noise; tone; music. (221) 㚣 [song3] urge on; rise up; stir, excite; to raise up; lofty. (1) 㟭 [dan3] gall bladder; bravery, courage. (4) 㟮 [kuai4] minced meat or fish. (4) 㟲 [bi4 bei5] arm. (7) 㟶 [yi4] chest, breast, bosom; thought. (2) 㟺 [sao1 sao4] rank; rancid; frowzy, fetid; bashful. (1) 㠘 [lin2] draw near, approach; descend. (38) 㠺 [jiu4] old, ancient; former, past. (40) 㢡 [jian1] difficult, hard; distressing. (7) 㯠 [xun1] a medicinal herb; to cauterize. (1) 㯱 [gao3] straw, hay; dry, withered. (1) 㯹 [jie4 ji2] mat, pad; rely on; pretext. (44) 㯻 [di2 diao4] . (1) 㯽 [lan2] blue; indigo plant; surname. (16) 㯿 [cang2 zang4] hide, conceal; hoard, store up. (31) 㰀 [miao3 mo4] disregard, slight, disdain. (8) 㲗 [kui1] lose, fail; damage; deficient. (3) 㷛 [shi4 zhe1] poison; sting; poisonous insect. (5) 㷜 [cao2] grubs in fruit. (1) 㷣 [tang2] mantis. (1) 㷫 [lou2] a mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis. (3) 㷰 [shuai4] cricket. (1) 㷻 [xi1] cricket. (1) 㽫 [xie4] dirty, ragged; slight, insult, treat with disrespect. (1) 㽴 [xiang1] aid, help, assist; undress. (192) 㿜 [ji4] covet, long for, desire. (4) 㿟 [gou4] meet or see unexpectedly. (5) 䅇 [bang4] slander, libel. (15) 䅉 [qian1] humble, modest. (13) 䅊 [shi4 yi4] to confer posthumous titles. (3) 䅋 [jiang3] explain; discuss; talk. (31) 䅍 [xie4] thank; decline. (29) 䅎 [he4 xiao1 xue4] . (3) 䅐 [yao2] sing; folksong, ballad; rumor. (1) 䅘 [mo2] scheme, plan; plan; be without. (7) 䅧 [ao2] slander; to revile; huge; big. (5) 䉱 [huo1 huo4] open up, clear; exempt. (5) 䊣 [bin1 ban1] a Zhou-dynasty state. (1) 䌬 [gou4] buy, purchase; hire. (1) 䌵 [zhui4] unnecessary, superfluous. (15) 䏘 [qu1] hasten, hurry; be attracted to. (41) 䑷 [jian3] lame, crippled; unlucky. (6) 䑸 [dao3] stamp feet; dance. (9) 䑺 [xi1 qi1] footpath, trail; track. (3) 䑻 [ta4] step on, tread on; stumble, slip. (1) 䑽 [zhan3 nian3] upper millstone; to grind, roll, triturate. (3) 䕮 [zhan3 nian3] turn over, roll. (2) 䕯 [yu2] cart, palanquin; public opinion. (29)

䕲 [gu3] hub of wheel. (7) 䕵 [yuan2] axle; magistrate's office; surname. (4) 䚷 [er3] be near, be close; recently. (12) 䚸 [miao3] far, distant, remote; slight. (1) 䟒 [hai3] minced pickled meat; mince. (2) 䦋 [duan4] forge metal; temper, refine. (2) 䦮 [zhong1] cup, glass, goblet; surname. (16) 䯺 [kuo4] broad, ample, wide; be apart. (3) 䯼 [lan2] door screen; railing fence. (2) 䳣 [hui1] to destroy; to overthrow. (2) 䳨 [li4] be subservient to; servant. (23) 䴆 [sui1] although, even if. (350) 䵌 [shuang1] frost; crystallized; candied. (5) ䷐ [ju1] bow, bend; rear, raise, nourish. (1) 七 [han2] fence; surname; Korea. (536) 仧 [biao1] whirlwind. (1) 作 [hu2] porridge, gruel, congee; paste. (1) 佡 [hou2] dry goods, dry provisions. (1) 佥 [wei4] to feed, to raise. (1) 値 [xie4] drum. (2) 倧 [song3] . (1) 倱 [cheng3] gallop horse; hasten, hurry. (5) 倲 [xing1] red, brown, bay; neat, harmonious. (1) 僰 [bi4] buttocks; thigh, thigh bone. (2) 儭 [zhua1] to dress the hair. (1) 养 [tui2 chui2] bear. (1) 兿 [wei4] kingdom of Wei; surname. (140) 冶 [ji4 ci3] fish. (1) 凛 [jiao1] shark. (1) 凞 [xian1 xian3] fresh, new, delicious; rare, few. (38) 卫 [hong2] species of wild swan; vast. (4) 咻 [mi2] elk; surname. (11) 唋 [dai4] blacken eyebrows; black. (2) 唌 [chu4] dismiss; demote, downgrade. (9) 唍 [you3 yi1] black. (1) 唎 [dian3] dot, speck, spot; point, degree. (18) 唫 [fu2] special pattern of embroidery. (1) 唯 [yuan2] large turtle, sea turtle. (4) 啻 [zhai1] vegetarian diet; study; to fast, abstain. (8) 善 [chen4] lose baby teeth and get adult teeth. (1) 嗌 [gui1] turtle or tortoise; cuckold. (13) 嗐 [yue4] flute; pipe, ancient measure. (1)

18 Strokes ਒ [cong2] bush, shrub; thicket; collection. (5) ೉ [nie4 yao3] bite, gnaw. (2) ༈ [lei3] rampart, military wall. (3) ᠏ [dui4] hate, abhor; hatred, resentment. (1) ᠓ [men4] be sick at heart, sorrowful, sad. (2) ᡣ [chuo1] prick, stab; stamp, seal, chop. (9) ᬮ [rao3] disturb, annoy, agitate. (5) ᯧ [duan4] sever, cut off; interrupt. (171) 617

ᴐ [kuang4] extensive, wide, broad; empty. (7) ⃞ [tao2 chou2] block of wood; blockhead; stupid. (1) ⃫ [kan3 jian4] threshold, door-sill. (6) ↨ [gui1] return; return to, revert to. (175) ☪ [jian4] sprinkle, spray; spill, splash. (4) ☹ [xie4] drain off, leak; flow, pour down. (4) ⠷ [ruo4] burn. (2) ⦥ [lie4] hunt; field sports. (6) ⫗ [bi4] piece of jade with hole in it. (21) Ⲃ [yu4] get well, recover. (1) ⷫ [zhan1] look; look out for; respect. (6) ⷭ [gu3] blind; blind musician; stupid. (7) ⷯ [qu2 ju4] surname. (2) ⷷ [meng2 meng1] stupid, ignorant; blind. (24) ⸡ [yue1 huo4] measure, standard, criterion. (1) ⽑ [bo2] fill, extend. (3) ⿠ [mi2 ni3] one's deceased father. (1) ⿡ [dao3] pray; entreat, beg, plead; prayer. (6) ゑ [se4] farm, harvest grain; stingy. (2) を [hui4] dirty, unclean; immoral, obscene. (1) ヴ [cuan4] run away; revise, edit; expel. (1) ヵ [qiao4] hole, opening, aperture. (14) ㉎ [dan1] small bamboo basket for holding. (4) ㉑ [jian3] simple, terse, succinct; letter. (23) ㌗ [liang2] food, grain, provisions. (14) 㒄 [zhi1] weave, knit; organize, unite. (9) 㒊 [liao2 rao3] wind round, rap around, bind. (1) 㒐 [rui3] hang. (1) 㒝 [jian3] cocoon; callus, blister. (1) 㘩 [qiao4] turn up, lift, elevate, raise. (4) 㘪 [ao2] soar, roam. (2) 㘫 [fan1] flip over, upset, capsize. (4) 㚦 [nie4 zhe2] whisper; surname. (1) 㚧 [zhi2] duty, profession; office, post. (38) 㰌 [li2] Chenopodium album, pigweed. (1) 㰍 [yi4] art; talent, ability; craft. (17) 㰕 [yao4] drugs, pharmaceuticals, medicine. (15) 㰙 [fan1] fence; boundary; outlying border. (3) 㰚 [sou3 shu3] marsh, swamp; wild country; clump of trees or bushes. (3) 㸜 [chan2] cicada; continuous. (10) 㸢 [chong2 zhong4] worms; insects. (15) 㸶 [chai4] a kind of scorpion; a sting in the tail. (1) 㾏 [jin1] lapel, collar. (2) 㾶 [fu4] cover; tip over; return; reply. (47) 䀤 [shang1] wine vessel; propose toast; feast. (5) 䅖 [qing4 qing3] to speak softly. (2) 䅜 [miu4] error, exaggeration; erroneous. (11) 䅣 [ou1 xu2] to sing; songs. (3) 䅩 [jin3] prudent, cautious; attentive. (18) 䅮 [man2] deceive, insult. (1)

䊀 [feng1] abundant, lush, bountiful, plenty. (22) 䌮 [ze2] abstruse, deep, profound. (6) 䒉 [cu4] urgent, suddenly; grieve, lament. (1) 䒔 [zong1] footprints, traces, tracks. (1) 䒷 [chu2] hesitate, falter, be undecided. (7) 䓰 [qu1] body. (3) 䕹 [zhuan3 zhuan4] shift, move, turn. (387) 䚺 [bian1] edge, margin, side, border. (39) 䟚 [lao2] unclear wine, wine with dregs. (1) 䟛 [yi1] cure, heal; doctor, medical. (11) 䟜 [jiang4] any jam-like or paste-like food. (2) 䠀 [li2 xi3 xi1] manage, control; 1/1000 of a foot. (2) 䧄 [rong2] fuse, melt, smelt; mold. (2) 䧋 [bo2] large bell; hoe, spade. (1) 䧞 [zhen4] town, market place; suppress. (8) 䧠 [yi4] measure of weight for gold. (2) 䧨 [juan1] engraving tool; carve, engrave. (1) 䧼 [mo4] sword. (1) 䰂 [ta4] upper-story door or window. (1) 䰄 [he2] close; whole, entire; all; leaf. (12) 䰅 [que4 que1] watch tower; palace. (24) 䳤 [long3] mountain located between Shanxi. (5) 䴉 [shuang1] set of two, pair, couple; both. (62) 䴋 [chu2 ju2] chick, fledging; infant, toddler. (1) 䴌 [za2] mixed, blended; mix, mingle. (31) 䴍 [yong1] marsh; pool; harmonious. (2) 䴎 [ji1] chickens; domestic fowl. (15) 䴒 [li2] leave, depart; go away; separate. (212) 䵓 [yun3] fall. (6) 䵗 [wu4] fog, mist, vapor, fine spray. (3) ䷝ [bian1] whip; whip; string of firecrackers. (16) 乼 [ti2] forehead; title, headline; theme. (16) 乽 [e2] forehead; tablet, plaque; fixed. (5) 乿 [yan2] face, facial appearance. (46) 亃 [zhuan1] good, honest; simple; respectful. (22) 倵 [zhui1] piebald horse. (2) 倾 [qi2] ride horseback; mount; cavalry. (28) 倿 [qi2] piebald horse; excellent horse. (4) 儴 [ti4 di2] . (1) 儶 [song1] lax, loose; loosen, relax. (3) 凱 [geng3] fish bones; honest, upright. (1) 凹 [li3] carp. (1) 厍 [e2] goose. (8) 厐 [hu2 gu3] target. (2) 咿 [jun1] . (1) 唐 [xia2] sly, cunning, shrewd; artful. (1) 唲 [chao2 zhao1] a kind of sea turtle; surname. (9) 啖 [diao1] . (1) 喅 [he2] gnaw, bite, nibble. (3) 618

㰴 [qi2 ji1] variety of artemisia seek. (5) 㰷 [su1] revive, resurrect; a species of thyme; transliteration of 'Soviet'. (30) 㰺 [yun4] collect, gather, store; profound; (Budd.) skandha. (5) 㰻 [ping2] apple. (1) 㱗 [qu2 ju4] a plant which resembles wheat but has no edible grain. (2) 㸩 [xie4] crab, brachyura. (2) 㸪 [shan4 dan4] earthworm. (1) 㸫 [yi3] ants. (13) 㸻 [zhu2] caterpillar. (1) 㾚 [wa4] socks, stockings. (7) 䅹 [zheng4] proof, evidence; testify, verify. (73) 䅿 [ji1] ridicule, jeer, mock; inspect. (6) 䆆 [zen4 jian4] to slander. (1) 䆈 [shi2 zhi4] recognize, understand, know. (69) 䆉 [qiao4 qiao2] tower; surname. (1) 䆊 [tan2] surname; to talk. (2) 䆌 [pu3] register, list, table; musical score. (1) 䆖 [jing3] guard, watch; alert, alarm. (3) 䌸 [zeng4] give present; bestow, confer. (6) 䌺 [zan4] help, support, assist, aid. (31) 䒤 [cu4 jiu5 zu2] kick; tread on; leap; solemn. (1) 䒦 [jue2 jue3 gui4] stumble, fall down; trample. (1) 䒫 [qiao1 jue1 jiao3] to raise the feet; to cross the legs; brave; sandals. (1) 䕽 [zhe2] wagon ruts, wheel tracks. (4) 䗝 [ci2] words, speech, expression, phrase. (609) 䧳 [zu2 chuo4 cu4] arrowhead, barb; swift, quick. (2) 䨁 [di2] dysprosium; the barb of an arrow; the head of a javelin. (1) 䨎 [yong1] a large bell used as a musical instrument. (2) 䨑 [jing4] mirror; lens; glass; glasses. (6) 䨔 [lou4 luu2] carve, inlay, engrave, tattoo. (4) 䰋 [tang2] . (1) 䰌 [guan1] frontier pass; close; relation. (79) 䰎 [kan4 han3] glance, peep; roar, growl. (1) 䴓 [nan2 nan4] difficult, arduous, hard; unable. (195) 䶑 [mi2 mi3] divide, disperse, scatter. (21) ䷥ [xie2] shoes; boots. (1) 丫 [yun4] rhyme; vowel. (53) 予 [yuan4] desire, want; wish; ambition. (95) 争 [sang3] the forehead; to kowtow. (5) 事 [dian1] top, peak, summit; upset. (12) 于 [lei4] class, group, kind, category. (280) 仯 [fan1 fan2] sail. (1) 佹 [jin3] time of famine or crop failure. (3) 偎 [huo1 huo4] . (1)

19 Strokes ‫[ ݣ‬chan2 chan4] obstinate; stupid; uneven; mix. (1) ध [rang2 xiang1] urgent; in haste, hurriedly; help. (3) न [quan4] recommend, advise, urge. (35) ೚ [dan4] . (1) ೤ [yan2] strict, rigorous, rigid; stern. (19) ༎ [huai4] bad, spoil(ed), ruin, destroy. (12) ᆭ [nie4] evil; son of concubine; ghost. (7) ሥ [chong3 long2] favorite, concubine; favor. (29) ᏶ [rong2 hong1 ying2] . (2) ᔜ [lu2 luu2] hut, cottage; name of a mountain. (23) ᠢ [cheng2] punish, reprimand; warn. (7) ᠧ [huai2] bosom, breast; carry in bosom. (31) ᬰ [pan1] climb; pull; hang on to. (1) ℃ [lu3] oar, scull; row. (1) ℌ [gao1] quiver (case for arrows). (1) ℍ [du2] cabinet, wardrobe; closet. (2) ℏ [li4 yue4 luo4] chestnut-leaved oak; oak. (3) ← [chuo4] sip, drink, suck. (3) ♅ [bin1] approach, be on verge of; near. (1) ⢈ [du2] writing tablet; documents, books. (2) ⦨ [shou4] beast, animal; bestial. (58) ⦪ [ta3] otter. (6) ⫭ [xi3] imperial signet, royal signet. (9) ⮶ [jiang1] boundary, border, frontier. (17) ⮷ [chou2] farmland, arable land; category. (6) Ⲓ [yang3] itch. (2) ⽉ [ai4] obstruct, hinder, block, deter. (1) ㉜ [lu4] . (1) ㉮ [lian2] a blind, screen, curtain. (2) ㉯ [bu4 bo2] register, account book, notebook. (5) 㒑 [xiu4] embroider; embroidery; ornament. (10) 㒙 [sheng2] rope, string, cord; measure, restrain. (21) 㒚 [hui4] draw, sketch, paint. (8) 㒛 [xi4 ji4] attach, connect, unite, fasten. (50) 㒩 [yi4 shi4] to unravel or unreel silk; to interpret, explain. (3) 㒮 [qian3] attached to, inseparable; entangled. (1) 㖵 [luo2] net for catching birds; gauze. (8) 㖶 [pi2] brown bear, ursus arctos. (1) 㗨 [lei2 lian2] weak, lean, emaciated, exhausted. (7) 㗩 [geng1 lang2] soup, broth. (4) 㠈 [la4 lie4] year end sacrifice; dried meat. (7) 㰩 [ai3] lush; affable, friendly. (1) 㰪 [lin4] rush used in making mats; surname. (8) 㰫 [zao3] splendid, magnificent; algae. (5) 㰰 [tuo4 ze2] falling leaves and barks. (1) 619

偧 [sao1] harass, bother, annoy, disturb, agitate; sad, grieved. (12) 儽 [hu2] beard, mustache, whiskers. (2) 刄 [zi1] mullet. (1) 创 [zou1] small fish; small; minnow. (1) 厜 [peng2 feng4] fabulous bird of enormous size. (3) 厢 [que4] magpie; Pica species (various). (4) 厧 [yuan1] co-worker. (1) 厲 [yi4] hawk; Ardea cinerea. (1) 哂 [qi2] legendary auspicious animal. (1) 哇 [li4] beautiful, magnificent, elegant. (13) 唬 [fu3] embroidered official or sacrificial robe. (1) 唳 [wa1] the edible water-frog. (2) 嗀 [pang2] disorderly, messy; huge, big. (1)

䆤 [qian3] reprimand, scold, abuse. (3) 䆧 [hu4] protect, guard, defend, shelter. (11) 䆭 [yu4] fame, reputation; praise. (34) 䌽 [shan4 dan4] support, aid; to be sufficient; rich, elegant. (1) 䌿 [ying2] win; surplus, gain, profit. (6) 䒴 [bi4] cripple, lame. (2) 䒵 [zhu2 zhuo2] walk carefully; hesitate, falter. (2) 䒸 [qiao4] . (1) 䟤 [li3] sweet wine; sweet spring. (5) 䟧 [yi4] . (1) 䟻 [shi4] interprete, elucidate; release. (174) 䨳 [nao2] cymbals; hand bell; disturb. (2) 䨽 [jue2 yu4] hasp of a lock. (2) 䩈 [zhong1] clock; bell. (3) 䰑 [chan3] explain, clarify, elucidate. (1) 䰕 [ta4] door; gate. (3) 丯 [xiang3] make sound, make noise; sound. (8) 亓 [cu4 qi1] frown. (2) 仴 [piao1] whirlwind, cyclone; floating. (2) 佻 [kui4 tui2] offer food superior; send gift. (16) 佽 [shan4] meals, provisions, board. (1) 侁 [ji1 qi2] starve, be hungry; famine. (3) 侂 [rao2] bountiful, abundant, plentiful. (14) 侇 [xiang3] host banquet; banquet. (9) 俘 [xin1 xing1] fragrant, aromatic; distant fragrance. (1) 偛 [qian1 jian3] raise, hold high; fly, soar. (9) 偠 [teng2] fly; gallop; run; prance; rise. (2) 偦 [zou1 zhu1] mounted escort; groom. (5) 偱 [ao4 yao4 ao2] wild horse, mustang; wild. (1) 兂 [zhen3] black, glossy hair. (1) 刽 [qiu1] loach. (2) 剆 [tuo3 wei3] . (1) 友 [jie1] . (1) 叙 [wu4 mu4] duck. (1) 叫 [gu2 hu2] a kind of pigeon; falcon. (2) 唕 [qing2 jing1] to tattoo; to brand the face of criminals. (18) 唘 [dang3] political party, gang, faction. (42) 喏 [ju3 zha1] irregular teeth; discord. (1) 喑 [ling2] age; years. (3)

20 Strokes ೬ [jue2 jiao2] prattle, be glib. (2) ༔ [rang3] soil, loam, earth; rich. (11) ሦ [bao3] treasure, jewel; precious, rare. (20) ᏽ [wei1] high, lofty, majestic, eminent. (25) ᠨ [xuan2] hang, suspend, hoist; be hung. (16) ᭆ [ying1] oppose, offend, run counter to. (2) ᭈ [rang3] seize, take by force; repel. (7) ℡ [nie4] yeast; leaven for making liquors. (1) ♩ [yue4 yao4] to boil; to wash, to cleanse, to soak. (2) ♮ [lan2] overflowing; waves, ripples. (3) ♼ [guan4] pour; water; irrigate, flood. (22) ⣗ [xi1] sacrifice, give up; sacrificial. (2) ⣘ [chou1] panting of cow; grunting of ox. (3) ⦫ [xian4] offer, present; show, display. (26) ⴝ [li4] cruel. (1) ⽘ [lei3] . (1) ヷ [dou4 du2] surname; hole, burrow; corrupt. (27) ㄦ [jing4] contend, vie, compete. (4) ㉼ [chou2 tao2] chip, tally, token; raise money. (2) ㉽ [ji2] record, register, list; census. (97) 㒫 [xu1 ru2] fine silk guaze; torn piece of silk. (1) 㒬 [ji4] continue, maintain, carry on. (51) 㒲 [zuan3] edit, compile; topknot, chignon. (3) 㠊 [lu2 luu3] arrange in order; display. (3) 㱙 [fan2] Artemisia stellariana. (1) 㱝 [lan2] orchid; elegant, graceful. (7) 㹅 [ru2] eumenes polifomis, kind of wasp. (1) 㹉 [pin2 bin1] oyster. (1) 㿪 [jue2 jiao4] to wake up from sleep; conscious. (23) 䀨 [chu4] touch; butt, ram, gore. (11) 䆜 [pi4] metaphor, simile, example. (14) 䆝 [hui3] to slander; to defame. (1) 䆟 [yi4] translate; decode; encode. (3) 䆠 [yi4] consult, talk over, discuss. (107)

21 Strokes ‫[ ݬ‬yan3] grave, respectful, majestic. (1) ೱ [nie4 zhe2] move lips as when speaking; hesitation. (4) ೲ [xiao1 ao2] be noisy; treat with contempt. (6) ང [kui2] one-legged monster; walrus. (1) ኜ [shu3] class, category, type; to belong to. (182) ᠬ [ju4] fear, be afraid of, dread. (49) 620

ᭌ [xie2] lead by hand, take with; carry. (5) ᭍ [she4] take in, absorb; act as deputy; administer, assist. (7) ᴙ [nang3] in ancient times, of old, former. (4) ℺ [quan2] power, right, authority. (54) ↑ [huan1] happy, pleased, glad; joy; to enjoy. (14) ⡋ [lan4] rotten, spoiled, decayed. (4) ⡍ [jue2 jiao4] . (1) ⽡ [long2] grind, sharpen; mill. (3) 㒼 [xu4] continue, carry on; succeed. (37) 㒽 [lei2 lei3] bind, wind about; link, join. (6) 㒿 [chan2] wrap, wind around; tie, bind. (4) 㙠 [you1] toothless rake for drawing earth over newly sown grain. (1) 㠍 [luo3] be bare; nude. (1) 㹑 [li2 li3] wood-boring insect; bore into wood. (6) 㾟 [chen4] underwear; inner garments. (32) 㿭 [lan3] look at, inspect; perceive. (8) 䆩 [hao2] to shout, roar, terrify; swiftly. (2) 䍃 [zang1] booty, loot, stolen goods; bribe. (1) 䒺 [chou2] hesitate, falter; smug, self-satisfied. (4) 䒽 [yue4] skip, jump, frolic. (11) 䓁 [zhi2] waver, hesitate, be irresolute. (1) 䖏 [hong1] rumble, explosion, blast. (1) 䗟 [bian4] dispute, argue, debate, discuss. (20) 䝸 [li4 zhi2] place in today's Henan province. (6) 䩥 [tie3] iron; strong, solid, firm. (6) 䩨 [duo2] bell; surname. (3) 䩫 [ju4 qu2] drumstick. (1) 䰒 [pi4 pi1] open; settle, develop, open up. (52) 䵢 [lu4 lou4] dew; bare, open, exposed. (19) 䵨 [ba4] rule by might rather than right. (26) 䵩 [pi1] thunder, crashing thunder. (1) 井 [hao4] luminous; white, hoary. (1) 亗 [gu4] look back; look at; look after. (98) 侈 [zhan1] gruel. (2) 偲 [can1] two outside ones in three horse. (8) 偳 [piao4 biao1] charger, steed; swift, valiant. (3) 偵 [qu1] spur a horse on; expel, drive away. (33) 儃 [sui3] bone marrow; essences, substances. (1) 古 [he4] crane; Grus species (various). (6) 叱 [yi4 ni4] fishhawk; bow or prow. (9) 唟 [an4] dark, black; sullen, dreary. (18)

᭒ [zan3] save, hoard. (2) ᭔ [tan1] spread out, open; apportion. (2) ⚁ [sa3 xian3] sprinkle, splash; scatter, throw. (3) ⮺ [die2] repeat, duplicate; repetitious. (4) ゠ [rang2] stalks of grain; lush, abundant. (2) ヺ [qie4] secretly, stealthily; steal; thief. (42) ㊏ [lai4] bamboo flute; pipe; various sound. (8) ㊐ [long2 long3] cage; cage-like basket. (7) ㌥ [nie4] fermenting grain; grain which has sprouted; yeast. (1) 㓁 [lu2] to soften hemp by boiling; thread. (4) 㚭 [ting1] hear, listen; understand; obey. (92) 㚮 [long2] deaf. (4) 㢛 [lu2] bow or prow of boat. (1) 㹝 [feng1 pang2] bees, hornets, wasps. (1) 㾢 [xi2] raid, attack; inherit. (7) 㿯 [di2 ji2] see; interview; be admitted to audience. (2) 䆰 [du2] read, study; pronounce. (1798) 䍆 [shu2] buy, redeem; ransom; atone for. (5) 䓅 [chu2] hesitate, waver, falter. (1) 䖑 [pei4] bridle of horse, reins. (2) 䚿 [luo2] patrol; inspect; watch. (1) 䩴 [zhu4] melt, cast; coin, mint. (5) 䪂 [jian4] mirror, looking glass; reflect. (6) 䵭 [ji4] to clear up after rain; to cease be angry. (1) 傅 [jiao1] spirited horse; haughty. (27) 傊 [jing1] frighten, surprise, startle. (21) 億 [ti3] body; group, class, body, unit. (66) 兊 [xu1] beard, whiskers; whisker-like. (4) 八 [yu4 zhou1] sell; child, childish; nourish. (3) 剴 [zhuan1 tuan2] anchovy. (1) 剹 [bie1] turtle. (5) 吉 [zhi4 zhe2] hawk, vulture. (4) 喚 [chuo4] narrow, small; dirty. (4) 喜 [yu3 wu2] uneven teeth; to disagree. (1) 嗄 [gong1] give, present; reverential. (1)

23 Strokes ᭛ [jue2] snatch away, seize; catch with. (2) ⅂ [luan2] name of tree; a part of cornice. (6) ⬊ [zan4] ceremonial libation cup. (1) 㓃 [ying1] a chin strap, tassel; to annoy, bother. (3) 㓄 [cai2 shan1] talent, ability; just, only. (4) 㓆 [xian1 qian4] fine, delicate; minute; graceful. (8) 㹡 [gu3 ye3] poison; venom; harm; bewitch. (4) 㹢 [juan1] the millipede sometimes confounded with the grow-worm; bright, 䆷 [chan3] flatter; suspect, be uncertain. (1) 䆺 [bian4] change, transform, alter; rebel. (162) 䆾 [chou2] enemy, rival, opponent. (27)

22 Strokes ‫[ ݫ‬tang3] if, supposing, in case. (5) ೺ [nang2 nang1] bag, purse, sack; put in bag. (10) ᐆ [yan2] cliff, precipice; cave, grotto. (8) ᠯ [yi4] virtuous, admirable, esteemed. (8) 621

䪅 [zhi4] tungsten, wolfram. (1) 䪐 [shuo4 yue4] melt, smelt; shine. (1) 䪓 [biao1] bit, bridle; ride. (1) 䵱 [lei2] thick, strong. (1) 亟 [xian3] manifest, display; evident, clear. (44) 侌 [yan4] be satiated, eat one's full. (3) 傇 [yan4] test, examine, inspect; verify. (8) 傋 [yi4] relay station. (4) 儆 [kuan1] hipbone; hip. (1) 劇 [lin2] fish scales. (4) 哏 [lin2] female of Chinese unicorn. (13)

㹫 [man2] barbarians; barbarous, savage. (11) 㾺 [ji1] halter; restrain, hold, control. (4) 䓑 [nie4] tread, step on; follow, track. (2) 亡 [lu2] skull. (1) 兓 [lie4] horse's mane; fin; human whiskers. (2) 唹 [tuo2] large reptile, water lizard. (1)

26 Strokes 䇊 [zan4] praise, commend, eulogize. (5) 䓗 [xi3] sandal. (1) 䟱 [xin4] smear with blood in sacrifice; rift, quarrel. (4) 傕 [ji4] thoroughbred horse; refined. (6) 唦 [yan3] mole, scar, blemish. (2)

24 Strokes ⬋ [huan2 ye4] sceptre. (4) ㊜ [li2] bamboo or wooden fence; hedge. (3) 㖸 [ji1] halter; restrain, hold, control. (7) 㢧 [yan4] beautiful, sexy, voluptuous. (1) 㹦 [can2] silkworms. (3) 㹩 [du4] moth; insects which eat into clot. (2) 㿰 [guan1] see, observe, view; appearance. (182) 䇂 [chan2] slander, defame, misrepresent. (14) 䇃 [rang4] allow, permit, yield, concede. (46) 䇉 [huan1] cheer; noise, noisy. (3) 䟰 [niang4] brew, ferment. (1) 䵲 [li4] thunderclap, crashing thunder. (1) 䵸 [ling2] spirit, soul; spiritual world. (48) 傎 [pin1 bin1] . (1) 傏 [zhou4] procedure; gallop; sudden(ly). (4) 劐 [kuai4] minced fish; hash. (1) 吩 [ying1] eagle, falcon; Accipiter species (various). (1) 吷 [zhan1] hawk; Butastur indicus. (4) 咭 [yan2] (same as of U+5869 咭) salt. (27)

27 Strokes 䪭 [zuan1 zuan4] drill, bore; pierce; diamond. (4) 備 [huan1] happy, pleased, glad; joy; to enjoy. (11) 兠 [yu4] luxuriant; dense, thick; moody. (1) 劧 [e4] crocodile, alligator. (1)

28 Strokes ᠷ [zhuang4 gang4] stupid, simple, simpleminded. (5) 䪯 [zao2 zuo4] chisel; bore, pierce. (10)

29 Strokes 傚 [li2 chi2] a pure black horse; a pair of horses. (5) 兡 [yu4] luxuriant; dense, thick; moody. (12)

25 Strokes

30 Strokes

ᔣ [ting1] hall, central room. (2) ㌦ [tiao4] sell grains. (3) 㠐 [luan2] small lump of meat; sliced meat. (1)

⡘ [cuan4] oven, cooking stove; cook. (2) 呎 [luan2] fabulous bird. (2)

622

Chinese Character Index According to Number of Strokes With Hanyu Pinyin Transcription ૹ઻়ष 1 Stroke Yī а Yǐ ҉ Dīng

2 Strokes б Qī г Nǎi ѳ Jiǔ ҍ Le Ҷ Èr Ҽ Rén Ӫ Rù ‫ޕ‬ Bā ‫ޛ‬ Jǐ ࠐ Dāo ࠰ Diāo ࠱ Dāo ࠲ Lì ࣋ Bǐ ॅ Shí ॱ Bǔ ঌ Yòu ৸

3 Strokes Wàn з

Zhàng и Sān й Shàng к Xià л Wán Ѩ Jiǔ ѵ Zhī ѻ Qǐ Ҏ Yě ҏ Yú Ҿ Wáng ӑ Wù ‫ݰ‬ Fán ࠑ Rèn ࠳ Sháo प Qiān ॳ Chā ৹ Jí ৺ Kǒu ਓ Tǔ ൏ Shì ༛ Xī ཅ Dà བྷ Nǚ ྣ Zǐ ᆀ

Jié ᆁ Cùn ረ Xiǎo ሿ Shī ቨ Shān ኡ Chuān ᐍ Gōng ᐕ Jǐ ᐡ Yǐ ᐢ Sì ᐣ Gān ᒢ Yì ᔻ Gōng ᕃ Cái ᡽

4 Strokes Bù н Chǒu с Zhōng ѝ Fēng Ѡ Dān ѩ Fá ѿ Yú Ҹ Yún Ӂ Hù ӂ

623

Wǔ ӄ Jǐng Ӆ Kàng Ӓ Shí Ӱ Rén ӱ Zè Ӵ Pū Ӷ Chóu ӷ Jīn Ӻ Jiè ӻ Réng ӽ Yǐ ԕ Yǔn ‫ݱ‬ Yuán ‫ݳ‬ Nèi ‫ޗ‬ Gōng ‫ޜ‬ Liù ‫ޝ‬ Xī ‫ޞ‬ Rǒng ߇ Xiōng ࠦ Fēn ࠶ Qiē ࠷ Yì ࠸ Gōu म Wù य

Huà ॆ Pǐ ३ Shēng ॷ Wǔ ॸ Áng জ È ঴ Yǒu ৻ Fǎn ৽ Rén ༜ Tiān ཙ Tài ཚ Fū ཛ Kuài ཛྷ Yāo ཝ Kǒng ᆄ Shǎo ቁ Yóu ቔ Yǐn ቩ Chǐ ቪ Tún ኟ Jù ᐘ Bā ᐤ Huàn ᒫ Niàn ᔯ Diào ᕄ Yǐn ᕅ Xīn ᗳ Gē ᠸ

Hù ᡦ Shǒu ᡻ Zhā ᡾ Zhī ᭟ Wén ᮷ Dǒu ᯇ Jīn ᯔ Fāng ᯩ Rì ᰕ Yuē ᴠ Yuè ᴸ Mù ᵘ Qiàn ⅐ Zhǐ → Wú ⇻ Bǐ ∄ Máo ∋ Shì ∿ Shuǐ ≤ Huǒ ⚛ Zhǎo ⡚ Fù ⡦ Yá ⢉ Niú ⢋ Quǎn ⣜ Wáng ⦻ Wǎ ⬖

5 Strokes Qiě ф Pī х Shì ц Qiū ш Bǐng щ Zhǔ ѫ Zhà ѽ Hū Ѿ Shì ԅ Tā Ԇ Fù Ԉ Rèn Ԏ Dài ԓ Lìng Ԕ Sā Ԙ Jí Ի Xiōng ‫ݴ‬ Rǎn ޹ Cè ޺ Dōng ߜ Chū ࠪ Kān ࠺ Cǔn ࠼ Gōng ࣏ Jiā ࣐ Bāo व Cōng श Běi े 624

Yí ौ Bàn ॺ Zhàn ঐ Zhī ঞ Mǎo ট Yìn ঠ Qù ৫ Gǔ ਔ Jù ਕ Lìng ਖ Kòu ਙ Zhǐ ਚ Jiào ਛ Zhào ਜ Kě ਟ Tái ਠ Chì ਡ Shǐ ਢ Yòu ਣ Sī ਨ Qiú ഊ Sì ഋ Wài ཆ Yāng ཞ Shī ཡ Nú ྤ Nǎi ྦ Yùn ᆅ

Tā ᆳ Kāo ቫ Ní ቬ Zuǒ ᐖ Qiǎo ᐗ Shì ᐲ Bù ᐳ Píng ᒣ Yòu ᒬ Biàn ᔱ Fú ᕇ Hóng ᕈ Bì ᗵ Dāo ᗹ Wù ᠺ Dǎ ᢃ Chì ᯕ Dàn ᰖ Wèi ᵚ Mē ᵛ Běn ᵜ Zhá ᵝ Zhèng ↓ Mǔ ⇽ Mín ≁ Yǒng ≨ Fàn ⣟ Xuán ⦴

Yù ⦹ Guā ⬌ Gān ⭈ Shēng ⭏ Yòng ⭘ Tián ⭠ Yóu ⭡ Jiǎ ⭢ Shēn ⭣ Bái ⲭ Pí Ⳟ Mǐn ⳯ Mù ⴞ Máo ⸋ Shǐ ⸒ Shí ⸣ Shì ⽪ Hé ⿮ Xué イ Lì ・ Ài 㢮 Máng 䛉 Qiān 䱑

Yǎng Ԡ Zhòng Ԣ Jiàn Ԧ Rèn ԫ Fèn ԭ Fǎng ԯ Yī Ժ Wǔ Խ Jì Ծ Fú Կ Fá Հ Xiū Ձ Huǒ Չ Sì լ Chōng ‫ݵ‬ Zhào ‫ݶ‬ Xiān ‫ݸ‬ Guāng ‫ݹ‬ Quán ‫ޘ‬ Gòng ‫ޡ‬ Zài ޽ Bīng ߠ Wěn ࠾ Xíng ࡁ Liè ࡇ Liè ࣓ Xiōng स Jiàng ॐ

6 Strokes Chéng ю Jiāo Ӕ Hài ӕ Yì Ӗ

625

Kuāng ॑ Wēi ড Xū ਱ Gè ਴ Hé ਸ Jí ਹ Diào ਺ Tóng ਼ Míng ਽ Hòu ਾ Hòu ᖼ Lì ਿ Tǔ ੀ Xiàng ੁ Zhā ੂ Xī ੨ Huí എ Yīn ഐ Zài ൘ Wū ൜ Guī ൝ Dì ൠ Jiàng ༵ Sù ཉ Duō ཊ Yí ཧ Jiān ྨ Hǎo ྭ

Rú ྲ Fēi ླ Wàng ྴ Zì ᆇ Cún ᆈ Zhái ᆵ Yǔ ᆷ Shǒu ᆸ Ān ᆹ Sì ሪ Chū ኰ Jí ኼ Zhōu ᐎ Xún ᐑ Fān ᐶ Nián ᒤ Yán ᔦ Tíng ᔧ Shì ᔿ Chí ᕋ Cǔn ᘆ Máng ᘉ Xū ᠼ Shù ᠽ Róng ᠾ Chéng ᡀ Tuō ᢈ Yū ᢌ

Gǎn ᢎ Shōu ᭦ Zhǐ ᰘ Zǎo ᰙ Xún ᰜ Xù ᰝ Qū ᴢ Yè ᴣ Yǒu ᴹ Zhū ᵡ Xiǔ ᵭ Cì ⅑ Cǐ ↔ Sǐ ↫ Hàn ⊇ Rǔ ⊍ Jiāng ⊏ Chí ⊐ Wū ⊑ Jí ⊢ Huī ⚠ Móu ⢏ Bǎi Ⲯ Qí ⽱ Zhú ㄩ Mǐ ㊣ Yáng 㖺 Yǔ 㗭

Lǎo 㘱 Kǎo 㘳 Ér 㘼 Lěi 㙂 Ěr 㙣 Ròu 㚹 Jī 㚼 Chén 㠓 Zì 㠚 Zhì 㠣 Jiù 㠬 Shé 㠼 Chuǎn 㡋 Zhōu 㡏 Gèn 㢞 Sè 㢢 Qiān 㢺 Máng 㣂 Zǐ 㣃 Xuè 㹰 Xíng 㹼 Yī 㺓 Xī 㾯 Yū 䗲 Qì 䗴 Xùn 䗵 Xíng 䛒 Nà 䛓

626

Bāng 䛖 Xié 䛚 È 䱘 Bǎn 䱚 Ruǎn 䱞 Jǐng 䱡 Fáng 䱢

7 Strokes Chuàn Ѣ Hēng Ә Bó ՟ Shēn ը Sì ժ Qié խ Pī ծ Dàn ն Bù ո Wèi ս Dī վ Zhù տ Zuǒ ր Yòu ց Zhàn ք Hé օ Tuó և Yú ։ Yì ֊ Fó ֋

Zuò ֌ Nìng ֎ Nǐ ֐ Kè ‫ݻ‬ Duì ‫ݼ‬ Miǎn ‫ݽ‬ Sì ‫ޅ‬ Bīng ‫ޥ‬ Jiǒng ޿ Jiǒng ⛟ Yě ߦ Chū ࡍ Pàn ࡔ Bié ࡕ Lì ࡙ Shān ࡚ Zhù ࣙ Jié ࣛ Xiá ॓ Jí ণ Luǎn থ Jūn ੋ Lìn ੍ Tūn ੎ Yín ੏ Fèi ੐ Fǒu ੖ Hán ਜ਼

Wú ੣ Chuī ੩ Wěn ੫ Wú ੮ Lǚ ੲ Chéng ੸ Gào ੺ Hú ഛ Kùn ഠ Qí ൫ Jūn ൷ Fāng ൺ Zuò ඀ Kēng ඁ Zhuàng ༟ Fēng ༶ jiā ཮ Yán ྽ Dù ࿂ Yāo ࿆ Miào ࿉ Yú ࿔ Tuǒ ࿕ Fáng ࿘ Zǐ ࿺ Fú ᆊ Zī ᆌ Xiào ᆍ

Sòng ᆻ Wán ᆼ Yǎo ᆾ Hóng ᆿ Wěi ቮ Jú ተ Qí ዀ Cén ዁ Wū ᐛ Xī ᐼ Bì ᒷ Chuáng ᒺ Xù ᒿ Nòng ᔴ Dì ᕏ Xíng ᖒ Tóng ᖔ Fǎng ᖧ Yì ᖩ Jì ᗼ Rěn ᗽ Zhì ᘇ Wàng ᘈ Wǔ ᘔ Kuài ᘛ Zhì ᘞ Niǔ ᘨ Xīn ᘫ

627

Wǒ ᡁ Jiè ᡂ Gē ᡃ Niǔ ᢝ Bān ᢣ Fú ᢦ Pī ᢩ Zhǐ ᢪ Jì ᢰ Chāo ᢴ Jué ᢹ Bǎ ᢺ Yì ᣁ Shū ᣂ Póu ᣄ Tóu ᣅ Kàng ᣇ Zhé ᣈ Jù ᤂ Yōu ᭨ Gǎi ᭩ Gōng ᭫ Hàn ᰡ Gèng ᴤ Wù ᵼ Lǐ ᵾ Cái ᶀ Cūn ᶁ

Biāo ᶃ Zhàng ᶆ Chì ᶈ Dù ᶌ Qǐ ᶎ Shù ᶏ Gāng ᶐ Bù ↕ Měi ⇿ Qiú ≲ Gǔ ⊙ Wāng ⊚ Ruì ⊝ Tài ⊠ Biàn ⊤ Wèn ⊦ Jué ⊪ Fén ⊮ Qìn ⊱ Yí ⊲ Wò ⊳ Hàng ⊶ Chén ⊸ Mù ⋀ Méi ⋂ Chōng ⋆ Shā ⋉ Zhǐ ⋊

㣉 Jiè 㣕 Fēn 㣜 Ruì 㣞 Huā 㣡 Fāng 㣣 Jiàn 㾻 Jiǎo 䀂 Yán 䀰 Gǔ 䉧 Dòu 䉶 Shǐ 䊅 Chì 䎔 Zǒu 䎠 Zú 䏣 Shēn 䓛 Chē 䓺 Xīn 䗋 Chén 䗠 Zhūn 䗽 Yíng 䗾 Jìn 䘁 Yà 䘃 Fǎn 䘄 Yì 䛁 Hán 䛟 Qiū 䛡 Pī 䛣 Bǐng 䛤

Pèi ⋋ Fàn ⌋ Zào ⚦ Zhuó ⚬ Zāi ⚭ Mǔ ⢑ Láo ⢒ Kuáng ⣲ Niǔ ⣳ Dí ⣴ Fǔ ⭛ Nán ⭧ Diàn ⭨ Tǐng ⭪ Zào ⲱ Yǐ ⸓ Shè ⽮ Sì ⽰ Xiù ⿰ Sī ⿱ Jiū ウ Xì ㌫ Hǎn 㖅 Qiāng 㖼 Xiào 㛆 Zhǒu 㛈 Gān 㛍 Liáng 㢟 Fú 628

Shào 䛥 Bèi 䛦 Dǐ 䛨 Yǒu 䝹 Lí 䟼 È 䱨 Zǔ 䱫 Zuò 䱬 A 䱯 Tuó 䱰 Bēi 䱲 Fù 䱴

8 Strokes Bìng і Guāi ҆ Rǔ ң Yǎn ҥ Shì һ Xiē Ӌ Jí ӏ Xiǎng ӛ Jīng Ӝ Pèi ֙ Yáng ֟ Bǎi ֠ Jiā ֣ Bìng ֥ Tiāo ֫

Jiǎo ֬ Yì ֮ Shǐ ֯ Kǎn ֳ Lái ֶ Chǐ ָ Lì ֻ Shì ֽ Zhū ֿ Móu ׄ Lún ‫׆‬ Gōng ‫׋‬ Zhōu ‫׌‬ Yī ‫׍‬ Ér ‫ނ‬ Tù ‫ބ‬ Liǎng ‫ޙ‬ Qí ަ Jù ާ Diǎn ި Hán ࠭ Guā ࡞ Dào ࡠ Kū ࡣ Zhì ࡦ Quàn ࡨ Cì ࡪ Kè ࡫

Jié ࡬ Kuāng ࣫ Hé ࣮ Bēi ঁ Zú ং Zhuó ঃ Xié ঄ Xī ক Guà খ Juǎn ধ Shū ਄ Qǔ ਆ Shòu ਇ Ne ઒ Zhōu ઘ Tiè છ Wèi ણ A થ Náo દ Xiāo પ Hū બ Mìng ભ Duō ઴ Fú સ Hé ઼ Jiù ા Gù പ Kūn ඔ

Tǎn ඖ Ào ඣ Chuí ඲ Yè ཌ Qí ཷ Nài ླྀ Fèng ཹ Bēn ྄ Mèi ࿩ Qī ࿫ Qiè ࿮ Xǔ ࿱ Mǔ ࿶ Shǐ ࿻ Gū ခ Xìng ဃ Wěi င Mèng ᆏ Jì ᆓ Gū ᆔ Mì ᇃ Dàng ᇅ Zōng ᇇ Guān ᇈ Zhòu ᇉ Dìng ᇊ Wǎn ᇋ Yí ᇌ

629

Shàng ቊ Jū ት Qū ቸ Gāng ዑ Dài ዡ Yuè ዣ Àn የ Tǎng ᑁ Tiē ᑆ Zhǒu ᑊ Bó ᑋ Bìng ᒧ Xìng ᒨ Dǐ ᓅ Páo ᓆ Gēng ᓊ Fǔ ᓌ Jiàn ᔪ Tāo ᕒ Xián ᕖ Hú ᕗ Chāo ᕘ Nǔ ᕙ Bǐ ᖬ Wǎng ᖰ Zhēng ᖱ Tiǎn ᘍ Zhōng ᘐ

Niàn ᘥ Hū ᘭ Fèn ᘯ Zuò ᘽ Yàng ᘿ Bù ᙆ Hù ᙉ Xìng ᙗ Guài ᙚ Fú ᙛ Qiè ᙟ Chù ᙥ Qiāng ᡅ Huò ᡆ Lì ᡮ Fáng ᡯ Suǒ ᡰ Chéng ᢯ Pī ᣛ Bào ᣡ Dǐ ᣥ Chì ᣦ Yā ᣬ Chōu ᣭ Fú ᣲ Zhǔ ᣴ Chāi ᣶ Mǔ ᣷

Lā ᣹ Fǔ ᣺ Pāi ᣽ Tuò ᤃ Bá ᤄ Tuō ᤆ Ǎo ᤇ Jū ᤈ Zhuō ᤉ Zhāo ᤋ Fàng ᭮ Fǔ ᯗ Yú ᯬ Mín ᰫ Áng ᰲ Zè ᰳ Kūn ᰶ Shēng ᰷ Chāng ᰼ Míng ᰾ Hūn ᰿ Yì ᱃ Xī ᱄ Péng ᴻ Fú ᴽ Háng ᶝ Bēi ᶟ Jié ᶠ

Dōng ᶡ Chǔ ᶥ Zhù ᶬ Sōng ᶮ Bǎn ᶯ Jī ᶵ Wǎng ᶹ Xī ᷀ Zhěn ᷅ Lín ᷇ Ruì ᷈ Méi ᷊ Guǒ ᷌ Zhī ᷍ Xīn ⅓ Wǔ ↖ Qí ↗ Bù ↘ Mò ↯ Méng ≃ Tà ⋃ Mò ⋛ Jǔ ⋞ Hé ⋣ Fèi ⋨ Yóu ⋩ Zhì ⋫ Zhǎo ⋬

630

Gū ⋭ Zhān ⋮ Yán ⋯ Kuàng ⋱ Xiè ⋴ Bó ⋺ Mì ⋼ Fǎ ⌅ Sì ⌇ Zhì ⌌ Líng ⌐ Bō ⌒ Qì ⌓ Ní ⌕ Zhù ⌘ Xuàn ⌛ Mǐn ⌟ Chuī ⚺ Yán ⚾ Zhì ⛉ Zhēng ⡝ Bǎn ⡸ Mù ⢗ Wù ⢙ Zhuàng ⣰ Xiá ⣾ Hú ⤀ Yòu ⤆

Gǒu ⤇ Jū ⤉ Wán ⧙ Wèng ⬞ Bì ⭰ Bì ⭱ De Ⲵ Yú Ⳳ Xū ⴡ Máng ⴢ Zhí ⴤ Zhī ⸕ Zhǐ ⽷ Zhǐ ਚ Qí ⽸ Zhǐ ⽹ Bǐng ⿹ Qióng ォ Kōng オ Jiū ㌮ Wǎng 㖄 Mí 㖉 Zhě 㘵 Yé 㙦 Gǔ 㛑 Zhī 㛒 Féi 㛕 Jiān 㛙

Kěn 㛟 Gōng 㛡 Yù 㛢 Xì 㛨 Fèi 㛪 Wò 㠕 Yú 㠮 Shè 㠽 Yuàn 㤁 Miáo 㤇 Kē 㤋 Mù 㤌 Bāo 㤎 Gǒu 㤏 Ruò 㤕 Kǔ 㤖 Shān 㤛 Yīng 㤡 Jū 㤤 Dié 㤥 Fú 㤰 Zhuó 㤱 Mào 㤲 Fàn 㤳 Máo 㤵 Hǔ 㱾 Biǎo 㺘 Yà 䓻

Tiáo 䘒 Jiǒng 䘕 Pò 䘛 Dié 䘝 Zé 䘞 Shù 䘠 Zhū 䛮 Qiè 䛴 Zhì 䛵 Hòu 䛸 Jiāo 䛺 Láng 䛾 Cǎi 䟷 Jīn 䠁 Cháng 䮧 Mén 䮰 Fù 䱌 Lòu 䱻 Mò 䱼 Jiàng 䱽 Xiàn 䲀 Gāi 䲄 Yǔ 䴘 Qīng 䶂 Fēi 䶎

9 Strokes Tíng ӝ Liàng Ӟ

631

Wǔ ‫מ‬ Hóu ‫ן‬ Qīn ‫ץ‬ Biàn ‫ׯ‬ Xì ‫ײ‬ Cù ‫׳‬ É ‫״‬ Jùn ‫׺‬ Zǔ ‫׾‬ Sú ؇ Fú ؈ Fǔ ؋ Bǎo ‫؍‬ Shù ؎ Sì ؏ Xiá ؐ Xìn ؑ Xiū ‫؞‬ Yǎn ‫އ‬ Zhòu ߁ Mào ߂ Guān ߐ Zé ࡷ Xiāo ࡺ Là ࡼ Qián ࡽ Jìn ࣱ Bó ࣳ

Yǒng ࣷ Miǎn ࣹ Pú ऽ Yǎn ७ Nán ই Què ফ Hòu ৊ Pàn ਋ Sǒu ਏ Zǐ ઠ Xì ૕ Zhǐ ૛ Yǎo ૜ Xián ૨ Yān ૭ Āi ૰ Pǐn ૱ Shěn ૲ Duō ૶ Hā ૸ Zāi ૹ Nǎ ଚ Yòu യ Yín ැ Gòu ි Yuán ී Háng ෣ Chéng ෾

Guī ེ Zòu ཿ Huàn ྀ Qì ཱྀ Yì ྅ Yáo ည Jiāng ဌ Jiāo ဓ Jiān ဗ Yán ဨ Yīn ါ Zī ု Wēi ေ Hái ᆙ Kè ᇒ Xuān ᇓ Shì ᇔ Yòu ᇕ Huàn ᇖ Fēng ሱ Wū ቻ Shī ች Píng ቿ Xún ዻ Dòng ጂ Héng ገ Zhì ጉ Lǐ ጋ

Chà ᐞ Xiàng ᐧ Dì ᑍ Shuài ᑕ Yōu ᒭ Xiáng ᓐ Dù ᓖ Tíng ᓝ Mǐ ᕝ Tuàn ᖆ Yàn ᖕ Dài ᖵ Xùn ᖷ Hěn ᖸ Yáng ᖹ Huái ᖺ Lǜ ᖻ Hòu ᖼ Nù ᙂ Sī ᙍ Dài ᙐ Jí ᙕ Yuàn ᙘ Xún ᙲ Shì ᙳ Héng ᙶ Mú ᙸ Huǎng ᙽ

632

Guǐ ᚁ Xiōng ᚏ Huī ᚒ Xù ᚔ Hèn ᚘ Kè ᚚ Dòng ᚛ Tián ᚜ Qià ᚠ Biǎn ᡱ Jiōng ᡳ Bài ᤌ Kuò ᤜ Shì ᤝ Zhěng ᤟ Gǒng ᤡ Shí ᤮ Chí ᤱ Zhǐ ᤷ Àn ᤹ Tiāo ᥁ Tǐng ᥪ Zhèng ᭯ Gù ᭵ Zhuó ᯛ Shī ᯭ Jì ᰒ Xīng ᱏ

Yìng ᱐ Chūn ᱕ Mèi ᱗ Zuó ᱘ Zhāo ᱝ Shì ᱟ Nì ᱥ Bǐng ᱪ Hé ᴧ Qú ᵀ Kū ᷟ Zhǐ ᷣ Jià ᷦ Bǐng ᷴ Fū ᷾ Bǎi ᷿ Mǒu Ḁ Rǎn ḃ Róu Ḅ Xiá ḉ Yóu Ḋ Dǐ Ḓ Zǔ Ḕ Chá ḕ Jiǎn Ḝ Kē ḟ Zhù ḡ Liǔ ḣ

Zhà ḥ Yāng ↳ Tiǎn ↴ Dài ↶ Duàn ⇥ Dú ∂ Pí ∇ Quán ⋹ Cǐ ⌊ Yáng ⌻ Xǐ ⍇ Luò ⍋ Dòng ⍎ Jīn ⍕ Wěi ⍗ Hóng ⍚ Xù ⍛ Zhōu ⍢ Xún ⍥ Guāng ⍨ Huó ⍫ Qià ⍭ Wū ⍯ Xuàn ⛛ Tàn ⛝ Páo ⛠ Bǐng ⛣ Wéi ⛪

Yuán ⡠ Shēng ⢢ Hěn ⤐ Jiǎo ⤑ Xùn ⤕ Shòu ⤙ Diàn ⧧ Zhēn ⧽ Shèn ⭊ Jiè ⭼ Quǎn ⭾ Wèi ⭿ Yóu ⯓ Jué ⯖ Guǐ Ⲩ Jiē Ⲷ Huáng ⲷ Pén ⳶ Yíng ⳸ Xiāng ⴨ Pàn ⴬ Dùn ⴮ Shěng ⴱ Miàn ⴴ Miǎo ⴷ Méi ⴹ Kàn ⴻ Jīn ⸌

633

Shěn ⸗ Jǔ ⸙ Shā ⸲ Xū ⸹ Qì ⸼ Zǔ ⾆ Zuò ⾊ Qū ⾋ Zhù ⾍ Shén ⾎ Cí ⾐ Yǔ ⿩ Qiū ⿻ Kē 、 Yào ギ Chuān ク Tū ケ Yú ㄭ Chí ㄮ Gān ㄯ Jì ㌰ Zhòu ㌲ Yuē ㌴ Hóng ㌵ Yū ㌶ Jí ㍊ Fú 㖈 Měi 㖾

Yì 㗯 Ruǎn 㘾 Wèi 㛳 Zhòu 㛴 Bèi 㛼 Tāi 㛾 Pēi 㜊 Qū 㜐 Hú 㜑 Chǐ 㜓 Xū 㜕 Yú 㠱 Qì 㤽 Qiàn 㥌 Cí 㥘 Máng 㥛 Zī 㥢 Róng 㥨 Rú 㥩 Xún 㥰 Dá 㥵 Xìng 㥷 Cǎo 㥹 Jīng 㥺 Rěn 㥿 Jiàn 㦀 Huāng 㦂 Jǔ 㧂

Tíng 㧋 Nüè 㲀 Shé 㲥 Gān 㲧 Huǐ 㲪 Zǎo 㳔 Yǎn 㹽 Rèn 㺭 Mèi 㺲 Yào 㾱 Dìng 䀲 Jì 䀸 Zhēn 䋎 Fù 䋐 Fù 䎤 Guǐ 䓼 Jūn 䓽 Huí 䘤 Mí 䘧 Zhuī 䘭 Tuì 䘰 Sòng 䘱 Táo 䘳 Páng 䘴 Hòu 䘵 Nì 䘶 Xī 䜇 Gào 䜌

Jiá 䜏 Jùn 䜑 Yǐng 䜒 Zhòng 䟽 Xíng 䲈 Bì 䲋 Zhì 䲏 Yuàn 䲒 Zhèn 䲓 Chú 䲔 Miàn 䶒 Gé 䶙 Wéi ䷻ Jiǔ 丝 Yīn 丣 Yè 丱 Fēng 付 Fēi 伋 Shí 伏 Shǒu 俆 Xiāng 俉 Gǔ 僘 Guǐ 公

10 Strokes Chéng ҈ Bó ӣ Fǔ ‫؟‬ Jù ‫ء‬

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Pái ‫أ‬ Fèng ‫ب‬ Bǐ ‫خ‬ Cāng ‫ع‬ Gè ‫ػ‬ Bèi ‫ؽ‬ Men ‫ف‬ Dǎo ‫ق‬ Xìng ‫ن‬ Hòu ‫ى‬ Yǐ ‫ي‬ Tì ٌ Jīng َ Jiè ُ Chàng ّ Juàn ٖ Jù ٘ Ní ٚ Lún ٛ Luǒ ٞ Zhí ٬ Jiàn ‫ڕ‬ Jiān ެ Zhǒng ߒ Yuān ߔ Míng ߕ Zhǔn ߶ Líng ߼

Dòng ߽ Pōu ࢆ Chàn ࢇ Gāng ࢋ Bō ࢍ Wù उ Fěi ग़ Nì ९ Qīng য Cuò ্ Yuán ৏ Yuán ଑ Kū ଝ Zhé ଢ Bǔ ପ Gěng ଭ Chún ଷ Āi ହ Táng ୀ Pǔ ള Āi ෳ Xià ༿ Tào ྇ Xī ྊ Jī လ Yú ။ Juān ၏ Sūn ᆛ

Gōng ᇞ Zǎi ᇠ Hài ᇣ Yàn ᇤ Jiā ᇦ Róng ᇩ Shè ሴ Xiè ኁ Zhǎn ኅ É ጘ Xiàn ጤ Dǎo ጦ Jùn ጫ Shī ᑛ Qún ᑜ Xí ᑝ Zuò ᓗ Kù ᓛ Ruò ᕡ Xú ᗀ Jìng ᗁ Tú ᗂ Kǒng   Shù ᚅ Yàng ᚉ Huì ᚊ Zì ᚓ Chǐ ᚕ

Ēn ᚙ Gōng ᚝ Xī ᚟ Juàn ᚱ Kǔn ᚳ Yuè ᚵ Tì ᚼ Hàn ᚽ Huǐ ᛄ Bèi ᛆ Mán ᛇ Wù ᛏ Shàn ᡷ Quán ᤣ Qiè ᤸ Nǘ ᥀ Cuò ᥛ Zhèn ᥟ Yì ᥩ Wǎn ᥭ Jiā ᥮ Jùn ᥳ Jiù ᥴ Niē ᥿ Juān ᦀ Bǔ ᦅ Xiào ᭸ Áo ᮆ

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Liào ᯉ Páng ᯱ Zhān ᯳ Máo ᯴ Lǚ ᯵ Shí ᱲ Kuí ᱶ Jìn ᱹ Yàn ᱿ Gāi ᲀ Shū ᴨ Shuò ᵄ Zhèn ᵅ Chái Ḥ Lì ṇ Guā ṍ Bīng ṏ Xiào ṑ Zhū Ṛ Ér ṝ Hé Ṩ Gēn ṩ Gé Ṭ Zāi ṭ Jié Ṱ Héng ṱ Guì Ṳ Táo ṳ

Àn Ṹ Juàn Ṻ Zhì Ṿ Tóng Ẁ Sāng ẁ Huán ẃ Jié Ẅ Tǐng ẳ Tiáo ọ Kài ⅜ Xùn ↹ Shū ↺ Yīn ⇧ Shā ⇪ Qì ≓ Tài ⌠ Liú ⍱ Jùn ⎊ Zhuó ⎎ Bó ⎑ Huàn ⎓ Hào ⎙ Làng ⎚ Fú ⎞ Yù ⎤ Hǎi ⎧ Jìn ⎨ Jiā ⎩ Tú

⎲ Jīng ⎷ Xiāo ⎸ Shè ⎹ Juān ⏃ Tì ⏅ Sì ⏈ Liè ⛸ Xiū ⛻ Wū ⛿ Zhēng ✍ ? ✞ Quán ⢧ Tè ⢩ Juàn ⤧ Xiá ⤩ Láng ⤬ Zhū ⨐ Ěr ⨕ Héng ⨙ Guī ⨚ Bān ⨝ Pàn ⮄ Liú ⮉ Běn ⮊ Zhěn ⮋ Xù ⮌ Mǔ ⮍ Bì ⮒

Jí ⯮ Jiā ⯲ Bìng ⯵ Gāo ⲻ Yì ⳺ Hé ⳽ Àng ⳾ Zhěn ⵅ Yí ⵉ Zhēn ⵏ Xuàn ⵙ Dǐ ⹕ Nǔ ⹞ Pēng ⹠ Pò ⹤ Xiáng ⾕ Tiāo ⾗ Xiá ⾛ Mì 〈 Zū 』 Mò 〓 Chèng 〔 Qín 〖 Zhì 〙 Zhǎi ゴ Yǎo サ Yǎo ジ Wā ズ Shǒu 636

᡻ Hù ㄿ Xiào ㅁ Fěn ㊹ Wěn ㌺ Wén ㌻ Nà ㌽ Chún ㍄ Zhǐ ㍉ Fēn ㍋ Yún ㍌ Rén ㍍ Sù ㍐ Fǎng ㍑ Suǒ ㍒ Quē 㕪 Fǒu 㕫 Jū 㖍 Gāo 㗄 Gǔ 㗆 Xiū 㗎 Wēng 㗱 Mào 㘴 Qí 㘶 Gēng 㙅 Yún 㙈 Gěng 㙯 Xiōng 㜨 Néng 㜭

Zhī 㜲 Xié 㜵 Cuì 㜶 Mài 㜸 Jǐ 㜺 Chòu 㠝 Zhì 㠤 Háng 㡚 Bān 㡜 Chú 㣫 Hé 㦧 Dí 㦫 Zhuāng 㦺 Suō 㦾 Shēn 㧈 Guǎn 㧎 Yǒu 㧐 Fú 㧙 Mò 㧛 Mǎng 㧭 Huá 㨟 Qián 㲄 Wén 㲹 Wén 㲺 Bàng 㲼 Fén 㳑 Chī 㳙 Shuāi 㺠

Zhōng 㺧 Qīn 㺮 Yuán 㺱 Páo 㺽 Tǎn 㻂 Xiù 㻆 Bèi 㻛 Tǎo 䀾 Jié 䁀 Yí 䁁 Rèn 䁂 Xùn 䁃 Shàn 䁅 Qì 䁆 Tuō 䁇 Jì 䁈 Qǐ 䉸 Bào 䊩 Chái 䊪 Cái 䋑 Gòng 䋒 Tè 䋓 Qǐ 䎧 Gōng 䓜 Xuān 䔂 Rǔ 䗡 Bū 䘻 Xiāo 䘽

Zhú 䙀 Tú 䙄 Tì 䙆 Dòu 䙇 Zhè 䙉 Tōng 䙊 Shì 䙍 Chěng 䙎 Sù 䙏 Zào 䙐 Qūn 䙑 Féng 䙒 Lián 䙓 Yōng 䛅 Bù 䜘 Guō 䜝 Tán 䜟 Chēn 䜤 Yóu 䜥 Dōu 䜭 Zhuó 䝼 Pèi 䝽 Jiǔ 䞂 Dīng 䠈 Fǔ 䠌 Zhēn 䠍 Péi 䲚 Zōu 䲜

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Yīn 䲠 Chén 䲣 Líng 䲥 Táo 䲦 Xiàn 䲧 Lù 䲨 Liù ‫ޝ‬ Zhī 䳫 Jī 伒 Mǎ 俜 Gāo 儈 Dòu 兕 Lì 兢

11 Strokes Gān Ү Yǎn ‫ٳ‬ Jiǎ ‫ٷ‬ Jì ‫ٸ‬ Wěi ‫ٹ‬ Piān ‫ٿ‬ Xié ‫څ‬ Zuò ‫ڊ‬ Tíng ‫ڌ‬ Cè ‫ڤ‬ Zhēn ‫ڥ‬ Ǒu ‫ڦ‬ Tōu ‫ڧ‬ Wěi ‫ڭ‬

Dōu ‫ތ‬ Miǎn ߅ Huáng ࠠ Jiǎn ࢚ Fù ࢟ Lè ं Dòng अ Xù आ Kān ई Fú ी Qū ॰ Cān ৳ Cān ৴ Wéi ୟ Chàng ୡ Tuò ୮ Zhuó ୴ Shāng ୶ Wèn ୿ Chuò ஌ Yǎ எ Qǐ ஏ Lún ഷ Quān സ Yǔ ഹ Guó ഻ Yù ฏ Quán ฒ

Yì ฦ Zhí ว Péi ษ Jī ส Sào อ Kū ะ Táng า Jiān ี Jǐn ื Dǔ ๥ Shē ྒ Qǔ ၦ Lóu ၱ Wǎn ၹ Jié ႅ Hūn ႊ Bì ႒ Fù ႖ Yà ႝ Shú ᆠ Sù ᇯ Jì ᇲ Jì ᇴ Yín ᇵ Mì ᇶ Kòu ᇷ Jiāng ሷ Zhuān ሸ

Wèi ሹ Píng ኋ Tú ነ Chóng ጷ Cuī ፄ Yá ፆ Zhēng ፒ Sōng ፗ Bēng ፙ Cháo ᐒ Zhàng ᑣ Dài ᑦ Wéi ᑧ Cháng ᑨ Bēi ᓣ Shù ᓦ Kāng ᓧ Yōng ᓨ Yǔ ᓮ Láng ᓺ Zhāng ᕥ Qiáng ᕧ Biāo ᖚ Dé ᗇ Pái ᗈ Xǐ ᗉ Cháng ᗌ Cóng ᗎ

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Yǒng ᚯ Xī ᚹ Yōu ᛐ Huàn ᛓ Cuì ᛤ Chàng ᛥ Jì ᛨ Xìng ᛫ Dào ᛬ Qī ᛭ Qíng ᛵ Dūn ᛷ Tì ᜅ Wǎng ᜈ Hū ᜊ Hūn ᜋ Xī ᜌ Wéi ᜏ Qī ᡊ Hù ᡸ Shě ᦘ Liè ᦙ Bǎi ᦝ Juǎn ᦢ Chuí ᦦ Jié ᦧ Sǎo ᦳ Shòu ᦸ

Diào ᦹ Pǒu ᦺ Jǐ ᦾ Pái ᧂ Yè ᧆ Jué ᧈ Guà ᧋ Lüè ᧐ Cǎi ᧑ Tàn ᧒ Jiē ᧕ Tì ᧖ Kòng ᧗ Tuī ᧘ Yǎn ᧙ Cuò ᧚ Jū ᧜ Mǐn ᭿ Jiù ᮁ Chì ᮅ Bài ᮇ Xù ᮈ Jiāo ᮉ Bì ᮍ Gǎn ᮒ Hú ᯋ Shū 㡂 Zhǎn ᯜ

Xuán ᯻ Jīng ᯼ Zú ᯿ Wǎn ᲊ Zhòu ᲍ Xī ᲎ Huì Ზ Chén Ი Cáo ᴩ Wàng ᵋ Bēi ẞ Fú Ấ Jué ầ Liáng ằ Méi ẵ Gù ế Zǐ ể Gěng ệ Xiāo ỏ Wú ỗ Lí Ộ Tī ở Xiè Ỡ Zhuó Ợ Fàn ụ Yù Ⅲ Xī Ⅷ Háo ∛

Yá ⏟ Hán ⏥ Hé ⏨ Liáng ⏬ Zhuō ⏯ Zī ⏴ Xī ⏵ Xiáo ⏶ Qí ⏷ Shū ␁ Nào ␆ Dàn ␑ Lún ␚ Yín ␛ Huái ␞ Shēn ␡ Chún ␣ Hùn ␧ Qīng ␨ Yān ␩ Qiǎn ␪ Qīng ␵ Zhǔ ⑊ Qú ⑐ Pēng ✩ Xūn ✴ Yān ✹ Shuǎng ⡭

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Kēng ⢬ Qiān ⢭ Wǔ ⢮ Lí ⢱ Chāng ⥆ Yī ⥇ Měng ⥋ Cāi ⥌ Cù ⥍ Lǜ ⦷ Xiàn ⨮ Qiú ⨳ Láng ⨵ Lǐ ⨶ Hù ⬐ Chǎn ⭒ Zhì ⮔ Lüè ⮕ Qí ⮖ Yì ⮠ Cī ⯥ Zhì Ⰴ Jiǎo Ⲿ Shèng ⴋ Zì ⵕ Shùn ⵤ Juàn ⵧ Móu ⵨

Yǎn ⵬ Zhòng ⵮ Xíng ⹾ Jì ⾝ Jìn ⾢ Yí 〫 Zhì ヂ Tiǎo ヅ Jìng ㄏ Zhāng ㄐ Shēng ㅉ Chī ㅎ Fú ㅖ Dì ㅜ Gǒu ㅡ Cū ㋇ Lèi ㍟ Xì ㍠ Xiè ㍢ Shēn ㍣ Shào ㍩ Gàn ㍪ Tiǎn ㍮ Chù ㍰ Zhōng ㍲ Zǔ ㍴ Yì 㗺 Liáo 㗿

Xí 㘂 Dān 㙳 Liáo 㙺 Xìn 㝚 Tuō 㝛 Chōng 㠲 Bó 㡦 Chuán 㡩 Jiān 㧵 Jùn 㧼 Zī 㨁 Cài 㨌 Tù 㨏 Fēi 㨢 Zū 㨩 Shū 㨭 Cuì 㨳 Cháng 㨷 Lái 㨺 Méng 㨼 Wěi 㨾 Huán 㩁 Zhù 㪇 Chù 㲅 Hū 㲆 Chí 㳣 Fù 㳩 Shé 㳷

Líng 㳹 Xuàn 㺂 Shù 㺃 Mào 㻔 Rèn 㻥 Guī 㾿 Mì 㿃 Shì 㿆 Jué 䀆 É 䁋 Yà 䁍 Yāo 䁎 Sòng 䁏 Nè 䁕 Fǎng 䁚 Shè 䁝 Xǔ 䁡 Jù 䁾 Chǐ 䉹 Tún 䊊 Xiàng 䊑 Pín 䋗 Huò 䋘 Fàn 䋙 Tān 䋚 Guàn 䋛 Zé 䋜 Biǎn 䋦

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Shè 䎖 Nǎn 䎗 Zhǐ 䏮 Qí 䏲 Jù 䐍 Dān 䓝 Ruǎn 䔏 Dài 䙞 Zhōu 䙡 Jìn 䙢 Yì 䙨 Guò 䙾 È 䜲 Yùn 䜶 Xiāng 䜹 Dān 䞆 Yě 䟾 Diào 䠓 Bì 䮹 Yáng 䲭 Xiá 䲯 Dī 䲴 Yú 䲵 Lóng 䲶 Duì 䲺 Suí 䲻 Jiē 䲾 Wěi 䳇

Què 䳰 Yú 䴙 Xuě 䴚 Dǐng 串 Qǐng 丳 Yú 冊 Niǎo 匕 Lǔ 咥 Lù 咯 Mài 哕 Má 哫

12 Strokes Gān ұ Fù ‫ڵ‬ Bàng ‫ڽ‬ Jié ‫ہ‬ Xī ‫ۂ‬ Bèi ‫ۉ‬ Ào ۢ Kǎi ࠡ Shèng ࢙ Gē ࢢ Chuàng ࢥ Xūn ऋ Shèng ऍ Láo ऎ Mù ए Bó ঊ

Jué ৕ Chì ஫ Tí ஬ Yóng ற Shàn ழ Hóu ஹ Dié ஻ Yīn ு Huì ௉ Xǐ ௌ Hē ் Kuì ௏ Xuān ௗ Sāng ௚ Qiáo ௜ Yàn ௝ Dān ௞ Yù ௫ Zī ఎ Jiē ఏ Wéi ഽ Yīn ้ Dī ๔ Kān ๚ Yáo ๟ Bào ๡ Chǎng ๤ Kuài ๺

Yī ༩ Hú ༪ Diàn ྐ Xù Ⴏ Méi Ⴢ Mèi ჊ Xū ო Kuì ჯ Sǎo ჲ Zī ᆣ Fù ᇼ Mèi ሀ Hán ሂ Yù ሃ Shí ሄ Zūn ሺ Xún ሻ Jiù ቡ Yǐ ፪ Qiàn ፼ Wéi ᎜ Xùn ᐭ Wò ᑴ Jǐ ᒮ Cè ᓱ Sōu ᓻ Zhì ᖈ Péng ᖝ

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Yù ᗑ Huáng ᗘ Fù ᗙ Xún ᗚ Bēi ᛢ Nì ᛴ Huò ᜁ Huì ᜐ È ᜑ Duò ᜠ Yùn ᜢ Zhuì ᜤ Huáng ᜦ Cè ᜫ Yú ᜹ Yuán ᜻ Bì ᜾ È ᝅ Kuì ᝗ Huāng ᝼ Kǎi ម Jǐ ᡏ Jí ᡒ Zhǎng ᦼ Jiǎn ᧰ Jiǎn ᧳ Kuí ᧶ Róu ᧹

Tí ᨀ Chā ᨂ Zhèn ᨅ Yī ᨆ Yáng ᨊ Yǎn ᨌ Yà ᨐ Wò ᨑ Chuǎi ᨓ Jiē ᨝ Huī ᨞ Yuán ᨤ Bēi ᨩ Sōu ᩌ Chǎng ᮎ Sàn ᮓ Dūn ᮖ Jìng ᮜ Fěi ᯀ Bān ᯁ Sī ᯟ Pǔ Პ Jǐng Ჟ Xī Რ Xī Უ Zhì Ც Àn Ძ Shǔ ᳁

Céng ᴮ Tì ᴯ Zuì ᴰ Cháo ᵍ Qī ᵏ Qì Ỵ Qí ỻ Póu ἃ Zǎo ἇ Jí Ἀ Dòng Ἇ Táng ἐ Dì ἓ Zhàn ἗ Yù Ἓ Chuí ἠ Qī ἢ Zōu Ἠ Zhào Ἡ Guān Ἢ Fén Ἤ Jiē ἴ Zhí Ἵ Zhuī Ἶ Jiāo ὂ Kǔ ᾋ Chǔ ᾞ Jí ᾥ

Qī Ⅺ Qīn Ⅽ Kuǎn Ⅾ Kǎn Ⅿ Zhí ⇆ Cán ⇈ Qiào ⇬ Xiáo ⇭ Tǎn ∟ Cuì ∣ Yuān ␥ Huàn ⑉ Jiǎn ⑋ Yú ⑍ Dù ⑑ Bó ⑔ Wò ⑕ Xiè ⑛ Cè ⑜ Wèi ⑝ Gǎng ⑟ Kě ⑤ Yóu ⑨ Miǎo ⑪ Hún ⑮ Còu ⑺ Tuān ⑽ Miǎn ⑾

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Hú ⒆ Xiāng ⒈ Zhàn ⒋ Mǐn ⒓ Zhòng ⒙ Qiū ⒛ Yān ⒞ Tāng ⒟ Chún ⒫ Gài Ⓓ Sōu ⓢ Zī ⓻ Huá ━ Fén ❊ Wú ❑ Jiāo ❖ Zhuō ❟ Yàn ❠ Rán ❦ Zhǔ ➞ Xī ⢰ Biāo ⤻ Wěi ⥕ Yuán ⥘ Xīng ⥙ Hóu ⥤ Yóu ⥦ Huá ⥮

Zhuó ⩒ Yǎn ⩠ Qín ⩤ Shēng ⭕ Fān ⮚ Huà ⮛ Jùn ⮟ Shū ⮾ Shū ⮿ Tòng Ⰻ Dēng ⲫ Fā Ⲭ Hào ⳃ Dào ⴌ Hàn ⵵ Yù ⸎ Duǎn ⸝ Kēng ⺌ Lù ⾯ Huò ⾽ Qín ⿭ Xī 〰 Shuì 〵 Tí 〺 Chéng 〻 Shāo 〽 Jiào テ Jiǒng ト

Sì ㄒ Tóng ㄕ Sǒng ㄖ Bǐ ㅶ Děng ㅹ Jīn ㅻ Kuāng ㆀ Dá ㆄ Cè ㆆ Yán ㆥ Sù ㋏ Zī ㋒ Zhōu ㋕ Zǐ ㍛ Jié ㎀ Jué ㎅ Xié ㎌ Kù ㎍ Jiǎo ㎎ Luò ㎑ Gěi ㎖ Lěi ㎛ Xù ㎞ Dié ㎠ Tǒng ㎡ Sī ㎢ Jiàng ㎣ Xiáng 㘄

Xī 㘅 Dié 㘻 Zì 㜮 Tiǎn 㝶 Yè 㝻 Fǔ 㞁 Féi 㞃 Wàn 㞅 Yú 㞤 Dié 㠧 Xì 㠴 Shū 㡂 Shùn 㡌 Qiū 㩙 Wàn 㩜 Luò 㩭 Zū 㩵 Yè 㩹 Gé 㪋 Dǒng 㪓 Pā 㪙 Hú 㪛 Zàng 㪜 Jiā 㪝 Wēi 㪣 Kuí 㪥 Qì 㪪 Wěi 㪽

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Xū 㲋 Wā 㴉 Jiāo 㴏 Cái 㻱 Liè 㻲 Yù 㼅 Qún 㼉 Bǔ 㼌 Lǐ 㼑 Tán 㾳 Chān 㿈 Gū 䀊 Sù 䁤 Hē 䁦 Zhù 䁫 Gǔ 䁱 Dǐ 䁶 Lì 䁸 Zhà 䂀 Yí 䂂 Zhào 䂄 Píng 䂅 Bì 䂆 Qū 䂈 Zǔ 䂋 Cí 䂎 Yǒng 䂐 Diāo 䊲

Zhù 䋟 Shì 䋠 Èr 䋣 Guì 䋤 Mǎi 䋧 Dài 䋨 Kuàng 䋪 Fèi 䋫 Tiē 䋬 Hè 䋰 Bì 䋱 Qiè 䎴 Chāo 䎵 Yuè 䎺 Tuò 䏵 Bá 䏻 Diē 䏼 Tuó 䏾 Zhí 䐆 Zhěn 䔛 Zhóu 䔨 Zhǐ 䔩 Yáo 䔪 Kē 䔫 Yì 䔬 Gū 䗌 Bī 䙬 Yú 䙮

Dùn 䙱 Suì 䙲 Yù 䙷 Yóu 䙺 Yùn 䙻 Biàn 䙽 È 䙿 Xiá 䚀 Huáng 䚁 Qiú 䚂 Dào 䚃 Dá 䚄 Wéi 䚅 Zōu 䝂 Hào 䝇 Zuò 䞒 Hān 䞓 Gū 䞔 Liáng 䟿 Jīn 䠯 Fū 䠷 Dùn 䠽 Chāo 䡄 Jūn 䡎 Kāi 䮻 Hóng 䮾 Rùn 䮿 Xián 䯂

Jiān 䯃 Mǐn 䯄 Gé 䳄 Yǔn 䳅 Ài 䳈 Xì 䳉 Yàn 䳱 Xióng 䳴 Yǎ 䳵 Jí 䳶 Yún 䴢 Xiàng 丵 Shùn 丶 Xū 丸 Yù 伛 Chì 伝 Fàn 伟 Yǐn 伢 Píng 俞 Kūn 儐 Huáng 哳 Shǔ 哽 Hēi 唁 Zhǐ 唩 Dǐng 唾

13 Strokes Hún 兲 Jiū 匙

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Mǐn 唭 Gǔ 啃 Shǔ 啐 Luàn Ҳ Dǎn Ӧ Lěi ۛ Chuán ۣ Yǔ ۤ Shāng ۧ Qīng ‫ۮ‬ Lǚ ۲ Jǐn ۵ Lù ۷ Xiàng ‫ۿ‬ Tuán ࢨ Piāo ࢭ Shì ऒ Qín औ Huì य़ Xī র Xiù ௵ Sè ௷ Wū ఊ Qiǎn ఋ Shì ఌ Sì ఓ Háo క Yuán ൂ

Yuán ൃ Tú ງ Sāi ຎ Xūn ດ Tián ປ Mù ໃ Mèng དྷ Ào ྗ Chī შ Ǎo წ Jià ჱ Jí ჹ Xián ჼ Pì ᄃ Jìn ሆ Zhì ለ Mò ሎ Sōng ᎙ Mù ᒅ Gān ᒩ Lián ᓹ Kuò ᔃ Yìn ᔅ Shì ᕂ Gòu ᕰ Wēi ᗞ Xī ᗟ Xiǎng ᜣ

Chóu ᜱ Qiān ᜶ Yù ᜸ Yì ᜿ Yú ᝊ Ài ᝋ Gǎn ᝏ Chuàng ᝤ Lì ᝴ Cí ᝸ Qiàn ᝺ Yùn ᝽ Shèn ᝾ Kān ᡑ Sǔn ᨽ Bó ᨿ Chù ᩀ Yáo ᩆ Lā ᩊ Jìn ᩒ È ᩔ Qiǎng ᩦ Mō ᪨ Zhēn ᯏ Xīn ᯠ Xuān Ჴ Xiá Ჷ Yùn Ჸ

Nuǎn ᳆ Àn ᳇ Yáng ᳈ Huì ᴳ Pián ὴ Yáng ὺ Chǔ ᾊ Jí ᾛ Yè ᾝ Dùn ᾟ Kǎi ᾧ Yíng ᾩ Gài ᾲ Yú ᾶ Shà ⅳ Xīn ⅶ Suì ↢ Diàn ⇯ Huǐ ⇰ Yuán Ⓚ Zhǔn Ⓠ Gōu Ⓧ Yì ⓒ Xī ⓚ Wēn ⓛ Zhēn ⓡ Nì ⓪ Chù ⓰

645

Pāng ⓲ Cāng ⓴ Miè ⓵ Dí ⓼ Huì ┉ Mò ═ Liàn ❹ Huáng ❼ Jiān ❾ Shà ➎ Huàn ➕ Xù ➖ Zhào ➗ Fán ➙ Yáng ➜ Yú ⡿ Dié ⢂ Yuán ⥯ Xiá ⪅ Yú ⪌ Ruì ⪎ Sè ⪏ Guī ⪠ Zhēn ⬴ Dāng ⮦ Fèi Ⱑ Wěi Ⱟ Cuì ⰱ

Méng ⴏ Yá ⶊ Suī ⶒ Dū ⶓ Bì ⶕ Mù ⶖ Nì ⶘ Dǔ ⶩ Lù ⺼ Suì ⺾ Què ⺿ Bēi ⻁ Duì ⻃ Jìn ⾱ Yīn ⾻ Fú ⾿ Dì ⿈ Bài ぇ Kū ハ Guǎn ㆖ Shì ㆞ Jié ㇰ Liáng ㋡ Càn ㋢ Yuè ㋥ Gěng ㎶ Tí ㎸ Fú ㎽

Suí ㎿ Jīng ㏃ Zuì 㖚 Zhì 㖞 Shǔ 㖢 Qún 㗓 Qún 㗔 Xiàn 㗘 Yì 㗙 Shèng 㚆 Pìn 㚈 Sù 㚵 Sì 㚶 Zhǒng 㞛 Tú 㞟 Yāo 㞠 Jiǎo 㞣 Duàn 㞦 Cháng 㞨 Fù 㞩 Jiù 㠵 Yǔ 㠷 Méng 㫉 Lì 㫎 Chóu 㫝 Kuǎi 㫟 Pú 㫢 Zhēng 㫨

Cāng 㫬 Hāo 㫯 Xù 㫴 Gài 㫻 Shī 㫽 Luǒ 㫿 Péng 㬜 Lǔ 㲌 Yú 㲎 Hào 㲏 Tuì 㴫 É 㴮 Shǔ 㴰 Fēng 㴲 Shèn 㴳 Yá 㺉 Yì 㼄 Qiú 㼈 Zhuāng 㼍 Bì 㼘 Luǒ 㼨 Chǔ 㽊 Jiě 䀓 Zǐ 䁮 Xǔ 䂑 Xún 䂒 Yì 䂓 Shì 䂖

646

Shī 䂙 Gòu 䂜 Guǐ 䂝 Quán 䂞 Jié 䂠 Huà 䂡 Gāi 䂢 Xiáng 䂣 Zhān 䂩 Tiǎo 䂲 Lěi 䂴 Zhū 䂵 Kuā 䂷 Dàn 䃅 Chéng 䃐 Zhèng 䃽 Huàn 䊒 Hé 䊹 Lù 䋲 Lìn 䋳 Huì 䋴 Gāi 䋵 Zī 䋷 Jiǎ 䋸 Zéi 䋺 Chú 䎾 Gēn 䐏 Jì 䐑

Kuà 䐘 Guì 䐚 Qióng 䐛 Lù 䐟 Shì 䔮 Jiào 䔳 Zhōu 䔸 Zài 䔹 Zhì 䔺 Bì 䗏 Zuì 䗐 Nóng 䗢 Yáo 䚉 Liù 䚋 Xùn 䚌 Dì 䚎 Yuǎn 䚐 Qiǎn 䚓 Áo 䚘 Bǐ 䝉 Hù 䝐 Yān 䝒 Zhāng 䝓 Lào 䞚 Chóu 䞜 Xiān 䞠 Líng 䡤 Pí 䡩

Yuè 䢎 Gōu 䢔 Jì 䳋 Zhàng 䳌 Zhì 䳹 Gòu 䳺 Yōng 䳽 Jū 䳾 Líng 䴦 Léi 䴧 Diàn 䴫 Hū 䴭 Jìng 䶆 Jìn 䶣 Xū 为 Sòng 丼 Qí 举 Yù 乀 Wán 乁 Dùn 乃 Yǐn 伞 Bǎo 伭 Shì 伮 Chí 俣 Xùn 俤 Kuí 共 Yán ນ

14 Strokes Xiān ‫ۺ‬ Qiáo ‫܁‬ Pū ‫܅‬ Xī ‫܆‬ Liáo ‫܊‬ Sēng ‫ܗ‬ Xiàn ‫ܙ‬ Jiàn ‫ܝ‬ Tóng ‫ܞ‬ Bó ‫ܠ‬ Jǐng ܶ Jīng ‫ޒ‬ Huà ࢳ Zhā ࢴ Kuì ॡ Yàn ঢ় Lì ৢ Sǒu మ Tàn శ Jiā హ Xiāo ీ Huì ూ Ǒu ౄ Zé ె Cháng ే Tú െ Chén ລ Shú ຮ 647

Lǒu ຯ Jìng ຳ Yōng ູ Zhuì ໌ Duò ໞ Shòu ༭ Huǒ ཕ Duó ྚ Yù ᄇ Dí ᄑ Chá ሏ Guǎ ሑ Qǐn ሒ Wù ሔ Liáo ሕ Shí ሖ Níng ሗ Kuān ሜ Duì ሽ Lǚ ኒ Zhàng Ꮂ Bì ᒓ Jǐn ᔁ Liào ᔆ Guǎng ᔓ Bì ᔺ Zhāng ᖠ Què ᝘

Sù ᝜ Yīn ᝷ Tài ᝻ Mù ច Cán ដ Tè ឍ Tòng ត Màn ធ Guàn ន Kāng ឧ Jié ᡚ Qiān ᩤ Zhāi ᪈ Lǒu ᪏ Cuī ᪗ Zhí ᪝ Mó ᪩ Biào ᪭ Piē ᪷ Qí ᰇ Chàng ᳒ Hào ᳔ Jì ᳘ Mù ᳞ Gǔ ῆ Bǎng ῌ Xiè ῝ Róng ῞

Cuī ῡ Tà Ύ Gǎo ῱ Gòu Ώ Qiāng ´ Guǒ ‘ Mó ⁑ Gē ⅼ Yǔn ⇎ Yíng ⓾ Zhì ┟ Mǎn ┯ Yú ┱ Piāo ┲ Qī ┶ Lòu ┿ Yǎn ╄ Cáo ╅ Hàn ╒ Màn ╛ Zì ╜ Tà ╟ Zhāng ╣ Huàn ╦ Jiàn ╨ Huáng ▒ Xī ➴ Xióng ➺

Xī ⟉ Ěr ⡮ Luò ⣆ Yù ⥴ Áo ⦂ Suǒ ⪓ Yáo ⪔ Mǎ ⪚ Yí ⯁ Zhǒng ⰷ Chài ⱕ Shòu ⱖ Jìn ⴑ Jiān ⴓ Kuí ⶭ Ruì ⶯ Sǒu ⶽ Jié ⻓ Bì ⻗ Shuò ⻙ Dàng ⻝ Cuō ⻻ Zhǒng ぞ Chēng ち Jì ぺ Wā ペ Yú ボ Jié ㄝ

648

Duān ㄟ Jiān ㆻ Zhēng ㆿ Jī ㇅ Suàn ㇇ Jùn ㇈ Guǎn ㇑ Zhù ㇨ Cuì ㋩ Jīng ㋮ Zōng ㏌ Lǜ ㏐ Chóu ㏒ Quǎn ㏓ Qí ㏖ Wǎn ㏙ Wéi ㏝ Qìng ㏞ Wǎn ㏠ Gāng ㏡ Zhuì ㏤ Lún ㏨ Qǐ ㏪ Chāo ㏭ Mián ㏯ Zōu ㏵ Jǐn ㏺ Xù 㐂

Fá 㖠 Dí 㘏 Cuì 㘐 Jù 㚊 Wén 㚎 Zhào 㚷 Fǔ 㞀 Lǚ 㞲 Gāo 㞿 Zāng 㠗 Wǔ 㡎 Tuī 㬧 Yì 㬪 Liǎo 㬬 Xu 㬯 Miè 㭁 Wàn 㭃 Cài 㭑 Jiǎng 㭓 Mì 㭔 Cōng 㭕 Bì 㭭 Qú 㮆 Fēi 㵊 Tiáo 㵙 Yù 㵞 Zhūn 㵣 Qīng 㵫

Wān 㵯 Wō 㶨 Láng 㶲 Cháng 㼣 Péi 㼤 Zhì 㼭 Fù 㼷 Biǎn 㼺 Xiù 㼿 Hè 㽀 Bǎo 㽃 Qiú 䀙 Zhì 䂼 Rèn 䂽 Ē 䃂 Shì 䃃 Bèi 䃆 Yòu 䃈 Yǔ 䃎 Jiè 䃑 Wū 䃓 Wù 䃔 Gào 䃕 Sòng 䃖 Huì 䃘 Shuō 䃚 Xī 䊘 Háo 䊚

Mào 䊼 Lí 䊽 Bīn 䌃 Hè 䎛 Zhào 䏉 Jú 䐬 Yǒng 䐺 Zhé 䕂 Fǔ 䕄 Qīng 䕅 Shì 䚙 Zāo 䚝 Zhē 䚞 Dùn 䚟 Dèng 䝗 Zhèng 䝝 Lín 䝠 Dān 䝢 Kù 䞧 Suān 䞨 Ěr 䢪 Yín 䢰 Tóng 䢵 Zhū 䣆 Míng 䣈 Xián 䣌 Chán 䣻 Tǐng 䣼

649

Hé 䯑 Gé 䯓 Guī 䯘 Mǐn 䯙 Lǘ 䯝 Suì 䳗 Suí 䳘 Cí 䳼 Luò 䴂 Xū 䴰 Tíng 䴶 Yāng 䶵 Sháo 並 Pō 乇 Lǐng 么 Tiǎn 伲 Xiǎng 伹 Yǎng 伺 Ěr 似 Rì 俩 Zhí 俭 Bó 俱 Xiū 儔 Máo 儖 Pò 兴 Fèng 匣 Míng 匤 Yuān 匦

Me 哬 Bí 啫 Qí 啺

15 Strokes Jiāng ‫ܥ‬ Jià ‫ܩ‬ Pì ‫ܫ‬ Yí ܰ Yì ܴ Jiǎn ܹ Dān ܻ Jù ࢷ Pī ࢸ Liú ࢹ Guì ࢼ Jiàn ࢽ Cháo ౢ M ౨ Xī ౫ Hēi ౯ Yē ౾ Xū ಃ Pēn ತ Zēng ໎ Shàn ໐ Mò ໘ Duò ໟ Fén ໣

Xián ᄫ Xī ᄹ Shěn ሙ Xiě ማ Liáo ሞ Dǎo ሾ Céng ኔ Lǚ ን Lín Ꮙ Zhì ᒏ Chán ᔋ Sī ᔍ Miào ᔏ Wǔ ᔑ Fèi ᔒ Dàn ᕸ Yǐng ᖡ Zhēng ᗥ Dé ᗧ Chè ᗩ Huì ភ Sǒng ល Lǜ ឞ Wèi ហ Qìng ឦ Zhí ឩ Yù ឮ Yōu ឲ

Zēng ើ Lián ៀ Kuì ែ Qiáo ោ Dàn ៊ Fèn ។ Mǐn ៛ Cǎn ៟ Jué ០ Dǒng ៲ Lù ᡞ Mó ᪙ Zhì ᪟ Chēng ᫀ Náo ᫃ Zhuàng ᫎ Bō ᫕ Fǔ ᫛ Bō ᫝ Zhuàn ᫠ Pū ᫢ Tà ᫫ Dí ᮥ Fū ᮧ Shù ᮨ Zàn ᳛ Bào ᳤ Xí ‒

650

Lè ′ Cōng ‵ Fán › Lóu ⁃ Biāo ⁉ Shū ⁎ Yàng ⁓ Tàn ⅾ Ōu ↀ Xū ↄ Shāng ⇔ Yì ⇵ Téng ┅ Jiāng ╯ Yǐng ╱ Pō ▁ Jié ▄ Pān █ Qián ▋ Rùn ▔ Lǎo ▖ Tán ▝ Cháo ▞ Kuì ■ Jiàn ◇ Fén ◶ Shóu ⟏ Rè ⟡

Jiǎng ⥾ Cuǐ ⪰ Zhāng ⪻ Huáng ⫌ Ōu ⬼ Yì ⱎ Jí ⱐ Pán ⴔ Chēn ⶻ Méng ⷒ Què ⻪ Bàng ⻵ Lěi ⻺ Tián ⻼ Wèi ⼁ Jì で Dào に Jià ぬ Jī ね Gǔ ば Qióng マ Xiāng ㇡ Zhēn ㇤ Huáng ㇱ Fàn ㇴ Zhuàn ㇶ Piān ㇷ Qiè ㇻ

Hú ㋺ Jiān 㐈 Xiàn 㐊 Jī 㐍 Dì 㐐 Mín 㐑 Yuán 㐓 Biān 㐘 Huǎn 㐙 Liàn 㐤 Mà 㖥 Bà 㖧 Jiǎn 㘖 Piān 㘙 Huī 㘜 Ǒu 㙖 Fū 㟊 Xī 㟍 Jiāo 㟐 Pù 㡆 Shū 㭜 Fán 㭳 Qiáo 㭾 Ráo 㮈 Zuì 㮎 Kuì 㮒 Ruí 㮔 Dàng 㮙

Guó 㲒 Huáng 㶇 Máo 㶕 Dié 㶦 Wèi 㺋 Chōng 㺍 Bāo 㽂 Kù 㽢 Shéi 䃠 Kè 䃢 Fěi 䃩 Yì 䃬 Yín 䃮 Tiáo 䃯 Chǎn 䃲 Zhūn 䃴 Qī 䃶 Tán 䃷 Wěi 䃹 Qǐng 䃻 Liàng 䄂 Jiàn 䄃 Chù 䄄 Lùn 䄆 Yú 䄋 Zhū 䄨 Nuò 䄮 Shù 䉾

651

Yù 䊛 Ní 䊾 Māo 䋃 Cì 䌌 Shǎng 䌎 Xián 䌒 Mài 䌓 Jiàn 䌔 Fù 䌖 Zhì 䌚 Jī 䌛 Qù 䏓 Jiàn 䑀 Jí 䑆 Jù 䑎 Chí 䑏 Yǐ 䑖 Cù 䑗 Luǒ 䓦 Zhé 䕉 Huī 䕍 Chuò 䕏 Gǔn 䕕 Niǎn 䕖 Bèi 䕙 Lún 䕚 Chí 䚢 Lín 䚤

Zūn 䚥 Qiān 䚧 Xuǎn 䚨 Yí 䚪 Liáo 䚬 Mài 䚱 Kuài 䝦 Chún 䞷 Zuì 䞹 Hàn 䣢 Ruì 䣣 Xiāo 䣧 Jiá 䣿 Fēng 䤂 Pū 䤚 Kǔn 䯛 Yuè 䯡 Xiǎn 䳚 Xiāo 䴴 Zhèn 䴷 Kào 䶐 Gé 䶸 Ān 䶽 Xié 乑 Bí 乗 Něi 佂 È 佃 Bū 佄

Yú 佈 Pēng 俽 Zhù 倀 Nú 倁 Jū 倂 Zǎng 倄 Jià 倅 Sì 倏 Hái 僨 Fà 儞 Rán 償 Lǔ 冟 Fáng 冤 Huī 哮 Lí 哾 Chǐ 喂

Zào ಚ Yī ಛ Shì ಜ Jiào ಝ Kuài ಢ Huō ಴ Hāo ಶ Kěn ໮ Bì ໱ Yōng ໵ Tán ໷ Fèn ྞ Bì ᅆ Shàn ᅇ Qiáng ᅉ Yíng ᅤ Xué ᆨ Yè Ꮫ Qiáng ᔗ Lǐn ᔙ Jiǎo ᗬ Píng េ Yìn ំ Xiàn ២ Yì ៦ Hàn ៮ Xiàn ៱ Xiè ៸

16 Strokes Rú ݂ Chóu ݄ Chái ݅ Jǐn ݈ Jì ް Níng ࠍ Jì ࣁ Yì ࣃ Lì थ Xiào ౟ Qì ಘ

652

Zhàn ᡠ Yōng ᫱ Shàn ᫵ Zé ᫷ Cāo ᫽ Huàn ᬀ Dān ᬄ Jù ᬊ Hù ᬝ Zhěng ᮤ Yì ᳰ Lì ᳶ Xiǎo ᳹ Èr ⁢ Pò ⁨ Shù ⁩ Zūn  Mó ⁵ Ráo ⁸ Qiáo ⁻ Tuó ₀ Jú ₈ Jué ₋ Jī ₏ Héng ₛ Gāo ₠ Zuì ₷ Xī ↉

Lì ↧ Dān ⇛ Zé ◔ Kuài ◞ Chán ◦ Dàn ◩ Jī ◰ Zhuó ◱ Huì ◺ Xī ⟩ Chì ⟮ Jiāo ⟻ Shāo ⠂ Fán ⠄ Yàn ⠅ Yíng ⠏ Yù ⠐ Suì ⠗ Dú ⦘ Huò ⦢ Pú ⫎ Jī ⫓ Piáo ⬒ Zèng ⭁ Lóng ⱳ Hào ⳑ Lú ⴗ Shùn ⷊ

Kàn ⷠ Zhuān ⼊ Mó ⼘ Qìng ⼜ Chán ⿚ Mù ぶ Jī ぽ Yǐng ま Jù ユ Kuī リ Zhù ㇹ Cuàn ㈑ Dǔ ㈔ Bì ㈣ Qiǔ ㌇ Yíng 㐸 Yūn 㑅 Cuī 㑇 Fù 㑋 Zhěn 㑍 Gǎo 㑎 Hú 㑐 Téng 㑒 Xiàn 㑓 Tāo 㑗 Féng 㑛 Xī 㗢 Hàn 㘠

Nòu 㙘 Shàn 㟣 Zhēn 㠫 Xīng 㠸 Jǔ 㠹 Xiāo 㮝 Yùn 㮰 Báo 㮴 Hāo 㮵 Wēi 㮷 Huì 㮸 Jì 㮺 Tì 㯉 Xuē 㯋 Jiàn 㯖 Hōng 㯘 Xīn 㯚 Róng 㶽 Míng 㷏 Héng 㺑 Bāo 㽳 Yú 㿖 Qīn 㿚 Dié 䄌 Xuān 䄐 È 䄔 Xié 䄗 Jiàn 䄛

653

Yù 䄝 Zī 䄞 Huì 䄡 Ān 䄣 Fěng 䄧 Yàn 䄪 Xuān 䄬 Móu 䄰 Yè 䄱 Wèi 䄲 Xuè 䅄 Lài 䌤 Zī 䏖 Yú 䑠 Duó 䑡 Yǒng 䑤 Zhǒng 䑥 Dì 䑦 Jǔ 䑭 Tí 䑴 Cuō 䑹 Jí 䕟 Shū 䕨 Fú 䕫 Bàn 䗖 Biàn 䗘 Jù 䚭 Bì 䚯

Xiè 䚲 Hái 䚴 Zhān 䚵 Zōu 䝩 Xǐng 䟂 Chǒu 䟌 Jù 䤨 Lù 䤴 Zhuī 䥀 Zī 䥉 Qián 䥒 Jǐn 䥖 Xī 䥛 Gù 䥞 Cuò 䥟 Lù 䥢 Yé 䦱 Yán 䯫 Yān 䯬 Hūn 䯭 Xí 䳠 Yǐn 䳡 Diāo 䴅 Diāo 厠 Huò 䴽 Ní 䵃 Jìng 䶌 Yí 乔

Tóu 九 Kuí 也 Jiá 习 Hàn 乧 Jǐng 乨 Tuí 乩 Pín 乫 Cān 佀 Guǎn 佘 Pián 倒 Hài 倝 Yīn 倠 Tuó 冰 Tái 净 Bào 凁 Fù 凂 Xiāo 华 Chī 协 Qián 唄 Mò 唈 Lóng 喽

Xiàng ೞ Qiàn ໽ Hè ༁ Yā ༃ Kuàng ༉ Yīng ᅠ Rú ᆪ Jù ኘ Lǐng Ꮺ Bāng ᒛ Chóu ᒜ Mí ᕼ Huī ᗭ Qín ៳ Kěn ៷ Yìng ៹ Mào ៻ Zhì ᠕ Nuò ᠖ Nuò ᠗ Xì ᡢ Dài ᡤ Jī ᫺ Bò ᬈ Jǐ ᬐ Zhuó ᬒ Nǐ ᬜ Nǐng ᬠ

17 Strokes Cháng ‫ݏ‬ Yōu ‫ݚ‬ Chǔ ‫ݢ‬ Rú ವ Xià ಷ Jì ಼

654

Zhì ᬢ Yì ᮱ Liǎn ᮲ Bì ᮳ Sào ₮ Tán ₰ Xí ₴ Jiǎ ⃏ Jiǎn ⃒ Zhì ℋ Chù ↌ Yú ↏ Zhān ∸ Shī ★ Pì ☎ Jì ☏ Háo ☐ Rú ☑ Làn ☛ Pú ☞ Zhuó ☟ Bīn ☡ Zhú ⠝ Xiè ⠞ Jué ⡥ Qiáng ⡶ Xiǎn ⦞ Huán ⫠

Pì ⭃ Dān ⭄ Pó Ⳕ Hào ⳕ Dàng ⴚ Shùn ⷜ Liǎo ⷝ Jiàn ⷟ Jiǎo ⸟ Dī ⼮ Yù ⿖ Lǐ ⿞ Guǐ ㈻ Huáng ㉗ Mí ㌌ Fèn ㌎ Zāo ㌏ Kāng ㌐ Suō 㑞 Zòng 㑡 Léi 㑢 Màn 㑥 Zhí 㑦 Lǚ 㑧 Mí 㑫 Zǒng 㑭 Jì 㑮 Fán 㑱

Miào 㑶 Yáo 㑷 Qiǎng 㑸 Zēng 㖮 Yì 㘣 ao 㘦 Yì 㘬 Lián 㚟 Cōng 㚠 Shēng 㚢 Sǒng 㚣 Dǎn 㟭 Kuài 㟮 Bì 㟲 Yì 㟶 Sāo 㟺 Lín 㠘 Jiù 㠺 Jiān 㢡 Xūn 㯠 Gǎo 㯱 Jiè 㯹 Dí 㯻 Lán 㯽 Cáng 㯿 Miǎo 㰀 Kuī 㲗 Shì 㷛

Cáo 㷜 Táng 㷣 Lóu 㷫 Shuài 㷰 Xī 㷻 Xiè 㽫 Xiāng 㽴 Jì 㿜 Gòu 㿟 Bàng 䅇 Qiān 䅉 Shì 䅊 Jiǎng 䅋 Xiè 䅍 Hè 䅎 Yáo 䅐 Mó 䅘 Áo 䅧 Huō 䉱 Bīn 䊣 Gòu 䌬 Zhuì 䌵 Qū 䏘 Jiǎn 䑷 Dǎo 䑸 Xī 䑺 Tà 䑻 Niǎn 䑽

655

Zhǎn 䕮 Yú 䕯 Gǔ 䕲 Yuán 䕵 Ěr 䚷 Miǎo 䚸 Hǎi 䟒 Duàn 䦋 Zhōng 䦮 Kuò 䯺 Lán 䯼 Huī 䳣 Lì 䳨 Suī 䴆 Shuāng 䵌 Jū ䷐ Hán 七 Bī 仧 Hú 作 Hóu 佡 Wèi 佥 Xiè 値 Sǒng 倧 Chěng 倱 Xīng 倲 Bì 僰 Zhuā 儭 Tuí 养

Wèi 兿 Zī 冶 Jiāo 凛 Xiān 凞 Hóng 卫 Mí 咻 Dài 唋 Chù 唌 Yǒu 唍 Diǎn 唎 Fú 唫 Yuán 唯 Zhāi 啻 Chèn 善 Guī 嗌 Yuè 嗐

18 Strokes Cóng ਒ Niè ೉ Lěi ༈ Duì ᠏ Mèn ᠓ Chuō ᡣ Rǎo ᬮ Duàn ᯧ Kuàng ᴐ Táo ⃞ Jiàn ⃫

Guī ↨ Jiàn ☪ Xiè ☹ Ruò ⠷ Liè ⦥ Bì ⫗ Yù Ⲃ Zhān ⷫ Gǔ ⷭ Qú ⷯ Mēng ⷷ Yuē ⸡ Bó ⽑ Mí ⿠ Dǎo ⿡ Sè ゑ Huì を Cuàn ヴ Qiào ヵ Dān ㉎ Jiǎn ㉑ Liáng ㌗ Zhī 㒄 Liáo 㒊 Ruǐ 㒐 Jiǎn 㒝 Qiáo 㘩 Áo 㘪

Fān 㘫 Niè 㚦 Zhí 㚧 Lí 㰌 Yì 㰍 Yào 㰕 Fān 㰙 Sǒu 㰚 Chán 㸜 Chóng 㸢 Chài 㸶 Jīn 㾏 Fù 㾶 Shāng 䀤 Qǐng 䅖 Miù 䅜 Ōu 䅣 Jǐn 䅩 Màn 䅮 Fēng 䊀 Zé 䌮 Cù 䒉 Zōng 䒔 Chú 䒷 Qū 䓰 Zhuǎn 䕹 Biān 䚺 Láo 䟚

656

Yī 䟛 Jiàng 䟜 Lí 䠀 Róng 䧄 Bó 䧋 Zhèn 䧞 Yì 䧠 Juān 䧨 Mò 䧼 Tà 䰂 Hé 䰄 Què 䰅 Lǒng 䳤 Shuāng 䴉 Chú 䴋 Zá 䴌 Yōng 䴍 Jī 䴎 Lí 䴒 Yǔn 䵓 Wù 䵗 Biān ䷝ Tí 乼 É 乽 Yán 乿 Zhuān 亃 Zhuī 倵 Qí 倾

Qí 倿 Tì 儴 Sōng 儶 Gěng 凱 Lǐ 凹 É 厍 Hú 厐 Jūn 咿 Xiá 唐 Cháo 唲 Diāo 啖 Hé 喅

19 Strokes Chán ‫ݣ‬ Ráng ध Quàn न Dàn ೚ Yán ೤ Huài ༎ Niè ᆭ Chǒng ሥ Róng ᏶ Lú ᔜ Chéng ᠢ Huái ᠧ Pān ᬰ Lǔ ℃ Gāo ℌ

Dú ℍ Lì ℏ Chuò ← Bīn ♅ Dú ⢈ Shòu ⦨ Tǎ ⦪ Xǐ ⫭ Jiāng ⮶ Chóu ⮷ Yǎng Ⲓ Ài ⽉ Lù ㉜ Lián ㉮ Bù ㉯ Xiù 㒑 Shéng 㒙 Huì 㒚 Xì 㒛 Yì 㒩 Qiǎn 㒮 Luó 㖵 Pí 㖶 Léi 㗨 Gēng 㗩 Là 㠈 Ǎi 㰩 Lìn 㰪

Zǎo 㰫 Tuò 㰰 Qí 㰴 Sū 㰷 Yùn 㰺 Pín 㰻 Qú 㱗 Xiè 㸩 Shàn 㸪 Yǐ 㸫 Zhú 㸻 Wà 㾚 Zhèng 䅹 Jī 䅿 Zèn 䆆 Shí 䆈 Qiáo 䆉 Tán 䆊 Pǔ 䆌 Jǐng 䆖 Zèng 䌸 Zàn 䌺 Cù 䒤 Jué 䒦 Qiāo 䒫 Zhé 䕽 Cí 䗝 Zú 䧳

657

Dī 䨁 Yōng 䨎 Jìng 䨑 Lòu 䨔 Táng 䰋 Guān 䰌 Kàn 䰎 Nán 䴓 Mí 䶑 Xié ䷥ Yùn 丫 Yuàn 予 Sǎng 争 Diān 事 Lèi 于 Fān 仯 Jǐn 佹 Huō 偎 Sāo 偧 Hú 儽 Zī 刄 Zōu 创 Péng 厜 Què 厢 Yuān 厧 Yì 厲 Qí 哂 Lì 哇

Fǔ 唬 Wā 唳 Páng 嗀

20 Strokes Jiáo ೬ Rǎng ༔ Bǎo ሦ Wēi ᏽ Xuán ᠨ Yīng ᭆ Rǎng ᭈ Niè ℡ Yuè ♩ Lán ♮ Guàn ♼ Xī ⣗ Chōu ⣘ Xiàn ⦫ Lì ⴝ Lěi ⽘ Dòu ヷ Jìng ㄦ Chóu ㉼ Jí ㉽ Xū 㒫 Jì 㒬 Zuǎn 㒲 Lú 㠊

Fán 㱙 Lán 㱝 Rú 㹅 Pín 㹉 Jué 㿪 Chù 䀨 Pì 䆜 Huǐ 䆝 Yì 䆟 Yì 䆠 Qiǎn 䆤 Hù 䆧 Yù 䆭 Shàn 䌽 Yíng 䌿 Bì 䒴 Zhú 䒵 Qiào 䒸 Lǐ 䟤 Yì 䟧 Shì 䟻 Náo 䨳 Jué 䨽 Zhōng 䩈 Chǎn 䰑 Tà 䰕 Xiǎng 丯 Cù 亓

Piāo 仴 Kuì 佻 Shàn 佽 Jī 侁 Ráo 侂 Xiǎng 侇 Xīn 俘 Qiān 偛 Téng 偠 Zōu 偦 Ào 偱 Zhěn 兂 Qiū 刽 Tuǒ 剆 Jiē 友 Wù 叙 Hú 叫 Qíng 唕 Dǎng 唘 Jǔ 喏 Líng 喑

21 Strokes Yǎn ‫ݬ‬ Niè ೱ Xiāo ೲ Kuí ང Shǔ ኜ Jù ᠬ

658

Xié ᭌ Shè ᭍ Nǎng ᴙ Quán ℺ Huān ↑ Làn ⡋ Jiào ⡍ Lóng ⽡ Xù 㒼 Léi 㒽 Chán 㒿 Yōu 㙠 Luǒ 㠍 Lǐ 㹑 Chèn 㾟 Lǎn 㿭 Háo 䆩 Zāng 䍃 Chóu 䒺 Yuè 䒽 Zhí 䓁 Hōng 䖏 Biàn 䗟 Lì 䝸 Tiě 䩥 Duó 䩨 Jù 䩫 Bì 䰒

Lù 䵢 Bà 䵨 Pī 䵩 Hào 井 Gù 亗 Zhān 侈 Cān 偲 Piào 偳 Qū 偵 Suǐ 儃 Hè 古 Yì 叱 Àn 唟

22 Strokes Tǎng ‫ݫ‬ Nāng ೺ Yán ᐆ Yì ᠯ Zǎn ᭒ Tān ᭔ Sǎ ⚁ Dié ⮺ Ráng ゠ Qiè ヺ Lài ㊏ Lóng ㊐ Niè ㌥ Lú 㓁

Zàn ⬊ Yīng 㓃 Cái 㓄 Xiān 㓆 Gǔ 㹡 Juān 㹢 Chǎn 䆷 Biàn 䆺 Chóu 䆾 Zhì 䪅 Shuò 䪐 Biāo 䪓 Léi 䵱 Xiǎn 亟 Yàn 侌 Yàn 傇 Yì 傋 Kuān 儆 Lín 劇 Lín 哏

Tīng 㚭 Lóng 㚮 Lú 㢛 Fēng 㹝 Xí 㾢 Dí 㿯 Dú 䆰 Shú 䍆 Chú 䓅 Pèi 䖑 Luó 䚿 Zhù 䩴 Jiàn 䪂 Jì 䵭 Jiāo 傅 Jīng 傊 Tǐ 億 Xū 兊 Yù 八 Zhuān 剴 Biē 剹 Zhì 吉 Chuò 喚 Yǔ 喜 Gōng 嗄

24 Strokes Huán ⬋ Lí ㊜ Jī 㖸 Yàn 㢧 Cán 㹦 Dù 㹩 Guān 㿰

23 Strokes Jué ᭛ Luán ⅂

659

Chán 䇂 Ràng 䇃 Huān 䇉 Niàng 䟰 Lì 䵲 Líng 䵸 Pīn 傎 Zhòu 傏 Kuài 劐 Yīng 吩 Zhān 吷 Yán 咭

25 Strokes Tīng ᔣ Tiào ㌦ Luán 㠐 Mán 㹫 Jī 㾺 Niè 䓑 Lú 亡 Liè 兓 Tuó 唹

26 Strokes Zàn 䇊 Xǐ 䓗 Xìn 䟱 Jì 傕 Yǎn 唦

27 Strokes Zuān 䪭 Huān 備 Yù 兠

È 劧

Záo 䪯

28 Strokes

29 Strokes

Zhuàng ᠷ

Lí 傚 Yù 兡

660

30 Strokes Cuàn ⡘ Luán 呎

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