Miller's Australian Competition & Consumer Law Annotated 2017. [39 ed.] 9780455500140, 0455500142

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated 39TH EDITION

by RUSSELL V MILLER AM LLB (Hons) Senior Advisor in Competition Policy and Regulation, Centre for Strategy and Governance Member, Minter Ellison Australasian Competition Group

by ROD SIMS Chairman Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

LAWBOOK CO. 2017

Published in Sydney by Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited 19 Harris Street, Pyrmont, NSW 2009 First edition ........................................... second impression .............................. Second edition ....................................... Third edition ......................................... Fourth edition ........................................ Fifth edition .......................................... Sixth edition .......................................... Seventh edition ...................................... Eighth edition ........................................ Ninth edition ......................................... Tenth edition ......................................... Eleventh edition..................................... second impression .............................. Twelfth edition ...................................... second impression .............................. third impression ................................. Thirteenth edition .................................. Fourteenth edition .................................. Fifteenth edition .................................... Sixteenth edition .................................... Seventeeth edition.................................. Eighteenth edition ..................................

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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry ISSN 1466-0130 ISBN 978–0–455–50014–0 © 2017 Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited This publication is copyright. Other than for the purposes of and subject to the conditions prescribed under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of it may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, microcopying, photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without prior written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. All ACCC material in this book is reproduced by permission. It is subject to Commonwealth of Australia copyright. Product Developer: Catherine Fitzgerald Project Editors: Prudence Allan, Vanessa Schlenert Editorial and Production Team: Angela Bandiera, Paul Godwin, David Graham, Jinhong Tang, Sonia Tulse Index: Puddingburn Publishing Services Pty Ltd Printed by Ligare Pty Ltd, Riverwood, NSW, Australia This book has been printed on paper certified by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). PEFC is committed to sustainable forest management through third party forest certification of responsibly managed forests. For more info: www.pefc.org.

FOREWORD By Rod Sims Chairman of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission January 2017 Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated is a constant companion of so many people in all ACCC meetings so I am delighted to introduce the 39th edition. Whether the reader is seeking to understand court outcomes, tribunal decisions or legislative changes, Millers paints a clear picture of Australia’s competition and consumer laws. The profit motive provides a powerful incentive for businesses to outdo each other on price, product and service. The profit motive can greatly benefit us all as consumers, but this can only occur if there is broad compliance with the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (the Act). For this to occur there also has to be strong and visible enforcement of the Act so that businesses know and respect what they can and cannot do, and consumers can have faith in the operation of the market economy. First criminal cartel prosecution under the Act This edition of Miller’s contains a reference to a significant milestone for the Act; the first criminal cartel prosecution against a corporation under s 44ZZRG. On 14 July 2016, the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP) laid criminal charges against Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK), a global shipping company based in Japan in relation to a cartel involving the shipment of cars, trucks, and buses to Australia.1 NYK subsequently pleaded guilty and a sentencing hearing will occur in April 2017. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) investigates cartel conduct, manages the immunity process, and refers serious cartel conduct to the CDPP to consider prosecution. Amendments criminalising cartel conduct came into force in July 2009 and the ACCC has taken a deliberately cautious approach in order to lay strong foundations for a continuing program of cases. Indeed, in November 2016, the CDPP laid criminal charges against a second company, Japanese-based Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha (K-Line), alleging involvement in the same cartel. High Court rules on online competition In late 2016, the High Court of Australia allowed the ACCC’s appeal in relation to Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd’s attempt to induce three international airlines to enter into price-fixing arrangements between 2005 and 2009 in relation to air fares offered online by the airlines that were cheaper than those offered by Flight Centre.2 At the core of the matter was the question of whether Flight Centre and the airlines are legally considered to be competitors. The ACCC brought the case because it considered that they were in competition with one another to sell flights to consumers, and the High Court agreed. The High Court decision will provide important guidance for the application of competition laws in Australia to other situations where competing offers are made directly to consumers by both agents and their principals. It is likely to be particularly relevant when businesses make online sales in competition with their agents. The matter will now return to the Full Federal Court for determination of the appeal and cross-appeal in relation to penalty brought by the parties. Harper reforms take shape In another major development, the government is taking steps to amend the Act to implement a broad range of reforms as recommended by the Harper Review. In December 2016, the government introduced a Bill containing amendments to the misuse of market power provisions (s 46) of the Act. The Bill also includes “consequential amendments” to repeal the telecommunications anti-competitive conduct provisions in Part © 2017 THOMSON REUTERS

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XIB of the Act. The government intends to introduce the remaining amendments covered in its Exposure Draft into parliament in early 2017. This includes proposed changes creating a prohibition against concerted practices that substantially lessen competition as well as key changes to the merger and non-merger authorisation and the notification provisions, as well as the National Access Regime in Part IIIA. Separately, the ACCC has acted on the Harper Review recommendations by updating our guidelines on the use of s 155 powers and implementing a Media Code of Conduct. Penalties must be relevant Specific and general deterrence is a critical objective of pecuniary penalties. To deter future contraventions, both the statutory maximum penalty and the penalties imposed by the Courts should act as a strong deterrent. For example, the ACCC has appealed the penalties imposed by the trial judge in the long-running Cement Australia case. We will argue to the Full Court of the Federal Court that the $17.1 million in penalties imposed against Cement Australia are inadequate, and not of appropriate deterrent value; we had submitted that penalties of more than $90 million were appropriate. Penalties must be commercially relevant and high enough for businesses not to see them as merely an acceptable cost of doing business. The same logic applies to penalties in consumer cases. At first instance, the Federal Court found Reckitt Benckiser Pty Ltd engaged in misleading conduct between 2011 and 2015 by making representations that Nurofen Specific Pain products were each formulated to specifically treat a particular type of pain, when this was not the case, and imposed penalties of $1.7 million. On appeal, the ACCC submitted to the Full Court that this level of penalty imposed on a company the size of Reckitt Benckiser did not act as an adequate deterrent, particularly in light of the widespread nature of the conduct and the substantial sales and profit associated with the misconduct. In December, the Full Court upheld the ACCC’s appeal and ordered a penalty of $6 million. This is the highest penalty awarded under the Australian Consumer Law for misleading conduct. On a different front, the Consumer Affairs Australia and New Zealand (CAANZ) review of the ACL is considering whether the ACL penalty regime remains appropriate. The ACCC considers that the current $1.1 million maximum penalties available for most contraventions of the ACL are too low to have a sufficient deterrent effect, particularly for large corporations. The ACCC considers that the maximum consumer law penalties should be comparable to those for contraventions of the competition laws. CAANZ is considering many issues as part of the review and will hand down a report in March 2017. The Productivity Commission is also examining the regulatory model underpinning the ACL with a report also expected in March. Signalling and delivering on priorities We have had several standout outcomes in enforcement proceedings decided this year. Each year we are clearly signalling our enforcement and compliance priorities, and acting to address consumer harm. Product safety is a prime example. In early 2016, the Federal Court ordered Woolworths Ltd to pay more than $3 million in penalties for breaches of the ACL relating to safety issues with house brand products.3 The defects in Woolworths’ products caused serious injuries, including burns from hot oil when the handle of the deep fryer broke and chemical burns caused by a defective cap on bottles of drain cleaner. Woolworths made admissions and cooperated in resolving the case, however, the Federal Court ordered a substantial penalty of $ 3.057 million given the seriousness of the conduct. The outcome comes at a time when the ACCC is encouraging all companies to pay close attention to quality assurance and be proactive in detecting and removing unsafe products from their shelves. In recent years, the ACCC has also focused on consumer issues affecting vulnerable and disadvantaged members of the community, in particular people who are newly arrived in Australia. We achieved an important outcome in this area drawing on various ACL remedies. In March, the Federal Court found that Clinica Internationale Pty Ltd (Clinica) and Mr Radovan Montague Laski, a director and the sole shareholder of Clinica, made false or misleading representations and engaged in unconscionable conduct in relation to a program allegedly offering permanent residency.4 Clinica offered migrants training and sponsored employment in the cleaning industry under a program which it claimed would lead to permanent

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Foreword

Australian residency. Approximately 90 migrants paid fees totalling more than $760,000 to participate in the program, with many paying in excess of $10,000 each. The Court ordered Clinica and Mr Laski to refund payments made by migrants and to pay penalties totalling $1.025 million ($700,000 and $325,000 respectively). The Court also disqualified Mr Laski from managing corporations for five years. The Full Federal Court is considering an appeal from Mr Laski and related entities on some of the orders made by the trial judge. There was also much interest in the so-called “Mind the Gap” judgment with the Federal Court dismissing the ACCC’s proceedings against Woolworths Ltd.5 In December 2014, Woolworths developed the “‘Mind the Gap”’ scheme to reduce a significant half-year gross profit shortfall, with category managers and buyers contacting many suppliers to ask for urgent payments ranging from $4,291 to $1.4 million. The Federal Court ruled that Woolworths’ requests for these payments were not unconscionable within the meaning of the ACL. Like the Flight Centre decision, the Federal Court’s ruling in ACCC v Valve Corp will also have lasting significance for the modern day marketplace. The judgment provides greater certainty where overseas-based online platforms supply digital goods to Australian consumers. In March 2016, the Court found that Valve, through its online game distribution platform Steam, and its Steam website, engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct and made false or misleading representations to Australian consumers about their consumer guarantee rights under the ACL. The court’s decision reinforces that foreign-based businesses selling goods and/or services to Australian consumers can be subject to the ACL, including the consumer guarantee provisions. It is also the first time the Courts have applied the extended definition of “goods” in the ACL to include computer software. In December, the Federal Court imposed penalties of $3 million against Valve. Key changes to the law This edition of Miller’s also outlines some important changes to the Act. On 1 July 2016, a new country of origin food labelling system started under the ACL. The new system will require most foods produced, grown or made in Australia to display a label with the kangaroo in a triangle symbol, as well as a bar chart. ACL regulators are responsible for enforcing compliance with the new laws after a two-year transition. We also have new laws banning excessive payment surcharges. The ban essentially stops businesses from charging customers more than what it costs the business to process the payment. The ban has a staged introduction applying to large businesses from 1 September 2016 and to all other businesses from 1 September 2017. From 12 November 2016, the ACL extended to protect small businesses from unfair terms in standard form contracts. If the court finds a term unfair, that particular term will be void and treated as if it never existed. In 2017, the ACCC is moving from its education phase to an enforcement approach where we will be targeting unfair contract terms. Large and complex merger reviews In terms of merger assessments, 2016 was another busy year for the ACCC with many large and complex matters coming across our desk, including JB Hi-Fi Ltd’s proposed acquisition of the Good Guys Discount Warehouses; Iron Mountain Incorporated’s proposed acquisition of Recall Holdings; and Metcash’s proposed acquisition of Home Timber & Hardware. Significantly, a number of proposals were abandoned after competition concerns were raised including a Brookfield-led consortium’s proposal to acquire Asciano Ltd. The ACCC subsequently approved a restructured joint proposal for Brookfield and Qube led consortia to acquire Asciano. In the year ahead, the ACCC will look closely at arguments put forward by merger parties where they say there will not be a substantial lessening of competition because one of the firms is failing. In conducting our informal merger assessments, we will be looking to strike a balance in making prompt decisions while also allowing sufficient time to gather evidence in preparation for litigation in contentious matters.

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The authorisation and notification functions in Pt VII of the Act require the ACCC to look at whether there is a net public benefit with the conduct for which authorisation is sought or has been notified. The application by a number of banks to collectively bargain and boycott Apple on Apple Pay is one of the important and complex authorisations considered by the ACCC in 2016. We are proposing to make a final decision in early 2017. Market studies feature prominently It is not wise to imply, as some do, that where there is no clear breach of the Act, the market must always be working well. We think market studies can, in appropriate cases, be an important safety valve enabling the credible concerns of stakeholders to be examined. Market studies can also lead to policy recommendations, enforcement investigations and help identify whether other tools may address market failures such as information asymmetry concerns. The ACCC completed a very resource intensive inquiry into the east coast gas market. The ACCC used powers available under Pt VIIA to gather information and cut through some of the opaqueness of the market, and the cloak of confidentiality that has left previous inquiries to some extent incomplete. We made a number of recommendations that the CoAG Energy Council and state and territory governments considered to alleviate gas market issues. We also increased our focus on the agriculture sector. The ACCC conducted a series of workshops with fruit and vegetable growers and wine producers across the country. We are close to completing a market study into the beef and cattle sector and, following a direction under s 95H(1) of the Act, we have started a formal inquiry into Australia’s dairy industry. The ACCC continues to shine a light on the factors driving petrol prices in regional areas through targeted market studies. This year we handed down reports on the petrol markets in Launceston and Armidale. Following a direction under s 95ZE of the Act, the ACCC also published quarterly petrol monitoring reports. In 2016, we launched an industry wide study of new car retailing which will examine important competition and consumer issues. This market study will examine practices relating to consumer guarantees, warranties and new cars; fuel consumption; post-sale service arrangements and access to repair and service information and data. We have also completed our annual report on the private health insurance industry as directed by a Senate order. Our report focused on how insurers notify their customers about reductions in their coverage and benefits. Finally, in 2016 we announced a major study into the rapidly changing communications industry. We recognise the communications sector is one that all Australians have an interest in, and one that facilitates economic growth. Importantly, the study will also allow the ACCC to consider a wide range of interrelated issues that go to the proper functioning of the market. Lines of inquiry in communications As part of our regulatory work under Pt XIC of the Act, the ACCC started a declaration inquiry to determine whether to declare a wholesale domestic mobile roaming service. The inquiry will look at whether the difference in geographic coverage provided by Telstra, Optus and Vodafone is having a negative effect on competition for mobile services, and whether declaration of the service would be in the long-term interests of consumers. In a separate inquiry, the ACCC proposed to continue to declare the wholesale asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) service for a further five years until February 2022. We will move to make a final decision in 2017. We also made a decision to declare a superfast broadband access service (SBAS), which should allow retailers to access certain non-NBN fixed line networks capable of supporting broadband services with a download rate of 25 megabits per second or more. Also in communications, the Federal Court is due to hand down a decision after Telstra sought judicial review of the ACCC’s access determination lowering prices for services provided over Telstra’s copper

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network by 9.4 per cent. We also made access determinations lowering prices for the declared mobile terminating access service and domestic transmission capacity service. Following on from the SBAS declaration, we commenced consultation on an access determination for that service in conjunction with the related local bitstream access service. Shipping channel declared In June 2016, the Australian Competition Tribunal declared the shipping channel service operated Port of Newcastle Operations Pty Ltd under Pt IIIA of the Act. Where an access seeker and provider cannot agree on the terms and conditions of access to a declared service, either party may request the ACCC to arbitrate. This occurred in November when Glencore Coal Assets Australia Pty Ltd requested the ACCC to arbitrate an access dispute with the Port of Newcastle Operations. At the same time, the declaration of the shipping channel service is the subject of an application for judicial review by the Full Federal Court in which the ACCC was an intervenor. If that challenge is successful, the arbitration process will stop. Also under Pt IIIA, the ACCC undertook assessment of a replacement access undertaking for the Hunter Valley rail network. It is an honour to introduce Miller’s on behalf of the ACCC. As you can tell by the weight of this edition, there is always something new in competition and consumer law in Australia. We are looking forward to another big and fascinating year in 2017. 1 2 3 4

Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions v Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha NSD1143/2016. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd [2016] HCA 49. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Woolworths Ltd [2016] FCA 44. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Clinica Internationale Pty Ltd (In liq) (No 4) [2016] FCA 286. 5 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Woolworths Ltd [2016] FCA 1472.

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PREFACE Although 2016 promised to be a year of significant legislative change following the Government’s response to the Harper Review, by year-end (with one exception) only a discussion draft of the post-Harper legislation had been issued. The exception was introduction of a Bill in December to amend the controversial misuse of market power provision – s 46. That Bill, which is likely to re-enliven the controversy that raged over the Harper recommendations, is planned to come into effect mid-year assuming it passes the Parliament. Although the post-Harper legislation was not in final form by the cut-off date for this edition, the discussion draft and Bill will provide practitioners, academics and students with a window on what the law is likely to be. This edition includes annotations on each of those significant post-Harper changes. Turning to the Australian Consumer Law (“ACL”), the extent to which it has so quickly become a main-stream feature in consumer litigation in State and Territory courts is notable. The ACL featured, or was cited, in over 60 cases in those courts in 2016, with the NSW Court of Appeal and the NSW Supreme Court accounting for almost 70% of the cases. While space does not permit inclusion of all of those State and Territory decisions, a growing number do appear in this edition and more will appear in the online edition. Legislative change also occurred in the consumer area. First, a new Pt IVC was inserted in the Act to deal with excessive surcharges on credit and debit cards. The new provisions, in force from 1 September 2016, apply to retailers with gross revenue of >$25 million, assets of >$12.5 million or more than 50 employees. From 1 September 2017, the provisions will apply to all retailers. The second is the unfair contract terms law, amended in 2015 to extend to business-to-business standard form contracts, but only with effect from 12 November 2016. There was no abatement in court decisions considered for this edition. Two cases are of particular note. In December, the High Court handed down the decision in Flight Centre. The majority decided that the travel agency group was in competition with the airlines it represented. The full ramifications for principal-agent relationships, especially in the on-line environment, have not yet been assessed. The second was a landmark case – the first criminal prosecution under the cartel provisions. Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha pleaded guilty to criminal cartel conduct in relation to the transportation of vehicles to Australia. The plea obviated an opportunity to discover how the cartel provisions might work in practice. As with previous editions, constraints on the size of the book necessitated removal of some older examples in earlier editions. Where cases have been removed that is noted. Unconstrained by size, the online version contains all cases removed from the current edition (and earlier editions). It is updated regularly during the year. I continue to be indebted to readers who bring to my attention cases and articles worth considering for inclusion, and also those who draw my attention to inevitable errors and omissions. I am particularly grateful for the work of the very professional editorial team at Thomson Reuters who, throughout the year, produce this work in each of its formats. This edition includes all amendments to the Act and Regulations up to 1 January 2017. RVM Sydney January 2017

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................... v Preface ........................................................................................................................................................... xi Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... xiii About this Publication .................................................................................................................................. xv Table of Cases .............................................................................................................................................. xxi COMPETITION AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 ...................................................................................... 3 Table of Provisions ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Amending Legislation .................................................................................................................... 40 Part I – Preliminary ...................................................................................................................................... 57 Part II – The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission .......................................................... 159 Part IIA – The National Competition Council .......................................................................................... 183 Part III – The Australian Competition Tribunal ........................................................................................ 193 Part IIIAA – The Australian Energy Regulator (AER) ............................................................................. 203 Part IIIAB – Application of the finance law ............................................................................................. 219 Part IIIA – Access to services .................................................................................................................... 221 Part IV – Restrictive trade practices .......................................................................................................... 353 Part IVB – Industry codes .......................................................................................................................... 561 Part V – Carbon tax price reduction obligation ........................................................................................ 581 Part VI – Enforcement and remedies ......................................................................................................... 601 Part VIA – Proportionate liability for misleading and deceptive conduct ............................................... 757 Part VIB – Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury ...................................... 763 Part VII – Authorisations, notifications and clearances in respect of restrictive trade practices ............ 777 Part VIIA – Prices surveillance .................................................................................................................. 911 Part VIII – Resale price maintenance ........................................................................................................ 939 Part IX – Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission ........................................................... 953 Part X – International liner cargo shipping ............................................................................................... 979 Part XI – Application of the Australian Consumer Law as a Law of the Commonwealth ................... 1039 Part XIAA – Application of the Australian Consumer Law as a Law of the State or Territory ........... 1105 Part XIA – The Competition Code .......................................................................................................... 1109 Part XIB – The Telecommunications Industry: Anti-competitive conduct and record-keeping rules ... 1115 Part XIC – Telecommunications access regime ...................................................................................... 1185 Part XID – Search and seizure ................................................................................................................. 1295 Part XII – Miscellaneous .......................................................................................................................... 1311 Part XIII – Application and transitional provisions relating to the competition provisions .................. 1365 Schedule 1 – The Schedule Version of Part IV [Not Reproduced] ........................................................ 1369 Schedule 2 – The Australian Consumer Law ...................................................................................... 1371 Chapter 1 – Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1383 Chapter 2 – General protections .............................................................................................................. 1418 Part 2–1 – Misleading or deceptive conduct ........................................................................................... 1418 Part 2–2 – Unconscionable conduct ......................................................................................................... 1537 Part 2–3 – Unfair contract terms .............................................................................................................. 1568 Chapter 3 – Specific protections .............................................................................................................. 1580 Part 3–1 – Unfair practices ...................................................................................................................... 1580 Part 3–2 – Consumer transactions ............................................................................................................ 1634 Part 3–3 – Safety of consumer goods and product related services ....................................................... 1685 Part 3–4 – Information standards ............................................................................................................. 1713 Part 3–5 – Liability of manufacturers for goods with safety defects ..................................................... 1718 Chapter 4 – Offences ................................................................................................................................ 1731 Part 4–1 – Offences relating to unfair practices ...................................................................................... 1731

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Part 4–2 – Offences relating to consumer transactions ........................................................................... 1751 Part 4–3 – Offences relating to safety of consumer goods and product related services ...................... 1767 Part 4–4 – Offences relating to information standards ............................................................................ 1775 Part 4–5 – Offences relating to substantiation notices ............................................................................ 1778 Part 4–6 – Defences .................................................................................................................................. 1780 Part 4–7 – Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................................... 1786 Chapter 5 – Enforcement and remedies ................................................................................................... 1790 Part 5–1 – Enforcement ............................................................................................................................ 1790 Part 5–2 – Remedies ................................................................................................................................. 1794 Part 5–3 – Country of origin representations .......................................................................................... 1858 Part 5–4 – Remedies relating to guarantees ............................................................................................ 1865 Part 5–5 – Liability of suppliers and credit providers ............................................................................ 1881 Chapter 6 – Application and Transitional Provisions .............................................................................. 1888 Part 1 – Application and transitional provisions relating to the Consumer Credit Legislation Amendment (Enhancements) Act 2012 ................................................................................................................ 1888 Part 1A – Application provision relating to the Treasury Legislation Amendment (Small Business and Unfair Contract Terms) Act 2015 .................................................................................................... 1889 COMPETITION AND CONSUMER REGULATIONS 2010 ........................................................... 1891 Table of Provisions ................................................................................................................................... 1891 Table of Amending Legislation ................................................................................................................ 1895 Part I – Preliminary .................................................................................................................................. 1900 Part 2 – General ........................................................................................................................................ 1902 Part 2A – Review by Tribunal of access determinations ........................................................................ 1935 Part 2B – Telecommunications access regime ......................................................................................... 1939 Part 3 – International liner cargo shipping .............................................................................................. 1942 Part 4 – Anti-competitive disclosure of pricing and other information ................................................ 1949 Part 5 – Authorisations, notifications and clearances in respect of restrictive trade practices – prescribed matters .............................................................................................................................................. 1951 Part 6 – Australian Consumer Law .......................................................................................................... 1955 Part 7 – Transitional matters – Australian Consumer Law ..................................................................... 1962 Schedule 1 – Forms – General [Not reproduced] ................................................................................... 1964 Schedule 1A – Matters for which no fee is payable ............................................................................... 1965 Schedule 1B – Fees payable to Commission or Tribunal for applications and notices ........................ 1966 Schedule 2 – Fees – registration of conference agreements ................................................................... 1968 Schedule 3 – Forms – registration of conference agreements [Not Reproduced] ................................. 1969 RELATED REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................. 1971 Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes – Franchising) Regulation 2014 ...................................... 1973 Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes – Oilcode) Regulation 2006 ............................................ 2021 Trade Practices (Horticulture Code of Conduct) Regulations 2006 ....................................................... 2075 Trade Practices (Industry Codes – Unit Pricing) Regulations 2009 ....................................................... 2097 RELATED MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................... 2107 Merger guidelines ..................................................................................................................................... 2109 Informal Merger review process guidelines ............................................................................................. 2163 Formal merger review process guidelines ............................................................................................... 2185 ACCC immunity and cooperation policy for cartel conduct .................................................................. 2243 Index .......................................................................................................................................................... 2257 Index of Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 235

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ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION Legislation ................................................................................................................................... xv Currency ...................................................................................................................................... xv Legislative amendments in this edition .................................................................................. xvi Future Commencements ................................................................................................................................. xvi Proposed amendments .................................................................................................................................. xvii

Legislation — special features ............................................................................................... xviii Side notes ...................................................................................................................................................... xviii History notes .................................................................................................................................................. xviii Comparative notes for TPA/ACL ..................................................................................................................... xix Cross-references ............................................................................................................................................. xix Editor’s notes .................................................................................................................................................. xix

Paragraph numbering ................................................................................................................ xix Miller Online ................................................................................................................................ xx Legislation copyright ................................................................................................................. xx Enquiries ...................................................................................................................................... xx

LEGISLATION Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law, 39th edition contains the following Acts, regulations and related materials: • Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (except Sch 1) • Competition and Consumer Regulations 2010 (except Schs 1 and 3 forms) • Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes—Franchising) Regulation 2014 • Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes—Oilcode) Regulation 2006 • Trade Practices (Horticulture Code of Conduct) Regulations 2006 • Trade Practices (Industry Codes—Unit Pricing) Regulations 2009 • Merger Guidelines 2008 (21 November 2008 version) • Informal Merger Review Process Guidelines (September 2013 version) • Formal Merger Review Process Guidelines (30 June 2008 version) and • ACCC immunity and cooperation policy for cartel conduct (10 September 2014 version) Editor’s Note:

The Competition and Consumer (Industry Code—Port Terminal Access (Bulk Wheat)) Regulation 2014 and the Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes—Food and Grocery) Regulation 2015 are not reproduced in this edition of the book. The material is available in the online version of this publication.

CURRENCY The Acts and regulations have been updated to include all available amendments to 1 January 2017. © 2017 THOMSON REUTERS

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LEGISLATIVE AMENDMENTS IN THIS EDITION Amendments to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), Competition and Consumer Regulations 2010 (Cth) and related regulations as set out below have been incorporated into this publication. Competition and Consumer Act 2010 • Acts and Instruments (Framework Reform) Act 2015 – Act 10 of 2015 • Acts and Instruments (Framework Reform) (Consequential Provisions) Act 2015 – Act 126 of 2015 • Treasury Legislation Amendment (Small Business and Unfair Contract Terms) Act 2015 – Act 147 of 2015 • Statute Law Revision Act (No 1) 2016 – Act 4 of 2016 • Competition and Consumer Amendment (Payment Surcharges) Act 2016 – Act 9 of 2016 • Courts Administration Legislation Amendment Act 2016 – Act 24 of 2016 • Territories Legislation Amendment Act 2016 – Act 33 of 2016 • Statute Update Act 2016 – Act 61 of 2016 Competition and Consumer Regulations 2010 • Competition and Consumer Amendment (National Energy Laws) Regulation 2015 – SLI 106 of 2015 • Treasury Laws Amendment (2016 Measures No 1) Regulation 2016 – F2016L00156 of 2016 • Treasury Laws Amendment (2016 Measures No 2) Regulation 2016 – F2016L00705 of 2016 Trade Practices (Horticulture Code of Conduct) Regulations 2006 • Acts and Instruments (Framework Reform) (Consequential Amendments) Regulation 2016 – F2016L00170 of 2016 FUTURE COMMENCEMENTS Corporations and Other Legislation Amendment (Insolvency Law Reform) Regulation 2016 Uncommenced amendments made by the Corporations and Other Legislation Amendment (Insolvency Law Reform) Regulation 2016 (F2016L01926) to the Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes–Franchising) Regulation 2014 and the Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes–Oilcode) Regulation 2006 have been included in the body of the text in the form of future history notes. These future history notes are preceded by a star (★). Example: Future history note under the substitution of paragraph (c) in item 4.2 of the Franchising Code of Conduct (contained in the Schedule to the Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes–Franchising) Regulation 2014): ★ [Item 4 future am F2016L01926 of 2016, s 4 and Sch 1 item 23, with effect from a date TBP, or if not sooner, 1 Mar 2017, by substituting ‘a Chapter 5 body corporate’ for ‘an externally-administered body corporate’ in para (c) in item 4.2. Item 4.2 will read: “4.2 Whether the franchisor, a franchisor director, an associate of the franchisor or a director of an associate of the franchisor, has been: (a) in the last 10 years—convicted of a serious offence, or an equivalent offence outside Australia; or (b) in the last 5 years—subject to final judgment in civil proceedings for a matter mentioned in paragraph 4.1(a); or (c) in the last 10 years—bankrupt, insolvent under administration or a Chapter 5 body corporate in Australia or elsewhere.”]

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About this Publication

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Future Commencements Amending legislation

Number

140 of 2010 Telecommunications Legislation Amendment (Competition and Consumer Safeguards) Act 2010

Date of gazettal/ Date of commencement assent/registration 15 Dec 2010 Sch 1 items 57–59 commence immediately after a final functional separation undertaking comes into force under Pt 9 of Sch 1 to the Telecommunications Act 1997.

Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes–Franchising) Regulation 2014 (Cth) Future Commencements Amending legislation

Number

Corporations and Other F2016L01926 Legislation Amendment 2016 (Insolvency Law Reform) Regulation 2016

Date of gazettal/ Date of commencement assent/registration of 13 Dec 2016 Sch 1 items 19-23 commence at the same time as Sch 1 to the Insolvency Law Reform Act 2016 commences (to be proclaimed or 1 Mar 2017).

Competition and Consumer (Industry Codes–Oilcode) Regulation 2006 (Cth) Future Commencements Amending legislation

Number

Corporations and Other F2016L01926 Legislation Amendment 2016 (Insolvency Law Reform) Regulation 2016

Date of gazettal/ Date of commencement assent/registration of 13 Dec 2016 Sch 1 items 24-28 commence at the same time as Sch 1 to the Insolvency Law Reform Act 2016 commences (to be proclaimed or 1 Mar 2017).

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS Competition and Consumer Act 2010 • Competition and Consumer Amendment (Australian Country of Origin Food Labelling) Bill 2015 – 2nd reading speech Senate 12 Feb 2015; restored to Notice Paper 15 Sep 2016. Sch 1 items 1-15 commence 12 months after date of assent. • Competition and Consumer Amendment (Competition Policy Review) Bill 2016 [Exposure Draft]. Submissions on Schs 1-6 and 8-13 closed 28 Oct 2016. Sch 1, Sch 2 Pt 1, Schs 3 and 4, Sch 5 items 1-23, Schs 6 and 8, Sch 9 items 1-22, Sch 10 items 1-88, 90-114 and 116-142, Sch 11 item 1, Sch 12 items 1-4, Sch 13 items 1-13, 15-32 and 34-37 commence on proclamation or 6 months after date of assent. Sch 2 items 49 and 50 commence immediately after provs covered by table item 3 (to be proclaimed or 6 months after date of assent). Sch 10 item 89 commences

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immediately after provs covered by table item 5 (to be proclaimed or 6 months after date of assent). Sch 10 item 115 commences immediately after provs covered by table item 11 (to be proclaimed or 6 months after date of assent). [Editor’s Note: Sch 7 of the Exposure Draft contained amendments dealing with the misuse of market power. Submissions on Sch 7 closed 30 Sep 2016. The Competition and Consumer Amendment (Misuse of Market Power) Bill 2016 was introduced to Parliament on 1 Dec 2016 (information relating to this Bill is found in the paragraph after next).] • Competition and Consumer Amendment (Country of Origin) Bill 2016 – passed House of Reps 28 Nov 2016; 2nd reading speech Senate 29 Nov 2016. Report of Senate Economics Legislation Committee tabled 10 Oct 2016. Sch 1 commences day after date of assent. • Competition and Consumer Amendment (Misuse of Market Power) Bill 2016 – 2nd reading speech House of Reps 1 Dec 2016. Referred to Senate Economics Legislation Committee for inquiry and report by 16 Feb 2017. Schs 1 and 2 commence on a date to be proclaimed or 6 months after date of assent.

LEGISLATION – SPECIAL FEATURES SIDE NOTES Thomson Reuters authored subsection headings are inserted throughout the text of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). These “side notes” (displayed in bold type inside square brackets to the right of a subsection number) are designed to aid in the interpretation of the relevant subsections, where no subsection heading is contained within the actual text of the legislation. Example: Side note to s 45DA(1) of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth): (1) [Prohibited conduct] In the circumstances specified in subsection (3), a person must not, in concert with a second person, engage in conduct: (a) that hinders or prevents: (i) a third person supplying goods or services to a fourth person (who is not an employer of the first person or the second person); or (ii) a third person acquiring goods or services from a fourth person (who is not an employer of the first person or the second person); and (b) that is engaged in for the purpose, and would have or be likely to have the effect, of causing a substantial lessening of competition in any market in which the fourth person supplies or acquires goods or services. HITSORY NOTES The history notes have been entered into an abbreviated form using the number and year of the amending Act or regulation and a descriptor (eg. “insrt”) to show the effect of the amending Act or regulation. The abbreviations used in the historical notes are as follows: • insrt – inserted • am – amended • subst – substituted • rep – repealed • exp – expired • reinsrt – reinserted • renum – renumbered • reloc – relocated • mod – modified Example: History note under s 151BC(2) of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth):

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About this Publication

[Subs (2) am Act 169 of 2012, s 3 and Sch 2 item 164, with effect from 3 Dec 2012] This note indicates that subsection (2) was amended by Act 169 of 2012, Schedule 2 item 164. S 3 is a reference to the enacting provision. Details of the short title of the amending Act or regulation, assent/gazettal/registration and commencement dates and transitional provisions are located in the Table of Amending Legislation following the Table of Provisions. COMPARATIVE NOTES FOR TPA/ACL To assist interpretation of the legislative changes resulting from the introduction of the ACL, comparative notes about provisions in the Trade Practices Act 1974 and the ACL are set out below the relevant sections of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Example: Comparative note under repealed s 44JA of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth): History of the TPA/ACL For current provision (post ACL reform) see s 44J(7). CROSS-REFERENCES Cross-references have been integrated into this publication to indicate where a particular regulation affects a section of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). Example: Cross-reference under s 44AAG of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth): [Cross-reference: Competition and Consumer Regulations 2010, reg 6AA prescribes orders about energy laws for s 44AAG(2)(e).] EDITOR’S NOTES Editor’s notes have been integrated into this publication to assist practitioners with identifying information relevant to the interpretation of a particular section or regulation, including: • transitional, application and savings provisions which pertain to amendments of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) following the Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No 2) 2010 (Cth), Act 103 of 2010, on 1 January 2011; and • gaps in numbering in a particular Act or regulation. Example: Editor’s note under s 45B of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth): [Editor’s Note: Act 169 of 2012, s 3 and Sch 2 item 168 provides the amendment by Sch 2 item 162 applies in relation to covenants given on or after the commencement of this item. Sch 2 item 168 commenced on 3 Dec 2012.]

PARAGRAPH NUMBERING Annotations to legislative provisions and non-legislative material are distinguished from legislative provisions by two means: Legislative provisions are shaded and do not have paragraph numbers while annotations and other materials have paragraph numbers. The paragraph numbers consist of three parts: 1. An abbreviation to indicate the piece of legislation the annotation refers to; 2. Section number; and 3. Number of the annotation paragraph. For example, [CCA.45.20] refers to an annotation of s 45 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, as the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 has been allocated the abbreviation “CCA”. Please refer to the Index for a more detailed key to the paragraph numbering system. All references in the Table of Cases, Index and Index of Definitions are either to legislative provisions or to paragraph numbers.

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MILLER ONLINE Miller Online is also available. It has all the features of the book and in addition it has the following benefits to keep you up to date with developments in competition and consumer law: • Regular updates – The commentary is updated frequently and amendments to legislation are available soon after commencement. • Linking and integration – Miller Online works in conjunction with other Thomson Reuters Online services so that you can click on a case name and get access to Firstpoint litigation history and case summary and citation links which will take you directly to the full text of cases. • Extended coverage – Miller Online also includes content not available in the book. At present this includes a frequently updated pending legislation section featuring links to the full text of Bills and Second Reading Speeches.

LEGISLATION COPYRIGHT Copyright of Cth legislative material: © Commonwealth of Australia (2017). All Commonwealth legislative material is reproduced by permission but does not purport to be the official or authorised version. It is subject to Commonwealth of Australia copyright. For reproduction or publication beyond that permitted by the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), permission should be sought in writing from the current Commonwealth Government agency with the relevant policy responsibility.

ENQUIRIES Enquiries concerning this publication may be addressed to:

The Product Manager, Miller’s 39th edition Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited Level 6 19 Harris Street Pyrmont NSW 2009 Australia Or emailed to: [email protected]

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Table of Cases

TABLE OF CASES A A v Pelekanakis (1999) 91 FCR 70; 57 ALD 131; [1999] FCA 236 ............................. ACL.21.160, ACL.22.60 A & L Silvestri Pty Ltd v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [2007] FCA 1047; (2007) 165 IR 94 ............................................................. CCA.45D.280, CCA.45DC.40, CCA.45DC.60 A W Tyree Transformers Pty Ltd, Re [1997] ATPR (Com) 50-247 .............................. CCA.90.840, CCA.90.900 ABC v Parish [1980] FCA 33; (1980) 43 FLR 129; 29 ALR 228; [1980] ATPR 40-154 .................. CCA.4G.20, CCA.44ZZ.20, CCA.45D.120 ABC Learning/Hutchison (ACCC Competition Assessment 11 October 2006) .................................. CCA.50.260 ABN AMRO Bank NV v Bathurst Regional Council [2014] FCAFC 65 ........................................ CCA.87CB.40 AC Hatrick Chemicals Pty Ltd, Re (1977) 16 ALR 255; [1977] ATPR 40-044 ............................... CCA.103.100 AC Hatrick Chemicals Pty Ltd (No 2), Re (1978) 18 ALR 129; [1978] ATPR 40-057 .................... CCA.90.140, CCA.90.480 ACCC v 1Cellnet LLC [2005] FCA 856 ............................................................................................... ACL.247.40 ACCC v 4WD Systems Pty Ltd (2003) 200 ALR 491; 59 IPR 435; [2003] FCA 850; [2003] ATPR (Digest) 46-239; [2004] ASAL 55-113 ....... ACL.18.1580, ACL.21.40, CCA.51ACB.100, CCICF.5.20 ACCC v 4WD Systems Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 850; (2003) 200 ALR 491; 59 IPR 435; [2003] ATPR (Digest) 46-239; [2004] ASAL 55-113 .......................................................... CCA.86C.60CCA.86C.160 ACCC v A Whistle & Co (1979) Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 1447 ............................................................... ACL.29.420 ACCC v ABB Power Transmission Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 626 ..................................................... CCA.155AAA.20 ACCC v ABB Power Transmission Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 819; [2004] ATPR 42-011 ......................... CCA.76.520 ACCC v ABB Transmission & Distribution Ltd [2001] FCA 1190; (2001) 115 FCR 436 ................ CCA.86.340 ACCC v ABB Transmission & Distribution Ltd [2001] FCA 1343; [2001] ATPR 41-839 ................ CCA.86.340 ACCC v ABB Transmission & Distribution Ltd (No 2) (2002) 190 ALR 169; [2002] ATPR 41-872; [2002] FCA 559 .................. CCA.137H.20, CCA.137H.40, CCA.76.580, CCA.76.620, CCA.76.640, CCA.76.660, CCA.79.180, CCA.79.240, CCA.79.260, CCA.79.280, CCA.83.40, CCA.83.100, CCA.83.140, CCA.86.340 ACCC v ABB Transmission & Distribution Ltd (No 3) [2002] FCA 609; [2002] ATPR 41-873 ................................................................................................ CCA.137H.60, CCA.83.120, CCA.83.140 ACCC v ACCC v South East Melbourne Cleaning Pty Ltd (in liq) [2015] FCA 257 ....................... CCA.76.720 ACCC v ACN 099 814 749 Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 403 .............. ACL.69.20, ACL.69.40, ACL.69.60, ACL.69.80, ACL.69.100 ACCC v ACN 117 372 915 Pty Ltd (in liq) [2015] FCA 1087 ........................................................ CCA.86C.120 ACCC v ACN 117 372 915 Pty Ltd (in liq) [2015] FCA 1441 ........................................................... CCA.86.700 ACCC v ACN 117 372 915 Pty Ltd (in liq) (“Advanced Medical”) [2015] FCA 368; [2015] ATPR 42-498 ............................................ ACL.21.260, ACL.21.340, ACL.23.200, ACL.24.140, ACL.239.40 ACCC v ACN 135 183 372 (in liq) (formerly Energy Watch Pty Ltd) [2012] FCA 749 ................ ACL.18.1500, ACL.29.440, ACL.34.80,ACL.224.260 ACCC v AGL Sales Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1030 ....................... ACL.74.20, ACL.75.20, ACL.75.40, ACL.246.20 ACCC v AGL South Aust Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1369 ........................................................................... ACL.29.440 ACCC v AGL South Aust Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 399 ............................................................................. ACL.239.40 ACCC v AMV Holding Ltd [2009] FCA 605 .............................................................. ACL.18.2020, CCA.86.220 ACCC v ANZ Banking Group Ltd [2008] FCA 1623 .......................................................................... CCA.86.140 ACCC v ASIC [2000] NSWSC 316 ...................................................................................................... CCA.76.480 ACCC v ATS All Trades and Services Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 647 ......................................................... ACL.20.340 ACCC v Abel Rent-A-Car Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 314 ........................... ACL.18.900, ACL.18.1260, ACL.18.2080 © 2017 THOMSON REUTERS

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ACCC v Adata (Vic) Pty Ltd (No 3) [2015] FCA 583 .................................................. ACL.69.100, CCA.86.260 ACCC v Adepto Publications Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 247; [2013] ATPR 42-434 ........... ACL.29.440, ACL.40.100, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Admiral Mechanical Services Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1085 ............................................ CCA.44ZZRJ.160 ACCC v Air New Zealand Ltd [2014] FCA 1157 ................................... CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.200, CCA.5.120, CCA.44ZZRD.220, CCA.45.20, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.100, CCA.45.400, CCA.51.80, CCA.77.20 ACCC v Air New Zealand Ltd (No 1) [2012] FCA 1355; (2012) 207 FCR 448 ............................... CCA.45.100 ACCC v Air New Zealand Ltd (No 2) [2012] FCA 1363 ................................................................... CCA.4E.280 ACCC v AirAsia Berhad Co [2012] FCA 1413 ............ ACL.48.140, ACL.224.200, CCA.45D.300, CCA.76.240 ACCC v Albert [2005] FCA 1311; (2005) 223 ALR 467; [2005] ATPR 42-085 ........ ACL.232.20, CCA.75B.80, CCA.80.80, CCA.80.220 ACCC v Alice Car & Truck Rentals Pty Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-582 .................. CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.1040, CCA.86.340 ACCC v Alinta 2000 Ltd [2007] FCA 1362; [2007] ATPR 42-179 .................................................. CCA.87B.280 ACCC v Allans Music Group Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1552 ....................... ACL.18.860, ACL.18.980, ACL.29.480, CCA.79.160 ACCC v Allergy Pathway Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 960 ........ ACL.18.1620, ACL.29.360, ACL.34.60, CCA.86C.80, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Allphones Retail Pty Ltd (No 2) [2009] FCA 17; (2009) 253 ALR 324; [2009] ATPR 42-274 .............................................................................................................. ACL.21.360, CCA.80.140 ACCC v Alvaton Holdings Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 760 ............................ ACL.107.140, CCA.80.380, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Amcor Printing Papers Group Ltd [1999] FCA 672; (1999) 163 ALR 465; [1999] ATPR 41-692 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.77.100 ACCC v Amcor Printing Papers Group Ltd [2000] FCA 17; (2000) 169 ALR 344; [2000] ATPR 41-749 .......................................................................................... CCA.45.80, CCA.45.720, CCA.86.540 ACCC v Ampol Petroleum (Vic) Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-469 .......................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.48.260 ACCC v Apollo Optical (Aust) Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1456 .................................................................. CCA.80.400 ACCC v Apple Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 646 .............................................................................................. ACL.33.140 ACCC v April International Marketing Services Aust Pty Ltd (No 5) [2010] FCA 17 ............. CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v April International Marketing Services Aust Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 735 ........... CCA.86.60, CCA.138.60 ACCC v April International Marketing Services Aust Pty Ltd (No 6) [2010] FCA 704; (2010) 270 ALR 504 .................................................................................................. CCA.45.140, CCA.84.120 ACCC v April International Marketing Services Pty Ltd (No 4) [2010] FCA 16 .............................. CCA.86.340 ACCC v Artorios Ink Co Pty Ltd (No 2) [2013] FCA 1292 ................... ACL.40.80, ACL.232.20, ACL.232.140 ACCC v Ascot Four Pty Ltd (2008) 250 ALR 467; [2008] FCA 1295 ............................................... ACL.18.980 ACCC v Ascot Four Pty Ltd (No 2) [2009] FCA 28; (2009) 253 ALR 313; [2009] ATPR 42-272 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.151.80 ACCC v Audi Aust Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1990; [2008] ASAL 55-183; [2007] ATPR 42-211 ........... ACL.18.900, ACL.18.1260, ACL.29.340, ACL.29.480, ACL.33.100 ACCC v Aust and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2013] FCA 1206 ............................................ CCA.4E.220 ACCC v Aust and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2015) 236 FCR 78; [2015] ATPR 42-508; (2015) 324 ALR 392; [2015] FCAFC 103 .......................................................................... CCA.4E.60 ACCC v Aust and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2015] FCAFC 103 ................. CCA.4E.140, CCA.4E.280, CCA.4E.340, CCA.44ZZRD.40, CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v Aust and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2016] FCA 1516 ..................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.60 ACCC v Austlink Pty Ltd (No 3) [2009] FCA 552 .............................................................................. CCA.86.140 ACCC v Australian Abalone Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1834; [2007] ATPR 42-199 ........................ CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.640 ACCC v Australian Competition Tribunal [2006] FCAFC 83; (2006) 152 FCR 33; 232 ALR 153; [2006] ATPR 42-124 ........................................................... CCA.44V.60, CCA.44ZP.80, CCA.44ZZA.60 ACCC v Australian Dreamtime Creations Pty Ltd (2009) 263 ALR 487; 84 IPR 326; [2009] FCA 1545 ........................................................................................................................................ ACL.18.1240

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ACCC v Australian Egg Corp Ltd [2016] FCA 69; ATPR 42–519 ......... CCA.2A.60, CCA.2A.80, CCA.2A.120, CCA.2A.160, CCA.44ZZRD.180, CCA.44ZZRJ.60, CCA.45.80, CCA.84.120 ACCC v Australian Medical Assn Western Aust Branch Inc [2001] FCA 1471; (2001) 114 FCR 91; [2001] ATPR 41-844 ............................. CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.80.480, CCA.86.240, CCA.86.340 ACCC v Australian Medical Assn Western Aust Branch Inc [2003] FCA 686; (2003) 199 ALR 423; [2003] ATPR 41-945 .... CCA.4E.340, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.44ZZRD.140, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.660 ACCC v Australian Power and Gas Co Ltd [2013] FCA 1358 ............ CCA.139B.40, ACL.18.2020, ACL.74.40 ACCC v Australian Purchasing & Tender Service Pty Ltd [1999] ATPR 41-684 ....... ACL.29.360, ACL.29.440, ACL.34.60 ACCC v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (1997) 75 FCR 238; 145 ALR 36; [1997] ATPR 41-562 ..................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.48.220, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.340, CCA.76.400, CCA.76.640, CCA.76.1040, CCA.79.280 ACCC v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd [2003] FCAFC 149; (2003) 129 FCR 339; 198 ALR 657; [2003] ATPR 41-935 ............. CCA.4E.340, CCA.45.580, CCA.46.100, CCA.46.700, CCA.46.900 ACCC v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (No 2) (2001) 119 FCR 1; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-215 ................................................................................................................................. CCA.46.700 ACCC v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (No 2) [2001] FCA 1861; (2001) 119 FCR 1; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-215 ...... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.46.420, CCA.47.140, CCA.47.240, CCA.47.600, CCA.48.220, CCA.76.940, CCA.84.120, CCA.84.180, CCA.96.180 ACCC v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (No 3) [2002] FCA 1294 .............................................. CCA.86.600 ACCC v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (No 3) [2003] FCAFC 163 ........................................... CCA.86.600 ACCC v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (No 4) [2006] FCA 21; [2006] ATPR 42-101 .............. CCA.45.580 ACCC v Automotive, Food, Metals, Engineering, Printing and Kindred Industries Union [2004] FCA 517; [2004] ATPR 42-002 ............................................................. CCA.45D.280, CCA.163A.160 ACCC v Avitalb Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 222 ............................................ ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.2100, ACL.29.540 ACCC v BAJV Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 666; [2013] ATPR 42-446 ............................... ACL.18.1260, ACL.18.2080 ACCC v BMW Aust Ltd [2003] FCA 727; [2003] ASAL (Digest) 55-109; [2003] ATPR 41-944 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.105.20 ACCC v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 581; [2005] ATPR 42-066 ............. CCA.2A.160, CCA.46.980, CCA.47.580 ACCC v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd [2006] FCAFC 128; (2006) 153 FCR 574; 22 ALR 627; [2006] ATPR 42-128 .............................................................................. CCA.46.980, CCA.47.580, CCA.51.40 ACCC v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd [2007] HCA 38; (2007) 232 CLR 1; 81 ALJR 1622; 237 ALR 512; [2007] ATPR 42-172 .............................. CCA.2B.180, CCA.46.980, CCA.47.580, CCA.51.40 ACCC v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd (No 2) [2008] FCAFC 141; (2008) 170 FCR 16; 249 ALR 674 ............................................................................................... CCA.46.120, CCA.46.960, CCA.47.580 ACCC v Bill Express Ltd [2009] FCA 1022; (2009) 180 FCR 105; 259 ALR 483 ... CCA.47.120, CCA.47.300, CCA.47.540, CCA.47.660 ACCC v Bio Enviro Plan Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 1219; [2003] ATPR 41-963; [2004] ASAL 55-115 ............................................................................... ACL.18.1700, ACL.29.540, ACL.37.40, ACL.49.40 ACCC v Bio Enviro Plan Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 232 ............ ACL.18.1700, ACL.29.540, ACL.37.40, ACL.49.40 ACCC v Bio Enviro Plan Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 415; [2004] ATPR 41-998 ................ ACL.237.240, CCA.87.480 ACCC v Black & White Cabs Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 1399 ................................................................... CCA.47.640 ACCC v Black on White Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 187; (2001) 110 FCR 1; [2001] ATPR 41-820 ...... ACL.18.1480, CCA.75B.80 ACCC v Black on White Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1605 ............................................................................ CCA.86.600 ACCC v Black on White Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 363; [2004] ATPR 41-997 ................. ACL.237.240, CCA.87.480 ACCC v Boral Ltd [1999] FCA 1318; (1999) 166 ALR 410; [1999] ATPR 41-715 .... CCA.46.80, CCA.46.200, CCA.46.580, CCA.46.660 ACCC v Boral Ltd [2001] FCA 30; (2001) 106 FCR 328; [2001] ATPR 41-803 .............................. CCA.4E.340 ACCC v Boral Ltd [2004] FCA 1072; [2004] ATPR 42-018 ............................................................... CCA.86.420 ACCC v Boral Ltd (No 2) [1999] FCA 1641; [2000] ATPR 41-738 ............................ CCA.79.380, CCA.86.600

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TABLE OF CASES

TABLE OF CASES

ACCC ACCC ACCC ACCC

Boyle [2015] FCA 1039 ....................................................................................................... CCA.155.580 Breast Check Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 190 .......................................................... ACL.18.1620, ACL.29.440 Bridgestone Corp [2010] FCA 584; (2010) 186 FCR 214 .................... CCA.44ZZRJ.120, CCA.86.220 British Airways plc [2008] FCA 1977; [2008] ATPR 42-265 ...................... CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.340, CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Bruhn [2012] FCA 959; [2012] ATPR 42-414 ....................................................................... ACL.33.100 ACCC v CC (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 8) (1999) 92 FCR 375; 165 ALR 468; [1999] FCA 954; [1999] ATPR 41-732 .... CCA.44ZZRD.80, CCA.44ZZRD.140, CCA.44ZZRJ.160, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.740, ACL.18.380 ACCC v CC (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 9) [2000] FCA 23; [2000] ATPR 41-756 ................ CCA.45.740, CCA.86.240 ACCC v CFMEU [2008] FCA 678 ..................................................................................................... CCA.155.540 ACCC v CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1376; [2000] ATPR 41-778 ............................. ACL.20.200 ACCC v CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1893; [2001] ATPR 41-802 ............................. CCA.80.180 ACCC v CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 757; (2001) 185 ALR 555; [2001] ATPR 41-826 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.80.180 ACCC v CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd (2003) 214 CLR 51; 77 ALJR 926; 197 ALR 153; [2003] HCA 18; [2003] ATPR 41-916 ..... ACL.20.60, ACL.20.100, ACL.20.120, ACL.20.200, ACL.20.400, ACL.21.60 ACCC v CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd (No 2) (2000) 96 FCR 491; 169 ALR 324; [2000] FCA 2; [2000] ATPR 41-755 ............................................... ACL.20.40, ACL.20.60, ACL.20.80, ACL.20.100 ACCC v CI & Co Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 1511 ................... ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.340, ACL.33.80, ACL.33.100, ACL.33.120 ACCC v CLA Trading Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 377; [2016] ATPR 42-517 .... ACL.2.160, ACL.23.20, ACL.23.200, ACL.24.40, ACL.24.140 ACCC v Cabcharge Aust Ltd [2010] FCA 1261 ............... CCA.4E.340, CCA.46.80, CCA.46.880, CCA.46.920, CCA.46.940, CCA.46.980, CCA.76.300 ACCC v Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 516; (2004) 61 IPR 270; [2004] ATPR 42-001 ............................. ACL.18.960, ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.340, ACL.33.100, CCA.86C.60, CCA.80.260 ACCC v Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd [2009] FCAFC 32; (2009) 174 FCR 547; 254 ALR 198; [2009] ATPR 42-285 ........................................................ CCA.155AAA.60, CCA.157B.20, CCA.86.660 ACCC v Capalaba Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 1226; [2004] ATPR 41-976; [2004] ASAL 55-120 ............ ACL.21.340, ACL.50.80 ACCC v Cargolux Airlines International SA [2009] FCA 342; [2009] ATPR 42-282 ............. CCA.44ZZRJ.120, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.440 ACCC v Carrerabenz Diamond Industries Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1103; [2008] ASAL 55-191 ............ ACL.151.80 ACCC v Cascade Coal Pty Ltd (No 1) [2015] FCA 607 ..................................................................... CCA.86.200 ACCC v Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd (No 3) [2012] FCA 1392 ................................................. CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Cement Aust Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 909; (2013) 310 ALR 165 ...................... CCA.45.220, CCA.45.240, CCA.45.700, CCA.46.320, CCA.46.360, CCA.46.420, CCA.46.800, CCA.46.980 ACCC v Cement Aust Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 148 ..................................... CCA.45.700, CCA.46.980, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Cement Aust Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 453 ................ CCA.45.700, CCA.76.20, CCA.76.380, CCA.76.400, CCA.76.560, CCA.76.600 ACCC v Channel Seven Brisbane Pty Ltd (2009) 83 ALJR 691; 255 ALR 1; [2009] HCA 19 ............................................................................................................... ACL.19.20, ACL.19.40, ACL.19.100 ACCC v Chaste Corp Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 180; (2003) 127 FCR 418; 44 ACSR 668; [2003] ATPR 41-921; [2003] Aust Contract R 90-166 ................................................................... CCA.86.620 ACCC v Chaste Corp Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 398 ................................................................................... CCA.76.260 ACCC v Chaste Corp Pty Ltd (in liq) [2005] FCA 1212 .............................................. CCA.48.300, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Chats House Investments Pty Ltd (1996) 71 FCR 250; 142 ALR 177; 22 ACSR 539 ................................................................................ ACL.20.300, ACL.237.100, CCA.86.360, CCA.87.160 ACCC v Chen (2003) 132 FCR 309; 201 ALR 40; [2003] FCA 897; [2003] ATPR 41-948; [2004] ASAL 55-110 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1520

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ACCC v Chen [2003] FCA 897; (2003) 132 FCR 309; 201 ALR 40; [2003] ATPR 41-948; [2004] ASAL 55-110 .............. ACL.29.440, ACL.29.460, CCA.5.120, CCA.6.60, CCA.86.220, CCA.86.400 ACCC v Chopra [2015] FCA 539 ........................................................................................................... ACL.36.80 ACCC v Chrisco Hampers Aust Ltd [2015] ATPR 42-513; [2015] FCA 1204 .............. ACL.23.200, ACL.24.40, ACL.24.60, ACL.24.120, ACL.24.140, ACL.97.40, ACL.97.60 ACCC v Chubb Security Aust Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1750; [2004] ATPR 42-041 ........... ACL.36.60, ACL.214.20 ACCC v Clarion Marketing Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 1441 ...................................................................... ACL.18.2020 ACCC v Clinica Internationale Pty Ltd (No 2) [2016] FCA 62 ............. ACL.21.280, ACL.21.340, ACL.29.440, ACL.31.40, ACL.224.220, ACL.227.20, ACL.227.40, ACL.239.20, CCA.137H.80 ACCC v Coles Group Ltd [2014] FCA 363; [2014] ATPR 42-467 ........................... CCA.87B.20, CCA.87B.280 ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Aust Pty Ltd (2014) 317 ALR 73; [2014] FCA 634; [2014] ATPR 42-475 ......................... ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.20, ACL.29.80, ACL.29.340, ACL.33.60, ACL.33.100 ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Aust Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1405 .............. ACL.21.340, ACL.224.200, CCA.76.600 ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Aust Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 330; [2015] ATPR 42-494 ... ACL.29.340, ACL.33.100, ACL.224.220 ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Aust Pty Ltd (No 2) [2014] FCA 1022; [2014] ATPR 42-487 .......... ACL.232.140 ACCC v Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 619 ......................................................................... CCA.48.300 ACCC v Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd (No 2) [2016] FCA 528 .............................. CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.660 ACCC v Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd (No 3) [2016] FCA 676 ............................................................. CCA.45.660 ACCC v Commercial & General Publications Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 900; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-222 ....................................................................... ACL.36.20, ACL.36.60, ACL.40.40, ACL.43.40 ACCC v Commercial & General Publications Pty Ltd (No 2) [2002] FCA 1349; [2003] ASAL 55-090; [2002] ATPR 41-905 ....................................................... ACL.36.60, ACL.43.40, CCA.86.600 ACCC v Commonwealth Bank of Aust Ltd (2003) 133 FCR 149; [2003] FCA 1129 .................... ACL.18.1540, CCA.80.300 ACCC v Commonwealth Bank of Aust Ltd [2003] FCA 1397; [2004] ATPR 41-975; [2004] ASAL 55-117 ............................................................................................................ ACL.18.1540, CCA.80.300 ACCC v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [2006] FCA 1730; [2007] ATPR 42-140 ............................................................................................... CCA.45D.280, CCA.86C.60, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [2008] FCA 678 ............. CCA.45E.100, CCA.45.80 ACCC v Contact Plus Group Pty Ltd (in liq) (No 2) [2006] FCA 695; [2006] ATPR 42-116 .......... CCA.80.620 ACCC v Cotton On Kids Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 1428; [2012] ATPR 42-427 ............... ACL.107.140, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Craftmatic Aust Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 972 .............................................................................. CCA.86.140 ACCC v Cromford Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-618 ....................................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v DM Faulkner Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1666 ............................................................................... CCA.45.660 ACCC v Dally M Publishing and Research Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1220; [2007] ATPR 42-176 ... CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v Danoz Direct Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 881; (2003) 60 IPR 296; [2003] ATPR (Digest) 46-241; [2004] ASAL 55-114 ............. ACL.18.1620, CCA.86C.80, CCA.80.180, CCA.80.300, CCA.80.580, CCA.138.80 ACCC v Dataline.Net.Au Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 1427; (2006) 236 ALR 665; [2007] ATPR 42-138 .................................................................................................... ACL.50.80, CCA.86.260, CCA.86C.60 ACCC v Dataline.Net.Au Pty Ltd (in liq) [2007] FCAFC 146; (2007) 161 FCR 513; 244 ALR 300 ......................... ACL.224.260, ACL.232.20, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.340, CCA.76.360, CCA.76.460, CCA.76.480, CCA.76.720, CCA.80.40, CCA.80.180, CCA.80.220, CCA.86.160 ACCC v Dateline Imports Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 791 ....... ACL.18.260, ACL.18.1620, ACL.29.440, CCA.76.160 ACCC v Dateline Imports Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 114 ......................... ACL.18.260, ACL.18.1620, ACL.29.440 ACCC v Davies [2015] FCA 1017 ............................................................................. CCA.155.560, CCA.155.580 ACCC v Davis [2003] FCA 1227 ................................................................. ACL.21.340, ACL.50.20, ACL.50.80 ACCC v Dell Computer Pty Ltd (2002) 126 FCR 170; [2002] FCAFC 434 ...................................... ACL.18.900 ACCC v Dell Computers Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 847; [2002] ATPR 41-878; [2002] ASAL 55-082 ......... ACL.2.140, ACL.18.460, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.1780, ACL.29.220, ACL.48.20, ACL.48.80, ACL.247.20, CCA.4.420

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TABLE OF CASES

TABLE OF CASES

ACCC v Dell Computers Pty Ltd [2002] FCAFC 434; (2002) 126 FCR 170; [2003] ATPR 41-910; [2003] ASAL 55-096 ........................................................................................................... ACL.29.480 ACCC v Dell Computers Pty Ltd [2002] FCAFC 434; (2002) 126 FCR 434 ...................................... CCA.4.420 ACCC v Dermalogica Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 152; (2005) 215 ALR 482; [2005] ATPR 42-046 ........ CCA.48.300, CCA.76.360, CCA.76.460, CCA.80.80 ACCC v Derodi Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 365 ...................................................................... ACL.29.340, ACL.33.120 ACCC v Dimmeys Stores Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1175; [1999] ATPR 41-716 .................................... ACL.107.140 ACCC v Dimmeys Stores Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 299; [2001] ATPR 41-811; [2001] ASAL (Digest) 55-058 ................................................................................................................................ ACL.107.140 ACCC v Dimmeys Stores Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 372 ........................................................................... ACL.107.140 ACCC v Dukemaster Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 682; [2009] ATPR 42-290; [2009] ASAL 55-196 ............ ACL.18.20, ACL.18.1900, ACL.21.360, ACL.29.20, ACL.29.80 ACCC v DuluxGroup (Aust) Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1158 ............................................ ACL.18.1420, ACL.18.1640 ACCC v DuluxGroup (Aust) Pty Ltd (No 2) [2016] FCA 1286 .......................................................... ACL.29.440 ACCC v Dynacast (Int) Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 429 ................................................................................ CCA.80.620 ACCC v EDirect Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 65 ...... ACL.18.2020, ACL.36.20, ACL.36.60, CCA.80.400, CCA.86.220 ACCC v EDirect Pty Ltd (in liq) [2012] FCA 976; (2012) 206 FCR 160; [2012] ATPR 42-215 ......... ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340, ACL.29.440, ACL.36.60, ACL.224.200, ACL.224.260, CCA.76.360, CCA.76.480, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Econovite Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 964; [2003] ATPR 41-959 ........................... ACL.18.960, CCA.86C.60, CCA.86C.180 ACCC v Emerald Ocean Distributors Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 303; [2004] ATPR 41-994 ..................... CCA.87.200 ACCC v Emerald Ocean Distributors Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1703; [2006] ATPR 42-096; [2006] ASAL 55-153 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1620 ACCC v Emirates [2012] FCA 1108 ............................................................................................ CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Energy Watch Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 425 .............. ACL.18.700, ACL.18.1500, ACL.29.440, ACL.34.80 ACCC v EnergyAust Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 336; [2014] ATPR 42-469 ...... ACL.74.40, ACL.75.40, CCA.76.220, CCA.76.440 ACCC v Esanda Finance Corp Ltd [2003] FCA 1225 ..................................................... ACL.21.340, ACL.50.80 ACCC v Eternal Beauty Products Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 1124 ........................................ CCA.48.300, CCA.76.960 ACCC v Eurong Beach Resort Ltd [2005] FCA 1900; [2006] ATPR 42-098 ..................................... CCA.46.940 ACCC v Excite Mobile Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 350 ........................................ ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340, ACL.50.60 ACCC v Exclusive Media Publishing Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 228; [2014] ATPR 42-463 ....................... ACL.50.80 ACCC v FChem (Aust) Ltd [2008] FCA 344 ..................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.1040 ACCC v FFE Building Services Ltd [2003] FCA 1542; [2003] ATPR 41-969 .................................. CCA.45.640 ACCC v FFE Building Services Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 1181; [2003] ATPR 41-967 ............................ CCA.157.80 ACCC v FFE Building Services Pty Ltd [2003] FCAFC 132; [2003] ATPR 41-938 ......................... CCA.77.100 ACCC v Ferndale Recyclers Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1597 ...................................................................... CCA.45.660 ACCC v Fila Sport Oceania Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 376; [2004] ATPR 41-983; [2004] Aust Contract R 90-192 ............ CCA.4E.240, CCA.47.600, CCA.76.440, CCA.76.480, CCA.76.520, CCA.79.340 ACCC v Fisher & Paykel Customer Services Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1393 .................. ACL.54.140, CCA.131A.40 ACCC v Flight Centre Ltd (No 2) [2013] ATPR 42-458; (2013) 307 ALR 209; [2013] FCA 1313 ................................................................................................................................ CCA.4.520, CCA.4C.40 ACCC v Flight Centre Ltd (No 3) [2014] FCA 292 ............................................................................ CCA.76.200 ACCC v Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd [2016] HCA 49 ................... CCA.4E.140, CCA.4E.220, CCA.4E.340, CCA.44ZZRD.240, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.380 ACCC v Foamlite (Aust) Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-615 ....................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.180, CCA.76.420 ACCC v Francis [2004] FCA 487; (2004) 142 FCR 1; [2004] ATPR (Digest) 46-250 ..................... ACL.232.20, CCA.86C.60, CCA.163A.160, CCA.80.220, CCA.80.380, CCA.80.400, CCA.80.420 ACCC v GIA Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1298; [2003] ASAL 55-093 ............ ACL.29.500, CCA.76.480, CCA.79.340, CCA.155.580 ACCC v GM Holden Ltd [2008] FCA 1428 ....................................................................................... ACL.18.1260

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ACCC v GO Drew Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1246 ................ ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.340, ACL.29.440, ACL.33.100, ACL.232.120 ACCC v Gary Peer & Assocs Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 404; (2005) 142 FCR 506; 65 IPR 1 ............. ACL.18.1860, ACL.29.220, ACL.29.480, ACL.30.60 ACCC v George Weston Foods Ltd [2000] FCA 690; [2000] ATPR 41-763 ..... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.360, CCA.76.600, CCA.76.1040 ACCC v George Weston Foods Ltd [2004] FCA 1093; (2004) 210 ALR 486; [2004] ATPR 42-015 ................................................................................................................ CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.86C.60 ACCC v Get Qualified Aust Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 976 ................................................ CCA.137F.20, CCA.80.360 ACCC v Giraffe World Aust Pty Ltd (1998) 84 FCR 512; 156 ALR 723; [1998] ATPR 41-648 ...................................................... ACL.237.100, CCA.76.80, CCA.80.360, CCA.87.160, CCA.87.200 ACCC v Giraffe World Aust Pty Ltd (No 2) (1999) 95 FCR 302; 166 ALR 74; [1999] FCA 1161; [1999] ASAL 55-040; [1999] ATPR 41-718 .... ACL.18.1620, ACL.29.440, ACL.49.40, ACL.224.100, ACL.224.140, CCA.28.140, CCA.76.120 ACCC v Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd [1998] FCA 180; (1998) 40 IPR 619; [1998] ASAL 55-008; [1998] ATPR 41-632 ............. ACL.7.20, ACL.9.20, ACL.18.960, ACL.29.100, ACL.29.440, ACL.138.120, CCA.86A.40 ACCC v Global One Mobile Entertainment Ltd [2011] FCA 393; [2011] ATPR 42-358 ............... ACL.18.2020, ACL.29.480, ACL.224.20 ACCC v Globex Systems Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 550; [2005] ATPR 42-069 ........................................ CCA.80.620 ACCC v Golden Sphere International Inc (1988) 83 FCR 424; [1988] ATPR 41-638 .................... ACL.237.100, CCA.87.160 ACCC v Golden West Network Pty Ltd [1997] FCA 792 ................................................................... CCA.86.140 ACCC v Goldstar Corp Pty Ltd [1998] FCA 1441 ........................................................ CCA.80.620, CCA.86.640 ACCC v Goldy Motors Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1885; [2001] ATPR 41-801; [2001] ASAL 55-053 ............................ ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1260, ACL.18.1920, ACL.29.540, CCA.86.220, CCA.86.600 ACCC v Google Inc [2012] FCAFC 49 .............................................................................................. ACL.18.2020 ACCC v Gordon Superstore Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 452; [2014] ATPR 42-474 .................................... ACL.29.540 ACCC v Gourmet Goody’s Family Restaurant Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 1216 .................. ACL.48.120, ACL.224.20, CCA.134A.40 ACCC v Grant [2000] FCA 1564 ............................................................................................................ ACL.37.40 ACCC v Grove & Edgar Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1956; [2008] ATPR 42-269 ........ CCA.51ACB.100, CCA.86.220, CCA.86.260 ACCC v Gullyside Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1727; [2006] ATPR 42-097 ........................................ CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v HP Superstore Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1317 ........................................................ ACL.29.540, ACL.54.140 ACCC v HP Superstore Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 297 ...................................................... ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.2100 ACCC v Halkalia Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 534 ............................................................................................ ACL.37.40 ACCC v Halkalia Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] FCA 535 ................................... ACL.37.40, ACL.248.20, ACL.248.40 ACCC v Harbin Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1792 ..................................... CCA.86C.100, CCA.86C.120, CCA.86C.160 ACCC v Harrison [2016] FCA 1543 ............................................................. ACL.21.380, ACL.50.60, ACL.50.80 ACCC v Hartwich Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 273 ......................................................................................... ACL.214.20 ACCC v Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd [2011] FCA 1407; [2011] ATPR 42-384 ...... ACL.18.860, ACL.29.440, ACL.29.540, CCA.76.1040 ACCC v Health Partners Inc (1997) 151 ALR 662; [1998] ATPR 41-604 ......................................... CCA.47.580 ACCC v Hewlett-Packard Aust Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 653 ............... ACL.PT3-2.20, ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.2100, ACL.29.540, ACL.246.20 ACCC v High Adventure Pty Ltd [2005] FCAFC 247; [2006] ATPR 42-091 .......... ACL.224.260, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.480 ACCC v Hillside (Aust New Media) Pty Ltd (t/as Bet 365) [2015] FCA 1007 ........ ACL.18.1520, ACL.29.360, CCA.76.40 ACCC v Hillside (Aust New Media) Pty Ltd (t/as Bet 365) [2016] FCA 698 ........... ACL.18.1520, ACL.29.360 ACCC v Hobie Cat Australasia Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 402; [2008] ATPR 42-225 ........ CCA.86C.60, CCA.48.360

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TABLE OF CASES

ACCC v Homeopathy Plus! Aust Pty Ltd (2014) 146 ALD 278; [2014] FCA 1412 ...... ACL.2.180, ACL.18.40, ACL.18.800, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1620, ACL.29.340, CCA.6.60 ACCC v Homeopathy Plus! Aust Pty Ltd (No 2) [2015] FCA 1090 .......................... ACL.18.1620, ACL.29.340 ACCC v Hughes [2001] FCA 38; [2001] ATPR 41-807 ............................................... CCA.86D.60, CCA.80.620 ACCC v Hughes [2002] FCA 270; [2002] ATPR 41-863; [2002] ASAL 55-078 .......... ACL.18.840, CCA.5.120, CCA.6.60 ACCC v Humax Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 706; [2005] ATPR 42-072 ...................................................... CCA.86C.60 ACCC v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-538 ....................................................................... ACL.107.140 ACCC v Hymix Industries Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-465 .................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.420 ACCC v IMB Group Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 819; [1999] ATPR 41-704 .................................................. ACL.4.200 ACCC v IMB Group Pty Ltd (in liq) [1999] FCA 313; [1999] ATPR 41-688 ................................... CCA.86.380 ACCC v IMB Group Pty Ltd (in liq) [2002] FCA 402; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-221 ...................... ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1980, CCA.47.80, CCA.47.120, CCA.47.160, CCA.47.300, CCA.47.320, CCA.47.540, CCA.47.660 ACCC v IMB Group Pty Ltd (in liq) [2003] FCAFC 17; [2003] Aust Contract R 90-165 ................ ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1980, CCA.47.540, CCA.47.660 ACCC v IPM Operation & Maintenance Loy Yang Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 1777; (2006) 157 FCR 162; [2006] ATPR (Digest) 46-271 ........................................ CCA.45E.100, CCA.45EA.20, CCA.45.80 ACCC v IPM Operation & Maintenance Loy Yang Pty Ltd (No 3) [2007] FCA 144; [2007] ATPR 42-151 ........................................................................................................ CCA.45E.100, CCA.45EA.20 ACCC v Info4PC.com Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 949; (2002) 121 FCR 24 ............................................... CCA.80.620 ACCC v Info4PC.com Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1510 ................................................................................ CCA.86.700 ACCC v Info4PC.com Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 1534 ......................................................... CCA.80.400, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Internic Technology Pty Ltd (1998) 42 IPR 225; [1998] ATPR 41-646 .... ACL.237.100, CCA.86A.40, CCA.87.160 ACCC v Ithaca Ice Works Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1716; [2002] ATPR 41-851 ................................... CCA.76.1020 ACCC v Ithaca Ice Works Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 497; [2001] ATPR 41-816 ..................................... CCA.76.1020 ACCC v J McPhee & Son (Aust) Pty Ltd (1997) 77 FCR 217; 148 ALR 601; [1997] ATPR 41-592 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.77.100, CCA.84.160 ACCC v J McPhee & Son (Aust) Pty Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-570 .............. ACL.224.60, CCA.76.80, CCA.76.100 ACCC v J McPhee & Son (Aust) Pty Ltd (No 3) [1998] ATPR (Digest) 46-183 ............................ CCA.76.1040 ACCC v Japan Airlines International Co Ltd [2011] FCA 365 .................................................. CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Jetstar Airways Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 1263 ..................................................... ACL.18.2080, ACL.29.480 ACCC v Jewellery Group Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 848 .............................. ACL.18.980, ACL.18.1180, ACL.29.480 ACCC v Jewellery Group Pty Ltd (No 2) [2013] FCA 14; [2013] ATPR 42-440 ....... ACL.18.980, ACL.29.480, CCA.76.220 ACCC v Jones [2010] FCA 205 .......................................................................................................... ACL.18.1820 ACCC v Jones (No 5) [2011] FCA 49 .................................................................................................. ACL.18.200 ACCC v Jurlique International Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 79; [2007] ATPR 42-146 ............... CCA.5.120, CCA.48.60, CCA.48.100, CCA.48.300 ACCC v Jutsen (No 3) [2011] FCA 1352 ........................................................................... ACL.44.100, CCA.6.60 ACCC v Jutsen (No 4) [2012] FCA 503 ............................................................................................... ACL.44.100 ACCC v Kaye [2004] FCA 1363 ................. ACL.18.60, ACL.18.140, ACL.18.220, ACL.18.1860, ACL.247.20, CCA.76.140 ACCC v Keshow [2005] FCA 558 ........................................................................................................ ACL.21.340 ACCC v Kingisland Meatworks and Cellars Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 859 ............................................... ACL.29.500 ACCC v Kingisland Meatworks and Cellars Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 48 ................................................. ACL.29.500 ACCC v Kokos International Pty Ltd (No 2) [2008] FCA 5; [2008] ATPR 42-212 ................ CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.300, CCA.86.20, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Korean Air Lines Co Ltd [2011] FCA 1360; [2011] ATPR 42-382 ..... CCA.44ZZRJ.120, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.400 ACCC v Koyo Aust Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1051 .................................................... CCA.86C.80, CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Kritharas [2000] FCA 1442; (2000) 105 FCR 444; 178 ALR 363 .............. ACL.237.240, CCA.87.480 ACCC v Kyloe Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1522; [2007] ATPR 42-194 ......................... CCA.51ACB.100, CCICF.5.40

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ACCC v Launceston Superstore Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1315 ............... ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.2100, ACL.29.540, ACL.54.140 ACCC v Leahy Petroleum Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1678; (2004) 141 FCR 183; [2004] ATPR (Digest) 46-260 .................................................................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.80 ACCC v Leahy Petroleum Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 794; (2007) 160 FCR 321; [2007] ATPR 42-162 ....................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.100, CCA.45.120, CCA.45.200, CCA.76.860, CCA.76.900, CCA.155.460, CCA.155.540 ACCC v Leahy Petroleum Pty Ltd (No 2) [2005] FCA 254; (2005) 215 ALR 281; [2005] ATPR 42-051 ............................................. CCA.44ZZRF.120, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.320, ACL.224.260 ACCC v Leahy Petroleum Pty Ltd (No 3) [2005] FCA 265; (2005) 215 ALR 301; [2005] ATPR 42-052 ............................................................................................................................ CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v Leelee Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1121; [2000] ATPR 41-742 ............. ACL.20.80, ACL.21.80, ACL.21.160, ACL.21.360, ACL.22.60 ACCC v Levi (No 3) [2008] FCA 1586 ............................................................................................... CCA.86.640 ACCC v Lifestyle Photographers Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 1538 ............... ACL.21.380, ACL.239.40, CCA.137H.80 ACCC v Link Solutions Pty Ltd (No 2) [2010] FCA 919 ..................... CCA.47.220, CCA.47.300, CCA.47.320, CCA.47.660 ACCC v Liquorland (Aust) Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 524 .......................................................................... CCA.86.340 ACCC v Liquorland (Aust) Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 1799 ........................................................................ CCA.45.660 ACCC v Liquorland (Aust) Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 826; [2006] ATPR 42-123 ............... CCA.4E.140, CCA.45.660 ACCC v Lovelock Luke Pty Ltd (1997) 79 FCR 63; [1997] ATPR 41-594 ....................................... ACL.29.260 ACCC v Luv-a-Duck Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1136; [2013] ATPR 42-455 .................... ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.340, ACL.33.100 ACCC v Lux Distributors Pty Ltd [2013] FCAFC 90; [2013] ATPR 42-447 ................ ACL.20.60, ACL.20.220, ACL.21.60, ACL.21.280, ACL.21.340, ACL.22.20, ACL.PT3-2.DIV2.20, ACL.PT3-2.DIV2.40, ACL.74.20 ACCC v Lux Distributors Pty Ltd (No 2) [2015] FCA 903; [2015] ATPR 42-510 ............................ ACL.21.340 ACCC v Lux Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 926 ............................................................. ACL.PT3-2.DIV2.40, ACL.21.340 ACCC v Lyoness Aust Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 1129 ................... ACL.44.40, ACL.44.120, ACL.49.20, ACL.49.40 ACCC v MHG Plastic Industries Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 788; [1999] ATPR 41-712 .......................... ACL.107.100, ACL.107.140 ACCC v MNB Variety Imports Pty Ltd [1998] FCA 81; [1998] ATPR 41-617 ....... ACL.107.140, CCA.76.1080 ACCC v MSY Technology Pty Ltd [2012] FCAFC 56; (2012) 201 FCR 378; [2012] ATPR 42-391 .......................................................................................................................... ACL.29.540, CCA.86.220 ACCC v MSY Technology Pty Ltd (No 2) [2011] FCA 382; [2011] ATPR 42-353; (2011) 279 ALR 609 .................................................................. ACL.29.540, ACL.224.20, CCA.76.680, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Malaysia Airline System Berhad (No 2) [2012] FCA 767 ........................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Mandurvit Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 464; [2014] ATPR 42-471 ............................ ACL.29.540, CCA.76.220 ACCC v Maritime Union of Aust [2001] FCA 1549; (2001) 114 FCR 472; 187 ALR 487; 50 AILR 4-521; [2002] ATPR 41-849 ........................... ACL.50.40, ACL.50.60, ACL.50.80, CCA.45DB.100 ACCC v Maritime Union of Aust [2001] FCA 1807; [2002] ATPR 41-857 ................. ACL.50.80, CCA.86C.80, CCA.45DB.100 ACCC v Marksun Aust Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 695 .................................. ACL.29.440, ACL.29.500, ACL.224.200 ACCC v Martinair Holland NV [2009] FCA 340 ........................................................................ CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Mayo International Pty Ltd [1998] FCA 808; (1998) 85 FCR 327; [1998] ATPR 41-653 ........................................................ CCA.76.80, CCA.76.100, CCA.96.160, CCA.96.200, CCA.96.360 ACCC v McCaskey [2000] FCA 1037; (2000) 104 FCR 8 ............................................... ACL.50.60, ACL.50.80 ACCC v McMahon Services Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1425; [2004] ATPR 42-031 ....................... CCA.44ZZRF.120, CCA.44ZZRJ.160, CCA.76.320, CCA.76.360 ACCC v McMahon Services Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 353; [2004] ATPR 41-996 ............. CCA.157.20, CCA.157.40 ACCC v McPhee & Son (Aust) Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-628 .................................................. CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v Metcash Trading Ltd [2011] FCA 967 ............... CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.100, CCA.50.120, CCA.50.380, CCA.50.480

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TABLE OF CASES

ACCC v Metcash Trading Ltd [2011] FCAFC 151; (2011) 198 FCR 297; [2011] ATPR 42-380 ....... CCA.4E.200, CCA.4E.220, CCA.50.120, CCA.50.340, CCA.50.380, CCA.50.480, CCA.50.720, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.560 ACCC v Metricon Homes Qld Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 797 ................................................................... ACL.18.1860 ACCC v Michigan Group Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1439 ... ACL.224.100, ACL.224.120, CCA.76.140, CCA.87.200 ACCC v Midland Brick Co Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 693; (2004) 207 ALR 329; [2004] ATPR 42-008 .................................. CCA.86C.120, CCA.87B.180, CCA.163A.160, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Mitsubishi Electric Aust Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1413 ................. CCA.48.100, CCA.48.320, CCA.76.200 ACCC v Mobil Oil Aust Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-568 .............................................................................. CCA.45.120 ACCC v Monza Imports Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1455; [2001] ATPR 41-843; [2002] ASAL 55-076 ..................... CCA.86C.60, CCA.87B.160, CCA.137H.40, CCA.137H.80, CCA.80.400, CCA.83.100, CCA.83.140 ACCC v Moonah Superstore Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1314 .................... ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.2100, ACL.29.540, ACL.54.140 ACCC v Multimedia International Services Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 439 ... ACL.21.280, ACL.21.340, ACL.29.440, ACL.33.140, ACL.224.200, ACL.224.220, CCA.45D.300, CCA.76.240 ACCC v Murray (No 2) [2003] FCA 47; [2003] ATPR 41-927 .......................................................... CCA.79.180 ACCC v NSK Aust Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 453 .............................................................................. CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v NW Frozen Foods Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-515 .......... CCA.86C.80, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.420 ACCC v Narnia Investments Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 395; [2009] ATPR 42-279 ................................. CCA.155.580 ACCC v Nationwide News Pty Ltd (1996) 36 IPR 75; [1996] ATPR 41-519 ............... ACL.2.140, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.860, ACL.29.220, ACL.29.480, ACL.29.540, ACL.32.40, ACL.32.60, CCA.4.420 ACCC v Navman Aust Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 2061; [2007] ATPR 42-208 ........................................... CCA.48.320 ACCC v Neighbourhood Energy Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 1357; [2012] ATPR 42-426 ......... ACL.74.20, ACL.75.40 ACCC v Netti Atom Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1945; [2007] ATPR 42-204 ........................ CCA.48.100, CCA.48.320 ACCC v Neville [2007] FCA 1583; [2007] ATPR 42-195 ................................................................. CCA.155.580 ACCC v Nissan Motor Co (Aust) Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-660; [1999] ASAL 55-015 .................. ACL.18.680, ACL.18.880, ACL.29.340, ACL.29.480, ACL.214.20, ACL.224.60, CCA.76.80, CCA.79.420 ACCC v Nonchalant Pty Ltd (in liq) [2013] FCA 605; [2013] ATPR 42-442 ............. ACL.18.860, ACL.18.900, ACL.18.1260, ACL.18.2080 ACCC v Nordic Lust Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-504 ........................................................................... ACL.107.140 ACCC v Nudie Foods Aust Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 943; [2008] ATPR 42-245 .................................... ACL.18.1560 ACCC v Nuera Health Pty Ltd (No 2) [2007] FCA 1756 .................................................................... CCA.80.600 ACCC v Oceana Commercial Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 1516; [2004] ATPR (Digest) 46-244; [2004] Aust Contract R 90-19 .................................................................................. ACL.18.1860, CCA.86.600 ACCC v Oceana Commercial Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 58; [2004] ATPR 41-981 ........... ACL.18.1860, CCA.86.600 ACCC v Oceana Commercial Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 174; [2004] ATPR (Digest) 46-255 ............ ACL.18.1860 ACCC v Office Link (Aust) Pty Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-598 .......................................... ACL.232.140, CCA.80.220 ACCC v On Clinic Aust Pty Ltd (1996) 35 IPR 635; [1996] ATPR 41-517 .............. ACL.18.1820, ACL.247.20 ACCC v Oobi Baby Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1488 .................................................................................... CCA.48.240 ACCC v Optell Pty Ltd (1998) 41 IPR 49; [1998] ATPR 41-640 ........ ACL.18.1180, ACL.29.360, ACL.29.440, ACL.29.460, ACL.29.520, ACL.34.60, ACL.40.100, ACL.43.40 ACCC v Original Mama’s Pizza & Ribs Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 370; [2008] ATPR 42-236 ................. ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1580, ACL.29.540, ACL.278.20 ACCC v Original Mama’s Pizza & Ribs Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 370; [2009] ATPR 42-236 ............. CCA.131A.60 ACCC v Ozsale Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 1049 ......................................................................................... ACL.107.160 ACCC v P T Garuda Indonesia Ltd [2016] FCAFC 42 ............... CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.340, CCA.44ZZRD.140 ACCC v PRK Corp Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 403; [2008] ATPR 42-226 .................................................. CCA.86.140 ACCC v PRK Corp Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 715; [2009] ATPR 42-295 .............................. CCA.4J.20, CCA.45.560 ACCC v PT Garuda Indonesia Ltd [2010] FCA 551; (2010) 269 ALR 98 ................................ CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v PT Garuda Indonesia Ltd [2016] FCAFC 42 ..................... CCA.44ZZRJ.120, CCA.51.60, CCA.51.80, CCA.77.20, CCA.82.180

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Pacific Dunlop Ltd [2001] FCA 740; [2001] ATPR 41-823 ................................................. CCA.138.80 Panasonic Aust Pty Ltd (2010) 269 ALR 622; [2010] FCA 856 ........................................ ACL.18.1420 Pauls Ltd [1999] FCA 1750; [2000] ATPR 41-747 ............................................................... CCA.138.80 Pauls Ltd [2002] FCA 1586; [2003] ATPR 41-911 ............................... CCA.4F.40, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.44ZZRD.120, CCA.44ZZRD.140, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.220, CCA.45.240, CCA.86.540 ACCC v Pepe’s Ducks Ltd [2013] FCA 570; [2013] ATPR 42-441 .......................... ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.340, CCA.86C.160 ACCC v Pfizer Aust Pty Ltd [2015] ATPR 42-514; (2015) 323 ALR 429; [2015] FCA 113 ........... CCA.4E.240, CCA.46.700, CCA.46.980, CCA.47.580, CCA.51.180 ACCC v Phoenix Institute of Aust Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 1246 ............................................................. CCA.76.480 ACCC v Pioneer Concrete (Qld) Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-457 ........................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.420 ACCC v Pioneer Concrete (Qld) Pty Ltd (unreported, FCA, Drummond J, QG 143 of 1992, 15 December 1995) ........................................................................................................................... CCA.77.100 ACCC v Pioneer International Ltd (unreported, Fed Ct, 20 December 1996) .............. CCA.50.580, CCA.50.720 ACCC v Pirovic Enterprises Pty Ltd (No 2) [2014] FCA 1028; [2014] ATPR 42-483 ................... ACL.18.1560, ACL.33.100 ACCC v Powerballwin.com.au Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 378 ..................................................................... CCA.86.260 ACCC v Pratt (No 2) [2008] FCA 1833 ............................................................................................. CCA.155.460 ACCC v Pratt (No 3) [2009] FCA 407; (2009) 175 FCR 558; [2009] ATPR 42-287 ...................... CCA.155.460 ACCC v Prouds Jewellers Pty Ltd [2008] FCAFC 199 ................................................. ACL.18.980, ACL.29.480 ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia S.R.L. (No 2) [2012] FCA 44 ........................................ CCA.76.860 ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia S.R.L. (No 4) [2012] FCA 1323; 298 ALR 251 ........... CCA.86.140 ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia S.R.L. (No 5) [2013] FCA 294 ............................. CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia S.R.L. (No 6) [2013] FCA 1002 .................................... CCA.86.140 ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia S.R.L. (No 7) [2014] FCA 5 ..................................... CCA.155AA.20 ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia SRL [2011] FCA 938; (2011) 283 ALR 137; [2011] ATPR 42-366 ............................................................................ CCA.76.820, CCA.76.860, CCA.76.900 ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi Energia SRL (No 4) [2012] FCA 1323; (2012) 298 ALR 251; [2012] ATPR 42-423 .............................................................................................. CCA.5.80, CCA.76.860 ACCC v Prysmian Cavi E Sistemi SRL (No 12) [2016] FCA 822; [1982] ATPR 42-525 ................. CCA.84.180 ACCC v Purple Harmony Plates Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1062 .............................................................. ACL.18.1620 ACCC v Purple Harmony Plates Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 407; [2002] ATPR 41-868 ........................... ACL.18.1620 ACCC v Purple Harmony Plates Pty Ltd (No 3) (2002) 196 ALR 576; [2002] FCA 1487; [2002] ATPR 41-913 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1620 ACCC v Qantas Airways Ltd [2008] FCA 1976; (2008) 253 ALR 89; [2008] ATPR 42-266 ......... CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.340, CCA.44ZZRF.120, CCA.44ZZRJ.120, CCA.76.320 ACCC v RL Adams Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 1016 .................................... ACL.18.1560, ACL.33.100, ACL.232.140 ACCC v Radio Rentals Ltd (2005) 146 FCR 292; [2005] FCA 1133; [2005] ATPR 42-077 ........... ACL.20.400, ACL.21.340, CCA.84.180 ACCC v Rana [2008] FCA 374; [2008] ATPR 42-223 ...................................................................... CCA.155.580 ACCC v Rana [2008] FCA 435 ........................................................................................................... CCA.155.580 ACCC v Ranu Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1777 .................................................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v Real Estate Institute of WA Inc [1999] FCA 1387; (1999) 95 FCR 114; [1999] ATPR 41-719 ................................................................ ACL.247.20, CCA.86C.120, CCA.86D.40, CCA.80.80 ACCC v Real Estate Institute of WA Inc [1999] FCA 18; (1999) 161 ALR 79; [1999] ATPR 41-673 ................... ACL.232.20, ACL.232.140, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.86C.60, CCA.80.220, CCA.80.380, CCA.80.400, CCA.80.580, CCA.86.220, CCA.86.240, CCA.86.340 ACCC v Reckitt Benckiser (Aust) Pty Ltd (No 4) [2015] FCA 1408 ......................... ACL.18.1620, ACL.33.140 ACCC v Reckitt Benckiser (Aust) Pty Ltd (No 7) [2016] FCA 424 ................................................. ACL.224.200 ACCC v Reebok Aust Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 83 .............................................................. ACL.29.440, ACL.239.40 ACCC v Renegade Gas Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1135 ....... ACL.248.20, ACL.248.40, CCA.86C.60, CCA.86C.160, CCA.44ZZRJ.80 ACCC v Roberson [2008] FCA 1735 ................................................................................................. CCA.87B.280

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TABLE OF CASES

ACCC v Robinson [2011] FCA 17 ........................................................................................................ ACL.194.60 ACCC v Roche Vitamins Aust Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 150; [2001] ATPR 41-809 ...................... CCA.44ZZRJ.120, CCA.76.420 ACCC v Rural Press Ltd [1999] FCA 1847; (1999) 96 FCR 141; 169 ALR 201; [2000] ATPR 41-739 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.157.40 ACCC v Rural Press Ltd (2000) 96 FCR 389; 169 ALR 573; [2000] FCA 66; [2000] ATPR 41-753 .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.25.20 ACCC v Rural Press Ltd [2001] FCA 1065; (2001) ATPR 41-833 ... CCA.86C.60, CCA.86C.120, CCA.76.600, CCA.76.620, CCA.76.1040, CCA.80.260 ACCC v Rural Press Ltd [2001] FCA 116; [2001] ATPR 41-804 ...... ACL.224.140, CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.340, CCA.45.100, CCA.46.780 ACCC v Rural Press Ltd (No 2) [2000] FCA 66; (2000) 96 FCR 389; 169 ALR 573; [2000] ATPR 41-753 ................................................................................................................................... CCA.155.360 ACCC v SIP Aust Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 336; [2003] ATPR 41-937; [2003] Aust Contract R 90-177 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.76.640 ACCC v SIP Aust Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 858; [1999] ATPR 41-702 .................... CCA.44ZZRJ.180, CCA.76.380, CCA.76.1040, CCA.80.380, CCA.80.400, CCA.86.340 ACCC v SIP Aust Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1258 ....................................................................................... CCA.86.340 ACCC v SIP Aust Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 824; [2002] ATPR 41-877 ........ CCA.45.440, CCA.47.140, CCA.76.60, CCA.76.100, CCA.96.200 ACCC v SIP Aust Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 336; [2003] ATPR 41-937; [2003] Aust Contract R 90-177 ............................. ACL.224.260, CCA.76.360, CCA.76.400, CCA.76.480, CCA.76.720, CCA.79.340 ACCC v SMS Global Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 855; [2011] ATPR 42-364 ....... ACL.18.20, ACL.18.60, ACL.18.80, ACL.18.80, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.2020, ACL.29.80, CCA.4.540, CCA.80.180 ACCC v Safe Breast Imaging Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 238 .................................................................... ACL.18.1620 ACCC v Safety Compliance Pty Ltd (in liq) [2015] FCA 211 .......................................................... ACL.18.1660 ACCC v Safety Compliance Pty Ltd (in liq) (No 2) [2015] FCA 1469 ................... ACL.18.1660, ACL.224.260, ACL.248.40 ACCC v Salecomp Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1316 ............... ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.2100, ACL.29.540, ACL.54.140 ACCC v Sampson [2011] FCA 1165 ................................................................................................... ACL.18.1840 ACCC v Samton Holdings Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1725; [2000] ATPR 41-791 ................ ACL.20.40, ACL.20.120, ACL.20.400 ACCC v Samton Holdings Pty Ltd (2002) 117 FCR 301; 189 ALR 76; [2002] FCA 62; [2002] ATPR 41-858 ................................................................................................... ACL.20.100, ACL.20.400 ACCC v Scoopon Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 820 ......................................................................................... CCA.76.440 ACCC v Seal-A-Fridge Pty Ltd (2010) 268 ALR 321; [2010] FCA 525; [2010] ATPR 42-316; [2010] ASAL 55-208 ........................................................ ACL.21.360, CCA.4.500, CCA.51ACB.100 ACCC v SensaSlim Aust Pty Ltd (in liq) (No 5) [2014] FCA 340; (2014) 98 ACSR 347 ............. ACL.18.1580, ACL.18.1620, ACL.37.40, CCA.76.80 ACCC v SensaSlim Aust Pty Ltd (in liq) (No 7) [2016] FCA 484 ..... ACL.224.20, ACL.224.240, ACL.224.260 ACCC v Sensis Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1571 ......................................................................................... ACL.18.2020 ACCC v Shell Co of Aust Ltd (1997) 72 FCR 386; [1997] ATPR 41-552 ......................................... CCA.87.200 ACCC v Signature Security Group Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 375; [2003] ATPR 41-942 ......................... ACL.18.680, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1640, ACL.29.480, ACL.48.80, CCA.87B.80, CCA.87B.240, CCA.80.180, CCA.86.600 ACCC v Signature Security Group Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 3; (2003) 52 ATR 1; [2003] ATPR 41-908 ........ ACL.18.680, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1640, ACL.29.480, ACL.48.80, ACL.247.40, CCA.87B.20, CCA.87B.160, CCA.87B.240, CCA.87B.280 ACCC v Simply No-Knead (Franchising) Pty Ltd (2000) 104 FCR 253; 178 ALR 304; [2000] FCA 1365; [2000] ATPR 41-790 .......................................................................................... ACL.21.360 ACCC v Singapore Airlines Cargo Pte Ltd [2012] FCA 1395 ............................ CCA.4E.340, CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v Singtel Optus Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 1177 ............. ACL.18.460, ACL.18.2020, ACL.29.360, ACL.34.60 ACCC v Singtel Optus Pty Ltd (No 2) [2010] FCA 1200 ...................... ACL.18.2020, ACL.29.360, ACL.34.60, ACL.232.20, ACL.232.140

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Singtel Optus Pty Ltd (No 4) [2011] FCA 761 ..................................................................... CCA.76.300 Skins Compression Garments Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 710 ............................... ACL.18.1980, CCA.48.360 Skippy Aust Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 1343 .................................................................................. ACL.194.60 Snowdale Holdings Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 541 ............................. ACL.29.340, ACL.33.80, ACL.33.120 Société Air France [2009] FCA 341; [2009] ATPR 42-283 .................. CCA.44ZZRJ.120, CCA.76.440 Sontax Aust (1988) Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1202 .................................................................... ACL.107.140 South East Melbourne Cleaning Pty Ltd (in liq) [2015] FCA 25 .................... ACL.37.60, ACL.214.20, ACL.224.200, ACL.224.280, CCA.51ACB.100, CCA.76.700, CCICF.SCH1.11.20 ACCC v South East Melbourne Cleaning Pty Ltd (in liq) (No 2) [2015] FCA 257 ........................ ACL.224.260, CCA.76.280 ACCC v Spreets Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 382 ....................... ACL.29.480, ACL.224.220, CCA.76.280, CCA.80.380 ACCC v Star Promotions Club Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 139; [2010] ATPR 42-309 ................................ ACL.29.480 ACCC v Startel Communication Co Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 352; [2014] ATPR 42-465 .... ACL.76.40, ACL.79.40, ACL.86.60 ACCC v StoresOnline International Inc [2007] FCA 1597; [2007] ATPR 42-196 ............................ CCA.87B.20, CCA.87B.240, CCA.87B.260, CCA.87B.280, CCA.5.120 ACCC v StoresOnline International Inc (No 2) [2010] FCA 418 ........................................................ ACL.29.480 ACCC v Sundaze Aust Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1642; [2000] ATPR 41-736 ........................................... CCA.48.220 ACCC v TEAC Aust Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1859; [2007] ATPR 42-201 .............................................. CCA.48.320 ACCC v TF Woollam & Son Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 973; (2011) 196 FCR 212; [2011] ATPR 42-367 .......... ACL.18.2040, CCA.44ZZRD.140, CCA.44ZZRD.160, CCA.44ZZRD.200, CCA.44ZZRJ.160, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.240, CCA.45.400, CCA.76.160 ACCC v TF Woollam & Son Pty Ltd (No 2) [2011] FCA 1216 ................................................ CCA.44ZZRJ.160 ACCC v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1254; [2011] ATPR 42-383 ................... ACL.18.460, ACL.18.2020, ACL.29.480, ACL.29.540, ACL.48.100 ACCC v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 629; [2012] ATPR 42-402 ..................... ACL.232.20, ACL.232.140 ACCC v TPG Internet Pty Ltd (2013) 250 CLR 640; 88 ALJR 176; [2013] HCA 54 ....................... ACL.18.80, ACL.18.100, ACL.18.320, ACL.18.440, ACL.18.460, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.840, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.2020 ACCC v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54; (2013) 250 CLR 640; 88 ALJR 176 ..................... ACL.18.100, ACL.29.20, ACL.29.480, ACL.236.40, CCA.76.360, CCA.76.420, CCA.76.600 ACCC v TPG Internet Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] FCA 629 ....................... ACL.18.2020, ACL.29.480, ACL.29.540, CCA.76.280 ACCC v Target Aust Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1326; [2001] ATPR 41-840; [2002] ASAL (Digest) 55-072 ........... ACL.18.460, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1380, ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.1920, ACL.29.480, ACL.247.20, CCA.76.1040, CCA.80.380 ACCC v Tasmanian Salmonid Growers Association Ltd [2003] FCA 788; [2003] ATPR 41-954 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.83.140 ACCC v Taxsmart Group Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 487; [2014] ATPR 42-473 .............. ACL.18.1580, ACL.18.1840 ACCC v Telstra Corp Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-540 ................................................................................. ACL.18.2020 ACCC v Telstra Corp Ltd (2004) 208 ALR 459; [2004] FCA 987; [2004] ATPR 42-017 .................. ACL.18.20, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.460, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1020, ACL.18.2020 ACCC v Telstra Corp Ltd [2007] FCA 2058; [2007] ATPR 42-207; [2008] ASAL 55-182 ........... ACL.18.2020, ACL.247.20 ACCC v Telstra Corp Ltd [2010] FCA 790; (2010) 188 FCR 238 ..................................................... CCA.76.280 ACCC v Telwater Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 263; [2009] ATPR 42-276 ..................................................... CCA.48.360 ACCC v Teracomm Ltd [2009] FCA 903 ........................................................................................... ACL.18.2020 ACCC v Terania Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1074 .......................................................................................... CCA.86.320 ACCC v Terania Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 732 .......................................................................................... ACL.18.1920 ACCC v Thai Airways International Public Co Ltd [2012] FCA 1434 ...................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.120 ACCC v The Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-462 .................................. CCA.4E.340, CCA.80.660 ACCC v The Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [2016] FCA 504 ......................... CCA.45D.280 [2016] FCAFC 97 ................................................................................................................................ CCA.45D.280 ACCC v The Vales Wine Co Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-528 ................................................................. ACL.29.340

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ACCC v Ticketek Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1489 ................................................................. CCA.46.880, CCA.46.920 ACCC v Top Snack Foods Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 752; [1999] ATPR 41-708 ............. ACL.18.620, ACL.18.1580, ACL.236.160 ACCC v Trading Post Aust Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1298 .................................................. CCA.157.60, CCA.157.80 ACCC v Trading Post Aust Pty Ltd (2011) 197 FCR 498; 283 ALR 210; [2011] ATPR 42-370; [2011] FCA 1086 ................................................................ ACL.18.840, ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.2020 ACCC v Trevor Davis Investments Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 952; [2001] ATPR 41-828 ................ CCA.44ZZRJ.140 ACCC v Tubemakers of Aust Ltd [1999] FCA 1787; [2000] ATPR 41-745 ....... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.420 ACCC v Turi Foods Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] FCA 19 ....... ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.340, ACL.33.100, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Turi Foods Pty Ltd (No 4) [2013] FCA 665; [2013] ATPR 42-448 ............ ACL.18.1560, ACL.19.100, ACL.29.340, ACL.33.60, ACL.33.80, ACL.33.100 ACCC v Turi Foods Pty Ltd (No 5) [2013] FCA 1109; [2013] ATPR 42-450 .......... ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.340, ACL.33.100 ACCC v Tyco Aust Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1799; [2000] ATPR 41-740 ........................ CCA.76.620, CCA.155.580 ACCC v Tyco Aust Pty Ltd [2000] ATPR 41-772 ................................................................................ CCA.76.420 ACCC v Tyco Aust Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 401; [2000] ATPR 41-760 .................................................. CCA.76.440 ACCC v Unilever Aust Ltd (1997) 40 IPR 354; [1998] ATPR 41-607 ............................................... ACL.29.260 ACCC v Universal Music Aust Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1800; (2001) 115 FCR 442; 201 ALR 502; [2002] ATPR 41-855 ................................................................... CCA.4E.260, CCA.47.220, CCA.86.480 ACCC v Universal Music Aust Pty Ltd (No 2) [2002] FCA 192; (2002) 201 ALR 618; [2002] ATPR 41-862 ....................................................... CCA.76.220, CCA.76.600,CCA.76.680, CCA.86.600 ACCC v Universal Sports Challenge Ltd [2002] FCA 1276 ..................... ACL.4.160, ACL.4.180, ACL.224.120 ACCC v Vales Wine Co Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-528 ........................... CCA.76.480, CCA.79.340, CCA.86.600 ACCC v Vales Wine Co Pty Ltd [1996] FCA 854 ............................................................................. ACL.224.260 ACCC v Valve Corp (No 3) [2016] FCA 196 ................... ACL.2.120, ACL.18.840, ACL.18.1400, ACL.54.140, ACL.67.40, ACL.67.60, CCA.4C.40, CCA.4.500, CCA.5.20, CCA.5.60, CCA.5.180, CCA.131.20, CCA.138.60 ACCC v Valve Corp (No 6) [2016] FCA 1348 .................................................................................... CCA.86.120 ACCC v Vanderfield Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 1535 ...................................... ACL.232.20, CCA.45.640, CCA.80.220 ACCC v Vassallo [2009] FCA 954 ........................................................................................................ CCA.86.220 ACCC v Virgin Mobile Aust Pty Ltd (No 2) [2002] FCA 1548; [2003] Aust Contract R 90-164 ...................... ACL.18.2020, CCA.86C.60, CCA.86C.180, CCA.86C.160, CCA.80.380, CCA.80.400, CCA.86.180, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Visa Inc [2015] FCA 1020 ............................................................................... CCA.47.540, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 136; [2006] ATPR 42-102 .......................... CCA.157.20 ACCC v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Ltd (No 3) [2007] FCA 1617; (2007) 244 ALR 673; [2007] ATPR 42-185 ................................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.180, CCA.45.140, CCA.45.640 ACCC v Visy Paper Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1640 ...................................................................................... CCA.76.60 ACCC v Visy Paper Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1075; (2001) 112 FCR 37; [2001] ATPR 41-835 ............. CCA.45.440 ACCC v Visy Paper Pty Ltd (No 2) [2004] FCA 1471; (2004) 212 ALR 564; [2004] ATPR 42-032 ............................................................................................................................................. CCA.86C.120 ACCC v Westminster Retail Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1299; [2005] ATPR 42-084 ............ CCA.48.240, CCA.76.440 ACCC v White Top Taxis Ltd [2009] FCA 88; (2009) 253 ALR 449; [2009] ATPR 42-273 .......... CCA.4D.200, CCA.45.560 ACCC v Wilson Parking 1992 Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 1580 ................................................................. ACL.18.1660 ACCC v Wizard Mortgage Corp Ltd [2002] FCA 1317; [2002] ATPR 41-903 ......... ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1540, ACL.29.440, ACL.29.480, ACL.247.20, CCA.86C.100, CCA.86C.160, CCA.80.560 ACCC v Woolworths (SA) Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 530; (2003) 198 ALR 417; [2003] ATPR 41-941 .... ACL.21.140, ACL.29.140, CCA.87B.40, CCA.87B.60, CCA.87B.280, CCA.45.580, CCA.80.440, CCA.86.340 ACCC v Woolworths (SA) Pty Ltd (No 2) [2004] FCA 128; [2004] ATPR 41-988 ......................... CCA.45.580, CCA.76.1040, CCA.80.380 ACCC v Woolworths Ltd [2014] FCA 364; [2014] ATPR 42-466 ................................................... CCA.87B.280 ACCC v Woolworths Ltd [2016] FCA 1472 ..................................................................... ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340

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ACCC v Woolworths Ltd [2016] FCA 44 .............................................. ACL.29.340, ACL.33.100, ACL.131.100 ACCC v Woolworths Ltd (No 1) [2002] FCA 1001; [2002] ATPR 41-889 .............. ACL.18.1560, ACL.18.1920 ACCC v Woolworths Ltd (No 2) [2002] FCA 1046; [2002] ATPR 41-890 .............. ACL.18.1560, ACL.18.1920 ACCC v Worldplay Services Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1138; (2004) 210 ALR 562; [2004] ATPR 42-020 .......................................... ACL.44.20, ACL.44.40, ACL.44.60, ACL.44.100, ACL.45.40, CCA.5.120 ACCC v Yazaki Corp [2014] FCA 1316 ................................................................ CCA.76.900, CCA.155AAA.60 ACCC v Yazaki Corp (No 2) [2015] FCA 1304 ......................... CCA.4D.80, CCA.4.320, CCA.5.60, CCA.5.80, CCA.44ZZRC.20, CCA.44ZZRD.140, CCA.44ZZRJ.180, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.140, CCA.76.160, CCA.84.120 ACCC v Yellow Page Marketing BV [2010] FCA 226 ............................. CCA.86.60, CCA.86.400, CCA.138.60 ACCC v Yellow Page Marketing BV (No 2) [2011] FCA 352 ...................................... ACL.239.40, CCA.86.220 ACCC v Z-Tek Computer Pty Ltd (1997) 78 FCR 197; 148 ALR 339; [1997] ATPR 41-580 ......... ACL.232.20, ACL.232.140, CCA.86C.60, CCA.86C.160, CCA.80.80, CCA.80.220 ACCC v Zanok Technologies Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 1124 ........................ ACL.18.1460, ACL.20.340, ACL.31.40 ACCC v Zen Telecom Pty Ltd (No 2) [2015] FCA 1226 ................................................................. CCA.86C.140 ACI Aust Ltd v Glamour Glaze Pty Ltd (1988) 11 IPR 269; [1988] ATPR 40-868 ........................ ACL.18.1640, ACL.18.2320, ACL.29.440, ACL.29.460 ACI Operations Pty Ltd, Re [1991] ATPR (Com) 50-108 ..................... CCA.89.80, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.1180, CCA.93.80 ACMA v Mobilegate Ltd (No 4) [2009] FCA 1225; (2009) 180 FCR 467; 261 ALR 326 ............... CCA.76.360 ACT v Munday [2000] FCA 653; (2000) 99 FCR 72; [2000] ATPR 41-771 ...................................... CCA.4M.20 ADC Centres Pty Ltd v Kilstream Pty Ltd (1979) 25 ALR 549; [1979] ATPR 40-119 ................... CCA.45B.80, CCA.45B.120, CCA.47.180, CCA.47.620 AE Consulting Pty Ltd v Online Valuations Pty Ltd [2012] NSWSC 1300 ..................................... CCA.138.160 AGL v ACCC (No 3) [2003] FCA 1525; (2003) 137 FCR 317; [2003] ATPR 41-966 .................... CCA.4E.180, CCA.50.120, CCA.50.140, CCA.50.220, CCA.50.320, CCA.50.360, CCA.50.380, CCA.50.480, CCA.50.720, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.560 AGL Cooper Basin Natural Gas Supply Arrangements, Re [1997] ATPR 41-593 ..... CCA.91B.40, CCA.91B.60, CCA.91B.80, CCA.91B.120, CCA.103.120, CCA.152AL.20 ALDI Stores v Coles Supermarkets Aust Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 563 .................................................... CCA.86.120 AMIEU v Mudginberri Station Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR 98; 60 ALJR 608; 66 ALR 577; [1986] ATPR 40-715 .................................................................................................. CCA.86.640, CCA.86.700 ANL Container Line Pty Ltd v Maritime Union of Aust [1999] FCA 1882; [2000] ATPR 41-769 ................................................................................................................ CCA.45DB.100, CCA.45DC.60 ANZ Banking Group Ltd v Harvey [1994] ATPR (Digest) 46-132 ............................. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1300 ANZ Banking Group Ltd v Karam (2005) 64 NSWLR 149; 1 BFRA 353; [2005] NSWCA 344; [2006] ATPR 42-089; [2006] ASAL 55-150 ............................................................................ ACL.20.300 ANZ Banking Group Ltd v Turnbull & Partners Ltd (1991) 106 ALR 115 ....................................... CCA.138.80 APC Prosthetics Pty Ltd, Re (CB00140) ......................................................................................... CCA.93AB.100 APIR Systems Ltd v Donald Financial Enterprises Pty Ltd [2009] FCAFC 45 ................................ ACL.18.1960 APRA Ltd, Re (A91367-A91375; 6 June 2014) ................................................................................. CCA.90.1080 APS Satellite Pty Ltd v Ipstar Aust Pty Ltd [2016] NSWSC 1898 .......... ACL.21.380, ACL.54.40, ACL.54.100, ACL.54.140, ACL.55.40, ACL.55.140, ACL.274.40 ASIC v Accounts Control Management Services Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 1164 ................... ACL.50.20, ACL.50.40, ACL.50.60, ACL.50.80 ASIC v Adler [2002] NSWSC 483 ........................................................................................................ ACL.248.20 ASIC v Bank of Queensland Ltd (2011) 211 FCR 412; [2011] FCA 1361 ............... ACL.278.40, CCA.131A.60 ASIC v Camelot Derivatives Pty Ltd (in liq) [2012] FCA 414 ............................................................ ACL.18.100 ASIC v Cash Store Pty Ltd (in liq) [2014] FCA 926 ....................................................... ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340 ASIC v Channic Pty Ltd (No 4) [2016] FCA 1174 .......................................................... ACL.21.340, ACL.22.40 ASIC v Citrofresh International Ltd (No 3) [2010] FCA 292; (2010) 268 ALR 303 ...................... ACL.224.280, CCA.76.700 ASIC v Donovan (1998) 28 ACSR 583 ................................................................................................ ACL.248.20

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ASIC v Forem-Freeway Enterprises Pty Ltd (1999) 30 ACSR 339; [1999] FCA 179 .................... ACL.224.280, ACL.248.20, CCA.76.700 ASIC v GE Capital Finance Aust [2014] FCA 701 ...................................................... ACL.18.1540, ACL.247.40 ASIC v Ingleby [2013] VSCA 49; (2013) 275 FLR 171 ................................................. CCA.76.20, CCA.76.260 ASIC v Kobelt [2016] FCA 1327 ...................................................................................... ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340 ASIC v Lindberg [2009] VSCA 234; (2009) 261 ALR 207; 74 ACSR 360 ..................................... CCA.155.520 ASIC v Matthews [1999] FCA 803; (1999) 32 ACSR 404 .................................................................. CCA.80.620 ASIC v Narain (2008) 169 FLR 211; [2008] FCAFC 120 ..................... ACL.18.480, ACL.45.60, CCA.131A.20 ASIC v National Exchange Pty Ltd (2005) 148 FCR 132; 56 ACSR 131; 23 ACLC 1,989; [2005] FCAFC 226 .................................... ACL.18.1960, ACL.20.60, ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340, ACL.21.360 ASIC v Parkes [2001] NSWSC 377 ...................................................................................................... ACL.248.20 ASIC v Pegasus Leveraged Options Group Pty Ltd [2002] NSWSC 310 ........................................... ACL.248.20 ASIC v Preston [2005] FCA 1805 ................................................................................. ACL.18.1700, ACL.21.360 ASIC v Roussi [1999] FCA 618 ............................................................................................................ ACL.248.20 ASX, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-267 ................................................................................................. CCA.90.1300 ASX Operations Pty Ltd v Pont Data Aust Pty Ltd (No 1) (1990) 27 FCR 460; 97 ALR 513; 19 IPR 323; [1991] ATPR 41-069 ....... ACL.2.120, CCA.4D.80, CCA.4D.160, CCA.4F.40, CCA.4F.80, CCA.45D.180, CCA.163A.40, CCA.4.340, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.45.240, CCA.45.280, CCA.45.300, CCA.45.720, CCA.46.700, CCA.47.380, CCA.50.380, CCA.151AJ.100 ASX Operations Pty Ltd v Pont Data Aust Pty Ltd (No 2) (1991) 27 FCR 492; 100 ALR 125; [1991] ATPR 41-109 ........................................... ACL.243.60, ACL.243.180, CCA.45.720, CCA.46.420 ASX Settlement and Transfer Corp Pty Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-221 .................................. CCA.90.1300 AV Jennings Ltd v First Provincial Building Society Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-494 ................................. CCA.47.540 Aaron’s Reefs Ltd v Twiss [1896] AC 273 ........................................................................................... ACL.236.40 Abbot Point Coal Export Terminal Producers, Re (A91275; 16 February 2012) ................................ CCA.90.940 Abigroup Contractors Pty Ltd v Sydney Catchment Authority (No 3) [2006] NSWCA 282; (2006) 67 NSWLR 341 ............................................................................................ ACL.236.40, ACL.236.380 Abram v Bank of New Zealand [1996] ATPR 41-470 ........................................................................ ACL.18.1300 Abundant Earth Pty Ltd v R & C Products Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 233; 59 ALR 211; 4 IPR 387; [1985] ATPR 40-532 ................................................................................................................. ACL.18.920 Accor Aust & New Zealand Hospitality Pty Ltd v Liv Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 554 .... ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.2340 Accounting Systems 2000 (Developments) Pty Ltd v CCH Aust Ltd (1993) 42 FCR 470; 114 ALR 355; 27 IPR 133; [1993] ATPR 41-269 .............. ACL.4.120, ACL.18.40, ACL.18.580, CCA.4.160 Ackers v Austcorp International Ltd [2009] FCA 432 ...... ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1860, ACL.236.60, CCA.76.40, CCA.84.120 Actors and Announcers Equity Assn of Aust v Fontana Films Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR 169; 56 ALJR 366; 40 ALR 609; [1982] ATPR 40-285 ........ CCA.2A.80, CCA.2A.160, CCA.4A.40, CCA.4.180, CCA.47.100, CCA.50.440 Adams v Anthony Bryant & Co Pty Ltd [1987] ATPR 40-784; [1987] ASC 55-578 ........................... ACL.34.60 Adams v Cape Industries Plc [1990] Ch 433; [1991] 1 All ER 929; [1990] 2 WLR 657 ..................... CCA.5.60 Adams v ETA Foods Ltd (1987) 19 FCR 93; 78 ALR 611; [1987] ATPR 40-831 ....... ACL.207.20, ACL.208.80 Adamson v NSW Rugby League Ltd (1991) 27 FCR 535; 100 ALR 479; 38 IR 394; 33 AILR 105; [1991] ATPR 41-084 ........................................................... CCA.4.500, CCA.45.760, CCA.51.160 Adamson v New South Wales Rugby League Ltd (1991) 31 FCR 242; 103 ALR 319; 38 IR 427; [1991] ATPR 41-141 ................................................................................................................. CCA.45.760 Adamson v West Perth Football Club (1979) 39 FLR 199; 27 ALR 475; [1979] ATPR 40-134 ....................................................................................................... CCA.4.140, CCA.4.500, CCA.45.760 Adelaide Brighton Ltd, Re [1999] ACompT 1 ...................................................................................... CCA.50.520 Adelaide Brighton Ltd, Re [1999] ATPR (Com) 50-272 .................................................................... CCA.90.1100 Adelaide Brighton Ltd, Re [1999] ATPR 41-690 ............................................................. CCR.18.20, CCA.101.80 Adelaide Petroleum NL v Poseidon Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-901 ........................................ ACL.4.200, ACL.18.400 Adelaide Wool Brokers’ Assn, Re [1982] ATPR (Com) 50-044 ........................................................ CCA.90.1280 Adisan Pty Ltd v Irwin [2015] NSWCA 217 ................................................................ ACL.18.1540, ACL.243.60

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Adoko v Freeserve.Com.Plc [2002] EWCA Civ 869 ............................................................................ ACL.23.180 Adour Holdings Pty Ltd (in liq) v Commonwealth Bank of Aust [1991] ATPR 41-147; [1991] ASC 56-107 ........................................................................................................................... ACL.18.600 Advanced Hair Studio Pty Ltd v TVW Enterprises Ltd (1987) 18 FCR 1; 77 ALR 615; 10 IPR 97; [1987] ATPR 40-816 ......................................................................................... ACL.19.40, CCA.6.120 Advertiser Newspapers Ltd, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-071 ............................................................ CCA.90.1120 Advocate Newspaper Pty Ltd, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-089 ......................................................... CCA.90.1120 Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle v Aerospatiale Helicopters Pty Ltd (1986) 11 FCR 37; 65 ALR 477; 6 IPR 219; [1988] ATPR 40-700 .............................................................. ACL.18.2320 AgStewardship Aust Ltd, Re (A91382; 29 January 2014) ................................................................... CCA.90.880 Agaiby (Khalaf) v Darlington Commodities Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-535; [1985] ASC 55-387 ............ ACL.18.400 Agsafe Ltd, Re [2002] ATPR (Com) 50-290 ......................................................................................... CCA.90.660 Agsafe Ltd, Re (variation approved 3 October 2002) .......................................................................... CCA.91A.80 Ah Toy J Pty Ltd v Thiess Toyota Pty Ltd (1980) 30 ALR 271; [1980] ATPR 40-155 ................... CCA.4E.240, CCA.45.260 Ahern v The Queen [1988] HCA 39; (1988) 165 CLR 87 .................................................................. CCA.45.100 Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission [1992] HCA 10; (1992) 175 CLR 564; 66 ALJR 271; 59 A Crim R 255; 106 ALR 11 .................................................................... CCA.163A.160, CCA.86.220 Air International Pty Ltd v Chief Executive of Customs (2002) 121 FCR 149 ...................................... ACL.3.60 Air New Zealand Ltd and Air Canada, Re (A91097/8; 27 January 2009) ........................................ CCA.90.1400 Akai Pty Ltd v People’s Insurance Co Ltd (1996) 188 CLR 418; 71 ALJR 156; 141 ALR 374; [1996] HCA 39 ........................................................................................................................... ACL.67.40 Akron Securities Ltd v Iliffe (1997) 41 NSWLR 353; 138 FLR 166; 143 ALR 457; [1997] ATPR 41-560 ................................................................ ACL.243.40, ACL.243.60, ACL.243.180, CCA.87.280 Alameddine v Glenworth Valley Horse Riding Pty Ltd [2015] NSWCA 219 .............. ACL.64a.20, ACL.267.20, CCA.139A.20, CCA.139A.40 Alaska Airlines Inc v United Airlines Inc [1991] 2 Trade Cases 69,624; 948 F2d 536 (1991) .... CCA.PTIIIA.40 Albrecht v Herald Co 390 US 145 (1968) .............................................................................................. CCA.48.60 Alcoa of Aust Ltd v Email Ltd (unreported, Sup Ct, WA, Heenan J, 5 December 1995) ................ ACL.236.160 Alderton v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd (1993) 41 FCR 435; [1993] ATPR 41-230; [1993] ASC 56-219 .................................................................................................................. ACL.21.340, CCA.84.80 Alievski v Cross Country Realty Victoria Pty Ltd [2010] VSC 316 ..................................................... ACL.20.20 Aliotta v Broadmeadows Bus Service Pty Ltd (1988) 65 LGRA 362; [1988] ATPR 40-873 ........... ACL.18.1860 Allianz Aust Insurance Ltd v Haddad [2015] NSWCA 186 ......................................... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1540 Allianz Insurance Aust Ltd, Re (2004) A30217 .................................................................................... CCA.90.980 Alstom Power Ltd v Eraring Energy [2004] FCA 706; [2004] ATPR 42-009 .................................... CCA.86.300 Amann Aviation Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1990) 22 FCR 527; 92 ALR 601 .......... ACL.236.400, CCA.82.240 Amoco Aust Pty Ltd v Rocca Bros Motor Engineering Co Pty Ltd (1973) 133 CLR 288; 1 ALR 385; [1973] ATPR 40-001 ................................................................................. CCA.4M.20, CCA.51.200 Anabelle Bits Pty Ltd v Fujitsu Ltd (No 3) [2009] FCA 1089 ............................................................ CCA.84.120 Anderson v Scrutton [1934] SASR 10 ................................................................................................... ACL.29.240 Anema Ecore Pty Ltd v Aromas Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 904 ................................................................ ACL.236.240 Angas Securities Ltd v Valcorp Aust Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 190 .......................................................... ACL.18.1840 Angas Securities Ltd v Valcorp Aust Pty Ltd (No 2) [2011] FCA 248 ............................................. ACL.18.1840 Angelatos v National Aust Bank [1994] ATPR 41-333 .................................................. ACL.243.80, CCA.87.320 Anglo American Metallurgical Coal Pty Ltd, Re (A1241; 2 December 2010) ............. CCA.90.760, CCA.90.940 Anglo American Services (UK) Ltd, Re (A91447; 3 December 2014) ............................................. CCA.90.1220 Anheuser-Busch, Inc v Budvar (2002) 56 IPR 182; [2002] FCA 390 ............................................... ACL.18.2280 Annand & Thompson Pty Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (1979) 40 FLR 165; 25 ALR 91; [1979] ATPR 40-116 ............................................................................................... ACL.29.240, ACL.31.40 Ansett Aust Ltd, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-265 ............................................................................... CCA.90.1400 Apand Pty Ltd v The Kettle Chip Co Ltd [1994] FCA 1370 ............................................................. ACL.18.2120

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Apco Service Stations Pty Ltd v ACCC [2005] FCAFC 161; (2005) 159 FCR 452; [2005] ATPR 42-078 ............... CCA.44ZZRD.140, CCA.44ZZRD.260, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.400 Application by G & M Stephens Cartage Contractors Pty Ltd, Re (1977) 16 ALR 387; [1977] ATPR 40-042 ....................................................... CCA.45.260, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.560, CCA.102.80 Aqua-Marine Marketing Pty Ltd v Pacific Reef Fisheries (Aust) Pty Ltd (No 5) [2012] FCA 908 ..................................................................................................................................................... ACL.29.100 Aquatic Air Pty Ltd v Siewert [2016] NSWCA 318 ........................................................................... ACL.237.220 Arbest Pty Ltd v State Bank of NSW Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-481 ....................................................... ACL.18.1300 Arcadi v Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd [1984] ATPR 40-473 ............. ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160 Ardmona, Letona and SPC, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-068 ............................................................. CCA.90.1140 Ardmona Fruit Products Co-op Ltd, Re [1987] ATPR (Com) 50-065 ............................................... CCA.90.1140 Argy v Blunts & Lane Cove Real Estate Pty Ltd (1990) 26 FCR 112; 94 ALR 719; [1990] ATPR 41-015; [1990] ASC 55-963 .... ACL.18.340, ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1840, ACL.18.1860, ACL.236.80, ACL.236.360, CCA.4.540, CCA.137B.20 Arktos Pty Ltd v Idyllic Nominees Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 119; [2004] ATPR 42-005 .................... CCA.82.140 Armstrong Strategic Management and Marketing Pty Ltd v Expense Reduction Analysts Group Pty Ltd (No 9) [2016] NSWSC 1005 ................................................................................... ACL.18.420 Arnison v Smith (1889) LR 41 Ch D 348 ............................................................................................. ACL.236.40 Arnotts Ltd v TPC (1990) 24 FCR 313; 97 ALR 555; [1990] ATPR 41-061 .............. CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.240, CCA.4E.300, CCA.4E.340, CCA.46.160, CCA.46.200, CCA.50.320, CCA.86.440 Arnotts Ltd v TPC (No 1) (1989) 21 FCR 297; 87 ALR 73; [1989] ATPR 40-941 ... CCA.157.20, CCA.157.60, CCA.157.80 Ascot Four Pty Ltd v ACCC [2009] FCAFC 61; (2009) 176 FCR 106; 255 ALR 441 .................... ACL.18.980, ACL.29.480, ACL.151.80 Asea Brown Boveri Pty Ltd v Burns Philp Trustee Co Ltd (unreported, Sup Ct, NSW, Giles J, No 50361 of 1989, 23 April 1990) ........................................................................ ACL.236.60, ACL.236.80 Ashbury v Reid [1961] WAR 49 ........................................................................................................... CCA.76.140 Ashfield, Botany Bay City, Burwood, Canada Bay City, City of Sydney, Leichardt, Marrickville, Randwick City, Waverley and Woollahra Councils, Re (A91143; 22 October 2009) .................................................................................................................................. CCA.90.1060 Ashton v Commissioner of Inland Revenue (NZ) [1975] 2 NZLR 717; [1975] STC 471; [1975] 1 WLR 1615; [1975] 3 All ER 225; (1975) 5 ATR 411; 119 SJ 809; [1975] TR 233 ........................................................................................................................................... CCA.44ZZRD.100 Asia Pacific Transport Pty Ltd, Re [2003] ACompT 1; [2003] ATPR 41-920 ......... CCA.44H.120, CCA.102.220 Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp v Aspen Skiing Co 472 US 585 (1985) ......................................... CCA.PTIIIA.40 Assistant Treasurer and Minister for Competition Policy and Consumer Affairs v Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd [2009] FCAFC 105; (2009) 179 FCR 323; 259 ALR 203 .............................. CCA.5.140 Assn of Australian Bookmaking Companies Inc, Re (A30243; 19 July 2006) ................................... CCA.90.760 Assn of Consulting Engineers Aust, Re (1979) 4 TPR 114 ................................................................. CCA.90.320 Assn of Consulting Engineers Aust (No 2), Re (1981) 4 TPR 437 ..................................................... CCA.90.320 Assn of Fluorocarbon Consumers & Manufacturers Inc, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-266 .............. CCA.90.1180 Association of Magazine Publishers of Aust Inc, Re (A91472 25 June 2015) ............. CCA.90.1120, CCA.91.40 Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers, Aust, Re (A91402; 4 June 2014) .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.90.760 Association of Superannuation Funds of Aust, Re (A91548 ................................................................ CCA.90.880 AstraZeneca Pty Ltd v GlaxoSmithKline Aust Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1645 ........................................ ACL.18.1620 AstraZeneca Pty Ltd v GlaxoSmithKline Aust Pty Ltd [2006] FCAFC 22; [2006] ATPR 42-106; [2006] ASAL 55-155 .............................................................. ACL.18.20, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1620 Atkins v Master Builders Assn of NSW [2005] FCA 1402 ................................................................. CCA.86.140 Atkinson v Hastings Deering (Qld) Pty Ltd (1985) 6 FCR 331; [1985] ATPR 40-566 .......................... ACL.3.60 Attorney-General v Butterworth [1963] 1 QB 696 ............................................................................... CCA.80.600 Attorney-General (Cth) v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (1913) 18 CLR 30; [1913] AC 781; (1913) 19 ALR 405; 109 LT 258; 29 TLR 743; 83 LJPC 84 ............................................................. CCA.1.20

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Attorney-General (Cth) v Associated Northern Collieries [1911] HCA 73; (1911) 14 CLR 387 ................................................................................................ CCA.44ZZRD.20, CCA.45.100, CCA.45.240 Attorney-General (NSW) v World Best Holdings Ltd (2005) 63 NSWLR 557; 223 ALR 346; [2005] NSWCA 261 ................................................................................................................... ACL.21.60 Attorney-General; Ex rel Elisha v Holy Apostolic & Catholic Church of the East (Assyrian) Aust NSW Parish Assn (1989) 95 FLR 392; 14 IPR 609 ............................................................. ACL.18.2420 Attorney General (NSW) v World Best Holdings Ltd [2005] NSWCA 261; (2005) 63 NSWLR 557; 223 ALR 346 ..................................................................... ACL.20.60, ACL.21.340, ACL.24.20 Au.Domain Administration Ltd v Domain Names Aust Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 424; (2004) 207 ALR 521; 61 IPR 81 .......... ACL.18.20, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.2020, ACL.18.2120, ACL.40.40, ACL.40.60, ACL.40.100, ACL.43.40 Aurizon Operations Ltd, Re (A91512 .................................................................................................. CCA.90.1380 Ausfield Pty Ltd v Leyland Motor Corp of Aust Ltd (No 2) (1977) 30 FLR 477; 14 ALR 457; [1977] ATPR 40-025 ................................................................................................................. CCA.51.260 Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd [2008] FCA 1458; (2008) 251 ALR 166; [2008] ATPR 42-256 ..................................................... CCA.5.140, CCA.86.140 Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd [2010] FCA 521 .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.87CA.20 Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd [2010] FCAFC 96; (2010) 188 FCR 351 ........................................ CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.160, CCA.5.120, CCA.44ZZRD.220 Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd (No 5) [2009] FCA 1464; [2009] ATPR 42-302 ........................................................ CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.340, CCA.86.140 Aussie Home Security Pty Ltd v Sales Systems Aust Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1458 ................................. ACL.4.200 Austin v Royal [1998] NSW ConvR 56,766 (55-863) .......................................................................... ACL.20.300 Australasian Assn of Pathology Practices Inc, Re [2004] ACompT 4; [2004] ATPR 41-985 ......... CCA.95AU.20 Australasian College of Cosmetic Surgery, Re (A91106; 18 June 2009) ............................................ CCA.90.860 Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Re (2004) A90824 .................................................. CCA.90.740 Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union v Meat & Allied Trades Federation of Aust (1991) 32 FCR 318; 40 IR 303; 104 ALR 199; 34 AILR 121; [1991] ATPR 41-151 ............... CCA.45D.100 Australasian Memory Pty Ltd v Brien [2000] HCA 30; (2000) 200 CLR 270; 172 ALR 28; 34 ACSR 250; 18 ACLC 500 ............................................................................................................. CCA.80.80 Australasian Performing Right Assn, Re [1999] ACompT 3; (1999) 151 FLR 1; 45 IPR 53; [1999] ATPR 41-701 ............................... CCA.88.220, CCA.90.560, CCA.90.640, CCA.90.1080, CCA.91.40 Australasian Performing Right Assn Ltd v Ceridale Pty Ltd (1990) 97 ALR 497; 19 IPR 1; [1991] ATPR 41-074 .............................................................................................. CCA.46.460, CCA.151AJ.60 Aust Meat Holdings Pty Ltd v TPC [1989] ATPR 40-932 ...................... CCA.4E.160, CCA.50.100, CCA.81.60, CCA.81.100, CCA.81.120, CCA.81.140 Aust Pacific LNG Pty Ltd, Re (A91516) .............................................................................................. CCA.90.900 Aust and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd v Konza [2012] FCAFC 127; (2012) 206 FCR 450 ................................................................................................................................................... CCA.155.140 Aust in Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1987] FCA 497; (1987) 17 FCR 211; 78 ALR 407; [1988] ATPR 40-841 .......................................................... CCA.PTIIIA.20 Australian Amalgamated Terminals Pty Ltd (AAT), Re (A91141; 3 December 2009) ....................... CCA.90.940 Australian American Assurance Co Ltd, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-112 ........................................... CCA.90.980 Australian Assn of Pathology Practices Inc, Re [2004] ACompT 4; (2004) 180 FLR 44; 206 ALR 271; [2004] ATPR 41-985 .............. CCA.47.300, CCA.88.120, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.120, CCA.90.180, CCA.90.420, CCA.90.560, CCA.90.860, CCA.95AT.20 Australian Associated Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1987] ATPR (Com) 50-053 ................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Associated Stock Exchanges, Re [1982] ATPR (Com) 50-049 ................. CCA.90.780, CCA.90.1300, CCA.90.1420 Australian Associated Stock Exchanges, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-092 ........................................ CCA.90.1300 Australian Automotive Repairers’ Assn (Political Action Committee) Inc v NRMA Insurance Ltd [2002] FCA 1568 ................................................................................................. CCA.47.300, CCA.86.160

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Australian Automotive Repairers’ Assn (Political Action Committee) Inc (in liq) v Insurance Aust Ltd [2006] FCAFC 33; [2006] ATPR 42-111 ......................................................................... CCA.47.640 Australian Bankers’ Association, Re (A91312; 8 November 2012) ..................................................... CCA.90.700 Australian Beauty Trade Suppliers Ltd v Conference & Exhibition Organisers Pty Ltd (1991) 29 FCR 68; 99 ALR 474; [1991] ATPR 41-107 ................................................................... CCA.4.560 Australian Brick & Blocklaying Training Foundation Ltd, Re (A91133; 26 August 2009) ............... CCA.90.920 Australian Brick & Blocklaying Training Foundation Ltd, Re (A91418; 3 July 2014) ..................... CCA.90.880, CCA.90.940 Australian Bridal Centre Pty Ltd v Dawes Corp Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-072 ...................................... ACL.18.1920 Australian Broadcasting Corp v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 63; (2001) 76 ALJR 1; 185 ALR 1; 54 IPR 161; [2001] ATPR 81-627 ..................... ACL.20.60, ACL.20.420, CCA.80.120 Australian Broadcasting Corp v O’Neill [2006] HCA 46; (2006) 227 CLR 57; 80 ALJR 1672 ................................................................................................................................................... CCA.80.120 Australian Broadcasting Corp v Redmore Pty Ltd [1989] HCA 15; (1989) 166 CLR 454; 63 ALJR 306; 84 ALR 199 ................................................................................................................... CCA.45.480 Australian Builders’ Labourers’ Federated Union of Workers (WA) v J-Corp Pty Ltd (1993) 42 FCR 452; 48 IR 452; 114 ALR 551; [1993] ATPR 41-245 .... CCA.4G.20, CCA.45D.120, CCA.45D.180, CCA.44ZZ.20 Australian CDF Forum Ltd, Re (A91403; 15 May 2014) ..................... CCA.90.700, CCA.90.740, CCA.90.1160 Australian Capital Territory v Munday [2000] FCA 653; 99 FCR 72 ................................................. CCA.4M.20 Australian Cargo Terminal Operations Pty Ltd, Re [1997] ATPR (NCC) 70-000 ........................... CCA.44G.100, CCA.44G.140, CCA.44G.160, CCA.44G.180 Australian Communications Access Forum Inc, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-262 ............................... CCA.90.740 Australian Communications Network Pty Ltd v ACCC [2005] FCAFC 221; (2005) 146 FCR 413; 224 ALR 344; [2006] ATPR 42-090 .................................................................... ACL.44.100, ACL.45.60 Australian Consolidated Investments Ltd v England (1995) 13 ACLC 296 ........................................ ACL.18.380 Australian Dairy Farmers’ Federation Ltd, Re [2002] ATPR (Com) 50-289 ..................................... CCA.90.1140 Australian Dairy Farmers Ltd, Re (A90966; 26 April 2006) ....................................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 Australian Dental Assn, Re (A91340; 27 March 2013) ....................... CCA.90.860, CCA.90.1160, CCA.90.1420 Australian Direct Marketing Assn, Re [1999] ATPR (Com) 50-276 .................................................... CCA.90.740 Australian Directors Guild Ltd, Re (A91499 13 August 2015) ............................................................ CCA.90.760 Australian Federation of Construction Contractors v Australian Building Construction Employees (1984) 73 FLR 61; 8 IR 124 ................................................................... ACL.232.20, CCA.80.220 Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations Inc v Tobacco Institute of Aust Ltd (1991) 27 FCR 149; 98 ALR 670; [1991] ATPR 41-079 ........................... ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1560, ACL.18.1720 Australian Federation of Travel Agents Ltd, Re [1982] ATPR (Com) 50-047 .................................. CCA.90.1400 Australian Gas Light Co v ACCC (No 2) [2003] FCA 1229; [2003] ATPR 41-962 ..................... CCA.163A.200 Australian Gas Light Co v ACCC (No 3) [2003] FCA 1525; (2003) 137 FCR 317; [2003] ATPR 41-966 ................................................................... CCA.4E.220, CCA.4E.60, CCA.163A.140, MG.3.80 Australian Guarantee Corp Ltd v McClelland [1993] ATPR 41-254; [1993] ASC 56-230 ................. ACL.21.340 Australian Home Loans Ltd (t/as Aussie Home Loans) v Phillips (1998) 40 IPR 392; [1998] ATPR 41-626; [1998] AIPC 91-412 .......................... ACL.18.180, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2140, ACL.29.460 Australian Hotels Assn, Re (A90987; 1 March 2006) .......................................................................... CCA.90.760 Australian Hotels Assn, Re (A91257; 20 April 2011) .......................................................................... CCA.90.760 Australian Hotels Association, Re (A91513 .................................................................. CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1040 Australian Institute of Petroleum, Re (1983) 5 TPR 120 ..................................................................... CCA.90.880 Australian Institute of Valuers and Land Economists, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-149 ..................... CCA.90.740 Australian Knitting Mills Ltd v Grant (1933) 50 CLR 387; [1933] HCA 35 ........................................ ACL.54.20 Australian Medical Assn, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-264 ................................................................... CCA.90.860 Australian Medical Association, Re (A91334; 11 September 2013) .......................... CCA.90.1160, CCA.90.1420 Australian Medical Association, Re (A91334; 21 February 2013) ....................................................... CCA.90.860 Australian Medical Association, Re (A91392; 19 March 2014) ......................................................... CCA.90.1160 Australian Medical Association (NSW) Ltd, Re (A91383; 4 December 2013) ................................. CCA.90.1160

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Australian National University, Re (A91433; 19 November 2014) ............................... CCA.90.820, CCA.90.860 Australian Naturalcare Products Pty Ltd v Pan Pharmaceuticals Ltd (in liq) (2008) 165 FCR 230; [2008] FCAFC 2 ......................................................................................................................... ACL.4.180 Australian Newsagents Federation, Re (A91134; 16 July 2009) ................................. CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1120 Australian Newsagents’ Federation Ltd, Re (A91349; 20 March 2013) .............................................. CCA.90.760 Australian Newsagents’ Federation Ltd, Re (CB00156 ................................................................... CCA.93AB.100 Australian Newsagents’ Federation Ltd, Re (A91407; 1 August 2014) ............................................. CCA.90.1120 Australian Nurserymen’s Fruit Improvement Co Ltd, Re (A90992; 7 June 2006) ........................... CCA.90.1140 Australian Ocean Line Pty Ltd v West Australian Newspapers Ltd (1983) 66 FLR 453; 5 TPR 265; 47 ALR 497; 1 IPR 119 ........................................................ ACL.18.80, ACL.18.1040, ACL.19.20 Australian Olympic Committee, Inc v Telstra Corp Ltd [2016] FCA 857 ......................................... ACL.18.2240 Australian Paint Manufacturers’ Federation Inc, Re (A91251; 20 April 2011) ................................... CCA.90.880 Australian Paint Manufacturers’ Federation Inc, Re (A91504 29 October 2015) ............................... CCA.90.900 Australian Paper Manufacturers Ltd, Re (1976) 25 FLR 504 ...................................... CCA.88.200, CCA.102.260 Australian Payments Clearing Assn Ltd, Re [1993] ATPR (Com) 50-136 .......................................... CCA.90.700 Australian Payments Clearing Assn Ltd, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-257 .......................................... CCA.90.700 Australian Payments Clearing Assn Ltd, Re (A91497; 31 August 2015) ............................................ CCA.90.700 Australian Payments Clearing Assn Ltd, Re (variation approved 8 March 2000) .............................. CCA.91A.80 Australian Petroleum Pty Ltd v ACCC [1997] FCA 175; (1997) 73 FCR 75; 143 ALR 381; [1997] ATPR 41-555 ...................... CCA.87B.20, CCA.87B.120, CCA.87B.220, CCA.87B.280, CCA.50.720 Australian Phosphate Purchasing Assn, Re [1982] ATPR (Com) 50-036 .......................................... CCA.90.1020 Australian Postal Corp v Digital Post Aust [2013] FCAFC 153 .......................................................... CCA.86.440 Australian Property Institute Ltd, Re (A91522 ..................................................................................... CCA.90.740 Australian Retail Credit Assn Ltd, Re (A91482 3 December 2015) .................................................... CCA.90.960 Australian Road Transport Federation, Re (1982) 1 TPR 168 ............................................................. CCA.90.360 Australian Rugby Union Ltd v Hospitality Group Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 823; (2000) 173 ALR 702; [2000] ATPR 41-768 ........................ ACL.4.220, CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.240, CCA.4E.300, CCA.4E.320, CCA.4E.340 Australian Seafood Industries Pty Ltd, Re (A91444 ........................................................................... CCA.90.1140 Australian Soc of Accountants v Federation of Australian Accountants Inc (1987) 9 IPR 282; [1987] ATPR 40-796 ............................................................................................................... ACL.18.1840 Australian Soc of Anaesthetists, Re [2000] ATPR (Com) 50-278 ........................................................ CCA.90.860 Australian Society of Accountants v Federation of Australian Accountants Inc (1987) 9 IPR 282; [1987] ATPR 40-796 ............................................................................................................... ACL.18.2380 Australian Society of Ophthalmologists Inc, Re (A91360; 19 September 2013) ................................ CCA.90.860 Australian Society of Ophthalmologists Inc (A91360; 26 February 2013) ............... CCA.90.1160, CCA.90.1420 Australian Softwood Forests Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (NSW) (1981) 148 CLR 121 ...................... ACL.44.60 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-125 ...................................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1993] ATPR (Com) 50-133 ...................................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-152 ...................................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1995] ATPR (Com) 50-210 ............................... CCA.47.300, CCA.90.1360 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-230 ...................................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-234 ...................................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-258 ...................................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re [1999] ATPR (Com) 50-275 ...................................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Stock Exchange Ltd, Re (2004) A90881 ........................................................................... CCA.90.1300 Australian Surf Life Saver Pty Ltd v S & I Publishing Pty Ltd [1998] FCA 972; (1998) 43 IPR 595; [1998] ATPR 41-661 ....................................................................................................... ACL.18.1980 Australian Swimmers Assn Inc, Re (A40106; 22 March 2006) ........................................................... CCA.90.760 Australian Telecommunications Corp v Hutchison Telecommunications (Aust) Ltd (1990) 17 IPR 615; [1990] ATPR 41-008 ....................................................................................................... ACL.18.2400 Australian Tobacco Leaf Corp Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-124 .................................................. CCA.90.740 Australian Transmission Rebuilders Assn, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-121 ........................................ CCA.90.740

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Australian Tyre Dealers’ and Retreaders’ Assn, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-162 ............................... CCA.90.660 Australian Tyre Industry Council, Re (A91336; 11 April 2013) .......................................................... CCA.90.880 Australian Union of Students, Re (1997) 140 FLR 167; 147 ALR 458; [1997] ATPR 41-573 ...... CCA.44B.100, CCA.44G.140, CCA.44G.180 Australian Unity Friendly Soc v Health Insurance Commission [1995] ATPR 41-392 ..................... ACL.18.700, ACL.18.1620, ACL.18.1680 Australian Wagering Council Ltd, Re (CB00284 ........................ CCA.93AB.60, CCA.93AB.80, CCA.93AB.100 Australian Wool Exchange Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-154 ...................................................... CCA.90.1140 Australian Wool Growers Assn Ltd, Re [1999] ACompT 4; [2000] ATPR 41-774 ......................... CCA.90.1140, CCA.101.160, CCA.102.80 Australian Wool Innovation Ltd v Newkirk [2005] FCA 290; [2005] ATPR 42-053 ... CCA.86.140, CCA.86.160 Australian Wool Innovation Ltd v Newkirk (No 2) [2005] FCA 1307 ................................................ CCA.86.160 Australian Woollen Mills Ltd v FS Walton & Co Ltd (1937) 58 CLR 641; 11 ALJR 186; [1937] HCA 51 ................................................................................................................................ ACL.18.2120 Australian Writers Guild, Re (A91274; 25 January 2012) ................................................................... CCA.90.760 Australian Writers Guild, Re (A91339; 28 February 2013) ................................................................. CCA.90.760 Ausviet Travel v Direct Flights International Pty Ltd (No 2) [1999] ATPR 41-677 ......................... ACL.224.140 Auswest Timbers Pty Ltd v Secretary, Department of Sustainability and Environment [2010] VSC 389; (2010) 241 FLR 360 ..................... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.100, CCA.2B.80, CCA.4.540, CCA.4.560 Aut 6 Pty Ltd v Wellington Place Pty Ltd [1993] ATPR 41-202 ........................................................ CCA.4E.340 Auto Masters Aust Pty Ltd v Bruness Pty Ltd [2002] WASC 286; [2003] ATPR 46-229 ................ ACL.21.360, CCA.51AE.40 Avcare Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-150 ......................................................................................... CCA.90.940 Avoca Consultants Pty Ltd v Millennium3 Financial Services Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 883; (2009) 179 FCR 46; 73 ACSR 307 ..................................................................... CCA.131A.20, CCA.131A.60 Awad v Twin Creeks Properties Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 200 ................... ACL.4.80, ACL.243.20, ACL.243.40, ACL.243.60, CCA.87.20 Azar v Citigroup Pty Ltd [2011] NSWCA 380 ..................................................................................... ACL.20.300

B B & I Line plc v Sealink Harbours Ltd (1992) 5 CMLR 255 .............................. CCA.44G.140, CCA.PTIIIA.60 BFC Stores Pty Ltd, Re (CB00178 .................................................................................................. CCA.93AB.100 BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd v National Competition Council [2006] FCA 1764; [2007] ATPR 42-141 ......................................................................................................... CCA.44B.120, CCA.44B.140 BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd v National Competition Council [2007] FCAFC 157; (2007) 162 FCR 234; 247 ALR 104; [2007] ATPR 42-190 ..................................................................... CCA.44B.140 BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd v National Competition Council [2008] HCA 45; (2008) 236 CLR 145; 82 ALJR 1482; 249 ALR 418 ...................................................................................... CCA.44B.140 BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd, Re (A90981; 1 February 2006) ........................................................ CCA.90.1220 BHP Billiton Olympic Dam Corp Pty Ltd v Steuler Services GmbH & Co KG [2014] VSCA 338 .......................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.580 BHP Billiton Petroleum (North West Shelf) Pty Ltd, Re (A91220-3; 8 September 2010) ................. CCA.90.940 BHP Petroleum Pty Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-116 .................................................................... CCA.90.940 BHP Petroleum Pty Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-144 .................................................................... CCA.90.940 BHP Petroleum Pty Ltd, Re [1999] ACompT 2 .................................................................................. CCA.102.100 BHPB Freight Pty Ltd v Cosco Oceania Chartering Pty Ltd (No 2) [2008] FCA 1656 ................ CCA.87CB.20, CCA.87CB.40 BLH Engineering and Construction Pty Ltd v Pro 3 Products Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 833 ................. ACL.18.1640 BMW Aust Ltd v ACCC [2004] FCAFC 167; (2004) 207 ALR 452; [2004] ATPR 42-012 ............ ACL.105.20, ACL.107.140, ACL.232.20, CCA.86C.120, CCA.86C.160, CCA.163A.160, CCA.80.40, CCA.80.80, CCA.80.220, CCA.86.220 BMW Aust Ltd v ACCC [2004] FCAFC 167; [2004] ATPR 42-012 .................................................. ACL.102.20 BP Aust Ltd v TPC (1986) 12 FCR 118; 66 ALR 148; [1986] ATPR 40-701 .................................... CCA.48.260

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BP Aust Pty Ltd, Re (A91485 18 August 2015) ................................................................................. CCA.90.1400 BWK Elders Aust Pty Ltd v Westgate Wool Co Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 87; [2002] ATPR 41-860 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.138.80 Bailey v Allgas Inc (2002) 284 F 3d 1237; [2002-1] Trade Cases 73,607 .......................................... CCA.46.560 Bainton v Rajski (1992) 29 NSWLR 539 ............................................................................................... CCA.37.40 Ballard v Sperry Rand Aust Ltd (1975) 6 ALR 696; [1975] ATPR 40-006 ............... ACL.18.2100, ACL.29.280, CCA.84.80 Balmedie Pty Ltd v Russo [1998] FCA 980 ......................................................................................... CCA.84.120 Bank of Kuwait and the Middle East v The Ship MV “Mawashi Al Gasseem” (No 2) [2007] FCA 815; (2007) 240 ALR 120 ....................................................................................................... CCA.86.220 Bankstown City Council, Re (A91409; 29 May 2014) ...................................................................... CCA.90.1060 Bannerhey Pty Ltd v 1800 000 000 Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 53 .............. ACL.18.1580, ACL.18.2020, ACL.236.60 Bannerman v Mildura Fruit Juices Pty Ltd (1984) 2 FCR 581; 55 ALR 367; [1984] ATPR 40-467 ............................................................................................... CCA.155.20, CCA.155.120, CCA.155.580 Banque Commerciale SA (in liq) v Akhil Holdings Ltd (1990) 169 CLR 279 ................................. ACL.18.1160 Barbaro v The Queen [2014] HCA 2; (2014) 253 CLR 58; 88 ALJR 372 ......................................... ACL.163.40 Barclay Mowlem Construction Ltd v Dampier Port Authority [2006] WASC 281; (2006) 33 WAR 82 ............................................................................................................................................. CCA.138.80 Barclays Bank v O’Brien [1993] QB 109; [1992] 3 WLR 593; [1992] 4 All ER 983 ......................... ACL.20.60 Barnes v Forty Two International Pty Ltd [2014] FCAFC 152 ............................................................ ACL.236.40 Barnett v Abvay Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-518 ................................................................................... ACL.18.1860 Barneys Blu-Crete Pty Ltd v Australian Workers’ Union (1979) 43 FLR 463; [1979] ATPR 40-139 ................................................................................................................................................. CCA.4K.20 Barrick v Qantas Flight Catering Ltd [2007] FCA 835; (2007) 163 IR 207; 59 AILR 100-676 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.18.1460, CCA.4.540 Barto v GPR Management Services Pty Ltd (1991) 33 FCR 389; 105 ALR 339; 34 AILR 141; [1992] ATPR 41-162 ...................................................................... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.1460, CCA.4.540 Barton v Croner Trading Pty Ltd (1984) 3 FCR 95; 54 ALR 541; 5 IPR 42; [1984] ATPR 40-470 ....................................................... ACL.18.480, ACL.29.340, ACL.151.60, ACL.212.20, CCA.163.40 Barton v Walker [1979] 2 NSWLR 740 .................................................................................................. CCA.37.40 Barton v Westpac Banking Corp (1983) 76 FLR 101; 50 ALR 397; [1983] ATPR 40-407 ................ ACL.36.20, ACL.36.40, ACL.36.60 Bartsch v Avtex Air Services Pty Ltd [1993] FCA 409 ........................................................................ CCA.4M.20 Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd [1999] HCA 9; (1999) 198 CLR 334; 73 ALJR 522; 161 ALR 399; [1999] ATPR 41-682 .............. CCA.2A.100, CCA.2B.40, CCA.2B.140, CCA.75B.60, CCA.6.100 Bateman v Slatyer (1987) 71 ALR 553; 8 IPR 33; [1987] ATPR 40-762; [1987] ASC 55-559 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.18.400 Bathurst Regional Council v Local Government Financial Services Pty Ltd (No 5) [2012] FCA 1200 .................................................................................................................. ACL.18.100, ACL.18.1540 Bathurst Regional Council, Re (A91387; 12 February 2014) ............................................................ CCA.90.1060 Bauer v Power Pacific International Media Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 349 ............................. CCA.80.80, CCA.80.620 Baxter v British Airways plc (1988) 82 ALR 298; [1988] ATPR 40-877 ................. ACL.18.1220, ACL.18.2080 Baxter International Inc. – proposed acquisition of Gambro AB (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 28 November 2013) ...................................................................................................... CCA.50.220 Beach Petroleum NL v Johnson (1993) 43 FCR 1; 115 ALR 411; 11 ACSR 103 ............................ ACL.18.1440 Beckett v Cohen [1972] 1 WLR 1593; [1973] 1 All ER 120 .............................................................. ACL.29.280 Beckwith v The Queen (1976) 135 CLR 569; 51 ALJR 247; 12 ALR 333 ................ ACL.CH4.20, CCA.79.100 Beecham Group Ltd v Bristol Laboratories Pty Ltd [1968] HCA 1; (1968) 118 CLR 618 ............... CCA.80.120 Bega Cooperative Society Ltd v Milk Authority of the ACT (unreported, Fed Ct of Aust, Neaves J, 12 May 1992) ................................................................................................................... CCA.86.160 Begbie v State Bank of New South Wales Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-288; [1994] Aust Contract Reports 90-038; [1993] ASC 56-254 .............. ACL.3.60, ACL.20.60, ACL.20.300, ACL.21.340, CCA.4.500 Bell v Australasian Recyclers (WA) Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-644 ...................................................... ACL.18.400

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Belna Pty Ltd v Irwin [2009] NSWCA 46 ......................................................................................... CCA.139A.40 Beluga Shipping GmbH & Co v Headway Shipping Ltd (No 2) [2008] FCA 1770; (2008) 251 ALR 620 ................................................................................................................ CCA.86.60, CCA.138.60 Benlist Pty Ltd v Olivetti Aust Pty Ltd [1990] ATPR 41-043 ................. ACL.18.420, ACL.18.1860, ACL.30.60 Bennett v Elysium Noosa Pty Ltd (in liq) [2012] FCA 211; (2012) 202 FCR 72 .... CCA.84.120, CCA.87CB.40 Berry v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1953) 89 CLR 653 ........... ACL.21.140, ACL.29.140, CCA.87B.60 Berwin v Donohue [1915] HCA 79; (1915) 21 CLR 1 ........................................................................ CCA.163.80 Bethune v Qconn Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1485 ......................................................................................... ACL.54.160 Betta Foods Aust Pty Ltd v Betta Fruit Bars Pty Ltd (1998) 41 IPR 347; [1998] ATPR 41-624 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.2280 Bevanere Pty Ltd v Lubidineuse (1985) 7 FCR 325; 59 ALR 334; 4 IPR 467; [1983] ATPR 40-565 ..................................................................................................... ACL.18.240, ACL.18.580, CCA.4.540 Bill Acceptance Corp Ltd v GWA Ltd (1983) 78 FLR 171; 50 ALR 242; 1 IPR 496; [1983] ATPR 40-408 ..................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.400 Bing! Software Pty Ltd v Bing Technologies Pty Ltd (2009) 180 FCR 191; [2009] FCAFC 131 ................................................................................ ACL.18.440, ACL.18.460, ACL.18.540, ACL.18.2460 Bing! Software Pty Ltd v Bing Technologies Pty Ltd (No 1) [2008] FCA 1760; (2008) 79 IPR 454 ............................................................................................... ACL.18.460, ACL.18.2220, ACL.29.440 Bionic Products Pty Ltd, Re [1998] ACompT 2 ................................................................................. CCA.103.180 Birkenfield Pty Ltd, Re [1987] ATPR (Com) 50-052 ......................................................................... CCA.90.1180 Bitannia Pty Ltd v Parkline Constructions Pty Ltd [2006] NSWCA 238; (2006) 67 NSWLR 9 ......................................................................................................................................................... CCA.86.280 Blacker v National Aust Bank Ltd [2000] FCA 681 ............................................................................... ACL.4.200 Blacker v National Aust Bank Ltd [2001] FCA 254; [2001] ATPR 41-817 .............. ACL.18.1300, ACL.236.240 Blackmagic Design Pty Ltd v Overliese [2010] FCA 13; (2010) 84 IPR 505; 62 AILR 101-098 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.18.60 Blacktown City Council v Anavak Pty Ltd [1992] ATPR 41-191 ............................... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1880 Blockey v FCT (1932) 31 CLR 503; 29 ALR 79 ................................................................................... CCA.4.100 Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 ....................................................................................................... ACL.20.60 BlueScope Steel Ltd/Hills Holdings Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 4 August 2014) ........................................................................................................................... CCA.50.160, CCA.50.200 Bluehive Pty Ltd v Dukemaster Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1307 ............................................................... ACL.18.1900 Bluehive Pty Ltd v Dukemaster Pty Ltd (No 2) [2001] FCA 1621 ................................................... ACL.18.1900 Board of Airline Representatives of Aust Inc, Re (A91200; 14 May 2010) ............... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1400 Board of Airline Representatives of Aust Inc, Re (A91466 25 March 2015) ................................... CCA.90.1400 Bodum v DKSH Aust Pty Ltd (2011) 280 ALR 639; [2011] FCAFC 98 .................... ACL.18.260, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1080, ACL.18.1100, ACL.18.1600, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2200, ACL.29.20 Body Bronze International Pty Ltd v Fehcorp Pty Ltd (2011) 34 VR 536; 282 ALR 571; [2011] VSCA 196; .................................................................................. ACL.22.20, ACL.21.200, ACL.21.340 Body Bronze International Pty Ltd v Soleil Tanning Oxford Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 371 ..................... ACL.20.360 Boland v Yates Property Corp Pty Ltd [1999] HCA 64; (1999) 74 ALJR 209; 167 ALR 575 ......... ACL.18.620, ACL.236.20, ACL.236.160, ACL.236.180, CCA.6.60 Bond v Barry [2008] FCAFC 115 ................................................................. ACL.19.40, ACL.19.60, ACL.19.100 Bond Corp Pty Ltd v Thiess Contractors Pty Ltd (1987) 14 FCR 215; 71 ALR 615; 3 BPR 434; [1987] ATPR 40-771; [1987] ASC 55-557 ......................................................... CCA.4.540, CCA.86.160 Bonney Forge Pty Ltd v Press & Shear Machinery Pty Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-869; [1988] ASC 55-668 ............................................................................................................... ACL.18.1640, ACL.243.60 Boral Besser Masonry Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 5; (2003) 215 CLR 374; 77 ALJR 623; 195 ALR 609; [2003] ATPR 41-915 ......................... CCA.4E.220, CCA.PTIV.20, CCA.45.340, CCA.46.160, CCA.46.180, CCA.46.320, CCA.46.340, CCA.46.520, CCA.46.560, CCA.46.620, CCA.46.640, CCA.46.660, CCA.46.940 Boral Resources (Vic) Pty Ltd v CFMEU [2015] VSC 352 ............................... CCA.155AAA.60, CCA.155.580 Botany Bay Council, City of v Jazabas Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 94 ....................................................... ACL.4.80

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Bourke v State Bank of New South Wales (1990) 170 CLR 276; 64 ALJR 406; 93 ALR 460; [1990] ATPR 41-033 ........................................................................................... CCA.2B.200, CCA.4.260 Bowler v Hilda Pty Ltd (1998) 80 FCR 191; 153 ALR 95; [1998] ATPR 41-625; [1998] V ConvR 54-585 ..................................................................... ACL.4.200, ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1160, ACL.30.60 Boyce v Cafred Pty Ltd (1985) 4 FCR 367; [1985] ATPR 40-527 ..................................................... CCA.86.500 Boyle v Wright [1969] VR 699; (1969) 23 LGRA 320 ........................................................................ ACL.208.40 Brabazon v Western Mail Pty Ltd (1985) 8 FCR 122; 4 IPR 408; 58 ALR 712; [1985] ATPR 40-549 .............................................................................................................. ACL.236.540, CCA.4K.20 Bradford House Pty Ltd v Leroy Fashions Group Ltd (1983) 46 ALR 305 ........................................ ACL.29.360 Bradken Consolidated Ltd v BHP (1979) 145 CLR 107; 53 ALJR 452; 24 ALR 9; [1979] ATPR 40-106; (1979) 5 TPC 1 ................ CCA.2B.20, CCA.2B.80, CCA.2B.180, CCA.2B.200, CCA.4.560, CCA.51.40 Bradken Ltd v Norcast S.ár.L [2013] FCAFC 123 ............ ACL.18.2040, CCA.44ZZRD.200, CCA.44ZZRJ.100, CCA.44ZZRU.20 Bradley v Voltex Group Holdings Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 1230 .............................................................. ACL.21.380 Braemar Appliances Pty Ltd v Rank Electronic Housewares Pty Ltd (1983) 78 FLR 446; [1984] ATPR 40-436 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1080 Brambles Holdings Ltd v TPC (No 2) [1980] FCA 120; (1980) 44 FLR 182; 32 ALR 328; [1980] ATPR 40-179 ........................................................................................................................... CCA.77.80 Braverus Maritime Inc v Port Kembla Coal Terminal Ltd [2005] FCAFC 256; (2005) 148 FCR 68; [2005] ATPR 46-267 ........................................................... ACL.18.1660, ACL.18.1840, CCA.4.540 Bray v F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd [2002] FCA 243; (2002) 118 FCR 1; 190 ALR 1; [2002] ATPR 41-865 ............ CCA.75B.20, CCA.4.320, CCA.5.20, CCA.5.60, CCA.5.100, CCA.5.160, CCA.5.180, CCA.80.280, CCA.86.400, CCA.138.60 Bray v F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd [2003] FCAFC 153; (2003) 130 FCR 317; [2003] ATPR 41-946 .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.86.60 Bride v Shire of Katanning [2016] FCA 65 ....................................................................... ACL.18.60, CCA.2C.80 Bridge v Deacons [1984] 1 AC 705 ...................................................................................................... CCA.51.200 Bridge Oil Ltd, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-073 ................................................................................ CCA.90.1020 Bridges v Bridge Stockbrokers Ltd (1984) 4 FCR 21; [1984] ATPR 40-477 .................................... ACL.18.2380 Bright v Femcare [2000] FCA 742; (2000) 175 ALR 50 ..................................................................... CCA.138.80 Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336; 12 ALJ 100; [1938] ALR 334 .............. CCA.76.160, CCA.77.40 Brisbane City Council, Re (A91500 8 October 2015) ........................................................................ CCA.90.1060 Brisbane Gas Co Ltd v Hartogen Energy Ltd (No 2) (1982) 60 FLR 343; 2 TPR 107; 42 ALR 685; [1982] ATPR 40-304 .................................. CCA.50.600, CCA.50.720, CCA.80.40, CCA.87CA.20 Bristol-Myers Squibb Aust Pty Ltd v Astra Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 256; (1999) 45 IPR 144 .............................................................................. ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1620, CCA.80.140 British Basic Slag Ltd Agreements, Re [1963] 1 WLR 727; [1963] 2 All ER 807 ................ CCA.44ZZRD.120, CCA.45.80 Britt Allcroft (Thomas) LLC v Miller (2000) 49 IPR 7; [2000] FCA 699; [2000] ATPR 41-776; [2000] ASAL 55-048 ................................................................................... ACL.18.860, ACL.18.2440 Broadway Delivery Corp v United Parcel Service of America Inc (1981) 651 F 2d 122; [1981-1] Trade Cases 64,068 ............................................................................................................ CCA.46.560 Broderbund Software Inc v Computermate Products (Aust) Pty Ltd (1991) 22 IPR 215; [1992] ATPR 41-155 .................................................................................................. CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440 Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd v Trade Practices Tribunal [1980] ATPR 40-173 ............................. CCA.101.60 Bropho v Western Aust (1990) 171 CLR 1; 64 ALJR 374; 93 ALR 207 ............................................. CCA.51.40 Brosnan v Katke [2012] FCA 1249 ....................................................................................................... CCA.138.80 Brosnan v Katke [2016] FCAFC 1 .................................................................................. ACL.236.40, CCA.86.740 Brown v Jam Factory Pty Ltd [1981] FCA 35; (1981) 53 FLR 340; 35 ALR 79; [1981] ATPR 40-213 ............................................................................................................... ACL.30.40, ACL.243.180 Brown v Riverstone Meat Co Pty Ltd (1985) 60 ALR 595; [1985] ASC 55-413; [1985] ATPR 40-576 ............................................................................................ ACL.18.60, ACL.207.20, CCA.4.540

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TABLE OF CASES

Brown v Southport Motors Pty Ltd (1982) 43 ALR 183; [1982] ATPR 40-306 ................................. ACL.29.100 Brown v Telstra Corp Ltd [2004] FCA 1365 ...................................................................................... ACL.18.2020 Brownbill v Kenworth Truck Sales (NSW) Pty Ltd (1982) 59 FLR 56; 39 ALR 191; [1982] ATPR 40-269 ..................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.660 Bryant Hotels Pty Ltd v Keith Harris & Co Ltd [1980] FCA 148; (1980) 49 FLR 137; 33 ALR 437 ............................................................................................. ACL.232.20, ACL.232.140, CCA.80.220 Buckley v Tutty (1971) 125 CLR 353; 46 ALJR 23; [1972] ALR 370 ........................ CCA.4M.20, CCA.51.200 Building Workers’ Industrial Union of Aust v Odco Pty Ltd (1991) 29 FCR 104; 37 IR 380; 99 ALR 735; 33 AILR 163; [1991] ATPR 41-092 ....................................................................... CCA.45D.180 Bullabidgee Pty Ltd v McCleary [2011] NSWCA 259 .................................................... ACL.18.20, ACL.236.40 Bullock v Federated Furnishing Trades Society of Australasia (No 1) (1985) 5 FCR 464; 10 IR 18; 60 ALR 235; [1985] ATPR 40-577 ............................................................... CCA.4D.160, CCA.80.140 Bullock v Federated Furnishing Trades Society of Australasia (No 2) (1985) 5 FCR 476; 11 IR 44; 58 ALR 373 ...................................................................................................... CCA.4D.160, CCA.4.260 Bunnings Group Ltd v Laminex Group Ltd [2006] ATPR 42-115 ........................................................... ACL.3.60 Burgundy Royale Investments Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1987) 18 FCR 212; 76 ALR 173; [1988] ATPR 40-835 ....................................... CCA.2A.60, CCA.2B.20, CCA.2B.80, CCA.2B.200 Burica Pty Ltd v Tops to Bottoms (Aust) Pty Ltd (1998) 39 IPR 447; [1997] FCA 1147; [1997] ATPR 41-621 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.2240 Burke v LFOT Pty Ltd [2002] HCA 17; (2002) 209 CLR 282; 76 ALJR 749; [2002] ATPR 41-869 ........................................................................... ACL.236.200, ACL.237.180, CCA.87.60, CCA.87.460 Burswood Management Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth) (1990) 23 FCR 144; 20 ALD 357; 94 ALR 220; [1990] ATPR 41-032 ....................................................................................................... CCA.170.20 Burt v ANZ Banking Group Ltd [1994] ATPR (Digest) 46-123 .................................. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1300 Burwood Council & others, Re (A91352; 19 June 2013) .......................................... CCA.90.1060, CCA.90.1340 Businessworld Computers Pty Ltd v ATC (1988) 15 ALD 479; 82 ALR 499 .................................... CCA.46.680 Butcher v Lachlan Elder Realty Pty Ltd (2004) 218 CLR 592; 79 ALJR 308; [2004] ATPR 42-033; [2004] HCA 60 ....... ACL.18.20, ACL.18.40, ACL.18.100, ACL.18.260, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.300, ACL.18.420, ACL.18.480, ACL.18.580 Butt v Tingey [1993] FCA 369; [1993] ATPR (Digest) 46-110 ........ ACL.18.1840, ACL.224.100, ACL.224.140, CCA.76.80 Butt v Tingey (unreported, Fed Ct, 4 March 1993) ............................................................................ ACL.18.1840 Byers v Dorotea Pty Ltd (1986) 69 ALR 715; [1987] ATPR 40-760; [1987] ASC 55-534 ............. ACL.18.1860, ACL.237.80, CCA.87.140

C CA Henschke & Co v Rosemount Estates Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1539; [2001] ATPR 41-793 ........... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1560 CALMS Ltd, Re (A91276; 27 February 2012) ..................................................................................... CCA.90.860 CBS Records Aust Ltd v Telmak Teleproducts (Aust) Pty Ltd (1987) 72 ALR 270; 8 IPR 473; [1987] AIPC 90-380; [1987] ATPR 40-783 ............................................................................. CCA.80.540 CCC v Air New Zealand Ltd (No 1) [2012] FCA 1355 ....................................................................... CCA.45.100 CCP Australian Airships Ltd v Primus Telecommunications Pty Ltd [2004] VSCA 232; [2005] ATPR 42-042; [2005] ASAL 55-139 ................. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1280, ACL.36.60 CFMEU v Cahill [2010] FCAFC 39; (2010) 194 IR 462 ............................................ ACL.224.200, CCA.76.600 CFMEU v Hadgkiss [2007] FCAFC 197; (2007) 169 FCR 151; 248 ALR 169 ................................... ACL.29.80 CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd v ACCC [2001] FCA 757; [2001] ATPR 41-826 ................................. ACL.20.40 CI JI Family Pty Ltd v National Australian Nappies (NAN) Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 79 ..................... ACL.18.2180, ACL.232.60 CPA Aust Ltd v Dunn [2007] FCA 1966; (2007) IPR 495; [2007] ATPR 42-205 ..... ACL.18.1840, ACL.29.440, CCA.6.60 CPI Group Ltd v Stora Enso Aust Pty Ltd [2007] FCAFC 160 .................................. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1780 CRW Pty Ltd v Sneddon [1972] AR (NSW) 17 ................................................................................... ACL.18.680

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CS Energy Ltd, Re (A91529 .................................................................................................................. CCA.90.840 CSR Ltd v Resource Capital Aust Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 279; [2003] ATPR 41-929; [2003] AIPC 91-883; [2003] ASAL 55-101 .............................................................................................. ACL.18.2220 CSR Ltd & Boral Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 6 August 2015) ................................ CCA.50.300 Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd v Amcor Ltd [2008] FCA 88; (2008) 2 BFRA 584; 246 ALR 137; [2008] ATPR 42-218 ........................................................... CCA.155AAA.60, CCA.76.860, CCA.76.900 Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd v Darrell Lea Chocolate Shops Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1718 .................. CCA.138.80 Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd v Darrell Lea Chocolate Shops Pty Ltd (2007) 159 FCR 397; 239 ALR 662; 72 IPR 261; [2007] FCAFC 70; [2007] ATPR 42-161 ................. ACL.18.180, ACL.18.2120, CCA.86.480, CCA.138.140 Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd v Pub Squash Co Ltd (1980) 2 NSWLR 851; 55 ALJR 333; 32 ALR 387; [1981] 1 All ER 213; [1981] 1 WLR 193 ............................................. ACL.18.180, ACL.18.2120 Cadbury Schweppes Pty Ltd, Re [1981] ATPR 40-200 ........................... CCA.47.480, CCA.90.420, CCA.93.280 Cadence Asset Management Pty Ltd v Concept Sports Ltd (2005) 147 FCR 434; 56 ACSR 309; 24 ACLC 1; [2005] FCAFC 265; ............................................................................................ ACL.18.520 Cadence Asset Management Pty Ltd v Concept Sports Ltd (2005) 55 ACSR 145; 23 ACLC 1,713; [2005] FCA 1280 ................................................................................................................... ACL.18.520 Calmao Pty Ltd v Stradbroke Waters Co-op Society Ltd (1989) 21 FCR 28; 89 ALR 507; 16 IPR 265; [1989] ATPR 40-984 .............................. ACL.21.300, ACL.236.240, CCA.82.160, CCA.82.180 Caltex Aust Petroleum Pty Ltd v Charben Haulage Pty Ltd [2005] FCAFC 271 ........ ACL.18.480, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1860, ACL.236.60, ACL.236.80 Caltex Petroleum Pty Ltd v ACCC [2001] FCA 1503; (2001) 115 FCR 191; 109 IR 331; 188 ALR 750 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.80.640 Cameron v Goldtek Aust Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-513 ..................................................................... ACL.18.1940 Cameron v Qantas Airways Ltd [1995] ATPR 41-417 .......................................................................... ACL.21.340 Camilleri v The Trust Co (Nominees) Ltd [2015] FCA 1468 .............................................................. CCA.86.360 Campbell v Backoffice Investments Pty Ltd (2009) 238 CLR 304; 83 ALJR 903; 257 ALR 610; [2009] HCA 25 ............... ACL.4.120, ACL.18.20, ACL.18.40, ACL.18.120, ACL.18.260, ACL.18.360, ACL.18.420, ACL.18.500, ACL.18.1120, ACL.18.1940, ACL.236.40 Campbell v Metway Leasing Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-630; [1998] ASAL 55-001 ................ ACL.50.20, ACL.50.80 Campomar Sociedad, Ltd v Nike International Ltd (2000) 202 CLR 45; 74 ALJR 573; 169 ALR 677; [2000] HCA 12; [2000] ATPR (Digest) 46–201 ..................... ACL.9.20, ACL.18.20, ACL.18.160, ACL.18.180, ACL.18.260, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.320, ACL.18.540, ACL.18.2120, ACL.29.20 Canny Gabriel Jackson Advertising Pty Ltd v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd [1974] HCA 22; (1974) 131 CLR 321 ..................................................................................................................... CCA.4J.20 Canon Aust Pty Ltd v Patton [2007] NSWCA 246 ............................................................................... ACL.21.340 Cantarella Bros Pty Ltd v Valcorp Fine Foods Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 8; [2002] ATPR 41-856; [2002] ASAL 55-073 .................................................... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.320, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1560 Capital Networks Pty Ltd v .au Domain Administration Ltd [2004] FCA 808; [2004] ATPR (Digest) 46-254 ............................................................................................................. CCICF.5.20, CCICF.5.40 Cardile v LED Builders Pty Ltd [1999] HCA 18; (1999) 198 CLR 380 .............................................. CCA.80.40 Carey-Hazell v Getz Bros & Co (Aust) Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 853; [2004] ATPR 42-014; [2004] ASAL 55-130 ............................... ACL.9.140, ACL.55.140, ACL.138.20, ACL.138.80, ACL.138.120 Caribbean Broadcasting System Ltd v Cable & Wireless plc 148 F 3rd 1080 (1998) .................. CCA.PTIIIA.40 Carlton & United Breweries (NSW) Pty Ltd v Bond Brewing (NSW) Ltd (1987) 16 FCR 351; [1987] ATPR 40-820 ............................................................................................ CCA.4F.40, CCA.45.240 Carlton and United Breweries Ltd v Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd [1986] HCA 38; (1986) 161 CLR 543; 60 ALJR 548 .................................................................................................................... CCA.86.280 Carney v Herbert [1985] AC 301; [1984] 3 WLR 1303; [1985] 1 All ER 438 .................................... CCA.4L.20 Carpet Call Pty Ltd v Chan [1987] ATPR (Digest) 46-025; [1987] ASC 55-553 ................................... ACL.3.60 Carsales.com Ltd/Telstra Corp Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 13 June 2013) ............. CCA.50.200 Carson Machinery Nominees Pty Ltd v Chamberlain John Deere Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-934 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.45.720

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TABLE OF CASES

Carter Holt Harvey Woodproducts Aust Pty Ltd, Re (CB00144 .................................................... CCA.93AB.100 Casaceli v Natuzzi S.p.A. [2012] FCA 691 ...................................................................... CCA.86.80, CCA.86.300 Cashcard Aust Ltd & Bank of China (Aust) Ltd, Re (A91119; 4 June 2009) .................................... CCA.90.700 Cashcard Aust Ltd, Re (A91429; 27 August 2014) .............................................................................. CCA.90.700 Cassidy v Medical Benefits Fund of Aust (No 2) (2003) 12 ANZ Ins Cas 61-549; [2002] FCA 1097 ..................................................................... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1620, CCA.80.380 Cassidy v NRMA Health Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1228; [2002] ATPR 41-891 ............. ACL.224.100, ACL.224.140 Cassidy v Saatchi & Saatchi Aust Pty Ltd (2004) 134 FCR 585; [2004] FCAFC 34; [2004] ATPR 41-980; [2004] ASAL 55-118 ... ACL.18.40, ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1740, ACL.29.160, CCA.131A.60 Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Aust [1986] HCA 58; (1986) 161 CLR 148; 60 ALJR 679 ......... CCA.80.120 Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v Williams & Hodgson Transport Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 509; 64 ALR 536; [1986] ATPR 40-653 ............................................................. CCA.4C.40, CCA.4.520, CCA.47.140 Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v Williams & Hodgson Transport Pty Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 395; 61 ALJR 10; 68 ALR 376; [1986] ATPR 40-751 ............... ACL.29.60, CCA.4.500, CCA.4.520, CCA.47.80, CCA.47.140, CCA.47.300, CCA.47.340, CCA.47.660 Casuarina Business Precinct Stakeholders Committee (A91201 & A91202; 12 May 2010) ........... CCA.90.1060, CCA.90.1240 Cat Media Pty Ltd v Opti-Healthcare Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 133; [2003] ATPR 41-933; [2003] ASAL 55-103 ................................................................................................ CCA.86.480, CCA.138.140 Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd v Assistant Treasurer and Minister for Competition Policy and Consumer Affairs [2010] FCA 510; (2010) 186 FCR 168; 269 ALR 434 ....................................... CCA.5.140 Cavalier Marketing (Aust) Pty Ltd v Rasell (1991) 96 ALR 375 .................................. ACL.54.160, ACL.55.140 Cenepro Pty Ltd v Custom Credit Corp Ltd (unreported, Sup Ct, NSW, Cole J, 15 November 1990) ........................................................................................................ ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1540 Central Equity Ltd v Central Corp Pty Ltd (1995) 32 IPR 481; [1995] ATPR 41-443 .... ACL.30.20, ACL.30.60 Central Queensland Local Government Association, Re (A91246; 13 January 2011) ...................... CCA.90.1060 Chan Cuong Su ( t/as Ausviet Travel) v Direct Flights International Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 78; [1999] ATPR 41-677 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.224.100 Chandler v DPP [1964] AC 763; [1962] 3 All ER 142; [1962] 3 WLR 694 ...... CCA.4F.40, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.45.240 Change Group International PLC v City Exchange Mart Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1048 ...................... ACL.18.2260, ACL.232.60, CCA.86.480, CCA.138.140 Channel Seven Brisbane Pty Ltd v ACCC [2008] FCAFC 114 ......................................... ACL.19.40, ACL.19.80 Chanute, City of v Williams Natural Gas Co [1990] 1 Trade Cases 68,967 .................................... CCA.44G.100 Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd (No 4) [2001] FCA 1106; (2001) 123 FCR 62; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-214 ................................................................................................................................... CCA.4.540 Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd (No 5) [2001] FCA 1106; (2001) 123 FCR 62 .................... CCA.4.500, CCA.6.20 Chappel v Hart [1998] HCA 55; (1998) 195 CLR 232 ........................................................................ ACL.236.40 Charben Haulage Pty Ltd v Environmental & Earth Sciences Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 403; [2004] ATPR (Digest) 46-252 ...................................... ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1840, ACL.18.1860, ACL.30.60 Charlick Trading Pty Ltd v Australian National Railways Comm [1999] FCA 452 .... CCA.46.640, CCA.46.940 Chase Manhattan Overseas Corp v Chase Corp Ltd (1986) 12 FCR 375; 70 ALR 303; [1986] FCA 404; [1986] ATPR 40-750 ........................................................................ ACL.18.80, ACL.18.440 Chevron Aust Pty Ltd, Re (A91139; 5 November 2009) ................................................................... CCA.90.1220 Chiarabaglio v Westpac Banking Corp [1989] ATPR 40-971 ................ ACL.18.400, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1300 Chime Communications Pty Ltd (No 2), Re (2009) 234 FLR 210; [2009] ACompT 2 ...................... CCA.31.20, CCA.45.280, CCA.46.200, CCA.50.180 Choo v Zhang [2016] NSWCA 193 ..................................................................................................... ACL.18.1940 Chris Ford Enterprises Pty Ltd v BH & J Badenhop Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 75; 60 ALR 400; 4 IPR 485; [1985] ATPR 40-568 ................................................................... ACL.18.1080, ACL.18.2200 Christensen v Scott [1996] 1 NZLR 273; 7 NZCLC 260,945 ..................................... ACL.236.440, CCA.82.260 Citrus Queensland Pty Ltd v Sunstate Orchards Pty Ltd (No 7) [2008] FCA 1364 ... ACL.18.360, ACL.18.1860 City of Joondalup, Re (A91431; 6 August 2014) ............................................................................... CCA.90.1060

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Clarence City Council, Re (A91408; 2 April 2014) ........................................................................... CCA.90.1060 Clark Equipment Aust Ltd v Covcat Pty Ltd (1987) 71 ALR 367; [1987] ATPR 40-768 .................. ACL.18.420 Clarke v Pacific Dunlop Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-983 ............................................................................. ACL.107.140 Clay & Brick Paver Assn, Re [1999] ATPR (Com) 50-274 ................................................................. CCA.90.920 Clean Energy Council (A91365; 23 September 2013) .......................................................................... CCA.90.740 Clean Energy Council Ltd (A91495; 23 September 2015) .................................................................. CCA.91B.20 Clearstream Banking AG v Commission of the European Communities [2009] EUECJ T-301/04 ............................................................................................................................................... CCA.46.20 Clifford v Vegas Enterprises Pty Ltd (No 5) [2010] FCA 916 .......................................................... CCA.131A.60 Clift Food Stores Inc v Kroger Inc [1969] Trade Cases 72,923 .......................................................... CCA.46.560 Clifton Sands Pty Ltd v Australian Safety Products Pty Ltd (unreported, Sup Ct, WA, 26 February 1998) ........................................................................................................ ACL.18.1840, ACL.18.1940 Clinch v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1974] QB 76 .................................................................... CCA.155.220 Clubs Aust, Re (A91381; 6 March 2014) .............................................................................................. CCA.90.760 Co-operative Bulk Handling Ltd (No 3), Re [2013] ACompT 3 ........ CCA.101A.40, CCA.45.280, CCA.47.480, CCA.93.20, CCA.93.280 Coca-Cola Amatil/Berri (ACCC Competition Assessment 8 October 2003) ....................................... CCA.50.280 Coca Cola Co v PepsiCo Inc (No 2) [2014] FCA 1287 ..................................................................... ACL.18.2200 Coca Cola Export Corp, Re (1978) 4 TPR 523 .................................................................................... CCA.93.140 Cockatoo Coal Ltd, Re (A91338; 20 February 2013) ......................................................................... CCA.90.1220 Cockatoo Coal Ltd & Stanmore Coal Ltd, Re (A91311) ..................................................................... CCA.90.940 Cohen v Centrepoint Freeholds Pty Ltd (1982) 66 FLR 57; [1982] ATPR 40-289 ............................ ACL.18.400 Coleman v Gordon M Jenkins & Assocs Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-960 .................... ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1880, ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160 Coles Supermarkets Aust Pty Ltd v FKP Ltd [2008] FCA 1915 ................................... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.580 Colgate-Palmolive Co v Cussons Pty Ltd (1993) 46 FCR 225; 118 ALR 248; 27 IPR 561 .............. CCA.86.600 Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd v Smithkline Beecham Holdings (Aust) Pty Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-579 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1620 Collier Constructions Pty Ltd v Foskett Pty Ltd (1990) 97 ALR 460; 19 IPR 44; [1990] AIPC 90-724 ...................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.760 Collings Construction Co Pty Ltd v ACCC (1998) 43 NSWLR 131; 143 FLR 308; 152 ALR 510 ..................................................................................................... ACL.236.260, ACL.243.180, CCA.87.160 Collins Debden Pty Ltd v Cumberland Stationery Co Pty Ltd (No 2) [2005] FCA 1398 ............... ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.1420 Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd v Henjo Investments Pty Ltd (1987) 72 ALR 601; [1987] ATPR 40-782; [1987] ASC 55-576 ............................................................................ ACL.18.80, ACL.18.1940 Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd v Henjo Investments Pty Ltd [1987] FCA 556 ...................................... ACL.18.580 Comalco Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-142 ..................................................................................... CCA.90.940 Comalco Ltd, Re [1999] ATPR (Com) 50-277 ..................................................................................... CCA.90.940 Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne v Powell [2015] FCA 1110 .......... ACL.18.460, ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.80 Commerce Commission v Carter Holt Harvey Building Products Group Ltd [2004] All ER (D) 235 ................................................................................................... CCA.46.60, CCA.46.520, CCA.46.640 Commercial Bank of Aust Ltd v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 ............................................................ ACL.20.60 Commercial Bank of Aust Ltd v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447; 57 ALJR 358; 46 ALR 402 ............ ACL.20.20, ACL.20.120 Commercial Dynamics Pty Ltd v M Hawke Nominees Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-503 ..................... ACL.18.2400 Commodore Business Machines Pty Ltd v TPC (1990) 92 ALR 563 ................................................... CCA.80.40 Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64; 66 ALJR 123; 104 ALR 1 ......... ACL.236.400, CCA.82.240 Commonwealth v Director, Fair Work Building Industry Inspectorate [2015] HCA 46; (2015) 90 ALJR 113; 255 IR 87; 326 ALR 476 ............ ACL.163.40, CCA.76.20, CCA.76.220, CCA.76.400

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Commonwealth v Griffiths [2007] NSWCA 370; (2007) 70 NSWLR 268; 245 ALR 172 .................. ACL.18.60, CCA.2A.160 Commonwealth v Leahy Petroleum – Retail Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1422; (2005) 55 ACSR 353; 23 ACLC 1985 .......................................................................................................................... CCA.76.480 Commonwealth Bank of Aust v Groves [2012] SASC 110 ................................................................ ACL.18.1300 Commonwealth Bank of Aust v Kojic [2016] FCAFC 186 ....................... ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340, CCA.84.180 Commonwealth Bank of Aust v Mehta (1991) 23 NSWLR 84; [1991] ATPR 41-103; [1991] ASC 56-053; [1991] Aust Torts Reports 80-284 ........ ACL.18.380, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1540, ACL.236.60 Commonwealth Bank of Aust v White [1999] VSC 262; [1999] 2 VR 681 ........................................... CCA.5.60 Commonwealth Serum Laboratories Commission, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-088 ........................ CCA.90.1020 Communications, Electrical, Electronic, Energy, Information, Postal, Plumbing & Allied Services Union of Aust v ACCC [2007] FCAFC 132; (2007) 162 FCR 466; 242 ALR 643; [2007] ATPR 42-177 ............................................ CCA.45E.60, CCA.45E.100, CCA.45.80, CCA.76.160 Communications, Electrical, Electronic, Energy, Information, Postal, Plumbing & Allied Services Union of Aust v Corke Instrument Engineering (Aust) Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 799; (2005) 223 ALR 480 ........................................................................................................................ CCA.45E.60 Como Investments Pty Ltd (in liq) v Yenald Nominees Pty Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-550 ...................... ACL.236.40 Compaq Computer Aust Pty Ltd v Merry [1998] FCA 968; (1998) 157 ALR 1 ......... ACL.224.100, CCA.76.80, CCA.76.120 Compensation Fund v Tambree (t/as R Tambree & Assocs) [2005] HCA 69; (2006) 80 ALJR 183 ......................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1840 Computer Edge Pty Ltd v Apple Computer Inc (1984) 54 ALR 767 .................................................. CCA.80.640 ConAgra Inc v McCains Foods (Aust) Pty Ltd (1992) 33 FCR 302; [1992] FCA 159 ..................... ACL.18.260, ACL.18.460, ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.1100 Concrete Carters Assn (Vic), Re (1977) 31 FLR 193 ........ CCA.45.260, CCA.88.220, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.560, CCA.102.80 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594; 64 ALJR 293; 92 ALR 193; [1990] HCA 17 ........................................................................................ ACL.18.240, ACL.18.1460 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594; 64 ALJR 293; 92 ALR 193 ........ ACL.18.20, ACL.18.60, ACL.18.580, ACL.236.340, CCA.4K.20, CCA.4.540, CCA.80.100 Concrete Constructions Group v Litevale Pty Ltd (2002) 170 FLR 290; [2002] NSWSC 670 ........ ACL.18.400, ACL.18.580 Concrete Constructions Pty Ltd v Plumbers and Gasfitters Employees’ Union of Aust (1987) 15 FCR 31; 18 IR 68; 71 ALR 501; [1987] ATPR 40-766 ..................................... CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440 Connolly Brothers Ltd, Re (1911) 1 Ch 731 ......................................................................................... CCA.80.200 Consolo Ltd v Bennett [2012] FCAFC 120 .................................................................... ACL.18.400, CCA.84.120 Constantine v TPC [1994] FCA 889; (1994) 48 FCR 141; 120 ALR 341; [1994] ATPR 41-291 ..................................................................................................................... CCA.155.360, CCA.155.380 Construction, Forestry, Mining & Energy, Industrial Union of Employees, Queensland, Re (A91103; 26 March 2009) ................................................................................................................ CCA.90.760 Construction Industry Long Service Leave Board v Odco Pty Ltd (1988) 81 ALR 590; 11 IPR 577; [1988] ATPR 40-886 ....................................................................................................... ACL.18.1140 Construction Material Producers Assn Inc, Re (A91047; 29 August 2007) ...................................... CCA.90.1280 Consumer Protection v Armstrong, Commissioner for [2012] WASC 206 .......................................... ACL.218.40 Cook v Pasminco Ltd [2000] FCA 677; (2000) 99 FCR 548; [2000] ATPR 41-767 .... ACL.29.60, ACL.107.60, ACL.118.60, ACL.131.80, ACL.136.40, ACL.138.120, ACL.141.40, CCA.4.520 Cool & Sons Pty Ltd v O’Brien Glass Industries Ltd (1981) 35 ALR 445; [1981] ATPR 40-220 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.98.100 Cool & Sons Pty Ltd v O’Brien Glass Industries Ltd (No 2) (1981) 40 ALR 88; 1 TPR 160 .......... CCA.80.260 Cope Allman (Aust) Ltd v Ainsworth (1983) 65 FLR 414; 5 TPR 5; [1983] ATPR 40-347 ............. CCA.50.720 Coplin v Al Maha Pty Ltd [2016] NSWSC 1745 ............................................................. ACL.18.60, ACL.20.460 Copyright Agency Ltd, Re (A91285; 24 May 2012) .......................................................................... CCA.90.1000

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Cornwell Quality Tools Co v CTS Co (1971) 446 F 2d 825; [1971] Trade Cases 73,620 ................ CCA.46.560 Corp of the City of Adelaide v Adelaide City Fines Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 132 ................................. ACL.18.1800 Corporate Affairs (WA), Commissioner for v Ekamper (1987) 12 ACLR 519 ................................... ACL.248.20 Corrections Corp of Aust Pty Ltd v Commonwealth [2000] FCA 1280; (2000) 104 FCR 448; [2000] ATPR 41-787 ................................................................... CCA.2A.80, CCA.2A.160, CCA.2C.100 Corrimal Holdings Pty Ltd v Lissadel Holdings Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 213; [2003] ATPR 41-928 ............................................................................................................................................... CCA.86A.40 Cortis Exhaust Systems Pty Ltd v Kitten Software Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1189; [2001] ATPR 41-837 ...................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.1780 Costa Vraca v Bell Regal Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 65 .............. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1560, CCA.5.20, CCA.138.60 Costa Vraca Pty Ltd v Berrigan Weed & Pest Control Pty Ltd [1998] FCA 693; (1998) 155 ALR 714; [1999] ATPR 41-694 ....................................................................................................... ACL.18.380 Council of Camden, Re (A90886; 16 December 2004) ...................................................................... CCA.90.1060 Council of the City of Sydney v Goldspar Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 568; (2004) 62 IPR 274; [2004] ATPR (Digest) 46-253 ........................................................................................................... CCA.4M.20 Country Road Clothing Pty Ltd v Najee Nominees Pty Ltd (1991) 20 IPR 419; [1991] ATPR 41-106; [1991] ASC 56-050 .................................................................................................. ACL.18.700 Country Television Services Ltd, Re (1984) 73 FLR 68; [1985] ATPR 40-515 ....... CCA.102.200, CCA.103.180 Courtney v Medtel Pty Ltd (No 5) [2004] FCA 1406; 212 ALR 311 ................................................. CCA.86.360 Crago v Multiquip Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-620 ......................................... ACL.3.60, ACL.18.280, ACL.55.140 Cream v Bushcolt Pty Ltd [2002] WASC 100; [2002] ATPR 41-888 ................................................. CCA.51.200 Creative’s Landscape Design Centre Pty Ltd v Platz [1989] ATPR 40-980 .............. ACL.18.1940, ACL.243.60, CCA.84.80, CCA.87.300 Credit Tribunal (SA), Re; Ex parte General Motors Acceptance Corp [1977] HCA 34; (1977) 137 CLR 545; 51 ALJR 612; 14 ALR 257 ....................................................................... CCA.131C.20 Cretazzo v Lombardi (1975) 13 SASR 4 ........................................................................ CCA.79.380, CCA.86.600 Crisp v ANZ Bank [1994] ATPR 41-294 ........................ ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1300, ACL.21.220, ACL.243.60, ACL.243.180, CCA.87.300 Crocodile Marketing Ltd v Griffith Vintners Pty Ltd (1989) 28 NSWLR 539; 91 ALR 273; 16 IPR 222; [1990] ATPR 41-000; [1990] ASC 55-956 ................ ACL.18.1560, ACL.29.340, ACL.224.100, ACL.224.140, CCA.76.120 Crossan v Commons [1985] ATPR 40-542; [1984] ASC 55-384 ........................................................... ACL.37.40 Crouch v Shields [1984] ATPR 40-481 ................................................................................................. CCA.51.200 Cryeng Pty Ltd v Loyola [2011] FCA 956 ................................................................. ACL.18.1360, ACL.236.540 Cummings v Lewis (1993) 41 FCR 559; 113 ALR 285; [1993] ATPR (Digest) 46-103 .... ACL.4.60, ACL.4.80, ACL.4.200, CCA.4J.20 Cummings v Lewis [1993] FCA 149 ....................................................................................................... ACL.4.180 Cunningham v National Aust Bank Ltd (1987) 15 FCR 495; 77 ALR 632; [1987] ATPR 40-826 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1300 Cunningham v Westpac Banking Corp Ltd [2012] FCA 1088 ........................................................... ACL.18.1840 Cuscal Ltd, Re (A91450; 3 December 2014) ........................................................................................ CCA.90.700 Customglass Boats Ltd v Salthouse Bros Ltd [1976] 1 NZLR 36; [1976] RPC 589 ........................ CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440 Cytel Pty Ltd v Mastech Asia Pacific Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1464 ................................ CCA.86A.20, CCA.86A.40

D D’Anastasi v Environment, Climate Change & Water NSW [2011] NSWCA 374; (2011) 81 NSWLR 82 ...................................................................................................................................... CCA.155.140 DEI Queensland Pipeline Pty Ltd v ACCC [2002] ACompT 2; (2002) 167 FLR 353; [2002] ATPR 41-876 ................................................................................................................................... CCA.44M.60 Dairy Farmers Milk Co-operative Ltd and Dairy Farmers Pty Ltd, Re (A19364; 3 July 2013) ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.90.1140

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Dairy Industry Marketing Authority v Southern Farmers Co-op Ltd (1982) 61 FLR 174; 1 TPR 64; 39 ALR 613; [1982] ATPR 40-274 ................................................................................. ACL.18.1060 Dairy Vale Metro Co-operative Ltd v Browne’s Dairy Pty Ltd (1981) 54 FLR 243; 35 ALR 494; [1981] ATPR 40-215 ............................................................................................................... ACL.18.1000 Dalton v Lawson Hill Estate Pty Ltd (2005) 66 IPR 525; [2005] FCAFC 169; [2005] ATPR 42-079 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.18.480 Dalton v Lawson Hill Estate Pty Ltd [2005] FCAFC 169; (2005) 66 IPR 525; [2005] ATPR 42-079 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1860 Dandy Power Equipment Pty Ltd v Mercury Marine Pty Ltd (1982) 64 FLR 238; 2 TPR 246; 44 ALR 173; [1982] ATPR 40-315 ....................... CCA.45.280, CCA.47.140, CCA.47.520, CCA.93.20, CCA.151AJ.100, MG.3.40, MG.4.100 Daniels Corp International Pty Ltd v ACCC [2002] HCA 49; (2002) 213 CLR 543; 77 ALJR 40; 192 ALR 561; 43 ACSR 189 ............... CCA.155.60, CCA.155.100, CCA.155.260, CCA.155.320, CCA.155.520 Dart Industries Inc v Dér Corp Pty Ltd (1993) 179 CLR 101 ..................................... ACL.243.100, CCA.87.340 Darwalla Milling Co Pty Ltd v F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd (No 2) [2006] FCA 1388; [2007] ATPR 42-134; (2006) 236 ALR 322 ................................................................................................ CCA.86.360 Darwin Bakery Pty Ltd v Sully (1981) 51 FLR 90; 36 ALR 371; [1981] ATPR 40-230 .................... ACL.29.80, ACL.29.300 Davenport v TPC (1983) 70 FLR 123; 47 ALR 505; 5 TPR 285; [1983] ATPR 40-354 ................. CCA.155.120 David Jones Ltd, Re (A91113; 18 February 2009) ............................................................................. CCA.90.1240 Davids Holdings Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth) [1994] FCA 1039; (1994) 49 FCR 211; 121 ALR 241; [1994] ATPR 41-304 ... CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.220, CCA.4E.280, CCA.4E.320, CCA.4E.340, CCA.50.60, CCA.80.660 Davids Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-224 .............................................................. CCA.90.1100, CCA.95AT.60 Davidson v Watson (1953) 28 ALJ 63 ..................................................................................................... ACL.29.80 Dawson v Great Central Railway (1919) 88 LJKB 1177 .............................................. CCA.137H.20, CCA.83.40 Dawson v Motor Tyre Service Pty Ltd [1981] ATPR 40-223 .................. ACL.29.320, ACL.29.520, ACL.151.40 Dawson v World Travel Headquarters Pty Ltd (1981) 53 FLR 455; [1981] ATPR 40-187; [1981] TPRS 314.85 ..................................................................................................... ACL.36.60, CCA.79.160 Dawson Nominees Pty Ltd v Brookfield Multiplex Ltd (No 4) [2010] FCA 1029 ............................ CCA.86.360 De Bortoli Wines Pty Ltd v HIH Insurance Ltd (in liq) [2011] FCA 645; (2011) 200 FCR 253; 84 ACSR 527 .................................................................................................... ACL.18.1440, ACL.236.60 De Bortoli Wines Pty Ltd v HIH Insurance Ltd (in liq) [2012] FCAFC 28 ............... ACL.18.1440, ACL.236.60 DeLuxe Red & Yellow Cabs Co-op Trading Soc Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-143 .................. CCA.90.1400 Deane v Brian Hickey Invention Research Pty Ltd (1988) 11 IPR 651; [1988] ATPR 40-889; [1988] ASC 55-676 ............................................................. ACL.18.1640, ACL.243.60, ACL.243.180 Delhi Petroleum Pty Ltd and Santos Ltd, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-072 ....................................... CCA.90.1220 Delhi Petroleum Pty Ltd and Santos Ltd, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-076 ....................................... CCA.90.1020 Demagogue Pty Ltd v Ramensky (1992) 39 FCR 31; 110 ALR 608; [1993] ATPR 41-203 ............. ACL.18.120, ACL.18.380, ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1860, ACL.237.20, ACL.237.140, ACL.243.60, ACL.243.180, CCA.4K.20, CCA.87.20, CCA.87.360 Denpro Pty Ltd v Centrepoint Freeholds Pty Ltd (1983) 72 FLR 156; 48 ALR 39; [1983] ATPR 40-363 ....................................................................................................................................... CCA.86.80 Devenish v Jewel Food Stores Pty Ltd (1991) 172 CLR 32; 65 ALJR 262; 99 ALR 275; [1991] ATPR 41-098 ....................................................................... CCA.4G.20, CCA.45D.120, CCA.44ZZ.20 Dib Group Pty Ltd v Ventouris Enterprises Pty Ltd [2011] NSWCA 300 .................... ACL.4.180, ACL.18.1580 Dibble v Aidan Nominees Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-693 ................................................................... ACL.243.180 Dickason v Dickason (1913) 17 CLR 50; [1913] HCA 77 .................................................................. CCA.86.120 Dickson v Gallagher [1985] ATPR 40-550; [1985] ASC 55-410 ........................................................... CCA.6.120 Diethelm Manufacturing Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1993) 44 FCR 450 .............................. ACL.3.60 Digi-Tech (Aust) Ltd v Brand [2004] NSWCA 58; (2004) 62 IPR 184; [2004] ATPR 46-248; [2004] Aust Contract R 90-196 .................................................... ACL.4.60, ACL.4.220, ACL.236.40

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Dillon v Baltic Shipping Co (1989) 21 NSWLR 614; (1990) ATPR 40-992; (1989) ASC 55-949 .......................................................................................................................... ACL.18.600, ACL.243.60 Dillon v Charter Travel Co Ltd (1989) 92 ALR 331 ...................................................... ACL.18.600, ACL.243.60 Dillon v Chin; Dillon v Kingly Commodities (Qld) Pty Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-899 ............................ ACL.29.440 Dingjan, Re; Ex parte Wagner [1995] HCA 16; (1995) 183 CLR 323 .................................................. ACL.45.60 Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank [2001] UKHL 52; [2002] 1 AC 481; [2002] 1 All ER 97; [2001] 3 WLR 1297 .... ACL.23.180, ACL.24.20, ACL.24.40, ACL.24.60, ACL.24.120 Director General of Fair Trading v Pioneer Concrete (UK) Ltd [1995] 1 AC 456 ............................. CCA.84.120 Director of Consumer Affairs v AAPT Ltd [2006] VCAT 1493 ...................................... ACL.23.60, ACL.23.180 Director of Consumer Affairs v Nightingale Electrics Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 279 ...... ACL.118.100, ACL.232.140 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Alpha Flight Services Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1434 ............. ACL.118.100 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Alpha Flight Services Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 118 ......... ACL.118.100, ACL.224.220 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Backloads.com Pty Ltd [2009] VCAT 754 ......................... ACL.23.180 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Dimmeys Stores Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1371; (2013) 308 ALR 296; [2013] ATPR 42-457 ...................... ACL.107.140, ACL.224.200, ACL.224.220, ACL.248.20, ACL.248.40 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Dimmeys Stores Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 618; (2013) 213 FCR 559 .......................................................................................... ACL.232.40, CCA.86.40, CCA.138.40 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Donald (No 2) [2016] VSC 683 ............................................ ACL.74.40 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Palamara [2012] VSC 311 ......... ACL.18.20, ACL.18.2000, ACL.69.20 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Parking Patrols Vic Pty Ltd [2012] VSC 137 .................. ACL.18.1800, ACL.50.80 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Scully [2013] VSCA 292 ....................................................... ACL.21.60 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Scully (No 3) [2012] VSC 444 ............................................ ACL.21.340 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Scully (No 3) (2013) 96 ACSR 455; 303 ALR 168; [2013] VSCA 292 ................................................................................... ACL.21.60, ACL.21.100, ACL.21.340 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v The Good Guys Discount Warehouses (Aust) Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 22 ..................................................................................................... ACL.29.360, ACL.29.520 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Trainstation Health Clubs Pty Ltd [2008] VCAT 2092 ................................................................................................................................................... ACL.23.180 Distillers Co (Biochemicals) Ltd v Thompson [1971] 2 WLR 441; AC 458; 1 NSWLR 83 ................ CCA.5.20, CCA.5.180 Diversified Mineral Resources NL v CRA Exploration Pty Ltd [1995] ATPR 41-381 ....................... ACL.18.380 Dodds Family Investment Pty Ltd v Lane Industries Pty Ltd (1993) 26 IPR 261 ............................ ACL.18.2120 Doherty v Traveland Pty Ltd (1982) 2 TPR 419; [1982] ATPR 40-323 ................................................ ACL.34.60 Domain Names Aust Pty Ltd v au Domain Administration Ltd [2004] FCAFC 247; (2004) 139 FCR 215 ............................................................................................................ CCA.86.480, CCA.138.140 Dominelli Ford (Hurstville) Pty Ltd v Karmot Auto Spares Pty Ltd (1992) 38 FCR 471; 110 ALR 535; [1992] ATPR 41-198 ................................................................................. ACL.236.40, ACL.236.80 Donald Financial Enterprises Pty Ltd v APIR Systems Ltd [2008] FCA 1112; (2008) ACSR 219 ................................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1960 Doolan v Air New Zealand Ltd [1978] ATPR 40-082 .......................................................................... ACL.29.280 Doolan v Waltons Ltd (No 1) (1981) 39 ALR 408; 1 TPR 108; [2011] FCA 761 ...... ACL.29.180, ACL.207.20, ACL.208.40 Dowling v Dalgety Aust Ltd [1992] FCA 35; (1992) 34 FCR 109; 106 ALR 75; [1992] ATPR 41-165 ............. ACL.24.40, CCA.4A.60, CCA.4E.340, CCA.4.320, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.45.120, CCA.45.240, CCA.45.300, CCA.45.540, CCA.46.140, CCA.46.160, CCA.46.200, CCA.46.220, CCA.46.280, CCA.46.460, CCA.47.380, CCA.50.320, CCA.151AJ.60 Downey v Carlson Hotels Asia Pacific Pty Ltd [2005] QCA 199 ............ ACL.18.40, ACL.18.420, ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1860, ACL.29.160, CCA.76.140, CCA.84.120 Dr Martens Aust Pty Ltd v Rivers (Aust) Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1655; (1999) 95 FCR 136; 47 IPR 499; [2000] ATPR 41-734 ....................................................... ACL.18.1380, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2200

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Dr Martens Aust Pty Ltd v Figgins Holdings Pty Ltd (No 2) [2000] FCA 602 ................................. CCA.86.600 Dr Miles Medical Co v John D Park & Sons Co 220 US 373 (1911) .................................................. CCA.48.60 Dresna Pty Ltd v Misu Nominees Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 169; [2004] ATPR 42-013 ... ACL.18.60, CCA.4.540, CCA.87B.240, CCA.138.80 Du Pont (Aust) Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-231 ......................................................................... CCA.90.1020 Ducret v Chaudhary’s Oriental Carpet Palace Pty Ltd (1987) 16 FCR 562; 30 A Crim R 42; 76 ALR 183; [1987] ATPR 40-804; [1987] ASC 55-608 ................................................................ ACL.29.180 Ducret v Colourshot Pty Ltd (1981) 35 ALR 503; [1981] TPRS 314.115; [1981] ATPR 40-196 ........................................................................... ACL.214.20, ACL.224.200, CCA.76.600, CCA.79.500 Ducret v Nissan Motor Co (Aust) Pty Ltd (1979) 38 FLR 126; [1979] ATPR 40-111 ...................... CCA.79.160 Dudgeon Point Coal Export Terminal Producers, Re (A91277 & A91278) ........................................ CCA.90.940 Duke Eastern Gas Pipeline Ltd, Re [2001] ACompT 3; [2001] ATPR 41-827 ................................. CCA.102.280 Duke Eastern Gas Pipeline Pty Ltd, Re [2001] ACompT 2; (2001) 162 FLR 1; [2001] ATPR 41-821 ......................................... CCA.44G.100, CCA.44G.120, CCA.44G.180, CCA.44G.220, CCA.44M.60 Dukemaster Pty Ltd v Bluehive Pty Ltd [2002] FCAFC 377 ............................................................ ACL.18.1900 Dunlop Olympic Ltd v TPC (1982) 62 FLR 145; 1 TPR 223; 40 ALR 367; [1982] ATPR 40-278 ..................................................................................................................... CCA.155.160, CCA.155.220 Dunn v Aust Society of CPAs [1996] ATPR 41-461 ................................................... ACL.18.1840, CCA.4D.200 Duracell Aust Pty Ltd v Union Carbide Aust Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-918 ....................... ACL.18.700, ACL.18.760 Dynamic Hearing Pty Ltd v Polaris Communications Pty Ltd [2010] FCAFC 135 ........................... ACL.18.600

E E v Australian Red Cross Soc (1991) 31 FCR 299; 105 ALR 53; [1992] ATPR 41-156 .................... CCA.4.340, CCA.4.500, CCA.82.160 E v Australian Red Cross Society (1991) 27 FCR 310; 99 ALR 601; [2002] ATPR 41-085 ................ ACL.3.60, CCA.2B.80, CCA.2B.200, CCA.4.540, CCA.4.560 E v Australian Red Cross Society (1991) 31 FCR 299; 105 ALR 53; [1992] ATPR 41-156 .............. ACL.2.120, ACL.54.160, ACL.236.220 EBay International AG v Creative Festival Entertainment Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 1768 ...................... ACL.18.1520 EFTPOS Interchange Fees Agreement, Re [2004] ACompT 7; [2004] ASC 155-068; [2004] ATPR 41-999 ............................................................. CCA.90.120, CCA.90.700, CCA.102.160, CCA.102.180 EMI Records (Aust) Ltd, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-096 ........................................ CCA.90.1080, CCA.90.1280 EPA v Caltex Refining Co Pty Ltd (1993) 178 CLR 477; 68 ALJR 127; 82 LGERA 51; 118 ALR 392; 12 ACSR 452 ................................................................................................................... CCA.77.100 ERx Script Exchange Pty Ltd, Re (A91348; 7 March 2013) ............................................................... CCA.90.860 East Australian Pipeline Ltd, Re [2004] ACompT 8; [2004] ATPR 42-006 ............... CCA.44V.60, CCA.44ZP.80 East Australian Pipeline Marketing Pty Ltd, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-263 ............ CCA.90.840, CCA.90.1220 Eastern Express Pty Ltd v General Newspapers Pty Ltd (1991) 30 FCR 385; 103 ALR 41; [1991] ATPR 41-128 .................................. CCA.4D.80, CCA.45.20, CCA.45.300, CCA.45.320, CCA.46.140 Eastern Express Pty Ltd v General Newspapers Pty Ltd (1992) 35 FCR 43; 106 ALR 297; [1992] ATPR 41-167 ......... CCA.4E.340, CCA.46.80, CCA.46.120, CCA.46.200, CCA.46.280, CCA.46.640, CCA.46.660 Eastman Kodak Co v Image Technical Services Inc 504 US 451 (1992) ........................................... CCA.46.700 Eatten’s Pty Ltd v JLW (NSW) Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-619 .......................................................... ACL.18.1900 Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2000] HCA 63; (2000) 205 CLR 337; 63 ALD 577; 75 ALJR 277; 176 ALR 644 .............................................................................................................. CCA.37.40 Edgar v Farrow Mortgage Services Pty Ltd [1992] ATPR (Digest) 46-096; [1992] ASC 56-186 .................................................................................................................................................. ACL.4.140 Edwards, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-094 ............................................................................................. CCA.90.360 Effem Foods Ltd v Nicholls [2004] NSWCA 332; [2004] ATPR 42-034; [2005] ASAL 55-137 .............. ACL.54.60, ACL.54.80, ACL.54.100, ACL.54.160, ACL.60.40, ACL.142.80, ACL.142.100 Effem Foods Pty Ltd v Lake Cumbeline Pty Ltd [1999] HCA 15; (1999) 161 ALR 599; [1999] ATPR 41-686 ................................................................................................. ACL.18.1560, ACL.236.60

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Eighth SRJ Pty Ltd v Merity (1997) 7 BPR 15,189 ........................................................ ACL.18.220, CCA.4.540 Elders Trustee & Executor Co Ltd v EG Reeves Pty Ltd (1987) 78 ALR 193; [1978] ATPR (Digest) 46-030 ......................................................................................................... ACL.18.340, ACL.18.1860 Electric Lamp Manufacturers (Aust) Pty Ltd, Re (1982) 1 TPR 185 ................................................ CCA.90.1020 Electric Lamp Manufacturers (Aust) Pty Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-240 ................................ CCA.90.1020 Electric Lamp Manufacturers (Aust) Pty Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-243 ................................ CCA.90.1020 Electricity Supply Assn of Aust Ltd v ACCC [2001] FCA 1296; (2001) 113 FCR 230; 68 ALD 107; [2001] ATPR 41-838 ....................................................................................................... CCA.28.160 Elsley v J.G. Collins Insurance Agencies Ltd [1978] 2 SCR 916 ........................................................ CCA.4M.20 Emanuele v Chamber of Commerce and Industry [1994] ATPR (Digest) 46-121 ....... ACL.18.580, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1860, ACL.236.220 Emap Elan Ltd v Pacific Publications Pty Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-551 ................................................ ACL.18.2400 Emirates v ACCC [2009] FCA 312; (2009) 255 ALR 35 .................................................................... CCA.4E.160 Emrik Sporting Goods Pty Ltd v Stellar International Sporting Goods Pty Ltd (1981) 53 FLR 319; [1981] ATPR 40-217 ........................................................................................................ ACL.18.920 Endocoal Ltd, Re (A91350; 14 March 2013) ...................................................................................... CCA.90.1220 Endormer Pty Ltd v Australian Guarantee Corp Ltd [2000] FCA 1669 .............................................. ACL.20.300 Energex Ltd v Alstom Aust Ltd [2005] FCAFC 215; (2005) 225 ALR 504; [2005] ATPR 42-086 ................................................................................................. ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160, CCA.86.140 Energizer Aust Pty Ltd v Remington Products Aust Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 58 .............. ACL.18.700, ACL.18.760, ACL.18.860 Energy Assured Ltd, Re (A91258; 23 June 2011 ......................................................... CCA.90.880, CCA.90.1240 Energy Assured Ltd (A91391 13 May 2015) ....................................................................................... CCA.91B.20 Energy Drilling Inc v Petroz NL [1989] ATPR 40-954 ........................................................................ CCA.86.560 Environment Agency v Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd [1998] 2 AC 22 ....................................... ACL.236.40 Environment Protection Authority v Caltex Refining Co Pty Ltd (1993) 178 CLR 477; 68 ALJR 127; 118 ALR 392 ................................................................................................................ CCA.155.260 Environmental Agency v Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd [1998] UKHL 5; [1999] 2 AC 22 ....................................................................................................................................................... ACL.236.40 Enzed Holdings Ltd v Wynthea Pty Ltd (1984) 4 FCR 450; 57 ALR 167; 3 IPR 619; [1985] ATPR 40-507 .............................................................. ACL.18.2320, ACL.236.160, CCA.82.120, CCA.82.140 Epitoma Pty Ltd v Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union (1984) 3 FCR 55; 54 ALR 730; [1984] ATPR 40-478 .................................................................................................... CCA.45D.100 Equity Access Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1989) 16 IPR 431; [1990] ATPR 40-994 .......... ACL.18.2120, CCA.86.560 Equity Access Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp [1990] ATPR 40-994; (1989) 16 IPR 431 .............. ACL.18.20, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2260 Eric Preston Pty Ltd v Euroz Securities Ltd (2011) 274 ALR 705; [2011] FCAFC 11; [2012] ALMD 1951 .................................................................................................. ACL.18.1540, ACL.236.60 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Harper’s Garage (Stourport) Ltd [1967] UKHL 1; [1968] AC 269 ........... CCA.4M.20 Etihad Airways, Re (A91468 6 November 2015) ............................................................................... CCA.90.1400 European Night Services Ltd v Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer Case T3864/94 15/9/98 ......................................................................................................................................... CCA.PTIIIA.60 Europemballage and Continental Can v Commission [1973] 1 ECR 215; [1973] CMLR 199 .......... CCA.46.160 Eva v Mazda Motors (Sales) Pty Ltd [1977] ATPR 40-020 ................................................................. CCA.79.160 Eva v Preston Motors Pty Ltd [1977] ATPR 40-048 .............................................................................. CCA.84.80 Eva v Southern Motors Box Hill Pty Ltd (1977) 30 FLR 213; 15 ALR 428; [1977] ATPR 40-026 ................................................... ACL.226.20, CCA.45D.300, CCA.76.240, CCA.79.440, CCA.79.460 Eveready Aust Pty Ltd v Gillette Aust Pty Ltd (No 4) [1999] FCA 1824; [2000] ATPR 41-751; [2000] ASAL 55-042 ................................................................................... ACL.18.700, ACL.18.1420 Ewins v Buderim Imports Pty Ltd (1987) 76 ALR 157; 11 IPR 327; [1987] ATPR 40-825; [1987] ASC 55-616 .......................................................................................................................... CCA.86A.40 Expedia/Wotif (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 13 January 2015) ......................................... CCA.50.160

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F F Sharkey and Co Pty Ltd v Fisher (1980) 50 FLR 130; 33 ALR 173; [1980] ATPR 40-185 ........... CCA.2B.20 FAI General Insurance Co Ltd v RAIA Insurance Brokers Ltd (1992) 108 ALR 479; 7 ANZ Ins Cas 61-118; [1992] ATPR 41-176 ...................... ACL.18.680, ACL.18.700, ACL.18.1680, ACL.236.160, CCA.163A.40 FAI General Insurance Co Ltd v Workcover Corp of SA [1998] ATPR 41-639 ................................ CCA.2C.100 Fabcot Pty Ltd v Port Macquarie-Hastings Council [2011] NSWCA 167 ........................................... ACL.18.500 Facton Ltd v Toast Sales Group Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 612 ................................................................. ACL.18.2160 Fairbairn v NCC Fashions Wholesale Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1874 ........................................................ CCA.48.240 Fairfax Media Ltd/Southern Independent Publishers Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 3 May 2011) .................................................................................................................. CCA.50.300 Famel Pty Ltd v Burswood Management Ltd (1989) 15 ACLR 572; [1989] ATPR 40-962 ........... ACL.236.240, CCA.82.180, CCA.86.560 Farah (Aust) Pty Ltd v National Union of Workers (NSW) (No 1) [1997] ATPR 41-583 ........... CCA.45DB.100 Farquhar v Bottom [1980] 2 NSWLR 380 ............................................................................................ ACL.18.680 Fasold v Roberts (1997) 70 FCR 489; 145 ALR 548; 38 IPR 34; [1997] ATPR 41-561; [1997] AIPC 91-327 ................................................................................. ACL.18.60, ACL.18.240, CCA.4.100 Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries, Re (A90123; 6 June 2007) ........................................... CCA.90.1280 Federation of Australian Accountants Inc v Australian Society of Accountants [1988] ATPR 46-044 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1840 Federation of Australian Underwater Instructors, Re [1983] ATPR (Com) 50-055 ............................. CCA.90.660 Fencott v Muller (1983) 152 CLR 570; 57 ALJR 317; 15 TPR 171; 46 ALR 41; [1983] ATPR 40-350 ..................... ACL.224.100, ACL.224.120, CCA.75B.40, CCA.4.560, CCA.76.80, CCA.82.20, CCA.84.20 Fenech v Sterling (1983) 79 FLR 244; 51 ALR 205; [1983] ATPR 40-413 ........... ACL.236.220, CCA.137H.20, CCA.82.160, CCA.83.40 Fernandez v Glev Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1859 .............................................................. ACL.224.100, ACL.224.140 Fernwood Fitness Centre Pty Ltd v Today’s Woman Health & Fitness Pty Ltd (1998) 41 IPR 78; [1998] ATPR 41-637 ......................................................................................................... ACL.18.1580 Ferraro v DBN Holdings Aust Pty Ltd t/as Sports Auto Group [2015] FCA 1127 ...... ACL.259.40, ACL.262.40 Festival Industries Pty Ltd v Mikasa (NSW) Pty Ltd (1971) 18 FLR 260 ................... CCA.96.220, CCA.96.260 Festival Records Pty Ltd v International Direct Marketing Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-664 ............... ACL.18.1520 Fido Dido Inc v Venture Stores (Retailers) Pty Ltd (1988) 16 IPR 365; [1988] ATPR 40-912 ......... ACL.18.740 Fielding v Vagrand Pty Ltd (in liq) (1992) 39 FCR 251; 111 ALR 368; 9 ACSR 505; 11 ACLC 172 ................................................................................................................. ACL.237.240, CCA.87.480 Finger v Malua Motors Pty Ltd [1978] ATPR 40-061 ........................................................................... CCA.84.80 Finishing Services Pty Ltd v Lactos Fresh Pty Ltd [2006] FCAFC 177 ..................... ACL.236.40, ACL.236.100 Finucane v NSW Egg Corp (1988) 80 ALR 486; [1988] ATPR 40-863 .................... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1560, ACL.18.1940 Fire Nymph Products Ltd v Jalco Products (WA) Pty Ltd (1983) 74 FLR 102; 47 ALR 142; [1983] ATPR 40-353 ......................................................................... ACL.18.920, ACL.18.1080, ACL.18.2200 Firebird Global Master Fund II Ltd v Republic of Nauru (2015) 90 ALJR 228; [2015] HCA 43 ......................................................................................................................................................... CCA.51.60 First East Auction Holdings Pty Ltd v Ange [2010] VSC 72 .............................................................. ACL.21.340 Fisher v GRC Services Pty Ltd (No 1) [1988] ATPR (Digest) 46-180 ............................................... CCA.51.200 Fishman v Wirtz [1986] 2 Trade Cases 67,356 ............................................................................... CCA.PTIIIA.40 Flamingo Park Pty Ltd v Dolly Dolly Creation Pty Ltd (1985) 5 FCR 169; 59 ALR 247; [1985] AIPC 90-217 .......................................................................................................................... CCA.86.640 Flamingo Park Pty Ltd v Dolly Dolly Creation Pty Ltd (1986) 65 ALR 500 ................................... ACL.236.540 Fleetman Pty Ltd v Cairns Pty Ltd [2005] FCAFC 80 ................................................ ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1260 Flemington Properties Pty Ltd v Raine & Horne Commercial Pty Ltd [1999] ATPR 41-670 .......... ACL.18.1840 Fletcher v Nextra Australia Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 52 ....... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.240, ACL.18.1740, CCA.4.540

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Flight Centre Ltd v ACCC [2014] FCA 658 ......................................................................................... CCA.86.720 Flight Centre Ltd v ACCC (2015) 234 FCR 367; 324 ALR 202; [2015] FCAFC 104 ....................... CCA.4E.60, CCA.4E.140, CCA.4E.340 Foley v Gay [2016] FCA 273 ................................................................................................................ CCA.86.360 Fonterra Brands (Australia) Pty Ltd v Viropoulos (No 3) [2015] FCA 1050 ...................................... ACL.18.400 Ford Motor Co of Australia Ltd v Arrowcrest Group Pty Ltd [2003] FCAFC 313; (2003) 134 FCR 522 ............................................................................................................. ACL.18.1640, ACL.236.40 Ford Motor Co of Australia Ltd, Re (1977) 32 FLR 65; [1977] ATPR 40-043 ......... CCA.45.360, CCA.103.140 Forrest v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2012] HCA 39 ................................. ACL.18.1440 Forster v Farquhar [1893] 1 QB 564 .............................................................................. CCA.79.380, CCA.86.600 Forster v Jododex Australia Pty Ltd [1972] HCA 61; (1972) 127 CLR 421; 46 ALJR 701; [1972-73] ALR 1303 ............................................................................................. CCA.163A.140, CCA.86.220 Fortescue Metals Group Ltd, Re [2006] ACompT 6 ............................................................................ CCA.109.20 Fortescue Metals Group Ltd, Re [2010] ACompT 2; (2010) 242 FLR 136; 271 ALR 256; [2010] ATPR 42-319 ....................... CCA.4E.160, CCA.4E.220, CCA.4E.240, CCA.44G.100, CCA.44G.120, CCA.44G.180 Fortron Automotive Treatments Pty Ltd v Jones [2006] FCA 1239 ...................................................... CCA.86.60 Forwood Products Pty Ltd v Gibbett [2002] FCA 298; [2002] ATPR 41-870 ............. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1560 Foster v ACCC [2006] FCAFC 21; (2006) 149 FCR 135 ..................................................................... CCA.80.80 Four Square Stores (Qld) Ltd v ABE Copiers Pty Ltd [1981] ATPR 40-232 .......................................... ACL.3.60 Fox v Percy [2003] HCA 22; (2003) 214 CLR 118 ............................................................................. CCA.86.740 Foxtel Management Pty Ltd v Australian Video Retailers Assn Ltd [2004] FCA 1613 ................... ACL.18.1740 Franchising Code Council Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-239 ......................................................... CCA.90.740 Francis v South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd [2002] FCA 1306 ....................... ACL.20.480 Francis C Mason Pty Ltd v Citicorp Australia Ltd (1985) 57 ALR 130; [1985] ATPR 40-509 .......... CCA.86.80 Francis Travel Marketing Pty Ltd v Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (1996) 39 NSWLR 160; 131 FLR 442; [1996] ATPR 41-489 ............................................................................ CCA.5.180, CCA.86.300 Fraser v NRMA Holdings Ltd (1995) 55 FCR 452; 127 ALR 543; 15 ACSR 590; 13 ACLC 132; [1995] ATPR 41-374 ................ ACL.18.380, ACL.18.620, ACL.18.1020, ACL.18.1440, ACL.18.1680, ACL.18.1940 Fraser Henleins Pty Ltd v Cody (1945) 70 CLR 100 ........................................................................... CCA.84.100 Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Magnal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480 ......................... CCA.84.140 Freestone Auto Sales Pty Ltd v Musulin [2015] NSWCA 160 .......................................................... ACL.18.1760 Freight Victoria Ltd, Re [2002] ACompT 1; [2002] ATPR 41-884 ..... CCA.44K.140, CCA.103.40, CCA.103.80 Fresh Express Australia Pty Ltd v Larridren Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1312 ........................................... ACL.18.1900 Fresh Express Pty Ltd v Cerreto [2003] FCAFC 222 ......................................................................... ACL.18.1900 Frith v Gold Coast Mineral Springs Pty Ltd (1983) 65 FLR 213; 5 TPR 48; 47 ALR 547; [1983] ATPR 40-339 ................................................................................................. ACL.236.160, CCA.82.120 Fubilan Catering Services Ltd v Compass Group (Aust) Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1205 ...... ACL.4.180, ACL.4.200, ACL.4.220, ACL.20.120, ACL.20.500, ACL.21.360 Fubilan Catering Services Ltd v Compass Group (Aust) Pty Ltd [2008] FCAFC 53 .... ACL.4.220, ACL.18.400 Furniture Manufacturers’ Assn of Australia, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-113 .................................... CCA.90.740 Futuretronics International Pty Ltd v Gadzhis [1992] 2 VR 217; [1990] ATPR 41-049; [1990] ASC 56-009 .................. ACL.4.100, ACL.4.120, ACL.4.220, ACL.18.400, ACL.18.580, ACL.243.80

G GA Nominees Pty Ltd v Barden Motors Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-519 ............................................ ACL.18.1260 GEC Marconi Systems Pty Ltd v BHP Information Technology Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 50; (2003) 128 FCR 1 .............................................................................................................................. CCA.2A.80 GPG (Australia Trading) Pty Ltd v GIO Australia Holdings Ltd (2001) 117 FCR 23; 191 ALR 342; 40 ACSR 252; 20 ACLC 178; 12 ANZ Insurance Cases 61-517; [2001] FCA 1761 ....................................................................................................... ACL.18.1680, ACL.20.60, ACL.20.500

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Gallagher v Durack (1983) 152 CLR 238; 45 ALR 53; 57 ALJR 191; 3 IR 441 ........ CCA.80.620, CCA.86.640 Gallagher v Pioneer Concrete (NSW) Pty Ltd (1993) 46 IR 304; 113 ALR 159; 35 AILR 74; [1993] ATPR 41-216 ........................................................................................... CCA.4D.200, CCA.45.300 Gardam v George Wills & Co Ltd (1988) 82 ALR 415; 12 IPR 194; [1988] ATPR 40-884; [1988] ASC 55-672 ............... ACL.18.40, ACL.18.480, ACL.29.80, ACL.29.120, ACL.29.160, ACL.29.200, ACL.29.340, ACL.208.80 Gardam v Splendid Enterprises Pty Ltd (1987) 33 A Crim R 123; [1987] ATPR 40-779; [1987] ASC 55-570 ................................................................................................... ACL.107.140, CCA.79.160 Gardner v Dairy Industry Authority (NSW) (1977) 138 CLR 646 (note); 52 ALJR 180; 18 ALR 55 ......................................................................................................................................... CCA.163A.160 Garry Rogers Motors (Aust) Pty Ltd v Subaru (Aust) Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 903; [1999] ATPR 41-703 ....................................................................................................................................... ACL.22.80 Garvey v Vamamu Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-656 ................................... ACL.18.1860, ACL.30.60, ACL.236.160 Gas Corp v Phasetwo Nominees Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-644 ........................................................... CCA.86.440 GasNet Australia (Operations) Pty Ltd, Re [2003] ACompT 6; [2004] ATPR 41-978 ................. CCA.44ZZA.60 Gates v City Mutual Life Assurance Soc Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 1; 60 ALJR 239; 63 ALR 600; 6 IPR 462; 4 ANZ Ins Cas 60-691; [1986] ATPR 40-666 .... ACL.236.160, ACL.237.140, CCA.82.120, CCA.87.360 Gates v City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd (1982) 68 FLR 74; 2 TPR 125; 43 ALR 313; [1982] ATPR 40-311 ........................................................................................ ACL.243.180, CCA.86.500 Gates v City Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd (1983) 68 FLR 101; [1983] ATPR 40-335 ......... ACL.236.160, ACL.243.180, CCA.87.360 Geale v Glen Houn Holdings Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-615 .................................................................. ACL.37.40 Geary Nominees Pty Ltd v Pargas Nominees Pty Ltd (1986) 7 IPR 169; [1986] ATPR 40-720 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.236.240, CCA.82.180 General Newspapers Pty Ltd v Australian & Overseas Telecommunications Corp Ltd (1993) 40 FCR 98; 117 ALR 135; [1993] ATPR 41-215 ................................................. CCA.46.420, CCA.151AJ.60 General Newspapers Pty Ltd v Telstra (1993) 45 FCR 164; 117 ALR 629; [1993] ATPR 41-274 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.46.700 General Newspapers Pty Ltd v Telstra Corp (1993) 45 FCR 164; 117 ALR 629; [1993] ATPR 41-274 .................. ACL.18.220, ACL.18.380, ACL.18.500, ACL.18.2020, CCA.4E.340, CCA.46.700 Generic Medicines Industry Assn Pty Ltd, Re (A91218 & A91219; 3 November 2010) .................. CCA.90.740, CCA.90.860 George v Rockett [1990] HCA 26; (1990) 170 CLR 104; 64 ALJR 384; 48 A Crim R 246; 93 ALR 483 ........................................................................................ ACL.18.200, CCA.155.20, CCA.155.100 George T Collings (Aust) Pty Ltd v H F Stevenson (Aust) Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-104; [1991] ASC 56-051 ........................................................................................................................... ACL.21.340 George Weston Foods Ltd v Goodman Fielder Ltd [2000] FCA 1632; (2000) 49 IPR 553 .............. ACL.18.280, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1560 George Weston/Good Stuff Bakery (ACCC Competition Assessment, 16 March 2007) .................... CCA.50.220 Georges River Council, Re (A91530) .................................................................................................. CCA.90.1060 Geraghty v Minter (1979) 142 CLR 177; 53 ALJR 638; 26 ALR 141 ............................................... CCA.51.200 Giannarelli v Wraith [1988] HCA 52; (1988) 165 CLR 543 .............................................................. ACL.236.180 Gibson Motor Sport Merchandise Pty Ltd v Forbes [2005] FCA 749 .................... CCA.4J.20, CCA.44ZZRO.20 Gillette Aust Pty Ltd v Energizer Aust Pty Ltd (2002) 193 ALR 629; 56 IPR 13; [2002] FCAFC 223; [2002] ATPR 41-887; [2002] ASAL 55-088 ................ ACL.18.700, ACL.18.720, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1420 Gillette Aust Pty Ltd v Energizer Aust Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1647 ................................ ACL.18.220, ACL.18.700 Gilmour v Bannister Nominees Pty Ltd (1982) 60 FLR 308; 1 TPR 412; [1982] ATPR 40-296 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.163.60, CCA.163.80 Gilmour v Midways Springwood Pty Ltd (1980) 49 FLR 36; 3 A Crim R 196; 33 ALR 605; [1980] ATPR 40-201 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.163.80 Gilsan (International) Ltd v Optus Networks Pty Ltd [2004] NSWSC 1077 ...................................... ACL.21.360

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Giorgianni v The Queen (1985) 156 CLR 473; 59 ALJR 461; 58 ALR 641; 16 A Crim R 163; 2 MVR 97; 4 IPR 97 ............................................ ACL.224.100, CCA.76.80, CCA.76.120, CCA.79.180 Giraffe World Australia Pty Ltd v ACCC [1998] FCA 1560; [1998] ATPR 41-669 ...... CCA.4.540, CCA.28.140 Given v CV Holland (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1977) 29 FLR 212; 15 ALR 439; [1977] ATPR 40-029 ........................................................... ACL.29.80, ACL.29.100, ACL.29.180, ACL.29.300, CCA.84.60 Given v Pryor (1979) 39 FLR 437; 24 ALR 442; [1979] ATPR 40-109 ............................................. ACL.29.100 Gladstone Ports Corp Ltd, Re (A91209; 21 April 2010) ..................... CCA.90.940, CCA.90.1180, CCA.90.1220 GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd v Pharmacor Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1202 ........................................ CCA.4.540 Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd v ACCC (1998) 90 FCR 40; [1998] ASAL 55-021; [1999] ATPR 41-672 ............................................................ ACL.9.20, ACL.9.120, ACL.29.440, ACL.138.40 Global One Mobile Entertainment Pty Ltd v ACCC [2012] FCAFC 134; [2012] ATPR 42-419 ................................ ACL.18.20, ACL.18.100, ACL.18.460, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.2020, ACL.29.480 Global Sportsman Pty Ltd v Mirror Newspapers Ltd (1984) 2 FCR 82; 55 ALR 25; [1984] ATPR 40-463 ...................... ACL.4.100, ACL.18.140, ACL.18.160, ACL.18.180, ACL.18.400, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1040, ACL.18.1180, ACL.19.20 Glorie v WA Chip & Pulp Co Pty Ltd (1981) 55 FLR 310; 39 ALR 67; 1 TPR 84 ....................... ACL.18.1180, ACL.18.1720, CCA.4.540 Glueck v Stang [2008] FCA 148; (2008) 75 IPR 75; [2008] ATPR 42-220 ......................................... CCA.4.540 Gold and Copper Resources Pty Ltd v Newcrest Operations Ltd [2013] NSWSC 281 ....................... ACL.18.60, CCA.4.500, CCA.4.540 Golden West Refining Corp Ltd v Daly Laboratories Pty Ltd [1995] ATPR 41-378 ......................... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1640 Gollel Holdings Pty Ltd v Kenneth Maurer Funerals Pty Ltd (1987) 9 IPR 109 (Einfield J); ............. ACL.18.80 Gollel Holdings Pty Ltd v Kenneth Maurer Funerals Pty Ltd (1987) 9 IPR 109; [1987] ATPR 40-790; [1987] ASC 55-584 .......................................................................... ACL.18.2460, CCA.80.540 Good v Kennan [1990] ATPR 41-039; [1990] ASC 55-985 ................................................................... ACL.43.40 Google Inc v ACCC (2013) 249 CLR 435; 87 ALJR 235; 294 ALR 404; [2013] HCA 1 ............... ACL.18.840, ACL.18.1180, ACL.18.1740, ACL.29.20 Google Inc v ACCC (2013) 87 ALJR 235; [2013] HCA 1 .................................................................. ACL.18.480 Gordon M Jenkins & Assocs Pty Ltd v Coleman (1989) 23 FCR 38; 87 ALR 477; [1989] ATPR 40-974 .................................................................................... ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1880, ACL.236.160 Goulburn Valley Housing Loans Ltd, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-118 ............................................... CCA.90.980 Gould v Vaggelas (1985) 157 CLR 215; 62 ALR 527; 60 ALJR 49 ... ACL.236.40, ACL.236.440, CCA.82.100, CCA.82.260 Government Insurance Office (NSW) v Cox (1976) 50 ALJR 559; 9 ALR 194 ........ ACL.236.400, CCA.82.240 Graeme Webb Investments Pty Ltd v St George Partnership Banking Ltd [2001] NSWCA 93; (2001) 38 ACSR 282 .................................................................................................................. CCA.84.120 Graham v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [1988] ATPR 40-908; [1989] ANZ ConvR 1 ............ ACL.18.1300 Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan [2000] FCA 1099; (2000) 102 FCR 307; 109 LGERA 1; 177 ALR 18; [2000] ATPR (Digest) 46-207; [2000] ASAL 55-050 ... ACL.138.120, ACL.142.60 Gramophone Co Ltd v Magazine Holder Co (1911) 28 RPC 221 ....................................................... CCA.86.220 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936] AC 85 ............................................................................. ACL.55.20 Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itek Corp (1983) 717 F 2d 1560; [1983-2] Trade Cases 65,670 .......................................................................................................................... CCA.46.560, CCA.47.260 Gray v Latter [2014] NSWSC 122 .......................................................................................................... ACL.18.60 Gray v Sirtex Medical Ltd [2011] FCAFC 40 .................................................................................... ACL.236.420 Great Australian Bite Pty Ltd v Menmel Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-506 ................... ACL.18.1560, ACL.18.1840 Greco v Bendigo Machinery Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-521 ................................................................. ACL.18.180 Green v Ford [1985] ATPR 40-603; [1985] ASC 55-430 ................................................ ACL.29.120, CCA.6.120 Gregg v Tasmanian Trustees Ltd (1997) 73 FCR 91; 143 ALR 328; [1997] ATPR 41-567 .............. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1300, ACL.20.180, ACL.20.300, CCA.84.160, CCA.87.220 Greynell Investments Pty Ltd v Hunter Douglas Ltd (1979) 4 TPR 173 .................... CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440, CCA.103.160

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Guglielman v Trescowthick [2004] FCA 326; [2004] ATPR 41-995 ................................................... CCA.138.80 Guide Dog Owners’ & Friends’ Assn v Guide Dog Assn of NSW & ACT (1998) 42 IPR 481; [1998] ATPR 41-645 ...................................................................................... ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2460 Gull Petroleum (WA) Pty Ltd v Povey Corp Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-842 ............................................ ACL.18.1540 Gunns Finance Pty Ltd (in liq) v Sithiravel [2016] NSWSC 1543 ...................................................... ACL.278.20 Gurdag v BS Stillwell Ford Pty Ltd (1985) 8 FCR 526; 61 ALR 689; [1985] ATPR 40-606 ......... ACL.18.1260 Gurr & Gurr v Forbes [1996] ATPR 41-491 ................................................................. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1940 Guthrie v Doyle Dane & Bernbach Pty Ltd [1977] FCA 13; (1977) 30 FLR 116; 16 ALR 241; [1977] ATPR 40-037 ..... ACL.2.140, ACL.18.880, ACL.29.300, ACL.29.480, ACL.208.80, CCA.4.420 Guthrie v Universal Telecasters (Qld) Ltd (1977) 16 ALR 247; [1977] ATPR 40-038 ..................... ACL.29.320, ACL.151.40

H H J Heinz Company Australia Ltd/Rafferty’s Garden Pty Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 26 July 2013) ................................................................................................................ CCA.50.300 HCF Australia Ltd v Switzerland Australia Health Fund Pty Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-834; [1988] ASC 55-626 ........................................................................................................................... ACL.247.20 HECEC Australia Pty Ltd v Hydo-Electric Corp [1999] FCA 822; [1999] ATPR (Digest) 46-196 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.20.500 HTW Valuers (Central Qld) Pty Ltd v Astonland Pty Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 640; 79 ALJR 190; 211 ALR 79; [2004] HCA 54; [2004] ATPR 42-030 ................ ACL.4.120, ACL.18.600, ACL.236.160, CCA.82.120 HW Thompson Building Pty Ltd v Allen Property Services Pty Ltd (1983) 77 FLR 254; 48 ALR 667; 5 TPR 474; [1983] ATPR 40-371; [1983] ASC 55-260 ......................... ACL.18.420, ACL.18.620, ACL.18.1860, CCA.86.500 Habib v Commonwealth (2010) 183 FCR 62; 113 ALD 469; [2010] FCAFC 12 ............................ CCA.155.560 Halal Certification Authority Pty Ltd v Scadilone Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 614 ........... ACL.18.1560, ACL.224.120, ACL.236.480 Halton Pty Ltd v Stewart Bros Drilling Contractors Pty Ltd [1992] ATPR 41-158; [1992] ASC 56-128 .................................................................. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.420, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1320 Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd v National Competition Council [1999] FCA 867; (1999) 164 ALR 203; [1999] ATPR 41-705 ........................................................... CCA.44B.100, CCA.44B.120, CCA.44B.140 Hamilton v Whitehead (1988) 166 CLR 121; 63 ALJR 80; 82 ALR 626; 14 ACLR 493; 7 ACLC 34; [1988] ATPR 40-923 ....................................................................................................... CCA.76.120 Hamlyn v Brandon [1984] ATPR 40-461; [1984] ASC 55-329 .......................................................... ACL.107.140 Hamlyn v Mark Foy’s Pty Ltd [1982] ATPR 40-316 ........................................................................... ACL.136.80 Hamlyn v Moppet Grange Pty Ltd [1984] ATPR 40-439; [1984] ASC 55-308 ................................ ACL.107.140 Hamlyn v Norman Ross Stores Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-514; [1984] ASC 55-378 ........................ ACL.107.140 Hampic Pty Ltd v Adams [1999] NSWCA 455; [2000] ATPR 41-737 .................... ACL.PT3-5.40, ACL.18.960, ACL.234.40, ACL.236.60, CCA.138.120 Hampton v BHP Billiton Minerals Pty Ltd [No 2] [2012] WASC 285 ............................................... ACL.21.340 Hanave Pty Ltd v LFOT Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-658 ....................... ACL.18.620, ACL.18.1840, ACL.18.1860 Hanave Pty Ltd v LFOT Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 357; (1999) 43 IPR 545; [1999] ATPR 41-687; [1999] 1 ConvR 54-528; [1999] Q ConvR 54-528 ............. ACL.18.1900, ACL.236.40, ACL.236.80 Handley v Snoid [1981] ATPR 40-219 .................................................................................................... CCA.6.120 Hanimex Pty Ltd v Kodak (A’asia) Pty Ltd (1982) 74 FLR 447; [1982] ATPR 40-287 .................... ACL.18.720 Hansen Beverage Co v Bickfords (Aust) Pty Ltd (2008) 171 FCR 579; [2008] FCAFC 181 .......... ACL.18.260, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.460, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2280 Happy Landings Pty Ltd v Magazine Promotions Australia Pty Ltd (1984) 2 IPR 347; [1984] ATPR 40-459; [1984] ASC 55-326 ..................................................................................... ACL.18.1180 Hardcastle v Mitch Enterprises Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 1569 .............................................. ACL.2.160, CCA.82.160 Hardy v Your Tabs Pty Ltd (in liq) [2000] NSWCA 150 ..................................................................... ACL.18.380 Harness Racing Australia Inc, Re (CB00206 ................................................................................... CCA.93AB.100

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Haros v Linfox Aust Pty Ltd (2011) 209 IR 418; [2011] FCA 699; [2012] FCAFC 42 ..................... ACL.31.40, ACL.236.120 Harris v Milfull [2002] FCAFC 442; (2002) 43 ACSR 542 ........................................ ACL.236.440, CCA.82.260 Hart Productions Inc v Greater Cincinnati Convention & Visitors Bureau [1990] 2 Trade Cases 69,233 ................................................................................................................................... CCA.44G.140 Hartnell v Sharp Corp of Australia Pty Ltd (1975) 5 ALR 493; [1975] ATPR 40-003 ...................... CCA.79.160 Harvey Norman Holdings Pty Ltd v Fels [2002] FCA 13; [2002] ATPR 41-852 ........ CCA.86.380, CCA.86.680 Hawker De Havilland Ltd v Fernandes [1996] ATPR 41-479 .............................................................. CCA.4M.20 Hawkins v Clayton (1988) 164 CLR 539; 62 ALJR 240; 78 ALR 69; [1988] Aust Torts Reports 81 ................................................................................................................. ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160 Hawkins v Price [2004] WASCA 95 ........................................................................................................ ACL.44.40 Hawthorn Pty Ltd v State Bank of South Australia (1993) 40 FCR 137; 112 ALR 691; [1993] ATPR 41-219 ........................................................................................................................ CCA.2B.200 Haydon v Jackson [1988] ATPR 40-845 .......................... ACL.243.120, ACL.243.180, CCA.6.120, CCA.87.380 Haynes v Top Slice Deli Pty Ltd [1995] ATPR (Digest) 46-147 ............................... ACL.236.100, ACL.236.120 He Kaw Teh v The Queen (1985) 157 CLR 523; 15 A Crim R 203; 59 ALJR 620; 60 ALR 449 ..................................................................................................................................................... CCA.76.100 Health & Aged Care, Minister for v Harrington Assocs Ltd [2000] FCA 1723; (2000) 107 FCR 212 .................................................................................................. ACL.4.200, ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1680 Health World Ltd v Shin-Sun Australia Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 5 ........................................................... ACL.18.540 Hearn v O’Rourke [2003] FCAFC 78; (2003) 129 FCR 64; [2003] ATPR 41-931; [2003] ASAL 55-102 ........................................................................................... ACL.18.60. CCA.4.540, CCA.138.80 Hearne v Street (2008) 235 CLR 125; [2008] HCA 36 ........................................................................ CCA.86.120 Heating Centre Pty Ltd, The v TPC (1986) 9 FCR 153; 65 ALR 429; [1986] ATPR 40-674 .......... CCA.48.340, CCA.76.60, CCA.76.100, CCA.76.160, CCA.77.40, CCA.96.180, CCA.96.200, CCA.96.220, CCA.96.360 Hecht v Pro-Football Inc [1977] 2 Trade Cases 61,773 ........................................ CCA.PTIIIA.40, CCA.44G.140 Helco Pty Ltd v O’Haire [1990] ATPR 41-040; [1990] ASC 55-991; [1991] ANZ ConvR 8 ........... ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1840 Helco Pty Ltd v O’Haire (1991) 28 FCR 230; [1991] ATPR 41-099; [1991] ASC 56-054 .............. ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1840 Helicruise Air Services Pty Ltd v Rotorway Australia Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-510 ........................ CCA.46.460 Helix Milling Co v Terminal Flour Mills Co [1975] 2 Trade Cases 60,554 ........ CCA.44G.120, CCA.PTIIIA.40 Henderson v Bowden Ford Pty Ltd (1979) 5 TPC 272; [1979] ATPR 40-129 ............ ACL.29.240, ACL.29.380, ACL.226.20, CCA.79.300 Henderson v Pioneer Homes Pty Ltd (No 2) (1980) 43 FLR 276; 29 ALR 597; [1980] ATPR 40-159 ....................................................................................................................................... CCA.4.500 Henjo Investments Pty Ltd v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd (No 1) (1988) 39 FCR 546; 79 ALR 83; [1988] ATPR 40-850 ............... ACL.18.80, ACL.18.120, ACL.18.380, ACL.18.760, ACL.18.1940, ACL.234.40, ACL.243.60, CCA.87.300 Henville v Walker [1998] WASC 369 ......................................................................... ACL.18.1860, ACL.236.500 Henville v Walker [2001] HCA 52; (2001) 206 CLR 459; 75 ALJR 1410; 182 ALR 37; [2001] ATPR 40-841 ..... ACL.18.1120, ACL.18.1860, ACL.234.40, ACL.236.20, ACL.236.40, ACL.236.80, ACL.236.180, CCA.82.40, ACL.236.500, ACL.243.20, CCA.82.200, CCA.87.20, CCA.87.440, CCA.137B.20 Herald & Weekly Times Ltd, Re (1978) 17 ALR 281; [1978] ATPR 40-058 ........ CCA.44K.100, CCA.44ZP.40, CCA.44ZP.60, CCA.90.1120, CCA.102.80, CCA.102.140, CCA.102.160, FMRPG.5.40 Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (on behalf of Media Council of Australia), Re (1977) 16 ALR 51 ....................................................................................................................................................... CCA.90.660 Heritage Clothing Pty Ltd v Mens Suit Warehouse Direct Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1775 ...................... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1020, ACL.18.1380, ACL.236.80 Hertz Australia Pty Ltd, Re (CB00143 ............................................................................................ CCA.93AB.100 Hexion/Orica (ACCC Competition Assessment; 10 January 2007) ..................................................... CCA.50.220 Heydon v NRMA Ltd (2000) 51 NSWLR 1; [2000] NSWCA 374 ........ ACL.18.400, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.620 Hill v Tooth & Co Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-649 ..................................... ACL.18.1840, ACL.236.100, ACL.236.120

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Hodges v Webb [1920] 2 Ch 70 .............................................................................................................. ACL.50.60 Hogan v Pacific Dunlop Ltd (1988) 83 ALR 403; 12 IPR 225; [1988] ATPR 40-914; [1988] AIPC 90-530 ........................................................................................................... ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.2360 Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd, Re [2013] QSC 184 ................................................................................. CCA.90.680 Hollis v ABE Copiers Pty Ltd (1979) 53 ALJR 786; 41 FLR 141; [1979] ATPR 40-115 .............. ACL.18.2100, ACL.29.280, ACL.29.380, ACL.151.60, ACL.212.20 Hollis v Clark (1981) 40 ALR 179; [1981] TPRS 314.328 ................................................................. CCA.79.500 Homemakers South Ltd, Re (A91284; 12 April 2012) .......................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.800, CCA.90.1240 Homeworker Code Committee Inc, Re (A91252; 17 February 2011) ................................................. CCA.90.880 Honey v Australian Airlines Ltd (1989) 14 IPR 264; [1989] ATPR 40-961 ............. ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.2360 Hoover (Aust) Pty Ltd v Email Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-149 ................................................................... ACL.18.700 Hoover (Aust) Pty Ltd v Email Ltd [1991] FCA 511 ........................................................................... ACL.18.760 Hope v Bathurst City Council (1980) 144 CLR 1; 54 ALJR 345; 29 ALR 577; 12 ATR 231 .......... CCA.2A.80, CCA.4.100, CCA.5.60 Hornsby Building Information Centre Pty Ltd v Sydney Building Information Centre Ltd (1978) 140 CLR 216; 18 ALR 639; [1978] HCA 11; [1978] ATPR 40-067 .......... ACL.18.180, ACL.18.440, ACL.18.560, ACL.18.1340, ACL.18.2120, CCA.80.100, CCA.80.120, CCA.80.320 Horwitz Grahame Books Pty Ltd v Performance Publications Pty Ltd (1987) 8 IPR 25; [1987] ATPR 40-764; [1987] ASC 55-560 ....................................................................................... ACL.19.100 Hospital Benefit Fund of WA v ACCC (1997) 76 FCR 369; 50 ALD 201; 157 ALR 105; [1997] ATPR 41-569 ........ CCA.90.100, CCA.90.260, CCA.90.420, CCA.90.560, CCA.93.260, CCA.93.300 Hospitality Group Pty Ltd v Australian Rugby Union Ltd [2001] FCA 1040; (2001) 110 FCR 157; [2001] ATPR 41-831 .................................................................................. CCA.4M.20, CCA.47.220 Houghton v Arms [2006] HCA 59; (2006) 225 CLR 553; 81 ALJR 466; 231 ALR 534 .................... CCA.4.540 Howard v National Bank of New Zealand Ltd [2002] FCA 1257; (2002) 121 FCR 366 .................. CCA.138.60 Howard Smith Industries Pty Ltd, Re (1977) 28 FLR 385; [1977] ATPR 40-023 ....... CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.340, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.280, CCA.90.300, CCA.90.460, CCA.90.560 Hubbards Pty Ltd v Simpson Ltd (1982) 60 FLR 430; 1 TPR 354; 41 ALR 509; [1982] ATPR 40-295 .............................................................. CCA.137H.80, CCA.48.120, CCA.48.340, CCA.83.140 Huddart, Parker & Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead [1909] HCA 36; (1909) 8 CLR 330; 15 ALR 241 ......................................................................................................................................................... CCA.1.20 Hudson v ACCC [1999] FCA 891 ......................................................................................................... CCA.80.620 Hughes v ACCC [2004] FCAFC 319 .................................................................................................... CCA.80.620 Hughes v WA Cricket Assn (Inc) [1986] ATPR 40-748 ................................................. CCA.79.380, CCA.86.600 Hughes v WA Cricket Assn Inc [1986] FCA 357; (1986) 19 FCR 10; 69 ALR 660; [1986] ATPR 40-736 .................................................................................................................. CCA.4.320, CCA.4.560 Hughes Motor Service Pty Ltd v Wang Computer Pty Ltd (1978) 35 FLR 346; [1978] ATPR 40-098 .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.86.80 Humphrey v Collier [1946] VLR 391; ALR 444 .................................................................................. CCA.86.540 Hungier v Grace (1972) 127 CLR 210; 46 ALJR 492; [1972-73] ALR 759 ................... CCA.2A.80, CCA.4.100 Hunt Aust Pty Ltd v Davidson’s Arnhemland Safaris [1999] FCA 131 .............................................. ACL.18.600 Hunt Aust Pty Ltd v Davidson’s Arnhemland Safaris [2000] FCA 1690; 179 ALR 738 ................... ACL.18.600 Hurley v McDonalds Aust Ltd [1999] FCA 1728; [2000] ATPR 41-741 ....................... ACL.20.140, ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340 Hurstville City Council, Re (A91180; 6 November 2009) .................... CCA.90.740, CCA.90.860, CCA.90.1060

I I & L Securities Pty Ltd v HTW Valuers (Brisbane) Pty Ltd [2000] QCA 383; ATPR 41-779 ........ CCA.87.220 I & L Securities Pty Ltd v HTW Valuers (Brisbane) Pty Ltd [2002] HCA 41; (2002) 210 CLR 109; 76 ALJR 1461; 192 ALR 1; [2002] ATPR 41-894 ......... ACL.236.20, ACL.236.40, ACL.237.100, ACL.237.140, ACL.237.160, CCA.137B.20, CCA.82.40, CCA.82.100, CCA.82.200, CCA.87.20, CCA.87.80, CCA.87.100, CCA.87.160, CCA.87.360, CCA.87.440 IATA, Re (A90435; 9 November 2006) .............................................................................................. CCA.90.1400

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IBEB Pty Ltd v Duncan [2011] NSWCA 368 ..................................................................................... ACL.18.1940 IBM Australia Ltd v National Distribution Services Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-094 .................................. CCA.86.300 ICI Australia Operations Pty Ltd v TPC (1992) 38 FCR 248; 110 ALR 47; [1992] ATPR 41-185 ........................................................ ACL.232.20, CCA.80.80, CCA.80.180, CCA.80.220, CCA.80.260 ICI Australia Operations Pty Ltd v TPC [1992] FCA 474; (1992) 38 FCR 248 .................................. CCA.80.40 IOOF Australia Trustees (NSW) Ltd v Tantipech [1998] ATPR 41-652 ..................... ACL.18.420, ACL.18.1900 IRAF Pty Ltd v Graham [1982] 1 NSWLR 419; (1982) 59 FLR 115; 41 ALR 209; [1982] ATPR 40-281 ............................................................................................................... CCA.4M.20, CCA.51.200 ISentia Pty Ltd/Australian Associated Press Pty Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 16 April 2014) ................................................................................................................................... CCA.50.300 IW v City of Perth [1997] HCA 30; (1997) 191 CLR 1 ........................................................................ CCA.4.500 Idameno (No 123) Pty Ltd v Angel-Honnibal [2002] NSWSC 1214; [2003] ATPR 41-918 ............. ACL.20.500, ACL.21.360 Idoport Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Ltd [2000] NSWSC 599 ........................ ACL.224.100, ACL.224.140 Idoshore Pty Ltd v IPN Medical Centres (NSW) Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1175 ...................................... ACL.18.580 Ihail Pty Ltd, Re (A91501) .................................................................................................................. CCA.90.1380 Ikin v Same & Lamborghini Tractors of Australia Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-595 ...... ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160 Inca Office Supplies Pty Ltd v Nashua Australia Pty Ltd [1978] ATPR 40-095 ................................. CCA.80.100 Independent Contractors Australia, Re (2015) 292 FLR 80; [2015] ACompT 1 ................................. CCA.101.60 Indrisie v General Credits Ltd (1985) 5 FCR 582; [1985] ATPR 40-510 ............................................. CCA.86.80 Industrial Enterprises Pty Ltd v Federated Storemen and Packers Union of Australia [1979] ATPR 40-100 .......................................................................................................... CCA.45D.60, CCA.45D.120 Industrial Equity Ltd v North Broken Hill Holdings Ltd (1986) 9 FCR 385; 64 ALR 292; 6 IPR 317; [1986] ATPR 40-682 ......................................................................................................... ACL.18.400 Industry, Tourism & Resources, Minister for v Mobil Oil Australia Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 72; [2004] ATPR 41-993 ..................................................................... CCA.76.220, CCA.76.260, CCA.76.460 Ines v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2008] FCA 1608 .............................................................. ACL.18.1300 Infant Nutrition Council, Re (A91506 ............................................................................ CCA.90.860, CCA.90.880 Inghams Enterprises Pty Ltd, Re [1997] ATPR (Com) 50-245 .......................................................... CCA.90.1420 Inglis v Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia (1969) 119 CLR 334; 43 ALJR 330; [1970] ALR 241 ............................................................................................................ CCA.2A.60, CCA.2B.80 Ingot Capital Investments Pty Ltd v Macquarie Equity Capital Markets Ltd (2008) 73 NSWLR 653; 68 ACSR 595; [2008] NSWCA 206 ................................................ ACL.18.1440, ACL.236.60 Inland Revenue, Commissioners of v Maple & Co (Paris) Ltd [1908] AC 22 ................................. CCA.155.120 Inn Leisure Industries Pty Ltd v DF McCloy Pty Ltd (No 1) (1991) 28 FCR 151; 100 ALR 447; [1991] ATPR 41-091 .................................................................... ACL.18.400, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.620 Inn Leisure Industries Pty Ltd v McCloy Pty Ltd (No 2) (1991) 28 FCR 172 ............ CCA.79.380, CCA.86.600 Insight Radiology Pty Ltd v Insight Clinical Imaging Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 1406 ....... ACL.18.2200, ACL.29.20, ACL.29.440 Insight Vacations Pty Ltd v Young [2011] HCA 16; (2011) 243 CLR 149; 85 ALJR 629; [2011] ATPR 42-354 ............................................................................................... 275.20, 275.40, ACL.64a.20 Insurance Commissioner v Australian Associated Motor Insurers Ltd (No 2) (1982) 49 ALR 714; [1982] ATPR 40-300 ............................................................................................................... ACL.18.1140 Inter Hospital Agreement – Alwyn Rehabilitation Hospital [2001] ATPR (Com) 50-287 .................. CCA.90.860 Interlego AG v Croner Trading Pty Ltd (1991) 102 ALR 379; 21 IPR 373; [1991] ATPR 41-124; [1991] AIPC 90-819 ............................................................. ACL.18.2060, CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440 Interlego AG v Croner Trading Pty Ltd [1992] FCA 624; (1992) 39 FCR 348; 111 ALR 577; [1992] ATPR 46-098 .................................................................. ACL.18.180, ACL.18.1100, CCA.86.440 International Air Transport Assn, Re (1985) 58 ALR 721; [1985] ATPR 40-537 ..... CCA.88.200, CCA.101.140, CCA.102.260 International Air Transport Assn, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-101 .................................................... CCA.90.1400 International Air Transport Assn, Re (A90791; 13 November 2002) ......................... CCA.91C.60, CCA.90.1400 International Air Transport Assn, Re (A91083; 7 March 2008) ......................................................... CCA.90.1400

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International Commodities Clearing House Ltd, Re [1987] ATPR (Com) 50-066 ............................ CCA.90.1300 Interpharma Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents [2008] FCA 1283 ...................................................... CCA.4.540 Interstate Parcel Express Co Pty Ltd v Time-Life International (Netherlands) BV [1977] HCA 52; (1977) 138 CLR 534; 52 ALJR 9 .................................................................................... CCA.86.220 Ironbridge Capital Pty Ltd v ACCC [2005] FCA 1315; [2005] ATPR 42-082 ...... CCA.87B.120, CCA.87B.220, CCA.87B.280 Irwell Pty Ltd v Demand Sales Pty Ltd [1982] ATPR 40-332 ............................................................. CCA.80.540

J J-Corp Pty Ltd v Australian Builders Labourers Federated Union of Workers (WA Branch) (1992) 44 IR 264 ............................................................................................................................ CCA.45D.100 J Fenwick & Co Pty Ltd, Re [1982] ATPR (Com) 50-042 ................................................................ CCA.90.1180 J Fenwick & Co Pty Ltd, Re [1991] ATPR (Com) 50-107 ......................................... CCA.91B.60, CCA.90.1180 J McPhee & Son (Aust) Pty Ltd v ACCC [2000] FCA 365; (2000) 172 ALR 532; [2000] ATPR 41-758 ........... CCA.4D.80, CCA.4D.200, CCA.4F.40, CCA.44ZZRD.200, CCA.47.380, CCA.76.380, CCA.76.420, CCA.76.600, CCA.76.1020 JLW (Vic) Pty Ltd v Tsiloglou [1994] 1 VR 237; [1993] ATPR 41-257 ................... ACL.236.80, ACL.236.480, CCA.82.320 JS McMillan Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 77 FCR 337; 147 ALR 419; [1997] ATPR (Digest) 46-175 .................................................................................... CCA.2A.80, CCA.2A.160, CCA.2C.100 Jacazlow Pty Ltd v Amberley Autos Pty Ltd [1992] ATPR 41-177; [1992] ASC 56-174 .................... ACL.41.40 Jacques v Cut Price Deli Pty Ltd [1993] ATPR (Digest) 46-102; [1993] ASC 56-221 ..... ACL.4.60, ACL.4.100, ACL.4.200, ACL.4.220, ACL.18.60, ACL.18.220, ACL.18.1580 James v ANZ Banking Group Ltd (1986) 64 ALR 347; [1986] ATPR (Digest) 46-005 ................... ACL.29.100, CCA.82.160, ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160 Janssen-Cilag Pty Ltd v Pfizer Pty Ltd (1992) 37 FCR 526; 109 ALR 638; [1992] ATPR 41-186 ............................................................................................... ACL.234.40, ACL.236.100, ACL.236.120 Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd v Pfizer Pty Ltd (1986) 6 IPR 227; [1986] ATPR 40-654 ..................... ACL.18.700, ACL.18.1620, ACL.29.520 Jarra Creek Central Packing Shed Pty Ltd v Amcor Ltd [2008] FCA 391 ................................. CCA.155AAA.20 Jekos Holdings Pty Ltd v Australian Horticultural Finance Pty Ltd (1994) 12 Qd R 515 ................. CCA.87.220 Jetstar Airways Pty Ltd v Free [2008] VSC 539 .................... ACL.23.180, ACL.24.20, ACL.24.40, ACL.24.80, ACL.24.100 Jewel Food Stores Pty Ltd v Amalgamated Milk Vendors Assn Inc (1989) 24 FCR 127; 91 ALR 397; 32 AILR 147; [1990] ATPR 40-997 ............................................................................ CCA.45D.180 Jewel Food Stores Pty Ltd v Hall (1989) 85 ALR 375; [1989] ATPR 40-931 ................................ CCA.45D.120 Jewellers Assn of Australia, Re (A91432; 30 October 2014) ............................................................. CCA.90.1240 Jewellery Group Pty Ltd v ACCC [2013] FCAFC 144 .................................................. ACL.18.980, ACL.29.480 Jewelsnloo Pty Ltd v Sengos [2016] NSWCA 309 ...................................................... ACL.18.1940, ACL.236.60 Jiangyin Yinying Goods and Materials Trade Co. Ltd v Australia Victoria Capital Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 274 ............................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1640 Jillawarra Grazing Co v John Shearer Ltd (1982) 60 FLR 339; [1982] ATPR 40-309 ........................ CCA.86.80 Jillawarra Grazing Co v John Shearer Ltd [1984] ATPR 40-441; [1984] ASC 55-307 ..... ACL.3.60, ACL.54.60, ACL.54.160, ACL.58.80 Job Futures Ltd, Re (A91493) .............................................................................................................. CCA.90.1160 Job Futures Ltd [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-261 ........................................................................................ CCA.90.800 Jobbins v Capel Court Corp Ltd [1989] FCA 538; (1990) ATPR 41-005; (1989) 25 FCR 226 ...... ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160 Jobern Pty Ltd v BreakFree Resorts (Vic) Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1066 ......................... ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1320 John C Morish Pty Ltd v Luckman (1977) 16 SASR 143; 30 FLR 88 ............................................... CCA.79.420 John Dee (Export) Pty Ltd, Re [1990] ATPR 41-006 ........................................................................... CCA.105.20 John Dee (Export) Pty Ltd, Re (1989) ATPR 40-938 ......................................................................... FMRPG.6.60

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John Englander and Co Pty Ltd v Ideal Toy Corp (1981) 54 FLR 227; 3 [1981] ATPR 40-218 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.2060 John Fairfax & Sons Ltd, Re [1980] ATPR (Com) 50-041 ................................................................ CCA.90.1120 John G Glass Real Estate Pty Ltd v Karawi Constructions Pty Ltd [1993] ATPR 41-249; [1993] ASC 56-228 ............................................................................. ACL.18.220, ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1900 John McGrath Motors (Canberra) Pty Ltd v Applebee (1964) 110 CLR 656; [1974] 3 All ER 489 ............................................................................................................................................... ACL.29.240 John S Hayes & Assocs Pty Ltd v Kimberley-Clark Australia Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-318 .......... CCA.45.460, CCA.47.440, CCA.47.520 Johnson v Gore Wood & Co [2001] 1 All ER 481; 2 WLR 72; 1 BCLC 313; [2002] 2 AC 1 ...... ACL.236.440, CCA.82.260 Johnson v Johnson [2000] HCA 48; (2000) 201 CLR 488; 74 ALJR 1380; 174 ALR 655; 26 Fam LR 627 ........................................................................................................................................ CCA.37.40 Johnson v Perez (1988) 166 CLR 351; 87 ALR 587; 63 ALJR 51; [1988] Aust Torts Reports 80-224 .......................................................................................................... ACL.236.160, CCA.82.120 Johnson v The Queen [2004] HCA 15; (2004) 205 ALR 346 ..................................... ACL.214.20, ACL.224.200 Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Aust Ltd (2000) 104 FCR 564; [2000] FCA 1572; [2001] ATPR 41-794 ..................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.160 Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Australia Ltd [1999] FCA 1645; [2000] ATPR 41-743 ....................... CCA.138.80 Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Australia Ltd [1999] FCA 477; (1999) 45 IPR 453; [1999] ATPR 41-696 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.138.80 Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Australia Ltd [2000] FCA 1572; [2001] ATPR 41-794 ....................... CCA.138.80 Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Australia Ltd (No 2) [1999] FCA 636; [1999] ATPR 41-698 ............. CCA.138.80 Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Australia Ltd (No 4) [2001] FCA 421; (2001) 113 FCR 42; [2001] ATPR 41-818 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.138.80 Johnstone v Victorian Lawyers RPA Ltd (2003) 132 FCR 411; [2003] FCA 1052 ...... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.1840 Jones v ACCC [2003] FCAFC 164; (2003) 131 FCR 216; 200 ALR 234; [2003] ATPR 41-950 ........................................................ CCA.88.80, CCA.88.100, CCA.88.120, CCA.88.180, CCA.90.520 Jones v ACCC [2003] FCAFC 224 ....................................................................................................... CCA.86.600 Jones v ACCC [2010] FCA 481 ........................................................................................................... ACL.18.1820 Jones v ACCC [2010] FCAFC 136 ............................................................................... ACL.18.1820, CCA.86.700 Jones v Acfold Investments Pty Ltd (1985) 6 FCR 512; 59 ALR 613; [1985] ATPR 40-561 ......... ACL.18.1860 Jones v Glen Houn Holdings Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-604 .................................................................. ACL.37.40 Jones v Schiffmann (1971) 124 CLR 303; 45 ALJR 653; [1972] ALR 632 ............... ACL.236.400, CCA.82.240 Jones v Sterling (1982) 63 FLR 216; 1 TPR 446 ................................................................................... CCA.83.20 Jools, Re [2005] ACompT 4; (2005) 189 FLR 456; 219 ALR 328; [2005] ATPR 42-071 ................ CCA.101.60 Jools, Re [2006] ACompT 5; (2006) 233 ALR 115; [2006] ATPR 42-122 .............. CCA.91B.40, CCA.91B.120, CCA.95AT.20, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.1360, CCA.105.20 Julstar Pty Ltd v Hart Trading Pty Ltd [2014] FCAFC 151 ............................................................... ACL.236.560 Just Jeans Pty Ltd v Westco Jeans (Aust) Pty Ltd (1988) 12 IPR 403; [1988] ATPR 40-867 ........ ACL.18.1380, ACL.18.2160 Just Jeans Pty Ltd v Westco Jeans (Aust) Pty Ltd (1988) 13 IPR 661; [1989] ATPR 40-927 ........ ACL.18.1380, ACL.18.2160

K KAM Nominees Pty Ltd v Australian Guarantee Corporation Ltd [1994] FCA 1182 ....................... CCA.47.220, CCA.47.300, CCA.47.660 Kabwand Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-950; [1989] ASC 55-718 .......... ACL.234.40, ACL.236.40, CCA.82.100 Kadkhudayan v WD & HO Wills (Aust) Ltd [2001] FCA 645; [2001] ATPR 41-822 ...................... CCA.46.920, CCA.48.200 Kadkhudayan v WD & HO Wills (Aust) Ltd [2002] FCAFC 110; [2002] ATPR 41-874 ................. CCA.48.200, CCA.96.340

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Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd (2013) 87 ALJR 708; 298 ALR 35; [2013] HCA 25 ... ACL.20.20ACL.20.60, ACL.20.380 Kannegieter v Hair Testing Laboratory Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 639; [2004] ATPR 42-003 .................. ACL.18.760, ACL.18.1620 Karedis Enterprises Pty Ltd v Antoniou (1995) 59 FCR 35; 137 ALR 544; 31 IPR 393; [1995] ATPR 41-427 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.236.220 Karmot Auto Spares Pty Ltd v Dominelli Ford (Hurstville) Pty Ltd (1992) 38 FCR 471; [1992] ATPR 41-175 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1640 Kavanagh v Blissett [2001] NSWSC 79 .............................................................................................. ACL.18.1320 Kaze Constructions Pty Ltd v Housing Indemnity Australia Pty Ltd (1990) 10 BCL 63; [1990] ATPR 41-017 ......................................................................... ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1320, ACL.18.1840 Keays v JP Morgan Administrative Services Australia Ltd [2012] FCAFC 100 ............................... ACL.18.1460 Keehn v Medical Benefits Fund of Australia Ltd (1977) 14 ALR 77; [1977] ATPR 40-047 ............ ACL.18.680, ACL.29.520 Keeley v Brooking (1979) 143 CLR 162; 25 ALR 45 ......................................................................... CCA.80.620 Keen Mar Corp Pty Ltd v Labrador Park Shopping Centre Pty Ltd (1985) 61 ALR 504; [1985] ATPR 40-583 ................................................................................................... ACL.21.300, CCA.76.120 Keen Mar Corp Pty Ltd v Labrador Park Shopping Centre Pty Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-853; [1988] ASC 55-654 ....... ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1900, ACL.30.60, ACL.236.220, ACL.236.240, CCA.82.180 Keith Russell Simplicity Funerals Pty Ltd v Cremation Society of Australia (ACT) Ltd (1982) 57 FLR 472; 40 ALR 125; [1982] ATPR 40-273 ............................................................. CCA.45D.180 Keller v LED Technologies Pty Ltd [2010] FCAFC 55; (2010) 185 FCR 449; [2010] ATPR 42-318 ............................................................................................. ACL.107.140, ACL.224.120, ACL.224.140 Kelly v Willmott Forests Ltd (in liq) (No 4) [2016] FCA 323; (2016) 335 ALR 439 ....................... CCA.86.360 Kennan v Monahan [1991] 1 Qd R 401 .................................................................................................. ACL.43.40 Kenny & Good Pty Ltd v MGICA (1992) Ltd [1997] FCA 743 ....................................................... ACL.18.1840 Kenny & Good Pty Ltd v MGICA (1992) Ltd [1999] HCA 25; (1999) CLR 413; 73 ALJR 901; 163 ALR 611; [1999] NSW ConvR 55-905; Q ConvR 54-530; 11 ANZ Ins Cases 61-461; [1999] Aust Torts Reports 81-509; [1999] ATPR 41-711; [2000] Lloyd’s Rep PN 25 ..................................................................................................................................................... ACL.236.160 Kettle Chip Co Pty Ltd v Apand Pty Ltd (1993) 46 FCR 152; 119 ALR 156; 27 IPR 321; [1994] ATPR 41-287 ....................................................................... ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.1560, ACL.18.2280 Kevin R Whelpton & Assocs (Aust) Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth) (1987) 14 FCR 293; 72 ALR 679; [1987] ATPR 40-780; [1987] ASC 55-575 ............................................................... CCA.170.20 Kewside Pty Ltd v Warman International Ltd [1990] ATPR 41-012 ........................... ACL.236.580, CCA.82.360 Kiley v Lysfar Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-614 ........................................................................................ ACL.29.360 Kimberley NZI Finance Ltd v Torero Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR (Digest) 46-054 ............ ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1540 King v GIO Australia Holdings Ltd [2000] FCA 617; (2000) 100 FCR 209; 174 ALR 715; [2000] ATPR 41-770 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.138.80 King v GIO Australia Holdings Ltd [2001] FCA 308; (2001) 54 IPR 500; 184 ALR 98 ................... CCA.76.80, CCA.76.120, CCA.76.140 King v Yurisich [2005] FCA 1277 ................................................................................... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.1840 King v Yurisich [2006] FCAFC 136; (2006) 153 FCR 78 .................. ACL.18.1840, ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160 Kinna v National Australia Bank Ltd (1988) 81 ALR 410; [1988] ATPR 40-878 ............................. CCA.86A.40 Kizbeau Pty Ltd v WG & B Pty Ltd (1995) 184 CLR 281; 69 ALJR 787; 131 ALR 363; [1995] ATPR 41-439 ......................................................................... ACL.236.500, ACL.243.80, ACL.243.180 Kline v Official Secretary to the Governor General [2013] HCA 52; (2013) 249 CLR 645 ................ CCA.4.500 Knight v Beyond Properties Pty Ltd [2007] FCAFC 170; (2007) 242 ALR 586; 74 IPR 232 ......... ACL.18.460, ACL.18.2400 Knott Investments Pty Ltd v Winnebago Industries, Inc (2013) 211 FCR 449; [2013] FCAFC 59 ....................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1260 Knott Investments Pty Ltd v Winnebago Industries, Inc [2013] FCAFC 59; (2013) 211 FCR 449 ..................................................................................................... ACL.18.1100, ACL.18.2340, CCA.80.540

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Knott Investments Pty Ltd v Winnebago Industries, Inc (No 2) [2013] FCAFC 117 ......................... CCA.80.540 Knott Investments Pty Ltd v Winnebago Industries, Inc (No 2) [2015] FCA 1214 .............................. CCA.76.80 Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV v Remington Products Aust Pty Ltd (2000) 100 FCR 90; [2000] FCA 876 ............................................... ACL.18.1080, ACL.18.1600, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2200 Kooee Communications Pty Ltd v Primus Telecommunications Pty Ltd [2011] FCAFC 119 .......... ACL.18.580, ACL.18.2020 Koppers Australia Pty Ltd, Re (1981) 4 TPR 305; [1981] ATPR 40-203 ......................................... CCA.102.120 Korczynski v Wes Loft (Aust) Pty Ltd (1986) 10 FCR 348; 62 ALR 225; [1986] ATPR 40-643 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.29.260 Korean Air Lines v ACCC (No 3) [2008] FCA 701 ............................ CCA.155.20, CCA.155.180, CCA.155.580 Kosciuszko Thredbo Pty Ltd v ThredboNet Marketing Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 563 ............................... CCA.4M.20 Kosciuszko Thredbo Pty Ltd v ThredboNet Marketing Pty Ltd [2014] FCAFC 87 .......................... ACL.18.420, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2220, ACL.18.2300, CCA.4M.20 Kotan Holdings Pty Ltd v TPC (1991) 30 FCR 511; 102 ALR 51; [1991] ATPR 41-134 ................ CCA.155.20, CCA.155.180 Kowalczuk v Accom Finance Pty Ltd [2008] NSWCA 343 ................................................................ ACL.21.360 Krakowski v Eurolynx Properties Ltd [1992] ATPR 41-168; [1992] ASC 56-158 ............................... ACL.30.60 Krakowski v Eurolynx Properties Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 563; 69 ALJR 629; 130 ALR 1; [1995] ATPR 41-420; [1995] NSW ConvR 55-751 .......................... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1860, CCA.84.160 Krakowski v Eurolynx Properties Ltd [1995] HCA 68; 183 CLR 563 ................................................ CCA.84.180 Krambousanos v Jedda Investments Pty Ltd [1996] FCA 1314; (1996) 64 FCR 348; 142 ALR 604 ......................................................................... ACL.18.1540, ACL.236.20, ACL.237.40, CCA.87.60 Ku-ring-gai Co-op Building Soc (No 12) Ltd, Re (1978) 36 FLR 134; 22 ALR 621; [1978] ATPR 40-094 ....................... CCA.163A.40, CCA.4.260, CCA.4.540, CCA.47.120, CCA.47.300, CCA.51.80 Kumar Motors (Bankstown) Pty Ltd v Insurance Australia Ltd (t/as NRMA Insurance) [2016] NSWSC 1874 ...................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1680 Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co (Nos 4 and 5) [2002] UKHL 19; [2002] 2 AC 883 ..................................................................................................................................................... ACL.236.40 Kwinana Motorplex Pty Ltd, Re (CB00324) ................................................................................... CCA.93AB.100

L L Grollo & Co Pty Ltd v Nu-Statt Decorating Pty Ltd (1978) 34 FLR 81; [1978] ATPR 40-086 .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.45.80 LJ Hooker (Vic) Ltd, Re [1983] ATPR (Com) 50-058 ......................................................................... CCA.90.780 La Rosa, Re; Norgard v Rodpat Nominees Pty Ltd (1991) 31 FCR 83; 104 ALR 237; [1991] ATPR 41-139 .................................................... ACL.236.200, ACL.237.180, CCA.87.60, CCA.87.460 La Trobe Capital & Mortgage Corp Ltd v Hay Property Consultants Pty Ltd [2011] FCAFC 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... ACL.236.420 Labouchere v Dawson (1872) LR 13 Eq 322 ....................................................................................... CCA.51.200 Lake Cumbeline Pty Ltd v Effem Foods Pty Ltd [1995] FCA 1340 ..... ACL.18.500, ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1960 Lake Koala Pty Ltd v Walker [1991] 2 Qd R 49; [1990] ATPR 41-041 ...................... ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1880, ACL.18.1940 Lakes R Us Pty Ltd, Re [2006] ACompT 3; (2006) 200 FLR 233; [2006] ATPR 42-114 ............. CCA.44K.160, CCA.102.200, CCA.103.40, CCA.103.180 Lam v Ausintel Investments Australia Pty Ltd (1990) 97 FLR 458; [1990] ATPR 40-990 ............... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1900, ACL.236.60, ACL.236.80 Laminex (Aust) Pty Ltd v Coe Manufacturing Co [1999] NSWCA 270; (1999) 29 MVR 415 ....................................................................................................................................................... ACL.67.20 Lamont, Re (1990) 96 ALR 475; [1990] ATPR 41-035 ....................................................................... CCA.90.360 Lanza v Codemo Management Pty Ltd [2001] NSWSC 72 ......................................... ACL.138.100, ACL.146.20 Larmer v Power Machinery Pty Ltd (1977) 29 FLR 490; 14 ALR 243; [1977] ATPR 40-021 ........... CCA.4.540 Larrikin Music Publishing Pty Ltd v EMI Songs Australia Pty Ltd (2010) 263 ALR 155; 83 IPR 582; [2010] FCA 29 ................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1520

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Latella v LJ Hooker Ltd (1985) 5 FCR 146; [1985] ATPR 40-555 ....................................................... ACL.30.20 Laurel Sand & Gravel Inc v CSX Transportation Inc [1991] 1 Trade Cases 69,312 ....................... CCA.44G.120 Lavrick v Lease Auto Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 599; (2002) 192 ALR 290 ............................................... ACL.54.160 Laws v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal [1990] HCA 31; (1990) 170 CLR 70; 64 ALJR 412; 93 ALR 435 ................................................................................................................................ CCA.37.40 Laws v GWS Machinery Pty Ltd [2007] NSWSC 316 ............................................................................ ACL.3.60 Lawson Hill Estate Pty Ltd v Tovegold Pty Ltd (2004) 214 ALR 478; [2004] FCA 1593; [2004] ATPR 42-038 ................................................................................................. ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1860 Leda Holdings Pty Ltd v Oraka Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-601; [1998] ANZ ConvR 582 ................. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.420, ACL.18.1900, ACL.234.40, CCA.82.100 Lee v Cafred Pty Ltd [1992] ATPR 41-170 .................................................................. ACL.18.1860, ACL.20.460 Leegin Creative Leather Products Inc v PSKS Inc [2007-1] Trade Cases 75,753; 551 US 877 ....................................................................................................................................................... CCA.48.60 Leeks v FXC Corp [2002] FCA 72; (2002) 118 FCR 299; 189 ALR 288; [2002] ATPR 41-859 .................................................................................................................................................... ACL.7.20 Legione v Hateley (1983) 152 CLR 406; 57 ALJR 292; 46 ALR 1 .................................................... ACL.20.140 Lego Australia Pty Ltd v Paul’s (Merchants) Pty Ltd (1982) 60 FLR 465; 42 ALR 344; [1982] ATPR 40-308 ................................................................................................. ACL.18.160, ACL.18.2060 Lego System Aktieselskab v Lego M Lemelstrich Ltd [1983] FSR 155 ...................... CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440 Lelah v Associated Communication Corp of Australia Pty Ltd (1985) 4 FCR 543; 4 IPR 161; [1985] ATPR 40-551 ............................................................................................................... ACL.18.2380 Lennox v Megray Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-640 .................................................................................. CCA.79.160 Leo v Brambles Holdings Ltd (1982) 65 FLR 310; 45 ALR 441; 2 TPR 153; [1989] ATPR 40-310 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.236.160 Leon Laidely Pty Ltd v Transport Workers’ Union of Australia (1980) 42 FLR 352; 28 ALR 129; [1980] ATPR 40-147 ................................................................................................................ CCA.45E.20 Leonie’s Travel Pty Ltd v International Air Transport Assn (2009) 255 ALR 89; [2009] FCA 280 ................................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1280 Leonie’s Travel Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd (2010) 183 FCR 246; 265 ALR 727; [2010] FCAFC 37 ....................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1280 Leotta v Public Transport Commission (NSW) (1976) 50 ALJR 666 ................................................. CCA.138.80 Levi Strauss & Co v Wingate Marketing Pty Ltd (1993) 43 FCR 344; 116 ALR 298; 26 IPR 215; [1993] ATPR 41-252 ............................................................................... ACL.18.1380, ACL.18.2160 Lewarne v Momentum Productions Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 1136 .......................................................... ACL.18.1560 (1992) 35 FCR 535 ................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.420 Lezam Pty Ltd v Seabridge Australia Pty Ltd (1992) 35 FCR 535; 107 ALR 291; [1992] ATPR 41-171 ....................................... ACL.18.420, ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1900, ACL.237.180, CCA.87.460 Lin v State Rail Authority of New South Wales [2003] FCA 1345 .............................. ACL.21.360, CCA.2B.180 Lindner v Murdock’s Garage (1950) 83 CLR 628; 24 ALJR 566; [1950] ALR 927 ......................... CCA.51.160 Liquor Stax Aust Ltd, Re (A91488 1 July 2015) .................................................................................. CCA.90.760 Lisciandro v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [1995] FCA 1527; [1995] ATPR 41-436 ........................ ACL.20.60, ACL.21.340, CCA.84.120, CCA.88.100 Livestock Transporters’ Assn of Queensland Inc, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-117 .......................... CCA.90.1280 Logie Brae Pty Ltd v Sevenhill Holdings Pty Ltd (unreported, Fed Ct, No WAG 47/1992, 27 October 1992) ............................................................................................................................... ACL.18.480 Long Distance Road Transport Assn, Re (1982) 1 TPR 178 ............................................................... CCA.90.360 Lopez v Star World Enterprises Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 104 ................................................................... CCA.86.360 Lorain Journal Co v US 342 US 143 (1951) ................................................................................... CCA.PTIIIA.40 Lottery Agents Association of Tasmania, Re (A91309; 24 July 2012) ................................................ CCA.90.760 Lottery Agents Qld Ltd, Re (A91397; 16 April 2014) ................................................. CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1120 Lottery Assn of Victoria, Re (A91425; 10 September 2014) ............................................................. CCA.90.1120 Louis Vuitton Malletier SA v Design Elegance Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 83; (2006) 149 FCR 494; 225 ALR 541; 67 IPR 611 ....................................................................................................... CCA.80.620

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Louth v Diprose (1992) 175 CLR 621; 67 ALJR 95; 110 ALR 1 ............... ACL.20.20, ACL.20.60, ACL.20.120 Lowe v The Queen (1984) 154 CLR 606; 12 A Crim R 408; 58 ALJR 414; 54 ALR 193 .............. CCA.76.640, CCA.79.240 Loyola v Cryeng Pty Ltd [2012] FCAFC 71 .............................................................. ACL.18.1360, ACL.236.540 Lubidineuse v Bevanere Pty Ltd (1984) 3 FCR 1; 55 ALR 273; [1984] FCA 252 ............................ ACL.18.580 Luckins v Highway Motel (Carnarvon) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 164; 50 ALJR 309; 7 ALR 413 .................................................................................................................................... CCA.2A.80, CCA.5.60 Lumley Life Ltd v IOOF of Victoria Friendly Society (1989) 16 IPR 316; [1989] ATPR 40-987 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.18.460, ACL.18.2260 Lumley Life Ltd v IOOF of Victoria Friendly Society (1991) 36 FCR 590; 100 ALR 600 FC; [1990] ATPR 40-987 .................................................................................................................. ACL.232.60 Lural Insurance Services Pty Ltd v Kairi Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-553 ............................................. CCA.80.200 Luxottica Retail Australia Pty Ltd v Specsavers Pty Ltd (2010) 267 ALR 721; 86 IPR 247; [2010] FCA 423 .................................................................................. ACL.18.700, ACL.18.760, ACL.18.1420 Lyndel Nominees Pty Ltd v Mobil Oil Aust Ltd (1997) 37 IPR 599 .............. ACL.4.80, ACL.4.100, ACL.4.220 Lyons v Kern Konstructions (Townsville) Pty Ltd (1983) 47 ALR 114; 70 FLR 135; [1983] ATPR 40-343 ..................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.400

M MCI Communications Corp v AT & T Co (1983) 708 F 2d 1081; [1982-3] Trade Cases 65,137 .................................................................................................................... CCA.44G.100, CCA.44G.120 MDI International Pty Ltd v Trio Brothers Trading Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 486 .......... ACL.18.1420, ACL.18.2180 MGICA (1992) Ltd v Kenny & Good Pty Ltd (1996) 140 ALR 313 .................................................. ACL.18.400 MGICA (1992) Ltd v Kenny & Good Pty Ltd [1996] FCA 1746 ............................. ACL.18.1840, ACL.236.220 MGM Bailey Enterprises v Austin Australia Pty Ltd (2002) 20 ACLC 765; [2002] NSWSC 259; [2002] ATPR 41-875 .......................................................................................... ACL.18.600, ACL.243.40 MIM Holdings Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-233 ................................................... CCA.90.940, CCA.90.1020 MIPS Computer Systems Inc v MIPS Computer Resources Pty Ltd (1990) 18 IPR 577; [1990] ATPR 41-050 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1340 MacCormick v Nowland [1988] ATPR 40-852; [1988] ASC 55-653 ................................................ ACL.18.1860 MacLean v Shell Chemical (Australia) Pty Ltd (1984) 2 FCR 593 ...................................................... CCA.80.40 MacPhee v Peters Foods Australia Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1528; (2004) 60 IPR 51; [2004] AIPC 91-958; [2004] ATPR (Digest) 41-246 .......................................................... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1560 Macadamia Processing Co and Suncoast Gold Pty Ltd, Re [1991] ATPR (Com) 50-109 ............... CCA.90.1020, CCA.90.1140 Macdonald v Australian Wool Innovation Ltd [2005] FCA 105 ............... ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1460, ACL.21.60, ACL.21.200, ACL.21.340, ACL.21.360 Mackman v Stengold Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-105 .............................. ACL.18.480, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1840 Macquarie Bank Ltd v Seagle [2008] FCA 1417 ................................................................................ ACL.18.2220 Macquarie Generation, Re [2014] AcompT 1 ................................................................................. CCA.95AZA.20 Macquarie Generation & AGL Energy Ltd, Re [2014] ACompT 1 ...... CCA.4E.180, CCA.50.520, CCA.50.720, CCA.90.80, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.400, CCA.90.440, CCA.90.1100, CCA.95AT.20, CCA.95AT.60, CCA.95AU.20, CCA.95AU.60 Madden v Seafolly Pty Ltd [2014] FCAFC 30 ................. ACL.18.60, ACL.18.240, ACL.18.400, ACL.18.2020, ACL.18.2200, ACL.29.140 Maggbury Pty Ltd v Hafele Australia Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 70; (2001) 210 CLR 181; 76 ALJR 246; 185 ALR 152; 53 IPR 1; [2002] ATPR 41-854 ............................................................ CCA.4M.20 Magman International Pty Ltd v Westpac (1991) 32 FCR 1; 104 ALR 575; [1992] ATPR 41-161 ............................................................................................... ACL.236.240, ACL.236.480, CCA.82.320 Magna Alloys Research Pty Ltd v Bradshaw (1977) 3 TPR 154; 3 TPC 71 ...................................... CCA.51.160 Mahlo v Westpac Banking Corp [1999] NSWCA 358 ....................................................................... ACL.18.1300 Maisey v Mudgeeraba Village Estates Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-569 .................................................. CCA.76.120 Maitland City Council, Re (A91483 9 July 2015) .............................................................................. CCA.90.1060

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Makita (Aust) Pty Ltd v Black & Decker (A’asia) Pty Ltd (1990) 18 IPR 270; [1990] ATPR 41-030 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.18.700, ACL.18.1600 Mander Forklift Pty Ltd v Dairy Farmers Co-op [1990] ATPR (Digest) 46-061 .......... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.580 Manhattan (Asia) Ltd v Dymocks Franchise Systems (China) Ltd [2014] FCA 1143 ................ CCA.51ACB.20, CCA.5.60 Manning Valley Dairy Farmers, Re (CB00281 ................................................................................ CCA.93AB.100 Manser v Spry (1994) 181 CLR 428; 124 ALR 539; 68 ALJR 869 .................................................. ACL.236.260 Mantra IP Pty Ltd v Spagnuolo [2012] FCA 769 ................................................................................. ACL.18.540 Manwelland Pty Ltd v Dames & Moore Pty Ltd [2001] QCA 436; Aust Torts Reports 41-845; [2002] ASAL 55-074 .............................................................. ACL.18.600, ACL.236.160CCA.82.120 March v Stramare (E & MH) Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 12; (1991) 171 CLR 506; 65 ALJR 335; 99 ALR 423; 12 MVR 353; 9 BCL 215; [1991] Aust Torts Reports 81-095 ........ ACL.18.1120, ACL.236.40 Marcus Clark (Vic) Ltd v Brown [1928] VLR 293; (1928) 40 CLR 540; 2 ALJ 74; 34 ALR 189 ..................................................................................................................................................... ACL.29.240 Mark Foys Pty Ltd v TVSN (Pacific) Ltd (2000) 104 FCR 61; 49 IPR 303; [2000] FCA 1626; [2001] ATPR 41-795 ................ ACL.18.160, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1920, ACL.18.2220, ACL.29.440, ACL.29.460 Mark Lyons Pty Ltd v Bursill Sportsgear Pty Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 581; [1987] ATPR 40-809 ........ CCA.4E.220, CCA.4E.240, CCA.4E.280, CCA.4E.340, CCA.45.300, CCA.46.700 Markan v Bar Association of Queensland [2013] QSC 146 ........................................... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.1840 Markarian v The Queen [2005] HCA 25; (2005) 228 CLR 357 ................................. ACL.224.220, CCA.76.280 Markit Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) [2006] QSC 157; [2007] 1 Qd R 253 .................. ACL.18.60, CCA.2A.160, CCA.2C.80 Marks v GIO Aust Holdings Ltd (1996) 63 FCR 304; [1996] ATPR 41-471 ................................... ACL.18.1300 Marks v GIO Australia Holdings Ltd (1998) 196 CLR 494; 73 ALJR 12; 158 ALR 333; [1998] HCA 69; [1998] ATPR 41-665; [1999] ASAL 55-014 .......... ACL.18.20, ACL.18.1220, ACL.234.40, ACL.236.20, ACL.236.80, ACL.236.100, ACL.236.160, ACL.236.340, ACL.236.460, ACL.237.140, ACL.243.20, ACL.243.100, ACL.243.140, ACL.243.180, CCA.4K.20, CCA.82.40, CCA.82.100, CCA.82.120, CCA.82.220, CCA.82.300, CCA.87.20, CCA.87.100, CCA.87.340, CCA.87.360, CCA.87.400 Marlbro Shelving Systems Pty Ltd v ARC Engineering Pty Ltd (1983) 72 FLR 418; [1983] ATPR 40-355 ................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.2320 Marsden v DCL Developments Pty Ltd (No 3) [2016] NSWSC 1795 ................................................ ACL.21.340 Martin v Horseless Carriages Pty Ltd [1984] ATPR 40-492 ................................................................ ACL.29.520 Martin v Tasmania Development & Resources [1999] FCA 593; (1999) 89 IR 98; 163 ALR 79; [1999] ATPR (Digest) 46-193 ......................................................... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.1460, CCA.4.540 Mason v Provident Clothing & Supply Co Ltd [1913] AC 724 .......................................................... CCA.51.160 Master Education Services Pty Ltd v Ketchell (2008) 236 CLR 101; 82 ALJR 1322; [2008] HCA 38; [2008] ATPR 42-243 ....................................... CCA.51ACB.20, CCA.51ACB.80, CCA.51ACB.100 Masters Dairy Ltd v Nagy (1998) 156 ALR 262; [1998] ATPR 41-651 ........................................... ACL.236.260 Matheson Engineers Pty Ltd v El Raghy (1992) 37 FCR 6; [1992] ATPR 41-192 .......................... CCA.75B.80, CCA.75B.100 Mauri Bros & Thomson (Aust) Pty Ltd v Containers Ltd (1988) 11 IPR 477; [1988] AIPC 90-504 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.90.140 Mayne Nickless Ltd v Multigroup Distribution Services Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1620; (2001) 114 FCR 108; [2002] ATPR 41-850 ........................... ACL.237.180, CCA.87.220, CCA.87.240, CCA.87.460 McCarthy v Australian Rough Riders Assn Inc [1988] ATPR 40-836 ............................ CCA.4.560, CCA.45.540 McCarthy v McIntyre [1999] FCA 784 .................................................. ACL.234.40, ACL.236.40, ACL.236.100 McCormick v Riverwood International (Australia) Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1640; (1999) 167 ALR 689 .............................................................................................................................................. CCA.4.540 McDermott v Robinson Helicopter Co [2014] QSC 34 ............ ACL.9.20, ACL.9.60, ACL.9.140, ACL.138.120, ACL.139.40 McDonald v The Queen [1994] FCA 956; (1994) 48 FCR 555 .......................................................... CCA.76.640

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McDonald’s System of Australia Pty Ltd v McWilliam’s Wines Pty Ltd (1979) 41 FLR 429; 3 TPR 364; [1979] ATPR 40-108 .............................................................................. CCA.80.160, CCA.86.440 McDonald’s System of Australia Pty Ltd v McWilliam’s Wines Pty Ltd (No 2) (1979) 41 FLR 436; 28 ALR 236 .................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1180 McFarlane v Daniell (1938) 38 SR (NSW) 337; 55 WN (NSW) 132 .................................................. CCA.4L.20 McGrane v Channel Seven Brisbane Pty Ltd [2012] QSC 133 ........................................................... ACL.19.100 McGrath v Australian Naturalcare Products Pty Ltd [2008] FCAFC 2 ............................................. ACL.18.1620 McIlwraith McEacharn Ltd, Re (1991) 104 FLR 295; [1991] ATPR (Digest) 41-140 ..................... CCA.101.140 McInnes v Global Imports Pty Ltd [1993] ATPR 41-206; [1993] ASC 56-199 ................................ ACL.107.140 McIntosh v National Australia Bank Ltd (1988) 17 FCR 482; 80 ALR 47; [1988] ATPR 40-848; [1988] ASC 55-649 ............................................................................................................ CCA.86A.20 McKellar v Container Terminal Management Services Ltd [1999] FCA 1101; (1999) 165 ALR 409 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.4.200, CCA.86.160 McMahon v Pomeray Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-125 ............................................................................ ACL.236.60 McPhillips v Ampol Petroleum (Vic) Pty Ltd [1990] ATPR 41-014 ...................................................... ACL.4.220 McWilliam’s Wines Pty Ltd v LS Booth Wine Transport Pty Ltd [1992] 25 NSWLR 723; [1992] ATPR (Digest) 46-089 ........................................................................................................... ACL.18.580 McWilliam’s Wines Pty Ltd v McDonald’s System of Australia Pty Ltd (1980) 49 FLR 455; 33 ALR 394; [1980] FCA 159 ................................................................................. ACL.18.140, ACL.18.1180 Meadow Gem Pty Ltd v ANZ Executors & Trustee Co Ltd [1994] ATPR (Digest) 46-130 ........... ACL.18.1720, CCA.4.540 Media Council of Australia, Re (1982) 1 TPR 391 .............................................................................. CCA.90.660 Media Council of Australia, Re [1996] ATPR 41-497 .......................... CCA.91B.40, CCA.91B.60, CCA.91B.80, CCA.91B.120, CCA.152AL.20 Media Council of Australia (No 2), Re (1987) 88 FLR 1; 82 ALR 115; 11 IPR 162; [1987] ATPR 40-774 .................. CCA.91B.100, CCA.44ZP.40, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.80, CCA.90.180, CCA.90.420, CCA.90.480, CCA.90.520, CCA.102.80 Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, Re (A91204; 26 May 2010) ........................ CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1080 Medibank Private Ltd v Cassidy [2002] FCAFC 290; (2002) 124 FCR 40; 20 ACLC 1722; 12 ANZ Ins Cas 61-550; [2002] ATPR 41-895 ......... ACL.18.1220, ACL.237.20, ACL.237.100, CCA.80.20, CCA.80.300, CCA.87.160, CCA.131A.60 Medical Benefits Fund of Australia Ltd v Cassidy (2003) 135 FCR 1; 205 ALR 402; 13 ANZ Ins Cases 61-591; [2003] FCAFC 289; [2003] ATPR 41-971 ....................... ACL.18.460, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.880, ACL.224.100, ACL.224.120, ACL.224.140, ACL.247.20, ACL.247.40, CCA.76.140 Medicines Australia Inc, Re [2007] ATPR 42-164; [2007] ACompT 4 ... CCA.88.100, CCA.88.140, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.80, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.340, CCA.90.500, CCA.90.520, CCA.90.740, CCA.90.860, CCA.91.60, CCA.95AT.20 Medicines Australia Ltd, Re (A91316; 20 December 2012) ................... CCA.90.740, CCA.90.860, CCA.90.880 Medicines Australia Ltd, Re (A91436 24 April 2015) .......................................................................... CCA.90.740 Medtel Pty Ltd v Courtney [2003] FCAFC 151; (2003) 130 FCR 182; 198 ALR 630; [2003] ATPR 41-939 ........................................................................ ACL.54.20, ACL.54.40, ACL.54.80, ACL.54.160 Melbourne City Council, Re (A91532) ......................................................................... CCA.90.840, CCA.90.1060 Melbourne Home of Ford Pty Ltd v TPC [1979] FCA 15; (1979) 36 FLR 450; [1979] ATPR 40-107 ...................... CCA.155.20, CCA.155.60, CCA.155.100, CCA.155.120, CCA.155.260, CCA.155.320, CCA.155.340, CCA.155.440 Melbourne Home of Ford Pty Ltd v TPC [1979] FCA 64; (1979) 27 ALR 275 .............................. CCA.155.220 Melway Publishing Pty Ltd v Robert Hicks Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 13; (2001) 205 CLR 1; 75 ALJR 600; 178 ALR 253; 50 IPR 257; [2001] ATPR 41-805 ........... ACL.232.20, CCA.4E.340, CCA.4F.60, CCA.163A.100, CCA.46.60, CCA.46.100, CCA.46.180, CCA.46.200, CCA.46.280, CCA.46.420, CCA.46.680, CCA.46.700, CCA.46.820, CCA.47.260, CCA.80.220, CCA.87CA.20 Menhaden Pty Ltd v Citibank NA (1984) 1 FCR 542; 55 ALR 709; [1984] ATPR 40-471 ............... ACL.18.80, ACL.18.600

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TABLE OF CASES

Menmel Pty Ltd v The Great Australian Bite Pty Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-553 ............. ACL.18.620, ACL.18.1840, ACL.236.80 Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova SpA v Siderurgica Gabrielli SpA [1991] ECR I-5889 ...... CCA.44G.140, CCA.PTIIIA.60 Mercieca v SPI Electricity Pty Ltd [2012] VSC 204 ............................................................................ CCA.86.360 Mercier Rouse Street Pty Ltd v Burness [2015] VSCA 8 ...................................................................... ACL.2.160 Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Ltd v Peterson [2011] FCAFC 128; (2011) 196 FCR 145 .......... ACL.9.20, ACL.9.40, ACL.9.100, ACL.9.140, ACL.54.20, ACL.54.40, ACL.54.80, ACL.54.160, ACL.55.20, ACL.55.60, ACL.55.140, ACL.138.20, ACL.138.60, ACL.138.80, ACL.138.120, ACL.236.40 Mereenie Producers, Re [1999] ATPR (Com) 50-271 .......................................................................... CCA.90.840 Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v The Securities Commission [1995] UKPC 5; [1995] 2 AC 500 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.155.140 Merman Pty Ltd v Cockburn Cement Ltd (1988) 84 ALR 521; [1988] ATPR 40-915 ................... ACL.18.1720, CCA.4.540 Merost Pty Ltd v CPT Custodian Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 97 ........................................ ACL.18.1860, CCA.137B.20 Metropolitan Waste Management Group, Re (A91414; 18 June 2014) ............................................. CCA.90.1060 Metropolitan Waste and Resource Recovery Group, Re (A91498; 9 July 2015) .............................. CCA.90.1060 Miba Pty Ltd v Nescor Industries Group Pty Ltd (1996) 141 ALR 525; [1996] ATPR 41-534 ........................................ ACL.4.60, ACL.4.100, ACL.4.200, ACL.4.220, ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1580 Michael (Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline), Re [2002] WASCA 231; (2002) 25 WAR 511; [2002] ATPR 41-886 ........................................................................... CCA.44M.60, CCA.44DA.40 Microsoft Corp v Goodview Electronics Pty Ltd (2000) 49 IPR 578; [2000] FCA 1852 ................ ACL.18.2180 Mid Density Development Pty Ltd v Rockdale Municipal Council (1992) 39 FCR 579; [1993] ATPR (Digest) 46-100 .......................................................................................................... CCA.2A.160 Mikasa (NSW) Pty Ltd v Festival Stores [1972] HCA 69; (1972) 127 CLR 617; 47 ALJR 14; [1972-73] ALR 921 ................................ CCA.48.60, CCA.80.180, CCA.81.20, CCA.96.80, CCA.100.40 Milchas Investments Pty Ltd v Larkin (1989) 96 FLR 464; [1989] ATPR 40-956 ........ ACL.18.400, CCA.4.560 Mildura Fruit Juices Pty Ltd v Bannerman (1983) 67 FLR 1; 5 TPR 296; 1 IPR 56; [1983] ATPR 40-365 .............................................................................................................. ACL.33.40, CCA.155.420 Mill v The Queen (1988) 166 CLR 59; 83 ALR 1; 63 ALJR 117; 36 A Crim R 468 ...................... CCA.76.640, CCA.79.280 Miller v Britt Allcroft (Thomas) LLC (2000) 52 IPR 419; [2000] FCA 1724; [2000] ATPR 41-792 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.18.860 Miller v Cunninghams Warehouse Sales Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-321; [1994] ASC 58-271 .......... ACL.107.140 Miller v Fiona’s Clothes Horse of Centrepoint Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-963 ............. ACL.29.540, ACL.136.80, ACL.208.80 Miller & Associates Insurance Broking Pty Ltd v BMW Australia Finance Ltd (2010) 241 CLR 357; 84 ALJR 644; 270 ALR 204; [2010] HCA 31 ............... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.500, ACL.18.1540, ACL.18.1680 Minchillo v Ford Motor Co of Australia Ltd [1995] 2 VR 594; [1994] ATPR (Digest) 46-119; ASC 56-266 .............................................................................................................................. ACL.3.60 Mine Energy Solutions Pty Ltd, Re (A91541 ....................................................................................... CCA.90.900 Mineral Commodities Ltd v Promet Engineers Africa (Pty) Ltd (No 2) [2008] FCA 525 .................. CCA.6.120, CCA.86.60 Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 77 ALJR 1165; 198 ALR 59; [2003] HCA 30 .............................................................................. CCA.102.300 Mister Figgins Pty Ltd v Centrepoint Freeholds Pty Ltd (1981) 36 ALR 23; [1981] ATPR 40-226 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.243.180, CCA.86.500 Modtech Engineering Pty Ltd v GPT Management Holdings Ltd [2013] FCA 626 ........................... CCA.86.360 Monaco Willows Pty Ltd v Greenbax Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-527 ................................................ ACL.18.2280 Monroe Topple & Assocs Pty Ltd v Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia [2001] FCA 1056; [2001] ATPR (Digest) 46-212 .......................................... ACL.21.140, ACL.29.140, CCA.87B.60

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Monroe Topple & Assocs Pty Ltd v Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia (2002) 122 FCR 110; [2002] FCAFC 197; [2002] ATPR 41-879 ................... ACL.21.80, ACL.21.240, ACL.21.360, CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.240, CCA.45.220, CCA.45.760, CCA.46.320, CCA.46.980, CCA.47.120, CCA.47.500 Morey v Transurban City Link Ltd (No 2) (1996) 20 ACSR 388; [1996] ATPR 41-492 ................. ACL.18.1940 Morgo’s Leisure Pty Ltd v Toula Holdings Pty Ltd [2013] QSC 325 ............................................... ACL.243.160 Mornington Inn Pty Ltd v Jordan [2008] FCAFC 70; (2008) 168 FCR 383 .............. ACL.214.20, ACL.224.200 Morphett Arms Hotel Pty Ltd v TPC (1980) 30 ALR 88; [1980] ATPR 40-157 .................................. CCA.45.80 Morris v Alcon Laboratories (Australia) Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 151; [2003] ATPR 41-923 ................. CCA.138.80 Mortgage & Finance Assn of Australia, Re (A91396; 21 May 2014) ................................................. CCA.90.740 Mortgage Guarantee Insurance Corp of Australia Ltd, Re (1984) 73 FLR 304; [1984] ATPR 40-494 ..................................................................................................................... CCA.102.220, CCA.102.240 Mortgage Industry Assn of Australia, Re (2004) A90880 .................................................................... CCA.90.740 Mortgage and Finance Assn of Australia, Re (A91118; 27 May 2009) ............................................... CCA.90.740 Morwood v Chemdata Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-629 ........................................................................... CCA.4E.340 Moss v Insurance Australia Ltd [2004] FCA 1636 ............................................................................... ACL.20.500 Moss v Lowe Hunt & Partners Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 1181 ..................................................................... ACL.18.80 Moss v NRMA Ltd [2003] FCA 1378 ................................................................................................. ACL.18.1680 Motor Traders Assn of New South Wales, Re [1983] ATPR (Com) 50-063 ....................................... CCA.90.360 Motorcycling Events Group Australia Pty Ltd v Kelly [2013] NSWCA 361; (2013) 86 NSWLR 55; 279 FLR 202 .............. ACL.64a.40, ACL.64.20, CCA.139A.20, CCA.139A.40, 275.20, 275.40 Mulcahy v Hydro-Electric Commission (1998) 85 FCR 170; 44 AILR 3-837; [1998] ATPR (Digest) 46-186 ............................................................................................................. ACL.20.340, CCA.4.540 Muller v Fencott (1982) 57 FLR 35; 6 A Crim R 320; 39 ALR 496; [1982] ATPR 40-266 ............... CCA.82.20 Multigroup Distribution Services Pty Ltd v TNT Australia Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-522 ............... ACL.18.1160 Multigroup Distribution Services Pty Ltd v TNT Australia Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 226; (2001) 109 FCR 528; [2001] ATPR 41-813 ................................................... ACL.243.100, CCA.87.80, CCA.87.340 Multiplex Constructions Pty Ltd v Amdel Ltd [1991] ATPR (Digest) 41-154; [1991] ASC 56-108 ...................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1320, ACL.18.1840 Munchies Management Pty Ltd v Belperio (1988) 58 FCR 274; 84 ALR 700; [1989] ATPR 40-926 ....................... ACL.18.1940, ACL.236.460, ACL.243.60, ACL.243.140, ACL.243.180, CCA.82.300, CCA.87.300, CCA.87.400 Munro v Tooheys Ltd (1991) 29 FCR 74; 21 IPR 268; [1991] ATPR 41-108; [1991] ASC 56-065 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1560 Murphy v Farmer [1988] HCA 31; (1988) 165 CLR 19; 79 ALR 1; 62 ALJR 420 ............................. ACL.29.80 Murphy v Overton Investments Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 500; (2001) 112 FCR 182; [2001] ATPR 41-189 .................................................................................... ACL.20.440, ACL.236.160, ACL.236.220 Murphy v Overton Investments Pty Ltd (2004) 204 ALR 26; 78 ALJR 324; [2004] HCA 3; [2004] ATPR 41-973; [2004] Aust Contract R 90-189 ................ ACL.18.1220, ACL.18.1900, ACL.236.160, ACL.243.20CCA.82.80, CCA.82.120, CCA.87.20 Murphy v Victoria (2014) 289 FLR 337; 313 ALR 546; [2014] VSCA 238 ................... CCA.2A.80, ACL.18.60 Murran Investments Pty Ltd v Aromatic Beauty Products Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1732; (2000) 191 ALR 579 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.138.80 Musca v Astle Corp Pty Ltd (1988) 80 ALR 251; [1988] ATPR 40-855; [1988] Aust Torts Reports 80-171 ..................................... ACL.236.460, ACL.243.60, ACL.243.140, CCA.82.300, CCA.87.400 Mutual Pools & Staff Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1994) 179 CLR 155; 68 ALJR 216; 119 ALR 577; 27 ATR 357; 94 ATC 4,103 .............................................................................................. CCA.81.20 Myer Ltd, Re (A91384; 20 February 2014) ........................................................................................ CCA.90.1240 Myers v Transpacific Pastoral Co Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-673 .......... ACL.236.280, ACL.243.60, CCA.87.300

N NARTA International Pty Ltd, Re (A91335; 11 April 2013) ....................................... CCA.90.740, CCA.90.1240 NBN Co Ltd, Re (A91479 28 August 2015) .................................................................. CCA.90.1320, CCA.91.40

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NMFM Property Pty Ltd v Citibank Ltd (No 10) [2000] FCA 1558; (2000) 107 FCR 270; 186 ALR 442 .............................................................................................................. CCA.84.120, CCA.88.100 NRM Corp Pty Ltd v ACCC [2016] FCAFC 98 ................ ACL.21.40, ACL.21.260, ACL.21.280, ACL.21.340, ACL.24.140 NRMA Ltd v Yates [1999] NSWSC 859; [1999] ATPR 41-721; (1999) 18 ACLC 45 ...................... ACL.18.680, CCA.4.540 NSW v RT & YE Falls Investments Pty Ltd [2003] NSWCA 54; (2003) 57 NSWLR 1; [2003] ASAL 55-107 ........................................................................................................................ CCA.2C.100 NSW Farmers’ Association, Re (A91417; 25 June 2014) ............................................ CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 NSW MidCoast & SA Barossa Mid North Co-operative Dairymen Ltd, Re (CB00287 ............... CCA.93AB.100 NSW Minerals Council Ltd, Re [1997] ATPR (NCC) 70-005 ...... CCA.44G.100, CCA.44G.120, CCA.44G.140, CCA.44G.160 NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power & Water Authority [2001] FCA 334; (2001) 184 ALR 481; [2001] ATPR 41-814 ........................................................................................................ CCA.2A.80 NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power & Water Authority [2002] FCAFC 302; (2002) 122 FCR 399; [2003] ATPR 41-909 .............................................................. CCA.2A.60, CCA.2B.40, CCA.2B.80 NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power & Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021 ................ CCA.2A.80, CCA.2A.160, CCA.2B.80, CCA.2B.180, CCA.2C.60, CCA.2C.100, CCA.4E.340, CCA.44ZZNA.20, CCA.46.60, CCA.46.320, CCA.46.380, CCA.46.440CCA.46.460, CCA.46.480, CCA.46.520, CCA.46.680, CCA.46.700, CCA.46.800, CCA.46.880, CCA.46.920 NW Frozen Foods Pty Ltd v ACCC (1996) 71 FCR 285; 141 ALR 640; [1997] ATPR 41-546 ........ CCA.76.220, CCA.76.260, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.340, CCA.76.360, CCA.76.400, CCA.76.640, CCA.76.1020, CCA.76.1040, CCA.80.400 Narhex Aust Pty Ltd v Sunspot Products Pty Ltd (1990) 18 IPR 535; [1990] ATPR 41-036 .......... ACL.18.1620 National Australia Bank Ltd v Cunningham [1990] ATPR 41-047 ...................................................... ACL.236.80 National Australia Bank Ltd v McKay [1995] ATPR 41-409 ............................................................... ACL.21.340 National Australia Bank Ltd v Nobile (1988) 100 ALR 227; [1988] ATPR 40-856; [1988] ASC 55-657 ............................................................................................................... ACL.243.60, ACL.243.180 National Companies and Securities Commission v Bankers Trust Australia Ltd (1989) 24 FCR 217; 91 ALR 321; 8 ACLC 1; 1 ACSR 330 ......................................................................... CCA.155.360 National Exchange Pty Ltd v ASIC (2004) 49 ACSR 369; 61 IPR 420; 22 ACLC 609; [2004] FCAFC 90; [2004] ATPR 42-000 ....................... ACL.18.20, ACL.18.180, ACL.18.260, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1540, ACL.18.2120 National Foods Ltd, Re [2002] ACompT 3; [2002] ATPR 41-885 .................................................... CCA.101.160 National Library of Australia, Re (A91012; 17 January 2007) .......................................................... CCA.90.1340 National Management Services (Aust) Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1990) 9 BCL 190 ...................... CCA.2A.160 National Mutual Holdings Ltd v Sentry Corp (1988) 19 FCR 155 .................................................... CCA.86A.20 National Woolpack Pool, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-111 ........................................... CCA.90.800, CCA.90.1140 Nationwide News Pty Ltd v ACCC (1996) 71 FCR 215; [1996] ATPR 41-543 ............................... ACL.18.1020 Natureland Parks Pty Ltd v My-Life Corp Pty Ltd (1996) 67 FCR 237; [1996] ATPR 41-493 .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.5.140 Nature’s Blend Pty Ltd v Nestle Australia Ltd [2010] FCA 198; (2010) 86 IPR 1 .......................... ACL.18.1560 Natwest Australia Bank Ltd v Boral Gerrard Strapping Systems Pty Ltd (1992) 111 ALR 631; [1992] ATPR 41-196 ...................................................................................... CCA.46.420, CCA.151AJ.60 Nauru Local Government Council v Australian Shipping Officers Assn (1978) 34 FLR 281; 27 ALR 535; [1978] ATPR 40-087 ........................................................................... CCA.45D.160, CCA.4.280 Neat Domestic Trading Pty Ltd v AWB Ltd [2001] FCA 1178; (2001) 114 FCR 1; [2001] ATPR 41-836 ....................................................................................................................................... CCA.51.80 Neat Holdings Pty Ltd v Karajan Holdings Pty Ltd [1992] HCA 66; (1992) 67 ALJR 170; 110 ALR 449 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.76.160 Neilsen v Hempston Holdings Pty Ltd (1986) 65 ALR 302; [1986] ATPR 40-686 .............................. ACL.18.80 Nella v Kingia Pty Ltd (1985) 11 FCR 281; 7 IPR 55; [1986] ATPR 40-723 ................................... CCA.75B.20

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Nella v Kingia Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-952 ............................................................... ACL.236.580, CCA.82.360 Nelson v Fernwood Fitness Centre Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 802 ............................................................. CCA.86A.40 Nelson Enterprises Pty Ltd, Re (CB00148) ..................................................................................... CCA.93AB.100 Nescor Industries Group Pty Ltd v Miba Pty Ltd (1998) 150 ALR 633; [1998] ATPR 41-609 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1580 Nestle Australia Ltd, Re [2006] ACompT 9 ........................................................................................ CCA.103.100 Nestle Australia Ltd, Re [2007] ACompT 2; [2007] ATPR 42-145 .......................... CCA.101A.20, CCA.103.180 Nestlé S.A/Pfizer Inc (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 3 May 2013) ..................................... CCA.50.200 Netcomm (Aust) Pty Ltd v Dataplex Pty Ltd (1988) 81 ALR 101; 11 IPR 375; [1988] ATPR 40-883; [1988] ASC 55-670 ............................................................................ ACL.29.260, ACL.29.500 New South Wales Bar Assn v Forbes Macfie Hansen Pty Ltd (1988) 18 FCR 378; 82 ALR 431; [1988] 40-875 ............................................................................................................................. CCA.2B.20 New South Wales Lotteries Corp Pty Ltd v Kuzmanovski [2011] FCAFC 106 .......... ACL.18.860, ACL.18.960, ACL.18.1520, ACL.236.360 New South Wales Mutual Real Estate Fund Ltd v Brookhouse (1979) 38 FLR 257; [1979] ATPR 40-104 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.84.120 Newfurn Floor Coverings Ltd, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-259 .......................................................... CCA.90.800 News Ltd v Australian Rugby Football League Ltd (1996) 58 FCR 447; 135 ALR 33; [1996] ATPR 41-466 ........................................................................................................................... CCA.4F.80 News Ltd v Australian Rugby Football League Ltd (1996) 64 FCR 410; 139 ALR 193; 21 ACSR 635; 35 IPR 446; [1996] ATPR 41-521 ............... CCA.4D.80, CCA.4D.200, CCA.4L.20, CCA.4.540, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.100, CCA.45.180, CCA.45.620, CCA.87.300 News Ltd v South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd [2003] HCA 45; (2003) 215 CLR 563; 77 ALJR 1515; 200 ALR 157; [2003] ATPR 41-943 ................... CCA.4D.160, CCA.4D.200, CCA.4F.40, CCA.4F.60, CCA.45D.180, CCA.45E.60, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.45.240, CCA.46.700, CCA.47.380 Newsagency Council of Victoria Ltd, Re [1993] ATPR (Com) 50-134 ............................................. CCA.90.1120 Newsagents Assn of NSW and the ACT, Re (A91269; 6 October 2011) ................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1240 Newton v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1958) 98 CLR 1; 32 ALJR 187; 11 ATD 442; [1958] ALR 833; [1958] AC 450 ....................................................................................................... CCA.45.80 Nexans SA RCS Paris 393 525 852 v ACCC [2014] FCA 255 ..................................................... CCA.155AA.20 Nextra Australia Pty Ltd v Fletcher [2014] FCA 399 ......................................................................... ACL.18.1740 Nike International Ltd v Campomar Sociedad Limitada [1996] ATPR 41-518 ......... ACL.18.1100, ACL.18.2240 Nine Films & Television Pty Ltd v Ninox Television Ltd (2005) 67 IPR 46; [2005] FCA 1404; [2006] AIPC 92-141 ............................................................................................................. ACL.18.1520 Nixon v Philip Morris (Australia) Ltd [1999] FCA 1107; (1999) 95 FCR 453; 165 ALR 515; [1999] ATPR 41-707 ................. ACL.236.240, ACL.236.460, ACL.243.140, CCA.82.300, CCA.87.400 Nixon v Slater & Gordon [2000] FCA 531; [2000] ATPR 41-765 .................................................... ACL.18.1840 Nobile v National Australia Bank Ltd [1987] ATPR 40-787; [1987] ASC 55-580 ..... ACL.243.60, ACL.243.180 Noone, Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Operation Smile (Australia) Inc [2012] VSCA 91 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.20 Norcast S.ar.L v Bradken Ltd (No 2) [2013] FCA 235; (2013) 219 FCR 14 .............. ACL.18.2040, CCA.5.120, CCA.44ZZRA.40, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.44ZZRD.160, CCA.44ZZRD.200, CCA.44ZZRD.220, CCA.44ZZRJ.100, CCA.44ZZRU.20 Norcast S.ár.L v Bradken Ltd (No 3) [2013] FCA 283 ............................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.100 Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns & Ammunition Co Ltd [1894] AC 535 ............ CCA.4M.20, CCA.51.200 North East Equity Pty Ltd v Proud Nominees Pty Ltd (2010) 269 ALR 262; [2010] FCAFC 60 ................................................................................................................................. ACL.4.180, ACL.18.1320 North East Equity Pty Ltd v Proud Nominees Pty Ltd [2012] FCAFC 1 ............................................. ACL.4.180 Northern Sydney Region Councils (NSROC), Re (A30231; 16 December 2004) ............................ CCA.90.1060 Nursing Agencies Assn of Australia, Re [2003] ACompT 2; (2003) 175 FLR 423; [2003] ATPR 41-936 .......................................................................................................... CCA.102.200, CCA.103.180

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TABLE OF CASES

Nutrientwater Pty Ltd v Baco Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 2 ....................... ACL.18.1180, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2180, ACL.18.2200, ACL.18.2280 Nyoni v Shire of Kellerberrin (No 6) [2015] FCA 1294 ........................................................................ ACL.18.60

O O’Brien v Smolonogov (1983) 53 ALR 107; 2 IPR 69; [1983] FCA 333; [1983] ATPR 40-418 ............................................................................................................................ ACL.18.580, CCA.4.540 O’Bryen v Coles Myer Ltd [1993] ATPR 41-209 ......................................................... ACL.29.340, ACL.107.140 OD Transport Pty Ltd v Western Australian Government Railways Commission (1986) 13 FCR 270; 71 ALR 190; [1987] ATPR 40-761 .............................................................. CCA.4.560, CCA.80.80 O’Grady v Northern Queensland Co Ltd (1990) 19 ALD 743; 169 CLR 356; 92 ALR 213; 64 ALJR 283 ....................................................................................................................................... ACL.45.60 O’Keeffe Nominees Pty Ltd v BP Australia Ltd (1992) 38 FCR 85; 110 ALR 357; [1992] ATPR 41-188 ...................................................................................................... CCA.163A.40, CCA.163A.100 O’Keeffe Nominees Pty Ltd v BP Australia Ltd (No 2) (1995) 55 FCR 591; 128 ALR 718; [1995] ATPR 41-393 .......................................................................................... CCA.87CA.20, CCA.163A.180 O’Neill v El Camino Autos Pty Ltd (1980) 42 FLR 35; [1980] ATPR 40-158 ............ CCA.76.600, CCA.79.400 O’Neill v Medical Benefits Fund of Australia Ltd [2002] FCAFC 188; (2002) 122 FCR 455; 52 AILR 4-646; [2002] ATPR 41-882; [2002] ASAL 55-084 ............. ACL.4.200, ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1460, ACL.236.520, ACL.236.560, CCA.82.340 Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCA 839 .................................................................. CCA.4.500, CCA.4.540, CCA.155.20 Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCAFC 155 ...................... CCA.4.500, CCA.44ZZRD.160, CCA.155.120, CCA.155.580 Office Choice Ltd, Re (A91389; 23 January 2014) ...................................................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1240 Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc [2009] EWCA Civ 116; [2010] 1 AC 696; [2009] All ER (D) 270 (Feb); [2009] 2 WLR 1286 ........................................................................ ACL.23.120 Olex Focas Pty Ltd v Skodaexport Co Ltd [1997] ATPR (Digest) 46-163 ......................................... ACL.20.320 Olivia Newton-John v Scholl-Plough (Aust) Ltd (1986) 1 FCR 233; [1986] ATPR 40-697 .............. ACL.18.740 Opals Australia Pty Ltd v Opal Australiana Pty Ltd [1993] ATPR 41-264 ....................................... ACL.18.2460 Optical Prescriptions Spectacle Makers Pty Ltd v Vlastaras [1991] ATPR 41-150 ...... CCA.51.160, CCA.51.200 Oraka Pty Ltd v Leda Holdings Pty Ltd [1997] FCA 297; [1997] ATPR 41-558 ..... ACL.18.420, ACL.237.200, ACL.243.160, ACL.243.180 Orion Pet Products Pty Ltd v RSPCA (Vic) [2002] FCA 860; (2002) 120 FCR 191; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-223; [2002] ASAL 55-089 ...................................... ACL.18.1720, CCA.4.540, CCA.4.560 Orison Pty Ltd v Strategic Minerals Corp NL (1987) 77 ALR 141; 13 ACLR 314; [1987] ATPR 40-803 ....................................................................................................................................... CCA.4.540 Orton v Melman [1981] 1 NSWLR 583 ................................................................................................ CCA.4M.20 Oscar Bronner GmbH & Co KG v Mediaprint Zeitungs und Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH & Co KG Case C7/97 26/11/98 ...................................................................................................... CCA.PTIIIA.60 Osciuszko Thredbo Pty Ltd v ThredboNet Marketing Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 563 ................................. CCA.4M.20 Osgaig Pty Ltd v Ajisen (Melbourne) Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1394; (2004) 213 ALR 153; 63 IPR 156; [2004] ATPR 42-036; [2005] ASAL 55-135 ..................... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.2280, ACL.29.440 Oshlack v Richmond River Council [1998] HCA 11; (1998) 193 CLR 72 ......................................... CCA.90.500 Oswal v Apache Corporation (No 3) [2014] FCA 835 ......................................................................... CCA.138.80 Otter Tail Power Co v US 410 US 366 (1973) ...................................................... CCA.44G.100, CCA.PTIIIA.40 Our Town FM Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1987) 16 FCR 465; 13 ALD 740; 77 ALR 577 ................................................................................. ACL.21.140, ACL.29.140, CCA.87B.60 Outboard Marine Australia Pty Ltd v Hecar Investments (No 6) Pty Ltd (1982) 66 FLR 120; 44 ALR 667; [1982] ATPR 40-327 ................................ CCA.4.140, CCA.47.260, CCA.47.520, CCA.80.520 Overlook Management BV v Foxtel Management Pty Ltd [2002] NSWSC 17; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-219 .................................................................................................................................. ACL.21.360 Overmyer Industrial Brokers Pty Ltd v Campbells Cash & Carry Pty Ltd [2003] NSWCA 305; [2003] ATPR (Digest) 46-242 .................................................................................................. ACL.18.660 Overmyer Industrial Brokers Pty Ltd, Re [1982] ATPR (Com) 50-039 .................... CCA.90.1200, CCA.90.1280

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O’Brien v Smolonogov (1983) 53 ALR 107; 2 IPR 69; [1983] FCA 333; [1983] ATPR 40-418 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.18.580

P P.T. Garuda Indonesia Ltd v ACCC [2012] HCA 33 .............................................................................. CCA.4.280 PG & LJ Smith Plant Hire Pty Ltd v Lanskey Constructions Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 1618; (2004) 137 IR 98 ............................................................................................................................ CCA.45E.100 PMP/McPherson’s (ACCC Competition Assessment 27 August 2007) ......................... CCA.50.160, CCA.50.240 PMT Partners Pty Ltd (in liq.) v Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service (1995) 184 CLR 301; 131 ALR 377; [1995] HCA 36 ......................................................................................... ACL.45.60 POA Enterprises Pty Ltd v Chemist Warehouse Cairns [2012] QSC 316 ......................................... ACL.18.1620 PT Ltd v Spuds Surf Chatswood Pty Ltd [2013] NSWCA 446 ....................................... ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340 Pacific Brands/Joyce (ACCC Competition Assessment 22 March 2005) ............................................ CCA.50.160 Pacific Dunlop Ltd v Hogan (1989) 23 FCR 553; 87 ALR 14; 14 IPR 398; [1989] ATPR 40-948; [1989] AIPC 90-578 ..................................... ACL.18.120, ACL.18.740, ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.2360 Pacific Publications Pty Ltd v IPC Media Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 104; (2003) 57 IPR 28 ................. ACL.18.2400, CCA.86.480, CCA.138.140 Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2015] FCAFC 50; (2015) 236 FCR 199; 321 ALR 584 ........... ACL.20.60, ACL.21.40, ACL.21.60, ACL.21.100ACL.21.280, ACL.21.340, ACL.22.20, ACL.22.40, ACL.24.140 Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2016] HCA 28; (2016) 90 ALJR 835 ................................... ACL.20.60, ACL.21.40, ACL.21.60, ACL.21.340, ACL.22.40, ACL.24.140 PaintRight Ltd, Re (CB00289 – CB00322 ...................................................................................... CCA.93AB.100 Palmer v Dolman [2005] NSWCA 361 ................................................................................................. CCA.45.100 Pan Pharmaceuticals Ltd (in liq) v Australian Naturalcare Products Pty Ltd [2008] FCAFC 2 ......... ACL.18.500 Panelboard Pty Ltd v TPC [1981] FCA 98; (1981) 59 FLR 395 ......................................................... CCA.155.20 Paper Products Pty Ltd v Tomlinsons (Rochdale) Ltd (No 2) [1993] FCA 430; (2003) 44 FCR 485 ............................................................................................................................................ CCA.138.60 Paper Sales (Aust) WA Pty Ltd v PSA Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-142; [1991] ASC 56-111 .............. ACL.18.220, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1940, ACL.236.60 Pappas v Soulac Pty Ltd (1983) 50 ALR 231; [1983] ATPR 40-411 .......................... ACL.18.220, ACL.18.1860 Paramedical Services Pty Ltd v The Ambulance Service of New South Wales [1999] FCA 548 .................................................................................................................................................... CCA.2A.160 Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd v Puxu Pty Ltd (1982) 149 CLR 191; 56 ALJR 715; 42 ALR 1; [1982] HCA 44; [1982] ATPR 40-307 ...................... ACL.18.80, ACL.18.100, ACL.18.140, ACL.18.160, ACL.18.180, ACL.18.240, ACL.18.260, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.540, ACL.18.1080, ACL.18.1180, ACL.18.2120, ACL.29.20 Parmalat Australia Pty Ltd v VIP Plastic Packaging Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 119 ............. CCA.4F.40, CCA.45.240, CCA.47.560, CCA.80.160 Parramatta Tourist Services Pty Ltd v SWB Family Credit Union Ltd (1979) 24 ALR 273; [1979] ATPR 40-102 ...................................................................................................... CCA.4.260, CCA.4.500 Parras Holdings Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [1999] FCA 391 ................................. ACL.21.340 Parrys Department Store (WA) Pty Ltd v Simpson Ltd (1983) 76 FLR 60; [1983] ATPR 40-393 ......................................................................... CCA.137H.80, CCA.48.340, CCA.83.140, CCA.96.300 Pascoe v Boensch [2009] FCA 1240 ..................................................................................................... CCA.138.80 Pascoe v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1956) 11 ATD 108; 30 ALJR 402 ........................... CCA.45D.180, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.45.240, CCA.46.700 Patrick v Capital Finance Pty Ltd (No 2) [2002] FCA 1570 ............................................................... CCA.86.540 Patrick v Steel Mains Pty Ltd (1987) 77 ALR 133; 22 IR 81; [1987] ATPR 40-794 .......................... CCA.4.540 Patrick Stevedores Operations No 2 Pty Ltd v Maritime Union of Australia (No 3) [1998] HCA 30; (1998) 195 CLR 1; 72 ALJR 873 .................................................................................... CCA.80.120 Paul Dainty Corp Pty Ltd v National Tennis Centre Trust [1989] ATPR 40-951 .......... CCA.47.80, CCA.47.300, CCA.47.620, CCA.47.660

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Paul Dainty Corp Pty Ltd v National Tennis Centre Trust (1990) 22 FCR 495; 94 ALR 225; [1990] ATPR 41-029 ...................................................................................................... CCA.4A.60, CCA.51.80 Pearson v HRX Holdings Pty Ltd [2012] FCAFC 111 ......................................................................... CCA.4M.20 Pegasus Leasing Ltd v Cadoroll Pty Ltd (1996) 59 FCR 152; [1996] ATPR 41-495 ........................... CCA.86.80 Peninsula Balmain Pty Ltd v Abigroup Contractors Pty Ltd [2002] NSWCA 211 ............................. ACL.18.460 Peregrine Corp/ BP Australia Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 15 December 2014) ........................................................................................................................... CCA.50.180, CCA.50.260 Pereira v DPP [1988] HCA 57; (1988) 63 ALJR 1; 35 A Crim R 382; 82 ALR 217 ..................... ACL.224.100, CCA.76.80, CCA.76.120 Perisher Blue Pty Ltd v Nair-Smith [2015] NSWCA 90 ............................................................................... 275.20 Perpetual Ltd/The Trust Company Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 3 December 2013) ........................................................................................................................... CCA.50.240, CCA.50.400 Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Khoshaba (2006) 14 BPR 26,639; [2006] NSWCA 41 ........ ACL.20.20, ACL.23.20 Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Milanex Pty Ltd (in liq) [2011] NSWCA 367 ................ ACL.18.1300, ACL.234.40, ACL.236.60, CCA.137B.20 Peter Williamson Pty Ltd v Capitol Motors Ltd (1982) 61 FLR 257; 41 ALR 6131 TPR 309; [1982] ATPR 40-291 ... ACL.35.60, CCA.48.180, CCA.48.280, CCA.77.40, CCA.80.520, CCA.96.180, CCA.96.220, CCA.96.360, CCA.100.40 Petera Pty Ltd v EAJ Pty Ltd (1984) 7 FCR 375; [1985] ATPR 40-605 ............................................ ACL.18.420 Peters (WA) Ltd v Petersville Ltd [1999] FCA 1245; [1999] ATPR 41-714 ....................................... CCA.4M.20 Peters (WA) Ltd v Petersville Ltd [2001] HCA 45; (2001) 205 CLR 126; 75 ALJR 1385; 181 ALR 337; [2001] ATPR 41-830 .......................................................................... CCA.4M.20, CCA.51.200 Peters American Delicacy Co Ltd v Patricia’s Chocolates & Candies Pty Ltd (1947) 77 CLR 574; 21 ALJR 281 .............................................................................................. CCA.4M.20, CCA.51.200 Peterson v Merck Sharpe & Dohme (Aust) Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 180; (2010) 184 FCR 1 ................. ACL.2.120, ACL.9.40, ACL.54.20, ACL.55.20, ACL.55.80, ACL.142.40, ACL.142.100, CCA.4C.20 Petersville Ltd v Peters (WA) Ltd [1999] FCA 5; (1999) 160 ALR 359; 43 IPR 323; [1999] ATPR 41-674 ............................................................................................................... CCA.4M.20, CCA.51.200 Petrofina (Great Britain) Ltd v Martin [1966] Ch 146 .......................................................................... CCA.4M.20 Petty v Penfold Wines Pty Ltd [1993] ATPR 41-263 .............................. ACL.18.220, ACL.18.600, CCA.4E.340 Petty v Penfold Wines Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FCR 282; [1994] ATPR 41-320 ................. ACL.18.220, ACL.18.600, CCA.4E.340 Pharm-a-Care Laboratories Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (No 6) [2011] FCA 277 ................................. CCA.86.360 Pharmacy Guild of Australia (Qld Branch), Re [1983] 5 TPR 45 ....................................................... CCA.90.800 Phelps v Western Mining Corp Ltd (1978) 33 FLR 327; 20 ALR 183; [1978] ATPR 40-077 ...... CCA.163A.80, CCA.80.180 Philip Morris Australia Ltd v Nixon [2000] FCA 229; [2000] ATPR 41-759 ..................................... CCA.138.80 Phillip & Anton Homes Pty Ltd v Commonwealth [1988] ATPR 40-838; [1988] ASC 55-635 ........................................................................................................................... ACL.30.60, CCA.2A.140 Phoenix Court Pty Ltd v Melbourne Central Pty Ltd [1997] FCA 1101; [1997] ATPR (Digest) 46-179 .................................................................................................................................... ACL.4.200 Photo-Continental Pty Ltd v Sony (Aust) Pty Ltd [1995] ATPR 41-372 ...................... CCA.46.200, CCA.46.220 Pihiga Pty Ltd v Roche [2011] FCA 240 ........................................................................ ACL.18.500, ACL.18.640 Pilbara Infrastructure Pty Ltd v Australian Competition Tribunal [2011] FCAFC 58 .................... CCA.44G.180, CCA.42.20, CCA.102.300 Pilbara Infrastructure Pty Ltd v Australian Competition Tribunal [2012] HCA 36 ......................... CCA.44G.120, CCA.44G.180, CCA.44H.60, CCA.44K.40 Pillifeant v Colemma Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-508 ............................................................................... CCA.86.80 Pilmer v Duke Group Ltd (in liq) [2001] HCA 31; (2001) 207 CLR 165; 75 ALJR 1067 ................. CCA.4.500, CCA.44ZZRD.160 Pinetrees Lodge Pty Ltd v Atlas International Pty Ltd (1981) 59 FLR 244; 38 ALR 187 ............... ACL.18.2340 Pioneer Concrete (Vic) Pty Ltd v TPC [1982] HCA 65; (1982) 152 CLR 460; 57 ALJR 1; 43 ALR 449; [1982] ATPR 40-320 ........................................................................ CCA.155.180, CCA.155.280

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Pioneer Electronics Aust Pty Ltd v Edge Technology Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 142 ................................... ACL.4.200 Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 78 ........................ CCA.84.120 Pivotel Satellite Pty Ltd v Optus Mobile Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 516 ..................................................... CCA.86.140 Platz v Creative’s Landscape Design Centre Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-947 ...................................... ACL.18.1940 Plimer v Roberts (1997) 80 FCR 303; 150 ALR 235; 39 IPR 257; [1998] ATPR 41-602 ................ ACL.18.240, ACL.18.1720, CCA.4.540 Plum v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2005] FCA 790 .............................................................. ACL.18.1300 Plumbing Plus Bathroom Kitchen Laundry Pty Ltd, Re (A91523 ..................................................... CCA.90.1140 Plume v Federal Airports Corp [1997] ATPR 41-589 .................................................... CCA.4E.340, CCA.46.460 Polaris Communications Pty Ltd v Dynamic Hearing Pty Ltd [2009] FCA 890 ................................ ACL.18.600 Polgardy v Australian Guarantee Corp Ltd (1981) 52 FLR 240; 34 ALR 391; [1981] ATPR 40-207 .................................................................................................................... CCA.163A.40, CCA.163A.60 Pollock v Hicks [2015] NSWCA 122 .......................................................................... ACL.224.120, ACL.224.140 Pont Data Australia Pty Ltd v ASX Operations Pty Ltd (1990) 21 FCR 385; 93 ALR 523; [1990] ATPR 41-007 .................................................................................................. CCA.45.720, CCA.46.140 Port Waratah Coal Services Ltd, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-260 ....................................................... CCA.90.720 Port Waratah Coal Services Ltd, Re (A91110; 13 May 2009) ............................................................. CCA.90.940 Port Waratah Coal Services Ltd, Re (A91147; 9 December 2009) ...................................................... CCA.90.940 Poseidon Ltd v Adelaide Petroleum NL (1991) 105 ALR 25; [1992] ATPR 41-164 ......................... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.500, ACL.18.580, ACL.18.1440 Postiglione v The Queen (1997) 189 CLR 295; 94 A Crim R 397; 71 ALJR 875; 145 ALR 408 ............................................................................................................................... CCA.76.640, CCA.79.240 Potter v Minahan (1908) 7 CLR 277; 14 ALR 635 ............................................................................ CCA.155.520 Potts v Mobil Oil Australia Ltd [1990] ATPR 41-021 ................................................. ACL.236.240, CCA.82.180 Poulet Frais Pty Ltd v The Silver Fox Co Pty Ltd [2005] FCAFC 131; (2005) 220 ALR 211; [2005] ATPR 42-075 ........................................................................................ ACL.18.1580, CCA.86.740 Powercor Aust Ltd, Re (A91114; 23 April 2009) ........................................................... CCA.90.940, CCA.90.660 Pozzolanic Enterprises Pty Ltd, Re (A91261; 14 July 2011) ....................................... CCA.90.560, CCA.90.1220 Premium Milk Supply Pty Ltd, Re [2002] ATPR (Com) 50-288 ....................................................... CCA.90.1140 Pretorius v Venture Stores (Retailers) Pty Ltd [1992] ATPR 41-166; [1992] ASC 56-150 .............. ACL.107.140 Primus Telecommunications Pty Ltd v Kooee Communications Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 8 .................... ACL.18.580 Pritchard v Racecage Pty Ltd (1997) 72 FCR 203; 142 ALR 527; 25 MVR 17; [1997] ATPR 41-554; [1997] Aust Torts Reports 81-421 .............................. ACL.20.480, ACL.236.340, CCA.4K.20 Private Hospital Collective Bargaining Group, Re (A91293; 20 August 2012) ............ CCA.90.760, CCA.90.860 Pro Teeth Whitening (Aust) Pty Ltd v Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasurer [2013] FCA 1103 .............................................................................................................. 132J.40, ACL.122.20, ACL.122.80 Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority [1998] HCA 28; (1998) 194 CLR 355; 72 ALJR 841; 153 ALR 490 ................................................................................................ CCA.45DD.20 Proprietary Medicines Assn of Aust & NZ, Re [1997] ATPR (Com) 50-246 ..................................... CCA.90.740 Prosperity Group International Pty Ltd v Queensland Communication Company Pty Ltd (No 3) [2011] FCA 1122 ......................................................... ACL.18.220, ACL.237.40, ACL.278.20, CCA.87.60 Province of Bombay v Bombay Municipal Corp [1947] AC 58 ...................................... CCA.2A.20, CCA.51.40 Pugh v Clarke Rubber Ltd [1993] ASC 55-712; [1993] ATPR 41-258 ............................................. ACL.107.140 Puxu Pty Ltd v Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty Ltd (1980) 43 FLR 405; 31 ALR 73; [1980] ATPR 40-135 ......................................................................................................................... ACL.18.920 Pye Industries Sales Pty Ltd v TPC [1979] ATPR 40-124 .......................................... CCA.76.1020, CCA.80.260 Pyneboard Pty Ltd v TPC [1982] FCA 17; (1982) 57 FLR 368 .......................................................... CCA.155.20 Pyneboard Pty Ltd v TPC [1983] HCA 9; (1983) 152 CLR 328; 57 ALJR 236; [1983] ATPR 40-341 ............. CCA.77.60, CCA.155.20, CCA.155.120, CCA.155.200, CCA.155.240, CCA.155.260, CCA.155.300, CCA.155.320

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Q QDSV Holdings Pty Ltd v TPC (1995) 59 FCR 301; 131 ALR 493; 32 IPR 1; [1995] ATPR 41-432 ................................................................................................... ACL.29.260, ACL.29.500, CCA.80.640 QIW Retailers Ltd v Davids Holdings Pty Ltd (No 1) (1992) 36 FCR 386; 8 ACSR 245; 10 ACLC 1158; [1992] ATPR 41-178 ........................................................ CCA.50.600, CCA.80.40, CCA.80.660 QIW Retailers Ltd v Davids Holdings Pty Ltd (No 3) (1993) 42 FCR 255; 114 ALR 579; [1993] ATPR 41-226 .................................................................................................. CCA.4E.320, CCA.80.660 Qantas Airways Ltd v Aravco Ltd (1996) 185 CLR 43; 136 ALR 510; [1996] ATPR 41-486 ............ ACL.60.80 Qantas Airways Ltd v Cameron (1996) 66 FCR 246; 145 ALR 294; [1996] FCA 1483; [1996] ATPR 41-487 ............................................................................. ACL.18.2080, ACL.20.60, ACL.21.340 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-090 ........................................................................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-095 ........................................................................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-098 ........................................................................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-109 ........................................................................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-119 ........................................................................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [1987] ATPR (Com) 50-056 ........................................................................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-120 ........................................................................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [2003] ACompT 4; [2003] ATPR 41-972 ..................................................... CCA.109.20 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [2004] ACompT 9; [2004] ATPR 42-027; [2005] ATPR 42-065 ................ CCA.50.520, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.80, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.200, CCA.90.280, CCA.90.300, CCA.90.340, CCA.90.400CCA.90.1400, CCA.95AT.60 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re (A40107; 14 September 2006) .................................................................... CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re (A91314; 26 March 2013) ........................................................................... CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re (A91332; 27 March 2013) .................................. CCA.88.20, CCA.90.1400, CCA.91.60 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re (A91470 21 August 2015) ........................................................................... CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re (A91502) ....................................................................................................... CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd and American Airlines Inc, Re (A91265; 29 September 2011) ........................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd and British Airways plc, Re [1995] ATPR (Com) 50-184 ................................ CCA.90.1400 Qantas Airways Ltd and British Airways plc, Re (A91195; 31 March 2010) ................................... CCA.90.1400 Qantas Wentworth Holdings Ltd, Re A90150; (1978) TPRS 115.160 ............................ CCA.90.640, CCA.91.40 Qantas Airways Ltd, Re [2004] ACompT 9; [2004] ATPR 42-027 ..................................................... CCA.90.440 Qld Office of Liquor & Gaming Regulation, Re (A91385; 18 December 2014) .............................. CCA.90.1040 Quad Consulting Pty Ltd v David R Bleakley and Associates Pty Ltd (1990) 27 FCR 86; 98 ALR 659; [1990] FCA 455 ............................................ ACL.18.500, ACL.18.620, ACL.18.640, ACL.234.40 Quadramain Pty Ltd v Sevastapol Investments Pty Ltd [1976] HCA 10; (1976) 133 CLR 390 ......................................................................................................... CCA.4H.20, CCA.4M.20, CCA.45B.20 Queensland v Pioneer Concrete (Qld) Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 499; [1999] ATPR 41-691 ..................... CCA.86.140 Queensland Aggregates Pty Ltd v TPC [1981] FCA 138; (1981) 57 FLR 314 ................ ACL.2.160, CCA.4.500 Queensland Chicken Growers Association Inc, Re (A91347; 24 January 2013) ............................... CCA.90.1140 Queensland Co-op Milling Assn Ltd, Re (1976) 25 FLR 169; 8 ALR 481; [1976] ATPR 40-012 ..... CCA.4E.60, CCA.4E.120, CCA.4E.260, CCA.4.140, CCA.44K.100, CCA.44ZP.60, CCA.46.400, CCA.50.320, CCA.88.220, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.200, CCA.90.460, CCA.95AU.60, CCA.101.100, CCA.102.140, CCA.102.160, CCA.102.240, CCA.103.60, FMRPG.5.40 Queensland Gas Pipelines, Re [2001] ATPR (NCC) 70-008 ............................................................. CCA.44G.220 Queensland Independent Wholesalers Ltd, Re (1995) 132 ALR 225; [1995] ATPR 41-438 ............ CCA.4E.340, CCA.87B.100, CCA.4.140, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.80, CCA.90.1100, CCA.95AT.60, CCA.95AU.60, CCA.103.120 Queensland Newsagency System, Re [1998] ATPR (Com) 50-255 ................................................... CCA.90.1120 Queensland Newsagents Federation, Re (A91353; 11 July 2013) ........................................................ CCA.90.760 Queensland Newsagents Federation Ltd, Re (A91117; 22 April 2009) ....................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1120 Queensland Stock and Station Agents Assn, Re (1989) 95 FLR 250; 87 ALR 321; [1989] ATPR 40-938 ............................................. CCA.88.80, CCA.88.120, CCA.88.140, CCA.90.660, CCA.102.80

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Queensland Timber Board, Re (1975) 24 FLR 205; 5 ALR 501; [1975] ATPR 40-005 ....................... CCA.4.80, CCA.88.200, CCA.101.140, CCA.102.80, CCA.102.260, CCA.103.100 Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v The Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd (1989) 167 CLR 177 F.C. 89/004; ATPR 40-925; [1989] HCA 6 ................... CCA.4E.60, CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.120, CCA.4E.140, CCA.4E.240, CCA.4E.260, CCA.4E.340, CCA.4F.60, CCA.44B.100, CCA.163A.100, CCA.PTIIIA.20, CCA.46.60, CCA.46.100, CCA.46.160, CCA.46.180, CCA.46.200, CCA.46.220, CCA.46.280, CCA.46.400, CCA.46.420, CCA.46.460, CCA.46.700, CCA.46.800, CCA.50.320, CCA.50.380, CCA.87CA.20, CCA.151AJ.60, CCA.151AK.40, MG.4.60, MG.4.100, MG.4.100 Quigley v Legal Practitioners Complaints Committee [2003] WASCA 228 ......................................... CCA.37.40 Quikfund (Australia) Pty Ltd v Airmark Consolidators Pty Ltd (2014) 22 FCR 13; 312 ALR 254; [2014] FCAFC 70 .................................................................. ACL.278.40, CCA.131A.20, CCA.131A.60 Quilted Products Manufacturers’ Assn of Australia, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-070 ....................... CCA.90.380, CCA.90.740 Quilted Products Manufacturers’ Assn of Australia, Re [1993] ATPR (Com) 50-130 ........................ CCA.90.660 Quinlivan v ACCC [2004] FCAFC 175; (2004) 160 FCR 1; [2004] ATPR 42-010 ........ ACL.4.160, ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1860, ACL.224.100, CCA.76.640 Quinn v Given (1980) 41 FLR 416; 29 ALR 88 .................................................................................. CCA.79.400

R R v Adams (1935) 53 CLR 563; 8 ABC 97; [1935] ALR 421; 9 ALJ 242 ................ ACL.CH4.20, CCA.79.100 R v Associated Northern Collieries (1911) 14 CLR 387; [1911] HCA 73 ..................... CCA.45.80, CCA.46.700 R v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal; Ex parte 2HD Pty Ltd [1979] HCA 62; (1979) 144 CLR 45; 54 ALJR 94; 27 ALR 321 ............................................................................................... CCA.102.280 R v Australian Industrial Court; Ex parte CLM Holdings Pty Ltd (1977) 136 CLR 235; 51 ALJR 362; 13 ALR 273; [1977] ATPR 40-017; [1977] CLC 40-305 ... CCA.4A.40, CCA.4.60, CCA.47.100, CCA.50.440, CCA.79.60 R v Bates [1911] 1 KB 964; [1911-13] All ER Rep Ext 1656; (1911) 80 LJKB 507 ........................ CCA.163.80 R v Credit Tribunal (SA); Ex parte GMAC (1977) 137 CLR 545; 51 ALJR 612; 14 ALR 257; [1977] HCA 34 ........................................................................................................................... ACL.18.80 R v Ford Motor Co Ltd [1975] 1 WLR 1220 ....................................................................................... ACL.29.240 R v Hunt (1979) 180 CLR 322; 25 ALR 497 ................................................................... ACL.21.160, ACL.22.60 R v Judges of the Federal Court of Australia; Ex parte Pilkington ACI (Operations) Pty Ltd (1978) 142 CLR 113; 53 ALJR 230; 23 ALR 69 ..................................................... CCA.80.100, CCA.80.320 R v Judges of the Federal Court of Australia; Ex parte Western Australian National Football League (Inc) (1979) 143 CLR 190; 53 ALJR 273; 23 ALR 439; [1979] ATPR 40-103 ................. CCA.4.560 R v Tiddy (1969) SASR 575 ........................................................................................... CCA.76.640, CCA.79.240 R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte St George County Council (1974) 130 CLR 533; 48 ALJR 26; 2 ALR 371 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.4.560 R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte Tasmanian Breweries Pty Ltd [1970] HCA 8; (1970) 123 CLR 361; 44 ALJR 126; [1970] ALR 449 ................................................................................. CCA.30.20 R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte Tooheys Ltd [1977] FCA 22; (1977) 31 FLR 1; 16 ALR 609; [1977] ATPR 40-054 ....................................................................................................... CCA.106.20 R & C Products Pty Ltd v Abundant Earth Pty Ltd (1984) 3 FCR 40; 55 ALR 38; [1984] ATPR 40-488 ..................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.920 R & C Products Pty Ltd (t/as Samuel Taylor) v SC Johnson & Sons Pty Ltd (1993) 42 FCR 188; 113 ALR 487; 26 IPR 98; [1993] ATPR 41-234; [1993] ASC 56-226 ......... ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.1920, ACL.18.2180, ACL.18.2360 R J Nuss Removals Pty Ltd, Re (CB00283) ................................................................................... CCA.93AB.100 REA Group Ltd v Real Estate 1 Ltd (2013) 217 FCR 327; 102 IPR 1; [2013] FCA 559 .............. ACL.18.1100, ACL.18.1180, ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.2460 RG Tanna Coal Export Terminal Producers, Re (A91405; 16 April 2014) .................. CCA.90.760, CCA.90.940, CCA.90.1220 RGC Mineral Sands Ltd v Wimmera Industrial Minerals Pty Ltd (No 2) [2000] FCA 22 .................. CCA.4.540

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TABLE OF CASES

RP Data Limited v State of Queensland [2007] FCA 1639; (2007) 221 FCR 392 ...... CCA.2A.160, CCA.4.540, CCA.46.440, CCA.46.720, CCA.46.920 Racing & Wagering WA, Re (A91460 12 February 2015) ................................................................. CCA.90.1000 Racing and Wagering Western Australia, Re (A91342; 17 April 2013) ............................................. CCA.90.1000 Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd v Stereo FM Pty Ltd (1982) 62 FLR 437; 2 TPR 315; 44 ALR 557; [1982] ATPR 40-318 ..... CCA.44ZZRD.40, CCA.44ZZRD.140, CCA.44ZZRD.300, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.46.80 Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd v Stereo FM Pty Ltd (1983) 68 FLR 70; 5 TPR 348; 48 ALR 361; [1983] ATPR 40-367 ..................................................................... CCA.44ZZRD.140, CCA.44ZZRD.300 Raestreet Pty Ltd v The Farmers’ Shop Pty Ltd (unreported, Sup Ct, SA, 30 June 1998) ................ ACL.18.580 Rafferty v Madgwicks (2012) 203 FCR 1; 287 ALR 437; [2012] FCAFC 37 .......... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1580, CCA.51ACB.40, CCA.51ACB.100, CCICF.4.20, CCICF.5.20 Rafferty v Madgwicks [2012] FCAFC 37; (2012) 203 FCR 1; 287 ALR 437 ............ ACL.224.140, CCA.87.20, CCA.87.100 Rafferty v Time 2000 West Pty Ltd (No 4) [2010] FCA 725 ............................................................. ACL.18.1580 Rail Access Corp v New South Wales Minerals Council Ltd (1998) 87 FCR 517; 158 ALR 323; [1998] ATPR 41-663 .............................................................................................................. CCA.44B.100 Rakich v Bounce Australia Pty Ltd [2016] VSCA 289 .......................................................................... ACL.64.20 Ramset Fasteners (Aust) Pty Ltd v Advanced Building Systems Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 898; (1999) 164 ALR 239; 44 IPR 481 ....................................................... ACL.18.120, ACL.18.380, ACL.236.40 Rana v University of South Australia [2007] FCA 816 ...................................................................... ACL.18.1720 Ransley v Black & Decker (A’asia) Pty Ltd (1977) 3 TPR 138; 2 TPC 343 .................. ACL.9.20, ACL.29.320, ACL.151.40 Ransley v Medical Benefits Fund of Australia Ltd [1980] ATPR 40-160 ............................................ ACL.29.280 Ransley v Spare Parts & Reconditioning Co Pty Ltd [1975] ATPR 40-055 ................. CCA.79.160, CCA.79.440 Ransom v Higgs [1974] 1 WLR 1594 ..................................................................................................... CCA.4.540 Rasell v Cavalier Marketing (Aust) Pty Ltd [1991] 2 Qd R 323 .............. ACL.54.160, ACL.55.20, ACL.55.140 Rasell v Garden City Vinyl Carpet Centre Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-152; [1991] ASC 56-036 .......................................................................................................................... ACL.54.160, ACL.55.140 Razdan v Westpac Banking Corp [2014] NSWCA 126 .......................................................................... ACL.4.220 Re ConAgra Inc v McCain Foods (Aust) Pty Ltd [1992] FCA 159 .................................................. ACL.18.2120 Reading Entertainment Australia Pty Ltd v Birch Carroll & Coyle Ltd [2001] FCA 1752; [2002] ATPR 41-853 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.86.460 Readymix Holdings International Pte Ltd v Wieland Process Equipment Pty Ltd (No 2) [2008] FCA 1480 ............................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1640 Real Estate Institute of Australia Ltd, Re [2000] ACompT 2; [2000] ATPR 41-775 ......................... CCA.90.740, CCA.90.1200, CCA.101.160 Real Estate Institute of Queensland, Re [1983] ATPR (Com) 50-057 ..................... CCA.90.1200, CCA.90.1280, CCA.90.1420 Real Estate Institute of South Australia, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-075 ......................................... CCA.90.1200 Real Estate Institute of South Australia, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-218 ................ CCA.90.1200, CCA.90.1420 Real Estate Institute of Western Australia Inc, Re (A91280; 19 April 2012) .................................... CCA.90.1200 Real Estate Institute of the Australian Capital Territory, Re [1985] ATPR (Com) 50-087 ................ CCA.90.320, CCA.90.1200, CCA.90.1280, CCA.90.1420 Real Estate Institute of the Australian Capital Territory, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-120 ................ CCA.90.320, CCA.90.1200, CCA.90.1420 Real Estate Institute of the Australian Capital Territory, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-151 ............... CCA.90.1200 Really Useful Group Ltd, The v Gordon & Gotch Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-336 ................................... ACL.18.2240 Reardon v Morley Ford Pty Ltd (1980) 49 FLR 401; 33 ALR 417; [1980] ATPR 40-190 .................. ACL.35.80 Reckitt & Colman Products Ltd v Borden Inc [1990] 1 All ER 873 ................................................. ACL.18.1000 Recruitment & Consulting Services Association Ltd, Re (A91388; 12 February 2014) ..................... CCA.90.740 Red Bull Australia Pty Ltd v Sydneywide Distributors Pty Ltd [2001] FCA 1228; (2001) 53 IPR 481 ........................................................................................... ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.2200, ACL.18.2280

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Refrigerant Reclaim Aust Ltd, Re (A91515 .......................................................................................... CCA.90.880 Refrigerated Express Lines (A/Asia) Pty Ltd v Australian Meat & Livestock Corp (1979) 42 FLR 204 ........................................................................................................................ CCA.77.60, CCA.77.100 Refrigerated Express Lines (A/asia) Pty Ltd v Australian Meat and Livestock Corp (No 2) (1980) 44 FLR 455; 29 ALR 333; [1980] ATPR 40-156 ...................................... CCA.10.01.20, CCA.51.300 Regents Pty Ltd v Subaru (Aust) Pty Ltd (1998) 84 FCR 218; 42 IPR 421; [1988] ATPR 41-647 ............................................................................................................................................... CCA.4E.240 Regents Pty Ltd v Subaru (Aust) Pty Ltd (1998) 84 FCR 218; 42 IPR 421; [1998] ATPR 41-647 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.4E.340, CCA.46.460 Reiffel v ACN 075 839 226 Ltd [2003] FCA 194; [2003] ATPR 41-934 .................... ACL.236.40, ACL.18.420, ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1440 Rejfek v McElroy [1965] HCA 46; (1965) 112 CLR 517 .................................................................... CCA.76.160 Remote Retail Services Pty Ltd, Re (CB00208-CB00226) ............................................................. CCA.93AB.100 Rent-A-Ute Pty Ltd v Golden 44 Pty Ltd (1987) 9 IPR 12; [1987] ATPR 40-800 .......................... ACL.18.2460 Rentokil Pty Ltd v Lee (1995) 66 SASR 301; [1996] ATPR 41-451 .................................................. CCA.51.160 Resources New South Wales, Re [2002] ATPR (Com) 50-291 .......................................................... CCA.90.1060 Resources New South Wales, Re (variation approved 6 November 2002) ......................................... CCA.91A.80 Retail Energy Market Co Ltd, Re (A91136; 26 August 2009) ...................................... CCA.90.840, CCA.90.940 Retail Liquor Store Owners Assn, Re (1982) 1 TPR 182 .................................................................... CCA.90.320 Retail Tobacco Sellers’ Assn of Vic, Re [1982] ATPR (Com) 50-040 ................................................ CCA.90.320 Retirees WA Inc, Re (A91279; 12 April 2012). .................................................................................. CCA.90.1160 Rhone-Poulenc Agrochimie SA v UIM Chemical Services Pty Ltd (1986) 12 FCR 477; 68 ALR 77; 6 IPR 607; [1986] ATPR (Digest) 46-010 ...... ACL.18.80, ACL.18.180, ACL.18.380, ACL.18.400, ACL.18.660, CCA.4.160 Rice Growers Co-op Mills Ltd v Bannerman (1981) 53 FLR 408; 35 ALR 553 ............................. CCA.155.420 Ricegrowers Ltd v Real Foods Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 639 ........................................... ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2280 Rich v ASIC [2004] HCA 42; (2004) 220 CLR 129 ............................. ACL.224.280, ACL.248.20, CCA.76.700 Richardson & Wrench (Holdings) Pty Ltd v Ligon No 174 Pty Ltd (1994) 123 ALR 681; [1994] ATPR (Digest) 46-133 ......................................................... ACL.224.100, ACL.224.140, CCA.75B.80 Ricochet Pty Ltd v Equity Trustees Executor & Agency Co Ltd (1993) 41 FCR 229; 113 ALR 30; [1993] ATPR 41-236 ....................................................................................................... ACL.236.120 Riley McKay Pty Ltd v Bannerman [1977] FCA 7; (1977) 31 FLR 129; 15 ALR 561; [1977] ATPR 40-036 .... ACL.29.80, CCA.155.20, CCA.155.60, CCA.155.140, CCA.155.200, CCA.155.240 Rio Tinto Aluminium Ltd, Re (A90215-7; 2 June 2010) ..................................................................... CCA.90.940 Rio Tinto Aluminium Ltd, Re (A91205) ............................................................................................... CCA.90.840 Rio Tinto Coal Australia Pty Ltd, Re (A91410; 21 August 2014) .............................. CCA.90.940, CCA.90.1220 Rio Tinto Ltd v Australian Competition Tribunal [2008] FCAFC 6; 246 ALR 1; [2008] ATPR 42-214 ...................................................................................... CCA.44F.20, CCA.44G.20, CCA.44G.80 Ritter v Godfrey (1920) 2 KB 47 .................................................................................... CCA.79.380, CCA.86.600 Ritz Hotel Ltd v Charles of the Ritz Ltd (1988) 15 NSWLR 158; 95 FLR 418; 88 ALR 217; 12 IPR 417 ................................................................................................................................ CCA.86.440 Rivercity Motorway Finance Pty Ltd v AECOM Australia Pty Ltd (No 2) [2014] FCA 713 ........ CCA.87CB.40 Riverstone Computer Services Pty Limited v IBM Global Financing Australia Limited [2002] FCA 1608 ........................................................................................................... CCA.4E.160, MG.4.100 Rizzo v Fitzgerald (1988) 19 FCR 175; 83 ALR 169; [1989] ATPR 40-890; [1989] ASC 55-681 .................................................................................................................................................. ACL.43.40 Robe River Mining Co Pty Ltd and Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, Re (2013) 274 FLR 346; [2013] ACompT 2 ......................................................................... CCA.44G.120, CCA.44G.180, CCA.44K.60 Robert Fitzgerald & Assocs, Re [1993] ATPR (Com) 50-135 ............................................................. CCA.90.740 Robert Hicks Pty Ltd (t/a Auto Fashions Aust) v Melway Publishing Pty Ltd (1998) 42 IPR 627; [1999] ATPR 41-668 ................................................................. CCA.4E.340, CCA.86.480, CCA.103.120 Robin Pty Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1019; (1999) 179 ALR 449; [1999] ATPR 41-710 ............................................ ACL.18.240, ACL.18.1720, ACL.18.1740, CCA.4.540

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Rochfort v TPC [1982] HCA 66; (1982) 153 CLR 134; 57 ALJR 31; 43 ALR 659; [1982] ATPR 40-322 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.155.60 Rod Investments (Vic) Pty Ltd v Abeyratne [2010] VSC 457 ............................................................. CCA.86.360 Ron Hodgson (Holdings) Pty Ltd v Westco Motors (Distributors) Pty Ltd (1980) 29 ALR 307; [1980] ATPR 40-143 ................................................................................................................. CCA.48.180 Rosenberg v Percival [2001] HCA 18 ................................................................................................... ACL.236.40 Roses Only & Lush Pty Ltd v Mark Lyons Pty Ltd (1999) 47 IPR 593; [1999] FCA 1000; [1999] ATPR 41-706 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.2180 Roumanus v Orchard Holdings (NSW) Pty Ltd (in liq) [2012] FCA 775 .................. ACL.236.240, CCA.82.180 Royal Automobile Club of Qld, Re (A91358; 29 May 2013) .............................................................. CCA.90.980 Ruaro v Ferrari [2007] FCA 2022 ........................................................................................................... ACL.64.20 Ruaro v Holcomm Marine Pty Ltd [2008] FCAFC 174 ......................................................................... ACL.60.80 Rumcoast Holdings Pty Ltd v Prospero Publishing Pty Ltd (1999) 152 FLR 240; 48 IPR 75; [1999] ATPR 41-724 ............................................................................................... ACL.18.1100, ACL.18.2460 Rumcoast Holdings Pty Ltd v Prospero Publishing Pty Ltd [2000] WASCA 61; [2000] ATPR 41-762; [2000] ASAL 55-044 .............................................................................................. ACL.18.1100 Rumpe v Camrol Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-522 .................................................................................... ACL.236.60 Rural Doctors Association of Australia, Re (A91376; 17 April 2013) ......................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.860, CCA.90.1160 Rural Export & Trading (WA) Pty Ltd v Hahnheuser [2008] FCAFC 156; (2008) 169 FCR 583; 249 ALR 445 ............. CCA.45DD.20, CCA.45DD.40, CCA.45DD.60, CCA.45DD.80, CCA.45DD.100 Rural Press Ltd v ACCC [2002] FCAFC 213; (2002) 118 FCR 236; 193 ALR 399; [2002] ATPR 41-883 ........................ ACL.24.40, CCA.4D.120, CCA.4F.80, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.420, CCA.46.500, CCA.86C.60, CCA.86C.120, CCA.76.80, CCA.76.120, CCA.76.440 Rural Press Ltd v ACCC [2002] FCAFC 310 ....................................................................................... CCA.86.600 Rural Press Ltd v ACCC (2003) 216 CLR 53; 203 ALR 217; 78 ALJR 274; [2003] HCA 75 .......... CCA.4.140, CCA.4D.160, CCA.4D.200, CCA.4E.340, CCA.45D.200, CCA.163A.160, CCA.45.280, CCA.45.300, CCA.45.340, CCA.45.420, CCA.46.420, CCA.46.480, CCA.50.120, CCA.50.380; CCA.76.80, CCA.76.140, CCA.80.40, CCA.86.220, MG.3.40 Rural Traders Co-op (WA) Ltd, Re (1979) 37 FLR 244 ... CCA.90.60, CCA.90.120, CCA.90.200, CCA.90.220, CCA.102.80, CCA.102.100 Russian Commercial & Industrial Bank v British Bank for Foreign Trade Ltd [1921] 2 AC 438; [1921] All ER Rep 329 ....................................................................................................... CCA.163A.140 Ryan v Great Lakes Council [1999] FCA 177; (1999) 102 LGERA 123; [1999] ATPR 46-191; [1999] ASAL (Digest) 55-023 ..... ACL.7.20, ACL.54.160, ACL.55.140, ACL.138.120, ACL.142.60

S S & I Publishing Pty Ltd v Australian Surf Life Saving Pty Ltd (1998) 88 FCR 354; 168 ALR 396; 43 IPR 581; [1998] ATPR 41-667 .......... ACL.18.120, ACL.18.180, ACL.18.1980, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2400 S & U Constructions Pty Ltd v Westworld Property Holdings Pty Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-854 ........ ACL.18.1860, CCA.76.120 SPI Spirits (Cyprus) Ltd v Diageo Australia Ltd (No 4) [2007] FCA 1035 ........................................ CCA.138.80 SA Brewing Holdings Ltd v Baxt (1989) 23 FCR 357; 89 ALR 105; [1989] ATPR 40-967 ... CCA.44ZZRU.20, CCA.45.440, CCA.155.20, CCA.155.100, CCA.155.120, CCA.155.200, CCA.155.320 SAGASCO Resources Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-118 .............................................................. CCA.90.1220 SAP Australia Pty Ltd v Sapient Australia Pty Ltd (1999) 169 ALR 1; 48 IPR 593; [1999] FCA 1821; [2000] AIPC 91-536 .................................................................................. ACL.18.80, ACL.18.120 SAP Australia Pty Ltd v Sapient Australia Pty Ltd (1999) 45 IPR 169; [1999] FCA 1027; [1999] AIPC 91-507 ........................................................................... ACL.18.440, ACL.18.460, ACL.18.2460 SC Johnson & Son Pty Ltd v Reckitt Benckiser (Australia) Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 1266 ................... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.960, ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.1080 SCI Operations Pty Ltd v Australian Paper Manufacturers Ltd [1983] ATPR 40-381 ........................ CCA.86.420

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SMEC Australia Pty Ltd & Anor v McConnell Dowell Constructors (Aust) Pty Ltd (No 3) [2012] VSC 557 ................................................................................................................................ CCA.138.80 SPAR Licensing Pty Ltd v MIS QLD Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] FCA 1116 ................ ACL.18.1580, ACL.18.1920, CCA.4D.200, CCA.4E.220, CCA.4E.340, CCA.51ACB.100, CCA.45.240, CCA.45.760 SST Consulting Services Pty Ltd v Rieson [2004] FCA 937; [2004] ATPR 42-016 ............................ CCA.4L.20 SST Consulting Services Pty Ltd v Rieson [2006] HCA 31; (2006) 225 CLR 516; 80 ALJR 1190; 228 ALR 417 ............. CCA.4L.20, CCA.47.220, CCA.4.500, CCA.45.480, CCA.47.640, CCA.47.660 SWB Family Credit Union Ltd v Parramatta Tourist Services Pty Ltd [1980] FCA 125; (1980) 48 FLR 445; 32 ALR 365; [1980] ATPR 40-180 .................... CCA.47.80, CCA.47.120, CCA.47.300, CCA.47.660 SWF Hoists and Industrial Equipment Pty Ltd v State Government Insurance Commission (1990) 6 ANZ Ins Cas 61-002; [1990] ATPR 41-045 ...................... ACL.18.600, ACL.18.620, ACL.18.1680, ACL.29.540, ACL.236.220, CCA.82.160 St George Cabs Co-op Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-126 ............................................................. CCA.90.1400 St Justins Properties Pty Ltd v Rule Holdings Pty Ltd (1980) 40 FLR 282; [1980] ATPR 40-146 ........................................................................................................................... CCA.80.200, CCA.86.80 St Lukes Health Insurance v MBF Ltd [1995] ATPR 41-428 ............. ACL.18.460, ACL.18.1620, ACL.18.1680, ACL.247.20, CCA.80.540 St Vincent’s Health Aust Ltd, Re (A91099; 29 January 2009) ...................................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.860 St Vincent’s Health Australia Ltd, Re (A91295; 12 September 2012) .......................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.860 Saints Gallery Pty Ltd v Plummer (1988) 80 ALR 525; [1988] ATPR 40-882; [1988] ASC 55-671 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1240 Sammy Russo Supplies Pty Ltd v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-641 ............ CCA.86.160 Samsung Electronics Australia Pty Ltd v LG Electronics Australia Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 227 .......... ACL.18.780, ACL.18.1420, ACL.18.1600 Samsung Electronics Australia Pty Ltd v LG Electronics Australia Pty Ltd (No 2) [2015] FCA 477 .................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1420, ACL.18.1600 San Sebastian Pty Ltd v Minister administering the Environment Planning and Assessment Act (1986) 162 CLR 340; 61 ALJR 41; 60 LGRA 405; 68 ALR 161 ........................................... ACL.236.80 Sanders v Glev Franchises Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1332 .......................................................................... ACL.18.220 Sandvik Intellectual Property AB v Quarry Mining & Construction Equipment Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 236 ................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.380 Sanofi-Aventis Aust Pty Ltd v Apotex Pty Ltd (No 3) [2011] FCA 846 .................... ACL.18.180, ACL.18.1620, ACL.236.40 Sanrod Pty Ltd v Dainford Ltd (1984) 54 ALR 179; [1984] ATPR 40-464 ............. ACL.18.1860, ACL.236.160 Santos Ltd, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-074 ....................................................................................... CCA.90.1020 Scandinavian Tobacco Group Eersel BV v Trojan Trading Company Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 1086 ................................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.2180 Scandinavian Tobacco Group Eersel BV v Trojan Trading Company Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 91 ..................................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.2180 Schepis v Elders IXL Ltd [1987] ATPR 40-759 ................................................................................. ACL.18.1640 Schneider Electric (Aust) Pty Ltd v ACCC [2003] FCAFC 2; (2003) 127 FCR 170; 196 ALR 611; [2003] ATPR 41-957 .... CCA.44ZZRJ.160, CCA.76.360, CCA.76.520, CCA.76.640, CCA.79.340 Schwabe Pharma (Aust) Pty Ltd v AusPharm.Net.Au Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 868 .............................. ACL.18.1620 Seadvise Pty Ltd, Re (A91406; 11 June 2014) ............................................................. CCA.90.880, CCA.90.1000 Seafolly Pty Ltd v Madden (2012) 297 ALR 337; 98 IPR 389; [2012] FCA 1346; [2012] ATPR 42-424 .................................................................. ACL.18.400, ACL.18.2020, ACL.18.2200, CCA.6.60 Seamen’s Union of Australia v Utah Development Co (1978) 144 CLR 120; 53 ALJR 83; 22 ALR 291; [1978] ATPR 40-090 ................................................................................................. CCA.45D.80 Secretary of State for the Home Department, Re; Ex parte Salem [1999] 1 AC 450; [1999] 2 WLR 483; [1999] 2 All ER 42 ..................................................................................................... CCA.86.380 Security Group Co-op Housing Soc Ltd, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-106 ......................................... CCA.90.980

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Sellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL [1994] HCA 4; (1994) 179 CLR 332; 68 ALJR 313; 120 ALR 16; [1994] ATPR 41-301 ......... ACL.18.480, ACL.18.1940, ACL.236.80, ACL.236.400, ACL.236.420, ACL.236.560, CCA.82.240, CCA.82.340 Sensis Pty Ltd v McMaster-Fay [2005] NSWCA 163 ............................................................................ ACL.60.80 Sent v Jet Corp Australia Pty Ltd (1986) 160 CLR 540; 60 ALJR 503; 66 ALR 73; [1986] ATPR 40-704 ................... ACL.237.20, ACL.237.140, ACL.237.160, CCA.87.20, CCA.87.360, CCA.87.440 Service Station Assn Ltd v Berg Bennett & Assocs Pty Ltd (1993) 45 FCR 84; 117 ALR 393; 27 IPR 23; [1993] ATPR 41-266 ........................................................................................... ACL.18.2400 Services Sydney Pty Ltd, Re [2005] ACompT 7; (2005) 227 ALR 140; [2006] ATPR 42-099 ........ CCA.44F.20, CCA.44G.20, CCA.44G.80, CCA.44K.120 Sest v Copperart Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-945 .................................................................................... CCA.79.160 7-Eleven Stores Pty Ltd v ACCC [1998] ATPR 41-622 ....................................................................... CCA.91.100 7-Eleven Stores Pty Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR 41-357 .......... CCA.44ZP.40, CCA.90.60, CCA.90.100, CCA.90.180, CCA.90.420, CCA.90.660, CCA.90.1120, CCA.102.80 7-Eleven Stores Pty Ltd, Re [1998] ATPR 41-666 ........ CCA.91B.60, CCA.91B.80, CCA.91B.120, CCA.102.80 Seven Cable Television Pty Ltd v Telstra Corp Ltd [2000] FCA 350; (2000) 171 ALR 89; [2000] ATPR (Digest) 46-202 ..................................................................................................... CCA.152AR.40 Seven Network Ltd v ACCC [2004] FCAFC 267; (2004) 140 FCR 170; 212 ALR 31; 62 IPR 490; [2004] ATPR 42-035 ...... CCA.155.20, CCA.155.100, CCA.155.120, CCA.155.140, CCA.155.200, CCA.155.320, CCA.155.580 Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd [2007] FCA 1062; [2007] ATPR (Digest) 46-274 ... CCA.4E.100, CCA.45.760, CCA.50.340, MG.4.80 Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd [2009] FCAFC 166; (2009) 182 FCR 160; 262 ALR 160 .............. CCA.4E.60, CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.100, CCA.4F.40, CCA.45.220, CCA.45.240, CCA.45.760, CCA.46.60, CCA.46.240, CCA.46.480, CCA.46.980 Seven Network Ltd, Re [2004] ACompT 5; (2004) 182 FLR 169; [2004] ATPR 41-986 .................. CCA.37.20, CCA.37.40, CCA.42.20 Seven Network Ltd (No 2), Re [2004] ACompT 6; [2004] ATPR 41-987 ............................................ CCA.37.40 Seven Network Ltd (No 4), Re [2004] ACompT 11; (2004) 187 FLR 373; [2005] ATPR 42-056 .............................................................................. CCA.152ATA.20, CCA.152ATA.40, CCA.152AR.60 Shahid v Australasian College of Dermatologists [2007] FCA 693; (2007) 72 IPR 555 ...................... CCA.4.560 Shahid v Australasian College of Dermatologists (2008) 168 FCR 46; 248 ALR 267; [2008] FCAFC 72 ....... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.1480, ACL.18.1840. ACL.29.320, ACL.34.40, ACL.34.60, CCA.4.560 Shannahan v TPC [1991] FCA 95; (1991) 28 FCR 239 ................... CCA.155.100, CCA.155.180, CCA.155.580 Sharp v Cossack Pearls Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1477 ........................................................... ACL.18.80, ACL.18.500 Sheen v Geo Cornish Pty Ltd [1978] 2 NSWLR 162; 34 FLR 466; 22 ALR 155 ............................. CCA.79.420 Sheldrick v WT Partnership (Aust) Pty Ltd [1998] FCA 1794; (1998) 89 IR 206 ............................... ACL.4.220 Shopping Centre Council of Australia Ltd, Re (A91049; 6 February 2013) .............. CCA.90.880, CCA.90.1240 Shoshana Pty Ltd v 10th Cantanae Pty Ltd (1987) 18 FCR 285; 79 ALR 279; 11 IPR 249; [1987] ATPR 40-851 .................................................................................................. CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440 Siam Polyethylene Co Ltd v Minister of State for Home Affairs (No 3) [2009] FCA 839 ................ CCA.86.120 Siddons Pty Ltd v Stanley Works Pty Ltd (1990) 18 IPR 630; [1990] ATPR 41-044; [1990] ASC 55-992 .................................................................. ACL.18.1640, ACL.29.260, ACL.29.340, ACL.29.500 Siddons Pty Ltd v Stanley Works Pty Ltd (1991) 29 FCR 14; 99 ALR 497; 20 IPR 1; [1991] ATPR 41-111 ................................................................................................. ACL.18.1640, ACL.29.340 Sigma Constructions (Vic) Pty Ltd v Maryvell Investments Pty Ltd [2004] VSCA 242 ...................... ACL.2.160 Silver Top Taxi Service Ltd, Re [1995] ATPR (Com) 50-209 ................................... CCA.90.1100, CCA.90.1400 Sims v Chong [2015] FCAFC 80 ........................................................................................................ ACL.236.180 Singapore Airlines Ltd v ACCC [2009] FCAFC 136; (2009) 260 ALR 244; [2009] ATPR 42-297 ......................................... CCA.4E.160, CCA.5.160, CCA.44ZZRD.220, CCA.155.120, CCA.155.580 Singapore Airlines Ltd v Taprobane Tours WA Pty Ltd (1991) 33 FCR 158; 104 ALR 633; [1992] ATPR 41-159 ................................. CCA.4E.60, CCA.4E.80, CCA.4E.240, CCA.4E.340, CCA.46.260 Singapore Airlines Ltd, Re (A91542) .................................................................................................. CCA.90.1400

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Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v ACCC (2012) 287 ALR 249; [2012] FCAFC 20 ................ ACL.18.2020, ACL.29.180, ACL.34.60, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.420, ACL.214.20, ACL.224.220, CCA.76.280, CCA.76.360 Singtel Optus Pty Ltd v Telstra Corp Ltd [2004] FCA 859 ............................................................... ACL.18.2020 Sirway Asia Pacific Pty Ltd v Commonwealth [2002] FCA 1152; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-226 ............................................................................................................................................... CCA.2A.160 Sisters of Charity, Re (2004) A30216 .................................................................................................... CCA.90.860 Sitmar Cruises Ltd v Carnival Cruise Lines Inc [1986] ATPR 40-728 .............................................. ACL.18.2340 Skinner v Ford Motor Co of Australia Ltd [2009] FCA 1554 .......................................................... CCA.87CG.20 Smith v Capewell (1979) 142 CLR 509; 53 ALJR 725; 26 ALR 507 ............................. CCA.2A.80, CCA.4.100 Smith v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1987] HCA 48; (1987) 164 CLR 513; 61 ALJR 539; 19 ATR 274; 74 ALR 411 ............................................................................................................ ACL.4.40 Smith v Land & House Property Corp (1884) LR 28 Ch D 7 ........................................................... ACL.18.1900 Smith v State Bank of NSW Ltd (2001) 188 ALR 729; [2001] FCA 946; [2001] ATPR 41-829 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1300 Smolonogov v O’Brien (1982) 67 FLR 311; 44 ALR 347; 2 TPR 223; [1982] ATPR 40-312 FC .................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.60, CCA.6.120 Smorgon v Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [1976] HCA 53; (1976) 134 CLR 475 ........................................................................................................................... CCA.155.140, CCA.155.360 Snoid v Handley (1981) 54 FLR 202; 38 ALR 383 ........................................................................... ACL.18.1180 Snyman v Cooper (1990) 24 FCR 433; 91 ALR 209; 16 IPR 585; [1990] ATPR 40-993 ................ ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1920, ACL.18.2440, CCA.6.60, CCA.6.120 Snyman v Cooper (No 2) (1990) 25 FCR 470; 97 ALR 653; 19 IPR 471; [1991] AIPC 90-753; [1991] ATPR 41-068 ...................................... ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1920, ACL.18.2440, CCA.6.120 Sodastream Ltd v Electronics (Broken Hill) Pty Ltd (1985) 60 ALR 427; [1985] ATPR 40-572 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.47.260 Softwood Tasmania Joint Venture, Re (A91120; 29 July 2009) ................................ CCA.90.1020, CCA.90.1140 Solanowski v Penrith City Council [2002] NSWCA 175 ...................................................................... CCA.4L.20 Solitare Pty Ltd v Quikfund (Aust) Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 1384 ........................................................... CCA.86A.40 Sonic Healthcare Ltd/Healthscope Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 28 August 2013) .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.50.180 Sons of Gwalia Ltd (Administrators Appointed) v Margaretic (2007) 231 CLR 160; [2007] HCA 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.18.520 South Australian Farmers Federation, Re (A91294; 14 June 2012) ............................ CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 South East Queensland Electricity Corp, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-215 ................. CCA.90.940, CCA.90.1360 South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd v News Ltd [1999] FCA 1710; (1999) 169 ALR 120; [1999] ATPR 41-728 .................................................................................... CCA.45.440 South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd v News Ltd [2001] FCA 862; (2001) 111 FCR 456; 181 ALR 188; [2001] ATPR 41-824 .............. CCA.4D.120, CCA.4D.140, CCA.4F.80, CCA.44ZZRD.100, CCA.45.200, CCA.45.240, CCA.45.540, CCA.47.80, CCA.88.60 Southern Cross Beverages Pty Ltd, Re (1981) 50 FLR 176; [1981] ATPR 40-200 .... CCA.47.480, CCA.90.420, CCA.93.280, CCA.102.240 Southern Farmers Co-op Ltd, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-102 ................................... CCA.90.540, CCA.90.1140 Southern Metropolitan Regional Council, Re (A91518 ...................................................................... CCA.90.1060 Spanline Weatherstrong Building Systems Pty Ltd v Tabellz Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1019 ................. ACL.18.2320 Specialised Container Transport, Re [1997] ATPR (NCC) 70-004 ......................... CCA.44B.100, CCA.44G.100, CCA.44G.120, CCA.44G.140, CCA.44G.160, CCA.44G.180 Specialised Container Transport No 2, Re [1997] ATPR (NCC) 70-006 ................ CCA.44G.140, CCA.44G.160 Specsavers Pty Ltd v The Optical Superstore Pty Ltd (No 2) [2010] FCA 566 ............ ACL.18.80, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.700, ACL.18.760, ACL.18.900 Spedley Securities Ltd v Bank of New Zealand [1991] ATPR 41-143; [1991] ASC 56-112 ............ ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1220, ACL.18.1540 Speedo Holdings BV v Evans (No 2) [2011] FCA 1227 ...................................................................... CCA.86.260 Speedo Knitting Mills Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1981) 57 FLR 74; 37 ALR 417 .......................... CCA.91B.60

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Spice v Westpac Banking Corp (unreported, Forster J, No G49/1987, 1 September 1989) .............. ACL.18.600, ACL.236.60 Sporte Leisure Pty Ltd v Paul’s International Pty Ltd (No 3) [2010] FCA 1162 ............................... ACL.29.480 Squibb & Sons Pty Ltd v Tully Corp Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-691 ............................ ACL.243.60, CCA.87.300 Stalyce Holdings (Aust) Pty Ltd v Cetec Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 278; [2002] ATPR 41-866 ............... CCA.86A.40 Standard Oil Co of New Jersey v United States 221 US 1 (1911) ........................................................ CCA.46.20 Stanford v DePuy International Ltd (No 6) [2016] FCA 1452 ............................................................ CCA.86.360 Stanwell Corporation Ltd, Re (A91448 29 January 2015) ............................................... CCA.90.840, CCA.91.60 Star Alliance, Re (A91300; 25 July 2012) .......................................................................................... CCA.90.1400 Star Micronics Pty Ltd v Five Star Computers Pty Ltd (1990) 18 IPR 225; [1990] ATPR 41-056; [1990] AIPC 90-717 ......................................................... ACL.18.1400, ACL.18.1780, ACL.18.2180 Starborne Holdings Pty Ltd v Radferry Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-634 .............................................. ACL.236.500 State Energy Commission of Western Australia v Fluor Australia Pty Ltd (1987) 14 FCR 1; [1987] ATPR 40-773 ........................................................................................................................... CCA.86.80 State Government Insurance Commission v JM Insurance Pty Ltd [1984] ATPR 40-465 .................. ACL.18.700 State Government Insurance Corp v GIO (NSW) (1990) 19 IPR 232; [1990] ATPR 41-052 .......... ACL.18.1340 State Government Insurance Corp v GIO (NSW) (1991) 28 FCR 511; 101 ALR 259; 21 IPR 65; [1991] ATPR 41-110; [1991] ASC 56-067 .............. CCA.2B.200, CCA.4E.300, CCA.4.260, CCA.4.560, CCA.86.440 State Superannuation Board v TPC (1982) 60 FLR 165; 41 ALR 279; [1982] ATPR 40-282; (1982) 1 TPR 326 ..................................... CCA.2B.20, CCA.2B.80, CCA.2B.200, CCA.4.260, CCA.155.500 State of Illinois v Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co [1991] 1 Trade Cases 69,455 ......................... CCA.44G.120, CCA.PTIIIA.40 Stationers Supply Pty Ltd v Victorian Authorised Newsagents Assn Ltd (1993) 44 FCR 35; [1993] ATPR 41-255 ........... CCA.4E.340, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.560, CCA.47.80, CCA.47.120, CCA.47.300, CCA.47.660 Stegenga v J Corp Pty Ltd [1999] ATPR 41-695 .................................................................................. ACL.139.20 Steiner v Magic Carpet Tours Pty Ltd [1984] ATPR 40-490 ............................................................. ACL.236.360 Sterling v TPC (1981) 51 FLR 1; 35 ALR 59; [1981] ATPR 40-212 ........................... ACL.18.1180, CCA.80.20 Sterling Winthrop Pty Ltd v R & C Products Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-308 ........... ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.2180, ACL.18.2200 Sterling Winthrop Pty Ltd v The Boots Co (Aust) Pty Ltd (1995) 32 IPR 361; [1995] ATPR 41-433 .......................................................................................................................... ACL.18.700, ACL.18.760 Stern v McArthur (1988) 165 CLR 489; 81 ALR 463 ........................................................................... ACL.20.60 Stern v National Australia Bank [1999] FCA 1421 ................................... ACL.18.1300, CCA.5.120, CCA.5.140 Sternberg v The Queen (1953) 88 CLR 646 ........................................................................................... ACL.29.80 Stirling Harbour Services Pty Ltd v Bunbury Port Authority [2000] FCA 38; [2000] ATPR 41-752 ........ CCA.45.280, CCA.45.300, CCA.45.460, CCA.45.740, CCA.46.440, CCA.46.960, CCA.47.440, CCA.47.640, CCA.93.20 Stock & Station Agents’ Assn of New South Wales, Re [1993] ATPR (Com) 50-129 ...................... CCA.91B.60 Stock Exchange of Melbourne Ltd, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-104 ................................................ CCA.90.1300 Stoelwinder v Southern Health Care Network [2000] FCA 444; 97 IR 76; (2000) 177 ALR 501 ....................................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.60 Stokely-Van Camp Inc v New Generation Beverages Pty Ltd (1998) 44 NSWLR 607; [1998] ATPR 41-657 ................................ CCA.4D.80, CCA.4D.120, CCA.4D.200, CCA.4F.40, CCA.45.240 Stone & Wood Group Pty Ltd v Intellectual Property Development Corp Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 820 .......................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.2280 Street v Luna Park Sydney Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 1; (2009) 223 FLR 245 ................. CCA.4.500, ACL.18.60, CCA.4.540 Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd (1971) 124 CLR 468; 45 ALJR 485; [1972] ALR 3 ................ CCA.1.20 Strike v Dive Queensland Inc [1998] ATPR 41-605 ............................................................................ CCA.86A.40 Stuart Alexander & Co (Interstate) Pty Ltd v Blenders Pty Ltd (1981) 53 FLR 307; 37 ALR 161 ....................................................................................................... ACL.18.680, ACL.18.700, ACL.18.1080

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Su (t/as Ausviet Travel) v Direct Flights International Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1844; [2000] ATPR 41-750 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.86.160 Su (t/as Ausviet Travel) v Direct Flights International Pty Ltd (No 2) [1999] ATPR 41-677 ............ CCA.86.160 Subway Systems Australia Pty Ltd v Thorpe [2000] QSC 99 .............................................................. CCICF.5.20 Suncorp-Metway Ltd, Re (A91213; 13 September 2010) .................................................................... CCA.90.700 Suncorp-Metway Ltd, Re (A91508; 1 October 2015) ........................................................................... CCA.90.700 Suncorp Metway/Promina (ACCC Competition Assessment, 12 January 2007) ................................. CCA.50.240 Supetina Pty Ltd v Lombok Pty Ltd (1986) 11 FCR 563; [1986] ATPR 40-716 .... ACL.18.1860, ACL.243.180, CCA.76.120 Surge Licensing Inc v Pearson (1991) 21 IPR 228; [1991] ATPR 41-119; [1991] ASC 56-077 ...................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1380, ACL.18.2160 Sutton v AJ Thompson Pty Ltd (in liq) (1987) 73 ALR 233; [1987] ATPR 40-789; [1987] ASC 55-583 ................................................................................................................... ACL.18.80, ACL.18.420 Swan v Downes (1978) 34 FLR 36; [1978] ATPR 40-068 ....... ACL.36.20, ACL.36.60, CCA.4.540, CCA.6.120 Sweetman v Bradfield Management Services Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-290 ....................................... ACL.18.600 Swift v Westpac Banking Corp [1995] ATPR 41-401 .................................................... ACL.20.300, ACL.21.340 Sydney Airport Corp Ltd v Australian Competition Tribunal [2006] FCAFC 146; 155 FCR 124; 232 ALR 454; [2007] ATPR 42-142 .................................... CCA.44G.220, CCA.44H.80, CCA.44H.100 Sydney Airports Corp Ltd, Re [2000] ACompT 1; (2000) 156 FLR 10; [2000] ATPR 41-754 ....... CCA.44B.60, CCA.44B.100, CCA.44F.20, CCA.44G.100, CCA.44G.120, CCA.44G.140 Sydney Futures Exchange Ltd, Re [1988] ATPR (Com) 50-078 ....................................................... CCA.90.1300 Sydney Futures Exchange Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-112 ........................................................ CCA.90.1300 Sydney Medical Service Co-operative Ltd v Lakemba Medical Services Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 1188 ................................................................................................................................................... CCA.86.700 Sydney Medical Service Co-operative Ltd v Lakemba Medical Services Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 763 ........................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1620, ACL.18.2460 Sydneywide Distributors Pty Ltd v Red Bull Australia Pty Ltd [2002] FCAFC 157; (2002) 55 IPR 354 .............. ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2200, ACL.18.2280, CCA.86.480, CCA.138.140 Sykes v Reserve Bank of Australia (1997) 151 ALR 579; [1998] ATPR 41-608 .......... ACL.2.120, ACL.19.100, CCA.4.340, CCA.4.500, CCA.4.540 Sykes v Reserve Bank of Australia [1999] FCA 746; (1999) 88 FCR 511; 158 ALR 710; [1999] ATPR 41-699 ................... ACL.4.60, ACL.4.80, ACL.4.200, ACL.4.220, ACL.18.1300, ACL.236.80, CCA.138.80 Synavant Australia Pty Ltd v Harris [2001] FCA 1517 .................................................. CCA.4M.20, CCA.51.160

T TAB Agents Association of NSW, Re (A91430; 13 August 2014) ...................................................... CCA.90.760 TAB Ltd, Re (A91454 12 February 2015) .......................................................................................... CCA.90.1000 TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd v Ilvariy Pty Ltd (2008) 71 NSWLR 323; [2008] NSWCA 9; Aust Torts Reports 81-931 ............................................................................................ ACL.18.60, ACL.19.100 TGI Friday’s Australia Pty Ltd v TGI Friday’s Inc (1999) 45 IPR 43; [1999] ATPR 41-683 ......... ACL.18.2460 TLS Assn Pty Ltd, Re (A91250; 24 February 2011) .......................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1080, CCA.90.1240, CCA.90.1320 TMA Australia Pty Ltd v Indect Electronics & Distribution GmbH [2015] NSWCA 343 ................. ACL.21.340 TN Lucas Pty Ltd v Centrepoint Freeholds Pty Ltd (1984) 1 FCR 110; 52 ALR 467; [1984] ATPR 40-440 .......................................................................................... ACL.18.400, ACL.29.360, ACL.30.20 TNT Australia Pty Ltd v Fels [1992] ATPR 41-190; (1993) 1 TPLJ 53n ................... CCA.155.20, CCA.155.100 TOTE Tasmania Pty Ltd ACTTAB Ltd and Racing and Wagering Western Australia, Re (A91123; 9 September 2009) .......................................................................................................... CCA.90.1020 TPC v APM Investments Pty Ltd (1983) 74 FLR 276; [1983] ATPR 40-434 ................................. CCA.87CA.20 TPC v Abbco Ice Works Pty Ltd (1994) 52 FCR 96; 123 ALR 503; 14 ACSR 359; [1994] ATPR 41-342 ............................................................................................................ CCA.77.100, CCA.155.260 TPC v Advance Bank Australia Ltd [1993] ATPR 41-229; [1993] ASC 56-218 .......... ACL.29.480, ACL.214.20

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TPC v Allied Mills Industries Pty Ltd (1981) 55 FLR 125; 35 ALR 105; [1981] ATPR 40-204 ....................................................................................................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140 TPC v Allied Mills Industries Pty Ltd (No 5) (1981) 60 FLR 38; 37 ALR 256; [1981] ATPR 40-241 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.76.600 TPC v Ampol Petroleum (Vic) Pty Ltd (1994) 52 FCR 578; 126 ALR 111; [1994] ATPR 41-344 .............................................................................................................................................. CCA.155.520 TPC v Annand & Thompson Pty Ltd (1978) 19 ALR 730; [1978] ATPR 40-074 ................................ CCA.84.80 TPC v Annand & Thompson Pty Ltd [1987] ATPR 40-772 ................... CCA.48.100, CCA.48.280, CCA.76.340 TPC v Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd (1978) 32 FLR 305; 20 ALR 31; 4 TPC 13; [1978] ATPR 40-071 .......................................................................................................... CCA.50.580 TPC v Arnotts Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-979 ........................................................................ CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440 TPC v Arnotts Ltd (1990) 93 ALR 638; [1990] ATPR 41-003 ............................................................ CCA.50.720 TPC v Arnotts Ltd (1990) 93 ALR 657; 16 IPR 417; [1990] ATPR 41-062 .................... CCA.4.40, CCA.50.100 TPC v Australia Meat Holdings Pty Ltd (1988) 83 ALR 299; [1988] ATPR 40-876 ...................... ACL.18.1200, ACL.224.120, CCA.4E.60, CCA.4E.320, CCA.5.160, CCA.50.720, CCA.76.140, CCA.80.280, CCA.81.140 TPC v Australian Autoglass Pty Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-881 .................................................................. CCA.79.160 TPC v Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd [1990] FCA 23; (1990) 22 FCR 305; 92 ALR 395; [1990] ATPR 41-001 ....... ACL.44.80, CCA.4.500, CCA.5.20, CCA.44ZZRD.160, CCA.50.80, CCA.50.100, CCA.50.440 TPC v BP Australia Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 499; 62 ALR 151; [1985] ATPR 40-638 .............................. CCA.48.260 TPC v BP Australia Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-652 ............................................................... CCA.48.100, CCA.48.260 TPC v BTR Nylex Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-075 ....................................................................................... CCA.50.720 TPC v Bamix Australia Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-534 ......................................................................... CCA.48.340 TPC v Bata Shoe Co of Australia Pty Ltd [1980] ATPR 40-161 ........... CCA.48.140, CCA.96.180, CCA.96.260, CCA.96.280, CCA.97.20 TPC v Bata Shoe Co of Australia Pty Ltd [1980] FCA 47; 44 FLR 149 ............................................ CCA.76.640 TPC v Bata Shoe Co of Australia Pty Ltd (No 1) (1979) 44 FLR 145 ... ACL.35.60, CCA.48.140, CCA.96.180, CCA.96.260, CCA.96.280, CCA.97.20 TPC v Bata Shoe Co of Australia Pty Ltd (No 2) [1980] ATPR 40-161 ............................................... ACL.35.60 TPC v Bowral Brickworks Pty Ltd (1984) 2 FCR 552; 55 ALR 733; [1984] ATPR 40-480 ............. CCA.4A.60, CCA.50.440, CCA.50.720 TPC v CC (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 2) [1995] ATPR 41-406 ..................................................................... CCA.45.740 TPC v CC (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 3) [1995] ATPR 41-415 ............................................... CCA.45.740, CCA.76.440 TPC v CC (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 4) (1995) 58 FCR 426; 131 ALR 581; [1995] ATPR 41-425 .......... CCA.157.20 TPC v CC (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 6) [1995] ATPR 41-431 ..................................................................... CCA.45.740 TPC v CC (New South Wales) Pty Ltd (Woollard) [1994] FCA 1368 ....................... CCA.76.840, CCA.155.380 TPC v CSBP & Farmers Ltd (1980) 53 FLR 135; [1980] ATPR 40-151 ........................................... CCA.46.640 TPC v CSR Ltd [1990] FCA 521; [1991] ATPR 41-076 ....................... CCA.45.420, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.380, CCA.76.400, CCA.76.1040 TPC v Calderton Corp Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-306 ............................................................................. ACL.32.60 TPC v Caravella [1994] ATPR 41-293 .................................................................................................. CCA.79.160 TPC v Carlton & United Breweries Ltd (1990) 24 FCR 532; [1990] ATPR 41-037 .......................... CCA.76.440 TPC v Commodore Business Machines Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-976 ............................................... CCA.79.160 TPC v Cook-On Gas Products Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-560 .............................. CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.380 TPC v Cue Design Pty Ltd (1996) 85 A Crim R 500; [1996] ATPR 41-475 .............. ACL.18.980, ACL.29.480, ACL.214.20, CCA.45D.300, CCA.87B.160, CCA.76.240, CCA.79.460 TPC v Culley [1983] ATPR 40-399 ....................................................................................................... CCA.76.380 TPC v Dalgety Australia Ltd (1973) 22 FLR 62 .................................................................................. CCA.98.100 TPC v David Jones (Aust) Pty Ltd (1986) 13 FCR 446; 64 ALR 67; [1986] ATPR 40-671 ... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.440 TPC v Dunlop Australia Ltd [1980] FCA 76; (1980) 43 FLR 434; 30 ALR 469; [1980] ATPR 40-167 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.48.140

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TPC v Email Ltd [1980] FCA 86; (1980) 43 FLR 383; 31 ALR 53; [1980] ATPR 40-172 ... CCA.44ZZRD.260, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.100, CCA.45.120, CCA.45.400, CCA.45.740 TPC v Farrow (1990) 95 ALR 53; [1990] ATPR 41-018 ............................................... ACL.37.40, ACL.243.180 TPC v Friendship Aloe Vera Pty Ltd (1988) 82 ALR 557; [1988] ATPR 40-892; [1988] ASC 55-682 .............................................................................................................. ACL.18.1540, CCA.87.200 TPC v GLO Juice Co Pty Ltd (1987) 73 ALR 407; 9 IPR 63; [1987] ATPR 40-788 ....................... ACL.33.100, ACL.232.20, CCA.80.220 TPC v Gillette Company (No 1) (1993) 45 FCR 366; 118 ALR 271; [1993] ATPR 41-267 ............. CCA.50.100 TPC v Gold Coast Property Sales Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FCR 442; 126 ALR 139; [1994] ATPR 41-311 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.80.160 TPC v Golden Australia Paper Manufacturers Pty Ltd [1995] ATPR 41-370 ............... ACL.29.340, ACL.33.100 TPC v Golden Fleece Petroleum Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-528 .......................................................... CCA.48.260 TPC v ICI Aust Operations Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-153; (1991) 105 ALR 115 .............................. CCA.76.680 TPC v ICI Aust Operations Pty Ltd (1992) 38 FCR 248; 110 ALR 47; [1992] ATPR 41-185 ...... CCA.76.1040, CCA.80.560 TPC v ICI Australia Petrochemicals Ltd [1983] ATPR 40-364 ............................................................ CCA.76.920 TPC v J & R Enterprises Pty Ltd (1991) 99 ALR 325; [1991] ATPR 41-133; [1991] ASC 56-061 ................... ACL.18.180, ACL.33.20, ACL.33.60, ACL.34.20, ACL.34.40, ACL.34.60, CCA.79.180, CCA.79.220 TPC v J W Bryant Pty Ltd [1978] ATPR 40-075 ............................................................... ACL.2.140, CCA.4.420 TPC v JJ & YK Russell Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-132 ............................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140 TPC v Kensington Hiring Co Pty Ltd [1981] ATPR 40-256 ............................................................... CCA.48.180 TPC v Legion Cabs (Trading) Co-op Soc Ltd (1978) 35 FLR 372; [1978] ATPR 40-092 ................. CCA.4.500, CCA.4.540, CCA.4.560, CCA.47.80, CCA.47.300, CCA.51.80 TPC v Leslievale Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-687 .......................................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140 TPC v Madad Pty Ltd (1979) 40 FLR 453; [1979] ATPR 40-105 ......... CCA.76.260, CCA.76.620, CCA.79.400 TPC v Malleys Ltd (1979) 25 ALR 250; [1979] ATPR 40-118 .................................... CCA.48.140, CCA.48.200 TPC v Manfal Pty Ltd (No 3) (1992) 33 FCR 382; 105 ALR 520; [1992] ATPR 41-160 .............. ACL.236.200, ACL.237.40, CCA.86.380, CCA.87.60 TPC v Massey Ferguson (Aust) Ltd (1983) 67 FLR 364; [1983] ATPR 40-369 ................................ CCA.47.520 TPC v Milreis Pty Ltd (1977) 29 FLR 144; 14 ALR 623; [1977] ATPR 40-028 ........ ACL.243.60, CCA.45.480, CCA.87.300 TPC v Milreis Pty Ltd (No 2) (1978) 32 FLR 234 ........................................................ CCA.80.400, CCA.80.480 TPC v Mobil Oil Australia Ltd (1984) 3 FCR 168; 55 ALR 527; [1984] ATPR 40-482 .................... ACL.35.60, CCA.76.60, CCA.76.100, CCA.84.80, CCA.96.180, CCA.96.200, CCA.96.360 TPC v Mobil Oil Australia Ltd (1985) 4 FCR 296; [1985] ATPR 40-503 .................. CCA.48.100, CCA.76.360, CCA.79.160, CCA.80.180 TPC v Monier Roofing Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-464 ....................................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140 TPC v Nicholas Enterprises Pty Ltd (No 1) [1978] FCA 51; (1978) 40 FLR 74; [1979] ATPR 40-097 ............................................................... CCA.79.380, CCA.84.200, CCA.86.600, CCA.155.460 TPC v Nicholas Enterprises Pty Ltd (No 1) [1978] FCA 51; (1978) 40 FLR 74; 26 ALR 609 ................................................................................................................................................... CCA.155.480 TPC v Nicholas Enterprises Pty Ltd (No 2) (1979) 40 FLR 83; 26 ALR 609; [1979] ATPR 40-126 ..................................................................................................... CCA.45.80, CCA.77.40, CCA.155.460 TPC v Olympic Productions and Publications Pty Ltd (1986) 8 FCR 467; [1986] ATPR 40-670 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.80.440 TPC v Optus Communications Pty Ltd (1996) 64 FCR 326; 34 IPR 176; [1996] ATPR 41-478 ............................ ACL.18.460, ACL.18.680, ACL.18.800, ACL.18.860, ACL.18.1020, ACL.18.2020 TPC v Orlane Australia Pty Ltd (1984) 1 FCR 157; 51 ALR 767; [1984] ATPR 40-437 ................... CCA.98.80, CCA.98.100 TPC v Pacific Dunlop Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-307 ............................................................ ACL.29.340, ACL.29.500 TPC v Palmer Corp Ltd [1990] ATPR 40-995 ...................................................................................... CCA.76.440 TPC v Parker (1990) ATPR 41-055; 97 ALR 403; [1990] ASC 56-011 ............................................. CCA.79.420

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TABLE OF CASES

TPC v Parkfield Operations Pty Ltd (1985) 5 FCR 140; 59 ALR 589; [1985] ATPR 40-526 ... CCA.44ZZRD.140 TPC v Parkfield Operations Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 534; 62 ALR 267; [1985] ATPR 40-639 .......... ACL.224.40, CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.60 TPC v Penfolds Wines Pty Ltd (1991) 104 ALR 601; [1992] ATPR 41-163 ................ ACL.29.220, ACL.35.60, CCA.48.200, CCA.96.180 TPC v Penfolds Wines Pty Ltd (1991) ATPR 41-071 .................................................... CCA.48.200, CCA.96.360 TPC v Pioneer Concrete (Qld) Pty Ltd (1994) 52 FCR 164; 124 ALR 685; [1994] ATPR 41-345 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.46.160, CCA.46.320 TPC v Pioneer Concrete (Vic) Pty Ltd (1982) 55 FLR 77 ................................................................ CCA.155.180 TPC v Pioneer Concrete (Vic) Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-590 ..................................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140 TPC v Port Adelaide Wool Co Pty Ltd (1995) 60 FCR 366; 132 ALR 645; [1995] ATPR 41-441 ........................................................................................................................ CCA.86A.20, CCA.86A.40 TPC v Prestige Motors Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-359 ................... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.45.580, CCA.48.280, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.340, CCA.76.1040 TPC v Pye Industries Sales Pty Ltd (1978) 3 TPR 274; [1978] ATPR 40-088 .................................. CCA.96.180 TPC v Pye Industries Sales Pty Ltd [1979] ATPR 40-088 ..................................................................... ACL.35.60 TPC v QDSV Holdings Pty Ltd (1994) 128 ALR 551; [1995] ATPR 41-371 ............ ACL.18.2060, ACL.29.500 TPC v Quality Publications Pty Ltd [1990] ATPR 40-991 .............................................. ACL.43.40, CCA.79.160 TPC v Queensland Aggregate Pty Ltd (1982) 61 FLR 52; 44 ALR 391 ............................................ CCA.84.180 TPC v Queensland Aggregates Pty Ltd (1981) 4 TPR 397; 36 ALR 236; [1981] ATPR 40-228 ............................................................................................................................. CCA.4.500, CCA.84.80 TPC v Queensland Aggregates Pty Ltd (1982) 61 FLR 52; 44 ALR 391; [1982] ATPR 40-297 ........................................................................................................................... CCA.84.80, CCA.84.120 TPC v Radio World Pty Ltd (1989) 16 IPR 407; [1989] ATPR 40-973; [1989] ASC 55-929 ........... ACL.29.540 TPC v Rank Commercial Ltd (1994) 53 FCR 303; 123 ALR 551; [1994] ATPR 41-331 ................. CCA.80.660 TPC v Rank Commercial Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-324 ............................................................................. CCA.80.660 TPC v Rank Commercial Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-343 ............................................................................. CCA.80.660 TPC v Santos Ltd (1992) 38 FCR 382; 110 ALR 517; [1992] ATPR 41-195 ............. CCA.50.600, CCA.50.680, CCA.80.660 TPC v Santos Ltd [1992] ATPR 41-194 ............................ CCA.50.600, CCA.50.680, CCA.50.720, CCA.80.660 TPC v Service Station Assn Ltd (1993) 44 FCR 206; 116 ALR 643; [1993] ATPR 41-260 .............. CCA.45.80, CCA.45.680 TPC v Service Station Association Ltd (1992) 109 ALR 465; [1992] ATPR 41-179 ................ CCA.44ZZRJ.140 TPC v Service Station Association Ltd [1993] FCA 405; (1993) 44 FCR 206 .................................... CCA.45.80 TPC v Sharp Corp of Australia Pty Ltd (1975) 8 ALR 255; [1975] ATPR 40-010 ............................ CCA.96.200 TPC v Simpson Pope Ltd [1980] FCA 83; (1980) 47 FLR 334 (note); [1980] ATPR 40-169; 30 ALR 544 ............................................. CCA.48.100, CCA.48.340, CCA.76.600, CCA.76.620, CCA.96.200 TPC v Simsmetal Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-449 ..................................... CCA.44ZZRJ.180, CCA.76.80, CCA.76.420 TPC v Sony (Aust) Pty Ltd [1990] ATPR 41-031 ..................................... ACL.35.60, CCA.96.180, CCA.96.320 TPC v Stihl Chain Saws (Aust) Pty Ltd [1978] ATPR 40-091; [1978] TPRS 305.14 ....................... CCA.48.100, CCA.79.160, CCA.96.200, CCA.96.220 TPC v Stirling (1980) 28 ALR 497; [1980] ATPR 40-145 .................................................................... CCA.80.60 TPC v Sun Alliance Australia Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-286 ........................ ACL.29.480, ACL.29.540, ACL.208.60, CCA.79.420, CCA.84.40, CCA.84.120, CCA.84.140 TPC v TNT Australia Pty Ltd [1995] ATPR 41-375 ..................... CCA.44ZZRJ.180, CCA.76.380, CCA.76.440, CCA.76.600, CCA.76.620, CCA.76.640, CCA.79.280 TPC v TNT Management Pty Ltd (1981) 55 FLR 219; 39 ALR 665 .... CCA.157.20, CCA.157.40, CCA.157.60 TPC v TNT Management Pty Ltd (1985) 6 FCR 1; 58 ALR 423; [1985] ATPR 40-512 .............. CCA.45D.220, CCA.4.160, CCA.4.320, CCA.45.80, CCA.45.220, CCA.50.120, CCA.84.20, CCA.84.100, CCA.84.120 TPC v Telstra Corp Ltd [1993] ATPR 41-256 ....................................................................................... ACL.18.700 TPC v Tepeda Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-319; [1994] ACL Rep 420 ................................................... CCA.47.300 TPC v Tepeda Pty Ltd (unreported, Federal Court, 11 December 1992) ............................................ CCA.77.100 TPC v The Heating Centre Pty Ltd (1985) 4 FCR 197; [1985] ATPR 40-516 ................................... CCA.48.340

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TPC v The Heating Centre Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-563 ............................................. CCA.48.100, CCA.48.340 TPC v The Vales Wine Co Pty Ltd (1996) 6 FCR 336; 145 ALR 241; [1996] ATPR 41-480 ............. ACL.29.80 TPC v Tooth & Co Ltd (1979) 142 CLR 397; 53 ALJR 696; 26 ALR 185; [1979] ATPR 40-127 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.47.620 TPC v Tubemakers of Australia Ltd [1983] FCA 93; (1983) 76 FLR 455 ........... CCA.44ZZRJ.140, CCA.76.60, CCA.84.80, CCA.84.120, CCA.84.160, CCA.84.180 TPC v Vales Wine Co Pty Ltd (1996) 6 FCR 336; 145 ALR 241; [1996] ATPR 41-480 .................. ACL.29.340 TPC v Vaponordic (Aust) Pty Ltd (1975) 6 ALR 248; [1975] ATPR 40-010 ..................................... ACL.232.60 TPC v Walplan Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 495; [1985] ATPR 40-637 ................................ ACL.232.20, CCA.80.220 TPG Internet Pty Ltd v ACCC [2012] FCAFC 190 ................................. ACL.29.540, ACL.48.100, ACL.48.140 TRW Aust Holdings Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-122 ................................................................. CCA.90.1180 TRW Aust Holdings Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-127 ................................................................. CCA.90.1180 TSG Franchise Management Pty Ltd v Cigarette & Gift Warehouse (Franchising) Pty Ltd (No 2) [2016] FCA 674 .................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1580 TV-am plc v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Ltd (1988) 12 IPR 85; 3 BR 184; [1988] ATPR 40-891 ..................................................................................... ACL.18.2400, CCA.4E.300, CCA.86.440 Tabcorp Manager Pty Ltd, Re (A91127; 9 September 2009) ............................................................. CCA.90.1020 Tabcorp Wagering Manager (Vic) Pty Ltd, Re (A91419; 29 October 2014) ..................................... CCA.90.1000 Tabcorp Wagering Manager (Vic) Pty Ltd, Re (A91528; 3 June 2016) ............................................ CCA.90.1000 Taco Bell Pty Ltd v Taco Co of Australia Inc (1981) 60 FLR 60; 40 ALR 153; [1981] ATPR 40-277 ................................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1180 Taco Co of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982) 2 TPR 48; 42 ALR 177; [1982] ATPR 40-303 ........ ACL.18.140, ACL.18.160, ACL.18.260, ACL.18.320, ACL.18.340, ACL.18.440, ACL.18.1180 Takemoto v Moody’s Investors Service Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 407 ....................................................... CCA.138.80 Talmax Pty Ltd v Telstra Corp Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-484 ................. ACL.18.1520, ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.1980, ACL.18.2360 Talmax Pty Ltd v Telstra Corp Ltd [1997] 2 Qd R 444 ....................................................................... ACL.18.280 Tamawood Ltd v Habitare Developments Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 410 ........................ ACL.18.1320, ACL.18.2140, ACL.18.2200 Tamawood Ltd v Habitare Developments Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 65 ..................... ACL.18.1320, ACL.18.2140, ACL.18.2200 Tantipech v IOOF Australia Trustees (NSW) Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-614; [1998] NSW ConvR 55-840; [1998] Q ConvR 54-501; [1998] V ConvR 54-576 ......................................................... ACL.18.1900 Tanwar Enterprises Pty Ltd v Cauchi (2003) 217 CLR 315; [2003] HCA 57 ...................................... ACL.20.20 Tanzone Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp [1999] NSWSC 478; (1999) NSW ConvR 55-908; [1999] ATPR (Digest) 46-195 ...................................................................... ACL.20.400, CCA.87.220 Targetts Pty Ltd v Target Aust Pty Ltd (1993) 26 IPR 51; [1993] ATPR 41-231 .... ACL.18.1100, ACL.18.1340, ACL.18.1920, ACL.18.2440 Tasmanian Chicken Growers Association, Re (CB00323) .............................................................. CCA.93AB.100 Tasmanian Farmers and Graziers Assn, Re (A91467; 4 March 2015) ................................................. CCA.90.760 Tasmanian Oyster Research Council Ltd, Re [1991] ATPR (Com) 50-106 ....................................... CCA.90.1140 Taxation, Commissioner of v Chubb Australia Ltd (1995) 56 FCR 557 ................................................. ACL.3.60 Taxation, Commissioner of v Citibank Ltd (1989) 20 FCR 403; 20 ATR 292; 85 ALR 588; 89 ATC 4268 ................................................................................................................................... CCA.155.520 Taxation, Federal Commissioner of v Lutovi Investments Pty Ltd (1978) 140 CLR 434; 53 ALJR 152; 9 ATR 351; 22 ALR 519; 78 ATC 4708 ......................................................................... CCA.45.80 Taxation, Federal Commissioner of v United Aircraft Corp (1943) 68 CLR 525; [1944] ALR 23 ........................................................................................................................................................ CCA.2C.60 Taxation (Cth), Deputy Commissioner of v Hickey (1999) 99 ATC 5124; 42 ATR 229 .................... CCA.80.620 Taylor v Gosling [2010] VSC 75 ......................................................................................................... ACL.18.1700 Tec & Thomas (Aust) Pty Ltd v Matsumiya Computer Co Pty Ltd (1984) 1 FCR 28; 53 ALR 167; 2 IPR 81; [1984] ATPR 40-438 ...................................................................................... ACL.18.560 Tech Treat Pty Ltd v The Tank People Pty Ltd [1998] FCA 1163 .................................................... ACL.18.1640

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TABLE OF CASES

Technology Leasing Ltd v Lennmar Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 709 ............. ACL.18.2020, ACL.278.20, ACL.278.40, CCA.47.220, CCA.47.340, CCA.47.660 Telecom Corp of NZ Ltd v Clear Communications Ltd [1995] NZLR 385 .................. CCA.46.60, CCA.46.420, CCA.151AJ.60 Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashton’s Nominees Pty Ltd (No.1) (1979) 22 SASR 552 .................... CCA.4J.20 Telmak Teleproducts (Aust) Pty Ltd v Coles Myer Ltd (1989) 89 ALR 48; 15 IPR 362; [1989] ATPR 40-966 ....................................................................... ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.1600, ACL.18.2180 Telstra Corp Ltd v Cable & Wireless Optus Ltd [2001] FCA 1238 .................................................. ACL.18.2020 Telstra Corp Ltd v Cable & Wireless Optus Ltd [2001] FCA 1478 ...... ACL.18.220, ACL.18.320, ACL.18.2020 Telstra Corp Ltd v First Netcom Pty Ltd (1997) 78 FCR 132; 148 ALR 202; 38 IPR 531; [1997] ATPR 41-575 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.46.680 Telstra Corp Ltd v Optus Communications Pty Ltd (1996) 36 IPR 515; [1997] ATPR 41-541 ........ ACL.18.680, ACL.18.700, ACL.18.760, ACL.18.820, ACL.18.2020 Telstra Corp Ltd v Optus Communications Pty Ltd [1997] ATPR 41-541 .......................................... CCA.80.140 Telstra Corp Ltd v Phone Directories Co Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 568 ..... ACL.18.180, ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1180, ACL.18.2200 Telstra Corp Ltd, Re [2001] ACompT 1; (2001) 160 FLR 120; [2001] ATPR 41-812 ..................... CCA.101.60, CCR.28E.20 Telstra Corp Ltd, Re [2006] ACompT 4; [2006] ATPR 42-121 .......................... CCA.152AH.40, CCA.152CF.20 Telstra Corp Ltd (No 3), Re [2007] ACompT 3; (2007) 242 ALR 482; [2007] ATPR 42-160 ..... CCA.152CE.40 Telstra Corp Ltd v Australian Competition Tribunal (2009) 175 FCR 201; [2009] ATPR 42-275; [2009] FCAFC 23 .......................................................................................................... CCA.152AB.80 Telstra Corp Ltd v Singtel Optus Pty Ltd [2014] VSC 35 ........................................... ACL.18.700, ACL.18.2020 Templar v Watt (No 3) [2016] NSWSC 1230 ......................................................................................... ACL.18.60 Ten Pin Bowling Australia Ltd, Re (A91531 ...................................................................................... CCA.90.1260 10th Cantanae Pty Ltd v Shoshana Pty Ltd (1987) 79 ALR 299; 10 IPR 289; [1988] ATPR 40-833 .......................... ACL.18.280, ACL.18.1740, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2360, ACL.29.440, ACL.29.460 Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153; [1971] 2 WLR 1166; 2 All ER 127 ................. CCA.84.160 Thai Silk Co Ltd v Aser Nominees Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-146 .................................................... ACL.18.1060 The Shell Company of Australia Ltd, Re (1975) TRPS 108.1 .......................................................... CCA.45B.140 The South East Potato Growers Association, Re A91322 ............................................ CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 The State of Queensland Office of Liquor and Gaming, Re (A91224; 7 October 2010) ................ CCA.90.1060, CCA.90.1240 Theo Holdings Pty Ltd v Hockey [2000] FCA 665; (2000) 99 FCR 232; 175 ALR 89; [2000] ATPR 41-766; [2000] ASAL 55-793 .................. ACL.2.120, ACL.104.40, ACL.107.40, ACL.109.40, ACL.118.40, ACL.122.40, ACL.128.40, ACL.131.60, CCA.PTXI.DIV3.80, CCA.PTXI.DIV3.100, CCA.4.340 Theo Holdings Pty Ltd v Hockey (No 2) [2000] FCA 810 ................................................... CCA.PTXI.DIV3.100 Thomas v Foreshore Marine Exhaust Systems Pty Ltd [2005] NSWCA 451; [2006] ATPR 42-100 ..................................................................................................... ACL.54.40, ACL.54.160, ACL.55.140 Thompson v Ice Creameries of Australia Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-611 ........................................... ACL.18.1580 Thompson v JT Fossey Pty Ltd (No 1) (1978) 20 ALR 496; [1978] ATPR 40-079 ... ACL.29.180, ACL.29.240, CCA.79.460, CCA.84.80 Thompson v Mastertouch TV Service Pty Ltd (No 3) (1977) 29 FLR 270; 15 ALR 487; [1977] ATPR 40-031 ........................................................................... ACL.CH4.20, ACL.18.400, CCA.79.100 Thompson v Riley McKay Pty Ltd (No 2) [1980] FCA 24; (1980) 42 FLR 279; 29 ALR 267; [1980] ATPR 40-152 .......................................................................................... ACL.29.100, ACL.29.120 Thompson v Riley McKay Pty Ltd (No 3) (1980) 43 FLR 293; 31 ALR 507; [1980] ATPR 40-175 .......................................................................................................................... ACL.151.60, ACL.212.20 Thomson v STX Pan Ocean Co Ltd [2012] FCAFC 15 ...................................................................... CCA.138.80 Thomson Australian Holdings Pty Ltd v TPC (1981) 148 CLR 150; 55 ALJR 614; 37 ALR 66; [1981] ATPR 40-234 ............................................... CCA.80.160, CCA.80.380, CCA.80.440, CCA.80.480 Thomson Publications (Aust) Pty Ltd v TPC (1979) 40 FLR 257; 27 ALR 551; [1979] ATPR 40-133 ............................................................................................................. CCA.2A.160, CCA.80.180

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Thorp v CA Imports Pty Ltd [1990] ATPR 40-996; (1989) 16 IPR 511 ............................................. ACL.29.500 Tillmanns Butcheries Pty Ltd v Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union (1979) 42 FLR 331; 27 ALR 367; [1979] ATPR 40-138 .......................... CCA.45D.100, CCA.45D.180, CCA.45D.200, CCA.45D.220, CCA.45.220, CCA.46.140, CCA.50.120 Timber & Building Materials Merchants’ Assn (NSW) Ltd, Re [1976] TPRS 103.354 ................... CCA.90.1400 Timber & Building Materials Merchants’ Assn (NSW) Ltd, Re [1976] TPRS 203.11 ...................... CCA.88.200, CCA.101.140, CCA.102.260 Timberlane Lumber Co v Bank of America 549 F 2d 597 (1976) ........................................................ CCA.5.160 Ting v Blanche (1993) 118 ALR 543; [1993] ATPR 41-282 ............................. ACL.4.40, ACL.4.60, ACL.4.200 Tiplady v Gold Coast Carlton Pty Ltd (1984) 3 FCR 426; 54 ALR 337; [1984] ATPR 40-472 .............................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1860 Tiplady v Gold Coast Carlton Pty Ltd (1984) 8 FCR 438; [1984] ATPR 40-491 ............................. ACL.18.1860 Tobacco Institute of Aust v Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations Inc (1992) 38 FCR 1; 111 ALR 61; 24 IPR 529; [1993] ATPR 41-199 .......................................... ACL.18.340, ACL.18.680 Tobacco Institute of Australia v Woodward (1993) 32 NSWLR 559; [1994] ATPR 41-185 ................ CCA.4.540 Tobacco Institute of Australia Ltd v Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations Inc (1992) 38 FCR 1; [1992] FCA 630 .................................................................................................. ACL.18.400 Tobacco Institute of Australia Ltd v Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations Inc (No 2) (1993) 41 FCR 89; 113 ALR 257; 25 IPR 509; [1993] ATPR 41-222 ... CCA.163A.160, CCA.86.220 Toben v Jones [2012] FCA 1193 ............................................................................................................. CCA.4.540 Toby Constructions Products Pty Ltd v Computa Bar (Sales) Pty Ltd [1983] 2 NSWLR 48; (1983) 77 FLR 377; 50 ALR 684; [1983] ATPR 40-377 ............................................. ACL.2.120, CCA.4.340 Toll (FGCT) Pty Ltd v Alphapharm Pty Ltd (2004) 219 CLR 165; [2004] HCA 52 ... ACL.18.420, ACL.18.500 Toll Holdings Ltd v ACCC [2009] FCA 462; (2009) 256 ALR 631; [2009] ATPR 42-303 ............. CCA.87B.20, CCA.87B.140, CCA.87B.200, CCA.87B.240, CCA.87B.280 Toll/Patrick (ACCC Competition Assessment 5 May 2006) ................................................................ CCA.50.320 Tomlinex Pty Ltd v Candoura Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-302 ............................................................... ACL.18.400 Tompkin v Nossida (No 1) Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-662 .................................................................. ACL.243.180 Tonto Home Loans Australia Pty Ltd v Tavares [2011] NSWCA 389 ................................................... ACL.21.60 Tooheys Ltd v Commissioner of Stamp Duties (NSW) (1961) 105 CLR 602; [1961] HCA 35 ......................................................................................................................................................... ACL.45.60 Tooheys Ltd, Re (1979) ATPR 40-113 ........................................................................................................ MG.4.80 Tooltechnic Systems (Aust) Pty Ltd, Re (A91433; 5 December 2014) ....................... CCA.48.160, CCA.90.160, CCA.90.1240 Tooth & Co Ltd, Re [1978] FCA 10; (1978) 31 FLR 314; 19 ALR 191; [1978] ATPR 40-065 ............................................ CCA.163A.40, CCA.163A.80, CCA.163A.120, CCA.163A.140, MG.4.80 Tooth & Co Ltd, Re (1979) 39 FLR 1; [1979] ATPR 40-113 .............. CCA.4E.140, CCA.4E.260, CCA.4E.340, CCA.45B.140, CCA.90.200, CCA.90.240, CCA.90.480, CCA.90.600, CCA.101.140, CCA.102.140 Tooth & Co Ltd, Re; Re Tooheys (1977) TPRS 203.131 ....................................................................... CCA.4.160 Tooth & Co Ltd (No 2), Re [1978] FCA 36; (1978) 34 FLR 112 .................................................. CCA.163A.120 Top Performance Motors Pty Ltd v Ira Berk (Qld) Pty Ltd (1975) 24 FLR 286; 5 ALR 465; [1975] ATPR 40-004 ......................................................................... CCA.4E.240, CCA.45.80, CCA.151AJ.60 Toteff v Antonas (1952) 87 CLR 647; 25 ALJ 732 ...................................................... ACL.236.160, CCA.82.120 Town Investments Ltd v Department of the Environment [1978] AC 359 ........................................... CCA.2A.80 Townsville Hospitals Board v Townsville City Council (1982) 149 CLR 282; 56 ALJR 789; 42 ALR 319 ................................................................................................................... CCA.2A.60, CCA.2B.80 Trade Practices Commission v Arnotts Ltd (1990) ATPR 41-002 ..................................................... MG.APX2.80 Trade Practices Commission v Caltex Oil (Aust) Pty Ltd (1974) 23 FLR 457; 4 ALR 133 ............. CCA.96.280 Traderight (NSW) Pty Ltd v Bank of Queensland Ltd [2015] NSWCA 94 .................... ACL.4.220, ACL.18.500 Tradestock Pty Ltd v TNT (Management) Pty Ltd (1977) 30 FLR 343; 14 ALR 52; [1977] ATPR 40-046 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.86.560 Tradestock Pty Ltd v TNT (Management) Pty Ltd (No 2) (1978) 32 FLR 420; 17 ALR 257 ............ CCA.4.320 Transfield Pty Ltd v Arlo International Ltd [1980] HCA 15; (1980) 144 CLR 83 ...... CCA.45.240, CCA.51.180

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Transglobal Capital Pty Ltd v Yolarno Pty Ltd [2005] NSWCA 68; [2005] ATPR 42-058; [2005] ASAL 55-140 .................................................................................................. ACL.18.600, ACL.236.80 Transport Workers’ Union of Australia - Queensland Branch, Re (A91310; 26 July 2012) .............. CCA.90.760 Transport Workers Union of Australia SA/NT Branch, Re (A91146; 9 September 2009) .................. CCA.90.760 Transport Workers Union of Australia SA/NT Branch, Re (A91514) ......................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1380 Travel Compensation Fund v Tambree (t/as R Tambree & Assocs) [2005] HCA 69; (2006) 224 CLR 627; 80 ALJR 183 ................................................................ ACL.18.600, ACL.236.40, ACL.236.80 Travel Industries Automated Systems Pty Ltd, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-117 .............................. CCA.90.1400 Travel Industries Automated Systems Pty Ltd, Re [1993] ATPR (Com) 50-131 ......... CCA.90.100, CCA.90.740, CCA.90.1400 Traveland Pty Ltd v Doherty (1982) 63 FLR 41; 6 A Crim R 181; 41 ALR 563; [1982] ATPR 40-293 ........................................................................................ CCA.163.40, CCA.163.60, CCA.163.80 Trego v Hunt [1896] AC 7 ..................................................................................................................... CCA.51.200 Treloar v Ivory [1991] ASC 56-076; [1991] ATPR 41-123 ................................................................ ACL.18.1260 Tri-Global (Aust) Pty Ltd v Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Soc Ltd (1992) 7 ANZ Ins Cas 61-119; [1992] ATPR 41-174 ................................................................................ CCA.46.460, CCA.151AJ.60 Trumpet Software Pty Ltd v OzEmail Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-511 ................................................ ACL.18.2020 Truong Giang Corp v Quach [2015] FCA 1097 .................................................................................. ACL.18.2280 Trust Co of Australia Ltd v Skiwing Pty Ltd [2006] NSWCA 185; (2006) 66 NSWLR 77; 234 ALR 398 ..................................................................................................................................... CCA.86.400 Truth About Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie Infrastructure Investment Management Ltd [2000] HCA 11; (2000) 200 CLR 591; 74 ALJR 604; 169 ALR 616; [2000] ATPR 41-757 ........................................................................................................................ CCA.163A.20, CCA.80.20 Truth About Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie Infrastructure Investments Ltd [1998] FCA 525; (1998) 42 IPR 1; [1998] ATPR 41-633 ............................................................. ACL.4.200, ACL.18.1160 Tsang v Uvanna Pty Ltd (1996) 140 ALR 273 ................................................................................... ACL.18.1820 Turelin Nominees Pty Ltd v Dainford Pty Ltd [1984] ATPR 40-444 ................................................ ACL.18.1860 Turner v Jenolan Investments Pty Ltd [1985] ATPR 40-571 ....................................... ACL.18.1860, CCA.86.500 Turner v Windever [2005] NSWCA 73 ................................................................................................. ACL.20.160 Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp v SA Brewing Co Ltd (1996) 66 FCR 451; 34 IPR 225; [1996] AIPC 91-258; [1996] ATPR 41-483 ............... ACL.18.180, ACL.18.740, ACL.18.800, ACL.18.1520, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2280 Tycoon Holdings Pty Ltd v Trencor Jetco Inc [1995] FCA 1185; [1995] ATPR 41-413 ..................... CCA.5.140 Typing Centre of NSW Pty Ltd v Northern Business College Ltd (1989) 13 IPR 627; [1989] ATPR 40-943 .................................................................................... ACL.18.680, ACL.18.1820, ACL.236.160

U US v AMR Corp (2003) 335 F 3d 1109; [2003-2] Trade Cases 74,078 .............................................. CCA.46.580 US v Aluminium Co of America 148 F 2d 416 (1945) .......................................................................... CCA.5.160 US v Grinnell Corp 384 US 563 (1966) ................................................................................................. CCA.46.20 US v Terminal Railroad Assn 224 US 383 (1912) .................... CCA.44G.100, CCA.PTIIIA.20, CCA.PTIIIA.40 US Anchor Manufacturing Inc v Rule Industries Inc (1993) 7 F 3d 986; [1993-2] Trade Cases 70,426 ...................................................................................................................................... CCA.46.560 Unilan Holdings Pty Ltd v Kerin (1992) 35 FCR 272; 107 ALR 709; [1992] ATPR 41-169 ........... ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1720, CCA.4.540, CCA.6.120 Unilever Australia Ltd v Revlon Australia Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 573 .... ACL.18.220, ACL.18.1620, ACL.234.20 United Dominions Corp Ltd v Brian Pty Ltd [1985] HCA 49; 157 CLR 1; 60 ALR 741 ................... CCA.4J.20 United Energy Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-244 ...................................................... CCA.90.840, CCA.90.940 United Pacific Industries Pty Ltd v Madison Sports Pty Ltd [1998] AIPC 91-419; [1998] ATPR 41-643 ............................................................................................................. ACL.18.920, ACL.18.2120 United Permanent Building Soc Ltd, Re (1976) 26 FLR 129 ............. CCA.90.980, CCA.102.200, CCA.103.180 United Permanent Building Soc Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-156 ............................................... CCA.91B.60 United Real Estate Agents Group Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-146 ........................................... CCA.90.1200

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United States v Grinnell Corp 384 US 563 (1966) ............................................................................... CCA.46.700 United States v Socony-Vacuum Oil Co (1940) 310 US 150 ..................... CCA.44ZZRD.20, CCA.44ZZRD.300 United States v Trenton Potteries Co 273 US 392 (1927) ........................................................... CCA.44ZZRD.20 United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 15 ALD 104; 79 ALR 430; [1988] ATPR 40-870; [1988] ASC 55-669 ................................................................. CCA.PTXI.DIV3.60 United Telecasters Sydney Ltd v Pan Hotels International Pty Ltd (1978) 3 TPR 220; [1978] ATPR 40-085 ............................................................................................................. ACL.18.460, ACL.18.1180 Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v ACCC [2003] ATPR 41-947; (2003) 131 FCR 529; 57 IPR 353; [2003] FCAFC 193; (2003) ATPR 41-947 ...... CCA.4.140, CCA.4E.340, CCA.4F.40, CCA.45.220, CCA.45.240, CCA.45.280, CCA.45.300, CCA.45.240, CCA.46.120, CCA.46.300, CCA.46.700, CCA.46.760, CCA.46.920, CCA.47.120, CCA.47.380, CCA.47.600, CCA.50.320, CCA.76.300, CCA.76.500, CCA.76.540, CCA.76.680, CCA.79.200 Universal Telecasters (Qld) Ltd v Guthrie (1978) 32 FLR 360; 18 ALR 531; [1978] ATPR 40-062 ............................................................................... ACL.18.480, ACL.29.160, ACL.208.80, CCA.4.560 University of Melbourne, Re (A91144; 26 November 2009) ............................................................... CCA.90.860 University of New South Wales v Moorehouse [1975] HCA 26; (1975) 133 CLR 1; 49 ALJR 267; 6 ALR 193 ................................................................................................................. CCA.163A.140 University of Sydney v ResMed Ltd (No 5) [2012] FCA 232 ............................................................. CCA.138.80 Urban Renewal Authority, Re (A91416; 28 February 2014) .............................................................. CCA.90.1060

V VFF Chicken Meat Growers Boycott Authorisation, Re [2006] ACompT 2; [2006] ATPR 42-120 ....................................................................................................... CCA.90.60, CCA.90.80, CCA.90.100 VISA Worldwide Pte Ltd, Re (A91379; 18 December 2013) .............................................................. CCA.90.700 Vanfi (Aust) Pty Ltd v Novasonic Corp Pty Ltd (1982) 2 TPR 459 ................................................... CCA.80.160 Veda Advantage Ltd v Malouf Group Enterprises Pty Ltd [2016] FCA 255 .............. ACL.18.840, ACL.18.1740 Verizon Communications Inc v Offices of Curtis V Trinko LLP 540 US 398 (2004) ................. CCA.PTIIIA.40, CCA.46.20 Verizon Communications Inc v Trinko [2004-1] Trade Cases 74,241 ................................................. CCA.46.700 Verrocchi v Direct Chemist Outlet Pty Ltd [2016] FCAFC 104 ................................ ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2380 Victoria v Hodgson (1992) 10 ACLC 1,205; 8 ACSR 33; [1992] 2 VR 613; ..................................... ACL.18.520 Victoria Quay International RoRo Terminal (ACCC Competition Assessment 14 October 2015) ........................................................................................................................... CCA.50.320, CCA.50.420 Victorian Association of Newsagents Ltd, Re (A91399; 21 May 2014) ..................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1120 Victorian Association of Newsagents Ltd, Re (A91426; 8 May 2014) ....................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1120 Victorian Egg Marketing Board v Parkwood Eggs Pty Ltd (1978) 33 FLR 294; 20 ALR 129; [1978] ATPR 40-081 .......................................................................................... CCA.46.500, CCA.80.220 Victorian Farmers Federation, Re (A91270; 12 December 2012) ............................... CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 Victorian Farmers Federation, Re (A91534) ................................................................. CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 Victorian Off-Course Agents Association Inc, Re (CB00288) ........................................................ CCA.93AB.100 Victorian Potato Growers Council, Re (A91048; 12 December 2012) ........................ CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 Victorian Road Transport Assn Inc, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-148 .................................................. CCA.90.740 Victorian Stock Agents’ Assn, Re (1983) 5 TPR 308; [1983] ATPR (Com) 50-059 ... CCA.90.660, CCA.91B.60 Victorian Stock Agents’ Assn, Re [1993] ATPR (Com) 50-128 ................................... CCA.91B.60, CCA.90.660 Victorian Taxi Association, Re (A91428) ............................................................................................ CCA.90.1380 Video Ezy International Pty Ltd v Sedema Pty Ltd [2014] NSWSC 143 ........................................... ACL.21.360 Vieright Pty Ltd v Myer Stores Ltd [1995] ATPR 41-405 ................................................................. ACL.18.2160 Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 240; (2004) 139 FCR 330; 210 ALR 114; [2004] ATPR 42-019 .............................................................. CCA.4.540 Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd (No 2) (2004) 134 FCR 422; 208 ALR 98; [2004] FCA 133; [2004] ATPR 41-979; [2004] Aust Contract R 90-190 ........................................................ ACL.18.60, ACL.18.1720, CCA.2A.80, CCA.2A.160, CCA.4.540 Vink v Schering Pty Ltd [1991] ATPR 41-064; [1991] ASC 56-025 ................................................. ACL.236.240

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Virgin Aust Airlines Pty Ltd and Singapore Airlines, Re (A91267; 1 December 2011) ................... CCA.90.1400 Virgin Aust Airlines Pty Ltd, Re (A91475; 14 August 2015) ............................................................ CCA.90.1400 Virgin Aust Holdings Ltd/Tiger Airways Australia Pty Ltd (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 31 July 2013) ................................................................................................................ CCA.50.300 Virgin Aust and Singapore Airlines, Re (A91539) .............................................................................. CCA.90.1400 Virgin Aust and Skywest Airlines, Re (A91287; 10 May 2012) ........................................................ CCA.90.1400 Virgin Blue Airlines Pty Ltd, Re [2005] ACompT 5; (2005) 195 FLR 242; [2006] ATPR 42-092 .................... CCA.44B.100, CCA.44F.20, CCA.44G.20, CCA.44G.80, CCA.44G.180, CCA.44G.220, CCA.44K.160 Virgin Blue Airlines Pty Ltd and Air New Zealand Ltd, Re (A91151; 10 December 2009) ............ CCA.90.1400 Virgin Blue Airlines Pty Ltd and Etihad Airways, Re (A91247; 3 February 2011) .......................... CCA.90.1400 Vision Eye Institute Ltd, Re (A91491 10 September 2015) ................................................................. CCA.90.860 Vision Group Holdings Ltd, Re (A91217; 8 September 2010) .................................... CCA.90.860, CCA.90.1420 Visy Paper Pty Ltd v ACCC (2003) 216 CLR 1; 77 ALJR 1893; [2003] HCA 59 .............................. CCA.4E.60 Visy Paper Pty Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 59; (2003) 216 CLR 1; 77 ALJR 1893; 201 ALR 414 .......................................................................................... CCA.2.20, CCA.4.440, CCA.45.440, CCA.88.60 Visy Paper Pty Ltd v ACCC [2005] FCAFC 236; (2005) 224 ALR 390; [2006] ATPR 42-095 ................................................................................................................................................ CCA.76.500 Voss Real Estate Pty Ltd v Schreiner (1998) 70 SASR 545; [1998] ATPR 41-627 ......................... ACL.18.1860, ACL.236.160 Voth v Manildra Flour Mills Pty Ltd (1990) 171 CLR 538; 65 ALJR 83; 97 ALR 24; [1990] HCA 55 ............................................................................................................................. CCA.5.20, CCA.5.180

W W & A McArthur Ltd v Queensland (1920) 28 CLR 530; 27 ALR 130 .............................................. CCA.4.540 WA v Wardley Australia Ltd (1991) 30 FCR 245 ................................................................................. ACL.21.300 WA Broiler Grower Assn Inc, Re (A91527 .................................................................. CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 WA Pines Pty Ltd v Bannerman [1980] FCA 79; (1980) 41 FLR 175; [1980] ATPR 40-163 .......... CCA.155.20, CCA.155.100, CCA.155.120, CCA.155.200 WD & HO Wills (Aust) Ltd v Philip Morris Ltd [1997] FCA 1074; [1997] ATPR 41-590 ........... ACL.18.1000, ACL.18.1200, ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2280 WEA International Inc v Hanimex Corp Ltd (1987) 17 FCR 274; [1987] ATPR 40-827 ................ ACL.18.1180 WJ Green & Co (1984) Pty Ltd v Wilden Pty Ltd (unreported, Sup Ct, WA, 24 April 1997) ......... ACL.18.620, ACL.18.1840 WSGAL Pty Ltd v TPC (1994) 51 FCR 115; 122 ALR 673; [1994] ATPR 41-314 ....... CCA.81.20, CCA.81.40, CCA.81.60 WTH Pty Ltd v Budget Rent-A-Car System Pty Ltd [1984] ATPR 40-479 ...................................... ACL.18.2260 Wakeman, Re [1999] ATPR 41-675 ............................................................................... CCA.90A.40, CCA.101.60 Wakim, Re; Ex parte McNally [1999] HCA 27; (1999) 198 CLR 511; 73 ALJR 839; 163 ALR 270; 24 Fam LR 669; 17 ACLC 1,055; 31 ACSR 99 ........................................................ CCA.150D.20 Walker, Commissioner for Fair Trading v Rugs A Million Pty Ltd [2006] WASC 127 ..................... ACL.18.980 Wall v SBA Foods Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1831 ..................................................................................... CCA.86A.40 Wallace v Walplan Pty Ltd (1985) 8 FCR 14; 59 ALR 771; [1985] ATPR 40-570 .............................. ACL.35.80 Wallace v Walplan Pty Ltd sub nom Wallace v Brodribb (1985) 5 FCR 315; 58 ALR 737; [1985] ATPR 40-541 ....................................................................................................... ACL.35.40, ACL.35.80 Wallis v Downard-Pickford (North Qld) Pty Ltd [1994] HCA 17; (1994) 179 CLR 388; 68 ALJR 395; 120 ALR 440; [1994] Aust Torts Reports 81-269; [1994] ATPR 41-300 ....... 275.20, ACL.60.40, ACL.60.80 Walplan Pty Ltd v Wallace [1985] FCA 479; (1986) 8 FCR 27; 63 ALR 453; [1985] ATPR 40-650 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.84.120, CCA.84.140 Walplan Pty Ltd v Wallace (1986) 8 FCR 27; 63 ALR 453; [1985] ATPR 40-650; [1985] FCA 479 ............................................................................................................................................ CCA.84.120 Waltip Pty Ltd v Capalaba Park Shopping Centre Pty Ltd [1989] ATPR 40-975 ............................. ACL.18.1900

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Waratah Coal Services Ltd, Re [1983] ATPR (Com) 50-056 ............................................................. CCA.90.1420 Ward v Premier Ice Skating Rink Pty Ltd [1986] ATPR 40-681 ....................................................... ACL.18.1980 Wardley Australia Ltd v Western Australia (1992) 175 CLR 514; 66 ALJR 839; 109 ALR 247; [1992] ATPR 41-189 .............. ACL.236.40, ACL.236.160, ACL.236.220, ACL.236.240, ACL.236.480, ACL.237.20, ACL.237.140, CCA.82.60, CCA.82.80, CCA.82.100, CCA.82.120, CCA.82.160, CCA.82.180, CCA.82.320, CCA.87.20, CCA.87.360 Wardley Australia Ltd v Western Australia [1992] HCA 55; (1992) 175 CLR 514 ... ACL.236.20, ACL.236.160 Warman International Ltd v Envirotech Australia Pty Ltd (1986) 11 FCR 478; 6 IPR 578; 67 ALR 253; [1986] ATPR 40-714 ................................................. CCA.45.440, CCA.46.460, CCA.151AJ.60 Warner v Elders Rural Finance Ltd (1993) 41 FCR 399; 113 ALR 517; [1993] ATPR 41-238 ........................................................................................................................ ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1540 Warner-Lambert Company LLC v Apotex Pty Ltd [2014] FCAFC 59 ......................... ACL.234.20, CCA.80.120 Warnock v ANZ Banking Group Ltd (1989) 5 ANZ Ins Cas 60-897; [1989] ATPR 40-928; [1989] ASC 55-702 .......... ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1300, ACL.60.80, ACL.61.80, ACL.236.160, ACL.243.180 Water Board v Maustakas [1988] HCA 12; (1988) 180 CLR 491 ....................................................... CCA.138.80 Water Conservation & Irrigation Commission (NSW) v Browning (1947) 74 CLR 492; [1947] HCA 21 ........................................................................................................ CCA.44G.180, CCA.90.500 Watson v Foxman (2000) 49 NSWLR 315 ............................................ ACL.18.360, ACL.236.560, CCA.76.160 Wattyl Ltd, Re [1996] ATPR (Com) 50-232 .............................................................. CCA.90.1100, CCA.95AT.60 Wealthsure Pty Ltd v Selig [2014] FCAFC 64 .................................................................................. CCA.87CB.40 Webb Distributors (Aust) Pty Ltd v Victoria (1993) 179 CLR 15; 67 ALJR 961; 117 ALR 321; 11 ACSR 731; 11 ACLC 1,178 ................................................... ACL.18.520, ACL.243.60, CCA.87.300 Weitmann v Katies Ltd (1977) 29 FLR 336; [1977] ATPR 40-041 .......... ACL.18.80, ACL.18.280, ACL.29.100 Wells v John R Lewis (International) Pty Ltd (1975) 25 FLR 194; 1 TPC 226; [1975] ATPR 40-007 .............................................................. ACL.40.100, ACL.44.80, CCA.4.480, CCA.4.540, CCA.5.120 Welsh v Digilin Pty Ltd [2008] FCAFC 149 ........................................................................................ CCA.86.260 Welton v Missouri 91 US 275 (1875) ..................................................................................................... CCA.4.540 West Australian Newspapers Ltd, Re [1986] ATPR (Com) 50-108 ................................................... CCA.90.1120 Westbay Seafoods (Aust) Pty Ltd v Transpacific Standardbred Agency Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR (Digest) 46-162 ................................................................................................................................... CCA.76.80 Western Australia v Bond Corp Holdings Ltd (1991) 99 ALR 125; [1991] ATPR 41-081 ................. ACL.4.200, ACL.18.1160 Western Australia v Wardley Australia Ltd (1991) 30 FCR 245; 102 ALR 213; [1991] ATPR 41-131 ......................................................................... ACL.236.240, ACL.237.280, CCA.82.180, CCA.87.260 Western Australian Broiler Growers Assn Inc, Re (A91262; 16 June 2011) .............. CCA.90.760, CCA.90.1140 Western Suburbs Taxi Ltd, Re [1994] ATPR (Com) 50-147 .............................................................. CCA.90.1400 Westham Dredging Co Pty Ltd v Woodside Petroleum Development Pty Ltd (1983) 66 FLR 14 ................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.240, ACL.18.580 Westpac Banking Corp v Eltran Pty Ltd (1987) 14 FCR 541; 74 ALR 45; [1987] ATPR 40-802 .................................................................................................................................................. CCA.86.80 Westpac Banking Corp v Jarrett [2000] FCA 1675 .............................................................................. ACL.20.300 Westpac Banking Corp v Northern Metals Pty Ltd (1989) 14 IPR 499; [1989] ATPR 40-953 ........... ACL.33.20, ACL.34.20, ACL.34.40, CCA.163A.40, CCA.163A.60 Westpac Banking Corp v Spice [1990] ATPR 41-024 .................................................. ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1300 Wheeler Grace & Pierucci Pty Ltd v Wright [1989] ATPR 40-940 ..................................................... CCA.76.120 White v Eurocycle Pty Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-330 ..................................................................................... ACL.7.20 Wickham v Canberra & District Rugby League Football Club Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-664 ................... CCA.4.500 Wilcox, Re; Ex parte Venture Industries Pty Ltd (1996) 66 FCR 511; 137 ALR 47; 40 AILR 3-412; [1996] ATPR 41-496 .............................................................. CCA.86A.20, CCA.86A.40, CCA.86.600 Wilcox, Re; Ex parte Venture Industries Pty Ltd (No 2) (1996) 72 FCR 151; 141 ALR 727; [1997] ATPR 41-557 ......................................................................................................................... CCA.79.380 Wilde v Menville Pty Ltd (1981) 50 FLR 380; [1981] ATPR 40-195; [1981] TPRS 314.103 ............ ACL.31.40, ACL.37.40, CCA.79.500

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TABLE OF CASES

TABLE OF CASES

Wilkinson v Katies Fashions (Aust) Pty Ltd (1986) 11 FCR 390; 67 ALR 137; [1986] ATPR 40-721 ................................................................................................................................................ ACL.208.80 Williams v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [1999] NSWSC 345 ..... ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1300, ACL.236.60 Williams v FAI Home Security Pty Ltd (No 4) [2000] FCA 1925; (2000) 180 ALR 459 ................. CCA.86.360 Williams v Papersave Pty Ltd (1987) 16 FCR 80; 76 ALR 152; [1987] ATPR 40-818 .................... CCA.46.460, CCA.151AJ.60 Williams v Pisano (2015) 299 FLR 172; [2015] NSWCA 177; [2015] ATPR 42-504 ... ACL.18.60, ACL.18.580 Williams v Powell [1894] WN 141 ....................................................................................................... CCA.86.220 Windsor Smith Pty Ltd v Dr Martens Australia Pty Ltd (2000) 49 IPR 286; [2000] FCA 756 ...... ACL.18.2120, ACL.18.2160 Winegrape Growers Council of Australia Inc, Re [1992] ATPR (Com) 50-114 .......... CCA.90.320, CCA.90.360, CCA.90.1140 Wingecarribee Shire Council v Lehman Brothers Australia Ltd (in Liq) [2012] FCA 1028 ........... ACL.18.1540, CCA.131A.20 Winterton Constructions Pty Ltd v Hambros Australia Ltd (1992) 39 FCR 97; 111 ALR 649; [1993] ATPR 41-205 ................................................................................................. ACL.18.380, ACL.18.1540 Wolfe v Permanent Custodians Ltd [2012] VSC 275 ............................................................................. ACL.22.40 Wollongong City Council & Shellharbour City Council, Re (A91361; 31 July 2013) ..................... CCA.90.1060 Wong v Silkfield Pty Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-613 ................................................................................... CCA.86A.40 Wong v Silkfield Pty Ltd [1999] HCA 48; (1999) 199 CLR 255; 73 ALJR 1427; 165 ALR 373; [1999] ATPR 41-713 ........................................................................................ ACL.237.100, CCA.87.160 Wood v Wood [1997] ATPR 41-581 ..................................................... ACL.236.240, ACL.236.480, CCA.82.320 Woodhams v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation [1998] 4 VR 309 ...................................................... CCA.2C.80 Woodside Energy Ltd and Benaris International Pty Ltd, Re (A91135; 2 September 2009) ............ CCA.90.1220 Woodtree Pty Ltd v Zheng [2007] FCA 1922 ..................................................................................... ACL.18.2200 Woolworths Ltd v Fels [2002] HCA 50; (2002) 213 CLR 598; 193 ALR 1; [2002] ATPR 41-897 .............................................................................................................................................. CCA.155.520 Woolworths Ltd, Re (A91519) ............................................................................................................. CCA.90.1240 Woolworths Ltd & Lowe’s Companies Inc/G Gay & Co stores (ACCC Public Competition Assessment 5 December 2013) ......................................................................................................... CCA.50.300 Workwear Industries Pty Ltd v Pacific Brands Workwear Group Pty Ltd [2013] FCA 1042 ........... ACL.18.460, ACL.18.2160 World Brands Management Pty Ltd v Brazin Ltd [2005] FCA 1673 ................................................. CCA.86A.40 World Series Cricket Pty Ltd v Parish (1977) 16 ALR 181; [1977] ATPR 40-040 ...... CCA.80.100, CCA.80.540 Worldplay Services Pty Ltd v ACCC [2005] FCAFC 70; (2005) 143 FCR 345; 219 ALR 363; [2005] ATPR 42-068 ............................................................................................ ACL.44.80, ACL.44.100 Wribass Pty Ltd v Swallow [1979] FCA 3; (1979) 38 FLR 92; [1979] ATPR 40-101 ................... CCA.45D.180 Wright v TNT Management Pty Ltd (1989) 15 NSWLR 679; 85 ALR 442; 94 FLR 399; [1989] ATPR 40-929 ....................................................................................................................... ACL.18.1460 Wright v Wheeler Grace & Pierucci Pty Ltd [1988] ATPR 40-865 ...... ACL.18.600, ACL.18.1540, CCA.76.120 Wright Rubber Products Pty Ltd v Bayer AG [2008] FCA 1510; [2008] ATPR 42-258 .................... CCA.86.140 Wu v Ling [2016] NSWCA 322 ...................................................................................... ACL.20.160, ACL.20.300 Wylie Steel Pty Ltd, Re [1980] ATPR 40-170 ............................................................... CCA.90A.40, CCA.101.60

Y Yamaji v Westpac Banking Corp (No 2) [1993] FCA 273; (1993) 42 FCR 436; 115 ALR 240; [1993] ATPR 41-244 ................................................................................................................... CCA.5.140 Yanco Pastoral Co Pty Ltd v First Chicago Australia Ltd [1978] HCA 42; (1978) 139 CLR 410 ............................................................................................................................................... CCA.51ACB.80 Yanmar Diesel Engine Co Ltd v Kama Diesel Australia Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 1330 ........................ ACL.18.2200 Yardley of London (Aust) Pty Ltd v Chapman & Lester The Sales Promotion Agency Pty Ltd (1989) 17 IPR 345; [1990] ATPR 40-989 ............................................................................... ACL.18.1620

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Yarra Valley Dairy Pty Ltd v Lemnos Foods Pty Ltd (2010) 191 FCR 297; 90 IPR 117; [2010] FCA 1367 ............................................................................................................................. ACL.18.2280 Yates v Whitlam [1999] ATPR 41-722; [2000] 18 ACLC 55 ................................................................ CCA.4.540 Yenald Nominees Pty Ltd v Como Investments Pty Ltd [1996] ATPR 41-508 ........ ACL.18.1560, ACL.18.1940 Yeo v Damos Earthmoving Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1129 ......................................................................... CCA.86.260 Yerkey v Jones (1940) 63 CLR 649; [1939] ALR 62; 13 ALJ 84 ....................................................... ACL.20.180 Yorke v Lucas (1983) 80 FLR 143; 49 ALR 672; [1983] ATPR 40-401 ..................... CCA.76.100, CCA.82.140, CCA.96.200 Yorke v Lucas [1985] HCA 65; (1985) 158 CLR 661; 59 ALJR 776; 61 ALR 307; [1985] ATPR 40-622 .................. ACL.18.40, ACL.18.180, ACL.18.400, ACL.18.480, ACL.224.100, ACL.224.120, ACL.224.140, CCA.76.80, CCA.76.120, CCA.76.140, CCA.79.220 Yorke v Ross Lucas Pty Ltd (1982) 69 FLR 116; 2 TPR 199; 45 ALR 299 .................................... ACL.236.160 Yorke v Ross Lucas Pty Ltd (1983) 68 FLR 268; 46 ALR 319; 5 TPR 11; [1983] ATPR 40-336 ............................................................................................................................................... CCA.75B.20 Yorke v Ross Lucas Pty Ltd (No 2) [1983] FCA 16; (1983) 46 ALR 319 ....................................... ACL.224.120

Z Zetco Pty Ltd v Austworld Commodities Pty Ltd (No 2) [2011] FCA 848 ............. ACL.18.1180, ACL.18.2140, ACL.18.2200 Zietsch, Ex parte; Re Craig (1944) 44 SR (NSW) 360 ........................................................................ CCA.79.100 Zoneff v Elcom Credit Union Ltd (1990) 6 ANZ Ins Cas 61-023; [1990] ATPR 41-058 ................. ACL.21.340, ACL.60.80, ACL.61.80, ACL.236.360 Zoneff v Elcom Credit Union Ltd (1990) 94 ALR 445; 6 ANZ Ins Cas 60-961; [1990] ATPR 41-009 ................................................ ACL.20.60, ACL.21.340, ACL.60.80, ACL.61.80, ACL.236.360 Zwanenberg Australia Pty Ltd v Moira Mac’s Poultry and Fine Foods Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1401 ................................................................................................................................................. ACL.18.1360

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Table of Cases

TABLE OF CASES

Competition and Consumer Act and Regulations

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Part I – Preliminary 1 Short title...................................................................................................................................... 57 2 Object of this Act..........................................................................................................................58 2A Application of Act to Commonwealth and Commonwealth authorities........................................59 2B Application of Act to States and Territories..................................................................................65 2BA Application of Part IV to local government bodies...................................................................... 68 2C Activities that are not business.................................................................................................... 69 2D Exemption of certain activities of local government bodies from Part IV [Repealed]................. 72 3 Repeal.......................................................................................................................................... 72 4 Interpretation................................................................................................................................ 72 4A Subsidiary, holding and related bodies corporate..................................................................... 102 4B Consumers................................................................................................................................. 104 4C Acquisition, supply and re-supply.............................................................................................. 106 4D Exclusionary provisions............................................................................................................. 108 4E Market.........................................................................................................................................113 4F References to purpose or reason.............................................................................................. 131 4G Lessening of competition to include preventing or hindering competition................................ 134 4H Application of Act in relation to leases and licences of land and buildings.............................. 134 4J Joint ventures.............................................................................................................................135 4K Loss or damage to include injury...............................................................................................136 4KA Definitions etc that do not apply in Part XI or Schedule 2........................................................ 137 4L Severability.................................................................................................................................137 4M Saving of law relating to restraint of trade and breaches of confidence...................................138 4N Extended application of Part IIIA............................................................................................... 140 5 Extended application of this Act to conduct outside Australia...................................................143 6 Extended application of this Act to persons who are not corporations..................................... 150 6AA Application of the Criminal Code............................................................................................... 158 Part II – The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 6A Establishment of Commission....................................................................................................159 7 Constitution of Commission....................................................................................................... 164 8 Terms and conditions of appointment........................................................................................167 8A Associate members................................................................................................................... 167 8AB State/Territory AER members taken to be associate members................................................ 168 9 Remuneration.............................................................................................................................169 10 Deputy Chairpersons................................................................................................................. 169 11 Acting Chairperson.................................................................................................................... 170 12 Leave of absence...................................................................................................................... 171 13 Termination of appointment of members of the Commission....................................................171 14 Termination of appointment of associate members of the Commission................................... 172 15 Resignation................................................................................................................................ 172 16 Arrangement of business........................................................................................................... 172 17 Disclosure of interests by members.......................................................................................... 172 18 Meetings of Commission............................................................................................................173 19 Chairperson may direct Commission to sit in Divisions............................................................ 174 20 Part XI of the Audit Act not to apply to Commission [Repealed].............................................. 175

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COMPETITION AND CONSUMER ACT 2010 (CTH)

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

25 26 27 27A 28 29

Delegation by Commission........................................................................................................ 175 Delegation by Commission of certain functions and powers.................................................... 176 Staff of Commission...................................................................................................................176 Consultants................................................................................................................................ 177 Functions of Commission in relation to dissemination of information, law reform and research..................................................................................................................................... 177 Commission to comply with directions of Minister and requirements of the Parliament.......... 180

Part IIA – The National Competition Council 29AA Definitions [Repealed]................................................................................................................ 183 29A Establishment of Council........................................................................................................... 183 29B Functions and powers of Council.............................................................................................. 184 29BA Commonwealth consent to conferral of functions etc on Council............................................. 185 29BB How duty is imposed................................................................................................................. 185 29BC When a State/Territory energy law imposes a duty...................................................................186 29C Membership of Council.............................................................................................................. 186 29D Terms and conditions of office................................................................................................... 187 29E Acting Council President............................................................................................................187 29F Remuneration of Councillors......................................................................................................188 29G Leave of absence...................................................................................................................... 188 29H Termination of appointment of Councillors................................................................................ 188 29I Resignation of Councillors......................................................................................................... 188 29J Arrangement of Council business..............................................................................................189 29K Disclosure of interests by Councillors........................................................................................189 29L Council meetings....................................................................................................................... 190 29LA Resolutions without meetings.................................................................................................... 190 29M Staff to help Council...................................................................................................................191 29N Consultants................................................................................................................................ 191 29O Annual report............................................................................................................................. 191 Part III – The Australian Competition Tribunal 29P Definition.................................................................................................................................... 193 30 Constitution of Tribunal.............................................................................................................. 193 31 Qualifications of members of Tribunal....................................................................................... 195 31A Appointment of Judge as presidential member of Tribunal not to affect tenure etc................. 195 32 Terms and conditions of appointment........................................................................................196 33 Remuneration and allowances of members of Tribunal............................................................ 196 34 Acting appointments.................................................................................................................. 196 35 Suspension and removal of members of Tribunal.....................................................................197 36 Resignation................................................................................................................................ 198 37 Constitution of Tribunal for particular matters............................................................................198 38 Validity of determinations........................................................................................................... 199 39 President may give directions....................................................................................................199 40 Disclosure of interests by members of Tribunal........................................................................ 199 41 Presidential member to preside................................................................................................. 200 42 Decision of questions.................................................................................................................200 43 Member of Tribunal ceasing to be available..............................................................................200 43A Counsel assisting Tribunal......................................................................................................... 201 43B Consultants................................................................................................................................ 201 44 Staff of Tribunal..........................................................................................................................201 44A Acting appointments.................................................................................................................. 202

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Table of provisions

Part IIIAA – The Australian Energy Regulator (AER) Division 1 – Preliminary 44AB Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 203 44AC This Part binds the Crown......................................................................................................... 204 44AD Extra-territorial operation............................................................................................................204

Division 3 – Functions and powers of the AER 44AH Commonwealth functions...........................................................................................................205 44AI Commonwealth consent to conferral of functions etc on AER..................................................205 44AJ How duty is imposed................................................................................................................. 206 44AK When a State/Territory energy law etc imposes a duty.............................................................206 44AL Powers of the AER.................................................................................................................... 207 Division 4 – Administrative provisions relating to the AER Subdivision A – Appointment etc of members 44AM Appointment of Commonwealth AER member.......................................................................... 207 44AN Membership of AER and Commission.......................................................................................208 44AO Acting appointment of Commonwealth AER member............................................................... 208 44AP Appointment of State/Territory AER members...........................................................................208 44AQ Acting appointment of State/Territory AER member..................................................................209 44AR AER Chair.................................................................................................................................. 209 44AS Acting AER Chair....................................................................................................................... 210 44AT Remuneration of AER members................................................................................................ 210 44AU Additional remuneration of AER Chair.......................................................................................210 44AV Leave of absence.......................................................................................................................211 44AW Other terms and conditions........................................................................................................211 44AX Outside employment.................................................................................................................. 211 44AY Disclosure of interests................................................................................................................211 44AZ Resignation.................................................................................................................................211 44AAB Termination of appointment....................................................................................................... 212 Subdivision B – Staff etc to assist the AER 44AAC Staff etc to assist the AER.........................................................................................................212 Subdivision C – Meetings of the AER etc 44AAD Meetings.....................................................................................................................................213 44AAE Resolutions without meetings.................................................................................................... 213 44AAEA Arbitration................................................................................................................................... 214 Subdivision D – Miscellaneous 44AAF Confidentiality.............................................................................................................................214 44AAG Federal Court may make certain orders....................................................................................215 44AAGA Federal Court may order disconnection if an event specified in the National Electricity Rules occurs.........................................................................................................................................216 44AAH Delegation by the AER.............................................................................................................. 217 44AAI Fees........................................................................................................................................... 217 44AAJ Annual report............................................................................................................................. 217 44AAK Regulations may deal with transitional matters......................................................................... 218 Part IIIAB – Application of the finance law 44AAL Application of the finance law.................................................................................................... 219

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Division 2 – Establishment of the AER 44AE Establishment of the AER.......................................................................................................... 204 44AF AER to hold money and property on behalf of the Commonwealth......................................... 204 44AG Constitution of the AER............................................................................................................. 204

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Part IIIA – Access to services Division 1 – Preliminary 44AA Objects of Part........................................................................................................................... 224 44B Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 229 44C How this Part applies to partnerships and joint ventures..........................................................235 44D Meaning of designated Minister................................................................................................. 236 44DA The principles in the Competition Principles Agreement have status as guidelines.................237 44E This Part binds the Crown......................................................................................................... 239 Division 2 – Declared services Subdivision A – Recommendation by the Council 44F Person may request recommendation.......................................................................................239 44FA Council may request information............................................................................................... 242 44G Limits on the Council recommending declaration of a service..................................................242 44GA Time limit for Council recommendations................................................................................... 252 44GB Council may invite public submissions on the application........................................................ 254 44GC Council must publish its recommendation................................................................................. 255 Subdivision B – Declaration by the designated Minister 44H Designated Minister may declare a service...............................................................................256 44HA Designated Minister must publish his or her decision...............................................................259 44I Duration and effect of declaration..............................................................................................260 44J Revocation of declaration.......................................................................................................... 261 44JA Target time limits on designated Minister’s revocation decision [Repealed].............................262 44K Review of declaration................................................................................................................ 262 44KA Tribunal may stay operation of declaration............................................................................... 265 44KB Tribunal may order costs be awarded....................................................................................... 266 44L Review of decision not to revoke a declaration.........................................................................267 Division 2AA – Services that are ineligible to be declared Subdivision A – Scope of Division 44LA Constitutional limits on operation of this Division...................................................................... 268 Subdivision B – Ineligibility recommendation by Council 44LB Ineligibility recommendation.......................................................................................................268 44LC Council may request information............................................................................................... 269 44LD Time limit for Council recommendations................................................................................... 270 44LE Council may invite public submissions on the application........................................................ 271 44LF Council must publish its recommendation................................................................................. 272 Subdivision C – Designated Minister’s decision on ineligibility 44LG Designated Minister’s decision on ineligibility............................................................................272 44LH Designated Minister must publish his or her decision...............................................................273 Subdivision D – Revocation of ineligibility decision 44LI Revocation of ineligibility decision............................................................................................. 274 Subdivision E – Review of decisions 44LJ Review of ineligibility decisions..................................................................................................275 44LK Review of decision to revoke or not revoke an ineligibility decision......................................... 276 Subdivision F – Other matters 44LL Ineligibility decisions subject to alteration, cancellation etc.......................................................277 Division 2A – Effective access regimes Subdivision A – Recommendation by Council 44M Recommendation for a Ministerial decision on effectiveness of access regime.......................277 44MA Council may request information............................................................................................... 280

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

Subdivision B – Decision by Commonwealth Minister 44N Ministerial decision on effectiveness of access regime.............................................................281 Subdivision C – Extensions of Commonwealth Minister’s decision 44NA Recommendation by Council..................................................................................................... 282 44NAA Council may request information............................................................................................... 282 44NB Decision by the Commonwealth Minister.................................................................................. 283 Subdivision D – Procedural provisions 44NC Time limit for Council recommendations................................................................................... 285 44ND Target time limits—Commonwealth Minister [Repealed]........................................................... 287 44NE Council may invite public submissions...................................................................................... 287 44NF Publication—Council.................................................................................................................. 288 44NG Publication—Commonwealth Minister....................................................................................... 288

Subdivision F – State or Territory ceasing to be a party to Competition Principles Agreement 44P State or Territory ceasing to be a party to Competition Principles Agreement......................... 290 Division 2B 44PA 44PAA 44PB 44PC 44PD 44PE 44PF 44PG 44PH

– Competitive tender processes for government owned facilities Approval of competitive tender process.................................................................................... 291 Commission may request information....................................................................................... 292 Report on conduct of tender process........................................................................................ 292 Revocation of approval decision................................................................................................293 Time limit for Commission decisions......................................................................................... 294 Commission may invite public submissions.............................................................................. 295 Commission must publish its decisions..................................................................................... 295 Review of Commission’s initial decision.................................................................................... 296 Review of decision to revoke an approval.................................................................................297

Division 2C – Register of decisions and declarations 44Q Register of decisions, declarations and ineligibility decisions................................................... 298 Division 3 – Access to declared services Subdivision A – Scope of Division 44R Constitutional limits on operation of this Division...................................................................... 299 Subdivision B – Notification of access disputes 44S Notification of access disputes.................................................................................................. 299 44T Withdrawal of notifications......................................................................................................... 300 Subdivision C – Arbitration of access disputes 44U Parties to the arbitration............................................................................................................ 301 44V Determination by Commission................................................................................................... 301 44W Restrictions on access determinations...................................................................................... 302 44X Matters that the Commission must take into account............................................................... 304 44XA Time limit for Commission’s final determination........................................................................ 305 44Y Commission may terminate arbitration in certain cases............................................................306 44YA Commission must terminate arbitration if declaration varied or set aside by Tribunal............. 307 Subdivision D – Procedure in arbitrations 44Z Constitution of Commission for conduct of arbitration...............................................................307 44ZA Member of the Commission presiding at an arbitration............................................................ 307 44ZB Reconstitution of Commission................................................................................................... 307 44ZC Determination of questions........................................................................................................ 307 44ZD Hearing to be in private............................................................................................................. 308 44ZE Right to representation.............................................................................................................. 308

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Subdivision E – Review of decisions 44O Review of Ministerial decision on effectiveness of access regime........................................... 289

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

44ZF 44ZG 44ZH 44ZI 44ZJ 44ZK 44ZL 44ZM 44ZN 44ZNA

Procedure of Commission..........................................................................................................308 Particular powers of Commission.............................................................................................. 308 Power to take evidence on oath or affirmation..........................................................................309 Failing to attend as a witness.................................................................................................... 309 Failing to answer questions etc................................................................................................. 310 Intimidation etc........................................................................................................................... 310 Party may request Commission to treat material as confidential..............................................310 Sections 18 and 19 do not apply to the Commission in an arbitration..................................... 311 Parties to pay costs of an arbitration......................................................................................... 311 Joint arbitration hearings............................................................................................................311

Subdivision DA – Arbitration reports 44ZNB Arbitration reports...................................................................................................................... 312 Subdivision E – Effect of determinations 44ZO Operation of final determinations...............................................................................................313 44ZOA Effect and duration of interim determinations............................................................................314 Subdivision F – Review of final determinations 44ZP Review by Tribunal.................................................................................................................... 315 44ZQ Provisions that do not apply in relation to a Tribunal review.................................................... 317 44ZR Appeals to Federal Court from determinations of the Tribunal................................................. 317 44ZS Operation and implementation of a determination that is subject to appeal.............................318 44ZT Transmission of documents....................................................................................................... 318 Subdivision G – Variation and revocation of determinations 44ZU Variation of final determinations.................................................................................................318 44ZUA Variation and revocation of interim determinations................................................................... 319 Division 4 – Registered contracts for access to declared services 44ZV Constitutional limits on operation of this Division...................................................................... 319 44ZW Registration of contract.............................................................................................................. 319 44ZX Review of decision not to register contract............................................................................... 320 44ZY Effect of registration of contract.................................................................................................321 Division 5 – Hindering access to declared services 44ZZ Prohibition on hindering access to declared services............................................................... 321 Division 6 – Access undertakings and access codes for services Subdivision A – Giving of access undertakings and access codes 44ZZA Access undertakings by providers............................................................................................. 322 44ZZAAA Proposed amendments to access undertakings........................................................................325 44ZZAAB Access undertakings containing fixed principles....................................................................... 326 44ZZAA Access codes prepared by industry bodies...............................................................................327 44ZZAB Commission may rely on industry body consultations.............................................................. 330 44ZZB Undertakings cannot be accepted in certain cases [Repealed]................................................ 330 Subdivision B – Effect of access undertakings and access codes 44ZZBA When access undertakings and access codes come into operation........................................ 330 Subdivision C – Extensions of access undertakings and access codes 44ZZBB Extensions of access undertakings and access codes............................................................. 331 Subdivision D – Procedural provisions 44ZZBC Time limit for Commission decisions......................................................................................... 332 44ZZBCA Commission may request information....................................................................................... 334 44ZZBD Commission may invite public submissions.............................................................................. 334 44ZZBE Commission must publish its decisions..................................................................................... 335 Subdivision E – Review of decisions 44ZZBF Review of decisions................................................................................................................... 335

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

Subdivision F – Register of access undertakings and access codes 44ZZC Register of access undertakings and access codes................................................................. 337 Division 6A – Pricing principles for access disputes and access undertakings or codes 44ZZCA Pricing principles for access disputes and access undertakings or codes............................... 337

Division 7 – Enforcement and remedies 44ZZD Enforcement of determinations.................................................................................................. 340 44ZZE Enforcement of prohibition on hindering access....................................................................... 341 44ZZF Consent injunctions....................................................................................................................342 44ZZG Interim injunctions...................................................................................................................... 342 44ZZH Factors relevant to granting a restraining injunction................................................................. 342 44ZZI Factors relevant to granting a mandatory injunction................................................................. 342 44ZZJ Enforcement of access undertakings.........................................................................................342 44ZZK Discharge or variation of injunction or other order.................................................................... 343 Division 8 – Miscellaneous 44ZZL Register of determinations......................................................................................................... 343 44ZZM Commonwealth consent to conferral of functions etc on the Commission or Tribunal by State or Territory laws................................................................................................................ 343 44ZZMA How duty is imposed................................................................................................................. 344 44ZZMB When a law of a State or Territory imposes a duty...................................................................345 44ZZN Compensation for acquisition of property.................................................................................. 345 44ZZNA Operation of Parts IV and VII not affected by this Part.............................................................345 44ZZO Conduct by directors, servants or agents..................................................................................346 44ZZOAAA Information to be given to Tribunal............................................................................................ 347 44ZZOAA Tribunal only to consider particular material..............................................................................348 44ZZOA Time limit for Tribunal decisions................................................................................................ 348 44ZZP Regulations about review by the Tribunal................................................................................. 350 44ZZQ Regulations about fees for inspection etc of registers.............................................................. 351 44ZZR Procedure of the Tribunal when performing functions under a State/Territory energy law or a designated Commonwealth energy law.....................................................................................351 Part IV – Restrictive trade practices Division 1 – Cartel conduct Subdivision A – Introduction 44ZZRA Simplified outline........................................................................................................................ 353 44ZZRB Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 356 44ZZRC Extended meaning of party........................................................................................................357 44ZZRD Cartel provisions........................................................................................................................ 358 44ZZRE Meaning of expressions in other provisions of this Act............................................................. 371 Subdivision B – Offences etc 44ZZRF Making a contract etc containing a cartel provision.................................................................. 371 44ZZRG Giving effect to a cartel provision.............................................................................................. 375 44ZZRH Determining guilt........................................................................................................................ 375 44ZZRI Court may make related civil orders..........................................................................................376 Subdivision C – Civil penalty provisions 44ZZRJ Making a contract etc containing a cartel provision.................................................................. 376

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Division 6B – Overlap among determinations, registered contracts, access undertakings and Tribunal review 44ZZCB Deferring access disputes or access undertakings................................................................... 338 44ZZCBA Deferral of arbitration if review is underway.............................................................................. 339 44ZZCC Overlap between determinations and access undertakings......................................................340 44ZZCD Overlap between registered contracts and access undertakings..............................................340

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

44ZZRK

Giving effect to a cartel provision.............................................................................................. 386

Subdivision D – Exceptions 44ZZRL Conduct notified......................................................................................................................... 386 44ZZRM Cartel provision subject to grant of authorisation...................................................................... 387 44ZZRN Contracts, arrangements or understandings between related bodies corporate...................... 387 44ZZRO Joint ventures—prosecution...................................................................................................... 387 44ZZRP Joint ventures—civil penalty proceedings..................................................................................392 44ZZRQ Covenants affecting competition................................................................................................394 44ZZRR Resale price maintenance......................................................................................................... 394 44ZZRS Exclusive dealing....................................................................................................................... 394 44ZZRT Dual listed company arrangement............................................................................................. 396 44ZZRU Acquisition of shares or assets..................................................................................................396 44ZZRV Collective acquisition of goods or services by the parties to a contract, arrangement or understanding............................................................................................................................ 397 Division 1A 44ZZS 44ZZT 44ZZU 44ZZV 44ZZW 44ZZX 44ZZY 44ZZZ 44ZZZA 44ZZZB

– Anti-competitive disclosure of pricing and other information Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 398 Goods and services to which this Division applies................................................................... 398 Provisions affecting whether a corporation has disclosed information to a person.................. 399 Meaning of private disclosure to competitors.............................................................................400 Corporation must not make private disclosure of pricing information etc to competitors......... 400 Corporation must not make disclosure of pricing information etc for purpose of substantially lessening competition................................................................................................................ 402 Exceptions that apply to sections 44ZZW and 44ZZX.............................................................. 403 Additional exceptions that only apply to section 44ZZW...........................................................404 Burden of proof.......................................................................................................................... 406 Mere receipt of information does not constitute being knowingly involved in contravention.... 406

Division 2 – Other provisions 45 Contracts, arrangements or understandings that restrict dealings or affect competition..........406 45A Contracts, arrangements or understandings in relation to prices [Repealed]...........................432 45B Covenants affecting competition................................................................................................432 45C Covenants in relation to prices.................................................................................................. 437 45D Secondary boycotts for the purpose of causing substantial loss or damage........................... 439 45DA Secondary boycotts for the purpose of causing substantial lessening of competition............. 445 45DB Boycotts affecting trade or commerce....................................................................................... 447 45DC Involvement and liability of employee organisations................................................................. 448 45DD Situations in which boycotts permitted...................................................................................... 450 45E Prohibition of contracts, arrangements or understandings affecting the supply or acquisition of goods or services.................................................................................................................. 453 45EA Provisions contravening section 45E not to be given effect..................................................... 456 45EB Sections 45D to 45EA do not affect operation of other provisions of Part............................... 457 46 Misuse of market power.............................................................................................................457 46A Misuse of market power—corporation with substantial degree of power in trans-Tasman market........................................................................................................................................ 488 46B No immunity from jurisdiction in relation to certain New Zealand laws.................................... 490 47 Exclusive dealing....................................................................................................................... 491 48 Resale price maintenance......................................................................................................... 510 49 Dual listed company arrangements that affect competition...................................................... 519 50 Prohibition of acquisitions that would result in a substantial lessening of competition.............520 50A Acquisitions that occur outside Australia................................................................................... 544 51 Exceptions..................................................................................................................................547 51AAA Concurrent operation of State and Territory laws......................................................................559

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

Part IVB – Industry codes Division 1 – Preliminary 51ACA Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 561 Division 2 – Contravention of industry codes 51ACB Contravention of industry codes................................................................................................ 562 – Infringement notices Purpose and effect of this Division............................................................................................ 565 Issuing an infringement notice................................................................................................... 565 Matters to be included in an infringement notice...................................................................... 565 Amount of penalty...................................................................................................................... 566 Effect of compliance with an infringement notice...................................................................... 566 Effect of failure to comply with an infringement notice..............................................................566 Infringement notice compliance period for infringement notice.................................................567 Withdrawal of an infringement notice........................................................................................ 567

Division 3 – Public warning notices 51ADA Commission may issue a public warning notice........................................................................568 Division 4 – Orders to redress loss or damage suffered by non-parties etc 51ADB Orders to redress loss or damage suffered by non-parties etc................................................ 568 51ADC Kinds of orders that may be made to redress loss or damage suffered by non-parties etc.... 570 Division 5 – Investigation power 51ADD Commission may require corporation to provide information....................................................570 51ADE Extending periods for complying with notices........................................................................... 571 51ADF Compliance with notices............................................................................................................ 571 51ADG False or misleading information etc...........................................................................................571 Division 6 – Miscellaneous 51AE Regulations relating to industry codes.......................................................................................572 51AEA Concurrent operation of State and Territory laws......................................................................574 Part IVC – Payment surcharges Division 1 – Preliminary 55 Object of this Part...................................................................................................................... 575 55A Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 575 Division 2 – Limit on payment surcharges 55B Payment surcharges must not be excessive.............................................................................575 Division 3 – Information about payment surcharges 55C Surcharge information notices................................................................................................... 576 55D Extending periods for complying with notices........................................................................... 576 55E Participant must comply with notice.......................................................................................... 576 Division 4 – Infringement notices 55F Purpose and effect of this Division............................................................................................ 577 55G Issuing an infringement notice................................................................................................... 577 55H Matters to be included in an infringement notice...................................................................... 577 55J Amount of penalty...................................................................................................................... 578 55K Effect of compliance with an infringement notice...................................................................... 578 55L Effect of failure to comply with an infringement notice..............................................................578 55M Infringement notice compliance period for infringement notice.................................................578 55N Withdrawal of an infringement notice........................................................................................ 579 Part V – Carbon tax price reduction obligation Division 1 – Preliminary 60 Simplified outline of this Part..................................................................................................... 581

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Division 2A 51ACC 51ACD 51ACE 51ACF 51ACG 51ACH 51ACI 51ACJ

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

60AA 60A 60B

Objects etc................................................................................................................................. 582 Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 582 Regulated goods........................................................................................................................ 585

Division 2 – Carbon tax price reduction obligation 60C Price exploitation in relation to the carbon tax repeal............................................................... 585 60CA Failure to pass on cost savings—250% penalty....................................................................... 586 60D Notice to entity that is considered to have engaged in price exploitation in relation to the carbon tax repeal....................................................................................................................... 587 60E Commission may issue notice to aid prevention of price exploitation in relation to the carbon tax repeal................................................................................................................................... 588 60F Acquisition of property............................................................................................................... 588 Division 2A 60FA 60FB 60FC

– Carbon tax removal substantiation notices Carbon tax removal substantiation notices................................................................................589 Extending periods for complying with carbon tax removal substantiation notices....................590 Compliance with carbon tax removal substantiation notices.....................................................590

Division 2B – Carbon tax removal substantiation statements 60FD Carbon tax removal substantiation statements......................................................................... 591 Division 2C – Statements for customers 60FE Statements for customers.......................................................................................................... 592 Division 3 – Price monitoring in relation to the carbon tax repeal etc 60G Commission may monitor prices in relation to the carbon tax repeal etc.................................593 60H Information-gathering powers.................................................................................................... 595 60J Reporting....................................................................................................................................596 Division 4 – False or misleading representations about the effect of the carbon tax repeal etc on prices 60K False or misleading representations about the effect of the carbon tax repeal etc on prices 596 Division 5 – Infringement notices 60L Issuing an infringement notice................................................................................................... 597 60M Effect of compliance with an infringement notice...................................................................... 598 60N Effect of failure to comply with an infringement notice..............................................................598 60P Infringement notice compliance period for infringement notice.................................................598 60Q Withdrawal of an infringement notice........................................................................................ 599 60R Effect of this Division................................................................................................................. 600 Part VI – Enforcement and remedies 75B Interpretation.............................................................................................................................. 601 76 Pecuniary penalties....................................................................................................................603 76A Defence to proceedings under section 76 relating to a contravention of section 95AZN........ 634 76B What happens if substantially the same conduct is a contravention of Part IV or section 95AZN and an offence?.............................................................................................................635 76C Defence to proceedings relating to exclusionary provisions..................................................... 636 76D Defence to proceedings relating to price fixing provisions [Repealed]..................................... 637 77 Civil action for recovery of pecuniary penalties.........................................................................637 77A Indemnification of officers.......................................................................................................... 639 77B Certain indemnities not authorised and certain documents void.............................................. 639 77C Application of section 77A to a person other than a body corporate........................................639 78 Criminal proceedings not to be brought for contraventions of Part IV......................................640 79 Offences against section 44ZZRF or 44ZZRG..........................................................................640 79A Enforcement and recovery of certain fines................................................................................651 79B Preference must be given to compensation for victims............................................................ 652 80 Injunctions.................................................................................................................................. 653

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

80A 80AA 80AB 80AC 80B 81 81A 82 83 84 85 86 86AA 86A 86B 86C 86D 86DA 86E 86F 87 87AA 87B 87C 87CA 87CAA

Price exploitation in relation to the carbon tax repeal—orders limiting prices or requiring refunds of money....................................................................................................................... 673 Division 7 of Part VI of the Workplace Relations Act does not prevent granting of injunction [Repealed].................................................................................................................................. 674 Stay of injunctions......................................................................................................................674 Injunctions to prevent mergers if clearance or authorisation granted on the basis of false or misleading information............................................................................................................... 675 Section 75AU contraventions—orders limiting prices or requiring refunds of money [Repealed].................................................................................................................................. 675 Divestiture where merger contravenes section 50 or 50A........................................................ 676 Divestiture where merger done under clearance or authorisation granted on false etc information................................................................................................................................. 679 Actions for damages.................................................................................................................. 680 Finding in proceedings to be evidence......................................................................................688 Conduct by directors, employees or agents.............................................................................. 691 Defences.................................................................................................................................... 699 Jurisdiction of courts.................................................................................................................. 699 Limit on jurisdiction of Federal Circuit Court............................................................................. 719 Transfer of matters.....................................................................................................................719 Transfer of certain proceedings to Family Court [Repealed].....................................................722 Non-punitive orders....................................................................................................................722 Punitive orders—adverse publicity.............................................................................................730 Commission may issue a public warning notice [Repealed]..................................................... 731 Order disqualifying a person from managing corporations....................................................... 731 Privilege against exposure to penalty—disqualification from managing corporations.............. 732 Other orders............................................................................................................................... 733 Special provision relating to Court’s exercise of powers under this Part in relation to boycott conduct.......................................................................................................................................746 Enforcement of undertakings..................................................................................................... 747 Enforcement of undertakings—Secretary of the Department....................................................754 Intervention by Commission.......................................................................................................754 The effect of Part VIB on this Part [Repealed]..........................................................................755

Part VIA – Proportionate liability for misleading and deceptive conduct 87CB Application of Part......................................................................................................................757 87CC Certain concurrent wrongdoers not to have benefit of apportionment......................................758 87CD Proportionate liability for apportionable claims.......................................................................... 759 87CE Defendant to notify plaintiff of concurrent wrongdoer of whom defendant aware.................... 760 87CF Contribution not recoverable from defendant............................................................................ 760 87CG Subsequent actions................................................................................................................... 760 87CH Joining non-party concurrent wrongdoer in the action.............................................................. 761 87CI Application of Part......................................................................................................................761 Part VIB – Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Division 1 – Introduction 87D Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 763 87E Proceedings to which this Part applies......................................................................................764 Division 2 – Limitation periods 87F Basic rule................................................................................................................................... 765 87G Date of discoverability................................................................................................................766 87H Long-stop period........................................................................................................................ 767 87J The effect of minority or incapacity............................................................................................767 87K The effect of close relationships................................................................................................ 767

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Table of provisions

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Division 3 – Limits on personal injury damages for non-economic loss 87L Limits on damages for non-economic loss................................................................................ 768 87M Maximum amount of damages for non-economic loss..............................................................768 87N Index numbers........................................................................................................................... 768 87P Most extreme cases...................................................................................................................769 87Q Cases of 33% or more (but not 100%) of a most extreme case.............................................. 769 87R Cases of 15% or more (but less than 33%) of a most extreme case.......................................769 87S Cases of less than 15% of a most extreme case..................................................................... 770 87T Referring to earlier decisions on non-economic loss................................................................ 770 Division 4 – Limits on personal injury damages for loss of earning capacity 87U Personal injury damages for loss of earning capacity...............................................................770 87V Average weekly earnings...........................................................................................................771 Division 5 – Limits on personal injury damages for gratuitous attendant care services 87W Personal injury damages for gratuitous attendant care services for plaintiff............................ 771 87X Personal injury damages for loss of plaintiff’s capacity to provide gratuitous attendant care services...................................................................................................................................... 772 Division 6 – Other limits on personal injury damages 87Y Damages for future economic loss—discount rate....................................................................773 87Z Damages for loss of superannuation entitlements.................................................................... 773 87ZA Interest on damages.................................................................................................................. 774 87ZB Exemplary and aggravated damages........................................................................................ 774 Division 7 – Structured settlements 87ZC Court may make orders under section 87 for structured settlements.......................................775 Part VII – Authorisations, notifications and clearances in respect of restrictive trade practices Division 1 – Authorisations (other than section 50 merger authorisations) 87ZP Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 777 88 Power of Commission to grant authorisations...........................................................................777 89 Procedure for applications and the keeping of a register......................................................... 788 90 Determination of applications for authorisations........................................................................795 90A Commission to afford opportunity for conference before determining application for authorisation...............................................................................................................................836 90B Commission may rely on consultations undertaken by the AEMC........................................... 839 91 Grant and variation of authorisations.........................................................................................840 91A Minor variations of authorizations.............................................................................................. 844 91B Revocation of an authorization.................................................................................................. 846 91C Revocation of an authorization and substitution of a replacement........................................... 851 Division 2 – Notifications 92 Clearances [Repealed].............................................................................................................. 853 Subdivision A – Exclusive dealing and private disclosure of pricing information 93 Notification of exclusive dealing or private disclosure of pricing information............................853 Subdivision B – Collective bargaining 93AA Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 864 93AB Notification of collective bargaining........................................................................................... 865 93AC Commission’s objection notice...................................................................................................873 93AD When collective bargaining notice comes into force and ceases to be in force.......................875 93AE Withdrawal of collective bargaining notice.................................................................................877 93AEA Only 1 collective bargaining notice under subsection 93AB(1A) may be given....................... 877 93AF Only 1 collective bargaining notice under subsection 93AB(1) may be given..........................878 Subdivision C – Conferences 93A Commission to afford opportunity for conference before giving notice..................................... 878

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Table of provisions

94

Merger clearances [Repealed]...................................................................................................880

Subdivision D – Register of notifications 95 Register of notifications............................................................................................................. 880 Division 3 – Merger clearances and authorisations

Subdivision B – Merger clearances 95AC Commission may grant clearance for a merger........................................................................ 884 95AD Application for clearance........................................................................................................... 885 95AE Requirements for valid clearance application............................................................................886 95AF Commission to notify if clearance application is invalid............................................................ 886 95AG Application to be published on the internet............................................................................... 886 95AH Merger clearance register.......................................................................................................... 886 95AI Confidentiality claims etc........................................................................................................... 887 95AJ Commission may seek additional information from applicant................................................... 888 95AK Commission may seek further information and consult others................................................. 888 95AL Applicant may withdraw application...........................................................................................888 95AM Commission to make determination on application...................................................................888 95AN When clearance must not be granted....................................................................................... 889 95AO Time limits for determining application...................................................................................... 889 95AP Clearance subject to conditions.................................................................................................889 95AQ When clearance is in force........................................................................................................ 890 95AR Minor variations of clearances................................................................................................... 890 95AS Revocation of clearance or revocation of clearance and substitution of a new clearance.......892 Subdivision C – Merger authorisations 95AT Tribunal may grant authorisation for a merger.......................................................................... 895 95AU Application for authorisation.......................................................................................................897 95AV Requirements for valid authorisation application.......................................................................898 95AW Tribunal to notify if authorisation application is invalid.............................................................. 899 95AX Tribunal to notify Commission of authorisation application....................................................... 899 95AY Application to be published on the internet............................................................................... 899 95AZ Merger authorisation register..................................................................................................... 899 95AZA Confidentiality claims etc........................................................................................................... 900 95AZC Tribunal may seek additional information from applicant.......................................................... 901 95AZD Tribunal may seek further information and consult others etc.................................................. 901 95AZE Applicant may withdraw application...........................................................................................901 95AZEA Tribunal must require Commission to give report..................................................................... 901 95AZF Commission to assist Tribunal................................................................................................... 902 95AZFA Commission may make enquiries..............................................................................................902 95AZG Tribunal to make determination on application..........................................................................902 95AZH When authorisation must not be granted.................................................................................. 903 95AZI Time limits for determining application...................................................................................... 904 95AZJ Authorisation subject to conditions............................................................................................ 904 95AZK When authorisation is in force................................................................................................... 905 95AZL Minor variations of authorisations.............................................................................................. 905 95AZM Revocation of authorisation or revocation of authorisation and substitution of a new authorisation...............................................................................................................................907 Subdivision D – Miscellaneous 95AZN Providing false or misleading information..................................................................................910

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Subdivision A – Preliminary 95AA Simplified outline of this Division............................................................................................... 882 95AB Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 884

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Part VIIA – Prices surveillance Division 1 – Preliminary 95A Interpretation.............................................................................................................................. 911 95B Exempt supplies.........................................................................................................................913 95C Application of Part......................................................................................................................914 95D Crown to be bound.................................................................................................................... 914 95E Object of this Part...................................................................................................................... 915 95F Simplified overview of this Part..................................................................................................915 Division 2 – Commission’s functions under this Part 95G Commission’s functions under this Part.................................................................................... 915 Division 3 – Price inquiries Subdivision A – Holding of inquiries 95H Price inquiries............................................................................................................................ 916 95J Content of inquiry notices.......................................................................................................... 917 95K Period for completing inquiry..................................................................................................... 917 95L Notice of holding of inquiry........................................................................................................ 918 95M Notice of extension of period for completing inquiry................................................................. 918 95N Price restrictions........................................................................................................................ 919 Subdivision B – Reports on inquiries 95P Copies of report to be made available...................................................................................... 920 95Q Notification of proposed prices after receipt of report............................................................... 921 Subdivision C – Procedure at inquiries 95R Public inquiries etc..................................................................................................................... 921 95S Taking of evidence on oath or affirmation................................................................................. 922 95T Failure of witness to attend........................................................................................................922 95U Refusal to be sworn or to answer question...............................................................................923 95V Protection of witnesses.............................................................................................................. 923 95W Allowances to witnesses............................................................................................................ 923 Division 4 – Price notifications 95X Declarations by Minister or Commission................................................................................... 924 95Y Declarations in relation to State or Territory authorities............................................................ 924 95Z Price restrictions........................................................................................................................ 925 95ZA Later notices modifying a locality notice....................................................................................927 95ZB Applicable period in relation to a locality notice........................................................................ 927 95ZC Register of price notifications.....................................................................................................928 95ZD Delegation by Commission........................................................................................................ 929 Division 5 – Price monitoring 95ZE Directions to monitor prices, costs and profits of an industry................................................... 929 95ZF Directions to monitor prices, costs and profits of a business....................................................930 95ZG Exceptions to price monitoring...................................................................................................930 Division 6 – Other provisions 95ZH Ministerial directions.................................................................................................................. 931 95ZI Inquiries by an unincorporated body or a group of 2 or more individuals................................ 931 95ZJ Withdrawal of notices.................................................................................................................931 95ZK Power to obtain information or documents................................................................................932 95ZL Inspection of documents etc...................................................................................................... 933 95ZM Retention of documents............................................................................................................. 934 95ZN Confidential information............................................................................................................. 934 95ZO Immunity.....................................................................................................................................935 95ZP Secrecy: members or staff members of the Commission etc................................................... 935

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95ZQ

Secrecy: persons involved in inquiries by bodies other than the Commission.........................936

Part VIII – Resale price maintenance 96 Acts constituting engaging in resale price maintenance........................................................... 939 96A Resale price maintenance in relation to services......................................................................947 97 Recommended prices................................................................................................................ 947 98 Withholding the supply of goods................................................................................................948 99 Statements as to the minimum price of goods..........................................................................950 100 Evidentiary provisions................................................................................................................ 951 Part IX – Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission

Division 2 – Procedure and Evidence 102A Definition.................................................................................................................................... 969 103 Procedure generally................................................................................................................... 969 104 Regulations as to certain matters.............................................................................................. 973 105 Power to take evidence on oath................................................................................................ 973 106 Hearings to be in public except in special circumstances.........................................................974 107 Evidence in form of written statement....................................................................................... 974 108 Taking of evidence by single member....................................................................................... 975 109 Participants in proceedings before Tribunal.............................................................................. 975 110 Representation........................................................................................................................... 976 Division 3 – Review of Commission’s determinations on merger clearances 111 Applications for review............................................................................................................... 976 112 Tribunal to notify Commission................................................................................................... 977 113 Commission to give material to Tribunal................................................................................... 977 114 Tribunal may consult etc to clarify information.......................................................................... 977 115 Commission to assist Tribunal................................................................................................... 978 116 Tribunal only to consider material before the Commission....................................................... 978 117 Tribunal to make decision on review......................................................................................... 978 118 Time limits for making review decision...................................................................................... 978 119 Tribunal’s decision taken to be Commission’s.......................................................................... 978 Part X – International liner cargo shipping Division 1 – Preliminary 10.01 Objects of Part........................................................................................................................... 979 10.01A Simplified outline........................................................................................................................ 980 10.02 Interpretation.............................................................................................................................. 981 10.02A Inland terminals..........................................................................................................................987 10.03 Designated shipper bodies........................................................................................................ 987 Division 2 – Additional restrictive trade practice provisions applying to ocean carriers 10.04 Application of section 46 in relation to conference agreements............................................... 989 10.05 Discrimination between shippers prohibited [Repealed]............................................................989 Division 3 – Minimum standards for conference agreements 10.06 Application of Australian law to outwards conference agreements and withdrawal from agreements................................................................................................................................ 989 10.07 Minimum levels of shipping services to be specified in conference agreements..................... 989 10.08 Conference agreements may include only certain restrictive trade practice provisions........... 990 10.09 Where may consequences of conference agreements not complying with minimum standards be found?.................................................................................................................. 990

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Division 1 – Applications for review (other than for merger clearances) 101 Applications for review............................................................................................................... 953 101A Application for review of notice under subsection 93(3) or (3A) or 93AC(1) or (2).................. 958 102 Functions and powers of Tribunal..............................................................................................958

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Division 4 – Registers and files and public inspection of them 10.10 Registers and conference agreement files open to public inspection.......................................991 10.11 What registers are to be kept by the Registrar?....................................................................... 991 10.12 What conference agreement files are to be kept by the Registrar?......................................... 992 10.13 What register is to be kept by the Commission?...................................................................... 992 Division 5 – Exemptions from certain restrictive trade practice prohibitions Subdivision A – Exemptions relating to conference agreements 10.14 Exemptions apply only to certain activities................................................................................992 10.15 When do exemptions commence to apply in relation to registered conference agreements? 993 10.15A Application of exemptions to inwards liner cargo shipping services [Repealed]...................... 993 10.16 Exemptions do not apply to variations of conference agreement unless varying agreement registered................................................................................................................................... 993 10.17 Exemptions from sections 44ZZRF, 44ZZRG, 44ZZRJ, 44ZZRK and 45.................................993 10.17A Exemptions from sections 44ZZRF, 44ZZRG, 44ZZRJ, 44ZZRK and 45 for freight rate agreements................................................................................................................................ 994 10.18 Exemption from section 47........................................................................................................ 995 10.18A Exemptions from section 47 for freight rate agreements.......................................................... 995 Subdivision B – Exemptions relating to loyalty agreements 10.19 Exemptions from sections 44ZZRF, 44ZZRG, 44ZZRJ, 44ZZRK and 45.................................996 10.20 Exemption from section 47........................................................................................................ 996 10.21 Exemptions cease to apply in relation to a shipper at the shipper’s option............................. 996 10.21A Application of exemptions to inwards liner cargo shipping services [Repealed]...................... 996 Subdivision D – Other exemptions 10.24 Exemptions from sections 44ZZRF, 44ZZRG, 44ZZRJ, 44ZZRK, 45 and 47 in relation to certain negotiations.................................................................................................................... 997 10.24A Exemptions from sections 44ZZRF, 44ZZRG, 44ZZRJ, 44ZZRK, 45 and 47 in relation to stevedoring contracts................................................................................................................. 997 Division 6 – Registration of conference agreements Subdivision A – Provisional registration 10.25 Application for provisional registration of conference agreement............................................. 998 10.26 How application is to be made and verified.............................................................................. 998 10.27 Copy of agreement to be filed with application etc................................................................... 999 10.27A Copy of conference agreement to be given to designated peak shipper body........................ 999 10.28 Decision on application for provisional registration................................................................. 1000 10.29 Parties to conference agreement to negotiate minimum level of shipping services after provisional registration of agreement.......................................................................................1001 Subdivision B – Final registration 10.30 Application for final registration of conference agreement...................................................... 1002 10.31 How application is to be made and verified............................................................................ 1002 10.32 Copy of agreement to be filed with application etc................................................................. 1003 10.33 Decision on application for final registration............................................................................1003 Subdivision C – Confidentiality requests 10.34 Request for confidentiality....................................................................................................... 1004 10.35 Abstract to accompany request for confidentiality...................................................................1005 10.36 Examination of abstract........................................................................................................... 1005 10.37 Decision on request for confidentiality.....................................................................................1005 10.38 Application for registration to be returned where request for confidentiality refused etc........1006 Subdivision D – Miscellaneous 10.39 Application also to be made for registration of varying conference agreements....................1006 10.40 Notification of happening of affecting events prior to final registration etc............................. 1007

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Division 8 – Powers of Minister in relation to registered conference agreements 10.44 Powers exercisable by Minister in relation to registered conference agreements etc............1010 10.45 Circumstances in which Minister may exercise powers in relation to registered conference agreements...............................................................................................................................1011 10.46 Action to be taken where powers exercised by Minister without first obtaining Commission report........................................................................................................................................ 1013 10.47 Investigation and report by Commission on reference by Minister......................................... 1014 10.48 Investigation and report by Commission on own initiative or on application by affected person...................................................................................................................................... 1014 10.49 Undertakings by parties to registered conference agreement................................................ 1015 10.49A Enforcement of undertakings................................................................................................... 1016 Division 9 – Obligations of non-conference ocean carriers with substantial market power 10.50 Investigations by Commission into market power of ocean carriers.......................................1016 10.51 Determination by Minister of market power of ocean carriers................................................ 1017 10.52 Non-conference ocean carrier with substantial market power to negotiate with certain designated shipper bodies etc................................................................................................. 1017 10.53 Non-conference ocean carrier with substantial market power not to hinder Australian flag shipping operators etc............................................................................................................. 1019 Division 10 – Powers of Minister in relation to non-conference ocean carriers with substantial market power 10.54 Powers exercisable by Minister in relation to obligations of non-conference ocean carriers with substantial market power................................................................................................. 1019 10.55 Circumstances in which Minister may exercise powers.......................................................... 1019 10.56 Action to be taken where powers exercised by Minister without first obtaining Commission report........................................................................................................................................ 1020 10.57 Investigation and report by Commission on reference by Minister......................................... 1020 10.58 Investigation and report by Commission on application by affected person...........................1021 10.59 Undertakings by ocean carrier.................................................................................................1021 10.60 Enforcement of orders and undertakings................................................................................ 1022 Division 11 – Unfair pricing practices 10.61 Powers exercisable by Minister in relation to pricing practices etc.........................................1022 10.62 Circumstances in which Minister may exercise powers.......................................................... 1022 10.63 Investigation and report by Commission................................................................................. 1023 10.64 Undertakings not to engage in pricing practices..................................................................... 1023 10.65 Enforcement of orders and undertakings................................................................................ 1024 10.66 Determination of normal freight rates for shipping services....................................................1024 10.67 Determination of whether practice contrary to national interest..............................................1024 Division 12 – Registration of ocean carrier agents 10.68 Ocean carrier who provides international liner cargo shipping services to have registered agent........................................................................................................................................ 1025 10.69 Representation of ocean carrier by registered agent.............................................................. 1025 10.70 Application by ocean carrier for registration of agent..............................................................1026 10.71 Registration of agent................................................................................................................1026 10.72 Change of agent etc................................................................................................................ 1027 Division 12A – Exemption orders for inwards conference agreements etc 10.72A Exemption orders for inwards conference agreements etc.....................................................1027

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Division 7 – Obligations of ocean carriers in relation to registered conference agreements 10.41 Parties to registered conference agreement to negotiate with certain designated shipper bodies etc.................................................................................................................................1007 10.42 Application to be made for registration of varying conference agreements............................1009 10.43 Parties to registered conference agreement to notify happening of affecting events etc.......1009

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

10.72B 10.72C 10.72D

Criteria for making exemption order........................................................................................ 1028 Duration of exemption order may be limited........................................................................... 1028 Conditions of exemption order.................................................................................................1029

Division 13 – General provisions relating to registers and conference agreement files 10.73 Form of registers and conference agreement files..................................................................1029 10.74 Deletion of entries wrongly existing in certain registers.......................................................... 1029 10.75 Deletion of obsolete entries in certain registers...................................................................... 1029 10.76 Correction of clerical errors and other mistakes in certain registers etc.................................1029 Division 14 – Administration 10.77 Registrar of Liner Shipping...................................................................................................... 1029 10.78 Appointment of Registrar etc................................................................................................... 1029 10.79 Acting Registrar....................................................................................................................... 1029 10.80 Registrar and staff to be public servants.................................................................................1030 10.81 Delegation by Minister............................................................................................................. 1030 10.82 Delegation by Registrar........................................................................................................... 1030 Division 14A 10.82A 10.82B 10.82C

– Review of decisions of Commission Review by Tribunal.................................................................................................................. 1030 Functions and powers of Tribunal............................................................................................1031 Provisions that do not apply in relation to a Tribunal review.................................................. 1031

Division 14B 10.82D 10.82E 10.82F 10.82G

– Review of decisions of Minister Review by Tribunal.................................................................................................................. 1031 Functions and powers of Tribunal............................................................................................1032 Modifying register after Tribunal review...................................................................................1032 Provisions that do not apply in relation to a Tribunal review.................................................. 1033

Division 15 – Miscellaneous 10.83 Act not to affect rights under Freedom of Information Act...................................................... 1033 10.84 Review of decisions of Registrar............................................................................................. 1033 10.85 Statement to accompany notices of Registrar.........................................................................1033 10.86 Evidence.................................................................................................................................. 1034 10.87 Notification by Commission of references etc......................................................................... 1034 10.88 Exclusion of documents etc from register of Commission investigations............................... 1034 10.89 Disclosure of confidential information...................................................................................... 1035 10.90 Fees......................................................................................................................................... 1036 10.91 Application of Part XID and section 155 to investigations under Part.................................... 1037 10.92 Constitution of Tribunal for inquiries under Part etc [Repealed]............................................. 1037 10.93 Participation in inquiries by Tribunal under Part etc [Repealed]............................................. 1037 Part XI – Application of the Australian Consumer Law as a law of the Commonwealth Division 1 – Preliminary 130 Definitions................................................................................................................................ 1039 130A Expressions defined in Schedule 2......................................................................................... 1040 Division 2 – Application of the Australian Consumer Law as a law of the Commonwealth Subdivision A – Application of the Australian Consumer Law 131 Application of the Australian Consumer Law in relation to corporations etc...........................1040 131A Division does not apply to financial services...........................................................................1041 131B Division does not apply to interim bans imposed by State or Territory Ministers................... 1044 131C Saving of other laws and remedies......................................................................................... 1044 Subdivision B – Effect of other Commonwealth laws on the Australian Consumer Law 131D Effect of Part VIB on Chapter 5 of the Australian Consumer Law..........................................1045 131E Application of the Legislation Act 2003....................................................................................1046 131F Section 4AB of the Crimes Act does not apply....................................................................... 1046

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131G

Application of the Criminal Code............................................................................................. 1046

Division 3 – Conferences for proposed bans and recall notices Subdivision A – Conference requirements before a ban or compulsory recall 132 Commonwealth Minister must issue a proposed ban notice...................................................1048 132A Commonwealth Minister must issue a proposed recall notice................................................ 1048 132B Commonwealth Minister to be notified if no person wishes a conference to be held............ 1049 132C Notification of conference........................................................................................................ 1050 132D Recommendation after conclusion of conference................................................................... 1050

Subdivision C – Conduct of conferences 132H Conduct of conferences........................................................................................................... 1053 Subdivision D – Miscellaneous 132J Interim ban and recall notice without delay in case of danger to the public...........................1054 132K Copy of notices under this Division to be given to suppliers.................................................. 1055 Division 4 – Enforcement Subdivision A – Inspectors 133 Appointment of inspectors....................................................................................................... 1055 133A Identity cards............................................................................................................................1056 Subdivision B – Premises to which the public is given access 133B Power to enter premises to which the public has access—consumer goods.........................1056 133C Power to enter premises to which the public has access—product related services.............1057 Subdivision C – Disclosure notices relating to the safety of goods or services 133D Power to obtain information etc............................................................................................... 1057 133E Self-incrimination......................................................................................................................1059 133F Compliance with disclosure notices.........................................................................................1059 133G False or misleading information etc.........................................................................................1059 Subdivision D – Court orders relating to the destruction etc of goods 133H Court orders relating to consumer goods that do not comply with a safety standard etc...... 1060 133J Recovery of reasonable costs of seizing, and destroying or disposing of, consumer goods 1060 Division 5 – Infringement notices 134 Purpose and effect of this Division.......................................................................................... 1061 134A Issuing an infringement notice................................................................................................. 1062 134B Matters to be included in an infringement notice.................................................................... 1063 134C Amount of penalty.................................................................................................................... 1064 134D Effect of compliance with an infringement notice.................................................................... 1066 134E Effect of failure to comply with an infringement notice............................................................1066 134F Infringement notice compliance period for infringement notice...............................................1067 134G Withdrawal of an infringement notice...................................................................................... 1067 Division 6 – Search, seizure and entry Subdivision A – Powers of inspectors 135 Inspector may enter premises................................................................................................. 1068 135A Search-related powers of inspectors....................................................................................... 1069 135B Inspector may ask questions and seek production of documents.......................................... 1070 135C Failure to answer questions or produce documents............................................................... 1070 135D Persons assisting inspectors................................................................................................... 1071

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Subdivision B – Conference requirements after an interim ban is imposed 132E Opportunity for a conference after an interim ban has been imposed by the Commonwealth Minister.....................................................................................................................................1051 132F Notification of conference........................................................................................................ 1052 132G Recommendation after conclusion of conference................................................................... 1052

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

135E 135F 135G

Use of force in executing a search warrant.............................................................................1071 Announcement before entry under warrant............................................................................. 1071 Inspector must be in possession of search warrant................................................................1072

Subdivision B – Obligations of inspectors 135H Consent.................................................................................................................................... 1072 135J Details of search warrant etc must be given to the occupier of the premises........................1072 Subdivision C – Occupier’s etc rights and responsibilities 135K Occupier etc entitled to observe execution of search warrant................................................ 1073 135L Occupier etc to provide inspector etc with facilities and assistance....................................... 1073 135M Receipts for seized consumer goods and equipment............................................................. 1073 135N Return of seized consumer goods and equipment..................................................................1074 135P Judge may permit consumer goods or equipment to be retained.......................................... 1074 Subdivision D – Provisions relating to seizure 135Q Recovery of reasonable costs of seizing consumer goods or equipment.............................. 1075 135R Destruction or disposal of seized consumer goods or equipment.......................................... 1075 Subdivision E – Embargo notices 135S Embargo notices...................................................................................................................... 1076 135T Embargo period for embargo notices...................................................................................... 1077 135U Multiple embargo notices for the same consumer goods or product related services........... 1077 135V Power of inspectors to secure consumer goods..................................................................... 1077 135W Power of inspectors to secure equipment used to supply product related services...............1077 135X Consent to supply etc embargoed consumer goods etc.........................................................1078 135Y Compliance with embargo notices...........................................................................................1078 Subdivision F – Issue of search warrants 135Z Issue of search warrants......................................................................................................... 1079 136 Search warrants by telephone, fax etc.................................................................................... 1079 136A Offence relating to warrants by telephone, fax etc..................................................................1081 Subdivision G – Miscellaneous 136B Powers of judges..................................................................................................................... 1081 Division 7 – Remedies 137 Limit on occupational liability................................................................................................... 1081 137A Contributory acts or omissions to reduce compensation in defective goods actions............. 1082 137B Reduction of the amount of loss or damage if the claimant fails to take reasonable care.... 1083 137C Limits on recovery of amounts for death or personal injury....................................................1084 137D Compensation orders etc arising out of unfair contract terms................................................ 1084 137E Limits on compensation orders etc for death or personal injury............................................. 1085 137F Court may make orders for the purpose of preserving money or other property held by a person...................................................................................................................................... 1085 137G Compliance with orders made under section 137F.................................................................1088 137H Finding in proceedings to be evidence....................................................................................1088 Division 8 – Jurisdictional matters 138 Conferring jurisdiction on the Federal Court............................................................................1090 138A Conferring jurisdiction on the Federal Circuit Court................................................................ 1094 138B Conferring jurisdiction on State and Territory Courts.............................................................. 1094 138C Transfer of matters by the Federal Court................................................................................ 1095 138D Transfer of matters by a State or Territory court..................................................................... 1095 138E Transfer of proceedings to Family Court................................................................................. 1096 Division 9 – Miscellaneous 139 Intervention by the Commission.............................................................................................. 1097 139A Terms excluding consumer guarantees from supplies of recreational services......................1097

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

139E 139F 139G

Conduct of directors, employees or agents of bodies corporate............................................ 1099 Conduct of employees or agents of persons other than bodies corporate............................. 1100 Enforcement and recovery of certain fines.............................................................................. 1100 Application of section 229 of the Australian Consumer Law to a person other than a body corporate.................................................................................................................................. 1101 Cessation of enforcement orders etc.......................................................................................1101 Compensation for acquisition of property................................................................................ 1102 Regulations...............................................................................................................................1102

Part XIAA – Application of the Australian Consumer Law as a law of a State or Territory 140 Definitions.................................................................................................................................1105 140A Object of this Part.................................................................................................................... 1106 140B The applied Australian Consumer Law.................................................................................... 1106 140C Federal Court may exercise jurisdiction under application laws of Territories........................ 1106 140D Exercise of jurisdiction under cross-vesting provisions........................................................... 1106 140E Commonwealth consent to conferral of functions etc on Commonwealth entities..................1106 140F How duty is imposed................................................................................................................1107 140G When an application law imposes a duty................................................................................ 1107 140H Application laws may operate concurrently with this Act.........................................................1108 140J No doubling-up of liabilities...................................................................................................... 1108 140K References in instruments to the Australian Consumer Law.................................................. 1108 Part XIA – The Competition Code 150A Definitions.................................................................................................................................1109 150B Objects of this Part...................................................................................................................1110 150C The Competition Code..............................................................................................................1111 150D Federal Court may exercise jurisdiction under application laws of Territories......................... 1111 150E Exercise of jurisdiction under cross-vesting provisions............................................................1111 150F Commonwealth consent to conferral of functions etc on Commonwealth entities.................. 1112 150FA How duty is imposed................................................................................................................ 1112 150FB When an application law imposes a duty................................................................................ 1113 150G Application laws may operate concurrently with this Act......................................................... 1113 150H No doubling-up of liabilities...................................................................................................... 1113 150I References in instruments to the Competition Code............................................................... 1113 150J Authorisations etc under this Act may relate also to Competition Code................................. 1113 150K Gazettal of jurisdictions that excessively modify the Code......................................................1113 151 Particulars of agreements continued [Repealed]..................................................................... 1114 Part XIB – The Telecommunications Industry: Anti-competitive conduct and record-keeping rules Division 1 – Introduction 151AA Simplified outline...................................................................................................................... 1116 151AB Definitions................................................................................................................................. 1116 151AC Extension to external Territories............................................................................................... 1119 151AD Continuity of partnerships........................................................................................................ 1120 151AE Additional operation of Part......................................................................................................1120 151AF Telecommunications market.....................................................................................................1120 151AG When a body corporate is related to a partnership................................................................. 1121 151AH Degree of power in a telecommunications market.................................................................. 1121 151AI Interpretation of Part IV or VII not affected by this Part.......................................................... 1123 Division 2 – Anti-competitive conduct 151AJ Anti-competitive conduct.......................................................................................................... 1123 151AK The competition rule.................................................................................................................1128

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139B 139C 139D 139DA

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 Division 3 – Competition notices and exemption orders Subdivision A – Competition notices 151AKA Part A competition notices........................................................................................................1130 151AL Part B competition notices....................................................................................................... 1131 151AM Competition notice to be given to carrier or carriage service provider................................... 1132 151AN Evidentiary effect of competition notice................................................................................... 1132 151AO Duration of Part A competition notice...................................................................................... 1133 151AOA Variation of competition notice................................................................................................. 1133 151AOB Revocation of competition notice............................................................................................. 1133 151AP Guidelines.................................................................................................................................1133 151AQ Commission to act expeditiously..............................................................................................1134 151AQA Stay of proceedings relating to competition notices................................................................ 1134 151AQB Advisory notices....................................................................................................................... 1135 151AR Register of competition notices................................................................................................1136 Subdivision B – Exemption orders 151AS Exemption orders..................................................................................................................... 1137 151AT Form of application...................................................................................................................1137 151AU Further information................................................................................................................... 1138 151AV Withdrawal of application......................................................................................................... 1138 151AW Commission must publicise receipt of applications................................................................. 1138 151AX Commission may refuse to consider application if it relates to the same conduct as an authorisation application...........................................................................................................1138 151AY Commission may refuse to consider application if it relates to the same conduct as a Part VII notification...........................................................................................................................1139 151AZ Commission may convene conference to discuss application................................................ 1139 151BA Commission must grant or reject application...........................................................................1139 151BB Commission to give opportunity for submissions.................................................................... 1140 151BC Criteria for making exemption order........................................................................................ 1140 151BD Notification of decision............................................................................................................. 1141 151BE Duration of exemption order may be limited............................................................................1141 151BF Conditions of exemption order................................................................................................. 1141 151BG Revocation of exemption order................................................................................................ 1141 151BH Register of exemption orders...................................................................................................1142 151BI False or misleading information supplied in connection with application for an exemption order [Repealed].......................................................................................................................1143 Subdivision C – Miscellaneous 151BJ Conduct includes proposed conduct........................................................................................1143 Division 4 – Tariff filing 151BK Tariff filing directions.................................................................................................................1143 151BL Specification of goods and services........................................................................................ 1145 151BM Notification of reasons..............................................................................................................1146 151BN Duration of direction may be limited........................................................................................ 1146 151BO Revocation of direction.............................................................................................................1146 151BP Variation of direction.................................................................................................................1146 151BQ Public access to tariff information............................................................................................ 1147 151BR Register of tariff filing directions...............................................................................................1147 151BS False or misleading tariff information [Repealed].................................................................... 1148 151BT Meaning of terms and conditions............................................................................................. 1148 Division 5 – Tariff filing by Telstra 151BTA Tariff filing by Telstra.................................................................................................................1148 Division 6 – Record-keeping rules and disclosure directions 151BU Commission may make record-keeping rules..........................................................................1150 24

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

Division 7 – Enforcement of the competition rule, tariff filing directions, record-keeping rules and disclosure directions 151BW Person involved in a contravention of the competition rule, a tariff filing direction, a record-keeping rule or a disclosure direction...........................................................................1165 151BX Pecuniary penalties for breach of the competition rule, a tariff filing direction, a record-keeping rule or a disclosure direction...........................................................................1166 151BY Civil action for recovery of pecuniary penalties....................................................................... 1167 151BZ Criminal proceedings not to be brought for contraventions of the competition rule, tariff filing directions, record-keeping rules or disclosure directions.........................................................1167 151CA Injunctions................................................................................................................................ 1168 151CB Orders to disclose information or publish an advertisement—breach of the competition rule1169 151CC Actions for damages—breach of the competition rule.............................................................1170 151CD Finding of fact in proceedings to be evidence.........................................................................1170 151CE Other orders—compensation for breach of the competition rule............................................ 1170 151CF Conduct by directors, employees or agents............................................................................ 1172 Division 8 – Disclosure of documents by Commission 151CG Disclosure of documents by Commission................................................................................1172 Division 9 – Treatment of partnerships 151CH Treatment of partnerships........................................................................................................ 1173 Division 10 – Review of decisions 151CI Review by Tribunal...................................................................................................................1173 151CJ Functions and powers of Tribunal............................................................................................1174 151CK Provisions that do not apply in relation to a Tribunal review...................................................1174 Division 11 – Reviews of competitive safeguards within the telecommunications industry 151CL Reviews of competitive safeguards within the telecommunications industry.......................... 1175 Division 12 – Monitoring of telecommunications charges paid by consumers 151CM Monitoring of telecommunications charges paid by consumers..............................................1175 Division 12A 151CMA 151CMB 151CMC

– Reports about competition in the telecommunications industry Public reports about competition in the telecommunications industry.....................................1176 Confidential reports about competition in the telecommunications industry........................... 1177 Examples of matters that may be specified in a determination under section 151CMA or 151CMB....................................................................................................................................1178

Division 15 – Voluntary undertakings given by Telstra 151CQ Voluntary undertakings given by Telstra.................................................................................. 1179 Division 16 – NBN corporations 151DA Authorised conduct—subsection 51(1).................................................................................... 1179

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151BUAA Minister may give directions to Commission........................................................................... 1151 151BUAAA Minister to give direction to Commission about Telstra’s wholesale operations and retail operations [Repealed].............................................................................................................. 1152 151BUAB Request for disclosure............................................................................................................. 1152 151BUA Commission gives access to reports....................................................................................... 1153 151BUB Carrier or carriage service provider gives access to reports...................................................1155 151BUC Carrier or carriage service provider gives access to periodic reports..................................... 1157 151BUD Exemption of reports from access requirements..................................................................... 1159 151BUDA Commission gives access to Ministerially-directed reports..................................................... 1160 151BUDB Carrier or carriage service provider gives access to Ministerially-directed reports.................1161 151BUDC Carrier or carriage service provider gives access to Ministerially-directed periodic reports... 1163 151BUE Access via the internet.............................................................................................................1164 151BUF Self-incrimination...................................................................................................................... 1165 151BV Incorrect records...................................................................................................................... 1165

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

151DB

Listed points of interconnection............................................................................................... 1182

Part XIC – Telecommunications access regime Division 1 – Introduction 152AA Simplified outline...................................................................................................................... 1186 152AB Object of this Part.................................................................................................................... 1187 152AC Definitions.................................................................................................................................1189 152AD This Part binds the Crown....................................................................................................... 1192 152AE Extension to external Territories...............................................................................................1192 152AF Access...................................................................................................................................... 1193 152AG Access seeker.......................................................................................................................... 1193 152AGA Designated superfast telecommunications network.................................................................1193 152AH Reasonableness—terms and conditions..................................................................................1195 152AI When public inquiry commences............................................................................................. 1196 152AJ Interpretation of Part IIIA not affected by this Part.................................................................. 1197 152AK Operation of Parts IV and VII not affected by this Part........................................................... 1197 Division 2 – Declared services 152AL Declared services.....................................................................................................................1197 152ALA Duration of declaration.............................................................................................................1202 152AM Inquiries about proposals to declare services......................................................................... 1205 152AN Combined inquiries about proposals to declare services........................................................1206 152AO Variation or revocation of declaration...................................................................................... 1206 152AP Inquiries about revocation of declared services [Repealed]....................................................1207 152AQ Register of declared services.................................................................................................. 1207 152AQC Compensation for acquisition of property................................................................................ 1208 Division 3 – Standard access obligations Subdivision A – Category A standard access obligations 152AR Category A standard access obligations..................................................................................1208 152ARA Layer 2 bitstream services to be supplied on a non-discriminatory basis.............................. 1212 152ARB Layer 2 bitstream services—carriers and carriage service providers to carry on related activities on a non-discriminatory basis................................................................................... 1212 152AS Ordinary class exemptions from standard access obligations [Repealed]..............................1213 152ASA Anticipatory class exemptions from category A standard access obligations......................... 1213 152AT Ordinary individual exemptions from standard access obligations [Repealed].......................1215 152ATA Anticipatory individual exemptions from category A standard access obligations.................. 1216 152AU Individual exemptions—request for further information........................................................... 1219 152AXA Statement of reasons for decision—specification of documents.............................................1220 Subdivision B – Category B standard access obligations 152AXB Category B standard access obligations................................................................................. 1220 152AXC NBN corporation to supply declared services on a non-discriminatory basis.........................1222 152AXD NBN corporation to carry on related activities on a non-discriminatory basis........................ 1222 Subdivision C – Compliance with standard access obligations 152AY Compliance with standard access obligations.........................................................................1223 152AYA Ancillary obligations—confidential information.........................................................................1224 152AZ Carrier licence condition.......................................................................................................... 1224 152BA Service provider rule................................................................................................................ 1224 152BB Judicial enforcement of standard access obligations.............................................................. 1225 152BBAA Judicial enforcement of conditions and limitations of exemption determinations and orders 1226 152BBA Commission may give directions in relation to negotiations................................................... 1226 152BBB Enforcement of directions........................................................................................................ 1228 152BBC Commission’s role in negotiations........................................................................................... 1228

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

152BBD

Reaching agreement on terms and conditions of access....................................................... 1229

Division 4 – Access determinations

Subdivision B – Public inquiries about proposals to make access determinations 152BCH Access determination to be made after public inquiry............................................................ 1239 152BCI When public inquiry must be held........................................................................................... 1240 152BCJ Combined inquiries about proposals to make access determinations.................................... 1241 152BCK Time limit for making an access determination....................................................................... 1242 Subdivision C – Variation or revocation of access determinations 152BCN Variation or revocation of access determinations....................................................................1242 Subdivision D – Compliance with access determinations 152BCO Carrier licence condition.......................................................................................................... 1243 152BCP Service provider rule................................................................................................................ 1244 Subdivision E – Private enforcement of access determinations 152BCQ Private enforcement of access determinations........................................................................1244 152BCR Consent injunctions..................................................................................................................1245 152BCS Interim injunctions.................................................................................................................... 1245 152BCT Factors relevant to granting a restraining injunction............................................................... 1245 152BCU Factors relevant to granting a mandatory injunction............................................................... 1245 152BCV Discharge or variation of injunction or other order.................................................................. 1245 Subdivision F – Register of Access Determinations 152BCW Register of Access Determinations..........................................................................................1245 Division 4A – Binding rules of conduct Subdivision A – Commission may make binding rules of conduct 152BD Binding rules of conduct.......................................................................................................... 1246 152BDAA Matters that the Commission must take into account............................................................. 1247 152BDA Restrictions on binding rules of conduct..................................................................................1248 152BDB Access agreements prevail over inconsistent binding rules of conduct..................................1251 152BDC Duration of binding rules of conduct........................................................................................1251 152BDCA Final migration plan prevails over inconsistent binding rules of conduct................................1251 152BDD Commission must give copy of binding rules of conduct to carrier etc.................................. 1251 152BDE Access determinations that are inconsistent with binding rules of conduct............................1252 152BDEA Stay of binding rules of conduct.............................................................................................. 1252 Subdivision B – Compliance with binding rules of conduct 152BDF Carrier licence condition.......................................................................................................... 1252 152BDG Service provider rule................................................................................................................ 1252 Subdivision C – Private enforcement of binding rules of conduct 152BDH Private enforcement of binding rules of conduct..................................................................... 1252 152BDI Consent injunctions..................................................................................................................1253

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Subdivision A – Commission may make access determinations 152BC Access determinations............................................................................................................. 1229 152BCA Matters that the Commission must take into account............................................................. 1231 152BCB Restrictions on access determinations.................................................................................... 1231 152BCC Access agreements prevail over inconsistent access determinations.................................... 1234 152BCCA Final migration plan prevails over inconsistent access determinations.................................. 1234 152BCD Fixed principles provisions.......................................................................................................1235 152BCE Access determinations may be set out in the same document.............................................. 1236 152BCF Duration of access determination............................................................................................ 1236 152BCG Interim access determinations................................................................................................. 1238 152BCGA Stay of access determinations.................................................................................................1239

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

152BDJ 152BDK 152BDL 152BDM

Interim injunctions.................................................................................................................... 1253 Factors relevant to granting a restraining injunction............................................................... 1253 Factors relevant to granting a mandatory injunction............................................................... 1253 Discharge or variation of injunction or other order.................................................................. 1254

Subdivision D – Register of Binding Rules of Conduct 152BDN Register of Binding Rules of Conduct..................................................................................... 1254 Division 4B 152BE 152BEA 152BEB 152BEBA 152BEBB 152BEBC 152BEBD 152BEBE

152BEBF 152BEBG 152BEC 152BED

– Access agreements Access agreements................................................................................................................. 1254 Quarterly reports about access agreements........................................................................... 1256 Commission may request copy of access agreement or variation agreement....................... 1257 NBN corporation to give the Commission a statement about the differences between an access agreement and a standard form of access agreement...............................................1257 NBN corporation to give the Commission a statement about the differences between an access agreement and a special access undertaking.............................................................1258 NBN corporation to give the Commission a statement about the differences between an access agreement and an access determination.................................................................... 1259 Register of NBN Access Agreement Statements.................................................................... 1260 Layer 2 bitstream services—carrier or carriage service provider to give the Commission a statement about the differences between an access agreement and a special access undertaking.............................................................................................................................. 1260 Layer 2 bitstream services—carrier or carriage service provider to give the Commission a statement about the differences between an access agreement and an access determination1261 Register of Layer 2 Bitstream Access Agreement Statements............................................... 1262 Carrier licence condition.......................................................................................................... 1263 Service provider rule................................................................................................................ 1263

Division 5 – Access undertakings Subdivision A – Ordinary access undertakings [Repealed] Subdivision B – Special access undertakings 152CBA What is a special access undertaking?................................................................................... 1264 152CBAA Fixed principles terms and conditions..................................................................................... 1267 152CBB Further information about undertaking.....................................................................................1269 152CBC Commission to accept or reject access undertaking...............................................................1270 152CBCA Serial undertakings.................................................................................................................. 1271 152CBD Criteria for accepting access undertaking............................................................................... 1271 152CBDA Variation of special access undertaking.................................................................................. 1273 152CBE Extension of access undertaking............................................................................................. 1274 152CBF Duration of access undertaking............................................................................................... 1274 152CBG Variation of access undertakings............................................................................................. 1275 152CBH Further information about variation of access undertaking..................................................... 1276 152CBI Voluntary withdrawal of undertaking........................................................................................ 1277 152CBIA Special access undertakings prevail over inconsistent access determinations...................... 1277 152CBIB Special access undertakings prevail over inconsistent binding rules of conduct................... 1277 152CBIC Access agreements prevail over special access undertakings............................................... 1277 152CBJ Proposed service..................................................................................................................... 1277 Subdivision C – General provisions 152CC Register of access undertakings..............................................................................................1278 152CD Enforcement of access undertakings.......................................................................................1278 152CDA Deferral of consideration of an access undertaking etc.......................................................... 1279 Division 6 – Ministerial pricing determinations 152CH Ministerial pricing determinations.............................................................................................1280 152CI Undertakings, access determinations and binding rules of conduct that are inconsistent with

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Ministerial pricing determinations.............................................................................................1281 Register of Ministerial pricing determinations..........................................................................1281

152CJ Division 6A 152CJA 152CJB 152CJC 152CJD 152CJE 152CJF 152CJG

– Supply of services by NBN corporations Supply of services by NBN corporations................................................................................. 1282 Mandatory NBN services......................................................................................................... 1282 Carrier licence condition.......................................................................................................... 1283 Service provider rule................................................................................................................ 1284 Judicial enforcement of obligations..........................................................................................1284 Standard form of access agreement....................................................................................... 1284 When NBN corporation is not capable of supplying a carriage service..................................1284

Division 6B – Explanatory material relating to anti-discrimination provisions 152CJH Explanatory material relating to anti-discrimination provisions................................................1285

Division 10 – Hindering the fulfilment of a standard access obligation etc 152EF Prohibition on hindering the fulfilment of a standard access obligation etc............................1286 152EG Enforcement of prohibition on hindering the fulfilment of a standard access obligation etc...1287 152EH Consent injunctions..................................................................................................................1287 152EI Interim injunctions.................................................................................................................... 1287 152EJ Factors relevant to granting a restraining injunction............................................................... 1287 152EK Factors relevant to granting a mandatory injunction............................................................... 1288 152EL Discharge or variation of injunction or other order.................................................................. 1288 Division 10A 152ELA 152ELB 152ELC

– Procedural Rules Procedural Rules..................................................................................................................... 1288 Public consultation................................................................................................................... 1289 Plan for the development of Procedural Rules........................................................................1289

Division 11 – Miscellaneous 152ELD Compensation for acquisition of property................................................................................ 1290 152EM Continuity of partnerships........................................................................................................ 1290 152EN Treatment of partnerships........................................................................................................1290 152EO Conduct by directors, servants or agents................................................................................1290 152EOA Review of operation of this Part etc........................................................................................ 1291 152EP Regulations about fees for inspection etc of registers............................................................ 1292 152EQ Assistance to independent telecommunications adjudicator................................................... 1292 152ER Voluntary undertakings given by Telstra.................................................................................. 1292 153 Extension of section 121 [Repealed]....................................................................................... 1293 Part XID – Search and seizure Division 1 – Preliminary 154 Simplified outline...................................................................................................................... 1295 154A Definitions................................................................................................................................ 1296 Division 2 – Appointment of inspectors and identity cards 154B Appointment of inspectors....................................................................................................... 1297 154C Identity cards............................................................................................................................1297 Division 3 – Entry to premises with consent 154D Entry with consent................................................................................................................... 1298 154E Powers in relation to premises................................................................................................ 1298 154F Operation of electronic equipment at premises.......................................................................1299 Division 4 – Entry to premises under a search warrant Subdivision A – Powers available under a search warrant 154G The things that are authorised by a search warrant............................................................... 1300

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Division 7 – Relationship between this Part and Part IIIA 152CK Relationship between this Part and Part IIIA...........................................................................1285

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

154GA 154H 154J

Removing things for examination or processing..................................................................... 1301 Operation of electronic equipment at premises.......................................................................1301 Securing electronic equipment for use by experts.................................................................. 1302

Subdivision B – Availability of assistance and use of force in executing a search warrant 154K Authorisation of officers assisting............................................................................................ 1303 154L Availability of assistance and use of force in executing a search warrant............................. 1303 Subdivision C – Obligations of executing officer and officers assisting 154M Announcement before entry.................................................................................................... 1303 154N Details of warrant to be given to occupier...............................................................................1304 Subdivision D – Occupier’s rights and responsibilities 154P Occupier entitled to observe search being conducted............................................................ 1304 154Q Occupier to provide reasonable facilities and assistance....................................................... 1304 154R Answering of questions or producing evidential material........................................................ 1304 154RA Person with computer knowledge to assist access etc...........................................................1305 Subdivision E – General provisions relating to seizure 154S Copies of seized things to be provided................................................................................... 1305 154T Receipts for things seized or moved under warrant................................................................1306 154U Return of seized things............................................................................................................ 1306 154V Magistrate may permit a thing to be retained..........................................................................1306 154W Disposal of things if there is no owner or owner cannot be located.......................................1307 Subdivision F – Search warrants 154X Issue of search warrants......................................................................................................... 1307 154Y Search warrants by telephone, fax etc.................................................................................... 1308 154Z Offences relating to warrants...................................................................................................1309 Subdivision G – Powers of magistrates 154ZA Powers conferred on magistrates............................................................................................ 1309 Division 5 – General provisions relating to electronic equipment 154ZB Operation of electronic equipment at premises.......................................................................1310 154ZC Compensation for damage to electronic equipment................................................................1310 Part XII – Miscellaneous 155 Power to obtain information, documents and evidence...........................................................1311 155AAA Protection of certain information.............................................................................................. 1327 155AA Protection of Part VB information............................................................................................ 1333 155AB Protection of Part XIB or XIC information [Repealed]............................................................. 1334 155A Power to obtain information and documents in New Zealand relating to trans-Tasman markets.................................................................................................................................... 1334 155B Australian Competition and Consumer Commission may receive information and documents on behalf of New Zealand Commerce Commission................................................................1335 156 Inspection of documents by Commission................................................................................ 1336 157 Disclosure of documents by Commission................................................................................1336 157AA Disclosure of documents by Tribunal in relation to merger authorisations............................. 1340 157A Disclosure of information by Commission............................................................................... 1341 157B Disclosure of protected cartel information to a court or tribunal............................................. 1341 157C Disclosure of protected cartel information to a party to court proceedings etc...................... 1343 157D General powers of a court....................................................................................................... 1345 158 Protection of members of Tribunal, counsel and witnesses....................................................1345 159 Incriminating answers.............................................................................................................. 1346 160 Failure of witness to attend......................................................................................................1346 161 Refusal to be sworn or to answer questions........................................................................... 1347 162 Contempt..................................................................................................................................1347

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162A 163 163A 164 165 166 167 170 171 171A 171B 172 173

Intimidation etc......................................................................................................................... 1348 Prosecutions............................................................................................................................ 1348 Declarations and orders...........................................................................................................1350 Proceedings by Commission to be in its official name [Repealed]......................................... 1356 Inspection of, furnishing of copies of, and evidence of, documents....................................... 1356 Certificates as to furnishing of particulars to Commission...................................................... 1358 Judicial notice.......................................................................................................................... 1358 Legal and financial assistance.................................................................................................1359 Annual report by Commission..................................................................................................1360 Charges by the Commission....................................................................................................1361 Division 3 of Part IIIA does not confer judicial power on the Commission............................. 1361 Regulations.............................................................................................................................. 1362 Authorisation for the purposes of subsection 51(1).................................................................1363

Division 1 – Cartel conduct 174 Definitions................................................................................................................................ 1365 175 Giving effect after the commencement time to a cartel provision in existence before that time.......................................................................................................................................... 1365 176 Proceedings relating to price-fixing contraventions taking place before the commencement time.......................................................................................................................................... 1365 177 Authorisations in force before the commencement time......................................................... 1365 178 Notifications in force before the commencement time............................................................ 1366 Division 2 – Application of amendments made by the Competition and Consumer Legislation Amendment Act 2011 179 Amendments of section 50...................................................................................................... 1367

SCHEDULE 1 [NOT REPRODUCED] – THE SCHEDULE VERSION OF PART IV SCHEDULE 2 – THE AUSTRALIAN CONSUMER LAW

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Application of this Schedule.....................................................................................................1383 Definitions................................................................................................................................ 1384 Meaning of consumer.............................................................................................................. 1396 Misleading representations with respect to future matters......................................................1401 When donations are treated as supplies or acquisitions.........................................................1408 Related bodies corporate.........................................................................................................1408 Meaning of manufacturer......................................................................................................... 1409 Goods affixed to land or premises...........................................................................................1410 Meaning of safety defect in relation to goods..........................................................................1410 Asserting a right to payment....................................................................................................1413 References to acquisition, supply and re-supply.....................................................................1414 Application of Schedule in relation to leases and licences of land and buildings.................. 1415 Loss or damage to include injury.............................................................................................1415 Meaning of continuing credit contract...................................................................................... 1415 Contraventions of this Schedule.............................................................................................. 1416 Severability...............................................................................................................................1417 References to provisions in this Schedule.............................................................................. 1417

CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROTECTIONS Part 2-1 – Misleading or deceptive conduct 18 19

Misleading or deceptive conduct............................................................................................. 1418 Application of this Part to information providers......................................................................1532

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Part XIII – Application and transitional provisions relating to the competition provisions

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 Part 2-2 – Unconscionable conduct 20 21 22 22A

Unconscionable conduct within the meaning of the unwritten law..........................................1537 Unconscionable conduct in connection with goods or services.............................................. 1547 Matters the court may have regard to for the purposes of section 21....................................1563 Presumptions relating to whether representations are misleading......................................... 1567

Part 2-3 – Unfair contract terms 23 24 25 26 27 28

Unfair terms of consumer contracts and small business contracts.........................................1568 Meaning of unfair..................................................................................................................... 1573 Examples of unfair terms......................................................................................................... 1576 Terms that define main subject matter of consumer contracts or small business contracts etc. are unaffected................................................................................................................... 1577 Standard form contracts.......................................................................................................... 1578 Contracts to which this Part does not apply............................................................................1579

CHAPTER 3 – SPECIFIC PROTECTIONS Part 3-1 – Unfair practices Division 1 – False or misleading representations etc 29 False or misleading representations about goods or services................................................1580 30 False or misleading representations about sale etc of land....................................................1595 31 Misleading conduct relating to employment............................................................................ 1597 32 Offering rebates, gifts, prizes etc.............................................................................................1598 33 Misleading conduct as to the nature etc of goods.................................................................. 1600 34 Misleading conduct as to the nature etc of services............................................................... 1603 35 Bait advertising........................................................................................................................ 1605 36 Wrongly accepting payment.....................................................................................................1607 37 Misleading representations about certain business activities..................................................1610 38 Application of provisions of this Division to information providers.......................................... 1612 Division 2 – Unsolicited supplies 39 Unsolicited cards etc................................................................................................................1613 40 Assertion of right to payment for unsolicited goods or services............................................. 1614 41 Liability etc of recipient for unsolicited goods..........................................................................1616 42 Liability of recipient for unsolicited services............................................................................ 1618 43 Assertion of right to payment for unauthorised entries or advertisements............................. 1618 Division 3 – Pyramid schemes 44 Participation in pyramid schemes............................................................................................ 1620 45 Meaning of pyramid scheme....................................................................................................1622 46 Marketing schemes as pyramid schemes............................................................................... 1624 Division 4 – Pricing 47 Multiple pricing......................................................................................................................... 1625 48 Single price to be specified in certain circumstances............................................................. 1626 Division 5 – Other unfair practices 49 Referral selling......................................................................................................................... 1629 50 Harassment and coercion........................................................................................................ 1630

Part 3-2 – Consumer transactions Division 1 – Consumer guarantees Subdivision A – Guarantees relating to the supply of goods 51 Guarantee as to title................................................................................................................ 1635 52 Guarantee as to undisturbed possession................................................................................ 1636 53 Guarantee as to undisclosed securities etc.............................................................................1637 54 Guarantee as to acceptable quality......................................................................................... 1638 55 Guarantee as to fitness for any disclosed purpose etc...........................................................1643 56 Guarantee relating to the supply of goods by description.......................................................1647 32

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57 58 59

Guarantees relating to the supply of goods by sample or demonstration model................... 1648 Guarantee as to repairs and spare parts................................................................................ 1649 Guarantee as to express warranties........................................................................................1650

Subdivision B – Guarantees relating to the supply of services 60 Guarantee as to due care and skill......................................................................................... 1652 61 Guarantees as to fitness for a particular purpose etc............................................................. 1654 62 Guarantee as to reasonable time for supply........................................................................... 1655 63 Services to which this Subdivision does not apply..................................................................1655

Subdivision D – Miscellaneous 65 Application of this Division to supplies of gas, electricity and telecommunications................1658 66 Display notices......................................................................................................................... 1658 67 Conflict of laws.........................................................................................................................1659 68 Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods................................................ 1660 Division 2 – Unsolicited consumer agreements Subdivision A – Introduction 69 Meaning of unsolicited consumer agreement.......................................................................... 1662 70 Presumption that agreements are unsolicited consumer agreements.................................... 1664 71 Meaning of dealer.................................................................................................................... 1665 72 Meaning of negotiation............................................................................................................ 1665 Subdivision B – Negotiating unsolicited consumer agreements 73 Permitted hours for negotiating an unsolicited consumer agreement.....................................1665 74 Disclosing purpose and identity............................................................................................... 1665 75 Ceasing to negotiate on request..............................................................................................1667 76 Informing person of termination period etc..............................................................................1668 77 Liability of suppliers for contraventions by dealers..................................................................1669 Subdivision C – Requirements for unsolicited consumer agreements etc 78 Requirement to give document to the consumer.................................................................... 1669 79 Requirements for all unsolicited consumer agreements etc................................................... 1670 80 Additional requirements for unsolicited consumer agreements not negotiated by telephone 1671 ................................................................................................................................................. 81 Requirements for amendments of unsolicited consumer agreements.................................... 1671 Subdivision D – Terminating unsolicited consumer agreements 82 Terminating an unsolicited consumer agreement during the termination period.................... 1671 83 Effect of termination................................................................................................................. 1673 84 Obligations of suppliers on termination................................................................................... 1673 85 Obligations and rights of consumers on termination............................................................... 1673 86 Prohibition on supplies etc for 10 business days.................................................................... 1674 87 Repayment of payments received after termination................................................................1676 88 Prohibition on recovering amounts after termination...............................................................1676 Subdivision E – Miscellaneous 89 Certain provisions of unsolicited consumer agreements void................................................. 1677 90 Waiver of rights........................................................................................................................ 1677 91 Application of this Division to persons to whom rights of consumers and suppliers are assigned etc............................................................................................................................. 1677 92 Application of this Division to supplies to third parties............................................................ 1678 93 Effect of contravening this Division..........................................................................................1678 94 Regulations may limit the application of this Division............................................................. 1678 95 Application of this Division to certain conduct covered by the Corporations Act....................1678

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Subdivision C – Guarantees not to be excluded etc by contract 64 Guarantees not to be excluded etc by contract...................................................................... 1655 64A Limitation of liability for failures to comply with guarantees.................................................... 1656

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Division 3 – Lay-by agreements 96 Lay-by agreements must be in writing etc...............................................................................1678 97 Termination of lay-by agreements by consumers....................................................................1679 98 Termination of lay-by agreements by suppliers....................................................................... 1680 99 Effect of termination................................................................................................................. 1680 Division 4 – Miscellaneous 100 Supplier must provide proof of transaction etc........................................................................1681 101 Consumer may request an itemised bill.................................................................................. 1681 102 Prescribed requirements for warranties against defects......................................................... 1682 103 Repairers must comply with prescribed requirements............................................................ 1683

Part 3-3 – Safety of consumer goods and product related services Division 1 – Safety standards 104 Making safety standards for consumer goods and product related services..........................1685 105 Declaring safety standards for consumer goods and product related services...................... 1686 106 Supplying etc consumer goods that do not comply with safety standards............................. 1687 107 Supplying etc product related services that do not comply with safety standards................. 1690 108 Requirement to nominate a safety standard........................................................................... 1691 Division 2 – Bans on consumer goods and product related services Subdivision A – Interim bans 109 Interim bans on consumer goods or product related services that will or may cause injury to any person etc......................................................................................................................... 1691 110 Places in which interim bans apply......................................................................................... 1693 111 Ban period for interim bans..................................................................................................... 1693 112 Interaction of multiple interim bans..........................................................................................1694 113 Revocation of interim bans...................................................................................................... 1694 Subdivision B – Permanent bans 114 Permanent bans on consumer goods or product related services......................................... 1694 115 Places in which permanent bans apply................................................................................... 1695 116 When permanent bans come into force.................................................................................. 1695 117 Revocation of permanent bans................................................................................................1695 Subdivision C – Compliance with interim bans and permanent bans 118 Supplying etc consumer goods covered by a ban.................................................................. 1696 119 Supplying etc product related services covered by a ban...................................................... 1698 Subdivision D – Temporary exemption from mutual recognition principles 120 Temporary exemption under the Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Act 1997....................... 1698 121 Temporary exemption under the Mutual Recognition Act 1992...............................................1699 Division 3 – Recall of consumer goods Subdivision A – Compulsory recall of consumer goods 122 Compulsory recall of consumer goods.................................................................................... 1699 123 Contents of a recall notice....................................................................................................... 1701 124 Obligations of a supplier in relation to a recall notice............................................................. 1702 125 Notification by persons who supply consumer goods outside Australia if there is compulsory recall.........................................................................................................................................1702 126 Interaction of multiple recall notices........................................................................................ 1703 127 Compliance with recall notices................................................................................................ 1703 Subdivision B – Voluntary recall of consumer goods 128 Notification requirements for a voluntary recall of consumer goods....................................... 1704 Division 4 – Safety warning notices 129 Safety warning notices about consumer goods and product related services........................1706

34

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

130

Announcement of the results of an investigation etc.............................................................. 1707

Division 5 – Consumer goods, or product related services, associated with death or serious injury or illness 131 Suppliers to report consumer goods associated with the death or serious injury or illness of any person............................................................................................................................... 1708 132 Suppliers to report product related services associated with the death or serious injury or illness of any person................................................................................................................ 1710 132A Confidentiality of notices given under this Division................................................................. 1711 Division 6 – Miscellaneous 133 Liability under a contract of insurance.....................................................................................1712 134 135 136 137

Making information standards for goods and services............................................................1713 Declaring information standards for goods and services........................................................ 1714 Supplying etc goods that do not comply with information standards......................................1714 Supplying etc services that do not comply with information standards.................................. 1716

Part 3-5 – Liability of manufacturers for goods with safety defects Division 1 – Actions against manufacturers for goods with safety defects 138 Liability for loss or damage suffered by an injured individual................................................. 1719 139 Liability for loss or damage suffered by a person other than an injured individual................ 1722 140 Liability for loss or damage suffered by a person if other goods are destroyed or damaged1723 141 Liability for loss or damage suffered by a person if land, buildings or fixtures are destroyed or damaged.............................................................................................................................. 1724 142 Defences to defective goods actions.......................................................................................1725 Division 2 – Defective goods actions 143 Time for commencing defective goods actions....................................................................... 1726 144 Liability joint and several..........................................................................................................1727 145 Survival of actions....................................................................................................................1727 146 No defective goods action where workers’ compensation law etc applies............................. 1728 147 Unidentified manufacturer........................................................................................................ 1728 148 Commonwealth liability for goods that are defective only because of compliance with Commonwealth mandatory standard....................................................................................... 1729 149 Representative actions by the regulator.................................................................................. 1730 Division 3 – Miscellaneous 150 Application of all or any provisions of this Part etc not to be excluded or modified...............1730

CHAPTER 4 – OFFENCES Part 4-1 – Offences relating to unfair practices Division 1 – False or misleading representations etc 151 False or misleading representations about goods or services................................................1731 152 False or misleading representations about sale etc of land....................................................1734 153 Misleading conduct relating to employment............................................................................ 1735 154 Offering rebates, gifts, prizes etc.............................................................................................1735 155 Misleading conduct as to the nature etc of goods.................................................................. 1736 156 Misleading conduct as to the nature etc of services............................................................... 1737 157 Bait advertising........................................................................................................................ 1738 158 Wrongly accepting payment.....................................................................................................1739 159 Misleading representations about certain business activities..................................................1741 160 Application of provisions of this Division to information providers.......................................... 1742 Division 2 – Unsolicited supplies 161 Unsolicited cards etc................................................................................................................1743 162 Assertion of right to payment for unsolicited goods or services............................................. 1744

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CCA

Part 3-4 – Information standards

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

163

Assertion of right to payment for unauthorised entries or advertisements............................. 1745

Division 3 – Pyramid schemes 164 Participation in pyramid schemes............................................................................................ 1746 Division 4 – Pricing 165 Multiple pricing......................................................................................................................... 1747 166 Single price to be specified in certain circumstances............................................................. 1748 Division 5 – Other unfair practices 167 Referral selling......................................................................................................................... 1749 168 Harassment and coercion........................................................................................................ 1750

Part 4-2 – Offences relating to consumer transactions Division 1 – Consumer guarantees 169 Display notices......................................................................................................................... 1751 Division 2 – Unsolicited consumer agreements Subdivision A – Negotiating unsolicited consumer agreements 170 Permitted hours for negotiating an unsolicited consumer agreement.....................................1751 171 Disclosing purpose and identity............................................................................................... 1752 172 Ceasing to negotiate on request..............................................................................................1753 173 Informing person of termination period etc..............................................................................1754 Subdivision B – Requirements for unsolicited consumer agreements etc 174 Requirement to give document to the consumer.................................................................... 1755 175 Requirements for all unsolicited consumer agreements etc................................................... 1755 176 Additional requirements for unsolicited consumer agreements not negotiated by telephone 1756 177 Requirements for amendments of unsolicited consumer agreements.................................... 1757 Subdivision C – Terminating unsolicited consumer agreements 178 Obligations of suppliers on termination................................................................................... 1758 179 Prohibition on supplies for 10 business days.......................................................................... 1758 180 Repayment of payments received after termination................................................................1759 181 Prohibition on recovering amounts after termination...............................................................1759 Subdivision D – Miscellaneous 182 Certain provisions of unsolicited consumer agreements void................................................. 1760 183 Waiver of rights........................................................................................................................ 1761 184 Application of this Division to persons to whom rights of consumers and suppliers are assigned etc............................................................................................................................. 1761 185 Application of this Division to supplies to third parties............................................................ 1762 186 Regulations may limit the application of this Division............................................................. 1762 187 Application of this Division to certain conduct covered by the Corporations Act....................1762 Division 3 – Lay-by agreements 188 Lay-by agreements must be in writing etc...............................................................................1762 189 Termination charges.................................................................................................................1763 190 Termination of lay-by agreements by suppliers....................................................................... 1763 191 Refund of amounts.................................................................................................................. 1764 Division 4 – Miscellaneous 192 Prescribed requirements for warranties against defects......................................................... 1765 193 Repairers must comply with prescribed requirements............................................................ 1765

Part 4-3 – Offences relating to safety of consumer goods and product related services Division 1 – Safety standards 194 Supplying etc consumer goods that do not comply with safety standards............................. 1767 195 Supplying etc product related services that do not comply with safety standards................. 1768 196 Requirement to nominate a safety standard........................................................................... 1769

36

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

Division 2 – Bans on consumer goods and product related services 197 Supplying etc consumer goods covered by a ban.................................................................. 1770 198 Supplying etc product related services covered by a ban...................................................... 1771 Division 3 – Recall of consumer goods 199 Compliance with recall orders..................................................................................................1772 200 Notification by persons who supply consumer goods outside Australia if there is compulsory recall.........................................................................................................................................1772 201 Notification requirements for a voluntary recall of consumer goods....................................... 1773 Division 4 – Consumer goods, or product related services, associated with death or serious injury or illness 202 Suppliers to report consumer goods etc associated with the death or serious injury or illness of any person........................................................................................................................... 1774 203 204

Supplying etc goods that do not comply with information standards......................................1775 Supplying etc services that do not comply with information standards.................................. 1776

Part 4-5 – Offences relating to substantiation notices 205 206

Compliance with substantiation notices...................................................................................1778 False or misleading information etc.........................................................................................1778

Part 4-6 – Defences 207 208 209 210 211

Reasonable mistake of fact..................................................................................................... 1780 Act or default of another person etc........................................................................................ 1781 Publication of advertisements in the ordinary course of business.......................................... 1783 Supplying goods acquired for the purpose of re-supply..........................................................1784 Supplying services acquired for the purpose of re-supply...................................................... 1784

Part 4-7 – Miscellaneous 212 213 214 215 216 217

Prosecutions to be commenced within 3 years.......................................................................1786 Preference must be given to compensation for victims.......................................................... 1786 Penalties for contraventions of the same nature etc...............................................................1787 Penalties for previous contraventions of the same nature etc................................................ 1788 Granting of injunctions etc....................................................................................................... 1789 Criminal proceedings not to be brought for contraventions of Chapter 2 or 3....................... 1789

CHAPTER 5 – ENFORCEMENT AND REMEDIES Part 5-1 – Enforcement Division 1 – Undertakings 218 Regulator may accept undertakings........................................................................................ 1790 Division 2 – Substantiation notices 219 Regulator may require claims to be substantiated etc............................................................ 1791 220 Extending periods for complying with substantiation notices.................................................. 1792 221 Compliance with substantiation notices...................................................................................1792 222 False or misleading information etc.........................................................................................1793 Division 3 – Public warning notices 223 Regulator may issue a public warning notice..........................................................................1793

Part 5-2 – Remedies Division 1 – Pecuniary penalties 224 Pecuniary penalties..................................................................................................................1794 225 Pecuniary penalties and offences............................................................................................1804 226 Defence.................................................................................................................................... 1805 227 Preference must be given to compensation for victims.......................................................... 1806 228 Civil action for recovery of pecuniary penalties.......................................................................1807 229 Indemnification of officers........................................................................................................ 1807

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CCA

Part 4-4 – Offences relating to information standards

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

230

Certain indemnities not authorised and certain documents void............................................ 1807

Division 2 – Injunctions 232 Injunctions................................................................................................................................ 1808 233 Consent injunctions..................................................................................................................1812 234 Interim injunctions.................................................................................................................... 1812 235 Variation and discharge of injunctions..................................................................................... 1813 Division 3 – Damages 236 Actions for damages................................................................................................................ 1814 Division 4 – Compensation orders etc for injured persons and orders for non-party consumers Subdivision A – Compensation orders etc for injured persons 237 Compensation orders etc on application by an injured person or the regulator.....................1833 238 Compensation orders etc arising out of other proceedings.................................................... 1838 Subdivision B – Orders for non-party consumers 239 Orders to redress etc loss or damage suffered by non-party consumers.............................. 1839 240 Determining whether to make a redress order etc for non-party consumers......................... 1841 241 When a non-party consumer is bound by a redress order etc............................................... 1841 Subdivision C – Miscellaneous 242 Applications for orders............................................................................................................. 1841 243 Kinds of orders that may be made.......................................................................................... 1842 244 Power of a court to make orders............................................................................................. 1848 245 Interaction with other provisions.............................................................................................. 1848 Division 5 – Other remedies 246 Non-punitive orders..................................................................................................................1848 247 Adverse publicity orders...........................................................................................................1849 248 Order disqualifying a person from managing corporations..................................................... 1851 249 Privilege against exposure to penalty or forfeiture—disqualification from managing corporations............................................................................................................................. 1853 250 Declarations relating to consumer contracts and small business contracts........................... 1854 Division 6 – Defences 251 Publication of advertisement in the ordinary course of business............................................1855 252 Supplying consumer goods for the purpose of re-supply........................................................1856 253 Supplying product related services for the purpose of re-supply............................................1856

Part 5-3 – Country of origin representations 254 255 256 257 258

Overview.................................................................................................................................. 1858 Country of origin representations do not contravene certain provisions.................................1858 Cost of producing or manufacturing goods............................................................................. 1862 Rules for determining the percentage of costs of production or manufacture attributable to a country..................................................................................................................................... 1864 Proceedings relating to false, misleading or deceptive conduct or representations...............1864

Part 5-4 – Remedies relating to guarantees Division 1 – Action against suppliers Subdivision A – Action against suppliers of goods 259 Action against suppliers of goods............................................................................................1865 260 When a failure to comply with a guarantee is a major failure.................................................1866 261 How suppliers may remedy a failure to comply with a guarantee.......................................... 1867 262 When consumers are not entitled to reject goods...................................................................1868 263 Consequences of rejecting goods........................................................................................... 1869 264 Replaced goods....................................................................................................................... 1870 265 Termination of contracts for the supply of services that are connected with rejected goods 1870

38

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of provisions

266

Rights of gift recipients............................................................................................................ 1870

Subdivision B – Action against suppliers of services 267 Action against suppliers of services........................................................................................ 1871 268 When a failure to comply with a guarantee is a major failure.................................................1872 269 Termination of contracts for the supply of services................................................................. 1872 270 Termination of contracts for the supply of goods that are connected with terminated services1873

Division 3 – Miscellaneous 274 Indemnification of suppliers by manufacturers........................................................................ 1875 275 Limitation of liability etc............................................................................................................1877 276 This Part not to be excluded etc by contract...........................................................................1878 276A Limitation in certain circumstances of liability of manufacturer to seller................................. 1879 277 Representative actions by the regulator.................................................................................. 1880

Part 5-5 – Liability of suppliers and credit providers Division 1 – Linked credit contracts 278 Liability of suppliers and linked credit providers relating to linked credit contracts................ 1881 279 Action by consumer to recover amount of loss or damage.................................................... 1882 280 Cases where a linked credit provider is not liable...................................................................1883 281 Amount of liability of linked credit providers............................................................................ 1884 282 Counter-claims and offsets...................................................................................................... 1884 283 Enforcement of judgments etc................................................................................................. 1885 284 Award of interest to consumers............................................................................................... 1885 285 Liability of suppliers to linked credit providers, and of linked credit providers to suppliers.... 1886 286 Joint liability proceedings and recovery under section 135 of the National Credit Code....... 1886 Division 2 – Non-linked credit contracts 287 Liability of suppliers and credit providers relating to non-linked credit contracts....................1887

CHAPTER 6 – APPLICATION AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS Part 1 – Application and transitional provisions relating to the Consumer Credit Legislation Amendment (Enhancements) Act 2012 288 289 290

Application of amendments relating to lay-by agreements..................................................... 1888 Application of amendment relating to repairs.......................................................................... 1888 Saving of regulations relating to repairs.................................................................................. 1888

Part 1A – Application provision relating to the Treasury Legislation Amendment (Small Business and Unfair Contract Terms) Act 2015 290A

Application................................................................................................................................1889

Schedule 3 [NOT REPRODUCED] [Editor’s Note: On 1 January 2011, the Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No 2) 2010, Act No 103 of 2010, changed the name of the Trade Practices Act 1974 to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010.]

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39

CCA

Division 2 – Action for damages against manufacturers of goods 271 Action for damages against manufacturers of goods..............................................................1873 272 Damages that may be recovered by action against manufacturers of goods........................ 1875 273 Time limit for actions against manufacturers of goods............................................................1875

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Table of Amending Legislation Principal legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration 56 of 1975 12 Jun 1975 Postal and Telecommunications Commissions (Transitional Provisions) Act 1975

follows: Date of commencement S 38: 1 Jul 1975 (Gaz S122, 24 Jun 1975, p 1); Schs 2 and 3: 12 Jun 1975 19 Jun 1975 31 Aug 1976 Sch: 1 Feb 1977 (Gaz S3, 18 Jan 1977, p 2) 1 Jul 1977 S 18: 28 Oct 1977; s 19(1): 1 Jun 1977 10 Nov 1977

Trade Practices Act 1975 Trade Practices Amendment Act 1976 Federal Court of Australia (Consequential Provisions) Act 1976

63 of 1975 88 of 1976 157 of 1976

19 Jun 1975 31 Aug 1976 9 Dec 1976

Trade Practices Amendment Act 1977 Remuneration and Allowances Amendment Act 1977 Trade Practices Amendment Act (No 2) 1977 Trade Practices Amendment Act 1978 Trade Practices Amendment Act (No 2) 1978 Trade Practices (Boycotts) Amendment Act 1980 Statute Law Revision Act 1981 Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendment) Act 1981 Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act (No 2) 1982 Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act (No 1) 1983 Public Service Reform Act 1984

81 of 1977 111 of 1977

16 Jun 1977 28 Oct 1977

151 of 1977

10 Nov 1977

206 of 1978 207 of 1978

6 Dec 1978 6 Dec 1978

6 Dec 1978 6 Dec 1978

73 of 1980

29 May 1980

29 May 1980

61 of 1981 176 of 1981

12 Jun 1981 2 Dec 1981

80 of 1982

22 Sep 1982

39 of 1983

20 Jun 1983

Sch 1: 12 Jun 1981 Sch 1: 30 Dec 1981 Ss 278 and 279: 20 Oct 1982 Sch 1: 18 Jul 1983

63 of 1984

25 Jun 1984

40

Sch 4: 1 Jul 1984 (Gaz S245, 29 Jun 1984, p 1)

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of Amending Legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Remuneration and Allowances 73 of 1984 25 Jun 1984 Amendment Act 1984 25 Oct 1984 Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) 165 of 1984 Act (No 2) 1984 (am by Trade Practices Revision Act 1986) Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) 65 of 1985 5 Jun 1985 Act (No 1) 1985 Trade Practices (Transfer of Market 8 of 1986 1 May 1986 Dominance) Amendment Act 1986 Trade Practices Revision Act 1986

17 of 1986

13 May 1986

Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) 168 of 1986 Act (No 2) 1986 Jurisdiction of Courts (Miscellaneous 23 of 1987 Amendments) Act 1987

18 Dec 1986

Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) 141 of 1987 Act 1987

18 Dec 1987

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26 May 1987

follows: Date of commencement Ss 22 and 23: 25 Jun 1984 Sch 1: 25 Oct 1984

Sch 1: 3 Jul 1985 1 Jun 1986 (Gaz S251, 30 May 1986, p 1) Ss 1, 2, 49(1), 51(1) and 64(1): 13 May 1986; ss 74–76: 25 Oct 1984; ss 31 and 35: 1 Jul 1986; remainder: 1 Jun 1986 (Gaz S251, 30 May 1986, p 1) Sch 1: 18 Dec 1986 Sch: 1 Sep 1987 (Gaz S217, 24 Oct 1987, p 1) Sch 1: 1 Apr 1989 (Gaz S88, 13 Mar 1989, p 1)

41

CCA

Principal legislation

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Principal legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration 5 Apr 1988 Family Court of Australia (Additional 8 of 1988 Jurisdiction and Exercise of Powers) Act 1988 (am by Law and Justice Legislation Amendment Act 1988) Trade Practices Amendment Act 1988 20 of 1988 11 May 1988

87 of 1988 Industrial Relations (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 (am by Industrial Relations Legislation Amendment Act (No 2) 1990) Circuit Layouts Act 1989 28 of 1989

8 Nov 1988

Trade Practices (International Liner Cargo Shipping) Amendment Act 1989

30 May 1989

34 of 1989

22 May 1989

Law and Justice Legislation 11 of 1990 Amendment Act 1989 Trade Practices (Misuse of 70 of 1990 Trans-Tasman Market Power) Act 1990

17 Jan 1990

Trade Practices Amendment Act 1991 Industrial Relations Legislation Amendment Act 1991 Law and Justice Legislation Amendment Act 1991 Transport and Communications Legislation Amendment Act 1991 Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991

49 of 1991 122 of 1991

24 Apr 1991 27 Jun 1991

136 of 1991

12 Sep 1991

173 of 1991

25 Nov 1991

180 of 1991

25 Nov 1991

42

16 Jun 1990

follows: Date of commencement Ss 41 and 42: 1 Jul 1988 (Gaz S191, 30 Jun 1988, p 1) S 4: 1 Jul 1988; remainder: 11 May 1988 Sch 2: 1 Mar 1989 (Gaz S53, 14 Feb 1989, p 1) Sch: 1 Oct 1990 (Gaz S261, 26 Sep 1990, p 1) 1 Aug 1989 (Gaz S260, 1 Aug 1989, p 1) Ss 58 and 59: 14 Feb 1990 1 Jul 1990 (Gaz S172, 29 Jun 1990, p 1) 21 Dec 1990 Sch: 27 Jun 1991 Ss 22–24: 10 Oct 1991 Ss 49–55 and Sch: 25 Nov 1991 Sch: 23 Dec 1991

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of Amending Legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Law and Justice Legislation 22 of 1992 13 Apr 1992 Amendment Act 1992 Territories Law Reform Act 1992 104 of 1992 30 Jun 1992 105 of 1992 9 Jul 1992 Broadcasting Services (Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments) Act 1992 Trade Practices Amendment Act 1992 Trade Practices Legislation Amendment Act 1992 Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993

106 of 1992 222 of 1992

9 Jul 1992 24 Dec 1992

98 of 1993

22 Dec 1993

Insurance Laws Amendment Act (No 2) 49 of 1994 1994 Law and Justice Legislation 141 of 1994 Amendment Act (No 2) 1994 Competition Policy Reform Act 1995 88 of 1995

7 Apr 1994

Statute Law Revision Act 1996

25 Oct 1996

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43 of 1996

28 Nov 1994 20 Jul 1995

follows: Date of commencement Sch: 13 Apr 1992 Sch 4: 1 Jul 1992 Sch 2: 5 Oct 1992 (Gaz GN38, 23 Sep 1992, p 2615) 9 Jul 1992 21 Jan 1993 Ss 42–47 and Sch 3: 30 Mar 1994 (Gaz S104, 28 Mar 1994) Sch item 19: 7 Apr 1994 Sch 1 items 21–26: 28 Nov 1994 Ss 3–32: 17 Aug 1995; ss 35–76: 6 Nov 1995 (Gaz S423, 3 Nov 1995, p 1); ss 80–87 and 91: 20 Jul 1996 Sch 4 item 147: 25 Oct 1996

43

CCA

Principal legislation

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Principal legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration 60 of 1996 25 Nov 1996 Workplace Relations and Other Legislation Amendment Act 1996 (am by Workplace Relations and Other Legislation Amendment Act (No 2) 1996) Trade Practices Amendment (Industry 28 of 1997 10 Apr 1997 Access Codes) Act 1997 Trade Practices Amendment 58 of 1997 30 Apr 1997 (Telecommunications) Act 1997 Audit (Transitional and Miscellaneous) 152 of 1997 24 Oct 1997 Amendment Act 1997

Telecommunications Legislation Amendment Act 1997 Trade Practices Amendment (Fair Trading) Act 1998

200 of 1997

16 Dec 1997

36 of 1998

22 Apr 1998

Financial Sector Reform (Consequential Amendments) Act 1998

48 of 1998

29 Jun 1998

Gas Pipelines Access (Commonwealth) 101 of 1998 Act 1998 Trade Practices Amendment (Country 106 of 1998 of Origin Representations) Act 1998

44

30 Jul 1998 30 Jul 1998

follows: Date of commencement Sch 17 items 1–11 and 14–24: 17 Jan 1997 (Gaz S18, 17 Jan 1997) 10 Apr 1997 30 Apr 1997 Sch 2 item 1260: 1 Jan 1998 (Gaz GN49, 10 Dec 1997) Sch 2 items 30–34: 30 Apr 1997 Sch 1: 22 Apr 1998; Sch 2: 1 Jul 1998 (Gaz S301, 25 Jun 1998) Sch 1 item 194 and Sch 2 items 24–29: 1 Jul 1998 (Gaz S316, 30 Jun 1998) Sch 1 items 11–56: 30 Jul 1998 Sch 1: 13 Aug 1998 (Gaz S398, 12 Aug 1998); Schs 2 and 3: 30 Jul 1998

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of Amending Legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Telecommunications Legislation 52 of 1999 5 Jul 1999 Amendment Act 1999

A New Tax System (Trade Practices Amendment) Act 1999 Public Employment (Consequential and Transitional) Amendment Act 1999 A New Tax System (Indirect and Consequential Amendments) Act 1999 Federal Magistrates (Consequential Amendments) Act 1999 Jurisdiction of Courts Legislation Amendment Act 2000 A New Tax System (Trade Practices Amendment) Act 2000

61 of 1999

8 Jul 1999

146 of 1999

11 Nov 1999

176 of 1999

22 Dec 1999

194 of 1999

23 Dec 1999

57 of 2000

30 May 2000

69 of 2000

22 Jun 2000

Trade Practices Amendment (International Liner Cargo Shipping) Act 2000

123 of 2000

5 Oct 2000

Jurisdiction of Courts (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 2000

161 of 2000

21 Dec 2000

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follows: Date of commencement Sch 1 items 6–77: 5 Jul 1999; Sch 3 items 69–76 and 81: 2 Aug 1999; Sch 4 items 17–20 and 28: 1 Jul 1999 Sch 1: 9 Jul 1999 Sch 1 items 944– 955: 5 Dec 1999 Sch 4: 22 Dec 1999 Sch 25: 23 Dec 1999 Sch 1 items 77–90: 30 May 2000 Sch 2 item 1: 6 Nov 1995; Sch 2 item 2: 10 Apr 1997; remainder: 22 Jun 2000 Sch 1 items 1–153: 2 Nov 2000; Sch 1 items 154–170: 2 Mar 2001 Sch 1 items 4 and 5: 21 Dec 2000

45

CCA

Principal legislation

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Principal legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration 31 of 2001 28 Apr 2001 Treasury Legislation Amendment (Application of Criminal Code) Act (No 1) 2001 (am by Statute Law Revision Act 2002) Communications and the Arts 46 of 2001 5 Jun 2001 Legislation Amendment Act 2001 Corporations (Repeals, Consequentials 55 of 2001 28 Jun 2001 and Transitionals) Act 2001 28 Jun 2001 Trade Practices Amendment Act (No 1) 63 of 2001 2001 (am by Statute Law Revision Act 2002) Treasury Legislation Amendment (Application of Criminal Code) Act (No 3) 2001 Financial Services Reform (Consequential Provisions) Act 2001 Trade Practices Amendment (Telecommunications) Act 2001 Treasury Legislation Amendment (Application of Criminal Code) Act (No 2) 2001 Statute Law Revision Act 2002

Sch 1 items 9–18: 5 Jun 2001 Sch 3 items 550– 557: 15 Jul 2001 Sch 2 items 1, 2, 6 and 7: 15 Dec 2001; remainder: 26 Jul 2001 Sch 3 items 16–56: 15 Dec 2001

117 of 2001

18 Sep 2001

123 of 2001

27 Sep 2001

124 of 2001

27 Sep 2001

146 of 2001

1 Oct 2001

Sch 2: 15 Dec 2001

63 of 2002

3 Jul 2002

Sch 1 items 34, 35 and 38: 1 Jul 1999; Sch 1 items 36 and 37: 3 Jul 2002 11 Dec 2002

Trade Practices Amendment Act (No 1) 128 of 2002 2002 Telecommunications Competition Act 140 of 2002 2002

46

follows: Date of commencement Sch 1 items 240– 290: 15 Dec 2001

11 Dec 2002 19 Dec 2002

Sch 1 items 364– 365B: 11 Mar 2002 27 Sep 2001

Sch 2: 19 Dec 2002

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of Amending Legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Trade Practices Amendment (Liability 146 of 2002 19 Dec 2002 for Recreational Services) Act 2002 Maritime Legislation Amendment Act 7 of 2003 19 Mar 2003 2003 Industry, Tourism and Resources 21 of 2003 11 Apr 2003 Legislation Amendment Act 2003 Trade Practices Legislation 134 of 2003 17 Dec 2003 Amendment Act 2003

Postal Services Legislation Amendment 69 of 2004 Act 2004 103 of 2004 Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (Audit Reform and Corporate Disclosure) Act 2004

22 Jun 2004

Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Energy Market) Act 2004

108 of 2004

30 Jun 2004

Trade Practices Amendment (Personal 113 of 2004 Injuries and Death) Act (No 2) 2004 Treasury Legislation Amendment 118 of 2004 (Professional Standards) Act 2004 Australian Communications and Media 45 of 2005 Authority (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2005

13 Jul 2004

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30 Jun 2004

13 Jul 2004 1 Apr 2005

follows: Date of commencement 19 Dec 2002 Sch 2: 19 March 2003 Sch 1 items 25–28: 12 Apr 2003 Sch 1 and Sch 2 items 32–43: 1 Mar 2004 (Gaz GN8, 25 Feb 2004, p 439) Sch 1 item 25: 22 Jun 2004 Sch 3 items 5 and 6: 26 Jul 2004 (Gaz GN28, 14 Jul 2004, p 2157) Sch 1: 23 May 2005 (F2005L01121) 13 Jul 2004 Sch 1 items 8A–11: 13 Jul 2004 Sch 1 items 168– 171 and Sch 2: 1 Jul 2005

47

CCA

Principal legislation

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Principal legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration 119 of 2005 23 Sep 2005 Telecommunications Legislation Amendment (Competition and Consumer Issues) Act 2005

follows: Date of commencement Schs 4–6 and Sch 7 items 1–3, 5–12, 14–19 and 21–28 and Schs 9 and 12: 24 Sep 2005; Sch 7 items 4, 13 and 20: 23 Mar 2006; Sch 11 items 8 and 9: 1 Jan 2006 (F2005L04117) Sch 1: 20 Apr 2006

Trade Practices Amendment (Personal Injuries and Death) Act 2006 Offshore Petroleum (Repeals and Consequential Amendments) Act 2006 Jurisdiction of the Federal Magistrates Court Legislation Amendment Act 2006 Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) (Consequential Amendments) Regulations 2006 (No 1) Energy Legislation Amendment Act 2006

11 of 2006

23 Mar 2006

17 of 2006

29 Mar 2006

23 of 2006

6 Apr 2006

SLI 50 of 2006

17 Mar 2006

Sch 15: 27 Mar 2006

60 of 2006

22 Jun 2006

Trade Practices Amendment (National Access Regime) Act 2006

92 of 2006

18 Aug 2006

Sch 1 items 2–13 and Sch 2 item 14: 22 Jun 2006; Sch 2 items 12, 13, 15 and 16: 23 May 2005 Sch 1: 1 Oct 2006 (F2006L02999)

48

Sch 2 items 113– 116: 1 Jul 2008 Sch 1: 4 May 2006

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of Amending Legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Tax Laws Amendment (Repeal of 101 of 2006 14 Sep 2006 Inoperative Provisions) Act 2006 Maritime Transport and Offshore Facilities Security Amendment (Security Plans and Other Measures) Act 2006 Trade Practices Legislation Amendment Act (No 1) 2006

109 of 2006

27 Sep 2006

131 of 2006

6 Nov 2006

Australian Energy Market Amendment (Gas Legislation) Act 2007

45 of 2007

10 Apr 2007

Broadcasting Legislation Amendment (Digital Radio) Act 2007

68 of 2007

28 May 2007

85 of 2007 Corporations (NZ Closer Economic Relations) and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2007 Water (Consequential Amendments) Act 138 of 2007 2007 Trade Practices Legislation 159 of 2007 Amendment Act (No 1) 2007

© 2017 THOMSON REUTERS

21 Jun 2007

3 Sep 2007 24 Sep 2007

follows: Date of commencement Sch 5 items 164 and 165: 14 Sep 2006 Sch 2 items 97– 103: 27 Sep 2006

Sch 11: 6 Nov 2006; Sch 10: 7 Nov 2006; Schs 1–8 and Sch 9 items 1–14, 20, 22 and 23: 1 Jan 2007 (F2006L04026) Sch 1 items 58–81: 1 Jul 2008 (F2008L02164) Sch 1 items 178– 182: 29 May 2007; Sch 2 item 3: 19 Jul 2007 Sch 3 items 3–9: 19 Jul 2007 Sch 1 items 6–8: 3 Mar 2008 Schs 1 and 2 and Sch 3 items 5–8: 25 Sep 2007

49

CCA

Principal legislation

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Principal legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Trade Practices Amendment (Access 7 of 2008 20 Mar 2008 Declarations) Act 2008 Australian Energy Market Amendment 60 of 2008 30 Jun 2008 (Minor Amendments) Act 2008 Trade Practices Legislation 116 of 2008 21 Nov 2008 Amendment Act 2008

Offshore Petroleum Amendment 117 of 2008 (Greenhouse Gas Storage) Act 2008 Trade Practices Amendment (Clarity in 126 of 2008 Pricing) Act 2008

21 Nov 2008

Water Amendment Act 2008

8 Dec 2008

139 of 2008

25 Nov 2008

Australian Energy Market Amendment 17 of 2009 (AEMO and Other Measures) Act 2009

26 Mar 2009

54 of 2009 Fair Work (State Referral and Consequential and Other Amendments) Act 2009

25 Jun 2009

50

follows: Date of commencement Sch 1: 20 Mar 2008 Sch 4: 1 Jul 2008 Sch 1 items 1A, 3, 4A, 5 and 7, Sch 2 items 1A, 3, 4A and 5 and Sch 3 items 7–12, 13A and 14: 22 Nov 2008 Sch 3 item 60: 22 Nov 2008 Sch 1: 25 May 2009; Sch 2: 26 Nov 2008 Sch 2 items 3–5: 15 Dec 2008 (F2008L04656) Sch 1 items 12 and 14: 27 Mar 2009; Sch 1 item 13: 1 Jul 2009 (F2009L02489) Sch 18 items 24– 31: 1 Jul 2009

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of Amending Legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration 59 of 2009 26 Jun 2009 Trade Practices Amendment (Cartel Conduct and Other Measures) Act 2009

Statute Stocktake (Regulatory and Other Laws) Act 2009

111 of 2009

16 Nov 2009

Crimes Legislation Amendment (Serious and Organised Crime) Act (No 2) 2010 Statute Law Revision Act 2010

4 of 2010

19 Feb 2010

8 of 2010

1 Mar 2010

44 of 2010 Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No 1) 2010

© 2017 THOMSON REUTERS

14 Apr 2010

follows: Date of commencement Sch 1 items 3–128 and Sch 2 items 1–49: 24 Jul 2009; Sch 2 items 50 and 51: 27 Jun 2009 Sch 1 items 26–48 and 107–109: 17 Nov 2009 Sch 11 item 23: 20 Feb 2010 Sch 5 items 125, 126 and 137: 1 Mar 2010 Sch 2 items 1–26 and Sch 4 item 3: 15 Apr 2010; Sch 1 items 1 and 3–11, Sch 2 items 27, 29, 31, 32, 41–43, 46–50, 56–70 and 72–74 and Sch 4 items 4 and 5: 1 Jul 2010 (F2010L01315)

51

CCA

Principal legislation

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Principal legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Trade Practices Amendment 102 of 2010 13 Jul 2010 (Infrastructure Access) Act 2010

103 of 2010 Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No 2) 2010 (am by Competition and Consumer Legislation Amendment Act 2011 and Statute Law Revision Act 2012) 140 of 2010 Telecommunications Legislation Amendment (Competition and Consumer Safeguards) Act 2010

13 Jul 2010

Financial Framework Legislation Amendment Act 2010 Statute Law Revision Act 2011

148 of 2010

17 Dec 2010

5 of 2011

22 Mar 2011

23 of 2011 Telecommunications Legislation Amendment (National Broadband Network Measures—Access Arrangements) Act 2011 (am by Statute Law Revision Act 2012) Acts Interpretation Amendment Act 46 of 2011 2011

52

15 Dec 2010

12 Apr 2011

27 Jun 2011

follows: Date of commencement Sch 1 items 1–6, 8–43, 45–52 and 54–71, Sch 2, Sch 3 items 1–10, Sch 4 items 1–4 and Sch 5 items 1–19: 14 Jul 2010 Schs 1, 2, 4 and 5: 1 Jan 2011

Sch 1 items 32–39, 114–197, 211 and 212: 1 Jan 2011; Sch 1 items 66 and 67: 6 Mar 2012 Sch 6 item 1: 18 Dec 2010 Sch 7 items 38 and 39: 19 Apr 2011 Sch 1 items 25–82: 13 Apr 2011; Sch 1 items 89–114: 12 Apr 2012 Sch 2 items 409– 441: 27 Dec 2011

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of Amending Legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Carbon Credits (Consequential 102 of 2011 15 Sep 2011 Amendments) Act 2011 Australian Energy Market Amendment 119 of 2011 14 Oct 2011 (National Energy Retail Law) Act 2011 Clean Energy (Consequential Amendments) Act 2011

132 of 2011

18 Nov 2011

follows: Date of commencement Sch 1 item 8: 8 Dec 2011 Sch 2 items 2–12 and 14–25: 1 Jul 2012 Sch 1 items 100– 102: 2 Apr 2012; Sch 1 items 258B– 258D: 1 Jul 2012 Sch 2 items 2–4: 1 Jan 2012; Sch 1: 6 Feb 2012 Sch 1: 6 Jun 2012

Competition and Consumer Legislation 184 of 2011 Amendment Act 2011

6 Dec 2011

Competition and Consumer Amendment Act (No 1) 2011 Telecommunications Legislation Amendment (Universal Service Reform) Act 2012 Consumer Credit Legislation Amendment (Enhancements) Act 2012 Statute Law Revision Act 2012

185 of 2011

6 Dec 2011

44 of 2012

16 Apr 2012

Sch 1 item 4: 1 Jul 2012

130 of 2012

17 Sep 2012

Sch 7: 17 Sep 2013

136 of 2012

22 Sep 2012

Sch 1 items 31–36: 22 Sep 2012 Sch 2 items 160– 167: 3 Dec 2012

Australian Charities and Not-for-profits 169 of 2012 Commission (Consequential and Transitional) Act 2012 Federal Circuit Court of Australia 13 of 2013 (Consequential Amendments) Act 2013

3 Dec 2012

Statute Law Revision Act 2013

29 Jun 2013

© 2017 THOMSON REUTERS

103 of 2013

14 Mar 2013

Sch 1 items 87–92 and Sch 2 item 1: 12 Apr 2013 Sch 1 item 32 and Sch 3 items 69–74: 29 Jun 2013

53

CCA

Principal legislation

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

Principal legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Competition and Consumer Amendment 104 of 2013 29 Jun 2013 Act 2013 30 Jun 2014 Public Governance, Performance and 62 of 2014 Accountability (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2014 Clean Energy Legislation (Carbon Tax 83 of 2014 17 Jul 2014 Repeal) Act 2014 Competition and Consumer Amendment 107 of 2014 24 Sep 2014 (Industry Code Penalties) Act 2014 Omnibus Repeal Day (Autumn 2014) 109 of 2014 16 Oct 2014 Act 2014 Acts and Instruments (Framework Reform) Act 2015 Telecommunications Legislation Amendment (Deregulation) Act 2015 Acts and Instruments (Framework Reform) (Consequential Provisions) Act 2015 Treasury Legislation Amendment (Small Business and Unfair Contract Terms) Act 2015 Statute Law Revision Act (No 1) 2016

Sch 5 items 111 and 112 and Sch 6 item 35: 1 Jul 2014 Sch 2: 18 Jul 2014 Sch 1: 1 Jan 2015 Sch 2 items 2, 3, 112, 113 and 187: 17 Oct 2014 Sch 3 items 68–75: 5 Mar 2016 Sch 1 items 7–10: 1 Jul 2015 Sch 1 items 128– 148: 5 Mar 2016

10 of 2015

5 Mar 2015

38 of 2015

13 Apr 2015

126 of 2015

10 Sep 2015

147 of 2015

12 Nov 2015

Sch 1 items 19–47: 12 Nov 2016

4 of 2016

11 Feb 2016

Sch 4 items 66–68 and Sch 5 item 4: 10 Mar 2016 Sch 1: 25 Feb 2016

Competition and Consumer Amendment 9 of 2016 (Payment Surcharges) Act 2016 Courts Administration Legislation 24 of 2016 Amendment Act 2016

54

follows: Date of commencement Sch 1: 30 Jun 2013

25 Feb 2016 18 Mar 2016

Sch 5 item 8: 1 Jul 2016

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Table of Amending Legislation

Number

Competition and Consumer Act 2010

51 of 1974

Date of gazettal/ Date of commenceassent/registration ment 24 Aug 1974 Ss 1 and 2: 24 Aug 1974; s 55: 27 Sep 1975 (Gaz S178, 8 Sep 1975); remainder: 1 Oct 1974 (Gaz 75B, 13 Sep 1974)

This legislation (formerly titled Trade Practices Act 1974) has been amended as Amending legislation Number Date of gazettal/ assent/registration Territories Legislation Amendment Act 33 of 2016 23 Mar 2016 2016 Statute Update Act 2016 61 of 2016 23 Sep 2016

© 2017 THOMSON REUTERS

follows: Date of commencement Sch 5 items 25–28: 1 Jul 2016 Sch 1 items 152 and 153 and Sch 3 items 13 and 14: 21 Oct 2016

55

CCA

Principal legislation

An Act relating to competition, fair trading and consumer protection, and for other purposes [Long title am Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 1, with effect from 1 Jan 2011]

PART I – PRELIMINARY 1

Short title This Act may be cited as the Competition and Consumer Act 2010.

[S 1 am Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 2, with effect from 1 Jan 2011]

SECTION 1 COMMENTARY Background ........................................................................................................................................ [CCA.1.20] Further reading .................................................................................................................................. [CCA.1.40]

Background

The Australian Industries Preservation Act 1906 (Cth) was Australia’s first competition law. That Act was modelled on the US Sherman Act 1890 which was directed at resolving public concern in the USA at the abuse of power by large and powerful conglomerates, especially in the oil, railway and tobacco industries. The Sherman Act 1890 contains two brief prohibitions: Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal … Every person who shall monopolise, or attempt to monopolise, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolise any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanour … The Australian Industries Preservation Act 1906 was directed against contracts and “combinations” in restraint of interstate or overseas trade and commerce. Under the Act, a person found to have entered such a contract or to have been party to such a “combination” was liable for a fine and treble damages, unless the person could establish that the conduct was neither a detriment to the public nor unreasonable in all of the circumstances. Although the Sherman Act 1890 flourished in the USA, the Australian legislation suffered a different fate. The first attempt to apply its provisions to monopolistic business practices ended in a constitutional challenge, Huddart, Parker & Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead [1909] HCA 36; (1909) 8 CLR 330; 15 ALR 241, in which the High Court declared key provisions of the statute unconstitutional because they purported to regulate corporate behaviour, a power reserved to the States. After a further successful challenge to the statute in the context of combinations to control prices, output and distribution of coal in interstate trade, Attorney-General (Cth) v Adelaide Steamship Company Ltd (1913) 18 CLR 30; [1913] AC 781; (1913) 19 ALR 405; 109 LT 258; 29 TLR 743; 83 LJPC 84 (the Coal Vend Case), the Australian legislation was no longer thought workable. Attempts to redress the issue through constitutional amendment failed. Thereafter, although the legislation was not repealed until 1965, it served no useful purpose. © 2017 THOMSON REUTERS

57

CCA ss 1-6AA

[CCA.1.20]

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s2

[CCA.1.20]

Sir Garfield Barwick is credited with reviving interest in anti-monopoly laws in this country. Barwick is reputed to have convinced the then Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, to include in the Governor-General’s speech at the opening of Parliament a statement that “[t]he development of tendencies to monopoly and restrictive practices in commerce and industry has engaged the attention of the government which will give consideration to legislation to protect and strengthen free enterprise against such a development”: House of Representatives Hansard, 8 March 1960. In December 1962, Barwick’s proposal for legislation based on the UK Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1956 was presented to Parliament, but it was not until 1965 that the legislation was actually passed, receiving Royal Assent on 18 December 1965. That new legislation, the Trade Practices Act 1965 (Cth), introduced the concept of examinable agreements and practices which were examinable by a new tribunal, the Trade Practices Tribunal, to determine whether they were contrary to the public interest, on application only by an independent Commissioner of Trade Practices. Subsequent constitutional challenges established the right of the Commonwealth to legislate in relation to corporations: see Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd (1971) 124 CLR 468; 45 ALJR 485; [1972] ALR 3. Armed with the constitutional authority to move against monopolistic practices, the Whitlam Labor Government, elected in 1972, set about designing a new competition and consumer protection statute for Australia based once again on the US model. Lionel Murphy, then the Attorney-General and later a Justice of the High Court, introduced the Trade Practices Bill 1974 and after heated debate that Bill became law on 1 October 1974. In 2008 the Productivity Commission published a report on the state of consumer protection laws in Australia: Review of Australia’s Consumer Policy Framework, Inquiry Report No 45 (Canberra, 30 April 2008). That report recommended a complete overhaul of relevant Federal, State and Territory consumer protection laws because legislation had developed over time into a complex and disharmonious legislative framework, containing many overlaps and inconsistencies, which led to confusion for both businesses and consumers as to rights, remedies and compliance needs. The result is the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) – a single harmonious legislative framework for the Commonwealth, States and Territories, based on the consumer protection provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) (Pts IVA, V, VA and VC plus definitions and offences) and the unfair contract terms provisions of the Fair Trading Act 1999 (Vic), and housed in Sch 2 to the TPA, that came into force on 1 January 2011. The Act itself was renamed the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA). [CCA.1.40]

Further reading

Marr, Barwick (Unwin, 1980), Ch 15; Masterman and Solomon, Australian Trade Practices Law (Butterworths, 1967), p 33; Donald and Heydon, Trade Practices Law (Law Book Co, 1978), Ch 1; Richardson, Introduction to Australian Trade Practices Act (Hicks Smith, 1967); Walker, Australian Monopoly Law (Cheshire); Whitlam, The Whitlam Government (Penguin, 1985), pp 624-627; Productivity Commission Review of Australia’s Consumer Policy Framework, Inquiry Report No 45 (Canberra, 30 April 2008). 2

Object of this Act

The object of this Act is to enhance the welfare of Australians through the promotion of competition and fair trading and provision for consumer protection. [S 2 reinsrt Act 88 of 1995, s 3; rep Act 81 of 1977, s 3]

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Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Part I – Preliminary [CCA.2.20]

s 2A

SECTION 2 COMMENTARY [CCA.2.20]

Interpretation of the Act

The Act, in particular Pt IV, is a complex piece of legal drafting. As cases before the courts show, especially on issues such as the correct interpretation and application of s 46 (misuse of market power) and s 4D (exclusionary provision), the words of the sections are open to a wide variety of possible interpretations. It is therefore instructive to reflect on the following statement by Kirby J (in minority) in Visy Paper Pty Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 59; (2003) 216 CLR 1; 77 ALJR 1893; 201 ALR 414 at [70] (ALR): It is in the context of such legislative opacity and unwieldiness that it is essential, in my view, to adopt a construction of the TPA that achieves the apparent purposes of that Act by furthering the objectives of Australian competition law. Keeping such purposes in mind helps to shine the light essential to finding one’s way through the maze created by the statutory language. Even then, there is a substantial danger of losing one’s way in the encircling gloom. As McHugh J said in the same case: Questions of construction are notorious for generating opposing answers, none of which can be said to be either clearly right or clearly wrong. Frequently, there is simply no “right” answer to a question of construction. Application of Act to Commonwealth and Commonwealth authorities

(1) [Act binds the Crown] Subject to this section and sections 44AC, 44E and 95D, this Act binds the Crown in right of the Commonwealth in so far as the Crown in right of the Commonwealth carries on a business, either directly or by an authority of the Commonwealth. [Subs (1) am Act 108 of 2004, s 3 and Sch 1 item 1; Act 134 of 2003, s 3 and Sch 2 item 32; Act 88 of 1995, s 35; Act 34 of 1989, s 3]

(2) [Act applies as if Commonwealth were a corporation] Subject to the succeeding provisions of this section, this Act applies as if: (a) the Commonwealth, in so far as it carries on a business otherwise than by an authority of the Commonwealth; and (b) each authority of the Commonwealth (whether or not acting as an agent of the Crown in right of the Commonwealth) in so far as it carries on a business; were a corporation. (3) [Crown immune to liability] Nothing in this Act makes the Crown in right of the Commonwealth liable to a pecuniary penalty or to be prosecuted for an offence. [Subs (3) subst Act 88 of 1995, s 80]

(3A) [Liability for Commonwealth authorities] The protection in subsection (3) does not apply to an authority of the Commonwealth. [Subs (3A) insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 80]

(4) [Application of Part IV] Part IV does not apply in relation to the business carried on by the Commonwealth in developing, and disposing of interests in, land in the Australian Capital Territory. [S 2A am Act 108 of 2004; Act 134 of 2003; Act 88 of 1995; Act 34 of 1989; insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 4]

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59

CCA ss 1-6AA

2A

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 2A

[CCA.2A.20]

SECTION 2A COMMENTARY Summary ......................................................................................................................................... [CCA.2A.20] Proposals for Change ...................................................................................................................... [CCA.2A.40] Concept: Crown in right of the Commonwealth .............................................................................. [CCA.2A.60] Concept: carries on a business ....................................................................................................... [CCA.2A.80] Definition: person ........................................................................................................................... [CCA.2A.100] Definition: authority ........................................................................................................................ [CCA.2A.120] Land in the Australian Capital Territory ......................................................................................... [CCA.2A.140] Cases ............................................................................................................................................. [CCA.2A.160]

[CCA.2A.20]

Summary

The Act binds the Commonwealth, and Commonwealth authorities insofar as they carry on business. The intention is that those dealing in a business context with the Commonwealth and its authorities will have the same protection as when dealing with others. The section overcomes the general principle that no statute binds the Crown unless the Crown is expressly named in it or unless there is a necessary implication that the Crown is to be bound: Province of Bombay v Bombay Municipal Corp [1947] AC 58. A fundamental first question in considering the application of this section is whether or not the entity under consideration is, in fact, part of the Crown. If it is not then the Act will apply to it without reference to this section. The concept “carrying on business” has different meanings in different contexts so determining when the Act will apply to the Commonwealth and its authorities is not always a straight-forward issue, especially as s 4 makes it clear that the term “business” includes businesses not carried on for profit. In the context of the Act, the concept involves engaging in, or commencing to engage in, continuous and repetitive activities of a business nature as a going concern. However, a number of specific exceptions are listed in s 2C. For the most part, activities listed would seem to be governmental in nature, rather than of a business character. A second point of note is that the Act only applies “insofar as” the Commonwealth or authority is carrying on a business. It does not necessarily apply to all activities undertaken by the relevant Commonwealth entity. The Commonwealth cannot be found liable for pecuniary penalties nor can it be prosecuted (for example for a cartel offence), but this does not extend to their authorities. Section 46B makes it clear that the Commonwealth and its authorities are not immune from the application of the prohibition in the New Zealand Commerce Act 1986 on taking advantage of market power in trans-Tasman markets, or production of documents in an investigation by the New Zealand Commerce Commission of possible contraventions of that prohibition. [CCA.2A.40]

Proposals for Change

On 24 November 2015, the Government announced that it supports the recommendation of the Competition Policy Review (Harper Review) that s 2A be amended to apply the competition provisions of the Act to the Commonwealth and its authorities insofar as they undertake activities in trade or commerce, rather than only to the extent that they carry on a business. [CCA.2A.60]

Concept: Crown in right of the Commonwealth

Whether or not Crown immunity applies in relation to challenged conduct is to be determined by reference to the legislation establishing the body the activities engaged in pursuant to that legislation and the nature and extent of governmental or ministerial control: Inglis v Commonwealth Trading Bank [1969] HCA 44; (1969) 119 CLR 334; 43 ALJR 330; [1970] ALR 241. It is necessary to determine, through interpretation of the legislation, whether the relevant activities are to be classified as activities of the Crown. In that

60

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Part I – Preliminary [CCA.2A.80]

s 2A

[CCA.2A.80] Concept: carries on a business Section 2A makes it clear that the Commonwealth is only to be bound by the Act where the conduct complained of is engaged in, in the course of carrying on a business. In other words, the section confirms, by implication, that Crown immunity applies except to the extent that it is abrogated insofar as the Crown carries on business, either directly or by Commonwealth authority: see ACCC v Australian Egg Corp Ltd [2016] FCA 69; ATPR 42–519. Those dealing with the Commonwealth when it actually conducts a business have the same protection as when dealing with private traders but do not have that protection in other dealings with the Commonwealth: JS McMillan Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 77 FCR 337; 147 ALR 419; [1997] ATPR (Digest) 46-175. The term “business” is defined in CCA s 4 and ACL s 2(1), but only in an inclusive sense to make it clear that to constitute a business the relevant activities do not have to be carried on for profit: see [CCA.4.100]. While the word “business” in any particular context takes its meaning from that context, normally it is a “wide and general” word: Actors and Announcers Equity Assn of Australia v Fontana Films Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR 169; 56 ALJR 366; 40 ALR 609; [1982] ATPR 40-285 at 184 (CLR) per Gibbs CJ; NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021. See also Hope v Bathurst City Council (1980) 144 CLR 1; 54 ALJR 345; 29 ALR 577; 12 ATR 231 at 8-9 (CLR), 582-583 (ALR). Section 2C is also relevant. It lists a series of governmental activities which will not be regarded, if engaged in by the Commonwealth or a State or Territory, as carrying on business: see [CCA.2C.20]. The term “carrying on business” has different meanings in different contexts: Luckins v Highway Motel (Carnarvon) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 164; 50 ALJR 309; 7 ALR 413 at 178 (CLR). The term “business” is not a term of legal art. It is “an etymological chameleon; it suits its meaning to the context in which it is found”: Town Investments Ltd v Department of the Environment [1978] AC 359 at 383. In Hope v Bathurst City Council (1980) 144 CLR 1; 54 ALJR 345; 29 ALR 577; 12 ATR 231 at 8-9 (CLR), Mason J stated that the term “business” denotes “activities undertaken as a commercial enterprise in the nature of a going concern, that is, activities engaged in for the purpose of profit on a continuous and repetitive basis” or, as Gibbs J put it in Smith v Capewell (1979) 142 CLR 509; 53 ALJR 725; 26 ALR 507 at 517 (CLR): “‘carry on business’, in its ordinary meaning, signifies a course of conduct involving the performance of a succession of acts, and not simply the effecting of one solitary transaction.” See also GEC Marconi Systems Pty Ltd v BHP Information Technology Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 50; (2003) 128 FCR 1; Corrections Corporation of Australia Pty Ltd v Commonwealth [2000] FCA 1280; (2000) 104 FCR 448. The object of the Act (insofar as it applies to the Commonwealth) is to prevent anti-competitive conduct in the course of carrying on a business. It may be assumed that the Act is intended to apply from the earliest point of commencement of carrying on business. Accordingly, the Commonwealth may be regarded as beginning to carry on a business, for instance of constructing and operating an asset, as soon as it starts to take steps to acquire the asset for the purposes of that operation: Murphy v State of Victoria [2014] VSCA 238; (2014) 289 FLR 337.

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CCA ss 1-6AA

respect, matters such as the nature of the activities and the extent of ministerial control over those activities will be relevant: see Townsville Hospitals Board v Townsville City Council (1982) 149 CLR 282; 56 ALJR 789; 42 ALR 319. Most of the cases relating to this issue have considered the difficult question of whether or not a particular statutory authority was entitled to immunity because it was to be regarded as part of the Crown or not: see, for example, Inglis v Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia (1969) 119 CLR 334; 43 ALJR 330; [1970] ALR 241; NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power & Water Authority [2002] FCAFC 302; (2002) 122 FCR 399; [2003] ATPR 41-909; ACCC v Australian Egg Corp Ltd [2016] FCA 69; ATPR 42–519; Re Burgundy Royale Investments Pty Ltd; the Esplanade Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1987) 18 FCR 212; [1988] ATPR 40-835; [1987] FCA 454. However, as the Act applies to the Crown in the right of the Commonwealth, whether acting directly or through an authority, the distinction between what is, and what is not, an act of the Crown is irrelevant.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 2A

[CCA.2A.80]

However, repetitiveness alone is not sufficient to constitute carrying on of a business. As Emmett J pointed out in JS McMillan Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 77 FCR 337; 147 ALR 419; [1997] ATPR (Digest) 46-175 at 354 (FCR): it does not necessarily follow that one who has transactions of the same kind systematically or regularly is carrying on a business in those transactions. The example of regular deposits to a bank account is sufficient to explain that proposition. Absence of a system and regularity might deny that a business is being carried on but the presence does not necessarily establish that it is. See also Hungier v Grace (1972) 127 CLR 210; 46 ALJR 492; [1972-73] ALR 759 at 217 (CLR). Nothing in the Act limits the meaning of “business” by reference to the criteria for market definition. Businesses often operate across the boundaries of separate markets: NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021 at [69]. The Act only applies “in so far as” the Commonwealth carries on business. This means that it is not sufficient to determine that some business is carried on. What is required is a determination that, in undertaking the conduct complained of, the Commonwealth did so as part of carrying on business: JS McMillan Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 77 FCR 337; 147 ALR 419; [1997] ATPR (Digest) 46-175; NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power & Water Authority [2001] FCA 334; (2001) 184 ALR 481; [2001] ATPR 41-814. However, to come within the provision, the conduct need not itself be the actual business engaged in: NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021 at [67]. The carrying out of the functions of government in the performance of its statutory duty, whether directly or through an authority, is unlikely to be characterised as “carrying on a business”: Village Building Company Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Limited (No 2) [2004] FCA 133; (2004) 134 FCR 422. [CCA.2A.100]

Definition: person

The Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) provides that the word “person” includes a body politic unless the legislation evidences a contrary intention. As a result of s 2A, there is a contrary intention in relation to the term “person” in ss 6(3) and 75B: Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd [1999] HCA 9; (1999) 198 CLR 334; 73 ALJR 522; 161 ALR 399; [1999] ATPR 41-682. [CCA.2A.120]

Definition: authority

An “authority” is either a body corporate established for a purpose of the Commonwealth by or under a law of either the Commonwealth or a Territory, or an incorporated company in which the Commonwealth has a controlling interest, either directly or through a statutory authority: see s 4. In ACCC v Australian Egg Corp Ltd [2016] FCA 69; ATPR 42–519 (White J) the court considered whether the respondent was an “authority of the Crown”. The company was incorporated under the corporation law rather than special legislation, but was the body declared by legislation to promote the egg industry. It received Commonwealth grants for promotion of the industry and for research and development. The legislation provided for ministerial direction to the respondent in limited circumstances, including where the Minister was satisfied that a direction is in Australia’s national interest because of exceptional and urgent circumstances. Many functions performed by the respondent were the same as, or similar to, those of the statutory research and development corporations. Although there were a number of close ties between the respondent and the Australian Government, they were not sufficient to warrant the respondent being characterised as an agent or emanation of the Crown. The term “controlling interest” in s 4 is not defined, but the normal meaning is that the Commonwealth will be regarded as having a controlling interest in a company if it controls the board of the company or holds more than 50% of the voting shares in the company, either directly or through a statutory authority.

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s 2A Land in the Australian Capital Territory

Section 2A(4) specifically exempts from the restrictive trade practices provisions of the Act, but not from the consumer protection provisions or any other operative provisions, any business carried on by the Commonwealth in developing and disposing of land in the Australian Capital Territory. This exemption would appear to be of little current utility because land development and disposal in the Territory is now carried on by the ACT Government, although it continues to apply to land held by the Commonwealth, such as Federal Government buildings. Whether or not the restrictive trade practices provisions of the Act apply to development and disposal of land by the Territory Government is a matter to be determined under s 2B.

[CCA.2A.160] Cases • ACCC v Australian Egg Corp Ltd [2016] FCA 69; ATPR 42–519. The respondent was formed to promote and provide research and development for the egg industry. Although there were a number of close ties between the respondent and the Australian Government, they were not sufficient to warrant the respondent being characterised as an agent or emanation of the Crown. • ACCC v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 581; [2005] ATPR 42-066. It was conceded that, in procurement of medical supplies for public hospitals, the relevant procurement authority was not carrying on a business. • Commonwealth v Griffıths [2007] NSWCA 370; (2007) 70 NSWLR 268; 245 ALR 172. The Australian Forensic Drug Laboratory, a Commonwealth analytical laboratory provided an incorrect certificate to the police for prosecution purposes. It was conceded that it was arguable that the laboratory carried on business of supplying certificates, but the court accepted that this was not done in trade or commerce. • Markit Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) [2006] QSC 157; [2007] 1 Qd R 253. The Commissioner was not carrying on a business when bringing proceedings for penalties for non-payment of taxes. That activity was governmental in nature. • RP Data Limited v State of Queensland [2007] FCA 1639. The court found, in a case based on s 46, that the respondent was carrying on a business with respect to the supply of bulk data to licensees. • NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021. The question for the High Court was whether or not the Authority, a Northern Territory statutory body corporation that sold electricity it generated and transported, had breached s 46 by declining to make transmission facilities available to a competing generator. The court had little difficulty in finding that the Authority was carrying on a business within the meaning of the then TPA. • Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd (No 2) [2004] FCA 133; (2004) 134 FCR 422; 208 ALR 98; [2004] ATPR 41-979; [2004] Aust Contract R 90-190. The court found that, in endorsing a noise exposure forecast in relation to the respondent’s airport, Airservices Australia, a statutory authority, was not carrying on a business. • Sirway Asia Pacific Pty Ltd v Commonwealth [2002] FCA 1152; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-226. Sirway brought proceedings for alleged breach of the then TPA when the Department of Defence cancelled a tender contract for the supply of crockery, claiming that the Department had engaged in misleading conduct in cancelling the contract. In response to the proposition that the Act did

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In the Australian Capital Territory prior to self-government, residential land development was undertaken by the Department of Arts, Sport, Environment, Tourism and Territories in conjunction with the National Capital Development Commission. For a case involving proceedings under former TPA Pt V relating to the sale of land in the Australian Capital Territory prior to self-government, see Phillip & Anton Homes Pty Ltd v Commonwealth [1988] ATPR 40-838; [1988] ASC 55-635.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 2A

[CCA.2A.160]

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

not apply, Sirway asserted that the Commonwealth was carrying on a business of trading or acquiring chinaware in industrial quantities. The argument was rejected. Corrections Corp of Australia Pty Ltd v Commonwealth [2000] FCA 1280; (2000) 104 FCR 448; [2000] ATPR 41-787. The running of detention centres by the Commonwealth Department of Immigration & Multicultural Affairs was found not to amount to the Commonwealth carrying on a business and therefore, the Commonwealth was not carrying on business when it called for tenders to run detention centres. Paramedical Services Pty Ltd v The Ambulance Service of New South Wales [1999] FCA 548. The court found that, in relation to the provision of ambulance services at sporting events, the NSW Ambulance Service was carrying on a business. JS McMillan Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 77 FCR 337; 147 ALR 419; [1997] ATPR (Digest) 46-175. This case involved a challenge to a tender for the sale of a Commonwealth printing business because a tenderer thought the Commonwealth had engaged in misleading conduct. The court decided that s 2A makes it clear that the Commonwealth is only to be bound by the Act where the conduct complained of takes place in the course of carrying on a business. It did not apply in this case because the conduct claimed to be misleading occurred when the Commonwealth was selling a business, not when it was carrying on the business. Mid Density Development Pty Ltd v Rockdale Municipal Council (1992) 39 FCR 579; [1993] ATPR (Digest) 46-100. The court had to decide whether or not the Council was a corporation for the purposes of the then TPA. Although the court did not consider directly what may or may not be included in the term “a business” the characterisation by the court of various Council activities is informative. Davies J concluded that in charging fees for zoning certificates the Council was performing a statutory duty for which the relevant legislation permitted it to charge a fee, and providing or contracting out garbage collection services was nothing more than carrying out a function of government in the interests of the community. National Management Services (Aust) Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1990) 9 BCL 190. A dispute arose in relation to the construction of a building in Sydney to provide offices for the Cabinet and Ministers. The development was carried out by the relevant Federal department. McLelland J rejected the proposition that the Commonwealth was engaged in a business in developing the building. Actors and Announcers Equity Assn of Australia v Fontana Films Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR 169; 56 ALJR 366; 40 ALR 609; [1982] ATPR 40-285. A dispute arose between Fontana and the union over a black ban on Fontana because Fontana did not agree to only employ actors who were members of the union. The matter reached the High Court on a challenge by the union to the validity of s 45D of the then TPA. The statutory context in which the High Court had to consider the meaning of the term “business” was that s 45D(1)(b) dealt with conduct that had the purpose or likely effect of causing substantial loss or damage to Fontana’s “business”. The question was whether s 45D(1)(b) was invalid, given that the term “business” has, depending on the context, a very wide meaning. Referring to prior decisions, the court accepted that the term “business” in s 45D is not restricted to trading activities. Thomson Publications (Aust) Pty Ltd v TPC (1979) 40 FLR 257; 27 ALR 551; [1979] ATPR 40-133. The applicant sought to have set aside terms of settlement reached between various hoteliers and the Trade Practices Commission relating to the circulation of liquor prices. The applicant argued that the implementation of the terms of settlement, in relation to its business of publishing liquor guides, would result in the Trade Practices Commission being involved in a contravention of the provisions of s 45D. The Commission was found not to have been carrying on a business.

See also [CCA.2B.80].

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2B

s 2B

Application of Act to States and Territories

(1) [Binding provisions] The following provisions of this Act bind the Crown in right of each of the States, of the Northern Territory and of the Australian Capital Territory, so far as the Crown carries on a business, either directly or by an authority of the State or Territory: (a) Part IV; (aa) Part V; (b) Part XIB; (c) the other provisions of this Act so far as they relate to the above provisions. [Subs (1) am Act 83 of 2014, s 3 and Sch 2 item 1, with effect from 18 Jul 2014; Act 111 of 2009, s 3 and Sch 1 item 26; Act 61 of 1999, s 3 and Sch 1 item 1; subst Act 58 of 1997, s 3 and Sch 1 item 1]

(2) [Crown immune to liability] Nothing in this Act renders the Crown in right of a State or Territory liable to a pecuniary penalty or to be prosecuted for an offence. (3) [Liability for State/Territory authorities] The protection in subsection (2) does not apply to an authority of a State or Territory. [S 2B am Act 83 of 2014; Act 111 of 2009; Act 61 of 1999; Act 58 of 1997; insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 81]

Background ...................................................................................................................................... [CCA.2B.20] Summary ......................................................................................................................................... [CCA.2B.40] Proposals for Change ...................................................................................................................... [CCA.2B.60] Concept: Crown in right of a State or Territory ............................................................................... [CCA.2B.80] Definition: business ....................................................................................................................... [CCA.2B.100] Definition: authority ........................................................................................................................ [CCA.2B.120] Application to States as persons ................................................................................................... [CCA.2B.140] Other exemptions .......................................................................................................................... [CCA.2B.160] Cases ............................................................................................................................................. [CCA.2B.180] Further reading .............................................................................................................................. [CCA.2B.200]

[CCA.2B.20]

Background

Until 1996, the then TPA did not apply to the Crown in the right of any of the States, nor did it apply to any instrumentality or any agent of any State: Bradken Consolidated Ltd v BHP (1979) 145 CLR 107; 53 ALJR 452; 24 ALR 9; [1979] ATPR 40-106; (1979) 5 TPC 1; F Sharkey and Co Pty Ltd v Fisher (1980) 50 FLR 130; 33 ALR 173; [1980] ATPR 40-185; State Superannuation Board v TPC (1982) 60 FLR 165; 41 ALR 279; [1980] ATPR 40-282; (1982) 1 TPR 326; New South Wales Bar Assn v Forbes Macfie Hansen Pty Ltd (1988) 18 FCR 378; 82 ALR 431; [1988] 40-875. This immunity extends to the Crown in the right of the Northern Territory: Burgundy Royale Investments Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1987) 18 FCR 212; 76 ALR 173; [1988] ATPR 40-835. However, s 2B changed that position. [CCA.2B.40]

Summary

The Act binds the Crown in the right of a State or the Australian Capital Territory or Northern Territory insofar as the Crown carries on a business either directly or through an authority.

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SECTION 2B COMMENTARY

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 2B

[CCA.2B.40]

A fundamental first question in considering the application of this section is whether or not the entity under consideration is, in fact, part of the Crown. If it is not then the Act will apply to it without reference to this section. The concept “carrying on business” has different meanings in different contexts so determining when the Act will apply to the States and Territories and their authorities is not always a straight-forward issue, especially as s 4 makes it clear that the term “business” includes businesses not carried on for profit. In the context of the Act, the concept involves engaging in, or commencing to engage in, continuous and repetitive activities of a business nature as a going concern. However, a number of specific exceptions are listed in s 2C. For the most part activities listed would seem to be governmental in nature, rather than of a business character. A second point of note is that the Act only applies “insofar as” the States and Territories and their authorities is carrying on a business. It does not necessarily apply to all activities undertaken by the relevant entity. There is a slight difference in wording between s 2A(1) and s 2B(1) but it is of no significance: Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd [1999] HCA 9; (1999) 198 CLR 334; 73 ALJR 522; 161 ALR 399; [1999] ATPR 41-682 at 348 (CLR); NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power & Water Authority [2002] FCAFC 302; (2002) 122 FCR 399; [2003] ATPR 41-909. States and Territories cannot be found liable for pecuniary penalties nor can they be prosecuted (for example for a cartel offence), but this does not extend to their authorities. [CCA.2B.60]

Proposals for Change

On 24 November 2015, the Government announced that it supports the recommendation of the Competition Policy Review (Harper Review) s 2B be amended to apply the competition provisions of the Act to the States and Territories and their authorities insofar as they undertake activities in trade or commerce, rather than only to the extent that they carry on a business. [CCA.2B.80]

Concept: Crown in right of a State or Territory

In order to determine whether or not a State statutory body is entitled to be treated as being part of the Crown an analysis of the legislation by which it was established and the activities engaged in pursuant to that legislation has to be undertaken. It is necessary to determine, through interpretation of the legislation constituting the body, whether its activities are to be classified as activities of the Crown. In that respect matters such as the nature of the activities of the body and the extent of ministerial control over its activities will be relevant: see Townsville Hospitals Board v Townsville City Council (1982) 149 CLR 282; 56 ALJR 789; 42 ALR 319. In Inglis v Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia (1969) 119 CLR 334; 43 ALJR 330; [1970] ALR 241 at 337-338 (CLR), 331 (ALJR), Kitto J said: The decisive question is not whether the activities and functions with which the respondent is endowed are traditionally governmental in character, though their possession of a traditional or generally accepted governmental character may well help in the ascertainment of the legislative intention. The question is rather what intention appears from the provisions relating to the respondent in the relevant statute: is it, on the one hand, an intention that the Commonwealth shall operate in a particular field through a corporation created for the purpose; or is it, on the other hand, an intention to put into the field a corporation to perform its functions independently of the Commonwealth, that is to say otherwise than as a Commonwealth instrument, so that the concept of a Commonwealth activity cannot realistically be applied to that which the corporation does? In NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power & Water Authority [2002] FCAFC 302; (2002) 122 FCR 399; [2003] ATPR 41-909 at [126] (ATPR), Finkelstein J explained the position as follows: If the Crown is able to control the activities of the corporation (whether directly, by instruction or direction, or indirectly, pursuant to a power to remove those in control of its operations otherwise than

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s 2B

EXAMPLE • Auswest Timbers Pty Ltd v Secretary, Department of Sustainability and Environment [2010] VSC 389; (2010) 241 FLR 360. The defendant, a corporation established under the Conservation, Forests and Lands Act 1987 (Vic), was found to be part of the Crown. • NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021. The Authority was held to be part of the Crown but Gasco Pty Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Authority, was not. • E v Australian Red Cross Soc (1991) 27 FCR 310; 99 ALR 601; [1991] ATPR 41-085. The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, a State statutory corporation, was held not to be part of the Crown. • Bradken Consolidated Ltd v BHP (1979) 145 CLR 107; 53 ALJR 452; 24 ALR 9; [1979] ATPR 40-106; (1979) 5 TPC 1. The Queensland Commissioner of Railways, who operated significant rail services, was held to be part of the Crown. • Burgundy Royale Investments Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1987) 18 FCR 212; 76 ALR 173; [1988] ATPR 40-835. The Territory Loans Corporation of the Northern Territory was found to be part of the Crown. • State Superannuation Board v TPC (1982) 60 FLR 165; 41 ALR 279; [1982] ATPR 40-282; (1982) 1 TPR 326. The Board, a Victorian statutory authority, was found to have a level of independence from the Government sufficient to exclude it being regarded as part of the Crown. [CCA.2B.100]

Definition: business

See [CCA.2A.80]. [CCA.2B.120]

Definition: authority

See [CCA.2A.120]. [CCA.2B.140]

Application to States as persons

The Acts Interpretation Act 1901 provides that the word “person” includes a body politic unless the legislation evidences a contrary intention. The Act contains a contrary intention insofar as States and Territories carry on business. Section 2B makes it clear that the Act is to apply to: • all persons carrying on business within the State or Territory; • all bodies incorporated or registered under a law of the State or Territory; • persons ordinarily resident in or otherwise connected with the State or Territory; • the government of the State or Territory insofar as it carries on business; and • statutory authorities of the State or Territory insofar as they carry on business. In Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd [1999] HCA 9; (1999) 198 CLR 334; 73 ALJR 522; 161 ALR 399; [1999] ATPR 41-682 at [24] (ATPR) the High Court said: It is extremely unlikely that the Commonwealth Parliament intended that s 75B(1) should apply to activities of the State engaged in solely for traditional governmental purposes, particularly when it limited the Act’s application to the Commonwealth to its business activities. And there is no basis for thinking that the word “person” bears different meanings in ss 6(3) and 75B(1). Given these considerations and given, also, that the word “person” in ss 6(3) and 75B(1) does not extend to the

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for misconduct or incapacity) the corporation will usually be the alter ego of the Crown. So in every case where the question arises it is necessary to examine the nature and degree of control that the Crown exercises over the corporation. If the corporation is subject to the same control as a governmental department it is likely to be the alter ego of the Crown. If the corporation is largely free of ministerial control then it is unlikely to be the Crown’s alter ego.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 2BA

[CCA.2B.140]

Commonwealth, it is to be concluded that the Act evinces an intention that, contrary to s 22(1)(a) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901, a State is not a “person” for the purpose of those sections. [CCA.2B.160]

Other exemptions

All States, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory have a limited right to exclude activities of their statutory authorities from Pt IV of the Act by enacting special legislation for that purpose: see s 51(1)(b), (c) and (d). [CCA.2B.180] Cases • ACCC v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd [2007] HCA 38; (2007) 232 CLR 1; 81 ALJR 1622; 237 ALR 512; [2007] ATPR 42-172. In adopting a practice of lodging bundled tenders for procurement contracts with state health authorities, where the bundle involved conduct that could be regarded as being in breach of s 46 or s 47, the respondent was not entitled to derivative Crown immunity even though the health authorities were not carrying on a business in undertaking the procurements. Bradken Consolidated Ltd v BHP (1979) 145 CLR 107; 53 ALJR 452; 24 ALR 9; [1979] ATPR 40-106; (1979) 5 TPC 1 overruled. • NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021. The appellant sought access to the respondent’s electricity transmission and distribution network to enable it to sell its electricity. The respondent refused. The appellant succeeded in establishing that the respondent’s refusal was in the course of its carrying on a business. The respondent was not able to claim exemption under the licence exclusion. • Lin v State Rail Authority of New South Wales [2003] FCA 1345. The applicant ran a kiosk on a railway station under a lease from the respondent. When another tenant at the station commenced selling newspapers and magazines in competition with her the applicant brought proceedings against the respondent under former TPA s 51AC (ACL s 22). The court held that, as s 2B did not extend to former TPA Pt IVA, the cause of action was not available. [CCA.2B.200]

Further reading

See Report by the Independent Committee of Enquiry into National Competition Policy (Hilmer Report) (AGPS, August 1993); Dixon, “When are State Government Owned Corporations Caught by Part IV of the Trade Practices Act?” (1996) 4 TPLJ 118. For the cases which defined whether or not the Crown in the right of a State was subject to the Act prior to the enactment of s 2B, see Bourke v State Bank of New South Wales (1990) 170 CLR 276; 64 ALJR 406; 93 ALR 460; [1990] ATPR 41-033; Bradken Consolidated Ltd v BHP (1979) 145 CLR 107; 53 ALJR 452; 24 ALR 9; [1979] ATPR 40-106; (1979) 5 TPC 1; Hawthorn Pty Ltd v State Bank of South Australia (1993) 40 FCR 137; 112 ALR 691; [1993] ATPR 41-219; E v Australian Red Cross Soc (1991) 27 FCR 310; 99 ALR 601; [1991] ATPR 41-085; State Government Insurance Corp v GIO (NSW) (1991) 28 FCR 511; 101 ALR 259; 21 IPR 65; [1991] ATPR 41-110; [1991] ASC 56-067; State Superannuation Board v TPC (1982) 60 FLR 165; 41 ALR 279; [1982] ATPR 40-282; (1982) 1 TPR 326; Burgundy Royale Investments Pty Ltd v Westpac Banking Corp (1987) 18 FCR 212; 76 ALR 173; [1988] ATPR 40-835. 2BA

Application of Part IV to local government bodies

(1) [Part IV applies to local government body carrying on business] Part IV applies in relation to a local government body only to the extent that it carries on a business, either directly or by an incorporated company in which it has a controlling interest. (2) [Definition: local government body] In this section:

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s 2C

local government body means a body established by or under a law of a State or Territory for the purposes of local government, other than a body established solely or primarily for the purposes of providing a particular service, such as the supply of electricity or water. [S 2BA insrt Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 10 item 1]

SECTION 2BA COMMENTARY Background ................................................................................................................................... [CCA.2BA.20] Proposals for Change ................................................................................................................... [CCA.2BA.40]

[CCA.2BA.20]

Background

Until s 2BA was introduced in 2007, s 2D excluded from the operation of Pt IV activities by local government bodies in granting, suspending, refusing or varying licences issued by that local government body. In 2002 the Productivity Commission recommended that s 2D be repealed and replaced with a section stating explicitly that Pt IV applies to the business activities of local government. [CCA.2BA.40]

Proposals for Change

2C

Activities that are not business

(1) [List of non-commercial activities] For the purposes of sections 2A, 2B and 2BA, the following do not amount to carrying on a business: (a) imposing or collecting: (i) taxes; or (ii) levies; or (iii) fees for licences; (b) granting, refusing to grant, revoking, suspending or varying licences (whether or not they are subject to conditions); (c) a transaction involving: (i) only persons who are all acting for the Crown in the same right (and none of whom is an authority of the Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory); or (ii) only persons who are all acting for the same authority of the Commonwealth; or (iii) only persons who are all acting for the same authority of a State or Territory; or (iv) only the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and one or more non-commercial authorities of the Commonwealth; or (v) only the Crown in right of a State or Territory and one or more non-commercial authorities of that State or Territory; or (vi) only non-commercial authorities of the Commonwealth; or (vii) only non-commercial authorities of the same State or Territory; or (viii) only persons who are all acting for the same local government body (within the meaning of section 2BA) or for the same incorporated company in which such a body has a controlling interest;

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On 24 November 2015, the Government announced that it supports the recommendation of the Competition Policy Review (Harper Review) that s 2BA of the Act be amended to apply the competition provisions of the Act to local Government insofar as it undertakes activities in trade or commerce, rather than only to the extent that they carry on a business.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 2C

[CCA.2C.20] (d)

the acquisition of primary products by a government body under legislation, unless the acquisition occurs because: (i) the body chooses to acquire the products; or (ii) the body has not exercised a discretion that it has under the legislation that would allow it not to acquire the products.

[Subs (1) am Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 10 items 2 and 3]

(2) [Subsection (1) list not exhaustive] Subsection (1) does not limit the things that do not amount to carrying on a business for the purposes of sections 2A, 2B and 2BA. [Subs (2) am Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 10 item 4]

(3) [Definitions] In this section: acquisition of primary products by a government body under legislation includes vesting of ownership of primary products in a government body by legislation. government body means the Commonwealth, a State, a Territory, an authority of the Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory. licence means a licence that allows the licensee to supply goods or services. primary products means: (a) agricultural or horticultural produce; or (b) crops, whether on or attached to the land or not; or (c) animals (whether dead or alive); or (d) the bodily produce (including natural increase) of animals. (4) [Non-commercial authorities] For the purposes of this section, an authority of the Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory is non-commercial if: (a) it is constituted by only one person; and (b) it is neither a trading corporation nor a financial corporation. [S 2C am Act 131 of 2006; insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 81]

SECTION 2C COMMENTARY Outline ............................................................................................................................................. [CCA.2C.20] Definition: non-commercial authority ............................................................................................... [CCA.2C.40] Licences .......................................................................................................................................... [CCA.2C.60] Taxes ............................................................................................................................................... [CCA.2C.80] Cases ............................................................................................................................................ [CCA.2C.100]

[CCA.2C.20]

Outline

This section aids in determining when a government will be regarded as carrying on business. It is only when carrying on business that government activities are susceptible to the competition provisions of the Act and, in the case of the Commonwealth, the consumer protection and other provisions. The section makes it clear that a State or Territory will not be regarded as carrying on a business when: • the State or Territory imposes or collects taxes, levies, fees or licences; • the State or Territory grants, revokes or takes other action in relation to licences; • the State or Territory enters transactions the only parties to which are the Crown in the right of the particular State or Territory (not being a State or Territory commercial authority); • only non-commercial authorities of the particular State or Territory enter transactions;

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s 2C

• a government body acquires primary products under legislation unless the government body has a discretion about whether or not to make the acquisition. [CCA.2C.40]

Definition: non-commercial authority

An authority will be regarded as a non-commercial authority only if it is constituted by only one person and is neither a trading corporation nor a financial corporation: s 2C(4). For definitions of the terms “financial corporation” and “trading corporation” see [CCA.4.260] and [CCA.4.560] respectively. [CCA.2C.60]

Licences

Section 2B makes it clear that the mere granting, refusing to grant, revoking, suspending or varying of licences will not be regarded as carrying on business. However, if the activities of the authority include granting licences; the authority may be found to be carrying on a business by reason of its other activities: NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021 at [100] (ATPR).

[CCA.2C.80]

Taxes

Section 2C states that imposing and collecting taxes does not amount to carrying on a business. The term “collecting taxes” is not limited to issuing notices of assessment and the receipt of moneys paid in response to an assessment or to demands made after the taxpayer’s failure to pay by the due date. Recourse to legal proceedings for the recovery of taxes due is a part of the collection of taxes. The character of the activities is not changed because the process of collection is rendered more complex and indirect through a taxpayer’s failure to pay: Markit Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) [2006] QSC 157; [2007] 1 Qd R 253 (Muir J); Bride v The Shire of Katanning [2016] FCA 65 (McKerracher J). However, proceedings to recover penalties are in a different category because a penalty is not a tax: Markit Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) [2006] QSC 157; [2007] 1 Qd R 253 (Muir J) applying Woodhams v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation [1998] 4 VR 309 at 321, 322. [CCA.2C.100] Cases • NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021. The refusal by the respondent to provide electricity transmission and distribution services to the appellant was found to have been engaged in by the Authority in carrying on business within s 2C. The respondent was not able to claim exemption under the licence exclusion. • NSW v RT & YE Falls Investments Pty Ltd [2003] NSWCA 54; (2003) 57 NSWLR 1; [2003] ASAL 55-107. The NSW Department of Agriculture for statements made to a cattle owner in the course of a campaign to eradicate a bovine disease by testing and destroying affected cattle. • Corrections Corp of Australia Pty Ltd v Commonwealth [2000] FCA 1280; (2000) 104 FCR 448; [2000] ATPR 41-787. The running of detention centres by the Commonwealth Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs was found not to amount to the Commonwealth carrying on a business and therefore the Commonwealth was not carrying on business when it called for tenders to run detention centres.

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The term “licence” refers to an entitlement to undertake some activity which would otherwise be unlawful as, for example, an entry upon a person’s land, or the infringement of a patent or copyright. It is an authority to do something which would otherwise be wrongful or illegal or inoperative: Federal Commissioner of Taxation v United Aircraft Corp (1943) 68 CLR 525; [1944] ALR 23 at 533 (CLR); NT Power Generation Pty Ltd v Power and Water Authority [2004] HCA 48; (2004) 219 CLR 90; 79 ALJR 1; 210 ALR 312; [2004] ATPR 42-021 at [101] (ATPR).

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 2D

[CCA.2C.100] • FAI General Insurance Co Ltd v Workcover Corp of SA [1998] ATPR 41-639. The respondent sought to strike out a statement of claim on the basis that it was not susceptible to the Act because its function was to collect taxes. The court refused the application. • JS McMillan Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 77 FCR 337; 147 ALR 419; [1997] ATPR (Digest) 46-175. The Commonwealth was found not to be engaging in a business when it issued a tender for the outsourcing of the role of the Australian Government Publishing Service.

2D

Exemption of certain activities of local government bodies from Part IV [Repealed]

[S 2D rep Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 10 item 5; insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 81]

3

Repeal The Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1971 and the Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1972 are repealed.

4

Interpretation

(1) [Definitions] In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears: acquire includes: (a) in relation to goods—acquire by way of purchase, exchange or taking on lease, on hire or on hire-purchase; and (b) in relation to services—accept. [Def insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

AEMC or Australian Energy Market Commission means the body established by section 5 of the Australian Energy Market Commission Establishment Act 2004 of South Australia. [Def insrt Act 108 of 2004, s 3 and Sch 1 item 2]

AER or Australian Energy Regulator means the body established by section 44AE. [Def insrt Act 108 of 2004, s 3 and Sch 1 item 3]

AER Chair means the Chair of the AER. [Def insrt Act 108 of 2004, s 3 and Sch 1 item 4]

AER member means a member of the AER. [Def insrt Act 108 of 2004, s 3 and Sch 1 item 5]

arrive at, in relation to an understanding, includes reach or enter into. [Def insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

Australian Consumer Law means Schedule 2 as applied under Subdivision A of Division 2 of Part XI. [Def subst Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 3, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 1 item 3]

authorisation means: (a) an authorisation under Division 1 of Part VII granted by the Commission or by the Tribunal on a review of a determination of the Commission; or (b) an authorisation under Division 3 of Part VII granted by the Tribunal. [Def insrt Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 1 item 1]

authority, in relation to a State or Territory (including an external Territory), means: (a) a body corporate established for a purpose of the State or the Territory by or under a law of the State or Territory; or

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an incorporated company in which the State or the Territory, or a body corporate referred to in paragraph (a), has a controlling interest.

[Def insrt Act 70 of 1990, s 4]

authority of the Commonwealth means: (a) a body corporate established for a purpose of the Commonwealth by or under a law of the Commonwealth or a law of a Territory; or (b) an incorporated company in which the Commonwealth, or a body corporate referred to in paragraph (a), has a controlling interest. [Def insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

authorization [Repealed] [Def rep Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 1 item 2]

banker includes, but is not limited to, a body corporate that is an ADI (authorised deposit-taking institution) for the purposes of the Banking Act 1959. [Def insrt Act 48 of 1998, s 3 and Sch 1 item 194]

business includes a business not carried on for profit. [Def insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

cartel provision has the meaning given by section 44ZZRD. [Def insrt Act 59 of 2009, s 3 and Sch 1 item 3]

[Def rep Act 88 of 1995, s 36]

Chairperson means the Chairperson of the Commission. [Def insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 36]

clearance means a clearance under Division 3 of Part VII granted by the Commission or by the Tribunal on a review of a determination of the Commission. [Def insrt Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 1 item 3]

commencing date [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 4, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

Commission means the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission established by section 6A, and includes a member of the Commission or a Division of the Commission performing functions of the Commission. [Def am Act 88 of 1995, s 36; subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

Companies Ordinance [Repealed] [Def rep Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

competition includes competition from imported goods or from services rendered by persons not resident or not carrying on business in Australia. Competition Principles Agreement means the Competition Principles Agreement made on 11 April 1995 between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, being that agreement as in force from time to time. [Def insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 4]

conduct [Repealed] [Def rep Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

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Chairman [Repealed]

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4 Conduct Code Agreement means the Conduct Code Agreement made on 11 April 1995 between the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, being that agreement as in force from time to time. [Def insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 4]

consumer contract [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 5, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 27]

corporation means a body corporate that: (a) is a foreign corporation; (b) is a trading corporation formed within the limits of Australia or is a financial corporation so formed; (c) is incorporated in a Territory; or (d) is the holding company of a body corporate of a kind referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c). Council means the National Competition Council established by section 29A. [Def insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 36]

Councillor means a member of the Council, including the Council President. [Def insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 36]

Council President means the Council President referred to in subsection 29C(1). [Def insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 36]

Court [Repealed] [Def rep Act 8 of 1988, s 41; am Act 157 of 1976, s 3 and Sch; subst Act 88 of 1976, s 3]

covenant means a covenant (including a promise not under seal) annexed to or running with an estate or interest in land (whether at law or in equity and whether or not for the benefit of other land), and proposed covenant has a corresponding meaning. [Def insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

debenture includes debenture stock, bonds, notes and any other document evidencing or acknowledging indebtedness of a body corporate, whether constituting a charge on property of the body corporate or not. [Def insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

Deputy Chairman [Repealed] [Def rep Act 88 of 1995, s 36]

Deputy Chairperson means a Deputy Chairperson of the Commission. [Def am Act 159 of 2007, s 3 and Sch 1 item 1; insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 36]

Deputy President means a Deputy President of the Tribunal, and includes a person appointed to act as a Deputy President of the Tribunal. Deputy Registrar means a Deputy Registrar of the Tribunal. [Def am Act 206 of 1978, s 3]

designated Commonwealth energy law means: (a) the National Electricity (Commonwealth) Law and Regulations (as defined by the Australian Energy Market Act 2004); or (b) the National Gas (Commonwealth) Law and Regulations (as defined by the Australian Energy Market Act 2004); or

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the Offshore Western Australian Pipelines (Commonwealth) Law and Regulations (as defined by the Australian Energy Market Act 2004); or (d) the National Energy Retail Law and Regulations (Commonwealth) (as defined by the Australian Energy Market Act 2004). [Def am Act 119 of 2011, s 3 and Sch 2 item 2, with effect from 1 Jul 2012; insrt Act 45 of 2007, s 3 and Sch 1 item 58]

document means any record of information, and includes: (a) anything on which there is writing; and (b) anything on which there are marks, figures, symbols or perforations having a meaning for persons qualified to interpret them; and (c) anything from which sounds, images or writings can be reproduced with or without the aid of anything else; and (d) a map, plan, drawing or photograph. [Def subst Act 46 of 2011, s 3 and Sch 2 item 409, with effect from 27 Dec 2011] [Editor’s Note: Act 46 of 2011, s 3 and Sch 3 item 10 provides the amendments made by Sch 2 do not affect the validity of an appointment that was made under an Act before the commencement of this item and that was in force immediately before that commencement. Sch 3 item 10 commenced on 27 Dec 2011.]

dual listed company arrangement has the same meaning as in section 125-60 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. [Def insrt Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 6 item 1]

electronic communication means a communication of information by means of guided and/or unguided electromagnetic energy: (a) whether in the form of text; or (b) whether in the form of data; or (c) whether in the form of speech, music or other sounds; or (d) whether in the form of visual images (animated or otherwise); or (e) whether in any other form; or (f) whether in any combination of forms. [Def insrt Act 9 of 2016, s 3 and Sch 1 item 1, with effect from 25 Feb 2016]

engage in conduct [Repealed] [Def rep Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

Family Court Judge [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 6A, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 8 of 1988, s 41]

Federal Circuit Court means the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. [Def am Act 13 of 2013, s 3 and Sch 1 item 87, with effect from 12 Apr 2013]

financial corporation means a financial corporation within the meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution and includes a body corporate that carries on as its sole or principal business the business of banking (other than State banking not extending beyond the limits of the State concerned) or insurance (other than State insurance not extending beyond the limits of the State concerned). [Def subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

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enforcement proceeding [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 6, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 13]

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4 financial product [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 7, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; am Act 55 of 2001, s 3 and Sch 3 item 550; insrt Act 48 of 1998, s 3 and Sch 2 item 24]

financial service [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 8, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; am Act 55 of 2001, s 3 and Sch 3 item 551; insrt Act 48 of 1998, s 3 and Sch 2 item 24]

foreign corporation means a foreign corporation within the meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution and includes a body corporate that is incorporated in an external Territory. fully-participating jurisdiction means a State or Territory that: (a) is a participating jurisdiction as defined in section 150A; and (b) is not named in a notice in operation under section 150K. [Def insrt Act 88 of 1995, s 82]

full-time member of the Commission [Repealed] [Def rep Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

give effect to, in relation to a provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding, includes do an act or thing in pursuance of or in accordance with or enforce or purport to enforce. [Def am Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

goods includes: (a) (b) (c) (d)

ships, aircraft and other vehicles; animals, including fish; minerals, trees and crops, whether on, under or attached to land or not; and gas and electricity.

infringement notice [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 9, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 21]

infringement notice compliance period [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 10, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 22]

infringement notice provision [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 11, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 23]

local energy instrument means a regulation, rule, order, declaration or other instrument if: (a) the instrument is made or has effect under a law of a State or Territory; and (b) the law of the State or Territory applies a uniform energy law as a law of its own jurisdiction. [Def insrt Act 119 of 2011, s 3 and Sch 2 item 3, with effect from 1 Jul 2012]

market [Repealed] [Def rep Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

meeting [Repealed] [Def rep Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

member of the Commission includes the Chairperson and a person appointed to act as a member of the Commission but does not include an associate member of the Commission. [Def am Act 88 of 1995, s 36; subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

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Part I – Preliminary s4 member of the Tribunal includes the President and a person appointed to act as a member of the Tribunal. New Zealand Commerce Commission means the Commission established by section 8 of the Commerce Act 1986 of New Zealand. [Def insrt Act 70 of 1990, s 4]

New Zealand Crown corporation means a body corporate that is an instrument of the Crown in respect of the Government of New Zealand. [Def insrt Act 70 of 1990, s 4]

non-party consumer [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 12, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; subst Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 29; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 14]

organisation of employees means an organisation that exists or is carried on for the purpose, or for purposes that include the purpose, of furthering the interests of its members in relation to their employment. [Def insrt Act 60 of 1996, s 3 and Sch 17 item 14]

person [Repealed] personal injury includes: (a) pre-natal injury; or (b) impairment of a person’s physical or mental condition; or (c) disease; but does not include an impairment of a person’s mental condition unless the impairment consists of a recognised psychiatric illness. [Def subst Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 13, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 113 of 2004, s 3 and Sch 1 item 1]

practice of exclusive dealing means the practice of exclusive dealing referred to in subsection 47(2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) or (9). [Def subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

practice of resale price maintenance means the practice of resale price maintenance referred to in Part VIII. President means the President of the Tribunal and includes a person appointed to act as President of the Tribunal. presidential member or presidential member of the Tribunal means the President or a Deputy President. price includes a charge of any description. provision, in relation to an understanding, means any matter forming part of the understanding. [Def insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

provision [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 14, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 1 item 4]

registered charity means an entity that is registered under the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission Act 2012 as the type of entity mentioned in column 1 of item 1 of the table in subsection 25-5(5) of that Act. [Def insrt Act 169 of 2012, s 3 and Sch 2 item 160, with effect from 3 Dec 2012]

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[Def rep Act 88 of 1976, s 3]

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4 Registrar means the Registrar of the Tribunal. [Def am Act 206 of 1978, s 3]

rely on [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 15, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 31]

require, in relation to the giving of a covenant, means require or demand the giving of a covenant, whether by way of making a contract containing the covenant or otherwise, and whether or not a covenant is given in pursuance of the requirement or demand. [Def insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

send includes deliver, and sent and sender have corresponding meanings. services includes any rights (including rights in relation to, and interests in, real or personal property), benefits, privileges or facilities that are, or are to be, provided, granted or conferred in trade or commerce, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, includes the rights, benefits, privileges or facilities that are, or are to be, provided, granted or conferred under: (a) a contract for or in relation to: (i) the performance of work (including work of a professional nature), whether with or without the supply of goods; (ii) the provision of, or the use or enjoyment of facilities for, amusement, entertainment, recreation or instruction; or (iii) the conferring of rights, benefits or privileges for which remuneration is payable in the form of a royalty, tribute, levy or similar exaction; (b) a contract of insurance; (c) a contract between a banker and a customer of the banker entered into in the course of the carrying on by the banker of the business of banking; or (d) any contract for or in relation to the lending of moneys; but does not include rights or benefits being the supply of goods or the performance of work under a contract of service. [Def subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

share includes stock. [Def subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

South Australian Electricity Legislation means: (a) the National Electricity Law set out in the Schedule to the National Electricity (South Australia) Act 1996 of South Australia as in force from time to time; and (b) any regulations, as in force from time to time, made under Part 4 of that Act. The reference in paragraph (a) to the National Electricity Law set out in the Schedule to the National Electricity (South Australia) Act 1996 of South Australia as in force from time to time includes a reference to any Rules or other instruments, as in force from time to time, made or having effect under that Law. [Def insrt Act 45 of 2007, s 3 and Sch 1 item 59]

South Australian Energy Retail Legislation means: (a) the National Energy Retail Law set out in the Schedule to the National Energy Retail Law (South Australia) Act 2011 of South Australia, as amended from time to time; and (b) any regulations, as amended from time to time, made under Part 11 of the National Energy Retail Law. The reference in paragraph (a) to the National Energy Retail Law set out in the Schedule to

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Part I – Preliminary s4 the National Energy Retail Law (South Australia) Act 2011 of South Australia, as amended from time to time, includes a reference to any Rules or other instruments, as amended from time to time, made or having effect under that Law. [Def insrt Act 119 of 2011, s 3 and Sch 2 item 4, with effect from 1 Jul 2012]

South Australian Gas Legislation means: (a) the National Gas Law set out in the Schedule to the National Gas (South Australia) Act 2008 of South Australia as in force from time to time; and (b) any regulations, as in force from time to time, made under Part 3 of that Act. The reference in paragraph (a) to the National Gas Law set out in the Schedule to the National Gas (South Australia) Act 2008 of South Australia as in force from time to time includes a reference to any Rules or other instruments, as in force from time to time, made or having effect under that Law. [Def am Act 60 of 2008, s 3 and Sch 4 item 1; insrt Act 45 of 2007, s 3 and Sch 1 item 60]

special price [Repealed] [Def rep Act 17 of 1986, s 4]

State/Territory AER member means an AER member referred to in section 44AP. State/Territory energy law means any of the following laws: (a) a uniform energy law that applies as a law of a State or Territory; (b) a law of a State or Territory that applies a law mentioned in paragraph (a) as a law of its own jurisdiction; (c) any other provisions of a law of a State or Territory that: (i) relate to energy; and (ii) are prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this paragraph; being those provisions as in force from time to time. [Def insrt Act 45 of 2007, s 3 and Sch 1 item 61]

substantiation notice [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 16, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 10]

substantiation notice compliance period [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 17, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 11]

supply, when used as a verb, includes: (a) in relation to goods—supply (including re-supply) by way of sale, exchange, lease, hire or hire-purchase; and (b) in relation to services—provide, grant or confer; and, when used as a noun, has a corresponding meaning, and supplied and supplier have corresponding meanings. Telstra has the same meaning as in the Telstra Corporation Act 1991. [Def insrt Act 140 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 1 item 32, with effect from 1 Jan 2011]

Territory means: (a) an internal Territory; or (b) the Territory of Christmas Island; or (c) the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands. [Def subst Act 104 of 1992, s 24 and Sch 4]

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[Def insrt Act 108 of 2004, s 3 and Sch 1 item 6]

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4 the Court or the Federal Court means the Federal Court of Australia. [Def insrt Act 8 of 1988, s 41]

the Family Court means the Family Court of Australia. [Def insrt Act 8 of 1988, s 41]

this Act includes Schedule 2 to the extent that it is applied under Subdivision A of Division 2 of Part XI. [Def insrt Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 18, with effect from 1 Jan 2011]

trade or commerce means trade or commerce within Australia or between Australia and places outside Australia. trading corporation means a trading corporation within the meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution. Tribunal means the Australian Competition Tribunal, and includes a member of that Tribunal or a Division of that Tribunal performing functions of that Tribunal. [Def am Act 88 of 1995, s 36]

unfair [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 19, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 44 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 2 item 32]

uniform energy (a) (b) (c) (ca) (d)

law means: the South Australian Electricity Legislation; or the South Australian Gas Legislation; or the Western Australian Gas Legislation; or the South Australian Energy Retail Legislation; or provisions of a law of a State or Territory that: (i) relate to energy; and (ii) are prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this subparagraph; being those provisions as in force from time to time.

[Def am Act 119 of 2011, s 3 and Sch 2 item 5, with effect from 1 Jul 2012; insrt Act 45 of 2007, s 3 and Sch 1 item 62]

unsolicited goods [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 20, with effect from 1 Jan 2011]

unsolicited services [Repealed] [Def rep Act 103 of 2010, s 3 and Sch 5 item 21, with effect from 1 Jan 2011; insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

Western Australian Gas Legislation means: (a) the National Gas Access (Western Australia) Law (within the meaning of the National Gas Access (WA) Act 2009 of Western Australia) as in force from time to time; and (b) any regulations, as in force from time to time, made under Part 3 of that Act. The reference in paragraph (a) to the National Gas Access (Western Australia) Law (within the meaning of the National Gas Access (WA) Act 2009 of Western Australia) as in force from time to time includes a reference to any Rules or other instruments, as in force from time to time, made or having effect under that Law. [Def am Act 17 of 2009, s 3 and Sch 1 item 12; Act 60 of 2008, s 3 and Sch 4 item 2; insrt Act 45 of 2007, s 3 and Sch 1 item 63]

(2) [References to certain actions] In this Act:

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a reference to engaging in conduct shall be read as a reference to doing or refusing to do any act, including the making of, or the giving effect to a provision of, a contract or arrangement, the arriving at, or the giving effect to a provision of, an understanding or the requiring of the giving of, or the giving of, a covenant; (b) a reference to conduct, when that expression is used as a noun otherwise than as mentioned in paragraph (a), shall be read as a reference to the doing of or the refusing to do any act, including the making of, or the giving effect to a provision of, a contract or arrangement, the arriving at, or the giving effect to a provision of, an understanding or the requiring of the giving of, or the giving of, a covenant; (c) a reference to refusing to do an act includes a reference to: (i) refraining (otherwise than inadvertently) from doing that act; or (ii) making it known that that act will not be done; and (d) a reference to a person offering to do an act, or to do an act on a particular condition, includes a reference to the person making it known that the person will accept applications, offers or proposals for the person to do that act or to do that act on that condition, as the case may be. (3) [Effect of Act on contracts] Where a provision of this Act is expressed to render a provision of a contract, or to render a covenant, unenforceable if the provision of the contract or the covenant has or is likely to have a particular effect, that provision of this Act applies in relation to the provision of the contract or the covenant at any time when the provision of the contract or the covenant has or is likely to have that effect notwithstanding that: (a) at an earlier time the provision of the contract or the covenant did not have that effect or was not regarded as likely to have that effect; or (b) the provision of the contract or the covenant will not or may not have that effect at a later time. [Subs (3) subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

(4) [Reference to an acquisition] In this Act: (a) a reference to the acquisition of shares in the capital of a body corporate shall be construed as a reference to an acquisition, whether alone or jointly with another person, of any legal or equitable interest in such shares; and (b) a reference to the acquisition of assets of a person shall be construed as a reference to an acquisition, whether alone or jointly with another person, of any legal or equitable interest in such assets but does not include a reference to an acquisition by way of charge only or an acquisition in the ordinary course of business. [Subs (4) am Act 222 of 1992, s 2; subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

(5) [Repealed] [Subs (5) rep Act 17 of 1986, s 4; insrt Act 88 of 1976, s 3] [S 4 am Act 9 of 2016; Act 13 of 2013; Act 169 of 2012; Act 119 of 2011; Act 46 of 2011; Act 140 of 2010; Act 103 of 2010; Act 44 of 2010; Act 59 of 2009; Act 17 of 2009; Act 60 of 2008; Act 159 of 2007; Act 45 of 2007; Act 131 of 2006; Act 113 of 2004; Act 108 of 2004; Act 55 of 2001; Act 48 of 1998; Act 60 of 1996; Act 88 of 1995; Act 222 of 1992; Act 104 of 1992; Act 70 of 1990; Act 8 of 1988; Act 17 of 1986; Act 206 of 1978; Act 81 of 1977; Act 157 of 1976; Act 88 of 1976 Cross-reference: Competition and Consumer Regulations 2010: reg 7A prescribes laws for the purposes of subpara (c)(ii) of the definition of State/Territory energy law in s 4 including: • ACT: Pts 5 and 6 of the National Energy Retail Law (ACT) Act 2012 and accompanying regulations; • NSW: Pts 2, 3 and 4 of, and Sch 1 to, the National Energy Retail Law (Adoption) Act 2012 and accompanying regulations;

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[Subs (2) subst Act 81 of 1977, s 5]

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4

[CCA.4.20]

• NT: Electricity Networks (Third Party Access) Act and accompanying instruments; Pts 2, 3 and 4 of, and Sch 1 to, the National Electricity (Northern Territory) (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2015 and accompanying regulations; • Qld: Pts 2, 3 and 4 of the Electricity—National Scheme (Queensland) Act 1997 and accompanying regulations; Pts 2, 3, 4 and 5 of, and Sch to, the National Energy Retail Law (Queensland) Act 2012 and accompanying regulations; Pts 2, 3 and 4 of the National Gas (Queensland) Act 2008 and accompanying regulations; • SA: Pts 5, 6 and 7 of the National Energy Retail Law (South Australia) Act 2011 and accompanying regulations; • Tas: Div 7 of Pt 2 of the Tasmanian Electricity Supply Industry Act 1995; Pts 3, 4 and 5 of the National Energy Retail Law (Tasmania) Act 2012 and accompanying regulations; • Vic: Pts 3 and 4 of the Gas Industry Act 2001; Pts 2, 3, 4 and 5 of, and Schs 2 and 3 to, the National Electricity (Victoria) Act 2005 and accompanying regulations and orders; Pt 5 of the National Gas (Victoria) Act 2008 and accompanying regulations and orders; and • WA: s 15 of the Gas Pipelines Access (Western Australia) Act 1998.]

SECTION 4 COMMENTARY Definition: acquire .............................................................................................................................. [CCA.4.20] Definitions: acquisitions of shares or assets ..................................................................................... [CCA.4.40] Definitions: authority of the Commonwealth, a State or Territory ...................................................... [CCA.4.60] Definition: authorisation ..................................................................................................................... [CCA.4.80] Definition: business .......................................................................................................................... [CCA.4.100] Definition: clearance ........................................................................................................................ [CCA.4.120] Definition: competition ...................................................................................................................... [CCA.4.140] Definition: conduct ........................................................................................................................... [CCA.4.160] Definition: corporation ...................................................................................................................... [CCA.4.180] Definition: document ........................................................................................................................ [CCA.4.200] Concept: effect – relevant time for considering ............................................................................... [CCA.4.220] Definition: engage in conduct .......................................................................................................... [CCA.4.240] Definition: financial corporation ........................................................................................................ [CCA.4.260] Definition: foreign corporations ........................................................................................................ [CCA.4.280] Definition: fully participating jurisdiction ........................................................................................... [CCA.4.300] Definition: give effect to ................................................................................................................... [CCA.4.320] Definition: goods .............................................................................................................................. [CCA.4.340] Definition: member of the Commission ............................................................................................ [CCA.4.360] Concept: offering to do an act ......................................................................................................... [CCA.4.380] Definition: organisation of employees .............................................................................................. [CCA.4.400] Definition: price ................................................................................................................................ [CCA.4.420] Definition: provision .......................................................................................................................... [CCA.4.440] Concept: refusing to do an act ........................................................................................................ [CCA.4.460] Definition: send ................................................................................................................................ [CCA.4.480] Definition: services ........................................................................................................................... [CCA.4.500] Definition: supply .............................................................................................................................. [CCA.4.520] Definition: trade or commerce .......................................................................................................... [CCA.4.540] Definition: trading corporation .......................................................................................................... [CCA.4.560]

[CCA.4.20]

Definition: acquire

This definition makes it clear that the term “acquire” is not limited to acquisition by way of purchase. It is relevant to s 47 (exclusive dealing) and s 50 (mergers). The definition is expanded in its operation by s 4C. See also ACL s 2(1).

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s4 Definitions: acquisitions of shares or assets

This term is dealt with in s 4(4), but needs to be read in conjunction with the definition “acquire” in s 4(1) and ACL s 2(1) and compared with the reference to “acquisition of goods” and “acquisition of services” in s 4C. Section 4(4) makes it clear that, for the purpose of determining whether an acquisition has taken place which brings the merger provisions (s 50) into operation, the following are relevant: • joint acquisitions of shares or assets; and • acquisitions of equitable as well as legal interests in shares or assets. On the other hand, in relation to acquisitions of assets, an acquisition by way of a charge and an acquisition in the ordinary course of business are not acquisitions to which s 50 will apply. As the creation of an option over shares creates an equitable interest in those shares, the granting of an option involves an acquisition pursuant to s 4(4): TPC v Arnotts Ltd (1990) 93 ALR 657; 16 IPR 417; [1990] ATPR 41-062. See also Lipton, “The Meaning of ‘Acquire’ in Section 50 of the Trade Practices Act and its Impact on Secured Financing Transactions” (1993) 21 ABLR 353. [CCA.4.60]

Definitions: authority of the Commonwealth, a State or Territory

These definitions are relevant to ss 2A and 2B which apply the provisions of the Act to the Commonwealth, States and Territories and their authorities.

The term “body corporate” is not defined in the Act. It includes a class of corporations which is wider than those included in the definition of “corporation” in the Act: R v Australian Industrial Court; Ex parte CLM Holdings Pty Ltd (1977) 136 CLR 235; 51 ALJR 362; 13 ALR 273; [1977] ATPR 40-017; [1977] CLC 40-305 at 241 (CLR). Clearly, it covers statutory corporations, including both corporations sole and corporations aggregate. The definition only applies to incorporated companies to the extent that the Commonwealth has a controlling interest. The term “controlling interest” is not defined. The normal meaning is that the Commonwealth will be regarded as having a controlling interest in a company if it controls the board of the company or holds more than 50% of the voting shares in the company, directly or through a statutory authority. [CCA.4.80]

Definition: authorisation

An authorisation is an immunity granted by the ACCC permitting a corporation to enter into, or continue with, a contract arrangement, understanding or practice which may otherwise, because of its anti-competitive effect, be in breach of the Act. Authorisations are granted pursuant to Pt VII, Div 1 (ss 88 to 91) and Pt VII, Div 3 (ss 95AT to 95AZM). An authorisation may only be granted if applied for by or on behalf of a party to the contract, arrangement, understanding or practice for which immunity is sought. An applicant for an authorisation must prove that the subject matter of the application would, or would be likely to, result in a benefit to the public, and in all the circumstances the benefits to the public would be likely to outweigh the detriment to the public constituted by any lessening of competition: ss 90(6) and (7), 95AZH. The words “on a review” contained in the definition of authorisation are not intended to limit the authority of the Tribunal. They include “in the course of a review” as well as “following a review”: Re Queensland Timber Board (1975) 24 FLR 205; 5 ALR 501; [1975] ATPR 40-005 at 207 (FLR).

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The definitions cover both bodies corporate established by the Commonwealth, State or Territory and incorporated companies in which the Commonwealth, a State or Territory has a controlling interest.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4 [CCA.4.100]

[CCA.4.100] Definition: business

This definition overcomes an argument that Commonwealth, State and Territory authorities, while they trade, might have been said not to carry on business because they do not trade with a view to profit. However, the definition does not actually establish what the term “carrying on business” means. Section 2C assists to some extent by setting out what will not amount to carrying on business for the purposes of ss 2A and 2B. Whether or not a business is being carried on is a question of fact normally determined by reference to the continuity and repetitiveness of the activities said to amount to carrying on business: Blockey v FCT (1932) 31 CLR 503; 29 ALR 79; Smith v Capewell (1979) 142 CLR 509; 53 ALJR 725; 26 ALR 507; Hope v Bathurst City Council (1980) 144 CLR 1; 54 ALJR 345; 29 ALR 577; 12 ATR 231. In Fasold v Roberts (1997) 70 FCR 489; 145 ALR 548; 38 IPR 34; [1997] ATPR 41-561; [1997] AIPC 91-327 at 524 (FCR), 43,775 (ATPR), Sackville J said: [G]enerally speaking, the word “business” as used in the Fair Trading Acts, bears the dictionary meaning of “trade, commercial transactions or engagement”. However, that will not always carry the matter very far. I think that in addition, ordinarily at least, the concept of “business” imports, as Barwick CJ suggested in Hungier v Grace, a notion of system, repetition and continuity … [I]n general, for an undertaking to constitute a business it will have to be conducted with some degree of system and regularity. However, mere repetitiveness is not sufficient to constitute carrying on a business. Absence of a system and regularity might mean that a business is not being carried on but their presence does not necessarily establish that a business is being carried on: Hungier v Grace (1972) 127 CLR 210; 46 ALJR 492; [1972-73] ALR 759 at 217 (CLR) per Barwick CJ. [CCA.4.120] Definition: clearance A clearance is a formal determination by the ACCC or the Tribunal permitting a merger to proceed without risk of breaching the Act. A party to a proposed merger may apply to the ACCC for a clearance. The ACCC may grant a clearance if it determines that the merger would not be likely to have the effect of substantially lessening competition in any market in Australia. If the ACCC declines to grant a clearance (or does so subject to conditions) the applicant may seek review by the Tribunal: ss 95AC to 95AS. [CCA.4.140]

Definition: competition

Proposal for change On 5 September 2016, the Government released an exposure draft of legislation to give effect to the recommendation of the Competition Policy Review (Harper Review) that the definition of the term “competition” be amended. The exposure draft proposes substitution of the following definition: competition includes: (a) competition from goods that are, or are capable of being, imported into Australia; and (b) competition from services that are rendered, or are capable of being rendered, in Australia by persons not resident or not carrying on business in Australia. Proposed s 180 is to provide that the repeal and substitution of the definition of the term “competition” will apply in relation to conduct engaged in, on or after the commencement of that amendment. Legislation was not introduced before Parliament rose for 2016, but is expected to be introduced into Parliament in the first quarter of 2017 with a view to coming into effect on 1 July 2017. The meaning of the term “competition” is of fundamental importance in relation to most of the provisions of Pt IV. Yet, for all of its importance, the term is not defined in the Act. The definition does no more than make it clear that competition from imports and from overseas service providers is to be taken into account. 84

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The term is central to a number of the Act’s provisions. Section 45 deals with contracts, arrangements and understandings affecting “competition”, s 46 deals with the use of market power for the purpose of damaging a “competitor” or preventing “competitive conduct”, s 47 deals with exclusive dealing conduct which substantially lessens “competition” and s 50 prohibits mergers which substantially lessen competition. The courts have adopted and applied the following formulation by the Trade Practices Tribunal in Re Queensland Independent Wholesalers Ltd (1995) 132 ALR 225; [1995] ATPR 41-438; Queensland Co-op Milling Assn Ltd, Re (1976) 25 FLR 169; 8 ALR 481; [1976] ATPR 40-012 at 187-188 (FLR), 17,245 (ATPR): “Competition” is such a very rich concept (containing within it numbers of ideas) that we should not wish to attempt any final definition which might, in some market settings, prove misleading or which might, in respect of some future application, be unduly restrictive. Instead we explore some of the connotations of the term. Competition may be valued for many reasons as serving economic, social and political goals. But in identifying the existence of competition in particular industries or markets, we must focus upon its economic role as a device for controlling the disposition of society’s resources. Thus we think of competition as a mechanism for discovery of market information and for enforcement of business decisions in the light of this information. It is a mechanism, first, for firms discovering the kinds of goods and services the community wants and the manner in which these may be supplied in the cheapest possible way. Prices and profits are the signals which register the play of these forces of demand and supply. At the same time, competition is a mechanism of enforcement: firms disregard these signals at their peril, being fully aware that there are other firms, whether currently in existence or as yet unborn, which would be only too willing to encroach upon their market share and ultimately supplant them. This does not mean that we view competition as a series of passive, mechanical responses to “impersonal market forces”. There is of course a creative role for firms in devising the new product, the new technology, the more effective service or improved cost efficiency. And there are opportunities and rewards as well as punishments. Competition is a dynamic process; but that process is generated by the market pressure from alternative sources of supply and the desire to keep ahead.… Competition expresses itself as rivalrous market behaviour. In our view effective competition requires both that prices should be flexible, reflecting the forces of demand and supply, and that there should be independent rivalry in all dimensions of the price-product-service packages offered to consumers and customers. Competition is a process rather than a situation. Nevertheless, whether firms compete is very much a matter of the structure of the markets in which they operate. The Tribunal also quoted the following from the 1955 United States Attorney General’s National Committee to Study the Antitrust Laws report: The basic characteristic of effective competition in the economic sense is that no one seller, and no group of sellers acting in concert, has the power to choose its level of profits by giving less and charging more. Where there is workable competition, rival sellers, whether existing competitors or new potential entrants into the field, would keep this power in check by offering or threatening to offer effective inducements … The antithesis of competition is undue market power - the power to raise price and exclude entry, whether or not exercised. Where there is significant market power the firm (or group of firms acting in concert) is sufficiently free from market pressures to “administer” its own production and selling policies at its discretion: Re Queensland Independent Wholesalers Ltd (1995) 132 ALR 225; [1995] ATPR 41-438; Queensland Co-op Milling Assn Ltd, Re (1976) 25 FLR 169; 8 ALR 481; [1976] ATPR 40-012.

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It has been left to the courts, applying well-established principles of economics, to define the term.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4

[CCA.4.140]

The word “competition” is used in the Act in a commercial or economic sense. In order to have competition in a market, there must be substitution between one product and another and between one source of supply and another in response to changing prices or the quality of the product to be supplied: Adamson v West Perth Football Club (1979) 39 FLR 199; 27 ALR 475; [1976] ATPR 40-134 at 224 (FLR). The term “competition” refers to a process or state of affairs in the market. As the Full Court said in Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd v ACCC (2003) 131 FCR 529; [2003] ATPR 41-947; [2003] FCAFC 193: Competition is a process and the effect upon competition is not to be equated with the effect upon competitors, although the latter may be relevant to the former. Competition is a means to the end of protecting the interests of consumers rather than competitors in the market … The Court has to make a qualitative judgment about the impact of the impugned conduct on the competitive process. As a practical matter, the views and practices of those in an industry can often be most instructive on the question of assessing the quality of particular competitive conduct in relation to the level of competition and the impact of its cessation: Rural Press Ltd v ACCC (2003) 216 CLR 53; 203 ALR 217; 78 ALJR 274; [2003] HCA 75. In considering the effect of conduct on competition a detailed analysis of the market, the state of competition therein and the likely effect of the conduct in question on competition in the market must be considered: Outboard Marine Australia Pty Ltd v Hecar Investments (No 6) Pty Ltd (1982) 66 FLR 120; 44 ALR 667; [1982] ATPR 40-327 at 124 (FLR). [CCA.4.160]

Definition: conduct

Section 4(2) defined the terms “conduct” and “engaging in conduct” primarily for the purposes of s 45D (secondary boycotts), s 47 (exclusive dealing) and the ACL. The term “conduct” means the doing or refusing to do any act, making a contract or arrangement giving effect to a provision of a contract or arrangement, arriving at an arrangement, giving effect to a provision of an understanding, and giving or acquiring a covenant. The term “engaging in conduct” has the same meaning as the term “conduct”. It follows that, in order to come within the definition the omission to act in a particular way must be deliberate because the subsection uses the terms “refuse” and “refrain”: Rhone-Poulenc Agrochimie SA v UIM Chemical Services Pty Ltd (1986) 12 FCR 477; 68 ALR 77; 6 IPR 607; [1986] ATPR (Digest) 46-010. In Re Tooth & Co Ltd; Re Tooheys (1977) TPRS 203.131 at 203.133, the Tribunal pointed out that an effect of s 4(2)(a), (c) is that to refrain (otherwise than inadvertently) from doing an act, or to make it known that the act will not be done, is to refuse to do that act, and to refuse to do an act is to engage in conduct. The effect of s 4(2)(a) is to make warranties contained in contracts “conduct” for the purposes of the Act, with the consequent effect that, if false or misleading, the warranties will breach ACL s 18: Accounting Systems 2000 (Developments) Pty Ltd v CCH Australia Ltd (1993) 42 FCR 470; 114 ALR 355; 27 IPR 133; [1993] ATPR 41-269. The term “conduct” is not, however, widely enough defined to include the making of admissions by an officer of a corporation: TPC v TNT Management Pty Ltd (1985) 6 FCR 1; 58 ALR 423; [1985] ATPR 40-512 at 18 (FCR). [CCA.4.180]

Definition: corporation

The Act relies for its validity on a number of specific Commonwealth heads of power, the main one being the corporations power. Accordingly, the term “corporation” is defined with reference to para 51(xx) of the Constitution: see also the definitions of the terms “foreign corporation”, “trading corporation” and “financial corporation” in this section. The definition of the term “corporation” includes in para (d) a body corporate that is the holding company of “a body corporate of the kind referred to in paragraph (a), (b), or (c)”. To the extent that the Act purports

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to apply to such corporations it is ultra vires, because the holding companies referred to are outside ss 51(xx) and 122 of the Constitution: Actors and Announcers Equity Assn of Australia v Fontana Films Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR 169; 56 ALJR 366; 40 ALR 609; [1982] ATPR 40-285. [CCA.4.200] Definition: document This definition is of particular relevance to the powers of the ACCC to demand production of documents pursuant to s 155. The definition appears broad enough to cover everything on which information is written or printed. It also includes discs, tapes and other “devices” from which sounds or messages are capable of being reproduced. This seems wide enough to cover audio and videocassettes, and may include information stored in computer memory where a special additional programme is required to render the information intelligible.

[CCA.4.240] Definition: engage in conduct See [CCA.4.160]. [CCA.4.260] Definition: financial corporation This definition provides a necessary nexus between the Act and the corporations power upon which the Act is substantially founded. The definition closely follows s 51(xx) of the Constitution, but adds reference to certain bodies corporate carrying on banking or insurance business, thereby also relying on ss 51(xiii) and 51(xiv) of the Constitution. The meaning of the term “financial corporation” was considered by the Federal Court in State Superannuation Board v TPC (1982) 60 FLR 165; 41 ALR 279; [1982] ATPR 40-282; (1982) 1 TPR 326 at 174 (FLR). Northrop J said: [T]he essential feature which denotes a corporation being a financial corporation is that it performs the function or engages in the activity of dealing in finance in the sense expressed by Deane J in Ku-ring-gai. It is not necessary that a corporation acquires capital for the purpose of lending money nor is it necessary that the corporation borrows money for the purpose of lending. In Re Ku-ring-gai Co-op Building Soc (No 12) Ltd (1978) 36 FLR 134; 22 ALR 621; [1978] ATPR 40-094 at 158 (FLR) Deane J said: The phrases “trading corporation” and “financial corporation” in the context of both s 51(xx) of the Constitution and the definition of “corporation” in the Act are composite ones. Each phrase refers to a corporation which can appropriately be categorised by reference to activity whether actual or intended. The fact that a corporation was formed for the purposes or with objectives that might legitimately be advanced through trading, or that it in fact trades, will not necessarily mean that it can be appropriately categorised as a trading corporation. Nor can the fact that a corporation was formed for the purposes or with objectives that might legitimately be advanced by involvement in financial transactions or that it occasionally has dealings in finance necessarily mean that it can appropriately be categorised as a financial corporation. Trading activity or dealing in finance (whether actual or intended) will be decisive of characterisation only where the overall circumstances are such that the corporation can appropriately be categorised by reference to such activity.

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[CCA.4.220] Concept: effect – relevant time for considering Section 4(3) deals with the relevant time for assessing the effect of provisions in contracts, arrangements and understandings to which s 45 applies, and covenants to which s 5B applies. It allows the question of unenforceability to be considered at any time, regardless of whether the relevant provision had an adverse effect on competition previously or may not have that effect in the future. Section 4(3) injects a notion of floating unenforceability into contracts, arrangements, understandings and covenants to which it relates. At some stages the effect of a provision may be such that the relevant section declares the contract, arrangement, understanding or covenant unenforceable and at others it may have no effect on competition and therefore be quite enforceable.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4

[CCA.4.260]

… The phrase “financial corporation” is a composite one. It does not refer to solvency. An obvious reference point is to the activity of commercial dealing in finance. Another possible reference point is the provision of management or advisory services in relation to financial matters. I used the words “dealing in finance”, for want of a better expression, to refer to transactions in which the subject of the transaction is finance (such as borrowing or lending money) as distinct from transactions (such as the purchase or sale of particular goods for a monetary consideration) in which finance, although involved in the payment of a price, cannot properly be seen as constituting the subject of the transaction. A common but not invariable characteristic of the relevant type of transaction is that the obligation on each side is to pay money. The following cases illustrate the application of the definition: • State Government Insurance Corp v GIO (NSW) (1991) 28 FCR 511; 101 ALR 259; 21 IPR 65; [1991] ATPR 41-110; [1991] ASC 56-067. The Government Insurance Office of New South Wales, a statutory corporation, was held to be both a financial and a trading corporation. • Bourke v State Bank of New South Wales (1990) 170 CLR 276; 64 ALJR 406; 93 ALR 460; [1990] ATPR 41-033. The High Court held that a State bank whose banking business did not extend beyond the limits of the relevant State was not a “financial corporation” within the meaning of the Act. • Bullock v Federated Furnishing Trades Society of Australasia (No 2) (1985) 5 FCR 476; 11 IR 44; 58 ALR 373. The court refused to accept, for the purposes of interlocutory proceedings, that a union was a financial corporation. • State Superannuation Board v TPC (1982) 150 CLR 282; 57 ALJR 89; 2 TPR 298; 44 ALR 1; [1982] ATPR 40-326. The High Court held that the State Superannuation Board, a Victorian statutory corporation, was a financial corporation. • Parramatta Tourist Services Pty Ltd v SWB Family Credit Union Ltd (1979) 24 ALR 273; [1979] ATPR 40-102. The Federal Court held that a Credit Union incorporated under the Co-operation Act 1923 (NSW) was a financial corporation. • Re Ku-ring-gai Co-op Building Soc (No 12) Ltd (1978) 36 FLR 134; 22 ALR 621; [1978] ATPR 40-094. The Full Court of the Federal Court held that the applicants, co-operative terminating building societies as registered under the Co-operation Act 1923 (NSW), were financial corporations. [CCA.4.280]

Definition: foreign corporations

This definition was inserted to provide a necessary nexus between the Act and the corporations power upon which the Act is substantially founded. The definition closely follows s 51(xx) of the Constitution. The reference to bodies corporate incorporated in external territories relies on s 122 of the Constitution. In Nauru Local Government Council v Australian Shipping Offıcers Assn (1978) 34 FLR 281; 27 ALR 535; [1978] ATPR 40-087, Northrop J held that the Nauru Local Government Council, a body incorporated pursuant to the laws of the Republic of Nauru, was a foreign corporation within the meaning of the then TPA. In P.T. Garuda Indonesia Ltd v ACCC [2012] HCA 33 the applicant was an airline incorporated in Indonesia, 95.5% of the shares in which were owned by the Republic of Indonesia and the balance by government controlled corporations. The appellant admitted that it was a foreign corporation but argued unsuccessfully that it was immune from civil penalty proceedings by virtue of the provisions of the Foreign States Immunities Act 1985 (Cth).

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s4 Definition: fully participating jurisdiction

A fully participating jurisdiction is such of a State, the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands as are parties to the Conduct Code Agreement and apply Schedule 1 as a law of the State or Territory, either unmodified or with modifications acceptable to the Commonwealth Treasurer. All Australian States, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are fully participating jurisdictions. There are a number of consequences of a jurisdiction being a fully participating jurisdiction. They are: • the provisions of Pt IV of the Act apply in those States and Territories without the constitutional limits that restrict the scope of the Act. In other words, the provisions apply fully to individuals in those States and Territories; • those States and Territories are entitled to pass specific legislation exempting specified conduct from the application of Pt IV, other than ss 50 and 50A, under s 51: see [CCA.51.80]. [CCA.4.320]

Definition: give effect to

A corporation will “give effect to” a contract arrangement or understanding if it does an act or thing pursuant to, or “in accordance with”, the contract arrangement or understanding. An act or thing may be done “in accordance with” a contract arrangement or understanding even though the person who did the act or thing did not have the contract arrangement or understanding in mind at the time: Tradestock Pty Ltd v TNT (Management) Pty Ltd (No 2) (1978) 32 FLR 420; 17 ALR 257 at 432 (FLR); TPC v TNT Management Pty Ltd (1985) 6 FCR 1; 58 ALR 423; [1985] ATPR 40-512 at 68 (FCR). Parties which make decisions independently of each other, nevertheless give effect to an arrangement or understanding notwithstanding that they may not have acted in concert: Dowling v Dalgety Australia Ltd [1992] FCA 35; (1992) 34 FCR 109; 106 ALR 75; [1992] ATPR 41-165 at 40,268 (ATPR); Bray v F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd [2002] FCA 243; (2002) 118 FCR 1; 190 ALR 1; [2002] ATPR 41-865 at [162] (ATPR). There is no reason why a contravention could occur where a third party gives effect to a prohibited arrangement or understanding, but knowledge of the arrangement or understanding is an essential element of a third party’s liability. A connection between the party and the third party is not sufficient to impose liability on the third party: ACCC v Yazaki Corp (No 2) [2015] FCA 1304. Continuing supply may constitute giving effect to a contravening arrangement or understanding, but a failure to report or a failure to compete likely does not: ACCC v Yazaki Corp (No 2) [2015] FCA 1304. In Dowling v Dalgety Australia Ltd [1992] FCA 35; (1992) 34 FCR 109; 106 ALR 75; [1992] ATPR 41-165, the court held that members of an association refusing an application for membership, amounted to giving effect to the provisions of an arrangement for the purposes of s 45(2)(b). [CCA.4.340]

Definition: goods

This definition is relevant to many parts of the Act, including s 45 (anti-competitive contracts), s 45A (price fixing), s 45D (secondary boycotts), s 47 (exclusive dealing), s 48 (resale price maintenance) and s 50 (mergers). The definition is an inclusive definition. It supplements the ordinary meaning of the term: see ASX Operations Pty Ltd v Pont Data Australia Pty Ltd (No 1) (1990) 27 FCR 460; 97 ALR 513; 19 IPR 323; [1991] ATPR 41-069 at 52,503 (ATPR). According to The Macquarie Dictionary, the ordinary meaning is: “possessions, especially moveable effects or personal chattels; articles of trade; wares; merchandise, especially that which is transported by land; an item of merchandise.”

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The words “give effect to” are not technical words and should be given their ordinary meaning: Hughes v Western Australian Cricket Assn Inc [1986] FCA 357; (1986) 19 FCR 10; 69 ALR 660; [1986] ATPR 40-736 (Toohey J).

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s4

[CCA.4.340]

Goods which are affixed to land (or to other goods which are themselves fixed to land) become fixtures, thus losing their character as goods and becoming part of the land itself. Goods which have become fixtures are not included in this definition, save in relation to minerals, trees and crops which are specifically included in the definition of “goods” whether affixed to land or not: Theo Holdings Pty Ltd v Hockey [2000] FCA 665; (2000) 99 FCR 232; 175 ALR 89; [2000] ATPR 41-766; [2000] ASAL 55-793. However, the definition of this term in the ACL includes fixtures: see ACL s 2. The ACL definition of “goods” is more extensive than this definition. It includes computer software, second-hand goods and any component part of, or accessory to, goods: ACL s 2. It is doubtful whether the explicit inclusion of those additional categories, other than downloadable computer software, makes any difference as they would seem to be covered by the general law meaning of the term in any event: see [ACL.2.120]. Section 4C(c) provides that a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods includes a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods together with other property or services, or both: see also ACL s 11(c). EXAMPLE Electricity: The inclusion of “electricity” in the definition of the term “goods” does not mean that goods includes encoded electrical signals: ASX Operations Pty Ltd v Pont Data Australia Pty Ltd (No 1) (1990) 27 FCR 460; 97 ALR 513; 19 IPR 323; [1991] ATPR 41-069. Bank notes: In issuing bank notes the Reserve Bank is providing a facility rather than supplying goods. This amounts to a supply of services under the Act: Sykes v Reserve Bank of Australia (1997) 151 ALR 579; [1998] ATPR 41-608. Computer programmes: Whether or not computer programmes constitute “goods” is a matter which has not yet been finally determined: ASX Operations Pty Ltd v Pont Data Australia Pty Ltd (No 1) (1990) 27 FCR 460; 97 ALR 513; 19 IPR 323; [1991] ATPR 41-069 at 468 (FCR). See also Toby Constructions Products Pty Ltd v Computa Bar (Sales) Pty Ltd [1983] 2 NSWLR 48; (1983) 77 FLR 377; 50 ALR 684; [1983] ATPR 40-377. Blood supply: The supply of blood in the course of a transfusion administered by a hospital during an operation has been held, on the facts of the case, to be a supply of services rather than goods: E v Australian Red Cross Soc (1991) 31 FCR 299; 105 ALR 53; [1992] ATPR 41-156. This case turned on the particular facts and does not stand for the general proposition that the supply of blood will never amount to a supply of goods. Fixtures: Doors fixed to a building cease to be goods when so affixed: Theo Holdings Pty Ltd v Hockey [2000] FCA 665; (2000) 99 FCR 232; 175 ALR 89; [2000] ATPR 41-766; [2000] ASAL 55-793. [CCA.4.360]

Definition: member of the Commission

This definition draws a distinction between full-time and part-time members of the ACCC for the purposes of appointment, and quorum provisions. Full-time members are appointed by the Governor-General. Part-time (associate) members are appointed by the Treasurer. See ss 6A to 25. [CCA.4.380]

Concept: offering to do an act

This term is dealt with in s 4(2), which provides that the term includes making it known that the person will accept applications, offers or proposals to do the act in question. The term “offering to do an act on a particular condition” is to be similarly construed. These terms have particular relevance to s 47 (exclusive dealing). [CCA.4.400]

Definition: organisation of employees

This definition is relevant to s 45DC, which deals with the involvement and liability of employee organisations for conduct in breach of ss 45D, 45DA and 45DB.

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The definition covers any organisation, whether incorporated or not, which exists or has as one of its purposes, furthering the interests of its members in relation to their employment. [CCA.4.420]

Definition: price

The term is defined to include a charge of any description. “Price” means the money consideration payable by a buyer under a contract of sale. The fact that additional money consideration may be payable for the performance of an additional, albeit obligatory, obligation by the seller does not make the price apportioned to that additional obligation part of the price for the goods: ACCC v Dell Computers Pty Ltd [2002] FCAFC 434; (2002) 126 FCR 434. This definition is relevant to the price fixing provision (s 45A), the exclusive dealing provision (s 47), the resale price maintenance provision (s 48) and to the consumer protection provisions, including s 4B (the definition of the term “consumer”), and former consumer protection provisions. However the ACL contains an expanded definition of the term for the purposes of the application of its provisions.

Whether or not the term “price” includes consideration other than cash has not been settled. In ACCC v Nationwide News Pty Ltd (1996) 36 IPR 75; [1996] ATPR 41-519, Heerey J considered the meaning of this term in the context of former TPA s 53(e) and held that the term meant money consideration. His Honour referred to the Macquarie Dictionary definition of the term, but no reference was made to the definition in s 4. In ACCC v Dell Computers Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 847; [2002] ATPR 41-878; [2002] ASAL 55-082, Jacobson J decided that, in the context of former TPA s 53(e) the term meant the money consideration for purchase of the goods. As an illustration, the porterage charges considered in TPC v J W Bryant Pty Ltd [1978] ATPR 40-075, while regarded as out-of-pocket expenses which could be passed on to the agents under the Farm Produce Agents Act 1926 (NSW) in addition to their commission charges for the purposes of that Act, would be regarded for the purposes of this Act as part of the price of providing the agents’ services. In Guthrie v Doyle Dane & Bernbach Pty Ltd [1977] FCA 13; (1977) 30 FLR 116; 16 ALR 241; [1977] ATPR 40-037, St John J decided that sales tax was a component of the price of motor vehicles and therefore part of the price. [CCA.4.440]

Definition: provision

This definition is relevant to s 4D (exclusionary provisions), s 45 (anti-competitive understandings) and s 88 (authorisations). The term is not defined, other than in relation to understandings. The Macquarie Dictionary defines the term “provision” as: “a clause in a legal instrument, a law, etc, providing for a particular matter; stipulation; proviso; something provided; a measure or other means for meeting a need.” A narrow construction of the term is not intended. The term is used in the Act in a comprehensive, rather than any technical, sense: Visy Paper Pty Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 59; (2003) 216 CLR 1; 77 ALJR 1893; 201 ALR 414. A narrow definition would unduly restrict the operation of both ss 45 and 4D. Furthermore, a narrow definition, which restricted the term to clauses in legal instruments, would not be effective in relation to arrangements. When applied to authorisations, if the term were narrowly defined then authorisations would be of little utility in relation to arrangements and may be of little utility even in relation to contracts, where the contract is of broad scope and operation.

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The term “charge” is not separately defined, but the obvious purpose of the extended definition is to make it clear that the word “price” is to apply not only to a money consideration payable for a sale, or other supply, of goods, but also to a money consideration payable for the provision, or other supply, of services: ACCC v Dell Computers Pty Ltd [2002] FCAFC 434; (2002) 126 FCR 434.

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[CCA.4.460] Concept: refusing to do an act

This term is dealt with in s 4(2) which provides that the term includes refraining (other than inadvertently) from doing an act, and also making it known that a particular act will not be done. The term has particular relevance to s 47 (exclusive dealing), but it is not limited to that section. By way of example, refraining from doing an act (other than inadvertently), or making it known that an act will not be done, amounts to a refusal to do that act. A refusal to do an act, in turn, amounts to conduct within s 4(2)(a) making it relevant to a wider range of substantive provisions: see [CCA.4.160]. [CCA.4.480]

Definition: send

The word “send” is of flexible meaning and will respond to the particular context in which it is used. According to the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, “to send” may comprehend, inter alia, “to order to be conveyed”, “to order or request (a person) to go to a place or person”, “to cause (a thing) to be transmitted by an intermediary to another person or place” and “to dispatch (a letter, telegram etc) by messenger, post, etc”: Wells v John R Lewis (International) Pty Ltd (1975) 25 FLR 194; 1 TPC 226; [1975] ATPR 40-007 at 210-211 (FLR), (Spicer CJ and Dunphy and Smithers JJ). [CCA.4.500]

Definition: services

This definition is of importance in relation to most, but not all, of the substantive provisions of the Act, including s 45 (anti-competitive contracts, arrangements and understandings), s 45A (price fixing), s 45D (secondary boycotts), s 46 (misuse of market power), s 47 (exclusive dealing) and s 50 (mergers) the former provisions. Section 44B contains a special definition of this term for the access regime. There is also a separate, more extensive definition for the ACL: see ACL s 2. The term is defined in very broad terms, the essential attributes of which are that there must be rights, benefits, privileges or facilities, they must be provided, granted or conferred and that must occur in trade or commerce. That broad scope is then extended by including rights, benefits, privileges or facilities that are (or are to be) provided, granted or conferred under one of the types of contracts referred to in the section (but not a supply of goods or the performance of work under a contract of service). The term “contract” includes leases and licenses of land: s 4H. The definition commences with the word ‘includes’ – a term intended to be inclusive, not exhaustive. Unless a contrary intention appears in the substantive provisions being applied, the ordinary meaning of the term “services” is to be adopted along with the specified activities set out in the definition: Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCAFC 155. The term “services” refers to those things which, as a matter of ordinary English, are known as services, subject to the specific inclusions in pars (a) to (d). Although the word “services” has a wide application, it imports the notion of some assistance or accommodation being made available: Adamson v NSW Rugby League Ltd (1991) 27 FCR 535; [1991] ATPR 41-141. The definition does not limit the term to services provided under a contract, although in the extended meanings to which paras (a)-(d) relate the relevant benefits must be at least proposed to be provided under a contract. The introductory words of the definition are sufficient to include in its ambit services provided otherwise than under a contract: TPC v Legion Cabs (Trading) Co-op Soc Ltd (1978) 35 FLR 372; [1978] ATPR 40-092; Adamson v NSW Rugby League Ltd (1991) 27 FCR 535; [1991] ATPR 41-141. However: • the mere freedom to negotiate with a person does not amount to the supply of services by that person to the prospective negotiator: Adamson v NSW Rugby League Ltd (1991) 27 FCR 535; [1991] ATPR 41-141; applied in Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCA 839 (Farrell J); • a contractual right to apply for exploration licenses does not fall within the ordinary meaning of the term “services”, but the right to apply for an exploration license under a statute that requires the Minister to consider the application before deciding whether to grant or refuse to grant a license, may amount to “services”, even though a mere refusal to exercise a statutory discretion

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does not: IW v City of Perth [1997] HCA 30; (1997) 191 CLR 1; Gold and Copper Resources Pty Ltd v Newcrest Operations Ltd [2013] NSWSC 281; Street v Luna Park Sydney Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 1; (2009) 223 FLR 245; considered in the context of the Act in Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCAFC 155; and • a simple payment of money would not appear to be a “service” even though in one sense, money may be regarded as coming within the word “benefits”: Queensland Aggregates Pty Ltd v TPC (1981) 57 FLR 314; 38 ALR 217.

The definition specifically excludes the performance of work under a contract of service, in order to ensure that the Act does not intrude into employer/employee relationships. As a consequence, contracts between footballers and football clubs, being contracts of service, do not come within the definition of “services”: Adamson v West Perth Football Club (1979) 39 FLR 199; 27 ALR 475; [1979] ATPR 40-134. See also Adamson v New South Wales Rugby League Ltd (1991) 27 FCR 535; 100 ALR 479; 38 IR 394; 33 AILR 105; [1991] ATPR 41-084. However, clubs in amateur football competitions are not necessarily in competition with each other for the supply of services, even if the players are not under contracts of service: Wickham v Canberra & District Rugby League Football Club Ltd [1998] ATPR 41-664. The definition also specifically excludes “rights or benefits being the supply of goods”. If, properly characterised, the transaction involves the supply of goods then none of the supply will involve a service: Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v Williams & Hodgson Transport Pty Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 395; [1986] HCA 72 ( Wilson J at p 402) applied in ACCC v Valve Corp (No 3) [2016] FCA 196 (Edelman J). Section 4C(d)provides that reference to supply of services includes a reference to supply of services “together with property or other services”: see also ACL s 11(d). In order to be a service that comes within the definition the relevant “rights, benefits, privileges or facilities” must be provided, granted or conferred “in trade or commerce”: Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd (No 5) [2001] FCA 1106; (2001) 123 FCR 62 (Von Doussa J). The term “in trade or commerce” has the same meaning as in other sections of the Act (see [CCA.4.540]): Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCA 839 (Farrell J) applying Kline v Offıcial Secretary to the Governor General [2013] HCA 52; (2013) 249 CLR 645. But the “right, benefit, privilege or facility” does not need to be a trading or commercial activity of the party conferring the right. All that is required is that the relationship or dealing as a whole be of a “trading or commercial nature”: Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCA 839 (Farrell J); on appeal: [2014] FCAFC 155. Examples: • The right to participate in an EOI process for the grant of mining licenses, which involved applying for the Minister’s consent leading to the grant of the necessary approvals for mining activities, amounted to a right, benefit, or privilege being provided by the Minister in trade or commerce and therefore a service, and bids were in relation to the acquisition of a service: Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCAFC 155. • The right, under a franchise agreement, to use a 1300 number as a contact point for calls and the right to have the franchisor consent to an assignment of the franchise by the franchisee (ACCC v Seal-A-Fridge Pty Ltd [2010] FCA 525; (2010) 268 ALR 321; [2010] ATPR 42-316; [2010] ASAL 55-208.

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Are shares in a company goods or services? The definition includes rights in relation to, and interests in, personal property. In TPC v Australian Iron & Steel Pty Ltd (1990) 22 FCR 305; [1990] ATPR 41-001, a case involving the application of the merger provision, s 50, Lockhart J stated that shares in a corporation are neither goods or services, but that observation was in the context of the definition of the term “acquire” which His Honour was called on to interpret. There is no doubt that shares are a chose in action – a right in relation to personal property. A share comprises “a collection of rights and obligations relating to an interest in a company of an economic and proprietary character, but not constituting a debt”: Pilmer v Duke Group Ltd (In Liq) [2001] HCA 31; (2001) 207 CLR 165; 75 ALJR 1067 citing Pennington, “Can shares in companies be defined?” (1985) 10 The Company Lawyer 140.

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[CCA.4.500] • The provision of bank and other loans (SST Consulting Services Pty Ltd v Rieson [2006] HCA 31; (2006) 225 CLR 516; 80 ALJR 1190; 228 ALR 417; Begbie v State Bank of New South Wales Ltd [1994] ATPR 41-288; [1994] Aust Contract Reports 90-038; [1993] ASC 56-254. • Issuing bank notes by the Reserve Bank (Sykes v Reserve Bank of Australia (1997) 151 ALR 579; [1998] ATPR 41-608. • The provision of hospital services, including an operation and blood transfusion, by a hospital (E v Australian Red Cross Soc (1991) 31 FCR 299; 105 ALR 53; [1992] ATPR 41-156. • Offers to provide work with a third party to persons who acquired a particular truck from a nominated dealer (TPC v Queensland Aggregates Pty Ltd (1981) 4 TPR 397; 36 ALR 236; [1981] ATPR 40-228). • Advertising house and land packages together with finance (Henderson v Pioneer Homes Pty Ltd (No 2) (1980) 43 FLR 276; 29 ALR 597; [1980] ATPR 40-159. • Arrangements whereby a credit union credited commissions paid to it by travel agents to the accounts of members booking travel through the travel agent (Parramatta Tourist Services Pty Ltd v SWB Family Credit Union Ltd (1979) 24 ALR 273; [1979] ATPR 40-102.

[CCA.4.520]

Definition: supply

This term is used extensively throughout the Act. The definition is expanded in its operation by s 4C. The notion of “supply” is the counterpart of “acquire”. A supply of goods or services must occur as part of a bilateral transaction or dealing under which the other party acquires those goods or services: Cook v Pasminco Ltd [2000] FCA 677; (2000) 99 FCR 548; [2000] ATPR 41-767. “Supply” is a word of wide import. It is defined in the Macquarie Dictionary as follows: “to furnish (a person, establishment, place, etc) with what is lacking or requisite; to furnish or provide (something wanting or requisite); to make up (a deficiency); make up for (a loss, lack, absence, etc); satisfy (a need, demand, etc); to fill (a place, vacancy, etc).” Neither s 4C nor the definition in s 4 calls for any restrictive interpretation of the term: Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v Williams & Hodgson Transport Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 509; 64 ALR 536; [1986] ATPR 40-653 at 532 (FCR) per Lockhart J. For instance, it is not necessary for a person to be in a contractual relationship with a consumer in order for that person to be a supplier of a service to that consumer: ACCC v Flight Centre Ltd (No 2) [2013] FCA 1313 (Logan J). Where a supply of both goods and services occurs, how is the supply to be characterised? In Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v Williams & Hodgson Transport Pty Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 395; 61 ALJR 10; 68 ALR 376; [1986] ATPR 40-751 at 402 (CLR), 13 (ALJR), 381 (ALR), 48,162 (ATPR) Wilson J said: The Act clearly contemplates that services may accompany the supply of goods in such a way as to constitute a single transaction properly described as a supply of goods. It follows that an act or series of acts, once characterised for the purposes of the Act as a supply of goods, cannot also be a supply of services. [CCA.4.540]

Definition: trade or commerce

This definition is of importance in relation to s 47 (exclusive dealing) and former consumer protection provisions, now contained in the Australian Consumer Law. Breaches of the ACL will only occur where the conduct complained of has been engaged in “in trade or commerce”. The term “trade or commerce” derives from s 51(i) of the Constitution, which empowers the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to trade and commerce with other countries and among the States. The term is not a term of art. It is a term of common knowledge and of wide import, covering “intercourse for the purposes of trade in any and all its forms, including the transportation, purchase, sale and exchange of commodities”: Welton v Missouri 91 US 275 (1875) per Field J. See also W & A McArthur Ltd v

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Queensland (1920) 28 CLR 530; 27 ALR 130. The term describes “all the mutual communings, the negotiations verbal and by correspondence, the bargain, the transport and the delivery which comprised commercial arrangements”: Re Ku-ring-gai Co-op Building Soc (No 12) Ltd (1978) 36 FLR 134; 22 ALR 621; [1978] ATPR 40-094 at 139 (FLR), per Bowen CJ.

In Re Ku-ring-gai Co-op Building Soc (No 12) Ltd (1978) 36 FLR 134; 22 ALR 621; [1978] ATPR 40-094 at 167 (FLR) Deane J said: The terms “trade” and “commerce” ... are expressions of fact and terms of common knowledge. While the particular instances that may fall within them will depend upon the varying phases of development of trade, commerce and commercial communication, the terms are clearly of the widest import … they are not restricted to dealings or communications which can properly be described as being at arm’s length in the sense that they are within open markets or between strangers or have a dominant objective of profit making. They are apt to include commercial or business dealings in finance between a company and its members which are not within the main stream of ordinary commercial activities and which, while being commercial in character, are marked by a degree of altruism which is not compatible with a dominant objective of profit making. The definition in the Act differs from the Constitution. It defines the term to mean “trade or commerce within Australia or between Australia and places outside Australia”. The definition applies to intrastate trade and commerce as well as interstate trade and commerce. There is a difference between conduct “in trade or commerce” and conduct “in respect of trade or commerce” or “in relation to trade or commerce”. The relevant sections are only concerned with conduct in the course of activities which, of their nature, bear a trading or commercial character: Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594; 64 ALJR 293; 92 ALR 193; Houghton v Arms [2006] HCA 59; (2006) 225 CLR 553; 81 ALJR 466; 231 ALR 534. See also Toben v Jones [2012] FCA 1193 (Yates J). In Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594; 64 ALJR 293; 92 ALR 193, the court decided that conduct in relation to employment conditions was conduct in respect of trade and commerce, not conduct in trade or commerce and that it was not covered by former TPA s 52 (now ACL s 18). The court said (CLR at 604; ALR at 197; ATPR at 51,364): [I]t is plain that s 52 was not intended to extend to all conduct, regardless of its nature, in which a corporation might engage in the course of, or for the purposes of, its overall trading or commercial business. … the reference to conduct “in trade or commerce” in s 52 can be construed as referring only to conduct which is itself an aspect or element of activities or transactions which, of their nature, bear a trading or commercial character. The precise limits of what conduct is in or is not in trade or commerce cannot be definitively stated: Plimer v Roberts (1997) 80 FCR 303; 150 ALR 235; 39 IPR 257; [1998] ATPR 41-602. In Hearn v O’Rourke [2003] FCAFC 78; (2003) 129 FCR 64; [2003] ATPR 41-931; [2003] ASAL 55-102, Dowsett J explained the process of deciding whether or not conduct is in trade or commerce as follows: [T]he focus must be upon the conduct in question and not upon the range of activities in which a relevant corporation may be engaged. In other words, one does not simply identify the conduct in question, note that the relevant corporation is engaged in commercial activity of some kind and then look to a connection between the two. Because corporations are usually formed to engage in commercial activities, it will rarely be difficult to find such a connection. The correct approach is to determine whether or not the relevant conduct can, according to ordinary usage, be described as having occurred in the course of dealings “which, of their nature, bear a trading or commercial character”. The

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In Ransom v Higgs [1974] 1 WLR 1594 at 1600 Lord Reid described the term “trade” as follows: As an ordinary word in the English language “trade” has or has had a variety of meanings or shades of meaning. Leaving aside obsolete and rare usage it is sometimes used to denote any mercantile operation but is commonly used to denote operations of a commercial character by which the trader provides to customers for reward some kind of goods or services.

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[CCA.4.540]

commercial undertakings of the corporation in question may be relevant to the exercise. However, the more important question will be whether the conduct is of a kind which is usually of a commercial nature. The dividing line will often be difficult to discern and will involve consideration of what imports a trading or commercial character in relation to a particular activity which, without more, would not have that character. This is a matter to be determined on the facts of each case: Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd (No 2) [2004] FCA 133; (2004) 134 FCR 422; 208 ALR 98; [2004] ATPR 41-979; [2004] Aust Contract R 90-190. See also Fletcher v Nextra Australia Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 52; Meadow Gem Pty Ltd v ANZ Executors & Trustee Co Ltd [1994] ATPR (Digest) 46-130. It seems clear that claims made at a time after the party making them has ceased trading will not be made “in trade or commerce”; ACCC v SMS Global Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 855. Representations made to statutory authorities as required by legislation in order to satisfy a statutory condition or to obtain an exercise of statutory power are not, of themselves, made in trade or commerce. The relationship is “a relationship between a regulator and a regulated industry or business”: Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 240; (2004) 139 FCR 330; Glueck v Stang [2008] FCA 148; Interpharma Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents [2008] FCA 1283; Gold & Copper Resources Pty Ltd v Newcrest Operations Ltd [2013] NSWSC 281; GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd v Pharmacor Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1202. However, that does not mean that all circumstances in which submissions are made to a public authority will necessarily be regarded as not made in trade or commerce: see Obeid v ACCC [2014] FCA 839; RP Data Limited v State of Queensland [2007] FCA 1639; (2007) 221 FCR 392; Dresna Pty Ltd v Misu Nominees Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 169; Brown v Riverstone Meat Co Pty Ltd (1985) 60 ALR 595; [1985] ASC 55-413; [1985] ATPR 40-576 and Merman Pty Ltd v Cockburn Cement Ltd (1988) 84 ALR 521; [1988] ATPR 40-915. A representation can be made in trade or commerce even though it is not in the trade of the person making the representation, so long as it is in the trade of the person to whom the representation is made: Houghton v Arms [2006] HCA 59; (2006) 225 CLR 553; 81 ALJR 466; 231 ALR 534; Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594; 64 ALJR 293; 92 ALR 193 per Toohey J; Fletcher v Nextra Australia Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 52. For other examples of consumer cases in which consideration has been given to this question, see also[ACL.18.60]. EXAMPLE • Gold and Copper Resources Pty Ltd v Newcrest Operations Ltd [2013] NSWSC 281. Statements made by the respondent to the NSW Department of Primary Industries in the course of seeking renewal of two exploration licences were held to be not made in trade or commerce. • Auswest Timbers Pty Ltd v Secretary to the Department of Sustainability & Environment [2010] VSC 389; (2010) 241 FLR 360. Statements made to the applicant by the Department concerning the renewal of timber entitlements were held to not have been made in trade or commerce. • Street v Luna Park Sydney Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 1; (2009) 223 FLR 245. As there was no potential or actual trading or commercial dealing or relationship between the respondent and the Minister in relation to the lodgment of a development application, the relationship between the planning authority and applicant for planning approval was not of a trading or commercial character. • Barrick v Qantas Flight Catering Ltd [2007] FCA 835; (2007) 163 IR 207; 59 AILR 100-676. The applicant, a former employee of the respondent, claimed that the respondent had engaged in misleading conduct when she was dismissed following discovery of a payroll fraud perpetrated by others but from which she benefited through overpayment of her salary. The

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conduct of the respondent was not in trade or commerce. Nor were statements made on the respondent’s behalf to the Industrial Relations Commission in a case brought by the applicant made in trade or commerce. Glueck v Stang [2008] FCA 148; (2008) 75 IPR 75; [2008] ATPR 42-220. Alleged representations made to the Australian Patent Office and to the US Patent and Trademark Office were not made in trade or commerce because they were not made in the course of a trading or commercial relationship between the patent applicant and either office, the patent applicant had no trading or commercial dealings with either office, nor were the representations made in the course of the negotiation of contracts. Braverus Maritime Inc v Port Kembla Coal Terminal Ltd [2005] FCAFC 256; (2005) 148 FCR 68; [2005] ATPR 46-267. The pilot of a ship, performing duties on behalf of the port pursuant to statute, was found to have been doing so in trade or commerce. Village Building Co Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd [2004] FCAFC 240; (2004) 139 FCR 330; 210 ALR 114; [2004] ATPR 42-019. Representations made by an airport owner to the relevant authority concerning future noise patterns at its airport were not conduct in trade or commerce. Orion Pet Products Pty Ltd v RSPCA (Vic) [2002] FCA 860; (2002) 120 FCR 191; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-223; [2002] ASAL 55-089. Statements made by an officer of the RSPCA in opposing the sale of electronic dog collars were not made in trade or commerce. Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd (No 4) [2001] FCA 1106; (2001) 123 FCR 62; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-214. A consultant who was engaged to prepare a report for a statutory authority for a fee had entered the consultancy contract in trade or commerce but in preparing the report the consultant was carrying out a statutory function, and accordingly statements made in the consultant’s report were not made in trade or commerce. Statements made in a report prepared by another consultant, although prepared for reward, were not made in trade or commerce because it was a professional report expressing the consultant’s professional opinions. RGC Mineral Sands Ltd v Wimmera Industrial Minerals Pty Ltd (No 2) [2000] FCA 22. Representations made to the Commissioner of Patents in proceedings opposing the grant of a trade mark were not made in trade or commerce. McCormick v Riverwood International (Australia) Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1640; (1999) 167 ALR 689. Statements about future employment made in the context of sale negotiations were capable of being in trade or commerce. NRMA Ltd v Yates [1999] NSWSC 859; [1999] ATPR 41-721; (1999) 18 ACLC 45. A statement made in an election advertisement by a director of the applicant company was made in trade or commerce. But see Yates v Whitlam [1999] ATPR 41-722; [2000] 18 ACLC 55. Robin Pty Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1019; (1999) 179 ALR 449; [1999] ATPR 41-710. An advertisement by an airport operator opposed to rezoning of land under a flight path was found to be a political exercise rather than a publication in trade or commerce. Giraffe World Australia Pty Ltd v ACCC [1998] FCA 1560; [1998] ATPR 41-669. The applicant challenged an ACCC press release on several grounds, including that it was misleading and deceptive. The court struck out the statement of claim because, as pleaded, it did not disclose that the ACCC had published the press release in trade or commerce. Sykes v Reserve Bank of Australia (1997) 151 ALR 579; [1998] ATPR 41-608. In promoting plastic banknotes the Reserve Bank was engaging in an activity in trade or commerce. Plimer v Roberts (1997) 80 FCR 303; 150 ALR 235; 39 IPR 257; [1998] ATPR 41-602. Statements made in the course of public lectures and taped interviews by an academic who was not paid for them were not made in trade or commerce.

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• News Ltd v Australian Rugby Football League Ltd (1996) 64 FCR 410; 139 ALR 193; 21 ACSR 635; 35 IPR 446; [1996] ATPR 41-521. The Australian Rugby League and its member clubs were engaging in trade and commerce because they derived substantial sums from sponsorships, sold television rights and merchandising rights, received gate takings and hired grounds. • Meadow Gem Pty Ltd v ANZ Executors & Trustee Co Ltd [1994] ATPR (Digest) 46-130. The court refused to strike out a statement of claim alleging that statements made by a Minister and government officials concerning the solvency of a building society were misleading. The strike out application was based on the arguments that the statements were not made in trade or commerce. • Tobacco Institute of Australia v Woodward (1993) 32 NSWLR 559; [1994] ATPR 41-185. In a case brought under the Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW), the court held that a person who made public statements on behalf of a lobby group opposed to tobacco was not engaged in trade or commerce. • Unilan Holdings Pty Ltd v Kerin (1992) 35 FCR 272; 107 ALR 709; [1992] ATPR 41-169. A claim under former TPA s 52 made against the Minister for Primary Industry and Energy arising from a speech he had made was struck out because the speech was not made in trade or commerce. • Barto v GPR Management Services Pty Ltd (1991) 33 FCR 389; 105 ALR 339; 34 AILR 141; [1992] ATPR 41-162. The court refused to strike out as unsustainable a claim that misleading conduct in breach of former TPA s 52 had been involved in employment negotiations. The applicant argued that no such claim was open in the light of Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594; 64 ALJR 293; 92 ALR 193. See, however, Martin v Tasmania Development & Resources [1999] FCA 593; (1999) 89 IR 98; 163 ALR 79; [1999] ATPR (Digest) 46-193; and Mulcahy v Hydro-Electric Commission (1998) 85 FCR 170; 44 AILR 3-837; [1998] ATPR (Digest) 46-186. • E v Australian Red Cross Soc (1991) 27 FCR 310; 99 ALR 601; [1991] ATPR 41-085. The Red Cross was held not to have engaged in conduct in trade or commerce in gratuitously supplying blood to a patient. • Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594; 64 ALJR 293; 92 ALR 193. The High Court held that misleading information given by one employee of a builder to another employee was not information provided in trade or commerce in the sense intended by the Act. • Bond Corp Pty Ltd v Thiess Contractors Pty Ltd (1987) 14 FCR 215; 71 ALR 615; 3 BPR 434; [1987] ATPR 40-771; [1987] ASC 55-557. French J held that the provision of professional advice by an engineer was in trade or commerce. • Patrick v Steel Mains Pty Ltd (1987) 77 ALR 133; 22 IR 81; [1987] ATPR 40-794. A statement made in the course of employment negotiations was held to be capable of being conduct in trade or commerce. • Orison Pty Ltd v Strategic Minerals Corp NL (1987) 77 ALR 141; 13 ACLR 314; [1987] ATPR 40-803. A statement made in a memorandum by the directors of a corporation to shareholders in relation to a proposed acquisition to be considered by shareholders at a general meeting of the corporation was held to be capable of being conduct in trade or commerce. • Bevanere Pty Ltd v Lubidineuse (1985) 7 FCR 325; 59 ALR 334; 4 IPR 467; [1985] ATPR 40-565. The Federal Court held that the sale of a cosmetic clinic by a company which was not engaged in the business of selling such assets was nevertheless a transaction in trade or commerce. The court distinguished O’Brien v Smolonogov (1983) 53 ALR 107; 2 IPR 69; [1983] ATPR 40-418 (O’Brien v Smolonogov) on the basis that the land in that case was not used for any business activity.

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• O’Brien v Smolonogov (1983) 53 ALR 107; 2 IPR 69; [1983] ATPR 40-418. The Federal Court held that a private sale of a parcel of rural land was not a transaction “in trade or commerce”, applying American decisions which drew a distinction between private sales and sales in a business context. See also Argy v Blunts & Lane Cove Real Estate Pty Ltd (1990) 26 FCR 112; 94 ALR 719; [1990] ATPR 41-015; [1990] ASC 55-963; Eighth SRJ Pty Ltd v Merity (1997) 7 BPR 15,189. • Glorie v WA Chip & Pulp Co Pty Ltd (1981) 55 FLR 310; 39 ALR 67; 1 TPR 84. The respondent argued that a film which he had had produced to explain to the public the way in which an area in Western Australia known as the south-west forest was managed and utilised was not exhibited in trade or commerce but was merely a political exercise. Morling J held that the film was exhibited in trade or commerce. In Robin Pty Ltd v Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd [1999] FCA 1019; (1999) 179 ALR 449; [1999] ATPR 41-710, Gyles J doubted the correctness of this decision in the light of Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17; (1990) 169 CLR 594; 64 ALJR 293; 92 ALR 193. • TPC v Legion Cabs (Trading) Co-op Soc Ltd (1978) 35 FLR 372; [1978] ATPR 40-092. The court rejected an argument that transactions between a trading co-operative and its members were not “in trade or commerce”. • Swan v Downes (1978) 34 FLR 36; [1978] ATPR 40-068. Solicitation by mail of subscriptions for books and magazines published in the United Kingdom was “in trade or commerce” but, as the defendant was a natural person and the solicitation was not in trade or commerce among States, no offence had been committed. • Larmer v Power Machinery Pty Ltd (1977) 29 FLR 490; 14 ALR 243; [1977] ATPR 40-021. The display of a brochure in the foyer of the defendant company was held to constitute a representation in trade or commerce. • Wells v John R Lewis (International) Pty Ltd (1975) 25 FLR 194; 1 TPC 226; [1975] ATPR 40-007. This case related to the posting of pro forma invoices to companies in Australia and overseas relating to entries in a business directory. The transactions were held to be in trade or commerce notwithstanding that the invoices to which the charges related were intercepted in the post and therefore never received by the addressees. [CCA.4.560] Definition: trading corporation This definition provides a necessary nexus between the Act and the corporations power upon which the Act is substantially based. The definition imports s 51(xx) of the Constitution. In Hughes v Western Australian Cricket Assn Inc [1986] FCA 357; (1986) 19 FCR 10; 69 ALR 660; [1986] ATPR 40-736 at 671 (ALR), Toohey J summarised the court decisions on the meaning of the term “trading corporation” as follows: (1) The mere fact that a corporation trades does not mean that it is a trading corporation: R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte St George County Council (1974) 130 CLR 533 at 543, 562 (St George County Council); R v Judges of Federal Court of Australia; Ex parte Western Australian National Football League (1979) 143 CLR 190 at 219, 234 (Adamson). (2) The purpose of incorporation, propounded in St George County Council, is no longer a valid test. The test is one of the current activities of the corporation: Adamson and State Superannuation Board v Trade Practices Commission (1982) 150 CLR 282 at 304; (State Superannuation Board). (3) But the current activities test is not the sole criterion for determining whether a corporation is a trading corporation. Thus where a corporation has not begun to trade, its character may be found in its constitution. Even when there are current activities, the corporation’s constitution is not completely irrelevant: Fencott v Muller (1983) 152 CLR 570; 57 ALJR 317; 15 TPR 171; 46 ALR 41; [1983] ATPR 40-350 at 602 (CLR).

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[CCA.4.560] (4) Views as to the necessary extent of trading activity have varied. It must be a substantial corporate activity (Barwick CJ in Adamson (1979) 143 CLR 190 at 208); the trading activities must form a sufficiently significant proportion of the corporation’s overall activities (Mason J in Adamson at 233, with Jacobs J concurring at 237); the trading activities should not be insubstantial (Murphy J in Adamson at 239); the corporation must carry on trading activities on a significant scale (Mason, Murphy and Deane JJ in State Superannuation Board (1982) 150 CLR 282 at 304; Deane J in Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 57 ALJR 450 at 560. (5) An incorporated sporting body can be a trading corporation if its activities meet the required test (Adamson). (6) In particular, incorporation under a statute such as the Assns Incorporation Act does not prevent a corporate body from being a trading corporation if its activities warrant that description (Adamson at 232). (7) Trading denotes the activity of providing, for reward, goods or services: Re Ku-ring-gai Co-operative Building Society (No 12) Ltd (1978) 36 FLR 134; 22 ALR 621; ATPR 40-094 at 138-139 (FLR); St George County Council (1974) 130 CLR 533 at 569-570; Bevanere Pty Ltd v Lubidineuse (1985) 7 FCR 325; 59 ALR 334; 4 IPR 467; [1985] ATPR 40-565 at 330-331 (FLR). (8) The Act itself draws a distinction between trading corporations and financial corporations; nevertheless the two classes are not mutually exclusive: State Superannuation Board (1982) 150 CLR 282 at 303.

In R v Judges of the Federal Court of Australia; Ex parte Western Australian National Football League (Inc) (1979) 143 CLR 190; 53 ALJR 273; 23 ALR 439; [1979] ATPR 40-103, the High Court held (by a four to three majority) that the League was a trading corporation and refused to follow the previous High Court decision in R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte St George County Council (1974) 130 CLR 533; 48 ALJR 26; 2 ALR 371. The judges forming the majority expressed differing views as to what the term “trading corporation” included. They were as follows: • Mason and Jacobs JJ found that the term described a corporation when its trading activities form a sufficiently significant portion of its overall activities as to merit it being so described. • Barwick CJ found that the term applied to a corporation if trading was a substantial corporate activity. In his Honour’s view it is the activities of a corporation rather than its purpose for incorporation that is relevant and if trading is a substantial and not merely a peripheral activity not forbidden by the corporation’s rules, it is open to find that the corporation is a trading corporation. • Murphy J found that the term included both bodies incorporated for the purpose of trading and those corporations which in fact trade. In his Honour’s view a corporation which trades is included in the definition even if it is incorporated under legislation which bans trading, and the term does not only refer to corporations which do nothing else but trade or in which trading is the dominant activity. In his Honour’s view as long as trading is not insubstantial, the fact that trading is incidental to other activities does not prevent the corporation from being a trading corporation. EXAMPLE • Auswest Timbers Pty Ltd v Secretary to the Department of Sustainability & Environment [2010] VSC 389; (2010) 241 FLR 360. Although the Department did engage in some trading activities, those activities were not held to be a sufficiently significant proportion of its overall activities to merit its description as a trading corporation. • Shahid v Australasian College of Dermatologists [2007] FCA 693; (2007) 72 IPR 555. The College, which provided training and accreditation for medical practitioners, was not done for reward in that there was no payment by the hospital for the College undertaking the process of selection of trainee registrars or for the training of registrars. However, the principal trading

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•

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activity of the College was its annual scientific meeting and trade exhibition and the College also earned some income from its training functions. This was sufficient to constitute the college a trading corporation: see also Shahid v Australasian College of Dermatologists [2008] FCAFC 72; (2008) 168 FCR 46; 248 ALR 267. Orion Pet Products Pty Ltd v RSPCA (Vic) [2002] FCA 860; (2002) 120 FCR 191; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-223; [2002] ASAL 55-089. Although the RSPCA’s trading activities were acknowledged to be ancillary to its main purpose, they were nevertheless found to be sufficiently significant for the association to be a trading corporation. E v Australian Red Cross Society (1991) 27 FCR 310; 99 ALR 601; [2002] ATPR 41-085. The Red Cross was held to be a trading corporation because it earned substantial income from its shop, stalls and from running courses. The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, a State statutory corporation, was also held to be a trading corporation for the purposes of the then TPA. State Government Insurance Corp v GIO (NSW) (1991) 28 FCR 511; 101 ALR 259; 21 IPR 65; [1991] ATPR 41-110; [1991] ASC 56-067. The Government Insurance Office of New South Wales, a statutory corporation, was held to be both a trading and a financial corporation. Australian Beauty Trade Suppliers Ltd v Conference & Exhibition Organisers Pty Ltd (1991) 29 FCR 68; 99 ALR 474; [1991] ATPR 41-107. The court held that the activities of a small trade association, which operated on the basis of voluntary members’ labour and which organised an annual trade fair as its major activity, were sufficient to categorise the association as a trading corporation. Milchas Investments Pty Ltd v Larkin (1989) 96 FLR 464; [1989] ATPR 40-956. The court held that a company formed to operate a building commercially was within the definition. McCarthy v Australian Rough Riders Assn Inc [1988] ATPR 40-836. The court held that the association was not a trading corporation because its trading activities were not sufficiently significant for the applicant to be so characterised. OD Transport Pty Ltd v Western Australian Government Railways Commission (1986) 13 FCR 270; 71 ALR 190; [1987] ATPR 40-761. French J found that there was a serious issue to be tried as to whether the Commission was a trading corporation. Fencott v Muller (1983) 152 CLR 570; 57 ALJR 317; 15 TPR 171; 46 ALR 41; [1983] ATPR 40-350. The High Court found that a company which was incorporated to become the trustee of an existing unit trust and which was required to do no more than receive the proceeds of sale of a business, pay off creditors and distribute the balance to unit holders, was a trading corporation having regard to the objects stated in the Memorandum of Association. Bradken Consolidated Ltd v BHP (1979) 145 CLR 107; 53 ALJR 452; 24 ALR 9; [1979] ATPR 40-106; (1979) 5 TPC 1. Gibbs J expressed the opinion that the Queensland Commissioner for Railways was not a trading corporation. Murphy J took the opposite view and the remaining members of the court expressed no opinion on the matter. Universal Telecasters (Qld) Ltd v Guthrie (1978) 32 FLR 360; 18 ALR 531; [1978] ATPR 40-062. The court held that a company which operated a commercial television station was a trading corporation. TPC v Legion Cabs (Trading) Co-op Soc Ltd (1978) 35 FLR 372; [1978] ATPR 40-092. The court held that a society incorporated under the Co-operation Act 1923 (NSW) as a trading society was a trading corporation within the meaning of the Act.

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Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4A

4A

Subsidiary, holding and related bodies corporate

(1) [When body corporate deemed subsidiary] For the purposes of this Act, a body corporate shall, subject to subsection (3), be deemed to be a subsidiary of another body corporate if: (a) that other body corporate: (i)

controls the composition of the board of directors of the first-mentioned body corporate;

(ii)

is in a position to cast, or control the casting of, more than one-half of the maximum number of votes that might be cast at a general meeting of the first-mentioned body corporate; or (iii) holds more than one-half of the allotted share capital of the first-mentioned body corporate (excluding any part of that allotted share capital that carries no right to participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution of either profits or capital); or (b) the first-mentioned body corporate is a subsidiary of any body corporate that is that other body corporate’s subsidiary (including any body corporate that is that other body corporate’s subsidiary by another application or other applications of this paragraph). (2) [When board deemed controlled by another body corporate] For the purposes of subsection (1), the composition of a body corporate’s board of directors shall be deemed to be controlled by another body corporate if that other body corporate, by the exercise of some power exercisable by it without the consent or concurrence of any other person, can appoint or remove all or a majority of the directors, and for the purposes of this provision that other body corporate shall be deemed to have power to make such an appointment if: (a) a person cannot be appointed as a director without the exercise in his or her favour by that other body corporate of such a power; or (b) a person’s appointment as a director follows necessarily from his or her being a director or other officer of that other body corporate. [Subs (2) am Act 88 of 1995, s 91]

(3) [Determining whether body corporate is subsidiary] In determining whether a body corporate is a subsidiary of another body corporate: (a) any shares held or power exercisable by that other body corporate in a fiduciary capacity shall be treated as not held or exercisable by it; (b) subject to paragraphs (c) and (d), any shares held or power exercisable: (i) by any person as a nominee for that other body corporate (except where that other body corporate is concerned only in a fiduciary capacity); or (ii) by, or by a nominee for, a subsidiary of that other body corporate, not being a subsidiary that is concerned only in a fiduciary capacity; shall be treated as held or exercisable by that other body corporate; (c) any shares held or power exercisable by any person by virtue of the provisions of any debentures of the first-mentioned body corporate, or of a trust deed for securing any allotment of such debentures, shall be disregarded; and

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any shares held or power exercisable by, or by a nominee for, that other body corporate or its subsidiary (not being held or exercisable as mentioned in paragraph (c)) shall be treated as not held or exercisable by that other body corporate if the ordinary business of that other body corporate or its subsidiary, as the case may be, includes the lending of money and the shares are held or the power is exercisable by way of security only for the purposes of a transaction entered into in the ordinary course of that business.

(4) [Reference to holding company] A reference in this Act to the holding company of a body corporate shall be read as a reference to a body corporate of which that other body corporate is a subsidiary.

(5A) [Relations between bodies corporate] For the purposes of Parts IV, VI and VII: (a) a body corporate that is a party to a dual listed company arrangement is taken to be related to the other body corporate that is a party to the arrangement; and (b) a body corporate that is related to one of the parties to the arrangement is taken to be related to the other party to the arrangement; and (c) a body corporate that is related to one of the parties to the arrangement is taken to be related to each body corporate that is related to the other party to the arrangement. [Subs (5A) insrt Act 131 of 2006, s 3 and Sch 6 item 2]

(6) [Presumption: bodies corporate unrelated] In proceedings under this Act, whether in the Court or before the Tribunal or the Commission, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is established, that bodies corporate are not, or were not at a particular time, related to each other. [S 4A am Act 131 of 2006; Act 88 of 1995; insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 6]

SECTION 4A COMMENTARY Outline ............................................................................................................................................. [CCA.4A.20] Definition: body corporate ............................................................................................................... [CCA.4A.40] Concept: related .............................................................................................................................. [CCA.4A.60]

[CCA.4A.20]

Outline

The CCA recognises that in many instances its application could be avoided unless the activities of all of the corporations in a group are considered together, and that in other instances the Act may work unfairly if corporate group activities were not excluded. Accordingly, for example: • Section 46(2) makes it clear that all related corporations are to be considered when assessing the market power of a particular corporation. • Section 45(8) provides that the prohibition against anti-competitive contracts, arrangements and understandings does not apply to contracts, arrangements or understandings between related corporations.

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(5) [Relations between bodies corporate] Where a body corporate: (a) is the holding company of another body corporate; (b) is a subsidiary of another body corporate; or (c) is a subsidiary of the holding company of another body corporate; that first-mentioned body corporate and that other body corporate shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be related to each other.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4B

[CCA.4A.20]

Section 4A defines the circumstances in which corporations will be deemed to be related. This will occur where a body corporate is: • the holding company of another; • a subsidiary of another body corporate; or • a subsidiary of a holding company of another body corporate: s 4A(5). Section 4A provides the basis for determining when bodies corporate are related to one another for the purposes of those provisions. [CCA.4A.40]

Definition: body corporate

The term “body corporate” is not defined in the Act. The term encompasses any office or group of people recognised at law as having separate legal personality. Corporations, whether incorporated under the Corporations Act 2001 or by special statute, come within the definition. Government business enterprises established by statute as having the perpetual succession are examples of the latter. The term does not, however, encompass a body politic: Acts Interpretation Act 1901, s 22. Accordingly, States, Territories and the Commonwealth are not bodies corporate. Section 4A(5) was considered in Actors and Announcers Equity Assn of Australia v Fontana Films Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR 169; 56 ALJR 366; 40 ALR 609; [1982] ATPR 40-285. Mason J said (at CLR 210): Plainly the reach of this provision extends to corporations which stand outside paras (a), (b) and (c) of the definition of “corporation”. It therefore takes the operative provisions beyond the boundaries of Commonwealth power. However … it is possible to sever. See also R v Australian Industrial Court; Ex parte CLM Holdings Pty Ltd (1977) 136 CLR 235; 51 ALJR 362; 13 ALR 273; [1977] ATPR 40-017; [1977] CLC 40-305 at 241 (CLR). [CCA.4A.60]

Concept: related

Bodies corporate are to be regarded as related to one another if one is the holding company or a subsidiary of the other, or where the two bodies are both subsidiaries of the same holding company: s 4A(5). The word “related” does not have any extended meaning in either s 46 or s 50, over that provided by s 4A(5): Dowling v Dalgety Australia Ltd [1992] FCA 35; (1992) 34 FCR 109; 106 ALR 75; [1992] ATPR 41-165; TPC v Bowral Brickworks Pty Ltd (1984) 2 FCR 552; 55 ALR 733; [1984] ATPR 40-480. Statutory corporations are not “related” within the meaning of the CCA: Paul Dainty Corp Pty Ltd v National Tennis Centre Trust (1990) 22 FCR 495; 94 ALR 225; [1990] ATPR 41-029. 4B

Consumers

(1) [Acquisition of particular goods as consumer] For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears: (a) a person shall be taken to have acquired particular goods as a consumer if, and only if: (i) the price of the goods did not exceed the prescribed amount; or (ii) where that price exceeded the prescribed amount—the goods were of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption or the goods consisted of a commercial road vehicle; and the person did not acquire the goods, or hold himself or herself out as acquiring the goods, for the purpose of re-supply or for the purpose of using them up or transforming them, in trade or commerce, in the course of a process of production or manufacture or of repairing or treating other goods or fixtures on land; and (b) a person shall be taken to have acquired particular services as a consumer if, and only if: (i) the price of the services did not exceed the prescribed amount; or

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where that price exceeded the prescribed amount—the services were of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption.

[Subs (1) am Act 88 of 1995, s 91; Act 17 of 1986, s 5; Act 151 of 1977, s 3]

(2) [Prescribed amount of goods or services] For the purposes of subsection (1): (a)

the prescribed amount is $40,000 or, if a greater amount is prescribed for the purposes of this paragraph, that greater amount;

subject to paragraph (c), the price of goods or services purchased by a person shall be taken to have been the amount paid or payable by the person for the goods or services; (c) where a person purchased goods or services together with other property or services, or with both other property and services, and a specified price was not allocated to the goods or services in the contract under which they were purchased, the price of the goods or services shall be taken to have been: (i) the price at which, at the time of the acquisition, the person could have purchased from the supplier the goods or services without the other property or services; (ii) if, at the time of the acquisition, the goods or services were not available for purchase from the supplier except together with the other property or services but, at that time, goods or services of the kind acquired were available for purchase from another supplier without other property or services—the lowest price at which the person could, at that time, reasonably have purchased goods or services of that kind from another supplier; or (iii) if, at the time of the acquisition, goods or services of the kind acquired were not available for purchase from any supplier except together with other property or services—the value of the goods or services at that time; (d) where a person acquired goods or services otherwise than by way of purchase, the price of the goods or services shall be taken to have been: (i) the price at which, at the time of the acquisition, the person could have purchased the goods or services from the supplier; (ii) if, at the time of the acquisition, the goods or services were not available for purchase from the supplier or were so available only together with other property or services but, at that time, goods or services of the kind acquired were available for purchase from another supplier—the lowest price at which the person could, at that time, reasonably have purchased goods or services of that kind from another supplier; or (iii) if goods or services of the kind acquired were not available, at the time of the acquisition, for purchase from any supplier or were not so available except together with other property or services—the value of the goods or services at that time; and (e) without limiting by implication the meaning of the expression services in subsection 4(1), the obtaining of credit by a person in connection with the acquisition of goods or services by him or her shall be deemed to be the acquisition by him or her of a service and any amount by which the amount paid or payable by him or her for the goods or services is increased by reason of his or her so obtaining credit shall be deemed to be paid or payable by him or her for that service.

[Subs (2) am Act 88 of 1995, s 91; Act 17 of 1986, s 5; Act 151 of 1977, s 3]

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(b)

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4B

[CCA.4B.20]

(3) [Presumption that person was consumer] Where it is alleged in any proceeding under this Act or in any other proceeding in respect of a matter arising under this Act that a person was a consumer in relation to particular goods or services, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is established, that the person was a consumer in relation to those goods or services. (4) [Definition: commercial road vehicle] In this section, commercial road vehicle means a vehicle or trailer acquired for use principally in the transport of goods on public roads. [Subs (4) insrt Act 17 of 1986, s 5] [S 4B am Act 88 of 1995; Act 17 of 1986; Act 151 of 1977; insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 6]

SECTION 4B COMMENTARY [CCA.4B.20]

Summary

This section defines the term “consumer”. Originally it did so because certain consumer protection provisions of the Act applied to consumers, but now those provisions are in the Australian Consumer Law, which contains its own definition of the term “consumer”. The definition would seem to now be redundant. While the term is used in Pt XI, which applies the Australian Consumer Law as a law of the Commonwealth, s 130A makes it clear that expressions used in that Part have the same meaning as in the ACL. See [ACL.3.20]. 4C

Acquisition, supply and re-supply In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears: (a) a reference to the acquisition of goods includes a reference to the acquisition of property in, or rights in relation to, goods in pursuance of a supply of the goods; (b) a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods or services includes a reference to agreeing to supply or acquire goods or services; (c) a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods includes a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods together with other property or services, or both; (d) a reference to the supply or acquisition of services includes a reference to the supply or acquisition of services together with property or other services, or both; (e) a reference to the re-supply of goods acquired from a person includes a reference to: (i) a supply of the goods to another person in an altered form or condition; and (ii) a supply to another person of goods in which the first-mentioned goods have been incorporated; (f) a reference to the re-supply of services (the original services) acquired from a person (the original supplier) includes a reference to: (i) a supply of the original services to another person in an altered form or condition; and (ii) a supply to another person of other services that are substantially similar to the original services, and could not have been supplied if the original services had not been acquired by the person who acquired them from the original supplier.

[S 4C am Act 88 of 1995, s 5; insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 6]

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SECTION 4C COMMENTARY Outline ............................................................................................................................................. [CCA.4C.20] Definition: supply ............................................................................................................................. [CCA.4C.40]

[CCA.4C.20]

Outline

This section deals with the acquisition, supply and resupply of goods and services. It is to be compared with s 4(4), which deals with acquisitions of shares and assets of a body corporate: see [CCA.4.40]. Section 4C does not affect the ordinary meaning of the word “acquire”. The effect of the section is to incorporate into the connotation of that word, where used in the Act, the additional meanings referred to in the section: Peterson v Merck Sharpe & Dohme (Aust) Pty Ltd (2010) 184 FCR 1; [2010] FCA 180 (Jessup J).

The section makes it clear that: • references in the Act to the acquisition of goods include acquisition of property in the goods, acquisition of rights in the goods pursuant to a supply of the goods, agreement to acquire the goods, property in the goods or rights in the goods and acquisition of the goods with services or other property, or both; • references in the Act to the acquisition of services include agreeing to acquire services and acquisition of services with property or other services, or both; • references in the Act to the supply of goods include agreeing to supply goods and supplying goods with services or other property, or both; and • references in the Act to the supply of services include agreeing to supply services supplying services with property or other services, or both. The section also contains an explanation of the scope of the terms “resupply of goods” and “resupply of services” which are relevant to the interpretation of s 47 (exclusive dealing) and s 48 (resale price maintenance). The terms include: • resupply of the goods or services in an altered form or condition; • supply of goods incorporating the resupplied goods; and • supply of services substantially similar to original services where supply could not have occurred if the original services had not been supplied. The terms “goods” and “services” are defined in [CCA.4.340] and [CCA.4.500] respectively. [CCA.4C.40]

Definition: supply

“Supply” is a word of wide import. It is defined in The Macquarie Dictionary as follows: 1. to furnish (a person, establishment, place, etc) with what is lacking or requisite; 2. to furnish or provide (something wanting or requisite); 3. to make up (a deficiency); make up for (a loss, lack, absence, etc); satisfy (a need, demand, etc); 4. to fill (a place, vacancy, etc). Such is the breadth of the ordinary meaning of the word “supply” that s 4 does not add much, if anything, to the meaning of the word for the purposes of the Act: ACCC v Flight Centre Ltd (No 2) [2013] ATPR 42-458; (2013) 307 ALR 209; [2013] FCA 1313 (Logan J); ACCC v Valve Corp (No 3) [2016] FCA 196 (Edelman J). Neither s 4C nor the definition in s 4 call for any restrictive interpretation of the term: Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v Williams & Hodgson Transport Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 509; 64 ALR 536; [1986] ATPR 40-653 at 532 (FCR) per Lockhart J.

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The section is relevant to the interpretation of s 45 (anti-competitive contracts, arrangements and understandings), s 45A (price fixing), s 45D (secondary boycotts), s 46 (misuse of market power), s 47 (exclusive dealing) and s 48 (resale price maintenance).

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4D

4D

[CCA.4D.20]

Exclusionary provisions

(1) [Contract provision taken to be exclusionary] A provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding, or of a proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, shall be taken to be an exclusionary provision for the purposes of this Act if: (a) the contract or arrangement was made, or the understanding was arrived at, or the proposed contract or arrangement is to be made, or the proposed understanding is to be arrived at, between persons any 2 or more of whom are competitive with each other; and (b) the provision has the purpose of preventing, restricting or limiting: (i) the supply of goods or services to, or the acquisition of goods or services from, particular persons or classes of persons; or (ii) the supply of goods or services to, or the acquisition of goods or services from, particular persons or classes of persons in particular circumstances or on particular conditions; by all or any of the parties to the contract, arrangement or understanding or of the proposed parties to the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding or, if a party or proposed party is a body corporate, by a body corporate that is related to the body corporate. [Subs (1) am Act 17 of 1986, s 6]

(2) [Person deemed competitive] A person shall be deemed to be competitive with another person for the purposes of subsection (1) if, and only if, the first-mentioned person or a body corporate that is related to that person is, or is likely to be, or, but for the provision of any contract, arrangement or understanding or of any proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, would be, or would be likely to be, in competition with the other person, or with a body corporate that is related to the other person, in relation to the supply or acquisition of all or any of the goods or services to which the relevant provision of the contract, arrangement or understanding or of the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding relates. [Subs (2) insrt Act 206 of 1978, s 4] [S 4D am Act 17 of 1986; Act 206 of 1978; insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 6]

SECTION 4D COMMENTARY Background ..................................................................................................................................... [CCA.4D.20] Proposals for Change ..................................................................................................................... [CCA.4D.40] Summary ......................................................................................................................................... [CCA.4D.60] Concept: competitive with each other ............................................................................................. [CCA.4D.80] Concept: purpose .......................................................................................................................... [CCA.4D.100] Purpose: relevant time .................................................................................................................. [CCA.4D.120] Concept: restricting or limiting ....................................................................................................... [CCA.4D.140] Concepts: particular persons or classes of persons ..................................................................... [CCA.4D.160] Defences ....................................................................................................................................... [CCA.4D.180] Cases ............................................................................................................................................ [CCA.4D.200] Further reading .............................................................................................................................. [CCA.4D.220]

[CCA.4D.20]

Background

The prohibition against exclusionary provisions was inserted in 1977 following recommendation of the Swanson Committee which reported at [4.116] that: We consider that a collective boycott, ie, an agreement that has the purpose of or the effect of or is likely to have the effect of restricting the persons or classes of persons who may be dealt with, or the circumstances in which, or the conditions subject to which, persons or classes of persons may be dealt

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with by the parties to the agreement, or any of them, or by persons under their control, should be prohibited if it has a substantial adverse effect on competition between the parties to the agreement or any of them or competition between those parties or any of them and other persons. In enacting s 4D the Parliament did not follow the Swanson recommendation precisely. Although provisions dealing with collective boycotts were introduced, they were not limited to circumstances in which the boycott has a substantial adverse effect on competition. Section 4D, as enacted, merely required that there be a provision in a contract, arrangement or understanding between competitors that has the purpose of preventing, restricting or limiting supply or acquisition of goods or services by any of the participants. Section 45 then declares the relevant provision to be in breach of the Act, regardless of its actual effect on competition. This has led to uncertainty about the scope and effect of the section. [CCA.4D.40]

Proposals for Change

On 5 September 2016 the Government released an exposure draft of legislation to give effect to recommendations of the Competition Policy Review (Harper Review), including removal of this section and amendments to s 45 to remove references to exclusionary provisions. The Harper Review saw this as removing overlap with the prohibition on cartels. Legislation was not introduced before Parliament rose for 2016, but is expected to be introduced into Parliament in the first quarter of 2017 with a view to coming into effect on 1 July 2017. Whether or not removal of this section will be included remains an open question. Summary

The term used in the Act, defined in this section, is “exclusionary provision”, a curious term that simply means a boycott. The definition is relevant to s 45, which provides that exclusionary provisions in contracts, arrangements or understandings are unenforceable and that it is a contravention to give effect to an exclusionary provision, regardless of its effect on competition. The exclusionary requirement is that a contract or arrangement must contain, or some part of an understanding must involve, a purpose of preventing, restricting or limiting: • supply of goods or services by some parties to the contract arrangement or understanding to others; or • acquisition of goods or services by some parties to the contract arrangement or understanding from others. The existence of that exclusionary requirement is only relevant if the contract, arrangement or understanding was made between persons, any two or more of whom are competitive with each other (but not all the participants have to be in competition with each other). Classic examples of exclusionary provisions include competing suppliers deciding not to supply products to, or acquire products from, a specified person, a group of suppliers agreeing on the tenders for which each will bid and suppliers dividing up the market geographically and deciding who will supply which geographic areas. This definition results in s 45 applying to conduct to which the cartel provisions also apply. That is because a cartel includes persons in competition entering arrangements preventing, restricting or limiting supply, allocating supply among the group or agreeing on who is to respond to a bid. [CCA.4D.80]

Concept: competitive with each other

There will not be an exclusionary provision unless the contract arrangement or understanding was made between two or more people who are competitive with each other: s 4D(1)(a). Section 4D(2) deems people to be competitive with each other only if: • they or related bodies corporate are or are likely to be competitive with each other; or

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[CCA.4D.60]

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4D

[CCA.4D.80]

• they or related bodies corporate would be or would be likely to be competitive with each other but for the contract arrangement or understanding, in relation to the supply or acquisition of all or any of the goods or services to which the relevant provision relates. Although the term “competition” is defined, for the purposes of s 45 , to mean competition in a market and the term “market” is defined in s 4E to mean a market in Australia, this definition does not use the term “competition”. Instead it refers to persons who are “competitive” with each other. In ACCC v Yazaki Corp (No 2) [2015] FCA 1304, Besank J decided that, as the provision did not use the term “competition”, there was no need for the ACCC to establish a market in Australia in relation to the alleged contraventions, applying a decision of a Full Court in ASX Operations Pty Ltd v Pont Data Australia Pty Ltd (No 2) ASX Operations Pty Ltd v Pont Data Australia Pty Ltd (No 1) [1991] FCA 158; (1990) 27 FCR 460; 97 ALR 513; 19 IPR 323; [1991] ATPR 41-069 that, as s 4D makes no mention of the term “market” and the term “competition” does not appear, s 4D of the prohibition on exclusionary provisions is to be determined by reference to the competitive effect between the parties and other persons, and not by reference to markets. The area of competition has to coincide with the area of contractual restriction: Eastern Express Pty Ltd v General Newspapers Pty Ltd (1991) 30 FCR 385; 103 ALR 41; [1991] ATPR 41-128. The likelihood of people being competitive with each other is a question of fact. The term “likely” is to be interpreted in the same manner as in relation to s 45D. It means “a real chance or possibility”: News Ltd v Australian Rugby Football League Ltd (1996) 64 FCR 410; 139 ALR 193; 21 ACSR 635; 35 IPR 446; [1996] ATPR 41-521; Stokely-Van Camp Inc v New Generation Beverages Pty Ltd (1998) 44 NSWLR 607; [1998] ATPR 41-657. See also [CCA.45D.220]. In J McPhee & Son (Aust) Pty Ltd v ACCC [2000] FCA 365; (2000) 172 ALR 532; [2002] ATPR 41-758, the appellant argued, unsuccessfully, that another freight company which it sought to encourage to lodge a cover bid with one of the appellant’s customers was not competitive with the appellant because the other company had a practice of not tendering against the appellant. [CCA.4D.100]

Concept: purpose

There will not be an exclusionary provision unless the relevant provision of the contract, arrangement or understanding was arrived at for a proscribed purpose. See [CCA.45.240]. [CCA.4D.120]

Purpose: relevant time

The plain words of the section make it clear that the relevant time for determining whether there is an exclusionary provision is when the contract, arrangement or understanding is made. If all of the requirements of s 4D are not present when the contract, arrangement or understanding is entered, then it will not contain an exclusionary provision even if a missing requirement is subsequently fulfilled: Rural Press Ltd v ACCC [2002] FCAFC 213; (2002) 118 FCR 236; 193 ALR 399; [2002] ATPR 41-883; South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd v News Ltd [2001] FCA 862; (2001) 111 FCR 456; 181 ALR 188; [2001] ATPR 41-824 at 477 (FCR); Stokely-Van Camp Inc v New Generation Beverages Pty Ltd (1998) 44 NSWLR 607; [1998] ATPR 41-657 at 41,297 (ATPR). [CCA.4D.140]

Concept: restricting or limiting

It is the supply or acquisition of goods or services that, according to s 4D(1)(b) must be restricted or limited, and not the person or classes of persons to whom the section is directed: South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd v News Ltd [2001] FCA 862; (2001) 111 FCR 456; 181 ALR 188; [2001] ATPR 41-824. [CCA.4D.160]

Concepts: particular persons or classes of persons

In order for s 4D to apply, the persons or class of persons must be identified, but the way in which a class of persons is to be identified has not been finally settled.

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In Rural Press Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 75; (2003) 216 CLR 53; 78 ALJR 274; 203 ALR 217; [2003] ATPR 41-965, Gleeson CJ and Callinan J said:

In Bullock v Federated Furnishing Trades Society of Australasia (No 2) (1985) 5 FCR 476; 11 IR 44; 58 ALR 373 the primary judge decided that the term required the exclusion to be directed to persons whose identity could be ascertained, rather than to the entirety of a body of persons. However, on appeal Bullock v Federated Furnishing Trades Society of Australasia (No 1) (1985) 5 FCR 464; 10 IR 18; 60 ALR 235; [1985] ATPR 40-577 the court did not necessarily accept that view and regarded it as arguable that particular persons could be identified by general description. In News Ltd v South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd [2003] HCA 45; (2003) 215 CLR 563; 77 ALJR 1515; 200 ALR 157; [2003] ATPR 41-943, Gummow J noted that it had been accepted in that case, correctly in his opinion, that there may be a “particular class” notwithstanding that at any one time the identity of all of those in the class is not readily ascertainable. In ASX Operations Pty Ltd v Pont Data Australia Pty Ltd (No 1) (1990) 27 FCR 460; 97 ALR 513; 19 IPR 323; [1991] ATPR 41-069 at 487-488 (FCR), the court held that “particular persons” may be identified by the fact that they were precluded from access to the relevant information unless they accepted the restraints imposed by the agreement under consideration in that case. Although the court commented on this approach in Rural Press Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 75; (2003) 216 CLR 53; 78 ALJR 274; 203 ALR 217; [2003] ATPR 41-965, the majority neither approved nor rejected it. In Rural Press Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 75; (2003) 216 CLR 53; 78 ALJR 274; 203 ALR 217; [2003] ATPR 41-965 the High Court decided that all that is necessary is to be able to define the class of persons to whom the exclusionary conduct applied. In that case it was the advertisers and newspaper readers in a particular geographic area. In News Ltd v South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd [2003] HCA 45; (2003) 215 CLR 563; 77 ALJR 1515; 200 ALR 157; [2003] ATPR 41-943, Gummow J expressed the view that a “particular class of persons” may be one on, or about whom, the relevant purpose acts or operates. [CCA.4D.180]

Defences

It is a defence to a claim that a firm is a party to an exclusionary provision if the firm can establish that the provision is for the purpose of a joint venture and that the provision does not have the purpose, and does not have and is not likely to have the effect, of substantially lessening competition: s 76C. [CCA.4D.200] Cases • SPAR Licensing Pty Ltd v MIS QLD Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] FCA 1116. In a dispute that arose when a grocery retailer moved from one supplier to another and a claim was made that the agreement between the retailer and the supplier amounted to an exclusionary provision the applicant failed to establish that the supplier and the retailer were in the same market and consequently the requisite position was not established.

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The proscribed purpose must still be one that is directed toward particular persons or classes of persons. Parliament did not delete the word “particular” and substitute the word “any”. Nor did it remove all reference to persons as objects of the proscribed purpose. The legislative history, as well as the text, tends strongly against a reading of the section which requires only that a provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding has the purpose of preventing, restricting or limiting, in any way, supply or acquisition. Supply or acquisition will always be to or from persons. Ordinary principles of construction require that the references to particular persons or classes of persons be given work to do; they are not mere drafting verbosity. A court construing a provision in an Act “must strive to give meaning to every word of the provision”. A court will seek to avoid a construction of a statute that renders some of its language otiose. Here, that consideration is powerfully reinforced by the legislative history, which shows that the reference to particular persons was originally an essential feature of s 4D, and that the addition of reference to classes was intended to expand it, not make it superfluous.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4D

[CCA.4D.200] • ACCC v White Top Taxis Ltd [2009] FCA 88; (2009) 253 ALR 449; [2009 ATPR 42-273. The respondent, whose business was providing taxi network services in the Shepparton area, established a roster system that set out shifts for the 21 taxis on its network. Each taxi operator agreed to operate his taxi during the allotted shifts and, with exceptions, not to operate at other times. The purpose of the roster was to ensure the availability of taxis in the Shepparton area during times of low demand and to distribute the burden of working at those times evenly. The purpose of the roster was also to restrict the number of taxis available during times when there would be average and not high demand, in an attempt to share the work available at those times evenly between operators. The arrangement was found to constitute an exclusionary provision in breach of s 45. Penalties totaling $77,000 imposed. • News Ltd v South Sydney District Rugby League Football Club Ltd [2003] HCA 45; (2003) 215 CLR 563; 77 ALJR 1515; 200 ALR 157; [2003] ATPR 41-943. The appellant had entered with the ARL to reduce the number of clubs in the national rugby league competition. The respondent was one of the clubs excluded from the competition. The respondent claimed that the arrangements limiting the number of participating clubs amounted to an exclusionary provision. The High Court held that it was not because its purpose was not to prevent, restrict or limit the supply of goods or services. • Rural Press Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 75; (2003) 216 CLR 53; 78 ALJR 274; 203 ALR 217; [2003] ATPR 41-965. The respondent unsuccessfully argued that a market sharing arrangement under which two newspapers agreed not to distribute in each other’s area was not sufficiently particular concerning who was precluded from acquiring goods or services from either newspaper to come within s 4D. • J McPhee & Son (Aust) Pty Ltd v ACCC [2000] FCA 365; (2000) 172 ALR 532; [2000] ATPR 41-758. The appellant was found to have attempted to make an arrangement which included an exclusionary provision when it sought the agreement of a competitor to put in a non competitive bid to one of its customers. • Stokely-Van Camp Inc v New Generation Beverages Pty Ltd (1998) 44 NSWLR 607; [1998] ATPR 41-657. The defendant failed to prove that a restrictive covenant in a licence agreement was an exclusionary provision. First, the purpose was found to be to protect the plaintiff’s property rather than to restrict the defendant from competing. Secondly, at the time the agreement was entered the parties were not likely to be in competition with each other. • News Ltd v Australian Rugby Football League Ltd (1996) 64 FCR 410; 139 ALR 193; 21 ACSR 635; 35 IPR 446; [1996] ATPR 41-521. The court found that, by entering commitment and loyalty agreements the ARL and its member clubs had entered contracts which contained exclusionary provisions, which they were prohibited by s 45 from giving effect to. • Dunn v Aust Society of CPAs [1996] ATPR 41-461. The applicant failed to prove that by CPA by-laws dealing with the classes of persons with whom members may enter partnership constituted an exclusionary provision because he failed to prove that members were competitive with each other in the area to which the restriction applied. • Gallagher v Pioneer Concrete (NSW) Pty Ltd (1993) 46 IR 304; 113 ALR 159; 35 AILR 74; [1993] ATPR 41-216. One hundred and forty five lorry owner/drivers in the concrete cartage industry were found to be parties to an exclusionary provision in breach of s 45(2)(a)(i) and 45(2)(b)(i) in agreeing among themselves to restrict the number of trucks which could enter the business and in rostering trucks to give effect to an equalisation scheme.

[CCA.4D.220]

Further reading

Heydon, Trade Practices Law (Lawbook Co., subscription service), Vol 1 at [4.530] -[4.630]; Drain, “The ‘Bunny’ Boycott: Unfair Trading or Anticompetitive Restraint?” (2002) 10 TPLJ 145.

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s 4E

Market

For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, market means a market in Australia and, when used in relation to any goods or services, includes a market for those goods or services and other goods or services that are substitutable for, or otherwise competitive with, the first-mentioned goods or services. [S 4E am Act 70 of 1990, s 5; insrt Act 81 of 1977, s 6]

Summary ......................................................................................................................................... [CCA.4E.20] Proposals for Change ...................................................................................................................... [CCA.4E.40] Concept: a market ........................................................................................................................... [CCA.4E.60] The role of substitution .................................................................................................................... [CCA.4E.80] The SSNIP or Hypothetical Monopolist test .................................................................................. [CCA.4E.100] Market structure ............................................................................................................................. [CCA.4E.120] Identifying the market .................................................................................................................... [CCA.4E.140] Markets: the geographic dimension .............................................................................................. [CCA.4E.160] Markets: the time dimension ......................................................................................................... [CCA.4E.180] Markets: downstream constraints and upstream market .............................................................. [CCA.4E.200] Markets: the functional dimension ................................................................................................. [CCA.4E.220] The product dimension .................................................................................................................. [CCA.4E.240] Submarkets .................................................................................................................................... [CCA.4E.260] Practice and procedure: evidence ................................................................................................. [CCA.4E.280] Practice and procedure: survey evidence ..................................................................................... [CCA.4E.300] Practice and procedure: evidence by economists ........................................................................ [CCA.4E.320] Cases ............................................................................................................................................. [CCA.4E.340] Further reading .............................................................................................................................. [CCA.4E.360]

[CCA.4E.20]

Summary

This section does not go very far in defining what a market is. This is because the term market, when used as an abstract noun in an economic context, is not susceptible of precise comprehensive definition. Too rigid an approach in defining a market is apt to lead to unrealistic results. The function of s 4E is to make it clear that that the markets the Act is concerned with (at least for most of its competition provisions) are markets in Australia. It also provides that a market includes goods and services substitutable for, or otherwise competitive with, the goods or services under consideration. Defining the term has been left to the courts, drawing on the law of economics. The meaning of the term is important because anti-competitive effects of conduct or arrangements, central to most of the provisions of Pt IV, cannot be assessed without first identifying the market in which the conduct or arrangements are to be tested. The concept of a market has been accurately described by Professor Maureen Brunt as “a tool to facilitate a proper orientation for an analysis of market power”: see Brunt “Market definition issues in Australian and New Zealand trade practices litigation” (1990) 18 ABLR 86 at 126. So what is a market? In the language used by economists and adopted by courts, it is the area of actual and potential, and not purely theoretical, interaction between producers and consumers where, given the right incentive, substitution will occur. It is an abstract concept rather than a physical place where buyers and sellers conduct their transactions. Although the concept may be abstract, markets are not artificial or contrived.

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SECTION 4E COMMENTARY

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4E

[CCA.4E.20]

The term describes the range of economic activities within which the conduct under investigation is to be assessed, based on findings of fact. In other words, a market is to be identified by an evaluative exercise of investigating close competition in relation to products relevant to that investigation, having regard to economic and commercial reality. This will involve considering the relevant products and those substitutable for them now or in the reasonably foreseeable future, the functions served by those products and the geographic area in which substitution occurs or could occur. The relevant market will include the maximum range of products and the widest geographic area within which, given sufficient economic incentive, buyers or sellers can switch from one product to another. The principles to be applied in identifying a market may be summarised as follows: • The court looks to the field of actual and potential transactions between buyers and sellers amongst whom there can be strong substitution given sufficient price incentive, at least in the long run. • In determining whether such substitution is feasible the court will consider matters such as customer attitudes, technology, distance and cost and price incentives. • The notion of substitutability involves ascertaining the cross-elasticities of both supply and demand which reveal the degree to which one product may be substituted for another in response to price changes. • The process involves both including competitive products or services and excluding products or services which, because of differentiating characteristics, do not compete. Although it is not commonly the case, there can be single product markets, but this depends on the question of substitutability. • In identifying a relevant market the court considers the three dimensions – the product dimension, the functional dimension and the geographic dimension. They are discussed at [CCA.4E.160], [CCA.4E.220] and [CCA.4E.240], but although discussed separately, they are not independent considerations. As to determining how close the competition needs to be, or whether there is sufficient economic incentive to switch, an economic test – the SSNIP test – is often used. This is described at [CCA.4E.100]. [CCA.4E.40]

Proposals for Change

On 24 November 2015, the Government announced that it supports the recommendation of the Competition Policy Review (Harper Review) that the current definition be retained, but that the definition of “competition” in s 4 be amended to ensure that competition in Australian markets includes competition from goods imported or capable of being imported, and services rendered (or capable of being rendered), by persons not resident or carrying on business in Australia. [CCA.4E.60]

Concept: a market

A market is a tool used by economists to analyse the competitive effect of conduct. It describes, in a metaphorical way, an area of economic activity whose dimensions are function, product and geography, taking into account substitution possibilities on both the supply side and the demand side. A market may be defined functionally by reference to wholesale or retail activities or a combination of both. The concept of product encompasses goods and services and includes the range of goods or services which are substitutable for, or otherwise competitive with, each other having regard to the nature and characteristics of the products, their function and geography: Australian Gas Light Company v ACCC (No 3) [2003] FCA 1525; (2003) 137 FCR 317; [2003] ATPR 41-966 (French J); applied, for instance, in Flight Centre Ltd v ACCC (2015) 234 FCR 367; 324 ALR 202; [2015] FCAFC 104. Whether or not there are different markets depends on what happens (or would happen) on either the demand or the supply side in response to a change in relative price: TPC v Australia Meat Holdings Pty Ltd (1988) 83 ALR 299; [1988] ATPR 40-876 (Wilcox J).

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The classic explanation of the concept is the following statement by the Trade Practices Tribunal in Queensland Co-op Milling Assn Ltd, Re (1976) 25 FLR 169; 8 ALR 481; [1976] ATPR 40-012 at 190 (FLR), 17,247-17,246 (ATPR), referred to with approval by the High Court in Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1989] HCA 6; (1989) 167 CLR 177; 63 ALJR 181; 83 ALR 577; [1989] ATPR 40-925: We take the concept of a market to be basically a very simple idea. A market is the area of close competition between firms or, putting it a little differently, the field of rivalry between them … Within the bounds of a market there is substitution – substitution between one product and another, and between one source of supply and another, in response to changing prices. So a market is the field of actual and potential transactions between buyers and sellers amongst whom there can be strong substitution, at least in the long run, if given a sufficient price incentive. Let us suppose that the price of one supplier goes up. Then on the demand side buyers may switch their patronage from this firm’s product to another, or from this geographic source of supply to another. As well, on the supply side, sellers can adjust their production plans, substituting one product for another in their output mix, or substituting one geographic source of supply for another. Whether such substitution is feasible or likely depends ultimately on customer attitudes, technology, distance, and cost and price incentives.

In Singapore Airlines Ltd v Taprobane Tours WA Pty Ltd (1991) 33 FCR 158; 104 ALR 633; [1992] ATPR 41-159 French J explained that: In competition law it has a descriptive and a purposive role. It involves fact finding together with evaluative and purposive selection. In any given application it describes a range of economic activities defined by reference to particular economic functions (eg manufacturing, wholesale or retail sales), the class or classes of products, be they goods or services, which are the subject of those activities and the geographic area within which those activities occur. In its statutory setting the market designation imposes on the activities which it encompasses limits set by the law for the protection of competition. It involves a choice of the relevant range of activity by reference to economic and commercial realities and the policy of the statute. To the extent that it must serve statutory policy, the identification will be evaluative and purposive as well as descriptive. Although the term is an analytical or economic tool – not a feature of the real world a market must be based on findings of fact: Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd (2009) 182 FCR 160; 262 ALR 160; [2009] FCAFC 166; Singapore Airlines Ltd v Taprobane Tours WA Pty Ltd (1991) 33 FCR 158 at 174; 104 ALR 633; [1992] ATPR 41-159 (French J). Nevertheless, a market has economic and commercial reality. It is not artificial or contrived. Courts will not accept a market definition that is an artificial construct that does not accurately or realistically describe and reflect the interactions between, and perceptions and actions of, the relevant actors or participants in the alleged market, that is, the commercial community involved: ACCC v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (2015) 236 FCR 78; [2015] ATPR 42-508; (2015) 324 ALR 392; [2015] FCAFC 103; Flight Centre Ltd v ACCC (2015) 234 FCR 367; 324 ALR 202; [2015] FCAFC 104. It is not always useful to describe the relationships and arrangements in a market – for example as “horizontal” or “vertical” - by reference to economic jargon not reflected in the language of the Act: Visy Paper Pty Ltd v ACCC (2003) 216 CLR 1; 77 ALJR 1893; [2003] HCA 59 applied, for instance, in Flight Centre Ltd v ACCC (2015) 234 FCR 367; 324 ALR 202; [2015] FCAFC 104.

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It is the possibilities of such substitution which set the limits upon a firm’s ability to “give less and charge more”. Accordingly, in determining the outer boundaries of the market we ask a quite simple but fundamental question: If the firm were “to give less and charge more” would there be, to put the matter colloquially, much of a reaction? And if so, from whom? In the language of economics the question is this: From which products and which activities could we expect a relatively high demand or supply response to price change, ie, a relatively high cross-elasticity of demand or cross-elasticity of supply?

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4E [CCA.4E.80]

[CCA.4E.80] The role of substitution

The relative ease with which substitution between suppliers or buyers may occur is central to the notion of a market. Products will be regarded as “substitutable for or otherwise competitive with” other products where there is reasonable interchangeability of use and high cross-elasticity of demand. In other words, where a small decrease in the price of a particular product would cause a significant quantum of demand for a similar product to switch to the product in question: Australian Rugby Union Ltd v Hospitality Group Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 823; (2000) 173 ALR 702; [2000] ATPR 41-768 (Gyles J); Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd [2009] FCAFC 166; (2009) 182 FCR 160; 262 ALR 160. Substitution involves questions of the degree of substitutability. In Singapore Airlines Ltd v Taprobane Tours WA Pty Ltd (1991) 33 FCR 158; 104 ALR 633; [1992] ATPR 41-159 at 178 (FCR), French J quoted the following statement from P Areeda and L Kaplow: Antitrust Analysis (4th ed, 1988), p 572: A vast number of firms might have some actual or potential effect on a defendant’s behavior. Many of them, however, will not have a significant effect and we attempt to exclude them from the relevant market in which we appraise a defendant’s power. We try to include in the relevant market only those suppliers – of the same or related product in the same or related geographic area – whose existence significantly restrains the defendant’s power. This process of inclusion and exclusion is spoken of as market definition. In Arnotts Ltd v TPC (1990) 24 FCR 313; 97 ALR 555; [1990] ATPR 41-061, the court pointed out that: the fact that, upon some occasions, some consumers select one product rather than another does not establish that the two products are “substitutable”, so as to be within a single market. … [I]f for example, a particular company dominated the sale of tea within Australia, it would thwart the objectives of provisions such as ss 46 and 50 … to deny their application, because the company did not dominate the “hot beverage market”. As Emmett J explained in ACCC v Metcash Trading Ltd [2011] FCA 967: The merger of two of several producers of a particular product might result in the market for that product being more concentrated … such that the unilateral exercise of significant market power could lead to higher prices. However, in circumstances where cross-elasticity of demand between two products is high, the first product would not constitute a relevant market … because, even if all the producers of that product were to merge into one, the merged producer would still not have the ability to increase and maintain prices above the competitive level and remain profitable. The smallest relevant market would require the inclusion of the producers of both products. Substitution is not an absolute concept. It involves matters of degree. The relevant question is: is the degree of substitution sufficient to conclude that the products are in the same market? As the Court said in Arnotts Ltd v TPC (1990) 24 FCR 313; 97 ALR 555; [1990] ATPR 41-061: The question of substitutability is not to be disposed of merely by showing that, upon some occasions, some people consume one product rather than another or that some products within a claimed market do not directly compete with some other products in that market, or do compete with some products outside that claim market. Although price is important in determining relative substitutability, it is not the only consideration. A change in what is offered may be as significant as a change in price: Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd [2009] FCAFC 166; (2009) 182 FCR 160; 262 ALR 160. Prima facie the absence of actual or potential competition in the goods or services in question or their substitutes is an important indication that there is no market: Monroe Topple & Assocs Pty Ltd v Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia [2002] FCAFC 197; (2002) 122 FCR 110; [2002] ATPR 41-879. Although market definition comprehends substitution on the demand side and the supply side, as Dawson J pointed out in Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1989] HCA 6; (1989) 167 CLR 177; 63 ALJR 181; 83 ALR 577; [1989] ATPR 40-925, there was a tendency to place more emphasis on demand side substitutability than on supply side substitutability. Consideration of each is relevant, but in

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order to identify a relevant market it is not necessary to establish strong substitutability on both the supply side and the demand side: Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd [2010] FCAFC 96; (2010) 188 FCR 351. From the buyer’s point of view, a market represents a range of goods or services which are good substitutes for one another in satisfying the buyer’s requirements: Re Howard Smith Industries Pty Ltd (1977) 28 FLR 385; [1977] ATPR 40-023. [CCA.4E.100]

The SSNIP or Hypothetical Monopolist test

The test involves determining whether a hypothetical monopolist supplier in a market could profitably impose a small but significant non-transitory increase in price (commonly between 5% and 10%) for the supply of relevant products, or whether substitution by buyers or suppliers would make such an increase unprofitable. If the hypothetical monopolist supplier could profitably impose such an increase the market is correctly defined. However, if the hypothetical monopolist supplier could not impose such an increase, a smaller and smaller market must be postulated until a positive answer can be given to the question of whether it could impose the increase profitably. The relevant market is identified as the smallest area, in terms of either product or geographic space, over which a hypothetical monopolist could profitably impose a relevant increase in price. If there are several products that compete within the same market, it is the cumulative switching to all those alternative products by consumers that determines whether close demand-side substitutes exist. If the cumulative effect is sufficient to make the relevant increase in price unprofitable, all close substitutes would be included in the market, even if the consumer switching to each individual product in isolation might be insufficient to make the relevant increase in price unprofitable: ACCC v Metcash Trading Ltd [2011] FCA 967. However, that test can only be applied where data on competitive prices is available, and in any event, can only be used as an aid to focusing the enquiry. Evidence of conduct in the market and opinions of industry participants will be relevant: Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd [2009] FCAFC 166; (2009) 182 FCR 160; 262 ALR 160. As Sackville J pointed out in Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd [2007] FCA 1062; [2007] ATPR (Digest) 46-274: The reliable application of the SSNIP test requires sufficient quantitative data to permit the calculation or assessment, in particular, of the competitive price for the product in question. … [It] is the competitive price that provides the starting point for determining whether a hypothetical monopolist could profitably impose a SSNIP. Where the SSNIP test is to be used as part of a qualitative assessment, as the Full Court noted in Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd [2009] FCAFC 166; (2009) 182 FCR 160; 262 ALR 160: a qualitative application of the test requires identification of its purpose. As we understand it, the test looks to the actual or likely effect of competitive conduct, or potential competitive conduct, upon price and other conditions of supply, including quality of the product. However competitive conduct may not have an immediate and obvious effect upon those matters. Particularly in a relatively new industry, competitors may be looking for longer term, rather than shorter term, advantages. The “richness” of the concept of competition … means that competition may take many forms. Its effects may be immediate or delayed. The SSNIP test addresses the effects of competition, but it does not define the way in which it occurs.

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The SSNIP (meaning a “small but significant non-transitory increase in price”) or hypothetical monopolist test is used to determine the extent of substitution of competing products in a market and therefore the limits of the market, where there is sufficient data available. That test is directed at determining what products, within what geographic area, are likely to be substituted for the products in question if there were a 5% to 10% non-transitory increase in price of the products under consideration: see Seven Network Ltd v News Ltd [2009] FCAFC 166; (2009) 182 FCR 160; 262 ALR 160.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4E [CCA.4E.120]

[CCA.4E.120] Market structure

It is necessary to look at the structure of the markets in which they operate in order to determine whether particular corporations are in competition with each other. The relevant elements of market structure are: • the number, size and distribution of independent sellers, especially the degree of market concentration; • the height of barriers to entry, that is, the ease with which new firms may enter and secure a viable market; • the extent to which the products of the industry are characterised by extreme product differentiation and sales promotion; • the character of “vertical relationships” with customers and with suppliers and the extent of vertical integration; and • the nature of any formal, stable and fundamental arrangements between firms which restrict their ability to function as independent entities: Queensland Co-op Milling Assn Ltd, Re (1976) 25 FLR 169; 8 ALR 481; [1976] ATPR 40-012 at 190 (FLR). In Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1989] HCA 6; (1989) 167 CLR 177; 63 ALJR 181; 83 ALR 577; [1989] ATPR 40-925 at 195-196 (CLR), Deane J said: The identification of relevant markets and the definition of market structures and boundaries … involves value judgements, about which there is some room for legitimate differences of opinion. The economy is not divided into an identifiable number of discrete markets into one or other of which all trading activities can be neatly fitted. One overall market may overlap with one or more others. The outer limits … of a particular market are likely to be blurred … [CCA.4E.140]

Identifying the market

Although it is relatively easy to describe a market, at least in a general sense, it is often difficult to identify and define the nature and parameters of a particular market in any given circumstance: ACCC v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2015] FCAFC 103. Nevertheless, it is the delineation of relevant markets that enables the necessary processes of competition to be assessed, so identification of the relevant market is an essential step in the analysis of conduct which might be thought to breach a number of the provisions of Pt IV of the Act. Identification of relevant markets involves value judgements about which there may be differing opinions. As Deane J said in Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1989] HCA 6; (1989) 167 CLR 177; 63 ALJR 181; 83 ALR 577; [1989] ATPR 40-925 at 195 (CLR), 50,012 (ATPR): [the word “market”] is not susceptible of precise comprehensive definition when used as an abstract noun in an economic context. The most that can be said is that “market” should, in the context of the Act, be understood in the sense of an area of potential close competition in particular goods and/or services and their substitutes. Market definition is the recognition and use of an economic tool or instrumental concept related to market power, constraints on power and the competitive process which is best adapted to analyse the asserted anti-competitive conduct. It is not an exact physical exercise to identify a physical feature of the world; nor is it the enquiry after the nature of some form of essential existence: ACCC v Liquorland (Aust) Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 826; [2006] ATPR 42-123 (Allsop J); ACCC v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2015] FCAFC 103. In Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1989] HCA 6; (1989) 167 CLR 177; 63 ALJR 181; 83 ALR 577; [1989] ATPR 40-925 at 187 (CLR), 50,008 (ATPR), Mason CJ and Wilson J approached the identification of the market in the following manner: [T]he object is to discover the degree of the defendant’s market power. Defining the market and evaluating the degree of power in that market are part of the same process, and it is for the sake of simplicity of analysis that the two are separated. Accordingly, if the defendant is vertically integrated,

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the relevant market for determining degree of market power will be at the product level which is the source of that power … After identifying the appropriate product level, it is necessary to describe accurately the parameters of the market in which the defendant’s product competes: too narrow a description of the market will create the appearance of more market power than in fact exists; too broad a description will create the appearance of less market power than there is … The process of defining the market by substitution involves both including products which compete with the defendant’s and excluding those which because of differentiating characteristics do not compete.

In Re Tooth & Co Ltd (1979) 39 FLR 1; [1979] ATPR 40-113, the Tribunal stated that the principles applicable in attempting to delineate a market are as follows: • It is first necessary to identify the areas of close competition relevant to the matter under consideration. • The market should comprehend the maximum range of business activities and the widest geographic area within which, given a sufficient economic incentive, buyers can switch from one supply source to another and sellers from one production flow to another. • The long-run substitution possibilities are of importance rather than the short-term transitory ones. • At the extremities of the market there is such a break in substitution possibilities that firms within its boundaries would collectively possess substantial market power. • Within the bounds of the market substitution possibilities may be more or less intense and more or less immediate; the field of substitution is not necessarily homogeneous but may contain within it submarkets such that their competitive relationship have a wider effect upon the functioning of the market as a whole. • The market is a multi-dimensional concept – with dimensions of product, functional level, space and time. [CCA.4E.160]

Markets: the geographic dimension

The section provides that, unless the contrary intention appears, the term “market” refers to a market in Australia. The only exception is s 50. For merger purposes a relevant market may, geographically, encompass the whole of Australia, or a State, Territory or region of Australia: s 50(6). The geographic dimension of a market is the area in which sellers and buyers compete effectively. As the Australian Competition Tribunal pointed out in Re Fortescue Metals Group Ltd [2010] ACompT 2 at [1022] to [1024]: What is relevant, as a starting point, are actual sales patterns, the location of customers and the place where sales take place, and any geographical boundaries that limit trade. But it is not sufficient to measure only historical and current market behaviour. It is also necessary to consider whether customers would readily turn to more remote suppliers in response to a price increase by local suppliers or whether remote suppliers would choose to enter the local market. In the United States, geographic markets are occasionally defined based on shipment flows. Under this method … the geographic market is defined as the smallest insular region into which few products have come from the outside and from which few shipments go outside … This is a neat approach, provided one bears in mind that it can either understate or overstate the regions that would be defined based on

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Identification of the relevant market is a focusing process. The court must select what emerges as the clearest picture of the relevant competitive process in the light of commercial reality and the purposes of the law: Economic and commercial reality is required. It cannot be artificial or contrived. Economists frequently construct economic models to analyse complex commercial or economic events or scenarios. But a model is unlikely to be a useful analytical tool if based on unrealistic assumptions that materially depart from the real world facts and circumstances: Economic theory cannot be permitted to do violence to commercial reality: ACCC v Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd [2016] HCA 49. See also ACCC v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2015] FCAFC 103; Flight Centre Ltd v ACCC [2015] FCAFC 104.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4E

[CCA.4E.160]

buyer substitution. A more recent (and increasingly popular) approach is to define a market as a group of products and a corresponding geographic area within which a hypothetical monopolist would be able to raise prices profitably. From a geographic perspective, a market corresponds to the commercial realities of the industry under consideration and also represents an economically significant area of trade, taking into account realistic trade patterns. The following passage from Von Kalinowski, Antitrust Laws and Trade Regulation (Mathew Bender, New York, 1981), Vol 3 at [18-96], was quoted with approval by the Federal Court in Australia Meat Holdings Pty Ltd v TPC [1989] ATPR 40-932 at 50,011: Any geographic market … must be one that both corresponds to the commercial realities of the industry and represents an economically significant trade area. Because a geographic market determination looks to actual trade patterns, it is not required that geographical boundaries be drawn with exactitude … Obviously the drawing of any line to define the geographic market is an arbitrary exercise which will never be completely correct. There will always be a certain fuzziness about it: Australia Meat Holdings Pty Ltd v TPC [1989] ATPR 40-932 (Sheppard J). See also Davids Holdings Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth) [1994] FCA 1039; (1994) 49 FCR 211; 121 ALR 241; [1994] ATPR 41-304 at 42,091 (ATPR); ACCC v Rural Press Ltd [2001] FCA 116; [2001] ATPR 41-804 at 42,736, [103] (ATPR). In considering the geographic dimension to a market, supply side considerations must, be taken into account. For instance, where transport costs are a significant factor in the cost of goods those costs will be important in determining the geographic ambit of the market: Australia Meat Holdings Pty Ltd v TPC [1989] ATPR 40-932 at 50,092; Davids Holdings Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth) [1994] FCA 1039; (1994) 49 FCR 211; 121 ALR 241; [1994] ATPR 41-304 at 42,094 (ATPR). Demand side considerations are also relevant. For instance, in Australian Rugby Union Ltd v Hospitality Group Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 823; (2000) 173 ALR 702; [2000] ATPR 41-768; a case relating to hospitality packages at international rugby union test matches, Gyles J stated that he would have been inclined to have included events in Brisbane, Canberra and Melbourne. Section 4E makes it clear that the only markets relevant for the purposes of the Act are markets “in Australia”, so a market that is wholly outside Australia is not relevant: Singapore Airlines Ltd v ACCC [2009] FCAFC 136; (2009) 260 ALR 244; [2009] ATPR 42-297; ACCC v Qantas Airways Ltd [2008] FCA 1976; (2008) 253 ALR 89; [2008] ATPR 42-266; Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd [2010] FCAFC 96; (2010) 188 FCR 351; ACCC v Air New Zealand Ltd [2014] FCA 1157 (Perram J). However, the existence of a global market extending into the geographic boundaries of Australia does not preclude a finding that there may be a market in Australia. All that is required is that the relevant market not be wholly out of Australia: ACCC v P T Garuda Indonesia Ltd [2016] FCAFC 42; Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd (No 5) [2009] FCA 1464; [2009] ATPR 42-302; (on appeal Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd [2010] FCAFC 96; (2010) 188 FCR 351); Riverstone Computer Services Pty Ltd v IBM Global Financing Australia Ltd [2002] FCA 1608. In ACCC v Qantas Airways Ltd [2008] FCA 1976; (2008) 253 ALR 89; [2008] ATPR 42-266 and ACCC v British Airways plc [2008] FCA 1977; [2008] ATPR 42-265 Lindgren J accepted that the court had jurisdiction to deal with a global cartel because part of the admitted global international air cargo market necessarily fell within the territorial boundaries of Australia. However, the position would seem to be more complicated than that. In Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd (No 5) [2009] FCA 1464; [2009] ATPR 42-302 Tracey J made the following comment: In order for there to be a “market in Australia”, it is necessary for competitive activity to occur within Australia. … Competitive activity can take many forms. It may involve advertising campaigns by the suppliers of particular goods or services by which they attempt to attract customers. It may involve the efficiency with which services are provided or attempts to provide higher quality products. Firms may also compete by offering better quality after-sales service, or in ensuring the ready availability of spare

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parts. These competitive activities may take place within a geographic market even though contracts for the provision of the goods or services are negotiated or entered into elsewhere. In many cases, negotiations between seller and buyer will take place in a competitive environment in Australia and contracts will be signed here. When, however, there is a global or international market of which Australia forms part, it is possible for competitive activity … to take place in Australia even though contractual arrangements are formalised overseas. In Singapore Airlines Ltd v ACCC [2009] FCAFC 136; (2009) 260 ALR 244; [2009] ATPR 42-297, a case dealing with a challenge to the scope of a s 155 notice, the full court observed that “prices fixed for legs of a journey which take[s] place wholly outside Australia may ultimately affect competition in a market in Australia” and on that basis refused to find that the notice fell outside the power conferred by s 155. However, as Perram J pointed out in ACCC v Air New Zealand Ltd [2014] FCA 1157, “the ‘market in Australia’ requirement is quite different to the effects doctrine in the United States where a price effect in the United States will suffice to bring that legislation into play. That is not what the Trade Practices Act 1974 does”. A full court in ACCC v P T Garuda Indonesia Ltd [2016] FCAFC 42 noted that, for this reason, reliance on US authorities would be inappropriate. As Dowsett and Edelman JJ observed in ACCC v P T Garuda Indonesia Ltd [2016] FCAFC 42 at [90] to [91], taking a much broader view of the relevant market, in many cases the geographical dimension of a market might easily resolve the question whether or not the market is “in Australia”, but:

The identification of the “market” and the characterisation of whether it is in Australia are therefore flexible questions which require evaluative judgement in light of the purpose of the relevant provision. That view accords with supports the earlier expressed view that the place a contract, arrangement or understanding is made is not determinative of the geographic locality of the relevant market. If, for instance, some marketing and negotiating occurs in Australia that is a relevant consideration: Emirates v ACCC [2009] FCA 312; (2009) 255 ALR 35 (Middleton J); Auskay International Manufacturing & Trade Pty Ltd v Qantas Airways Ltd (No 5) [2009] FCA 1464; [2009] ATPR 42-302 (Tracey J). Equally, it would be erroneous to think that the sphere of operation of a service is conclusive in determining the geographic dimension of a market: ACCC v P T Garuda Indonesia Ltd [2016] FCAFC 42. [CCA.4E.180]

Markets: the time dimension

Markets are not to be determined by a view frozen in time or by observations based on short run time scales: AGL v ACCC (No 3) [2003] FCA 1525; (2003) 137 FCR 317; [2003] ATPR 41-966; Re Macquarie Generation and AGL Energy Ltd [2014] ACompT 1. It is long-run substitution rather than short-run substitution which is important in determining the limits of a market. If a product may be substituted in the short term, it is clear that the market includes the substitute, but for longer term substitution, it is questions, such as how long it will take for substitution to be likely to occur and in what circumstances, which will determine the issue: see Walker, “Product Market Definition in Competition Law” (1980) 11 FL Rev 386; Norman and Williams, “The Analysis of Market and Competition under the Trade Practices Act: Towards Resolution of Some Hitherto Unresolved Issues” (1983) 11 ABLR 396. [CCA.4E.200]

Markets: downstream constraints and upstream market

The behaviour of participants at one functional level may have a substantial constraining effect on the behaviour of participants at another functional level that is sufficient to warrant the inclusion of all those activities in the market the subject of attention: ACCC v Metcash Trading Ltd [2011] FCAFC 151; (2011)

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it would be an error to approach the question of characterisation simply by asking whether one dimension of the market was “in Australia”. The entire market must be considered, and the other dimensions may be relevant to the question.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4E

[CCA.4E.200]

198 FCR 297. This proposition was considered by Perram J in ACCC v Air New Zealand Ltd [2014] FCA 1157, a price-fixing case, without reaching any conclusion because there was a lack of evidence in relation to it. [CCA.4E.220]

Markets: the functional dimension

Firms supplying the same goods or services, in the same geographic area, but operating at different functional levels, will not be in the same market. Consequently, wholesalers will, for instance, be in a separate market to the retailers they supply and a mortgage broker will be in a market separate from that in which the bank it represents operates: Australian Gas Light Co v ACCC (No 3) [2003] FCA 1525; (2003) 137 FCR 317; [2003] ATPR 41-966 (French J); SPAR Licensing Pty Ltd v MIS QLD Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] FCA 1116 (Griffiths J); ACCC v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2013] FCA 1206 (Dowsett J). Agents may generally operate in a different market to the airlines whose services they represent, but if the agency agreement allows the agent sufficient autonomy in setting the price of the products they sell, the facts may establish that principals and agents are competing in the same market for sale of those products: ACCC v Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd [2016] HCA 49. The Australian Competition Tribunal considered, in Re Fortescue Metals Group Ltd [2010] ACompT 2; (2010) 242 FLR 136, the position of vertically integrated firms in the context of determining the impact of functional separation in determining market boundaries. The Tribunal made the following points: • The presence of vertical separation may be sufficient to conclude that there is a separate functional market. Evidence of actual market transactions by vertically separate firms is strong evidence of the existence of separate functional markets. But some care must be taken in reaching that conclusion. There may be unusual circumstances, such as where there are very few market transactions, to negative the conclusion of a separate market. • If there is a separate functional market, the next question is: should the in-house producer be included in that market? The in-house producer should be included in the dependent market if a hypothetical monopolist of vertically separated supply could not profitably increase its price. • Another question that arises is: should two stages of the supply chain be “collapsed” into the same functional market? When activity at one functional level (e.g. retail) constrains activity at another level (e.g. wholesale), one may ask whether transactions at the two levels should be treated as being in the same market. We believe, however, that it is preferable to find there to be separate markets, otherwise the market would consist of some firms that compete with each other (e.g. the vertically integrated retailer and the vertically separated retailers) and others that do not (e.g. the vertically separated wholesalers and the vertically separated retailers). This would be at odds with a commercial view of markets, as vertically separated suppliers at the two levels would not see themselves as part of a combined market. It would also be at odds with the approach taken to determining product and geographic markets, where the aim is to include substitution possibilities within the same market and exclude other products and geographic areas. In any event, as the two functions are usually complements and not substitutes, they ought not to be included in the same market. Davids Holdings Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth) [1994] FCA 1039; (1994) 49 FCR 211; 121 ALR 241; [1994] ATPR 41-304 provides a good example of how the courts will approach the functional dimension of market definition. Drummond J explained the approach as follows at 42,097, 42,099 (ATPR): The question is: given the constraining influence that the [grocery] chains will undoubtedly exercise on the pricing freedom of the merged firm, should they be included in or excluded from the market. … In my opinion, if the large number of consumers of groceries who buy from the independent retailers can be taxed with a price rise of the order of 2% or so, over the entire range of groceries sold by those retailers which they would not be exposed to but for the merger, that is a sufficient detriment to justify the conclusion … that there is a discrete market whose boundaries comprise sales of groceries by independent wholesalers to independent retailers within the geographic area identified by him.

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[CCA.4E.240] The product dimension As with the other dimensions, the product dimension involves considering what goods or services are reasonably substitutable for the goods or services under consideration. Substitutability involves matters of degree. To take an example provided by the court in Arnotts Ltd v TPC [1990] FCA 473; 24 FCR 313; 97 ALR 555; [1990] ATPR 41, there are many people who sometimes drink tea and, at other times, coffee. But if, for example, a particular company dominated the sale of tea within Australia, it would thwart the objectives of the Act to deny its application because that company did not dominate the “hot beverage market”. The fact is that tea and coffee are distinct beverages, for each of which there is a distinct demand. A rise in the price of tea would probably cause few consumers to abandon tea for coffee. In that case the question was whether the relevant product market was biscuits or whether, within the biscuit category, there were a series of separate markets (eg sweet biscuits, dry biscuits). After considering a substantial amount of evidence, the trial judge decided that the product market was biscuits and that finding was upheld on appeal. As the Australian Competition Tribunal pointed out in Re Fortescue Metals Group Ltd [2010] ACompT 2, in considering the product dimension, substitution is to be considered from both the demand side and the supply side. As the Tribunal said at [1018] to [1021]: the notion of substitution refers on the demand side, to a customer’s practical ability to switch from one product to another and, on the supply side, to the capacity of a supplier to switch production from one product to another. There are various conventional approaches to determining substitutability. The first significant approach … is the “reasonable interchangeability of use or the cross-[price] elasticity of demand between product itself and substitutes for it” … Cross-price elasticity of demand measures the extent to which consumers will change their consumption of a product in response to a price change in another product. A high cross-price elasticity value suggests that products are good substitutes and are probably in the same product market. Reasonable interchangeability of use is established by looking at actual and potential buyer substitution patterns. Relevant evidence will include product characteristics (including differences in grade or quality), price differences (including price trends), past buyer responses, the views of firms regarding who their competitors are, and the existence or absence of different distribution channels. On the supply side, cross-price elasticity is also relevant. Products will be in the same market if a firm can readily switch production from one product to another. What is important is the ease with which the switch can take place. It may be immaterial that consumers do not regard the products as substitutes, that a price difference exists, or that the prices are not closely correlated. There are early cases which recognised single product markets but they predated s 4E and are no longer recognised as authoritative: see Top Performance Motors Pty Ltd v Ira Berk (Qld) Pty Ltd (1975) 24 FLR 286; 5 ALR 465; [1975] ATPR 40-004; Ah Toy J Pty Ltd v Thiess Toyota Pty Ltd (1980) 30 ALR 271; [1980] ATPR 40-155. Section 4E provides that a market includes not just the product under consideration but also those which are “substitutable for, or otherwise competitive with”, those products. This process of defining a market by

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Nevertheless, as a matter of principle, there is no reason why a market cannot be defined by reference to multiple functional levels. It might be appropriate to do so where downstream activities function to constrain upstream behaviour. Whether that is so depends on the facts presented for consideration and the evaluation of those facts by the relevant decision-maker: ACCC v Metcash Trading Ltd [2011] FCAFC 151; (2011) 198 FCR 297; [2011] ATPR 42-380. As a practical matter, the views and practices of those in an industry can often be most instructive, on the question of achieving a realistic definition of the market: Boral Besser Masonry Ltd v ACCC [2003] HCA 10; (2003) 77 ALJR 623; 195 ALR 609. The best evidence of the dimensions of a market may be the behaviour of those in the particular trade at the relevant functional level: Mark Lyons Pty Ltd v Bursill Sportsgear Pty Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 581; [1987] ATPR 40-809; Davids Holdings Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth) [1994] FCA 1039; (1994) 49 FCR 211; 121 ALR 241; [1994] ATPR 41-304.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 s 4E

[CCA.4E.240]

substitution involves both including products which compete with the defendant’s and excluding those which because of differentiating characteristics do not compete: Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd (1989) 167 CLR 177; 63 ALJR 181; 83 ALR 577; [1989] HCA 6 (Mason CJ and Wilson J). Prima facie the absence of actual or potential competition in the goods or services in question or their substitutes is an important indication that there is no market: Monroe Topple & Assocs Pty Ltd v Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia [2002] FCAFC 197; (2002) 122 FCR 110; [2002] ATPR 41-879. It is accordingly clear that, applying the accepted tests, it is still possible for a single product to be found to constitute a market, but this will be a rare occurrence. As was said in Mark Lyons Pty Ltd v Bursill Sportsgear Pty Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 581; [1987] ATPR 40-809 (Wilcox J): There may be cases where a particular product, or brand of products, is so distinctive that no other product or brand is seen by consumers as a possible substitute. In such a case the “market” is constituted by the trade in that product or brand of products. Perhaps more frequently other products or brands present realistic alternatives; in which case they also will be within the relevant market. In Regents Pty Ltd v Subaru (Aust) Pty Ltd (1998) 84 FCR 218; 42 IPR 421; [1988] ATPR 41-647, R D Nicholson J considered whether there was a separate market for Subaru spare parts and concluded that there was not, although his Honour said (at 228): [T]here is no a priori reason why a single brand market cannot be established at law. Whether it can be will depend on the precise evidence in the particular case and, in Australia, proper regard being given to s 4E of the Act with its consequent attention to the supply side as well as the demand side of the market. EXAMPLE • ACCC v Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 113. The trial judge found, in a s 46 case in the pharmaceutical industry, that the product market was a specific class of prescription medicine – atorvastatin – rather than pharmaceuticals more broadly. • ACCC v Fila Sport Oceania Pty Ltd [2004] FCA 376; [2004] ATPR 41-983; [2004] Aust Contract R 90-192. This case involved allegations of breaches of ss 46 and 47 in relation to the respondent’s marketing of Australian rules apparel. Heerey J found that “apparel of one team would not be regarded as substitutable for apparel of another” and that there were therefore separate markets for apparel for each team. • Monroe Topple & Assocs Pty Ltd v Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia [2002] FCAFC 197; (2002) 122 FCR 110; [2002] ATPR 41-879. The Federal Court rejected a submission that the supply of educational services by the Institute to accountancy students who wished to be certified by the Institute amounted to a market. The market was found to be the provision of such services for certification as an accountant, thereby including CPA certification in the market. • Australian Rugby Union Ltd v Hospitality Group Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 823; (2000) 173 ALR 702; [2000] ATPR 41-768. Gyles J “had little difficulty in concluding, as a matter of fact”, that there was no relevant interchangeability between different recognised sports because each had its distinct identity with its own special characteristics appealing to its own players and fans. • Singapore Airlines Ltd v Taprobane Tours WA Pty Ltd (1991) 104 ALR 633; 33 FCR 158; (1992) ATPR 41-159; [1991] FCA 621. A full court decided that the relevant product market was island holiday packages rather than for holiday packages to the Maldives as the respondent had submitted.

[CCA.4E.260]

Submarkets

In approaching the identification of the relevant market in any particular case, there will often be products or services identified in the course of the market analysis which compete more closely than others, or which compete only in a given geographic area. Where is the boundary of the market to be drawn? If it is 124

Miller’s Australian Competition and Consumer Law Annotated

Part I – Preliminary [CCA.4E.260]

s 4E

drawn by delineation of the products in close competition or in a limited geographic area, then the boundary of the market may be regarded as too narrow for the proper application of the rules against anti-competitive behaviour set out in the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. As the High Court observed in Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1989] HCA 6; (1989) 167 CLR 177; 63 ALJR 181; 83 ALR 577; [1989] ATPR 40-925 at 187-188 (CLR), 582 (ALR), 50,008 (ATPR): [T]oo narrow a description of the market will create the appearance of more market power than in fact exists; too broad a description will create the appearance of less market power than there is. One technique used to deal with this problem is the concept of a submarket. In Re Tooth & Co Ltd (1979) 39 FLR 1; [1979] ATPR 40-113 at 39 (FLR), 18,197 (ATPR), the Tribunal had to consider whether the relevant market, in relation to brewery hotel ties, should be described broadly by reference to all alcoholic beverages, more narrowly by reference to beer, or even more narrowly still by reference to bulk beer. In concluding that beer made up the relevant market, the Tribunal said (FLR at 39; ATPR at 18,197):

In Queensland Co-op Milling Assn Ltd, Re (1976) 25 FLR 169; 8 ALR 481; [1976] ATPR 40-012 at 191 (FLR) cited with approval in Queensland Wire Industries Pty Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd [1989] HCA 6; (1989) 167 CLR 177; 63 ALJR 181; 83 ALR 577; [1989] ATPR 40-925 at 199 (CLR) per Dawson J, the Tribunal pointed out that the distinction between markets and submarkets can be merely a matter of degree. The Tribunal said: Submarkets are the more narrowly defined, typically registering some discontinuity in substitution possibilities. Where the defining feature of a market is the existence of close substitutes (whether in demand or supply) the defining feature of a submarket is the existence of still closer and more immediate substitutes. Submarkets may be especially useful in registering the short-run effects of change; but they may be misleading if used uncritically to assess long-run competitive effects. The indicia of submarkets listed in the American case Brown Shoe Co Inc v United States 370 US 29