Midrash and Multiplicity: Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and the Renewal of Rabbinic Interpretive Culture 3110209225, 9783110209228

Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer represents a late development in "midrash", or classical rabbinic interpretation, that

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Midrash and Multiplicity: Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer and the Renewal of Rabbinic Interpretive Culture
 3110209225, 9783110209228

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Table of Contents
PRE and the History of Rabbinic Interpretation
Literary Arrangement in PRE
PRE and Pseudepigraphy
PRE and the Language of Scripture
PRE and the Rabbinic Tradition
Conclusion
Backmatter

Citation preview

STEVEN DANIEL SACKS MIDRASH AND MULTIPLICITY



S TUDIA JUDAICA F OR SC H U NGE N Z U R W I S S E N S C H A F T D E S JUDE N T U M S

B E G RÜ N D E T VON E. L. E H R L I CH H E R AU S G E G E B E N VON G. S T E M B E RG E R

BAN D XLVIII

WA LT E R D E G R U Y T E R · B E R L I N · N E W YO R K

MIDRASH AND MULTIPLICITY P IR KE DE -R AB BI EL IE ZE R AND THE RENEWAL OF RAB BI NI C I NT ERPR ET IVE CULTURE BY S TE VE N DAN IE L S ACKS

WA LT E R D E G R U Y T E R · B E R L I N · N E W YO R K

앝 Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI 앪 to ensure permanence and durability.

ISBN 978-3-11-020922-8 ISSN 0585-5306 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

쑔 Copyright 2009 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany Cover Design: Christopher Schneider, Laufen

‫לאבי‬ ‫‪Barry Aubrey Sacks‬‬ ‫כעבור סופה ואין רשע‬ ‫וצדיק יסוד עולם‬ ‫)משלי י‪:‬כה(‬

Acknowledgements The author of this work is greatly indebted to many who have moved this project from conception to the present form, but only has the pleasure to list few here. The inspiration for this work originated under the tutelage of Professor Michael Fishbane, who illuminated the beauty and complexity of midrash for me, and remains my paradigm as a scholar. I am also eternally grateful for the guidance of Professor Jonathan Z. Smith, and cannot duly express my gratitude to him for his kindness and attention to detail throughout my efforts. Professor Lewis Barth was instrumental with his early support for this project, and his extraordinary hospitality. Similarly, I owe my deepest thanks to Professors Rivka Ulmer and Carol Bakhos for their criticism and support for this project. My colleagues, Professors Joseph Molleur and Ahmed Souaiaia are a paradigm of kindness and support, and for all things I owe them my deepest gratitude. I would also like to acknowledge the diligent efforts of my assistant, Alyssa McMullin, who prepared the indices in this work with great patience. Finally, and not least, I would like to acknowledge the support of my family, who have made all things possible.



Table of Contents Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

PRE and the History of Rabbinic Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

Literary Arrangement in PRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Narrative and the Phenomenon of Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Context of Thematic Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analogy and “Bound Themes” in PRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 22 32 36

PRE and Pseudepigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. Eliezer as Author, Pseudonym or Archetype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transmission and Tradents in PRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix: Geonic Hebrew and Pseudepigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42 53 59 82

PRE and the Language of Scripture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exegetical Terminology in PRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRE’s Exegetical Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix: Legal Authority and Scriptural Innovation in PRE . . .

88 90 100 109

PRE and the Rabbinic Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Vocabulary in PRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quotation and Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mythic Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix: PRE, Ishmael and Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

120 122 135 145 157

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

168

Select Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

171

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

175

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